THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

RIVERSIDE

CATALOGUE

FOSSIL MAMMALIA.

PART IV.

CATALOGUE

OF THE

FOSSIL MAMMALIA

BRITISH MUSEUM,

(NATURAL HISTOBY) <3>?

CROMWELL ROAD, S.W.

PART IV.

CONTAINING

THE ORDER UNGULATA, SUBORDER PROBOSCIDEA.

BY

RICHARD LYDBKKER, B.A., F.G.S., ETC.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1886.

v,4

PRINTED BY TAYLOB AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

PREFACE.

IT is gratifying to record the completion of Part IV. of this Cata-
logue ; for although it embraces only a single Suborder of the
Ungulata — the Proboscidea — yet the remains of this group (which
holds so distinct a position amongst the " hoofed quadrupeds ") are
represented by so large and remarkable a collection of specimens aa
to be without a rival in any Museum.

This excellence is chiefly due to the grand collections from the
Siwaliks of India, presented by Sir Proby T. Cautley (described by
Dr. Hugh Falconer) ; the series of remains of Dinotlierium and
Mastodon, from Eppelsheim, &c. (described by Dr. Kaup) ; the fine
collection of American Mastodons from the United States and from
South America ; the unrivalled British series of Mammoth-remains
from the Thames Valley Brick-earth, the Dogger-Bank, and nume-
rous other localities (described by Dr. Leith-Adams) ; and the unique
collection of Pygmy-Elephant remains from Malta (described by
Mr. George Busk, F.R.S., and Dr. Leith-Adams).

Nor are the facts relative to the almost world-wide geographical
distribution of the Proboscidea in past times devoid of interest for
the Paleontologist, coupled as they are with a singular absence of
those intermediate types which might suggest lines of connection
with the less aberrant forms of Ungulata. The present volume
seems therefore to form an important addition to our knowledge
of this most interesting group, to which the special attention of
Biologists may well be directed.

HENRY WOODWARD.

British Museum

(Natural History),

Department of Geology,

November 16, 1886.

INTRODUCTION.

A. The Proboscidea.

SINCE the cheek-teeth of the Dinotheriidce do not differ in their mode
of succession from those of the Perissodactylate and Artiodactylate
suborders of the TJngulata, there can he no hesitation in employing
the same system of enumeration ; and the two premolars are accord-
ingly respectively termed pm. 3 and pm. 4, and the milk-teeth which
they replace mm. 3 and mm. 4. This heing so, it will be obvious
that the corresponding teeth of the Elephantidce must also be num-
bered in the same manner. The first cheek-tooth which normally
occurs in the Elephantidce appears to be serially homologous with
the two following teeth, and is accordingly reckoned as a milk-molar
(mm. 2), although there is apparently only one known instance of
its replacement by a premolar ] ; and hence the similarly-placed
tooth which occurs in the lower jaw of Dinotlierium 2 is also classed
with the milk-series. In the absence of any evidence to the con-
trary, the so-called preantepenultimate milk-molar, which it is be-
lieved is occasionally developed in the Elephantidce, is referred to
the milk-molar rather than to the premolar series 3. In the Dino-
theriida;, where the whole of the permanent cheek-series of teeth
is in use at the same time, and where no one tooth attains excessive
development, the tbird and fourth premolars attain the same rela-

i Infra, p. 13. a Infrh, p. 3.

3 The author is inclined to believe that the first cheek-tooth in the Perisso-
dactyla — which in Tapirus is always replaced by a vertical successor, in Rhino-
ceros is occasionally so replaced, but in Equus never has any successor, and is
frequently absent — belongs to the milk-molar rather than to the premolar

yiii INTRODUCTION.

live size as in other Ungulates, and are of equal functional import-
ance ; but in the Elephantidce the tendency to the gradual increase
in relative size of the hinder cheek-teeth, and especially of the third
true molar, makes it evident that in the more specialized forms the
occurrence of successional cheek-teeth in the earlier part of the
series would be merely an encumbrance, and we accordingly find
such teeth totally absent. In some of the earlier Mastodons, how-
ever, the premolars were probably of some slight functional import-
ance ; but their relatively small dimensions indicates that immedi-
ately the elephantine type of dental succession had commenced
these teeth were practically doomed to disappear ; and it is inter-
esting to observe that while they had totally disappeared in the
simple-toothed Mastodon americanus of the Pleistocene, they still
lingered on in some of the generalized true Elephants of the Pliocene
(ElepJias clifti and E. planifrons), and thus exemplify the well-
known fact that a much longer period is frequently required to
eradicate functionally useless parts of the organism than to develop
other parts to a comparatively high degree of specialization. This
complete disappearance of the whole of the premolar and the reten-
tion of the milk- molar dentition is a feature quite peculiar to the
Elephantidce, although, if the writer's interpretation be correct, a
similar instance occurs in respect of the first cheek-tooth of the
Perissodactyla.

The specialization of the cheek-teeth in the higher members of
the Proboscidea has followed to a considerable extent a line analo-
gous to that obtaining in the Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla, and
shows itself in the increased height and complexity of the crowns
of these teeth, and in the final attainment of a nearly horizontal
and continuous plane of wear. From the structure of the cheek-
teeth in the more generalized members of the suborder, it may be
inferred that the action of the molars of one jaw upon those of the
other must have been mainly a scissor-like or snapping one, while
in the more specialized forms this action has been converted into a
perfect grinding motion.

The collection of Proboscidean remains recorded in the following
pages is probably by far the largest in the world, and since it con-
tains specimens belonging to nearly all the more important species,
it is admirably adapted to exhibit the almost complete transition in
respect of the structure of the cheek-teeth, which can be traced from
the most generalized to the most specialized member of the Elephan-
tidce. So complete indeed is this transition (as will be indicated in

INTRODUCTION. IX

the sequel), that not only is there no real line of demarcation between
Mastodon and Elephas, but several of the species of the two genera
seem to pass so imperceptibly into one another, that it is not un-
frequently a matter of extreme difficulty (if, indeed, it be not an
absolute impossibility) to determine to which species individual
teeth really belong. This difficulty is considerably enhanced by the
peculiar nature of the dental succession of the Elephantidcv, in which
only a moiety of the dental series is ever seen in any one fossil
individual ; and we have accordingly to' rely only on their general
fades in referring individual teeth to their respective species. In
cases, therefore, where two or more closely allied forms occur in the
same formation, it will be obvious that such determinations must not
unfrequently be more or less provisional and subject to future revi-
sion1. The Indian Mastodons present especial difficulty in this respect;
and I have found it advisable, after much hesitation, to apply specific
names to no less than three trilophodont and five tetralophodont
forms, some of which have a very restricted distribution. In regard
also to the serial position of individual teeth, there must likewise
in many cases be a considerable element of doubt, more especially in
those instances where a species is liable to great variation in point
of size ; thus it is often difficult to say whether a tooth is the last
milk-molar of a large individual or the first true molar of a smaller
one, or whether a larger tooth should be regarded as a first or a
second true molar. In this respect therefore some of the following
determinations must also be considered more or less provisional.
These two points of uncertainty are, however, not of very great
import, and do not in the least interfere with the symmetry of the
series from the generalized to the specialized ; and at the most they
indicate either that an individual specimen should be referred one
degree higher or lower either in the specific series or in the dental
series of a particular species.

Although the object of the present Catalogue is only to record
species represented in the Museum Collection, yet in this instance,
where we have only to deal with a restricted group containing a
comparatively small number of species, it has been thought advis-
able to give a list of all the described forms together with their
distribution. The following list, which is exclusive of synonymy,
comprises all the well-authenticated species of which the writer
can find any record ; those species of which he has seen no

1 For the sake of brevity a provisional determination is only mentioned in
the text in some of the most doubtful cases.

X INTRODUCTION.

figures are marked by an asterisk ; and in the case of fossil species
which are not recorded in the text of this Catalogue a reference is
given to the original place of publication of the name. Fuller
descriptions and figures of some of the American forms are required
before their right to specific distinction can be regarded as certain,
or their proper position in the series as finally determined.

LIST OP SPECIES OF PROBOSCIDEA.
Family DINOTHERIID^E.

1. DlNOTHERIUM GIGANTEUM, Katip (CX CnV.).

Europe. Mid. Miooone to Low. Pliocene.

2. DINOTIIERIUM INDICUM, Falconer.

India. Pliocene (and ? Up. Miocene).

3. DINOTHERIUM siNDiENSE, Lydekker *.

Western India. Low. Pliocene, or Up. Miocene.

Family ELEPHANTINE.

4. MASTODON AMERICANUS (Cuv.).

North America. Pleistocene.
*5. MASTODON PROAVUS, Cope 2.

North America. Pliocene (Ticholeptus beds).

6. MASTODON BORSONI, Hays.

Europe. Up. and Low. Pliocene.

7. MASTODON TURICENSIS, Schinz.

Europe. Mid. Miocene.
*8. MASTODON SERRIDENS, Cope 3.

North America (Texas). Pliocene.
9. MASTODON ANGUSTIDENS, Cuv.

Europe. Mid. Miocene (? N. America — Pliocene).
Var. pal&indicus, Lydekker.

N.W. Frontier of India. Low. Pliocene, or Up. Miocene.

10. MASTODON OBSCURUS, Leidy 4.

North America. Pliocene (Loup Fork).

11. MASTODON PRODUCT\JS, Cope5.

North America. Pliocene (Loup Fork).

1 Palaeontologia Indica (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. 10, vol. i. p. 196 (1880).
A very small species.

3 E<?p. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1873, p. 531 (1874). A preliminary
notice appeared in 1873. Of large size ; regarded as allied to M. borsoni and
as the ancestor of M. amcricanus.

3 Loc. cit. Founded on a single tooth, which is said to resemble M. turicensis
and also M. skepardi.

* Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. ser. 2, vol. vii. p. 396 (1869). Closely allied
to M. angustidens.

5 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1874, p. 221. Allied to M. angustidens ; three
premolars are developed.

INTRODUCTION.

12. MASTODON PANDIONIS, Falconer.

Western India. Pliocene (and ? Up. Miocene).

13. MASTODON PENTELICI, Gaudry and Lartet.

Europe (Greece and Hungary) and Persia. Low. Pliocene.

14. MASTODON FALCONERI, Lydekker.

Western India. Pliocene.
*15. MASTODON EUHYPODON, Cope1.

North America (Kansas). Pliocene (Loup Fork).

16. MASTODON HUMBOLDTI, Ouvier.

South America. Pleistocene.

17. MASTODON TROPICUS (Cope2).

North America (Mexico). Pliocene (Loup Fork).

18. MASTODON SHEPARDI, Cope 3 (ex Leidy).

North America (California and Mexico). Pliocene (Loup Fork).

19. MASTODON CORDILLERUM, Cuvier.

South America. Pleistocene.

20. MASTODON SIVALENSIS, Cautley.

India. Pliocene.

21. MASTODON ARVBRNENSIS, Croizet and Jobert.

Europe. Up. and Low. Pliocene.

22. MASTODON MIRIFICUS, Leidy 4.

North America. Pliocene (Loup Fork).
*23. MASTODON CAMPESTER (Cope 5).

North America. Pliocene (Loup Fork).

24. MASTODON PERIMENSIS, Falconer and Cautley.

Western India. Pliocene.

25. MASTODON PUNJABIENSIS, Lydekker.

North-western India. Pliocene.

26. MASTODON LONGIROSTRIS, Kaup.

Europe. Low. Pliocene.

27. MASTODON ATTICUS, Wagner.

Greece. Low. Pliocene.

28. MASTODON CAUTLEYI, Lydekker.

Western India. Pliocene.

29. MASTODON LATIDENS, Clift.

India, Burma, and Borneo. Pliocene.

1 Amer. Nat. vol. xviii. p. 525 (1884). A small species, with molars like
those of M. angustidens, but with a short mandibular symphysis.

2 Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xxii. p. 7 (1885; read 1884)— Dtielodon. Of
large size, with a short, edentulous mandibular symphysis ; the molars resemble
those of M. cordillerum.

3 Loo. cit. Closely allied to the preceding, but of smaller size.

4 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. for 1858, p. 10 (1859).

* Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvii. p. 225 (1878; read l877)—Tetralophodon.
The mandibular symphysis is elongated, and furnished with incisors ; the
columns of the ridges of the molars are arranged somewhat alternately, and
there are no accessory tubercles in the valleys.

Xll INTRODUCTION.

30. ELEPHAS CLIFTI, Falconer and Cautley.

India, Burma, China, and Japan.

31. ELEPHAS BOMBIPRONS, Falconer and Cautley.

India, and (?) China. Pliocene.

32. ELEPHAS GANESA, Falconer and Cautley.

India. Pleistocene and Pliocene.

33. ELEPHAS INSIGNIS, Falconer and Cautley.

India, Burma, China, (?)Jara, and Japan. Pliocene, and
? Pleistocene.-

34. ELEPHAS PLANIFRONS, Falconer and Cautley.

India. Pliocene.

35. ELEPHAS MERIDIONALIS, Nesti.

Middle and South Europe, and (probably) North Africa.
Up. and Low. Pliocene.

36. ELEPHAS HYSUDRICUS, Falconer and Cautley.

India. Pliocene, and (?) Pleistocene.

37. ELEPHAS ANTIQUUS, Falconer.

Europe. Pleistocene, and (?) Upper Pliocene.
*38. ELEPHAS ATLANTIPUS, Pornel l.
North Africa. Pleistocene.

39. ELEPHAS MNAIDRIENSIS, Leith-Adams. Ss

Malta. Pleistocene.

40. ELEPHAS MELITENSIS, Falconer.

Malta, and (?) North Africa. Pleistocene.

41. ELEPHAS AFRICANUS, Blumenbach.

Africa. Eecent.

42. ELEPHAS NAMADICUS, Falconer and Cautley.

India, Burma, China, and Japan. Pleistocene.

43. ELEPHAS COLUMBI, Falconer.

Central and North America.

44. ELEPHAS ARMENIACUS, Falconer.

Armenia. (?) Pliocene.

45. ELEPHAS INDICUS, Linn.

Southern Asia. Eecent.

46. ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS, Blumenbach.

Northern Europe, Asia, and America. Pleistocene.

47. NoTELEPHAS AUSTRALIS, Owen 2.

Australia. Pleistocene.

The most remarkable point in regard to the vertical distribution
of the Proboscidea is their apparently sudden appearance in the
Middle Miocene of Europe, where they are represented by Dino-
therium giganteum and Mastodon angustidens. Although the former
is evidently a generalized form connecting the Elephantidce with

1 Bull. Soc. G6ol. France, ser. 3, vol. <rii. p. 51 (1879). Said to be interme-
diate between E. antiquus and E. africanus.

a Phil. Trans. 1882, p. 777. Founded upon a fragment of an incisor, which
apparently presents no characters by which it can be generically distinguished
from a tusk of Elephas or Mastodon. •*

IMBODT/CTION. Xlll

the less aberrant Ungulates, yet it cannot be regarded as the direct
ancestor of any known member of that family ; and the latter is to
all intents and purposes a perfect Elephant, in the widest sense of
that term. Our comparatively full knowledge of the Lower-Miocene
and Upper- Eocene Mammalian faunas of the greater part of Europe
and North America (where the Proboscidea are unknown till the
Pliocene) renders it almost certain that neither of those regions
was the home of the direct ancestors of the Elephantidce ; and we
must therefore look forward to the discovery of mammaliferous
Lower-Miocene or Upper -Eocene strata in some other region of the
(probably Old) World, which may yield these missing forms. There
is, however, but little chance of the occurrence of such beds in India,
and our main hope must therefore be directed to other parts of Asia,
or Africa, if indeed these regions were ever populated in early
Tertiary times by the larger Mammalia.

In regard to geographical distribution there appears to be con-
siderable evidence in favour of an easterly migration of the Masto-
dons having taken place from Europe to India ' ; while the restriction
of the stegodont group of Elephants to the latter country and the
regions to the eastward, points to the conclusion that the transition
from the Mastodons to the higher Elephants took place in those
regions ; from which we may also infer that there subsequently
ensued a westerly migration of these higher forms to Europe, and
finally on to North America, where the true Elephants did not make
their appearance till the Pleistocene, and then appear to have been
represented only by two species, one of which ranged over the
greater part of the higher latitudes of the northern hemisphere.

B. Geological Horizons.

The quotation in the present and the two previous Parts of many
mammaliferous localities not mentioned in the table of strata given
on pp. x, xi of the first Part, renders it advisable to give a fuller
list of European Tertiary horizons. The following table differs from
the one above referred to by the inclusion of the Eppelsheim beds
in the Lower Pliocene instead of in the Upper Miocene, the writer
being now convinced that this view, which is adopted by nearly all
English and German paleontologists, is the correct one2.

1 See ' Pakeontologia Indica' (Mem. Qeol. Surv. India), ser. 10, vol. iii.
pp. 17, 18.

2 The beds of Mont Leberon and Cucuron in Vaucluse are included in the
Lower Pliocene, both on account of the similarity of their fauna to that of the
Pikermi beds, and also because they overlie marine beds correlated with the

XIV INTRODUCTION.

As a compromise, which has the convenience of avoiding the
necessity of abolishing the term Middle Miocene1, which has become
almost a classic one through the labours of the French palaeontolo-
gists, the term Upper Miocene may be retained for the (Eningen or
higher beds of the Upper Swiss freshwater molasse2, which connect
the Eppelsheim beds with the typical Middle Miocene of France, and
are placed by some geologists in the Miocene3, and by others4 at
the base of the Pliocene with the Eppelsheim beds. The lower beds
of the upper Swiss molasse (Kapfnach, Elgg, &c.), which were in-
cluded by Heer in his (Eningen stage, appear to correspond to the
French Middle Miocene. The Conger ian stage of the Vienna Basin
is included in the Lower Pliocene, while the Sarmatian and Mediter-
ranean (Leithakalk) stages of the same region are mainly classed with
the upper part of the Middle Miocene ; the Upper Sarmatian stage
probably, however, corresponds in part with the (Eningen beds,
while the Mediterranean stage probably contains representatives of
group B. It is, however, necessary to mention that the classification
adopted is to a considerable extent a faunal one, and that, owing to
regional distribution, the fauna of one group may in some instances
be contemporaneous with that of another group. This appears to
be the case with the mammals of Pikermi, which have been shown
by Fuchs5 to occur in a comparatively high Pliocene horizon, and
in reality, therefore, were probably contemporaries of the more
advanced fauna of other parts of Europe, but our knowledge is at
present insufficient to indicate the relations of the fauna of some
of the other deposits placed in the same group. A well-known

Tortonian stage (Gaudry, ' Animaux Fossiles et Geologie du Mont Leberon,'
p. 106), which is the equivalent of the Pliocene Congerian (Inzersdorf and
Belvedere) stage of the Vienna Basin (see Oredner, ' Elemente der Geologie,'
5th ed. p. 707). Some English geologists (Geikie and Duncan) retain, how-
ever, the Vaucluse beds in the tipper Miocene. The Concud beds of Spain, and
those of Baltavar in Hungary, as well as those of Maragha in Persia, are placed
in the same group with the Pikermi beds solely on account of the similarity of
their Mammalian fauna.

1 If the term Upper Miocene were adopted for these beds, it would probably
lead to confusion, as it would not correspond with the Upper Miocene of the
French geologists.

2 The beds at Cerdagne (Pyren^es-Orientales) are probably approximately
equivalent.

3 Duncan, ' Lyell's Elements of Geology,' 4th ed. p. 184 (1885), and Geikie,
' Text-book of Geology,' 1st ed. pp. 867-8 (1882).

4 Credner, ' Elemente der Geologie,' 5th ed. p. 696 (1883).

5 See Blanford, Presidential Address to Geol. Sect. British Association, 1884.

INTRODUCTION. XV

instance of such regional distribution occurs in the mammalian
faunas of Pleistocene Europe and modern Africa, both of which,
if found in a fossil condition, would almost certainly be placed on
the same geological horizon1, and it is pretty certain that there
must be many analogous examples lower down in the geological
scale.

In the third column of the new table the divisions of the Oligo-
cene are given as now generally accepted by English writers. The
reasons why these divisions are not adopted in the present work are,
first, that it is at present almost impossible to classify the Ame-
rican Tertiaries so as to make them harmonize with this triple
division ; secondly, that geologists are not all agreed as to the limits
of the term Oligocene 2 ; and, thirdly, that the writer has desired, as
far as possible, to make the geological classification employed in this
work agree with that adopted by Professor Flower in the ' Catalogue
of the Vertebrata in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons,'
part ii. Mammalia (1884).

TABLE OF EUROPEAN MAMMALIFEROUS STRATA.
Without Oligocene. With Oligocene.

PLEISTOCENE. Tour-de-Boulade and Neschers3 PLEISTOCENE.

(Puy-de-D6me), and all beds
above the St. Prest and Forest-
bed groups.

LOWEST PLEISTOCENE f St. Prest (Eure-et-Loire). LOWEST PLEISTOCENE

or I Malbattu (Haute-Loire). or

TOPMOST PLIOCENE. Norfolk Forest-bed. TOPMOST PLIOCENE.

UPPER PLIOCENE. Val d'Arno (Tuscany). UPPER PLIOCENE.

Perrier, Arde, Peyrolles, &c. (Puy-

de-D6me).

Coupet and Vialette (Haute-Loire).
Norwich Crag.

1 The most noticeable common forms are Hyana crocuta, H. striata, Felis leo,
F. pardus, F. pardina, and Hippopotamus amphibius.

3 Thus Max Schlosser (' Palaeontographica,' vol. xxxi. p. 96) retains group A
of the following table in the Lower Miocene, and commences the Upper Eocene
with the Montmartre gypsum, the upward restriction of the Oligocene being
followed in the table given in Part I. of this Catalogue. Qeikie again (' Text-
book of Geology,' 1st ed. p. 856) includes both groups A and B of the Lower
Miocene in the Upper Oligocene, and restricts the Middle Oligocene to the
Calcaire de Brie and its equivalents.

3 See Deperet, 'Bull. Soc. Geol. France,' ser. 3, vol. xii. p. 283. The
Neschers beds are quoted in Part I. p. 130 of this work as Pliocene.

XVI

INTRODUCTION.

A.

J

Upper

Miocene

UPPER MIOCENE.

UPPER MIOCENE.

MIOCENI

Without Oligocene. With Oligocene.

LOWBR ( fAsti (Piedmont)1. ^ LOWER PLIOCENE.

PLIOCENE. Perpignan(Pyrenee3-Orientales). |

I Montpellier ( Herault). }• Astien2 .

a. •{ Astesan (Tuscany),
j Red Crag.

| Castell' Arquato (Plaisantin). | Plaisan-
( Felsino and Riosto (Bologna). j cieri*.
?Alcoy (Spain). \

j Casino (Tuscany).

b. \ Crimea and Roumania (?). }• Messinien.
I Coralline Crag.

. ( Antwerp (Belgium),
f Pikermi (Attica).
j Mont Leberon and Cucuron(Va
I Concud (Spain). [cluse). !

•{ Baltavar (Hungary). , of French

I Congerian of Vienna basin. | geologists.

\ Eppelsheim(Hessen-Darmstadt)J '
UPodolia (S.W.Russia),
f CEningen (Switzerland).
J Cerdagne (Pyrenees-Orientales).
j ? Upper Sarmatian.
l_? Upper Falunian.
MIDDLE MIOCENE. fSansan, Villefranche d'Astarac, and

Simorre (Gers).
Falunian of Touraine.
Leognan and Romans (Gironde).
Barie (Drome).
Grive-St.-Alban (Isere).
St. Gaudens (Haute-Garonne).
Montpellier (H<§rault).
Chaze-Henri and Dou6 (Maine-et-

Loire).

Gaudino (Lombnrdy).
Kapfnach, Chaux-des-Fonds, and Elgg

(Switzerland).

Georgensgniiind (Wiirtemberg).
Steinheim and Bleichenbach (Bavaria).
Low. Sarmatian and Mediterranean of

Vienna basin.
Eibiswald (Styria).
f Montabuzard (Loiret).

B j Chevilly and Neuville, near Orleans (Loiret).
' J Avaray (Loir-et-Cher).
| Monte Bamboli (Tuscany).

(?) Baltringen (Wiirtemberg) 4.
[ (?) Belluno (Italy) 5.

1 Apparently transitional between the Perpignan and the Val d'Amo
horizons ; see Deperet, ' Theses Facult. Sci. Paris,' ser. A, no. 67 — Bassin
Tertiaire de Rousillon, p. 240 (1885).

2 Depe>et (op. cit. p. 232), who retains the Pikermi and allied groups in the
Upper Miocene, proposes the term Middle Pliocene for the Astien stage.

3 According to Deperet (&p. cit. p. 243) the marine fauna of the Plaisancien
must be grouped with the land Astien fauna.

4 According to Vacek, Abh. k.-k. geol. Reich, vol. vii. pt. 4, p. 13 (1877),
Mastodon angustidens occurs in the Baltringen beds.

5 Sgualodon catulli of these beds has been recorded from Baltringen.

INTRODUCTION.

Without Oligocene. With Oligocene.

LOWER /"Weissenau, near Mayence. UPPER OLIGOCENE.

MIOCENE. Both, near Bonn.

I Haslach and Eggingen (Wiirtemberg).
' Hochheim, near Wiesbaden.
. ! St. Gerand-le-Puy, Randan, Gannat,
A- } Ratri, and Billy (Allier).

| Issoire, Cournon, and Antoin (Puy-de-

Dome).
Alais (Gard).
^ Rochette, near Lausanne (Switzerland) l .

fFontainebleau (Seine-et-Mame). MIDDLE OLIGOCENE.

I Ferte"-Alais (Seine-et-Oise).
I Villebramar (Lot-et-Garonne).

|(?) Aarwangen (Switzerland).
Cadibona (Liguria).
B. •{ Flonheim and Ufhofen (Hessen-Darm-

stadt).

Lobsann (Alsace).
Digoin (Saone-et-Loire)2.
Ronzon, near Puy-en-Velay(Haute-Loire)3.
VHempstead (Isle of Wight)3.

UPPER EOCENE. /'Brie (Charente).

] Caylux, Mouillac, &c. (Central France)4.
A. •{ (?) (Erlinger-Thal, Pappenheiin, Eger-
kingen, and Mauremont (Switzerland),
^ in part.

fBembridge (Isle of Wight).
/ 1 Montmartre, near Paris.
Debruge (Vaucluse).
Souvignargues and St. Hippolyte

(Gard).

( Frohnstetten (Wiirtemberg).
f Hordwell (Hants) 5.
b. \ (?) Mauremont, &c. (Switzerland),
» [ in part.

f Beauchamp, near Paris. UPPER EOCENE.

C. \ Barton (Hants) 6.

I (?) Promina (Dalmatia).

LOWER OLIGOCENE.

1 Placed in the table in Part I. in group B, but quoted by Teller, Beitr. Pal.
Ost-Ung. vol. iv. pt. i. p. 60, as belonging to the Upper Oligocene.

2 Hyopotamus porcinus is common to these and the Hempstead beds.

3 Gaudry and Filhol affiliate these beds with the Miocene rather than with
the Eocene ; and the Lobsann beds, with which they are usually correlated
(see Teller, op. cit. p. 57), seem to connect them inseparably with the Cadi-
bona beds.

4 The fauna of these beds is transitional between that of the Montmartre
gypsum and the typical Lower Miocene.

5 In the table in Part I. these beds were placed (after Gaudry) with the
Beauchamp group, but English geologists associate the latter with the Barton
beds.

6 Zeuglodon occurs in these beds.

XViii INTRODUCTION.

Without Oligocene. With Oligocene.

MIDDLE Nanterre, Qentilly, and Batignolles, MIDDLE EOCENE.

EOCENE. near Paris.

Argentou (Indre).

iBsel (Aude).

Bucshweiler (Alsace).

Bracklesham (Sussex).

? Ober-G-osken, Egerkingen, &c. (Swit-
zerland), in part.

LOWER . f London Clay. LOWER EOCENE.

EOCENE. ' \ Cuyse-la-Motte (Marne).

f Meudon, near Paris.
B. I Soissons (Aisne).

I Woolwich and Beading.
p f La Fere (Aisne).
^ \Eeims1 (Marne).

The Maragha beds of North-west Persia may be placed in the
same group as the Pikermi beds. The Maltese beds are probably
in part Middle, and in part Lower Miocene (Oligocene). The
Bridger group of North America appears to be Middle, and the
Wasatch Lower Eocene. The Lower Siwaliks of Sind may be
Upper Miocene.

In conclusion, I have again to express my obligation to those
gentlemen who have kindly favoured me with the loan of wood-
blocks, and to add to the list mentioned in the preceding Parts the
name of Dr. J. E. Taylor, of the Ipswich Museum. I have also to
offer my thanks to Mr. H. B. Medlicott, Director of the Geological
Survey of India, for sending home several specimens of Indian
Mastodon-teeth from the Calcutta Museum, which have enabled me
to amend some of my previous identifications. Plaster models of
these important specimens have been made by the Museum Forma-
tore and added to the Collection. Mr. "W. Davies has again been
good enough to verify the description and number of each specimen ;
and it is in many instances solely due to his intimate acquaintance
with individual specimens that it has been possible to record the
history of their acquisition.

The Dixon Collection, which is mentioned for the first time in this
Part, was purchased in 1853 from Mr. F. Dixon, of "Worthing, and
mainly comprises specimens from the south of England.

RICHARD LYDEKKER.

The Lodge, Harpenden,
Hertfordshire.
October 1, 1886.

' Cernayisien stage.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX,

Page
Order UNGULATA 1

Suborder PEOBOSCIDEA . 1

Family DINOTHERIID^E

Dinotherium giganteum 3

indicum 11

Family ELEPHANTIDJE 13

Mastodon americanus 15

borsoni 25

turicensis 27

angustidens 28

pandionis 37

pentelici 40

falconeri 40

humboldti 41

cordiUerum 45

sivalensis 47

arvernensis 52

perimensis 56, 233

punjabiensis 60

longirostris 61

atticus 70

cautleyi 71, 233

latidens 74

Elephaa clifti ,,79

bombifrons 82

ganesa , ,88

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Family ELEPHANTINE (continued). page

Elephas insignis 89

planifrons 98

meridionalis 107

hysudricus 116

antiquus 122

mnaidriensis 138

melitensis 151

namadicus 167

columbi 171

armeniacus 174

primigenius 175

Generically undetermined specimens .... 214

LIST OF WOODCUTS.

Page

Fig. 1. Dinotherium giganteum. Upper cheek-dentition . . 2

2. . Skull 4

3. Mastodon americanus. Skeleton 16

4. angustidens. Section of molar 29

5. . Lower milk-molar 33

6. . Lower molar 34

7. — — pandionis. Upper premolar 37

8. . Lower milk-molar 39

9. pentelici. Upper milk-molars 40

10. humboldti. Upper molar 43

11. sivalensis. Skull 48

12. . Lower molar 51

13. arvernensis. Upper milk-molar 53

14. perimensis. Upper molar 58

15. longirostris. Skull 61

16. . Upper milk-molars 63

17. cautleyi. Upper molar 72

18. . Upper molar 73

19. latidens. Upper molar 76

20. Elephas clifti. Upper molar 81

21. ganesa. Skull 88

22. insignis. Section of molar 91

23. planifrons. Skull 100

24. — . Section of molar 102

25. — . Upper molar 102

26. antiquus. Upper molar 125

xxii LIST OF WOODCUIS.

Page

Fig. 27. Elephas melitensis. Upper milk-molar 154

28. . Astragalus 164

29. namadicus. Upper molar 168

30. primigenius. Young palate 177

31. . Upper molar 184

32. . Mandible . . 193

ABBREVIATIONS OF SEEIALS QUOTED IN PART IV.,

AND NOT GIVEN IN THE LISTS IN PARTS I., II., AND III.

[Where not otherwise stated, the works are in 8vo.]

Abh. k.-k. geol. Reichs. — Abhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen
geologischen Ileichsanstalt. 4to. Vienna.

Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon. — Annales des Sciences . . . publie"es par la Socie'te'
d'Agriculture, etc., de Lyon. 4to. Lyons.

Beitr. Geol. Ost-Asiens u. Austral. — Beitrage zur Geologie Ost-Asiens
und Australiens ; in Sammlungen des Geologischen Reichs-
Museums in Leiden. Ley den.

Jahrb. k. preuss. geol. Land. — Jahrbuch der koniglichen preussischen
geologischen Landesanstalt. Berlin.

Jahresb.k.ung.geol. Anstalt. — Jahresberichte der koniglichen ungarischen
geologischen Anstalt. Buda-Pesth.

Journ. Derb. Arch. Soc. — Journal of the Derbyshire Archaeological and
Natural History Society. Derby.

Nuov. Giorn. Letter. — Nuovo Giornale de Letterati d' Italia. Modena.

Parthenon. — The Parthenon, a Weekly Journal of Literature, Science,
and Art. 4to. London, 1862-3.

Sitz. niederrhein. Ges. — Sitzungsberichte der niederrheinischen Gesell-
schaft zu Bonn. Bonn.

Theses Factdt. Sci. Paris.— Theses presentees a la Faculte" des Sciences de
Paris, etc., etc. Paris.

xxiv

CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA.

Part I., p. xi, line 18 from top, for New Forest read near Paris.

43,/or 59674 read 49674, and after 49674 add a. 1 1929 is

from the Val d'Arno (Neues Jahrb. 1859, p. 270).
„ line 12 from bottom, for m. i read pm. 3.
107, line 16 from bottom, for Pm-* read p^l.
137, line 3 from top, for Lower read Middle.
231. Arvicola ambiguiw is apparently identical with My odes
torquatus (Pall.). (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 460.)

Part II., p. 113. Cervus tetraceros. The first publication is Mackie,

'Geologist,' vol. iv. p. 466 (1861).
117, line 18 from bottom, for xxxvi. read xxxiv.

148, first line, for | read |.

257, line 24 from top,/or maxilla read ramus of mandible.

Part III., p. 51. Hipparion crassum, Gerv., according to Depe"ret
(Theses Facult. Sci. Paris, s<5r. A, no. 67, p. 187
[1885]), is distinct from H. gracile.
66, line 13 from bottom, for true molars read cheek-teeth.
100. The Maragha Rhinoceros has been named R. persice,
Pohlig (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlii. p. 178
[1886]), and was furnished with lower canines.
183, line 11 from top, for right read left.

CATALOGUE

FOSSIL MAMMALIA,

PART IV.

Order UNGULATA.

Suborder PROBOSCIDEA.

In the carpus the scaphoid is supported by the trapezoid, but not
by the magnum, the latter supporting the lunar ; while in the tarsus
the cuboid articulates proximally with the distal face of the navi-
cular, but not with the astragalus. In both the carpus and tarsus
the component bones interlock but very slightly, the type of struc-
ture of the tarsus being one step in advance of that obtaining in
the Condylarthra \ The feet are plantigrade ; there are five digits
to each foot ; the astragalus is flat ; the femur has no third tro-
chanter ; the fibula articulates with the calcaneum ; and the jugal
forms the middle of the zygomatic arch. The brain is of large size ;
canines appear to be always absent ; while incisors are present
either in the upper or lower jaws of the males of all the forms at
present known 2. The cheek-teeth3 may attain extreme complexity ;
and the true molars always consist of transverse ridges, which may
vary greatly in height, and may be either uninterrupted, or split,
up into inner and outer columns, which may have a more or less

1 Fide supra, Part III. p. 172.

2 They are rudimentary in one race of Elephas indicus.

3 In enumerating the premolars and milk-molars of the Prohoscidea, the
same system is adopted as in the preceding groups, the last tooth of the two
series being respectively termed pm. 4 and mm. 4 (see Introduction).

PAKT IV. B

TTNGITLATA.

alternate arrangement ; there are never fewer than three such ridges
in the last milk- and the first true molars ; and the intervening
valleys may he either entirely open, or blocked by accessory tubercles,
or completely filled with cement l.

Family DINOTHERIID.E.

All the teeth of the permanent series are in use at the same time,
the premolars succeeding the milk-molars in the normal manner.
In the one known genus none of the cheek-teeth have cement, or
carry more than three ridges : in the true molars these ridges are
continuous and the valleys open ; but in the upper premolars the
former are more or less interrupted, and are connected by a longi-
tudinal external ridge, a similar submedian ridge occurring in the
lower premolars. This lophodont structure of the premolars is a
character connecting Dinotlierium with the Perissodactyla, and is not
improbably evidence of their original community of descent. In
section the incisors do not present decussating stria?. The upper
cheek-teeth of Dinothenum giganteum are figured in the accom-
panj-ing woodcut.

Fig. 1.

3/7.

Dinotherium giganteum. — The left upper cheek-dentition ; from the Middle
Miocene of Samaran (Gers), France. £. p, premolars ; a, true molars.
(After Gaudry's ' Enchainements.')

1 For other characters see Marsh, ' Monograph of the Dinocerata,' pp. 174-5
(1884), and Flower, 'Encyclopaedia Britannica,' 9th ed. vol. xv. pp. 423-5
(1883).

Genus DINOTHERIUM, Kaup1.

Syn. Antoletherium, Falconer 2.

Dentition : — I. °-jp, C. -J, Pm. |, M. |. Three milk-molars are pre-
sent in the lower (infra, p. 8, No. 33519), and therefore probably
in the upper jaw. The number of ridges in the cheek-teeth is
Mm. I '-f^, Pm. ^|, M. J^i- The symphysis of the mandible is
deflected, and the lower incisors are of very large size.

Dinotherium giganteum, Kaup3 (ex Guv.).

Including Dinotherium cuvieri, Kaup *.
Dinotherium medium, Kaup 5.
Dinotherium bavaricum, H. v. Meyer8.
Dinotherium proavum, Eichwald 7.
Dinotherium kcenigi, Kaup 8.

Although there is a great variation in the size of the specimens
included under this specific head, yet the transition from one to the
other is so gradual that they cannot apparently be specifically
distinguished 9. It must, however, be borne in mind that the
simple structure of the teeth admits of but scarcely any modification,
and therefore that there is a possibility of these variations in size really
indicating the existence of more than one European species.

Hob, Europe. The species ranges in time from the Middle Mio-
cene of France to the Lower Pliocene of Pikermi and the Vienna
basin (Congerian stage) ; and has a very wide range in space, having
been recorded from Germany, Switzerland, France, Spain, Austria-
Hungary, Greece, Styria, and Eussia 10.

40361. The cranium and cast of the mandible (woodcut, fig. 2) ; the

(Fig.) former was obtained in 1835 by Klipstein from the

ossiferous sand of Eppelsheim, Hessen-Darmstadt, and

is described and figured by Klipstein and Kaup in a 4to

memoir entiled ' Beschreibung und Abbildungen von dem

Isis, vol. xxii. p. 401 (1829) (ex Cuv. 1822. Tapir gigantesque).
Paheontological Memoirs, vol. i. p. 416 (1868).
Isis, vol. xxii. p. 401 (1829).
Oss. FOBB. d. Darmstadt, pt. 1, p. 14 (1832).
Neues Jahrb. 1833, p. 419.

Nova Acta Ac. Caes. Leop.-Oar. vol. xvi. pt. 2, p. 487 (1833). This name
synonym of D. cuvieri.
Ibid. vol. xvii. pt. 2, p. 741 (1835).
Akten der Urwelt, pt. i. p. 19 (1841).
See Weinskeimer, Pal. Abhandl. vol. i. pt. 3 (1883).
See Weinsheimer, op. cit. pp. 65-73.

B2

in Rheinhessen gefundenen colossalen Schadel des Dino-
therii gigantei ' (1836) l; the original of the latter is also
from Eppelsheim, and is preserved in the Museum at
Darmstadt. Purchased, 1869.

Fig. 2.

Dinotherium giganteum. — Skull; from the bone-sand of Eppelsheim, Hessen-
Darmstadt. Much reduced.

M. 3494. The anterior portion of the palate, showing the premolars
and m. 1 of both sides ; from Eppelsheim.

Purchased, 1851.

1270. Cast of the anterior part of the palate, showing the right

pm. 3; and the left pm. 3 and pm. 4. The original is from
Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup in the Oss. Foss. d.
Darmstadt, pt. 1, pi. i. bis, fig. 2.

Purchased. Before 1836.

1271. Cast of the palate of a young individual, showing mm. 3, mm. 4,
1 A French translation of this memoir was published in Paris in 1837.

DINOTHERILD2G. 5

and m. 1 of both sides. The original is from Eppelsheim,
and is figured by Kaup, op. cit. pi. i.

Purchased. Before 1836.

1240. Fragment of the left maxilla, showing the three true molars ;
from Eppelsheim. Purchased. Before 1836.

1735. Cast of part of the right maxilla containing the three true
molars. The original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured
by Kaup, op. cit. pi. ii. fig. 1. Purchased. Before 1836.

41838. Cast of a portion of the left maxilla, showing the five cheek-

teeth. The original is from the Middle Miocene of Grive-
St. Alban (Isere), France. Purchased, 1869.

41839. Cast of part of the left maxilla, showing pm. 3, pm. 4, and

m. 1. The original is from the Middle Miocene of St.
Donat (Drome), France. Purchased, 1869.

41840. Cast of a fragment of the left maxilla of a small individual,

showing m. 1 and m. 2. The original is from the Middle
Miocene of Blois (Loir-et-Cher), France.

Purchased, 1869.

33520. Fragment of the right maxilla of a small immature indivi-
dual, showing mm 4, m. 1, and pm. 4 {n alveolo ; from the
Middle Miocene of Sansan (Gers), France.

Purchased, 1858.

1735 a. Cast of the germ of the third left upper premolar. The
original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup, op,
cit. pi. iii. fig. 5. The two inner columns are united.

Purchased. Before 1836.

1735 0. Cast of the third left upper premolar. The original is from
Eppelsheim. Purchased. Before 1836.

1272. Cast of a worn third left upper premolar. The original is
from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup, op. cit. pi. ii.
fig. 6. Purchased. Before 1836.

1243. An imperfect third left upper premolar ; from Eppelsheim.

Purchased. Before 1836.

1735 b. Cast of the third right upper premolar. The original is from
Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup, op. cit. pi. ii. fig. 5.
Purchased. Before 1836.

36762. The third right upper premolar ; from Eppelsheim.

Purchased, 1858.

19432 h. The worn third right upper premolar ; from Eppelsheim.

Purchased, 1845.

1749. Cast of the third right upper premolar of a small individual.
The original is from Eppelsheim.

Purchased. Before 1836.

1735 C. Cast of the germ of the fourth left upper premolar. The
original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup, op.
cit. pi. iii. fig. 4. Purchased. Before 1836.

1273. Cast of the fourth left upper premolar. The original is from
Eppelsheim. Purchased. Before 1836.

27474. The fourth left upper premolar ; from Eppelsheim.

Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.

41841. Cast of the fourth left upper premolar, of very large size.
The original is from the Middle Miocene of Jean-le-Vieux
(Ain), France, and is preserved in the Museum of Natural
History at Lyons. Purchased, 1869.

1735 e. Cast of the fourth left upper premolar. The original is
from Eppelsheim. Purchased. Before 1836.

1735 d. Cast of the much-worn fourth right upper premolar. The
original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup, op.
cit. pi. ii. fig. 4. Purchased. Before 1836.

1747. Cast of the fourth left upper premolar of a small individual.

The original is from Eppelsheim.

Purchased. Before 1836.

1748. Cast of the fourth right upper premolar, agreeing in size

with the preceding specimen. The original is from Eppels-
heim. Purchased. Before 1836.

18755 h. The first left upper true molar ; from Eppelsheim.

Purchased, 1845.

1743. Cast of the first left upper true molar. The original is from
Eppelsheim. Purchased. Before 1836.

1242. The first right upper true molar ; from Eppelsheim.

Purchased. Before 1836.

1739. Cast of the first right upper true molar. The original is
from Eppelsheim. Purchased. Before 1836.

DINOTHERI1D.E. 7

M. 156. The second right upper true molar ; from Eppelsheim.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

19432 a. The second right upper true molar ; from Eppelsheim.

Purchased, 1845.

19432 f. The second left upper true molar ; from Eppelsheim.

Purchased, 1845.

1742. Cast of the second left upper true molar. The original is
from Eppelsheim. Purchased. Before 1836.

19432. An imperfect second left upper true molar; from Eppels-
heim. Purchased, 1845.

7429. Cast of the third left upper true molar of a small individual
(D. cuvieri). The original is from the Middle Miocene of
Chevilly, near Orleans (Loiret), France, and is figured by
Cuvier in the ' Ossemens Fossiles,' 2nd edit. vol. ii. pt. i.
pi. iv. fig. 1, under the name of Tapir gigantesque.

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

15292. The third left upper true molar; from Eppelsheim.

Purchased, 1842.

1280. An imperfect third right upper true molar; from Eppels-
heim. Purchased. Before 1836.

M. 158. A crushed third right upper true molar ; from Eppels-
heim. EnnisTcillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

32529. The third right upper true molar of a small individual ; from
the Middle Miocene of Touraine, Prance.

Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.

21270. The first ridge of a third left upper true molar of very large
size ; from Eppelsheim. Purchased, 1847.

1754 a. Cast of the fourth left upper milk-molar. The original is
from Eppelsheim. Purchased. Before 1836.

1275, 1542. Cast of the symphysis and left ramus of the mandible,

showing m. 2 and m. 3. The original is from Eppelsheim,
and is figured by Kaup, op. cit. pi. i.bis, fig. 5.

Purchased. Before 1836.

1276. Cast of the left ramus of the mandible of an immature indi-

vidual, showing the incisor and the first four cheek-teeth.

The original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup,
op. cit. pi. ii.bis, figs. 1, la. Purchased. Before 1836.

1274. Cast of the symphysis and the left ramus of the mandible,
showing all the dentition. The original is from Eppels-
heim, and is figured by Kaup, op. cit. pi. i.bis, fig. 1.

Purchased. Before 1836.

M. 154. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing all the
cheek-teeth except pm. 3 ; from Eppelsheim.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 155. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing
pm. 4, m. 1, and m. 2 ; from Eppelsheim.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 2906. Hinder part of the left ramus of the mandible, showing m. 2
and m. 3 ; from Eppelsheim. Purchased.

33519. The greater part of the mandible of a young individual,
showing the incisors, the three milk-molars, i^TI, and m. 2
in alveolo ; from Sansan. This specimen belongs to the
same individual as No. 33520. Purchased, 1858.

29632-3. Casts of portions of the two mandibular rami of a small
individual, showing all the cheek-teeth except pm. 3. The
original, which belongs to Kaup's D. cuvieri, is preserved
in the Paris Museum of Natural History, and was found
at Chevilly ; it is noticed and figured by P. Gervais in the
' Zool. et Pal. Fran§aises,' 2nd edit. pp. 70, 71, figs. 14,
15. Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.

M. 153. An incisor ; from Eppelsheim.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

1277. An incisor; from Eppelsheim. Purchased. Before 1836.

1736. Cast of the third left lower premolar. The original is from
Eppelsheim. Purchased. Before 1836.

48041. Cast of the third left lower premolar. The original is from
Eppelsheim. Purchased. Before 1836.

M. 160. The third left lower premolar ; from Eppelsheim. •

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

36989. The third left lower premolar of a small individual ; pro-
bahly from the Miocene of Wiirtemberg.

Purchased. About 1860.

19432 d. The third right lower premolar ; from Eppelsheim.

Purchased, 1845.

19432 e. The third right lower premolar ; from Eppelsheim.

Purchased, 1845.

1735 S. Cast of the third right lower premolar. The original is from
Eppelsheim. Purchased, Before 1836.

1740. Cast of the third right lower premolar. The original is from
Eppelsheim. Purchased. Before 1836-

36988. The third right lower premolar of a small individual ; from
the Miocene near Triebitz, Bohemia.

Purchased. About 1860.

1244. A much-worn third right lower premolar; from Eppelsheim.

Purchased. Before 1836.

21271. A much-worn third lower premolar; from Eppelsheim.

Purchased, 1847.

M. 267. A worn and imperfect third left lower premolar; from
Eppelsheim. Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

19432 C. The fourth right lower premolar ; from Eppelsheim.

Purchased, 1845.

21489. The fourth left lower premolar, of very large size ; from
Eppelsheim. Purchased, 1847.

19432 b. The first right lower true molar ; from Eppelsheim.

Purchased, 1845.

15291. The first right lower true molar ; from Eppelsheim. Figured
(Fig.) by Kaup, op. dt. pi. iii. fig. 7. Purcluised, 1842.

1735 i. Cast of the germ of the first left lower true molar. The
original is from Eppelsheim. Purchased. Before 1836.

7430. Cast of the first left lower true molar of a small individual.
The original is from Chevilly, and is figured by Cuvier in
the ' Ossemens Fossiles,' 2nd ed. vol. ii. pt. i. pi. iv. fig. 5,
under the name of Tapir yiyantesque ; it agrees in size
with ^T3 of No. 29632.

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

10 UNOUIATA.

21269. The second right lower true molar, of very large size j from
Eppelsheim. Purchased, 1847.

27475. An imperfect second right lower true molar ; from Eppels-
heim. Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.

1753. Cast of the second right lower true molar. The original is
from Eppelsheim. Purchased. Before 1836.

1278. Cast of the second right lower true molar. The original is
probably from Chevilly. Purchased.

27403. The second right lower true molar of a very small indi-
vidual ; from the Middle Miocene of St. Germain, near
Saminu, France. No history.

1735 d. Cast of the second left lower true molar. The original is
from Eppelsheim. Purchased. Before 1836.

1735 n. Cast of the second left lower true molar. The original is
from Eppelsheim. Purchased. Before 1836.

1245. The third right lower true molar, longitudinally bisected ;

(Fig.) from Eppelsheim. Figured by Falconer and Cautley in
the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. iii. fig. 12, and in
' Falconer's Palseontological Memoirs,' vol. i. pi. vii. fig. 3
(as JKT2). Purchased. Before 1836.

41218. The third right lower true molar ; from the Middle Miocene
of the Canton d'Aurignac (Haute-Garonne), France. The
hind talon is of very large size. Purchased, 1868.

M. 157. The third right lower true molar ; from Eppelsheim.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

1746. Cast of the third left lower true molar. The original is from
Eppelsheim. Purchased. Before 1836.

1735 t. Cast of the third left lower true molar. The original is
from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup, op. cit. pi. iii.
fig. 6 ; it is of very large size, and the talon relatively
small. Purchased. Before 1836.

1735m. Cast of the fourth left lower milk-molar. This specimen,
the original of which is from Eppelsheim, agrees very
closely with ^l of No. 33519.

Purchased. Before 1836.

11

The following specimens, the originals of ivliich are from Eppelsheim,
belong either to the present species or to Mastodon longirostris ;
it is said that Kaup was inclined to refer them to the former.

1544. Cast of the imperfect right femur. Purchased. Before 1836.

M. 2948-9. Cast of a calcaneum and unciform.

Purchased. Before 1836.

Dinotherium indicum, Falconer1.

Including : — Dinotherium pentapotamice, Lydekker2 (ex Falconer).
Syn. Antohtherium, Falconer3.

Since the difference in size between!), indicum and D. pentapotamice
is not greater than the variation obtaining in the forms included
under the head of D. giganteum, the two are provisionally classed
together. Both have been identified by Weinsheimer4 with the
European species ; but there appear to be slight differences5 in the
teeth, which may be of specific value. Thus pm. 3 and pm. 3 do not
agree exactly with those of the latter species, while in the mandible
(' Palasontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. pis. xxix., xxx.) the low
longitudinal bridge connecting the transverse ridges of the true
molars is relatively more developed, so that the worn first and
second ridges of m. 1 are connected by a bridge of dentine before
those of pm. 4 are so connected, while the dentition islet of the
third ridge of mTl is of a regular elliptic form. One specimen
seems, moreover, to indicate a characteristic difference in the form
of the incisors 6.

Hob. India.

40919. Cast of the third right upper premolar. The originals of
this and the next specimen are the types of D. ptnta-

Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. TO!, i. p. 361 (1845).

Palseontologia Indica (Mem. Geol. SUIT. Ind.), ser. 10, vol. i. p. 72 (1876).

Palseontological Memoirs, vol. i. p. 416, pi. xxxiv. figs. 1, 2 (1868).

Pal. Abhaudl. vol. i. pt. 3 (1883).

The opportunity of comparing the figures of the Indian specimens given in
the ' Palaeontologia Indica,' op. cit., with the European ones, has shown the
writer that many of the differences there indicated are not of more than indi-
vidual value.

6 Falconer (see ' Palseontological Memoirs,' vol. i. p. 408) observes : — " In
corroboration of this view [i. e. the specific distinctness of the Indian Linothe-
rium\ it deserves to be stated that, of the numerous Proboscidea discovered in
India, we have found that all the forms are specifically distinct from those
which occur in Europe." The subsequent discovery of M. angustidens on the
north-west frontier is hardly an exception to this generalization.

12 UNGULATA.

potamice, and were obtained from the Siwaliks of Khu-
shalgarh, Punjab ; they are preserved in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta (Nos. A 1, A 21). The original of this specimen
is figured by the present writer in the ' Palaeontologia
Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. pi. ix. fig. 1. It agrees in size
with pm. 3 of D. giganteum (No. 1749); but differs from
that and the other homologous teeth by the almost
total absence of the ridge connecting the antero-internal
column with the outer wall and by the form of the
anterior cingulum. Presented by 0. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

40919 a. Cast of the imperfect first right upper true molar. The
original was associated with that of the preceding spe-
• cimen, and is figured by the writer, op. cit. pi. ix. fig. 2.
Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

40775. The imperfect second right upper true molar; from the

Siwaliks of Perim Island, Gulf of Cambay, India. This

specimen is of very large size, and presents no characters

by which it can be distinguished from m. 2 of D. giganteum.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

M. 3437. The slightly worn first ridge of the second left upper true
molar ; from Perim Island. This specimen agrees in size
with the preceding.

