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Z00/, CATALOGUE

OF THE

MADREPORARIAN CORALS

IN THE

BRITISH MUSEUM
(WATURAL HISTORY ).

VOLUME l.

THe Genus MADREPORA.

BY

GEORGE BROOK.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

SOLD BY
LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW;
B. QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY; DULAU & Co., 837 SOHO SQUARE;
KEGAN PAUL & Co., PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD;
AND AT THE
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W.

1893.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,

RED LION CQURT, FLEET STREET.

PREFACE.

Tue first attempt to get the Collection of Stony Corals in the British Museum
into systematic order was made in the year 1876, when the Trustees engaged
Dr. Briiggemann to prepare a complete Catalogue. Unfortunately, the work of
this able Zoologist was interrupted by his premature death in 1878, and for
various reasons could not be resumed for many years. In the interval important
additions were made to the collection, of which the specimens collected by the
Naturalists of the ‘Transit of Venus,’ ‘ Alert,’ and ‘Challenger’ expeditions
should be specially mentioned; then, in more recent years, when the question
about the formation of Coral-reefs had been reopened, a considerable amount
of material was received from several Naturalists who took special interest in
this inquiry: especially from Dr. Guppy, who collected in the Solomon Islands ;
from Mr. G. C. Bourne, who investigated the coral-reefs of Diego Garcia; from
Mr. J. J. Lister, who passed some years in Polynesia; from Mr. Bassett-Smith,
who, by the instructions of the Hydrographer of the Admiralty, thoroughly
searched the Tizard and Macclesfield Banks during their survey by H.M.SS.
‘Rambler’ and ‘Penguin’; and from Mr. Thurston, who paid several visits to
the Ramesvaram reefs. The present work was near its completion when, finally,
Mr. Saville-Kent transferred to the Museum the large collection which he had
formed on the Great-Barrier Reet and in Torres Straits.

a2

lv PREFACE.

From these and other sources the collection in the Museum has grown to its
present extent, the number of specimens of the genus Madrepora amounting to
1104. They are described in the present volume under 180 specific names,

the total number of species of the genus amounting to 221.

The task of arranging these materials with the nomenclature most conformable
to the preceding literature was surrounded by unusual difficulties ; and although
the Author was assisted by a series of named specimens of Klunzinger’s Red Sea
Madrepores purchased some years ago, by one species collected by Haeckel in
Ceylon and described by Ortmann, and by the whole of the ‘Challenger’ types,
he would not have succeeded so well in his work if he had not, at considerable
personal sacrifice, visited the principal collections on the Continent with the object
of studying the types contained in them. The Museum, besides, is greatly
indebted to him for the care bestowed on the curatorial part of the work,

by which every specimen has been now rendered available for future study.

ALBERT GUNTHER,

Keeper of the Department of Zoology.
British Museum, NV. lske

June 16th, 1893.

INTRODUCTION.

Tux total number of species referred to the genus Madrepora s. s. up to 1890,
when the present work was undertaken, appears to be 157, not including the
nomina nuda of Valenciennes and other authors. To these must be added
twelve or fourteen others recently published by Rehberg. In most cases the
species recorded by the various authors have been identified from published
descriptions, and I am not aware that any author has compared together the
type specimens contained in continental museums. The American types have
not been redescribed or refigured since the original publication. The synonymy,
therefore, lapsed into a state of confusion, and the lists of species recorded as
occurring in certain areas are quite unreliable. It has thus been necessary to
make, as far as possible, a renewed study of the type specimens of the numerous
species already described. It has not yet been possible for me to study the type
specimens preserved at Washington and other places in the United States, and
thus I have only been able to judge of the characters and positions of the species
described by Dana, Horn, and Verrill from the more or less complete data
supplied by these authors. ‘The types described by European authors are in the
Museums of Paris, Berlin, London, Strassburg, and Jena, whilst Klunzinger’s
types are, I believe, preserved in the Museum at Stuttgart, but a complete set is
also to be found in the Berlin Collection. I have not yet had an opportunity of
visiting the Stuttgart Museum, and my notes on Klunzinger’s Red Sea Collection
are based on the study of the specimens identified by Klunzinger which are

contained in the Berlin and London Collections.

Vi INTRODUCTION.

I am glad to have this opportunity of expressing my hearty thanks to the
various gentlemen who have given me facilities for my study and assistance during
its progress. I may be permitted to mention the names of Professor Perrier and
M. Bernard in Paris, Professors Mobius, von Martens, and Dr. Weltner in Berlin,
Professors Haeckel and Kiikenthal in Jena, and Professor Doderlein and
Dr. Ortmann in Strassburg, all of whom gave me every assistance in their power.
To Dr. Weltner I am further indebted for much valuable information on the
Berlin types which he has been kind enough to supply since I visited the

collections.

It was at the suggestion of Dr. Giinther that the present work was
undertaken, and his constant interest in its progress and the readiness with
which he has given me assistance and advice in critical points have been a source
of great encouragement to me. I have also pleasure in acknowledging the

assistance rendered by my friend Prof. Jeffrey Bell.

As a result of the comparison of the various European Collections already
referred to, I have considered it necessary to reduce the number of distinct species
described by previous authors from 169 to 130. To this number must be added
the new species described by myself—91 in all. Short descriptions of 62 of these
have already appeared in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for
December 1891 and 1892. The remainder are now described for the first time.
Some are based on specimens in the Collection of the British Museum, whilst

others are founded on specimens referred to previously described species by

various authors.

For some time the idea was entertained to include an account of the fossil
species of Madrepora in the present volume. Very little is known as to the
position and affinities of the fossil species, and a careful study of their relations to
existing forms would be of special interest on account of the great importance of
the various species as reef-builders. The subject is, however, a very difficult one ;
the type specimens are scattered, imperfectly described, and rarely figured, added
to which most of the specimens which have come under my notice are

fragmentary. Satisfactory material is not readily obtained, but even if that

INTRODUCTION. vil

had been available, the advantages to be derived from a study of it would have
been doubtful, inasmuch as in the greater number of the fossil forms the
characters on which the classification of recent species is based are not preserved

with sufficient clearness to admit of comparison.

The Plates which illustrate the present volume have been reproduced by the
Collotype process by Messrs. Morgan and Kidd from negatives taken by myself.
For various reasons it was often found impracticable to represent closely allied
species on the same Plate. As isochromatic plates were chiefly used, the
difference in the depth of colour of the various specimens accounts for the
variation in intensity of the figures on some of the Plates. The scale on which
the specimens are figured is also not constant, and depends entirely on the
reduction necessary for each specimen or group of specimens in order to fill a
10- by 8-inch plate. I trust that sufficient detail will be found in the figures to
give a good idea of the habit of the specimens, and also, although necessarily to a

less extent, of the form, angle, and variation of the corallites.

GEORGE BROOK.

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MADREPORA.
Page
[ERE UMADREPORA. Brooches ciicrscioene c= 23
Te ariplater ead ey, Gro so oiene Oo bo coe 23
palmata; Daimler. «11-1 + © 25
prolifera, Hailes... sclleliers «+ 26
cervicornis, Lamk............. PN
PSOCUNGA DUNG tete, sverucedee « « 30
3. crassa, M-Hdw. gb H. .......... 30
Ale ThiyemnGie, Joy Mes ooo panconsane 31
Sy Foavolbis, Jhon poaceasbos Don OF 32
6. heteroclados, Brook ............ 32
Ves abbenlata,wOno0lG) «cis steysis «cies eve 33
Sb GyGloaetly Bee ecocaneoossocnas 33
OMconi pera. Dandie. lar lel) yee s\el« 34
10. smithi, Brook ...... scouted etd 34
iBWetorescenss Vandi .cpaciae ona 35
OS VasIOMMUIS 37001) veya cteere yee. s 37
34 OrbicnlaniswB rove... se seseee 4 or
14. acuminata, Verrill ........ Resins eee)
lly Aiplonies, Jee aogopaeaco eo Maer 39
GS arbusculase Mona) ao te « eens ote 40
U7, Sab, JOG) os coon eons CORE Oe 40
NSS indicate) Jie, geodon once moe 41
NOesrobusta,, Done ysies Ae cis. ae 42
2) onan diss Br0olemsery sae) -is. a 21) tere 42
Dileeformosas Dancgerermimeie ciate. 43
Os jolene, LP poo. on op a boa be ot 44

SYSTEMATIC

INDEX.

GENERAL REMARKS.

HT STORTOMU ER tthe tie: i -ratehene cla
IMORPHOEOG Vameeerercr ners sus © eksves ee eae

CUASSIRICGA TION = eerste Sc ve cs elm avs

DESCRIPTIVE PART.

cond oto GUdOodDOoE page 1

WP incest Nevacor Reale persis es it

Spm olistegsnater shetarshe Motch ieys 15
Page
PB) witadi. Ia noaekooeooaesonode 45
24. valenciennesi, M.-Hdw. § H. .... 46
DD HenlaxaN Damier tronstalni sie, tecepsyent-sewer ie « 46
26. multiformis, Ortmann .......... 47
Pe jamiknepnlbey, OW Goococon coud 48
28. ehrenbergi, W-Hdw. § H. ...... 48
OOM clathrate rook. meine sere ete 49
B10), madeline), aru soon asnogedooc 50
Bil, GleaiaGuch Ve Goocnceace soos 51
SoM Istonieebnogicue areactiacietes cia 52
BS) bin Hh S0uiicen coapebaaDDooOTs 53
koro JIUAIG ooogboooncoedooue 54
confluens, Brook ............ 54
34. tuberculosa, M-Edw. f H....... 55
Sih sity MOU, Bb oonoooodenelac 56
36. abrotanoides, Lamk............. 56
Silo Glues, JULI. GP 126 Soomro es 57
38. pharaonis, W.-Hdw. fj H. ...... 58
Se, famnG, RG 66 Gacnee sa nuobue 59
AEs ciftini Sapte oOlceeduspee cites clerelsre ers) cred aee 60
41. compressa, B.-Smith............ 60
42.) pocillitera,zamcs. 1. =<) ra ta 61
ABZ’ ASPerawOCNAv\)...- 2) sleteeery aes 62
AWA svaemaveny, VAM ooooepbesucoccoc 63
Abs scabrosas Quelch) | .-eteiteeieiee ose 64
AGudivaricabas aa aes eerie ae 64
AN EOE IAD> boocpocen5aeo5 65
ANTON. alaywagwepivly Jey nooo npaseneoe 200

b

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

x

Page
Il. Opontocyaruus, Brook ..... Kee ae 66
48. arabica, M.-Edw. §& H...,....... 66
49. borealis, M.-Hdw.d H. ........ 67
50. stigmataria, W.-Edw. § H....... 68
OL. Subtilis, Kiet ote cra ee ore at 68
oe. reticulata, Brook 2... --.+ 16.6. 68
53. oligocyathus, Brook ............ 69
54, AMDIPMA, PATO, velernietse acl. ciel 70

55. complanata, Brook ............ 7
OOMbOTEMOBA, GIG acs a sin sce etokis os 71
NiemMPpiCabas Vana ve. s)-tolctee tes) a1- 72

O68; PYUINosa, Brook <2 23.2.5 ese ee ih
NMR OnYAUACIEYS: Bronce .t:s ctl s see eis. .21- 73
OO Masta eDaNM. =< te eek cists == ol 73
60. paxilligera, Dana.............. 74
Gldigititeras Dang semeree oe oe 75
62; veftnsas Dana: sa.36 se se cers eee ec 76
63. haimei, W.-Hdw. dG H........... 77
G45 retusa, Dang. © chic clei cies ese S00 77

Gosidecurrens, -Hhrb. socio cs fll
66: tubigers, Horn .).- tse © - 79
ZUCADIMATIS WA UUNZ= elel tetra eats 80
68) diffusa, Vervill cae 222 ok esc 5 80
69, dilatata; (Brooke. 2.0 Mac. ce ct eee 81
(Om dendrim=s 5: Sis aeete cei sieeieeres 81
UESRATIA SHAE os cele eta eee 82
MOsMbEMUIS PDA 2io sels hitters cicero ae 83
(a wATICANa, BUOOKs. <s.ctei cake eee ce 83
7] AamEOBACED, PHBDEN tele etsiatsielaicte ate. t0e 84
(OPGISHChA,eDTO0K Piece sete eke oe 84
{OSA ppressaswe unpre ack terete sic 85
(heel: Sey? cooneadacodgaaee 85
78. cymbicyathus, Brook .......... 86
79. alliomorpha, Brook ...........- 87
BON isecaley Sinden ae ere eee 87
SL tizardiyBroole avert cee. ete 89
82, quelehi, -Broole. vente ela eeteie 90
83; coreslis® Dana: .2.-.ceeer one es 91
S£ispieitera, Dana .\%0-2 ee estate or 92

85. symmetrica, Brook ............ 94
86. pechinata, Brooke sari. «cis elete ee 95
87. tenuispicata, Studer ............ 96
88. candelabrum, Studer............ 96
89. patella, Studem. sss. s-ceee soe 97
90: corymbosa, Lames 2... 22... 3c 97
91 cytherea, Dang... 2... -o-- --- 99
92) armata, ‘Brook <eeee ses oo ee 100
93; arcuata;, Brook! -c.oeee oO 102

Page

94. microclados, Harb. ...........- 103
05:sa cleus Uanaaeee fie iis aa 0:< <> 104
96. glochiclados, Brook ............ 104
97. surculosa, Dana ......... . 104, 200
98. macrostoma, Brook ............ 105
99. anthocercis, Brook ............ 106
100. recumbens, Brook.............. 106
101. hyacinthus, Dana .............. 107
102, conferta, Quelch ......:cs0.00 108
103. delicatula, Brook ...........20- 109
LO4: ckonti; eB 700 Fri)---\- ele\e's eee 110
LOS: bifaria, Brovle es «cic /1 oe ee eee 110
106: spatula, Brooke praetncriac acece 111
LO-vlatistella ebroncemas occ cece 112
108. polystoma, Brook ............-.- 112
LO9:sandica: -Bropicmp renee se eee bio 113
110 Wsinensis eB idokeee einer eee 114
LAW, frondosa.sBroolcmert ie elec 114
112. elegantula, Ortmann............ 115
IV. Lerrocyaruus, Brook ..........-..- 115
1S. ambricata; arden aejail 1-1 seek ec 116
ie4 yanillepora, ve Ub ei eee te 116
115. convexa, Danae aa. eee eee ene 118
116. prostrata, Dana” ~22sben.-22-+% 119
117. ‘squamosa, -Brooiee teins eae 120
11'S; subulata, Danae. - seers cere 120
119. spathulata, Brook ............ 121
120. selago, Studer 7 ...2scsaner reer 122
121. ‘eribripora, Dana -\.\-: tee 123
122. cuspidata, Dana... |. -)vseie ete 124
123. rubra, Siuden” 2). = 2 <1 eee 124
124) exigua, Dana. >. .\..0--6- eee er 125
125. ‘mirabilis; Queleh . 21-222 see ee 125
126s student. Brook aoscsccie come 126
127. sarmentosa, Brook ...........- 127
128: thebes; Dana iiss)... 0 oe eee eee 128
129: “obscura, Brookes ci. + eine 129
130. monticulosa, Briigg.......-...-- 130
V. Isopora, Studer. 2... s\:>. eee 131
1S. spalitera, Lame... + </-/-seeraente 131
132. shispida, Brook: <)>)... 2 eee eet 133
133. securis, Dang .... os epee Aoi)
134. cuneata, Dana .... .neeeem ena: 134
130: (plicata, Brook’... -eaeretere tet 134
VI. Tytorona, Brook ..<.:ceee eee er er 135
136: mobilis; Dana. peepee: acre 135

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. xi

Page

W3iareataliss Quelle ox. «/s stern aperaners a0 136
138. dactylophora, Brook ...........- 137
139. eurystoma, Klunz. ........-..-- 137
140. frnticosa, Brook .....22.0-+.+ 138
T4i; tubicmaria, Dango oeeeease eee <= 139
42. botte; Brook! ee eeocerece oe 139
145. amblyclados, Brook ...........- 140
V4). diversa; Brovicweece soa ectes se 141
145." spectabilisyeBr00hiere 2 -\chaleieia <=...) 141
146. gemmifera, Brook .............. 142
1472 GAN OETIBISS RYO axc2 cates sree « 143
148. scherzeriana, Briigg............. 144
PAGS uaMINS;, Dang. : sac Sees eae ss 145
150. brueggemanni, Brook .......... 145
t>teeortmanni, Brooke... <2 20+ <> 147
av acenvata, DANG. is Nanda eileved os 147
153. klunzingeri, Quelch ............ 148
t5Awecdilata, Kling 242 s00.c1iences<- 148
155. cophodactyla, Brook ............ 148
Ph Ga periata, LATO: - oot.sersie availa = = 149
157. pyramidalis, Kiunz............. 150
158. canaliculata, Klunz............. 151
£59, bullata, Brook. ancramentee ae 2.2 151
#GO> globiceps;, Danae Fo acicerne = => 152
161. platycyathus, Brook ...........- 153
162. botryodes, Brook ........--.--- 153
Ga: calamaria, Brovcs.. rece. 5 - 154
164, australis; Brook 22. oe- 3... 155
165. plantaginea, Lamk. ............ 156
166. erythrea, Klunz. ..2..002-2--0 157
VOT. Suppyl roles a 'ste= - olsen ae <2 158
168. beodactyla, Brook ............ 158
169. leptocyathus, Brook ............ 159
70: breyicollis) Brook .2.22505-2265- 159
VII. Conocyatuus, Brook .............- 160
LL VANIADILBy OLUNZ.. o's xc ide doas ss 16]
Ui 2aeeyloness Ortins 2. occas 332 2 162
US atwM Aa ArIl 5 32 2 teat ks Paes 163
(Ay IATCREE TOOK 3 3. dove\oyn (aie 200 50 164
175. concmaise Brooke ccs nen esse 165
76; loxipespeirooks 22.0 23). 2 itt Sen 165
177. cancellats, Brook . 5.220063: s00% 166
WIS. pumilayVerrile o 5.53 fee 6 oss oe 166
179: violaceneBrogke catia seiecs woe 3s 167
SO: valida; Damtgrancs once. dese 168
181. microphthalma, Verrill ........ 168
182. polymorpha, Brook ............ 169
ESS; forskalt, BirOs0 ee cers oo sos 3 170

Page
184. rousseaui, M.-Edw. & H......... atv Al
LSS, exilis, Brooleeeerset) trata eyek 2 172
186.) elseyi, Brook teemerae «seers. 172
VIII. Ruaspocyatuus, Brook .........- 173
AS7s hempricht Whirl. {sae sacs 173
188. tubulosa, Hhrb......... 72.22 -=s 175
TSO Mhiyetrix, Dana... <3 toneee 176
190. syringodes, Brook...........-.- 177
Pot xcarduns: Dang, 20... 2 9 \e08 e 178
NOD mawiatas V Orr lootn stn «10 an ae vere as 178
POF TOSAT a DAME ia, 3 a oetava:ad. asouoeraks 179
TOSATIGS DOR a0. Natalee. staeioree 179
PY SMA. Dra aoe eo oe 180
dumosa; Brook. Scr02, 5 s/estaere see 180
OA yOra. Ende il sinter net st ateien 181
195. orientalis, Brook ............-- 182
L9Gs contraga, Quelch- c.15 «6 sajacleee 182
1973, clavigera, Brook... <0. «ase 183
EX. Tracuytoroka, Brook .....-....++-: 184
ROSS echudnsea, Laie. von aloe 1412 - 1810 184
1995 echinata, Dang? 2056, 055 stesso ei 185
200s subelavras Bri ..141s.,<e ta 186
201. longicyathus, M.-Edw. § H. .... 187
202. procumbens, Brook ...........- 188
2035 horrids, Dang, .- locks aie ee 188
204. granulosa, M.-Edw.G H. ...... 189
205. rambleri, B.-Smith ............ 189
2062 raynerts Brook a:.y.e(0 a oo, yoke 191
Q0 ia speciosa, Quel. ..2.- 2 - -a1-2\jare 191
X. Disticnocyatuus, Brook ........-... 192
208. elegans, M-Edw.g H. ........ 192
209s tenella. 700m cea aot ary ieiete ge 193
O10) anermis,, Brook soe soe sete het o 194
DM e panies | Quis tase. e/a crs 310 194
212. angulata, Quelch ....:....-:4.- 195
Species incerte sedis.
DIF: Cgrenatan END. - = v0.0 32 sialee 196
Dia dichonoma. HAs 22 v2.3 sane 196
215. gonagra, M.-Edw.G H. ........ 196
216. papillosa, Rehb. .............- 197
217. parvistella, Verrill ............ 197
218. philippinensis, Rchb............. 197
DOs teres, Verrts vc.cccd.o6 ce ease +s 198
DOAN. Gurgida, Verna nine vn o.s 018 °° 198

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CATALOGUE

OF

MADREPORARIA.

GENERAL REMARKS.

HISTORICAL.

Tur name Madrepora appears to have been first used by Imperato in 1599, but its precise
significance, or rather the sense in which the term was originally employed, does not appear
to be generally understood. The derivation usually given (cf. ‘The Century’ and other
dictionaries) is madre, Ital., and the Greek mapos, or possibly mopos. ‘The affinity to Ital.
madreperla, mother-of-pearl, is evident. Imperato* describes and figures a number. of
Zoophytes, which he classes together as Port. This group is divided into Millepora, Madre-
pora, Retepora, Frondipora, Tubulara, &e. His work was published at a time when naturalists
were anxious to show that the animal and vegetable kingdoms meet in a common area, the
sea, and there produce an intermediate type of structure. Imperato is therefore especially
concerned to prove the “animal” nature of his Madrepora, and in dog so makes use of
several expressions which are quoted by Donati and appear to indicate the association of ideas
which led to the use of the word. The following quotations from Donati’s work + (French
edition, 1758) are a free translation of the original of Imperato :—In “ Madrepora”’ “ les
nouvelles additions se forment en consistance de Pore, et de substance charnue.......
Madrepora, amas épais de Pores. .....-- on croit que c’est une mére ow se forment des
animaux marins comme les abeilles dans les giteaux de cire..... a tubulaire [the
calcareous cups] west quwun réservoir danimaux.” The figures of “ Madrepora” in
Imperato’s work appear to represent a species of Dendrophyllia, probably D. ramea.%2In the

* ¢Dell’ Historia naturale’ (Napoli, 1599); Latin transl., Colonize, 1695.
+ «Essai sur histoire naturelle de la Mer Adriatique’? (La Haye, 1758).

2 GENERAL REMARKS.

text the word is spelled Madripora (p. 717), but in the explanation of the figures the i is
replaced by e. In the Latin translation of Imperato’s work, published in 1695, the word
“ Madrepora” is always translated “ Porus matronalis.” It is clear from the above quotations
that Imperato regarded what we now speak of as the “ corallum” as a stony “nurse” in the
porous cups of which animal polyps undergo their development, and “ stony mother” appears
to indicate the meaning imtended. When Linnzeus established his binomial system he
borrowed this, among other words, from Imperato and gave it a generic value without adopting
a proper Latin construction. There is no doubt that the word is, in the first instance, Italian
and Linnzeus applied it to the same group of Zoophytes as Imperato haddone. As, however,
the term was originally used to indicate the “ maternal ”’ character of the “ stone ” rather than
its porosity, it appears that the root should be referred to the Greek w@pos, i.e. stone, and
the English pronunciation of the word altered accordingly. When we come to the con-
sideration of the Linnean genus Madrepora, further difficulties arise which are not so easily
disposed of. JLinnzeus established three genera among what are popularly known as Stony
Corals. The first, Tubipora (= Tubulara, Imper.) includes the “organ-pipe” coral and is
now referred to the Aleyonaria. The second, Millepora, in its present restricted sense,
although by no means entirely in the original one, belongs to the Hydrocoralline. There
remains the third genus, Madrepora, which, for practical purposes, may be taken to include
the whole of the Madreporaria or Zoantharia Sclerodermata. Subsequent investigators have
from time to time subdivided the Linnean genus Madrepora, until, up to the present time, over
400 new genera have been proposed. The question then arises, for what part of the original
genus has the name Madrepora been retained? So far as I can ascertain, the only just reply
must be that, strictly speaking, none of the species now referred to Madrepora were included
in the original Linnean genus. In the twelfth edition of the ‘Systema Nature’ the 33rd
species of Madrepora described is M. muricata, and this, so far as I can ascertain, is the only
species which comes within the genus as now understood. The specific name has disappeared
from our nomenclature and has been replaced by M. palmata, M. flabellum, M. cervicornis,
and M. prolifera, all of Lamarck, and possibly also by others. It should be stated that Esper
considered species 39, viz. AM. infundibuliformis, as a variety of M. muricata. Linnzeus, how-
ever, quotes Pallas’s M. crater as a synonym, and was probably correct in doing so; in that
case the species belongs to Turbinaria and not to Madrepora s.s. If, now, we turn our
attention to the 10th edition of the ‘Systema Nature,’ we find that the species named Madr.
muricata in Ed. xii. is here referred to Millepora, whilst Madrepora infundibuliformis
Hd. xu. appears as Tubipora in Ed. x. Thus, if we take the 10th edition as our guide,
the name Madrepora is now applied to a genus of corals which were referred by Linnzeus
to Millepora, and only on the publication of the 12th edition were the limits of the genus
extended so as to receive them. How far Linnzeus may have been influenced by the views of
Pallas is not certain. In the ‘ Elenchus Zoophytorum’ Pallas quotes “ Systema Nature,
Ed. x.,” in the synonymy, and divides the genus Madrepora into 7 sections, viz. simplices, con-
catinate, conglomerate, aggregate, dichotome, vegetantes, and anomalz. In the last section,

anomal, he arranges three species, M. muricata, M. porites, and M. foliosa. It is interesting

GENERAL REMARKS. 3

to note that, according to the accepted classification, these three species belong to three allied
genera, viz. Madrepora s. s., Porites, and Montipora. On the publication of the 12th Ed. of
Linnzeus’s work the three species in question were placed in the genus Madrepora. When
Lamarck in 1808 subdivided the genus Madrepora and instituted a number of new ones, he
unfortunately retained the name Madrepora for the group of species represented by M. muri-
cata. The definition of the genus given by Lamarck is not characteristic and is equally
applicable to the genus Anacropora. The genus, as restricted by him, had much narrower
limits than those at present recognized and did not include the divisions, or subgenera, Jsopora,
Trachylopora, &c., species of which were known to him, but were referred to Astrea, Oculina,
Porites, &e. Ehrenberg, in 1834, was the first to give the genus its present limits, but
instead of following Lamarck in nomenclature, he proposed a new name Heteropora for the
genus, on account of the distinction between axial and radial corallites which leads to the
characteristic mode of colony-formation. All the species which came under his notice, and
which really come within the genus, were, with one exception, correctly referred to it by
Ehrenberg. It appears, however, that Blainville * had in 1830 applied the name Heteropora
to a genus of fossil Polyzoa; and as the name is still in use, and has even been raised to the
rank of a family, there is no doubt that Heteropora, Ehrenberg, cannot stand. The paper in
which Ehrenberg proposed the name, although not published until 1834, was communicated
to the Berlin Academy on March 38rd, 1831, and probably at that time the last volume of the
‘Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles? had not come under his notice.

Dana and all subsequent investigators have in effect adopted the name Madrepora as
synonymous with Heferopora, Ehrb., and have extended the limits of Madrepora, Lamk.,
accordingly.

The question as to the justification of the use of the generic name Madrepora in its
present sense rests, then, with Lamarck, and the conclusion arrived at will depend on whether
the 10th or the 12th edition of the ‘Systema Nature’ is taken as the starting-pomt. I am
aware that in the rules for Zoological Nomenclature adopted by the British Association, the
12th edition is taken as the starting-point; but, at any rate, so far as the Zoophytes are
concerned, I see no sufficient reason for doing so. Linneus could not be expected to have
any very accurate knowledge of Zoophytes, and it appears to me unjustifiable to adopt an
attitude towards his work which would not be tolerated in any other case. The genus
Madrepora was established in the 10th edition, and the type of the genus which now bears
that name was then referred to Millepora; evidently, then, Lamarck ought not to have
retained the name in its present sense, but to have applied it to some typical section of the
original genus. As, however, he has been followed by all subsequent authors, with the
exception of Ehrenberg, it is clear that a change made now which would involve the
institution of a new name would not serve any good purpose. We must therefore regard
Madrepora s. s. as a generic name which, like Holothuria, depends for its justification on
custom rather than on priority +.

* ¢ Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles,’ vol. 1x. 1830, p. 381.

+ Of. F. J. Bell, “A Test Case for the Law of Priority,” Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 108.
B2

4 GENERAL REMARKS.

In an enumeration of the works in which species of the genus Madrepora s. s. are
recorded it is necessary to begin with Linneus, who recognized only one species, viz.
M. muricata. Pallas did not describe any new species, but divided M. muricata into three
varieties, viz.:—a. ramosa, B. corymbosa, and y. an incrusting variety. Esper, in his
‘ Pflanzenthiere, figures several varieties of M. muricata and also another which he named
M. rosacea, which appears to be distinct, but had been overlooked until Studer revived the
name. Lamarck, in 1816 *, described 9 new species of Madrepora and dropped altogether
the name M. muricata, Linn., to which, indeed, he does not refer in the synonymy. No new
recent species are added in the second edition of Lamarck’s work edited by Milne-Edwards,
but a list is appended of 7 fossil species of doubtful affinity described by Goldfuss and
Defrance.

Ehrenberg, in his ‘ Red-Sea Corals,’ recognized 21 species, 18 of which are described as
new ; the remainder are referred, though sometimes erroneously, to species already described
by Lamarck. He regarded Astrea pulvinaria and A. microphthalma, Lamk., as synonyms of
Madr. palmata, Lamk., and referred Oculina echidnea, Lamk., to the genus Madrepora
(Heteropora, Ehrb.). It should be understood that, although Ehrenberg’s work is nominally
on the Red-Sea Corals, several species of Madrepora are included in it which were not
collected in the Red Sea. In the account of the Zoophytes collected during the voyage of
the ‘ Astrolabe,’ Quoy-and Gaimard enumerate 4 species of Madrepora from Tongatabu and
Fiji, all of which are referred to species already described by Lamarck. Unfortunately the
descriptions and figures given are so imperfect that subsequent authors have found it almost
impossible to identify the species ; even Miine-Edwards, who had access to the collection, gave
up the task as hopeless.

Next in order follows Dana’s work on the Zoophytes of the North-American Exploring
Expedition, probably the most important work on recent Corals which has yet appeared. The
work contains descriptions of 64 species of Madrepora which were observed by the author, 53
of which are described as new; the majority of the new species are figured in the Atlas.
Duchassaing, in 1850, published a list of Radiata from the Antilles in which three species of
Madrepora are enumerated. M. plantaginea, Lamk., was probably included in error, and was
omitted from the author’s later works.

In 1860 the 3rd volume of Milne-Edwards and Haime’s ‘ Coralliaires’ appeared, in
which the species of Madrepora described by previous authors are arranged and classified ;
eighteen new species are also described. No work of so comprehensive a character has since
been published, and the ‘Coralliaires’ is therefore still a necessary handbook ; but its
usefulness is considerably interfered with by the shortness and insufficiency of the diagnoses
and the almost complete absence of illustrations. It is probably owing to these conditions
that subsequent investigators have so frequently failed to recognize the species described by
Lamarck and Milne-Edwards.

In 1860 also Valenciennes contributed a short paper to the ‘Comptes Rendus’ on the

* References to the systematic works are given under each species in the synonymy.

GENERAL REMARKS. _ 5

corymbose varieties of Madrepora, in which he introduced several new names ; but as no proper
descriptions accompany them, they have been regarded as nomina nuda by subsequent authors.
Horn, in 1861, described briefly three new species ; but only one of them, viz. M. tubigera, has
been recognized as distinct by his successors. In the account of the Zoophytes of the Antilles
published by Duchassaing and Michelotti in 1861, three new species of Madrepora are
described, all of which are very imperfectly characterized. So far as can be ascertained, the
species in question are simply form-variations of already known West-Indian species.

Verrill’s contributions to the subject consist chiefly of three papers. The first is a list
of species sent from the Museum of Comparative Zoology to other institutions in exchange.
This list includes 36 species of Madrepora, three of which are new. In his later work on the
Polyps and Corals of the North-Pacific Exploring Expedition, 12 species are recorded, 7 of
which are described as new and two or three others are referred doubtfully to species previously
described by Dana. None of the new species of Madrepora described in either this or the
preceding paper are figured, and the exact position of some of them is still uncertain. In
the Catalogue of Deep-Sea Corals contained in the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Pourtalés records only three species, all from the West Indies. Haeckel, in his ‘ Arabische
Korallen, figures three, possibly four, Red-Sea species of Madrepora under the name
Heteropora, Khrb.

Briiggemann, in 1877, recorded a new species of Madrepora collected by Haeckel in the
Red Sea aud also gave Mauritius as a habitat for M. gonagra, Hd. & H. ; but the identification
in the latter case is probably not correct. In the following year he also included M. laxa,
Lamk., in a list of corals from Singapore. The species described by Briggemann under this
name does not agree with Lamarck’s types, but, probably owing to the fuller description
which he supplied, subsequent determinations nearly always refer to Briiggemann’s species
and not to the true M. lava, Lamk. In 1879 Briiggemann published a report on the
Corals of Rodriguez, which includes a list of 11 species of Madrepora, one of which is described
as new.

Studer’s account of the Stony Corals collected in the Pacifie Ocean during the voyage of
the ‘Gazelle’ includes 23 species of Madrepora, of which 5 are new. The name M. secale is
also proposed for M. plantaginea, Dana, which has generally been held to be distinct from
the species described under that name by Lamarck. In a later paper (1880) on the Corals of
Singapore, the same author gives a list of 23 species, none of which are new, but figures are
given of two or three of the more obscure species. ‘The subgenus [sopora was proposed by
Studer in this paper.

An important work by Klunzinger on the Red-Sea Corals appeared in 1879, an excellent
feature of which consists of the photographic plates. The work has a further value from the
fact that the author made a careful study of Ehrenberg’s type specimens and gives more
accurate descriptions of his species. The work includes descriptions and figures of 24 species
of Madrepora, of which 17 are recorded as new. This work is excellent, but suffers in some
respect from a lack of acquaintance with the types of M.-Edwards, which, it must be admitted,
are, in many cases, not sufficiently diagnosed for purposes of identification. In 1880 the

6 . GENERAL REMARKS.

Report on the Florida Reefs by Louis Agassiz was published by his son, the special interest
of which, for our present purpose, centres in the three excellent plates of M. palmata,
M. cervicornis, and M. prolifera.

In the ‘ Marine Fauna of Mauritius and Seychelles,’ by Mobius, Richters, and v. Martens,
seven species of Madrepora are recorded by Mobius from Mauritius, which were identified by
Haacke ; six of the species also occur in the Red Sea. S. O. Ridley, in a paper on the Coral
Fauna of Ceylon (1883), records two species of Madrepora. H. O. Forbes gives, in his
‘ Naturalist’s Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago’ (1885), a list of Corals collected in
the Keeling Islands, which were determined by Ridley and Quelch, in which two species of
Madrepora are recorded, one of which is named M. orbipora, Dana, var.; but no species
was described by Dana under that name ; the specific name intended is probably cribripora.

The ‘ Challenger’ Report on Coral Reefs by Quelch appeared in 1886, and in it fifty
species of Madrepora are recorded, eleven of which are new. In the same year Duncan
described a collection of Corals from the Mergui Archipelago, which included eight species
of Madrepora, all of which are referred to known species.

Tn 1888 Rathbun published a catalogue of the species of Madrepora in the United-States
National Museum. The-list includes 59 species in all; the type specimens of 48 of the new
species described by Dana and also 6 of Verrill’s are in the Collection. The types of the
remaining species of Madrepora described by Dana appear to have been lost, excepting in the
rare instances (e.g. M. digitifera) where the species were described from specimens already
in the collection of other institutions. This collection also contains the type of M. secale,
Studer (= M. plantaginea, Dana, non Lamk.).

Ortmann has published two important descriptive papers in which numerous species of
Madrepora are recorded. The first, published in 1888, is a list of the collection of Corals in
the Strassburg Museum. In this paper 44 species of Madrepora are enumerated, only one of
which is described as new, but in the case of 8 others the reference to known species is made
with considerable doubt. The second paper is devoted to a description of a collection of
Corals made by Haeckel in Ceylon, the types of which are in Jena; 27 species are here
recorded, 5 of which are described as new to science. In Faurot’s ‘Report on the Red
Sea Mission,’ published in 1888, 4 species of Madrepora are recorded, 3 from the Gulf of
Aden and 1 from Kamaram Island.

Tn 1890 Bassett-Smith described a collection of Corals from the China Sea (Macclesfield
and Tizard Banks), In this paper 30 species of Madrepora are enumerated, 4 of which are
described as new, but a fifth, which is considered new, is not named. An interesting feature
in this collection is the fact that all the new species were obtained at depths between 23 and
30 fathoms. In the same year Thurston published a paper on the Fisheries and Marine
Fauna of the Gulf of Manaar, in which the occurrence of 3 species of Madrepora is recorded.

Since the systematic portion of this work was completed, a paper by Dr. Rehberg, “ Ueber
neue und wenig bekannte Korallen,”’ has come into my hands ; it was published in November

GENERAL REMARKS. 7

jast shortly before the appearance of my second contribution on the new species in the British
Museum, but I did not see a copy of it until the end of December. Rehberg’s work is based
on a study of the German Collections, and especially of that in Hamburg; but he has also
studied the Berlin Collection, and specimens from the collections in Kiel, Lubeck, and
Bremen. A long list of species is given according to their geographical distribution, but, as
already pointed out, such lists, unless accompanied by a complete revision of the synonymy,
are not reliable. This paper also includes descriptions of 10 new species, and notes on a
number of other species. I have not seen the specimens described and recorded by Rehberg,
and I therefore do not feel justified in fully criticizing his results, nor in including the species
recorded by him in my synonymy, excepting in a provisional way. To some extent a
rectification of specific names is necessary between us. Rehberg describes a new species,
M. incrustans, one specimen of which is in the Berlin Museum ; this specimen is referable to
M. plicata, a species which I described in 1891, and I therefore presume that M. incrustans
is a synonym. The name M. edwardsii is proposed for M. echinata, M.-Ed. & H. (non
Dana), from Luzon. I do not know if Rehberg has studied the Paris type, but I did not
myself note any difference between the specimens referred to Dana’s species by Milne-
Edwards and the species which I regard as M. echinata, Dana, but there is little doubt that
the figure given by Milne-Edwards does not represent Dana’s species. In the geographical
list (p. 33) a species is referred to as “ M. symmetrica, nu. sp.—Palau.” No description of
this species is given in the text, and I therefore cannot say if it is the same as M. symmetrica
from Mauritius, which I described in 1891; if not, it must be regarded as a nomen nudum.
Again, plate iv. fig. 10 is referred to M. spinosa, n. sp., but no species is described under that
name in the text. Rehberg gives the name MW. coronata to a new species from Madagascar.
I have also used the same name for a different species from the Great-Barrier Reef, 1892
paper; Rehberg’s name has priority, and I have therefore changed the name of M. coronata,
mihi, in the present work.

The views as to synonymy which we derived from a study of the Berlin Collection are by
no means identical. I understand that Dr. Rehberg was unable to find many of the specimens
which I saw later, and I may also state that as in no case did I find the original labels on the
specimens, I had to spend considerable time in referring to the original labels and comparing
the specimens with the descriptions so as to make sure that the specimens which I studied
were really the types.

MORPHOLOGY.

Skeleton.—Dunean * has given an account of the structure of the corallum in three species
of Madrepora. The first species described was not determined, but is an arborescent form
with long slender proliferous branches, and may be taken as an example of quick-growing
species, in which the corallum is not thickened by a secondary deposition of carbonate of

* “On the Hard Structures of some Species of Madrepora,” Aun. Mag. N. H. 1884, vol. xiv.
pp. 181-191.

8 GENERAL REMARKS.

lime, excepting in the older parts. The corallite-wall is very perforate and costate externally;
the costz often project as trabeculz. The wall of young corallites consists of only one layer
of mural tissue, and is provided externally with plain or finely serrate costz for some distance
down. In older corallites spimules are always present on the free edges of the coste, and
these are largest round the bases of the corallites, where they form a basis of lax tissue which
is the first stage in exogenous growth, and occasionally assists im the production of buds.
The formation of mural tissue takes place in the following manner :—The spinules act as
props on which a porous layer of new tissue is formed in such a manner that the old wall
forms the floor of a chamber, and the spinose costz the supports of the new roof. In old and
in axial corallites the costze assist in the formation of a new layer of tissue by sending out
lateral spinules from the free edges. In transverse sections of corallites of moderate thickness
the wall is seen to consist of “ concentric circles of thin calcareous structure .. . separated by
radiating pillars; the circles having been, in turn, outside walls and the radii either spinules
or cost.” If the corallite is old the first, second, or third circles of tissue, next to the
septal cavity, are dense. The costz are imperforate, and as a rule the septa also. Buds from
a radial corallite are formed from trabeculz which arch over and form a low hood. The
costee next appear on the outer surface of the hood, and after elongation the septa appear ;
these arise first as linear series of spines directed inwards. No communication between the
cavities of the bud and axial corallite exists, “ except in a very indirect manner and through
the medium of the dermal structures. Budding takes place remote from the calicular
margin, and may arise from sclerenchyma remote from the wall of the corallite.”

In the second species described, probably a variety of M. cytherea, Dana, from Mada-
gascar, there are numerous immersed corallites. These are closely arranged, and their walls
are well defined in longitudinal section, and well-developed trabeculz pass completely across
the polyp-cavities. Between neighbouring corallites the connecting structures are in
successive layers or storeys of laminz separated by rows of small, irregular, and short pillars.
On the upper surface between the immersed corallites numerous minute, broad-based, sharp-
pointed spinules occur, arising from a perforated calcareous lamina; this is precisely the
condition of the successive layers below the surface, and new layers are evidently here added
in the same manner as on the corallite-wall.

The third species described is referred by Duncan to M. granulosa, Kd. & H., but judging
from the description, and from small carmine-stained fragments which I believe to be the
material investigated, I am inclined to think it more nearly related to MW. secale, Studer. In
any case the species serves to illustrate the structure of slow-growing varieties in which the
corallum is compact. The surface is here very dense, and consists of a stout lamina with
very few perforations, and is clothed with knobbed spinules in place of costz. In transverse
section concentric laminz, as in other cases, are separated by radially disposed bars which
represent former spimules. In this case, however, the laminz are much thicker and denser
and are closer together. Exceedingly narrow tubes lead from the polyp-cavities to the surface,
but their apertures are difficult to detect, as they are surrounded by the bases of spines.
Little need at present be added to the results of Duncan. Evidently the condition of the

GENERAL REMARKS, 9

surface of the corallum may be generally taken as a guide to the density within. In some
species, however, the thin wall of young corallites is fenestrated—that is to say, it consists of
longitudinal thicker bands connected together by a delicate and perforate lamina; the thicker
bands may be considered costez, as they project beyond the intervening parts. In later
development the wall increases in thickness, and the costs become spinose ; still later, the
cost become lost altogether, the surface-layer gradually becomes denser and is simply
clothed with spinules. In such species the costulate and simply echinulate conditions coexist
in different parts of the same colony, and the denser surface of the older corallites does not
correspond with the primitive density of the earlier-formed layers of the wall. As growth
proceeds, however, a further deposition of carbonate of lime takes place beneath the surface of
the corallum, so that a branch which is quite porous near its apex may become nearly solid
towards the base.

Before leaving this subject, it appears desirable to discuss shortly the application of the
term costee in the case of Madrepora. The porous corallite-wall is essentially composed of
synapticule, and is therefore not a theca, as it differs both in structure and origm. In
thecate Madreporaria, and, indeed, in non-thecate types also, it is usual to apply the term
“cost” to the longitudinal ridges which mark the outer surface of the wall. In the
majority of cases the costz correspond in number and position with the septa, and are usually
regarded as the distal extremities of septa which pass beyond the thecate wall. If G. v. Koch’s
theory of the origin of a theca is correct, and considerable evidence has already been collected
in its favour, the costz should morphologically be considered as the distal parts of septa. In
the genus Madrepora the so-called coste undoubtedly do not come under this category.
They bear no regular relation to the septa either in number or position, and in point of
time appear before the septa and are also present on the walls of corallites in which never
more than two septa occur. Under these circumstances it does not appear desirable to
continue the use of one term for two perfectly distinct structures, and im the systematic
descriptions I have endeavoured to indicate the condition of the wall by the use of such terms
as fenestrate, striate, striato-echinulate, rugose, &c.

It is often stated as characteristic of Madrepora that the directive septa (ef. p. 11) are
more prominent than the other primary septa; but this is by no means always the case, nor
is that condition confined to the genus. In Madrepora one frequently finds that in radial
corallites the outer directive septum is broad and the other five primaries narrow and equal.
In other species the primary septa of both axial and radial corallites are of equal breadth, in
which case the bilateral arrangement of parts in the polyp is not indicated by the relative
importance of the directive septa. Again, in some specimens the six primary septa of the
axial corallites may all meet together in the axial fossa and fuse together so as to form a false
columella; in other specimens only the directive septa become confluent. In Anacropora and
Montipora the relative importance of the primary septa is subject to similar variations to
those which occur in Madrepora. In Anacropora the corallites are prominent, and the
branches resemble those of Madrepora so closely that it is not until the absence of an axial

corallite is observed that the generic distinction is realized. In this genus the directive septa
(e

10 GENERAL REMARKS.

are, as in Madrepora, usually broader than the others. In Montipora the septa are sometimes
all more or less rudimentary and trabeculate, but in some species they are undoubtedly
lamellar, and the directive septa may then be very broad or may even become fused together
in the middle line. A bilateral arrangement of parts is thus as well-marked by the directive
septa of Anacropora and some species of Montipora as in Madrepora.