Presented by Col J. W. Watson, 1886.

14739 a. The middle portion of the left ramus of the mandible, with
(Fig.) the crowns of the teeth hammered off; from Perim Island.
This specimen is described by Falconer in the Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc. vol. i. p. 361, and is figured in the ' Fauna An-
tiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xxxv. fig. 6, and also in ' Falconer's
Palaeontological Memoirs,' vol. i. pi. xxxiii. fig. 5 ; it is of
great vertical depth and thickness, and agrees in the former
respect with a mandible of D. giganteum from Bohemia,
figured by Weinsheimer, op. cit. pi. i. fig. 1 and pi. ii.
fig. 7. Presented by Miss Pepper. Before 1846.

40937. The imperfect third left lower premolar; from the Siwaliks
of Nurpur, India. This tooth is of large size, and differs
from pm. 3 of D. giganteum by the smallness of the postero-
internal and the absence of the antero-internal column,
No. 1735 s coming nearest in this respect.

Presented by Professor T. H. Huxley, 1868.

1 See Lydekker, Cat. Siwalik Vert. Ind. Mus. Calcutta, part i. pp. 104, 105
(1885).

ELEPHANTIDJ^. 13

14756. The hinder ridge and talon of the second left lower true
(Fig.) molar ; from Perim Island. This specimen is the type of
the species, and is described and figured by Falconer in the
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. i. p. 361, pi. xiv. fig. 1, and
is also figured in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. iii.
fig. 11, and in ' Falconer's Palasontological Memoirs,' Tol. i-
pi. vi. fig. 3. Presented by Miss Pepper. Before 1846.

1278. Cast of a cervical vertebra. The original was obtained from
Perim Island, but it is not known where it is preserved ;
it is referred to this species on the authority of Falconer.

No history.

40845. A cast, apparently made from a portion of an incisor. This
specimen is labelled in Falconer's handwriting " Dino-
iherium indicum. Perim. Cast. — Duckworth." If rightly
determined, it apparently indicates that the anterior border
of the tooth was much sharper than in D. yiganteum.

Presented by 0. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

Family ELEPHANTID.E.

The teeth of the milk- and true molar series succeed one another
in a horizontal direction, and, at the most, there are never more than
portions of three such teeth in use at the same time. Milk-molars
are always present, and are usually three in number; but it is
probable that a fourth (mm. 1) is occasionally developed. Premolars
may be absent or present ; when present there are usually two on
either side of each jaw, but in the North- American Mastodon
productus1 there appear to be three such teeth. There are never less
than three ridges in mm. 4, m. 1, and m. 22; and m. 3 always has
one or more ridges in excess of m. 2. The cheek-teeth may have but
few low transverse ridges with open valleys, or these ridges may be
divided into columns having a somewhat alternate arrangement, or
they may be very numerous and developed into tall thin plates, with
the intervening spaces entirely filled with similar plates of cement
A median longitudinal cleft is present in the cheek-teeth of the less
specialized forms. The upper cheek-teeth are always convex antero-

1 See Lydekker, ' Palseontologia Indica ' (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. 10
vol. i. p. 200.

2 These three teeth are frequently termed the " intermediate molars."

14 TJNOiULATA.

posteriorly, while the lower are concave. Incisors are always present
in the upper jaw, and may or may not be present in the mandible ;
in section, their dentine displays decussating striaj.

Genus MASTODON, Cuvier*.

Including: — Trilophodon and Tetralophodon, Falconer8.
Dibelodon and Tetrabelodon, Cope 3.

Dentition:-!. ^ C. jj, Mm. |, Pm. ^ M. J. The upper
incisors are large, and may have longitudinal bands of enamel. The
lower incisors (when present) vary considerably in size, and are
always smaller than the upper. The cheek-teeth carry transverse
ridges, which may be entire or may be divided into distinct inner
and outer columns with a more or less alternate arrangement ; out-
lying tubercles may be present in the intervening valleys, which are
frequently entirely devoid of cement, and are never entirely filled by
it. The " intermediate " molars usually have an isomerous ridge-
formula, the number of ridges varying from three to five. The
ridges are always bisected by a median cleft traversing the long axis
of the crown ; and the plane of wear of the crowns of the teeth is
oblique, that of the upper jaw inclining from the outer to the inner
side, and the reverse obtaining in the lower. Three cheek-teeth
may be in use at the same time. Premolars may or may not be
present ; and the crowns of the lower cheek-teeth are taller and
narrower than those of the upper. The cranium is usually less
elevated than in Elephas, and the mandibular symphysis may be
very long.

The line of specialization in the dentition consists in the shortening
of the mandibular symphysis and disappearance of the lower incisorg,
in the disappearance of the premolars, in the increase in the absolute
size and relative width of the cheek-teeth, and in the number and
height of their ridges, and the amount of cement. It is difficult to
say whether the form of tooth with continuous ridges, or that in
which the ridges are divided into distinct columns, is the more
primitive, as both types (M. turicensis and M. anyustidens) occur in
the Middle Miocene, and both persisted into the Pliocene and Pleis-
tocene (M. americanus and M. arvernensis). M. turicemis passes,
however, into M. angustidens ; and it appears that, starting from the
latter generalized species, two branches of more specialized forms

1 Ann. d. Museum, vol. viii. p. 270 (1806).

a Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xiii. p. 313 (1857). As subgenera.

3 Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xxii. p. 5 (1884).

ELEPHANTID^I. 15

may be traced — the one (in which there is a tendency of the valleys
of the molars to be much blocked and their columns to be ranged
alternately) passing through M. pandionis and M. perimensis to
M. sivalensis and M. arvernensis, and the other (in which the valleys
remain more open and the columns of the ridges run straight across
the crowns) passing through M. lonyirostris and M. latidens to
Elephas clifti, and then through the higher stegodont forms to the
true Elephants ; while there are signs that some of the middle forms
of these two branches were mutually connected.

The genus has been divided into groups by Falconer according to
the number of ridges in the cheek-teeth ; and this division indicates
the degree of evolution of its members. Cope * proposes to split the
genus into three (Mastodon, Dibelodon, and Tetrabelodori), according
to the presence or absence of enamel-bands in the upper incisors,
and of lower incisors ; but such division, even if it can be made,
directly traverses the evolutionary grouping of Falconer.

A. Trilophodont Group.

The " intermediate " molars usually carry three, and the last molar
four ridges, the full ridge-formula being : — Mm. \'\'\, M. 3 ' 3 ' 3'

Mastodon americanus (Cuvier2).

Syn.3 Elephas americanus, Cuvier4.

Mammuth ohioticus, Blumenbach 5.
Mastodon yiganteus, Cuvier6.
Mastodon maximus, Cuvier7.
Tetracaulodon mastodontoideus, Godman 8.
Tetracaulodon brevirostris, Kaup 9.
Mastodon jeffersoni, Hays 10.
Mastodon cuvieri, Hays u.

The valleys of the molars are completely open, and the transverse
ridges straight, but with a distinct median longitudinal cleft ; the worn

Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xxii. p. 5 (1884).
Table Elem. d'Hist. Nat. p. 149 (1798), Elephas.

For fuller synonymy, see Leidy, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. ser. 2, vol. vii.
p. 392 (1869).
Loc. cit.

Handbuch d. Naturgeschicbte, 6th edit. p. 698 f 1799).
Eegne Animal, 1st ed. vol. i. p. 233 (1817).
Ossemens Fossiles, 2nd ed. vol. v. pt. 2, p. 527 (1824).
Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, TO!, iii. p. 484 (1830).
Isis, vol. xiv. p. 630 (1832).
10 Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 334 (1834). » Loc. cit.

16 UNGULATA.

dentine-islets present trefoils on one side of each tooth ; and the
upper molars are cingulated. The mandibular symphysis is short
and spout-like, and usually edentulous in the adult, although two
small incisors are frequently present in the young, one of which is
occasionally retained in (probably male) adult individuals. In one
variety the enamel of the cheek-teeth is rugose, while in another
it is smooth ; a small quantity of cement is present in the valleys
of the cheek-teeth ; premolars were apparently not developed.
Hob. North America.

Fig. 3.

Mastodon americanus ; from the Pleistocene of Missouri.
Much reduced.

*. The skeleton of an adult (woodcut, fig. 3) made up from the bones
(Fig.) of several individuals, the incisors and some of the bones
being casts ; from the Pleistocene of Ben ton County, Mis-
souri, U.S.A. This specimen was brought to London by
Koch in ] 843, and is figured in pi. i. of Warren's memoir
on Mastodon giganteus (1852). Purchased. About 1844.

345. The cranium, imperfect superiorly, showing m. 3 of either side,

17

and the alveoli of m. 2 and the incisors ; from the Pleistocene
of " Big-Bone-LickT7 Kentucky, U. S. A.

Purchased 1. About 1836.

17144. The palatal half of the cranium, showing the left incisor and
m- 2 and m- 3 ; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

M. 2849. Cast of the cranium and the mandible of an immature
individual, showing mm. 4, m. 1, and m. 2 in alveola in both
jaws ; there are no traces of lower incisors. The original
is from the Pleistocene of New Jersey, U.S.A. ; and is
apparently the one figured in pis. iii. and iv. of "Warren's
memoir on M. giganteus (1852).

Presented by J. C. Warren, Esq., M.D., 1852.

17155. Palate of a young individual, showing mm. 3, mm. 4, and
m. 1 ; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

40977. Cast of the left half of the brain-cavity of an immature
individual : from a specimen found in the Pleistocene of
Fort Wayne, Indiana, U.S.A.

Presented by the Chicago Academy of Sciences.

17309. Palate, showing the left m. 2 and m. 3 and the right m. 3 ;
from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17415. Palate, with m. 1 and m. 2 of both sides ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17362. Hinder part of the palate, with m. 3 of both sides ; from
Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

44791. Part of the palate of a small individual, with the left m. 2
and m. 3 ; from the Pleistocene of Ohio, U.S.A.

Purchased.

17397. Part of the right maxilla, with m. 2 and m. 3; from Mis-
souri. Purchased. About 1844.

17364. Part of the right maxilla, with m. 2 and m. 3 ; from Mis-
souri. Purchased. About 1844.

342. The right half of the palate, with m. 3 ; from " Big-Bone-
Lick." Purchased. About 1836.

1 The specimens 333-345 (together with M. 147, M. 380, M.451) were ori-
ginally in Bullock's Museum, and were respectively purchased by the British
Museum, Sir Philip Egerton, Bart., and the Earl of Enniskillen (then Viscount
Cole) at the sale of that collection.

TART IV. C

18 TTNGH7LA.TA.

17422. Part of the right maxilla, with m. 2 ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17379. Part of the left maxilla, with m. 2 ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17363. Fragment of the left maxilla, showing m. 2; from Mis-
souri. Purchased. About 1844.

17381. Fragment of the right maxilla, containing the unworn m. 2;

(Fig.) from Missouri. This specimen is figured by Falconer and

Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xl. fig. 16 *.

Purchased. About 1844.

17423. Fragment of the left maxilla, containing the partially worn

m. 2 ; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17358. Part of the left maxilla, with the unworn m. 2 and m. 8 ;
from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17408. Part of the right maxilla, with the three true molars ; from
Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17411. Fragment of the left maxilla, with m. 1 ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1842.

17412. Fragment of the left maxilla, with m. 1 ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

M. 146. Fragment of the left maxilla, with m. 1 ; from " Big-Bone-
Lick." Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

17310. Part of the right maxilla, with mm. 4 and m. 1 ; from Mis-
souri. Purchased. About 1844.

17565. The second right upper milk-molar ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17566. The third right upper milk-molar ; from Missouri.

PurcJiased. About 1844.

40785. The third left upper milk-molar ; from the Pleistocene of
the Osage river, Missouri.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

17567. The fourth right upper milk-molar ; from America.

Purchased. About 1844.

1 In the description of the plate the specimen is erroneously entered as the
imperfect m-3.

ELEPHANTIDJ3. 19

17418. The fourth right upper milk-molar ; from Missouri. Both
in this and the preceding specimen the third ridge is more
worn than the first. Purchased. About 1844.

17389. The first left upper true molar j from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17332. The first left upper true molar, well worn; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17391. The first left upper true molar; from Missouri, The third
ridge is more worn than the first.

Purchased. About 1844.

17438. The first right upper true molar, almost unworn; from
Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17331. The first right upper true molar ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17341. The much-worn first right upper true molar ; from Mis-
souri. Purchased. About 1844.

17388. The germ of the second right upper true molar ; from Mis-
souri. Purchased. About 1844.

335. The germ of the second right upper true molar ; from " Big-

Bone-Lick." Purchased. About 1836.

17387. The second right upper true molar, with the summit of the
first ridge slightly abraded. Purchased. About 1844.

17333. The second right upper true molar, with the first and second

ridges worn ; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17417- The second right upper true molar, with all the ridges worn ;
from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

336. The second right upper true molar, in a more worn condition ;

from " Big-Bone-Lick." Purchased. About 1836.

M. 380. The second right upper true molar, in a similar stage of
wear ; from " Big-Bone-Lick."

Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

7439. The second right upper true molar, in a similar stage of
wear ; from " Big-Bone-Lick."

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.
c2

20 TTNGULATA.

13 (0. C.). The second right upper true molar, in a much-worn con-
dition ; from " Big-Bone-Lick." Purchased.

17373. The germ of the second left upper true molar ; from Mis-
souri. Purchased. About 1844.

M. 451. The second left upper true molar; from " Big-bone-Lick."
EnnisJcillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

17312. The Hecond left upper true molar ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17334. The germ of the third right upper true molar ; from Mis-
souri. Purchased. About 1844.

17367. The third right upper true molar, unworn ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17393 The germ of the third right upper true molar ; from Mis-
souri. Purchased. About 1844.

17326. The third right upper true molar, with the first ridge slightly
worn ; from Missouri. The fourth ridge and the hind
talon are very small. Purchased. About 1844.

17324. The third right upper true molar, in an early stage of wear;
from Missouri. The fourth ridge is very large, and the
hind talon double, so that the specimen might be described
as having five ridges and a talon.

Purchased. About 1844.

M. 451 a. The third right upper true molar (imperfect) ; from " Big-
Bone-Lick." This tooth agrees in character with No.
17326. Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

17366. The germ of the third left upper true molar ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17403. The germ of the third left upper true molar ; from Missouri.
This specimen is much smaller than the preceding, and
the ridges are placed closer together.

Purchased. About 1844.

7437. The much-worn third left upper true molar ; from Ohio.

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

12 (0. C.). A third upper true molar: from North America. This
tooth belonged to a very old animal, and is worn in an
abnormal manner. Purchased.

ELEPHASTID-Z. 21

17420. The third left upper true molar, longitudinally bisected;

(Fig.} from Missouri. This specimen is figured in section by
Falconer and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,'
pi. iii. fig. 9, and in ' Falconer's Palaeontological Memoirs,'
vol. i. pi. vii. fig. 2. Purchased. About 1844.

17395,17288-94. Eight upper incisors, mostly imperfect; from
Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17147. The mandible, showing the three true molars of either side ;
the right incisor is present ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17346. The mandible, showing m. 2 and m. 3 of both sides ; from

Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17146. The mandible, showing the three true molars of both sides ;
from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17426. The mandible, with £I~2 and m. 3 of both sides ; from Mis-
souri. Purchased. About 1844.

17306. The mandible, showing ruTl, m.2, and m. 3 in alveola of both
sides ; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17185. The greater part of the mandible of a young individual,
showing mm. 3, mm. 4, and m. 1 of both sides ; from Mis-
souri. Purchased. About 1844.

343. The left ramus of the mandible, with m. 2 and m. 3; from
(Fig.}. " Big-Bone-Lick." Figured by Falconer and Cautley in
the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xxxv. figs. 4, 5.

Purchased. About 1836.

17355. Hinder part of the left ramus of the mandible, with m. 2 and
573 ; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17347. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, with ^72 and m7~3;

from Missouri. Purchased. About 1S44.

17150. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, with Ei72 and
i^73 ; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17357. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, with m. 2 ; from
Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17398. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, with ^71 and
^72 ; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

M. 147. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, with m7i and iu72 ;
from " Big-Bone-Lick."

Enniskilkn Collection. Purchased, 1882.

22 TJNGTTLATA.

3 (0. C.). The right ramus of the mandible, with ST~3 ; from Ohio.

(Fig.) This specimen is described and figured by Hunter in the
Phil. Trans, vol. Iviii. p. 34 et seq. pi. iv. figs. 1, 3
(1768). Presented by the Earl of Shelburne, 1768.

17148. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, with ^T~3 ; from
Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17073. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, with m. 2 and ^~3 ;
from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17396. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, with the unworn
m. 2 and m. 3 ; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17352. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, with ^T~2 and ^73 ;

from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17348. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, showing ^71 and
m. 2 ; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17353. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, with i^Ts ;

from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17356. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, with ST3 ;
from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

40786. The second right lower milk-molar ; from " Big-Bone Lick."
Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

17562. The second right lower milk-molar ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17563. The third right lower milk- molar; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17564. The fourth right lower milk-molar ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17342. The fourth right lower milk-molar ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.
40784. The fourth left lower milk-molar ; from the Osage river.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

17402. The first right lower true molar, in an early condition of
wear ; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

M. 3496. The first right lower true molar, in a much-worn con-
dition ; from North America. No history.

17329. The first left lower true molar, in an early stage of wear ;
from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

23

17343. The first left lower true molar, in an advanced stage of
wear; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17313. The first or second right lower true molar ; from Missouri.
The third ridge is more worn than the first.

Purchased. About 1844.

M. 2850. The second right lower true molar, almost unworn ; from
" Big-Bone-Lick."

Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

17336. The second right lower true molar, in a half- worn condition ;
from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

M. 150. The unworn second left lower true molar; from "Big-
Bone-Lick." Ennislcillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

337. The second left lower true molar, in a half-worn condition;

from " Big-Bone-Lick." Purchased.

17322. The second left lower true molar, longitudinally and verti-
cally bisected ; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

40782. The second left lower true molar ; from " Big-Bone-Lick."

Presented by G. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

338. The third right lower true molar ; from " Big-Bone-Lick."

Purchased.

339. The third right lower true molar; from "Big-Bone-Lick."

The talon is small. Purchased.

340. The third left lower true molar ; from " Big-Bone-Lick." The

talon is double, and of large size. Purchased.

341. The third left lower true molar ; from " Big-Bone-Lick."

Purchased.

40783. The third left lower true molar, with the first ridge imper-

fect ; from the Pleistocene of Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

40933 a. Cast of the third right lower true molar, with the first
ridge imperfect. The original is from Ohio, and is pre-
served in the Museum of Natural History at Lyons ; it is
figured by Lortet and Chantre in the Arch. Mus. Lyon,
vol. ii. pi. x. fig. 2 (1878).

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

7435. The almost unworn third right lower true molar, bisected in
a longitudinal and horizontal plane at the base of the
crown; from " Big-Bone-Lick."

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

24 TTNSULATA.

17323. The unworn third left lower true molar, with the inner side
cut and polished ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17284. The right scapula ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17285. Part of the right scapula ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17189. The glenoidal half of the right scapula ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17286. The greater part of the left scapula ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844;

344. The glenoidal part of the right scapula ; from " Big-Bone-
Lick." Purchased.

17164, 17271, 17273. Three specimens of the right humerus ; from

Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17268. The left humerus ; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17162, 17278, 17429. Three specimens of the ulna; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17211. The left cuneiform ; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17193. The left unciform, of large size; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17258. The left unciform of a much smaller individual ; from Mis-
souri. Purchased. About 1844.

17405-7. Three specimens of the innominate ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17165, 17166, 17174. Three specimens of the femur ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17149, 17163. Two specimens of the tibia; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17195, 17237. Two specimens of the astragalus ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.
17210. The right navicular ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

17207, 17245. Two specimens of the atlas vertebra; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

ELEPHANTID-E. 25

17198. The axis vertebra; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.
17881. A dorsal vertebra ; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.
17884. A dorsal vertebra ; from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17205, 17248. The neural spines of two early dorsal vertebrae ;

from Missouri. Purchased. About 1844.

17206. A lumbar vertebra ; from Missouri.

Purchased. About 1844.

41661. A lumbar vertebra ; from " Big-Bone-Lick."

Toulmin-Smith Collection. Purchased, 1869.

Mastodon borsoni, Hays1.

Syn. Mastodon buffonis, Pomel2.

Mastodon viryatidens, Meyer 3.

The mandibular symphysis is comparatively short, and is fre-
quently furnished with a pair of small incisors (see Lortet and
Chantre, Arch. Mus. Lyon, vol. ii. pi. xvi. fig. 1 [1878]), but in
other specimens appears edentulous (ibid. pi. xii. fig. 3) ; the ridges
and valleys of the molars run straight across the crown, the bases of
the valleys being partially blocked, and one half of each ridge
wearing into a more or less complete trefoil. The ciDgulum is con-
tinuous with the talons. The molars present a great resemblance
to those of M. amcricanus and M. turicensis, but are distinguished
from those of the latter by their generally superior size, greater
breadth, lower ridges4, general flatness, and the smaller cingulum
on the inner side of those of the upper jaw. It is probable that the
species is a more specialized branch of the stock of M. turicensis.

Hab. Europe. The species was originally described from the
Lower Pliocene (Astien) of Asti in Piedmont, and has been sub-
sequently recorded by Vacek (Abh. k.-k. geol. Reichs. vol. vii. pt. 4,
pp. 6-11 [1877]) from the Lower Pliocene (Congerian) of Austria-
Hungary, by Lortet and Chantre (Arch. Mus. Lyon, vol. ii. p. 306
[1878]) from the Upper Pliocene of the south of France, and by
Forsyth-Major (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xli. p. 2 [1885]) from the

1 Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iy. p. 334 (1834).

2 Bull. Soc. Geol. France, se>. 2, vol. v. p. 258 (1848).

3 ' Palseontographica,' vol. xvii. p. 61 (1867). See Vacek, Abh. L-k. geol.
Eeichs. vol. vii. pt. 4, p. 7 (1877).

4 Lankester, in describing teeth from the Red Crag, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxvi. p. 609 (1870), reverses these characters.

26 FNGXJLA.XA.

Upper Pliocene of the Val d'Arno. Vacek (op. cit. pp. 7, 11) sug-
gests that the specimens from Pikermi, described by Gaudry under
the name of M. turicensis, more probably belong to the present
species, which he records from the contemporaneous strata of Bal-
tavar, in Hungary. It occurs in the Bed Crag of England1.

46690. A fourth right upper milk-molar provisionally referred to
this species ; from the Red Crag of Woodbridge, Suffolk.
The ridges are much worn and rolled. Purchased, 1875.

42727. A partially-worn and much-rolled second left upper true
molar, containing three ridges; from the Eed Crag of
Button, Suffolk. If complete, this tooth may probably be
referred to the present species, and would appear to agree
with an example figured by Vacek in the Abh. k.-k. geol.
Eeichs. vol. vii. pt. 4, pi. vi. fig. 3 ; if, however, it has lost
one ridge, it should be referred to M. longirostris.

Purchased, 1871.

M. 2845. Cast of the second left upper true molar. The original is
from the Upper Pliocene of the south of France ; and the
specimen closely resembles a molar figured by Lortet and
Chantre in the Arch. Mus. Lyon, vol. ii. pi. xi. fig. 1
(1878). Bravard Collection. Purchased, 1852.

M. 2847. Cast of the third left upper true molar. The original is
from the Upper Pliocene of St. Yvoine, near Issoire (Puy-
de-D6me), France, and is preserved in the Museum of
Natural History at Lyons ; it is figured by Lortet and
Chantre, op. cit. pi. xi. fig. 2.

Bravard Collection. Purchased, 1852.

M. 2846. Cast of the second left lower true molar. The original is
from the Upper Pliocene of the south of France. The
specimen closely resembles an homologous tooth figured by
Lortet and Chantre, op. cit. pi. xi. fig. 52.

Bravard Collection. Purchased, 1852.

M. 2848. Cast of the third left lower true molar. The original is
from the Upper Pliocene of Vialette3 (Haute-Loire),

1 See a paper by the writer on Crag Vertebrate, in the Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. vol. xlii. p. 365 (1886).

2 Given in the description of the plate as fig. 4.

3 Messrs. Lortet and Chantre, op. cit. p. 307, assign the beds at Vialette and
the other places in the south of France, where M. borsoni occurs, to the Lower
Pliocene ; but the writer follows Gaudry (' Les Enchainements, &c. — Mammi-
feres Tertiaires,' p. 6) in classing them with the Upper Pliocene.

ELEPHANTID^!. 27

France, and is preserved in the Museum of Natural
History at Lyons ; it is figured by Lortet and Chantre, op.
cit. pi. xi. fig. 41.

The following specimens may perhaps belong to the present species.

42089. Fragment of an upper (?) true molar ; from a gravel-pit at
Swaffham, Norfolk. This specimen is noticed by Lan-
kester in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 509
(1870). Presented by 0. B. Rose. Esq., 1871.

42720. The last two ridges and talon of a third lower true molar ;
from the Red Crag of Button, Suffolk. Purchased, 1871.

Mastodon turicensis, Schin/A

Syn. Mastodon tapiroides, auct.

Tetrabdodon turicensis, Cope3.

Since there is a great probability that the name Mastodon tapi-
roides, Cuvier4, was applied to milk-molars of M. angustidens3 ,
Schinz's name is adopted for the present species.

According to Lartet6 the upper incisors are furnished with an
enamel-band, while the mandibular symphysis is elongated and
carries a pair of incisors 7. The ridges and valleys of the cheek-
teeth extend straight across the crown, accessory tubercles being
absent, and one column of each ridge wearing into an imperfect
trefoil ; their crowns are relatively narrow, and the ridges tall and
inclined ; a strong cingulum exists in the upper molars, and those
of both jaws have small, multicuspidate talons. The " inter-
mediate " molars very closely resemble those of M. americanus ;
while the milk-molars are almost indistinguishable from those of
M. angustidens. Premolars were developed8.

Hab. Europe (France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia).
33589. The first left upper true molar ; from the Middle Miocene of
St. Gaudens (Haute-Garonne), France. This specimen
agrees very closely with the tooth figured by Lortet and
Chantre in the Arch. Mus. Lyon, vol. ii. pi. viii. fig. 3
(1878). Purchased, 1858.

Given in the description of the plate as fig. 5.

Denkschr. schw. Ges. Nat. vol. i. pt. 2, p. 59 (1833).

Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xxii. p. 5 (1884).

Ossemens Fossiles, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 268 (1821).

See Lortet and Chantre, Arch. Mus. Lyon, vol. ii. p. 308 (1878).

Notice sur la Colline de Sansan, p. 27 (1851).

See ' Falconer's Palaeontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. pp. 67, 68 (1868).

See Lortet and Chantre, op, cit. pi. ix. fig. 8.

33590. The associated second right upper true molar and the third
true molar of both sides; from St. Gaudens. The last
tooth has a well-developed cingulum, and carries four
ridges and a hind talon. Purchased, 1858.

33588. The third left upper true molar, in an almost unworn con-
dition ; from St. Gaudens. The specimen has only three
ridges and a hind talon. Purchased, 1858.

33592. Two upper incisors ; from St. Gaudens. These specimens
show a broad enamel-band. Purchased, 1858.

40918. Cast of the first left lower true molar. The original is from
the Middle Miocene of Soblay (Ain), France, and is pre-
served in the Museum of Natural History at Lyons ; it is
figured by Lortet and Chantre, op. cit. pi. ix. fig. 6.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

40933. Cast of the germ of the second right lower true molar. The
original is from Soblay, and is preserved in the Museum
of Natural History at Lyons ; it is figured by Lortet and
Chantre, op. cit. pi. ix. fig. 3. A very similar specimen
from Croatia is figured by Vacek in the Abh. k.-k. geol.
Reichs. vol. vii. pt. 4, pi. vii. fig. 4 (1877).

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

33587. The third right lower true molar, probably belonging to the
same individual as No. 33588 ; from the Middle Miocene
of St. Gaudens. There are three ridges and a talon.

Purchased, 1858.

Mastodon angustidens, Cuvier1.

Syn. Mastodon cuvieri, Pomel 2.

Mastodon simorrensis, Lartet3.

Mastodon gaujaci, Lartet4.

Mastodon pyrenaicus, Falconer5 (ex Lartet, MS.).

Tetrdbelodon angustidens, Cope8.

According to Falconer7 the so-called M. gaujaci was founded on
a small form of the present species; while Gaudry8 states that

Ann. d. Museum, vol. viii. p. 412 (1806).— Mastodonte a dents itroites.

Bull. Soc. G6ol. France, ser. 2, vol. v. p. 258 (1848).

Notice surla Colline de Sansan, p. 24 (1851).

Ibid. p. 27.

Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xiii., table opposite p. 319 (1857).

Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xxii. p. 5 (1884).

Palaeontological Memoirs, vol. ii. p. 24 (1868).

Les Enchainements, &c.— Mammiferes Tertiaires, p. 175 (1878).

ELEPHANTIDjE. 29

M. pyrenaicus is a variety in which the accessory columns of the
molars are less developed, thereby indicating a transition towards
M. turicensis. This is the smallest and one of the most generalized
species. The upper incisors are furnished with an enamel-band ;
the mandibular symphysis is longer than in any other species, is
somewhat deflected, and carries large incisors, which have a pyri-
form basal section : the mandibular rami are laterally compressed.
The cheek-teeth are characterized by their extreme narrowness ;
their ridges are divided into inner and outer columns, which have a
tendency to an alternate arrangement, and the valleys are always
blocked by accessory columns, the development of which varies
considerably in different individuals. The inferior border of the
mandibular ramus is nearly straight, and the incisive alveoli are
parallel. One column of each of the earlier ridges wears into a
more or less complete trefoil: the "intermediate" lower molars
have a small anterior and a large posterior talon, the latter usually
having two distinct columns ; there is a certain amount of variation
in the form of the third true molar. A section of m. 1 is shown in
the accompanying woodcut (fig. 4).

Mastodon angustidens. — Vertical longitudinal section of the first lower true
molar ; from the Middle Miocene of Simorre. |. b, enamel ; c, den-
tine.

Hob. Europe, N.W. frontier of India, and (?) North America. In
Europe 1 the species occurs in France, Switzerland, Bavaria, Bohemia,
Austria-Hungary, and Styria. In Eastern Europe it occurs in the
Middle Miocene, in Western Europe in the Sarmatian stage of the
same, and in Asia in the Upper Miocene or Lower Pliocene. The
Asiatic form2, which has been distinguished as var. palceindicus,
presents a somewhat greater development of the accessory columns ;

1 See Va«ek, Abh. k.-k. geol. Eeichs. vol. vii. pt. 4, pp. 23-25 (1877).

2 Palffiontologia Indica (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. 10, vol. iii. pp. 19-29,
pis. iv., v. (1884).

30 UNGT7LATA.

but this can scarcely be regarded as a specific character. Cope l has
recorded the species from North America, but it ia not very apparent
how this form differs from the closely allied M. obscwrus, Leidy2,
which it has been thought may be only a local race of the European
species 3.

37243. The cranium, in a much crushed condition, and wanting the
greater portion of the incisors ; from the Middle Miocene of
Sansan (Gers), France. On the right side the three true
molars, and on the left m. 2 and m. 3 are in position ; m. 3
is but slightly worn. Purchased, 1857.

37242. Two upper incisors ; from Sansan. The following specimens
with the same number belong to the same individual.

Purchased, 1857.

M. 2896. An upper incisor ; from Sansan. Purchased.

M. 2895. An imperfect upper incisor ; from Sansan. Purchased.

40733. The terminal half of an upper incisor; from Sansan.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

40738. The third upper premolar ; from Sansan.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

29674. The third right upper milk-molar : from the Middle Miocene
of Simorre (Gers). Presented by M. E. Lartet, 1855.

40737. The much-worn third right upper milk-molar ; from Sansan.
Presented by 0. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

40742 a. The germ of the fourth right upper milk-molar ; from
Simorre. Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

40736. The fourth left upper milk-molar, in a very early stage of
wear ; from Sansan. Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

29638. Cast of the third left upper milk-molar, in a half-worn con-
dition. The original is from Sansan.

Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.

1 Amer. Nat. vol. xviii. p. 524 (1884).

2 See 'Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territories' (Rep. U.S.
Geol. Surv.), pi. xxii. figs. 1-4 (1873). The tooth figured in plate xxi'. figs. 1
and 2 of the same work has been regarded by Cope (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xxii. p. 5 [1884]) as distinct, and is renamed Mastodon (Dibelodori)
shepardi, Leidy.

3 See 'Palaeontologia Indica,' op. cit. pp. 28, 29.

ELEPHAIiTIDJB. 31

40734. Fragment showing the hinder part of the left mm. 4, the
unworn m. 1, and pm. 4 in alveolo ; from Sansan.

Presented by 0. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

29635. Cast of the first left upper true molar, in a half-worn con-
dition. The original is from Saiisan.

Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.

40742. A much-worn first right upper true molar ; from Sansan.

Presented by G. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

29634. Cast of the second left upper true molar, in a well-worn
condition. The original is from Sansan, and is figured in
Kaup's ' Beitrage,' pt. 3, pi. iii.1, and in ' Falconer's Palse-
ontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. pi. iii. figs. 3, 4.

Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.

40730. The associated second and third right upper true molars ;
from Sansan. The third molar has four ridges.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

37242. The associated second and third upper true molars of both
sides ; from Sansan. Purchased, 1857.

36757. Cast of a fragment of the left maxilla containing the asso-
ciated second and third upper true molars. The original
is from Sansan, and is figured in Kaup's ' Beitrage,' pt. 3,
pi. v. fig. 2. The third molar has four ridges and a talon.

Purchased, 1858.

37242 b. The third right upper true molar, showing four ridges and
a rudimentary talon ; from Sansan. Purchased, 1857.

32533. The imperfect third right upper true molar ; from Sansan.

Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.

32534. The unworn third right upper true molar, showing four

ridges and a talon ; from Sansan.

Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.

7424. Cast of the third left upper true molar. The original is from
the Middle Miocene of Chevilly, near Orleans (Loiret),
France. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

M. 2897. Cast of the third right upper true molar. The original, of
which the locality is unknown, is almost untouched by
wear. Purchased, 1838.

1 The second figure from the right in the first and second rows.

32 UNGULATA.

37243 a. The mandible, showing the incisors, the three true molars
on the right, and ^72 and 5T3 on the left side ; from
Sansan. This specimen belongs to the same individual as
the cranium No. 37243. Purchased, 1857.

37242 c. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing
mT2 and ^73; from Sansan. Purchased, 1857.

37242 d. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing
m. 2 and mTs ; from Sansan. The third molar carries four
ridges and a single hind talon. Purchased, 1857.

36754. Cast of the mandible, showing the right incisor and m. 2 and

^~3 of both sides. The original is from Sansan, and is
figured in Kaup's ' Beitrage,' pt. 3, pi. vi. figs. 1, 2, 3.

Purchased, 1858.

36755. Cast of the mandible of a young individual, showing ^73,

pm. 4 in alveolo. The original is from Sansan, and is figured
in Kaup's ' Beitrage,' pt. 3, pi. i. The specimen indicates
a small individual, equal in size to No. 29637, and much
smaller than the preceding specimen. Purchased, 1858.

40729. Two fragments of the opposite sides of the mandible, each
showing i^T2 and mT3 ; from Sansan.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

29637. Cast of a fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, show-
ing the three milk-molars, which are of very small size.
The original is from Sansan.

Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.

40763. The third right lower milk-molar ; from Sansan. This
specimen agrees very closely with mm. 3 of No. 29637.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

M. 2894. Cast of the third left lower milk-molar of a larger indi-
vidual. The original is from Sansan. No history.

40740. A tooth, provisionally regarded as a large specimen of the
third left lower milk-molar (so determined from having
fore-and-aft disks of pressure) ; from Sansan.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

M. 2409. Four specimens of the third lower premolar ; from Sansan.

Purchased, 1885.

29675. The germ of the fourth right lower premolar ; from Simorre.

Presented by M. E. Lartet, 1855.

ELEPHAXTTD^I. 33

29639. Cast of a tooth provisionally regarded as the fourth left
lower premolar (so determined from the absence of any
anterior disk of pressure).

Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.

40739. The fourth left lower premolar, in an early stage of wear ;
from Sansan. This specimen agrees almost exactly with
the more worn Indian example of the homologous tooth
figured in the accompanying woodcut (fig. 5).

Presented by 0. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

Fig. 5.

Mastodon awgustidens, var. palaindicus. — The fourth left lower milk -molar ;
from the Lower Siwaliks of Dera Bugti, north-west frontier of India. \.
Indian Museum, Calcutta, No. A 422.

29671. The unworn first right lower true molar; from Simorre.
This tooth agrees precisely with nTTl of No. 36755, and
is therefore regarded as homologous ; but it is not certain
that (together with the next two specimens) it may not be
uTmTi of a larger individual.

Presented by M. E. Lartet, 1855.

40741. An imperfect specimen of a similar tooth, in a partially worn
condition ; from Sansan.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

7426. Cast of the first left lower true molar. The original, which
is in a half-worn condition, is from the Middle Miocene
of Saxony. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

29636. Cast of the first left lower true molar. The original, which
is in a half-worn condition, and is of a wider type than
either of the preceding specimens, was obtained from
Sansan. Hastings Collection. PurcJiased, 1855.

PAKT IV. D

34 tTNGTTLATA.

M. 2893. The unworn first right lower true molar, wanting the

(Fig.) hind talon ; locality unknown. This specimen is figured

by Falconer and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Siva-

lensis,' pi. xl. fig. 7, where it is described as the last

milk-molar of the upper jaw.

Presented by E. Cnarlesworth, Esq.

40788. The first two ridges of the first right lower true molar ;
(Fig.) from the north of Sind 'or the regions across the north-
west frontier of India '. This specimen (woodcut, fig. 6)

Fig. 6.

Mastodon angustidens, var. palaindicus. — The first and second ridges of the
first right lower true molar, in a half -worn condition ; from the Lower
Siwaliks of Sind or the regions to the north or west. \ . (From the
' Palasontologia Indica.')

has been described and figured in the ' Palaeontologia
Indica,' ser. 10, vol. iii. p. 32, woodcut fig. 6, as (?) mm. 3
of M. falconeri, but was subsequently shown (ibid. p. xix)
to belong to the present species ; it agrees almost precisely
with the imperfect tooth of the opposite side figured in
pi. iv. fig. 8 of the same volume. Like that tooth it
indicates a smaller individual than the European speci-
mens of m72 (Nos. 7425, 42720).

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

32503. The second and third ridges and hind talon of the first right
lower true molar, agreeing in size with the preceding
specimen, but in a rather less worn condition ; from the

1 See ' Palaeontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. iii. pp. 1, 29.

ELEPHANTIBJE. 35

same locality. This specimen is noticed in the ' Palaeon-
tologia Indica' in the passages cited.

Presented by Col. SyTces. About 1856.

7425. Cast of the second right lower true molar. The original,
which is in a half-worn condition, was obtained from
Simorre, and is described and figured in Cuvier's ' Ossemens
Fossiles,' 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 255, " Divers Mastodoutes,"
pi. i. fig. 4 (reversed) ; it is also figured in the ' Fauna
Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xl. figs. 9, 9 a (as an upper tooth),
and in Kaup's ' Beitrage/ pt. 3, pi. iii.1

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

42720. The second left lower true molar, in an early stage of wear ;
from Simorre. This specimen agrees precisely with the
preceding.

Presented by the Trustees of the Christie Museum, 1871.

M. 2900. An almost identical specimen of the opposite side, in a
still earlier state of wear ; locality unknown. No history.

M. 2898. Cast of the much-worn second left lower true molar. The
original, of which the locality is doubtful, is figured by
Kaup in the ' Oss. Foss. d. Darmstadt,' pt. 4, pi. xx. fig. 4
(as M. longirostris}, and in the ' Beitrage,' pt. 3, pi. ii.
fig. 4 (as M. arvernensis). Purchased.

40735. The imperfect third right lower true molar, in a much-worn
condition ; from Sansan. This specimen shows four ridges
and a single talon, and agrees very closely with the Indian
example figured by the writer in the ' Palaeoutologia
Indica,' ser. 10, vol. iii. pi. iv. fig. 3.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

M. 2899- Cast of the third right lower true molar, in an early stage
of wear. The locality of the original is unknown. The
crown is very narrow, the valleys comparatively open, and
there are four ridges and a double hind talon.

Purchased, 1838.

32532. The hinder portion of the third left lower true molar ; from
the Middle Miocene of Touraine, France.

Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1857.

40780. The last three ridges and talon of an almost unworn third
left lower true molar, provisionally referred to this species ;

1 The second figure from the right in the second and third rows.

D2

36 TTN9TJLA.TA.

probably from the Lower Siwaliks of Northern Sind or the
regions across the north-west frontier of India1. The
specimen is rather wider than the Indian specimen figured
by the writer in the ' Palaeontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. iii.
pi. iv. fig. 3, but agrees very closely with the homologous
tooth of the mandible No. 37243 a.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

40781. Two specimens of the hinder portion of the third right lower
true molar, agreeing with the preceding ; from the same
locality. Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

40731. Two imperfect lower incisors ; from Sansan.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

30537. The two imperfect lower incisors of an immature individual ;
from Sansan. Purchased. About 1856.

37242. The greater part of the two lower incisors of a somewhat
larger individual ; from Sansan. Purchased, 1855.

33592 a. The left cuneiform ; from the Middle Miocene of Ville-
Franche d'Astarac (Gers). PurcJuised.

33592 b. The left unciform ; from Ville-Franche d'Astarac.

Purchased.

33592 C. The left astragalus ; from Ville-Franehe d'Astarac.

Purchased.

33592 d. The left calcaneum ; from Ville-Franche d'Astarac.

Purchased.

33592 e. The left navicular ; from Ville-Franche d'Astarac.

Purchased.

48451. Anterior portion of the right ramus of the mandible of a
young Mastodon, which may belong to the present species ;
probably from the Lower Siwaliks of Sind or the regions
to the North-west. This specimen shows the alveoli of
the three milk-molars ; it is noticed in the writer's ' Cat.
Siwalik Vert. Ind. Mus.,' pt. i. p. 101 (No. A 354), where
it is provisionally referred to M. pcmdionis.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

1 See 'Palaeontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. iii. pp. 1, 29.

37

Mastodon pandionis, Falconer l.

Syn. Tetrdbelodon pandionis, Cope 2.

In this species the mandibular symphysis is produced into a long,
deeply hollowed, trough-like expansion, which in some specimens is
edentulous, but in others (which are apparently specifically identical)
is furnished with a pair of large laterally compressed incisors 3, the
mandibular rami being also compressed in the same direction. The
cheek-teeth are relatively wide, and are normally characterized by
the extreme complexity of the structure of the crowns, the accessory
tubercles being very numerous, placed on both sides of the median
longitudinal cleft, and completely blocking the valleys, although
in some earlier " intermediate " molars provisionally referred to this
species 4 the valleys are more free. The ridges are divided into
inner and outer columns, which have an alternate arrangement, and
when worn do not present distinct trefoils of dentine. The third
milk-molars provisionally referred to it are more complex than is
usually the case with trilophodont species, and in this respect agree
with those of M, pentelici ; the third upper true molar is relatively

? Mastodon pandionis. — The fourth right upper premolar ; from the Lower
Siwaliks of Dera Bugti, north-west frontier of India, j. Indian Museum,
Calcutta, No. A 432. (From the ' Palseontologia Indica.')

short ; and the enamel of all the teeth is thrown into vertical plica-
tions. It is probable that premolars were developed, at least in some
instances !, and a tooth provisionally so considered is figured in the
accompanying woodcut (fig. 7).

1 Palseontological Memoirs, vol. i. p. 124 (1868).
a Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xxii. p. 5 (1884).

9 See ' Palaeontologia Indica ' (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. 10, vol. i. pi. xxxv.
and Cat. Siwalik Vert. Ind. Mus. Calcutta, pt. i. pp. 99-101 [1885J).

4 ' Palaeontologia Indica/ ser. 10, TO!, iii. p. xx (1888). 5 Loc. tit.

Hob. India (Perim Island, Sind, Punjab, and North-west Fron-
tier), and (?) China \

40818. The first left upper true molar ; from the Lower Siwaliks of
(Pig.) Sind, India, or the regions to the north 2. This specimen,
which is almost unworn, is figured in ' Falconer's Palaeon-
tological Memoirs,' vol. i. pi. xxxiv. figs. 6, 7, and in the
' Palseontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. iii. pi. v. fig. 5, and is
the type of the species. It differs from mm. 4 of M. pen-
telici by its taller and more nearly vertical ridges and by
the greater blocking of the valleys, in consequence of which
the crown surface of the first two inner columns forms a
distinct "W. Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

M. 2491. A tooth regarded as a somewhat abnormal example of the

(Fig.) first left upper true molar ; from the Siwaliks of Perim

Island, Gulf of Cambay, India. Described and figured by

the present writer in the ' Palaoontologia Indica,' ser. 10,

vol. iii. p. 149, pi. xvii. figs. 2, 2 a.

Presented by Diwdn Wajeshankar GowreeslianTcar, 1885.

M. 494. Part of the palate, showing the broken base of *n. 1, and
m. 2 in alveolo ; from Perim Island.

Transferred from the Old Indian Museum, 1880.

M. 2490. The third left upper true molar, in a well-worn condition,

(Fig.) and wanting part of the fourth ridge and the talon ; from

Perim Island. Figured by the writer in the ' Palaeonto-

logia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. iii. pi. xvi. fig. 1 ; a perfect

unworn specimen is figured in plate xxxv A. of the first

volume of the same series.

Presented by Diwdn Wajeshankar Gowreeshankar, 1885.

40787. A tooth provisionally regarded as the fourth left lower pre-
molar of this species ; probably from Sind. This speci-
men is noticed in the ' Pakeontologia Indica,' ser. 10,
vol. i. p. 221, a very similar specimen being figured in
pi. xxxv. fig. 2 of that volume ; it has no anterior disk of
pressure. Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

40779. A third left lower milk-molar provisionally referred to this

(Fig.) species ; from Perim Island. This specimen (woodcut,

fig. 8) has been described and figured by the present

writer (op. cit.vol. iii. p. xx, woodcut) ; it has the plicated

1 Koken, Pal. Abhand. vol. iii. pt. 2, p. 9 (1885).
a See ' Palaeontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. iii. p. 29.

ELEPHAXTTD.E.

39

enamel characteristic of the species, and agrees with the
corresponding tooth of a young cranium, of which three
teeth are figured in the ' Palaeontologia Indica,' ser. 10,
vol. i. pi. xxxii. figs. 2, 3, and pi. xxxiii. fig. 2 l.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

Fig. 8.

(?) Mastodon pandionis. — The third left lower milk-molar ; from Perim Island.
Viewed from the grinding and outer lateral aspects. \. (From the
' Palaeontologia Indica.')

M. 3436. The imperfect hinder half of a third lower true molar;
from Perim Island. This specimen agrees with the com-
plete tooth figured by the present writer,- op. cit. vol. i.
pi. xxxiv. fig. 2. Presented by Col. J. W. Watson, 1886.

M. 295. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, with the much-
worn m. 3 ; from Perim Island.

Transferred from the Old Indian Museum, 1880.

The two following specimens (of which the precise locality is unknown)
if obtained from Perim Island might belong to the present
species ; they certainly do not belong to M. sivalensis.

M. 2884. Part of the mandibular symphysis of a very young indi-
vidual, showing a deeply hollowed median groove, on either
side of which is a small, laterally-compressed, incisor ; from
the Siwaliks of India. The specimen presents a strong
resemblance to the adult symphysis of M. pandionis,
figured in the ' Paleeontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i.
pi. xxxvi. fig. 1. No history.

M. 2096. A very similar specimen to the preceding, showing the
incisive alveoli ; from the Siwaliks of India. Entered on
page 274 of Part II. as belonging to a suilline artio-
dactyle. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

1 Originally figured as M. falconeri, but provisionally referred to the present
species in vol. iii. p. rx of the same work.

40

Mastodon pentelici, Gaudry and Lartet '.
Syn. Tetrabelodon ptntelici, Cope 2.

This species is at present unrepresented in the Museum Collection,
although it is important that it should be noticed here ; at present
it appears to be only known by immature specimens. In mm. 4 the
ridges are interrupted and the valleys partially .blocked by accessory
tubercles ; the hind talon of mm. 3 is so largely developed as prac-
tically to form a third ridge (woodcut, fig. 9). The mandibular
symphysis is produced to a considerable extent, and is furnished with
incisors ; but premolars do not appear to have been developed. The
ridges of the milk-molars appear to be lower than in M. pandionis.

Pig. 9.

Mastodon pentelici.— -The left upper milk-molars; from the Lower Pliocene of
Pikermi. \. (After Gaudry's ' Encliainements.')

Hob. Greece, Hungary3, and North-west Persia 4 (Lower Plio-
cene).

Mastodon falconeri, Lydekker ".

This species is of very large size, and apparently has a short and
incisor-less mandibular symphysis; the cheek-teeth present trefoils
on one column of each ridge and resemble in general structure those
of M. angustidens, although they are much larger and relatively
wider. The species may be a more specialized descendant from the

Comptes Rendus, vol. xliii. p. 273 (1856).— M.pentelicus.

Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xxii. p. 5 (1884).

See Petho, Jahresb. k. ung. geol. Anstalt, 1884, p. 63.

See Lydekker, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlii. p. 173 (188G).

Eec. Geol. Surv. Ind. vol. x. p. 83 (1877).

ELEPHANTUXE. 41

M. angustidens stock. It is not known whether premolars were
developed ].

Hob. India (Punjab and Sind).

M. 2883. The first two ridges of the second left lower true molar,
in an unworn condition ; from the Derajat, Punjab, India.
This specimen apparently agrees precisely with the corre-
sponding portion of the right m. 2 figured in the ' Palseon-
tologia Indica,' ser. 1 0, vol. i. pi. xxxiii. fig. 4. In addition
to its superior size and greater relative width, it differs
from m72 of M. angustidens by the form of the anterior
cingulum, by the absence of a distinct accessory tubercle
on the anterior side of the first inner column, by the
presence of a greater number of tubercles on the ridges,
by the form and size of the accessory tubercles in the
valleys, and the more decided approach to an alternate
arrangement of the columns. It is not improbable that
the specimen belongs to the same individual as an upper
true molar in the Indian Museum, Calcutta (No. A 327) 2.
Presented ly Prof. Sir E. Owen, K.C.B., 1877.

Mastodon humboldti, Cuvier 3.

Syn. Dibelodon humboldti, Cope4.

In the molars both the inner and outer columns (which are quite
separate) of each ridge are flanked by accessory tubercles, so that
the valleys are blocked on both sides of the median longitudinal
cleft; and the enamel on the ridges being vertically grooved, a very
complex pattern is produced on the worn ridges, there being trefoils
on both the inner and outer columns of each ridge, although those
on the inner columns of the upper and the outer of the lower are
the best defined ; the columns of the ridges have a tendency to an
alternate arrangement, and the median longitudinal cleft is well
marked. The valleys of the teeth are coated with a thick coat of
cement, and the mandibular symphysis is comparatively short and
without incisors in the adult, although these appear to have been
present in the young (No. 19952 c). Premolars have apparently
not been observed.

1 The specimens figured in the ' Palaaontologia Indica' (Mem. Geol. Sury.
Ind.), ser. 10, vol. i. pi. xxxii. figs. 2, 3, under this name probably belong to
M. pandionis ; vide supra, p. 39.

2 See Cat. Siwalik Vert. Ind. Mus. Calcutta, pt. i. p. 102 (1885).

3 Ann. d. Museum, vol. viii. p. 413 (1806).— ./If. humboldien.

4 Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xxii. p. 5(1884).

42 TTNGULATA.

Hob. South America (Colombia, Argentine Republic, Uruguay,
and Brazil).

19951. The cranium and mandible of an adult male, with the vertex
{Fig.) restored in plaster ; from the Pleistocene of Buenos Ayres,

Argentine Republic. The specimen shows the upper
incisors, the short tuskless mandibular symphysis, and
m. 2 and m. 3 of both jaws; m. 2 belongs, however, to
another individual. The mandible is described and figured
by Falconer in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xxxv.
figs. 3, 3 a, and in the ' Palseontological Memoirs,' vol. i.
p. 99, pi. viii. fig. 3 1, under the name of M. andium 2.

Purchased, 1846.

M. 2950. Part of the palate, showing the broken m. 2 of both sides,
(Fig.') and the left m. 3 in an early condition of wear ; from the
Pleistocene of South America. Described and figured by
Camper in the Nov. Act. Petrop. vol. ii. p. 259, pi. viii.
(1788). The double trefoils are very distinctly seen in
m- 3, which is relatively short and carries four ridges and
a double talon. No history.

39370. An imperfect cranium of a female Mastodon, probably
belonging to the present species ; from the Pleistocene of
the Rio Negro, Uruguay. The incisive alveoli (of which
the left one contains the base of the tusk) are of small
size ; ro. 2 and m. 3 were in use, but their crowns have
been broken off ; the form of the base of m. 2 agrees almost
exactly with No. 19952.

Presented by D. A. Stoddart, Esq., 1865.

19951 a. An incisor provisionally referred to this species ; from
South America. Purchased, 1846.

39372. The second left upper true molar, in a half-worn condition ;
from the Rio Negro.

Presented by D. A. Stoddart, Esq., 1865.