Colony-formation.—Ridley in 1884.* discussed the mode of budding in Madrepora and
Montipora, and considered that there is a fundamental difference between the two types,
dependent on the terminality or non-terminality of the distal corallite. He pomted out that
Isopora, Studer, asubgenus of Madrepora, is not without axial corallites as had been supposed,
but that it is provided with several instead of one. In both Madrepora and Montipora there
is a more or less abundant trabeculate conenchyma. In Madrepora the budding is
centrifugal, i. e. new buds arise below the axial corallite. In Montipora the apex consists of
undifferentiated coenenchyma and new buds are added above those existing, i. e. centripetally,
He compared the condition to determinate or indeterminate inflorescence. The mode of
budding in Anacropora is the same as in the genus Montipora. Ridley therefore suggests
the foundation of two subfamilies, Madreporinz and Montiporine, with characters based on
this distinction. The terms centrifugal and centripetal do not appear to express accurately
the precise modes of budding to which they are applied, and it would probably have been
better had Ridley employed the botanical terms determinate and indeterminate to express the
distinction in the case of branching species. In foliate species of Montipora the budding is
centrifugal, not centripetal, seemg that new corallites are added at the periphery. In
branched specimens of Madrepora the buds arise around, and are indirectly connected with an
elongate corallite forming the axis of each branch, and extending from its point of origin to
the apex, where it always projects more or less. This corallite, often spoken of as the parent
corallite, is usually of larger diameter than the others, and often exhibits a better-developed
series of septa. It is usually termed the apical corallite (““Endkelche ” by the Germans), but
axial corallite seems much more appropriate ; the part of it which is “ apical,” and recognizable
in surface-view, is only an insignificant part of its whole length.

Although the types of budding indicated by Ridley form an essential distinction between
Madrepora and Montipora, the type characteristic of Madrepora is confined to branches formed
by the living colony during its growth; in other situations the buds are formed in a similar
manner to those of Montipora. In specimens which form incrustations (and all are incrusting
in the first instance), new corallites are added peripherally from an undifferentiated mass of
tissue which projects beyond existing corallites. It is only when certain of the corallites increase
in length and thickness, and indicate the first formation of branches by the development of
buds around them, that the form of budding characteristic of Madrepora comes into operation.
Frequently both types of budding take place at the same time in one colony ; the one leads to

branch-formation, the other to marginal or basal extension. One not infrequently meets

* «The Classificatory Value of Growth and Budding of the Madreporide,” Ann. Mag. N. H. 1884,
yol. xill. pp. 284-291, pl. xi.

GENERAL REMARKS. 11

with specimens in which a colony of a younger generation forms an incrustation over the
branches of a dead colony of the same species. In such cases new corallites are added from
a marginal mass of undifferentiated tissue until the apex of the dead branch is reached, and
only later, when independent growth begins, is the mode of budding changed. It also seems
probable that the immersed corallites which frequently occupy the lines of fusion between
adjoining branches are formed by the primitive and not by the specialized mode of budding.
A further point remains to be noticed, which appears to me important. As a result of the
peculiar mode of budding in the genus Madrepora—whick leads to the formation of a type of
colony termed “ patrio-ramose”’ by Dana——there is no coenenchyma in the true sense of the
word, excepting at points where the colony is incrusting. The radial corallites are arranged
on the branches at variable intervals, and the space between them is usually considered to
consist of ceenenchyma ; but these intervals really form part of the thickened wall of the axial
corallite around which the radial corallites are developed, and the trabecular network of which
they are composed is not precisely comparable with the interzooidal ccenenchyma of Turbi-
naria, for example, which is a true secretion of interzooidal tissue, and not of the walls of the
zooids themselves.

The Septa and their Relation to Tentacles.—The number of septa present in the corallites
of the various species is, within certain hmits, subject to considerable variation. The typical
number may be regarded as 12, viz., 6 primary ones and 6 of a second cycle, which is usually
less developed. Quelch recorded that in M. mirabilis, Quelch, certain of the corallites possess
a third cycle of septa, making 24 in all. This has hitherto been the only instance on record
of the occurrence of a third cycle of septa in the genus Madrepora. I am now enabled to
add 2 or 3 other species to the list, and it is of interest to note that the third cycle is present
usually, but not invariably, only in certain of the corallites which are nearly or completely
immersed. It appears reasonable to expect the polyps in such cases to be provided with 24
instead of 12 mesenteries, and it would be interesting to ascertain the precise manner in
which the additional mesenteries are formed.

The septa are generally most fully developed in the axial corallites, but even there the
number in many species never exceeds 6. In other cases 2 or 4 of the second cycle may
be present, but by far the greater number of species have the second as well as the primary
cycle complete in the axial corallites. The members of the primary series may be equal
or subequal, or more rarely the directive septa may be more prominent than any of the
others. In the radial corallites there is almost every variation from the apparent absence of
septa to a development as complete as that of the axial corallites or in certain cases even
more complete. The usual order of development is that the directive septa appear first, then
the remaining members of the primary series are added, usually but not always simultaneously,
Of the second cycle one may frequently note the presence of two septa—one on each side of
the outer directive—before the others appear ; and in other cases there may be three or four
before the final stage is reached. A third cycle of septa, in the rare instances in which it
occurs, is usually confined to radial corallites, but in one species occurs in the axial corallites.
Whilst in axial corallites the most usual arrangement is for the primary septa to be subequal,

c2

a, GENERAL REMARKS.

in the radial corallites the directive septa are most frequently better developed, either stouter
or broader, than the other primaries. In certain groups of species, however, the outer
directive septum is more important than the inner; and in case only one septum is present
it is invariably the outer directive. Apparently the number, but more particularly the
relative importance, of the septa form characters of value for the classification of species. In
several of the subdivisions now proposed the species were first associated together on general
grounds, and without any regard to the condition of the septa ; and yet, in almost every case,
the relative importance of the septa will be found nearly constant—e. g., Lepidocyathus and
Trachylopora. Tn certain species there appear to be two types of radial corallites. In the
usual more or less prominent one the septa are naturally least developed in the young buds
near the apex, and there is a gradual increase in importance in older corallites until the
normal condition is attained. It may be that the condition of the septa is subject to little
variation whether the corallite be prominent or immersed, situated near the apex or near the
base of the corallum. In certain species, however, some of the immersed corallites of the
upper surface of the corallum have quite a different development of the septa to the
prominent ones. Sometimes the septa in these immersed corallites are more numerous
or better developed—a condition which might be attributed to age; but that this is not
always the case is clear from the fact that such corallites often contain more septa than the
axial corallites, or, on the other hand, may show an almost complete absence of septa.
Similarly, prominent corallites on the under surface of prostrate or vasiform specimens may
show a condition of the septa quite distinct from that characteristic of the upper surface.
Whether in the case of the axial corallites the relative importance of the directive septa
is usually associated with a variation in the size of the tentacles situated over them is not
known. In Dana’s figures of the axial polyps of M. cribripora and M. aspera the tentacles
are shown of equal length. In Agassiz’s ‘ Florida Reefs’ the polyps of M. cervicornis and
M. prolifera are figured, and in both cases the tentacles are drawn alternately large and
small, corresponding evidently to the broader primary and narrower secondary septa. This
arrangement is in accordance with Lacaze-Duthiers’s figures of the embryo of Astroides.
Mr. Saville-Kent informs me that in his experience of the Torres-Straits and Barrier-Reef
species the tentacles of the axial polyps are always of equal length, even in species in which
this does not hold good for the radial polyps. So far as I am aware, Dana does not anywhere
state the wswal condition of the tentacles of the radial polyps in Madrepora in the living
specimens which came under his notice. There seems reason to suppose that they were
generally of equal size, from the fact that he figures them as such without comment in the
case of M. aspera. With regard to M. prostrata he calls special attention to the fact that
one of the tentacles is much longer than the others, and that this is situated over the outer
directive septum, which is itself broader and stouter than the remaining septa. That this
arrangement was not usual in his experience will be rendered clear from the following
quotation :—“ Among the species of Madrepora there are some in which one of the tentacles
of the polyps is long and flexible. This was observed in a cespitose species (M. prostrata)
haying thin labellate calicles ; but whether it belongs or not to all the horizontally-growing

GENERAL REMARKS. 13

species with similar calicles remains to be determined. This character may hereafter
lead to a subdivision of the genus and a separation of the species having labellate calicles
(M. conigera, efflorescens, cytherea, spicifera, hyacinthus, surculosa, millepora, prostrata,
subulata, turbinata, and convexa) as a distinct group.”

In Agassiz’s ‘Florida Reefs’ the radial polyps of M. cervicornis are represented as
possessing one tentacle which is longer and stouter than the others ; the arrangement of the
septa is only represented in the axial corallites. I find from an examination of a number of
specimens that the outer directive septum is sometimes, but not always, broader than the
inner; both directives are broader than any of the other septa. In the case of M. prolifera
Agassiz’s figure shows the radial as well as the axial polyps to have the tentacles arranged in
two cycles, alternately large and small. It appears questionable whether this figure is
correct : in any case it is not a good one, and apparently not drawn with the same view to
minute detail which characterizes nearly all the other figures—which are, indeed, the best
lithographic representations of Madreporaria which have come under my notice. My
doubts as to the accuracy of the figure in question are further based on the following
considerations :—(1) I do not consider M. prolifera specifically distinct from M. cervicornis ;
(2) the septa of the radial corallites have the same relative importance and are subject to the
same variations as in M. cervicornis ; (3) there is apparently no other recorded instance of
the alternation of long and small tentacles in the radial polyps of any species belonging to
the genus.

I conclude, from the general remarks of Klunzinger on the structure of Madrepora, that
he regards the presence of an elongate tentacle in the radial polyps as a usual condition; and
he does not mention any other arrangement. After calling attention to the fact that the outer
part of the wall (“ Riickenwand ”’) is usually better developed than the inner (“ Bauchwand”’),
he refers to the association of this condition with two broad septa, which divide the corallite
bilaterally. He then goes on to state that, associated with this condition, we find one of the
tentacles corresponding to one of the principal septa broader than the others, but that this
only occurs in such bilateral corallites. In the descriptions of the Red-Sea species he only
refers twice to the occurrence of an elongate tentacle, viz. in M. corymbosa and M. cytherea.
In the former instance he refers to the colour of the long tentacle in a manner which appears
to indicate that in his opinion such a long tentacle is of general occurrence amongst the
species of Madrepora. Mr. Saville-Kent has kindly shown me proof copies of the plates
illustrating his forthcoming work on ‘The Great Barrier Reef of Australia, which contain
figures of the radial polyps of M. prostrata and M. hebes, and in each case an elongate
tentacle is shown. This, so far as I am aware, completes the list of species for which the
condition of the tentacles has been recorded. All the species which are known to have one
tentacle larger than the others, excepting M. cervicornis, belong to the group indicated by
Dana. The absence of M. hebes from Dana’s list is probably to be accounted for by the fact
that he paid more attention to habit than to the form of the corallites in assigning the species
its position in his classification. The radial corallites of M. hebes are not, strictly speaking,
labellate ; but the term is used in a much wider sense in Dana’s work than in the present

14 GENERAL REMARKS.

one, and the corallites of M. hebes agree in form with those of M. millepora, M. prostrata, &e.,
and not with M. cytherea and allied forms. The absence of M. corymbosa from Dana’s list
will also be noted. Doubt has already been cast on Dana’s identification of M. corymbosa,
Lamk. ; and the fact that he did not associate M. corymbosa, Dana, with M. cytherea in the
list quoted lends further support to the view that Dana’s species is not identical with that of
Lamarck.

Whether the radial polyps of M. aspera, which have equal tentacles according to Dana’s
figure, differ structurally from those of M. prostrata is not at present known. The account
given by Fowler of the structure of M. aspera probably refers to the species M. pocillifera,
which is, however, closely allied, and is here regarded as a member of the same group.
A fragment of the material has been kindly placed at my service by Dr. Fowler, and I find
that it agrees closely with the ‘Challenger’ specimens of M. pocillifera. The only other
species studied by Dr. Fowler does not belong to the same group as M. prostrata, so that we
have at present no means of comparison. It appears, however, probable that certain types of
arrangement of the septa are associated with morphological differences in the polyps which
produce them; and a fuller knowledge of the structure of the soft parts will doubtless supply
valuable data for the purpose of classification. I may, however, point out that for this
purpose it is not sufficient to indicate general structure ; it will be necessary to give details
for the axial corallites, for the prominent radial corallites, and also for the immersed or other
forms which may differ from the usual type.

Structure of the Polyps, and the Relation of Soft Tissues to the Skeleton—Fowler * has
studied the anatomy of two ‘ Challenger’ species of Madrepora, in one of which a new and
interesting type of dimorphism occurs. The present section consists of a summary of his
results, together with a few supplementary observations of my own.

The external body-wall consists of the usual three layers—ectoderm, mesoglea, and
entoderm,—and is supported on echinulations or rugze both on the radial corallite-walls and
in the inter-corallite regions, where the latter are of sufficient importance to possess inde-
pendent supports. Under the external body-wall and between the ruge (M. pocillifera)
a series of external longitudinal canals exist, which open into each other and also through the
corallum into a series of internal canals with radial and transverse connections; these, in
turn, communicate with the general ccelentera of the polyps, and all communicate eventually
with the ccelenteron of the axial polyp. These canals occupy the channels in the corallum
already described. The structure of the polyps is, in its general features, Actinian, but there
is a marked bilateral arrangement of parts. The mouth-disk, with its fringe of twelve
tentacles, is capable of retraction within the fossa of the corallite. In vertical section of a
contracted polyp the soft tissues form a funnel-shaped structure similar to that seen in
Alcyonum under similar conditions. The mouth is elongated in the sagittal axis. The
stomodeum, which occupies the central portion of the cclenteron, is supported by twelve
mesenteries, which, however, differ in importance. The extremities of the stomodzum are

* “Anatomy of the Madreporaria.—Part IT.,” Quart. Journ. Microsc. Science, vol. xxvii. (1886)
pp- 1-16, pl. i.

GENERAL REMARKS, 15

supported by the directive mesenteries, and the interval between these by four mesenteries on
each side. The directive msenteries and one mesentery on each side (nos. 4 and 9 of
Fowler’s figure 8)—which, as in Antipatharia, may be termed the transverse mesenteries and
are the first to be developed—are more important than the others and extend to a lower level.
The transverse mesenteries are the longest, and are the only ones which bear reproductive
organs. Similar elongate mesenteries occur in Alcyonaria, in Antipatharia, and in Seriatopora
and Pocillifera amongst the Madreporaria. In Antipatharia, as in Madrepora, they are
the only ones which bear reproductive organs. The free extremities of the longer mesenteries
bear a trilobate mesenterial filament. The retractor muscles of the mesenteries are arranged
on the hexactinian plan—that is to say, they occur on the outer surfaces of the directive
mesenteries and on the inner surfaces of all the other so-called pairs. If we use Fowler’s
terminology, the primary septa are entoccelic in position, and the secondary cycle exoccelic.
I have elsewhere * suggested the use of the term amphiccelic for bilateral types, and that
term is probably preferable in this case. If the primary septasare prominent, each septum
causes a fold to be formed in the wall of the stomodeum in which its distal extremity is
lodged. Presumably in cases where the directive septa or all the primary septa meet in
the middle line and become fused together, the stomodeum may be divided into com-
partments. With the development of a septum the members of a so-called pair of mesenteries
become pushed further apart, so that in transverse sections of decalcified specimens which
possess no well-developed septa of the second cycle the entocceles are very broad and the
exocceles narrow.

The case of dimorphism is recorded by Fowler to occur in M. durvillei. I have stated
elsewhere my reason for believing that the species is a variety of M. tubigera. In any case it
is identical with the fragments recorded by Quelch in the ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals under the
name M. capillaris, Klunz. In the species in question there are two types of polyps, both of
which appear to be irregularly distributed. The one type is quite normal in structure, but
the other (type A of Fowler) has six of the mesenteries (viz. the axial directives and alternate
septa afterwards) much thickened. These septa (nos. 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 11 of Fowler’s fig. 8)
bear a tube lined by epiblast, which forms a U-shaped canal opening at both ends into the
stomodeum. Such polyps are charged with symbiotic alge. This type of polyp appears
more digestive than the normal one ; but both are also reproductive, although the specialized
type bears very few ova.

CLASSIFICATION.

The classification of the species of Madreporu proposed by Dana is based primarily on
habit, whilst the form and condition of the radial corallites afford the necessary characters
for further subdivision. Seven principal divisions are enumerated, with the following
characters :—

* “ Notes on the Affinities of the Genus Madrepora,” Proc. Linn, Soc, Lond., Zool. 1893.

16 GENERAL REMARKS.

A. Corallum horizontal or obliquely foliate, without proper branches above.
B. Corallum horizontal or oblique, with erect or ascending branches above, forming

clumps with concave or convex top—vasiform or cespitose.

C. Corallum fastigiate ; branches erect, much or closely subdivided ; corallites short and
round nariform.

D. Corallum arborescent ; branches evenly covered with proliferous branchlets and
clusters.

E. Corallum arborescent or fruticose ; branches either not proliferous or unevenly so.

F. Corallum consisting of a few long stems from a common base, simple or rarely
branched.

G. Corallum composed of erect plates in place of proper branches; no distinct apical
corallite.

Milne-Edwards and Haime divide the genus into two sections—Fasciculate, with radial
corallites, and Distiche, with lateral corallites; only one species is referred to the latter
section. The Fasciculate are divided into five primary divisions, based chiefly, but not

entirely, on habit :—

A. Corallum arborescent ; corallites short or moderately prominent, not elongate and
spiniform.

Corallum arborescent ; corallites tubular and very long.

Corallum cespitose, in the form of rosettes or tufts, rounded above.

. Corallum corymbiform or subvasiform.

Yow

Corallum foliaceous and little proliferous.

The divisions A and B correspond roughly, but not exactly, with Dana’s divisions E, C,
and D respectively. The divisions C and D correspond similarly with Dana’s division B ;
whilst E is formed by the fusion of divisions A and G of Dana. The plan on which Milne-
Edwards and Haime subdivided these main groups is, however, quite different from that of
Dana. The form of the radial corallites is rarely employed, but instead the next smaller
groupings depend on the condition of the coenenchyma, the degree to which the branches
coalesce, the incrusting or pedicellate character of the base, &e. The subdivision need not be
followed further for present purposes.

Klunzinger, in his studies of the Red-Sea Corals, has adopted quite a different classifi-
cation of the species of that region, though it is questionable whether he would not have
considerably modified his system, had it been necessary to include all the described species.
The following table gives the main features of his scheme : —

A. Axial corallites 4 to 6 mm. diameter.
a. Aperture of radial corallites central, margin more or less rounded above ; wall
echinulate or granular, not striate.

6. Aperture of radial corallites oblique.

GENERAL REMARKS. 17

B. Axial corallites 3 to 4 mm. diameter.
a. Axial corallites hemispherical or short cylindrical, 1 to 2 mm. exsert.
b. Axial corallites long cylindrical, 3 to 5 mm. exsert.

C. Axial corallites 2 to 8 mm. diameter, short cylindrical or hemispherical.

D. Axial corallites 2 to 8 mm. diameter, long cylindrical, 3 to 6 mm. exsert.

It will be seen that divisions C and D correspond to the two sections of division B,
excepting that the axial corallites have a smaller diameter.

The only other form of classification which need be noticed is that adopted by Ortmann,
which to some extent is a compromise between those of previous authors. Ortmann, in his
paper on the Corals of the Strassburg Museum, discusses shortly the classifications of previous
authors, and considers that of Dana preferable to that of Milne-Edwards and Haime; in this
I agree withhim. The arrangements of species which he adopts, both in the paper referred to
and in the later one on the Ceylon Corals, were, like Klunzinger’s, evidently only intended as
an aid to the identification of the species recorded in the respective papers. Ortmann follows
Dana in his main divisions, excepting in one or two cases, in which I think his system appears
to lose rather than gain by the change. In his subdivision of the main groups, however, he
appears to have selected characters which in many cases bring together groups of species
which are undoubtedly closely related. For instance, in considering those species with axial
corallites of a given diameter, he distinguishes between those which are cylindrical and those
which have a thick wall and rounded margin. Again, the corymbose species are divided into
two sections : in the one the branchlets are “ catkin-like” (“ katzchenférmig”’), with spreading
scale-like corallites ; in the other the branchlets are what Dana termed “ spiciform.”

It may be well to consider separately the various characters which have from time to
time been employed in a subdivision of the genus Madrepora, and endeavour to ascertain
their present value for the purpose. In doing so it must, however, be distinctly understood
that it is premature to attempt a classification based on the morphology of the polyps; and
the only characters at present available depend on the variation of the corallum and the
corallites which compose it, together with such guesses at the conditions by means of which
these structures are produced as may appear to receive support from the evidence already
obtained.

1. Habit—In certain cases allied species have undoubtedly a similar habit : compare, for
instance, the various species referred to Lepidocyathus and the majority of those referred to
Tylopora. Again, the majority of the truly arborescent species seem closely related to one
another, though others which are not arborescent probably belong to the same group. From
a consideration of habit alone Dana would not have arrived at his section G, which was
founded to include M. labrosa, M. securis, and M. cuneata, otherwise he would have in-
cluded M. palmata, M. cyclopea, and possibly M. conigera. This was done by Milne-Edwards
and Haime, and the artificial result attained by the consideration of habit alone is at once
realized. Dana’s group G remains good to-day and received the name Isopora from Studer ;
the essential feature of the group is not made clear in the definition, but that is a point

D

18 GENERAL REMARKS.

which need not be considered now. To take another instance: Dana included M. echinata,
M. rosaria, and M. florida in his group D. These three species appear to me to differ in so many
points from each other that they have been referred to three different subgenera. Even for
specific purposes it is doubtful how far habit forms a reliable character. Dana points out
that the habit of a specimen is to some extent dependent on its situation. He states (p. 434) :—
“The cespitose species appear to vary in shape somewhat according to the depth at which
they grow. In those near the surface the branches spread more nearly horizontally and are
consequently more crowded and more completely coalescent ; whilst those at greater depths
have a more ascending mode of growth and the less coalescent branches appear longer and
more subdivided.” Klunzinger noted in the Red Sea the extreme variability of M. corymbosa
and other species. Pourtalés also, taking note of the difference in the relative exposure of
M. palmata, M. cervicornis, and M. prolifera, on the West Indian Reefs, hinted that the
three species of Lamarck may prove to be variations of one species, dependent on environ-
ment for their precise habit. Such is the opinion I have arrived at after comparison of a
very large number of specimens, although it must be admitted I have no precise information
as to environment.

2. Form of the Radial Corallites—The form of the radial corallites is subject to considerable
variation, in many cases even in different parts of the same colony ; but, as Klunzinger has
already pointed out, in every species the variation takes place on a fixed plan, so that each
species has its own particular type of corallite, or combination of such types. The character
of the corallites appears, however, to enable one to distinguish species rather than groups,
and if applied to divisions based on habit it undoubtedly breaks down. Dana’s division A
may be taken as an illustration. M. palmata, Lamk., and M. cyclopea, Dana, are placed in
one section, characterized by a tubular form of corallite, whilst M. conigera, Dana, occupies
another section, characterized by the presence of labellate corallites, but also by the occurrence
of numerous incipient branches scattered over the surface of the corallum. In M. palmata and
M. cyclopea \abellate corallites are of frequent occurrence, and in certain forms of the former
constitute by far the greater portion of prominent corallites. Thus in this case it is not the
form of the corallites but the occurrence of conical incipient branches on the surface which
forms the important distinction, and even then M. cyclopea occupies an intermediate position
between M. palmata and M. conigera. In another case Milne-Edwards and Haime associate
together such diverse species as M. echinata, M. tubulosa, and M. cuspidata in a group
characterized by the presence of very long tubular corallites.

3. Condition of the Surface of the Corallum.—In the genus Madrepora one may distinguish
two principal groups of species—the one characterized by the presence of marked costule on
the corallite-wall and of an open network between the radial corallites, the other by an
extremely compact or almost solid surface clothed with delicate echinulations ; but innumerable
intermediate conditions occur. Doubtless the condition of the surface does reflect to some -
extent the physiological activity of the living colony and as such must be regarded as a
character of value, but only when associated with other characters. In practice it is found
extremely difficult to make important use of such a character, partly because the surface is

GENERAL REMARKS. 19

subject to variations dependent on the rate of growth &c. of the particular specimen, and in
many cases the normal surface is hidden by a secondary deposit; and partly because the
actual density of the corallum is usually increased with age by the secondary deposition
of lime.

4. Degree of Coalescence of Branches.—This is a feature which appears to me to be of
little value unless associated with other characters. Even in species which at a late stage
of colony-formation exhibit a network of branches, or where the main branches become fused
into a solid mass, there is no doubt that at an early stage such confluence did not occur.
For example, there are several specimens of M. efflorescens in the collection of the British
Museum. The oldest forms a solid vasiform plate in which confluence of the main branches
takes place quite to the margin of the colony; the youngest has obliquely radiating, non-
confluent branches with the habit characteristic of M. prolifera, Lamk. Again, the types of
M. fragilis, B.-Sm., and M. rambleri, B.-Sm., differ only in the latter being an older colony
than the former ; and owing to the manner in which the branches extend, they are bound to
become confluent if growth goes on long enough. Evidently, then, the coalescence or non-
coalescence of branches is an unreliable character, when taken alone, even for specific
purposes.

5. Incrusting or Pedicellate Conditions.—Little need be said under this head: apparently
all species of Madrepora are incrusting in the first instance, and the extent to which incrustation
takes place is, in some cases at any rate, dependent on environment rather than on the
habit of the species or group of species. Large incrusting masses occur of species which
usually form cespitose or even arborescent colonies. The pedicellate condition has also been
already recognized as not constant in certain species.

6. Size and Form of the Axial Corallites —These characters were first used by Klunzinger
and afford valuable assistance in the grouping of species. I am, however, of opinion that
size alone is of little value. In the primary sections of Klunzinger’s system based on size
one often has difficulty in fixing the position of a species owing to the fact that the dimensions
vary beyond those of the section. It would not be difficult in the case of certain species to
find in one specimen some axial corallites which have the dimensions of one section and
others of another. LEyidently the divisions 4-6 mm., 3-4 mm., &c. are quite artificial and,
though convenient for Klunzinger’s purpose, cannot be made use of in a general classi-

fication.

With regard to the characters which in the present treatise are regarded as the most
reliable for the subdivision of the genus, I have already stated that for the present
any attempt at a classification of the Madrepore must be based primarily on the
structure of the corallum. ‘This, however, does not preclude an attempt to take into
consideration the structure and arrangement of the soft tissues in their relation to the
corallum so far as these are known, and from the basis thus obtained to endeavour to
distinguish skeletal characters which may be the outcome of a difference in structure or
arrangement. For instance, in M. cervicornis, Lamk., the corallum is openly reticulate in

20 GENERAL REMARKS.

section and the walls of the corallites are provided with prominent costule, between which,
there is every reason to suppose, the longitudinal canals described by Fowler are situated.
In M. hemprichi, on the other hand, the corallum is much denser in section, the wall is not
costulate, but very finely echinulate instead ; and one may presume the absence of costulze
to necessitate, or rather to be the result of, a different arrangement of the extra-calicular
tissues. Evidently, then, if M. cervicornis and M. hemprichi differ in other skeletal characters,
one appears justified in placing them in different sections. I have assumed that a similarity
of structure involves a close relationship and have therefore, in the classification now pro-
posed, placed little reliance on habit. To a certain extent the species now described fall into
well-marked groups, if one does not regard habit as of prime importance. For instance,
Studer’s subgenus Jsopora, although connected with the arborescent types through such species
as M. briiggemanni and M. ortmanni, appears sufficiently isolated to justify its separation.
The species M. echinata, Dana, agrees with M. echidnea, M. subglabra, M. longicyathus,
M. speciosa, and M. horrida and others in the possession of a type of slender tubular
corallite not found outside the group. The nearest approach to this condition is found in
another group of species, M. tubulosa, M. rosaria, M. hydra, M. confraga, &c., characterized
by the presence of a thick-walled rod-like corallite with more or less rounded apex. Again, a
considerable number of species, agreeing more or less in habit, group themselves around
M. seriata, Ehrb., in the possession of a very thick and porous-walled axial corallite, which
is hemispherical or very slightly prominent at the margin. Whether such divisions are well
founded or not remains to be determined, but in any case they appear to be more convenient
than those previously proposed. I have thus toa considerable extent made use of the form &c.
of the axial corallites in many of the divisions now proposed, but in other cases, where the
resulting groups appeared too extensive, I have made use of other characters. A considerable
number of corymbose species have a short cylindrical type of axial corallite, which varies very
little in different species, not even to any considerable extent in diameter. Some have delicate,
curved, scale-like radial corallites, others labellate or nariform ones. The one type gives the
catkin-like appearance to the branchlets referred to by Ortmann, the other the spiciform type
of branchlet. MM. millepora, Ehrb., will serve as an illustration of the former group, and
M. spicifera, Dana, of the latter. If, however, one endeavours to realize the type of radial
corallite present in M. millepora, irrespective of its length, and then looks around to see if
this type occurs in any other species, it is found at once that in M. hebes, Dana, M. monti-
culosa, Briiggemann, and a number of other species, which differ entirely from M. millepora
in habit, the same type of corallite occurs. In such cases I have regarded unity of type in
the radial corallites as of more importance than habit for systematic purposes. If such an
arrangement serves to facilitate the identification of species its purpose will have been
fulfilled. It appears more convenient to use names to distinguish the chief divisions, but

I have not at present felt justified in considering them of generic value, although some
appear to merit that distinction.

DESCRIPTIVE PART.

MADREPORA.

Millepora (part.), Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 790.

Madrepore anomale (part.), Pallas, Elenchus Zoophytorum, p. 279.

Madrepora (part.), Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 1272; Esper, Pflanzenth. i. p. 61; Ellis & Solander,
Zoophytes, p. 145; Lamarck, Syst. Anim. sans Vert. 1801, p. 371.

Madrepora, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. 1816, t. ii. p. 277 (pro parte).

2 Porites (part.), Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 118: Lamarck, op. cit. p. 267.

Astra (part.), Lamarck, op. cit. p. 257.

Oculina (part.), Lamarck, op. cit. p. 283.

Heteropora, Ehrenberg (non Blainville), Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 106,

Madrepora, Dana, M.-Edwards & Haime, and all subsequent authors

Definition.—Perforate Madreporaria in which independent colony-formation takes place
by means of indirect budding around the wall of an axial corallite, which, by increase in
dimensions, becomes a branch. Further subdivision takes place when any of the radial
corallites, produced as buds, assume the characters of an axial corallite. A prominent
corallite-wall is never entirely wanting, but may, in certain cases, be confined to those
corallites situated near the apex of a branch. The corallites are, in typical cases, provided
with 12 septa, arranged in two cycles of 6 each. In a few instances a third cycle of 12
septa may be present ; but such a condition is, so far as known, confined to certain corallites,
and is not common to the whole colony. On the other hand, in some species the second
cycle is not developed, and in other cases the septa of the radial corallites may be reduced
to two or even to one, A true columella is absent ; but in case the septa are well-developed,
two or more of the primary series may become confluent. Only one species is known in
which the septa are exsert, and in that case the feature is confined to immersed corallites.
The polyps are provided with 12 tentacles and 12 mesenteries (presumably with more in case
there are more than 12 septa). They exhibit a marked bilateral arrangement of parts,
which is frequently indicated in the corallites by the greater development of an outer and
often also of an inner septum, each of which corresponds with an extremity of the elongate

1D)

22 MADREPORARIA.

stomodum, and is situated between a pair of directive mesenteries. This condition is,
however, not characteristic of the genus (cf. p. 10).

Further information regarding the structure of the polyps and the relation of the soft
tissues to the skeleton will be found on p. 14.

With the exception of the peculiar mode of colony-formation, first clearly recognized by
Ehrenberg, none of the characters hitherto included in the definition of the genus are

absolutely constant throughout or confined to it.

Synopsis of the Subgenera.

Diviston I.—Madrepore with cylindrical axial corallites, which project to a greater or less extent
at the apex of each division of the corallum; wall usually very porous, margin plane,
exterior more or less distinctly striate or rugose.

. Corallum usually arborescent. Axial corallites 2°5 mm. diameter or
over, with relatively thin wall and 12 septa, the primaries being subequal.
Radial corallites usually with a distinct star of 12 septa ...........- EvMapRepora, p. 23.
2. Corallum more or less complanate. The second cycle of septa is absent or
imperfectly developed even in axial corallites. The majority of the
radial corallites are usually immersed or subimmersed; the more promi-
nent ones have the wall acuminate .................---++-e00---- Oponrocyatuts, p. 66.
3. Corallam usually cespitose or corymbose. Branchlets more or less
distinctly spiciform. A second cycle of septa occurs in axial corallites.
Radial corallites witn not more than the inner third of the wall
TMEV OLODE Mc cquetalves seve instal ejeieicy says Welt ea MOTs eee ae Porysracuys, p. 73.
4. Corallum usually corymbose or prostrate. Radial corallites evenly dis-
tributed, scale-like, very spreading, giving a catkin-like appearance to
the branchlets. ‘The outer directive septum of radial corallites is usually
beuerdevelopedithan) the others ee. erie rr iid eee eerie clerics Lepmocyaruts, p. 115.

Diviston I].—Madrepore in which the axial corallites are stout, thick-walled, often hemispherical,
not exsert at the margin, or only slightly so ; wall dense, rarely striate.
1. Corallum consisting of massive plates, the upper border of which is
occupied by numerous axial corallites, which are slightly exsert and
havea roundedimareine eevee + ata: annie ate Aoecee vis cei ale ORR Oe eRe Tsopora, p. 131.
2. Corallum cespitose, corymbose, or bushy. Branchlets blunt at the apex.

Axial corallites relatively broad, hemispherical, or slightly exsert at the
TRAN eet ao PEO Oes. 0 5100.0 0.6 oa OM IO DERE U oe BU aa DOSS Ome Tytopora, p. 135.

_

Diviston I1I.—Axial corallites relatively slender, conical or cylindrical, in the latter case of con-
siderable length ; wall always dense. Many of the radial corallites resemble the axial ones in
form.

1. Corallum differing chiefly from that of Tylopora in having more slender

apices to the branchlets and relatively small conical axial corallites .... Conocyaruus, p. 160.
2. Axial corallites cylindrical, the prominent portion not usually longer than

broad; wall thick and dense, margin rounded. A second cycle of septa

IS (PLEBENE: =: w/s1h ey Mme teaesceists aes heel reid eo eto alee eee Ruaspocyaruts, p. 173.

MADREPORA. 23

3. Axial corallites slender, elongate, cylindrical ; margin plane or suddenly
contracted, not rounded. Wall thin butdense. A second cycle of septa
HE} TOL Ot Sale SEM RRR re GH bolo a'b Sad cb 0.50 CO ola Bee ae eae ae ae TracHyLopora, p. 184.

Drviston [V.—Axial corallites more or less distinctly compressed, giving rise to flattened branches,

with the most prominent corallites confined to the lateral margins.
Disticyocyatuvs, p. 192.

Division I.
1. Subgenus EUMADREPORA.

This section of the genus includes the majority of the arborescent species, together with
others in which the origimal ramose condition is lost by fusion of adjacent branches. The
species of the cyclopea group form massive lobes or plates; but the characters of the axial
and radial corallites show an affinity to M. muricata f. palmata. Unless the branches
are confluent quite to the apex the axial corallites are 2°5 mm. exsert or more. The radial
corallites are rarely immersed on the distal divisions of independent branches, and the form
varies from nariform either through tubo-nariform to tubular, or through half-tubular to
labellate and dimidiate. The axial corallites possess a star of 12 septa, of which the pri-
maries are subequal. In the radial corallites there are also usually 12 septa, unless in young
corallites; but the directive septa are generally more prominent than any of the others.
Corallum usually reticulate in section. A number of slender arborescent species have been
provisionally included in the first section of the subgenus which show an affinity with the
tubigera group referred to Polystachys. The subgenus is also related through M. crassa to
the nobilis group of Tylopora, and to Lepidocyathus and Odontocyathus through the pocillifera

group.

A. Prominent corallites subequal, nariform or tubo-nariform, more rarely some are labellate.
The radial corallites rarely bear buds unless in situations which indicate new out-
growths.

a. Corallum arborescent ; branches terete, rarely coalescent, but in one variety of M. muricata
become fused together into plate-like or vasiform specimens.

* Branches over 1 cm. diameter.
1. Madrepora muricata.

Millepora muricata (part.), Linneeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 792.
Madrepora muricata (part.), Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 1279; Pallas, Elenchus Zooph. p. 327 ;
Ellis & Solander, Zoophytes, p. 171; Esper, Pflanzenth. Fortsetz. Th. i. pp. 45-59, pls. 1., li.,
liii. ?, liv. 8 ?, Lxxxiii.
? Madrepora plantaginea, Duchassaing (non Lamarck), Anim. radiaires d. Antilles, p. 17.
A, Forma patmata.

Madrepora muricata, var., Esper, loc. cit. pls. li., Ixxxiii., liv. B?
Madrepora infundibuliformis, Esper (non Linn.), loc. cit. pl. li.

24 MADREPORARIA.

Madrepora crater, Esper (non Pallas), loc. cit. pl. li.

Madrepora palmata, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. t. ii. p. 278, ed. ii. p. 446; Lamouroux,
Expos. méthod. p. 62; Deslongchamps, Encyclop. p. 503; Blainville, Manuel d’Actin. p. 389;
Dana, Zoophytes, p. 436, pl. xxxi. fig. 11; Duchassaing, Anim. radiaires d. Antilles, p. 16;
M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 160; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i.
p- 42; Pourtalés, Ilustr. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool. pt. iv. p.83; Duchassaing & Michelotti, Mem.
Accad. Torino, 1864, t. xxiii. p. 94; Duchassaing, Rev. d. Zooph. d. Antilles, 1870, p. 32;
L. Agassiz, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1880, vol. vii. pl. xvii.; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
1887, vol. x. p. 17; Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p, 149. ‘

Heteropora palmata, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 108.

Madrepora flabellum, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. t. i. p. 278, ed. ii. p. 447; Blainville,
Manuel d’Actin. p. 390 ; Deslongchamps, Encyclop. p. 503; Dana, Zoophytes, p. 438, pl. xxxi.
fig. 13; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 160; Duchassaing & Michelotti, Mem.
Accad. Torino, 1864, t. xxiii. p. 94; Duchassaing, Revue d. Zooph. d. Antilles, 1870, p. 32.

Heteropora flabellum, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 108.

Madrepora alces, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 437, pl. xxxi. fig. 12; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p- 160; Duchassaing & Michelotti, Mem. Accad. Torino, 1864, t. xxiii. p. 94; Duchassaing,
Revue d. Zooph. d. Antilles, p. 32; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x.p.17; Ortmann,
Zool. JB. 1888, Bad. iii. p. 148 (non Briiggemann, Phil. Trans. 1879, vol. clxvili. p. 576).

Madrepora cornuta, Duchassaing & Michelotti, Mem. Accad. Torino, 1860, t. xix. p. 82; ibid. 1864,
t. xxiii. p. 94; Duchassaing, Rev. d. Zooph. d. Antilles, 1870, p. 32.

Madrepora thomasiana, Duchassaing & Michelotti, Mem, Accad. Torino, 1860, t. xix. p. 82; ibid. 1864,
t. xxiii. p. 94; Duchassaing, Rey. d. Zooph. d. Antilles, 1870, p. 32.

Madrepora perampla, Horn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1860, p. 435.

Madrepora subaquilis, Horn, ibid. p. 435.

Porites cristata, Ehrenberg, MS. Berlin Museum.

B. Forma PRonirEra.

Madrepora muricata, var., Esper, Pflanzenth. Fortsetzung, Th. i. pl. li.; ? Ellis & Solander, Zoophytes,
pl. lvii.; ? Lamouroux, Expos. méthod. pl. lvii. (as abrotanoides, Lamk.).

Madrepora prolifera, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. t. ii. p. 281, ed. u. p. 449; Blainville,
Man. d’Actin. p. 390; Dana, Zoophytes, p. 480; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p- 189; Duchassaing & Michelotti, Mem. Accad. Torino, 1864, t. xxiii. p. 94; Verrill, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol.i. p. 40; Duchassaing, Revue d. Zooph. d. Antilles, p. 32; Pourtalés,
Tllustr. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool. pt. iv. p. 84; L. Agassiz, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1880, vol. vii.
pl. xix.; Quelch, ‘Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 149; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x.
p- 17 (non Heteropora prolifera, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 112).

Madrepora ethica, Duchassaing & Michelotti, Mem. Accad. Torino, 1860, t. xix. p. 82, pl. x. figs. 7, 8;
ibid. 1864, t. xxiii. p. 94; Duchassaing, Rey. d. Zooph. d. Antilles, p. 32.

? Heteropora pocillifera, Ehrenberg (non Lamarck), Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 110.

? Madrepora mexicana, Rehberg, Abh. nat. Ver. Hamburg, 1892, Bd. xii. p. 38, pl. iii. fig. 16.

C. Forma cprvicorNis.
Madrepora cervicornis, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. t. il. p. 281, ed. ii, p. 449; Blainville,
Man. d’Actinol. p. 390; Dana, Zoophytes, p. 479; Duchassaing, Anim. radiaires d. Antilles,
p- 17; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 136; Duchassaing & Michelotti, Mem. Accad.
Torino, 1864, t. xxiii. p. 94; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 40; Duchassaing,

MADREPORA. 25

Rey. d. Zooph. d. Antilles, p. 32; Pourtalés, Ilustr. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool. pt. iv. p. 84;
L. Agassiz, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1880, vol. vii. pl. xviii.; Quelch, ‘Challenger’ Reef Corals,
p- 149; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 13.

Heteropora regalis, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 111.

Madrepora regalis, M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 139.

Heteropora laxa, Ehrenberg (non Lamarck), Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 110.

Madrepora superba, Klunzinger, Korallth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. pp. 19, 20, pl. iii. fig. 1, pl. iv. fig. 5,
pl. ix. fig. 15; Mobius, Beitr. z. Meeresfauna Mauritius, p. 45; Faurot, Arch. Zool. expér. 1888,
tanvisepaplalos

Madrepora secunda, Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iui. p. 150 (part.).

A. Forma palmata.

Corallum frequently flabellate or palmate ; fronds large, thin, and usually solid quite to
the margin, flat or curved, often several radiating from an incrusting base. Some specimens
are short, stout, vasiform, with a thick pedicel and broad base, branches quite indistin-
guishable. The flabellate forms consist of fronds often 60 cm. long and 40 cm. or more
broad, forming solid plates about 8 mm. thick at the apex and 1 to 2m. near the base. The
fronds may be entire or divided by narrow fissures into lobes. In other cases they are
alciform (M. alees, Dana), with the branches composing each lobe confluent quite to the
apex. In the majority of specimens the branches are only recognizable near the margin of
the corallum, but in some their course is indicated by furrows on the surface. Axial
corallites sometimes scarcely recognizable, particularly in vasiform specimens. In other
cases the marginal divisions of the branches bear axial corallites 2 to 2°5 or even 3 mm.
diameter and | to 3 mm. exsert. Wall sometimes rather thin, but usually thick and
porous, strongly striate exteriorly; the largest corallites usually occur in branches which
are comparatively free near the apex. Radial corallites prominent on both sides of the
frond or only on the upper one. Prominent radial corallites tubular, with a more or less
oblique aperture; sometimes half-tubular, labellate, or nariform, often unequal in length,
1 to 4mm. or even 5 mm., and | to 2 mm. thick, but usually between 1-5 mm. and 1:8 mm.
They arise at an angle of about 45° on the branches, but in the flabellate portion are more
spreading, frequently at right angles. A variabie number of immersed corallites occur
between the others; in some specimens they are not numerous, in others quite half the
corallites are immersed. The length, as well as the prevailing form of the prominent
corallites, varies very much in different specimens, even from the same locality. Star
little developed, consisting usually of slightly prominent directive septa and four others
which are rudimentary. Corallum always porous and reticulate in section near the apex,
but frequently dense below; surface spongy-echinulate ; wall striate and usually echinulate

near the base; the strize are much more prominent in some specimens than in others.

The majority of the specimens which have come under my notice do not suggest a very
close affinity to the arborescent forms prolifera and cervicornis, and for some time I was
inclined to regard them as distinct. Nevertheless a number of intermediate forms occur,
chiefly in the collection of the British Museum, which appear to render it necessary to

26 MADREPORARIA.

regard all as varieties of one species ; and there appears little reason to doubt that the
ultimate form of the corallum, whether flabellate or arborescent, is to a great extent
dependent on the environment. Tracing the frondose and vasiform specimens, without
branchlets, back to typical M. prolifera, the first step is seen in those specimens already
referred to in which the course of the branches composing the fronds is indicated by
grooves in the surface. In other specimens the branches, though confluent, are well-
marked at the apex of the fronds, and an increase in the size of the axial corallites is
generally observable in such specimens. Next in the series come two ‘ Challenger ” specimens
from St. Thomas, which show the characters of M. prolifera so unmistakably that they
were referred to that species by Quelch. In one of these the branches form a complanate
but not a solid frond; usually from 2 to 5 branchlets are collected together in flattened
groups and fused together laterally ; they vary from 7 to 12 mm. in thickness, including
the radial corallites. Axial corallites 2 to 8 mm. in diameter, with thick and very porous
wall. Radial corallites spreading at an angle of about 45°, tubular, with an oblique
aperture, or nariform, rather unequal, 1 to 3°5 mm. long, with immersed ones between,
especially in the lines of fusion. The other specimen has stouter and less confluent
branches, with radial corallites which, in some parts, recall the condition characteristic of

M. cervicornis.

B. Forma prolifera.

Corallum consisting of much-divided branches which radiate obliquely from a common
centre ; a typical specimen in the collection of the British Museum is 18 em. high and
38 em. broad. Main branches about 20 em. long and 1‘7 cm. thick at the base; sub-
divisions numerous, chiefly lateral and ascending, the narrow angle between the divisions
frequently filled up by sclerenchyma for some distance ; middle divisions about 1 em. thick,
distal branchlets 2 to 6 em. long, 6 to 10 mm. thick, including the corallites ; often a dozen
or more branchlets form a fan-shaped proliferous group at the distal extremity, 8 em. long
and 9 cm. wide. Axial corallites very variable in size in different parts of the specimen,
sometimes 2 mm. diameter, relatively thin-walled, and only 2 mm. exsert, often with oblique
aperture, and scarcely differing from the lateral corallites; others have a maximum diameter
of 3°5 mm., and are 3 to 5 mm. exsert, sometimes apparently more owing to the extremely
small size of the buds on the lower part. adial corallites usually rather crowded, tubular
with oblique aperture, tubo-nariform or nariform, often slightly compressed on the distal
parts, usually 4mm, long and 1°5 mm. diameter, but becoming shorter and stouter, with
pore-like aperture, on the basal parts. The under surface of the branches has more distant
and irregular corallites, often dilated and appressed. Wall of the corallites on the upper
surface rather thin and striato-reticulate at first, becoming thicker and more distinctly
echinulate with age. Star usually not prominent, the directive septa are moderately
developed, but the remaining members of the primary cycle are more or less rudimentary.