M. 2951. The second left upper true molar, in a slightly less worn
condition ; from South America.

Purchased. Before 1840.

19952. The second right upper true molar, in a rather more worn

condition ; from Buenos Ayres. Purchased, 1846.

1 From vol. ii. p. 274 of this work it appears that Falconer subsequently
discovered that this determination was erroneous.

2 Described as being drawn of ^ instead of J nat. size.

43

19952 a. The second right upper true molar, in a very much worn

(Fig.) condition ; from Euenos Ayres. Figured by Falconer and

Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xl. fig. 11,

under the name of M . andium. Purchased, 1846.

19952 b. The associated right and left third upper true molars, in
(Fig.) an early stage of wear ; from Buenos Ayres. The speci-
men of the left side (woodcut, fig. 10) is figured by Fal-
coner and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xl. fig. 12, as M. andium.

Fig. 10.

Mastodon humboldti.—The third left upper true molar ; from the Pleistocene
of Buenos Ayres. f . The lower border of the figure is the inner border
of the specimen.

Each tooth carries four ridges and a double hind talon ;
when more worn the double trefoils would be produced ;
cement is present. It agrees very closely with the speci-
men figured by P. Gervais in the ' Mammiferes Fossiles
de 1'Amerique meridionale,' pi. v. fig. 9 (1855).

Purchased, 1846.

6 (0. C.). The imperfect third right upper true molar, in a partially
(Fig.) worn condition ; from South America. Figured by Fal-
coner and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xl. fig. 10, as M. andium.
A large quantity of cement is present.

Presented by the Earl of Shelburne, 1768.

44 TJNGULATA.

19952 C. Part of the left ramus of the mandible of a young indi-
(Fig.) vidual, containing mm. 4 and m~l, the latter unworn ; from
Buenos Ayres. This specimen is figured by Falconer and
Cautley, op. cit. pi. xl. fig. 13, and also in ' Falconer's
Palaeontological Memoirs,' vol. i. pi. viii. fig. 1 l, as M.
andium. The double trefoils are shown in the second
ridge of mm. 4 ; there is a cylindrical incisive alveolus.

Purchased. Before 1840.

39374. The germ of the second right lower true molar ; from the
Kio Negro. The hind talon is of moderate size.

Presented by D. A. Stoddart, Esq., 1865.

43254. The second left lower true molar, in a well-worn condition ;
from Buenos Ayres.

Presented by Senor L. J. Fontana, 1871.

19952 d. The second left lower true molar, in a more worn con-
dition ; from Buenos Ayres. The second and third ridges
are more worn than the first. Purchased, 1846.

44135. The third right lower true molar, in a partially worn con-
dition ; probably from the Kio Negro. Purchased, 1873.

19952 e. The third right lower true molar, in a partially worn con-
(Fiy.) dition; from Buenos Ayres. Figured by Falconer and
Cautley, op. cit. pi. xl. fig. 11, under the name of M. an-
dium. There are four ridges and a double hind talon.

Purchased, 1846.

19952 f. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing
the partially-worn m73 (imperfect anteriorly) ; from
Buenos Ayres. The hind talon is very large.

Purchased, 1846.

M. 2952. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing
m73, of which the talon is wanting ; from South America.

No history.

M. 2953. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, with m7l3,
of which the talon is wanting ; from South America.

JVb history.

1 In the description of the plate the teeth are named the second and third
milk-molars (=mm. 3 and mrnTi); but there seems no reason for this view,
which introduces an abnormal ridge-formula.

ELEPHANTID^!. 45

M. 2954. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, with part
of a much-worn molar ; from South America.

No history.

39375. Fragment of an unworn right lower molar, provisionally
referred to this species ; from the Rio Negro.

Presented by D. A. Stoddart, Esq., 1865.

39373. Hinder part of the third left lower true molar, in a well-
worn condition ; from the Rio Negro.

Presented by D. A. Stoddart, Esq., 1865.

37782. Hinder part of the third right lower true molar, in an early
stage of wear ; from the Rio Negro.

Presented by W. G. Lettsom, Esq., 1863.

The following specimens are from. Buenos Ayres, and, unless otherwise
stated, were purchased in 1846.

19952 g. The proximal portion of the left ulna.

19952 h. The right innominate.

19952 i. Fragment of the left innominate.

44134. The left femur. Presented by N. Wetherell, Esq., 1873.

19952 j. The shaft of the left femur.

19952 k. Seven dorsal vertebrae, of which the neural arches are
more or less incomplete.

199521. The neural arch of a dorsal vertebra.
19952m. Two lumbar vertebrae.
19952 n. Two ribs.

Mastodon cordillerum, Cuvier J.

Syn. Mastodon cordillerarum, Desmarest 2.
Mastodon andium, Cuvier 3.
Mastodon australis, Owen 4.
Tetrabelodon andium, Cope 5.

The cheek-teeth present a great general resemblance to those of

1 Ann. d. Museum, vol. viii. p. 413 (1806).— Mastodonte des Cordilteres.

2 Mammalogie, p. 385 (1822).

3 Oss. Fo*. 2nd ed. vol. T. pt. 2, p. 527 (1824).

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. xiv. p. 269 (1844). See 'Falconer's
Palajontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 271 (18G8).
8 Proc. Ainer. Phil. Soc. vol. xxii. p. 5 (1884).

46 TJNGT7LATA.

M. huniboldti, but are distinguished in early stages of wear by the
presence of trefoils on only one column of each ridge (inner in upper
and outer in lower teeth), in consequence of the absence or small
development of the accessory tubercles on one side of the median
longitudinal cleft. The form of the dentine-disk on the columns
which do not present trefoils is pear-shaped, with the apex directed
towards the adjacent column. Cement is present in but small
amount; and the mandibular symphysis is produced into a long
deflected beak furnished with large incisors. Premolars have not
been observed. In the second true molar the talon is so large as
almost to form a fourth ridge.

Hob. South America (Chili, Bolivia, and Peru), Mexico 1, and
Texas (No. 41652).

41652. The third right upper true molar in an early stage of wear ;
from the Pleistocene of Texas 2, U.S.A. This specimen
clearly exhibits the absence of a trefoil on the outer
column of the last ridge, and apparently agrees very
closely with the more worn specimen figured by P. Gervais
in the ' Mammiferes Fossiles de 1'Amerique meridionale,'
pi. v. fig. 3 (1855).

Toulmin-Smith Collection. Purchased, 1869.

40988. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing uTTT and
(Fig.) m^2 ; from the Pleistocene of Chili. This specimen is
figured by Falconer and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua
Sivalensis,' pi. xl. fig. 15, the figure being copied in ' Fal-
coner's Paloeontological Memoirs,' vol. i. pi. viii. fig. 2.
Both teeth are somewhat imperfect, and m7~2 is not pro-
truded ; the characteristic pear-shaped disks are exhibited
on the inner columns of nTTl ; the hind talon of m73 might
be reckoned as a fourth ridge. The two teeth respec-
tively agree with the homologous specimens of the opposite
ramus figured by P. Gervais, op. cit. pi. v. figs. 4, 5.
Presented by the Trustees of the Canterbury Museum, 1868.

20700 a. Fragment of a left maxilla without teeth, perhaps
belonging to this species ; from Texas. No history.

1 Cope, Proo. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xxii. p. 5 (1884).

2 The specimen does not agree with the description of the one tooth on which
M. serridens, Cope (Amer. Nat. vol. xviii. p. 525 [1884]), from Texas, is founded.

ELEPHANTID3;. 47

B. TetralopTiodont Group.

The number of the ridges is usually four in the " intermediate "
and five in the last true molars ; but there may be occasionally five
in the former and six in the latter. The complete normal ridge-
formula is Mm. !, M.

Mastodon sivalensis, Cautley \

The cranium (woodcut, fig. 11) of this specialized species is much
vaulted, and the mandibular symphysis short and devoid of incisors.
The inner and outer columns of the cheek-teeth are placed alter-
nately (although there is some variation in this respect), and when
worn present irregularly-shaped disks of dentine. In consequence
of this arrangement the valleys are completely blocked, and a small
amount of cement is present. In some examples of the " inter-
mediate " molars there are five ridges, while there may be six in the
last true molar ; the enamel of the milk-molars is vertically grooved
but in the true molars it may be either grooved or smooth ; and pre-
molars have not been observed. The cheek-teeth are very like
those of M . arvernensis ; but the number of accessory tubercles is
frequently more numerous, and trefoils are never formed on the
columns, while the number of ridges is sometimes greater. The
two species are, however, closely allied.

Hub. India (Siwalik Hills and Punjab). Unless otherwise stated,
the following specimens are from the Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills.

M. 2876. The imperfect cranium of a male, with the mandible in

(Fig.) apposition. The third true molar is in situ in both jaws

and is in a half-worn condition. The specimen (woodcut,

fig. 11) is figured by Falconer and Cautley in the ' Fauna

Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xxxiii. fig. 4.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2877. The imperfect cranium of a female, showing the half-worn

(Fig.) m- 3 of either side. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op.

tit. pis. xxxii. and xxxiii. figs. 1-3 ; the former figure is

copied in ' Falconer's Palaeontological Memoirs,' vol. i.

pi. x. The molar appears to have six ridges.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

1 Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. v. p. 294 (1836) ; as a variety of M. angustidens.

48 TJNGtTLATA.

M. 2878. The upper portion of an immature cranium. Figured by
(Fig.) Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxix. figs. 4-6.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

Fig. 11.

Mastodon sivalensis.— Skull, restored ; from the Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills.
7\. (After Gaudry's ' Les Enchainements.')

M. 2881. Cast of the middle portion of the cranium, showing m. 2
and m- 3 (imperfect) of both sides. The original (of which
the place of preservation is not known) is figured by Fal-
coner and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxiv. fig. 1, and pi. xxxix.
fig. 7. The columns of the third true molar (which appa-
rently had six ridges) are arranged less alternately than
usual, and in this respect resemble a specimen figured
by the present writer in the ' Palaeontologia Indica/
ser. 10, vol. i. pi. xliv. fig. 1. No history.

M. 2861. Fragment of the left half of the cranium of a young indi-
(Fig.) vidual, showing the broken mm. 4 and m. 1. Figured by
Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxvi. figs. 2, 2 a. A
more perfect example of mm. 4 is figured by the present
writer, op. cit. pi. xli. fig. 2. In the figure the teeth are
described as mm. 3 and mm. 4.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2864. Fragment of the left maxilla, containing m- 2 in a half-

(Fig.~) worn condition. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op.

cit. pi. xxxvi. fig. 4. The tooth has five ridges and a

small taJon. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

49

40776. Fragment of the right maxilla, containing the half-worn
m. 2? which has four ridges and a large talon.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

16363. The much-worn second left upper true molar. This tooth
exactly resembles an example from the opposite side figured
by the present writer in the ' Palaeontologia Indica,' ser. 10,
vol. i. pi. xli. fig. 4 1.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2858. A worn and shattered specimen of the second left upper
true molar.

Transferred from the Old Indian Museum, 1880.

M. 2860. Fragment of the right maxilla, containing a small example

(Fiy.) of m. 3, in an early condition of wear and somewhat

broken. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit.

pi. xxxvi. figs. 5, 5 a* The tooth has five ridges and a

talon. Presented by Dr. Huyh Falconer.

M. 2857; The third left upper true molar, in an early stage of wear.

(Fly.) Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxvi.

figs. 6, 6 a. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2859. Fragment of the left maxilla, containing the third true

(Fig.) molar, which has been vertically and longitudinally

bisected. The section is figured by Falconer and Cautley,

(>p. cit. pi. iii. fig. 10 a, and the uncut specimen in

pi. xxxiv. figs. 2, 2 a.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2879. The mandible, showing the third true molar of either side
(Figt) in a well-worn condition. The tooth has six ridges and a
talon : it exhibits very distinctly the characteristic pyri-
form dentine islets of the outer columns. The specimen
is figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxv.
figs. 1, 1ft; the corresponding tooth of a very similar
specimen being figured of the natural size by the present
writer in the ' Palaeontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i.
pi. xliv. fig. 3. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2880. The greater portion of the mandible, containing the third
(Fiy.) true molars, of which the crowns have been broken off.

1 Figured as M. perimensis, but referred to the present species in vol. iii.
p. 151.

PAKT IV. K

50

Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xviii. A.
figs. 6, 6 a. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2873. The symphysis and greater part of the left ramus of the
(Fig.} mandible of a young individual, showing the base of mm. 2,
the complete mm. 3, and the first ridge of mlnT^ in alveola.
Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxvii.
figs. 2, 2 a. mm. 3 has three ridges, and the specimen
agrees exactly in age with the mandible of M. arvernensis,
No. 37247. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2866. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible of a slightly

{Fig.) older individual, provisionally referred to this species ; the

broken bases of nun. 2 and mm. 3 and the alveolus of mm. 4

are shown. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit.

pi. xxxvii. figs. 1, 1 a.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2867. The symphysis and part of the right ramus of the man-
(Fig.) dible of an immature individual, showing Uim. 4 (broken
anteriorly) and part of mTl *• Figured by Falconer and
Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxvii. figs. 3, 3 a. A specimen of
mm. 4 (wanting the hind talon), which carries four ridges,
is figured by the present writer in the ' Palseontologia
Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. pi. xliv. fig. 2.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

47888 a. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) the base of mm. 4, and the complete m. i in an early stage
of wear (woodcut, fig. 12).

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

M. 2856. An imperfect specimen of the little-worn first left lower
true molar.

Transferred from the Old Indian Museum, 1880.

M. 2868. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) the nearly perfect nTT (?), which has four ridges and a

large hind talon. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op.

cit. pi. xxxiv. figs. 3, 3 a.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

1 It is possible that the teeth of this and the next specimen may be one stage
later in the series than they are here reckoned.

ELEPHANTID^. 51

18788. An imperfect and half-worn second lower true molar.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

16381. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, with the im-
perfect m. 2 not fully protruded.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

Fi?. 12.

Mastodon sivalensis. — The first right lower true molar ; from the Pliocene of the
Siwalik Hills, f . The lower border of the figure is the outer border of
the specimen.

M. 2874. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) m73 in an early stage of wear. Figured by Falconer and

Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxvii. figs. 8, 8 a. The tooth has

six ridges and a talon.

Transferred from the Old Indian Museum, 1880.

M. 2869. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) the much-worn m73 (incomplete anteriorly). Figured by
Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxvii. figs. 7, 7 a.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2865. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing

(Fig.) the first four ridges of m. 3. Figured by Falconer and

Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxvii. figs. 6, 6 a. the tooth being

regarded as m72. Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

M. 2870. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) the hinder part of the much-worn m. 3. Figured by
Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxvii. figs. 5, 5 a.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

52 TJNGULATA.

M. 2871. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing
the hinder part of the half- worn m. 3.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2863. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) the third true molar, which has been vertically and longi-
tudinally bisected. The section is figured by Falconer and
Cautley, op. cit. pi. iii. fig. 106.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2872. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing

(Fig.) the little- worn rn73, imperfect anteriorly. Figured by

Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxvii. figs. 4, 4 a (as

? mTi). Presented ly Dr. Hugh Falconer.

16317. Middle part of the third right lower true molar, in an un-
worn condition. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2862. Fragment of the third left lower true molar. Figured by
(Fig.) Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxvi. fig. 3.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

16378. Hinder part of the third right lower true molar, in a half-
worn condition. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2875. A tooth, described by Falconer as the third (penultimate)
(Fig.) upper milk-molar of this species. Figured by Falconer
and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxvi. figs. 1, 1 a ; in size this speci-
men agrees with mm. 2.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

Mastodon arvernensis, Croizet and Jobert1.

Syn. Mastodon brevirostris, Gervais2.
Mastodon dissimilis, Jordan3.
Anancus macroplus, Aymard *.

This species is closely allied to the last, with which it agrees

1 Oss. Foss. d. Puy-de-Dome, p. 138 (1828).

2 Ann. Sci. Nat. s<§r. 3, vol. v. (1854) ; see also Zool. et Pal. Fra^aises,
2nd ed. p. 67 (1859).

3 Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon, ser. 3, vol. ii. (1858), fesfe Deperet; seealso Lortet
and Chantre, Arch. Mus. Lyon, vol. ii. p. 297 (1878). '

* Ann. Soc. Agric. Sci. le Puy, 1854, p. 597, teste Depe>et.

ELEPHANTIDJE. 53

in the short mandibular symphysis, the alternate arrangement of
the columns of the cheek-teeth, the absence of premolars, and the
vertically-grooved enamel of the milk-molars. It differs, however,
by the slightly greater length of the mandibular symphysis, the
absence of a tendency to the development of a peritalophodont ridge-
formula, and the lesser complexity of the accessory tubercles of the
molars. The columns of the ridges are very tall, and incline
forwards in the lower teeth. In some adult molars the enamel is
grooved, while in others it is quite smooth. A fourth upper milk-
molar is figured in the accompanying woodcut (fig. 13) ; and full-
sized figures of m. 3 are given by Fritsch in the Jahrb. k. preuss.
geol. Land. 1884, pis. xxiii., xxiv.

Fig. 13.

Mastodon arvernensis. — The fourth left upper milk-molar ; from the Norwich
Crag of Postwick, Norfolk, f . The lower border of the figure is the
inner border of the specimen.

Hub* Europe. The species ranges in time from the Lower Plio-
cene of Montpellier to the Tipper Pliocene of the Val d'Arno and
the Norwich Crag ; and has also a wide distribution in space, having
been recorded from England, France l, Italy2, Germany, Croatia3, &c.
It should be observed that while the molars of the other species of
Mastodon occurring in the Eed Crag are usually much rolled, and
therefore probably derived from older strata, those of the present
species found in the same deposits are generally unaffected by rolling
action.

1 See Lortet and Chantre, Arch. Mus. Lyori, yol. ii. p. 297 (1878).

2 See Forsyth-Major, Quart. Journ. Geol. b'oc. vol. xli. p. 2 (1885).

3 Tacek, Abh. k.-k. geol. Eeichs. vol. vii. pt. 4, p. 36 (1877).

54 UNSTJLATA.

M. 2901. Cast of the third left upper milk-molar, in a half-worn
condition. The original is from the Red Crag of Suffolk,
and is preserved in the Museum at Ipswich ; it precisely
agrees with the corresponding tooth of the jaw figured by
Lortet and Chantre in the Arch. Mus. Lyon, vol. ii. pi. vii.
figs. 1, la. Made in the Museum, 1885.

M. 2902. Cast of a rather larger and less worn example of the
corresponding tooth of the opposite side. The original is
from the Red Crag of Suffolk, and is preserved in the
Ipswich Museum. Made in the Museum, 1885.

48935. The anterior half of the second (?) right upper (?) true
molar; from a pit at Horstead, Norfolk.

Purchased, 1878.

M. 1983. The third left upper true molar (imperfect anteriorly), in
(Fig.) an early stage of wear ; from the Norwich Crag of Nor-
folk. This specimen is figured in the frontispiece to
William Smith's ' Strata identified by Organic Fossils '
(1816), and in Owen's ' British Fossil Mammals and Birds,'
p. 276, fig. 97 (as M. angustidens), and by Falconer and
Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xxxvi.
figs. 8, 8 a. William Smith's Collection.

M. 2903. Cast of the third left upper true molar, in a slightly more
•worn condition than the preceding. The original was
dredged from the sea between Southwold and Easton, Suf-
folk, in 1839, and was probably derived from the Red
Crag ; it agrees precisely with the preceding specimen.

(?) Presented by Captain Alexander, 1842.

28997. The almost unworn crown of the third left upper true
molar ; from the Red Crag of Woodbridge, Suffolk. The
hind talon is rather less distinct in this than in the pre-
ceding specimens. Purchased, 1854.

42022. The last two ridges and talon of the third right upper true
molar ; from the Red Crag of Suffolk. Purcliased, 1870.

37246. The inner half of the hinder portion of the third right upper
true molar, in an unworn condition ; from the Norwich
Crag. WicjJiam Collection. Purchased, 1859.

37339. Cast of the third right upper true molar. The original is

ELEPHANTID^!. 55

from the Upper Pliocene of the Yal d'Arno (Tuscany),
Italy, and is preserved in the Museum at Pisa.

Purchased, 1862.

37339 a. Cast of the left ramus of the mandible, showing m7~l and
m. 2, and m. 3 in alveola. The original is from the Val
d'Arno, and is preserved in the Museum at Pisa.

Purchased, 1862.

37338. Cast of the greater part of an immature mandible, showing
m. 2, and a portion of ^73 in alveolo. The original is
from the Yal d'Arno, and is preserved in the Museum at
Pisa. Purchased, 1862.

29000. A tooth provisionally regarded as the second left lower milk-
molar of this species ; from the Red Crag of Suffolk.

Purchased, 1854.

43483. The first two ridges of the third left lower milk-molar, in a
half- worn condition ; from the Red Crag of Suffolk.

Purchased, 1872.

46920. The fourth left lower milk-molar, in a well-worn condition,
and with the fourth ridge incomplete ; from the Red Crag
near AVoodbridge. Purchased, 1875.

37247. Part of the right ramus of the mandible of a young indi-

(Fig.) vidual, showing mm. 2 and mm. 3 in use, and mm. 4 in

alveolo ; from the Upper Pliocene of Pcrrier (Puy-de-

Dome), France. Figured in De Blainville's ' Osteographie,'

Genus Elephas, pi. xiv.

Croizet Collection. Purchased, 1848.

44628. The germ of the first right lower true molar ; from the Red
Crag near Felixstowe, Essex. Purchased, 1873.

27645. The greater portion of the third right lower true molar, in
a half-worn condition ; from the Upper Pliocene of Bour-
bon, near Issoire (Puy-de-D6me).

Croizet Collection. Purchased, 1848.

M. 2905. Cast of the hinder portion of a well-worn example of the
third left lower true molar. The original was obtained
from the Norwich Crag of Thorpe, Norwich. No history.

M. 2904. Cast of the hinder portion of a little-wor,n example of the

56 TTNGTTLVTA.

third right lower true molar. The original, which is
figured by Falconer arid Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua
Sivalensis,' pi. xxxvii. fig. 9, was found on the shore at
Sizewell Gap, between Southwold and Easton, Suffolk,
and was probably derived from the Red Crag ; it is
noticed in the Proc. Geol. Soc. vol. iii. p. 10 (1842).

(?) Presented by Copt. Alexander, 1842.

36654. The unworn last two ridges and talon of the third left

lower true molar ; from the Red Crag.
Brown Collection. Presented ly Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

43188, 45845. Two fragments of early milk-molars ; from the Red
Crag. Purchased.

27851, 28253, 28983, 42729. Four fragments of true molars ; from

the Red Crag. Purchased.

The specific reference of the following specimens is provisional.

40836. Cast of a portion of an upper incisor. The original is from
the Norwich Crag, and is figured in Owen's ' British Fossil
Mammals and Birds,' p. 291, fig. 101, as a lower incisor
of M. angustidens. Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

27852. Tip of an incisor ; from the Red Crag of Sutton, Suffolk.

Presented ly John Brown, Esq., 1852.

33192. A proximal phalangeal; from the Red Crag at Easton,
Suffolk. Purchased. About 1850.

Mastodon perimensis, Falconer and Cautley1.
Syn. Tetrabelodon perimensis, Cope2.

The cheek-teeth of this species are narrow, and contain, a con-
siderable amount of cement in their valleys ; their columns, which
are arranged somewhat alternately, are tall and comparatively thin
antero-posteriorly ; a trefoil is formed on one column of each ridge,
and the valleys are almost completely blocked by accessory tubercles.
There is a large hind talon to the upper " intermediate " molars,
and the third upper true molar is moderately tapering posteriorly, its

1 Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, pt. 4, pi. nxi. (1847).
* Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xxii. p. 5 (1884).

57

hind talon consisting of large cusps. The mandibular symphysig is
unknown1, and the milk-molars have not yet been determined; it
is uncertain whether premolars were developed.
Hub. India (Perim Island)2.

M. 2882. The imperfect cranium, showing the broken bases of m. 2
(-Fie/.) and m- 3 of either side; from the Pliocene Siwaliks of
Perim Island, Gulf of Cambay, India. This specimen is the
type, and is figured, by Falconer and Cautley in the
'Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pis. xxxviii., xxxix. The
molars are nearly parallel, with a comparatively narrow
interval between them. The dimensions of m. 2 are 0,115
X 0,078, and those of m. 3 0,177 X 0,080.

Presented ly Captain G. Fidljames, 1849.

40679. The palate, showing the worn m. 2 and the unworn but
broken m-_3 of either side ; from Perim Island. This
specimen corresponds exactly with the palate of the last
specimen ; the dimensions of the base of m. 2 being 0,120
X 0,078, and those of m. 3 0,179 x 0,080. The third molar
is too imperfect to afford a satisfactory figure ; it has five
ridges and a small hind talon, the ridges being rather
narrow, the valleys much blocked, and the hinder ex-
tremity moderately tapering.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

M 2851. Cast of the germ of the second left upper true molar,
imperfect anteriorly. The original is from Perim Island,
and is preserved in the Indian Museum, Calcutta (No.
A 355) ; it is figured by the present writer in the ' Palaeon-
tologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. iii. pi. xvii. fig. 8 (the figure
being reproduced in woodcut, fig. 14). The dimensions of
this specimen are 0,138x0,081; and it appears (allow-
ing for the worn condition of the one) to agree exactly
with the corresponding tooth of No. 40679, and also with
the specimen of the opposite side figured in ' Falconer's
Palseontological Memoirs,' vol. i. pi. ix. fig. 6.

Made in the Museum, 1885.

1 The specimens figured in the ' Palaeontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. pis. xl.-
xlii. (except pi. xli. fig. 4), are now referred to a distinct species (M. punjabi-
ensis, q. v.).

2 A tooth from China figured by Koken in the Pal. Abhand. vol. iii. pt. 2,
pi. vii. fig. 1 (1885), under this name is probably specifically distinct.

53

Fig. 14.

Mastodon perimensis.— The second left upper true molar, in an unworn con-
dition ; from the Siwaliks of Perim Island, f . a. External accessory
tubercles. The lower border of the figure is the inner border of the speci-
men. (From the ' Palseontologia Indica.')

14744. A half-worn and partially broken second right upper true

(Fig.) molar, referred by Falconer and Cautley to the present

species, and figiired by them, op. cit. pi. xxxi. figs. 9, 9 a.

Presented by Miss Pepper. Before 1846.

M. 256. The hinder half of the partially worn third left upper true
molar ; from Perim Island. This tooth is apparently very
similar to m. 3 of No. 40679, and shows the characteristic
narrow, subalternate, columns and a large amount of
cement in the valleys. Purchased, 1882,

M. 2852. Cast of part of the right ramus of the mandible, with the

half-worn m. 3. The original is from Perim Island, and is

figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxi. figs. 11,

11 a ; there is a large amount of cement.

Presented by the Directors of the Hon. East India Company, 1846.

23150. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing
m. 3 in an early stage of wear ; from Perim Island. Ce-
ment is abundant. Presented by Dr. Beust, 1849.

ELEPHANTIM;. 59

40800. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, with the well-
worn and imperfect 5TB ; from Perim Island.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

The following specimens probably belong either to this species or to
M. cautleyi ; in cases where the cement has fallen out, it appears
difficult to distinguish lower molars of the present species from
those of the latter.

M. 2853. Fragment of the right ramus of a mandible, containing a
broken tooth, which is apparently nunTa ; from Perim
Island. No history.

14739. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing the broken

base of mm. 3, and the unworn mm. 4 (imperfect ante-
riorly) ; from Perim Island. This specimen very probably
belongs to M. cautleyi.

Presented by Miss Pepper. Before 1846.

14746 a. Two ridges of the first (?) left lower true molar ; from
(Fig.) Perim Island. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit.
pi. xxxi. fig. 1 (as an upper milk- molar of M. latidens).
Presented by Miss Pepper. Before 1846.

14746. Three unworn ridges of the second (?) right lower true
(Fig.) molar; from Perim Island. Figured by Falconer and
Cautley, op. cit. pi. xl. figs. 4, 4a (as an upper tooth).

No history.

14740. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) the greater part of m7~2 and the first ridge of ^Ts ; from

Perim Island. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit.
pi. xxxi. figs. 10, 10 a.

Presented by Miss Pepper. Before 1846.

40777. Four ridges of the third (?) lower true molar ; from Perim
Island. Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867-

M. 257. The hinder half of the little-worn third right lower true
molar ; from Perim Island. Purchased, 1882.

23150 a. Part of the right ramus of the mandible with fragments
of two molars ; from Perim Island.

Presented by Dr. Beust, 1849.

60 TJNGUIATA.

Mastodon punjabiensis, Lydekker, n. sp.

The specimens1 on which this species is founded were originally
referred to M. perimensis, while one of them was subsequently
classed with M. cautleyi. The cheek-teeth are narrow, and have
no appreciable amount of cement, the last true molar being still more
elongated than in M . perimensis. There is no distinctly alternate
arrangement of the columns, which are very tall and of great antero-
posterior thickness. The first upper true molar (and probably, there-
fore, the adjacent teeth) can scarcely be distinguished from the
corresponding tooth of M. cautleyi, although its columns are perhaps
somewhat stouter. There is a cingulum on the inner side of the
upper true molars ; the valleys are completely blocked, and a
trefoil is formed on one column of each ridge. Premolars were
present, and the mandibular symphysis is short, and in some instances
tuskless2. The species appears to be a more specialized form allied
to M. longirostris, and the resemblance of its m. 1 to that of M.
cautleyi, which is indistinguishable from the same tooth in M. longi-
rostris, shows that isolated " intermediate " molars are not always
sufficient for specific diagnosis.

Hub. India (Punjab).

M. 2855. Cast of the third left upper true molar, in an early stage
of wear. The original was obtained from the Pliocene
Siwaliks of the Punjab, and is preserved in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta (No. A 46) ; it is figured by the present
writer in the ' Palasontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. pi. xlii.
(as M. perimensis). Its dimensions are 0,242 x 0,093 :
it differs widely from the corresponding tooth of M.
perimensis (No. 40079), and still more from that of M.
cautleyi (No. M. 2705) ; there are five ridges and a very
narrow hind talon, consisting of three large columns,
which are not arranged in a transverse line.

Made in the Museum, 1886.

M. 3428. Cast of a fragment of the left maxilla, containing pm. 4
and m-J. The original is from the Punjab, and is^mT-
served in the Indian Museum (No. A 48) ; it is figured by
the present writer, op. cit. vol. i. pi. xl. (as M. perimensis),
and noticed in vol. iii. p. xiv (as M. cautleyi}.

Made in the Museum, 1886.

1 All the Bpecimens from the Punjab included under M. perimensis in the
' Cat. Siwalik Vert. Ind. Mus. Calcutta.' pt. i. pp. 97-99 (1885}
* Ibid. p. 98, No. A 84.

EI/EPHANTID-E.

61

M. 3427. Cast, of the unworn second (?) left lower true molar. The
original is from the Punjab, and is preserved in the Indian
Museum (No. A 54) ; it is figured by the present writer,
op. cit. vol. i. pi. xli. fig. 1 (as M. perimensis). The broken
portion of the original has been restored in the cast.

Mc^le in the Museum, 1886.

The following specimen may perhaps belong to this species.
M. 2854. The hinder half of the well-worn third left lower true
molar ; from the Siwaliks, but locality unknown. In its
crenulated cingulum, absence of cement, and narrow
hinder extremity, this specimen agrees very closely with
the last upper molar (No. M. 2855).

Transferred from the Old Indian Museum, 1880.

Mastodon longirostris, Kaup ' .
Syn. Tetrdbelodon longirostris, Cope 2.

In this species, of which an imperfect skull is represented in the
accompanying woodcut (fig. 15), the mandibular symphysis is

Mastodon longirostris. —Skull ; from the bone-sand of Eppelsheim.
Much reduced.

1 Oss. Foss. d. Darmstadt, pt. iv. p. 65 (1835).

2 Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. ixii. p. 5 (1884).

62 TJJTGTJI.ATA.

elongated and deflected, and carries a pair of short, subcylindrical
incisors. The columns of the cheek-teeth are separated by a deep
longitudinal cleft, but are arranged in the same transverse line ;
the accessory tubercles are of moderate size, and one column of each
of the earlier ridges wears into a distinct trefoil ; the valleys are
but slightly blocked, and do not contain any appreciable amount of
cement. Premolars are present. The last upper true molar usually
has a large and complex hind talon ; the inferior border of the man-
dibular ramus is highly convex, and the incisive alveoli diverge
anteriorly.

Hub. Europe (England \ Germany, France 2, and Austria-Hun-
gary3). The English specimens are from the Red Crag. The
species occurs in the ossiferous sands of Eppelsheim and the
Congerian stage of the Vienna basin; and is thus of the same
homotaxial age as M. cautleyi of the Pliocene of Western India.

M. 2907. Cast of the palatal half of the cranium, showing the
second and third true molars of either side. The original
was obtained from the bone-sand of Eppelsheim, Hessen-
Darmstadt, and is described and figured by Kaup in the
Oss. Foss. d. Darmstadt, pt. 4, p. 75, pi. xvi. fig. 5,
and pi. xix. fig. 1 ; it forms the upper half of the specimen
figured in woodcut, fig. 15. Purchased.

M. 2908. Cast of the palate, showing the much-worn m. 1 on the
right side, and the little-worn m- 2 of both sides. The
original is from Eppelsheim, and is described and figured
by Kaup, op. cit. p. 74, pi. xvi. fig. 4. Purchased.

21485. The palate, showing m. 2 of either side in an early condition
of wear; from Eppelsheim. Purchased, 1847.

M. 2909. Cast of a portion of the left half of the cranium of a young
individual, showing the three milk-molars, of which the
first two are well-worn. The original (woodcut, fig. 16)
is from Eppelsheim, and is described and figured by Kaup,
op. cit. p. 69, pi. xvi. figs. 1» 1 a. Purchased.

1 Videinfrb.

2 Lortet and Chantre, Arch. Mus. Lyon. vol. ii. p. 304 (1878).

8 Vacek, Abh. k.-k. geol. Keichs. vol. vii. pt. 4, pp. 25-33 (1877). The
species occurs in the Belvedere zone of the Congerian stage.

63

Fig. 16.

Mastodon longirostris. — The left upper milk-molars ; from tbe bone-sand of
Eppelsheim. \. (After Gaudry's ' Enchainements.')

M. 2910. Cast of the germ of the third left upper premolar, the
original of which was in alveolo in the original of the
preceding specimen. The original is described and figured
by Kaup, op. cit. p. 70, pi. xvi. fig. 3. Purchased.

21615. Fragment of the left maxilla of a young individual, showing
(Fig.) the three milk-molars, which are less worn than in
No. M. 2909 ; from Eppelsheim. This specimen is figured
by Kaup, op. cit. pi. xx. fig. 2, and by Falconer and
Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xl. figs. 6,
6 a '. Presented by the Earl of EnnisMlen, 1847.

1262. The third left upper milk-molar in a very early condition of
wear ; from Eppelsheim. Purchased.

M. 2911. Cast of the germ of the third left upper milk-molar. The
original is from Eppelsheim, and is described and figured
by Kaup, op. cit. pi. xvii. fig. 12.

Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 2912. Cast of the fourth right upper milk-molar, in an early
stage of wear. The original is from Eppelsheim, and is
figured by Kaup, op. cit. pi. xvii. fig. 14. Purchased.

M. 2924. Cast of the well-worn fourth right upper milk-molar.

' Erroneously described as the lower jaw.

64 TJNGULATA.

The original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup,
op. cit. pi. xvii. fig. 13. Purchased.

M. 2925. Cast of the third upper premolar. The original is from

Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup, op. cit. pi. xvii. fig. 1.

Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 2913, 2914, 2926. Three casts of specimens of the fourth upper
premolar. The originals are from Eppelsheim, and are
figured by Kaup, op. cit. pi. xvii. figs. 3, 4, 5. Purchased.

M. 2915. Cast of a very large example of the fourth left upper pre-
molar in a half-worn condition. The original is from
Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup, op. cit. pi. xvii.
gg^ 7^ Purchased.

M. 161. A well-worn specimen of the fourth left upper premolar ;
from Eppelsheim.

EnnisMlen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 2916. Cast of the germ of the first left upper true molar. The
original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup, op.
cit. pi. xxi. fig. 7. Purchased.

M. 138. The germ of the first right upper true molar, imperfect
anteriorly ; from Eppelsheim.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 2917. Cast of the first right upper true molar, in a well-worn
condition. The original is from Eppelsheim. and is figured
by Kaup, op. cit. pi. xxi. fig. 6. Purchased.

36760. The germ of a larger example of the first left upper true
molar ; from Eppelsheim. Purchased, 1858.

19435 d. The well-worn second right upper true molar, imperfect
posteriorly ; from Eppelsheim. Purchased, 1845.

M. 135. The second right upper true molar, in an early condition
of wear ; from Eppelsheim.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

27471. The slightly worn second right upper true molar ; from
Eppelsheim. Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.

65

27237. The germ of the second right upper true molar; from
(Fifj.) Eppelsheim. Figured by Falconer and Cautley in the
' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xxxvi. figs. 11, 11 a.

Purchased.

M. 136. The second left upper true molar, in a worn and crushed
condition ; from Eppelsheim.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 2927. Cast of the well-worn second left upper true molar. The
original is from Eppelsheim. Purchased.

M. 2918. Cast of the germ of the second left upper true molar.
The original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup,
op. cit. pi. xx. fig. 3. Purchased.

48427. Cast of the first three ridges of the second or third left
upper true molar, in which the valleys are blocked by
matrix. The original is from the Red Crag of Suffolk,
and is described and figured by Lankester in the Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxvi. pp. 507-509, pi. xxxiv. figs. 1 &
2 (1870), as the complete molar of a trilophodont species.
The specimen has, however, lost a ridge, and agrees pre-
cisely with the corresponding portion of the molars of the
present species 1 ; it is noticed in a paper by the present
writer on Crag Vertebrata in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xlii. p. 365 (1886).

Presented by Prof. E. E. Lankester, 1870.

28253. The anterior talon and part of the first ridge of the third
right upper true molar ; from the Red Crag of Wood-
bridge, Suffolk. Noticed by Lankester, op. cit. p. 508
(as belonging to a trilophodont species).

Purchased, 1852.

28994. The inner portion of the unworn anterior talon and first
ridge of the third right upper true molar ; from the Red
Crag. Noticed by Lankester, op. cit. Purchased, 1854.

27438. The unworn first three ridges of the third right upper true
molar ; from Eppelsheim.

Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.

M. 2928. The germ of the third right upper true molar ; from

1 In a note on page 508 of Lankester's memoir it is stated that Lartet
regarded the specimen as belonging to M. longirostris.

Eppelsheim. In this and the six following specimens
there are five ridges and a complex hind talon.

Purchased.

19435 a. The germ of the third right upper true molar ; from
Eppelsheim. Purchased, 1845.

M. 2919. Cast of the third right upper true molar in an early stage
of wear. The original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured
by Kaup, op. cit. pi. xviii. fig. 9, and by Falconer and
Cautley in the 'Fauna Antkjua Sivalensis,' pi. xxxvi.
fig. 12. Purchased.

M. 2920. Cast of the germ of the third right upper true molar. • The
original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup, op.
cit. pi. xviii. fig. 7. Purchased.

26469. The germ of the third left upper true molar ; from Eppels-
heim. Purchased.

M. 2929. The germ of the third left upper true molar ; from Eppels-
heim. Purchased.

M. 2921. Cast of the partially worn third left upper true molar.
The original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup,
op. cit. pi. xviii. fig. 8. Purchased.

M. 137. The germ of the third right upper true molar ; from Eppels-
heim. In this and the four following specimens (which
are all of small size) the hind talon is always smaller
than in the seven preceding specimens, and in some in-
stances is very minute.

EnnisUllen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 2922. Cast of the slightly worn third right upper true molar.
The original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup,
op. cit. pi. xviii. fig. 4, and by Falconer and Cautley, op.
cit. pi. xxxvi. fig. 13. Purchased.

M. 2930. Cast of the partially-worn third left upper true molar.
The original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup,
op. cit. pi. xviii. fig. 3. Purchased.

M. 2923. Cast of the germ of the third left upper true molar. The
original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup, op.
cit. pi. xviii. fig. 2. Purchased.

21486. The partially -worn third left upper true molar ; from Eppels-
heim- Purchased, 1847.

ELEPHANTIM:. 67

M. 145. Part of an upper incisor ; from Eppelsheira.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

36753. The greater part of the two mandibular rami and part of
the symphysis, with the well-worn m7~3 of either side ;
from Eppelsheim. Purchased, 1858.

M. 2936. Cast of the symphysis and left ramus of the mandible
of a female (?), showing ^~2 and m. 3. The original is
from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup, op. cit. pi. xix.
figs. 1, 2. There is no trace of incisors.

Ennisldllen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 2931. Cast of part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing
m. 2 and m. 3. The original is from Eppelsheim, and is
figured by Kaup in the ' Beitrage,' pt. 3, pi. ii. fig. 3 (as
M. arvernensis). Purchased.

M. 2932. Cast of part of the left ramus of the mandible, showing
m. i and m. 2, and m. 3 in alveolo. The original is from
Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup, op. cit. pi. ii. fig. 1
(as M. arvernensis). Purchased.

M. 2933. Cast of part of the right ramus of the mandible, showing
5T~2 and inT3. The original is from Eppelsheim.

Purchased.

M. 2934. Cast of part of the right ramus of the mandible, showing
a fragment of the much-worn mT2 and the complete m73.
The original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup
in the Oss. Poss. d. Darmstadt, pt. 4, pi. xix. fig. 3.

Purchased.

M. 2935. Cast of part of the right ramus of the mandible, showing
mTl and m72. The original is from Eppelsheim.

Purchased.

36756. Cast of part of the left ramus of the mandible of a young
individual, showing mm. 4 in use, and pm. 3 and m. 1 in
alveolo. The original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured
by Kaup in the ' Beitrage,' pt. 3, pi. ii. fig. 2 (as M. ar-
vernensis). Purchased, 1858.

27471 x. Part of the left ramus of the mandible of a young indivi-
dual, showing man in a half-worn condition, and pm. 3
in alveolo ; from Eppelsheim.

Hastinys Collection. Purchased, 1855.
F 2

(J8 UNGTJLATA.

1735 z. Cast of the unworn third left lower milk-molar. The
original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup in
the ' Beitrage,' pt. 3, pi. ii. fig. 8 (as M. arvernensis) ; it
exhibits three distinct ridges. Purchased. Before 1836.

36761. Cast of the third right lower premolar. The original is
from Eppelsheim. Purchased, 1858.

19435 n. The much-worn third right lower premolar ; fromEppels-
hcim. Purchased, 1845.

HL. 2902 a. Cast of a third left lower premolar ; probably belonging
to this species. The original is from the Red Crag of
Suffolk, and is preserved in the Ipswich Museum ; it is in
a rolled but unworn condition, and agrees in size with
the corresponding tooth in No. 36756.

Made in the Museum, 1886.

M. 2938. Cast of the partially-worn fourth right lower premolar.
The original is from Eppelsheim. Purchased.

M. 2939. Cast of the slightly-worn fourth right lower premolar.
The original is from Eppelsheim. Purchased.

M. 162. The partially-worn fourth left lower premolar ; from Eppels-
heim. EnnisTcillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 2940. Cast of the half-worn fourth right lower premolar. The
original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup in
the Oss. Eoss. d. Darmstadt, pt. 4, pi. xvii. fig. 11.

Purchased.

M. 2941. Cast of the half- worn first right lower true molar. The
original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup in
the Oss. Eoss. d. Darmstadt, pt. 4, pi. xxi. fig. 2.

Purchased.

M. 2942. Cast of a rather larger, but equally worn, example of the
first left lower true molar. The original is from Eppels-
heim, and is figured by Kaup, op. cit. pi. xix. fig. 5.

Purchased.

36759. The germ of the second right lower true molar ; from
Eppelsheim. Purchased, 1858.

M. 2943. Cast of the almost unworn second left lower true molar.
The original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup,
op. cit. pi. xix. fig. 4. Purchased.

ELEPHAXT1DJ5. 69

21267. The much-worn second right lower true molar ; from Eppels-
heim. Purchased, 1847.

27470. The second left lower (?) true molar, in a half- worn condi-
tion ; from Eppelsheim.

Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.

M. 2944. Cast of the second right lower (?) true molar, in a half-
worn condition. The original is from Eppelsheim.

Purchased.

46001. An imperfect second left lower true molar, apparently be-
longing to the present species ; from the Red Crag of
Suffolk. This specimen is in a half-worn condition and
has been considerably rolled. The first ridge has been
broken away, but a fragment still remains. The other
three ridges and the hind talon appear to be identical
with the corresponding portions of the Eppelsheim speci-
men No. 21267. Purchased, 1874.

19435 "b. The crown of the third left lower true molar, with the
outer column of the first ridge just touched by wear ;
from Eppelsheim. Purchased, 1845.

M. 2945. Cast of the germ of the third left lower true molar. The
original is from Eppelsheim, and is figured by Kaup, op.
cit. pi. xx. fig. 5. Purchased.

M. 2946. Cast of the half-worn third right lower true molar. The

original is from Eppelsheim. Purchased.

19435 m. A slightly imperfect abnormal specimen of the third right
lower true molar, in an early stage of wear ; from Eppels-

Purchased, 1845.

M. 163. The little-worn third right lower true molar in a fragment
of the mandible ; from Eppelsheim.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 134. The partially-worn third left lower true molar, imperfect
anteriorly ; from Eppelsheim.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, If 82.

19435 e. The hinder portion of a small example of the third left
lower true molar ; from Eppelsheim. Purchased, 1845.

19435 f. The last three ridges of the unworn third left lower true
molar ; from Eppelsheim. Purchased, 1845.

27850. The hinder portion of a third right lower true molar, pro-
visionally referred to this species ; from the Red Crag of
Button. Noticed by Lankester in the Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 508, as belonging to a trilophodont
species. Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

28253, 42729. Two fragments of molars from the Red Crag of
Woodbridge, Suffolk, which may perhaps belong to the
present species. Purchased, 1852.

19947. Termination of a lower (?) incisor ; from Eppelsheim.

Purchased, 1845.

M. 164. The atlas vertebra ; from Eppolsheim.

Ennislcillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 3408. Cast of the axis vertebra. The original is from Eppels-
heim, and is figured by Kaup in the Oss. Foss. d. Darm-
stadt, pt. 4, pi. xxii. fig. 2. Purchased.

21487. A lumbar vertebra ; from Eppelsheim. Purchased, 1847.

Mastodon atticus, Wagner '.

This species is regarded by Vacek " as closely allied to M. longi-
rostris, but presents rather more specialized characters. The man-
dibular symphysis is unknown ; a specimen of m. 3 figured by Vacek 3
has six ridges and a hind talon.

Hob. Greece.

37353. Cast of a portion of the maxilla, containing mm. 2 and mm. 3
in an unworn condition, the latter tooth having three
ridges. The original is from the Lower Pliocene of
Pikermi, Attica, and is figured by Wagner in the Abh.
math.-phys. Cl. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. viii. pi. vii. fig. 16
(as M. alticus), and by Gaudry in the ' Animaux Fossiles
et Geologic de 1'Attique,' pi. xxiii. figs. 2, 3, under the
name of M. pentelici : it has been shown by Vacek (op.
cit.) to belong to a tetralophodont species. The third
milk-molar is considerably larger than any of the ex-
amples of mm. 3 of M. longirostris in the Museum.

Purchased, 1863.

1 Abh. math.-phys. 01. k.-bay. Ak. Wiss. vol. viii. pt. 1, p. 140 (1857), erro-
neously quoted as from Gaudry and Lartet,
a Abh. k.-k. geol. Eeu-hs. vol. vii. pt. 4, pp. 32, 33, 45 (1877).
3 Ibid. pi. vii. figs. 1, la.

ELEPHANimS. 71

Mastodon cautleyi, Lydekker \

This provisional species connects the European M. longirostris
with the Asiatic M. latidens. The mandibular symphyeis is not
known. The upper molars are relatively wide, with comparatively
high transverse ridges, ohstr acted valleys, and a somewhat fluted
enamel. The inner columns wear into very distinct trefoils, the
hind talons are very small, there is usually a cingulum on the inner
border, and the third molar 2 is comparatively short and has five
ridges and a narrow single hind talon. The lower molars cannot
in many cases be satisfactorily distinguished from those of M. lati-
dens. Premolars are probably present-, and there is no cement.
That the present form passes insensibly into M. latidens is quite
evident, and its right to specific distinction is perhaps doubtful ; as
far, however, as the " intermediate " molars are concerned, it might
equally well be included in M. longirostris, as these teeth are
practically indistinguishable.

Hob. Western India (Perim Island).

M. 2492. Fragment of the right maxilla of a young individual pro-

( Fig.) bably belonging to this species containing mm. 2 and mm. 3 ;

from the Pliocene Siwaliks of Perim Island, Gulf of Cambay.

Figured by the present writer in the ' Palaeontologia

Indica,' ser. 10, vol. iii. pi. xvii. fig. 1 (as ? M. perimensis).

Presented by Diwan Wajeshankar Gowreenhanlcar, 1885.

40778. An almost unworn third left upper milk-molar ; from Perim

{Fig.}. Island. Figured by the present writer, op. cit. pi. xvii.

figs. 3, 3 a (as M. perimensis), and noticed on page xix of

the same volume. Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

M. 3432. A very similar, but rather more worn third left upper
milk-molar ; from Perim Island. The resemblance of this
tooth to the two following specimens leaves little doubt as
to the specific reference ; the enamel is more rugose than
in the later teeth, but the characteristic inner cingulum is
present ; the corresponding tooth referred to M. latidens
(No. M. 3424, p. 74) is wider than No. 40778, but less
different from the present specimen.

Presented by Col. J. W. Watson, 1886.

M. 2884. The germ of the fourth right upper milk-molar ; from
(Fig.) Perim Island. Figured by Falconer and Cautley in the

1 Palseontologia Indica (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser- 10, vol. iii. p. xiy(1886).
* Only one specimen is known.

' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xl. figs. 2, 2 a (as N.
latidens), and noticed by the present writer, op. cit. p. xiv.

No history.

M. 3433. The germ of the fourth right upper milk-molar ; from
Perim Island. This specimen differs from the last in
having accessory tubercles on the outer side of the median
longitudinal valley ; there is a strongly-marked inner
cingulum. Presented l>y Col, J. W. Watson, 1886.

M. 3434. The partially-worn and broken fourth right upper milk-
molar; from Perim Island. This specimen agrees pre-
cisely with the last.

Presented by Col J. W. Watson, 1886.

M. 2817. The germ of the first left upper true molar ; from Perim

(Pig.) Island. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xl.

figs. 3, 3 a (as M. latidens}, and by the present writer, op.

cit. vol. iii. p. xv, fig. 5, the latter figure being reproduced

in the accompanying woodcut (fig. 17). No history.

Fig. 17.

Mastodon cautleyf.-Tte first left upper true molar in an unworn condition-
from the Siwaliks of Perim Island. \. The lower border of the figure is
the inner border of the specimen.

TL 2887. Cast of the germ of the first three ridges of the second

ight upper true molar. The original is from Perim Island,

I is preserved in the Indian Museum, Calcutta (No A

EMPHAUTID.^ 73

437) ; it is figured by the present writer, op. cit. vol. iii.
pi. xvi. fig. 2 (as M. perimensis), and noticed on p. xiv
of the same volume. Made in the Museum, 1886.

M. 2705. The germ of the third left upper true molar ; from Perim
(Fig.) Island. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxi.
figs. 6, 6 a (as M. latidens), and by the present writer, op.
cit. vol. iii. p. xv, fig. 6, the latter figure being reproduced
in the accompanying woodcut (fig. 18). This tooth has
a very narrow hind talon, consisting of a single row of
small tubercles, and is very different from the corresponding
tooth of M. perimensis (No. 40679), M. punjabiensis (No.
M. 2855), and M. latidens (Nos. M. 2498 and M. 3426).

No history.

Fig. 18.

MaatodoiL c-uuftct/i.— The third left upper true molar, in an unworn condition;
from the Siwaliks of Perim Island. £. The lower border of the figure is
the inner border of the specimen.

The specific reference of the following specimens is provisional.

M. 2495. The much- worn fourth left lower premolar ; from Perim
Island.
Presented ly Ditvdn WajesTiankar Gowreeshankar, 1885.

M. 2494. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible of a young

(Fig.) individual, showing the imperfect S5T3, and the broken

base of ^4; from Perim Island. The tooth is figured

74 tTNGTTLATA.

by the present writer, op. cit. vol. iii. pi. xvii. fig. 4 (as M.
perimensis).
Presented by Diwdn Wajeshankar Oowreeshankar, 1885.

M. 3435. The first two ridges of the unworn second right lower
true molar ; from Perim Island.

Presented by Col. J. W. Watson, 1886.

Mastodon latidens, Clift1.

This species forms the connecting-link between M. cauileyi and
Ehpfias clifti, and unites the two so closely that it is frequently
a matter of extreme difficulty to refer individual teeth to their re-
spective species. The mandibular syinphysis is not certainly known,
but it was probably short and tuskless. The upper molars are
very wide, with no cingulum and relatively low transverse ridges,
the median longitudinal cleft being frequently indistinct, the acces-
sory tubercles small and the valleys comparatively open, the trefoils
on the worn ridges imperfect, and the worn dentine surfaces on the
inner and outer columns soon uniting. The hind talons are very
large, while the inner border of the crown is concave and without
a distinct cingulum ; a fifth ridge is sometimes present in m. 2 2 ;
and the hind talon of m. 3 is always large, and may sometimes be
reckoned as a sixth ridge. The enamel is very thick, and in the
hinder teeth quite smooth ; cement is usually absent, and premolars
were probably developed. Those molars in which the ridges are
relatively taller and the accessory columns more developed pass im-
perceptibly into M. catitleyi, while those in which these features are
less developed and the median cleft more indistinct lead insensibly
on to Elephas clifti.

Ifn/>. India (Perim Island, Sind, Punjab, and Siwalik Hills),
Burma, and Borneo a.

M. 3424. Cast of a third left upper milk-molar provisionally referred
to this species ; from the Pliocene Siwaliks of the Punjab.
The original is preserved in the Indian Museum, Calcutta
(No. A 65), and is figured by the present writer in the
' Palaeontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. pi. xxxvii. fig. 4,
where it is referred to the right side.

Made in the Museum, 1886.

7392. Cast of a little-worn right upper tooth, which is probably
mm. 4 or m. 1. The original was obtained by Crawfurd in

1 Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. ii. pt. 3, p. 371 (1828).
- Palwontologia Indica, aer. 10, vol. i. pi. xxxviii. fig. 1.
3 Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 777, pi. xlviii.

ELEPHANT1DJE. 75

1826, from the Pliocene Siwaliks near Yenankhoung, on
the left bank of the Irawadi, in Upper Burma, and is
preserved in the Museum of the Geological Society. It
is noticed by Clift in the Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. ii.
pt. 3, p. 368, and is figured by Falconer and Cautley in the
' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xxxi. figs. 2, 2 a. Together
with the other specimens described by Clift, it forms the
type of the species.

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

M. 2891. Fragment of the left half of the palate, containing the
(Fi<l.} last three ridges of the well- worn m. 1, and the first three

of the little-worn m. 2 ; from the Pliocene of the Siwalik

Hills. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxi.

figs. 4, 4 a ; and noticed by the present writer, op. cit. vol.

iii. p. xviii, as a variety approaching M. cautleyi.

Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

40678. The palate, containing the half-worn m. 2 of both sides ;
from the Siwaliks of Perim Island, Gulf of Cambay. The
teeth are of very large size, and agree closely with the
Burmese specimen figured by the present writer, op. cit.
vol. i. pi. xxxviii. fig. 2. Purchased, 1867.

M. 2888-9. Cast of the right half of the palate of a smaU individual,
(Fig.) containing the well-worn m. 2 and the little-worn m. 3,
together with the inner half of the original specimen,
which has been bisected in a vertical and longitudinal
plane. Collected by Crawfurd near Yenankhoung, and
figured by Clift in the Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. ii. pt. 3,
pi. xxxvii. fig. 1, and by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit.
pi. iii. fig. 8 (in section), and pi. xxxi. figs. 3, 3 a1. See
also ' Falconer's Palaeontological Memoirs,' vol. i. p. 83,
pi. vi. fig. 2.

The original was presented by the Geological Society, in
whose Museiim the other half is preserved.

M. 2498. Cast of a third left upper true molar agreeing in size with
m. 3 of the last specimen. The original was obtained in
1885 from the Pliocene (?) of Bruni, north-west Borneo ;
and is described and figured" by the present writer in the

1 In the description of the plate the teeth are described as mm. 4 and mj^; a
determination followed by the present writer in the ' Palseontologia Indica,"
ser. 10, vol. i. p. 232.

UNGTTLATA.

Proc. Zool. Soc. for 1885, p. 777, pi. xlviii., and in the
« Palseontologia Inclica,' ser. 10, vol. iii. p. xvi, fig. 7, the
latter figure being reproduced in the accompanying wood-
cut (fig. 19). Made in the Museum, 1885.
Fig. 19.

Mastodon latidens. — The third left upper true molar of a small individual in a
partially-worn condition ; from the Pliocene (?) of Borneo, f . The lower
border of the figure is the inner border of the specimen. (From the
' Palaeontologia Indica.')

37253. A very similar specimen of a third left upper true molar, in
a rather more worn condition ; from Perim Island. The
valleys are rather less open, and the specimen thereby
agrees very closely with No. M. 2817 of M. cautleyi,
and thus indicates how the two forms shade into one
another1. ? Presented by Walter Eiver, Esq.

7391. Cast of the first two ridges of the third left upper true
molar of a large individual. The original was collected
by Crawfurd near Yenankhoung ; and is figured by Clift,
op. cit. pi. xxxvii. fig. 4, and by Falconer and Cautley, op.
cit. pi. xxxi. figs. 5, 5 a. It agrees very closely with the
corresponding part of the complete specimen figured by
the present writer in the ' Palaeontologia Indica,' ser. 10,
vol. i. pi. xxxix. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

M. 3426. Cast of the third left upper true molar. The original
was obtained from the Siwaliks of Lehri, Punjab, and is
preserved in the Indian Museum (No. A 81): it is but

1 If this specimen really belongs to M. cautleyi it would indicate a small race
of that form, and thus suggest that some of the "intermediate" molars of
the latt«r may be one step higher in the series.

77

slightly worn, and shows five ridges and a double hind
talon. A small quantity of cement is present in the valleys,
and the specimen agrees very closely with the equally
large example figured by the present writer in the ' Palse-
ontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. pi. xxxix.

Made in the Museum, 1886.

7537. Fragment of a much-worn third upper true molar ; from near
Yenankhoung. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

M. 2890. The much-worn first ridge of the third right upper true
molar ; from near Yenankhoung.

Presented by Gen. HardwicTce.

As mentioned above, tlie lower molars of the species cannot be satis-
factorily distinguished from those of M. cautleyi, so that the
reference of these teeth mainly depends on locality.
M. 3423. Cast of the well-worn fourth right lower milk-molar,
wanting the first ridge. The original is from the Punjab,
and is preserved in the Indian Museum, Calcutta (No.
A 66) ; it is figured by the present writer, op. cit. vol. i.
pi. xxxvii. fig. 2, as the complete penultimate milk-
molar. Made in the Museum, 1886.

M. 3425. Cast of the first right lower true molar, in a well-worn
condition. The original probably came from Yenankhoung,
and is preserved in the Indian Museum (No. A 77) ; it
is figured by the present writer, op. cit. vol. i. pi. xxxvii.
fig. 1, as nim. 4- Made in the Museum, 1886.

7394. Cast of part of the right ramus of the mandible, containing
the half-worn ^~3. The original was obtained by Craw-
furd near Yenankhoung, and is preserved in the Museum
of the Geological Society ; it is figured by Clift, op. cit.
pi. xxxviii. fig. 1, and by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit.
pi. xxx. figs. 6, 6 a.

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

14762. The last three ridges and talon of the third right lower true
(Fig.) molar, in a well-worn condition ; from Burma. Figured
by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxi. figs. 8, 8 a.

Presented by Col. Burney. Before 1846.

14764. Hinder portion of the second left lower true molar; in a
(Fig.) well-worn condition ; from Burma. Figured by Falconer
and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxxi. figs. 7, 7 a.

Presented by Col. Burney. Before 1846.

yg TJNGULA.TA.

M. 2892. An imperfect first or second lower true molar, in a well-
worn condition ; from Burma.

Presented by Col. Burney.

The following specimen may perhaps belong to this species.

M. 2886. Tho germ of a tooth which appears to be a third left lower

(Fig.} premolar ; from the Siwalik Hills. Figured by Falconer

and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xl. figs. 1, 1 a, as penultimate upper

milk-molar. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

The following specimen is not specifically determined.

46922. A much-worn (fourth ?) right upper milk-molar, with three
ridges and a large hind talon; from the Red Crag of
Woodbridge, Suffolk. Purchased, 1875.

Genus ELEPHAS, Linn.1
Including tttegodon, Loxodon, and Euelephas, Falconer 2.

Dentition:— Usually I. J, C. J, Mm. |, M. |. The upper incisors
(which are preceded by milk-teeth) are usually large, and are devoid
of enamel except on the unworn apex. Lower incisors are apparently
always absent, and preinolars are known in only two species ; the
mandibular syrnphysis is always short, and frequently terminates in a
deflected spout-like channel. The ridges of the cheek-teeth are always
entire, and there is usually no trace of a median longitudinal cleft
on their crowns ; cement is always present in the valleys, but its
amount, as well as the relative height of the ridges, varies greatly
in different species. The number of ridges in the " intermediate "
molars appears to be never less than five, and, except in some of the
more generalized forms, is not isomerous throughout the series ;
the number of ridges in m. 3 is never less than seven, and may
reach to twenty-four. The plane of wear of the crowns of the
teeth of all the species except E. clifti is either nearly horizontal, or
the inner side of the upper teeth and the outer side of the lower
is the higher. There are never more than one or portions of two
cheek-teeth in use at any one time ; and all the teeth succeed one
another in the arc of a circle. The cranium is more vaulted than
is usually the case in Mastodon.

1 Syst. Nat. ed. 12, vol. i. p. 48 (1766).

a Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xiii. p. 318 (1857). Originally described as
subgenera, but ranked as genera by many later writers. The name Loxodon
is preoccupied by a genus of Sharks.

ELEPHA.NTID.ffi. 79

There is no character by which the present genus can be distin-
guished from Mastodon-, and the division can therefore only be
regarded as a matter of convenience.

A. Stegodont Group.

The ridge-formula of the cheek-teeth of the group embraces the

following rano-e viz •— Mm 2'(4"5) -(5"7) M C*-8)- (8-8) -(7-U)
ing idnge, u. 2-(4^)-(5_7) ; «- (6?-7).(6?-12) .(7-13)'

The ridges are comparatively low, broad, and tectiform, and the
valleys may be only partially filled with cement. The summits of
the unworn ridges are capped by numerous mammillae ; and the
crowns of the teeth may retain traces of the median longitudinal
cleft. The transition effected by E. clifti to Mastodon latidens is so
complete as to indicate that there is no real distinction between the
two genera \ Iii all those members of the group in which the
cranium is known, the vertex is relatively low, and the length from
the nasal aperture to the vertex is consequently comparatively
short, and the incisions of the temporal fossa on to the frontals are
comparatively small ; in both of which respects the group agrees
much more nearly with E. africanus than with E. indicus ~.

Elephas clifti, Falcouer and Cautley3.

Syn. Mastodon elephantoides, Clif t 4.
Stegodon sinensis, Owen 5.
Stegodon clifti, Naurnann u.

This species is still very imperfectly known; the ridge-formula
may be approximately given as Mm. Jf ?4 ' J ; M. (^-; £-<£§. The
ridges are low, and there is usually a more or less distinct trace of
the median longitudinal cleft on the crowns of the cheek-teeth, in
which the plane of wear is the same as in Mastodon. The valleys
of the teeth contain only a small quantity of cement, the enamel is
vertically grooved, and usually thinner than in Mastodon latidens,
while the number of cusps on the ridges is more numerous than in
that species. Premolars are -present in one specimen provisionally
referred to this species ; and the mandibular symphysis was probably

1 Pohlig (' Sitz. niederrhein. Ges.' Feb. 4th, 1884) proposes to revert to
Cliffs Tiew and class the Stegodont Elephants with Mastodon.
Compare ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xlii.
Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, pt. 1, p. 47 (1846).
Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. ii. pt. 3, p. 372 (1828).
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 417 (1870).
Palaeontographica, vol. xxviii. art. 1, p. 9 (1881).

OQ TJNGtTLATA.

short and edentulous. Those molars in which the median cleft is
most marked approximate very closely to certain examples of those
of M. latidens, of which the present species may be regarded as the
descendant 1.

Hab. India (Siwalik Hills and Punjab), Burma, China2, and

Japan 3.

41925. A third right upper milk-molar, provisionally referred to
(Fit/.) this species ; from the Pliocene near Shanghai, China.
This specimen is the type of Stegodon sinensis, and is de-
scribed and figured under that name by Owen in the
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 417, pi. xxvii. ; it
is also figured and provisionally referred to the present
species by the writer, in the ' Palaeontologia Indica,' ser. 10,
vol. i. p. 257, pi. xlv. fig. 2. There are four complete
ridges, and a large anterior talon, which is reckoned by
Owen as a fifth ridge. The median longitudinal cleft is
very indistinct.

Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1870.

M. 3421-2. Cast of the fourth left upper milk-molar in a fragment
of the maxilla, together with that of the germ of pm. 4 which
was imbedded in the maxilla, provisionally referred to this
species. The originals were obtained from the Siwaliks
of Asnot, Punjab, and are preserved in the Indian Museum
(No. A 64) ; they are figured by the present writer, op. cit.
pi. xxxvii. figs. 6, 8, as Mastodon latidens. The milk-
molar agrees, however, precisely with the teeth of the
next specimen (which was referred by Falconer to the
present species) * ; it differs from the teeth of M. latidens in
the deep grooving of the enamel, and the greater number
of cusps on the ridges ; the latter are five in number,
the fifth being smaller than the others 5. There is a slight
median cleft on the fourth ridge, which is wanting in
No. 7388. Made in the Museum, 1886.

1 .V. latidens occurs in the Lower Siwaliks of Sind, where E. clifti is unknown.

2 On the assumption that S. sinensis belongs to this species.

8 Neumann, ' Palseontographica,' vol. xxviii. art. 1, pis. i. & ii.

4 The tooth figured in the ' Palaeontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. pi. xlv. fig. 1
as mm. 4 is probably m- 1 ; its ridges may be reckoned as seven, and it agrees
in general characters with mm. 4 of the present specimen.

8 When referring this tooth to M. latidens the fifth ridge was reckoned as a
large talon.

ELEPHANTID.S:. 81

14760. Portion of the palate showing the much-worn mm. 4 and the
(Fig.) first three ridges of the half-worn m. 1, provisionally
referred to this species ; from the Pliocene Siwaliks of
Upper Burma. This specimen evidently belongs to the
same species as the last. Figured by Falconer and Cautley
in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xxx. figs. 1, la.
A distinct trace of the median longitudinal cleft remains
in m. 1, which agrees precisely in this respect, in the
grooving of the enamel, and the large number of cusps
with the preceding specimens. Both this and the last
specimen approximate very closely to certain molars of
Mastodon latidens (' Palseontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i.
pi. xxxviii.). Presented by Col. Burney. Before 1846.

7388. Cast of the first (?) left upper true molar in an early stage
of wear (woodcut, fig. 20). The original was obtained

Fig. 20.

Elepkas cfr#i.-The first (?) left upper true molar ; from the Siwaliks of Burma.
£. The lower border of the figure is the inner border of the specimen.
(From Gaudry's ' Enchainements.')

near Yenankhoung, on the left bank of the Irawadi in
Upper Burma, by Crawfurd in 1826, and is preserved in the
Museum of the Geological Society ; it is one of the types
of the species, and is figured by Clift in the Trans. Geol.
Soc. ser. 2, vol. ii. pt. 3, pi. xxxix. fig. 6, under the name
of M. elepJiantoides; it is also figured by Falconer and
Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxx. figs. 2, 2 a. See also « Falconer s
PART iv. G

82 TTNGULATA.

Pala3ontological Memoirs,' vol. i. p. 82. There is scarcely
any trace of the median cleft, the cement is slight, and
there are numerous cusps.

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

39710. The second right upper true molar, in a somewhat more
worn condition ; from the Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills.
The specimen apparently has six ridges and talons.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3494, 7389. One half of the anterior part of a vertically and longi-

(Fig.) tudinally bisected third (?) right upper true molar, together

with a cast of the complete specimen. The specimen was

collected by Crawfurd near Yenankhoung. and is figured by

Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxx. figs. 4, 4 a, 4 b (as

m. 2). The original ivas presented by the Geological

Society ; the cast belongs to the Mantell Collection,

Purchased, 1836.

14759. The third left lower true molar; from Burma. This
(Fig.) specimen shows eight ridges and a hind talon ; and is

figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxx. figs. 5,

5 a (as of the left side).

Presented by Col. Burney. Before 1846.

Elephas bombifrons, Falconer and Cautley 1.

Syn. Stegodon bombifrons, auct.

The ridge-formula of this species may be approximately given as
Mm- ?7i7(E?)' M- r (7-8) ! (£§• Tlie ridges are rather taller, somewhat
wider apart, and more numerous than in E. clifti, and the valleys
are generally completely filled with cement ; it is, however, some-
times very difficult to distinguish between the hinder teeth of the
two species, while in the opposite direction it is often difficult to
distinguish between those of E. bombifrons and E. insignis. The
teeth figured by Falconer and Cautley under the name of E. ganesa
cannot be distinguished from those of the present species, and are
therefore provisionally classed under the same head. The teeth are
frequently very large, and the ridges are often curved ; a trace of
the median longitudinal cleft can often be observed in the first two
or three ridges, and the inner columns of these ridges occasionally
show accessory tubercles near the longitudinal cleft, where they
assume a Mastodon-like shape. The plane of wear of the teeth of
1 Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, pt. 1, p. 46 (1846).

this and the following species is similar to that of the true
Elephants. The mandibular symphysis is produced into a spout-like
termination, as in E. indicus. The cranium has the fronto-parietal
region very convex, the constriction of the frontals by the temporal
fossa3 being more marked than in the other species.

Hob. India (Punjab to Siwalik Hills) and (?) China1. The
species may perhaps also occur in Java. All the following specimens
are from the Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills.

M. 2978. The cranium, showing the third true molars of both sides
(Fig.) in an early stage of wear. This specimen is the type, and

is figured by Falconer and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua

Sivalensis,' pi. xxvi.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2979. The cranium, showing the third true molar in a half-
(Fig.) worn condition. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. tit.

pi. xxvii., and pi. xxviii. figs. 1-4. There are eight or

nine ridges in the molar.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2980. Middle portion of the cranium, showing the partially-worn
(Fig.) third true molar, which appears to have eight ridges.
Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxix. fig. 1.
Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2981. Occipital segment of the cranium. Figured by Falconer
(Fig.) and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxviii. fig. 5.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2982. Middle portion of the cranium, showing the half-worn
(Fig.) third true molar, which has eight ridges. Figured by
Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxix. figs. 2, 2 a.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

36682. An imperfect cranium provisionally referred to this species,

containing the partially-worn m. 3 of either side. The
teeth carry eight ridges and a talon.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

36683. The palate, showing part of m. 2 and the complete ">• 3.
(Fig.) Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. XXIVA. figs.

1, 1 a (as E. ganesa). There are eight ridges in m. 3t
which cannot be distinguished from the preceding spe-
cimens.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

1 Koken, Pal. Abhand. vol. iii. pt. 2, p. 12 (1885).

02

g4 TJNGTJLATA.

18489. Portion of a palate, showing the third true molar on either
(Fig.) side, of which the left one has been longitudinally and
vertically bisected. The molar, which appears to have
eight ridges, is figured in section by Falconer and Cautley,
op. cit. pi. iii. fig. 7 a (as E. ganesa), and also in 'Falconer's
Palasontological Memoirs,' vol. i. pi. vi. fig. 1.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3029. Part of the cranium, showing m. 2 and m- 3. Figured by
(Fig.) Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xix. A. figs. 5, 5 a (as E.
insignis). There are six ridges in m. 2 and nine in m. 8.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2983. Fragment of the palate, showing part of the right m. 3.
(Fig.) The tooth is figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit.
pi. xxiv. figs. 5, 5 a (as E. ganesa).

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2984. The right half of the palate, containing part of m. 1 and
(Fig.) the complete unworn m 2. Figured by Falconer and
Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxiv. figs. 3, 3a (as E. ganesa). There
are seven ridges in the complete tooth, all of which are
curved ; and the first two show the median cleft and
accessory tubercles in the valleys, so that their inner
columns approach those of Mastodon.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2985. A smaller example of the second left upper true molar, in
an early stage of wear. This specimen agrees very closely
•with m. 1 figured by the present writer in the ' Palseonto-
logia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. pi. xlvi. fig. 1.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2986. A small specimen of a third upper true molar, containing
nine ridges. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2987. An imperfect third left upper true molar, with the two
first ridges touched by wear.

Transferred from the Old Indian Museum, 1880.
M. 2988. An imperfect and partially worn third left upper true
molar of large size, apparently containing eight ridges.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2989. A half-worn specimen of the third right upper true molar,
(Fig.) containing eight ridges. Figured by Falconer and Cautley,
op. cit. pi. xxiv. figs. 4, 4 a (as E. ganesa).

Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

ELEPHANTIR&. 85

M. 2990. The almost unworn third right upper true molar, imperfect

(Fig.) posteriorly. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit.

pi. xxix. figs. 4, 4 a. Eight ridges remain, and cement is

abundant. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

16610. The first four ridges of the third left upper true molar.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 1994. A third upper true molar, vertically and longitudinally
bisected, and containing eight ridges.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

36737. The third right upper true molar, vertically and longitudi-
nally bisected, and containing nine ridges.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

36689. The symphysis and part of the rami of the mandible, showing
(Fig.) m. 2 of both sides. The teeth are half- worn and contain

seven ridges each. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op.

cit. pi. xxix. A. fig. 4.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

16201. The greater part of the mandible showing the imperfect
(Fig-) m. 3 of either side. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op.
cit. pi. xxv. figs. 2, 2 a.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2991. The greater portion of the mandible, showing the third
(Fig.) true molar of either side, which has nine ridges. Figured
by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxv. figs. 3, 3 a.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

36692. The symphysis and portions of the rami of the mandible of
a small individual, showing the greater part of the well-
worn m. 3-

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 2992. The greater part of the mandible, showing the well-worn

(Fig.) mT3 of either side, which apparently had eight ridges.

Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxv. figs. 1,

1 a (as E. ganesa). Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2993. Part of the mandible, containing part of 5TI, and the

(Fig.) broken base of 5^72, which appears to have had eight ridges.

Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xx. A. figs. 1,

1 a (as E. ganesa). Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

86 TOGTTLATA.

M. 2994. Considerable portion of the mandible, showing the greater
(Fig.) part of the right 5T~3, and a fragment of the corresponding

left tooth. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit.

pi. xxv. A. figs. 2, 2 a.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2995. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, containing the
(Fig.) imperfect muITl. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op.
cit. pi. xxix. A. figs. 1, la.

Presented by Gen. Sir W. E. Baker, K.C.B., 1848.

M. 2996. Part of the right ramus of mandible, containing the half-
worn ~^T~i, which has seven ridges, and differs from mrnT4
of E. insignis by becoming narrower anteriorly.

Presented ly the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

18462. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, containing the com-
(Fig.) plete mTi (which has seven ridges) and £T~2 in alveola.

Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxix. B. figs.

6, 6 a. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2997. The greater part of the right ramus of the mandible of a
(Fig.) small individual, containing the hinder portion of mrnTi,
the complete ^71 (with seven ridges), and the germ of ST2.
Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxv. A.
figs. 4, 4 a (as E. ganesa). Except in its smaller size ST1
agrees very closely with the corresponding tooth of No.
18462, and differs from that of E. insignis by being
narrower anteriorly than posteriorly, as well as by the
form of its ridges. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

36691. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, containing the
(Fig.) partially-worn iSTi, which has seven ridges. Figured by
Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxix. A. figs. 2, 2 a.

Presented ly the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 2998. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) two imperfect teeth (the second being in alveolo), which

are apparently ^Ti and mTST Figured by Falconer and

Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxix. A. figs. 7, 7 a.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3000. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing
the half-worn £^2, which has seven ridges and a large
hind talon. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

ELEPHANTID.S:. 87

36690. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing the

(Fig.) partially- worn i^~2. Figured by Falconer and Cautley,

op. cit. pi. xxix. A. figs. 3, 3 a. Except that the enamel is

rather less plicated, the tooth cannot be distinguished from

the last specimen, which Falconer referred to E. ganesa.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3002. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing the
(Fig.) imperfect m. 2, which has seven ridges. Figured by Fal-
coner and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xx. A. figs. 2, 2 a (as E.
ganesa). Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3001. The third left lower true molar, in an early stage of
(Fig.) wear. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxix. B.

figs. 7, 7a; there are nine ridges and a talon, the first

ridge being bifurcate externally.

Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

M. 3003. Hinder part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing

(Fig.) the last five ridges of the third true molar. Figured by

Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxv. A. figs. 5, 5 a (as

E. ganesa). Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

IT. 3004. Hinder part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) the imperfect m. 3. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op.
cit. pi. xxv. A. figs. 7, 7 a (as E. ganesa).

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3005. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) the imperfect mT3, which apparently carried eight ridges.

Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxv. A.

figs. I, I a (as E. ganesa).

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3006. Hinder half of a well-worn third right lower true molar,
(Fig.) provisionally referred to this species. Figured by Falconer
and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxix. fig. 5.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2999. Longitudinal and vertical section of part of the right

(Fig.) ramus of the mandible, containing the little-worn m. -2,

which has seven ridges. Figured by Falconer and Cautley,

op. cit. pi. iii. fig. 7 b (as E. ganesa). The specific reference

of this specimen is provisional.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 1995. Part of the right ramus of a mandible containing m. 2,
(Fig.) which has been vertically and longitudinally bisected.

Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxv A. figs. 3,

3 a (as E. ganesa). The tooth apparently has seven ridges.

Transferred from the Old Indian Museum, 1880.

M. 1993. Fragment of the right ramus of a mandible containing the
half-worn mT3, which has been longitudinally and vertically
bisected. The tooth appears to have had eight ridges.

Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

Elephas ganesa, Falconer and Cautley J.

Syn. Stegodon gancsa, auct.

The third true molars in the type cranium of this species contain
ten ridges, and thereby agree with the corresponding teeth of E.
insignis rather than of E. bombifrons, a conclusion confirmed by a
second cranium, in which there appear to be either ten or eleven
ridges in the same tooth 2. This close resemblance between the last
molar of this form and of E. insignis renders it apparently impossible
to draw any distinction between the earlier teeth of the two forms 3,
and all such teeth are therefore referred to the latter. Falconer 4
had considerable doubts as to the specific distinctness of the present

Fig. 21.

Etcphas ffanesa.—Tk& skull ; from the Siwalik Hills. A- (After
Gaudry's ' Enchainements.')

form, and as the resemblance between the type cranium and the
young cranium of E. insignis* indicates that the two are closely
related, it is possible that E. ganesa may be the male form of E. in-
signis. The adult cranium does not differ very widely from the
type of E. indicus, although the frontal constriction is less marked.

* Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, pt. i. p. 45 (1846).

: See Bee. Geol. Surv. Ind. vol. ix. p. 48 (1876).

1 The majority of the teeth figured in tho ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis ' under

of B. ganesa have the low ridge-formula of E. bombifrons (q. v.\
See 'Palreontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 84.

5 See Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xliii. figs. 14, 15.

ELEPHANTID^!. 89

Hob. India (Pliocene of the Punjab and Siwalik Hills, and Pleisto-
cene of the Narbada Valley x).

M. 3008. The imperfect cranium, showing the partially-worn third
(Fig.} true molar of either side, the base of the left and the greater
portion of the right incisor ; from the Pliocene of the
Siwalik Hills. This specimen (the missing portions of
which have been restored in wood) is the type, and is
figured by Falconer and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua
Sivalensis,' pis. xxi., xxii., xxiii., and xliii. fig. 14. It is
remarkable for the enormous size of the incisors.

Presented by Gen. Sir W. E. Baker, K.G.B., 1848.

Elephas insignis, Falconer and Cautley 2.

Syn. Mastodon elephantoides, Clift3 (in parte).
(?) Stegodon orient alis, Owen*.
Stegodon insignis, Naumann5.

The apparent impossibility of distinguishing the dentition of this
trjecies from that of E. ganesa has been already mentioned. The
rklge-f ormula 6 may be approximately given as Mm. ^-f-r>

M- (:i(9-is)' The ridSes of the cheek-teeth are usually
rather taller and narrower than in E. bombifrons, their average
number greater, and the cement still more abundant. It is, however,
not always easy to distinguish between the two. The third molar
is usually narrower posteriorly, and the enamel frequently thinner.
The taller and more numerous ridges indicate that the present
species is intermediate in respect of dental characters between
E. bombifrons and E. planifrons. The adult cranium is remarkable
for the great depression of the fronto-parietal region, although this
feature is less marked in some specimens than in others 7 ; but in
the young cranium the contour is indistinguishable from that of
the adult E. ganesa 8.

1 See ' Palaeontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. p. 274.

2 Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, pt. 1, p. 37 (1846).

3 Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. ii. pt. 3, p. 372 (1828).

4 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 421 (1870).
3 Palaeontographica, vol. xxviii. art. 1, p. 12 (1881).

6 The formula given by Falconer (Pal. Mem. vol. ii. p. 86) is lower, and
evidently incorrect; a modification was given by the present writer in the
' Palaeontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. p. 273, but owing to Falconer's errors this
was also incorrect, as it included one specimen of E. bombifrons.

7 Compare 'Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xliii. figs, lo, 156.

8 It is of course self-evident that these young crania (like detached teeth)
might equally well have belonged to E. ganesa.

90 TOGULATA.

Hob. India (Pliocene of the Punjab and Siwalik Hills, and pro-
bably the Pleistocene of the Narbada Valley1), Burma, China2,
(?) Java3, and Japan4. Unless otherwise stated, the following speci-
mens were obtained from the Siwalik Hills.

M. 3007. The imperfect cranium. Figured by Falconer and

(Fig.) Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xvi. fig. 1.

This and the following specimens are the types of the

species. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3009. The imperfect cranium, showing the last true molars of

(fig.) either side. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit.

pi. xvi. figs. 2-4. The molars probably carried ten or

eleven ridges. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

36684. The imperfect cranium. Figured, from the occipital aspect,
(Fig.) by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xvi. fig. 3.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3010. The imperfect cranium, showing the second true molars.

(Fig.) Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xvii. figs. 1, 2,
and pi. xliii. fig. 15 b • the depression of the fronto-parietal
region is less strongly marked than in many specimens.

Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

36735. The nearly perfect cranium, showing the second and third

(Fig.) true molars, the latter having eleven ridges. Figured by

Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xvii. figs. 3, 4.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3011. The imperfect cranium, showing part of m. 2 and the

(Fig.) complete m. 3. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit.

pi. xix. figs. 6, 6 a. The last molar has eleven ridges and

a talon. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

1 See ' Palaxmtologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. p. 274.

1 Koken, Pal. Abhand. vol.iii. pt. 2, p. 14 (1885).

3 Martin, Beitr. Geol. Ost-Asiens u. Austral, vol. iv. pt. 1 (1884). It is
suggested that the specimens described may belong either to this species or to
E. bomhifrons.

* Naumann, op. cit. pis. iii.-v. It has been stated by Brauns. (Zeitschr.
dentsch. geol. Ges. vol. XHV. art. 1, p. 21 [1883]) that these specimens belong
to L. meridwnalis ; there can, however, be no question but that they are typical
teeth of Stegodonts.

ELEPHANTID^. 91

M. 3012. Part of a small cranium with m. 2 and m. 3. Figured by
(Fig.) Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xix. A. figs. 2, 2 a. The
first tooth has seven, and the second eleven ridges.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3013. The imperfect cranium, showing m. 2 and m. 3. Figured
(Fig.) by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xix. A. figs. 4, 4 a.
There are eight ridges in m. 2 and ten in m. 3.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3386. The right half of the imperfect cranium, showing part of
m- 2 and the nearly complete m. 3. The latter tooth is
unworn and probably had nine ridges.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

Elephas insignis. — Vertical and longitudinal section of the third left upper true
molar ; from the Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills. £.

M. 3014. Part of a small cranium, showing m. 1 and m. 2. Figured
(Fig.) by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxiv. figs. 6, 6 a, 6 6.

Each of the teeth has seven ridges (one talon of m. 2 being

reckoned by Falconer as a ridge.)

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3015. An imperfect cranium, showing the third true molar of
(Fig.) either side. The left tooth (woodcut, fig. 22) has been
longitudinally and vertically bisected, and is figured in
section by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. ii. fig. 6 a, and
also in ' Falconer's Palaeontological Memoirs,' vol. i. pi. iv.
fig. 1. It carries ten ridges and a talon; the ridges
having the sharp form characteristic of the species, and
the laminated cement being very abundant.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

92 TJNGULATA.

M. 3016. A small immature cranium1, containing m. 1 and m. 2 of

(Fig.) both sides. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit.

pi. xxiv. figs. 2, 2 a, 2 b. The last tooth contains seven

ridges and a talon, while six ridges remain in the worn ™-J:.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

36736. An immature cranium, containing mm. 4 and m. 1. Figured
(Fig.) by Falconer and Cautley, op. eft. 'pi. xviii. fig. 3. There
are seven ridges in m-JL.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3017. An imperfect young cranium, showing the three milk-
(Fig.) molars of either side. The teeth of one side are figured
by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xix. figs. 1, 1 a, 2,
2 a. There are six ridges in mm. 3 and seven in mm. 4.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3018. A young cranium containing the milk-teeth, of which the
(Fig.) crowns have been broken off. Figured by Falconer and
Cautley, op. cit. pi. xviii. fig. 2.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3019. An imperfect young cranium, containing a fragment of
(Fig.) mm. 3 and the complete mm. 4, the latter having been
longitudinally and vertically bisected. The cranium is
figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xviii. fig. 1,
and a section of mm. 4 (which has seven ridges) in pi. xix.
fig. 3. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3020. The slightly-worn third left upper milk-molar, wanting
(Fig.) the anterior talon. Figured by Falconer and Cautley,
op. cit. pi. xxix. figs. 3, 3 a (as E. bombifrons) . There are
five ridges, and the specimen is of relatively large size.

• Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3021. The fourth left upper milk-molar, imperfect anteriorly.
Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3022. The fourth right upper milk-molar, imperfect anteriorly.
Both this and the last specimen are of relatively large
size. Caiitley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3023. Fragment of the left maxilla, containing the greater
(Fig.) portions of mm. 4 and m. 1. Figured by Falconer and
1 As already mentioned, it is quite probable that some of the immature
crania referred to this species may belong to E. ganesa ; the sharp ridges of
their molars indicate that they probably do not belong to E. bombifrons.

ELEPHANTID2B. 93

Cautley, op. cit. pi. xix. A. fig. 1. The teeth are small,
and there are seven ridges in m. 1.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3025. Part of the left maxilla, containing the greater portions of

(Fig.) m. 1 and m. 2. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. dt.

pi. xix. figs. 5, 5 «. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3024. Part of the palate, containing the last four ridges of m. 2
and the first five of the unworn m. 3.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3026. Part of the right maxilla, containing the hinder portion
of m. 2 and the complete m. 3, which has eleven ridges and
a talon. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3027. Part of the maxilla, containing the last six ridges of m. 2
and the complete m. 3, which has been vertically and longi-
tudinally bisected. In this specimen, of which the specific
reference is provisional, there are only nine ridges in m. 3,
but the acuteness of these ridges is a character of E. insig-
nis rather than of E. bombifrons.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3028. Fragment of the left maxilla longitudinally and vertically
bisected, containing portions of m- 2 and m. 3.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3030. The symphysis and greater portion of the right ramus of
(Fig.) the mandible, containing part of m. 2 and the complete
m. 3, which has thirteen ridges and talons. Figured by
Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xviii. fig. 4.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3031. The greater part of the mandible, containing ^71 and part
(Fig.) of ^T->. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxv.
fig. 4. There are seven ridges in m. 1.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

40841. The greater part of the right ramus of the mandible, con-
taining the imperfectly protruded m. 3, in which twelve
ridges are visible. Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

M. 3032. The greater part of the mandible, containing iZ~3 of either
(Fig.) side. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xviii. A.
figs. 3, 3 a. There are twelve ridges in the molar.

Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

94 TJNGULATA.

M. 3033. The symphysis and part of the rami of a mandible con-
(Fig.) taining portions of a molar, provisionally referred to this

species. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit, pi. xx. A.

figs. 4, 4 a. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3034. Cast of the greater part of the right ramus of the man-
(Fig.) dible, containing the last five ridges of m. 2 and the com-
plete m73, which is almost unworn and has twelve ridges.
This specimen is figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit.
pi. xxiv. A. figs. 3, 3 a, as containing EoTf and ni72 ; the
original is in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons
(No. 2534).
Presented by the Council of the Royal College of Surgeons.

7393. Cast of part of the left ramus of the mandible, showing
the complete and almost unworn m. 3, in which there are
ten ridges. The original was obtained by Crawfurd in
1826 from the Pliocene Siwaliks of the Irawadi valley near
Yenankhoung, Upper Burma, by whom it was presented to
the Geological Society. It is described and figured by Clift
in the Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. ii. pt. 3, p. 372, pi.
xxxviii. fig. 2 (as Mastodon elephantoides) ; and by Falconer
and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xx. figs. 9, 9 a, and pi. xx. A. fig. 6
(as iO ?) l. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

M. 3035. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing the
(Fig.} imperfectly protruded m. 3, in which there are eleven

ridges. Figured by Falconer and Cautley., op. cit. pi. xx.

figs. 8, 8 a. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

38686. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing the first
(Fig.) eight ridges of the little-worn ^~3. Figured by Falconer
and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xx. A. figs. 5, 5 a.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

36685. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing the im-
perfect ST3 (?).

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3036. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing the
(Fig.) greater part of ^T~3. Figured by Falconer and Cautley,
op. cit. pi. xviii. A. figs. 5, 5 a.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

1 So quoted by the present writer in the ' Palscontoloeia Indica ' ser 10
vol. i. p. 271'.

ELEPHANTINE. 95

M. 3037. The hinder part of the left ramus of a mandible belonging
(Fig.) either to this species or to E. bombifrons, and showing the

greater part of the well-worn 5773. Figured by Falconer

and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xviii. figs. 5, 5 a.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3038. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) the unworn m. 3, which has nine ridges and a talon.
Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xx. figs. 6,
6 a ; in the description of the plate the tooth is regarded
(from its low ridge-formula) as m. 2, but there seems little
doubt that it is really 5i73, while the height of the ridges
indicates that it belongs to the present species.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3039. Fragment of a mandible containing a considerable portion
(Fig.) of m. 3. This specimen has been longitudinally and verti-
cally bisected ; and is figured by Falconer and Cautley,
op. cit. pi. ii. fig. 6 b.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3040. A small example of the apparently third lower true
molar, which has been vertically and longitudinally bisected,
and apparently carried ten ridges.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3041. The greater part of the third right lower true molar.

Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

M. 3042. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, showing the
(Fig.) adjacent portions of ^72 and ^73. Figured by Falconer
and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xxix. B. figs. 8, 8 a.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3043. The symphysis and part of the right ramus of the man-
(Fig.) dible, containing portions of ^72 and ^73. Figured by
Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xviii. A. figs. 4, 4 a.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2015. Cast of the hinder two-thirds of the unworn right ^72-
The original was obtained, during the journey of Count
Bela Szechenyi, from the Pliocene (?) of Kansu, North-west
China, and is noticed by the present writer in the ' Palso-
ontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. ii. p. 289 ; it agrees exactly
with Eo72 of the preceding specimens.

Presented by R. Lydc-kker, Esq., 1884.

96 UNGULATA.

M. 3044. Fragment of a well-worn second or third lower (?) true

(Fig.) molar, probably belonging either to this species or to

E. ganesa; from the Pleistocene of the Narbada Valley,

India. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. Ivi.

figs. 10, 10a. Presented by C. Fraser, Esq., 1849.

M. 3045. Portion of a mandible containing a fragment of a molar,
(Fig.) which is probably specifically identical with the preceding
specimens ; from the Narbada Valley. Figured by Falconer
and Cautley, op. cit. pi. Ivi. figs. 11, 11 a.

Presented by C. Fraser, Esq., 1849.

M. 3046. Part of a lower molar not improbably belonging to the
(Fig.) same species as the preceding ; from the Narbada Valley.
Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. Ivi. fig. 14.
Presented by C. Fraser, Esq., 1849.

M. 3047. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) parts of mTT and m. 2. Figured by Falconer and Cautley,
op. cit. pi. xx. A. figs. 7, 7a.

Presented by Gen. Sir W. E. Baker, K.C.B., 1848.

M. 3048. Hinder portion of the left ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) part of an " intermediate " molar. Figured by Falconer
and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xviii. figs. 6, 6 a.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3049. The left first (?) lower true molar. This tooth, which is
(Fig.) of a peculiarly elongated type, is figured by Falconer and
Cautley, op. cit. pi. xx. figs. 4, 4 a (as m. 2).

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3050. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing the

(Fig.) incomplete mm. 3, mm. 4, and m. 1. Figured by Falconer

and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xx. figs. 3, 3 a. There were nine

ridges in mm. 4. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3052. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, showing part

(Pig.) of rnlS73 and the complete Sm74, which has nine ridges.

Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xx. figs. 5, 5 a.

Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

M. 3054. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, showing the
greater part of the unworn mm. 4.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

97

3051. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, showing the
germ of mm. 4, which is imperfect posteriorly. Figured
by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xx. figs. 2, 2 a. Seven
ridges remain in mm. 4, which agrees very closely with
a rather larger example figured by the present writer in
the ' Palseontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. pi. xlvi. fig. 4l ;
which has only seven ridges.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3053. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) portions of mm. 3 and mm. 4. Figured by Falconer and
Cautley, op. cit. pi. xx. figs. 1, la.

Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

M. 3056. A well-worn third lower milk-molar, containing five
ridges. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3055. The greater portion of a half-worn third lower milk-molar.
This specimen agrees very closely with one figured by the
present writer in the ' PalaBontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i.
pi. xlvi. fig. 2. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3057. The anterior half of the unworn third left lower milk-
molar. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

41926-7. The last two ridges and talon of an unworn fourth lower
(Fig.) milk-molar and portions of two other cheek-teeth, pro-
visionally referred to the present species. These specimens,
which were obtained from a cavern in Sechuen, north-west
China, are the types of Owen's Elephas (Stegodon) orientalis,
and are described and figured by him under that name in
the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxvi. pi. xxviii. figs. 1-4.
They show, however, no characters by which they can
be distinguished from the teeth of the present species, as
the writer has already observed in the ' PalaBontologia
Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. p. 269.

Purchased from E. Sunnhoe, Esq., 1870.

1 In the description of the plate the specimen is entered as m. a.

B. Elephantine Group.

Falconer's division of the more hypsodont Elephants into the
loxodont and euelephantine groups has been found untenable l, and
as there are also objections to Pohlig's 2 proposed triple division into
the archidiscodont, loxodont, and polydiscodont groups, the whole of
the species are included in a single group.

In all the species of this group the ridges of the molars are so
tall that they assume the appearance of plates, but there is great
variation in respect to their height and number, those of the less
specialized forms being not more numerous than in Elephas insignis.
The cement always completely fills the interspaces between the ridges,
and in the higher forms these interspaces are extremely narrow.

An almost complete transition in dental characters can be traced
from the stegodont E. insiynis through E. planifrons and E. meri-
dionaUs to E. hysudricus, whence there is a passage to E. nama-
dicus and E. antiquus, and thence to E. primigenius, E. indicus, &c.
One variety of E. antiquus shows, moreover, a molar structure so
closely resembling that of E. africanus that a transition can be traced
between these two species, and also between the former and the small
Maltese species. Leith-Adams 3 indeed suggests that E. hysudricus
gave rise to two branches, one comprising E. namadicus, E. antiquus,
E. africanus, and the Maltese species, and the other E. primigenius,
E. indicus, &c. ; but the evidence is not sufficient to render this
view by any means conclusive, and it has the objection of placing
no intermediate form between E. hysudricus and the E. primigenius
subgroup. It will be obvious from these remarks that it is impossible
to exhibit the mutual relations of the various species in a linear
arrangement.

Elephas planifrons, Falconer and Cautley 4.
Syn. Loxodon planifrons, auct.

The average ridge-formula 5, exclusive of talons, may be

1 Thus the so-called E. pruau (which was subsequently identified with
E. antiquus) was placed in the loxodont, while E. antiquus was classed in the
euelephantine group.

a Sitz. niederrhein. Ges. Feb. 4th, 1884. The archidiscodont group in-
cludes E. planifrons and E. meridionalis (in which E. hysudricus is merged) ;
the loxodont group E. africanus and (?) E. antiquus (with which the Maltese
forms are identified) ; while the polydiscodont group comprises all the remaining
species.

3 History of British Fossil Elephants (Mon. Pal. Soc.), p. 244.
'Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pt, 1, p. 38 (1846).

5 This formula as well as the dental characters are somewhat modified from
those given in the ' Palseontologia Indira,' ser. 10, vol. i. p. 275, where, owing to
some misdetermmations in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' some of the ciphers
are too high.

ELEPHANTIJWE. 99

approximately represented as Mm. jj ' (5"6) ' [£g, M. ^^-^"j ; it
is, however, not impossible that a larger series of specimens would
probably show some variation in the number of ridges of the first
true molar : certain specimens of ET1J referred to this species by
Falconer have fourteen ridges, and approximate so closely to
E. Jiysudt-icus that their specific reference is doubtful. The crowns
of the molars are broad, the ridges are higher than in E. insignia,
and the quantity of cement in the interspaces (woodcut, fig. 24,
p. 102) is frequently very great ; the enamel in the ridges of the true
molars is usually thick, and frequently almost, or quite, devoid of
plication, especially near the root of the crown ; and when plication
exists (as it frequently does, especially in the milk-molars) it is
relatively coarse. The worn ridges present subellipsoidal disks,
which have frequently an expansion in the middle, sometimes
assuming an imperfect lozenge-shape ; and in slightly worn teeth the
middle portion of each ridge frequently forms an isolated disk ;
there is great variation in the relative breadth of the ridges as well
as in the degree of their mesial expansion and the distance by
which they are separated from one another ; the relative width and
the absolute size of the teeth also vary very considerably. Both
the third and the fourth milk-molars were vertically succeeded by
premolars. The cranium (woodcut, fig. 23, p. 100) is characterized
by the flatness of the fronto-parietal region, the small incision of the
temporal fossae on the frontals, the comparatively slight vaulting of
the vertex, the smallness of the nasal aperture and its approximation
to the vertex, and the divergence of the incisive alveoli — the majority
of these characters showing resemblance to the stegodont group and
E. africanus. The mandible has two or three mentary foramina,
and a small deflected spout-like termination to the symphysis. Some
individuals were of enormous size.

The absence of premolars in E. insignis and E. bombifrons would
seem to indicate that the present species is not a direct descendant
of either of them. In cases where the ridges are narrower and
taller than usual, it is sometimes very difficult to distinguish
between the molars of this species and those of E. hysudricus ; and
the doubtful specimens of m. 3 noticed on page 106 may indicate a
form connecting the two species.

Hob. India (Siwalik Hills and Punjab). All the following
specimens are from the Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills. The speci-
fically undetermined specimen noticed on page ] 06 may indicate that
the species survived into the Pleistocene of the Narbada Valley.

100

M. 3060. The imperfect cranium, showing the last true molar of
(Fig.) either side. This specimen (woodcut, fig. 23) is the type,

Fig. 23.

Elephasplanifrons.— Skull, restored ; from the Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills. T\ .
(After Q-audry's ' Les Enchainements ' &c.)

and is figured by Falconer and Cautley in the 'Fauna
Antiqua Sivalensis,' pis. ix., x. The left molar is well-worn
while the right is untouched, from which it is inferred
that the right ^~3 was absent ; the teeth appear to have
eleven ridges. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3061. The imperfect cranium, showing the well-worn m. 2 and
the unworn m. 3 of both sides. There are ten ridges in
m. 3. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3387. The imperfect cranium, showing m. 3 on either side. The
teeth are about one third worn, and apparently contain
twelve ridges. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3062. The palate, showing the half-worn m. 3.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

15350. The palate of a small individual, showing m. 3 and part of
m- 2 ; there are ten ridges in m. 3.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3063. The palate, containing the half-worn m. 2, in which there

(fig.) are eight ridges. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. tit.

pi. xii. fig. 5 a. Presented by W. Ewer, Esq.

ELEPHANTID.E. 101

48930. The palate of an immature individual, showing the left pm. 3,
(Fig.) and mm. 4 and m. 1 Of both sides. Figured by Falconer and

Cautley, op. cit. pi. vi. figs. 4-6. There are seven ridges

in the unworn m- 1.

Presented by G. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

39691. Part of the left maxilla, showing the incomplete m. 1 and
(Fig.) m. 2. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xii.
figs. 4, 4 a, 5.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

It. 3072. Part of the left maxilla or mandible, containing the greater
(Fig.) part of the worn last true molar. Figured by Falconer
and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xviii. A. figs. 1, la ; this tooth is
of enormous size, and has the ridges very far apart.

Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

M. 3064. Part of the left maxilla, showing the greater portion of
(Fig.) m. 2 and the first five ridges of the unworn m. 3. Figured
by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xi. figs. 10, 10 a.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

40794. A first upper milk-molar, vertically and longitudinally
(Fig.) bisected, and containing four ridges. Figured by Falconer
and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xii. figs. 1, 1 «, 1 b.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

16332. The fourth right upper milk-molar, which has been vertically

(Fig.) and longitudinally bisected. This specimen is figured by

Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xii. fig. 2 1 ; it closely

corresponds with the homologous tooth in No. 48930,

but is smaller and relatively narrower ; it has six ridges.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3065. Fragment of a maxilla containing the imperfect mm. 4 and
m. 1. This specimen has been vertically and longitudinally
bisected. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3066. A small tooth, which is probably an abnormal example of
m. 1. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3067. The germ of the first left upper true molar in a fragment
of the palate. There are seven ridges.

Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

1 Wrongly described as the penultimate milk-molar.

102

TJNGULATA.

M. 3068. Fragment of the right maxilla containing part of the

(Fig.) much-worn m. 1 and the complete unworn m-_2. This

specimen (woodcut, fig. 24) has been longitudinally and

.24.

Elephas planifrons. — Vertical and longitudinal section of the second upper true
molar; from the Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills. £.

vertically bisected, and is figured by Falconer and Cautley,
op. cit. pi. ii. fig. 5 a, and also in ' Falconer's Palaeontological
Memoirs,' vol. i. pi. iv. fig. 2.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3070. The hinder half of the well-worn third right upper true
(Fig.) molar of a small individual. This specimen (woodcut,

Fig. 25.

Elephas planifrons.— The hinder half of the third right upper true molar
from the Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills, f . The lower border of the
figure is the inner border of the specimen.

fig. 25) is figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xi.
fig. 4 ; seven ridges remain, and its extreme width is only
°>063- Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

ELEPHANIID,E. 103

M. 3071. The third right upper true molar, in a half-worn condition.
The width of this specimen is 0,100 ; and its difference
from the next specimen is very marked.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

36695. A half-worn specimen of the third right upper true molar,
(Fig.) in a fragment of the maxilla. Figured by Falconer and
Cautley, op. cit. pi. xiv. fig. 8. The crown is very narrow,
and the ridges are very thick and placed far apart.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3069. A third upper true molar, containing ten ridges, which
has been vertically and longitudinally bisected.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

36736. The nearly complete mandible, showing the well-worn m. 3,
(Fig.) in which there were probably ten or eleven ridges.

Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. viii. figs. 2,2 a

(the plate is lettered E. hysudricus).

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3073. The nearly complete mandible, showing the well-worn mTs,
(Fig.) which has thirteen ridges. Figured by Falconer and

Cautley, op. cit. pi. xi. fig. 2, and in ' Falconer's Palseonto-

logical Memoirs,' vol. ii. pi. vi.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3090. The imperfect mandible, showing ^73, which apparently
has twelve ridges. Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

M. 3091. The imperfect mandible, showing the much-worn m. 3.
Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

40799. The partially- worn third right lower milk-molar, with six
ridges. Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

M. 3076. Two imperfect specimens of the third lower milk-molar.
Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

48443. Part of a third lower milk-molar, probably belonging to this
species. Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

16620. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, showing the
(Fig.) alveolus of nmj72, the complete mm. 3 (which has six

ridges), and part of the germ of ^Tl. Figured by Falconer

and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xii. figs. 7, 7 a.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

104 TOGTTLATA.

M. 3077. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing the
almost unworn mm. 4, which has eight ridges.

Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

M. 3078. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, containing the
slightly worn mm. 4, which has eight ridges.

Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

M. 3079. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) the imperfect pm. 4 (in alveola), and the complete m. 1,

which has seven ridges. Figured by Falconer and

Cautley, op. cit. pi. xii. figs. 10, 10 a, 11.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

48931. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, showing the
(Fig.) complete mm. 4 (in which there are eight ridges), and a

fragment of the much-worn mm. 3, beneath which is pm. 3.

Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xii. figs. 8, 8 a.
Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

40804. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing
the greater part of mm. 4, in which seven ridges remain.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

M. 3082. Portion of the left ramus of the mandible of a small
(Fig.) individual, containing part of STT, and the complete germ
of m. 2 *, which has nine ridges. Figured by Falconer and
Cautley, op. cit. pi. xi. fig. 6.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

36693. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, showing part

of m.2 and the greater portion of m73, which appears to
have had eleven ridges.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

36694. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible of a small

individual, containing the greater part of the much-worn
m. 3. Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3080. Fragment of. the left ramus of the mandible, containing
the greater part of the half-worn mTg, which is inter-
mediate in character between Nos. 36696 and 15351.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

^ ' In ite narrow posterior extremity this tooth resembles a third molar but
1 ****** °f ^ meridionalis (No- 33376) sometimes exhibit the

105

M. 3081. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing
the hinder half of m73.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

16442. The left ramus of the mandible, containing the worn m73.
(Fig.) Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. tit. pi. xi. fig. 3.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3074. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing the
(Fig.) well-worn m. 3, which has eleven ridges. Figured by
Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xi. fig. 8 (as m7~2).

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

It. 3075. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing

(Fig.) the well-worn m. 3, which has ten ridges and a talon.