The specimen referred by Ehrenberg to M. pocillifera, Lamarck, which M.-Edwards
supposed synonymous with his M. ehrenbergi, but which is quite distinct from that species,

MADREPORA, Di

appears to me to belong here. It consists of only the apical portion of a colony in which
the branches are slender and the majority of the radial corallites are tubular. A small
specimen of this form in the Berlin Museum bears the name Porites cristata, Ehrb., on the
label. No species appears, however, to have been described by Ehrenberg under that name.
Other specimens have thicker branches and are more arborescent in habit, and lead up

to the forma cervicornis.

C. Forma cervicornis.

Corallum erect, arborescent, frequently 60 cm. or more in height and 30 to 70 em. broad.
Base sometimes a simple dilatation of the stem, at others broad and incrusting. In certain
specimens the whole colony forms an incrustation over dead coral, and only the distal
branches are entirely produced by the new colony. In such specimens it frequently happens
that the incrusted branches are blunt at the apex, and no axial corallite is distinguishable.
At a later period, when independent growth commences, one of the corallites, situated
about the centre of the rounded apex, increases gradually in size, and becomes the axial
corallite of the branch in its further extension. This accounts to a great extent for the
marked variation in size of the axial corallites, and forms an important link between this
variety and forma palmata. Stem 2 to 4 cm. thick, or, in exceptional cases, 5 cm.
Branches elongate and spreading, sometimes almost at right angles, but different specimens
vary considerably in this respect; they are round, gradually tapering, 1°3 to 2, rarely 4 cm.
thick, usually not much divided, and sometimes simple when 19 cm. in length. Near the
periphery of the colony a few short branchlets occur, 1:5 to 3°5 em. long and about 1 cm.
thick ; frequently two or three occur close together. Axial corallites cylindrical, normally
4 to 5 mm. thick, and frequently 6 to 8 mm. exsert ; wall thick and very porous, strongly
striate externally. Primary septa well-developed and subequal, second cycle more or less
prominent. It also appears from Agassiz’s figures (‘Florida Reefs,’ pl. xviii.) that in the
axial polyp the cycles of large and small tentacles are very distinct, but the difference is not
so marked in the radial polyps. Radial corallites rather crowded and more or less appressed
near the apex of a branch, but more spreading and usually a little more distant below, from
13 to 16 in 5 cm. Immersed corallites are rare, excepting in the basal parts of the
colony. The form is chiefly tubo-nariform in the younger parts and nariform below, where
the thickening of the sclerenchyma has covered the tubular base ; length 2 to 5 mm., diameter
1:7 to 2°7 mm., but adjoining corallites are subequal, and the longest ones are usually situated
near the apex. In some specimens nearly all the radial corallites are nariform, in others a
few have a rather elongate lip. Wall firm and a little thickened, but quite porous, becoming
much thickened and even keeled with age. The directive septa are broad, the others usually
narrow. Corallum porous, surface spongy and echinulate; wall strongly striate and
echinulate.

A specimen from Hayti, in the Strassburg Museum, differs from the majority of

specimens which have come under my notice in having the whole corallum, including the

28 MADREPORARIA.

surface, dense and finely echinulate, and the wall finely striate. This condition may perhaps
be due to secondary deposition of lime.

In the description of this and the preceding variety I have endeavoured to give the leading
characters of comparatively typical specimens; but it must be understood that numerous
intermediate forms occur which it would be difficult to allocate satisfactorily. The forms
described by Ehrenberg as M. /ava and M. regalis appear to correspond roughly with M. pro-
lifera and M. cervicornis, Lamk., though in some respects both show intermediate characters.
Klunzinger instituted the name M. superba for the former, and pointed out that, although
Ehreuberg’s type is recorded as from the Red Sea, the specimen had attached to it a specimen
of Trochus imbricatus, Gmel., which is a West-Indian shell, and that therefore the recorded
habitat is probably not correct. A specimen in the Berlin Museum, from Hayti, agrees very
closely with the type specimen of M. regalis. After a careful comparison of the types of
Lamarck and Ehrenberg with the fine series of West-Indian and other specimens in the
British Museum, I have been unable to recognize any constant characters by which the
species may be distinguished from one another. It has therefore seemed advisable to regard
all as variations of one species, common to the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans. Pourtalés
has pointed out, with regard to the West-Indian specimens of palmata, cervicornis, and
prolifera, that the proper habit and robustness of each form is associated with a different
position on the reef. M. palmata grows in situations exposed to the force of the sea;
M. cervicornis in less exposed localities; whilst, for its full development, M. prolifera appears
to require sheltered spots on the inner side of the reef. The form M. palmata, Lamk.
(including the various synonyms), is uswally readily distinguished from all the others by its
habit. Of the arborescent varieties, M. prolifera, Lamk., M. superba, Klz., M. regalis, Ehrb.,
and M. cervicornis, Lamk., form a consecutive series in which the habit gradually becomes
more erect, the branches stouter, and the corallites relatively shorter.

The specimens hitherto recorded under the various names included in the synonymy,
beginning with Lamarck, nearly all come from the West Indies. The doubtful origin of
Ehrenberg’s specimens has already been alluded to. Dana’s type of M. alces is queried
from the East Indies, as was also the specimen figured by Rumphius to which he refers.
Briiggemann’s Rodriguez specimens do not appear to me referable to that species; and the
specimen recorded by Ortmann from Panama does not differ materially from alciform
specimens of M. palmata from the West Indies; added to which Dr. Ortmann informs me
that the habitat is not certain. On the other hand, Mobius has recorded the form
M. superba, K1z., from Mauritius, and Faurot has recently obtained the same variety from
the Gulf of Aden. Some of the specimens from Singapore, referred by Ortmann to
M. secunda, Dana, appear to me to agree closely with West-Indian specimens of M. cervi-
corns, Link., and, indeed, are the only specimens I have seen from the Indo-Pacific Ocean
in other collections which do so. The most frequent Indo-Pacific variety appears to be
M. superba, Klz., or M. regalis, Bhrb.; but a shallow vasiform specimen of M. palmata is in
the collection of the British Museum. Several specimens of this species were collected by
Mr. Saville-Kent at Thursday Island &. One specimen is almost identical with a West-
Indian specimen of M. cervicornis in the British Museum, and a plate-like form with confluent
branches also occurs there. Thus the three chief varieties of the species occur both in the
Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans ; but apparently they are nowhere so abundant as in the
West Indies.

West Indies and Indo-Pacific Ocean (Red Sea to Tahiti).

MADREPORA. 29

A. Forma palmata.

a, b. Florida. Sir W. Thomson [C.]. 91.2.3.1&6. [404.
c-f. St. Thomas. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86.12. 9. 278, 275, 276, &
g. St. Thomas. H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.” 80. 11. 25. 16.
A. St. Thomas. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 11. 25. 16.

i. Pedro and Morant Cays, Lieut. Carpenter [P.]. 82. 1.17. 11.
Caribbean Sea.

j- Caribbean Sea. Mrs. Anlaby [P.]. 66. 11. 24. 1.
k. z J. Smith, Esq. [P.]. 57. 12. 16. 7.
1, ——? ? 37. 6. 10. 292.
m. ——? Purchased. 55. 12. 27. 93.
n-ee. ie ? 93.4. 7. 1 to 18.
ff. Jamaica. Purchased. 74. 6.5.1. (M. alces, Dana.)
99-))- ? -——? 93. 4.7.19 to 21, & 84. (M. alces, Dana.)
kk. Port Darwin. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 213.
il. Singapore. ——? 98. 4. 7. 24.
Forms intermediate between prolifera and palmata.
a, b. St. Thomas. H.M.S. ‘Challenger. 86. 12. 9. 277 & 405.
Forms intermediate between cervicornis and palmata.
a. St. Thomas. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 274.
b,c. ——? ——?, 93. 4. 7. 22 & 23.
?d. ——? ——? 93. 4. 7. 85.

B. Forma prolifera.

a. Barbadoes. G. F. Franks, Esq. [P.]. 91. 1. 20. 3.
6. Caribbean Sea. Purchased. 85. 1. 21. 1.

C. ? Purchased. 43. 2. 10. 72.

d, ——? Purchased. ?55. 12. 27. 17.

? ? 98. 4. 7. 42 to 58.

v. Wreck Bay, Great-Barrier Jukes Coll. 46. 7. 30. 8.
Reef, N.E. Australia.

? Purchased. 53. 4. 8. 19.

W.
2, y. St. Vincent, West Indies. Dr. Guilding Coll. 39. 12. 26. 41 & 42.
z. St. Thomas. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 11. 25. 17.
Forms intermediate between prolifera and cervicornis.
a. ? Florida. Sir W. Thomson [C.j. 91. 2. 3. 8.
b. West Indies. Purchased, 43. 2. 10. 19.
c. Tahiti. ? 93.4. 7.43. (M.regalis, Ehrb.)

C. Forma cervicornis.

a. St. Thomas. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 282.

6. St. Thomas. H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.” 80. 11. 25. 17.
c, d. Barbadoes. G. F. Franks, Esq. [P.]. 91. 1. 20.1 & 2.
e, f. ? Florida. Sir W. Thomson [C.]. 91. 2.3.2 & 7.

F

30 MADREPORARIA.

g. St. Kitt’s. C93 M4 abs
i, ===? Mr. Sowerby [P.]. 45. 5. 21. 186.
i, ——? ——? 37.6. 10. 12.
iy. ? ——=? 93. 4. 7.26 toAll.
z-bb. Port Darwin. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 210 to 212.
ec. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 214.

2. Madrepora secunda.

Madrepora secunda, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 481, pl. 40. fig. 4; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p- 138; Verrill, Append. to 1875 ed. Dana’s Corals & Coral Islands, p. 333; Studer, Mitth.
naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 18; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 17 (under
M. nobilis); Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 150 (part.); ibid. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 504;
? Bassett-Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1890, vol. vi. p. 452.

Madrepora nobilis (part.), Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. i. 1864, p. 40, and later papers; (non
Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 150).

Corallum arborescent; branches numerous, terete, 12 to 17 mm. thick, summit
branchlets 8 mm. thick, gradually tapering. Corallum scabrous; axial corallite 2 mm.
broad. Radial corallites rather crowded, equal, nariform or dimidiate, and very much com-
pressed, hardly stout, 2 to 3 mm. long; obsolescent on the inferior side of the branches.
Star distinct, the directive septa quite prominent. Height of the corallum 46 cm. or more.
(Dana.)

A specimen in the Saville-Kent Collection agrees well with Dana’s description and
figure, and is quite distinct from M. cervicornis. The branches are 1:7 cm. diameter, laxly
coalescent. Axial corallites 3 mm. diameter, little exsert; some of the radial corallites
which form new outgrowths have the same diameter, and may be 1 em. long and bear only
a few bud-corallites. At a later stage these form branchlets 2°5 cm. long, and sometimes
only 3°2 mm. diameter near the base, provided with numerous bud-corallites excepting near
the apex. Radial corallites rather distant, as figured by Dana, not crowded, as noted in
his description, thin-walled, tubo-nariform or dimidiate, 3 to 45 mm. long and 1:2 to
1:6 mm. diameter ; those near the apex much compressed, with smaller ones between. Star
scarcely developed ; two narrow directive septa are usually present, and sometimes indications
of others. Corallum porous ; surface spongy-echinulate; wall striato-reticulate, not echinu-
late unless near the base.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Singapore, Ceylon, ? China Sea, Great-Barrier Reef.

a. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 76.
? 6. Tizard Bank, 5 fathoms. H.M.S. ‘Rambler.’ 89. 9. 24. 104.
c. Baudin Is., N.W. Australia: H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’ 92.1. 16. 6 (part).

3. Madrepora crassa.
Madrepora crassa, M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 185 (non Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888,
Bd. iii. p. 149).

Corallum stout, arborescent, each branch giving rise to a cluster of little-spreading
branchlets, more proliferous near the apex and with occasional fusions from one branch to

MADREPORA. oll

another. Diameter of main branches 2°8 to 3:3 cm., length about 35cm. Penultimate
divisions nearly 2 cm. diameter, about 4 em. long, and with a crown of buds at the apex.
Axial corallites nearly 4 mm, diameter and 4 mm. exsert ; sometimes 4°5 mm. diameter, with
only 1 mm. aperture and a very thick porous wall. Radial corallites large, appressed, half
tubular, up to 6 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, but a little irregular both in size and disposition.
There are no truly immersed corallites, except in the lines of fusion. Directive septa long,
the others shorter, with or without a rudimentary second series. Corallum stony, but a

little porous ; surface spongy-echinulate ; wall strongly ribbed, becoming echinulate below.

The above description is based on a specimen in the Paris Museum, from the Galapagos
Islands. Another specimen, also forming part of the collection of M.-Edwards, but without
habitat, differs im having smaller radial corallites, 3 mm. long and 2 mm. diameter; the
apex of this specimen is not preserved, so that one cannot decide if the axial corallites were
of the same size as in the type.

Galapagos Islands.

4. Madrepora intermedia. (PI. I. fig. C.)
Madrepora intermedia, Brook, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1891, vol. viii. p. 463.

Corallum arborescent, similar to that of M. secundain habit. Main branches 2 to 2°5 em.
thick and 25 em. long, moderately subdivided, especially near the apex. Ultimate divisions
3 to 6 cm. long and 1 em. or more thick, gradually tapering to a blunt apex, or more rapidly
tapering and pointed. Axial corallites 2°5 mm. diameter, 0°5 to 2 mm. exsert, but usually short ;
aperture large, frequently oval; primary septa well developed, second series not prominent.
Radial corallites tubular, spreading, very variable in length and also in diameter. The
majority extend almost at right angles to the branch, excepting near the apex, and have a
more or less oblique aperture; they are about 3 mm. long and 2 mm. diameter ; wall firm,
but not thickened. Numerous short tubular to subimmersed corallites occur between the
others, varying from 1 to 15 mm. in diameter. The corallites become short and thickened
wart-like on the main branches, whilst on the under surface the majority are immersed.
Primary septa narrow, but the directives are moderately prominent, and in the older parts of
the corallum may be broad. Corallum very porous, surface reticulate and echinulate ; wall
striato-echinulate, becoming later echinulate in linear series. One specimen resembles
M. muricata f. palmata in habit, and consists of a thick solid frond with incipient branches

on the upper surface and numerous short ones at the periphery.

This species differs from M. secunda in the form and markedly unequal size of the
corallites. From M. muricata f. cervicornis it differs in the form and angle of the corallites, |
the density of the corallum, and also in the presence of numerous immersed corallites,
particularly on the under surface of the larger branches.

Indian Ocean: Maldive Islands.

a,b. Maldive Islands. Purchased. 86.11. 22.6 &10. (Types.)
c. Maldive Islands. Purchased. 86. 11. 22.11. (Var.)

F 2

32 MADREPORARIA.

** Branches rarely over | cm. thick.

5. Madrepora gracilis.

Madrepora gracilis, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 482, pl. xli. fig. 3; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p- 147; Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 158 (part.) ; Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. 1886,
vol. xxi. p. 19; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 16 (non Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1889,
Bd. iv. p. 503).

? Madrepora pustulosa, Quelch (non M.-Ed. & H.), ‘Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 158.

Corallum arborescent, spreading ramose; branches slender, 6 to 10 mm. thick, arcuate,
gradually attenuate. Axial corallites 2 cm. long and broad ; radial corallites equal, rather
crowded, stout compressed nariform, small (2 mm, long), aperture narrow, star distinct, the
directive septa broadest. The radial corallites become quite short at a distance of 10 cm.
from the apex. Surface of the ccenenchyma appears smooth, wall finely striate. (Dana.)

The following are some of the more important details of the Challenger specimens :—
Axial corallites 2 mm. diameter, very little prominent, aperture large; septa in two well-
developed cycles, the directives broadest. Radial corallites mostly 4 mm. long and 1 mm.
diameter, compressed tubo-nariform, or tubular with very oblique aperture; a few much
smaller and shorter ones scattered between the others. Corallum very porous in section,
surface spongy-echinulate, wall costate, coste spinose, particularly near the base.

Indo-Pacific Ocean : Ceylon to Sulu Sea and Fiji.

a-b. Amboina. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12.9. 270 & 272.
?c. Levaku, Fiji. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12.9. 239. (= WM. pustulosa, Quelch.)

6. Madrepora heteroclados.

Madrepora cf. ramiculosa, Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 153.

Corallum shrubby arborescent, with erect little-spreading subdivisions or with divaricate
and curved branchlets; sometimes both forms occur in the same specimen. Branches up
to 10 cm. long and 1 em. thick at the base; divisions spiciform, erect or spreading
obliquely with arched spiciform branchlets, 3°5 em. long; marginal twigs about 5 mm. thick
at a point 2 cm. from the apex. Axial corallites 1°5 to 2 mm. diameter, 1 mm. exsert; wall
thickened, margin slightly rounded. Radial corallites spreading blunt-nariform, with
convex lower and horizontal upper margin, or spreading tubular with an oblique aperture ;
a smaller number are gutter-shaped. Length 2 mm., diameter 1-2 to 1°5 mm., wall thin but
firm. Nearer the base of the branchlets many of the corallites are hooked-nariform with
a thicker wall, others are hemicotyloid to subimmersed. Star not prominent, but the
directive septa may be broad. Corallum rather dense; surface dense and tabulato-echinulate ;
wall finely striato-echinulate. In the divaricately-branched forms the subdivisions sometimes
become fused together.

Pacific Ocean: Pelew Islands, Ponapé, Tahiti. (Strassburg Museum.)

MADREPORA. 33

7. Madrepora attenuata. (Pl. XXXV. figs. C, D.)

Corallum slender, arborescent, 24cm. or more in height. Main branches or stems (?)
1-2 em. thick, gradually attenuate, giving rise to numerous branches and branchlets at an
angle of 30° to 40°, but occasionally the angle is wider; the branches are usually simple, 1°5
to 11 em. long, the longer ones being 5 to 7 mm. thick and slowly tapering. Axial corallites
2mm. diameter, 1 to 25 mm. exsert, wall porous and a little thickened, strongly striate,
the strive echinulate; star well developed, the primary septa subequal and often nearly
meeting together in the middle line, the second cycle also well developed. Radial corallites
spreading and distant, usually 2 mm. apart, nariform, often with a hooked lip, labellate or
tubular with an oblique aperture, varying in length from 2 to 4mm., diameter 1°5 mm.,
little variable; the wall is moderately thick and very firm, becoming shorter and more
verruciform below. A few longer tubular corallites with round aperture occur near the apex
of the branches, some of which bear buds and indicate the position of new branchlets. Star
not very distinct, the directive septa are well developed, but the remaining primaries and
those of the second cycle are usually narrow. Corallum rather porous near the apex,
rapidly becoming denser below, surface dense, closely clothed with fine echinulations
throughout ; wall substriate or echinulate in longitudinal rows.

West Indies.
a-j. West Indies. Purchased. 43. 2. 10. 70 to 74 & 93. 4. 7. 142 to146. (‘Types.)

b. Colony massive, with irregular or mammiform elevations in place of proper branches.

8. Madrepora cyclopea.

Madrepora cyclopea, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 439 ; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 15.
Madrepora cycloptera, M.-Kdwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 161. °
Dana’s description, taken from worn specimens, is as follows :—“ Very broad foliate and
ponderous, fronds spreading, lobed, 3 to 6 inches thick and 6 feet or more broad, with large
rounded, remotely scattered knobs, 2 to 3 inches thick. Corallum above having calicles
crowded.” The species is not figured and has not been recorded by subsequent investigators.
The following description is taken from two specimens in the British Museum, which
appear to be referable to this species :—Corallum consisting of extremely massive, digitate
fronds about 1°8 m. across. Digitiform lobes rounded and gradually tapering to a
relatively slender apex; they are sub-reniform in section about the middle of a lobe;
diameters at a point about 40 cm. from the apex, 14 by 10cm. The superior surface is
covered with irregular tubercles, those on the lobes becoming arranged chiefly in two series,
one near each lateral border; they are 2 to 5 cm. broad and about as high as broad,
occasionally conical, with a prominent central corallite, which, however, does not differ in
size or thickness from the others. Prominent corallites crowded, tubular, with a firm and
moderately thick wall; aperture usually round, rarely oblique. Length 1 to 6 mm., diameter
15 to 2°5 mm.; average about 2 mm. diameter and 45 mm. long. Scattered between the

34 MADREPORARIA.

prominent corallites a variable number of immersed ones occur, some about 1 mm. diameter,
but the majority much smaller, often under 0°5 mm. The prominent corallites become
shorter and more distant on the under surface, where many are subimmersed, but the small-
sized immersed corallites appear wanting. Corallum very dense and stony, surface granulato-
echinulate ; wall striate above, the coste becoming divided into dentate plates below. The
prominent corallites usually possess 12 septa, all of which are narrow, sometimes only the
directives are prominent ; the smaller immersed corallites have only 6 septa.

The species is at once recognized by the extremely massive corallum without proper
branches, but the form of the corallites is similar to that of some varieties of M. muricata.

West Indies, ? Indian Ocean.

a. Bahamas. Colonial Exhibition. 86. 10. 13. 10.
b. ? MOB RAcnANSO!

9. Madrepora conigera.

Madrepora conigera, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 440, pl. xxxii. fig. 2; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p. 159; Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 22; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887,
vol. x. p. 14; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 503.

Corallum consisting of massive horizontal (?) plates 2°5 to 6 cm. thick, lobed at the
margin, and sometimes deeply subdigitate ; above covered with short and stout subacute
cones ; surface plain below. The cones on the upper surface are irregular in size and height,
and the narrow intervals between are occupied chiefly by immersed corallites. The cones
are 1-2 to 3 cm. in diameter, and 1 to 3 cm. high: some are rather flat above, without any
marked axial corallite; others are more distinctly pointed, with tubular axial corallites
2 to 3 mm. in diameter and 2 to 3 mm. exsert; wall dense, not very thick, and strongly
costulate. Radial corallites erect, labellate or tubular, with a more or less oblique aperture,
variable in length (2 to 4 mm.), and 1°5 to 2 mm. diameter. A few immersed and short
nariform corallites are scattered amongst the others. The lower part of each cone is
occupied by elongate oblique tubular corallites, some of which bear 1 to 3 labellate
bud-corallites. Primary septa all very narrow, with the outer directive sometimes most
marked. Corallites on the flat under surface all very short or immersed, the longest are
tubo-nariform. Ccenenchyma very dense, and the surface reticulate with rounded knobs in
place of the usual pointed echinulations ; corallite-wall firm and dense, striato-echinulate.

Singapore.
a. ? —— 1 93. 4.7. 70;
26. ——? =——? 93.47.71.

10. Madrepora smithi. (Pl. XXVI. fig. B.)

Madrepora pyramidalis, Bassett-Smith (non Klunzinger), Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 453 (part.).
Madrepora seriata, Bassett-Smith (non Ehrenberg), loc. cit. p. 453.
Madrepora paxilligera, Bassett-Smith (non Dana), loc. cit. p. 453.

MADREPORA. 35

Corallum massive, incrusting, forming broad arched plates with broad pyramidal or
conical elevations on the upper surface, and clustered ascending twigs towards the margin.
The conés are very unequal in size, 2°5 to 65 cm, in diameter at the base and 2 to 3°5 cm.
high. The axial corallites of the cones are only 2 to 2°5 mm. diameter, and scarcely exsert.
Short proliferous tubular corallites, not over 5 mm. long, are scattered irregularly over the
surface of the larger cones ; the radial corallites between them are short, tubular, with a more or
less oblique aperture, outer part of the wall thickened, the inner thin; length 2 mm. or rather
more, diameter slightly under 2 mm. Such tubular corallites are about 3 to 5 mm. apart,
the interval between them is occupied by short nariform, subimmersed and small immersed
corallites. The star of the prominent corallites consists of well-developed directive septa
which nearly meet in the middle line, and of four other primaries together with part of a second
eycle, all of which are narrow and subequal, but the primary septa are stouter. The
marginal branches are 4 to 6 em. long and about 6 to 12 mm. thick ; the stouter ones are
distinctly tapering. On these the axial corallites are hemispherical, 3 to 3°5 mm. diameter,
with a well-developed star of 12 septa. The radial corallites are chiefly gutter-shaped, but
with a variable number of short or immersed ones between ; length 2 to 3 mm., diameter
2mm. at the apex, margin not rounded. The directive septa are prominent, the remaining
primaries narrow, and a second cycle is not developed. The form of the radial corallites of
the marginal branches resembles that of M. nobilis.

China Sea.

a,b. Tizard Bank, 2 fath. H.M.S.‘Rambler’ 89. 9. 24.100& 159. (=M. pyra- \
midalis, B.-Sm.)
c. Tizard Bank, 2 fath. H.M.S. ‘Rambler’ 89. 9. 24.98. (=. seriata, B.-

Types of the
species

Sm.)
d. Tizard Bank, 1 fath. H.M.S. ‘Rambler, 89. 9. 24.112. (=M. pavilligera,
B.-Sm.)
e. is ——? 93.4.7. 87. (Specimen figured.) )

B. Corallum consisting of horizontal or oblique radiating branehes which ultimately become
fused into a disk-shaped plate or shallow vase, with numerous proliferous corallites on
the upper surface.

11. Madrepora efflorescens.
Madrepora efflorescens, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 441, pl. xxiii. fig. 6; M-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires,
t. iii. p. 159 (non Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii, p. 153; ibid. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 511; non
B.-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 454).

Corallum vasiform?, branches coalescing into a solid plate 12 to 18 mm. thick,
reticulate only at the margin and ribbed with the coalescing branches. Corallum flat below,
and having very short crowded branchlets above ; the marginal ones 12 mm. long and
3 mm. diameter; those near the middle of the colony not terete, 6 mm. long, acervate and
proliferous. Corallites on the under surface short; on the upper surface the branchlets
bear labellate corallites with long erect lip. Apical corallites cylindrical, 2 mm. long and
1mm. broad, (Dana.)

36 MADREPORARIA.

There are several specimens in the collection of the British Museum which appear
referable to this species, but unfortunately the habitat is not recorded of any of them. One
fine specimen forms a broad shallow vase 55 cm. wide and 16 em. high, from an oval base
12 by 6 em. across, with an extra central lobe not in the interior of the vase. The corallum,
in spite of its large size, is only 2 to 2°5 em. thick, and is quite solid without any indication
of branches below, excepting near the margin. Corallites on the under surface very
crowded and spreading tubular, 15 to 2°5 mm. diameter and 2°5 to 45 mm. long. They
are longest near the base and have the wall a little thickened, strongly echinulate but not
striate; they are usually so crowded that scarcely any ccenenchyma occurs between, and
sometimes the walls are partly confluent; at the margin of the corallum they are strongly
appressed. The star consists of 6 moderately developed septa. There are no immersed
corallites on the under surface of this specimen (which is not at all worn), even those in the
lines of fusion of the branches have a ring-shaped border. The main branches are not
recognizable from the upper surface, excepting in the marginal 8 to 10 cm. of the colony
(where they are 8 mm. thick), but their course is clearly indicated by radiating rows of
proliferous corallites separated by rows of immersed or subimmersed ones. The branchlets
on the upper surface would be more correctly described as erect clusters of proliferous
corallites, none of which exceed 1:3 cm. in length, the majority are much shorter. They
occur in great numbers along the upper surface of the branches, and may consist of a single
elongate tubular corallite bearing appressed labellate ones at the base, of a cluster of 3 or
4 such proliferous corallites, or of larger groups 1 to 1°5 cm. in diameter. Axial corallites
cylindrical, 2 mm. broad, and usually 8 mm. exsert. Radial corallites chiefly labellate or
tubo-labellate, with a very elongate aperture 4 mm. long and 1:5 to 2 mm. wide at the apex,
but usually narrower below, wall strongly striate. Those corallites which are proliferous
become tubular and a little compressed, 6 mm. long and 2 mm. diameter. Between the
proliferous clusters, shorter labellate or immersed corallites occur, and immersed or
subimmersed corallites occupy the imtervals between the rows of proliferations. In the
corallites of the upper surface the star is very imperfectly developed. Corallum porous
and reticulate in section, surface spongy and echinulate. Wall of the corallites of the
upper surface distinctly striate, echinulate at the base. The branches of the inner lobe of
the vase are free at the extremities.

Two other specimens agree in most points with the one already described, but are worn
and all the corallites on the under surface are immersed, but this may be due to injury. A
fourth specimen appears to represent an early condition of the species before the main
branches become fused into a solid plate. It consists of several curved fan-like lobes, the
branches of which are confluent only near the base. The free portions of the branches bear
a close resemblance to those of M. palmata forma prolifera under similar circumstances,
but differ in having proliferous corallites on their upper surface and short, rather stout
tubular ones below.

Singapore; Hast Indies (Dana).

a. ——? Purchased. 73. 1. 20. 1.
c ? 98. 4. 7. 66 & 67.

—?

d. ——? ——? 93.4. 7. 64.

e. —? Purchased. 44. 6.10.15. (Young colony.)
f. —? ——? 93. 4. 7. 65.

g. ——? ——? 93. 4. 7. 182.

MADREPORA. 37

12. Madrepora vasiformis. (Plate XXVI. fig. A.)

Madrepora flabelliformis, Briiggemann (non M.-Edwards & Haime), Phil. Trans. 1879, vol. elxviii.
p. 575.

Corallum shallow, solid, vasiform, 28 cm. diameter, 10 em. high; attachment oblique.
The under surface is quite solid, excepting towards the margin of the colony, where the
outline of the branches is indicated by narrow fissures. The whole under surface is devoid
of branchlets, and is covered with crowded suberect tubular corallites; some are sub-
immersed, with rather thin wall, but the majority have the wall thick and the margin
rounded, many have the wall much dilated ; length 1 to 8 mm., diameter | to 3 mm., according
to the thickness of the wall; the directive septa are often the only ones recognizable, but in
other cases the primary series may be more or less complete. The upper surface of the vase
consists of numerous short subconical twigs, which arise obliquely from the main branches ;
their apices are about 1°5 cm. apart, length 1:5 to 3 cm., diameter at the base 8 to 12 mm.,
those near the margin of the vase are closely applied to the main divisions. Axial corallites
cylindrical, 2 to 2°5 mm. diameter; the primary septa almost meet in the middle line, but
the directives are slightly broader; a second cycle is not recognizable. Radial corallites
crowded, spreading, very unequal, and of variable form ; the largest are thick-walled, tubular,
with the inney part of the wall often incomplete, margin slightly rounded, wall porous; such
corallites may bear one or two very small buds on the outer surface; length 3 mm., diameter
18 mm.; others between are nariform, dimidiate, or labellate, with the wall of variable
thickness, many towards the base are subimmersed. In the tubular corallites the star
consists of 6 septa, the directives, and especially the outer one, most prominent. All the
septa are very narrow in the subimmersed corallites, often only the directives are
recognizable. Corallum moderately porous, wall striato-echinulate.

In habit the species closely resembles M. efflorescens, but the absence of a second cycle

of septa in the axial corallites renders it uncertain whether it really belongs to the same
subgenus.

Rodriguez.

a. Rodriguez. Royal Society [P.]. 76.5.5.92. (Type=M. flabelliformis, Briigg.)

13. Madrepora orbicularis. (Plate II.)
Madrepora efflorescens, Ortmann (non Dana), Zool. JB. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 511; ? ibid. 1888, Bd. iii.
p. 153.
Madrepora orbicularis, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 460.
Corallum disk-shaped, 50 em. broad and 4°5 cm. thick near the margin, thicker in the
central part, with numerous irregular prominences. On the under surface the branches are

fused into an almost solid plate, almost plane in some parts, but in others with irregular

G

38 MADREPORARIA.

appressed branchlets about 1 cm. thick and from 1 to 2°5 em. long; surface spongy, with
scattered immersed corallites and a variable number of dilated appressed tubular ones about
3 mm. thick, narrowed towards the apex; star of 12 well-developed septa, wall striato-
echinulate. On the upper surface all but the central portion consists of several layers of
radiating subhorizontal branches laid one over the other like rows of tiles, the lower layer
longest, and the others gradually diminishing in length, the whole fused into a solid mass
with often only the distal parts of the branches distinct; diameter of the branches 8 to
20 mm. Axial corallites cylindrical, variable in size, 2°5 to 4 mm. diameter, and 2 mm.
exsert, wall thick and porous, strongly striate, aperture 0°75 mm. The branches bear
numerous prominent corallites, 2°5 to 6 mm. long, and 15 to 2 mm. thick, the larger of
which are proliferous, but the buds which they bear are always small and delicate labellate.
The prominent corallites are dimidiate and a little appressed near the apex of a branch, but
in other situations generally spread almost at right angles. Those which become proliferous
are 2 to 3 mm. apart, and in them the inner part of the wall gradually increases in length,
at the same time the wall is thickened, and they then resemble the smaller axial corallites in
form. Between are small labellate corallites with a narrow lip and numerous small immersed
ones. Star well developed in nearly all the prominent corallites, the directive septa very
broad. In the very numerous and small immersed or narrow-lipped corallites the directive
septa are often confluent, but the other primary septa are relatively narrow. Corallum very

porous, surface spongy-reticulate, wall striato-reticulate and echinulate.

The species resembles M. effiorescens in general habit, but differs altogether in its disk-
shaped corallum, composed of several rows of branches instead of a single row, in the
scattered instead of clustered proliferous corallites, in the stouter axial corallites, the much
smaller bud-corallites of the proliferations, the condition of the under surface, and in
other points.

Indian Ocean : Ceylon.

a, Ceylon. Dr. Ondaatje [P.]. 83. 3. 24. 7. (Type.)
b, c. Ceylon. Haeckel Coll. 92. 12. 5. 25 & 26.

C. Prominent radial corallites ascending tubular.
14, Madrepora acuminata.
Madrepora acuminata, Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. i. 1864, p. 40.

The following is Verrill’s description :—

« A large species allied to M. nobilis, but having much longer, regularly-tapering, often
curved branches, 1 inch in diameter, evenly rounded, and thickly covered by spreading, nearly
uniform, cylindrical, dimidiate corallites. Surface of the corallum between the cells and
exterior to corallites covered with minute spines, the latter subcostate. Septa rudimentary,
only the two largest usually distinct. A few rudimentary corallites, often opening downwards,
are scattered among the others.”

MADREPORA. 39

A specimen in the collection of the British Museum, which I doubtfully refer to this
species, differs from typical M. nobilis and M. pacifica in habit, but agrees closely with the
above description. It is erect arborescent, about 35 cm. high, laxly branched, the branches
about 2°5 cm. diameter near the base, and up to 25 cm. long, with crowded corallites on the
superior surface, and thicker appressed, more distant, and very irregular ones below. Axial
corallites 3 mm. diameter and 2 mm. or more exsert, with a large, often oval, aperture, and
12 well-developed septa. The tubular corallites are about 1:5 mm. diameter, usually
compressed, and 2°5 to 5 mm. long. Corallum very firm, but moderately porous, surface
spongy-echinulate ; wall subcostulate, strongly echinulate near the base. The corallites are
more irregularly crowded and not so spreading as those of M. pacifica, the wall is echinulate
and the corallum more porous. The directive septa are thick and moderately broad; the
others thin and narrow, often quite rudimentary.

Pacific Ocean: Kingsmill Islands.

? ——? 93.4.7. 81.

15. Madrepora pacifica. (Plate XXX. fig. B.)

Madrepora robusta, B.-Smith (non Dana), Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 452.
Madrepora pacifica, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 465.

Corallum subarborescent, stout, spreading obliquely, resembling that of M. nobilis in
habit. Branchlets 6 to 15 em. long and 2 to 3 ecm. thick, simple or subsimple, tapering
slightly to a blunt apex, or the distal half more rapidly tapering and pointed. Axial coral-
lites 2°5 mm. diameter or a little over, 2 mm. exsert. Radial corallites much crowded, about
half are elongate, tubular, half-tubular, or dimidiate, the remainder short, labellate, sub-
immersed or immersed. The prominent corallites are about 1‘5 mm. in diameter and 8 to 4
mm. long, spreading nearly at right angles, often a little recurved; wall firm, but relatively
thin, delicately striate, without echinulations. Primary cycle of septa not prominent, the
directives most noticeable ; in many of the immersed corallites they alone can be made out.
Corallum very dense, surface spongy-cchinulate ; in many parts the corallites are so crowded

that little or no ccenenchyma occurs between them.

The species differs from M. nobilis in the more crowded and more elongate corallites,
without the thickened wall which occurs in the larger corallites of that species; also in the
more rudimentary septa and the denser corallum.

A specimen referred by Mr. Bassett-Smith to M. robusta appears to belong to this
species, but the branches are not so stout as in the type, and the corallum appears to form an
incrustation over dead pieces of coral.

Pacific Ocean : Samoa Islands, China Sea.

a. Samoa Islands. Rey. S. J. Whitmee [P.]. 75.10. 2.18. (Type.)
6. Tizard Bank, 5 fath. H.M.S. ‘Rambler’ 89.9. 24.107. (=WM. robusta, B.-Smith.)

40 MADREPORARIA,

16. Madrepora arbuscula.
Madrepora arbuscula, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 474, pl. xl. fig. 2; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p- 188; Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst. 1866, vol. v. p. 21; ? ibid. 1869, vol. vi. p. 69; Verrill, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 41; Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 19; Rathbun,
Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 12; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 149.
? Madrepora scabrosa, ? B.-Smith (non Quelch), Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p- 452.

Corallum arborescent, much branched, forming bushy clumps 30 em. high and 40 em. in
diameter from a stem 2 cm. thick. Branches spreading, terete, 8 to 18 mm. diameter, only
slightly tapering. Upper branches often 8 to 11 cm. long, simple and very gradually
attenuate. Axial corallites 2°5 to 3 mm. diameter and 2-5 mm. exsert, wall thick and porous.
Radial corallites 1:5 mm. diameter and 3 to 4 mm. long, tubular, more or less ascending, and
with a moderately thick wall; crowded on the superior surface, but more distant on the
underside, becoming short and thick tubercles on the under surface of the stouter branches.
Corallum porous and fenestrated in section, surface finely reticulate and echinulate; wall
striato-reticulate when thin, becoming evenly echinulate with increase in thickness. All the

primary septa are broad, the directives nearly meet in the middle line; second cycle
inconspicuous.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Singapore, Sulu Sea, ? Japan, Great-Barrier Reef.

a, ——? Mr. Sowerby [P.]. 45. 5. 21. 185.
b. ——? Purchased. 59. 12. 12. 1.
c. ——? ? 938.4. 7. 86.
d,e. Palm Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92.6.8.73 & 74.
jf. Channel Rock Reef. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 79.
?g. Tizard Bank. H.M.S. ‘ Rambler.’ 89. 9. 24. 110. (=WM. scabrosa?, B.-Sm.)

17. Madrepora virgata.

Madrepora virgata, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 471, pl. xxxix. fig. 1; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p- 145; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p- 41; Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,

1878, p. 533; Quelch, ‘Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 158; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887,
Vol ex-ip.) LO!

Madrepora gracilis, Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 158 (part.).

Corallum slender, arborescent, spreading and remotely ramose; branches under 1 em.
in diameter, very long, terete, subarcuate, not proliferous. Ccenenchyma scarcely porous,
minutely granulous ; radial corallites small, rather crowded, very short and thin tubular ;

margin acute, cell circular, star of six narrow rays. Terminal branches often 15 em. long,
very gradually tapering.

The above is a summary of Dana’s description: the ‘Challenger’ specimens referred
by Quelch to this species differ in several important points. The ccenenchyma is very
porous and reticulate in section, the surface is covered with closely-placed rows of dentate

MADREPORA. Al

plates; wall costulate, the coste divided into dentate plates below. Axial corallites
prominent, ?2°5 mm. diameter; radial corallites short, tubular, mostly 1°5 to 17 mm. long
and ] mm. diameter, with a thin wall and circular aperture; a few smaller ones are scattered
amongst the others, but none are immersed; most are placed at an angle of about 45°, and
are therefore not so spreading as in M. formosa, Dana. One of the fragments from
Amboina, referred by Quelch to M. gracilis, appears to me to belong here. Some of the
specimens from Tahiti and Tongatabu are bushy, with proliferous twigs near the apex.

Pacific Ocean: New Hanover, Fiji, Tahiti, Amboina, Tongatabu.

a, Tahiti. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 236.
6. Tahiti. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 237.
oe 1]. 25. 235.
c-e. Papeete Reefs, Tahiti. H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.’~ 86. 12. 9. 406.
91. 9. 9. 2.
f. Amboina. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ © 86. 12.9. 229. (= M. gracilis,
Quelch, part.)

gsh. Tahiti. ? 93.4.7. 74 & 76.
a,j. Tahiti? if SRE Ye, 1/0) 6 Olle

k. Tongatabu. J.J. Lister, Esq. [P.]. 91.3.6. 4.

D. Prominent corallites short, erect, tubular, unless near the apex of a branch.

a. Branches 2 cm. thick or more.

18. Madrepora tylostoma.

Heteropora tylostoma, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 111.
Madrepora tylostoma, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 489.

The type specimens are much worn, and belong to a stout and laxly-arborescent species
resembling M. secunda or M. muricata vay. cervicornis in habit. Stoutest branches 2°5 em.
thick ; in one or two specimens they are fused together with large spaces between, measuring
10 by Sem. The axial corallites are not preserved. The radial corallites are rather distant,
spreading at right angles; very short tubular with an oblique aperture; some are sub-
immersed and smaller ; they vary from 0 to 2 mm. in length, but most do not exceed 1 mm.,
diameter 1 to 15 mm. One cycle of septa is moderately developed, and a second is present
in rudiment. Corallum dense, not reticulate im section; surface rather dense, reticulate,
with blunt echinulations ; wall striate.

Another specimen in the Berlin Museum, from Mauritius (Médius), differs from the
types only in the sometimes less-oblique aperture of the radial corallites. Branches 1°5 cm.
diameter and under. Axial corallites 2 to 2°5 mm. diameter, 2 mm. exsert. Surface and
wall strongly spinose.

Indian Ocean: Mauritius (Berlin Museum).

42 MADREPORARIA.

19. Madrepora robusta.

Madrepora robusta, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 475, pl. xxxix. fig. 3; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p- 187; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 40; Quelch, ‘Challenger’ Reef Corals,
p- 151; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 18.

” Heteropora cervicornis, Ehrenberg (non Lamarck), Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 110.

Corallum very stout and laxly branched ; branches up to 4 em. thick and 30 cm. long,
terete, only slightly tapering, excepting im some of the terminal divisions, apices blunt.
Ultimate branches 5 to 10 cm. long, and simple or occasionally bearing a cluster of smaller
branchlets near the apex; diameter 2 to 3 cm. near the base and 1 to 1°5 em. close to the
apex. Axial corallites scarcely distinguishable from the radial tubular ones, rarely 3 mm.
diameter (usually 2 to 25 mm.), and about 2 mm. exsert. Radial corallites spreading at
right angles or nearly so, rather crowded, but of unequal length; about one third are tubular
with circular or slightly oval aperture, a little over 2 mm. diameter and 1 to 2 mm. in length;
wall rather thick and porous. Those between are dimidiate, nariform, or subimmersed.
Directive septa sometimes well developed, the other primaries narrow; a second cycle is
usually represented in rudiment. Corallum dense, surface spongy, wall strongly and evenly

costate.

Pacific Ocean: Fiji.

a,b, Fiji. H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 226 & 414
c,d. ——? Sir HE. Home, Bart. [P.]. 47.1.1.2&8.
e-g. ——? ? 58. 2. 10.3,4& 6

20. Madrepora grandis. (Plate I. figs. A, B.)
Madrepora grandis, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 457.

Corallum stout, arborescent, laxly divided. One specimen, which consists of the distal
part of a colony, is 36 em. long, and the main branch is 3 cm. in diameter. Branches simple
or forked, some which are 17 em. long and 2 em. thick are simple, slowly tapering, attenuate.
Near the apex of a colony the divisions are, however, sometimes much shorter and more
numerous. Axial corallites 3 mm. diameter, cylindrical, considerably exsert (2 to 3 mm.) ;
wall very porous; star moderate or well-developed. On the distal 5 em. of a branch
the radial corallites are ascending tubular, with thin wall and deep large cup, practically
without septa; length 4 to 5°5 mm., usually cylindrical, but sometimes a little compressed,
2 mm. diameter, inner part of the wall as prominent as the outer. Such prominent corallites
are about 5 mm. apart, with smaller tubular, nariform, or subimmersed between, diameter
about 2 mm.; wall usually thin, but a little thicker in the more elongate corallites. Below
the distal 5 em. (approximately) of a branch, all the radial corallites extend at right angles
to the axis and none are over 2 mm. long; they are tubular in form and become gradually
shorter towards the base. The condition differs from that of MW. robusta in similar situations

in the thinner wall, in the absence of a recognizable star of septa, and also in the absence

MADREPORA. 43

of dimidiate corallites. Usually the two directive septa are recognizable, but the other
primaries cannot be distinguished. Corallum very open and reticulate in section in the more
slender parts, but very dense near the base; surface fenestrated and echinulate ; wall striate,

scarcely echinulate unless near the base.

Pacific Ocean: Great-Barrier Reef.

a-c. Palm Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92.6. 8. 60 to 62. (Types.)
d. Herring Island, Bowen. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 314.
Variety :
a. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 261.

b. Branches usually under 1°5 cm. in thickness.

21. Madrepora formosa.

Madrepora formosa, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 473, pl. 38. fig. 4, pl. 31. fig. 2; M.-Edwards & Haime,
Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 146; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 41; Studer, MB.
Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 533, pl. ii. figs. 7 & 8; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887,
vol. x. p. 15; ? Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 504.

Madrepora brachiata, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 474, pl. 38. fig. 3; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires,
t. iii. p. 147; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 44; Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss.
Berlin, 1878, p. 533; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 12; Ortmann, Zool. JB.
1889, Bd. iv. p. 503.