The tooth is of enormous size, with the ridges wide apart,

and is abnormally worn ; it is figured by Falconer and

Cautley, op. cit. pi. xii. fig. 13 A 1.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

KL 3084. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing a
portion of m73. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3086. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing the

(Fig.) much-worn m. 3. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op.

tit. pi. xi. fig. 7. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

36696. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) the much-worn m. 3, in which eight ridges remain. This
specimen, which is figured by Falconer and Cautley, op.
cit. pi. xiv. fig. 9, was associated with No. 36695, and, like
that specimen, is remarkable for the great breadth of the
ridges and their distance from one another, the space
occupied by three ridges being 0,088.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3085. Hinder part of the third left lower true molar. Figured
(Fig.) by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xi. fig. 9.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 2010. The third left lower true molar, vertically and longitudi-
nally bisected. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit.
pi. ii. fig. 5 b. Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

1 In the description of the plate this specimen is referred to E. hysudricus
(probably through an error of the editor), but is a typical specimen of the
present species.

106 TJNGULATA.

15351. The third right lower true molar in a half-worn condition,
(Fig.) and containing ten ridges. Figured by Falconer and
Cautley, op. cit. pi. xii. figs. 12, 12 a. The ridges are
unusually narrow, placed very close together (the space
occupied by three ridges being only 0,054), and have but
a very slight mesial expansion. The contrast in this
respect between the present specimen and No. 36696 is
very great, but they are connected together by insensible
gradations, and the variation is enhanced by the difference
in the degree of wear of the two specimens.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 1997. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing

mT3, which has been longitudinally and vertically bisected.

Transferred from the Old Indian Museum, 1880.

M. 3087. The greater part of the third right lower true molar.

(Fig.) Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xi. fig. 5, and
pi. xviii. A. figs. 2, 2 a ; the ridges (of which eight remain)
are placed wide apart. Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

The two following specimens were referred by Falconer to the present
species ; they have, hoivever, the ridge-formula of E. hysudricus,
and their enamel is more plicated and the ridges more
approximated than is usual in the present form, and the second
of them is almost indistinguishable from a tooth of E. hysudricus
(No. M. 3145) ; they may indicate a form connecting the two
species.

M. 3088. Part of the right ramus of a mandible, containing a frag-
ment of m. 2 and the partially worn m. 3, which has
fourteen ridges. Noticed in 'Falconer's Palaeontological
Memoirs,' vol. i. p. 434, note 3.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

M. 3083. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing the
(Fig.) half-worn m. 3, which has fourteen ridges. Figured by
Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xii. fig. 13.

Cautley Collection. Presented, 1842.

The following specimen is not specifically determined, but apparently
indicates an Elephant allied to, or identical with, the present
species.

M. 3089. Fragment of a right mandibular ramus, containing five
(Fig.) ridges of a well-worn true molar ; from the Pleistocene of

ELEPHANTED>E. 107

the Narbada Valley, India. Figured (without specific
determination) by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. Ivi.
figs. 13, 13 a.

Presented by 0. Fraser, Esq., 1849.

Elephas meridionalis, Nesti1.
Syn. Loxodon meridionalis, auct.

Leith-Adams2 gives the ridge-formula, exclusive of talons, ap-
proximately as Mm. fi|if , M.

similar to those of E. planifrons, but with a rather higher average.
The cheek-teeth usually so closely resemble those of the latter
species, that if they both occurred in the same area it is more than
doubtful if they could be specifically distinguished. Both fre-
quently exhibit partial denudation of the enamel-ridges when much
worn. There is considerable variation in the thickness of the
enamel and in the breadth of the ridges ; and some of those molars
in which the enamel is relatively thin and considerably plicated,
and the ridges narrow and closely approximated, approach very
near to some molars of E. hysudricus and E. anliquus3, — the
resemblance being greatest when the teeth are much worn. The
cranium4 is characterized by the large, slightly-curved incisors
and the diverging incisive alveoli5. In general contour it is
intermediate between E. planifrons and E. hysudricus, although
nearer to the latter than the former 6. It agrees with the former
to a certain extent in the relative distance between the nasals and
the vertex; but has the vertex more vaulted, the frontal profile
concave7, the occiput with a deep fissure for the nuchal ligament,
and the temporal fossae intruding largely on the frontal aspect.
These features are, however, not so strongly developed as in E.
hysudrwus, and the present species may be regarded as one which,
while retaining a dentition very like that of E. planifrons, has a
cranium more closely resembling that of E. hysudricus, and thus
forming a connecting link between the two, although it cannot
probably be regarded as the directly intermediate species. The
species attained an enormous size, the height of some individuals

Nuov. Giorn. Letter. 1825, p. 195, teste Meyer.
British Fossil Elephants (Mon. Pal. Soc.), p. 208.
Ibid. p. 199, note.

Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, pis. xlii., xliv. fig. 19 (lettered E. antiquus).
Leith-Adams says that the incisive alveoli are nearly parallel.
See ' Falconer's Palseontologieal Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 126.
7 In the 'Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xliv. fig. 19, this concavity is not
sufficiently marked ; see ' Falconer's Palseontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 124.

108 TTNGTTLATA.

being estimated at upwards of fifteen feet. For a summary of the
points distinguishing the molars of this species from those of E.
antiquus, see Leith-Adams, op. at. p. 232.

Hob. Middle and South Europe, and (probably) North Africa1.
On the Continent the species occurs in the Upper Pliocene of the
Val d'Arno and the Auvergne ; while its range in England extends
from the Bed Crag to the Forest-bed, after which it is unknown2.

33378. The imperfect third upper milk-molar ; dredged off Happis-
burgh, Norfolk. Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33380. The fourth upper milk-molar, in a half-worn condition;
dredged off Happisburgh.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

37336. Cast of a fragment of the right maxilla, containing the half-
worn m. 2. The original is from the Upper Pliocene of
the Val d'Arno (Tuscany), Italy. The specimen is noticed
by Leith-Adams in his ' British Fossil Elephants ' (Mon.
Pal. Soc.), p. 199. Purchased, 1869.

33355. The second left upper true molar, in a half- worn condition ;
dredged off Happisburgh.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33330. A small example of the third left upper true molar, in an
early stage of wear ; dredged off Happisburgh. This
specimen has thirteen ridges ; and is noticed by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 198 3.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33334. The third left upper true molar, in a middle stage of wear ;
(Fig.) dredged off Happisburgh. Described and figured by
Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 198, pi. xxiv. fig. 2.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33338. A half-worn third right upper true molar; dredged off
Happisburgh. Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

28820. The third left upper true molar, in a well-worn condition ;
from the "Val d'Arno. This specimen is noticed by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 199, as being practically indistinguish-

1 Thomas, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 3, vol. iii. pt. 2, p. 20 (1884).

2 See Boyd-Dawkins, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol xxxvi. p. 396 (1880).

3 Also noticed on page 29 of the same work as belonging to E. antiquus.

ELEPHANTID2B. 109

able from a well-worn molar of E. antiquus, owing to the
extensive plication of the enamel.

Presented by J. B. Pentland, Esq., 1853.

40840. Cast of the hinder half of a well-worn third tipper true
molar. The original is from the Pliocene of Marseilles,
France. Presented by Charles Falconer, Esq., 1867.

33357. The hinder half of a well-worn third upper true molar ;

dredged off Happishurgh.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33345. Part of a well-worn third right upper true molar ; dredged

off Happisburgh. Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33331. Anterior half of a slightly worn third upper true molar ;
dredged off Happisburgh.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33358. The base of a very much worn third upper true molar ;

dredged off Happisburgh.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33346. The greater portion of a well-worn third right upper true

molar, provisionally referred to this species ; dredged off
Happisburgh. The enamel is much plicated.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

7436. The greater part of a half-worn third upper true molar
belonging either to this species or to E. antiquus • dredged
off Happisburgh. Figured by Falconer and Cautley in
the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xiv. B. fig. 13, and
noticed in ' Falconer's Palseontological Memoirs,' vol. ii.
p. 137, also by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 195.

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

37274. A distorted third upper true molar ; from the Pleistocene

of Cromer, Norfolk. Brown Collection.

Presented by Prof. Sir E. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

33347. 33352, 33359, 33361. Four portions of much-worn late

upper true molars ; dredged off Happisburgh.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

46224. Part of a much-worn late upper true molar, probably
belonging to the present species ; dredged off the eastern
coast of England. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

110 TJNGULATA.

40838. The hinder part of a (probably) third right upper true molar,

agreeing in general character with the teeth of the present

species ; from a Pliocene or Pleistocene deposit in Russia.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

37334. Cast of the mandible, showing the well-worn m. 2 and the

(Fig.) impefectly protruded ^~3 of either side. The original is

from the Val d'Arno. The specimen is described by

Leith- Adams, op. cit. pp. 204-5 (as No. 3733), and figured

on pp. 136, 139, and 142. Purchased, 1869.

28824. The fourth left lower milk-molar, wanting the anterior
talon and showing eight ridges ; from the Val d'Arno.
Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 190 (as No. 38824) ;
it is practically indistinguishable from the corresponding
tooth of E. planifrons, No. 48931.

Presented by J. B. Pentland, Esq., 1853.

33387. The fourth left lower milk-molar, in a half-worn condition ;
dredged off Happisburgh. The specimen is noticed by
Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 18, where it is referred to E.
antiquus ; it presents, however, no character by which it
can be distinguished from No. 28824.

Lay ton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33385. The imperfect fourth left lower milk- molar, in an early
stage of wear ; dredged off Happisburgh.

Lay ton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33372. The almost unworn first right lower true molar ; dredged
- off Happisburgh. Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33376. The unworn first left lower true molar ; from Happisburgh.
This tooth is noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 192 ; it
has eight ridges, and the posterior extremity is very
narrow. Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33384. The imperfect first left lower true molar; dredged off
Happisburgh. Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33368. An unworn but rolled first lower true molar ; dredged off

Happisburgh. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 191.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

31337. Cast of the germ of the second (?) lower true molar. The
original is from the Val d'Arno, and is preserved in the
Florentine Museum at Pisa. Purchased, 1863.

Ill

33343. The second left lower true molar, in an early stage of wear ;

(Fig.) dredged off Happisburgh. Described and figured by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 194, pi. xxiii. figs. 1, 1 a ; it has eleven
ridges. Lay ton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33191. The second (?) left lower true molar, in a much-worn
condition ; found on the beach at Easton Cliff, Suffolk.

Purchased, 1858.

33356. The imperfect second (?) right lower true molar, in a half-
worn condition ; dredged off Happisburgh.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

M. 3412. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing

(Fig.) the much- worn iZl or m. 2 ; from the Yal d' Arno. Figured

by Falconer and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,'

pi. xiv. B. fig. 10. Purchased.

33365. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, containing part of
m. 1 and the complete, unworn, ^72 ; dredged off Happis-
burgh. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 194.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

28820 a. The second (?) right lower true molar ; from the Val
d'Arno. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 195: if
its serial position be correct, the tooth is of large size.

Presented by J. B. Pentland, Esq., 1853.

28819. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, showing part of
^72 and the complete S7~3 ; from the Yal d'Arno. There
are twelve ridges in m. 3.

Presented by J. B. Pentland, Esq., 1853.

46212. An unworn example of the third left lower true molar,
containing thirteen ridges ; dredged off the eastern coast
of England. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

33333. The greater part of the third right lower true molar, in a
half-worn condition ; dredged off Happisburgh. This
tooth is of enormous size.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33354. The third right lower true molar, in an early stage of wear ;

{Fig.) dredged off Happisburgh. Described and figured by
Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 198, pi. xxiv. fig. 1 ; there are
fourteen ridges. Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

112 TTNGITLATA.

33332. The third left lower true molar in an early stage of wear
and imperfect anteriorly ; dredged off Happisburgh.

Lay ton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

46225. A worn example of the third right lower true molar;
dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

37337. Cast of the hinder half of the third (?) right lower true
molar. The original is from the Val d'Arno, and is
preserved in the Florentine Museum at Pisa. The specimen
is noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 199.

Purchased, 1863.

37335. Cast of part of the left ramus of the mandible, contain-
ing the much-worn ST3. The original is from the Val
d'Arno, and is preserved in the Florentine Museum at
Pisa. Purchased, 1863.

46213. Portion of a worn third (?) lower true molar, showing
three complete ridges, which are very broad and unusually
far apart ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Oivles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

33349. Anterior part of a worn third lower true molar ; dredged
off Happisburgh. Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

44016. Anterior part of the second (?) left lower true molar, in a
worn condition ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Bean Collection. Purchased, 1859.

33348, 33350, 33360, 33362. Four fragments of worn lower true
molars ; dredged off Happisburgh.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33340. Fragment of the anterior half of a late lower true molar, in
a well-worn condition: dredged off Happisburgh. This
specimen exhibits very beautifully the denudation of
the ridges so characteristic of much-worn molars of this
species and E. planifrons.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33339, 33344. Two fragments of late lower true molars, in an un-
worn condition ; dredged off Happisburgh.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

17032. Fragment of a lower true molar, in an unworn condition ;
from the Forest-bed of Norfolk.

Green Collection. Purchased, 1843.

ELEPHANTIDJ:. 113

M. 2009. Part of the symphysis of a mandible, provisionally referred
to this species ; from the Norwich Crag of Thorpe,
Norwich. Presented by Dr. H. Woodward.

40795. A true molar, vertically and longitudinally cut and polished ;
probably dredged off Happisburgh.

Presented by 0. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

28513. A true molar, horizontally bisected; probably from the
Pleistocene of the eastern coast.

Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1853.

28511. Horizontal section of a third true molar; from the Forest-
bed of Norfolk. Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1853.

46907. Vertical and longitudinal section of a true molar; from the
Forest-bed of Norfolk. Purchased, 1875.

46214. Fragment of a third true molar, horizontally cut and
polished ; dredged off the Dogger-bank. Noticed by
Leith- Adams, op. cit. p. 198.

Ou'les Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46935. Fragment of a true molar, vertically and longitudinally cut ;
from the Forest-bed of Norfolk. Purchased, 1876.

44634. Two ridges of a true molar, horizontally cut and polished ;
from the Forest-bed of Norfolk. Purchased, 1873.

33200. Vertical section of two ridges of a true molar ; locality un-
known. Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.

44895. Four ridges of a true molar, transversely cut and polished ;
from the Red Crag of Felixstowe, Suffolk.

Purchased, 1874.

44140. Fragment of a molar, vertically and longitudinally cut and
polished ; from the Eed Crag of Fakenham, near Wood-
bridge, Suffolk. Purchased, 1873.

Some of the following specimens are only provisionally referred to
the present species ; unless otherwise stated, they were dredged
off Happisburgh, and belong to the Layton Collection, pur-
chased, 1858.

33404. The glenoidal extremity of the left scapula.

33399. Part of the head of a humerus.

33401. The distal extremity of the left humerus.

114 TTNGFLATA.

33406. The distal epiphysis of the left ulna, of very large size.

43849. A small radius, wanting the distal extremity ; from the
Forest-bed of Norfolk. Purchased, 1872.

33415-6. Two specimens of the right lunar, one much larger than
the other. Lay ton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

18372-3. Two specimens of the right lunar, one much larger than,
the other ; from the Pleistocene of the Norfolk coast.

Presented by E. Charlesworth, Esq. About 1843.

28007. The left cuneiform ; from the Pleistocene of Clacton, Essex.
Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

33417. The imperfect left cuneiform, of small size,

33418. The right trapezium. Described and figured by Leith-
(Fig.) Adams, op. tit. p. 160, pi. xix. fig. 10.

33409. The right magnum.

33410-13-14. Three specimens of the left magnum.

33407-11. Two specimens of the right unciform, one much larger
than the other.

33408. The left unciform.

33429. The third right metacarpal.

37746. The third right metacarpal; probably from the Norfolk
coast. Purchased, 1863.

33428. The third left metacarpal. Described and figured by Leith-
(Fig.) Adams, op. eit. p. 234, pi. xviii. fig. 5.

33434. The fourth right metacarpal.

33433. The fifth left metaearpal. Described and figured by Leith-
(Fig.) Adams, op. eit. p. 234, pi. xviii. fig. 8.

33432. The fifth left metacarpaL
33445. An acetabulunu

36420 a, b. Two portions of innominates ; dredged off Clacton in

1859- Brown Collection.

Presented by Prof. Sir B. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

33395. Fragment of a pubis.
33394. Part of the head of a femur.

-ELEPHANTID.E. 115

33397. The head of a femur.

33442. ApateUa.

33446. The proximal extremity of a tibia.

36422. The distal extremity of a tibia ; dredged off Clacton.
Brown Collection. Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

33443-4. Two specimens of the distal extremity of the tibia.

46724. Cast of the right fibula. The original was obtained from
the Forest-bed of Cromer, and is in the collection of A.
Haviland, Esq., of Northampton.

Made in the Museum, 1874.

33420. The right calcaneum. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit.

p. 64 (as E. antiquus).

33421. The right calcaneum.

33423. The left calcaneum.

33424. The right astragalus.

II. 78. The right astragalus ; found on the beach at Happisburgh.
Presented by J. Wood Hall, Esq., 1878.

18369. The right astragalus ; from the Pleistocene of the Norfolk
coast. Presented by E. Charlesworth, Esq. About 1843.

33425. The left astragalus. Described and figured by Leith-
(Mg.) Adams, op. cit. pp. 170, 234, pi. xix. fig. 6.

33426. The left astragalus of a small individual.

33427. The right navicular.

33436. The second left metatarsal.

39465. The second left metatarsal ; from the Norfolk coast.

Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.

33437. The second right metatarsal.
33435. The fourth right metatarsal.
33440-1. Two phalangeals.

36436. The atlas vertebra ; dredged off the Essex coast. Described

(Fig.} and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. pp. 57, 210, 232,

pi. xvii. fig. 3. Brown Collection.

Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

33447. The slightly imperfect atlas vertebra.

i2

HQ TTNGT7LATA.

27872. The axis vertebra ; dredged off the Essex coast. Described

(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. pp. 211, 232, pi. xvii.

fig. 4. Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

33448. The centrum of the atlas vertebra, wanting the hinder
epiphysis and part of the odontoid processs.

Elephas hysudricus, Falconer and Cautley1.

Syn. Euelephas hysudricus, auct.

Pohlig2 has proposed to identify this species with E. meridionalis,
but both the dentition and cranium indicate a more specialized
form The ridge-formula3, excluding talons, appears to be: — Mm.

fcSSHHiv M- !Sg;{£g:l£i." The crowns °f the cheek-teeth

are wide in proportion to their length, and their ridges are usually
taller, narrower, and more numerous than in E. meridionalis ; the
enamel is frequently very thin and much plicated, and the ridges
are closely approximated, with their worn dentine surfaces relatively
narrow. In other specimens, however, the enamel is thicker, the
plication very slight, and the ridges less numerous, thicker, and
placed further apart, with broader and more mesially-expanded
dentine surfaces ; and such specimens approach very closely to
certain molars of E. meridionalis and E. planifrons. The cranium
of the adult 4 is very like that of the former species ; but has the
vertex more vaulted, the fissure on the occiput for the ligamentum
nuchse deeper and extending on to the facial aspect, the frontal
cavity deeper, and the temporal fossa3 larger. In the young cranium 5
the frontal cavity is wanting. In the majority of these cranial
characters the species agrees with E. indicus; and, although the
frontal concavity and the occipital fissure are more exaggerated in
the fossil, it is not improbable that the one form may be the direct
ancestor of the other.

The present species attained dimensions fully equal to those of
E. meridionalis.

Hob. India (Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills and Punjab, and
[apparently] Pleistocene of the Narbada Valley). Unless otherwise
stated, the following specimens are from the Siwalik Hills, and belong
to the Cautley Collection, presented, 1842.

1 Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, pt. 1, p. 41 (1846).
8 Site, niederrhein. Ges. Feb. 4th, 1884.

3 Slightly modified from the one given in the ' Palseontologia Indica ' ser
10, vol. i. p. 285.

* Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, pis. xliii., xlv. figs. 20 a.
6 Ibid. pis. xliii., xlv. figs. 206.

ELEPH AXTID.E. 117

M. 3109. The cranium of an adult, with the crowns of the molars
(Fig.) broken off. Figured by Falconer and Cautley in the
' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pis. iv., and v. figs. 1, 2. This
and the following specimens are the types of the species.

Purchased, 1838.

M. 3110. The imperfect cranium, showing the well-worn m. 2, and
(Fig.) m. 3 just coming into wear. Figured by Falconer and

Cautley, op. cit. pi. v. figs. 3 and 4 l. There are seventeen

ridges in m73.

M. 3111. The occipital portion of the cranium, showing the deep
fissure for the nuchal ligament so characteristic of the
species.

M. 3112. An imperfect immature cranium, showing a fragment of
the much-worn mm. 4, the half-worn m. 1, and m. 2 in
alveolo. There are nine ridges in m. 1.

M. 3113. An imperfect immature cranium, showing mm. 4 and m. 1.
The teeth of the right side have been longitudinally and
vertically bisected ; and there are ten ridges in m. 1.

M. 3114. The cranium of a young individual, showing the much-
(Fig.) worn mm. 3, mm. 4, and m. 1 in alveolo. Figured by Fal-
coner and Cautley, op. cit. pi. vi. figs. 1, 2. There are
seven ridges in mm. 4 ; and the incisive alveoli diverge.

Presented by the Council of the Geological Society.

Iff. 3115. The middle part of a young cranium, showing mm. 3 (much
(Fig.) worn) and mm. 4 (slightly worn) ; there are ten ridges in

mm. 4. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. vi.

fig. 4, and pi. vii. fig. 1.

Presented by the Council of the Geological Society

M. 3116. The imperfect young cranium, with mm. 3 and mm. 4 ; the

latter is almost unworn, and has nine ridges.
M. 3117. The palate, showing the half-worn m.3.

M. 3118. The palate, showing the half-worn m.3. The crowns
exhibit considerable denudation of the ridges.

18440. The palatal region of the cranium, showing m.3 in a middle

stage of wear.
M. 3119. The palate, showing the well-worn m. 1, and the unworn

m.2, in which there are eleven ridges.

1 The description of the plate is erroneous.

16194. The palate, showing the well-worn mm. 4 (seven ridges) and
the unworn m. 1 (ten ridges).

M. 3120. The palatal region of the cranium, showing mm. 3, mm. 4,
and m. 1 (in germ). There are nine ridges in mm. 4.

M. 3121. Fragment of the left maxilla, containing the well-worn
mm. 3 and the first half of the unworn mm. 4.

M. 3134. The third right upper (?) milk-molar, vertically and
longitudinally bisected.

M. 3122. A slightly-worn mm. 4 or m. 1, with ten ridges. The
ridges are relatively thick.

M. 3123. The first right upper true molar, longitudinally and verti-
(Fig.) cally bisected. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit.

pi. vii. figs. 2, 2 a. There are eleven ridges, which are tall

and narrow.

M. 3124. A first upper true molar, in an early stage of wear.
The enamel is thick and shows no distinct plication.

M. 3125. Hinder part of a much-worn first upper (?) true molar,
showing strongly plicated enamel.

M. 1999. Fragment of a longitudinally and vertically bisected right
maxilla, showing m. 2 and part of m. 3. There are eleven
ridges in m.2, which are relatively wide.

Transferred from the Old Indian Museum, 1880.

M. 3127. Fragment of the right maxilla, containing m. 2, which has

(Fig.) been vertically and longitudinally bisected. There are

thirteen or fourteen ridges, and the enamel is thin and

plicated. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. vii.

figs. 3, 3 a.

40802. The greater part of the well-worn third left upper true
molar ; from the Siwaliks of the Punjab. Twelve ridges
remain, and the enamel is thin and plicated.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

M. 3128. Fragment of the left maxilla, with m.3 in an early stage
of wear. There are fifteen ridges in the tooth, and the
enamel is thin and not plicated ; the tooth approaches very
closely to some specimens of E. meridionalsi.

ELEPHASTID.2B. 119

M. 3129. The third right upper true molar in an early stage of
(Fig.) wear, showing sixteen or seventeen ridges. Figured hy

Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. vii. fig. 4 (in description

of plate referred to E. indicus).

M. 3130 . The greater portion of a half- worn third right upper true
molar; probably from the Siwaliks of the Punjab. This
specimen has a very wide crown, the enamel is much pli-
cated, and the ridges are closely approximated ; it presents
some resemblance to certain molars of E. namadicus, but
the ridges are more approximated and their extremities do
not curve backwards. No history.

36688. A third upper true molar containing seventeen ridges, which
has been longitudinally and vertically bisected.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3126. The third right upper true molar, in a comparatively early
stage of wear, and containing sixteen ridges, which has
been vertically and longitudinally bisected.

M. 3140. The entire mandible of a young individual, showing on
(Fig.) both sides the well-worn mm. 4 and the germ of m 1.
Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. viii. fig. 4
(left ramus) and pi. xiii. A. fig. 7. There are nine ridges
in the anterior and apparently eleven in the hinder tooth.
This beautiful specimen is in much finer preservation than
is usually the case with the fossils of the typical Siwalik
Hills, and is worthy of being figured on a larger scale.
The form of the symphysial gutter closely resembles that
of E. meridionalis. Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

M. 3131. Fragment of the left ramus of a mandible, containing the
(Fig.) unworn mm. 2 and the nearly complete germ of mm. 3,
provisionally referred to this species. Figured by Falconer
and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xiv. figs. 10, 10a, as E. hysudricus,
but subsequently referred by Falconer (PalaBontological
Memoirs, vol. ii. p. 92) to E. planifrons. Six ridges
remain in mm. 3, and from the height of these ridges it
seems not improbable that the original determination is
the correct one.

M. 3132. Fragment of a mandibular ramus provisionally referred
to this species, containing mm. 2 and mm. 3 ; the latter
tooth is very similar to rm^73 of the last specimen, but the
former is rather more complex.

120 TTNGTJLATA.

M. 3133. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, showing the
broken base of EunT2, and the germ of mm. 3 containing
seven ridges of which the summits are wanting.

M. 3135. Ihe germ of the third left lower (?) milk-molar, containing
nine ridges. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit.
pi. vii. fig. 6.

M. 3136. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing
the well-worn mm. 3 aud part of the germ of mm. 4.
There are seven ridges in mm. 3.

Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

16822. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, showing the
(Fig.) alveolus of mm72 and the complete mm. 3. Figured by
Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. vii. fig. 5. The tooth,
which is about one-third worn, shows seven or eight
ridges, and has been vertically and longitudinally bisected
since it was figured.

16621. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) mmA. Figured by Falconer and Cautley op. cit. pi. vii.

figs. 7, 7 a ; the tooth is half-worn and has seven or eight

ridges.

M. 3137. The fourth left lower milk-molar in a half-worn con-
(Fiy.) dition, containing nine ridges. Figured by Falconer and
Cautley, op. cit. pi. vii, fig. 8,

18463. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, showing portions of
mm. 4 and the germ of m. 1.

M. 3138. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, showing
the greater part of mm. 4 and the germ of m. i. There
appear to have been ten ridges in the former.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

M. 3139. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, showing a
fragment of the much-worn mm. 4 and the perfect mTT.
One side of the latter tooth (which contains ten ridges)
has been cut and polished.

M. 3147. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing
the nearly perfect STL The tooth is half worn and has
nine ridges. Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

ELEPHANTID^!. 121

18413. Part of a well-worn first lower true molar.

M. 3141. Part of a mandibular ramus, showing a fragment of the
much- worn mTl and the germ of mT2.

M. 3142. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing

(Fig.) the second (?) true molar in an early stage of wear ; from

the Pleistocene of the Narbada Valley, India. Figured by

Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xii. c. fig. 6. There are

eleven ridges in the tooth.

Presented by C. Fraser, Esq., 1849.

18461. The greater part of the right ramus of the mandible, con-
(Fig.) taining the well-worn ^73, which has ten ridges remaining.
Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. viii. fig. 3.

M. 3143. Part of the right ramus of the mandible of a very old
(Fig.) individual, showing a fragment of the much-worn m.3.
Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. viii. fig. 5.

M. 3144. Fragment of the left ramus of a mandible, referred by
Falconer to the present species. This specimen contains
the greater portion of the half-worn m.3, which has been
longitudinally and vertically bisected. The ridges are
relatively high, and thereby agree with the present form ;
but the enamel is very thick, and the worn crown-surface
is exceedingly like that of E. meridi&nalis.

M. 3145. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing the
(Fig.) greater portion of the well-worn GT3, in which there are
thirteen ridges remaining. Figured by Falconer and
Cautley, op. cit. pi. vii. figs. 11, 11 a (as ? m. 2).

M. 3146. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) the third true molar, which has been longitudinally and

vertically bisected, and shows eighteen ridges. Figured

by Falconer and Cautley, op~ cit. pi. i. fig. 3 b, and pi. vii.

figs. 12, 12 a. The enamel is very thin and much

plicated.

122 TJNGTTLATA.

Elephas antiquus, Falconer *.

Syn. Elephas (Loxodori) priscus, Falconer and Cautley 2.

Euelephas antiquus, auct.
Including Elephas (antiquus) trogontherii, PoHig 3.

The rido-e-formula 4, excluding talons, may be represented as

Mm. "f:iS5:;^. «• The rid^s are «me-

rally higher and more numerous than in E. liysudricus, but less so
than in E. primigenius. The molars are usually relatively narrow
in respect to their length and height, this feature being apparent
even in the " broad-crowned " and " thick-ridged " varieties. Gene-
rally in the upper, and almost always in the lower, molars there
is a slight mesial expansion of the worn disks of the ridges, which
may or may not be angulated. The plication of the enamel
varies greatly, being most marked in the " narrow- crowned "
variety, and least so in the " broad-crowned " variety, in which
the mesial expansion is often wanting; the enamel is usually
thicker than in E. primigenius. The molars are subject to great
variation — those of the thick-ridged variety (Falconer's E. priscus)
approaching very closely to those of E. africanus, while other
specimens approximate to E. meridionalis, and others again to
E. primigenius. The incisor is either gently curved as in E. indicus,
or straight ; it narrows gradually from base to tip. The characters
of the cranium are not fully known, but the mandible approximates
to that of E. africanus. The species attains a large size, Pohlig
(op. cit.) stating that it even exceeds E. meridionalis in this respect ;
a small race from the cave of Cucigliana, Monti Pisani, Tuscany,
has been distinguished by Acconci5 as var. nanus.

Hab. Europe, apparently not ranging north of Yorkshire. In

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xiii., table facing p. 319 (1857). Molars of this
species had been previously figured in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pis. xiv.
(1846), xiv. A. (1847), but were named E. meridionalis; the name E. antiquus
also occurs on pi. xiv. B. (1847) of the same work, but was applied to molars of
E. meridionalis.

8 ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pt. 2, pi. xiv. (1846). The specimens were
provisionally identified with E. priscus, Goldfuss (Nova Acta Ac. Caes. Leop.-
Car. vol. xi. art. 2, p. 489 [1823]), which was apparently applied to molars of the
African Elephant (' Falconer's Palaeontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. pp. 94, 95).
E. priscus, F. & C., has the priority over E. antiquus, but the latter is too
universally accepted to be abolished.

8 Sitz. niederrhein. Ges. Feb. 4th, 1884.

4 Slightly modified from Leith- Adams, 'British Fossil Elephants' (Mon.
Pal. Soc.), p. 176. If the talons be included the formula will be higher, see
Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 231.

6 Atti Soc. Tosc. Sei. Nat. vol. v. p. 150 (1881).

ELEPHANTID.S. 123

England it certainly ranges from the Forest-bed to the close of
the Pleistocene l, and it probably occurs in the Norwich Crag (vide
infra, p. 124) ; specimens from the Red Crag have been figured by
Leith- Adams 2, and provisionally referred to this species, but the
writer considers it more probable that they belong to E. meridionalis.
It not improbably occurs also in the Lower Pleistocene of North
Africa3; in which region there also occurs E. ailanticus, Pomel *, of
the Upper Pleistocene, which appears to be a form connecting
E. antiquus with E. africanus.

38491. The palate, showing the imperfect m. 3 of either side in a
comparatively early stage of wear ; from the Pleistocene
of Peckham, Surrey. This specimen is described by
Leith- Adams in his ' British Fossil Elephants ' (Mon. Pal.
Soc.), p. 39. Purchased, 1864.

21301. The palate, showing mm. 4 of either side in a half -worn

(Fig.) condition ; from the Pleistocene of Grays, Essex. This

specimen is described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit.

pp. 16, 17, pi. i. fig. 4, and is noticed in ' Falconer's Pala3-

ontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 177. Purchased, 1847.

33369. Fragment of the left maxilla, containing the half-worn and
imperfect first upper true molar; dredged off Happisburgh,
Norfolk. Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

27914. Part of the left maxilla, containing the half-worn mm. 4 ;
from the Pleistocene of Clacton, Essex. Noticed by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 17.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

27991. Fragment of the left maxilla, containing the imperfect
mm. 3 in a half- worn condition ; from Clacton. Noticed
by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 14.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

44783. Fragment of the left maxilla of a very young individual,
showing mm. 2 and mm- 3 ; locality unknown. This speci-
men is noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. pp. 9, 13; there are
six ridges in mm. 3, which is but slightly worn ; its crown
is relatively longer and less oval-shaped than in mm. 3 of
E. primigenius. Presented by B. Bright, Esq., \ 873.

1 See Boyd-Dawkins, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. TO!, xxxyi. p. 396 (1880).

2 ' British Fossil Elephants,' pi. xxvi. figs. 2, 4.

3 See Thomas, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 3, vol. iii. art. 2, table facing
p. 50 (1884).

4 See Thomas, loc. cit. ,

124 T7NGULATA. ,

28273. Fragment of the right maxilla, showing the partially-worn
mm. 3 ; from the Norwich Crag of Suffolk, Noticed by
Leith- Adams, op. cit. p. 14. Purchased, 1852.

21654. The unworn second right upper milk-molar ; from the

(Fig.) Pleistocene of Grays. Described and figured by Leith-

Adams, op. cit. p. 9, pi. i. figs. 1, 1 a. Purchased, 1848.

M. 2003. A well-worn third upper milk-molar provisionally referred
to this species ; from the Norwich Crag of Easton, Suffolk.
Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 13. This tooth is of
a broader type than the preceding, and thereby approaches
E. meridionalis. No history.

18810. The half-worn third right upper milk-molar; from Grays.

(Fig.) Figured by Falconer and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua
Sivalensis,' pi. xiv. figs. 2, 2 a 1. Purchased, 1845.

18810 a. The half-worn third left lower milk-molar, probably
(Fig-) belonging to the same individual as the preceding. This

specimen has been vertically and longitudinally bisected,

and is figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. fig. 26.

Purchased, 1845.

40990. Anterior half of an almost unworn third upper milk-molar ;
(Fig.) from the Pleistocene of Kent. Figured by Falconer and

Cautley, op. cit. pi. xiv. A. figs. 1, 1 a.

Presented by the Trustees of the Canterbury Museum, 1865.

40952. A much-worn third upper milk-molar ; from a cavern in
Raven's Cliff, Gower, Glamorganshire. Noticed by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 14. Presented by Gen. E. E. Wood, 1868.

23766 g. The third left upper milk-molar, in an early stage of
wear; from Grays. Noticed in 'Falconer's Palaeontological
Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 177. Purchased, 1849.

40798. An imperfect fourth right upper milk-molar; from the
(Fig.) Grotta di Maccagnone, near Palermo, Sicily. This speci-
men, which is of unusually small size, is described and
figured by Busk in the Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. p. 301,
pi. liii. fig. 10. Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

18789 a. The fourth left upper milk-molar (?), in an early stage of
(Fig.) wear ; locality unknown. Figured by Falconer and Cautley,
op. cit. pi. xiv. A. fig. 3, and noticed by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 17. This specimen is of large size, and may
be m. 1- Presented by the Earl of Aylesford, 1845.

1 For lettering of this and other figures in same work, see above.

125

21668. The associated right and left mm. 4, in an early stage of
wear; from Grays. Noticed by Leith- Adams, op. cit.
p. 17. Purchased, 1852.

43204. The fourth right upper milk-molar, in an early stage of
wear; locality unknown.

Wether ell Collection. Purchased, 1871.

46937. A parti ally- worn fourth upper milk-molar ; from the
Pleistocene of the Norfolk coast. Purchased, 1876.

15925. The greater portion of the little-worn fourth right upper
milk-molar ; from the Pleistocene of Bacton, Norfolk.

Green Collection. Purchased, 1843.

M. 363. The fourth left upper milk-molar ; from the Pleistocene of
Coppenhall, Cheshire. The specimen is in an early stage
of wear and shows eleven ridges and talons.

Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 2546-7. Two imperfect unworn teeth, which are either mm. 4 or
m. 1 ; from the Pleistocene of Barrington, Cambridgeshire.

Purchased, 1885.

28984. An imperfect mm. 4 in an almost unworn condition ; dredged
off the eastern coast. Purchased, 1852.

Elephas antiquus. — The first left upper true molar ; from the Pleistocene of
Grays, Essex. J. The lower border of the figure is the inner border
of the specimen.

126 UNGULATA.

M. 2004. The first left upper true molar in a half-worn condition ;

(Fig.) probably from Grays. This specimen (woodcut, fig. 26)
agrees very closely in general characters with the Japanese
molar of E. namadicus figured on page 168 ; it is noticed by
Leith- Adams, op. cit. p. 22. No history.

M. 362. The first left upper true molar, in a half-worn condition ;
from the Pleistocene of Southwold, Suffolk.

Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

28512. The associated right and left first upper true molars, about
one-third worn ; from the Pleistocene of Bracklesham Bay,
Sussex. These specimens are noticed in ' Falconer's
Palaeontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 180, and by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 22. Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1853.

37241. The first right upper true molar, about one-third worn;
(Fig.) dredged off Happisburgh, Norfolk. Described and figured
by Leith- Adams, op. cit. p. 21, pi. iii. fig. 2.

Lay ton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

43067- Fragment of a much-worn first (?) upper true molar ; from
the Pleistocene of Lyme-Eegis, Dorsetshire.

Purchased, 1871.

M. 2549. Two worn fragments of first (?) upper true molars ; from
Barrington. Purchased, 1885.

32539. The first right upper true molar ; from the Pleistocene of
Champagne, France. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit.
p. 24. Tesson Collection. Purchased, 1873.

27906 x. The first right upper true molar ; from the Pleistocene
of Clacton, Essex. This specimen is in an early stage of
wear, and shows eleven ridges and talons ; it is noticed by
Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 23.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

47713. The nearly perfect first right upper true molar, in a
comparatively early stage of wear ; from the Pleistocene
of Europa Point, Gibraltar. This specimen (which closely
resembles No. M. 362) is noticed by J. Smith in his
4 Newer Pliocene Geology,' p. 110 (1862), and by Busk in
the Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. x. p. 128 (erroneously as m. 3).
Ten perfect ridges and the posterior half of the first ridge
remain. Brome Collection. Presented, 1876.

ELEPHANTTD^:. 127

49451. An imperfect first or second upper true molar; from the
eastern coast. Purchased, 1878.

21666. A much-worn second (?) upper true molar ; from Grays.

Only seven ridges remain. Purchased, 1848.

22017. A second upper true molar, in an early stage of wear ; from

Grays. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 28.

Purchased, 1848.

2201 7 x. The second right upper true molar, in a rather more worn
(Fig.) condition ; from Grays. Described and figured by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 27, pi. iv. fig. 2. Purchased, 1848.

22017 y. A well-worn second upper true molar ; from Grays.

Purchased, 1848.

M. 461. A partially-worn second upper true molar; from the Pleis-
tocene of Lippe, Westphalia.

EnnisUllen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

23717*. The germ of the second right upper true molar, with the
(Fig.) summits of the first and second ridges touched "by wear ;
from the Pleistocene of Slade Green, Erith, Kent. De-
scribed and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 27, pi. ii.
fig. 1. Purchased, 1849.

33371. An imperfect second (?) upper true molar; dredged off
Happisburgh. Layton Collection. Purchased, 18.58.

40789. An imperfect second or third upper true molar, in a very

early stage of wear ; from Ilford, Essex. This specimen,

from which a large amount of cement has weathered away,

is a very typical example of the narrow-crowned variety.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

44132. The greater portion of a half-worn second or third upper
true molar of the broad-crowned variety ; from the Via
Appia, Rome. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 42.

Presented by — Emerson, Esq., 1873.

47120-1. The right and left third upper true molars, apparently
(Fig.) belonging to the same individual ; from the Pleistocene of
Peterborough, Northamptonshire. Both teeth are some-
what imperfect and about one-third worn ; they are both
described by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 34, the left one being
also figured by him in pi. ii. figs. 3, 3 a. The enamel is
much plicated, the middle of each ridge being angulated
and the crown broad.

Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

128 UNGULATA.

40989. The third right upper true molar, about one-third worn ;
(Fig.) from the Pleistocene of Kent. Figured by Falconer and

Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xii. D.

figs. 5, 5 a.

Presented by the Trustees of the Canterbury Museum, 1865.
33327. The right third upper true molar, about one-third worn ;

dredged off Happisburgh. Noticed by Leith-Adarns, op.

cit. p. 37 (as a lower molar).

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

16229. The third right upper true molar ; from the Forest-bed of
(Fig.) Ostend, Norfolk. The specimen is about one-third worn,

and is figured by Falconer and Cautley in the ' Fauna

Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xiv. A. figs. 5, 5 a, and noticed by

Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 32.

Green Collection. Purchased, 1843.

27907. The third right upper true molar, in a middle stage of wear;
from Clacton. This specimen is noticed by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 37 (as belonging to the left side) ; and is re-
markable for the flattening of the outer surface and the
height of the ridges, approaching in the latter respect
some molars of E. primigenius.

Presented by John Broivn, Esq., 1852.

27907 a. The third right upper true molar, in a half-worn condition ;
(Fig.) from Clacton. This very typical specimen of the broad-
crowned variety with closely packed ridges is described
and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 32, pi. v. fig. 1.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

48426. The third right upper true molar, in a partially worn condi-
tion; from the Pleistocene of Weimar.

Presented by C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884.
45192. The third right upper true molar ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

M. 1577. The third left upper true molar, in nearly the same stage
of wear ; from the Pleistocene of Weimar.

Presented by C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884.

23118. The third left upper true molar, about one third worn ; from

(Fig.) Grays. Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit.

p. 33, pi. ii. fig. 2 (as No. 28118). Purchased, 1849.

45818. A third left upper true molar, probably belonging to this

species ; from Chatham, Kent.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

ELEPHANTID^. 129

27915. The third left upper true molar, rather more than half-worn ;
from Walton, Essex. Noticed by Leith- Adams, op. cit.
p. 38 (as No. 27515).

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852

37271. An imperfect third left upper true molar; from the Pleis-
tocene of Walton. This specimen is in an early stage of
wear, and is noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 37 ; it is
intermediate between the broad- and narrow-crowned
varieties. Brown Collection.

Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

37285. A small and deformed third upper true molar ; from Clacton.

Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 37.
Brown Collection. Presented by Prof. Sir E. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

15923. The third left upper true molar; from the Forest-bed of
Ostend. This specimen is noticed by Leith-Adams, op.
cit. p. 40 ; and is remarkable for the number and height of
the ridges. Green Collection. Purchased, 1843.

40385. A partially-worn third left upper true molar, imperfect
anteriorly ; from the Pleistocene of Oundle, Northampton-
shire. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. pp. 37-38 ; it
belongs to the broad-crowned variety, and by the wearing
away of the enamel exhibits the vertical grooving of the
enamel. Presented by G. M. Edmonds, Esq., 1867.

27 (0. C.) Fragment of the base of an incisor, transversely bisected ;
from the Pleistocene of the Yia Appia, Eome.

Gualteri1 Collection. Purchased, before 1836.

40873. Fragment of the proximal half of an incisor; from the
Anapus, Syracuse, Sicily. Presented by Dr. Burra, 1859.

45199. An incisor, provisionally referred to this species; from
Ilford. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 231, where it
is suggested that it may belong to E. primigenius.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

33796. The anterior portion of the mandible containing the half-
worn nTlJ of either side ; from Barrow-on-Soar, Leicester-
shire. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 38 ; the
crowns of the teeth are broad. Purchased, 1859.

1 Misspelt Gualteris in preceding Part.
PABT IV. K

130 TTNGTTLATA.

33366. Part of the symphysis and left ramus of the mandible, con-

taining the half-worn m7~2 ; dredged off Happisburgh.

Lay ton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

18789 b. The greater part of the mandible, showing the half-worn
(fty.) mTT of either side ; locality unknown. Figured by Fal-
coner and Cautley in the 'Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,'
pi. xiii. A. figs. 5, 5 a, and noticed by Leith- Adams, op. cit.
p. 21. Presented by the Earl of Aylesford, 1845.

33367. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible containing m. 3,

about one-third worn ; dredged off Happisburgh. Noticed
by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 40.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

40840. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, with mT3 about
one-third worn ; dredged off the coast of Norfolk. Noticed
by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 40. The crown is of medium
width. Presented by 0. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

33337. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, showing the half-
worn m. 3; dredged off Happisburgh. The tooth is of
moderate width, and when complete did not probably
carry more than eighteen ridges. Noticed by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 38. Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

M. 2007. Part of the right ramus of the mandible containing por-
(Fig.) tions of mT2 and ^~3; from the Pleistocene of Rome.
The specimen is figured by Falconer and Cautley in the
' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xiv. A. figs. 9, 9 a, and is
noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 42. The third molar
has been vertically and longitudinally bisected, and the
crowns are broad and the ridges thick.

Qualteri Collection. Purchased, before 1836.

28114. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, containing mTa;

(Fig.) from the Pleistocene of Selsey, Bracklesham Bay, Sussex.
Figured in Dixon's < Geology of Sussex,' p. 16, figs. 1, 2
(1850) ; and noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 29. The
tooth is about one-third worn, and is very narrow with
thin ridges. Diatom Collection. Purchased, 1853.

M. 2006. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing the
(Fig.) half-worn 5T2 ; locality unknown. Figured by Falconer
and Cautley in the « Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xii. i>.
a- No history.

ELEPHANTID^!. 131

18967. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible, containing the
(Fig.) well- worn i^TT or i^~2 ; from Grays. Figured by Falconer

and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xiv. A.

figs. 8, 8 a, and noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 22.

Purchased, 1846.

21310. The symphysis and part of the left ramus of the mandible of
(Fig.) a very young individual, showing mm. 3 in an early stage
of wear ; from Ilford. Described and figured by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 14, pi. v. fig. 2, and noticed in ' Falconer's
Palseontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 178. The alveoli for
the fangs of mm. 2 and for the germ of mm. 4 are also
shown. Purchased, 1847.

18810 b. The third right lower milk-molar, about one-third worn;

(Fig.) from Grays. This specimen is figured by Falconer and
Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xiv. figs. 1,
1 a (reversed), and is noticed in ' Falconer's Palffiontological
Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 178 ; it is also described and figured by
Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 13, pi. i. fig. 3. This and the next
specimen not improbably belong to the same individual as
the upper teeth Nos. 18810, 18810 a. Purchased, 1845.

18810 C. The third left lower milk-molar, belonging to the same
(Fig.) individual as the preceding specimen, which has been
longitudinally and vertically bisected. Figured by Fal-
coner and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xiv. fig. 1 b (described as
identical with the preceding). Purchased, 1845.

21655. The third left lower milk-molar, in an early stage of wear;
from Grays. Noticed in 'Falconer's Palaeontologies!
Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 178, and by Leith-Adams, op. cit.
p. 13. This and the following specimen are larger than
the two preceding ones. Purchased, 1848.

47408. The third left lower milk-molar, in an early stage of wear ;
from Grays. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 14
(as No. 47407). The cement has been worn away.

Presented by G. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

42329. A third lower milk-molar ; from Kirkdale Cave, Yorkshire.
Purchased, 1870. (Originally in Dr. Buckland's Collection.)

74 a (0. C.). The third left lower milk-molar ; from Kirkdale Cave.
This specimen is larger than the preceding, both being
about one-third worn.

Presented by W. Salmond, Esq. Before 1836.

K2

132 TTNGTTLATA.

M. 2548. A tooth which is probably a small example of the fourth
right lower milk-molar ; from Barrington, Cambridgeshire.
There are nine ridges, of which the last is just touched by
wear< Purchased, 1885.

44735. A larger example of the fourth right lower milk-molar, in
an early stage of wear ; from Hutton Cave, Mendip Hills.
There are eleven ridges and talons.

Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.

44781. A still larger example of the fourth right lower milk-molar,
about one-third worn; locality unknown. Noticed by
Leith- Adams, op. cit. p. 17.

Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.

33374. The fourth left lower milk-molar, in an early stage of wear ;

dredged off Happisburgh. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op.
cit. p. 17 ; it has eleven ridges and two talons, the ridges
being very narrow. Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33375. The fourth left lower milk-molar ; dredged off Happisburgb.

Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 17.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33388. The fourth right lower milk-molar, in an early stage of

wear; dredged off Happisburgh. Noticed by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 17 1.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33389. An imperfect half-worn fourth right lower milk-molar ;

dredged off Happisburgh. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit.
p. 18 ; the ridges are relatively broad.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

40991. The fourth right lower milk-molar, in a much-worn con-
(Fig.) dition ; from the Pleistocene of Kent. Figured by Fal-
coner and Cautley in the 'Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,'
pi. xiv. A. figs, 7, 7 a.
Presented by the Trustees of the Canterbury Museum, 1865.

46936. A much-worn fourth left lower milk-molar, provisionally
referred to this species ; from the Pleistocene (? Forest-
bed) of the Norfolk Coast. Purchased, 1876.

1 In this notice the specimen is stated to have 19 (in place of 9) ridges.

ELEPHANTIDJS. 133

18811. An imperfect fourth left lower milk-molar in an early
stage of wear ; from the Pleistocene of Grays.

Purchased, 1845.

40386. The imperfect first right lower true molar in a half-worn
condition ; from Oundle. The ridges are broad and wide
apart, and the loss of part of the cement shows the charac-
teristic vertical grooving of the enamel.

Presented by 0. M. Edmonds, Esq., 1867.

45195. Hinder portion of a half- worn second lower true molar ;
from Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

18966. Portion of a well-worn second left lower true molar of the

(Fig.) broad-crowned variety ; from Grays. Figured by Falconer

and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xiv.

fig. 6 (as E. priscus), and described in * Falconer's Palae-

ontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 98. Purchased, 1845.

39370. The second left lower true molar, which has been longi-
(Fig.~) tudinally and vertically bisected ; from Grays. Figured
by Falconer and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Siva-
lensis,' pi. xiv. figs. 7, 7 a, 7 b, and described and figured
in ' Falconer's Palaeontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 96,
pi. vii. figs. 1, 2 (as E. priscus). This specimen was
found previously to 1845, and appears to have belonged
to a nearly complete skeleton. Purchased. Before 1845.

33351, 33381. Two worn and imperfect first or second lower true
molars, provisionally referred to this species ; dredged off
Happisburgh. Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33373. The second right lower true molar, in an early stage of wear ;
dredged off Happisburgh.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

19844. The second right lower true molar, in a very early stage of

(Fig.) wear ; from the Pleistocene of Slade Green, Erith, Kent.

Figured by Falconer and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua

Sivalensis,' pi. xiv. A. figs. 10, 10 a, and noticed by Leith-

Adams, op. cit. p. 28. Purchased, 1846.

20809 a. The imperfect second right lower true molar, in an early
stage of wear; from Ilford. Noticed by Leith- Adams,
op. cit. p. 29, Purchased, 1847.

134 TTNGTTLATA.

22017 b. The well-worn second right lower true molar; from
Grays. This is a very characteristic specimen of the
narrow-crowned variety. Purchased, 1848.

22017 a. A very similar specimen of the homologous tooth of the
opposite side ; from Grays. Purchased, 1848.

M 2549 b. An imperfect second lower true molar ; from Barrington.

Purchased, 1885.

18966 a. Fragment of a much-worn second (?) lower true molar ;
from Grays. Five ridges remain, which are unusually
t,road. Purchased, 1845.

31318. The second left lower true molar, in a half-worn and some-
what imperfect condition ; from Grays. There are twelve
ridges. Purchased, 1847.

27906. The second left lower true molar, in an early stage of wear ;
from Clacton. Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

42349. Hinder portion of the partially-worn second right lower
true molar ; from the Pleistocene of the Thames Valley.
Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 33. Purchased, 1870.

27908. The associated right and left third lower true molars, in a
half-worn condition, and wanting some of the hinder
ridges; from the Pleistocene of St. Mary's Stoke, near
Ipswich, Suffolk. These specimens, which belong to the
broad-crowned variety, are noticed by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 38, where they are erroneously stated to be
implanted in the mandible.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

47119. The associated right and left third lower true molars, in a
(Fig.) comparatively early stage of wear and wanting some of
the hinder ridges ; from the Forest-bed of Cromer, Norfolk.
Described and (one) figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 34,
pi. iii. figs. 1, 1 a. These specimens belong to the thick-
ridged variety. Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

39464. The partially-worn third right lower true molar, with one
(Fig.) or more of the anterior ridges worn away ; from the
Pleistocene of Saffron Walden, Essex. Figured by Fal-
coner and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,'
pi. xiv. A. figs. 11, 11 a, and in ' Falconer's Palasonto-
logical Memoirs,' vol. ii. pi. ix. figs. 3, 4.

Bowerbanh Collection. Purchased, 1865.

ELEPHANTTD.S:. 135

23118 a. The hinder part of a half-worn third right lower true
molar ; from Grays. Purchased, 1849.

27909. The third right lower true molar; from Clacton. Described
(Fig.) and figured by Leith- Adams, op. at. p. 33, pi. iv. figs. 1, 1 a

(as No. 27907) . There are twenty ridges, of which the

four last are untouched by wear.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

49450. The half-worn and imperfect third right lower true molar,
with a very broad crown; from the eastern coast (pro-
bably Walton). Brown Collection.
Presented by Prof. Sir E. Owen, K.C.B., 1852.