Corallum shrubby arborescent, slender and much divided. Branches 5 to 12 mm. thick ;
branchlets often curved, subalternate, proliferous near the apex, 2°5 to 5 cm. long and 7 mm.
thick, gradually tapering. Axial corallites cylindrical, 2 mm. diameter, 1 to 2 mm. exsert,
aperture small. Radial corallites slender, tubular, all spreading, but the angle varies con-
siderably, often at right angles; diameter 1 to 1:3 mm., length 15 to 3 mm., with an
occasional elongate and thicker proliferous corallite. The corallites become shorter with a
broader base in the older parts of the corallum. A few very short and small tubular corallites
occur between the more prominent ones to near the tips of the branches, but none are truly
immersed. The primary septa of the axial corallites are very well developed and subequal,
second cycle absent or rudimentary ; the radial corallites have six moderately prominent
septa, the directives being usually best developed. Corallum rather dense; surface dense and

finely echinulate, subreticulate in parts ; wall substriate, echinulate.

Var. brachiata.

Corallum spreading arborescent.; branches elongate, straight, 1 to 2 cm. thick, the upper
ones often 7 or 8 em. long. Axial corallites over 1 mm. exsert, short cyclindrical. Radial
corallites subequal, short tubular, almost at right angles, becoming wart-like below. Aper-
ture usually oblique but variable, 0°5 to 0°7 mm. diameter. Star distinct, the directive septa

prominent. Corallum dense, surface finely granular, wall very minutely striate. (Dana.)

44 MADREPORARTA.

The specimens referred by Studer to M. brachiata appear to differ only from M. formosa
in having stouter branches, and I do not think the two forms are specifically distinct. Dana
was of opinion that the diameter of the branches in any given species is practically constant,
but I doubt if diameter alone has more than a minor value in the discrimination of species.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Fiji and Sulu Sea, Torres Straits, New Ireland, New Hanover,
Sumatra, Singapore, ? Ceylon.

a. Nias Island, Sumatra. Purchased. 85. 9. 3. 1.
6. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 80.

22. Madrepora pulchra. (Plate XXVIII. figs. A, B, C.)

Madrepora cribripora, Bassett-Smith (non Dana), Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 452.

Madrepora orbipora, Dana, var., Ridley & Quelch, in H. O. Forbes’ Naturalist in the Eastern Archi-
pelago, London, 1885, p. 44. (The specific name is probably a misprint for crtbripora.)

Madrepora pulchra, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 468.

Corallum arborescent, branches 1:2 to 1:8 cm. thick, terete, often bearing radiating
clusters of branchlets at intervals of 2°5 to 5 em.; branchlets elongate, simple or subsimple,
3-5 to 9 em. long, 8 to 12 mm. thick, gradually attenuate; the angle of the branchlets
varies from 30° to 90°. Axial corallites cylindrical, 3 mm. diameter, about 2°5 mm. exsert,
those of the branchlets rather smaller. Radial corallites all spreading at right angles,
excepting near the apex of a branchlet ; all are short, tubular, a little variable in length, and
exhibiting considerable variation in diameter. Length subimmersed to 1:5 mm., diameter
0:75 to2 mm. The aperture of the larger corallites is usually a little oblique, and in some
cases the inner part of the wall is only slightly developed, whilst the outer is elongate, giving
a tubo-labellate form ; the inner part of the wall is, however, rarely absent, excepting in the
older parts of the corallum, where the majority of the corallites are immersed. The outer
part of the wall is usually a little thickened in the larger corallites, but the aperture remains
over 1 mm. in diameter. The star of the axial corallites consists of six well-developed sub-
equal primary septa, the second cycle is rudimentary ; in the radial corallites the star is
rudimentary, the directive septa are usually recognizable, and sometimes two or, more rarely,
four others. Corallum very porous, surface reticulate and echinulate ; wall striato-reticulate,

echinulate in the case of the stouter corallites.

Var. stricta. (Plate XXVIII. fig. B.)

The specimens from the Tizard Bank referred to M. eribripora by Bassett-Smith appear
referable to this species. The branches and branchlets are relatively more slender and
tapering, and the larger corallites more distant. They are less distinctly tubular than in the
type, and rarely over 1:3 mm. diameter ; the inner part of the wall is imperfectly developed.
The septa are better developed in the radial corallites, but the second cycle is rarely complete
even in rudiment, and all are narrow excepting the directives. The whole texture is firmer,

and the surface is closely reticulate.

MADREPORA. 45

Var. alveolata. (Plate XXVIII. fig. C.)

Corallum bushy, closely resembling the type, excepting that the radial corallites are
rarely completely tubular, they are usually nariform or half-tubular, sometimes with the
inner part of the wall slightly prominent. The prominent ones are more distant than in the
type, with smaller ones between. Usually only the directive septa are recognizable in the

radial corallites, the inner one often broader than the outer.
Indo-Pacific Ocean: Keeling Island, China Sea, Torres Straits, Great-Barrier Reef.
a. Keeling Island. H. O. Forbes, Esq. [P.]. 84. 2.16.1. (Type.)

Var. stricta.
a—c. Tizard Bank, 3 fathoms. H.MLS. ‘ Rambler.’ 89. 9. 24. 26.94 &95. (=M.
cribripora, B.-Sm.)
Var. alveolata.

a-h. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92.6. 8. 32 to 38 & 40
i. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 39.
j. Palm Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 204.

23. Madrepora nigra. (Plate XX VII. fig. C.)

Madrepora ehrenbergit, B.-Smith (non M.-Edwards & Haime), Ann, Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p, 452.
Madrepora nigra, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 459.

Corallum prostrate, openly reticulate; under surface subcomplanate, almost covered
with barnacle-growths; corallites distant and very short, erect, tubular, rarely immersed ;
upper surface provided with erect or ascending branchlets arranged irregularly, not over
7 em. long, and about 1:2 cm. thick near the base (including corallites), tapering to a slender
apex; apices about 3 cm. apart. Axial corallites cylindrical, 2 mm. diameter, 1 to 2 mm.
exsert. Radial corallites on the branchlets, tubular, with an oblique or gutter-shaped apex,
spreading almost at right angles, lower margin sometimes convex ; the corallites are usually
arranged in irregular rows, the majority are elongate and slightly compressed, 2 to 4 mm.
long and 1:5 to 2 mm. diameter, with a few subimmersed ones scattered between; the
margin is always sharply defined as if cut with a knife; on the main divisions the corallites
are similar but not compressed, and the aperture is not so oblique; the average length is
2 mm., and the diameter about the same. The star consists of two cycles of well-developed
septa, which extend their full breadth almost to the lip of the corallite, and therefore appear
especially well marked; the directive septa are considerably broader and stouter than the
others. Corallum dense and stony ; surface linear echinulate and pitted, but frequently with a
spongy film over the surface; wall distinctly striate, the stri become broken up into
echinulations near the base. The colour of the unbleached corallum is brownish black.

Pacific Ocean: Tizard Bank.

a, 6. Tizard Bank, China Sea, 5 fathoms. H.M.S. ‘Rambler.’ 89. 9. 24. 92 & 93.
(Types=M. ehrenbergii, B.-Sm.)
H

46 MADREPORARIA.

E. Prominent corallites of different sizes and shapes intermized.
a. Corallum bushy arborescent.

24. Madrepora valenciennesi.

Madrepora valenciennesii, M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 1387; (? non Ortmann, Zool. JB.
1889, Bd. iv. p. 503).

Corallum arborescent, about 18 cm. high; branches cylindrical and subulate, several
rising to a similar height from a common base, diverging in all directions, subdivided some-
what as in M. nobilis. Main branches 1°8 em. diameter, gradually tapering to a large axial
corallite. Subdivisions spreading and simple up to 8 em. in length. Axial corallites 4 to
4-5 mm. diameter and 2°5 mm. exsert, with a very thick porous wall; septa in two cycles,
both moderately developed. Radial corallites tubular or half-tubular, spreading nearly
at right angles ; very variable in size, 1 to 2 mm. diameter, the larger ones with a thicker
wall. Corallites of various lengths intermixed, those up to 4 mm. in length remain simple,
the longer ones bear a few bud-corallites, and the axial corallite is then thickened ; there are
no truly immersed corallites. There is only one cycle of septa in those corallites not destined
to become proliferous ; the directive septa are very broad and nearly meet in the middle line,
the others are narrow. Corallum very fragile and spongy-reticulate throughout ; wall fragile
or very porous, striato-reticulate.

The above description is based on the type in the Paris Museum.
Indo-Pacific Ocean : Ceylon, Torres Straits.

a-c. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 63 to 65.

25. Madrepora laxa.

Madrepora laxa, Lamarck (non Ehrenberg, non Briiggemann, &c.), Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. t. ii.
p. 280, ed. 2, p. 448; Blainville, Man. d’Actin. p. 390; Deslongchamps, Encyclop. p. 504;
Dana, Zoophytes, p. 487; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 146; (mon Quelch,
‘Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 156).

? Madrepora pharaonis, Briiggemann (non M.-Edw. & H.), Phil. Trans. 1879, vol. elxvill. p. 574.

Corallum arborescent, laxly branched; branches spreading, terete, slowly tapering.
Axial corallites 2 mm. diameter, a little prominent, wall not specially thickened. Radial
corallites small, tubular, mostly at right angles or nearly so ; crowded and unequal in length
in front, becoming short and immersed on the reverse aspect of a branch ; diameter 1 to
1:5 mm., length 0 to 2°5 mm. Scattered at rather considerable intervals are a few proliferous
corallites of 6 mm. in length and 2 mm. diameter at the apex, spreading at right angles ;
they form short branchlets at a later stage. Septa variable, usually the directives are of
considerable breadth; the outer primaries narrow, and the second cycle still narrower.
Corallum moderately porous in section; surface dense, finely tabulato-echinulate throughout ;
wall not costulate.

MADREPORA. 47

The above is a description of the type of Lamarck ; the specimen was collected by Péron
during his voyage to the Hast, but the exact habitat is not known.

Var. fissilabia.
A variety from the Macclesfield Bank differs from typical specimens in the form of the
corallites. These are erect with the outer part of the wall thickened, the inner part thin and

not usually so prominent as the outer, often with a slit-like space on the inner aspect.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Seychelles, Rodriguez, Macclesfield Bank, and Great-Barrier
Reef.

a. Seychelles. HEM See lert am oea Onn 7-. 139.
b. Rodriguez. Royal Society. 76.5.5.91. (=M. pha-
raonis, Briigg.)

G: ? B¥fe Oe N, Lal

d-g. Palm Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 68 to 71.
h. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 72.
i. Warrior Island, Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 75.

J, &. Low Woody Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6.8. 77 & 78.

Var. fissilabia.

a-h, Macclesfield Bank, 13 fathoms. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’ 92. 10. 17. 33 to 42.
i. Macclesfield Bank, 13 to 23 fathoms. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’ 92. 10. 17. 43.
j. Macclesfield Bank, 13 fathoms. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’ 92. 10. 17. 84.

26. Madrepora multiformis.

Madrepora multiformis, Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 504, pl. xi. fig. 2.
Madrepora valenciennesi, Ortmann, loc. cit. p. 503.
Madrepora cf. formosa, Ortmann, loc. cit. p. 504.

Corallum variously shaped, arborescent, more or less branched ; often much branched
and covered with budding branchlets, and then resembling M. abrotanoides. Branches 1 to
3 cm. thick. Axial corallites usually 2 mm. broad and 2 mm. exsert, rarely more. Radial
corallites very unequal, immersed, nariform, or tubular with oblique, oval, or slit-like aper-
ture. Ccenenchyma porous and finely echinulate. (Ortmann.)

The radial corallites are 4 to 5 mm. long, with shorter and immersed ones between; the

aperture is oval and oblique and usually opens inwards.

Indian Ocean: Ceylon.

a-f. Ceylon. Haeckel Coll. 92. 12. 5. 1 to 6.

g-j. Ramesvaram. Madras Museum. 93. 4. 7. 147 to 149 & 153.
k. ? ? 37. 6. 10. 11.

?l.—? —? 93. 4. 7. 150.

48 MADREPORARIA.

27. Madrepora multicaulis. (Plate III.)

Corallum bushy-arborescent, forming broad, much-divided clumps 40 cm. wide or more
and 23 cm. high. Branches 15 to 18 cm. long and about 1°8 cm. thick at the base, much
divided, especially near the apex, which is usually divided into 3 to 7 radiating branchlets
1 em. thick, most of which are again divided and proliferous. Axial corallites 3 to 4°55 mm.
diameter, but usually 4 mm. or nearly so, and not much exsert ; wall very thick and porous.
Radial corallites on the distal divisions ascending, dimidiate, the majority subequal, but with
a few small between, length 3 mm., diameter 1°5 mm., wall a little thickened but very porous ;
a variable number, chiefly near the apex, are thicker and bear buds. On the middle sections
of the branches the prominent corallites are rather distant, short, thick, nariform, often
2-5 mm. wide, with subimmersed ones scattered between ; nearer the base all are small and
immersed or subimmersed. Star distinct in the prominent corallites, the directive septa
broad ; in the immersed corallites the directive septa are scarcely more prominent than the
others. Corallum very porous ; surface spongy above, evenly reticulate below ; wall striato-
reticulate and echinulate.

Indian Ocean : Ramesvaram.

a, 6. Ramesvaram. Madras Museum. 88. 11. 25.10 & 93. 4. 7.151. (Types.)

b. Corallum massive, more or less complanate, with numerous labellate corallites.

28. Madrepora ehrenbergi.

Madrepora ehrenbergii, M.-Edwards & Haime (non B.-Smith), Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 143.
Madrepora scandens, Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 26, pl. ii. fig. 6, pl. iv. fig. 3,
pl. ix. fig. 21; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. ii. p. 150.

The following is a description of the type of M.-Edwards in the Paris Museum :—

Corallum erect, forming a confused arborescent clump with frequent fusions. Branches
about 1:2 cm. thick, bearing branchlets at an angle of about 45°, frequently opposite, and
8 mm. diameter near the apex. Axial corallites probably 2 to 2°5 mm. diameter and 2 mm.
exsert. Radial corallites at an angle of 45°, or wider in the case of the larger ones. About
one third are cylindrical with an oblique aperture, 4 mm. long and 15 mm. diameter; the
remainder are shorter and smaller, nariform to subimmersed. Some distance below the
apex the larger corallites become thickened, the aperture is less oblique, and they bear 2 or 3
small bud-corallites; this condition indicates the transition to independent branchlets.
Corallum stony, little perforate ; surface echinulate, not reticulate ; wall striato-echinulate.

A fine fan-shaped specimen in the collection of the British Museum, 70 cm. wide and
60 cm. high, is intermediate in form between the type and M. scandens, Klunz. The main
branches are 4 cm. thick at the base and clothed with short spreading tubular corallites
at the back, which extend about halfway up the corallum. Near the upper extremity there
are almost as many branchlets and prominent corallites on the posterior as on the anterior

MADREPORA. 49

surface, and the fusions are almost confined to the lower part of the colony. Ultimate
divisions often 4°5 cm. long and only 5 mm. thick, gradually tapering, but a few of the
branchlets near the base are thicker and more distinctly acuminate. Tubular and proliferous
corallites very spreading, 0°4 to 1°8 em. long, 2 mm. diameter at the apex and 3 mm. at the
base, or more in the case of elongate ones which bear a number of very short open nariform
buds. The smaller corallites between the tubular ones vary in shape as in var. scandens.
The tubular corallites have 6 rather narrow subequal septa; the star is scarcely developed in
the shorter and immerséd ones, but sometimes one or both the directive septa may project a
little. Corallum moderately porous; surface striato-echinulate or reticulate and echinulate ;
wall finely striate and echinulate or the striz may not be apparent.

Var. scandens, K1z.

The characteristic feature of the form figured by Klunzinger consists in the fact that the
majority of the branchlets are short, stout, oblique, and taper suddenly at the apex, but others
are more slender and gradually tapering as in the forms already described. The axial
corallites are 2 to 3 mm. long and broad, but on the young budding branchlets they may
attain a length of 6 mm. The radial corallites are of very variable length and form,
appressed and often crowded, so as to obscure the coenenchyma. Someare tubular, 4 to 6 mm,
long, with or without buds, and only differ from the axial corallites in the oblique aperture ;
between these many are short, dimidiate, or with the outer part of the wall pointed or
almost absent; lower down many are verruciform with variously directed aperture, or
completely immersed. Corallum porous; surface striato-echinulate, the echinulations often
plate-like and not crowded, on a ribbed, rarely reticulate and trabecular ground ; wall finely
striate.

I can confirm the statement of Klunzinger that Ehrenberg’s Heteropora pocillifera, the
type of which is in Berlin, is not identical with M. ehrenbergi, as Milne-Edwards supposed.
Although the name was evidently suggested by this supposed identity, there is no doubt that
Milne-Edwards had before him the Paris Museum type at the time, and his description was
based on that specimen, and not on Ehrenberg’s; his name therefore has priority.

Indian Ocean ; Red Sea; Persian Gulf.

a. Red Sea. J. A. W. Harper [P.]. 78. 3. 18. 1.
6. Koseir, Red Sea. Klunzinger Coll. 86.10.5.8. (Var. scandens.)
c. Persian Gulf. A.S. G. Jayakar, Esq. [P.] 92.1. 18. 1.

29. Madrepora clathrata. (Plates V., VI. figs. A, B.)
Madrepora clathrata, Brook, Ann, Mag. N, H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 459.

Corallum fan-shaped, reticulate, 30 em. high, breadth across the upper part 33 cm., but
becoming rapidly narrower below. A main stem is absent, and the branches in the lower
part have a diameter of about 1 cm.; their subdivisions are at first only slightly spreading,
but become more divaricate above. The branchlets are numerous, 2 to 4 cm. long and 5 mm.

50 MADREPORARTA.

thick, frequently arched and laid across one another at various angles, the whole fused
together into an irregular network, the meshes of which vary from 4 to 12 mm. across.
Axial corallites 2 mm. diameter, ] to 2 mm. exsert ; wall rather thick and cylindrical, with a
flat or slightly rounded apex ; the star consists of six subequal septa of moderate development.
Radial corallites on the anterior (superior?) surface very unequal, not very crowded; the
larger ones are tubular, at right angles, with an oblique aperture, from 3 to 4mm. long and
about 2 mm. diameter, but frequently a little compressed ; a few are longer and proliferous,
the remainder are less spreading, shorter, tubular, tubo-nariform, and nariform to sub-
immersed ; the only true immersed corallites on the upper surface occur in the lines of fusion.
Star imperfect, the directive septa moderately developed, but the others are rudimentary or
wanting. The radial corallites on the posterior (inferior?) surface are distant, very short,
chiefly subimmersed or cochleariform. Corallum very porous; surface closely reticulate
and echinulate, the echinulations often plate-like. Wall of the axial corallites and of the
elongate radial ones costate above, the cost being echinulate below; wall of the remaining
radial corallites echinulate in rows.

Another and a larger specimen in the collection appears to belong to this species and to
represent a fuller differentiation of the corallum. The specimen is about 96 em. long and
65 cm. broad, with a very broad base consisting of several stout branches fused together ; the
branches are 2 em. thick at the base and 1 em, at a distance of about 10 cm. from the apex
of the corallum. The ultimate divisions form arched branchlets on the anterior surface, 4 to
5 cm. long in the upper part of the corallum, but shorter and more stunted below. The
proliferating corallites give rise to short erect branchlets, and the majority of the shorter
corallites on the anterior surface are nariform or labellate. On the posterior surface the
corallites are not so short and irregular as in the smaller specimen, and they usually stand
off at right angles. The majority are very short tubular or subimmersed, others are more
prominent, up to 2 mm. in length, and a few form sublateral proliferations.

A similar large fan-shaped specimen has been recently acquired and is 65 em. high.

Indian Ocean: Mauritius.

a. Mauritius. Purchased. 93.4. 7.78. (Type.)
b. ? Waller Coll. 90. 3.29.1.
c. Indian Ocean ? Purchased. 93. 4. 7. 79.

30. Madrepora irregularis. (Plate XIV. figs. EH, F.)

Madrepora alces, Briiggemann (non Dana), Phil. Trans. vol. clxviii. 1879, p. 576.
Madrepora wrregularis, Brook, Ann, Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 458.

Corallum consisting of alciform plates with marginal, erect, digitiform branchlets, or of
short, thick, plate-like clusters of incipient branchlets from a narrow base. In the latter
case the plates are about 8 cm. high, 11 cm. broad, and 3 to 5 em. thick, usually 3 or 4
radiating from the same base. Under surface uneven, with short appressed corallites. Upper
surface of the plates composed of very numerous and irregular incipient branchlets with
immersed and subimmersed corallites between, much as in M. efflorescens, but more irregular.

MADREPORA. 51

Proliferous clusters very variable in diameter, up to 2 cm., but not over 1°5 em. long. Axial
corallites cylindrical, 2 mm. diameter and up to 3 mm. exsert, usually with thick wall.
Radial corallites dimidiate or labellate ; wall thin but firm, usually thicker in the outer part
of those destined to form axial corallites ; very unequal in length, the more prominent ones
about 1°3 mm. diameter. Star not well developed, often only the directive septa recognizable.
Corallum moderately porous ; surface reticulate ; wall striate, echinulate near the base.

One of the Rodriguez specimens referred to M. alces, Dana, by Briiggemann indicates the
formation of plates by the fusion of short proliferous branches 5 em. long and 1°3 em. thick.
Another specimen consists of an alciform lobe 27 em. long and 20 em. across the broadest
part, with marginal, erect, proliferous branches, up to 13 em. long and nearly 3 cm. thick.

Rodriguez ; China Sea.

a, 6. Rodriguez. Royal Society [P.]. 76.5. 5. 89 & 90.
(Types=M. alces, Brigg.)
c. Macclesfield Bank, 7 to 8 fath. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.”? 92.10. 17.65.
d, e. 2 —? 93. 4. 7. 72 & 73.

F. Numerous tubular corallites develop a rosette of bud-corallites around the base, most of
which do not lead to the formation of branches.

31. Madrepora decipiens. (Plate XIV. figs. B to D.)
Madrepora decipiens, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 456.

Corallum consisting of stout subprostrate branches with erect digitiform branchlets, or
more slender and irregularly fastigiate. Radial corallites of two types—the one stout and
often bearing buds, the other thin-walled, labellate or subimmersed.

Form a.—Branches subprostrate, 2°5 to 3°5 cm. diameter, provided with erect, tapering,
digitiform branchlets often about 3°5 cm. apart at the apex; often simple, 6 cm. long and
2 cm. diameter; in other cases the branchlets are more slender and divided near the apex.
Axial corallites cylindrical, 2°5 to 3 mm. diameter, not over 2 mm. exsert; the star consists of
12 equal and very narrow septa, or of an equal and moderately-developed primary series and
a narrower second cycle; in either case the directive septa are not more prominent than the
others of the same cycle. Radial corallites crowded, of two kinds—the one stout and
prominent, the other labellate, subimmersed or immersed. The prominent corallites are
cylindrical, with a more or less deep notch in the inner part of the wall; near the apex of a
branch they are usually more or less ascending, but all are at right angles on the stouter
parts; diameter 2 to 2°2 mm., length 2°5 to 6 mm.; the corallites are longest near the apex
of a branch and the inner part of the wall is here scarcely shorter than the outer in many
cases, but the aperture is often somewhat elliptical owing to the wall being thinner on the
inner side; the length varies considerably in different branchlets, but those on the same
branchlet are usually subequal; wall firm, margin not rounded, aperture fully 1 mm.; the
longer ones often bear one or two buds. Between the prominent cylindrical corallites numerous

52 MADREPORARIA.

small labellate or subimmersed ones occur. The cylindrical corallites are not developed on
the under surface of the main divisions, and on the upper surface there is usually not such a
marked difference between the two types of corallite ; the more prominent ones have the inner
part of the wall more or less incomplete and those between are chiefly immersed. Star
usually not recognizable, even in the stouter corallites, and when present is situated deep down
in the cup, so that it is scarcely seen from above, often easiest to make out in the immersed
corallites on the stouter divisions. Corallum dense ; surface reticulate and echinulate ; wall
deeply and closely striate (rugose), echinulate at the base.

One specimen from the same locality as those belonging to form @ has the same habit
and similar stout ascending branchlets, but the corallites are short and subequal with a few
immersed or labellate ones between, so that the divisions have a neat terete appearance.
Specimens from Thursday Island resemble those from Rocky Island Reef (form a) in habit,
but the radial corallites are rarely so stout and have a more oblique aperture.

Form 4.—Corallum fruticose from an incrusting base; colony about 20 cm. high and
28 cm. wide ; branches 1°5 to 2 em. thick, considerably subdivided. Radial corallites usually
3 to 4mm. long and about 2 mm. diameter; the form is somewhat tubo-labellate, the inner
part of the wall being thin and short, the outer part of the wall usually bears one or more
small bud-corallites. In some cases such proliferous corallites may form twigs 6 to 10 mm.
long and 5 or 6 mm. thick. Immersed or subimmersed corallites are numerous and are
scattered between the prominent ones quite to the apex of a branch, as in form a. Specimens

in which the proliferations are well marked bear a general resemblance to M. florida.

Pacific Ocean: Torres Straits, Great-Barrier Reef, Solomon Islands, ? New Hebrides.

Form a.
a-e. Rocky Island Reefs. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6.8.81 to 85. (Types.)
f. Rocky Island Reefs. Saville-Kent Coll. 92.6.8.86. (Var.)
g. Low Woody Island Reefs. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 87.
h-j. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92.6.8.91to 93. (Var.)
k,l. Green Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 135 & 136.
m-q. Rocky Island. Sayille-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 139 to 143.
7. Low Woody Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 308.
s, ¢. Sta. Anna Is., Solomon Islands. Dr. Guppy [P.]. 84. 12. 11. 26 & 27.
?u. Mola Is., New Hebrides. W. Wykeham Perry, Esq. [P.]. 75. 10. 27.32.
Form 0.
a-c. Capricorn Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 88 to 90.

32. Madrepora listeri. (Plate XXX. figs. C, D.)

Corallum subarborescent, oblique, incrusting dead coral, with numerous fusions, Main
branches 18 cm. long, circular, 1°5 cm. thick, gradually tapering, laxly divided, the subdivisions
not very spreading, arched upwards a little towards the apex. Axial corallites cylindrical,
2°5 mm. diameter, 1 to 2 mm. exsert. Radial corallites unequal in size. Near the apex of a
branch the majority are rather crowded, a little compressed, tubular, with the aperture more

MADREPORA, 53

or less oblique, ascending, with the apex a little recurved, 3 to 4 mm. long, 15 mm. thick,
with a few smaller nariform or subimmersed ones between. A little distance below the apex
many of the prominent corallites are more spreading, 2 mm. thick, and bear a few small, round,
nariform buds ; in some parts these proliferous corallites are almost wanting, but in others
they are quite numerous and may occasionally give rise to branchlets 1 to 2 em. long, in other
cases they form short rosettes similar to those of M. florida; wall a little thickened, firm but
porous. Nearer the base of the branches the corallites are shorter, but completely immersed
ones are rare. ‘The star consists of 12 septa, which are not well developed, but the directives
are moderately broad in the prominent corallites. Corallum moderately porous; surface
reticulate and echinulate ; wall faintly striato-reticulate and finely echinulate.

Var. conica. (Plate XXX. fig. C.)

Corallum cespitose from a broad incrusting base. Branches spreading, short, thick,
conical, 6 to 8 em. long and 3 to 3°5 em. thick, covered with “rosettes” and short
proliferations. A number of the rosettes, especially on the outer sides of the branches,
become elongate (1°5 to 4°5 cm.) and proliferous, the longer ones being situated near the
base. The aperture of the central corallite of a rosette is usually circular or nearly so, and
there is a general absence of the notched condition which occurs in M. florida. The surface
of the corallum is reticulate and echinulate ; wall striato-echinulate.

A specimen from the same locality without rosettes, but with numerous elongate tubular
corallites, with or without buds, appears to represent an earlier condition in the differentiation
of the colony in this variety.

Pacific Ocean : Tongatabu.

a. Tongatabu. J. J. Lister, Esq. [P.]. 91.3.6.6. (Type.)
Var. conica.
a,b. Tongatabu. J. J. Lister, Esq. [P.]. 91.3.6.5& 8.

33. Madrepora florida.

Madrepora florida, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 466, pl. xxxyii. fig. 1 ; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p- 141; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 15.

The following is Dana’s description :-—

« Arborescent, very large, broad, and remotely ramose ; branches 1°25 in. thick, gradually
tapering, bearing over the surface small clusters of polyps. Corallum covered with calicular
tubercles + of an inch broad; calicles unequal, very short tubiform, rather stout, striated ;
some tubo-nariform with immersed cells interspersed ; star 6-rayed, distinct, two of the lamellie
not more prominent........ The rosettes consist generally of 6 to 10 very short calicles ;
they cover regularly the whole surface. Between these rosettes the cells are mostly immersed.”

A number of specimens in the collection appear referable to this species, but all differ
more or less from the above description.

54 MADREPORARIA.

Form A. florida.

Corallum erect, arborescent ; main branches spreading, but their subdivisions are little
divergent ; branches thick and elongate (25 cm.), scarcely tapering, 3°5 cm. diameter near
the base and 3 cm. up to within 3 or 4.cm. of the apex. Rosettes about 1 em. high and 7 mm.
broad, but a few are considerably larger. Axial corallites 2 mm. diameter, sometimes 3 mm.
exsert, often a little compressed ; aperture round or slightly oval; wall firm but not specially
thickened. The central corallites of the rosettes have the same dimensions, but the aperture is
more or less oblique ; usually the aperture is oval, with a notch in the wall at one or both
extremities. Radial corallites of the rosettes spreading, sometimes nariform, more usually
half-tubiform or labellate, of variable length up to 2°5 mm. or even more ; lip 1°3 mm. broad.
Between the rosettes the corallites are nariform, labellate, or immersed, the immersed form
increasing in number some distance below the apex. The apex of a branch often shows the
formation of the rosettes. At first a few radial corallites become elongate and thicker (4 mm.
long and 1°6 mm. thick), with or without one or two radial buds; those between are labellate
or nariform, not over 1 mm. diameter and 2°5 mm. long. Corallum very porous, but becoming
dense below; surface dense and echinulate; wall closely striate, the striz more or less
echinulate. The star consists of 6 narrow septa in the axial corallites,in the radial ones

usually only the directives are noticeable.

A specimen from Malacca, which I take to represent an earlier condition of this form,
differs in the almost complete absence of proliferations worthy of the name “rosette,” and in
consequence the branches are not so thick, scarcely over 2m. The condition of the surface
of the whole specimen, which is 32 em. high, is very similar to that of the apical 3 or 4 em.
of a branch in the more typical form. The stouter corallites are frequently not yet proliferous,
and at most bear 3 or 4: short buds.

Form B. confluens.
? Madrepora horrida, B.-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 452.

Corallum forming a frond composed of confluent branches. Base oval, 10°5 by 6 cm.;
branches 2 to 3 em. thick, about 30 em. long, chiefly in one plane, the subdivisions frequently
arched. The upper surface bears a large number of rosettes, from 5 to 15 mm, high, but
chiefly about 8 mm. The interval between the rosettes as in form A, excepting that some of
the labellate corallites are more elongate. Under surface without rosettes or very prominent
corallites ; they are chiefly suberect nariform, short tubular or labellate, with immersed ones
scattered between. Corallum extremely porous ; surface reticulate above, becoming firmer
below, echinulate; wall finely striate, echinulate.

A number of other massive specimens in the Collection are probably referable to this
variety, and the specimens referred to M. horrida by Bassett-Smith appear to me to be an
incrusting form in which the rosettes are not well marked.

Pacific Ocean : Fiji, Tongatabu, Louisiade Archipelago, Malacca, ? Tizard Bank.

MADREPORA. 55

Form A. florida.
a. ? ? 93.4. 7. 61.
6. Malacca. Capt. Belcher, R.N.[P.]. 42.11. 28.3. [Early stage. |

Form B. confluens.
a. Louisiade Archipelago. J. Macgillivray, Esq. [P.]. 51. 9. 29. 32.

6, ——? Purchased. 56. 2. 18. 21.
ie ? 93.4. 7. 62 & 63.
?e,f. Tizard Bank, 2 fath. H.M.S. ‘Rambler. 89.9. 24. 101 & 168. (= M.

horrida, B.-Sm.)

34. Madrepora tuberculosa.

Madrepora tuberculosa, M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. i. p. 135; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888,
Bd. iii. p. 148; ? Faurot, Arch. Zool. Expér. t. vi. 1888, p. 119.

Corallum consisting of tufts, the divisions of which are large, very short, proliferous, and
often forming tubercles rather than branches. Axial corallites tubular, with a thick wall,
little prominent, and 2°5 to 8 mm. diameter. Radial corallites of two kinds, the one com-
pletely immersed, the other tubiform, 3 to 4 mm. long, and about 2 mm. diameter; wall
reticulate and often subnariform. Ccenenchyma reticulate, very porous. Diameter of the
terminal branches 1°5 em. or more; of the main branches 4 to 5 cm. or more, at a distance
of 8 cm. from the apex. (M.-Edwards.)

The position of this species is uncertain. The type specimen does not appear to be
preserved in the Paris Museum.

The specimen from Fiji referred by Ortmann to this species has the following characters :—
Base incrusting; branches conical or blunt at the apex, 1°7 to 7-5 cm. long and 2°5 cm.
diameter at the base, not including the proliferous corallites. Axial and proliferous corallites
3 to 3°5 mm. diameter; wall thick; margin sometimes slightly rounded. Radial corallites
tubular, 1°5 mm, diameter, not over 2 mm. long near the apex of a branch, a little ascending
at first and sometimes the inner part of the wall is not fully developed, but becoming longer,
proliferous, and more spreading lower down. A little below the apex the majority of the
corallites are immersed, with tubular proliferous ones between; these are 3 to 6mm. long and
3 to 5 mm. apart, but some attain a length of 2°5 cm. and are | em. thick at the base. Bud-
corallites chiefly nariform, with the wall a little thickened, some are appressed tubular. The
star consists of 12 narrow septa, but the directives are rather broader in tubular corallites.

Corallum dense ; surface densely echinulate and reticulate ; wall striate and rough.

This specimen may be correctly identified, but the definition of Milne-Edwards is too
incomplete to settle the question, and the species was not associated by him with M. florida.
Ortmann’s specimen comes very close to my M. listeri, var. conica.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Red Sea, ? Fiji.

12

56 MADREPORARIA.,

35. Madrepora austera.

Madrepora austera, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 478 ; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 144; Verrill,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. i. 1864, p. 41: Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 19;
Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 150; ? Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 153.

Corallum fruticose, spreading ramose and very proliferous ; branches nearly terete and
tapering above; with numerous unequal lateral branchlets and proliferous corallites. Corallum
scabrous ; axial corallites 2 to 3 mm. broad, exsert; radial corallites ascending, rather
crowded, tubiform and tubi-nariform, 2 to 5 mm. long, rough and striate, aperture circular ;
star distinct but deep, 6-rayed, with the directives most prominent. Grows in clumps 15 cm.
or more in height. (Dana.)

Dana remarks that ‘the species is near the abrotanoides (i. e. M. polymorpha, mihi),
but differs in its harsher surface and strongly striate calicles; moreover, obsolescent calicles
are rare.’ The origin of the type specimen is not recorded.

The specimen recorded by Quelch is much broken and worn, and is only doubtfully
referred to this species.

Indo-Pacific Ocean : Singapore, ? Philippines.
?a. Mactan Island, Philippines. H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 220,

G. Branches provided with numerous proliferous corallites which lead to the
formation of distinct twigs.

36. Madrepora abrotanoides.

Madrepora abrotanoides, Lamarck (non Dana), Hist. Anim. sans Vert. t. i. p. 280 (ed. i. p. 448);
Blainyille, Manuel d’Actin. p. 390; Lamouroux, Exposit. Method. p. 63, ? pl. 57; M.-Edwards
& Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 140; ?Quoy et Gaimard, Voyage d’Astrolabe, t. iv. p. 232,
pl. xix. figs. 1 & 2; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. ui. p. 150 (mon Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss.
Berlin, 1878, p. 535).

? Madrepora muricata, Ellis & Solander, Zoophytes, pl. lvii.

Madrepora dane, Quelch (? non Verrill), ‘Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 151.

Corallum in tufts of stout divergent branches, bearing numerous subtuberculiform
proliferations, disposed irregularly throughout their whole length. Main branches very thick
at the base (3 to 5 cm.), about 20 em. long, often rapidly tapering to a relatively slender and
proliferous apex, and thus appearing subconical ; little subdivided, excepting at the apex. In
other cases the branches are more slender, only slightly tapering, and extended obliquely.
Axial corallites 2°5 to 3°5 mm. diameter and 2 to 3 mm. exsert ; aperture about one third the
diameter ; wall thick, and rounded a little above. The whole surface of the main branches is
studded with numerous spreading tubular corallites, ultimately similar to the axial ones, but
at first having the inner part of the wall little developed. They appear first as short curved
nariform corallites, which on the formation of the inner part of the wall become stout,

MADREPORA. 57
spreading tubular, 4 to 5 mm. long and 2 to 2:5 mm. diameter, margin narrowed above; the
larger ones bear 2 or 3 bud-corallites. Between the prominent corallites already described
numerous immersed, subimmersed, or half-tubular ones with a relatively thin wall occur,
from 1 to 15 mm. in diameter. Septa of the axial and tubular proliferous corallites in two
cycles, moderately developed, those of the small radial corallites have broad directive septa
and a rudimentary secondary cycle. In the immersed corallites all the septa are narrow.
Corallum porous; surface spongy, spinous ; wall reticulate and echinulate when thin, the
echinulations being arranged in lines near the base; in the older parts the corallum becomes

denser and the surface finely echinulate.

The specimen in the Paris Museum which I take to be the type of Lamarck has the
large tubular corallites at an angle of about 80°, all are proliferous and from 5 to 13 mm.
long, bearing radial bud-corallites in proportion to their length. There are from 4 to 6 pro-
liferations distributed to each 2°5 cm. according to size. The space between them is filled in
with immersed and short half-tubular corallites, with the wall echinulate and scarcely striate.

The synonymy of this species is difficult to make out, owing to so many forms haying
been referred to under the same name. The following, at any rate, appear distinct :—

Madrepora abrotanoides, Michelotti.
M., abrotanoides, Audouin.
M. abrotanoides, Ehrenberg.

Madrepora? lavandula, Michelin (fossil).
Montipora cristagalli, Khrb.
_Madrepora erythrea, Kunz.

M. abrotanoides, Dana. Madrepora polymorpha, Brk.

Pacifie Ocean ; Tahiti, Great-Barrier Reef, Singapore.

a, 6. Tahiti. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12.9. 80 & 279. (=M. dane, Quelch.)
Gnd: ? Purchased. 44. 6.10. 2 & 7.

é. ? 2? 93. 4. 7. 60.

f. Singapore. G. B. Sowerby, Esq. [P.]. 93. 4. 7. 59.

h. Rocky Island. | Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 279.

37. Madrepora dane.

Madrepora deformis, Dana (non Michelin), Zoophytes, p. 484, pl. xliii. fig. 1; M.-Edwards & Haime,
Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 149.

Madrepora danai, M.-Kdwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. ii. p. 560 (errata).

Madrepora dane, Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, vol. i. 1864, p. 41; Verrill, in Append. Dana’s Corals
& Coral Islands, 1875 ed. p. 333; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 15 (non
Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 151).

Corallum subcespitose, consisting of a few simple or subsimple branches, 15 cm. long
and 2°5 em. or more thick, subterete, obtuse, subproliferous, and often coalescent. Coral-
lites unequal, some are tubular, 4 to 6 mm. long and 2 mm. diameter, others are proliferous

and acervate, others again very short, but none are obsolete; exterior striate. (Dana.)

It appears probable that this species may prove to be a variety of M. abrotanoides, Lamk.
(non Dana). Judgimg from the description and figures of Dana, it appears to differ from -
Lamarck’s species chiefly in the following points:—1. The branches are not tapering, and

58 MADREPORARIA.

are obtuse at the apex. 2. There are no apical clusters of short branchlets. 8. Stout
proliferous corallites, though not absent, do not form a marked feature. 4. Immersed
corallites appear to be entirely or almost entirely absent.

Tahiti.
38. Madrepora pharaonis.

Madrepora pharaonis, M.-Kdwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. 11. p. 143 (non Briiggemann, Phil. Trans.
1879, vol. clxviii. p. 574).

? Madrepora pustulosa, M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. ii. p. 144 (non Briiggemann, non Klun-
zinger).

? Heteropora lawa, Haeckel, Arab. Korallen, pl. 2. fig. 7 (non Ehrenberg, non Lamarck, &c.).

Madrepora microcyathus, Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 22, pl. iii. fig. 3, pl. iv. fig. 19,
pl. ix. fig. 17.

Madrepora scandens, Ridley & Quelch (non Klunzinger), in H. O. Forbes’s Naturalist’s Wanderings in
the Eastern Archipelago, London, 1885, p. 44.

Type. Corallum arborescent with stout branches, between which occasional fusions occur,
recalling the habit of M. crassa. Branches 2°3 em. thick, 30 cm. long, laxly subdivided.
Axial corallites 2°5 mm. diameter, 1°5 mm. exsert ; septa in two cycles, the directives scarcely
broader than the other primaries. Jadial corallites chiefly immersed, with a few labellate,
but scattered between are tubular ones almost at right angles, about 5 are distributed to each
2:5 cm.; these are 3mm. long and 2 mm. diameter, and mostly bear a rosette of short
labellate corallites. The tubular proliferous corallites have apparently only 6 septa, the
directives much broader than the others. In the immersed corallites the septa are more
nearly equal. Corallum moderately porous; surface reticulate and echinulate; wall striate
and fragile. (The specimen appears worn.)

Another specimen in the Paris Museum, from the same locality, is labelled M. pustulosa,
and if this should prove to be the type of M.-Edwards’s species it is certainly not distinct
from the above. M.-Edwards, however, gives Seychelles as the habitat of his M. pustulosa ;
but'so far as I can ascertain there is no specimen of the species from that locality in the
collection, and the description given agrees fairly well with this specimen. The specimen
here referred to is a fine well-preserved form with the following characters :—Main branches
3 cm. thick, much divided, with numerous spreading and tapering branchlets. Axial coral-
lites 2°5 to 3 mm. diameter, 3 mm. exsert. Radial corallites simple, tubular with oblique
aperture, of variable length up to 4 mm., and 1°5 mm. diameter, at an angle varying from
60° to 80°, with short, nariform, labellate and immersed ones between. ‘This is the
arrangement on the younger branches ; in other parts the tubular corallites become elongate
and proliferous, up to 2°5 em. in length, 5 mm. diameter at the base, with tubo-labellate
bud-corallites at an angle of about 60°; the majority of the proliferations are, however, only
from 5 to7 mm. long. This specimen appears to me to give the real characters of the
species better than the type.

A third specimen of enormous size, over 1 m. diameter, shows the proliferations still
more elongate, forming branchlets averaging 15 mm. in length. All three specimens are
from the Red Sea, and were collected by Botta in 1837.

MADREPORA. 59

The moderate variation in size of the axial corallites, and the variation in length of the
proliferous corallites or branchlets, according to age, has probably led to this species being
described under several names. It is significant that all the types of all the forms (? M. pus-
tulosa, Kdw. & H.) come from the Red Sea.

Indian Ocean : Red Sea, Keeling Island.

a, b. Keeling Island. H. O. Forbes, Esq. [C.]. 84. 2. 16. 50 & 51.
c-d. ? ——? 93. 4. 7. 82 & 83.

39. Madrepora gravida.

Madrepora gravida, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 470; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii, p. 137;
Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 40; Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880,
p. 18.

? Madrepora brachyclados, Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 149, pl. vi. fig. 1.

Corallum arborescent, erect or subhorizontal, massive, sometimes with an elongate
incrusting base. Form very variable ; sometimes the main branches are erect, terete, 3 cm.
diameter, with strongly arcuate branches, giving the appearance of a pine-tree, at others the
main branches are flattened, extend chiefly in one plane, and may be 10 cm. broad. The
branches bear a very large number of short, subcylindrical branchlets, chiefly on the upper
surface. The majority are 1-5 to 2 em. long and 07 em. diameter, chiefly simple, but may
be branched or proliferous at the apex. Axial corallites 2°5 to 3 mm. diameter, thick-walled,
varying in prominence from 0 to 2 mm. in different specimens. Radial corallites of the
branches all immersed or subimmersed ; those of the branchlets may or may not be immersed
in the basal half, but those of the distal half are always prominent and subequal. ‘They vary,
however, considerably in form, and may be nariform, labellate, tubular, or dimidiate ; some-
times all forms occur in different parts of the same specimen. The usual type is crowded
nariform or short tubular, with the inner part of the wall more or Jess incomplete, and the
outer part thickened a little; length 1 to 2 mm., mostly under 1°5 mm.; breadth 1°5 to
2mm. The posterior (or inferior) surface of the corallum bears appressed, flattened, half-
tubular corallites chiefly, which are irregularly scattered, and may be 3°5 mm. long, but
always have a narrow aperture; there are not many immersed corallites on this surface,
excepting near the base, where they are much smaller than those above. Corallum rather
porous ; surface openly reticulate and echinulate ; wall striato-echinulate. The corallites
usually have 12 well-developed septa, those of each cycle subequal in the axial corallites, but

the directives are usually more prominent in the radial ones.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Singapore, Fiji.

a, b. ? Purchased. 56. 2. 18. 28 & 34.
c. Singapore ? Purchased. 53. 6. 7. 3.
d, Singapore. Purchased. 40. 5. 15. 2.

e, f. i Ti 93. 4. 7. 68 & 69.

60 MADREPORARIA.

40. Madrepora affinis. (Plate XXVIII. fig. F.)
Madrepora ornata, Brook (non Defrance), Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 464.

Corallum stout, arborescent ; branches elongate, below laxly divided, 2 to 3 em. thick,
often oval in section, divided into a ciuster of branches at the apex ; the whole densely
covered with short ramiculi 8 to 13 mm. long and 5 to 7 mm. thick, and about 1 cm. apart,
with numerous very short or immersed corallites between. Axial corallites 3 mm. diameter,
1 to 15 mm. exsert ; wall thick, margin rounded, aperture about 1mm. Radial corallites
short, round, nariform, with thickened wall and rounded margin, outer wall a little convex,
15 to 2:5 mm. long and nearly 2 mm. diameter. On the stouter ramiculi two or three
corallites become 3 mm. long and bear three or four buds. The ramiculi are as numerous
on the inferior (posterior) surface of the branches as elsewhere, but are usually shorter.
Star usually indistinct, but one or both directive septa may be moderately prominent.
Corallum moderately porous; surface spongy, echinulate ; wall striato-reticulate and echi-

nulate.