45193. Fragment of the middle of the third right lower true molar,
in an early stage of wear; associated with No. 45192
(page 128). Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

33336. The imperfect third right lower true molar, in an early stage
of wear ; dredged off Happisburgh.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

M. 3498. The hinder portion of the half-worn third left lower true
(Fig.) molar ; dredged off Happisburgh. Figured by Falconer

and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xiv. A.

fig. 12, and noticed in ' Falconer's Pala3ontological

Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 164, and by Leith-Adams, op. cit.

pp. 32, 33. No history,

39463. The hinder portion of the half-worn third left lower true
molar ; from the Pleistocene of Southwold, Suffolk. This
specimen is noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 38; it
belongs to the broad-crowned variety, and in its closely-
packed ridges approximates to E. primigenius.

Bowerbank Collection. Purchased, 1865.

8 (0. C.). The half-worn third left lower true molar, imperfect
(Fig.) anteriorly; from the Pleistocene of the Via Appia, Rome.
Figured by Falconer and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua
Sivalensis,' pi. xiv. A. figs. 13, 13 a, and in ' Falconer's Pala>
ontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. pi. ix. fig. 5 ; and noticed by
Leith-Adams, op. cit. pp. 42, 43.

Gualteri Collection. Purchased, before 1836.

45194. The third left lower true molar, in an early stage of wear,
and wanting one or two ridges ; from Ilford. Eighteen
ridges remain. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878,

136 TTNGTTLATA.

21680. The glenoidal extremity of the left scapula ; from Grays.

Purchased, 1848.

23151. The imperfect right humerus of a very large individual;
from Grays. Purchased, 1848.

33396. The distal portion of the left humerus ; from Happisburgh
beach. Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33 (0. C.). The distal epiphysis of a radius ; from the Via Appia.

Qualteri Collection. Purchased, before 1836.

45106, 45204. Two radii of opposite sides ; from Ilford. Noticed

by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 59 (as Nos. C. 162 and D. 13).

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

32 (0. C.). The proximal portion of the left ulna ; from the Via
Appia. Qualteri Collection. Purchased, before 1836.

45203. The proximal half of the right ulna ; from Ilford. Noticed
by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 59 (as No. D. 12).

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45202. The proximal half of the left ulna ; from Ilford. Noticed
by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 59 (as No. D. 11).

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

19838. The proximal portion of the left ulna ; from Grays.

Purchased, 1846.

18245-8, 18251. Five associated bones of the right carpus and me-
(Fig.) tacarpus ; from Grays. The third metacarpal is described

and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 234, pi. xviii. fig. 6.

Purchased, 1844.

18249. The third right metacarpal ; from Grays. Purchased, 1844.
47126. The right cuneiform ; from the Pleistocene of Whittlesea,

Cambridgeshire. Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

36608. The left cuneiform (imperfect); from Grays.

Purchased, 1855.

20821*. The right trapezium ; from Grays. Described and figured
(Fig.) by Leith-Adams, op. cit. pp. 164, 234, pi. xix. fig. 9.

Purchased, 1847.

18244. The left magnum ; from Essex (probably Grays). Figured

(Fig.) by Falconer and Cautley in the « Fauna Antiqua Sivalen-

sis,' pi. li. fig. 6. Purchased, 1844,

ELEPHATTTTD2E. 137

21319. A patella; from Essex (probably Grays). Figured by
(Fig.) Falconer and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,'
pi. Iv. fig. 4, and noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 63.

Purchased, 1847.

40134. The left tibia; from the Pleistocene of CamberweD, Surrey.

(Fig.) Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 63 (as

No. 48134), pi. xix. fig. 11. Purchased, 1866.

47406. The distal extremity of the left fibula ; probably from Grays.

No history.

21322. The imperfect left calcaneum ; from Grays. Figured by
(Fig.) Falconer and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,'
pi. Iv. fig. 2, and noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 64.

Purchased, 1847.

27940. An immature right calcaneum ; from Grays. Described

(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. pp. 170, 234, pi. xix.

fig. 2. Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

21642. The left navicular ; from Grays. Noticed by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 228. Purchased, 1848.

36612, 36613. The right and left mesocuneiform ; from Grays.
Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 172.

Purchased, 1855.

36609. The left trapezoid ; from Grays. Described and figured by
(Fig.) Leith-Adams, op. cit. pp. 161, 234, pi. xxi. fig. 4.

Purchased, 1855.

23119. The left trapezoid; from the Pleistocene of Maidstone,
Kent. Purchased, 1849.

21318 a. A sesamoid ; from Grays. Purchased, 1847.

45200. The atlas vertebra ; from Ilford. Described and figured by
(Fig.) Leith-Adams, op. cit. pp. 57, 232, pi. xvii. fig. 2.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45201. The centrum of the axis vertebra ; from Ilford. Described
(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 232, pi. xvii.

figi 5. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

47124. The imperfect centrum of the axis and fragment of the atlas

138 TTNGTTLATA.

vertebra ; from the Pleistocene near Peterborough. These
specimens are of enormous size.

Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

Elephas mnaidriensis, Leith- Adams '.

This species is considered to have averaged between six and
seven feet in height and to have been allied to the narrow-crowned
race of E. antiquus and also to E. africanus. The ridge-formula is
given by Leith- Adams 2 (exclusive of talons) as Mm. |' g'((g~^>
which is lower than in#. antiquus and nearer E. me-

ridionalis. The form of the disks on the worn ridges of the molars
is very similar to those in the narrow-crowned variety of E. antiquus;
the plication of the enamel is usually less marked than in the next
species, and there are both thin- and thick-ridged teeth. There is
considerable difficulty in referring many of the earlier teeth to their
proper serial position, and it is not always easy to determine whether
a tooth which might be regarded as (say) m. 1 of the present species
might not be mm. 4 of E. melitensis. Many of the serial determina-
tions made by Leith- Adams are provisional 3, and they are in the
main followed here with the same proviso. It is probable that
there was a complete transition from E. antiquus through the
present form to E. melitensis ; and whether the three forms be
regarded as distinct species, or merely as races of one or two very
variable species, is a matter of individual opinion, and one of com-
paratively little import 4.

Hob. Malta. All the following specimens (which are the types)
are from the Pleistocene cavern and rock-fissure deposits of that
island. Unless otherwise stated, they belong to the Leith-Adams
Collection, which was purchased in 1873 ; the majority of these
specimens have been described and figured by Leith-Adams in the
Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. part 1 (1874).

49212. The left exoccipital ; from Zebbug cave. Figured by Busk

(Fig.) in the Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. pi. xliv. figs. 3, 4 (as

Elephas, sp.). Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-80.

1 ' Notes of a Naturalist in the Nile Valley and Malta,' p. 224 : Edinburgh,
1870. The name was here given as E. mnaidra, but was amended by its author
in the Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. p. 116 (1874).

2 Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. p. 112.

3 Ibid. pp. 109-111.

4 See Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 110. Pohlig (Sitz. niederrhein. Ges. Feb. 4th,
L884) proposes to include E. melitce (sic), Falc., in E. antiquus, and it may be
inferred that such inclusion would embrace the present form.

ELEPHANT!!)^. 139

44282. Fragment of the left maxilla, containing m. 1 (?) ; from

(Fig.) Mnaidra gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams in

the Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. p. 22, pi. viii. fig. 5.

44280. Fragment of the right maxilla, containing part of m.2 and
(Fig.) the complete m. 3; from Mnaidra gap. Described and
figured, op. tit. p. 33, pi. viii. fig. 2.

44233. A third upper milk-molar. Described and figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) p. 16, pi. i. fig. 13.

44298. An imperfect third upper milk-molar. Noticed, op. tit.

p. 16 (as No. 97).

44238. An imperfect third upper milk-molar. Noticed, op. tit.
p. 16 (as No. 89).

44268. An imperfect fourth upper milk-molar. Noticed, op. tit.
p. 18 (as No. 12).

44299. An imperfect fourth upper milk-molar. Noticed, op. tit.

p. 21 (as No. 52).

44300. An imperfect fourth upper milk-molar. Noticed, op. tit.

p. 21 (as No. 13).

44279. The fourth left upper milk-molar, in an early stage of wear ;
(Fig.) from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured, op. tit. p. 21,
pi. iii. figs. 4, 4 a, 4 b.

44273. The fourth left upper milk-molar; from Mnaidra gap.
(Fig.) Described and figured, op. tit. p. 21, pi. iv. figs. 2, 2 a.

44254. A much-worn second upper true molar ; from Mnaidra gap.
(Fig.) Described and figured, op. tit. p. 6, pi. ii. fig. 7.

44275. The well-worn second left upper true molar ; from Gandia
(Fig.) fissure. Described and figured, op. tit. p. 26, pi. iii. fig. 1.

44283. The greater portion of the half-worn second upper true
(Fig.) molar; from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured, op.
cit. p. 26, pi. viii. fig. 4.

44303. A second upper (?) true molar ; from Mnaidra gap.

44277. The first left upper true molar; from Gandia fissure.
(Fig.) Described and figured, op. cit. p. 22, pi. iii. figs. 3, 3 a.

140 UNGTOATA.

44309. Anterior portion of a third upper true molar, in an early

stage of wear. Noticed, op. cit. p. 34 (as No. 68).

44305. Middle portion of a half-worn third upper true molar, in a

broken condition. Noticed, op. cit. p. 34 (as No. 78).

44306. A third upper true molar, in an early stage of wear ; from
(Pig.) Mnaidra gap. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 33,

pi. vii. fig. 1.

44281. The third left upper true molar; from Mnaidra gap. De-
(Fig.) scribed and figured, op. cit. p. 34, pi. viii. figs. 1,1 a.

44287. The third left upper true molar, in a very early stage of
(Fig.) wear ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured, op. cit.
p. 33, pi. viii. fig. 3.

44310. The greater portion of the well-worn third right upper true

molar, in a damaged condition. Noticed, op. cit. p. 33
(as No. 64).

44319. Portion of a large incisor. Described and figured, op. cit.
(Fig.} p. 9, pi. xi. fig. 11.

44320. Fragment of a large incisor. Noticed, op. cit. p. 9 (as

No. 2).

44321. Portion of a large incisor. Described and figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) p. 9, pi. xi. fig. 12.

49210. Fragment of an incisor ; from Zebbug cave. Noticed by
Busk in the Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. p. 233 (as Elephas,
ap.). Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44323, 44324. The tips of two small incisors. Described and
(Fig.) figured by Leith- Adams, op. cit. p. 9, pi. xi. figs. 14, 15.

49207. Symphysis of the mandible; from Zebbug cave. Figured

(Fig.) by Busk in the Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. pi. xliv. fig. 1

(as Elephas, sp.). Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44236. Cast of the symphysis and part of the right ramus of the man-
(Fig.) dible, containing the well-worn mm. 3 (?). The original

is described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. pp. 16,

38, pi. i. fig. 12, and pi. vi. fig. 2.

44311. Part of a mandible, containing the greater portion of mm. 4
and nTT, in a damaged condition ; from Mnaidra gap.

141

44217. Fragment of a mandibular ramus, containing part of the
germ of m72 ; from Mnaidra gap. Noticed, op. tit. pp. 44,
45 (as No. 107).

44291. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.} m |2 ; from Benghisa gap. Described and figured, op. cit.
p. 25, pi. xi. figs. 10, 10 a.

44234. The third left lower milk-molar. Described and figured,
(Fig.) op. cit. p. 16, pi. i. fig. 16 (described in text as an upper
tooth).

44227. A small specimen of the third lower milk-molar. Described
(Fig.) and figured, op. cit. p. 15, pi. i. fig. 9. The specific refer-
ence is provisional.

44230. A slightly-worn third lower milk-molar. Described and
(Fig.) figured, op. cit. p. 16, pi. i. fig. 15.

44241-43-44-47. Four specimens of the third lower milk-molar.
Noticed, op. cit. p. 15 (as Nos. 3, 4, 6, 10).

44295-97. Three specimens of the third lower milk-molar. Noticed,
op. cit. p. 16 (as Nos. 76, 77, 82).

44301. A fourth lower milk-molar, about one-third worn. Noticed,
op. cit. p. 22 (as No. 63).

44278. A half- worn fourth lower milk-molar ; from Mnaidra gap.
(Fig.) Described and figured, op. cit. p. 21, pi. iii. figs. 5, 5 a.

44276. The middle portion of a half- worn second lower true
(Fig.) molar: from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured, op.
cit. p. 27, pi. iii. fig. 2.

44273. The half-worn second right lower true molar ; from Gandia
(Fig.) fissure. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 22, pi. iv. fig. 4.

44274. The second left lower true molar; from Mnaidra gap.
(Fig.) Described and figured, op. cit. p. 22, pi. iv. fig. 5.

44315. Fragment of a worn second lower true molar ; from Mnaidra
gap. Noticed, op. cit. p. 27 (as No. 81 b).

44284. Hinder portion of a half-worn third lower true molar of
(Fig.) large size ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured, op.
cit. p. 34, pi. viii. fig. 7.

142 UtfGTOLATA.

44242. A little-worn third lower milk-molar. Described, op. cit.

p. 15 (as No. 62); it is practically indistinguishable from

No. 44250, which Leith-Adams regards as mm. 3 of E.

melitensis.

44232. A third lower milk-molar ; from Mnaidra gap. Described
(Fig.) and figured, op. cit. p. 16, pi. i. fig. 14.
44308. The half- worn third right lower true molar ; from Mnaidra

gap. Noticed, op. cit. p. 34 (as No. 36).

44285-6. The associated right and left third lower true molars ;
(Fig.) from Benghisa gap. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 32,

pi. viii. fig. 9.
44292. The third right lower true molar, about one-third worn, in

a fractured condition. Noticed, op. cit. p. 25 (as No. 42).

44288. The third right lower true molar, in an early stage of wear ;
(Fig.) from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 33,
pi. viii. figs. 8, 8 a.

44304. The third right lower true molar, about one-third worn ;
(Fig.) from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 33,

pi. vii. figs. 2, 2 a. The crown is remarkable for its

excessive lateral curvature.

44308. The third left lower true molar, about one-third worn ; from
Mnaidra gap.

44270. Detached ridge of a milk-molar.
44302. Seven ridges of an unworn true molar.
44314. Fragment of a second or third true molar.

44380. Part of the glenoidal extremity of a scapula ; from Mnaidra
(Fig.) gap. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 52, pi. xi. fig. 3.

44379. The head of a humerus ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured, op. cit. p. 52, pi. xi. fig. 2.

44377. The head and part of the shaft of a humerus ; from Mnaidra
(Fig.) gap. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 51, pi. xi. fig. 1.

44381. The head of a smaller humerus.

44383. The proximal extremity of an immature radius ; from
(Fig.) Mnaidra gap. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 54, pi. x.
figs. 7, 7 a.

44217 a. The proximal extremity of an immature radius. Noticed,
op. cit. p. 54.

143

44384. The distal epiphysis of the right radius ; from Mnaidra gap.
(Fig.} Described and figured, op. cit. p. 55, pi. x. fig. 6.

44385. The distal epiphysis of a smaller right radius. Noticed,

op. cit. p. 55.

44440 a. The distal extremity of a radius.

44386. The distal epiphysis of the left radius. Noticed, op. cit.

p. 55.

44390. The left scaphoid ; from Gandia fissure. Described and
(Fig.) figured, op. cit. p. 66, pi. xvii. fig. 10.

44391. The left lunar ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured,
(Fig.) op. cit. p. 68, pi. xviii. fig. 1.

44392 a. The right lunar ; from Benghisa gap. Noticed, op. cit.
p. 68.

44392. The right cuneiform ; from Gandia fissure. Described and
(Fig.) figured, op. cit. p. 69, pi. xviii. fig. 2.

44393. The left cuneiform ; from Gandia fissure. Described and
(Fig.) figured, op. cit. p. 69, pi. xviii. fig. 5.

44394. The left magnum; from Mnaidra gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured, op. cit. p. 72, pi. xvii. fig. 13.

44395. The right magnum. Noticed, op. cit. p. 72.

44217 b. The left unciform ; from Gandia fissure. Noticed, op. cit.
p. 69, as the right cuneiform (? E. melitensis).

44397. The left unciform.

44398. The left unciform.

44399. The right unciform ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured, op. cit. p. 73, pi. xvii. fig. 12.

44400. The left pisiform; from Mnaidra gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured, op. cit. p. 71, pi. xviii. fig. 3.

44401. The right pisiform ; from Mnaidra gap. Noticed, op. cit.

p. 71.

44528. Three sesamoids. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 107,
(Fig.) pi. xx. figs. 18-20.

144 TTNGTTLATA.

44493, 44525. The left first metacarpal and associated phalangeal ;
(Fig.) from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 90,
pi. xix. fig. 2.

44411. The right third metacarpal ; from Mnaidra gap. Described
(Fig.) and figured, op. cit. p. 95, pi. xix. fig. 10.

44413. The right fourth metacarpal. Described and figured, op.
(Fig.) cit. p. 98, fig. 8. no. 1.

44415. The left fourth metacarpal, imperfect proximally. De-
(Fig.) scribed and figured, op. cit. p. 98, fig. 8. no. 2.

44416. The right fifth metacarpal ; from Mnaidra gap. Described
(Fig.) and figured, op. cit. p. 103, pi. xix. fig. 11.

44417. The right fifth metacarpal. Noticed, op. cit. p. 103.

44526. The third phalangeal of the first digit of the manus ; from
(Fig.) Mnaidra gap. Described and figured, op. dt. p. 90,

pi. xix. fig. 5.

44510-17. The first and second phalangeals of the second digit of
(Fig.) the left manus ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and
figured, op. cit. p. 91, pi. xx. fig. 2.

44497-513. The three phalangeals of the third digit of the left
(Fig.) manus. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 96, pi. xx.
fig. 8.

44504-16. The three phalangeals of the fourth digit of the left
(Fig.) manus, belonging to the same individual as the preceding

specimens. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 101, pi. xx.

fig. 9.

44500. The first phalangeal of the fourth digit of the right manus ;
(Fig.) from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 101,
pi. xx. fig. 13.

44527. A first and second phalangeal, provisionally referred to the
(Fig.) fourth digit of the manus. Described and figured, op. cit.

p. 101, pi. xx. fig. 15.

44509. The proximal phalangeal of the fifth digit of the manus.
(Fig.) Described and figured, op. cit. pp. 103, 105, fig. 9. no. 4.

44524. The third phalangeal of the fifth digit of the left mauus (?);
(Fig.) from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 105,
pi. xix. fig. 14 ; the specific reference is provisional.

145

46213. The shaft of the immature left femur ; from Zebbug cave.
(Fig.) Figured by Busk in the ' Trans. Zool. Soc.' vol. vi. pi. xlv.
fig. 5 (as Elephas, sp.).

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44434. Part of the head of a femur. Described and figured by
(Fig.) Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 58, pi. xi. fig. 5.

44432. The left femur, wanting the distal extremity; from Mnaidra
(Fig.) gap. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 58, pi. xiv.

fig. 1.

44436. The head of a femur.

44433. The distal extremity of the right femur belonging to the
(Fig.) same individual as No. 44432. Described and figured,

op. cit. p. 59, pi. xiv. figs. 2, 2 a.

44435. The distal portion of the right femur ; from Mnaidra gap.
(Fig.) Described and figured, op. cit. p. 58, pi. xi. fig. 6.

44559. The distal portion of the shaft of an immature left femur.
Noticed, op. cit. p. 61.

44444. The left patella ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured,
(Fig.) op. cit. p. 65, pi. xv. fig. 8.

44445. The right patella ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured,
(Fig.) op. dt. p. 65, pi. xv. fig. 7.

44447-8. Two specimens of the patella.

44438. The left tibia ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured,
(Fig.) op. cit. p. 61, pi. xv. fig. 1.

44440. The proximal half of the right tibia ; from Mnaidra gap.
(Fig.) Described and figured, op. cit. p. 61, pi. xv. fig. 3.

44437. The distal extremity of the left tibia ; from Mnaidra gap.
(Fig.) Described and figured, op. cit. p. 62, pi. xv. figs. 2, 2 a,

where it is referred to the right side.

44441. The distal extremity of a fibula ; from Mnaidra gap. De-
(Fig.) scribed and figured, op. cit. p. 64, pi. xv. fig. 4.

44455. The right calcaneum ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured, op. cit. p. 82, pi. xvi. fig. 4.

44439. The left astragalus ; from Mnaidra gap. Noticed, op. cit.

p. 79.

146 UNGULAXA.

44449. The left astragalus ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured, op. cit. p. 79, pi. xvi. fig. 2.

44450. The right astragalus ; from Mnaidra gap. Noticed, op. cit.

p. 79.

44453. The right astragalus ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and
(Fly.} figured, op. cit. p. 79, pi. xvi. fig. 1.

44454. Portion of an astragalus; from Gandia fissure. Noticed,

op. cit. p. 79.

44457. The immature right navicular; from Mnaidra gap. De~
(Fig.) scribed and figured, op. cit. p. 83, pi. xvii. fig. 7.

44458. The left navicular ; from Mnaidra gap. Noticed, op. cit.

p. 83.

44459. The right navicular: from Mnaidra gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured, op. cit. p. 83, pi. xvii. fig. 1.

44460. The left navicular ; from Mnaidra gap. Noticed, op. cit.

p. 83.

44465. The right cuboid; from Mnaidra gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured, op. cit. p. 84, pi. xvii. fig. 4.

44463-4. The right and left ectocuneiform ; from Mnaidra gap.
(Fig.) No. 44464 is described and figured, op. cit. p. 86, pi. xvii.
fig. 2.

44471. A mesocuneiform ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured, op. cit. p. 87, pi. xvii. fig. 3.

44461. The left entocuneiform ; from Gandia fissure. Described
(Fig.) and figured, op. cit. p. 89, pi. xix. fig. 1.

44462. An entocuneiform.

44494. The left first metatarsal, with the first phalangeal ; from
(Fig.) Mnaidra gap. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 91,
pi. xx. figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b.

44475. The right fourth metatarsal ; from Mnaidra gap. Described
(Fig.) and figured, op. cit. p. 99, pi. xx. fig. 4.

44421. The left fifth metatarsal ; from Mnaidra gap. Described
(Fig.) and figured, op. cit. p. 104, pi. xx. fig. 7.

44522. The first phalangeal of the fifth digit of the left pes ; from
(Fig.) Mnaidra gap. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 106,
pi. xix. fig. 13.

147

44501. The first phalangeal of the fifth digit of the left pes ; from
(Fig.) Mnaidra gap. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 104,
pi. sx. fig. 10.

44334. The centra of the third and fourth cervical vertebrae ; from
(Fig.) Muaidra gap. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 48, pi. xi.

fig. 7. These specimens belonged to the same individual
as the femur (No. 44435) represented in fig. 6 of the same
plate.

44335. Three imperfect middle dorsal vertebrae of the same
(Fig.) individual ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured,

op. cit. p. 48, pi. xi. fig. 8.

44343. The imperfect first dorsal vertebra ; from Mnaidra gap.
(Fig.) Described and figured, op. cit. p. 48, pi. x. fig. 1.

44344. The centrum of a middle (? ninth) dorsal vertebra; from
(Fig.) Mnaidra gap. Described and figured, op. cit. p. 48, pi. x.

fig. 4.

49209. Neural spine of a dorsal vertebra; from Zebbug cave.
(Fig.) Figured by Busk in the ' Trans. Zool. Soc.' vol. vi. pi. xliv.
fig. 2 (as Elephas, sp.).

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44345-9-50. Three imperfect dorsal vertebrae.
44352-3. The centra of two caudal vertebrae.

44363. The head of a (fifth ?) rib ; from Mnaidra gap. Described
(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 48, pi. x. fig. 2.

44364. The head of a rib ; from Mnaidra gap.

44365. The head of a rib; from Mnaidra gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured, op. cit. p. 48, pi. x. fig. 3.

The following specimens, which were likewise obtained from the
caverns and rock-fissures of Malta, belong either to this or the
next species.

49277. An immature right exoccipital; from Zebbug cave. De-
(Fig) scribed and figured by Busk in the ' Trans. Zool. Soc.'

vol. vi. p. 272, pi. Hi. figs. 42', 42' a.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49278. An immature left exoccipital; from Zebbug cave. De-
(Fiy.) scribed and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 273, pi. Hi. figs. 44,

44 a> Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

•j^g TJNGTJLATA.

49279. An immature right exoccipital ; from Zebbug cave. Noticed
by Busk, op. cit. p. 272.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49313. Numerous fragments of the cranium ; from Zebbug cave.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49284. Fragment of a premaxilla with the incisor ; from Zebbug

(Fig.} cave. Described aiid figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 276,

pi. lii. fig. 46. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49313 a. Fragment of the petrosal region ; from Zebbug cave.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44221^4. Four specimens of the second milk-molar. Described
(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams in the 'Trans. Zool. Soc.'
vol. ix. pp. 11, 12, pi. i. figs. 3-6.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44240. A third or fourth upper milk-molar.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49293-6. Four imperfect germs of milk-molars ; from Zebbug cave.
Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49297. Several detached ridges of molars ; from Zebbug cave.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44257-8. Two detached ridges of molars. Described and figured
(Fig.) by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 5, pi. ii. figs. 4, 5.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44269. A partially- worn ridge of a molar.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44255. Portions of two ridges of a molar, split vertically in the
(Fig.) long axis of the crown. Described and figured by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 6, pi. ii. fig. 6.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44256. An unworn ridge of a molar. Described and figured by
(Fig.) Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 5, pi. ii. figs. 3, 3 a.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49314-7. Several fragments of incisors ; from Zebbug cave.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49211. Several abraded fragments of incisors ; from Zebbug cave.
Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

ELEPHANTID.S. 149

44325-7. Three portions of incisors. Described and figured by
(Fig.) Leith-Adams, op. at. p. 9, pi. xi. figs. 16-18.

Leith-Adams Collection, Purchased, 1873.

49291. Fragment of an immature left mandibular ramus ; from
Zebbug cave. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49280. Part of an immature right mandibular ramus ; from Zebbug
(Fig.) cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 278,

pi. lii. figs. 42, 42 a.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49281. Part of an immature left mandibular ramus; from Zebbug

cave. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49282. The anterior portion of the mandible of a very young
(Fig.) individual ; from Zebbug cave. Described and figured by

Busk, op. cit. p. 278, pi. lii. fig. 45.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49283. Part of an immature right mandibular ramus ; from Zebbug
(Fig.) cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 278,

pi. lii. fig. 43. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49214. Fragment of a mandibular ramus ; from Zebbug cave.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49206 C. A very much worn lower molar ; from Zebbug cave.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44374. Fragment of an immature scapula; from Mnaidra gap.

(Fig.) Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 53,
pi. ix. figs. 5, 5 a. There are doubts whether this
specimen really belongs to the Proboscidea.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44537. The glenoidal extremity of an immature scapula; from
(Fig.) Benghisa gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams,

op. cit. p. 53, pi. xxi. fig. 8.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44538. The shaft of an immature humerus: from Benghisa gap.
(Fig.) Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 53,

pi. xxi. figs. 9, 9 a ; this specimen belongs to the same
individual as No. 44537.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44565. The proximal portion of the shaft of an immature humerus.
Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

150 TTNGTTLATA.

44558. The distal portion of the shaft of an immature humerus.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49255. Distal portion of the shaft of a humerus ; from Zcbbug
cave. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49286. The shaft of the immature right humerus ; from Zebbug
(Fig.) cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 279,

pi. lii. fig. 50. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.
49299-301. Three specimens of the shaft of the immature left

humerus ; from Zebbug cave.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44539. The shafts of an immature ulna and radius ; from Benghisa
(Fig.) gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit.
p. 53, pi. xxi. figs. 10, 10 a, 10 6 ; these specimens
belong to the same individual as No. 44537.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44554. The shaft of an immature ulna ; from Mnaidra gap. De-

(Fig.) scribed and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 57, pi. xxi.

figs. 16, 16 a. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44555-6. Two imperfect specimens of the immature radius ; from
(Fig.) Benghisa gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 56, pi. xxi. fig. 15.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49275-6. Two specimens of the shaft of the foetal radius ; from
Zebbug cave. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49320. The distal epiphysis of a radius ; from Zebbug cave.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44528 d. A sesamoid ; described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit.
(Fig.) p. 107, pi. xx. fig. 21.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44528 e. A sesamoid or third phalangeal. Described and figured
(Fig.) by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 107, pi. xx. fig. 22.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.
44527. An immature first phalangeal.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49215. Fragment of shaft of femur ; from Zebbug cave. Noticed
by Busk, op. cit. p. 235.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.
44561. The shaft of an immature left tibia.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

151

44540. The shaft of an immature tibia ; from Benghisa gap.
(Fig.) Described and figured by Leith- Adams, op. dt. p. 63,
pi. xxi. fig. 13.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44557. The shaft of an immature tibia ; from Benghisa gap.
'(Fig.) Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. tit. p. 63,
pi. xxi. figs. 14, 14 a.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44562-3-4. The proximal extremities of three immature specime
of the tibia. Two are noticed by Leith-Adams, op. dt.
p. 63. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49271-4 and 49303-8. Six specimens of the shaft of the immature
tibia, several of them being apparently foetal ; from
Zebbug cave. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44535-41. The neural arch and the neural spines of immature
(Fig.) vertebrae ; from Benghisa gap. The former is figured by
Leith-Adams, op. cit. pi. xxi. fig. 11.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44367. Portion of a rib.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44536-42. Portions of immature ribs ; from Benghisa gap. One
(Fig.) is figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. pi. xxi. fig. 12.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

Elephas melitensis, Falconer !.

Including E. fakoneri, Busk 2.
Syn. Loxodon melitensis, auct.

The relationship of the present species to E. mnaidriensis has been
mentioned under the latter head. The ridge-formula according to
Leith-Adams 3 is (exclusive of talons) Mm. j^'glg, M. gig ' ^ ' g.
The typical form of the species is estimated to have occasionally
attained a height of five feet, while the smaller form (to which
Busk assigned the name E. falconeri) was only about three feet in
height 4. Apart from their smaller size, and the tendency to a
slightly lower number of ridges, the molars are very similar to
those of E. mnaidriensis, but the plication of the enamel is frequently

1 ' Parthenon,' Oct. 18, 1862, p. 780.

2 Trans. Zool. Soc. TO!, vi. p. 251 (1867— read 1865).

3 Ibid. vol. ix. p. 112 (1874). 4 Ibid. p. 116.

152 TJNGULATA.

rather more marked, and there are some other slight structural
differences *. If this and the preceding form are reckoned merely
as varieties of a single species, the name E. melitensis has the
priority. As in the case of the last species, there is considerable
uncertainty as to the serial position of many of the teeth, the
provisional determinations of Busk and Leith- Adams (Trans. Zool.
Soc. vols. vi. & ix.) being followed. The same authorities are
responsible for the specific reference of the bones respectively
referred to this and the preceding species.

Hob. Malta, and (?) North Africa. All the following specimens
(which comprise several of the types of E. melitensis and all those of
E. falconeri) were obtained from the Pleistocene cavern and rock-

44332. A stylo-hyal ; from Benghisa gap. Described and figured
(Fig.) by Leith-Adams in the ' Trans. Zool. Soc.' vol. ix. p. 45,
pi. xv. fig. 10.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44529. A small left exoccipital ; from Benghisa gap. Noticed by
Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 37.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.
44368. A petrosal. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 36.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44235. Fragment of the facial part of an immature cranium,
(Fig.) showing the incisors and part of the left mm. 4 ; from
Benghisa gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 18, pi. i. fig. 18.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44218. The palatal region of the cranium, showing the third true
(Fig.) molar of either side, about one-third worn ; from Ben-
ghisa gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op.
cit. p. 29, pi. iv. fig. 1.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44219. Part of the palate, showing m. 3 Of either side, the left being

imperfect ; from Mnaidra gap. Noticed by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 30 (as No. 87).

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44249. Fragment of the right maxilla with mm 3. ; from Mnaidra
(Fig.) gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit.
p. 14, pi. ii. fig. 1.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.
1 Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. p. 110 (1874).

ELEPHAKTIDJ3. 153

49240. The germ of a third (?) upper milk-molar ; from Zebbug
(Fig.) cave. Described and figured by Busk in the « Trans. Zool.

Soc. ' vol. vi. p. 289, pi. liii. figs. 6, 6a; and also in
'Falconer's Palaeontological Memoirs,' vol. ii.p. 297, pi. zi.
figs. 4, 4 a. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44225. A third upper milk-molar ; from Mnaidra gap. Described

(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 14, pi. i. figs. 7, 7 a.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44237. A fourth upper milk-molar. Noticed by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 17. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49206 b. Fragment of a fourth upper milk-molar (?) ; from Zebbug

(Fig.) cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 290,

pi. liii. figs. 8, 8a; it agrees very closely in size with

No. 49268. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44228. A fourth upper milk-molar ; from Benghisa gap. Described
(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 17, pi. i. fig. 11.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44231. A fourth upper milk-molar ; from Mnaidra gap. Described
(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 18, pi. i. fig. 17.
Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44245. A fourth upper milk-molar; from Mnaidra gap. Noticed
by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 18.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44239. A fourth upper milk-molar ; from Mnaidra gap. Described
(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 18, pi. i. fig. 10.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49268. The fourth right upper milk-molar (?) ; from Zebbug cave.

(Fig.) This specimen (woodcut, fig. 27) is described and figured
by Busk, op. cit. p. 290, fig. 44 ; it apparently indicates a
tooth one place earlier in the series than No. 49267.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1873.

49241. Part of the germ of a fourth upper milk-molar ; from Zebbug
(Fig.) cave. Figured by Busk, op. cit. pi. liii. figs. 7, 7 a.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49267. The first (?) right upper true molar ; from Zebbug cave.

(Fig.) Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 295, pi. liii.
figs. 9, 9 a (as E. fakoneri), and in ' Falconer's Palajonto-
logical Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 294, pi. si. figs. 2, 2 a; it is
also noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 20. Falconer

154

Elphas melitensis. — The fourth right upper milk-molar (?) ; from Zebbug cave,
Malta. }, The left border of the upright figure is the inner border of the
specimen. (From the Trans. Zool. Soc.)

was doubtful whether to regard this tooth as m. 1 or m. 2 ;
Busk provisionally adopted the former view, which is
accepted by Lcith-Adams.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44252. The hinder portion of a first upper true molar ; from
(Fiy.) Mnaidra gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 20, pi. ii. figs. 9, 9 a.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44312. The third left upper true molar ; from Zebbug cave. De-
(Fig.} scribed and figured in ' Falconer's PalaBontological Me-
moirs,' vol. ii. p. 292, pi. xi. figs. 1, 1 a ; and noticed by
Busk, op. cit. p. 296, and by Lcith-Adams, op. eit. x. p. 28.
Ltith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49235. A milk-incisor ; from Zebbug cave. Described and figured
(Fly.) by Busk, op. cit. p. 284, pi. liii. figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b ; and also

in ' Falconer's Palffiontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 296,

pi. xi. figs. 3, 3 a, 36.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

ELEPHAXTID^E. 155

44220. A milk-incisor ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured
(Fig.) by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 8, pi. i. fig. 2.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44322. Middle portion of an incisor. Described and figured by
(Fig.) Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 9, pi. xi. fig. 13.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44328-9. Two fragments of small incisors. Described and figured
(Fifj.) by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 9, pi. xi. figs. 19, 20.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased , 1873.

44330. Fragments of an incisor.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49265. The extremity of a small incisor; from Zebbug cave.

Noticed by Busk, op. cit. p. 285 (as E. falconeri).

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49266. A small incisor; from Zebbug cave. Described and figured
(Fig.) by Busk, op. cit. p. 285, pi. lii. fig. 48 (as E. falconeri).

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44250. Fragment of the mandible containing mm. 3 ; from Mnaidra

(Fig.) gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 14,

pi. ii. fig. 2. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44260. Fragment of the right ramus of the mandible with ^TT ;
(Fig.) from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 20, pi. vi. figs. 5, 5 a.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44264. The greater portion of the mandible, showing ^2 of either
(Fig.) side, about one-third worn ; from Benghisa gap. De-
scribed and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 25, pi. v.
figs. 1, 1 a, I b.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44259. Part of the left ramus of the mandible showing, the alveoli
(Fig.) of two teeth ; from Benghisa gap. Described and figured
by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 39, pi. vi. fig. 4.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44293. The symphysis and part of the left ramus of the mandible,

(Fig.) showing a portion of m. 2 or m. 3 ; from Benghisa gap.

Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 40,

pi. vi. fig. 3. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

156 TJNGTTLATA.

44294. Part of the symphysis and right ratnus of the mandible,
(Fig.) containing mT3 in a comparatively early stage of wear ;

from Benghisa gap. Described and figured by Leith-

Adams, op. cit. p. 30, pi. vi. figs. 1 , 1 a.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44290. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, containing m. 3,
(Fig.) together with the corresponding tooth of the opposite
side ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and figured by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 31, pi. ix. figs. 1, 1 a, 2 : the specimen
belongs to the small form.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49288. The anterior portion of the right ramus of the mandible ;
from Zebbug cave. Noticed by Busk, op. cit. p. 276.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49216. The ascending portion of a mandibular ramus ; from Zebbug
(Fig.) cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 236,

pi. xlvii. fig. 13.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49217. Fragment of a mandible ; from Zebbug cave. Noticed by

Busk, op. cit. p. 236.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49236. A second lower milk-molar ; from Zebbug cave. Described
(Fig.) and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 286, pi. liii. figs. 2, 2«;

and also in ' Falconer's Palasontological Memoirs,' vol. ii.
p. 297, pi. xii. figs. 1, 1 a.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44226. A third lower milk-molar ; from Benghisa gap. Described
(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 14, pi. i. figs. 8, 8 a.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.
44246. A third lower milk-molar.

Leith-Adams Collectian. Purchased, 1873.

49237. Part of the third left lower milk-molar ; from Zebbug cave.
(Fig.) Described and figured by Busk. op. cit. p. 287, pi. liii.

figs. 3, 3 a. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49238. The third left lower milk-molar ; from Zebbug cave. De-
(Fig.) scribed and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 288, pi. liii.

figs. 4, 4a; and also in 'Falconer's Palasontological
Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 297, pi. xii. figs. 2, 2 a.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

ELEPHANTIDJS. 157

44271. A fourth lower milk-molar ; from Benghisa gap. De-

(Fig.) scribed and figured by Leith- Adams, op. cit. p. 20, pi. iv.

fig. 3. This tooth is much larger than No. 49239, but

is apparently of the same width as the one ridge of mm. 4

shown in No. 44250.

Leith- Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49239. The fourth left lower milk-molar ; from Zebbug cave.

(Fig.) Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 288, pi. liii.
figs. 5, 5 a ; and also in ' Falconer's Palseontological
Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 297, pi. xii. figs. 3, 3 a.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44265. The first right lower true molar; from Mnaidra gap.

(Fig.) Described and figured by Leith- Adams, op. cit. p. 20, pi. v.

fig. 2 ; it apparently belongs to the small form.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44261. An imperfect first lower true molar.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44263. An imperfect first (?) lower true molar.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44262. An imperfect lower true molar.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44317. Fragment of a well-worn second (?) lower true molar.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44251. An imperfect second lower true molar ; from Mnaidra gap.
(Fig.) Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 25,
pi. ii. figs. 8, 8 a.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44253. Anterior portion of a small third lower true molar ; from
(Fig.) Mnaidra gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 32, pi. ii. figs. 10, \ 0 a.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49206 a. The hinder half of the third right lower true molar ; from
(F'uj.) Zebbug cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit.
p. 293, pi. liii. fig. 13.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49243. The third right lower true molar, imperfect anteriorly;
(Fig.) from Zebbug cave. Described and figured by Busk, op.
cit. p. 291, pi. liii. fig. 12.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

158 UNGULATA.

49242. The third left lower true molar, about one-third worn ; from
(Fig.) Zebbug cave. Described and figured in 'Falconer's Palse-
ontological Memoirs/ vol. ii. p. 298, pi. xii. figs. 4, 4 a,
and by Busk, op. cit. p. 294, pi. liii. figs. 11, 11 a. Busk
seems to have had some doubt as to the serial position
of this tooth, but Leith- Adams ('The Nile Valley and
Malta,' p. 227, note 6) confirms Falconer's view ; it is in-
ferred that when complete the specimen had 12 or 13
ridges. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44534. A rolled molar adhering to a pebble ; from Malak cave.

Leitli-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49225. The glenoidal portion of a scapula; from Zebbug cave.

(Fig.) Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 243, pi. xlviii.

figs. 23, 23 a. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44373. Fragment of a scapula.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44371. The glenoidal half of a scapula; from Benghisa gap. De-
(Fig.) scribed and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 50, pi. xii.

figs. 2, 2 a. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44372. The glenoidal extremity of a scapula ; from Benghisa gap.
(Fig.) Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 50,

pi. xii. figs. 3, 3 a.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49252. The glenoidal half of a small right scapula ; from Zebbug
(Fig.) cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 254,

pi. xlvii. fig. 14 bis (as E. falconeri).

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49253. A small left humerus, wanting the proximal epiphysis;
(Fig.) from Zebbug cave. Described and figured by Busk, op.

cit. p. 255, pi. xlix. figs. 26, 26 a bis (as E. falconeri) ;
and also in ' Falconer's Palasontological Memoirs,' vol. ii.
p. 303, pi. xiv. figs. 1-5.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49232. Fragment of the head of a humerus ; from Zebbug cave.
Noticed by Busk, op. cit. p. 235.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44378. The head of a humerus ; from Gandia fissure. Described
(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams, 07?. cit. p. 52, pi. xi. fig. 4.
Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

ELEPHANTID^E. 159

44376. Part of the proximal end of a humenis.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44375. The proximal half of the right humenis; from Benghisa
C%0 gaP- Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit.
p. 50, pi. xii. fig. 1.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44429. Part of the shaft of a humenis.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49285. The shaft of a young humerus ; from Zebbug cave. De-

(Fig.) scribed and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 279, pi. Hi. fig. 49

(as E. falconeri). Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49287. Distal portion of the shaft of a small right humerus ; from
Zebbug cave. Noticed by Busk, op. cit. p. 280 (as E.
falconeri). Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49254. The distal extremity of a small humerus ; from Zebbug
(Fig.) cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 259,
pi. xlix. fig. 27 (as E. falconeri).

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49226. The proximal extremity of the right humerus ; from Zebbug

{Fig.} cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 244,

pi. xlviii. fig. 22. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49228. The olecranal process of an ulna ; from Zebbug cave. De-

(Fiy.) scribed and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 246, pi. xlviii.

fig. 25. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44382. The distal epiphysis of an ulna ; from Benghisa gap. De-
(Fig.) scribed and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 55, pi. xiii.

fig. 3. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44552. Proximal portion of an ulna, perhaps immature; from Gandia
(Fig.) fissure. Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit.

p. 57, pi. xxi. fig. 17.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44389. Proximal portion of the shaft of an ulna ; from Benghisa
(Fig.) gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit.
p. 55, pi. x. figs. 9, 9 «.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49256. The proximal half of a small right ulna; from Zebbug
(Fig.) cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 260,
pi. xlix. figs. 28, 28 a (as E. falconeri).

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

160 tJNGULATA.

49257. The proximal half of a small left ulna ; from Zebbug cave.
Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49227-9. Two imperfect shafts of the ulna ; from Zobbug cave.
(Fig.) The former is described and figured by Busk, op. cit.
p. 245, pi. xlviii. figs. 24, 24 a.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44556. Distal portion of the shaft of an immature radius provisionally
referred to this species.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44388. The distal epiphysis of a radius ; from Benghisa gap. De-

(Fig.) scribed and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 55, pi. xiii.

fig. 2. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44402. The right scaphoid; from Benghisa gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 67, woodcut fig. 4.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44403. The right lunar; from Benghisa gap. Described and figured
(Fig.) by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 68, pi. xviii. fig. 4.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44466. The right cuneiform ; from Benghisa gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 70, pi. xviii. fig. 9.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44467. An imperfect cuneiform.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44468. The right cuneiform; from Benghisa gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 70, pi. xviii. fig. 8.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44533. The left cuneiform, of very small size ; from Benghisa gap.
(Fig.) Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 70,
pi. xviii. fig. 7.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44404. The right trapezoid; from Mnaidra gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 72, pi. xvii. fig. 11.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.
49352. A small magnum ; from Zebbug cave.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44405. The left magnum; from Mnaidra gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 73, pi. xvii. fig. 14.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

161

44406. The left magnum (imperfect).

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44407. The left unciform; from Gandia fissure. Described and
(fig-) figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 74, pi. xvii. fig. 9.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44387. A small left unciform. Described by Leith-Adams, op. cit.
p. 74. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44545. An imperfect unciform. Described by Leith-Adams, op. cit.
p. 73. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44408-9. The right and left pisiform ; from Mnaidra gap. Both
(Fig.) are described by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 72, the latter
being figured by him in pi. xviii. fig. 6.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44489. A first metacarpal ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 91, pi. v. fig. 4.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44487. A first metacarpal and first phalangeal; from Mnaidra
(Fig.) gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit.
p. 91, pi. v. fig. 5.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44184. A third (?) metacarpal ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 95, pi. v. fig. 3.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44422-3. The associated right third and fourth metacarpals ; from
(Fig.) Benghisa gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. pp. 95, 99, pi. xix. figs. 3, 4.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44424. The left fifth metacarpal. Described by Leith-Adams, op.

cit. p. 103. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44425. The left fifth metacarpal ; from Mnaidra gap. Described
(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 103, pi. xix.

fig. 12. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44496 a. The first phalangeal of the second (?) digit of a manus ;
(Fig.) from Benghisa gap. Described and figured by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 105, pi. xx. fig. 14.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.
PABT iv. M

162 TTNGTJLATA.

44496. The first phalangeal of the third digit of a manus ; from
(fig.) Mnaidra gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 96, pi. xx. fig. 16.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44496*. The first phalangeal of the fifth digit of the left manus J
(Fig.) from Benghisa gap. Described and figured by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 106, pi. xx. fig. 11.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49258. A small first phalangeal of the third digit of a manus ; from
(Fig.) Zebbug cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit.

p. 263, pi. li. fig. 41 (as E. falconeri).

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44543-50. Seven associated bones of the left manus of a small in-
(Fig.). dividual ; from Benghisa gap. Described and figured by
Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 75, pi. xxi. figs. 1-7.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49224. Part of an ischium ; from Zebbug cave. Described and
(Fig.) figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 242, pi. xlviii. fig. 26.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44430. The left innominate ; from Benghisa gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 49, pi. xv. figs. 9, 9a.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49259. The greater part of a small left innominate ; from Zebbug
(Fig.) cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 263,

pi. 1. fig. 31 (as E. falconeri) ; and also in ' Falconer's

Palasontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 303, pi. xiii. figs. 5, 6.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49260. The shaft of a small left femur ; from Zebbug cave. De-
(Fig.) scribed and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 266, pi. 1. figs. 29,

29 a (as E. falconeri) ; and also in ' Falconer's Palasonto-
logical Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 303, pi. xiv. figs. 6-10.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44431. A femur, wanting the proximal extremity ; from Benghisa
C^yO gaP- Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit.

p. 59, pi. xiv. figs. 3, 3 a.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49230. The shaft of the right femur ; from Zebbug cave. Described
(Fig.) and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 247, pi. xiv. fig. 6.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

ELEPHANTI!).®. 163

49231. Part of the head of a femur ; from Zebbug cave. Noticed
by Busk, op. cit. p. 236.

Spratt Collection. Presented 1874-78.

49261. The proximal portion of a small left femur ; from Zebbug
(Fiij.) cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 264,
pi. 1. fig. 30 (as E. falconeri).

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44553. The proximal portion of the shaft of a femur ; from Mnaidr.i
(Fig.) gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit.
p. 60, pi. xxi. fig. 18.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44446. The right patella, associated with No. 44431 ; from Benghisa
(Fig.) gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 65,
pi. xv. fig. 6.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49269-70. The proximal half of the shaft and the epiphysis of an
(Fig.) immature tibia ; from Zebbug cave. Figured by Busk,
op. cit. pi. xlvii. figs. 15, 15 a.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49304-5. Two small specimens of the shaft of the tibia; from
(Fig.) Zebbug cave. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44442-3. The distal extremities of the right and left fibula ; from
(Fig.) Mnaidra gap. Both are described by Leith-Adams, op.
cit. p. 64, the former being figured in pi. xv. fig. 5.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49289. The distal extremity of a small fibula (?); from Zebbug

(Fig.) cave. Figured by Busk, op. cit. pi. lii. figs. 47, 47 a (as

E. falconeri). Spratt Collection. Presented, 1 874-78.

44451-6. The right and left calcaneum ; from Benghisa gap.
(Fig.) Both are described by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 82, the
former being figured in pi. xvi. fig. 5.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44452. The left astragalus ; from Mnaidra gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 80, pi. x. fig. 10 ; and
by Busk, op. cit. p. 270, woodcut fig. 29.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.
M2

164

T7NGULATA.

44531. A very small right astragalus (woodcut, fig. 28); from
(Fig.) Mnaidra gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op.

cit. p. 81, pi. xvi. fig. 3 ; and by Busk, op. cit. p. 270,

woodcut fig. 30 (as E. falconeri).

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

Fig. 28.

Elephas melitensis.—Tke right astragalus of a small race ; from the Pleistocene
of Malta. \. (From the Trans. Zool. Soc.)

49263. An equal-sized left astragalus ; from Zebbug cave. De-
(Fig.) scribed and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 268, pi. xlvii.
fig. 14 (as E. falconeri).

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44532. The (immature?) right navicular; from Mnaidra gap.
(Fig.) Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 83,
pi. xvii. fig. 8.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44469. The right cuboid. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 85.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44470. The left cuboid ; from Benghisa gap. Described and
(Fig.) figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 85, pi. xvii. fig. 5.

• Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44410. The left entocuneiform ; from Benghisa gap. Described

(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 88, pi. xvii. fig. 6.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

ELEPHANTID.E. 165

444:72. The left second metatarsal.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44473. The left second metatarsal ; from Mnaidra gap. Described

(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 93, pi. xx. figs. 5,

5 a. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44485. The left second metatarsal ; from Mnaidra gap. Described
(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 94, pi. xx. figs. 3,

3 a. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44483, 44488. The associated left third and fourth metatarsals of a
(Fig.) small individual ; from Benghisa gap. Described and

figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. pp. 96, 100, pi. xix.

figs. 6, 7. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49264. A small fourth metatarsal ; from Zebbug cave. Described

(Fig.) and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 271, pi. li. fig. 40 (as

E. falconeri). Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44478. The right fourth metatarsal ; from Mnaidra gap. Described

(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 100, pi. xx. fig. 6.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44486. The left first metatarsal. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit.

p. 91. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44495. The left first metatarsal ; from Mnaidra gap. Described
(Fig.) and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 91, pi. xx. fig. 2.
Leith-Adams Collection. PurcJiased, 1873.

44527*. The right first metatarsal or metacarpal ; from Mnaidra

(Fig.) gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 91,

pi. xix. fig. 9. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44490. The second phalangeal of the first digit of the left pes ; from
(Fig.) Mnaidra gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 91, pi. xix. fig. 8.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44520. The first phalangeal of the second digit of a pes ; from Mnaidra
(Fig.) gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit.
p. 104, pi. xx. fig. 7.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 3873.

44523. The first phalangeal of the fifth digit of the right pes ; from
(Fig.) Mnaidra gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 106, pi. xix. fig. 15. The specific reference of
this and the preceding specimen is provisional.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49218. One half of the atlas vertebra ; from Zebbug cave. De-

(Fig.) scribed and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 238, pl.^ xlvii.

£g_ 12, Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49244. The left half of a small atlas vertebra ; from Zebbug cave.
(Fig.) Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 251, pi. li.
figs. 32, 32 a (as E. falconeri).

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44333. The imperfect atlas vertebra; from Benghisa gap. De-

(Fig.) scribed and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 46, pi. xiii.

figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b. Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49233. Part of the atlas vertebra ; from Zebbug cave. Described
(Fig.) and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 251, pi. li. figs. 33, 33 a.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49234. Fragment of the atlas vertebra ; from Zebbug cave. De-
(Fig.) scribed and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 238, pi. li. fig. 35.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49219. The seventh cervical vertebra ; from Zebbug cave. De-
(Fig.) scribed and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 238, pi. xlvi. fig. 9.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44337-42. The first seven associated dorsal vertebrae, mostly
(Fig.) wanting the neural arches ; from Mnaidra gap. Described

and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 46, pi. xi. fig. 9.

The first two vertebrae are also figured in pi. ix. fig. 3.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44347, 44348, 44351. Three imperfect trunk- vertebrae.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49220. The sixth or seventh dorsal vertebra ; from Zebbug cave.
(Fig.) Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 240, pi. xlvi.

figs. 10, 10 a; and also in 'Falconer's Palaeontological
Memoirs/ vol. ii. p. 302, pi. xiii. figs. 1-^4.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44359. The centrum of a small middle dorsal vertebra ; from Ben-
(Fig.) ghisa gap. Described and figured by Leith-Adams, op.
cit. p. 47, pi. x. fig. 5.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.
44354-6. The centra of three dorsal vertebrae.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.
44530. Extremity of the neural spine of a trunk- vertebra.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

KLEPHANXLD^B. 167

49245. The neural arch of a small dorsal vertebra ; from Zebbug
(Fig.) cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 253,

pi. li. figs. 34, 34 a (as E. falconeri).

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49246. The neural spine of a small dorsal vertebra; from Zebbug
(Fig.) cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 253,

pi. li. figs. 36, 36 a (as E. falconeri).