The name M. ornata, under which this species was originally described, had previously
been given by Defrance to a fossil species, and is therefore now replaced by M. affinis. The
species is closely allied to M. gravida, and may be only a well-marked variety of it. So long
as the type specimens were the only ones available for comparison with M. gravida there
appeared little difficulty in distinguishing the species from one another. More recently,
however, a considerable number of specimens from the Great-Barrier Reef area and the
Macclesfield Bank have been acquired, some of which show a closer approach to the habit of
M. gravida than was previously anticipated. Nevertheless the habit is less robust, the
branchlets cireumaxial, except im complanate specimens, usually not over 1°5 em. in length,
and the apices of the branches are much divided. ‘The radial corallites are shorter, stouter,
and more spreading than in M. gravida, and the star of septa is rarely well-developed, even
in the axial corallites. The corallites are rarely immersed on the basal parts of the twigs,
and those between the branchlets are rarely immersed on the distal parts of the corallum ;
they are usually more or less nariform, or have a ring-shaped border. Those which occur in
the lines of fusion are, however, immersed, as is usually the case in such situations.

Pacific Ocean: Great-Barrier Reef, Macclesfield Bank.

a—c. Darnley Island. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 46. 7. 30. 29 to 31. (Types.)
d-k. Cleremont Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92.6. 8. 96 to 101, 112 & 113.
“Ln. Macclesfield Bank, 13 fath. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’ 92. 10. 17. 14 to 16.

41. Madrepora compressa. (Plate X XXIII. fig. F.)
Madrepora compressa, Bassett-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 452.

Corallum forming a horizontal plate 40 cm. wide and 2:7 em. thick, from a lateral
attachment. Main branches massive, vertically compressed, 3 cm. broad and 2 em. thick,
[innately divided ; the whole more or less completely fused into a solid plate, with scattered

MADREPORA. 61

nariform or short tubular, rarely immersed corallites on the under surface. Branchlets on
the upper surface very numerous, erect, very short and stunted, arranged singly or in groups
of 2 to 6 in one mass; length 5 to 10 mm., usually not over 7 mm., diameter 4 to 6 mm. if
single, but up to 1:5 em. if clustered. Axial corallites 2 to 3 mm. diameter, not over 1 mm.
exsert ; wall thick, septa very prominent. Radial corallites crowded, round and spreading
nariform or sublabellate, wall thick, aperture wide; diameter 1:5 to 2 mm., length rarely
2 mm. The septa are arranged in two moderately developed cycles, the directives are
broadest. The interval between the branchlets is occupied by immersed corallites. Corallum
rather dense ; surface echinulate ; wall striate and echinulate.

The species bears a general resemblance to flattened specimens of M. affinis.
Tizard Bank.
a. Tizard Bank, 5 fath. H.M.S. ‘Rambler.’ 89.9. 24.117. (Type.)

H. Corallum bushy. Radial corallites short and spreading, with the inner part of
the wall wanting.

42. Madrepora pocillifera.

Madrepora pocillifera, Lamarck, Hist. Anim. sans Vert. t. ii. p. 280, ed. ii. p. 448; Blainville, Manuel
d’Actin. p. 390; Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage d. l’Astrolabe, Zool. t. iv. p. 236, pl. xix. fig. 5
(not 6-10); Dana, Zoophytes, p. 484; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. ii. p. 141; Quelch,
‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 155 (non Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 110).
Madrepora laxa, Quelch (non Lamarck), ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 156.

The following is a description of the type of Lamarck :—

Corallum subarborescent ; branches terete, numerously divided; branchlets gradually
tapering to a blunt apex. Axial corallites often very large, with a wide aperture and deep cup ;
diameter 4 mm., aperture 1°5 to 2 mm., scarcely prominent, wall rounded and porous. Cup
with 12 well-developed septa, which gradually taper to the apex, leaving a funnel-shaped aper-
ture. Radial corallites all short and subequal, spreading almost at right angles, flattened
hemicotyloid in shape, crowded, about 15 mm. long and 2mm. diameter across the lip,
becoming shorter and immersed below; lip usually thin and fragile. Star of the radial
corallites consisting of 12 septa; the directives are very prominent, and the second cycle
moderately developed. Corallum very porous; surface reticulate and echinulate ; wall ribbed.

The ‘Challenger’ specimens agree well with the above description, but in some the
radial corallites are more irregular in length.

Var. incrassata.

The form recorded by Quelch as M. /azxa differs only from the above in having the
radial corallites with a thickened lip. The apex of the branch is proliferous, but a similar
condition occurs in some of the thin-lipped specimens. The thick-lipped form was obtained

K

62 MADREPORARIA,
by Quoy and Gaimard at Tongatabu, the specimen is preserved in the Paris Museum. This
is the form understood by Dana as M. pocillifera.

The Barrier Reef specimens referred doubtfully to var. incrassata are difficult to separate
from some specimens of M. millepora in case the lip is short and thick.

Pacific Ocean: Great-Barrier Reef, New Hebrides, Fiji, Tongatabu, Tahiti.

a-c. Api, New Hebrides. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 227, 228 & 413.
d, e. Tongatabu. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 80. 11. 25. 231 (part).

f. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 24.

g. Lady Elbott Island. Sayille-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 215.

h. Baudin Is., N.W. Australia. H.M.S. ‘ Penguin.’ 92. 1. 16. 6 (part).

Var. incrassata.

a, Fiji Reefs. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 231. (=WM. lava, Quelch.)
6. Tahiti. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 91. 9.9.3. (=M. laxa, Quelch.)
?c-f. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 25 to 27 & 30.
?g. Green Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 28.
?h. Low Woody Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 29.

43. Madrepora aspera.

Madrepora aspera, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 468, pl. xxxviii. fig. 1; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires,
t. iii. p. 142; Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 533; Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals,
p. 156; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 12.

? Madrepora prostrata, Quelch (non Dana), ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 163.

The following is a summary of Dana’s description : —

Corallum arborescent, spreading, ramose ; branches terete, 12 mm. thick, summits conical
and proliferous. Corallum quite porous, surface scabrous ; axial corallite nearly 3 mm. diameter,
a little prominent; the radial short labellate, fragile, divaricate, not crowded, many obsolete ;
cells quite large, the immersed ones below, 1 mm. broad. Star very short-rayed, the directive
septa prominent. The species was described from a fragment 7-5 em. in length.

The ‘ Challenger’ specimens referred by Quelch to this species appear properly identified,
but as they differ in several points from Dana’s definition, a description of them is sub-

joined :—

Corallum arborescent or bushy, about 21 cm. high; main branches 1'4 cm. diameter,
much divided, branches scarcely tapering, and maintaining a diameter of over 1 cm.
to within 3 or 4 cm. of the apex. Extremities much divided, many of the branchlets
bear proliferations near the apex. Axial corallites 2°5 to 3°5 mm. diameter, about 2 mm.
exsert ; wall usually thick and porous, strongly costate, but often with large deep funnel-
shaped cup, as in M. pocillifera, but smaller. Radial corallites crowded, especially above,
lahellate, spreading at right angles; lip broad, half-tubular in the larger corallites, narrower
and more pointed in the others. Maximum length of corallites which remain radial 2 mm.,

breadth of lip 2 mm., but the majority are smaller; a few immersed corallites are scattered

MADREPORA. 63

between on the branchlets ; such immersed corallites are more numerous below and on the
inferior surface of the branches. Sometimes they are also numerous on the superior surface
to within 5 em. of the apex, and have a few short, labellate corallites scattered between at
intervals of 3to 6 mm. The immersed corallites are smaller than in Dana’s type, and rarely
exceed 0°7 mm. in diameter. Corallum moderately porous above, but very dense and stony
in the older parts; the surface dense and strongly echinulate, a little reticulate above ; wall
strongly costate, not very fragile, and the larger corallites have the lip a little thickened.
Star indistinct in the majority of the radial corallites, the directive septa being narrow and
the others rudimentary.

This species shows a strong affinity with Lepidocyathus in the form of the corallites and
the condition of the septa.

A note on one of the ‘ Challenger’ specimens indicates that this is the most abundant
reef-forming species at Mactan Island, Philippines.

A fragment from Samboangan, referred by Quelch to M. prostrata, does not belong to
that species, but appears to be a marginal fragment of M. aspera; the lateral portions of a
colony probably extend in a subhorizontal plane.

Apical portions of a colony which get broken readily become fused again to the colony,
as has been described by Studer for M. formosa and other species.

Pacific Ocean: Philippines, New Hanover, Great-Barrier Reef area, Fiji.

a, 6. Mactan Island. H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ 86. 12. 9. 230.
c-e. Mactan Island. H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.” 92. 10. 16. 26 to 28.
? f. Samboangan. H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.’ 86.12.9.219. (=M. prostrata, Quelch.)
g- Warrior Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 31.
h. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 240.

44, Madrepora manni.

Madrepora manni, Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 150, pl. ix. fig. 1.
Madrepora demani, Rehberg, Abh. nat. Ver. Hamburg, 1892, Bd. xii. p. 33.

Corallum arborescent, laxly branched, subprostrate. Branches terete, elongate, often
arranged in pairs arising either just above or below the lateral margin, arcuate, all ultimately
directed upwards; they are 8 to 10 cm. or more in length and 1:1 to 1:5 em, thick at the
base, very gradually tapering to 5 or 6 mm. near the apex, then frequently contracted to a
rather small axial corallite. Axial corallites 2 to 3 mm. diameter and | to 2 mm. exsert ;
wall strongly costulate, thick, and little porous; septa in two narrow cycles, but the second
cycle sometimes nearly as broad as the other. Radial corallites broadly labellate, the upper
half of the wall wanting, very crowded, arranged at right angles to the branch, 2 mm. long ;
lip a little flattened, fragile, 2 mm. diameter near the apex in the more prominent corallites,
but showing all stages from immersed through short acicular and narrow labellate to the
more fully developed form, The corallites become very short or immersed on the inferior
surface of the branches, aperture varying from 0°5 to 1 mm, in diameter, septa scarcely

K2

64 MADREPORARIA.

developed. Corallum very dense ; surface covered with rough granules ; wall strongly striate,

scarcely echinulate.
Philippine Islands.
a. Samboangan. H.M.S. ‘Challenger. 86.12. 9.281. (Type.)

45, Madrepora scabrosa.
Madrepora scabrosa, Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 152, pl. x. fig. 2.

Corallum fruticose, much branched; branches closely crowded, 18 to 24 em. long and
2 to 3°5 em. diameter, becoming divided into two or three secondary branches near the base,
each of which is again divided, forming branchlets 5 to 12 em. long and 1 cm. thick, bearing
numerous proliferations 6 to 25 mm. long. Axial corallites 2°5, rarely 3 mm. diameter, and
05 to 2°5 mm. exsert, wall thick. Radial corallites compressed above, thick and rather
appressed tubular at the apex, not crowded, becoming dimidiate, beaked-nariform with an
elongate aperture, and passing through swallow-nest shapes to subimmersed, Diameter of
the prominent corallites 2 mm., length 5 mm. or under, excepting in the case of proliferous
corallites, which are moderately numerous. Near the apex a few small and irregularly
arranged corallites occur between the others, opening in various directions. A marked
feature of the species consists in the numerous, large, round, subimmersed corallites, with an
aperture of 1°5 mm. or over, which extend from the base to within 8 or 9 cm. of the apex.
Septa in two cycles, rather narrow; those of each cycle subequal in the axial and sub-
immersed corallites, the directives more or less prominent in the others. Corallum moderately

porous ; surface and wall of the corallites finely echinulate, not striate.

Pacific Ocean : Fiji Islands.
a. Fiji. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 85. 2.1.16. (Type.)

4&8. Madrepora divaricata.

Madrepora divaricata, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 477, pl. xh. fig. 2; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p. 140; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 15.

Corallum shrubby, arborescent, much and spreading ramose, a little proliferous ; branches
divaricate, arcuate, subterete, 1°7 em. diameter; branchlets attenuate, 8 to 12 mm. thick.
Corallum smooth*; axial corallite 3 mm. broad, exsert; radial corallites remote, divaricate,
very stout, scarcely striate, some long tubiform (4 mm.), and 2 to 3 mm. diameter; a few
larger and proliferous, many short and round nariform. The cells are all very large; those
in the smaller obsolescent corallites about 1°3 mm. broad, and contain a distinct star of
6 rays. Surface of the corallites scarcely striate, though harsh to the feel. From the Fiji

Islands. (Dana.)

* The term “smooth,” as used by Dana, usually indicates that the surface is granular or finely
echinulate, in contradistinction to striate or scabrous.

MADREPORA. 65

The specimens in the Saville-Kent Collection which I have referred to this species have
the following characters :—

Corallum bushy or subcorymbose, resembling M. arbuscula in habit. Branches elon-
gate and relatively slender, bent, the divisions spreading, 1 cm. thick, often 8 cm. long,
and simple or with short spreading twigs and elongate corallites near the apex. Axial
corallites cylindrical, 2:7 to 3°5 mm. diameter, only slightly exsert; star 12-rayed, the septa
thin and the primary series subequal. Radial corallites stout, tubo-nariform, distant,
becoming gradually shorter, verruciform, and finally immersed. They extend at an angle
of about 45°; the average dimensions are—length 4 mm., diameter 2 mm.; the apex is
convex, the wall thickened but porous, closely striato-echinulate on the surface, a few small
nariform corallites are scattered between the more prominent ones on some of the branches.
The longest corallites are situated near the apex of the branches, and give rise to new twigs ;
some, which are 7 mm. long, are tubular, with the inner part of the wall quite thm, many are
over 1 cm. long, and bear several buds on the outer surface, One specimen is subcorymbose,
30 em. high and 46 em. broad, with the branches much subdivided, and there is a consequent
scarcity of proliferous tubular corallites near the apices. The star of the radial corallites is
12-rayed, but in the prominent corallites of the distal divisions the second cycle is not yet

developed.

Indo-Pacific Ocean : Fiji Islands, Great-Barrier Reef area, Amirante Islands, Seychelles.

a—c. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92.6. 8. 225 to 227.

d,e. Eagle Island, Amirante Islands, 10 fathoms. H.M.S. ‘Alert? 82. 10.17. 134 & 142.
f. African Island, Amirante Islands, 10 fathoms. H.M.S. ‘Alert.’ 82. 10. 17. 143.

go h. Seychelles. H.M.S. ‘ Alert.? 82. 10. 17. 144& 157.
a ? —? 93. 4. 7. 154.

47, Madrepora squarrosa.

Heteropora squarrosa, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 112.

Heteropora forskali, Ehrenberg (part.), op. cit. p. 118.

Madrepora squarrosa, Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 13, pl. il. fig. 9, pl. iv. fig. 12,
pl. ix. fig. 9.

? Madrepora ramiculosa, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 463, pl. xxxy. fig. 4; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887,
vol. x, p. 18; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 154 (non Quelch, ‘Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 159),

Corallum low, arborescent, 8 to 10 cm. high and broad. Stem 1 to 1:5 em. thick, with a
few much divided divergent branches 1 to 6 cm. long and 5 to 8 mm. thick. Some specimens
are more fruticose, with several stems arising from a broad plate-like base. Axial corallites
2 to 3 mm. diameter, wall rather thin, aperture up to2 mm. Radial corallites small, thin-
walled, little spreading, 2 to 3 mm. long and 1°5 to 2 mm. broad, round nariform or a little
compressed, aperture 1°5 to 2 mm. long. Corallites quite at the apex 3 mm. long and only
1 mm. wide, only those about to form new buds are quite tubular, with a central aperture.
Those on the stouter branches are immersed or a little prominent; all are rather distant.

66 MADREPORARIA.

Corallum somewhat porous; surface as if worm-eaten in places, but in other parts finely

echinulate ; wall striate. Star prominent, particularly the directive septa.
Indo-Pacific Ocean: Red Sea, Pelew, Ponapé, N. and E. Australia, Tahiti.

a,b. N. Australia. J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.]. 57. 11. 18. 202 & 219.
c. Bellona Shoal, E. of Australia. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [P.]. 62.2. 4. 18.

2. Subgenus ODONTOCYATHUS.

Corallum more or less complanate. The cylindricai axial corallites are usually provided
with only 6 septa, but occasionally there may be indications of a second cycle. A large
proportion of the radial corallites are immersed or subimmersed, the more prominent ones are
never completely tubular unless proliferous, usually the wall is acuminate. The corallum is
very porous and rough on the surface. The species of this subgenus are connected with
Eumadrepora through M. scabrosa &c., and with the spicifera group of Polystachys through
M. reticulata and its varieties.

48. Madrepora arabica.

Heteropora prolifera, Ehrenberg (non Lamarck), Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 112.

Madrepora arabica, M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 145 (non Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888,
Bd. iii. p. 150).

Madrepora spinulosa, Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 23, pl. ii. fig. 8, pl. iv. fig. 11,
pl. ix, fig. 18.

The following is a description of the type of Milne-Edwards :—

Corallum arborescent, laxly branched, branches 1 to 1:4 em, thick, divergent, not much
divided, except near the apex, where they bear numerous short stunted branchlets of 4 to 12 mm.
in length and 4 to 6 mm. diameter. All the corallites on the main branches and most of the
branchlets are immersed, and a little under 1 mm. in diameter. On the terminal 5 em. of the
colony the corallites are short, open tubular, with a very thin wall, the inner portion of which
scarcely projects beyond the surface of the cenenchyma. The largest have the outer wall 2 mm.
in length and slightly over 1 mm. diameter. Axial corallites 2 mm. diameter, scarcely promi-
nent; aperture large, with a thin irregular wall. Corallum rather dense (? probably due to
secondary deposition of lime) ; surface composed of vermiform ridges, echinulate, and often
confluent; wall and ccenenchyma near the apex consisting of sinuous and dentate plates.
Septa scarcely developed at all near the apex of the colony; most of the immersed corallites
are practically without septa, in others 6 very narrow primaries may be recognized, of which
the inner directive is broadest. (The specimen is worn.)

M. spinulosa, Klunz., is based on Ehrenberg’s H. prolifera, and is not a species obtained
by Klunzinger himself. He appears to have been of opinion that the form might have been
referred to M. arabica, were it not for the fact that Milne-Edwards describes the surface of
his type as “pas subcostulé.” This, as will be seen from the above description, is scarcely
correct. The surface, although not subcostulate in the ordinary sense, consists of a number
of vermiform ridges (as in some other species), which are arranged longitudinally, but

MADREPORA. 67

frequently become confluent, and are echinulate or rough; this is precisely the condition
described by Klunzinger. The description of Klunzinger, however, differs in several points
from that given above, and as it probably represents more nearly the normal characters of the
species, the following particulars are appended :—

Corallum arborescent, with long terete, spreading, and acuminate branches, which bear
numerous rudimentary and spreading proliferations. Axial corallites 2 to 2°5 mm. broad and
2 mm. exsert, costulate, scarcely broader than the radial corallites ; these are rather distant,
short, wide nariform or subtubular with the inner part of the wall wanting, 2 to 3mm. broad
and 1 to 2 (rarely 3) mm. long, aperture about 1mm. A number of short tubular proliferous
corallites occur at intervals, which indicate new outgrowths. On the under surface of the
branches the wall of the corallites is extremely short, but rarely absent altogether. Corallum
rather porous in section ; surface strongly ribbed, the ribs spinose and often confluent, with

spaces between.
Indian Ocean : Red Sea, Seychelles.
a,b. Seychelles, 4 to 12 fathoms. H.M.S. ‘Alert.? 82. 10.17. 159 & 146.

49, Madrepora borealis.
Madrepora borealis, M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 144.

Corallum closely resembling that of M. arabica in habit and density. The type specimen
consists of a terminal fragment 8°5 cm. long; diameter of main branch 1:4 cm. Lateral
branches numerous, up to | cm. in diameter and 5 em. long, each bearing 2 or 3 proliferous
branchlets on the anterior surface ; posterior surface mostly void of branchlets and with fewer,
shorter, and often smaller corallites. Axial corallites probably 2-5 to 3 mm. diameter, little
over 1 mm. exsert, with thin wall and deep cup; septa in two cycles, both moderately
developed, the directives only slightly broader than the other primaries. Radial corallites
chiefly very short tubular below, 1:5 to 2 mm. diameter, scarcely projecting ; the upper ones
3 to 4 mm. long, appressed tubular, with recurved lip, often 2 to 2°5 mm. in diameter.
Corallum porous; surface clothed with longitudinal spinose plates connected by a network ;
wall broadly striate and echinulate, fragile. Septa of the radial corallites in two moderately
developed cycles, directives broad.

In spite of the presence of a second cycle of septa, I have felt it necessary to associate
this species with MW. arabica on account of its extremely close resemblance in other respects.
I have, indeed, doubts as to whether it is really distinct. In M. borealis the corallum is more
porous than in the type specimen of M. arabica, the corallites have usually a greater dia-
meter ; the prominent ones are more numerous, and the septa are much better developed. In
M. spinulosa, Klunz., which I regard as a synonym of M. arabica, the corallum is porous and
the prominent corallites are larger (?) and more numerous.

Some mistake has evidently been made in the habitat of the type of this species; it is
almost incredible that a species of the genus Madrepora should be found in Arctic Seas.

[ White Sea, near Archangel. ]

68 MADREPORARTA.

50. Madrepora stigmataria.

Madrepora stigmataria, M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 145.
? Madrepora repens, Rehberg, Abh. nat. Ver. Hamburg, 1892, Bd. xii. p. 36, pl. iy. fig. 8.

Corallum extending subhorizontally from a rounded base in the form of a flattened
vasiform fan, with frequent fusions. Main branches lax, with large spaces between, 1°7 cm.
diameter near the base. Subdivisions lateral, almost in one plane and becoming gradually
attenuated. Ultimate divisions 1 to 3 em. long, fused at the margin. Axial corallites
2°5 mm, diameter, scarcely exsert; star of 6 subequal septa of moderate breadth, with some-
times a rudimentary second cycle. Radial corallites appressed nariform, with rather thick
wall, variable in size, at most 1°75 mm. long and 2 mm. broad, but the majority are sub-
immersed ; star rudimentary, only the directive septa are recognizable. Corallum dense;
surface finely granular throughout ; the “ granulations” consist of small spines with blunt or

irregular apices.
The above description is based on the type in the Paris Museum.

Indian Ocean : Seychelles.

51. Madrepora subtilis.

Madrepora subtilis, Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 28, pl. ii. fig. 7, pl. iv. fig. 4, pl. ix.
fic, 22

B+ <4.

Corallum arborescent, laxly subdivided ; the branches chiefly iu one plane, with frequent
fusions. Branches and branchlets slender and elongate, the stoutest not over 8 to 12 mm.
diameter ; ultimate divisions 1 to 4cm. long and only 4 to 5 mm. thick at the base, gradually
tapering. Axial corallites 2 to 3 mm. broad, 3 to 5 mm. long. Radial corallites mostly short
and small, 2 to 4mm. long and 1 to 2 mm. broad, very distant, spreading, nariform, and
round labellate. Scattered between are a number of tubular corallites 4 to 5 mm. long and
2 mm. broad ; aperture small, round or oblique; the larger ones bear one or more lateral bud-
corallites. Corallites distant and shorter on the underside of the corallum, more appressed,
rarely immersed. Star little prominent. Corallum very porous; surface ribbed, trabecular,
with rows of broad flattened echinulations.

A specimen from the Solomon Islands appears to differ only in the absence of fusions
and the less complanate branching.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Red Sea, Solomon Islands.

a. Solomon Islands. H.M.S. ‘ Herald.’ 55. 12. 7. 150.

52. Madrepora reticulata. (Plate IV. figs. A, B.)
Madrepora reticulata, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 461.

Corallum complanate and reticulate; largest specimen 36 cm. long and 20 cm. broad.

Branches rarely over 7 mm. diameter, forming a network with elongate meshes, which are

MADREPORA. 69

sometimes over 8 cm. long and about 8 mm. broad. Under surface of the branches provided
with distant, spreading, tubular or tubo-nariform corallites about 1-5 mm. diameter, with
scattered immersed ones between; sometimes the immersed corallites are absent, and in one
specimen the tubular corallites are proliferous and form twigs about 6 mm. long. The upper
surface of the reticulum is covered with suberect labellate corallites, chiefly with a pointed
apex ; they are 1:3 mm. diameter and 1 to 3 mm. long; wall thin, but firm. Certain of these
corallites become tubular and proliferous, and give rise to irregularly grouped suberect twigs,
usually about 7 mm. long. Axial and proliferous corallites cylindrical, 2 mm. diameter and
2 to 4 mm. exsert, wall a little thickened. Star imperfectly developed, usually only the
directive septa are recognizable. Corallum moderately dense ; surface striate and echinulate ;
wall striate, echinulate near the base.

Var. cuspidata.

A variety from the Macclesfield Bank differs from the type in having normal twigs on the
upper surface 1 to 1:3 cm. long and 3 to 4 mm. thick, distinctly tapering, simple or more
usually bi- or trifid; corallites nearly all immersed ; prominent corallites open, with a narrow
labellate lip, star not recognizable.

Pacific Ocean: Amirante Islands, Seychelles, Arafura Sea, Macclesfield Bank.

a-d. Eagle Island, 10 fathoms, Amirante Islands. H.M:S. ‘Alert’? 82. 10. 17. 131,
135,155 & 93.4.7.141. (Types.)
e. African Island, 10 fathoms, Amirante Islands. H.M.S. ‘Alert. 82. 10. 17. 187
(part.).
f. Eagle Island, 10 fathoms, Amirante Islands. H.M.S.‘ Alert” 82. 10. 17. 141.
(Proliferous var.)

g. Amirante Islands. H.M.S. ‘ Alert.” 82. 10. 17. 115.
h. Seychelles. H.M.S. ‘ Alert.? 82. 10. 17. 145.
i-m. Macclesfield Bank, 13 fathoms. H.M.S. ‘Penguin’ 92. 10. 17.
1 to 5.
?n. Evans Bank, 15 fathoms, Arafura Sea. H.M.S. ‘Penguin. 92. 4. 5. 4.
Var. cuspidata.
a-f. Macclesfield Bank. H.M.S. ‘Penguin. 92. 10. 17. 6 to
10 & 18.
?g,h. Macclesfield Bank, 13 fathoms. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’ 92. 10. 17.
11 & 12.

53. Madrepora oligocyathus. (Plate VII.)
Madrepora oligocyathus, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 460.

Corallum forming a fan-shaped and pedicellate half-vase ; length 60 cm., breadth 53 em.,
diameter of pedicel 7 em. ‘The general form of the corallum closely resembles that of
M. microclados; branches forming an open reticulum, the meshes of which are not usually
elongate; diameter of branches 8 to 15 mm.; branchlets on the under surface about 1°5 em.
long and 5 mm. diameter at the base, somewhat tapering, nearly all are a little appressed,

L

70 MADREPORARIA,.

many are short and verruciform; all the corallites on the under surface of the corallum are
immersed. Upper surface provided with more numerous suberect branchlets, which usually
arise singly; length 1:3 to 2 em., occasionally more, diameter 4 to 5 mm. at the base; a few
are forked, and others near the margin are more important and bear radiating branchlets
of a second order. Axial corallites 2 mm. diameter, 15 mm. exsert; wall usually very
thin; aperture large and round or oval with 6 narrow subequal septa. Radial corallites
immersed or subimmersed, excepting near the apex of the branchlets, where a few are short,
round nariform ; the marginal branchlets usually bear more or less prominent corallites to the
base, 1 mm. diameter, and the outer part of the wall rarely over 15 mm. long; wall thin,
aperture wide and circular; star scarcely developed, but sometimes the directive septa may be
recognized. Corallum very porous and fragile; surface striate and strongly spinose; wall
striate and echinulate.

Indian Ocean: Mauritius.

a. Mauritius. Purchased. 92. 1.3.4. (Type.)

54. Madrepora ambigua. (Plate VIII. fig. C.)
Madrepora ambigua, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 451.

Corallum subhorizontal or erect, somewhat flabellate; branches irregularly confluent ;
height 24 cm., diameter 836 em. Base incrusting. Basal parts of the branches fused into a
solid mass, with mammiform protuberances. Branches 1°5 cm. diameter, bearing on the
upper surface a few short arched and blunt divisions scarcely smaller in diameter, but those
near the margin may be longer and not quite so thick; length 2to 4cm. Axial corallites
scarcely prominent unless near the margin of the colony, 2°5 to 3 (rarely 35) mm. diameter.
Radial corallites very unequal, many are immersed. Prominent corallites irregular in arrange-
ment, chiefly spout-shaped, spreading, unless near the apex of a twig; inner part of the wall
not prominent, cxcept in the stouter corallites ; outer part thin when short, but thick and
keeled, with a rounded margin, in the stouter corallites; length 0-5 to 2°5 mm., diameter
lto2mm. The star consists of 6 moderately developed septa; sometimes the lower directive
is very prominent and the others very narrow. Wall strongly striate and dentate or echinu-
late, surface reticulate and echinulate. On the under surface of the colony the branches are
not flattened, but the interval between them may be filled up with ceenenchyma; there are
no branchlets springing from the under surface, where the corallites are numerous and all
immersed.

Pacific Ocean: Great-Barrier Reef area.

a. Northumberland Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 278. (Type.)

55. Madrepora complanata. (Plate IV. fig. C.)
Madrepora complanata, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 459.

Corallum flabellate, probably about 23 cm. high and 40 cm. broad. The main stem gives

MADREPORA. 71

off alternate branches at an acute angle, which may be 20 cm. long and 1°5 em. thick,
spreading out laterally, their subdivisions subalternate and confluent, the whole habit recalling
the espalier form of fruit-tree; a few very short branchlets arise obliquely from the anterior
surface, but the majority conform to the general plane of growth. Axial corallites 2 to 2°5 mm.
diameter, tubular, scarcely exsert ; wall not specially thickened, and closely resembling the
radial ones, except in shape. Radial corallites on the anterior surface subequal, very spreading,
boat-shaped, nariform or labellate, the aperture wide and clongate, the upper margin almost
at right angles to the branch, the lower more or less convex, 2°5 mm. long and about 2 mm.
thick ; wall thickened, apex often a little hooked. The corallites become a little less prominent
towards the base of the corallum, but immersed corallites are practically absent. On the
inferior surface the corallites are more scattered and irregularly arranged ; many open down-
wards ; the majority are appressed, tubular, with only the outer part of the wall free. A few
immersed corallites occur, but they are neither numerous nor generally distributed. Corallum
moderately porous, reticulate in section; anterior surface subreticulate and echinulate; posterior
surface dense and finely echinulate ; wall finely striate and echinulate. The star of the axial
corallites consists of 6 rather narrow equal septa, together with a more or less incomplete
second cycle. The radial corallites have 6 very narrow equal septa, with occasionally indi-
cations of a second series.

This species closely resembles M. stigmataria in habit, but differs in the almost complete
absence of immersed corallites; the prominent corallites have a different shape and a distinct
star of 6 narrow septa.

Var. informis.
A number of specimens from the Macclesfield Bank are probably referable to this species.
The branched reticulum is, however, less flattened and more irregular, recalling the condition
in M. nigra and some specimens of M. formosa. There are no corallites on the under surface,
and many of those on the upper surface are round nariform, with a complete or nearly
complete margin.

Indian Ocean : Seychelles.
a-c. Seychelles, 4 to 12 fath. H.M.S. ‘Alert.’ 82.10.17. 140, 147 & 148. (‘Types.)

Var. informis.
a-d. Macclesfield Bank, 13fath. H.M.S. ‘Penguin’ 92. 10. 17. 71 to 74.

The following species are also provisionally included in this subgenus :—
56. Madrepora tortuosa.

Madrepora tortuosa, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 467, pl. xxxvii. fig. 3; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires,
t. iii. p. 144; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 41; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. 1887, yol. x. p. 19; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 150.

Corallum cespitoso-arborescent, close-ramose ; branches crowded, often coalescing, a
L2

72 MADREPORARIA.

little tortuous, 12 mm. thick below; branchlets often 5 cm. long and 4 to 8 mm. thick,
acuminate and subacute; surface of the corallum scabrous, not at all striate. Axial
corallite 1:5 mm. long and broad; radial corallites obsolete below 7:5 em. from the apex ;
above short, round, nariform, rather distant and fragile; star obsolescent, the directive septa

but slightly prominent. (Dana.)

The Ponapé specimen referred by Ortmann to this species is 16 cm. high and 24 cm.
broad; branches 8 em. long and 1 em. thick, slowly tapering, often bent; apices much
divided. Axial corallites 2 mm. diameter or slightly over, 1 to 2 mm. exsert, but provided
with very small buds to near the margin; wall firm, aperture large. Radial corallites im-
mersed below, then very short, and finally, nearer the apex, nariform or tubo-nariform,
unequal in size. A few are proliferous, but scarcely longer than the others; the longest
measure 4.mm., and are often a little compressed, 1°2 to 1:5 mm. in diameter; surface
spongy, vermiculate, and echinulate ; wall finely striato-echmulate. The outer part of the
wall is often slightly thickened ; and small, thin, or tubular corallites, turned in various
directions, are scattered between the others to near the apex.

The species appears very close to M. implicata ; and Dana’s descriptions are insufficient
for their proper separation. M. tortuosa has stouter branches, more prominent corallites,
and a number of small ones opening in various directions. Dana states that the surface
of the ceenenchyma is not striate in the type specimen; it is distinctly vermiculate in the
Ponapé specimen recorded by Ortmann.

Pacifie Ocean: Fiji Islands, Ponapé (Caroline Islands).

57. Madrepora implicata.
Madrepora implicaza, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 466, pl. xxxvil. fig. 2; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires,
t. ji. p. 144; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 41; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
1887, vol. x. p. 19.

Corallum 15 to 20 cm. high, cespitoso-arborescent, closely ramose ; branches crowded,
curved, and tortuously entangled, often coalescing, slenderly attenuate; stems 8 mm. thick,
branches 4mm. Corallum scabrous and striated, with linear pores. Axial corallite 1-6 mm.
in diameter. Radial corallites obsolete below 5 cm. from the summit; above this short,

round, nariform or fragile, scattered ; star obsolescent. (Dana.)
This species may prove to be a slender variety of M. tortuosa.

Pacific Ocean : Fiji Islands.

58. Madrepora pruinosa. (Plate XXXIV. fig. B.)

Corallum cespito-arborescent, about 12 cm. high and 17 em. wide ; branches 1 em. thick,
7 to 9 cm. long, usually much divided. Axial corallites 2°75 mm. diameter, usually 2 mm.
exsert ; wall rather thin. Radial corallites immersed or subimmersed on the main divisions
and up to within 4 em. of the summit, or at most with a few verruciform corallites ; more
distally the corallites are round, nariform or tubiform, about 2 mm. diameter and | to 2-5 mm.

MADREPORA. iter

long; aperture circular. Star very prominent in all the corallites; the six primary septa
are subequal, and nearly meet in the middle line in the immersed corallites; in the pro-
minent ones the outer directive septum is rather broader than the others.

A small number of immersed or subimmersed corallites have a greater diameter than
usual, and are provided with a third cycle of septa; but, as in the case of M. mirabilis, the
calicles with three cycles of septa do not appear to have any constant position. The
corallum is porous and reticulate in section ; the surface is densely clothed with equal plate-
like echinulations ; wall more or less distinctly striate.

a. China (probably South). Fisheries Exhibition. 84. 2. 26. 10. a
b. Korea Straits. J. F. R. Aylen, Esq., R.N. [P.]. 62. 7.16. 33. | 2
c. Tsu-sima, Korea Straits. J. F. R. Aylen, Esq., R.N. [P.]. 62. 7. 16. 109.] &

3. Subgenus POLYSTACHYS.

Corallum cespitose, bushy or corymbose. Axial corallites cylindrical, little variable,
usually 2 to 2°5 mm. diameter, usually with a well-developed star of 12 septa. Branchlets
on the upper surface spiciform, with relatively large ascending corallites, in which rarely
more than the inner one-third of the wall is undeveloped. This subgenus is connected with
Lepidocyathus through M. frondosa and M. sinensis.

A. Corallum cespitose, bushy or subcorymbose, but always convex on the upper surface.
Corallites nariform to tubo-labellate or tubular ; wall not dense.

a. Branches rarely under 1 cm. in thickness ; corallite-wall not fragile.

59. Madrepora nasuta.

Madrepora nasuta, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 453, pl. xxxiy. fig. 2; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p. 153; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 42; ? Moseley, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond.
1876, vol. xxiv. p. 549; Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 154; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 16 (non B.-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 453).

Corallum broad cespitose, from a stout solid base, 15 em. diameter in a specimen
30 cm. across; below complanate and nearly naked, stout pedicellate ; above branchlets
crowded, digitiform, nearly simple, rarely proliferous, subterete, 5 to 6°25 em. long and
8 to 10 mm. thick, subacute, branchlets of the margin horizontal and elongate. Radial
corallites very prominent, compressed-nariform, very finely striate; aperture oblong. Star
often distinct, the directive septa a little the broadest. (Dana.)

In the specimen figured the marginal branches do not appear either elongate or hori-
zontal, and the branches are less simple than one would suppose from the above description.

One of the ‘ Challenger’ specimens referred by Quelch to this species agrees well with
Dana’s figure, but not so exactly with the description. Corallum 30 em. broad, 13 em.

74 MADREPORARTA.

high ; base 15 cm. diameter. The branches are about 1 em. long and 1 to 1:3 em. thick
near the centre of the colony, simple, bifid or trifid, with the subdivisions subparallel; those
nearer the margin are shorter and more frequently subdivided ; the outer divisions of the
marginal branches extend horizontally, but are rarely 3 cm. long. Many of the apices bear
short proliferations. Axial corallites scarcely 2 mm. diameter, a little exsert, but provided
with bud-corallites almost to the margin. Radial corallites prominent and a little rounded,
if within 2 or 38cm. of the summit, those below usually immersed or subimmersed ; pro-
minent corallites nariform, tubo-nariform, or dimidiate, sometimes in longitudinal rows, as
indicated by Dana, 2 to 38 mm. long, very spreading, about 1 mm. diameter; wall scarcely
thickened ; aperture narrow and elongate. A few of the corallites near the summits are
stouter and more elongate, and indicate new proliferations. Star not well developed in the
prominent corallites, but more marked in those which are subimmersed or immersed.
Corallum rather porous above ; surface spongy echinulate ; wall finely striato-echinulate.

Another specimen from the same locality has more proliferous branches and_ less
spreading corallites, which remain prominent to a greater distance from the summits than in
the specimen described above.

Var. crassilabia.

Corallum half corymbiform from a lateral attachment. Marginal branches subhori-
zontal, with numerous stout tubular corallites and short twigs, 7 to 14 mm. long, clothed
with subimmersed and immersed corallites. Upper surface with erect digitiform branchlets
about 1 em. thick. Radial corallites prominent, nariform or dimidiate, spreading almost at
right angles, with thick dense wall and rounded margin; a few short, nariform corallites
are scattered between the others; aperture oblique and elongate, length 2 to 3 mm.,
diameter nearly 2 mm.; the more prominent ones are arranged in longitudinal rows. The
corallites gradually become shorter towards the base of the branchlets, but scarcely any on
the superior surface of the corallum are completely immersed. It is possible that Dana’s
figure represents a specimen with thick-walled radial corallites.

Pacific Ocean: Tahiti, Fiji, ? Capricorn Islands.

a, b. Tahiti. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 85. 2.1.5 & 85. 2.1. 4.
ec. Fiji. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [P.]. 62. 2.7.1. (Var. crassilabia.)
?d. Capricorn Islands. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8, 303.

60. Madrepora paxilligera.

Madrepora pawxilligera, Dana Zoophytes, p. 452, pl. xxxiv. fig. 1; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires,
t. ii. p. 157; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 42; Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soe.
Lond. 1886, vol. xxi. p. 20; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 17; Ortmann,
Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. ili. p. 152 (non Quelch, ‘Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 154; non B.-Smith,
Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 453).

Dana gives the following particulars :—
Corallum very broad, cespitose, pedicellate, plane above ; base of frond solid, disk-shaped,

MADREPORA. 75

5 em. thick, convex and naked below. Branchlets digitiform, 6 to 7°5 em. long and 2°5 to
3°75 cm. thick; erect, subterete, rarely furcate, subacute. Margin of colony with short
and incipient branchlets. Axial corallites scarcely 2 mm. diameter, scarcely exsert. Radial
corallites a little unequal, very crowded, a little prominent, compressed nariform or some-
times dimidiate. Wall striate; aperture oblong ; star scarcely distinct.

The specimen recorded by Ortmann agrees well with Dana’s figure, but the corallites
are scarcely compressed. The colony is 20 to 24cm. wide, and forms a flattened convex
clump with a broad incrusting base. The central branches are erect, digitiform, usually
simple, but bear numerous budding corallites and very short proliferations rarely over
5 mm. long and 4 mm. thick; they are 2°5 to 4.em. long and 1 to 1:5 em. diameter at the
base. The marginal branches are not so stout, often forked, and extend obliquely, projecting
3 to 35 mm. beyond the base. Axial corallites 2 mm. diameter, scarcely exsert ; wall
moderately thick. Radial corallites small and very crowded, 1 mm. diameter ; thin-walled,
more or less ascending, dimidiate, nariform, labellate or gutter-shaped, with a tapered apex,
rarely tubular. Adjoining corallites are very unequal in length, but usually not over 2 mm.,
though on some of the branches a few may attain a length of 3mm. The proliferous
corallites become completely tubular, and are 3 mm. or more in length. The basal parts of
the branches bear immersed corallites, with arched nariform ones between, some of which
have the wall thickened and hooked, Star of the radial corallites indistinct, usually only
the directive septa are prominent. Corallum dense, but reticulate in section. Wall finely
striate, echinulate below. The under surface of the marginal branches bears very short
appressed and immersed corallites.

The specimen referred to this species by Quelch differs only in the more unequal coral-
lites from one of those referred by him to M. nasuta; both have ascending radial corallites,
but may not really belong to this species. The corallites are compressed nariform to dimi-
diate, with immersed or short corallites between, but are not so crowded as is shown in
Dana’s figure.

Indo-Pacific Ocean : Tahiti, Fiji, Mergui Archipelago.

?a. Tahiti. . H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 82.5.1.6. (=WM. pazilligera, Quelch.)

61. Madrepora digitifera.

Madrepora digitifera, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 454; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 153 (non
Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 530).

Corallum broad, corymbose, with a solid circular base; nearly flat above. Branchlets
crowded, digitiform, scarcely terete, subacute, 6 to 7°5 cm. long and 8 to 10 mm. thick,
often proliferous. Axial corallites a little prominent, scarcely 2mm. diameter. Radial
corallites crowded, divaricate, dimidiate, erect, not at all compressed, 1°5 mm. long ; lip
rather thick, with scattered immersed corallites between ; all the corallites are obsolescent on
the lower part of the branchlets. Wall of the corallites neatly striate; star of 6 narrow
septa, the outer directive quite prominent. In the prominent corallites the lower part of the
wall extends at right angles to the branch. (Dana.)

76 MADREPORARIA.

The species is founded on a specimen in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural
History. Its habitat is not recorded.

The specimens which I have referred to this species are subcorymbose, with the branches
free. Axial corallites 2-5 mm. diameter, scarcely exsert, with 12 not very prominent septa ;
the primary cycle subequal. Radial corallites chiefly gutter-shaped and very spreading,
with the outer part of the wall thick and porous, the imner very short and thin or absent ;
length 2 to 4 mm., diameter 2 to 2:7 mm.; the apex is broad and curved in most eases, but
occasionally acuminate. The prominent corallites gradually become shorter and yerruciform
towards the base of the branches. A few of the more elongate corallites bear one or two
small buds. Small immersed corallites extend between the others quite to the apex of a
branch. The second cycle of septa is incomplete.

Indo-Pacific Ocean : Great-Barrier Reef area, Madagascar.

a. ? ? 93.

3.4. 7.
6. Rocky Island. Sayille-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 287.
ec, d. Capricorn Islands, Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 288 & 289.
e. Madagascar. W. Deans Cowan, Esq. [P.]. 82. 5.23.1. (Var.)

62. Madrepora effusa.

Madrepora effusa, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 455; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t, iii. p. 153;
Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 506 (non Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 154; non
B.-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 454).

Corallum broad, cespitose, convex above; base forming a nearly solid disk ; clumps
13 cm. high and 28 to 35 cm. wide. Branchlets crowded, digitiform, 3:8 em. long and 8 to
10 mm. thick, those at the margin coalescent. Axial corallites stout, cylindrical, rather over
2mm. broad. Radial corallites compressed nariform, much crowded and unequal, 3 mm,
long ; but others are quite short, and some are tubo-nariform or tubular and proliferous.
Under surface crowdedly covered with short corallites. (Dana.)

Dana says that the species resembles M. nasuta, but has much more unequal corallites
(M.-Edwards states erroneously “ plus uniformes”’), and the axial corallites are twice as broad.
The branchlets are also much shorter, the marginal ones coalescent and the under surface
muricate. The type specimen is apparently not preserved in the National Museum at
Washington, and unfortunately we know nothing of the diameter and the angle of the
corallites or the thickness of the wall &c. The form which I take to be the species named
by Dana has rather crowded somewhat ascending corallites, which are very variable in length
and form. Many are nariform or tubular, with an oblique or dimidiate aperture; in each
case the outer part of the wall is thickened, but porous; the longer ones bear buds;
numerous immersed or slender corallites occur between the more prominent ones. Wall
striato-echinulate ; surface very strongly echinulate.

Indo-Pacific Ocean : Ceylon, Great-Barrier area.

a. ? Mantell Coll. 41. 1. 13. 18.
b, c. Palm Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 283 & 284.
d, e. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 292 & 293. (Var.)
aha ? i 93. 4. 7. 117.

MADREPORA. 17

63. Madrepora haimei.

Madrepora haimei, M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 151 ; Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth.
Meeres, Th. ii. p. 21, pl. i. fig. 9, pl. v. fig. 4, pl. ix. fig. 16; Mobius, Beitr. z. Meeresfauna
Mauritius, p. 45; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 152 (mon Briiggemann, Phil. Trans.
1879, vol. clxviii. p. 575).

Madrepora arbuscula, Verrill (non Dana), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 40.
Milne-Edwards’s type of this species consists of a fine cespitose clump, 25 cm. high
and about 35 cm. broad. Main branches over 2 cm. diameter, becoming divided into two or
three little spreading branches, with numerous subdivisions near the apex. The sudden
taper near the apex of the branchlets, caused by the corallites surrounding the axial one
being very small, whilst those a little below are much longer, is very marked in Red Sea
specimens, but in those from other localities the taper is often gradual. Axial corallites 2 to

3 mm. diameter, and 15 to 3mm. exsert ; wall moderately thick. Radial corallites spreading,

tubular, with an oblique aperture ; some are 4: mm. long and scarcely 2 mm. diameter ; but

a large number are shorter, smaller, or subimmersed. The corallites at the margin of the

colony are in some specimens often unusually long, 5 to 6 mm., with a circular aperture.

Corallum moderately porous; surface echinulate, sometimes rather spongy ; wall substriate

and echinulate.

The species varies considerably in habit. According to Klunzinger, the most frequent
form is cespitose, with much divided and little-spreading branches, 6 to 8 cm. high; at
other times more arborescent, 15 cm. or more in height, with the branches divided to the
base. A flattened depressed form, similar to M. pyramidalis, var. depressa, also occurs.

Ortmann states (/oc. cit. p. 152) that a specimen from Singapore, referred by Verrill to
M. arbuscula, belongs to this species.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Red Sea, ? Diego Garcia, Maldive Islands, Ceylon, Mauritius,
Singapore, Fiji.

a. Koseir, Red Sea. Dr. Klunzinger [C.]. 86. 10. 5. 50.
6. Galles, Ceylon. Dr. Ondaatje [P.]. 83. 4. 26. 4.

?c. Diego Garcia. G. C. Bourne, Esq. [P.]. 91.4 9.8.
d. ? Mantell Coll. 41, 1. 13. 15.

e-g. ——-? ? 93.4. 7. 111 to 113.

h,i. Mauritius. Purchased. 78. 2. 4. 2 & 5.

js ke ? ? 40. 5. 15. 21 & 22.
1. Maldive Islands. Purchased. 86. 11. 22. 9.

64. Madrepora retusa.

Madrepora retusa, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 462; M.-Edwards & Haime, Corallaires, t. ii. p. 154; Quelch,
‘Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 153; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 18.
Madrepora plantaginea, Quelch (non Lamarck), ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 153.

Corallum small, cespitose, 12 cm. high and broad, consisting of irregular digitiform
M

78 MADREPORARIA.

branchlets from a common base. Branchlets 6°7 cm. long and 1-2 em. thick, truncate at the
summit. Radial corallites crowded and acervate at the summit of the branchlets, very un-
equal, some 6 mm. long and others obsolete ; majority appressed, tubiform, and slender ;
lip elongate ; exterior smooth; aperture often oblong ; star scarcely distinct. Axial coral-
lites difficult to distinguish. (Dana.)

The ‘Challenger’ specimen referred by Quelch to this species agrees with Dana’s
diagnosis in most respects. The branches are 5 to 6°7 cm. long, 1:5 em. thick, and quite
blunt at the apex. Axial corallites 2°5 mm. thick, ] to 2°5 mm. exsert ; wall rather thick,
but tapering ; septa in two cycles, the primaries well developed. Radial corallites tubular,
spreading irregularly and quite unequal in length and diameter. Prominent corallites 4
to 7 mm. long and 1°5 to 2°3 mm. diameter; aperture usually oblique; wall scarcely
thickened ; septa not well developed, the outer directive stouter and broader than the others ;
sometimes a second cycle may be distinguished; the larger corallites frequently bear a
single nariform bud; a few very small immersed or subimmersed corallites are scattered
between the others ; surface strongly echinulate ; on the walls of the corallites the echinula-
tions are arranged in close longitudinal rows.

Another specimen from the same locality, referred to M. plantaginea by Quelch, may be
a variety to this species. The apices of the branches are proliferous and less obtuse than in
typical specimens, and the axial corallites, though readily recognizable, are scarcely stouter
than some of the radial ones; the more prominent radial corallites have a relatively thick
wall with rounded margin.

Pacific Ocean : Fiji, Tahiti.

a, Tahiti. H.M.S. ‘Challenger. 86. 12. 9. 238.
6. Tahiti. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86.12. 9. 250. (= M. plantaginea, Quelch.)

b. Branchlets rarely over 6 mm. thick. Corallites tubular to tubo-labellate ;
wall usualiy thin and fragile.

65. Madrepora decurrens.

Heteropora decurrens, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 111.
Madrepora decurrens, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 488.

The type specimen, which is preserved in the Berlin Museum, consists only of fragments ;
the habit of the species is probably corymbose. One fragment, 8 cm. high and 10 em. wide,
consists of a cluster of branchlets 5 em. long and 1 cm. thick at the base (ineluding coral-
lites), most of which are proliferous. Axial corallites 2 to 2°2 mm. diameter and 2 to 3 mm.
exsert, wall very porous and fragile; the star consists of six well-developed primary septa,
which often meet in the middle line, and of a narrower second cycle. Radial corallites large,
thin-walled, elongate tubular, rather distant, at an angle which does not usually exceed 30°;
length 4 to 6 mm., diameter 2 mm. ; aperture oblique or, in some cases where the inner part
of thewall is scarcely developed, the form is tubo-labellate. A few very short and sub-
immersed corallites are scattered between the others. On the under surface of the branches

MADREPORA. 79

the corallites are shorter, often a little thickened, with a number of small immersed ones
interspersed. In some cases the under surface of the branchlets is almost devoid of corallites.
The star of the radial corallites consists usually of a narrow primary and a rudimentary
second series of septa; but sometimes the directives are rather prominent. Corallum very
porous ; surface spongy reticulate and strongly echinulate ; wall strongly striate (fenestrated

at first), apparently not echinulate.
? Indian Ocean.

66. Madrepora tubigera.

Madrepora tubigera, Horn, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1860, p. 485; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
1864, vol. i. p. 41; Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 19; Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef-

Corals, p. 161.
? Madrepora capillaris, Quelch (non Klunzinger), ‘ Challenger ’ Reef-Corals, p. 161.

2? Madrepora durvillei, Fowler, Q. J. M. 8. 1886, vol. xxvii. p. 1, pl. 1.

The following is Horn’s description, which has not been extended by subsequent
observers : —

«MM. prostrata, ramis paulum diffusis, stricte ramosis ; ramulis attenuatis (base 3’’’) , apice
acutis. Corallum porosum, caliculo apicale elongato, cylindrico (3-4"" sepe 5! longo et 3!"
lato) ; lateralibus tubiformibus spe labellatis et dimidiatis ; stella conspicua.”

The specimens referred by Quelch to this species have the following characters :—

Corallum extending obliquely or suberect, much branched. Main branch 1°5 em. thick ;
branchlets 1°3 to 3°5 em. long and 3 to 6 mm. thick ; some are simple, but the majority
are bi- or trifid near the base. The more slender ones consist of a much elongate and often
curved tubular corallite 8 to 14mm. long and 2mm. thick, which bears a few small fragile and
distant buds. The axial corallites of the stouter divisions are also 2 mm. diameter, but are
rarely more than 2 or 3 mm. exsert. The radial corallites are usually appressed, labellate, or
nariform, passing below into short tubular ones (with the outer part of the wall a little
prolonged) and finally immersed; the more prominent ones are 4mm. long, rather narrow
and appressed near the base, but the lip is much broader and recurved, 2 mm. across the
widest part; the length and breadth of the corallites varies with the thickness of the
branchlet. The tubular ones near the base of the colony are 2 mm. diameter and 1 to 3 mm.
long ; the immersed ones are a little smaller. In all the radial corallites, excepting perhaps near
the base of the stouter divisions, the wall is very thin and fragile. In the axial corallites the
star consists of two well-developed cycles of septa; in the radial corallites the directive septa
often fuse together in the middle line; the other primaries are moderately developed, but
the second cycle is usually not noticeable. Corallum extremely porous and reticulate in
section ; surface reticulate and echinulate. The wall of the elongate tubular corallites is
costulate ; the coste become echinulate in the lower part of the corallite. The others are
costulate and echinulate, but the striations become lost near the base of the corallum.

The fragments referred by Quelch to M. capillaris, Klz., probably do not belong to that
M2

80 ' MADREPORARIA.

species. They consist of marginal fragments of a colony of M. tubigera, as was suspected
by Quelch himself. The elongate tubular corallites are here more numerous and there is an
absence of the thicker tapering branchlets frequent in the larger specimens. The species of
which Fowler gives an account of the structure under the name M. durvillei, Ed. & H., is
the same as that recorded as M. capillaris by Quelch.

The Coralhaven specimen has a number of the lateral corallites elongate and tubular,
with a round or oblique aperture.

Singapore, Banda, Louisiade Archipelago.

a, 6. Banda. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 273 & 241.
?c. Banda. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86.12.9.240. (=M.
capillaris, Quelch.)

d. Coralhaven, Louisiade Archipelago. J. Macgillivray, Esq. [P.]. 51.9. 29. 40.

67. Madrepora capillaris.

Madrepora capillaris, Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 29, pl. iii. fig. 4, pl. iv. fig. 13,
pl. ix. fig. 23 (non Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef-Corals, p. 161).

Corallum arborescent ; stem 20 cm. long, 15 to 20 mm. thick. Main branches clothed
with very numerous, spreading, very slender, elongate, often divided, tubular branchlets,
which are scarcely thicker near the base of the corallum than above; they vary from 1 to
6 cm. in length and from 3 to 4 mm. in thickness, their apices being about 1 cm. apart.
Axial corallites 2°5 to 3 mm. broad, usually bearing lateral buds to within 2 or 3 mm. of the
apex; some of the shorter twigs consist of simple, often arcuate corallites, spreading almost
at right angles, and broader at the apex than at the base. Radial corallites of the branchlets
3 to 4 mm. long, 2 to 3 mm. broad, dimidiate, open nariform, very spreading, and distant ;
those of the stems and main branches short, appressed, verruciform, or with a sharply defined
ring-shaped border, rarely completely immersed. Corallum dense, but fragile on account of
the long slender branchlets ; surface dense and striate, with very small echinulations and
granules ; wall strongly striate, not echinulate.

Red Sea; ? Great-Barrier Reef.

?a. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8.
? 6. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6, 8.

ci)

80.
76. (Young.)

ci)

68. Madrepora diffusa.

Madrepora diffusa, Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 41; Quelch, ‘Challenger’ Reef-
Corals, p. 161.

Corallum low, arborescent, much branched, recalling the habit of M. formosa; branchlets

divaricate, gradually tapering to an acute apex; about 8 mm. thick and 5 to 7:5 cm. long.

MADREPORA. 81

Radial corallites broad, tubo-nariform, short, widely open, wall striato-echinulate; septa in a
single narrow cycle, the inner directive broadest. Axial corallites exsert, but scarcely larger
than the radial ones. Corallum porous, reticulate in section ; surface reticulate or striate
and echinulate.

In the ‘Challenger’ specimen the small branchlets are seen to be produced from elongate
tubular corallites, 2 mm. diameter near the apex, the terminal 4 to 6 mm. usually without
buds. Radial corallites spreading, nariform or tubular, with the inner part of the wall
scarcely free, 1:5 to 2 mm. wide, the outer part of the wall rarely 2mm. long; the aperture
is wide and circular. Towards the base of the branches many of the corallites have a ring-
shaped border, and in them a second cycle of septa is more or less completely represented.
The species is closely related to M. tubigera.

East Indies: Kingsmill Islands, Banda.
a. Banda. H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 269.

69. Madrepora dilatata.
Madrepora tenuis, Ortmann (non Dana), Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 152.

Corallum consisting of a bushy clump 10 cm. high and 16 cm. broad. Branches much
divided from the base ; distal divisions 2 to 3 em. long and 4 to 5 mm. thick, often forked at
the apex. Axial corallites 2 to 2:5 mm. thick, not over 2 mm. exsert: wall very porous and
not much thickened. Radial corallites rather distant, elongate, appressed, tubular, with the
distal part dilated and the aperture very oblique; the form is dimidiate, length 4 to 5 mm.,
diameter 2 mm., becoming short, and finally immersed below. Star well developed, but the
septa are delicate. Corallum very porous; surface spongy and strongly echinulate ; wall
very porous and striato-reticulate ; the stri are well marked, rather distant, and finely
dentate.

This species approaches M. tenuis, Dana, but differs from the specimens I have referred
to that species in the stouter axial corallites, the more elongate and dilated radial corallites
with very oblique aperture, and the better developed star.

Pacific Ocean: Tongatabu (Strassburg Museum).

70. Madrepora dendrum. (Plate XXXIII. figs. A, B.)
Madrepora dendrum, B.-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 452.

Corallum “arborescent subcespitose; stem solid, strong; surface finely echinulato-
striate, bearing curved, simple or proliferous, gradually tapering branchlets 2°5 cm. long and
3 mm. thick, with compressed nariform calicles, tending to form into rows showing two very
long (broad) septa; apical calicles 1 mm., exsert, stem distinct ; under surface shows branches
sinuously curved, with spreading margin, not coalescing, with few immersed corallites.” (B.-
Smith.)

82 MADREPORARTA.

The fragments on which the species is founded are too much broken to admit of a proper
description being given; but the broad flattened branches (1°5 em. diameter) with a few
irregularly scattered corallites on the under surface and short spiciform branchlets above
appear to indicate a new species. Bassett-Smith records the habitat as “ Macclesfield and
Tizard Banks.” All three specimens are labelled ‘‘ Macclesfield Bank,” and two are so very
small that it is useless to try and identify the species ; they do not agree with any part of the
larger specimen preserved.

During the more recent exploration of the Macclesfield Bank by H.M.S, ‘ Penguin’ a
number of fragments which possibly belong to this species were again obtained. All are
evidently only the marginal portions of a colony, and do not show the flattened branches of
the more central divisions, but agree better with the smaller fragments of the original
collection. The under surface is provided with distant appressed tubular corallites, usually
with the inner part of the wall scarcely free. On the upper surface certain corallites give rise
to suberect twigs about 1°5 cm. long and 4 mm. diameter at the base, the apices being about
1 em. apart, simple or proliferous. Axial corallites cylindrical, scarcely 2 mm. diameter, 1 to
4mm. exsert ; wall thin; septa well developed, particularly the primaries, which sometimes
meet in the middle line. A few of the marginal axial corallites are 2°7 mm. diameter and
scarcely exsert. The radial corallites are appressed, tubular, with the inner part of the wall
only free in elongate individuals; length 3 to 5 mm., diameter 1°5 mm.; wall striato-echinu-
late ; primary septa narrow, but the directives distinctly broader, the second cycle usually
wanting. ‘This form has more elongate and more distant corallites than the type, and may
not belong to the same species. It appears nearly related to MW. dilatata.

China Sea: Macclesfield Bank, 20 to 27 fathoms.

a. Macclesfield Bank. H.M.S. ‘Rambler.’ 89. 9. 24. 54. o
b-d. Macclesfield Bank. H.M.S. ‘Rambler’ 89. 9. 24.13 & 15; 5,
93, 4. 7. 167. Ee
e-g. Macclesfield Bank, 13 fath. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’ 92. 10.17. 75 to 77.
h-j. Macclesfield Bank, 18 to 28 fath. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’ 92. 10. 17. 28 to 30.

71. Madrepora nana.
Madrepora nana, Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 538, pl. ii. fig. 6.

Corallum small, consisting of a few little-divided, slender, gradually tapering branches,
not over 2 cm. long and 4 mm. thick, which arise from an incrusting base. Axial corallites
cylindrical, 1 mm. broad and 1 mm. exsert. Radial corallites rather distant, appressed,
nariform or tubo-nariform, with circular aperture, 0°5 mm. long and 0°7 mm. broad ; star
distinct, the directive septa rather more prominent than the others. Ccenenchyma porous ;
surface finely striate.

The small size or the colony renders it possible that the characters of the species are not
completely developed in the type specimen.

Pacific Oceean: Matuku, Fiji Archipelago (Berlin Museum).

MADREPORA. 83

72. Madrepora tenuis.

Madrepora tenuis, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 451 ; M.-Edwards and Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 152; Quelch,
‘Challenger’ Reef-Corals, p. 157; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 19 (non
Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 152; ? B.-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 453).

Corallum cespitose, rounded, sparingly spreading; branchlets very slender, scarcely
4 mm. thick, 7-5 cm. long, subterete and proliferous. Axial corallites 1-3 mm. broad, a little
prominent. Radial corallites appressed, tubiform, irregular, about 1:3 mm. broad and 3 mm.
long, attached not quite to the summits; margin fragile, aperture circular; exterior neatly
striate and finely scabrous ; star indistinct, the directive septa a little prominent. (Dana.)

The specimens from Samboangan referred by Quelch to this species agree fairly well
with the above description. The habit recalls that of M. rosacea, Esp., but the branches are
rather stouter and more divided, and the corallites much shorter, with broadly striate wall.
Axial corallites cylindrical, 1-5 mm. diameter, with thin wall, a little exsert. Radial corallites
ascending tubular, with thin wall and circular aperture; a little unequal in length and
diameter, some bear buds: diameter 1 to 15 mm. and 2 to 35 mm. long, becoming shorter
and more irregular below. Star moderately prominent, composed usually of six delicate septa
of which the directives are the broadest. Corallum very porous; surface and wall striato-
echinulate.

Kast Indies, Samboangan, ? Tizard Bank, Great-Barrier Reef.

a-c. Samboangan. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86, 12. 9. 242 & 411; 92. 10.
16. 31.
d. Wreck Bay, Great-Barrier Reef. J.B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 46. 7. 30. 9. (Young colony.)
?e. Tizard Bank. H.M.S. ‘Rambler.’ 89. 9. 24.96. (=WM. tenuis ?,
B.-Sm.)

73. Madrepora africana. (Plate XXXV. fig. B.)

Corallum small, cespitose, resembling M. tudbicinaria in habit ; height 5:5 cm., diameter
9 or 10 cm. Branches simple or divided near the base and irregular in outline, owing to
inequalities in the size of the radial corallites ; length 3 to 3°5 em., diameter 7 mm. near the _
base, but more near the apex owing to the presence of stout, prominent, and often proliferous
corallites in that position. Axial corallites cylindrical, little prominent, 3 to 3°5 mm.
diameter, aperture 1°5 mm., wall very porous; septa moderately developed, the primaries
equal, the second cycle very narrow. Radial corallites appressed nariform to tubiform,
rather small and crowded near the apex, but becoming more distant and of much larger
diameter a little lower down; length 2 to 5 or even 6 mm., diameter 1°3 to 2°5 mm.
Towards the base of the branchlets one or more elongate ascending tubular corallites occur,
which may be 10 mm. long and 3 mm. diameter, with or without a few small buds. The wall
of the radial corallites is usually quite thin and even in the long tubular corallites is not over
0°5 mm. thick. The arrangement of the radial corallites is very irregular, and on the basal
parts most are immersed or subimmersed. In the prominent corallites usually only the
directive septa are recognizable, and the outer one is usually broader than the other. In the

84 MADREPORARIA.

immersed corallites the directive septa may be well developed, the other primaries of moderate
breadth, and a more or less complete second cycle then occurs. Corallum very porous ;
surface reticulate and echinulate ; wall fenestrated, echinulate at the base.

The type specimen was collected by Dr. Krauss on the coast of South Africa. The
locality is entered in the register as “Cape of Good Hope,” but I think it probable that the
specimen came from the South-east Coast and not from Cape Colony.

Southern part of the Indian Ocean, Ceylon, and ? Solomon Islands.

a. South Africa. Dr. Krauss [C.]. 40. 9.30.9. (Type.)
?. Sta. Anna Isl., Solomon Islands. Dr. Guppy [P.]. 84. 12. 11. 28. (Young colony.)
c,d, Ceylon. Madras Museum. 90. 6. 28.2 & 7. (Var.)

74. Madrepora rosacea.

Madrepora rosacea, Esper, Pflanzenth. Th. i. p. 115, Madr. pl. xv. fig. 2,23 & 4; Studer, MB. Akad.
Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 530; Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 157.

Corallum cespitose, about 9 cm. high and 10 to 14 em. broad, consisting of crowded
forked branches which are separated quite to the base. Distal divisions 3 to 3:5 cm. long
and 5 mm. diameter at the base, but more above, owing to the greater prominence of the
corallites. Axial corallites cylindrical, 2 mm. diameter, scarcely exsert ; the star consists of
6 septa only, the directives somewhat broader than the others. Radial corallites tubo-
nariform or tubular, the inner part of the wall absent at first and rarely as prominent as the
outer, excepting in such individuals as become converted into axial corallites and bear buds ;
length 3 to 5 mm., but some scarcely free, others with an elongate tip and often with
immersed or subimmersed cells between, diameter 1°3 mm., angle 20° to 45°; the star consists
of 6 septa, the directives often nearly meet, but the other four are quite narrow. Towards
the base of the branchlets nearly all the corallites become subimmersed and have an indistinct

star. Corallum dense; surface coarsely granular; wall finely striate and bluntly echinulate.
East Indian Archipelago.

a, 6. Samboangan. H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ 86. 12. 9. 288 & 232.
c. Ternate. H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ 86. 12. 9. 408.

75. Madrepora disticha. (Plate XX XIII. fig. D.)

Corallum cespitose or subcorymbose, consisting of slender, crowded, and repeatedly-
forked branches from a common base; height 9 cm., diameter 12 em. Branches 7 em. long
and 8 mm. diameter at the base; distal divisions 2 to 3°8 cm. long, little divergent ; diameter
6 mm. below, where the corallites are short, but more near the apex, which is often pro-
liferous ; apices about 1°5 em. apart. Axial corallites cylindrical, 2 to 2°5 mm. diameter and
often 3 mm. exsert. Radial corallites tubular, those near the apex of a branch are a little
spreading and unequal in size; some are distinctly compressed ; length 2 to 3 mm., diameter 1

MADREPORA. 85

to 2 mm.; the stouter ones bear buds. The wall is moderately thick excepting in its inner
part, which is thin and often not quite so prominent, giving an elliptical aperture. Usually
at a point 1 to 1°5 cm. below the apex of a branch the corallites become shorter and verruci-
form, but scarcely any are completely immersed, even at the base of the branches. Star
distinct, but not very broad ; it consists of 12 septa, with the outer directive usually broader
and stouter than the others. Corallum dense; surface and wall closely and finely echinulate ;

margin distinctly rounded in all except the youngest corallites.
Indian Ocean: Diego Garcia.

a b,?c. Diego Garcia. G. C. Bourne, Hsq. [P.]. 91.4.9.5,9&10. (Types.)

B. Corallum corymbose, more rarely cespitose : corallites elongate, with dense wall

and often acuminate apex.

76. Madrepora appressa.

Heteropora appressa, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 109.
Madrepora appressa, Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 22 (non Dana, M.-Edwards &
Haime, &c.).

Corallum corymbose (?), the under surface of the branches horizontal and fused into
flattened plates, with a few thick conical corallites below, most of which are lateral, and a few
immersed ones scattered over the general surface. Branchlets on the upper surface about
4 to 6 cm. long and 1 to 15 em. thick at the base. Axial corallites 2 to 2°5 mm. diameter,
with rounded margin and small aperture. Radial corallites elongate and appressed with
rather thick curved wall, up to 8 mm. in length and 2 mm. thick, the more elongate ones
have a slit-like aperture and are proliferous : all are very irregularly placed. ‘The usual form
is hooked labellate, with a thick blunt and frequently incurved apex; those below are short
or immersed; aperture 1 mm.; 6 primary septa, prominent. Corallum moderately porous,
but firm; surface dense and echinulate, or tabulato-echinulate with elongate pits between ;
wall dense and echinulate, not striate.

This species differs from the form which I believed to represent Dana’s M. appressa in
its more robust habit, and particularly in the longer and stouter radial corallites with an
elongate, thick and blunt apex. It may, however, be only an individual variation, and I have
not seen elsewhere any specimen which agrees with it completely.

Habitat of the type specimen (Berlin Museum) not recorded.
?a. Evans Bank, 15 fath., Arafura Sea. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’ 92. 4. 5. 3.

77. Madrepora assimilis. (Plate XX. fig. A.)

Madrepora appressa, Dana (non Ehrenberg), Zoophytes, p. 457, pl. xxxiv. fig. 5, pl. xxxi. fig. 8;
? Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 42; ? Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880,
p- 22; Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 163; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x.
p- 12.
N

86 MADREPORARIA.

Madrepora appersa, M.-Edwards & Haime, Corailliares, t. ili. p. 156; ?Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges.
Bern, 1880, p. 20.”
Madrepora assimilis, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 452.

Corallum prostrate; horizontal branches coalescing into a plate which is nearly entire,
flattened and naked below; above, branchlets erect, crowded, spiciform, nearly terete, 62 to
7°5 cm. long and 6 mm. thick. Axial corallites a little prominent ; the radial ones crowded
and equal, 3 mm. long, appressed and subimbricate, rostrato-nariform, very minutely striate ;
star very distinct. (Dana.)

The ‘Challenger’ specimen referred to M. appressa appears to agree with Dana’s species,
but is not that recorded by Ehrenberg; the following is a short description of it :—Corallum
corymbose, not pedicellate, flattened above; the branches horizontal, coalescing into a plate
with numerous irregular corallites with pore-like aperture; length 5 mm., diameter 1°5 mm.,
usually applied to the surface throughout the whole length. Branchlets on the upper surface
ascending, subterete, 6 to 7 em. long and 6 to 8 mm. thick; apices about 1:4 cm. apart.
Axial corallites 2 mm. diameter, and about 1 mm. exsert. Radial corallites ascending and
crowded, subequal, beaked-nariform or compressed-tubular, with an oblique aperture; length
4 mm., diameter 1°2 by 1:4 to 1°8 mm., those below are short and a little dilated, becoming
finally immersed. Star very well developed, but a second cycle of septa is only found in the
shorter radial corallites towards the base of the branchlets, rarely in the axial corallites.
Corallum moderately porous, surface compact and echinulate in linear series; wall striate and
echinulate near the base.

East Indies.

a. Amboina. H.M.S. ‘Challenger. 85.2.1.7. (Type=M. appressa, Quelch.)
6. Amboina. H.M.S. ‘ Penguin.’ 92. 4. 5. 1.
2c, Solomon Islands. Dr. Guppy [C.]. 84. 12. 11. 20.

78. Madrepora cymbicyathus.

Madrepora cerealis, Ortmann (non Dana), Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. ini. p. 152.

Corallum corymbose, 12 em. high and 24 em. broad. Middle branches 5 to 5°5 em. long,
1:2 em. thick at the base, somewhat angular below, centres about 15 cm. apart. Marginal
branches oblique, with short horizontal outer divisions and numerous tubular corallites. The
central branches are simple or divided near the base into three or four subparallel branchlets,
rarely proliferous excepting near the margin of the corallum. Axial corallites 2°5 mm.
diameter, 2 mm. exsert; wall rather thick and dense, margin a little rounded. Radial
corallites elongate, spreading, and rather crowded, often arranged in rows near the apex of a
branch, 3 to 4 mm. long and 2 mm. thick. They are frequently tubular with a narrow slit in
the inner side, extending nearly the whole length of the corallites; im other cases where the
slit is wider they are shaped like a canoe. The wall is a little thickened, with the margin
rounded. ‘The corallites on the distal parts of the branches are subequal, with a few scarcely
apparent immersed ones between ; nearer the base they are hooked-nariform, more appressed,
with immersed corallites between. A few proliferous corallites occur on some of the branches,

MADREPORA. 87

which are 7 mm. long and 2°5 mm. thick, with a rosette of bud corallites at the base. The
septa are not well-developed in the radial corallites, usually only the directives are prominent.
Corallum not very porous; surface echinulate and spongy in parts; wall substriate and
echinulate.

A specimen from Samoa has rather shorter corallites, most of which are canoe-shaped.

Pacific Ocean : Fiji, Samoa (Strassburg Museum).

79. Madrepora alliomorpha.

? Madrepora secale, Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 22 (non Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1889, Bd. iv.
p. 510).
? Madrepora appressa, Ortmann (non Ehrenberg), Zool. JB. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 509.

Corallum broad, corymbiform, and short pedicellate, 18 cm. high and 45 cm. broad.
Under surface oblique, obconical, consisting of an intricate network of branches with
immersed corallites and stunted branchlets exteriorly, pressed almost into the general plane,
bearing numerous contorted tubular corallites applied to the twigs throughout the whole
length. On the upper surface the branches are about 1 cm. diameter, divided near the base
into clusters of three or more branchlets, some of which are proliferous. Axial corallites
2 mm. diameter or a little over, 1 to 1°5 mm. exsert; wall thick, margin slightly rounded.
Radial corallites in the upper parts a little spreading, subtubular or boat-shaped, sometimes
with the inner part of the wall short; the outer margin is curved, the apex rounded, and the
aperture is generally not quite at the apex but opens inwards. Ata pomt from 2 to 2°5 cm.
from the apex the corallites are more appressed, and the outer margin is then straight; they
subsequently become gradually shorter and at the base immersed ; length of those im the
distal parts 3 to 4 mm., diameter 1-2 to 1°5 mm. ; wall firm and dense. Primary septa well-
developed in the radial corallites, with sometimes indications of a second cycle ; in those
corallites which are boat-shaped the directive septa are very broad. Corallum rather dense,
scarcely reticulate in section; surface dense and echinulate, but reticulate in patches ; wall

finely echinulate.

Singapore (Jagor). Berlin Museum.

80. Madrepora secale.

Madrepora plantaginea, Dana (non Lamarck), Zoophytes, p. 459.

2Madrepora echidnea, Dana (non Lamarck), Zoophytes, p. 458, pl. xxxv. fig. 3, pl. xxxi. fig. 9 (non
Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 152).

Madrepora appressa, var., Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 42; ibid. Dana’s Corals and
Coral Islands, Appendix, 1875 ed. p. 333; ? Ortmann, Zool, JB. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 509.

Madrepora secale, Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 530; ?ibid. Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880,
p- 22; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 18 (non Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals,
p- 163; non Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 509).

Madrepora globiceps, Bassett-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 454.

Madrepora acervata, Bassett-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 454.

n2

88 MADREPORARTA.

Corallum very broad cespitose (corymbose ?), slightly convex ; branches horizontal, coa-
lescing into a flattened lamina nearly entire, naked below, and interrupted by an occasional
break ; above branchlets spiciform, 8 to 12 mm. thick, and 5 to 6°3 em. long, often proliferous
and irregular. Axial corallites 2 to 3 mm. broad and little prominent. Radial corallites
tubiform appressed, very unequal, often 4 mm. long, and 1:5 mm. broad, stout, with an ob-

tuse lip, exterior finely striate, smooth; aperture scarcely elliptical; star quite distinct.
(Dana.)

Unfortunately it does not at present appear clear which specimens in the Berlin Museum
were referred by Studer to WM. secale. Those which are now labelled M. secale, but not in
Studer’s handwriting, do not all belong to our species, and none of them appear to me
to agree with Dana’s description of M. plantaginea, which, in the absence of a diagnosis by
Studer, must be held as the diagnosis of M, secale.

The specimens which I have referred to this species have the following characters :—
Corallum corymbose, up to 48 cm. wide and 12 cm. high, not pedicellate. Main branches
horizontal or oblique, more or less confluent, but scarcely fused into a plate. Under surface
provided with short, blunt, oblique twigs, covered with verruciform and immersed corallites.
Branches on the upper surface erect, 5 to 7°5 cm. long, and 8 to 12 mm. thick, simple or
divided, usually proliferous, apices about 2.cm. apart. Axial corallites 2°5 to 3mm. diameter,
subcylindrical, 1 to 4 mm. exsert, aperture variable in size, sometimes 15 mm. Radial coral-
lites appressed, crowded, and very unequal, not usually compressed, chiefly rostrate, dimidiate
or rostrate, or tubo-nariform ; wall usually thickened, outer part often convex; those below
are hemicotyloid and finally immersed; diameter 1:5 to 2°5 mm., length 3 to 6mm. The
star consists of 6 well-developed septa, of which the directives are very broad. Corallum
dense ; surface reticulate ; wall not striate, clothed with fine, simple echinulations. In two of
the specimens, numerous examples of Pecten madreporarum, Petit, occur near the base of the
branchlets, and a special plate of coral is secreted around each valve of the shell. The radial
corallites are always appressed, but the outer part of the wall is more elongate in some speci-
mens than in others. The species has a similar habit to M. concinna, but differs in the
angle of the corallites, and the less complete inner part of the wall. The form of the coral-
lites in Dana’s specimens is not given clearly. A specimen in the Berlin Museum labelled
M. secale does not agree so well with Dana’s description as those described above, but
may be one of the specimens studied by Studer. I have described it as new under the name
M. alliomorpha.

Indo-Pacific Ocean : Ceylon, East Indies, Singapore, China.

a ? Purchased. 44. 6. 10. 2.
6. ——? ? 93. 4. 7. 105.
Ge ? Purchased. 41. 1. 13. 16.
? d. Singapore. Purchased. 78. 6. 6. 4.
?e. China (probably 8.). Fisheries Exhib. 84. 2. 26. 21.
?f,g- Ceylon. Haeckel Coll. 92. 12. 5. 20 & 28.
h, Vizard Bank, H.M.S. ‘Rambler’ 89. 9. 24.103. (=M. globiceps, B.-Sm.)

2. Tizard Bank. H.M.S, ‘Rambler.’ 89. 9. 24. 108. (=WM. acervata, B.-Sm.)

MADREPORA. 89

81. Madrepora tizardi. (Plate XI. figs. C, D.)

Madrepora nasuta, Bassett-Smith (non Dana), Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 453.
Madrepora effusa, Bassett-Smith (non Dana), Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 454.
? Madrepora plantiginea, Bassett-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 453.

? Madrepora valida, Bassett-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 453.

? Madrepora corymbosa, Bassett-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 454.
Madrepora tizardi, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 464.

Corallum corymbose, a iittle concave above, 10 cm. high and 28 cm. wide. Under
surface oblique, reticulate or almost solid, with short stunted twigs in the general plane ;
lower surface almost naked if nearly solid, but otherwise provided with a few scattered verru-
ciform and immersed corallites, most of which are lateral. Branches 1-2 cm. diameter at the
base. Branchlets erect and relatively slender and elongate in some specimens, but stouter
and more stunted in others. Apices about 1:2 em. apart. Length in the elongate form
4 cm., diameter 6 to 8 mm. at the base; in the stunted form the length is about 3 em. and
the diameter 1 cm. or slightly over. Axial corallites cylindrical, 2 mm. diameter or a little
over, 1 to 2 mm. exsert; wall dense, margin sometimes slightly rounded, aperture very small.
Radial corallites ascending and rather distant, dimidiate, gutter-shaped or hooked-nariform,
with the outer margin curved, those below are dilated verruciform, with the aperture opening
inwards ; these gradually become less prominent, and all are immersed at the base of the
branchlets. The length is very variable, usually 2°7 to 4 mm., diameter about 1:6 mm., but
all the more prominent ones are distinctly compressed. At intervals elongate, compressed,
tubular corallites with oblique aperture occur, which indicate new outgrowths ; these are 5 to
8 mm. long, and 1°5 to 2 mm. diameter. At a later stage when such corallites form short
twigs with small corallites at the base, the axial corallite frequently has the terminal 6 or
7 mm. free from buds. The prominent corallites are frequently arranged in irregular longi-
tudinal rows, with immersed or subimmersed corallites between. The wall is a little
thickened and very dense, surface closely echinulate. The star consists of 6 or 12 septa, all
of which are usually narrow with the exception of the outer directive, which, in many cases,

especially in the hooked-nariform corallites, is very broad.

Var. beocyathus.

Corallum broad, shallow, vasiform, the main branches becoming fused into a solid plate,
sometimes 36 cm. long, 24 em. broad, and about 3 cm. thick, with small, scattered, sub-
immersed corallites on the under surface. Branchlets on the upper surface short and stout,
rarely 2 cm. long, and about 8 mm. thick. Axial corallites scarcely more prominent than the
radial ones which surround them, and of similar diameter, but with circular or only slightly
elliptical aperture. Radial corallites tubular, tubo-nariform, or dimidiate, with a more or less
tapered apex, and with many subimmersed or short labellate ones between ; diameter of the

more prominent corallites 1 to 1:6 mm., scarcely compressed, length rarely over 3 mm,

China Sea: Tizard and Macclesfield Banks.

90 MADREPORARIA.

a, Tizard Bank, 5 fath. H.M.S. ‘Rambler’ 89. 9. 24. 115.
(= M. nasuta,B.-Smith.) Types.
6. Tizard Bank, 5 fath. H.M.S. ‘Rambler’ 89. 9. 24. 114.
(= M. effusa, B.-Smith.)
?¢. Tizard Bank, 5 fath. H.M.S. ‘ Rambler.’ 89.9. 24.97. (= M. valida,
B.-Smith.)
?d. Tizard Bank, 6 fath. H.M.S. ‘Rambler 89.9.24. 111. (= M. planti-
ginea, B.-Smith.)
?e. Tizard Bank. H.M.S. ‘Rambler’ 89.9.24. 106. (=M. corym-
bosa, B.-Smith.)
f. Tizard Bank. H.M.S. ‘Rambler.’ 93. 4. 7. 155.

g- Macclesfield Bank. H.M.S. ‘Rambler’ 89. 9. 24. 71.
h-r. Macclesfield Bank, 13 fath. H.M.S.‘ Penguin’ 92. 10. 17. 44 to 54.

Var. beocyathus.
a-e. Macclesfield Bank, 18 fath. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’ 92. 10. 17. 55 to 59.

82. Madrepora quelchi. (Plate XXXII. figs. D, E.)
Madrepora effusa, Quelch (non Dana), ‘ Challenger ’ Reef Corals, p. 154,

Corallum half-vasiform from a lateral stalk, 24 cm. wide and 12cm. high. Branches
oblique, 1 cm. diameter, a little flattened on the under surface, with scattered, appressed, tu-
bular corallites below, and a few short lateral twigs ; the proximal parts are more or less
coalescent, but the distal parts are free. The branchlets on the upper surface are distant,
erect, and tapering; length 4 to 8 cm., diameter 8 to 11 cm.; apices about 2 cm. apart.
Axial corallites cylindrical, 2 to 2°5 em. diameter, and 2 to3 mm. exsert ; the septa are in two
cycles, the primary series being subequal and not very prominent. Radial corallites chiefly
elongate, compressed, and spreading tubular ; the aperture is oblique, or more frequently a
narrow slit extends for a variable distance along the upper (inner) part of the wall, sometimes
quite to the base. In passing downwards the form becomes tubo-labellate, spout-shaped, and
finally verruciform towards the base of the main divisions. On the distal parts of the branches
the more prominent corallites are arranged in more or less regular longitudinal rows, with a
few immersed corallites between ; length 2°5 to 6 mm., average 4: mm., diameter 2 mm.; the
wall is thickened, dense, and closely striato-echinulate ; the margin is distinctly rounded.
The primary septa are well developed, the directives broadest ; the second cycle is more or less

fully represented, but is not complete in the immersed corallites.

Var. paradoxa. (Plate XXXII. fig. D.)

Branches on the upper surface erect, 11 cm. long, and divided into three or more
parallel divisions, in which the axial corallites are scarcely prominent. The tubular radial
corallites are similar to those of the type, but the margin is scarcely rounded, and the aper-
ture is more rarely elongate. On the lower parts of the branchlets swollen hemicotyloid and
immersed corallites occur in place of verruciform ones. The immersed corallites are
numerous, about 1 mm. diameter, and exhibit a prominent star in which two or more of the

MADREPORA. 91

primary septa become confluent and form a solid axial rod, which is often rounded and
nodular at its apex. This form may prove to be a distinct species.

Amboina; Solomon Islands.

a. Amboina. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 287.
(Type=M. effusa, Quelch.)
b. Treasury Island, Solomon Islands. Dr. Guppy [P.]. 84.12.11. 21. (Var. paradoxa.)

83. Madrepora cerealis.

? Madrepora muricata, var., Esper. Pflanzenth. Fortsetz. Th. i. pl. li.

Madrepora cerealis, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 460, pl. xxxv. fig. 2; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. ili.
p. 151; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 42; Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern,
1880, p. 22; Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reet Corals, p. 153; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887,
vol, x. p. 13 (non Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iti. p. 152).

Madrepora secale, Quelch (non Studer), Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 163.

Corallum broad cespitose, somewhat convex; not complanate below, but this may be
owing to the type not being a full-grown specimen; it measures 12°5 cm. in height and
15 cm. in diameter. Branchlets numerous, erect, spiciform, 6 to 8 mm. thick and 5 mm.
long, not terete, very unevenly covered with corallites, some of which are long and
proliferous. Axial corallites 15 mm. diameter, a little prominent. Radial corallites
appressed, subtubular, unequal, 2 to 3 mm. long, subrostrate, exterior smooth ; aperture
elliptical ; star very short and imperfectly distinct ; the directive septa are a little prominent,
(Dana.)

A specimen in the collection, from Wreck Bay, agrees almost exactly with Dana’s
figure. The axial corallites are cylindrical, 2 mm. diameter, and have a rather dense wall.
Radial corallites tubular, with subimmersed to labellate or half-tubular ones between. The
more prominent tubular corallites often have the inner part of the wall as prominent as the
outer, and are frequently arranged in irregular longitudinal rows; length 2 to 4 mm.,
diameter 1:2 to 1:8 mm. The axial corallites have only 6 septa, and the directives are rather
broader than the others. In the tubular radial corallites the directive septa are broad and
subequal, but are situated deep down; the other primary septa are either absent or very
narrow. In immersed and subimmersed corallites the septa are better developed. In a speci-
men from Mauritius the tubular radial corallites have rarely a circular aperture, and the
axial corallites show indications of a second cycle of septa. In the specimens which form
part of Mr. Saville-Kent’s collection the aperture of the radial corallites is still more oblique
and often slit-like.

The ‘ Challenger’ specimens referred by Quelch to M. secale and M. cerealis appear to
me to belong to one species, but differ in several points from typical M. cerealis. The speci-
men referred to M. secale is a small corymbose clump in which the marginal branches
extend a little obliquely, but are not fused together.

The other specimen is considerably larger and a fusion takes place between the main
branches, which are prostrate and subcomplanate below. The under surface is provided with
short stunted branchlets in the general plane, and with appressed, tubular, or verruciform
corallites. There is here a general resemblance to M. assimilis, but on the upper surface tlie

92 MADREPORARIA.

corallites are longer, quite unequal in length, and more spreading, so as to give the branchlets
an apparent greater diameter. They differ from Dana’s description in one or two points.
The prominent radial corallites are all compressed, 3 to 5 mm, long and 1°5 mm. thick, but
a few are longer, thicker, and bear a few small buds; the form is usually narrow boat-shaped
or tubo-labellate ; the outer part of the wall is always thicker than the inner, and in the
stouter ones is considerably thickened, the aperture being oblique and slit-like. Between the
prominent corallites short or subimmersed ones occur to near the apex of the branchlets ;
in the basal parts all become short, appressed, tubular, with a moderately thick wall and
rounded margin, with immersed cells interspersed. Corallum porous, finely reticulate in section ;
surface striato-reticulate or spongy in parts; wall firm, with the appearance of porcelain, very
finely striato-reticulate. Axial corallites cylindrical, 2 mm. diameter, 1 to 2 mm. exsert, wall
a little thickened; the star consists of 6 subequal septa, with sometimes indications of a
second cycle. In the prominent radial corallites usually only the two directive septa are
prominent, but nearer the base the star is better developed and sometimes a rudimentary
second cycle of septa may be distinguished.

Indo-Pacific Ocean : Mauritius, Seychelles, East Indies, Sulu Sea, Singapore, Amboina,
Ternate, Ponapé, Samoa, Great-Barrier Reef, Fiji, Tongatabu.

a. Wreck Bay, Great-Barrier Reef. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 46. 7. 30. 1.
6. Wreck Bay, Great-Barrier Reef. J.B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 46. 7.30.6. (Young in-
crusting colony.)

c. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 197.
d. Low Woody Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 198.
e. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 302.
fg. Mauritius. Purchased. 78. 2. 4.1 & 4.
a. Ternate. H.M.S.. ‘Challenger.’ 85.2.1.3. (=WM. secale,
Quelch.)
i. Amboina. H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ 85.2.1.1. (=M. cereals,
Quelch.)
j. Seychelles. HEMESeAlert-4 1825105758:
k. Tongatabu. dp do Inge EC, R, Sil, ok ws Os
1. Singapore. G. B. Sowerby, Esq. [P.j. 39. 6. 28. 1.
m. ? Purchased. 44. 6. 10. 4.

C. Corallum vasiform or plate-like, with very numerous short branchlets on the upper surface.
Under surface without branchlets or with a few which are short and oblique.
a. Radial corallites chiefly labellate and thin-walled.

84, Madrepora spicifera.

Heteropora microclados, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 109 (part.).

Madrepora spicifera, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 442, pl. xxxiii. figs. 4 & 5, pl. xxxi. fig. 6; M.-Edwards &
Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 157; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 42; Studer,
MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 525; Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 19; Duncan,
Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond. 1886, vol. xxi. p. 20; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x.
p- 18; Faurot, Arch. Zool. Expér. 1888, t. vi. p. 119; ? Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii, p, 153 ;
? ibid. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 511; B.-Smith, Ann, Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 454.

MADREPORA. 93

Madrepora microclados, Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 526; Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges-
Bern, 1880, p. 20; ? Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 153 (non Briiggemann, Phil. Trans.
1879, vol. elxviii. p. 576).

Madrepora cytherea, B.-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 454.

? Madrepora efflorescens, B.-Smith (non Dana), Ann, Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 454.