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49247-50. Four fragments of small neural arches and spines ; from
Zebbug cave. Noticed by Busk, op. cit. p. 253 (as E.
falconeri). Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49222. Neural spine of a dorsal vertebra; from Zebbug cave.
(Fig.) Described and figured by Busk. op. cit. p. 241, pi. xlv.

fig. 7. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49221. The imperfect second or third lumbar vertebra ; from Zeb-
(Fig.) bug cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 241.
pi. xlvi. figs. 11, 11 a.

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

44357-8. Two imperfect caudal vertebrae.

Leiih- Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

44369-70. Heads of the second and third ribs of small individuals ;
(Figf) from Benghisa gap. Described and figured by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 47, pi. ix. figs. 6, 6 a, 7.

Leith-Adams Collection. Purchased, 1873.

49223. The proximal half of the second right rib ; from Zebbug
(Fig.) cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 241,

pi. xlv. fig. 8. Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

49251. The proximal portion of a small second rib; from Zebbug
(Fig.) cave. Described and figured by Busk, op. cit. p. 253,
pi. li. fig. 31 (as E. falconeri).

Spratt Collection. Presented, 1874-78.

Elephas namadicuSj Falconer and Cautley1.
Syn. Euelephas namadicus, auct.

The cheek-teeth of this species appear frequently almost or quite

indistinguishable from those of the broad-toothed variety of E. an-

tiquus, although the ridge-formula is, on the whole, rather higher

and the ridges themselves are somewhat taller : some teeth, however

1 Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, pt. 2, pi. xiii. (184T>).

168 TJNGULATA.

especially those from Burma, China, and Japan, show excessive
plication of the enamel, and thereby approximate to K indicus,
although with a lower ridge-formula1. In their height and number
of ridges, the teeth are intermediate between those of E. hysudricus
and E. indicus ; and were it not for the peculiar character of the
cranium, the species might be regarded as the direct link between
the two. The adult cranium is characterized by the presence of a
bold, overlapping, transverse ridge on the f rentals2, which appears
to be wanting in E. antiquus. On the occipital aspect the great
depth of the fissure for the ligamentum nuchse indicates that the
species is probably a descendant of E. hysudricus.

Hub. India, Burma3, China4, and Japan5. In India the species
occurs in the Pleistocene of the Narbada valley, and it is probable
that the other specimens are from strata of equivalent age. The
woodcut (fig. 29) represents a molar from the Pleistocene of Japan,

Fig. 29.

Elephas namadicus. — The second right upper true molar ; from the Pleistocene
between Kanagawa and Tokio (Yedo), Japan, f . The lower border of
the figure is the inner border of the specimen. (From the Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.)

J One of the Japanese specimens was referred by Leith-Adams to E. indicus.

2 It has been suggested by Leith-Adams (' British Fossil Elephants ' [Mon. Pal.
Soc.], p. 52) that this feature is partly due to crushing — a view disproved by its
occurrence in numerous specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta (see ' Palse-
ontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. p. 281, and the writer's ' Catalogue of Pleisto-
cene and Prehistoric Vertebrata in the Indian Museum,' p. 14 (1886).

3 Specimens from the Irawadi Valley in the Indian Museum.
* Vide p. 169, No. 29007.

8 Naumann, ' Palseontographica,' vol. xxviii. art. 1, p. 25 (1881).

ELEPHANIJD^!. 169

which may pretty safely be referred to the present species, although
it was described by Leith-Adams, in the ' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.'
vol. xxiv. p. 496, as belonging to E. indicus1. This specimen is
•undoubtedly specifically identical with the Japanese specimens de-
scribed by Naumann, one of which (pi. vii.) was obtained from the
neighbourhood of Tokio ; the third lower true molar in these
specimens (pi. vi.) has but sixteen ridges, and therefore differs
widely from m. 3 of E indicus.

All the following specimens are from the Narbada Valley, and, unless
otherwise indicated, were presented by O. Fraser, Esq., 1849.

M. 3092. The cranium, wanting the incisive alveoli, but showing

(Fig.) portions of the third true molar of either side. This

specimen is figured by Falconer and Cautley in the

' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pis. xii. A. and xii. B. figs. 1-3,

and is the type of the species.

Purchased from the Directors of the United Service Museum.

M. 3093. The imperfect immature cranium, showing portions of the
(Fig.) firs b(?) true molar. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op.
cit. pi. xxiv. A. figs. 4, 4 a. The frontal ridge is compara-
tively small, leaving a large flat space above the nasal
aperture. There is a fragment of the right incisor of the
same individual.

36687. Fragment of the palate, showing the imperfect and half-
(Fig.) worn m- 3 of either side. Figured by Falconer and
Cautley, op. cit. pi. xiii. figs. 2, 2 a.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, I860-

M. 3094. Fragment of the left maxilla, containing the hinder half
of the well-worn m. 3.

29007. The hinder half of a third left upper true molar, provi-
sionally referred to this species ; from the Pleistocene of
China. This specimen is noticed by Busk in the ' Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.' vol. xxiv. p. 498 (1868), where it is
referred to E. armeniacus. It agrees, however, very closely
with Nos. 36687 and M. 3094, and shows the deep grooving
of the enamel characteristic of this species and E. antiquus ;
the ridges are farther apart than in E. armeniacus, and
their wear is different.

Purchased from D. Hanbury, Esq., 1854.

1 A cast of this specimen, which the writer has compared with the specimens
in the Museum, is preserved in the Museum of the Geological Society.

170 UNGULATA.

M. 3095. Fragment of a first or second upper (?) true molar, in a
(Fig.) partially-worn condition. Figured by Falconer and

Cautley, op. cit. pi. xiii. figs. 3, 3 a.

M. 1992. An imperfect third upper true molar, longitudinally and
(Fig.) vertically bisected. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op.

cit. pi. xiii. figs. I, I a, I b.

M. 3100. The greater portion of the inaudible., showing m. 3 of
(Fig.) either side in a damaged condition. Figured by Falconer

and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xii. c. figs. 5, 5 a.

M. 3100 a. The greater part of the left ramus of the mandible,
(Fig.) containing ^r~3 in a half-worn condition. Figured by

Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xii. c. figs. 4, 4 a ' ; the

tooth has twenty ridges and talons.

M. 3099. Two fragments of opposite rami of the mandible, each
(Fig.) containing the half- worn mT£, which has thirteen ridges.

The fragment of the left side is figured by Falconer and

Cautley, op. cit. pi. xii. D. figs. 3, 3 a.

M. 3101. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, containing a
(Fig.) fragment of a worn tooth, which is probably mTl, and a
complete tooth, which is probably mT2. Figured by Fal-
coner and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xii. D. figs. 2, 2 a. The com-
plete tooth has fourteen or fifteen ridges, and, if its serial
position be rightly determined, indicates a small individual.

M. 3102. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, showing the
(Fig.) slightly worn m. i, which has thirteen or fourteen ridges.

Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xii. D.

figs. 1, 1 a.

M. 3103. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, showing mm. 4,
(Fig.) which is well-worn and shows ten ridges. Figured by

Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xii. c. figs. 3, 3 a.
M. 3096. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, containing
(Fig.) the greater part of the well-worn mm. 4, which apparently

had nine or ten ridges. Figured by Falconer and Cautley,

op. cit. pi. xii. c. figs. 2, 2 a.

M. 3097. An imperfect early molar, perhaps belonging to the pre-
(Fig.) sent species. Figured by Falconer and Cautley, op. cit.

pi. Ivi. figs. 12, 12 a (without specific name).

M. 3098. One half of a fourth lower milk-molar. Figured by

(Fig.) Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. xii. c. figs. 1, la (as tmTl).

1 Described as of the right side.

ELEPHANTIDJE. 171

17133. Fragment of an incisor.

M. 3014. Fragment of an incisor. Figured by Falconer and
(Fig.) Cautley, op. cit. pi. xli. fig. 5.

36700. The proximal half of the right humerus. This specimen is
(Fig.) of enormous size, and is figured by Falconer and Cautley,
op. cit. pi. xlviii. figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, as of the left side.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3106. The proximal part of the right radius. Figured by
(Fig.) Falconer and Cautley, op. cit. pi. Ivi. figs. 3, 3 a.

M. 3105. The distal portion of the right femur. Figured by Fal-
(Fig.) coner and Cautley, op. cit. pi. Ivi. figs. 1, 1 ft, 1 b, Ic.

M. 3106 a. The distal portion of the right tibia. Figured by Fal-
(Fig.) coner and Cautley, op. cit. pi. Ivi. figs. 2, 2 a.

M. 3268. The left calcaneum. Figured by Falconer and Cautley,
(Fig.) op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. I, 1 a, 1 b, 1 c.

It. 3108. A dorsal vertebra. Figured by Falconer and Cautley,
(Fig.) op. cit. pi. Ivi. figs. 4, 4 a, 4 b.

Elephas columbi, Falconer '.
Syn. Elephas texianus, Owen 2.
? Elephas jacksoni, Mather 3.
? Elephas americanus, De Kay 4.
? Elephas imperator^ Leidy5.
Euelephas columbi, auct.

The molars of this imperfectly known species were regarded by
Falconer as being intermediate between those of E. antiquus and
E. indicus ; there are, however, certain thin-ridged molars, said to
be from the same deposits, which are indistinguishable from those
of E. primigenim, and are accordingly included under that head.
The type molars are thick-ridged, and characterized by the antero-
posterior expansion of the basal extremities of the ridges ; the

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xiii. table facing p. 319 (1857).

2 Eep. Brit. Assoc. for 1858, Address, p. Ixxxvi (1859).

3 Amer. Journ. vol. xxxiv. p. 363 (1838).

1 Nat Hist, of New York (Zool.), vol. i. p. 101 (1842). The identity of this
and the following three forms with E. columbi is given on the authority of
Leidy, although it does not appear certain whether one or more of them may
not really be equivalent to E. primigenius. The second name is preoccupied by
Cuvier's E. amtricamts= Mastodon americanus.

5 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. for 1858, p. 10.

172 TJNGTJLATA.

enamel is much plicated and the wear of the crowns uneven. It
has been suggested that the species is identical with E. indicus,
but this is improbable on distributional, grounds.
Hob. Central and North America.

20702 g. Fragment of the left maxilla, containing the anterior
part of m. 3 ; said to have been obtained from the Pleis-
tocene of the Brazos river, San Felipe de Austen, Texas.
This and the following specimens, purchased at the same
time, were collected by Mr. W. Huff ; but Falconer seems
to have had some doubt whether their reputed place of
origin is the correct one. Purchased, 1847.

20702 d. Hinder half of a third upper true molar in an unworn
condition ; from San Felipe de Austen. Purchased, 1847.

40843. Cast of the middle portion of the third right upper true
molar. The original is said to have been obtained
from the Pleistocene in the neighbourhood of the Gulf
of Mexico, and is described and figured by Warren in
his 'Memoir on Mastodon giganteus,' p. 162, pi. xxviii. A
(1852) ; it is also described by Falconer in the ' Nat. Hist.
Kev.' 1863, p. 55, and in the ' Palseontological Memoirs,'
vol. ii. p. 275. Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

20702 e. Hinder half of a partially-worn third upper true molar ;
from San Felipe de Austen. Purchased, 1847.

20702 a. Portion of a third upper true molar ; from San Felipe de
Austen. Purchased, 1847.

M. 80. Part of a small third upper true molar ; from the Pleistocene
of the north of Mexico.

Presented by H. H. Howorih, Esq., 1881.

20702 f. Hinder half of a partially- worn first or second upper true
molar ; from San Felipe de Austen. Purchased, 1847.

20702 b. Fragment of a molar ; from San Felipe de Austen.

Purchased, 1847.

1331. Fragment of a well-worn molar ; from the Pleistocene of South
Carolina. Sloane Collection. Purchased about 1754.

33218. The well-worn third right lower true molar; from San

(Fig.) Felipe de Austen. Described and figured by Blake in the

' Geologist/ vol. v. p. 57, pi. iv. (as E. texianus), and also

173

described by Falconer in the 'Nat. Hist. Rev.' 1863, p. 52,
and in the ' Palseontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 222.

Purchased. About 1858.

20702. The third right lower true molar ; from San Felipe de
Austen. Described in the ' Nat. Hist. Rev.' 1863, p. 53,
and in the ' Palseontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. pp. 223,
224. Purchased, 1847.

40769. The greater part of the second right lower true molar which

(Fifj.) has been longitudinally and vertically bisected ; from the
Pleistocene of the Brunswick canal, Darien, Georgia.
Described and figured in the ' Nat. Hist, Rev.' 1863, p. 52,
pi. i., and in the ' Palseontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. pp. 221,
222, pi. x. fig. 1. Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

20702 C. The posterior two-thirds of the second left lower true
molar ; from San Felipe de Austen. Described in the
'Nat. Hist. Rev.' 1863, p. 54, and in the « Palaaontological
Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 224. Purchased, 1847.

M. 80 a. Five ridges of a lower molar ; from the north of Mexico.
Presented by H. H. Howorth, Esq., 1881.

20700. Fragment of the anterior portion of the right ramus of the
mandible, showing part of the alveolus of a molar ; from
San Felipe de Austen. Purchased, 1847.

20705. The greater part of the right ramus of the mandible, show-
ing the alveolus of m. 3; from San Felipe de Austen.
Noticed in the 'Nat. Hist. Rev.' 1863, p. 57, and in
the ' Palaeontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 228.

Purchased, 1847.

20700 a. Fragment of a mandibular ramus ; from San Felipe de
Austen. Purchased, 1847.

20700 b. The glenoidal extremity of the left scapula ; from San
Felipe de Austen. Purchased, 1847.

20703. The proximal epiphysis of the right humerus ; from San.

Felipe de Austen. Purchased, 1847.

20704. An acetabulum ; from San Felipe de Austen.

Purchased, 1847.

20704 a. Part of the proximal portion of a femur ; from San Felipe
de Austen. Purchased, 1847.

20708. Two specimens of one half of the atlas vertebra ; from San
Felipe de Austen. Purchased, 1847.

174 TOGtTtATA.

Elephas armeniacus, Falconer '.

Syn. Euekphas armeniacus, auct.

This species is definitely known only by the following specimens,
which belong to an animal of very large size. The structure of the
molars indicates a species intermediate between E. primigenius and
E. indicus, which is probably an ancestral form closely connected
with both 2. The crowns of the molars are extremely wide, the ridges
approximated, with their extremities curving backwards, the enamel
is moderately thick and much plicated, and the wear of the crown
irregular. In their great width these teeth agree with those of
E. primigenius, but in the other characters with those of E. indicus 3.

Sab. Armenia. It is stated in ' Falconer's Palaeontological Me-
moirs,' vol. ii. pp. 249, 250, that Falconer was inclined to refer
certain Italian and Sicilian molars to the present species. A molar
from China identified by Busk 4 with this species is referred in this
Catalogue (p. 169) to E. namadicus. All the following specimens
appear to have belonged to the same individual.

32250-1. The associated right and left third upper true molars ;

(Fiy.) from Kanus, Erzerum, Armenia, their geological age being
unknown5. These and the following specimens are the
types of the species. They are described by Falconer in
the « Nat. Hist. Rev.' 1863, p. 75, the left tooth being
figured in pi. ii. fig. 2 of the same memoir ; and also in
' Falconer's Palaeontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. pp. 247-284,
pi. x. fig. 3. Presented by Col J. M. Giels, 1855.

32252. The anterior portion of the third (?) lower true molar;

from Kanus. Noticed by Falconer, loc. tit.

Presented by Col. J. M. Giels, 1855.

32256. Part of the outer lamina of an incisor ; from Kanus. This

specimen is of enormous size ; noticed by Falconer, Joe. cit.

Presented by Col. J. M. Giels, 1855.

32254. Head of a humerus ; from Kanus.

Presented by Col. J. M. Giels, 1855.

32253. Fragment of the shaft of a tibia ; from Kanus.

Presented by Col. J. M. Giels, 1855.

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xiii., table facing p. 319 (1857).

2 Ibid. vol. xlii. p. 174 (1886).

3 See Leith-Adams, 'British Fossil Elephants' (Mon. Pal. Soc.), p. 241.

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxiv. p. 498 (1868).

* Ibid. vol. xlii. p. 174.

ELEPHANT1D.S!. 1 75

Elephas primigenius, Blumenbach ' .

Syn. JEkielephas primigenius^ auct.

The ridge-formula of the molars (exclusive of talons) may be
approximately given as MM. gfrgfrgff. M. gff^gSg.
The frontal aspect of the cranium is elongated, the incisive alveoli
are long and divergent, the temporal fossa? intrude largely on to the
frontal aspect, and the interval between the narial aperture and the
vertex is very great, the symphysial channel of the mandible being
very wide and short. In general contour the cranium agrees very
closely with that of E. indicus, but is relatively narrower. The
incisors are usually long, spiral, and not very thick near the
alveolus ; they are, however, subject to great variation. The molars
are relatively wide in proportion to their length ; their ridges are
narrow and closely packed, with the cement, enamel, and dentine very
thin ; the plication of the enamel is usually slight ; the worn dentine-
disks are very narrow ; and the crown is usually characterized by the
extreme flatness of its wear. Variations are common, and those
molars in which the ridges are thicker and less numerous and the
enamel more plicated approach very closely to certain examples of
E. antiquus. The existing Indian species presents a close approach
in dental and skeletal structure, but the molars are decidedly of a
less specialized type, and thereby indicate that the living species is
not a descendant of the Mammoth. E. armeniacus, as mentioned
above, is intermediate between the two in respect of molar-structure,
although nearer to E. indicus.

Hob. Northern Europe, Asia, and America. In England the
species first appears in the Norfolk Forest-bed2, and continues
throughout the whole of the Pleistocene : if, therefore, the view of
including the Forest-bed in the Pleistocene be followed, the species
may be considered characteristic of that period.

*. The cranium, with the well-worn i». 3 of either side in situ ; from
(Fig.) Ilford. Essex. Described and figured by H. Woodward in
the ' Geol. Mag.' dec. ii. vol. v. p. 544, pis. xxii., xxiii.
(1868), and by Leith-Adams in his 'British Fossil Ele-
phants ' (Mon. Pal. Soc.), P- 128, pis. vi. & vii. The right
side has been partly restored, the right incisor having
been found detached. Presented by W. Hill, Esq., 1864.

1 Handbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1st French ed. vol. ii. p. 407 (1803).
3 See Leith-Adams, 'British Fossil Elephants ' (Mon. Pal. Soc.) p. 173.

176 UNGULATA.

27938. Part of the occiput; probably from one of the eastern
counties. Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

45009. The basioccipital and adjacent bones ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45010. Part of the sphenoid ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

20701. Fragment of a right maxilla with m. 3, probably belonging
to this species ; said to have been obtained from the Pleis-
tocene of the Brazos river, near San Felipe de Austen,
Texas, U.S.A. This specimen is of enormous size, and is
described by Falconer in the 'Nat. Hist. Rev.' 1863, p. 58,
and in the ' Pala?ontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 228, where
it is stated to be indistinguishable from teeth of the present
species. Purchased, 1847.

24585. Part of the palatal region of the cranium, showing a frag-
ment of the right m. 2 and the complete left m. 3 ; from
Kotzebue Sound, Eschscholtz Bay, Alaska. Noticed by
Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 115 '.
Presented by Captain Kellet and Lieut. Wood, R.N., 1850.

M. 3397. Part of the palate, showing a fragment of the left m. 2 and
the complete m. 3 of either side ; from Bergstrasse near
Heidelberg. Purchased.

M. 3399. Part of the right maxilla containing m. 2 ; British, locality
unknown. No history.

46141. Fragment of the right maxilla with m. 1 or m. 2 ; dredged of?
the eastern coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

44931. The palate, containing the well-worn m. 1 Of both sides ; from
Ilford. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 99.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

M. 1576. Part of the palate, with the much-worn mm. 4 of both
sides ; from Ilford. This specimen belongs to the same
individual as the mandible, No. M. 1576 a (p. 195).

Presented by C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884.

41949. Fragment of the right maxilla, showing mm. 4, which has
twelve ridges ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44737. The palate, showing mm. 4 Of both sides and the left mm. 3 ;
from Hutton cave, Mendip Hills. The first four ridgeTof
1 Wrongly stated to have been presented by Captain Beechey.

177

mm. 4 are worn, and the alveolus and part of the roots of
the right mm. 3 remain.

Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.

Fig. 30.

Elephas primigenius.—~PaTt of the palate, showing the right mm- 2 (d- 1) and
mm. 3 (d. 2) ; from Creswell Crags, Derbyshire. }. a. The anterior root
of mm. 2. (From the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.)

178 TTNGTTLATA.

46140. The palate, containing the well-worn mm. 4 of either side ;
dredged off the eastern coast. Noticed by Leith-Adams, .
op. tit. p. 95. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

36777. The palate, showing the much-worn mm. 3 on the left, and
the germ of mm. 4 on both sides ; from Ilford.

Purchased, 1862.

44955. Fragment of the palatal region, showing the much-worn
mm. 3 or mm. 4 of both sides ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

50087. The palate, showing the well-worn mm. 4 and the germ of
m. 1 on both sides ; from Ilford. Purchased, 1879.

M. 1978. Part of the palate of a very young individual, showing the
(Fig.) right mm. 2 and mm. 3 ; from a cavern in Creswell Crags,
Derbyshire. Described and figured by Owen in the
' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.' vol. xli. p. 32, figs. 1, 2, and by
Metcalfe in the 'Journ. Derb. Arch. Soc.' 1885, pi. vi. ;
the figures being reproduced in the accompanying woodcut
(fig. 30). Presented by A. T. Metcalfe, Esq., 1885.

M. 3389. Cast of a tooth regarded as the first milk-molar. The
original was obtained from Kent's Cavern, Torquay,
Devonshire, and is figured in Leith-Adams's ' British Fossil
Elephants,' pi. ix. figs. 4, 4 a.

Presented by Prof. Leith-Adams.

A first (?) milk-molar ; from Grays, Essex.

Purchased,, 1849.

44963-4. Two much-worn third upper milk-molars ; from Ilford.
Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

37251. Two specimens (one imperfect) of the third upper milk-
molar ; from Orford, Suffolk. Purchased, 1863.

27912. Part of a third upper milk-molar ; from Heddingham,

Essex. Brown Collection.

Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

43640. The slightly- worn third right upper milk-molar ; from the
fissures of Oreston, near Plymouth, Devonshire.

Purchased. About 1852.
14999. The third left upper milk-molar ; from Kent's Cavern.

McEnery Collection. Purchased, 1842.

179

15000. The third left upper milk-molar; from Kent's Cavern.

(Fiy.) Figured in McEnery's ' Cavern Researches,' pi. M. fig. 3.

McEnery Collection. Purchased, 1842.

46422. The third right upper milk-molar ; from Wookey Cave,

(Fig.) Somersetshire. Figured in Leith- Adams's ' British Fossil

Elephants,' pi. x. figs. 3, 3 a. Purchased, 1875.

44733. The third right upper milk-molar; from Hutton Cave,
Mendip Hills. Noticed in Leith-Adams's ' British Fossil
Elephants,' p. 91. Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.

15002. A slightly-worn fourth right upper milk- molar; from Kent's

Cavern. McEnery Collection. Purchased, 1842.

15003. The well-worn fourth left upper milk-molar ; from Kent's

Cavern. McEnery Collection. Purchased, 1842.

15004. The fourth right upper milk-molar ; from Kenf s Cavern.

McEnery Collection. Purchased, 1842.

15006. A partially-worn fourth left upper milk-molar; from Kent's
Cavern. Noticed in ' Falconer's Palaeontological Memoirs,'
vol. ii. p. 160. McEnery Collection. Purchased, 1842.

18982. A small and well-worn fourth right upper milk-molar;
from Kent's Cavern.

Presented by Eev. Upton Richards, 1845.

18982 a. The imperfect germ of a fourth upper milk -molar ; from
Kent's Cavern.

Presented by Rev. Upton Richards, 1845.

M. 453. A slightly- worn fourth left upper milk-molar of large size j
from Kent's Cavern.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

36430. The fourth right upper milk- molar ; from Heddingham.
Brown Collection. Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

37282. The fourth right upper milk-molar ; from Heddingham
Brown Collection. Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

20238 A fourth upper milk-molar ; from Ilford.

Purchased, 1846.

20809. The imperfect fourth upper milk-molar of both sides ; from

Purchased, 1847.

180 TJNGTJLATA.

37284. A small specimen of the fourth right upper milk-molar, in a

comparatively early stage of wear ; from Ilford.
Brown Collection. Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

44950. The fourth upper milk-molar of both sides, in an early stage
of wear ; from Ilford. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit.
p. 95 (as No. 20) ; each tooth has ten ridges and talons.
Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44951-2. The fourth upper milk-molar of both sides ; from Ilford.
Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44954. The fourth left upper milk-molar, in a comparatively early
stage of wear, and showing eleven ridges ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44956. The fourth left upper milk-molar, in a well-worn condition ;

from Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44957. The last six ridges of the well-worn fourth left upper

milk-molar ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44959. A well-worn fourth upper milk-molar ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44960-2. Three well-worn fourth upper milk-molars ; from Ilford.
Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44965. The slightly- worn fourth left upper milk-molar ; from Ilford.
Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44983. The anterior portions of the almost unworn fourth upper
milk-molar of either side ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45002, 3, 6. Three very much-worn fragments of fourth upper milk-
molars ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

23716. The well-worn fourth upper milk-molar of both sides ; from
Slade Green, Erith, Kent. Purchased, 1849.

M. 2005. A well-worn fourth right upper milk-molar, of rather
large size ; from Kingsland, Hoxton, Middlesex.

No history.

ELEPHANTID^!. 181

37252. The fourth right upper milk-molar, in a very early stage of
wear ; from Orford, Suffolk. Purchased, 1863.

36428. The fourth left upper milk-molar, imperfect posteriorly ;

from Ipswich, Suffolk.
Brown Collection. Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

M. 359. The fourth left upper milk- molar ; from the neighbourhood
of Oxford. Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

12 (O.C.). A slightly-worn fourth upper milk-molar, with the cement
denuded ; from Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire.

Sloane Collection. Purchased, about 1754.

21272. A partially-worn fourth left upper milk-molar ; from Ep-
pelsheim, Hessen-Darmstadt. Noticed by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 95. Purchased, 1847.

44944. The first (?) left upper true molar ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44945. The first left upper true molar, with twelve ridges ; from

Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44953. The first left upper true molar, in an early stage of wear ;
from Ilford. There are twelve ridges.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44989. The well-worn first upper true molar of either side ; from
Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

33593. The first right upper true molar ; from Battersea, Surrey.
Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 99.

Purchased, 1859.

40876. The first right upper true molar ; probably from the Thames
Valley. Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

23716 e. The first left upper true molar ; from Slade Green.

Purchased, 1849.

46211. The much-worn first right upper true molar; dredged off
(Fig.) the Dogger Bank. Described and figured by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 99, pi. xi. fig. 2.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46200. The first left upper true molar ; dredged off the eastern
coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46206. The first left upper true molar, in a half-worn condition ;
dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46210. The first left upper true molar, in a much-worn condition ;
dredged off the eastern coast. This specimen shows the
great width of the dentine disks characteristic of much-
worn teeth. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

44736. The first upper true molar of both sides ; from Hutton Cave.
Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.

33341. A slightly-worn first upper true molar ; locality unknown. .
Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

28514. The first right upper true molar ; dredged.

Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1853.

M. 124. The well-worn first left upper true molar ; from Valjero,
near the river Gradatz, south of Belgrade, Servia.

Purchased, 1881.

37293. The first left upper true molar ; from Moscow, Eussia.

Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 101.
Brown Collection. Presented by Prof. Sir B. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

46149. The first or second left upper true molar ; dredged off the

eastern coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46150. The first or second left upper true molar, imperfect poste-

. riorly ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

23115. The second upper true molar of both sides ; from Maidstone,
Kent. Described by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 104.

Purchased, 1849.

37115. The second right upper true molar ; from Erith, Kent.

Purchased, 1863.

44943. The second left upper true molar ; from Ilford. There are
thirteen ridges, of which ten are worn.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

46147. The second left upper true molar, in an early stage of wear ;
(Fig.} dredged off the Dogger Bank. Figured by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. pi. ix. figs. 1, 1 a.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874,

ELEPHANTID.S. 183

46157. The second right upper true molar ; from the eastern coast.
Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46172. The second right upper true molar; from the eastern coast.
Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46218. A large second left upper true molar, provisionally referred
to this species ; dredged off the eastern coast. The ridges
are relatively wide and the enamel is deeply grooved, as
in E. antiquus. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

M. 452 a. The second left upper true molar ; locality unknown.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 452. The second left upper true molar ; from Church Cliff, Lyme
Eegis, Dorsetshire.

Ennislcillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

21272 a. The second left upper true molar ; from Eppelsheim.
Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 105. Purchased, 1847.

33328. A slightly-worn third right upper true molar, of very large
size and imperfect anteriorly; dredged off the Norfolk
coast. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 118.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33335. Hinder half of the third right upper true molar ; probably
from Norfolk. Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33342. Part of a third upper true molar ; from chalk debris at
Horstead, Norfolk (see Woodward's « Geology of Norfolk,'
p. 50). Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

33353. The well-worn third left upper true molar ; dredged off
Happisburgh, Norfolk.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

46142. The third left upper true molar ; dredged off the Dogger

Bank. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 114.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46143. The third right upper true molar, of very large size and about

one-third worn ; dredged off the Dogger Bank. This very
fine example of the thin-ridged variety is noticed by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 115.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

TTNGULATA.

46144. The third left upper true molar (fig. 31) ; dredged off the
(Fig.) Dogger Bank. Owles Collection. PurcMsej, 1874.

Fig. 31.

Elephas primiffenius.—The third left upper true molar ; dredged off the
Dogger Bant, i The lower border of the figure is the inner border of
the specimen.

46145. The third left upper true molar ; dredged off the eastern
coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46148. A distorted specimen of the third left tipper true molar ;
dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46151. A much-worn small third right upper true molar ; dredged

off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46152. The third left upper true molar, in a very early stage of wear

and slightly imperfect posteriorly ; dredged off the eastern
coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46153. Middle portion of the third right upper true molar; dredged

off the eastern coast.

Oivles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46155. The third left upper true molar ; dredged off the eastern
coast. Oivles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46158. The third left upper true molar; dredged off the eastern
coast. Oivles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46160. A small third right upper true molar ; dredged off the
eastern coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46162. A small third right upper true molar ; dredged off the
eastern coast. Noticed by Leith- Adams, op. cit. p. 113.
Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

ELEPHANTID.S:. 185

46165. The third right upper true molar; dredged off the eastern
coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46167. The third left upper true molar ; dredged off the eastern
coast. Oivles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46170. The slightly- worn third right upper true molar ; dredged
off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46173. The third right upper true molar, imperfect posteriorly ;

dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46174. The third right upper true molar, imperfect posteriorly;

dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46175. The third right upper true molar; dredged off the eastern

coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46178. A small third right upper true molar ; dredged off the
eastern coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46181. The third right upper true molar, imperfect posteriorly ;
dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46185. A small specimen of the third right upper true molar ;
dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46189. A well-worn small third left upper true molar, with very

thin ridges ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46190. The third right upper true molar ; dredged off the eastern

coast. The outer extremities of the ridges are much de-
flected backwards. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46226. The well-worn third left upper true molar ; dredged off the
eastern coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46934. A very much worn third (?) right upper true molar, pro-
visionally referred to this species ; from the Forest-bed of
Norfolk. Purchased, 1876.

32359. A much-worn third upper true molar ; from Clapton, Mid-
dlesex. Purchased. About 1857.

37248-9. The third upper true molar of both sides ; dredged from

(Fig.) the Thames off MiUhank. The right tooth is described

and figured by Leith- Adams, op. tit. p. 113, pi. xiv. fig. 1.

Purchased, 1863.

38799. Two fragments of much-worn upper true molars of opposite
sides ; from Peckham, Surrey. Purchased, 1865.

M. 250. The much-worn third upper true molar of either side ; from
Lower Tooting, Surrey. Purchased, 1882.

18789 b. The third left upper true molar ; locality unknown.

Presented by the Earl of Aylesford, 1845.

40559. The half- worn third right upper true molar; from the
valley of the Medway, Kent. Noticed by Leith- Adams,
op. tit. p. 113. Purchased, 1867.

37116. An imperfect third upper true molar ; from Erith, Kent.

Purchased, 1863.

37116 a. Part of the third left upper true molar ; from Erith.

Purchased, 1863.

23718 e. The third left upper true molar ; from Slade Green, Erith.

Purchased, 1849.

23719 e. Two imperfect third upper true molars ; from Slade Green.

Purchased, 1849.

M. 57. A small third left upper true molar ; from Maidstone, Kent.

Purchased, 1880.

40839. The third left upper true molar ; probably from Maidstone.
Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

45819. The third left upper true molar of a small individual ; from
Chatham, Kent. There are twenty ridges, of which the
first twelve are worn.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

M. 360. Fragment of a small third (?) upper true molar ; from
Bostal, near Rochester, Kent.

Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

44932. The third upper true molar of botli sides; from Ilford.

There are nineteen ridges.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44933. The third right upper true molar ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878,

ELEPHANTTD^!. 187

44934. The third right upper true molar ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44935. The third left upper true molar ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44936. The third left upper true molar, containing eighteen ridges ;

from Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44937. The third left upper true molar, with nineteen ridges ; from

Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44938. The third left upper true molar, in a well-worn condition ;

from Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44939. The imperfect third (?) right upper true molar ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44940. The imperfect third left upper true molar ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44941. The imperfect third (?) left upper true molar; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44942. A small specimen of the third (?) left upper true molar;

from Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44996. The very much worn third (?) upper true molar of either
side; from Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

40704. A small third left upper true molar ; from Ilford.

Purchased, 1867.

41081. The third upper true molar of either side; from the Isle-of-
Dogs, Essex. Noticed by Leith- Adams, op. cit. p. 80.

Purchased, 1868.

36420. The slightly-worn third right upper true molar ; dredged off

Walton-on-the-Naze, Essex. Noticed by Leith-Adaras,

op. cit. p. 113. Broivn Collection.

Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

27943. The slightly- worn third left upper true molar, imperfect
posteriorly ; from "Walton.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

36426. The third upper true molar of both sides ; from Lexden,

(Fig.) near Colchester, Essex. These specimens are of small

size, and are described by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 110,

the right tooth being figured in pi. xiv. fig. 2.

Brown Collection. Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

188 TJNGTTLATA.

36291. A small third right upper true molar ; from Lamarsh, Essex.

Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 111.
Brown Collection. Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

37276. A small third upper true molar ; from Ballingdon, Essex.

Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 119.
Brown Collection. Presented by Prof. Sir JR. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

27918. The hinder part of the well-worn third left upper true
molar ; from Ballingdon.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

48938. The third left upper true molar, with much of the cement
disintegrated ; from Barnwell, near Cambridge.

Purchased, 1878.

27908. The third left upper true molar ; from Ipswich, Suffolk.
Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 113.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

M. 456. Fragment of a much-worn upper true molar ; from South-
wold, Suffolk. Ennislcillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 456 a. Fragment of a much-worn upper true molar ; from
Southwold. Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

7230-2. The little-worn third upper true molar of both sides ; from
the ' Elephant-bed ' at Brighton, Sussex. Noticed by
Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 118.

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

28514. The hinder part of a third upper true molar; probably
from Brighton. Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1853.

43507. Part of a very wide third upper true molar ; from Fenny

Stratford, Buckinghamshire. Noticed by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 118.

Presented by Sir Philip Duncombe, Bart., 1872.

43508. Middle part of a third (?) upper true molar • from Fenny

Stratford.

Presented by Sir Philip Duncombe, Bart., 1872.

M. 358. A small third right upper true molar ; from Oxford.

Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

43067. Middle portion of a rolled third upper true molar; from
Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire. Purchased, 1871.

189

M. 382. Middle portion of a third upper true molar ; from Fresh-
water, Isle of "Wight.

Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

47122. The third left upper true molar, of large size ; from
Kettering, Northamptonshire. Noticed by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 109. Sharp Collection. Purchased, 1876.

40383. The germ of the third left upper true molar, imperfect
anteriorly ; from Oundle, Northamptonshire. Noticed by
Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 118.

Presented by G. M. Edmonds, Esq., 1867.

M. 2552. The third right upper true molar ; from Elton, near
Peterborough, Northamptonshire. Purchased, 1885.

39695. A slightly- worn third upper true molar ; from near Spalding,

(Fig.) Lincolnshire. Described and figured by Leith-Adams,

op. cit. p. 114, pi. ix. fig. 2. This specimen is very narrow.

Presented by Joseph Cubitt, Esq., 1866.

Iff . 58. The third right upper true molar ; from Bickley, Knighton-
on-Teme, Worcestershire. Purchased, 1880.

42276. The third upper true molar of either side, in a well-worn
condition; from King's Newnham, near Eugby, Warwick-
shire. Purchased, 1870.

32263. The third left upper true molar ; from a cavern near Wells,
Somersetshire. Presented by — HodgTcins, Esq., 1856.

46436. The third right upper true molar, imperfect posteriorly;
from Chippenham, Wiltshire. Purchased, 1875.

37244. A distorted third upper true molar; from Eppelsheim,
Hessen-Darmstadt. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit.
p. 121 (erroneously stated to be from Eschscholtz Bay).

Purchased, 1858.

21272 b. The third right upper true molar; from Eppelsheim.
Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 112.

Purchased, 1847.

21272 C. Middle portion of the third right upper true molar ; from
Eppelsheim. Purchased, 1847.

M. 383. The third left upper true molar, with bent ridges ; from
Lauterburg, Alsace.

Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

17 (0. C.). Fragment of a third upper true molar ; from Cannstadt,
Wurtemburg. Sommering Collection. Purchased, 1827.

190 TINGTTLATA.

M. 3410. Small fragment of a third upper true molar, with eight
ridges remaining ; from near Eioin, Puy-de-D6me, France.
The enamel is vertically grooved. No history.

M. 123. A third upper true molar ; from Valjero, near the river
Gradatz, south of Belgrade, Servia. Purchased, 1881.

It. 3409. The middle part of the third right upper true molar ;
from near Moscow, Russia. Purchased. Before 1850.

7406. Fragment of a worn upper true molar ; from " Big-Bone-
Lick," Kentucky, U.S.A. Noticed by Leith- Adams, op. dt.
p. 122. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

M. 3396. The third right upper true molar ; British, locality
unknown. No history.

M. 2002. A third (?) upper true molar, vertically and longitudinally
bisected ; locality unknown. No history.

M. 2001. A third upper true molar, vertically and longitudinally
(Fig.) bisected ; from Kingsland, Middlesex. Figured by Fal-
coner and Cautley in the 'Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,'
pi. i. fig. 1, and in ' Falconer's Palaeontological Memoirs,'
vol. i. pi. v. fig. 3.

Presented by the Council of the Geological Society.

45012. A large, spirally curved, incisor ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45013. A very similar incisor ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45014. A long slender incisor, slightly curved ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45015. The greater part of the proximal portion of a large in-

cisor ; from Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45017. Anterior portion of a small incisor ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45018. A small incisor ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45019. A small incisor ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45020. Anterior portion of a small incisor ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purcliased, 1878.

ELEPHANTID.B. 191

45023-4. The anterior portions of two incisors of young individuals ;
from Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

M. 3402. An incisor ; probably from the Arctic Regions.

Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty.

46231-2. Two incisors ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46229. A small incisor ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

27897. A small incisor; from Clacton, Essex.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

28024. Tip of an incisor ; from Clacton.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

32358. The greater part of an incisor ; from Clacton.
Brown Collection. Presented by Prof. Sir B. Owen, K.G.B., 1859.

45816. An incisor ; dredged off Harwich, Essex.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

41660. An incisor ; locality unknown.

Toulmin-Smith Collection. Purchased, 1869.

46230 . An incisor ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

43505. The right incisor ; from Fenny Stratford, Buckinghamshire.
Length 9 feet 8 inches.

Presented by Sir Philip Duncombe, Bart., 1872.

39472. The right incisor ; dredged off the eastern coast between
Happisburgh and Yarmouth. Length 10 feet.

Presented by Rev. G. J. Chester, 1865.

33436. The left incisor ; dredged off the Knoll Bank, twenty miles
off Palling, Norfolk. The length is 9 feet 6 inches.
Noticed in Owen's « British Fossil Mammals and Birds,'
p. 245. Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

M. 126. Part of a small incisor ; labelled from " near Duboka in
gave." Purchased, 1881.

M. 3390. Base of a very large incisor ; from Siberia. No histonj.

M. 171. Fragment of a small incisor; from Behring's Straits.

EnnisUllen Collection. Purchased, 1882,

192 TJNGULATA.

18 a (0. C.). The left incisor ; from Eschscholtz Bay, Kotzebue
(Fig.) Sound, Alaska. Figured in Beechey's 'Voyage to the
Pacific and Behring's Straits in H.H.S. ' Blossom ' during
the years 1825 to 1828,' vol. ii. pi. ii. fig. 2 (1831).

Presented by Capt. F. W. Beechey, R.N.
It. 3401, 3403. Two incisors ; from Eschscholtz Bay. No history.

M. 3393. The anterior part of an incisor ; from Eschscholtz Bay.

No history.

24577. The right incisor; from Eschscholtz Bay. This specimen

measures 12 feet 6 inches in length.
Presented by Capt. Kellet and Lieut. Wood, R.N., 1850.

24578. The right incisor ; from Eschscholtz Bay.

Presented by Capt. Kellet and Lieut. Wood, R.N., 1850.
M. 3406. An incisor ; (?) from the Arctic Regions.

Transferred from the Botanical Department in 1863.

46230-1. Two incisors; dredged off" the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

M. 1620. Portions of incisors cut into ornaments ; from Siberia.

Presented by C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884.

44917. Transverse section of one half of an incisor ; from Siberia.

Purchased, 1874.

47403. Transverse section of an incisor ; from Siberia.

Purchased, 1876.

M. 3404. The mandible (fig. 32), showing part of the much-worn
(Fig.) mT2 and the slightly-worn inT3 of both sides ; dredged off
the Dogger Bank in 1837. Described and figured by
Charlesworth in the Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. iii.
p. 347, fig. 40 (1839), and figured by Falconer and Cautley
in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xiii. A. fig. 3. There
are 18 ridges in j^~3. Purchased. About 1839.

32496. The mandible, containing m. 3 of both sides ; dredged off
Harwich, Essex. Noticed by Leith- Adams, op. cit. p. 44.
Purchased. About 1857.

46193. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, containing ^3 ;
dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46196. The greater part of the mandible, showing a molar alveolus ;
dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

Elephas primigenius. — Mandible; dredged off the Dogger Bank,
in the North Sea. Much reduced.

46208. The anterior portion of the mandible, showing the alveolus
of a true molar ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Oivles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

38136. Part of the mandible, showing the complete symphysis and

the alveolus of m. 3 of both sides ; found in 1864 in

digging the main drainage sewer in London. Presented

by tlie Commissioners of the Metropolitan Board of Works, 1864.

1 a (0. C.). The imperfect mandible, containing the well-worn m. 3

{Fig.) of either side ; from Eschscholtz Bay, Kotzebue Sound.

Figured in Beechey's ' Voyage to the Pacific and Behring's

Straits inH.M.S. 'Blossom' during the years 1825 to 1828,'

vol. ii. pi. i. figs. 1, 2.

Presented by Capt. F. W. Beecliey, E.N.

1 (0. C.). Greater part of the mandible, showing the well-worn left

m- 3, and the alveolus of the opposite tooth ; from Siberia.

Presented by Sir J. Banks, Bart., to whom it had been

sent by the Emperor Alexander of Russia.

194 TTNGULATA.

42924. Part of the mandible, showing the left HT3 ; from Holland.
Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.

M. 3398. The mandible, containing ^73 in an early stage of wear ;
from Bergstrasse, near Heidelberg. Purchased.

23714. The greater portion of the mandible, showing m. 3, the left
one incomplete ; from Slade Green, Erith, Kent.

Purchased, 1849.

44979. The mandible, showing i^73 of either side ; from Ilford.
(Fig.) Figured by Leith-Adams, op. tit. pi. viii. fig. 3.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44980. The greater portion of the mandible, showing the half-worn

^TB of either side ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44981. The greater part of the mandible, showing m. 3 of both sides ;

from Ilford. There are nineteen ridges in the left tooth.
Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

36778. The greater part of the mandible, showing m. 3 in a damaged
condition ; from Ilford.

Presented by Sir Antonio Brady, 1859.

44975. The mandible, showing the well-worn ^~2 and the germ of
(Fig.) m73 on both sides ; from Ilford. The symphysis is figured

by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 139, fig. 25 (as No. C. 45).

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44976. The mandible, showing part of the much- worn iZ~2 and the

slightly- worn m. 3 of both sides ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

38567. The greater part of the mandible, showing the well-worn
(Fig.) m72 of both sides, and the greater part of the germ of the
left i^~3 ; dredged in Holyhead Harbour. The symphysis
is figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 135, fig. 6.

Presented by the Hon. W. 0. Stanley, 1864.

44978. Anterior portion of the mandible, showing the half- worn
mT2 of both sides ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

46215. Part of the mandible, showing i^~2 of either side : dredged
off the eastern coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

23715 e. The anterior portion of the mandible, showing the half-
worn nn> and the anterior part of the germ of 5T3 ; from
Slade Green, Erith. Purchased, 1 849.

195

46197. The anterior portion of the mandible, showing the well-worn

(Fig.) S72 of either side ; dredged off the Dogger Bank. The

symphysis is figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 135,

fig. 9. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

44974. The nearly perfect mandible, showing i^TT and the germ of

( Fig.) 1^72 of both sides ; from Ilford. Figured by Leith-Adams,

op. cit. pi. viii. fig. 2, and woodcut p. 135, fig. 8.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44977. The greater portion of the mandible, showing ^71 and the
alveolus of m. 2 on both sides ; from Ilford. Four ridges
of the left m. 2 still remain. Noticed by Leith-Adams,
op. cit. p. 101. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

46161. The anterior part of the left ramus of the mandible, showing
the half-worn m. i ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46194. Part of the mandible, showing the right inTl ; dredged off
the eastern coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

37110. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, with the first
true molar ; from Erith, Kent. Purchased, 1863.

44973. The nearly complete mandible, showing the well-worn ^71

on both sides ; from Ilford. The teeth have twelve ridges.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44972. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, containing the
slightly worn m. 1 ; from Ilford. The tooth has thirteen,
ridges. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44982. The greater portion of the mandible, showing niTT on either
side ; from Ilford. The molars are in a comparatively
early stage of wear, and have twelve ridges.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

M. 3395. The mandible, showing the well-worn m. i and the germ
(Fig.) of m. 2 in alveolo, of both sides ; from Worms, Hessen-
Darmstadt. Figured by Falconer and Cautley in the
' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xiii. A. fig. 2.

Purchased.

M 1576 a. The mandible, showing the much-worn mm. 4 and the
germ of m. 1 (in alveolo} ; from Ilford. This specimen
belongs to the same individual as the palate No. M. 1576
(p. 176). Presented by C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884.

o 2

106 TJNGtTLATA.

50087 a. The mandible, containing the half-worn mm. 4 and the
germ of mTl (in alveola) ; from Ilford. This specimen
belongs to the same individual as the portion of the cra-
nium No. 50087 (p. 178). Purchased, 1879.

44969. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, with the well-worn
mjn. 4, which has nine ridges ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44970. Fragment of the left ramus of the mandible, with part of

the germ of mm. 4 ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44971. The anterior part of the mandible, containing mm. 4 ; from
(Fig.) Ilford. Figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. pi. viii. fig. 1.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

21312. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, with the slightly-
worn mm. 4 ; from Ilford. Purchased, 1 847.

It. 454. The symphysis and part of the left ramus of the mandible,
showing mm. 4 in an early stage of wear ; from Ilford.

EnnisUllen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

21830. The anterior part of the mandible, showing the alveoli of

(Fig.) mm. 3 and mm. 4 ; dredged off the eastern coast. Described

and figured in Owen's ' British Fossil Mammals and Birds,'

p. 221, fig. 86. Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

43504. Cast of the mandible, showing the half- worn mm. 4 of either

side. The original was obtained from the neighbourhood

of Lyons, France, and is preserved in the Lyons Museum.

Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 97.

Presented by Dr. Lortet, Director of the Museum at Lyons, 1872.

27979. The symphysis of the mandible, showing the alveolus of
(?) mm. 4 ; probably from one of the eastern counties.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

33403. Part of the right ramus of a mandible, provision ally referred
to this species, showing the alveoli of mm. 3 and mm. 4 ;
dredged off Happisburgh, Norfolk. Noticed in ' Falconer's
Palaeontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 161 (as containing
alveoli of mm. 2 and mm. 3).

Lay ton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

28569. Part of the right ramus of the mandible, showing the alveoli
of mm. 3 and mm. 4 j from a cavern in Sundwig, West-

Purchased, 1853.

ELEPHANTID.3!. 197

44967. The anterior portion of the mandible, showing the alveolus
(Fig.) of mm. 2 and the almost unworn mm. 3 ; from Ilford.

Figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. pi. x. fig. 1. There are
six ridges and two talons in mm. 3.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44968. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, showing the alveolus

of mm. 2 and the germ of mm. 3 ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

21311. Part of the left ramus of the mandible, showing the alveoli

(Fig.) of mm. 2 and mm. 3 ; from Ilford. Figured by Leith-Adams,

op. cit. pi. x. fig. 2. Purchased, 1847

20806. Symphysis of a very young mandible; from Ilford.

Purchased, 1846.

46146. The third left lower milk-molar, in an early stage of wear ;
dredged off the eastern coast. There are six ridges and
two talons. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

44966, 45008. Two fragments of third lower milk-molars, one very
much worn ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44734. The third right lower milk-molar ; from Hutton Cave, Men-

(Fig.) dip Hills, Somersetshire. Figured by Leith-Adams, op.

cit. pi. vi. figs. 2, 2 a. Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.

15001. An almost unworn third lower milk-molar; from Kent's
(Fig.) Cavern, Torquay. Figured in McEnery's ' Cavern Ee-

searches/ pi. M. fig. 1, and by Leith-Adams, op. cit. pi. xiii.

fig. 2. McEnery Collection. Purchased, 1842.

15001 a. A third lower milk-molar, vertically and longitudinally
(Fig.) bisected; from Kent's Cavern. Figured by Falconer and

Cautley in the 'Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xiv.

figs. 3, 3 a. McEnery Collection. Purchased, 1842.

16814. A partially-worn third lower milk-molar with the cement
(Fig.) partly scaled off; from Kent's Cavern. Figured in McEnery's

' Cavern ^Researches,' pi. M. fig. 2.

McEnery Collection. Purchased, 1842.

16815. A well-worn third lower milk-molar ; from Kent's Cavern.

McEnery Collection. Purchased, 1842.

49124. A third lower milk-molar ; locality unknown.

Purchased, 1878.

198 TJNGTTLATA.

M. 2551. The well-worn fourth right lower milk-molar ; from
Elton, near Peterborough, Northamptonshire.

Presented by A. N. Leeds, Esq., 1885.

39041. The fourth lower milk-molar of both sides ; from Brackle-
(Fig.) sham Bay, Sussex. Described and figured by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 97, pi. xi. figs. 1, la.

Boiverbank Collection. Purchased, 1851.

40792. The fourth lower milk-molar of both sides ; probably from
the Thames Valley. These teeth are but slightly worn
and of small size. Presented ~by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

21315 a. A fourth left lower milk-molar of the same size as the
preceding ; from Ilford. Noticed in ' Falconer's Pala3on-
tological Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 162. Purchased, 1847.

44984. The imperfect fourth right lower milk-molar ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44985. The much-worn fourth left lower milk-molar ; from Ilford.

There are twelve ridges.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44986. A small fourth lower milk-molar, imperfect anteriorly ; from

Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44987. An almost unworn small fourth left lower milk molar, im-

perfect posteriorly ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

46201. The first right lower true molar, in a slightly more worn

condition ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46202. The first right lower true molar, in a half -worn condition ;

dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46204. The first left lower true molar; dredged off the eastern
coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

44990. The first lower true molar of either side, in a much- worn

condition ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44991. The first lower true molar of either side, in a rather less

worn condition ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878,

ELEPHANTLDJS. 199

44992. The almost unworn first right lower true molar; from

Ilford. There are twelve ridges.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.
21315. The imperfect first lower true molar of both sides ; from

Ilford. Purchased, 1847.

M. 124. The first left lower true molar; from Valjero, near the
river Gradatz, south of Belgrade, Servia. Purchased, 1881.

M. 459. An imperfect first or second lower true molar ; from the
Lippe, Westphalia.

Ennisldllen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 361. A slightly imperfect first or second lower true molar ; from
Bonn, Rhenish Prussia.

Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

46154. The second right lower true molar, in an early stage of
wear ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46163. The second right lower true molar, in a rather more ad-
vanced stage of wear ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46188. The second left lower true molar, imperfect anteriorly ;
dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

40790. The second left lower true molar ; from the Thames Valley.
Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 105.

Presented by C. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

21315 a. The second lower true molar of both sides; from Ilford.

Purchased, 1847.

M. 2556. The much-worn second (?) left lower true molar ; from
Elton, near Peterborough.

Presented by A. N. Leeds, Esq., 1885.

37279. The hinder part of the second right lower true molar ; from

Heddingham. Brown Collection.

Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

21272 d. The slightly-worn second right lower true molar ; from
Eppelsheim, Hessen-Darmstadt. Purchased, 1847.

46159. The third left lower true molar, of large size ; from the
Norfolk coast. This tooth is twisted posteriorly.

Lay ton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

200 TTNGTTLATA.

49452. The third right lower true molar, of small size ; dredged off
the Norfolk coast. Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

40699. The third right lower true molar, of rather small size;
(Fig.) dredged off Cromer, Norfolk. Described and figured by
Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 117, pi. xiv. fig. 3.