Corallum broad and shallow vasiform or tabulate, usually 2 to 2:5 cm, thick, but
occasionally 5 em. Under surface complanate and closely reticulate, the branches frequently
laterally compressed, about 1:2 cm. by 7 or 8 mm., usually devoid of branchlets. Corallites
usually immersed, with a variable number of short appressed tubular corallites, sometimes
only near the margin of the colony, at others scattered over the whole surface. In some
specimens, which agree in other respects, the immersed corallites of the under surface are
almost entirely replaced by appressed and dilated corallites with small aperture. Branchlets
on the upper surface numerous, subequal, erect, rarely proliferous near the apex, but often
furcate below, apices about 8 mm. apart; length usually 8 to 12 mm., diameter 4 to 5 mm.,
subterete and more or less distinctly tapering. Axial corallites 1°5 mm. diameter, 0°5 mm.
exsert; wall not much thickened. Radial corallites immersed or subimmersed on the upper
surface of the branches and at the base of the branchlets, becoming flattened labellate, and
imbricate nearer the apex, about 2 mm. long and the lip 1‘5 mm. broad; wall thin; in some
specimens the lip is not flattened and the corallites are rather more distant. Star rarely
distinct, but the directive septa are more or less prominent. Corallum porous; surface
reticulate and echinulate; wall striate and more or less distinctly echinulate.

Var. abbreviata.

Habit of the type: branchlets 6 to 25 mm. long, obtuse at the apex, with scarcely
prominent axial corallites ; radial corallites much shorter and more closely crowded. (Dana.)

Var. eucladia.

Resembles the type form, but the under surface of the frond is covered with stout
obsolescent corallites, which are rather crowded and render the surface uneven. Branchlets
18 mm. long and 3 to 4 mm. diameter, 6 mm, apart, regularly tapering and subacute,
crowdedly covered with small thin corallites. (Dana.)

The small Fiji specimen figured by Dana does not represent the habit and appearance
of the species, and it is probable, as hinted by Dana in the text, that the specimen does not
belong to this species. I have referred it to M. armata.

Var. sinensis (= M. spicifera, var. abbreviata, and M. cytherea and ? M. efflorescens,
B.-Smith).

Several specimens from the Tizard Bank present a general resemblance to this species,
but may prove to be specifically distinct. The specimens vary considerably in appearance,
but all seem to me to be variations of one form. Corallum shallow, half-vasiform, 44 cm.
wide and usually under 2 em. thick. Under surface closely reticulate, sometimes with a few
incipient branchlets, chiefly in the general plane. Corallites on the under surface short,

0

94 MADREPORARIA,

nariform, spreading, with a few immersed ones between. In the specimen referred by
Bassett-Smith to M. efflorescens nearly all are immersed. In the specimen which most
closely resembles M. spicifera the branchlets on the upper surface are rarely over 7 mm.
long, a great many are only 4 mm.; some are distinctly tapering, others stout and blunt at
the apex. Radial corallites of the branchlets short, labellate, rather spreading and unequal,
relatively distant, with the wall thin but firm, about 1 mm. diameter and rarely over 1°5 mm.
long; on the upper surface of the main branches nearly all the corallites are immersed.
Another specimen differs in having nearly all the diminutive branchlets blunt at the
apex, with prominent short, round, spreading, labellate, radial corallites, which are not
confined to the branchlets, but also occur on the upper surface of the main divisions; many
are 15 mm. diameter across the lip. In a third specimen prominent corallites almost
entirely take the place of immersed ones, on the upper as well as on the lower surface of the
colony. Two other specimens are more or less proliferous, one of them (M. efflorescens,
B.-Smith), in addition to the naked under surface, differs from the others in having very
short simple or proliferous branchlets, consisting of an elongate axial corallite with elongate
acuminate and appressed radial ones; the axial corallite may project 3 mm. in such cases, but
in other parts the branchlets are stouter and closely resemble those of the other specimens.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Fiji, Tongatabu, New Ireland, Salawatti, New Guinea, New
Caledonia, Solomon Islands, China Sea, Singapore, Mergui Archipelago, Ceylon, Gulf of
Aden; St. Helena.

a. South Seas (? St. Helena). Thomas Heddon, Esq. [P.]. 58. 5. 27. 3.
b. James Town, St. Helena. A. E. Craven, Esq. [P.]. 81. 6. 28. 8.
c, d. Tongatabu. J. J. Lister, Esq. [P.]. 91. 3. 6. 14 & 16.
e. is e198. 4.7) 170!
jf. —? Purchased. 40. 5. 15. 26.
g. —? Purchased. 44. 6. 10. 5.
5 ——= fk Purchased. 40. 5. 15. 24.
i. ——? Purchased. 46. 7. 1. 18.
jy ke ? 2? 93. 4. 7.98 & 99.
l,m. China, probably South. Fisheries Exhibition. 84. 2. 26. 15 & 16.
nN. ? W. Thomson Coll. 91. 2. 3. 4.
? o. Treasury Is., Solomon Is. Dr. Guppy [P.]. 84. 12. 11. 19.
? p. Moreton Bay. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8.306. (Dead colony.)
Var. sinensis.
a-e. Tizard Bank, 6 fath. H.M.S. ‘Rambler.’ 89. 9. 24. 89, 91, 118, 118,
& 93. 4. 7. 93.
f. —? ——? 93. 4.7. 100.

85. Madrepora symmetrica. (Plate XV.)

Madrepora symmetrica, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 470 (? non Rehberg, Abh. naturw.
Ver. Hamburg, 1892, Bd. xii. p. 33).

Corallum broad, flat, corymbose, with a short central base, scarcely pedicellate, 35 to

MADREPORA. 95

52 cm. broad and 10 to 14 cm. high. Under surface complanate; branches crowded and
coalescent, somewhat flattened below; branches 1 em. thick, with numerous much appressed
corallites and a few tubular ones, which are lateral in position and give rise to branchlets
in the general plane; some are simple, 8 to 10 mm. long and 2 mm. thick, others bear lateral
nariform corallites, others, again, tubular ones, those near the base being elongate and very
spreading ; immersed corallites almost absent from the under surface. On the upper surface
the main branches give rise at intervals to clusters of two to five suberect branchlets ; the
more central ones are erect and simple or forked, 5 cm. long and 6 mm. thick at the
base, distinctly tapering; nearer the margin of the colony the branchlets are oblique and
arcuate and bear clusters of 2 to 5 short twigs which are 1 to 2 cm. long and 4 mm. thick ;
apices 6 to 9 mm. apart. Upper surface of the main branches and base of the branchlets
provided with numerous large immersed corallites, with an aperture of 1mm. Axial coral-
lites about 2 mm. diameter, usually about 1 mm. exsert. Radial corallites ascending,
elongate, labellate, and imbricate, 3 to 4 mm. long and 1°5 mm. thick; apices more or less
pointed. Corallum very porous and reticulate in section ; surface densely echinulate ; wall
thin, finely striato-reticulate and echinulate, except in the case of the younger ones. Star
not recognizable in the prominent corallites or only the directive septa present; in the
immersed ones it sometimes consists of six very narrow septa. Two specimens have the apices
of some of the twigs subdivided; in the third the majority are proliferous.

Mauritius.
a. Mauritius. Purchased. 78. 2.4. 9 T
b,c. ? Purchased. 49.1. 4.1 oy ve

86. Madrepora pectinata. (Plate XXVII. figs. D, E.)
Madrepora pectinata, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 460.

Corallum plate-like or vasiform, similar to M. conferta and M. hyacinthus in habit,
2°5 em. thick, Under surface flattened, forming an open network, without projecting
branchlets; branches 6 to 12 mm. diameter; the stouter ones are usually compressed
laterally so as to be oval in section. Corallites on the under surface very short, open bursi-
form or immersed, thus differing entirely from either M. conferta or M. hyacinthus ; they are
nearly 2 mm. diameter; outer part of the wall rarely 15 mm. long, the inner part not
prominent; aperture nearly 1 mm.; star imperfectly developed. Branchlets on the upper
surface rather crowded, usually arranged in groups of 2 to 5 along the course of each
branch; length 9 to 14 mm., diameter 4 mm., scarcely tapering ; apices about 6 mm. apart.
Axial corallites cylindrical, 15 mm. diameter or slightly over, rarely over 1 mm. exsert;
wall thin and aperture large, with a star of 12 septa, none of which are very prominent.
Radial corallites short, spreading, round-labellate, with curved margin to the lip ; diameter 1-2
to 1:5 mm., length 1:5, rarely 2 mm.; wall fragile; directive septa scarcely recognizable.
The corallites are more spreading than in M. conferta, and the apertures are quite distinct
when seen from above. Corallum rather porous; surface and wall striate and echinulate.

02

96 MADREPORARIA.

A variety from the Capricorn Islands has shorter and more distant branchlets on the
upper surface, and appears to stand in the same relation to the type specimens as the variety
sinensis does to typical M. spicifera.

Pacific Ocean: Torres Straits and Great-Barrier Reef.

a, 6. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 154 & 155. (Types.)
c. Capricorn Islands. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 156. (Var.)
d, e. Wreck Bay, Great-Barrier Reef. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 46. 7. 30. 27 & 27 a.

87. Madrepora tenuispicata.

Madrepora tenuispicata, Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 20, fig. 1.

Corallum corymbose from a lateral attachment. Main branches horizontal, 1 em. thick,
forming an open network with occasional fusions ; under surface of the branches not flat-
tened; they bear a few short and little-spreading twigs and numerous lateral, thick, tubular
corallites attached by the inner surface quite to the apex; a few are immersed. Branchlets
on the upper surface erect, or arcuate near the margin of the colony, 3 to 4°5 em. long and
6 or 7 mm. thick at the base, distinctly tapermg; apices often provided with slender, little-
spreading proliferations, which at first consist of elongate tubular corallites 7 mm. long and
15 mm. thick, with the apex often a little incurved. Avxial corallites 1°55 mm. diameter,
05 to 1:5 mm. exsert; wall a little thickened, but fragile. Radial corallites 2 to 3°5 mm.
long, tubo-labellate, somewhat ascending, with or without a pointed apex ; wall thin and fragile,
excepting on the stouter divisions, where it is distinctly thickened near the base. The upper
surface of the main branches is covered with crowded, thin-walled, hemicotyloid corallites,
with large round aperture and very prominent star ; the star of the labellate corallites is not
distinct. Coenenchyma fragile and reticulate in section; surface closely reticulate and
echinulate ; wall finely striate and echinulate near the base.

The above description is based on the type in the Berlin Museum. Studer’s figures
(woodcuts) do not give a good idea of the species, and the elongate lip of the radial corallites
of the branchlets is not represented.

A specimen in the British Museum agrees in most points with the type specimen, but
the branchlets on the upper surface rarely exceed 5 mm. in diameter. The axial corallites
have only six septa, but they are very prominent and nearly meet in the middle line. The
star of the prominent radial corallites is scarcely recognizable; the outer directive septum is
the first to be developed, then the inner one, and finally the remaining primaries in immersed
or subimmersed corallites. The specimen forms a vase 36 cm. in diameter and 16 em. high,
with a short subcentral pedicel.

Singapore (Berlin Museum).

a. ?

——? 93.4. 7.121.

88. Madrepora candelabrum.

Madrepora candelabrum, Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 528, pl. ii. fig. 3.

Corallum spreading horizontally from a lateral pedicel ; branches coalescent and flattened

MADREPORA. 97

below, fused into a plate near the base. The under surface is rendered rough by a few
flattened twigs and appressed tubular corallites ; immersed corallites are rare. The branch-
lets on the upper surface are curved, slender, and very proliferous, 4°5 cm. long, and 1 cm.
thick at the base, rather crowded. The axial corallites are tubular, 2 mm. thick, and some-
times 4 mm. exsert, margin not rounded. Radial corallites very appressed, labellate, or half-
tubular, 4 mm. long near the apex, with long compressed lip; aperture compressed, 2 mm.
long. The septa are little developed. Studer’s figure shows the majority of the radial
corallites immersed, only those near the apex of the branchlets are elongate. The apices are
often proliferous, the divisions little spreading. The wall of the elongate corallites near the
apex is striate, but scarcely echinulate. The general surface is covered with plate-like
echinulations in rows.

Pacific Ocean : New Ireland (Berlin Museum).

89. Madrepora patella.
Madrepora patella, Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 526, pl. i. fig. 1.

Corallum shallow-vasiform, almost flat, 38 cm. broad from a central pedicel 5 em. high.
Branches radiating, crowded and coalescent, forming a solid plate in which the course of the
individual branches is recognizable, but towards the periphery they are less confluent and
form a close network. The under surface is provided with a few immersed corallites, but
towards the periphery appressed tubular corallites become gradually more pronounced, On
the upper surface of the branches numerous short strongly proliferous twigs or clusters of
corallites occur, which are about 1 cm. long and 1:4 em. thick, and extend obliquely. The
axial corallites are cylindrical, thin-walled, 2 mm. diameter, often 3°5 mm. exsert towards the
centre of the colony, but less on the peripheral twigs. Radial corallites labellate, imbricate,
often with a compressed lip; aperture about 1°5 mm. The septa are not well developed in
either the axial or radial corallites.

The species appears closely related to M. cytherea, as was recognized by Studer. It is a
curious fact that several species of Madrepora from the Solomon Islands come very near
indeed to species known from other localities and yet present minor differences which may
prove to be of specific value.

Bougainville Is., Solomon Islands (Berlin Museum).

90. Madrepora corymbosa.

Madrepora corymbosa, Lamarck (non Dana), Hist. Anim. sans Vert. t. ii. p. 279, ed. 2, p. 447; Deslong-
champs, Encyclop. p. 504; Blainville, Manuel d’Actin. p. 112; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coral-
liaires, t. iii. p. 154; Haeckel, Arabische Korallen, pl. iii. fig. 10; Klunzinger, Korallenth. d.
roth. Meeres, p. 24, pl. ii. fig. 2, pl. iv. fig. 1, pl. viii. fig. 21, pl. ix. fig. 16; Briiggemann, Phil.
Trans. 1879, vol. clxviii. p. 575; Ortmann, Zool, JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 152 (non B.-Smith, Ann,
Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 454).

Heteropora corymbosa, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 112.

Madrepora ramiculosa, Quelch (non Dana), ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 159.

Madrepora flabelliformis, B.-Smith (non M.-Edwards & Haime), Ann, Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 445).

98 MADREPORARIA.

The following is a description of the specimen in the Paris Museum, which is regarded as
Lamarck’s type :—

Corallum openly vasiform and pedicellate, 29 cm. diameter, and 11 em. high. The
branches of which the vase is composed have a length up to 15 cm., and are 1 cm. diameter
near the base; the branches are crowded, with long narrow spaces between, but fusions are
numerous to near the margin of the vase. There are numerous-immersed and subimmersed
corallites on the under surface, and also a large number of wart-like buds, which consist of a
central tubercle about 3°5 mm. long and 3 mm. diameter, with a few subimmersed corallites
around. These bud-branches are mostly at right angles to the under surface, but a few
which are lateral become branched, pressed into: the general plane, and may attain a length
of 15 em. The superior surface of the main branches is clothed with immersed or short
labellate corallites. Innumerable short branchlets arise from this surface, having a maximum
length of 2 cm., and 6 or 7 mm. diameter at the base; they are rapidly tapering, arched so
as to reach the same level, mostly proliferous, but a few are simple. Axial corallites 1°5
mm. long and broad, wall firm. Radial corallites half-tubular or labellate at an angle of
about 45°, a little over 2 mm. long and over 1 mm. thick, very fragile, becoming rapidly
shorter below the proliferous apices. Septa of the axial corallites moderately developed, a
second cycle sometimes recognizable; in the radial labellate and immersed corallites the
directives are very narrow and the others rudimentary. Corallum fragile and very porous
in section ; surface strongly echinulate and reticulate, but firmer on the main branches ; wall
strongly ribbed and echinulate, reticulate between.

This species is extremely variable, both in habit and in the character of the corallites,
and many specimens which are referable to it differ in a marked degree from the type
specimen. The axial corallites are cylindrical, usually 2 or occasionally 3 mm. broad and 2
to 3 mm. long, with the wall a little thickened; the size varies considerably in different
specimens. Radial corallites half-tubular, dimidiate or spathulate, 1 to 2 mm. broad and
2 to 3 mm. long, more spreading and crowded near the apex ; immersed at the base of the
branchlets and on the stouter parts. The under surface in the subcomplanate forms always
bears numerous short twigs and elongate tubular corallites up to 4 or 5 mm. in length. The
form of the colony is either :—

a. Vasiform or subvasiform. (Var. vasiformis.)
6. Hemispherical or bushy, with slender elongate middle branches and short, much divided
marginal ones. (Var. hemispherica, Ehrb.)
Broad corymbose, convex on the upper surface, with the branchlets and corallites as in
form d; compare Klunzinger’s pl. ix. fig. 16. (War. corymbiformis.)
d. Cespito-tabulate, with the main branches extending horizontally, and the branchlets
short and stout. (Var. cespito-tabulata, K1z.)

Incrusting, without or with much depressed branchlets, as in M. seriata, var. depressa.
(Var. depressa, K1z.)

ip

oe

Klunzinger observes that some specimens of the cespito-tabulate form are similar to
M. cytherea, Dana, but may usually be distinguished by the less pointed corallites, the less
developed branches, and the less naked under surface. In other cases, however, it is

extremely difficult to separate the two forms, and ultimately it may be necessary to regard
both as varieties of one species.

MADREPORA. 99

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Red Sea, Rodriguez, Ramesvaram, China Sea, New Holland,
Great-Barrier Reef, Fiji, Tahiti.

Var. vasiformis.

a. Aden. Major Yerbury [P.]. 87. 12. 1]. 19.
b-d. Rodriguez. Royal Society [P.]. 76. 5. 5. 102, 105 & 108.
e. Naples! P. de la Garde, Esq. [P.]. 93. 4. 7. 140.
f. Tizard Bank. H.M.S. ‘Rambler’ 989.9. 24.119. (=.
flabelliformis, B.-Smith.)
gy: ? Mrs. W. H. Ince [P.]. 82. 11. 16. 1.
h. Wreck Bay, Great-Barrier Reef. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 46. 7. 30. 19,
i, Blackwood Bay. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 45. 8. 12. 11.
Var. hemispherica.
a. Red Sea. R. McAndrew, Esq. [P.]. 93. 4. 7. 162.
b. Great-Barrier Reef. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 305.
c. Fiji. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12.9. 248. (= M. ramiculosa,
Quelch.)
Var. corymbiformis.
a. Ramesvaram. Madras Museum. 81. 11. 25. 11.
b. ? Ramesvaram. ? Madras Museum. 93. 4. 7. 128.
Gs ? Purchased. 47. 1. 1. 10.
Var. cespito-tabulata.
a. Red Sea. Dr. Klunzinger [C.]. 86. 10. 5. 18.
b. Wreck Bay, Great-Barrier Reef. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 46. 7. 30. 14.
c. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 313.

? 98. 4. 7. 109.

d. ?

91. Madrepora cytherea.

Madrepora cytherea, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 441, pl. xxxil. fig. 3; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. i11.
p. 157; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. 1. p. 42; Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth.
Meeres, Th. ii. p. 25, pl. ii. fig. 4, pl. iv. fig. 2, pl. ix. fig. 20; Mébius, Beitr. z. Meerestauna
Mauritius, p. 45 ; Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 165; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887,
vol. x. p. 15; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 153; ibid. 1889, Bd. iy. p. 511 (non Ridley,
Ann. Mag. N. H. 1883, vol. xi. p. 259; non B.-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi.
p. 454). :

2 Madrepora efflorescens, Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 153.

Corallum vasiform and pedicellate, tabulate, or frequently subvirgate when young.
Upper surface usually flattened or concave ; under surface almost without any twigs or buds,
but provided with numerous verruciform or annular, often dilated corallites. Vasiform
specimens sometimes attain a diameter of 1:2 m., and a height of 30 to 60 cm., pedicel 3 to
8 em. thick. The main branches are reticulately coalescent, the meshes of the network
being 5 to 10 mm. wide. Branchlets on the upper surface more or less crowded, many are
short and acervato-proliferous ; length 1 to 2°5 cm., diameter 5 to 10 mm.; but without the
radial corallites the majority are little broader than the axial corallite. Axial corallites

100 MADREPORARIA.

2mm. in diameter, and 2 to 3 mm. exsert; wall a little thickened, margin not rounded.
Radial corallites 2 to 4 mm. long, and 1 to 15 mm. diameter, chiefly labellate, with small
often styliform lip, but the larger ones are half-tubular as in M. corymbosa; the upper
corallites are very unequal in length and diameter, and are usually more appressed than in
M. corymbosa, the lower ones and those on the main divisions are mostly immersed. Star
indistinct, the inner directive septum usually recognizable, and sometimes the other primaries
also, particularly in the immersed corallites. Corallum rather porous ; surface subreticulate,
ribbed and echinulate ; wall strongly striate and echinulate.

Var. globata, Klunzinger.

Colony massive and convex from an incrusting base.

A specimen from Diego Garcia forms a large rounded subvasiform colony, the vase
being produced as in M. arcuata by the overlapping and fusion of the posterior lobes of an
originally arched and flabellate specimen. In the character of the under surface this speci-
meh comes nearer to specimens from Tahiti than to those obtained by Klunzinger from the
Red Sea.

Generally speaking the Pacific form has the under surface covered with short usually
much dilated tubular corallites, and those on the upper surface have a rather porous wall. In
Red Sea specimens the under surface has no dilated corallites, and the majority are immersed
or subimmersed ; on the upper surface the wall of the radial corallites is dense and firm.

The species forms extensive terraces in the Red Sea, and sometimes is very difficult
to distinguish from certain forms of M. corymbosa. Tahiti specimens are vasiform and
differ from many Red Sea specimens in various details, particularly im the dilated corallites
of the under surface and the extremely numerous proliferations on the upper surface.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Tahiti, Solomon Islands, Singapore, Ceylon, Diego Garci
Mauritius, Red Sea.

a. Red Sea. Dr. Klunzinger [C.]. 86. 10. 5. 31.
6, c. Tahiti. H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ 85. 2.1. 19& 86. 12. 9. 409.
d, Singapore. Purchased. 78. 6. 6. 14.
e. Solomon Islands. Dr. Guppy [C.]. 84. 12. 11. 24.
?f. Diego Garcia. G. C. Bourne, Esq. [C.]. 92.5. 29. 1.
g, h. Ceylon. Haeckel Coll. 92. 12. 15. 19, 27 & 29.
ae i 2? 93. 4. 7. 116.
is ? Bowerbank Coll. 77. 5. 21. 183.
k, ——? 2? 93.4, 7.126. (Var.)

92. Madrepora armata. (Plate X. figs. A, B.)

Madrepora spicifera, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 443 (part.), pl. xxxiil. figs. 4 & 4a only.
? Madrepora cytherea, Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 165 (part.).
Madrepora armata, Brook, Ann. Mag, N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 452.

The small specimen figured by Dana under the name M. spicifera does not appear
to belong to that species, but, as Dana suggested, may be a young form of M. cytherea. It
differs from that species in two important points, viz.: the scarcity of proliferous corallites on

MADREPORA. 101

the branchlets of the upper surface, and the occurrence of numerous spreading tubular
corallites on the under surface. There are several specimens in the collection of the British
Museum which agree with Dana’s figure in these respects, and at first sight there appears
little affinity to specimens of M. cytherea from Tahiti, the original habitat. The colony is
umbellate rather than vasiform, and is flat on the upper surface excepting in very small
colonies where the central branches are not so long as the others. That it is not the
ordinary young form of M. cytherea appears to be shown by the fact that in specimens of
25 cm. diameter scarcely any proliferous corallites occur, whereas in the normal specimen
of M. cytherea, of 30 cm. diameter, proliferous corallites are numerous and the corallites of
the under surface are dilated verruciform. It appears, therefore, more convenient to regard
it as distinct.

Corallum vasiform or umbellate, pedicellate, flat above excepting when young, under sur-
face oblique. Height of the corallum 15 cm., diameter 25 cm.; diameter of pedicel 6 to
8 cm. The outer branches are about 1:2 cm. thick and 9 to 12 cm. long, crowded and a little
compressed laterally. On the outer or under surface they bear numerous spreading, tubular,
often proliferous, corallites, 15 to 2 mm. diameter and 2 to 4 mm. long if simple, but the
majority are in some specimens more elongate and bear buds. On the pedicel these corallites
form short tapering branchlets spreading at right angles and often 1 cm. in length. The
interval between these twigs and proliferous corallites is occupied by short-lipped or immersed
ones. The branchlets on the upper surface are usually arranged in groups of 2 to 6 from a
common base ; those in the centre are longest, and the apices are about 8 mm. apart; length
1:5 to 4 em., diameter 6 mm. or a little over, apices rarely proliferous unless near the
margin of the colony. Axial corallites 2 mm. diameter, 1 to 2 mm. exsert, cylindrical, with
porous and strongly striate wall. Radial corallites spreading tubo-labellate or gutter-shaped,
with very thin fragile and reticulate wall; length 2 to 3 mm., diameter 1 to 15 mm.,
becoming shorter and finally immersed below. The corallites are not so spreading on the
marginal branchlets as nearer the centre. Star scarcely at all developed, usually only the
directive septa are recognizable. Corallum very porous; surface striato-echinulate ; wall

striato-reticulate, echinulate near the base.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Singapore, Diego Garcia, ? Tahiti.

a. Singapore ? W. E. Hands, Esq. [P.]. 50. 1. 16.1.
6. Singapore. T. Ingall, Esq. [P.]. 57. 4. 6. 1. {nye
c, d. Diego Garcia. G. C. Bourne, Esq. [C.]. 91. 4.9.6 & 7.
?e. Tahiti. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 410.
(=M. cytherea, Quelch, part.)
jf. —? Purchased. 40. 5. 29. 1.
g- —? ? 93.4. 7. 164.
h. ——? 2? 49.5. 15. 11.
i-k, ——? ? 93. 4, 7. 124, 125 & 131.

102 MADREPORARIA,

93. Madrepora arcuata. (Plate XII.)
Madrepora arcuata, Brook, Ann Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 452.

Corallum stalked, flabellate or subvasiform. The largest specimen is 50 em. long, and
consists of a thin plate-like flabellum, extending obliquely from a round pedicel 5 cm.
in diameter. The proximal portion, 20 cm. in length, is only about 10°5 em. wide, the distal
part forms a fan-shaped growth 34 cm. across, rounded anteriorly, and with the posterior
margins a little incurved; the thickness from the under surface to the apex of the
branchlets on the anterior surface is only 2 cm. The under surface consists of a close
reticulum of slender branches with narrow and elongate spaces between ; diameter of the
branches 6 mm. The under surface is practically without branchlets, and the branches are
covered with much appressed tubular corallites; near the base the majority become short
and finally immersed, and immersed corallites occur also in the lines of fusion. On the upper
surface the branchlets are slender, arcuate and crowded, apices 5 mm. apart, often less in the
case of proliferous apices. The branchlets are usually about 1:2 cm. long and 4 mm. thick,
including the radial corallites; they are arranged in single or double series along the upper
surface of a branch, some are simple, in other cases 2 to 5 twigs arise from a common base.
Axial corallites cylindrical, 1-5 mm. diameter and about 1°5 mm. exsert ; wall porous and
finely striate. Radial corallites tubo-labellate at an angle of about 45° ; lip pointed or gutter-
shaped; length 2°5 mm., diameter 1 mm. Star very imperfect, the directive septa scarcely
recognizable. Corallum very porous; surface openly spongy and echinulate; wall thin,
striato-reticulate, echinulate below.

In one of the specimens which appears to have grown erect the posterior margins of the
flabellum have arched inwards, so as to overlap and become fused together, but below the
point of fusion a space occurs, the floor of which consists of branchlets which at an earlier
period formed part of the upper surface of the colony. The specimen is about 14 cm. high
and 20 cm. diameter; the corallites on the under surface are shorter and more spreading than
usual. A third specimen in the collection consists of 6 or 8 small colonies forming a cluster
on a piece of dead coral; the largest colony is about 9°5 em. high and 14 em. broad.

Pacific Ocean: Samoa Islands.

a, 6. Samoa Islands. Purchased. 62. 1. 27.4 & 5. nf
c. Samoa Islands. Rev. S. J. Whitmee [P.]. 75. 10.2.9. } pi

94. Madrepora microclados.

Heteropora microclados, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 109 (part.); non IM. microclados,
auctt.

Madrepora flabelhformis, M.-Kdwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 157; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888,
Bd. iii. p. 153; ibid. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 511 (non Briiggemann, Phil. Trans. 1879, vol. clxviii.
p- 575; non Ridley, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1883, vol. xi. p. 259).

MADREPORA. 103

The specimens referred by Ehrenberg to H. microclados appear referable to two, possibly
to three species. Those which he mentions as forming part of the Berlin-Museum collection
are, with one exception, identical with M. spicifera, Dana. As already indicated by Studer,
slight differences occur; but nothing which, in my opinion, entitles them to rank as a distinct
species. Ehrenberg, however, also refers to a fine specimen in the cabinet of the “ Gesell-
schaft der naturforschenden Freunde.” This specimen also is now in the Berlin Museum; it
differs specifically from the other specimens, and is practically identical with the type of
M. flabelliformis, Ed. & H. On comparing the various specimens with Ehrenberg’s diagnosis,
I find that the specimen formerly in the possession of the “Ges. naturf. Freunde” agrees
closely—so closely, indeed, that it appears to have been the specimen on which the diagnosis
was based ; on the other hand, the remaining specimens do not conform to the description.
Under these circumstances it appears necessary to regard the specimen in question as the
type, and the others as M. spicifera, Dana. In this case, M. flabelliformis, Ed. & H., becomes
asynonym. ‘The following is a description of the specimen :—

Corallum flabellate or shallow vasiform; the part preserved consists of a frond 26 cm.
high and 24 cm. wide above, but tapering almost to a point at the base. Under surface
complanate ; branches laterally compressed, 12 by 8 mm., rather distantly coalescent. Surface
almost naked, with numerous immersed corallites 0°75 to 1 mm. diameter, and a few short
branchlets pressed mto the general plane, 1 to 1°8 cm. long and about 4 mm. thick ; each
consists of an elongate and thick axial corallite with subimmersed radial buds. On the upper
surface the branchlets are slender, frequently oblique and rather distant, 1 to 2°5 em. long
and 4 or 5 mm. thick at the base. Axial corallites 1:5 to 2 mm. diameter and | to 3 mm.
exsert, or even more ; wall not much thickened ; a few of the apices are proliferous. The
radial corallites of the main divisions are immersed or subimmersed. At the base of the
branchlets the corallites have the outer part of the wall short and thin, and the aperture is
wide ; towards the apex the wall gradually becomes more elongate and labellate, and spreads
at an angle of about 40°; length 1 to 4mm., diameter 1:5 mm. ; the wall is always thin, and
the aperture wide and circular. Corallum fragile ; surface reticulate and strongly echinulate ;
wall broadly striate, echinulate near the base.

The type of M. flabelliformis, Ed. & H., consists of a fan-shaped frond 32 cm. high and
38 em. across the broadest part. It agrees closely with the specin’en already described in the
majority of its characters. The branchlets on the upper surface’ arise singly or in groups of
3to6. The upper radial corallites are labellate or half-tubwlar, a little unequal, 1-3 mm.
diameter and up to 2°5 mm. long. The surface of the corallum consists of a close vermiculate
network with fine echinulations. All the septa are narrow, and in the immersed corallites are

almost indistinguishable.

Indian Ocean.

104 MADREPORARIA.

b. Corallum prostrate. Radial corallites nariform.

95. Madrepora aculeus.

Madrepora aculeus, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 450, pl. xxxii. fig. 6 ; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p- 155; ? Quelch, ‘Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 160; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x.
p- 12; ? Bassett-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 454 (non Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888,
Ba. iii. p. 153).

Corallum prostrate ; branches stout and very uneven, much and closely subdivided.
Branchlets on the under surface short, angular, horizontal, and covered with long tubular
corallites. On the upper surface the branchlets are exsert, but rise with a curve, very
crowded, 4mm. thick and often 5 cm. long, subacute. Axial corallites promment (often
2mm.) ; radial corallites not crowded, small, round nariform, with the edge thin, 1 mm.
diameter and 2 mm. long; wall striate, but not echinulate. Star mostly distinct, the

directive septa broadest. (Dana.)
Indo-Pacific Ocean: Fiji, ? Philippines, ? China Sea.

?a. Samboangan, Philippines. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 249.
? 6. Tizard Bank, 834 fathoms. H.M.S. ‘Rambler.’ 89. 9. 24. 105.

96. Madrepora glochiclados.
Madrepora aculeus, Ortmann (non Dana), Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 153.

Corallum prostrate, resembling M. aculeus in habit, but provided with stouter branchlets
and much larger radial corallites. The type specimen consists of a mass of branches 36 cm.
long, the main divisions 1°7 cm. thick. The branchlets on the upper surface are arched, 8 cm.
long, simple or divided near the base into 2 or 3 little-spreading divisions about 1 em. thick.
Axial corallites 2°5 to 3 mm. diameter, 1 to 2 mm. exsert. Radial corallites broad nariform,
more or less spreading, 2°5 and occasionally 3 mm. diameter, 3 to 4 mm. long, but becoming
shorter and subimmersed below. The star consists of 12 well-developed septa. Corallum
moderately porous near the apex, but stony below; surface and wall striate and echinulate.

Indian Ocean (Strassburg Museum).

? W. Thomson Coll. Q1. 2. 3. 5.

ec. Corallum subcorymbose or frondose. Radial corallites open nariform or labellate,
with a wide circular aperture.

97. Madrepora surculosa.

Madrepora surculosa, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 445, pl. xxxii. figs. 4 & 5; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires,
p. 158; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 42; Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond.
1886, vol. xxi. p. 19; Quelch, ‘Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 166; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
1887, vol. x. p. 42 (non Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 20).

MADREPORA. 105

Corallum corymbose, short and stout pedicellate, flattened above. The branches on the
under surface extend obliquely and are more or less fused together into a solid plate without
twigs ; but where a space occurs between adjoining branches the margin bears stout spreading
tubular corallites, and immersed corallites are scattered quite irregularly over the under
surface. In other cases where the under surface is not so solid the prominent corallites are
much more numerous, and some are proliferous and form short twigs in the general plane.
On the upper surface the branchlets are crowded, short and tapering, simple or collected into
groups of 2 to 5, frequently proliferous at the apex ; about 1:5 to 3 cm. long and 6 to 8 mm.
thick at the base, frequently angular in the basal part. Axial corallites cylindrical, 1°5 mm.
diameter, 1 to 2 mm. exsert ; wall thin, porous and strongly striate. Radial corallites crowded,
ascending, open labellate, with rounded apex, a little unequal owing to incipient proliferous
corallites; 2to 3 mm. long, 1 to 1°5 mm. thick ; wall very fragile, striato-reticulate. Star
not distinct, even the directive septa not always recognizable. Corallum very porous; surface
of branchlets strongly echinulate, denser and more finely echinulate on the under surface.

Usually at a point about 1 cm. from the apex of a branchlet the corallites become shorter
and finally immersed, but the aperture is alwaysabout 1mm. The corallites are slightly more
spreading near the margin of the colony, but the angle rarely exceeds 45°.

In Dana’s figure 4a the elongate lip of the corallites is not shown.

The specimens in the Saville-Kent Collection differ from the Tahiti specimens in habit,
but the corallites are of the same form. The habit is usually more prostrate and half-
vasiform, without prominent tubular corallites on the under surface, but, on the other hand,
one or two show the erect tubular corallites very well indeed.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Tahiti, Fiji, Great-Barrier Reef, East Indies, Mergui Archipelago,
? Ceylon.

a-c. Tahiti. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 85. 2.1. 8 & 9, 92. 10.16. 9,
d. Low Woody Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 157.
e. Capricorn Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 160.
fH. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 153, 158, 159 & 162.
?7. Ramesvaram. Madras Museum. 93. 4. 7. 129.
k. ? Purchased. 45. 9. 24. 5.

98. Madrepora macrostoma. (Plate XIX. fig. B.)
Madrepora macrostoma, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 464.

Corallum subcorymbose or umbellate, 33 em. broad and 15 em. high, consisting of
crowded erect branches springing from an obconical fastigiate cluster of dead coral. Branches
4.cm. long, simple or consisting of two or three subparallel divisions about 1 cm. thick,
scarcely tapering. Apices a little over 1 cm. apart, the marginal ones very proliferous and
sometimes acervate. Axial corallites 2°5 to 8 mm. thick and 1 mm. exsert. Radial corallites
broad, round and ascending tubo-labellate, 3 mm. long, and 2 to 2°5 mm. diameter; aperture
large and circular, wall very thin. Star well-developed but deep, consisting of twelve

106 MADREPORARIA.

prominent septa. Lower down the corallites become thickened, verruciform, or immersed.
Corallum very porous and reticulate in section; surface openly reticulate; wall striato-
reticulate, echinulate near the base.

Mauritius.

a. Mauritius. Purchased. 78. 2.4.7. (Type.)

99. Madrepora anthocercis. (Plate XIII. fig. C.)
Madrepora coronata, Brook (non Rehberg), Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 456.

Corallum cespitose or, in large specimens, forming broad much-flattened clumps from an
incrusting base ; diameter 20 to 24 cm., height 6 cm., base 12 cm. diameter. Branches short,
crowded, acervate, undivided, excepting near the margin, often broader at the apex than the
base owing to the acervate condition and the presence of elongate corallites at and round the
apex ; length 1-2 to 3cm., or more in the case of marginal branches ; diameter 5 to 7 mm. at
the base, frequently 1 em. or more at the apex; apices a little over 1 em. apart. Axial
corallites cylindrical, 2 or more frequently 3 mm. diameter and about 4 mm. exsert ; wall
porous and strongly striate ; star well-developed but deep. The apex of a branch is rarely
simple, usually two or more corallites surrounding the axial corallite increase in size so as to
be indistinguishable from it—indeed, in certain cases the parent corallite becomes almost
obliterated by the formation of stout proliferous corallites around it. Radial corallites rela-
tively large, ascending, but with wide aperture, wall rather thin, margin often horizontal ; the
form is variable, nariform at first, but with increase in size dimidiate, tubular or funnel-
shaped ; length 2 to 4 mm., diameter 1:5 to 2°5 mm.; those near the apex are crowded, those
lower down are rather distant and less prominent. Star of the radial corallites moderately
developed, the directive septa distinctly broader and stouter than the others. Corallum
porous ; surface covered with strongly dentate plates ; wall deeply striate and echinulate.

Pacific Ocean : Great Barrier Reef area.

a. Palm Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 235. T
b,c. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 236 & 7. } Bass?

100. Madrepora recumbens. (Plate XXVII. fig. F.)
Madrepora recumbens, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 461.

Corallum cespitose at first, becoming flattened, frondose or semivasiform with increase in
size; largest specimen 30 cm. broad. Proximal portion of main divisions fused into a solid
plate without branchlets on the outer surface, but with small scattered immersed corallites ;
distal parts more or less confluent; many of the corallites are nariform or subtubular, but do
not form projecting twigs. Branchlets on the upper surface short, subconical and somewhat
arcuate, 1 to 2:5 cm. long, 8 to 13 mm. diameter at the base, rapidly tapering, and usually
simple. Where the outline of the main divisions is distinguishable the branchlets are seen to
be arranged in a single row on the upper surface of each branch, with immersed cells in the
lines of fusion between adjoining branches. Apices usually about 1:2 cm. apart, but some-

MADREPORA. 107

what irregular. Axial corallites cylindrical, usually 1°8 to 2 mm, diameter, rarely 2°5 mm. ;
15 mm. exsert; wall usually thin but firm, margin plane. Radial corallites round, open
nariform to tubo-nariform or tubo-labellate ; the inner part of the wall not so prominent as
the outer; others between are smaller or immersed; the prominent corallites are often
arranged in irregular longitudinal rows; length 1 to 2 mm., diameter 1°5 to 2 mm. ; outer
part of the wall firm but not thick, the inner part is delicate. Star not prominent, usually
only the directive septa are recognizable. Corallum rather dense ; surface dense but reticulate
in parts, strongly echinulate ; wall striato-echinulate.

Pacific Ocean: Great-Barrier Reef area.

a-c. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 269 to 271. T
d. Green Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 272. } Es
e,f. Capricorn Islands. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 273 & 161. (Var.)

D. Branchlets on the under surface suberect and often of considerable importance. In other
respects this Division resembles the M. spicifera group (C.a).

101. Madrepora hyacinthus.

Madrepora hyacinthus, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 444, pl. xxxii. fig. 2; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires,
t. iii. p. 158; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 16; Bassett-Smith, Ann. Mag.
N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 455 (mon Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 164).

Madrepora vastula, Bassett-Smith (non Quelch), Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 455.

Corallum vasiform, pedicellate, frond 2°5 to 3°2 cm. thick ; branches sparingly coalescent ;
below, branchlets crowded and spreading, 8 to 12 mm. long, often proliferous; above,
branchlets slender (about 3 mm. thick), nearly simple, sometimes proliferous, 12 to 18 mm.
long. Corallites tubo-labellate, not fragile, 2 to 3 mm. long, lip not at all flattened ; cells
open, with an indistinct star. Axial corallites cylindrical, prominent. The branchlets below
are muricate (oblique), nearly like those above. The type specimen is a vase, 12°5 cm. in
diameter. (Dana.)

The specimens from the Tizard Bank, referred by Bassett-Smith to this species and to
M. vastula, agree more nearly with Dana’s description than any other specimens which I have
seen ; but the twigs on the under surface are not so long as might be expected from the
diagnosis. They have the following characters :—Fronds 3°5 to 4 cm. thick, attachment
lateral; rather regularly reticulate, composed of branches 4 to 6 mm. thick, with appressed
tubular corallites and a few short spreading twigs not over 7 mm. long on the under surface.
Branchlets on the upper surface arched ; two or more arise from a common base, and sometimes
each is again subdivided. Axial corallites cylindrical, 2 mm. (rarely 2°5 mm.) diameter and
1 to 2 mm. exsert. Radial corallites dimidiate or labellate, with a curved outer surface, and
becoming shorter, nariform, and finally immersed on the main branches ; length 2:5 to 8 mm.,
diameter 15 mm.; wall firm. Very few truly immersed corallites occur in any part of the
corallum. In the axial corallites the septa are in two cycles, but the second is very narrow ;

108 MADREPORARIA.

in the radial corallites rarely more than the directive septa are recognizable. Wall striate at
first, echinulate at the base, the whole surface becoming covered with plate-like echinulations
later.

Pacific Ocean: Fiji, Great-Barrier Reef, Tizard Bank.

a. Tizard Bank, 94 fathoms. H.M.S, ‘Rambler.’ 89. 9. 24. 90. (=M. hyacinthus,
B.-Sm.)
6. Tizard Bank, 94 fathoms. H.M.S. ‘Rambler.’ 89. 9. 24. 116. (=M. vastula,
B.-Sm.)
c,d. Tizard Bank, 94 fathoms. H.M.S. ‘Rambler.’ 93. 4. 7. 97 & 166.
e. Palm Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 220.
e ? aoe rales Rall

102. Madrepora conferta.

? Madrepora microcladus, Briiggemann (non Ehrenberg), Phil. Trans. 1879, vol. elxviii. p. 575.

Madrepora conferta, Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef-Corals, p. 164, pl. x. fig. 3; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 18.

Madrepora hyacinthus, Quelch (non Dana), ‘ Challenger’ Reef-Corals, p. 164.

Madrepora vasiula, Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef-Corals, p. 165, pl. x. fig. 4 (non B.-Smith, Ann. Mag.
N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 455),

Corallum pedicellate, vasiform or plate-like, about 3 cm. thick; either very shallow
(M. hyacinthus, Quelch) or funnel-shaped (M. vastula, Quelch). Main branches 1°5 cm. or
more in diameter, often laterally compressed, but those which appear on the under surface are
rarely over 5 to 6 mm. diameter, closely packed and intricately coalescent with narrow
elongate meshes. On the under surface there are numerous short ramiculi and proliferous
corallites not over 8 mm. long and the majority under 5 mm., some of the longer ones extend
obliquely from the sides of the branches, but the majority stand off at right angles (Quelch
says, “closely appressed into the plane of the frond”). The under surface of the network
between the proliferations is supplied with erect tubular corallites 2 to 2°5 mm. long and
15 mm. diameter, with immersed and subimmersed ones between. The “solid areas”
described by Quelch are probably accidental and cannot be considered as characteristic of the
species. The branchlets on the upper surface are short, erect, and very crowded, their apices
rarely over 5 mm. apart; they are usually 8 to 12 mm. long and 4 to 6 mm. broad just below
the apex, but rather narrower below where the radial corallites are shorter; many are
proliferous, and those near the margin of the colony extend obliquely and may be longer.
Axial corallites about 1:75 mm. in diameter, 1 mm. exsert or a little more. Radial coral-
lites rather spreading, boat-shaped or broad, and curved labellate; wall thm and not
compressed, 1 to 1°5 mm. long and 1 mm. broad, or slightly more across the lip ; towards the
base of the branchlets the corallites are shorter and become immersed or subimmersed on the
branches. Corallum rather dense, but porous near the apex of the branchlets; surface
striato-reticulate and echinulate, wall striato-echinulate. The primary septa are all narrow

in the radial corallites, sometimes only the directives are recognizable.

MADREPORA. 109

The three ‘ Challenger’ specimens referred by Quelch to M. hyacinthus, M. conferta,
and M. vastula appear to me to belong to one species, and differ chiefly in the shape of the
vase or plate. All agree in the characters of the under surface, which supply the chief
distinction from M. hyacinthus, Dana. The specimen referred to M. hyacinthus by Quelch
differs from the other two in having usually shorter and more proliferous branchlets on the
upper surface, but especially in the axial corallites, many of which are slightly over 2 mm.
diameter, with a wide shallow cup.

Indo-Pacific Ocean : Tongatabu, Fiji Islands, Great-Barrier Reef, Torres Straits, Ami-
rante Islands, ? Rodriguez.

a. Reefs, Fiji. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 85. 2.1.12. (Type.)

6. Kandavu, Fiji. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.? 85. 2.1.17. (Type of M. vastula,
Quelch.)

c. Levuka, Fiji. H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ 85. 2.1. 2 (=WM. hyacinthus,
Quelch.)

d. Tongatabu. J.J. Lister, Esq. [P.]. 91. 3.6.17. (Young colony.)

e,f. Eagle Island, Amirante H.M.S. ‘ Alert” 82. 10. 17. 141 & 185.
Islands: 10 fathoms.

g,. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 149 & 264.
i-k, Cleremont Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 150 to 152
1. Thursday Island. Sayille-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 265. (Var.)
?m. Rodriguez. Royal Society [P.]. 76. 5. 5. 99. (=WM. microcladus,
Brigg.)

103. Madrepora delicatula. (Plate XXVIII. figs. D & E.)
Madrepora delicatula, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. vii. p. 461.