Purchased, 1867.

46164. The third right lower true molar ; dredged off the eastern
coast. The hind talon is laterally bent.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46166. The third right lower true molar ; dredged off the eastern
coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46168. The third right lower true molar, in an early stage of wear ;
dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46171. The third left lower true molar ; dredged off the eastern
coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46176. The third left lower true molar; dredged off the eastern

coast. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 117.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46177. The third right lower true molar; dredged off the eastern

coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46180. The hinder half of the third left lower true molar ; dredged
off the eastern coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46182. The third left lower true molar, imperfect posteriorly;

dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46183. The third left lower true molar; dredged off the eastern

coast- Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46184. The third right lower true molar, imperfect posteriorly;

dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46186. A small specimen of the third right lower true molar, in a

well-worn condition; dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46187. The third right lower true molar ; dredged off the eastern

coast- Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

201

46191. The third right lower true molar, in a well-worn condition ;
dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46198. The imperfect third right lower true molar, with the cement

scaled off; dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46199. The third left lower true molar, with the cement scaled off,

and imperfect anteriorly ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46203. A small third right lower true molar; dredged off the
eastern coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46217. The third left lower true molar, in a much-worn condition ;
dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46219. The well-worn third left lower true molar, with the cement

partly scaled off; dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46220. The third left lower true molar; dredged off the eastern

coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46221. The hinder half of the third left lower true molar ; dredged

off the eastern coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46223. Hinder half of a third lower true molar ; dredged off the
eastern coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46227. The third left lower true molar, about half-worn ; dredged
off the eastern coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46169. The third left lower true molar ; dredged off the eastern
coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

37283. The third lower true molar of either side ; from Ipswich,

Suffolk. The ridges are bent backwards, near the middle.

Brown Collection. Presented ~by Prof. Sir R. Owen,

K.C.B., 1859.

M. 460. Part of a well-worn second or third lower true molar ;
from Southwold, Suffolk.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

46678. The third left lower true molar, wanting the two extremities ;

found 28 feet below the surface in digging the sewer along

Pall Mall in 1731. Noticed by Leith- Adams, op. cit. p. 80.

Presented by the Council of the Society of Antiquaries, 1875.

202 UNGULATA.

45870. The imperfect third lower true molar of either side ; found
in digging the foundations of the Museum.

Presented by the First Commissioner of the Metropolitan
Board of Works, 1874.

23117 A small third left lower true molar ; from Maidstone, Kent.

Purchased, 1849.

37111. The imperfect third right lower true molar ; from Erith,

Kent. Purchased, 1863.

37112. The third left lower true molar, imperfect posteriorly ; from

Purchased, 1863.

40299. Middle portion of the well-worn third right lower true
molar; from Crayford, Kent. Purchased, 1867.

36427. The third lower true molar of either side ; from Lexden,
'near Colchester, Essex. These specimens are of small size,
and belonged to the same individual as the corresponding
upper teeth in No. 36426 (p. 187).

Brown Collection. Presented by Prof. Sir E. Owen,

K.C.B., 1859.

28976. The third right lower true molar ; from near Brentford,
Essex. Noticed by Leith- Adams, op. cit. p. 120.

Purchased, 1854.

43551. The third left lower true molar ; from Walthamstow, Essex.
Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 120. Purchased, 1872.

27911. An imperfect third lower true molar ; from Heddingham,
Essex. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 106.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

37280. The imperfect third left lower true molar ; from Heddingham.

Brown Collection. Presented by Prof. Sir It. Owen,

K.C.B., 1859.

37277. A small third left lower true molar, imperfect anteriorly ;

from Heddingham. Brown Collection.

Presented by Prof. Sir E. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

21681. A small third left lower true molar, in an early stage of wear
and imperfect posteriorly ; from Grays, Essex.

Purchased, 1847-

37281. A small third left lower true molar, imperfectly posteriorly ;

from Walton, Essex. Brown Collection.

Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

203

27917. The third left lower true molar; from Lamarsh, Essex.
Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 80.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

37278. The third right lower true molar, imperfect posteriorly;

from Lamarsh. Noticed hy Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 80.

Brown Collection. Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen,

K.C.B., 1859.

M. 1604. The worn and imperfect third lower true molar of either
side ; from Ilford.

Presented by C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884.

44993. The imperfect germs of the third lower true molar of either

side ; from Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44994. The third left lower true molar ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44995. The imperfect third true molar of either side, in a very early

stage of wear ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

7218. An imperfect third lower true molar ; from Brighton.

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

7229. The anterior half of a large third right lower true molar;

from Brighton. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 118.

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

7231. The third left lower true molar ; from Brighton. The crown
is unusually narrow and the ridges are very thin ; noticed
by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 118.

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1836.

M. 59. An imperfect third lower true molar; from Bickley,
Knighton-on-Teme, Worcestershire. Purchased, 1880.

16072. The third left lower true molar : from Northampton.

Purchased. About 1842.

47123. A small third left lower true molar ; from near Peterborough,
Northamptonshire. Purchased, 1876.

M. 2555. A very small third left lower true molar ; from Elton,
near Peterborough. Presented by A. N. Leeds, Esq., 18»5.

M. 482. Hinder portion of a third lower true molar ; from Church
Cliff, Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

204 TJNGULATA.

43067. Hinder part of a rolled third lower true molar ; from Lyme
Kegis> Purchased, 1871.

46441. The third left lower true molar ; from Foxham, Wiltshire.

Purchased, 1875.

46442. The hinder part of the third left lower true molar, showing

bent ridges ; from Broughton Gifford, Wiltshire.

Purchased, 1875.

37292. The third right lower milk-molar ; from a cutting on the

Stowe-Yalley railway. Brown Collection.

Presented by Prof. Sir E. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

9 (0. C.). Part of a much-worn third (?) lower true molar ; from
Cannstadt, Wiirtemberg.

Sommering Collection. Purchased, 1827.

M. 458. An imperfect third right lower true molar ; from Morse-
burg, Saxony. Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 460. The third right lower true molar ; from the Lippe, West-
phalia. Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

21272 e. The third right lower true molar, imperfect posteriorly ;
from Eppelsheim, Hessen-Darmstadt. Purchased, 1847.

21488. The third left lower true molar ; from Eppelsheim.

Purchased, 1847.

M. 384. The third left lower true molar, imperfect posteriorly ;
from Dusseldorf, Germany.

Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

M. 1584. The third true molar of both sides; from Weimar,
Germany. Presented by C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884.

M. 3411. A small third right lower true molar ; from Siberia.

No history.

4 (0. C.). The third right lower true molar of the thick-ridged
variety ; from Siberia. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit.
p. 121. Sloane Collection. Purchased, about 1754.

44060. The third left lower true molar ; from the Porcupine Eiver,

Canada. Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 117.

Presented by Rev. Eobert McDonald, 1873.

44061. A much-worn third right lower true molar, remarkable for

its extremely narrow crown ; from the Porcupine Eiver.
Presented by Eev. Robert McDonald, 1873.

ELEPHANTID^. 205

2 a (0. C.)- The well-worn third right lower rtue molar : from

(Fig.) Eschscholtz Bay, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. Described

and figured in Beechey's « Yoyage to the Pacific and

Behring's Straits in H.M.S. ' Blossom ' during the years

1825 to 1828,' vol. ii. p. 596, pi. i. figs. 1-3 (1831).

Presented by Capt. F. W. Beechey, R.N.

M. 457. Part of a much- worn true molar ; from Xanton on the
Rhine. Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

16 (0. C.). Fragment of a well-worn true molar ; from Siberia,
collected in 1818.

Sommering Collection. Purchased, 1827.

40702. Fragment of a much-worn true molar ; from the United
States. Purchased, 1867.

The specific reference of some of the following specimens

is provisional.

296 (0. C.). The left scapula ; from Eschscholtz Bay. Figured in
(Fig.) Beechey's ' Voyage,' vol. ii. pi. ii. fig. 8.

Presented by Capt. F. W. Beechey, R.N.

M. 3400 . The imperfect right scapula ; from Eschscholtz Bay.

No history.

24583. Two imperfect specimens of the left scapula ; from Esch-
scholtz Bay.
Presented by Capt Kellet and Lieut. Wood, B.N., 1850.

36779. The left scapula ; from Ilford.

Presented by Sir Antonio Brady, 1858.

45060. The left scapula ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45061. The imperfect left scapula ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44065. The imperfect left scapula of a young individual; from
Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

27873. The imperfect left scapula ; from one of the eastern counties.
Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

37230. The right humerus, wanting the proximal extremity;

dredged from the North Sea. Purchased, 1863.

'6258. The right humerus, imperfect proximally ; dredged off the

eastern coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

206 TTNGtrLATA.

45067. The imperfect left humenis ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45069. The immature left humerus ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45070. The left humerus, partly restored ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45071. The imperfect left humerus ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45073-85. Twelve imperfect specimens or fragments of the humerus ;
from Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

48043. The shaft of the left humerus of a young individual ; from
Ilford. Purchased, 1877.

39366. The shaft of a young left humerus ; locality unknown.

Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1865.

30531. The left humerus ; dredged in the Bay of Galway, Ireland.
(Fig.) Figured by Leith- Adams, op. cit. pi. xvi. fig. 1.

Purchased, 1856.

24582. The imperfect left humerus of a small individual ; from
Eschscholtz Bay.
Presented by Copt. Kellet and Lieut. Wood, R.N., 1850.

45103-4-5. Three specimens of the right radius ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45108. The shaft of the radius of a very young individual ; from
Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

38011. The associated right radius and ulna ; from Ilford. Figured
(Fig.) by Leith-Adams, op. cit. pi. xviii. figs. 1, 2.

Purchased, 1864.

48042. The associated left radius and ulna of a young individual ;
from Ilford. Purchased, 1867.

48957. The right ulna ; dredged from the North Sea in 1878.

Presented by H. G. Hammond, Esq., 1878.

M. 3407. The proximal half of the left ulna ; from the Arctic
regions. jVo history.

45086. The left ulna, wanting the distal epiphysis ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

ELEPHANTID^E. 207

45087. The right ulna ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45088-90. Three specimens of the left ulna, wanting their
distal epiphyses ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45092—4. Three specimens of the proximal half of the right ulna ;
from Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45096. The shaft of the ulna of a very young individual; from
Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45098. The shaft of the immature right ulna ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45099-102. Four specimens of the epiphysis of the ulna; from
Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45111-3. Three specimens of the right scaphoid ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

36610. The left scaphoid ; from Maidstone, Kent.

Purchased, 1855.

36607. The right lunar ; from Grays. Purchased, 1855.

28043 The right lunar, of very large size ; from Walton.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

28044. The left lunar ; from Walton.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

45116. The right lunar ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45114. The right cuneiform ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45115. The imperfect right cuneiform ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

36611. The left trapezium ; from Maidstone, Kent. Figured by
(Fig.) Leith-Adams, op. cit. pi. xix. fig. 8. Purchased, 1855.

45118. The left magnum ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

28022. The left magnum ; from Walton.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

24586. A small left unciform ; from Eschscholtz Bay.

Presented by Cayt. Kellet and Lieut. Wood, R.N., 1850.

208 TJNGULATA.

84 c (0 C.)- The left unciform ; from Eschscholtz Bay.

Presented by Capt. F. W. Beechey, R.N.

28042. The right second metacarpal ; from Walton.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

38094-5. Two specimen of the right second metacarpal; from
Grays. Purchased, 1864.

45119. The left second metacarpal ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45120. The right third metacarpal ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

23720 e. The left second metacarpal ; from Slade Green, Erith.

Purchased, 1849.
84 b (0. C.). The left second metacarpal ; from Eschscholtz Bay.

Presented by Capt. F. W. Beechey, R.N.

84 a (0. C.)- Two specimens of the right third metacarpal, one
wanting the distal half ; from Eschscholtz Bay.

Presented by Capt. F. W. Beechey, R.N.

44075. The proximal half of the right third metacarpal ; from near
Abbeville (Somme), France.

Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1873.
28039. The left third metacarpal; from the Essex coast.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

36232. The left third metacarpal ; from Ipswich, Suffolk. Figured
(Fig.} by Leith- Adams, op. cit. pi. xviii. fig. 7.
Brown Collection. Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

45122. The associated left third and fourth metacarpals ; from

Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45123. The left fourth metacarpal ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45124. The left fourth metacarpal ; fiom Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45125. The right fourth metacarpal, wanting the distal epiphysis ;

from Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45185. The left fourth metacarpal ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45190. The imperfect immature left fourth metacarpal ; from
Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

21318. A first phalangeal; from Grays. Purchased, 1847.

ELEPHANTID^. 209

45186-9. Pour first phalangeals, two imperfect ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.
45191. A first phalangeal ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.
41526-7. Two specimens of the right innominate ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45129-35. Seven imperfect specimens of the innominate; from
Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45136. Part of an immature innominate ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.
45840. Part of an immature innominate ; locality unknown.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

44059. The left innominate; dredged in the North Sea off
Lowestoft. Purchased, 1873.

297 (0. C.). The right innominate ; from Eschscholtz Bay. Fig-
(Fig.) ured in Beechey's ' Yoyage,' vol. ii. pi. ii. fig. 9.

Presented by Copt. F. W. Beechey, E.N.

24584. Two specimens of the innominate ; from Eschscholtz Bay.
Presented by Copt. Kdlet and Lieut. Wood, R.N., 1850.

7395. The left femur, wanting the proximal epiphysis ; from
Cheshire. No History.

46270. The left femur, wanting the proximal epiphysis ; dredged off
the eastern coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46274. The shaft of a young left femur ; dredged off the eastern
coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

45139-40. Two specimens of the left femur; from Ilford. No.

(Fig.) 45139 is described and figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit.

p. 165, pi. xix. fig. 7. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45141. The right femur, wanting the proximal extremity; from
Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45144-9. Six specimens of the shaft of the femur ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45151-3. Three specimens of the shaft of the righj femur of very
young individuals ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45176-9. Four specimens of the head of the femur; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

210 TTNGTJtATA.

M. 3394. The left femur, wanting the proximal extremity ; locality
unknown. No history.

42923. The left femur, wanting the head and great trochanter;
dredged off the coast of Holland. Noticed by Leith- Adams,
op. alt. p. 166. Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.

42923 a. The right femur, wanting the proximal extremity and
part of the condyles ; dredged off the coast of Holland.
Noticed by Leith-Adams, op. cit. p. 166.

Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.

298 (0. C.). The right femur ; from Eschscholtz Bay. Figured in
(Fig.) Beechey's ' Voyage,' vol. ii. pi. ii. fig. 5.

Presented by Capt. F. W. Beechey, R.N.

299 (0. C.). The middle of the shaft of the left femur : from

Eschscholtz Bay. Presented by Capt. F. W. Beechey, R.N.

45161-2. The left and right patella ; from Hford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

21318 a. Three specimens of the patella ; from Grays.

Purchased, 1847.

36423. The right tibia, wanting the distal epiphysis; from near

Ipswich, Suffolk. Brown Collection.

Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

36424. The right tibia, wanting the two epiphyses ; dredged off the

Essex coast. Brown Collection.

Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

36425. Cast of the left tibia. The original was obtained from

Harswell, Pocklington, Yorkshire, and is preserved in the

Museum at York. Brown Collection.

Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1859.

28115. The shaft of a young right tibia ; probably from the south

of England. Dixon Collection. Purchased, 1853.

46278-9. Two specimens of the left tibia ; dredged off the eastern

coast- Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

21305. The right tibia; from Hford. Noticed by Leith-Adams,

op. cit. p. 169. Purchased, 1847.

45163. The right tibia; from Hford. Figured by Leith-Adams,
(Fig.) op. cit. pi. xix. fig. 12.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

211

45164. The left tibia, wanting the proximal extremity; from
Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45165-9. Five specimens of the shaft of the tibia, several of them
immature ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

82 a (0. C.). The left tibia ; from Eschscholtz Bay.

Presented by Capt. F. W. Beechey, B.N.

24581. The left tibia ; from Eschscholtz Bay.

Presented by Capt. Kellet and Lieut. Wood, R.N., 1850.

45170. The distal half of the right fibula; from Ilford. Figured
(Fig.) by Leith-Adams, op. cit. pi. xix. fig. 4.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

33419. The right calcaneum; dredged off Happisburgh, Norfolk.
(Fig.) Figured by Leith-Adams, op. cit. pi. xix. fig. 1.

Layton Collection. Purchased, 1858.

82 C (0. C.). The left calcaneum ; from Eschscholtz Bay. Figured
(Fig.] in Beechey's ' Voyage,' vol. ii. pi. ii. fig. 10.

Presented by Capt. F. W. Beechey, R.N.

45171. The right astragalus; from Ilford. Figured by Leith-
(Fig.) Adams, op. cit. pi. xix. fig. 5.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45172. The right astragalus ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45174. The left astragalus j from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

18375. The left astragalus ; from the Norfolk coast.

Presented by E. Charlesworth, Esq., 1844.

23721 e. The left astragalus ; from Slade Green.

Purchased, 1849.

303 (0. C.). The right astragalus ; from Eschscholtz Bay.

Presented by Capt. F. W. Beechey, K.N.

27931. The right navicular ; from Walton. Noticed by Leith-
Adams, op. cit. p. 171.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

M 455 The right navicular ; from Ilford.

Enniskilkn Collection. Purchased, 1882.

212 UN&UL^TA.

45179. The right ectocuneiform ; from Hford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

28041. The right second metatarsal ; from the Essex coast.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

28006. The left third metatarsal ; from Clacton.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

23713 e. The left fifth metatarsal ; from Slade Green.

Purchased, 1849.

21275. The atlas vertebra ; from Ilford. Purchased, 1847.

45025. The atlas vertebra ; from Ilford. Figured by Leith-Adams,
(Fig.) op. cit. pi. xvii. fig. 1.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45026-9. Four specimens of the atlas vertebra, some imperfect ;
from Ilford. Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

16862. The atlas vertebra ; from Ilford.

Presented by W. Thompson, Esq. About 1842.

46233-4. Two specimens of the atlas vertebra ; dredged off the
eastern coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

41658. The imperfect atlas vertebra ; found on the coast at "Whitby,
Yorkshire. Toulmin-Smith Collection. Purchased, 1869.

M. 473. The atlas vertebra ; dredged in the North Sea.

Purchased, 1883.

44784. The atlas vertebra ; locality unknown.

Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.

45030. The imperfect axis vertebra; from Ilford. Figured by
(fig.) Leith-Adams, op. cit. pi. xvii. fig. 6.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

81 c (0. C.). The axis vertebra ; from Eschscholtz Bay.

Presented by Capt. F. W. Beechey, R.N.

81 b (0. C.). A cervical vertebra ; from Eschscholtz Bay.

Presented by Capt. F. W. Beechey, E.N.

M. 3405. A cervical vertebra ; from Ilford. No history.

ELEPHANTID^. 213

19830, 28009. Two cervical vertebrae ; from Clacton.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

46236-7. Two cervical vertebrae ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46242-3. Two specimens of the seventh cervical vertebra ; dredged
off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

45033-4. Two early dorsal vertebrae ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

27878, 28047. Two early dorsal vertebrae ; from Clacton.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

44785. An early dorsal vertebra ; locality unknown.

Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.

M. 3391. Three associated dorsal vertebrae ; from the Arctic regions.

No history.

81 a, d, e, f (0. C.). Four dorsal vertebrae ; from Eschscholtz Bay.
Presented by Capt. F. W. Beechey, R.N.

81 g (0. C.). The neural arch of a dorsal vertebra ; from Esch-
scholtz Bay. Presented by Capt. F. W. Beechey, R.N.

24579. Eight associated dorsal vertebras ; from Eschscholtz Bay.

Presented by Capt. Kellet and Lieut. Wood, R.N., 1850.

42644. A late dorsal vertebra ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

45041. The associated last six dorsal and first three lumbar
vertebrae ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

27939. A lumbar vertebra ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

39363. A lumbar vertebra ; from Clacton.

Brown Collection. Presented by Prof. Sir R. Owen,

' K.C.B., 1859.

18371. The centrum of a lumbar vertebra ; from the Norfolk coast.
Presented by E. Charlesworth, Esq., 1844.

46247-8. Two lumbar vertebrae ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874

44786 A lumbar vertebra ; locality unknown.

Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.

24580. The sacrum ; from Eschscholtz Bay.

Presented by Capt. Kellet and Lieut. Wood, E.N., 1850.

27933. The anterior half of the sacrum ; from Clacton.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

46249. Two associated sacral vertebrae ; dredged off the eastern

coast. Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

46250. A sacral vertebra ; dredged off the eastern coast.

Owles Collection. Purchased, 1874.

27997. A caudal vertebra ; from Clacton.

Presented by John Brown, Esq., 1852.

M. 172. A rib ; from Ilford.

Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

45055-6. Two ribs from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

45049-54. Six imperfect ribs ; from Ilford.

Brady Collection. Purchased, 1878.

81 h. A rib ; from Eschscholtz Bay.

Presented by Capt. F. W. Beechey, E.N.

24586. Four ribs ; from Eschscholtz Bay.

Presented by Capt. Kellet and Lieut. Wood, R.N., 1850.

M. 3392. Hair ; from Behring's Straits. Purchased.

GENERICALLY UNDETERMINED SPECIMENS.

The following specimens from the Pliocene SiwaliJcs of India cannot be
generically determined. The greater number of them are figured
by Falconer and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis.'

A. From the Siwalik Hills. Unless otherwise stated the specimens
belong to the Cautley Collection. — Presented, 1842.

M. 3171. Fragment of a twisted incisor. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli.
"» fig.l-

M. 3172. The anterior portion of an incisor. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli.
• 2.

ELEPHANTID.S:. 215

M. 3173. Fragment of an incisor. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli. figs. 3,
(Fig.) 3 a.

JUL. 3174. Fragment of an incisor. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli figs 4
(Fig.) 4a,4b.

M. 3104. Fragment of an incisor. Figured, op. at. pi. xli. fig. 5.

M. 3175. Fragment of an incisor in its alveolus. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xli. figs. 6, 6 a.

M. 3176. The anterior portion of an incisor. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xli. figs. 7, 7 a.

M. 3177. Middle portion of an incisor. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli.
(Fig.) figs. 8, 8 a.

M. 3178. Fragment of an incisor. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli. figs. 9,
(Fig.) 9 a.

M. 3179. Fragment of an incisor. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli. figs. 10,
(Fig.) 10 a.

M. 3180. Fragment of an incisor. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli. figs. 11,
(Fig.) 11 a.

M. 3181. Tip of an incisor. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli. figs. 12, 12 a.
(Fig)

M. 3182. Fragment of an incisor. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli. figs. 13,
(Fig.) 13 a.

M. 3183. Fragments of the two incisors. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli.
(Fig.) figs. 14, 14 a, and 25, 25 a.

M. 3184. Anterior portion of an incisor. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli.
(Fig.) figs. 15, 15 a.

16318. Tip of an incisor. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli. figs. 16. 16 a.

(Fig-)

M. 3185. Tip of an incisor. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli. figs. 17, 17 a.

M. 3186. Anterior portion of an incisor. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli.
(Fig.) figs. 18, 18 a.

M. 3187. Fragment of an incisor. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli. figs. 19,
(Fig.) 19 a,

216 TmetTLATA.

M. 3188. Fragment of an incisor. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli. figs. 20,
(Fig.) 20 a.

M. 3189. Middle portions of the two incisors. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xli. figs. 21, 21 a.

M. 3190. Fragment of an incisor. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli. figs. 22,
(Fig.) 22 a.

Iff. 3191. The anterior extremity of the premaxillse, showing the

(Fig.) bases of the incisors. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli. figs. 23,

23 a. Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

M. 3192. Fragment of the premaxillae. Figured, op. cit. pi. xli.
(Fig.) fig. 24.

16415. Fragment of the right scapula. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlix.
(Fig.) fig. 1.

M. 3287. Fragment of the right scapula. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlix.
(Fig.) figs. 2, 2 a.

M. 3288. Fragment of the right scapula. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlix.
(Fig.) fig. 3.

). Fragment of the right scapula. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlix.
(Fig.) figs. 4, 4 a.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3293. Proximal extremity of the left humerus. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. figs. 3, 3 a, 3 6.

M. 3295. Proximal extremity of the left humerus. Figured, op cit
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. fig. 4.

M. 3294. Proximal extremity of the left humerus. Figured, op cit
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. fig. 5.

M. 3297. Proximal extremity of the left humerus. Figured op cit
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. fig. 6.

16425. Proximal extremity of the right humerus. Figured op cit
pi. xlviii. fig. 7.

M. 3299. Proximal extremity of the left humerus. Figured op cit
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. fig. 8.

M. 3300. Proximal extremity of the right humerus. Figured op
(Fig.) cit. pi. xlviii. fig. 9.

M. 3301. Proximal extremity of the left humerus. Figured w cit
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. fig. 10.

217

M. 3302. Distal extremity of the left humerus. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. figs. 11, 11 a, 11 6.

M. 3303. Distal extremity of the left humerus. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. figs. 12, 12 a, 12 b.

M. 3291. Distal extremity of the right humerus. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. figs. 13, 13 a, 13 b.

16419. Distal extremity of the left humerus. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. fig. 14, 14 a, 14 b.

M. 3304. Distal extremity of the left humerus. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. fig. 15.

M. 3315. Distal extremity of the left humerus. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. fig. 16.

M. 3298. Distal extremity of the right humerus. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. fig. 17.

M. 3296. Distal extremity of the left humems. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. fig. 18.

M. 3305. Distal extremity of the right humerus. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. fig. 19.

M. 3292. Distal extremity of the right humerus. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. fig. 20.

M. 3306. Distal extremity of the right humerus. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. fig. 21.

M. 3289. Proximal half of the right humerus. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. figs. 5, 5 a, 5 b.

M. 3307. Distal extremity of the left humerus. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. figs. 7, 7 a, 7 b.

M. 3308. Proximal halves of the left radius and ulna. Figured, op.
(Fig.) cit. pi. xlviii. figs. 22, 22 a, 22 6.

M. 3309. Proximal extremity of the right ulna. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. figs. 23, 23 a.

M. 3310. Proximal extremity of the right ulna. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. fig. 24.

M. 3311. Proximal extremity of the left ulna. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. fig. 25,

218 TTNGTTLATA.

47134. Proximal extremities of the left radius and ulna. Figured,
(Fig.) op. cit. pi. xlviii. fig. 26.

Presented by 0. Falconer, Esq., 1867.

M. 3312. Proximal extremity of the left ulna. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. fig. 27.

M. 3314. Proximal extremity of the left ulna. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. fig. 28.

M. 3313. Proximal extremity of the right ulna. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlviii. figs. 29, 29 a.

36701. Proximal extremity of the left ulna. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. figs. 8, 8 a, 8 b.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3316. Distal extremities of the right radius and ulna. Figured,
(Fig.) op. cit. pi. xlix. fig. 9.

M. 3290. Distal extremities of the left radius and ulna. Figured,
(Fig.) op. cit. pi. xlix. figs. 10, 10 a.

M. 3317. Distal extremities of the right radius and ulna. Figured,
(Fig.) op. cit. pi. xlix. figs. 12, 12 a.

M. 3318. Distal extremity of the left ulna. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. figs. 13, 13 a.

M. 3319. Distal extremity of the right ulna. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. figs. 14, 14 a.

M. 3320. Distal extremities of the right radius and ulna. Figured,
(Fig.) op. cit. pi. xlix. fig. 15.

M. 3239. Distal extremities of the right radius and ulna. Figured,
(Fig.) op. cit. pi. xlix. fig. 16.

M. 3321. Distal extremity of the right ulna. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 17.

M. 3322. Distal extremity of the right ulna. • Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 18.

M. 3234. Distal extremity of the right radius. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 19.

M. 3323. Distal extremity of the left radius. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 20. "

M. 3235. Distal extremity of the right radius. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 21.

219

M. 3324. Distal extremity of the left ulna. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 22.

M. 3237. Distal extremity of the right radius. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig, 23.

M. 3325. Distal extremity of the right radius. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 24.

M. 3326. Distal extremity of the left ulna. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 25.

M. 3236. Distal extremity of the left radius. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 26.

M. 3327. Distal extremity of the left radius. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 27.

M. 3328. Distal extremity of the left radius. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 28.

M. 3329. Distal extremity of the left ulna. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 29.

M. 3330. Distal extremity of the left ulna. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 30.

M. 3331. Distal extremity of the left ulna. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 31.

M. 3332. Distal extremity of the right ulna. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 32.

M. 3333. Distal extremity of the left ulna. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 33.

M. 3334. Distal extremity of the right ulna. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 34.

M. 3335. Distal extremity of the left ulna. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 35.

M. 3336. Distal extremity of the right ulna. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlix. fig. 36.

36711. Distal extremity of the left ulna.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3194. The associated distal extremities of the right radius and
(Fig.) ulna, together with the lunar, trapezoid, magnum, and

unciform, and the proximal extremities of the second,

third, and fourth metacarpals. Figured, op. cit. pi. 1.

% 1.

M. 3196. The associated distal extremity of the left ulna, the carpus,
(Fig.) and the proximal extremity of the third metacarpal.

Figured, op. cit. pi. 1. figs. 2, 2 a, 2 b.

M. 3197. The right scaphoid. Figured, op. cit. pi. 1. figs. 3, 3 a.

18465. The left scaphoid. Figured, op. cit. pi. 1. figs. 4, 4 a.

(%0

M. 3198. The left scaphoid. Figured, op. cit. pi. 1. figs. 5, 5 a.

(%0

M. 3199. The right lunar. Figured, op. cit. pi. 1. figs. 6, 6 a, 6 b.

(%•)

M. 3200. The left lunar. Figured, op. cit. pi. 1. figs. 7, 7 a, 7 b.

(%•)

M. 3201. The right lunar. Figured, op. cit. pi. 1. figs. 8, 8 a, 8 b.

(%0

M. 3202. The right lunar. Figured, op. cit. pi. 1. figs. 9, 9 a, 9 b.

M. 3203. The right lunar. Figured, op. cit. pi. 1. figs. 10, 10 a,
(Fig.) 10 b.

17405. The right lunar. Figured, op. cit. pi. 1. figs. 11, 11 a, 11 b.

M. 3204. The left lunar. Figured, op. cit. pi. 1. figs. 12, 12 a, 12 b

(%•)

M. 3205. The right lunar. Figured, op. cit. pi. 1. figs. 13, 13 a, 13 b.

(%•)

M. 3206. The left lunar. Figured, op. cit. pi. 1. figs. 14, 14 a, 14 b.

(%•)

17859. The right lunar. Figured, op. cit. pi. 1. figs. 15, 15 a 156

M. 3238. The right lunar.
36714. The right lunar.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860,

ELEPHANTID^. 221

36715. The right cuneiform.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.
17997. The imperfect left cuneiform.

M. 3210. The left cuneiform. Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

M. 3211. The left cuneiform.

M. 3207. The right cuneiform. Figured, op. cit. pi. 1. figs. 16, 16 a,
(Fig.) 16 b.

17809. The right cuneiform. Figured, op. tit. pi. 1. figs. 17, 17 a,
(Fig.} 17 b.

M. 3208. The right cuneiform. Figured, op. tit. pi. 1. figs. 18, 18 a,
(Fig.} 18 b.

M. 3209. The right cuneiform. Figured, op. tit. pi. 1. figs. 19, 19 a,
(Fig.} 19 b.

M. 3212. The left cuneiform. Figured, op. tit. pi. 1. figs. 21, 21 a,
(Fig.) 21 b.

M. 3213. The left pisiform. Figured, op. tit. pi. 1. figs. 23, 23 a.

M. 3214. The left pisiform. Figured, op. tit. pi. 1. figs. 24, 24 a.

(Fig.}

M. 3215. The left trapezoid. Figured, op. tit. pi. 1. figs. 26, 26 a,
(Fig.} 26 b, 26 c.

M. 3216. The right trapezoid. Figured, op. tit. pi. 1. figs. 27, 27 a,

(Fig.) 27 &, 27 c.

M. 3217. The left magnum. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 2, 2 a, 26,

(Fig.} 2c,2d.

M. 3218. The left magnum. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 3, 3 a, 3 6,

(Fig.) 3c, 3d

17863. The left magnum. Figured, op. tit. pi. li. figs. 4, 4 a, 4 6,

(Fig.) 4c,4d.

17832. The right magnum. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 5, 5 a, 5 5,

(Ffy.) 5c, 5cJ.

M. 3233. The right magnum.

17457. The left magnum.

36716. The left magnum.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

222 TTNGtTI,ATA.

36717. The right unciform.

Presented by tlie Secretary of State for India, I860.

M. 3219. The right unciform. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 7, 7 a,
(Fig.) 7 6, 7 c.

M. 3220. The left unciform. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 8, 8 a, 8 b,
(Fig.) Sc.

17453. The left unciform. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 9, 9 a, 9 6,
(Fig.) 9c.

17452. The right unciform. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 10, 10 a,
(Fig.) 10 b, 10 c.

M. 3221. The left unciform. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 11, 11 a,
(%.) 11 6, 11 c.

M. 3222. The left unciform. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 12, 12 a,
(Jfc.) 126, 12 c.

M. 3223. The left first metacarpal. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 13,
(Fig.) 13 a, 13 6.

M. 3224. The right second metacarpal. Figured, op. cit. pi. li.
(Fig.) figs. 14, 14 a, 146.

M. 3225. The left second metacarpal. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 15,
(Fig.) 15 a, 15 b.

15354. The left second metacarpal. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 16,
(Fig.) 16 a, 16 b.

M. 3226. The right third metacarpal. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 17,
(Fig.) 17 a, 17 6.

17433. The right third metacarpal. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 18,
(Fig.) 18 a, 18 b.

36719. The right third metacarpal. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 19,
(Fig.) 19 a, 19 6.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3232. The left third metacarpal.
M. 3231. The left fourth metacarpal.
15353. The right fourth metacarpal.

36710. The left fourth metacarpal. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 21,
(Fig.) 21 a, 21 b.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

ELEPHANTIDJ3. 223

M. 3227. The left fourth metacarpal. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 22,
(Fig.) 22 a, 22 b.

18005. The left fourth metacarpal. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 23,
(Fig.) 23 a, 23 b.

M. 3228. The right fifth metacarpal. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 24,
(Fig.) 24 a, 24 6.

M. 3229. The right fifth metacarpal. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 25,
(Fig.) 25 a, 25 6.

M. 3230. The left fifth metacarpal. Figured, op. cit. pi. li. figs. 26,
(%.) 26 a, 26 b.

18002. The first phalangeal of the right third digit. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. li. figs. 27, 27 a, 27 6.

17788. The first phalangeal of the left fourth digit. Figured, op.-
(Fig.) cit. pi. li. figs. 28, 28 a, 28 6.

18028. The first phalangeal of the right third digit. Figured, op. cit.
(Fiy.) pi. li. figs. 29, 29 a, 29 b ; entered in the description of

the plate (Pal. Mem. vol. i. p. 487) as the third

metacarpal.

18030. The first phalangeal of the left third digit. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. li. figs. 30, 30 a, 30 b ; entered in the description of
the plate as the third metacarpal.

16441. Fragment of the right innominate. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii.
(^•) ng. 1.

16408. Fragment of an innominate. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii. figs.
(Fig.) 2, 2 a.

M. 3361. Fragment of the left innominate. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii.

(Fig.) fig. 3.

M. 3362. Fragment of the right innominate. Figured, op. cit. pi.

(Fig.) liii. fig. 4.

M. 3363. Fragment of the right innominate. • Figured, op. cit. pi.

(Fig.) liii. fig. 5.

M. 3364. Fragment of the left innominate. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii.

(Fig.) fig. 6.

M. 3365. Fragment of the right innominate. Figured, op. cit.

(Fig.) pi. liii. fig. 7.

16433. Fragment of an innominate. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii. fig. 8.

224 TJNGTTLATA.

M. 3337. Proximal portion of the left femur. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. lii. fig. 1.

M. 3338. Proximal portion of the right femur. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.} pi. lii. fig. 2.

M. 3339. Proximal portion of the right femur. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. lii. fig. 3.

M. 3340. Proximal portion of the right femur. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.} pi. lii. fig. 4.

M. 3341. Proximal portion of the left femur. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. Hi. fig. 5.

M. 3342. Proximal portion of the right femur. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. lii. fig. 6.

M. 3343. Proximal portion of the right femur. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. lii. fig. 7.

M. 3344. Proximal portion of the left femur. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. lii. fig. 8.

M. 3366. Distal portion of the right femur. Figured, op. cit. pi. lii.
(Fig.) figs. 9, 9 a, 9 6, 9 c.

M. 3367. Distal half of the right femur. Figured, op. cit. pi. lii.
(Fig.) figs. 10, 10 a, 10 b, 10 c.

M. 3368. Distal portion of the right femur. Figured, op. cit. pi. lii.
(Fig.) figs. 11, 11 o, 11 6, 11 c.

M. 3369. Distal portion of the left femur. Figured, op. cit. pi. lii.
(Fig.) figs. 12, 12 o, 126, 12 c.

M. 3370. Distal portion of the right femur. Figured, op. cit. pi. lii.
(Fig.) figs. 13, 13 a, 13 6, 13 c.

M. 3371. Distal portion of the right femur. Figured, op. cit. pi. lii.
(fig.) fig. 15.

M. 3354. Distal portion of the left femur. Figured, op. cit. pi. lii.
(Fig.) fig. 16.

M. 3355. Distal epiphysis of the left femur. Figured, op. cit. pi. lii.
(Fig.) fig. 17.

M. 3356. Distal portion of the right femur. Figured, op. cit. pi. lii.
(Fig.) fig. 18.

ELEPHANTIDJ5. 225

M. 3372. Distal extremity of the right femur. Figured, op. at.
(Fig.) pi. lii. fig. 19.

M. 3357. Distal portion of the left femur. Figured, op. cit. pi lii.
(Fig.) fig. 20.

M. 3358. Distal portion of the left femur. Figured, op. cit. pi. lii.
(Fig.) fig. 21.

M. 3373. Distal portion of the right femur. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. lii. fig. 22.

M. 3374. Distal portion of the right femur. Figured, op. cit. pi. lii.
(Fig.) fig. 23.

M. 3375. Distal portion of the right femur. Figured, op. cit. pi. lii.
(Fig.) fig. 25.

M. 3359. Distal portion of the right femur. Figured, op. cit. pi. lii.
(Fig.) fig. 26.

M. 3376. Distal portion of the left femur. Figured, op. cit. pi. lii.
(Fig.) fig. 27.

M. 3377. Distal portion of the left femur. Figured, op. cit. pi. lii.
(Fig.) fig. 29.

36702. Proximal half of the right femur. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii.
(Fig.) fig. 9.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3360. Head of a femur. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii. fig. 10.

36712. A patella. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 5, 5 a.

(Fig.) Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3269. A patella. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 6, 6 a.

(%•)

M. 3270. A patella. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 7, 7 a.

(%•)

17804. A patella. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 8, 8 a.

(%•)

17851. A patella. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 9, 9 a.

(Fig.)

17998. A patella.

PAKI IV. <*

226 TTNGTJLATA.

M. 3378. Proximal portion of the left tibia. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. liii. figs. 14, 14 a.

M. 3379. Proximal portion of the right tibia. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. liii. figs. 16, 16 a.

M. 3380. Proximal portion of the right tibia. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. liii. figs. 17, 17 a.

M. 3381. Proximal portion of the right tibia. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. liii. fig. 19.

M. 3382. Proximal portion of the right tibia. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. liii. fig. 20.

M. 3345. Proximal portion of the right tibia. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. liii. fig. 21.

M. 3383. Proximal portion of the right tibia. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. liii. fig. 22.

M. 3346. Proximal portion of the left tibia. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. liii. fig. 23.

M. 3347. Proximal portion of the right tibia. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. liii. fig. 24.

M. 3348. Proximal portion of the left tibia. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. liii. fig. 25.

M. 3384. Proximal portion of the left tibia. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. liii. fig. 26.

M. 3349. Proximal portion of the left tibia. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. liii. fig. 27.

M. 3385. Proximal portion of the right tibia. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. liii. fig. 28.

M. 3240. Proximal portion of the left tibia. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. liii. fig. 29.

M. 3241. Distal portion of the left tibia. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii.
(Fig.) fig. 31.

M. 3350. Distal portion of the left tibia. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii.
(Fig.) figs. 32, 32 a.

ELEPHANTTDuE. 227

M. 3242. Distal portion of the right tibia. Figured, op. cit pi liii
(Fig.) figs. 33, 33 a.

M. 3243. Distal portion of the left tibia. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii.
(Fig.) figs. 34, 34 a.

M. 3351. Distal portion of the right tibia. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii.
(Fig.) figs. 35, 35 a.

M . 3352. Distal portion of the right tibia. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii.
(Fig.) figs. 36, 36 a.

M. 3244. Distal portion of the right tibia. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii.
(Fig.) fig. 37.

M. 3353. Distal portion of the right tibia. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii
(Fig.) fig. 38.

M. 3246. Distal portion of the left tibia. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii.
(Fig.) fig. 39.

Jtt. 3247. Distal portion of the left tibia. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii.
(Fig.) fig. 40.

M. 3248. Distal portion of the right tibia. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii.
(Fig.) fig. 41.

M. 3385. Distal portion of the right tibia. Figured, op. cit. pi. liii.
(Fig.) fig. 42.

M. 3249. The right calcaneum. Figured,' op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 1, 1 a,
(Fig.) I b.

17432. The left calcaneum. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 2, 2 a,
(Fig.) 2 b.

17431. The left calcaneum. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 3, 3 a,
(Fig.) 3b.

18467. The right calcaneum. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 4, 4 a,
(Fig.) 4b.

M. 3250. The right calcaneum. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 5, 5 a,
(Fig.) 5 6.

M. 3251. The right calcaneum. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 6,
(Fig.) 6 a, 6 b.

M. 3252. The imperfect left calcaneum. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv.
(Fig.) figs. 7, 7 a, 7 b.

228 TJNGULATA.

17443. The left calcaneum. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 8, 8 a,
(Fig.) 8 b.

17441. The right calcaneum. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 9, 9 a,
(Fig.) 9 b.

M. 3253. The left calcaneum. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 10,
(Fig.) 10 a, 10 b.

M. 3254. The left calcaneum. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 12,
(Fig.) 12 a, 12 b.

M. 3255. The left calcaneum. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 14,
(Fig.) 14 a, 14 b.

M. 3256. The right calcaneum. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. fig. 15.

17460. The right calcaneum. Figured, op. ci£. pi. Iv. figs. 3, 3 a,
(Fig.) 3b,3c.

M. 3257. The left astragalus. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 18,
(Fig.) 18 a.

M. 3258. The right astragalus. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 19,
(Fig.) 19 a,

M. 3259. The left astragalus. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 20,
(Fig.) 20 a.

17852. The left astragalus. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 21, 21 a.

M. 3260. The left astragalus. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 22,
(Fig.) 22 a.

M. 3261. The right astragalus. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 23
(Fig.) 23 a.

M. 3262. The left astragalus. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs 24
(Fig.) 24 a.

M. 3263. The right astragalus. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv fiss 25
(Fig.) 25 a.

M. 3264. The right astragalus. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 26
(Fig.) 26 a.

M. 3265. The left astragalus. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv ftes 27
27 o.

ELEPHANT1D.E. 229

17848. The right astragalus. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs 28 28 a

M. 3266. The left astragalus. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 29
(Fig.) 29 a.

It. 3267. The right astragalus. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 30,
(Fig.) 30 a.

17842. The left astragalus. Figured, op. cit. pi. liv. figs. 31, 31 a

17855. The right astragalus.
17858. The right astragalus.

M. 3270. The left ectocuneiform. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 10,
(Fiff.) 10 a, 106.

17789. The left ectocuneiform. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 11,
(Fig.) 11 a, 11 b.

17817. The left ectocuneiform. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 12,
(Fiff.) 12 a, 126.

17814, The left ectocuneiform. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 13,
(Fig.) 13 a, 136.

M. 3272. The right ectocuneiform. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 14,
(Fig.} 14 a, 146.

M. 3273. The right ectocuneiform. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 15,
(Fig.) 15 a, 15 b.

17466. The right second metatarsal. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv.
(Fiff.) figs. 16, 16 a, 166.

17822. The right second metatarsal. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv.
(Fig.) figs. 17, 17 a, 176.

M. 3274. The left third metatarsal. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 18,
(Fig.) 18 a, 186.

17823. The right second metatarsal. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv.
(Fig.) figs. 19, 19 a, 19 6.

M. 3275. The left third metatarsal. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 20,
(Fig.) 20 a, 20 6.

17465. The left third metatarsal. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 21,
Fig.) 21'a, 21 6.

230 UNGTJLATA.

17464. The left third metatarsal. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 22,
(Fig.) 22 a, 22 b.

M. 3276. The right third metatarsal. Figured, op. cit. pL Iv.
(Fig.) figs. 23, 23 a, 23 6.

M. 3277. The left fourth metatarsal. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv.
(Fig.) figs. 24, 24 a, 24 6.

M. 3278. The left fourth metatarsal. Figured, op. cit. pi. Iv.
(Fig.) figs. 25, 25«, 25 b.

M. 3279. The first phalangeal of the right second digit. Figured,
(Fig.) op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 26, 26 a, 26 6:

M. 3280. The first phalangeal of the right second digit. Figured,
(Fig.) op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 27, 27 a, 27 b.

M. 3281. The first phalangeal of the right second digit. Figured,
(Fig.) op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 28, 28 a, 28 b.

36720. The first phalangeal of the right second digit. Figured,
(Fig.) op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 29, 29 a, 29 b.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

36721. The first phalangeal of the left second digit. Figured, op.
(Fig.) cit. pi. Iv. figs. 30, 30 a, 30 b.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3282. The first phalangeal of the right second digit. Figured,
(Fig.) op. cit. pi. Iv. figs. 31, 31 a, 31 b.

M. 3283. The first phalangeal of the right third digit. Figured, op.
(Fig.) cit. pi. Iv. figs. 32, 32 a, 32 b.

M. 3284. The first phalangeal of the left fourth digit. Figured,
(Fig.) oj). dt. pi. Iv. figs. 33, 33 a, 33 b.

M. 3285. The first phalangeal of the right fourth digit, Figured,
(Fig.) op. cit. pi. Iv. 34, 34 o, 34 6.

M. 3286. The first phalangeal of the left fourth digit. Figured, op.
(Fig.) cit. pi. Iv. figs. 35, 35 a, 35 b.

17824. The first phalangeal of the right fourth digit. Figured, op.
cit. pi. Iv. figs. 36, 36 a, 36 b.

36697. The atlas vertehra. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlvi. figs. 1, la,
(Fig.) 1 b Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860,

231

16435. The atlas vertebra. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlvi. figs. 2, 2 a,
(Fig.) 2 b.

M. 3150. The atlas vertebra. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlvi. figs. 3, 3 a,
(Fig.) 3 b.

M. 3151. The atlas vertebra. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlvi. fig. 5.

M. 3193. The imperfect atlas vertebra. Figured, op. cif. pi. xlvi.
C%.) fig. 6.

M. 3152. The atlas vertebra. Figured, op. tit. pi. xlvi. figs. 7, 7 a,
76.

M. 3153. The atlas vertebra. Figured, op. cit. pL xlvi. fig. 8.
(Fig.) Presented by Dr. Hugh Falconer.

M. 3154. The atlas vertebra. Figured, op. cfo pi. xlvi. fig. 9.

(%•)

M. 3155. The atlas vertebra. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlvi. fig. 10.

M. 3194. The atlas with the anterior part of the axis vertebra
(Fig.) attached to it. Figured, op. tit. pi. xlvi. fig. 11.

16432. The axis vertebra. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlvii. figs. 1, 1 a.

M. 3156. The axis vertebra of a young individual. Figured, op.
(Fig.) cit. pi. xlvii. figs. 3, 3 a.

M. 3157. The centrum of the axis vertebra. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlvii. figs. 4, 4 a.

M. 3158. The centrum of the axis vertebra. Figured, op. cit.
(Fig.) pi. xlvii. figs. 5, 5 a.

M. 3159. The centrum of the axis vertebra. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlvii. figs. 6, 6 a.

M. 3160. The centrum of the axis vertebra. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlvii. figs. 7, 7 a.

M. 3161. The centrum of the axis vertebra. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlvii. figs. 8, 8 a.

M. 3162. The centrum of the axis vertebra. Figured, op. tit.
(Fig.) pi. xlvii. figs. 9, 9 a.

M. 3388. Two cervical vertebrae in matrix.

M. 3163. Eight associated vertebrae, consisting of the last two
(Fig.) cervical and the first six dorsal. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlvii.
fig. 10.

M. 3164. An imperfect dorsal vertebra. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlvii.
(Fig.) fig. 11.

M. 3165. An imperfect dorsal vertebra. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlvii.
(Pig.) fig. 12.

M. 3166. An imperfect dorsal vertebra. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlvii.
(%.) fig. 13.

M. 3167. An imperfect dorsal vertebra. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlvii.
(Fig.) fig. 13 a.

36698. Three associated dorsal vertebras.

Presented by the Secretary of State for India, 1860.

M. 3168. A lumbar vertebra. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlvii. fig. 14.

(%0

M. 3169. A lumbar vertebra. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlvii. fig. 15.

(%•)

M. 3170. The imperfect sacrum. Figured, op. cit. pi. xlvii. fig 16.

16409. Three specimens of the sacrum.

B. From Perim Island, Gulf of Cambay.

48452. Shaft of a humerus, of very large size.

Presented by Dr. Beust, 1849.

40681. Head of an ulna. Purchased, 1867.

233

ADDENDA.

The two following specimens were presented after the
preceding pages tvere in type.

Mastodon perimensis (page 56).

M. 3499. The last three ridges and talon of a second (?) right lower
true molar, probably belonging to this species ; from
Perim Island. Cement is present in the valleys.

Presented by Col. J. W. Watson, 1886.

Mastodon cautleyi (page 71).

M. 3500. The first three ridges (the third wanting the inner column)
of the germ of the second left upper true molar of a
small individual ; from Perim Island. This specimen, in
which the width anteriorly is 0,078, is rather smaller than
No. M. 2887 (page 72), but agrees in every detail of struc-
ture. Presented by Col. J. W. Watson, 1886.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

GENERA AND SPECIES, INCLUDING SYNONYMS.

Anancus. 52.

Euelephas, 78. ] Mastodon (cont.\

macroplus, 52.

americanus, 171.

mirificus, xi.

Antoletherium, 3, 11.

antiquus, 122.

obscurus, 30.

armeniacus, 174.

pandionis, 37.

Dibelodon, 14.

colurnbi, 171.

pentelici, 40.

humboldti, 41.
Dinotherium, 3.

hysudricus, 116.
namadicus, 167.

perimensis, 5(5, 233.
proavus, x.

bavaricum, 3.

primigenius, 175.

productus, x.

cuvieri, 3.
giganteuni, 3.

Loxodon. 78.

punjabiensis, 60.
pyrenaicus, 28.

mdicum, 11.

melitensis, 151.

serridens, x.

kcenigi, 3.

meridionalis, 107.

ehepardi, 30.

medium, 3.

planifrons, 98.

simorrensis, 28.

pentapotamiae, 11.

priscus, 122.

sivalensis, 47.

proavum, 3.

tapiroides, 27.

sindiense, x.

Mammuth, 15.

turicensis, 27.

ohioticus, 15.

Tirgatidens, 25.

Elephas, 78.

Mastodon, 14.

africanus, xii.

americanus, 15.

Notelephas, xii.

americanus, 15, 171.

angustidens, 28.

australis, xii.

antiquus, 122.

arvernensis, 52.

armeniacus, 174.

atticus, 70.

Stegodon, 78.

atlanticus, 123.

australis, 45.

bombifrons, 82.

bonibifrons, 82.

borsoni, 25.

clifti, 79.

clifti, 79.

brevirostris, 52.

ganeea, 88.

columbi, 171.

bufl'onis, 25.

insignis, 89.

falconer! , 151.

cam pester, xi.

orient alis, 89.

ganesa, 88.

cautleyi, 71, 233.

siuensis, 79.

hysudricus, 116.

cordillerarum, 45.

iniperator, 171.

cordillerum, 45.

Tetrabelodon, 14.

indicus, xii.

cuvieri, 15.

andium, 45.

insignis, 89.

dissimilis, 52.

angustideus, 28.

jacksoni, 171.

elephantoides, 79, 89.

longirostris, (51.

melitensis, 151.

euhypodon, xi.

pandionis, 37-

meridionalis, 107.

falconer i, 40.

pentelici, 40.

mnaidriensis, 138.

gaujaci, 28.

perimensis, 56.

namadicus, 167.

giganteus, 15.

turicensis, '21.

planif'rons, 98.

numboldti, 41.

Tetracaulodon, 15.

primigenius, 175.

jeffersoni, 15.

brevirostris. 15.

priscu?, 122.

latidens, 71.

mastodontoidcus, 15.

texianus, 171.

Ibngirostris, 61.

Tetralophodon, 14.

trogontherii, 122.

maximus, 15.

Trilophodon, 14.

DATE DUE

Phys.Sci.

03881 British Museum(Nat.Hist.)

B7U Dept. of Geology.

v.ii

1886 Catalogue of the fossil
Mammalia in the .

Phys . Sci .

QE881 British Museum ( nat. H ist. )
B?U Dept. of Geology.

v.U

1886 Catalogue of the fossil
Mammalia in the . • •

Physical Sciences Library

University of California

Riverside