Corallum yvasiform or extending horizontally; branches not over 8 mm. thick, laxly
coalescent, but not complanate, and bearing on the under surface numerous slender branchlets
almost at right angles, 1 em. or more in length and generally 2:5 mm. diameter at the base,
provided with distant, appressed tubular buds ; appressed tubular and immersed corallites also
occur between the twigs. The upper surface bears slender arcuate branches, not over 5 mm.
thick, which give rise to delicate ascending branchlets, singly or in groups of two or three ; these
are 1°5 to 2°5 em. long and scarcely 3 mm. thick at the base, apparently tapering, owing to
the radial corallites being shorter near the apex. Axial corallites 1:5 mm. diameter, usually
9-5 mm. exsert. Radial corallites rather distant, round-nariform, or labellate, 1 to 1°3 mm.
wide and 1 to 4 mm. long; the lip of the more elongate ones is frequently a little incurved ;
wall thin, aperture round, star indistinct. Corallum very porous and fragile; surface

vermiculato-echinulate ; wall finely striate, echinulate near the base.

Solomon Islands.

a. Treasury Island, Solomon Islands. Dr. Guppy [P.]. 84. 12. 11. 23. (Type.)
6. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 148.
Q

110 MADREPORARIA,

104, Madrepora kenti. (Plate XI. fig. B.)
Madrepora kenti, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 458.

Corallum horizontal or corymbose, in either case the main branches are divided into two
subparallel series of branches; the upper series bear branchlets on the superior surface and
the lower series bear branchlets which are almost equally important on the inferior surface ;
the main branches are 2 to 2°5 em. thick. The inferior series of branchlets in the horizontal
form extend obliquely forwards, and are 3°5 to 5 cm. long and 5 to 7 mm. thick at the base,
simple or proliferous at the apex ; the apices are nearly all arranged in one plane. Coral-
lites large, very distant, round, appressed tubiform ; inner part of the wall not free in the
shorter corallites, but more or less prominent in the more elongate ones ; length of the outer
part of the wall 2 to 4 mm., diameter 2°5 mm., aperture 15 mm. The radial corallites are
longest near the apex of a branchlet and gradually decrease in length towards the base ;
scarcely any are completely immersed. The branchlets on the upper surface are similar to
those below but less oblique ; length 3-5 to 6 em., diameter at the base 7 to 10 mm., the
more slender ones are scarcely tapering. Axial corallites 2:5 to 8 mm. diameter, cylindrical,
margin plane, aperture 15 mm. Radial corallites appressed tubular, similar to those below
but more crowded and more prominent; the majority have the outer part of the wall
produced into a rounded lip (ligulate), but the inner part is usually not free; length 3 to
4 mm., diameter 2°5 mm. across the lip, but usually rather narrower at the base; in most
cases the corallites are almost as prominent just above the base of a branchlet as near the
apex. Star moderately developed, the two directive septa prominent, the other primaries of
medium breadth, and frequently a narrow second cycle is also present. Corallum moderately

porous in section, but dense and pitted at the surface, echinulate; wall striato-reticulate,
echinulate at the base.

The corymbose variety has more crowded and clustered branchlets ; on the upper surface
two or three often spring from the same stalk, but the same bifarious condition of the
branches and branchlets occurs as in the horizontal form. The outer part of the wall of the
radial corallites is here not quite so spreading, and the inner part of the wall is rarely
prominent except in corallites which become proliferous.

Pacific Ocean: Torres Straits; Great-Barrier Reef.

a, Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 202. (Horizontal.)
6. Low Woody Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 29. 6. 8. 203. (Corymbose. } bay tyes

105. Madrepora bifaria. (Plate XXX. fig. A.)
Madrepora bifaria, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 453.

Corallum horizontal, with numerous erect spiciform branchlets on the under surface
similar to those above. Colony 30 cm. long, 23 em. broad, and 12 em. thick. Main

MADREPORA. LE

branches 2 cm. thick, giving rise to subparallel divisions over 1°5 cm. diameter, each of which
bears a series of branchlets on its outer surface. Branchlets simple, bi- or trifid, arising
obliquely, but arched near the base so that the distal part extends vertically, length 3 to
4°5 em., diameter 7 or 8 mm. near the base, slowly tapering, apices about 1°5 cm. apart, but
many are divided near the apex. Axial corallites 2 mm. diameter, usually not over 1 mm.
exsert ; wall very porous, margin plane, star very well developed. Radial corallites half-
tubular, labellate, or tubular with an oblique apex; the form varies with the greater or less
development of the inner part of the wall; the majority arise at an angle of about 45°;
length on the distal parts 2 to 3°5 mm., diameter across the lip about 2 mm.; those situated
below the middle of a branchlet are short tubular, with a round aperture; immersed coral-
lites do not usually occur on the branchlets, and on the main divisions they are small. The
branchlets on the under surface are practically identical with those above, but many are
only 2°6 cm. long, though others may be 4°5 cm. The primary septa are very well developed in
nearly all cases, and the directives often nearly meet in the middle line; the second cycle may
also be well developed. Corallum rather porous, surface spongy echinulate; wall thin and
fenestrated at first, with increase in thickness the strie become replaced by echinulations in
longitudinal rows.

Java.

a. Java. Purchased. 59. 12. 12.2. (Type.)

106. Madrepora patula. (Plate IX. fig. EH.)
Madrepora patula, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 460.

Corallum broad, depressed, bushy from a short simple stem, hemispherical ; 29 em. broad,
10 em. high. Branches radiating, 1:4 em. diameter, dividing’ two or three times in the same
plane. Branchlets on the upper surface erect, spiciform, simple or divided near the base into
two or more subparallel divisions, the distal portions of which are simple or further sub-
divided ; length 2 to 4°5 em., diameter at the base 6 to 7 mm. if simple, gradually tapering ;
apices about 1-4 cm. apart. Axial corallites cylindrical, 2 mm. diameter, 2 mm. exsert ;
wall a little thickened but very porous, margin plane. Radial corallites chiefly nariform,
outer part of the wall at an angle of about 45°, remaining more or less prominent quite to the
base of the branchlets; a few have the outer part of the wall more elongate and labellate;
length 2 mm., rarely 3 mm., diameter 12 to 15 mm.; wall usually thin and fragile, but may
be a little thickened near the base of the branchlets. Immersed corallites on the upper
surface of the corallum distant, 1 mm. diameter. Star imperfectly developed, usually only the
directive septa are recognizable in the prominent corallites ; but near the base of the branchlets,
in subimmersed cells, a second eycle of septa is usually present, and the directives may be very
broad. Branchlets on the under surface 8 to 16 mm. long and about 4 mm. diameter, tapering
to an axial corallite rarely more than 1°5 mm. exsert. Radial corallites chiefly forming sub-

immersed dilatations, but a few are nariform and a few which indicate new outgrowths are
Q2

112 MADREPORARIA.

tubular, 4 mm. long. Corallum very porous; surface reticulate, finely echinulate; wall
fragile, striato-reticulate.

Pacific Ocean: Great-Barrier Reef area.

a. Port Denison. ‘Saville-Kent Coll. 96.6. 8.274. (Type.)

107. Madrepora latistella. (Plate IX. fig. B.)
Madrepora latistella, Brook, Ann, Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 459.

Corallum subhorizontal, without fusions. Branches 9 to 10 mm. diameter. Branchlets
on the upper surface erect, spiciform, simple or in groups of 2 to 3 from a common base,
rarely proliferous except near the margin of the colony; length 2°5 to 3 em., diameter 5 mm,
Axial corallites cylindrical, 2°5 to 3 mm. diameter, 2 mm. exsert. Radial corallites chiefly
gutter-shaped or labellate, usually ascending ; wall of moderate length, but becoming reduced
to a crescentic rim near the base of the branchlets ; length 1°5 to 2 mm., diameter 1°3 mm. ;
on the marginal branches the corallites are stouter, further apart, and many which are tubular
or subtubular indicate new proliferations, those which are 4 or 5 mm. long already bear
several small buds. Star well-developed; even in corallites situated near the apex of a
branchlet the primary septa are very prominent and a second cycle exists in rudiment ; lower
down the second cycle is also well-developed. Immersed corallites are numerous on the
upper surface, and extend to the basal parts of the branchlets. On the under surface the
branchlets extend obliquely, and often bear several elongate tubular corallites 6 mm. or more
long and 2 mm. diameter. Corallum moderately porous ; surface strongly striato-echinulate ;
wall strongly striate, echinulate at the base.

The species bears a close general resemblance to M. patula, but differs in the form of the

corallites, in the importance of the septa, in the condition of the surface, as well as in
minor points.

Pacific Ocean: Great-Barrier Reef area.

a. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 275. le
6. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 316. f§ 72°:

The following species are also provisionally referred to this subgenus. The first
shows an affinity to the subgenus Conocyathus, the others are apparently related to
Lepidocyathus :—

108. Madrepora polystoma. (Plate XIX. fig. A.)
Madrepora polystoma, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 466.

Corallum corymbose and complanate below, 35 cm. wide and 12 em. high, closely
resembling that of M. concinna in habit. Branches complanate’ below, the basal parts fused.
into a solid plate with immersed corallites; distal parts with hemicotyloid corallites on the
under surface and a few lateral, tubular or conical ones. Branches on the upper surface
about 4 cm. long and 1°3 to 1°5 em. thick, angular below, with crowded immersed corallites ;

_ a

MADREPORA, Ins

often divided above into two or four branchlets, many of which, especially near the centre of
the corallum, bear numerous ascending proliferations. Axial corallites 2:5 to 3 mm. diameter,
rarely more than 1 mm. exsert, margin scarcely rounded. The central branchlets bear
crowded proliferations, 7 mm. long and 4 mm. thick, with crowded immersed corallites
between ; others are dimidiate and appressed, 2°5 to 4 mm. long and 1°5 mm. thick; wall thin
but firm. The peripheral branchlets have few proliferous corallites; most are subequal,
nariform with an elongate lip, and a little compressed, 3 mm. long and 1°3 mm. thick. Star
moderately prominent, the directive septa very broad. Corallum rather porous; surface
finely echinulate ; wall striato-echinulate.

Mauritius.

a. Mauritius. Purchased. 78. 2.4.6. (Type.)

109. Madrepora indica. (Plate XXXIV. fig. A.)

Corallum cespitose, subcorymbose, or consistmg of a cluster of slender suberect
branches from an oblique base. Diameter of the colony about 17 cm., height 14cm. The
base may be broad or narrow. Branches over 1 cm. diameter near the base, divided into
two or more branchlets often at about the same point, each again forked and often proliferous
near the apex; distal divisions 2 to 4 cm. long and 6 mm. thick, but the thickness is variable
—in one specimen only 5 mm., in another a few of the branchlets are 10 mm. in diameter.
Axial corallites cylindrical, 2 to 2°5, rarely 3 mm. diameter; primary septa equal and well
developed ; in corallites of 3 mm. diameter a narrow second cycle is also present. The
radial corallites are nearly all immersed except on the distal divisions, and sometimes also on
the basal parts of these; the prominent corallites are crowded, more or less appressed,
nariform, half-tubular or sublabellate, somewhat compressed near the apex of a branchlet,
becoming short, firm-walled, and more open below. Stouter branched specimens have the
corallite wall thicker than in other cases, and many of the smaller corallites between them
have a spiniform wall. In one specimen the corallites are mostly of one type; in another, with
slender branchlets, some of the corallites remain more or less prominent nearly to the base
of the branchlets. In the prominent corallites the septa are imperfectly developed; usually
only the directives are recognizable, and the outer one is a little broader than the inner. In
the immersed corallites the primary septa are narrow and subequal, but the directives are
stouter than the others; sometimes a more or less complete second cycle is present.
Corallum porous; surface covered with spinose plates ; wall usually fragile, strongly striate,
echinulate at the base.

Indian Ocean.

a—c. Ramesvaram, Madras Mus. 88. 11. 25. 13; 93. 4. 7. 188 & 189. (Types.)

114 MADREPORARIA.

110, Madrepora sinensis. (Plate XX XIII. fig. C.)

Corallum incrusting, with numerous short slender branchlets on the upper surface,
arranged singly or in groups ; marginal divisions oblique, with branchlets only on the upper
surface (subecorymbose) ; branchlets 1-5 to 2°5 cm. long and 5 to 6 mm. diameter at the base,
the distal parts tapering. Axial corallites cylindrical, 1°3 to 2 mm. diameter; wall usually
thin; primary septa equal and well developed, the directives stouter ; a second cycle is also
present. Radial corallites usually open nariform, but varying from short subimmersed to
sublabellate or spreading scale-like, as in typical Lepidocyathus. The angle is consequently
very variable ; at first the corallites are ascending and irregular, the labellate ones are more
spreading, and the few which are scale-like extend almost horizontally. The longest coral-
lites measure 2 mm., and the diameter is usually 1:3 or slightly over, but the scale-like
corallites may measure 2 mm. across the lip. The condition of the septa varies according to
the form of the corallite. In those which are nariform or tubo-nariform the directive septa
are equal and well developed, the other primaries narrower. In the labellate and scale-like
forms the outer directive is more prominent than the inner, and in such cases the second
cycle of septa is represented but is not complete. The corallum is porous, the surface dense
and echinulate or provided with rows of echinulate plates; wall striato-echinulate. This
species occupies an intermediate position between the M. spicifera group and typical Lepido-
cyathus, and combines in the form of its corallites the characters of both groups. In habit
the species resembles M. tumida, Verrill.

Pacific Ocean: Formosa, China.

a,b. Formosa. Consul Swinhoe [P.]. 70.5.9. 11& att
c. China (probably South). Fisheries Exhibition [P.]. 84. 2. 26. 23. f ~YP°S:

111. Madrepora frondosa. (Plate XXXIV. fig. E.)

Corallum extending horizontally or ?vasiform, bearing a general resemblance to
M. subulata in habit. Branches 1 em. thick, about 1°5 cm. from centre to centre, arranged
in more than one row, but often quite irregular and fused together at intervals. Under
surface of the main branches not flattened, covered chiefly with immersed or subimmersed
corallites, and provided at intervals with a few spreading nariform corallites in which the
outer part of the wall is thickened, and also with a few short oblique twigs or proliferous
corallites up to 8 mm. in length. Branchlets on the upper surface simple or forked, 2 to
5 cm. long and 6 or 7 mm. thick; most of them are rendered rough by the presence of
proliferous corallites and many of the apices are divided. Axial corallites cylindrical, 2 to
2°5 mm. diameter and 1 to 2 mm. exsert; the wall is porous and strongly ribbed and
echinulate; the aperture is somewhat funnel-shaped, and discloses a star of six moderate and
subequal primary septa, together with a narrow second cycle; a few which are 3 mm.
diameter have the second cycle of septa well developed. The prominent radial corallites are

MADREPORA. 115

unequal in length, half-tubular or gutter-shaped, with a convex apex; length 1:5 to 2:2,
rarely 3 mm., diameter 1-5 mm.; the wall is a little thickened, but very porous and strongly
tabulato-echinulate ; a few are thin-walled and scale-like. The angle of the radial corallites
varies from 40° to 80°, but is not usually over 60°. The septa are scarcely developed in the
prominent radial corallites, usually only the directive septa are recognizable; in the immersed
ones the septa vary from this condition through a stage in which all the members of the
primary cycle are present with the outer directive most prominent, to one in which the six
primary septa are all moderately developed but equal. The surface of the corallum in the
older parts is closely vermiculate and echinulate.

The habitat of the type specimen is not recorded.
? ——? 93.4.7.90. (Type.)

112. Madrepora elegantula.
Madrepora elegantula, Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1889, Bad. iv. p. 507, pl. xii. fig. 5.

Corallum irregularly cespitose, with divided and proliferous branches, tapering above.
The marginal branches are somewhat horizontal and flattened, with few corallites on the under
surface. Axial corallites cylindrical and thin-walled, 1-5 to 2 mm. diameter, frequently 3 to
5 mm. exsert; the star may consist of 12 or only 6 septa; the primaries are very broad and
nearly meet in the middle line. The radial corallites are chiefly appressed tubular, with the
inner part of the wall scarcely free when short, in other cases the shape is bursiform or nari-
form with a circular aperture 1 mm. or more in diameter; length 4 to 8 mm., diameter 2mm.,
none are immersed except towards the base of the branches. Numerous tubular proliferous
corallites occur between the others, forming incipient branchlets. The star of the radial
corallites consists usually of twelve very narrow septa, the directives scarcely broader than the
others. Corallum porous ; surface vermiculate ; wall thin, openly striate and echinulate.

‘The position of this species is uncertain, but it appears more closely related to M. afri-
cana than to any other species.

Indian Ocean : Ceylon.

a. Ceylon. Haeckel Coll. 92. 12. 5. 18.

4, Subgenus LEPIDOCYATHUS.

Corallum usually corymbose or prostrate; in one species the colony is incrusting,
with low mammiform elevations in place of proper branches. The branches are terete and
usually scarcely tapering. Axial corallites similar to those of Polystachys; they are pro-
vided with twelve septa ; the directives are usually slightly broader than the others. The radial
corallites are evenly distributed, scale-like, very spreading, giving a catkin-like appearance to
the branchlets. Sometimes there is a marked difference in size or angle between the

116 MADREPORARIA.

corallites of the central branchlets and those of the marginal ones. The septa are not well
developed in the radial corallites, usually only the directives are recognizable, unless in im-
mersed corallites, and the outer directive septum is generally either broader or stouter than

the inner one.

A. Corallum corymbose or bushy. The radial corallites thin-walled and prominent
nearly to the bases of the branchlets.

113. Madrepora imbricata,
Heteropora imbricata, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 112; Dana, Zoophytes, p. 722.

The type specimen consists of several fragments which apparently form part of a vasi-
form colony. The main branches are not much fused together, and on the under surface
bear elongate, appressed, tubular twigs, often 2 em. long and only 3 mm. thick at the base,
provided with lateral subimmersed buds. The branches on the upper surface are 8 to 10 mm.
thick, and give rise to ascending branchlets 3 to 4 cm. long and about 6 mm. thick near the
base. Axial corallites 1°5 to 2 mm. diameter, 1 mm. exsert, wall a little thickened, primary
septa moderately developed. Radial corallites crowded, broad, flattened labellate, spreading,
but not at right angles, equal or subequal, 2 mm. long and often 2 mm. broad across the lip,
becoming shorter and subimmersed on the stouter parts. Star of the radial corallites not
developed, frequently only the lower directive septum is recognizable. Corallum moderately
porous but vitreous ; surface dense, echinulate ; wall striate and echinulate.

This species appears to have been overlooked and is not included in the work of Milne-
Edwards. It differs chiefly from M. millepora and M. convewa in the less coalescent branches
and the condition of the under surface.

Habitat not recorded. (Berlin Museum.)
114. Madrepora millepora.

Heteropora millepora, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 109.

Madrepora millepora, Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 528; Studer, Mitth. natur. Ges. Bern,
1880, p. 20; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 508.

Non Madrepora millepora, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 446, pl. xxxiii. fig. 2; ?M.-Edwards & Haime, Coral-
liaires, t. iii. p. 155; ? Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, yol. i. p. 42; Quelch, ‘ Challenger ’
Reef Corals, p. 157.

? Madrepora conveca, Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 153 (part.); ibid. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 508.

Corallum corymbose and pedicellate, flattened below, where the branches are confluent

and bear immersed corallites and a few appressed or spreading conical twigs. In Ehrenberg’s

type the lateral branches of the colony are not preserved. The branchlets on the upper

surface are terete, 5 to 7°5 cm. long and about 7 mm. diameter, simple or more usually

subdivided into clusters, especially near the margin of a colony. The distal divisions are 2 to

4 cm. long, only slightly tapering, with the apices obtuse. Axial corallites cylindrical, 2 mm.

MADREPORA. IAL G/

diameter and 1 mm. exsert in the type specimen; wall firm but not very thick, the aperture
usually wide. Radial corallites spreading, imbricate, crowded, with the walls in contact in
some specimens but free in others; they are gutter-shaped, thin-walled, and usually extend
almost at right angles. In the type specimen the length is 1:25 mm., the breadth at the
apex 1:75 to2 mm. In other specimens the length may be 15 mm. or slightly over, and the
diameter 2 to 2°3 mm. The radial corallites gradually become reduced in length until
towards the base of the branchlets all are immersed. On the marginal branchlets the coral-
lites are more spreading and are not quite so crowded. Corallum porous, surface reticulato-
echinulate, wall striato-echinulate. In Studer’s ‘ Gazelle’ specimens the axial corallites are
usually 2°5 to 3 mm. thick, and the under surface of the corallum bears numerous spreading
conical twigs. A fine series of specimens form part of the Sayille-Kent Collection, which
exhibit considerable variation. Some agree closely with Studer’s specimens, others have
more distant and more distinctly open radial corallites ; in some the corallites of the more
central branchlets are distinctly ascending, but in others there is scarcely any difference in the
angle of the corallites of the middle and the peripheral divisions. The axial corallites are
provided with 12 well-developed septa; the directives are slightly broader than the other pri-
maries. In the radial corallites often only the directive septa are recognizable, the outer one
rather stouter and sometimes broader than the inner. In older corallites the star consists of
a primary series of septa and a more or less complete second cycle ; all are very narrow, but

the outer directive is a little more marked.

Var. compacta.

This name is proposed for a variety which recalls the appearance of WM. hebes, but the
habit is not fruticose as in that species. The branchlets are usually shorter, stouter, and
more crowded than in typical specimens, and the colony is either prostrate or forms small
compact corymbose clumps. The radial corallites are short with a thickened base, and thus
resemble those of some specimens of M. hedes rather than typical M. millepora, but the con-

dition of the septa is the same as in typical M. millepora.

Probably the species described and figured by Dana as M. millepora is distinct from
Ehrenberg’s species. Unfortunately his type specimen does not appear to be preserved
in the National Collection at Washington. The figure shows a much more open reti-
culum than occurs in the Berlin specimens, and, what is perhaps of more importance, the
radial corallites of the central branchlets are much smaller, more crowded, and much less
spreading than those of the marginal divisions. I have regarded it as synonymous with my
M. squamosa. Apparently M.-Edwards and Verrill have followed Dana in the identification
of M. millepora, Ehrb., but this is not certain. On the other hand, M. convewa, Dana,
approaches M. millepora, Ehrb., and may prove to be a variety of it. The points of difference
are noted under the heading M. convera. I am inclined to refer some of the specimens
studied by Ortmann to M. millepora rather than to M. convexa, but one of them (Indian Ocean,
Conrad) comes nearer to var. compacta than the type. The branchlets are 8 to 10 mm.
thick, and the radial corallites are very short, broad, open labellate, and imbricate, 2°5 to

R

118 MADREPORARIA.

3 mm. diameter, not over 2 mm. long, and usually less. The aperture is very wide and the
septa very prominent. Wall closely striate.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Ceylon, Singapore, Great-Barrier Reef area.

a-o. Cleremont Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 165 to 178 & 186.
p. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8.179.
?q. Low Woody Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 180.
?r-t. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 181, 183 & 184.
u. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 182.
v. Green Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 266.
w. Rocky Island. Sayille-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 267.
a. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 268.
y. Ceylon. Haeckel Coll. 92. 12. 5. 30.
Var. compacta.
a-g. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 128 to 134.
h. Cleremont Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92.6. 8. 185.
i-l, Capricorn Islands. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 190 to 192 & 263.

115. Madrepora convexa.

Madrepora convexa, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 449 ; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 158; Verrill,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 42; Studer, MB. Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 20;
Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 15; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 153;
ibid. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 508 (part.).

? Madrepora corymbosa, Verrill (non Dana), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p, 42.

Corallum low corymbose, upper surface flattened or convex, 25 cm. or more in diameter.
Main branches nearly horizontal, complanate below, reticulato-coalescent, with a few short,
naked and subangular branchlets in the general plane. Corallites on the under surface all
immersed or subimmersed excepting at the margin of the colony, or in some specimens with
a few scattered, thick, bursiform or appressed tubular ones. Branchlets on the upper surface
simple or subsimple and terete near the centre of the colony, more divided or proliferous near
the margin, 5 to 7 mm. thick and 2°5 to 6 cm. long, varying in different specimens, mostly
tapermg, apex not very obtuse. Axial corallites short, cylindrical, 1 to 2 mm. thick and
1 mm. exsert, wall very porous and a little thickened. Radial corallites equal, scale-like or
labellate, crowded, and spreading almost at right angles, with a broad or rather narrow flat-
tened fragile lip, 15 mm. long and 1 to 2 mm. broad. Septa in two cycles, both well
developed in the axial corallites; in the radial ones the second cycle is rudimentary but
rarely absent. Coenenchyma very porous; wall delicate, striato-echinulate.

A cespitose specimen 18 cm. in diameter, from Tongatabu, differs only in habit and in

the more proliferous branchlets and slightly unequal corallites.

This species is distinguished from M. millepora by the shorter, more simple, and tapering

MADREPORA. 119

branches, rarely proliferous except at the margin of the colony, where the corallites are more
elongate and irregular. The radial corallites have typically a flattened, not a gutter-shaped
lip, but the latter form is also present, more distinctly marked in some specimens than in
others ; the septa are also better developed.

Indo-Pacific Ocean : Singapore, Great Barrier Reef area, Tongatabu.

a, b i Dr. Mantell’s Coll. 41.1. 18.12 & 15.
c. Tongatabu. Jed listers Hsq. [iP |, Ol aio. 10:
d. Singapore. Ji. P. Davies, Esq. [P.]. 82. 9. 25. 3.
e. ? Purchased. 40. 5. 15. 12.

fg: ? ? 93.4. 7. 106 & 107.
h. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 164.

116. Madrepora prostrata.

Madrepora prostrata, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 447, pl. xxxiii. fig. 1; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires,
t. iii. p. 156; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 18; ? Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888,
Bd. iii. p. 153; ibid. 1889, Band iv. p. 508 (non Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 163; non
Bassett-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 454).

Corallum prostrate, spreading horizontally from a lateral attachment. Branches
remotely coalescing, not flattened below, with few branchlets and the corallites all immersed.
On the upper surface the branches are cylindrical, nearly simple, 6 mm. thick, blunt at the
apex. Axial corallites short, about 1°5 mm. broad. Radial corallites crowded, spreading
nearly at right angles, labellate, with broad, much flattened lip. Star distinct, the directive
septa broadest. (Dana.)

The specimen from Fiji recorded by Ortmann differs from the above description of Dana
in several respects and may prove to be distinct. The under surface is flattened, and the
branches fused together and provided with a few conical twigs and pustules without aperture
and also a few immersed corallites. The branchlets on the upper surface do not exceed
1°8 cm. in length, and are frequently 1 cm. thick at the base, tapering, but with a blunt apex.
Axial corallites 2 to 2°5 mm. broad, scarcely exsert. Radial corallites very short, spreading,
bursiform, with the wall a little thickened; lip not elongate, nearly 2 mm. diameter. Star
prominent.

The form from the Great-Barrier Reef does not altogether agree with Dana’s descrip-
tion, and looks in some respects like a diminutive form of M. millepora. The corallum
is open corymbose, flattened above and oblique at the sides, but with very few fusions, or
forms flattened, plate-like masses with short branchlets on the upper surface. In the latter
case the corallum is 3°3 em. thick, the main branches confluent and in parts almost solid.
The branchlets are simple, or 2 to 5 arise from a common base from the upper surface of a
branch; length 2:5 to 3:2 cm., diameter 7 mm. Corallites similar to those of M. millepora,
but smaller, length 1 to 1:5 mm., diameter 1°5 to 2 mm.

Pacific Ocean: Fiji, Sulu Sea, Great-Barrier Reef.

120 MADREPORARIA.

a-d. Capricorn Islands. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 187, 188, 194, & 262.
e. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 193.
f. Low Woody Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 195.

117. Madrepora squamosa. (Plate XX. fig. B.)
? Madrepora millepora, Dana (non Ehrenberg), Zoophytes, p. 446, pl. xxxiii. fig. 2.
Madrepora squamosa, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 463.

Corallum corymbose, subvasiform, about 27 cm. diameter and 13 em. high; branches
rarely coalescent. Under surface oblique; branches 8 to 12 mm. diameter, not flattened,
bearing numerous elongate twigs which extend horizontally, 1-5 to 3 cm. long, 6 mm.
diameter near the base, terete and slowly tapering to a blunt apex; axial corallites scarcely
prominent; radial corallites all immersed or subimmersed. Branches on the upper surface
simple or subsimple near the centre of the corallum, but more divided near the periphery ;
the central ones are 4°5 cm. long, 8 mm. diameter near the base, 4 mm. near the apex, apices
about 1°8 em. apart. Axial corallites cylindrical, 2°5 to 3°5 mm. diameter, 15 mm. exsert,
wall thick, star very well marked, the directive septa rarely more prominent than the others.
Radial corallites of the central branches equal, small, labellate, with rounded lip, spreading
almost at right angles, rarely over 1 mm. diameter and 0°75 mm. long, but becoming wider
and subimmersed towards the base of the branches. On the marginal branches the corallites
are much larger and more distant ; usually 2 mm. diameter, 2 mm. long, and the lips are nearly
2mm. apart; near the apex of the twigs the corallites are scarcely so spreading as in the
other parts, and the form is usually flattened labellate. Corallum porous; surface reticulate
and echinulate ; wall fragile, fenestrated. The star consists of 6 moderately developed septa
in the corallites of the outer branches, but the directives, and particularly the lower one, are
more prominent and thicker than the others; in the corallites of the central branches the star
is quite indistinct, often only the lower directive septum is recognizable.

This species appears to agree closely with Dana’s figure of M. millepora, which is
probably not the species described by Ehrenberg. The contrast between the size of the

radial corallites on the central as compared with the peripheral branches is more marked
than in any other species which has come under my notice.

Pacific Ocean : Great-Barrier Reef, Hast Indies (Dana).

a, 6. Cleremont Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 163 & ey ms
c. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 189. sfbar

118. Madrepora subulata.

Madrepora subulata, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 448, pl. xxxii. fig. 3; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires,
t. li, p. 155; Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p.527; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
1887, vol. x. p. 19.

Coralium pedicellate and prostrate, plane above; branches 12 to 15 mm. thick, loosely
intricate, and remotely coalescent, not flattened. On the under surface the branchlets are

apd

MADREPORA. 121

few, nearly naked, and appressed into the plane of the frond, and bear numerous immersed or
subimmersed corallites. Branchlets of the upper surface terete, subulate, subacute, 4 to 6°5
em. long and 5 or 6 mm. thick, gradually tapering. Avxial corallites 15 to 2 mm. broad,
rarely over 1 mm, exsert. Radial corallites usually labellate, but often spreading, short, or
scarcely prominent, 1°5 to 2 mm. diameter, rarely over 15 mm. long, wall thin, striato-
echinulate ; those of the marginal branches more spreading and somewhat larger. The
corallites become shorter below, and many have a moderately thick ligulate border ; at the
base they are often all immersed or subimmersed. Surface echinulate. Star not very
distinct; the directive septa thick and prominent, but the others delicate and often

rudimentary.

The species resembles M/. convewxa, but differs in the much less coalescent and not flattened
branches, the more elongate, slender, and acuminate branchlets, and the radial corallites are
shorter and less spreading, and the star is not so conspicuous.

East Indies ; Singapore ; New Guinea.

a. Singapore. Dr. Schneider [P.]. 78.6.6.3.
2d. ? Mrs. J. P. G. Smith [P.]. 45.6. 6.&
C: ? ——? 93.4. 7. 128. F

119. Madrepora spathulata. (Plate XXXII. fig. B.)
Madrepora spathulata, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 469.

Corallum prostrate, complanate below. Branches 1°5 em. thick, flattened on the under
surface, with numerous immersed and short nariform corallites, and a few spreading tubular
ones between ; branchlets in the general plane with one or several tubular corallites near the
apex, often 5 mm. long and 2mm. thick. Branches on the upper surface arcuate, 7 em. long,
and usually consisting of two branches fused together, so as to be somewhat oval in section,
diameter 1:8 by 1 em.; each division is about 1 em. thick up to within 1 em. of the apex and
then becomes divided into two or four branchlets, most of which are again imperfectly divided
into two; apices blunt. Axial corallites 2 to 2°5 mm. thick, scarcely exsert ; wall thick and
very porous ; aperture usually small, but sometimes funnel-shaped. Radial corallites crowded,
spreading at right angles, 2 mm. broad and 2mm. long in the upper parts, chiefly spathulate,
with a rounded lip which is sometimes recurved ; at a lower level the wall is a little thickened
and not so prominent, and at the base of the branchlets the corallites are all subimmersed or
immersed, with an aperture of nearly 1 mm., but the cells occurring in lines of fusion are
smaller. Star indistinct, only the directive septa recognizable. Corallum very porous;
surface reticulate and echinulate ; wall fragile, striato-reticulate, becoming echinulate later.

Solomon Islands.

a. Treasury Island, Solomon Islands. Dr. Guppy [P.]. 84.12. 11. 25. (Type.)

122 MADREPORARTIA,

120. Madrepora selago.

Madrepora selago, Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 527, pl.i. fig. 2; Ortmann, Zool. JB,
1889, Bd. iv. p. 507.

Corallum pedicellate? Branches extending horizontally, rarely coalescent, 8 to 10 mm.
thick. The under surface is provided with numerous, somewhat appressed, conical twigs with
appressed or tubiform corallites; surface covered with rows of delicate echinulations.
Branchlets on the upper surface arched, tapering, not over 4 cm. long, and only 3 to 4 mm.
thick ; they arise singly or in groups of two or three from a common base. Axial corallites
cylindrical, 1 mm., rarely 175 mm. exsert, and 1 to 15 mm. diameter. Radial
corallites crowded, delicate, and gutter-shaped, rather broader at the apex, with a
convex margin; they arise at an angle of about 35°; the average length is ] mm., and the
diameter 1:5 mm. across the lip, those near the apex are a little longer, and the lip gradually
becomes reduced towards the base of a branchlet; on the main divisions the corallites are
immersed, excepting on the upper surface of the branches. The star consists of 6 septa,
which have a breadth equal to about half the radius of the calicle. The corallite-wall is
fenestrated, the longitudinal striz becoming converted into series of echinulations at the
base. Studer’s figure 26 does not give a correct representation of the radial corallites ; they
are not so large as figured, and are not cylindrical but gutter-shaped or spathulate with a
broader convex apex as already stated.

A specimen which forms part of the Sayille-Kent Collection appears referable to this
species, but differs from the type in several respects. It agrees generally with the revised
description given above, and forms a flat horizontal growth 7°5 cm. thick. The branchlets
are a little stouter than in the type (5 or 6 mm.), and the main horizontal branches are a little
confluent so as to form an open reticulum. The radial corallites are immersed or subimmersed
on all parts excepting the distal 2 or 3 em. of the branchlets, where they are irregular,
spreading, flattened-labellate, not over 2 mm. long, and usually slightly over 1-5 mm. diameter.
The axial corallites are 2mm. diameter. The star consists usually of 6 septa, the directives
being slightly broader than the others; sometimes only the directives are present, in other
cases, especially in the older corallites, a narrow second cycle may be present.

A specimen from Ceylon in the Jena Museum has thicker-walled corallites than usual,
and has been named var. robusta by Ortmann. In this specimen the diameter of the axial
corallites is 2 to 2°25 mm., not 1 mm. as recorded in Ortmann’s paper. The lip of the radial
corallites is thin in those situated near the apex of the branchlets, but in those below becomes
thickened and finally wart-like or immersed.

Pacific Ocean: New Hanover, Galewo Straits, Great-Barrier Reef, Torres Straits,
Ceyion.

a. Flat-top Island, near Marburg. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 201.
b, Low Woody Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 315.
?c. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6, 8. 295.

MADREPORA. 123

121. Madrepora cribripora.

Madrepora cribripora, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 470, pl. 31. fig. 1; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p. 1387; Rathbun, Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 15; ? Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond.
1886, vol. xxi. p. 20 (non Bassett-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 452).

Arborescent or cespito-arborescent, spreading ramose ; branches neatly terete, 8 to 10 mm.
thick ; branchlets long (some 7°5 cm.), attenuate and subacute. Corallum scabrous, very
porous ; axial corallites stout (2 to 3 mm.), quite long, striate; the radial ones very short,
round-nariform, fragile, a little crowded; cell open; star obsolescent, one inner lamella
prominent. (Dana.)

Three specimens in the collection from Tongatabu appear referable to this species, but
differ in several points from the above description. The one which comes nearest to the type
in habit (a) is a small cespito-arboresceut clump about 14 cm. high and 19 em. wide. The
branches are 8 to 11 cm. long, and about 1 cm. thick, or slightly more, some are forked near
the base, arcuate, and scarcely subdivided, others bear 3 to 7 branchlets. All are subterete,
and taper rather rapidly to a prominent axial corallite, which is 2°5 to 8 mm. diameter and
3.mm. exsert. The radial corallites are wide, half-tubular or labellate, all spreading almost at
right angles, 1-5 to 2 mm. wide or rather more, and | to 2 mm. long ; wall thin, and strongly
striato-reticulate and echinulate. A few which have a thick wall and almost circular aperture
indicate new proliferations. All the corallites become shorter and finally immersed on the
lower and under parts of the branches. The star consists of 12 narrow subequal septa in axial
corallites ; in the radial corallites there are only 6, and the imner directive is usually con-
siderably broader than the others. Corallum very porous and fragile ; surface reticulate and
rather distantly but distinctly echinulate.

The other specimens (4 and ¢) consist of single branches of a variety which is evidently
arborescent rather than cespitose in habit. Branches 20 to 25 cm. long, sinuous, | em. thick,
very gradually tapering, laxly and spreadingly divided; branchlets 3 to 8°5 cm. long, spreading,
simple or subsimple, nearly as thick as the branch from which they rise. In the upper branchlets
the corallites resemble those already described, but they are subequal, nearly 2 mm. long;
shorter or subimmersed ones are of rare occurrence. The lower and usually shorter branchlets
differ entirely from the above description. The axial corallites are 2°5 to 3 mm. diameter, but
scarcely exsert, in no case over 1°3 mm.; cup open, with 12 septa. Radial corallites all very
short, round nariform with a curved and relatively thick and firm wall, 2 mm. diameter and
about 1 mm. long; wall strongly and rather distantly echinulate, sometimes substriate. In
the Palm-Island specimen one of the axial corallites contains 24 septa.

Dana’s specimens were obtained on a reef near Rewa ( Viti Levu), where the waters are
much freshened by the river which empties near, and this was almost the only species occurring
on that part of the reef.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Tongatabu, Fiji, Great-Barrier Reef, ? Mergui Archipelago.

a. Tongatabu. J. J. Lister, Esq, [P.]. 91. 3. 6. 1.
b-c. 'Tongatabu. J. J. Lister, Esq. [P.]. 91. 3.6. 2&3. (Var.)
d. iy P Al. 2. 23. 39.

e. Palm Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 299.

124 MADREPORARTA.

122. Madrepora cuspidata.

Madrepora cuspidata, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 485, pl. xlii. fig. 1; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires,
t. ii. p. 149; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 41; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 15; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 151.

Corallum subcespitose, consisting of a cluster of long cuspidate, regularly tapering, and
nearly simple branches, 2°5 em. thick and 5 to 15 em. long, rising from a common solid
base. Axial corallites probably 2°5 to 3 mm. diameter, 2 mm. exsert, and tapering a little
towards the apex. Branches nearly bare of corallites on the inferior side, on the other the
radial corallites are short sublabellate, erect, and fragile, with immersed corallites between ;
aperture about 0°7 mm. diameter, circular ; the immersed cells are smaller. Star 6-rayed,
distinct, the directive septa broadest. (Dana.)

The specimen recorded by Ortmann forms a cespitose clump 16 em. high and 24 em.
broad from a base 8°5 cm, diameter. The central branches are erect and simple or sub-
simple, dilated at the base, and rapidly tapering towards the apex, but the middle part is
cylindrical ; length 7 cm., diameter 2 cm. at the base. Marginal branches spreading sub-
horizontally, 10 em. long. Axial corallites cylindrical, 2 to 3 mm. diameter; the broader
ones have a larger aperture and are sometimes 8 mm. exsert. The radial corallites are
often shorter on the outer than on the inner side of the branches, but there is not in this
specimen the marked difference shown in Dana’s figure.

The main divisions are covered with small, crowded, immersed corallites ; a little above
the bases of the erect branches short tubular or half-tubular to sublabellate corallites occur
scattered amongst the immersed ones, these are 1°5 to 1:75 mm. diameter and have the wall
a little thickened. Nearer to the apex nearly all are more or less prominent, and extend at
an angle of about 60°; the form is usually gutter-shaped, with a convex margin and thin
fragile wall ; the length varies from 0°5 to 3 mm., the diameter is not usually over 1°5 mm.
The apices of the branches frequently bear proliferations from 7 to 10 mm. in length. The
corallum is rather porous, the surface reticulate, and the wall striato-reticulate.

There is some uncertainty whether this specimen really belongs to MV. cuspidata. The
figure given by Dana does not lead one to suppose that this species belongs to the subgenus
Lepidocyathus.

Pacific Ocean : Tahiti, Ponapé.

B. Corallum variable in form. Radiai corallites little prominent, excepting near the apex
of the branchlets.

123. Madrepora rubra.
Madrepora rubra, Studer, MB. Akad, Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 529, pl. ii. fig. 4.

Corallum subcorymbose from a broad incrusting base. Outer branches oblique, short,
pointed, and proliferous, partly coalescing into an open network. Middle branches simple,
slender, 6 cm. or more in length, and rarely over 5 mm. thick at the base, gradually tapering
to an axial corallite 15 mm. broad and 1 mm. exsert. Radial corallites near the base of

the branches immersed, or with a narrow half-ring shaped border, becoming more crowded

MADREPORA. 125

and gutter-shaped above, spreading at right angles, about 1°5 mm. broad and 1 mm. long;
wall thin and fragile, except on some of the outer branchlets, where the corallites are more
distant, of greater diameter, and have the wall considerably thickened and the margin
rounded. Star rudimentary, often only the lower directive septum prominent. Corallum
fragile ; surface rather dense, subreticulate, and echinulate, often in linear series; wall striate

and echinulate near the base.
The species occurs in shallow water in the neighbourhood of freshwater springs.

Pacific Ocean : Carteret Harbour, New Iveland (Berlin Museum).

124. Madrepora exigua.

Madrepora exiqua, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 469, pl. xxxvili. fig. 2; Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878,
p. 533; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 15.

Madrepora minima, Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 157, pl. ix. fig. 4.

? Madrepora millepora, Quelch (non Ehrenberg), ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 157.

Corallum small, arborescent or subprostrate ; branches slender, 4 to 6 mm. thick, with
a few short spreading branchlets 1 to 4 cm. long, slowly tapering to a relatively large axial
corallite, sometimes arcuate, and with occasional fusions between the branches. Axial
corallites 2°5 mm. diameter, 1 mm. exsert, or a little more, with a thick porous wall.
Primary septa well developed, subequal, second cycle little developed or wanting. Radial
corallites very small, unequal, 0°5 to 1 mm. diameter, the majority fragile and scarcely
prominent, quite immersed on the older parts ; they are chiefly round-nariform, with a few
of the more prominent ones labellate, 0 to 1 mm. long, aperture usually circular; directive
septa well developed, the others narrow, second cycle absent or rudimentary. Corallum
very porous ; surface finely reticulate and echinulate ; wall strongly striate, echinulate.

Studer observes that the species grows on pieces of dead coral, near low-water mark.

M. minima, Quelch, is subprostrate in habit, and the branches on coming in contact
with a foreign body fuse witb it and form an incrustation over it; in all other respects it
agrees closely with Dana’s description.

Pacific Ocean : Fiji, New Hebrides, Solomon Islands.

a, b. Api, New Hebrides. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 223, & 85.2.1. 15.
(Types of M. exigua, Quelch.)
?c. Api, New Hebrides. H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.’ 86. 12.9. 221. (=M.mille-
pora, Quelch.)
?d. ——? ——? 98. 4. 7. 120.

125. Madrepora mirabilis.
Madrepora mirabilis, Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 159, pl. x. fig. 5.
Corallum prostrate ; branches originating laterally from a thick compressed elongate

stem, and somewhat coalescent. Stem 4 cm. wide or more, tapering gradually. Under
S

126 MADREPORARIA.

surface almost destitute of branches, but the branchlets on the lateral and upper surfaces are
very numerous; they are short, spike-shaped, and simple, 6 to 7 mm. thick at the base,
rarely divided above. Axial corallites about 2°5 mm. wide, with very porous edges and very
distinct star of 12 septa. In many axial cups small or rudimentary septa of a third cycle
are present, and in a few of larger size they are large and well developed. Radial corallites
very unequal and variable, about 1:5 mm. wide, immersed and distant on the under surface
and over a large part of the upper surface, becoming verruciform at the base of the branchlets,
and very short, open, round nariform above, where they are often crowded ; star of 12 well-
developed septa; in corallites which are not verruciform the directive septa are exsert.
Coenenchyma porous in the younger parts, becoming closely reticulate and dense below ;
surface roughly and closely echinulate ; wall strongly striate. ((Quwelch.)

This remarkable species presents two characters which had not previously been observed
in specimens of the genus, viz. exsert directive septa, and in certain corallites the presence of
a third cycle of septa. I have since observed the latter character in several other species.

The following additional notes on the type specimen will be of interest :—The branchlets
are oblique, 1 to 2cm. long and up to 7 mm. thick at the base, distinctly tapering, the
apices about 1 em. apart. Axial corallites 2-5 to 3 mm. diameter, scarcely exsert; wall
provided with broad plate-like striz. Corallites on the under surface and on the main
branches immersed and distant, 1:5 mm. diameter, star very prominent, the directive septa
usually exsert ; those near the base of the branchlets have usually a thick ligulate border
and are 2 mm. in diameter; those nearer to the axial corallite have not such a thick wall
and are tubular, at an angle of about 45°, many have the inner part of the wall not free,
but in the more prominent ones (1°5 to 2 mm.) the inner part of the wall is quite distinct ;
wall very porous, and armed with dentate plates ; surface of the coenenchyma often tabulato-

echinulate ; septa very prominent in all except the younger corallites.

East Indies: Banda.
a. Banda. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 85.2.1.14. (Type.)

C. Corallum variable. Radial corallites usually more or less crescent-shaped, thickened at
the base, but generally thin at the margin.

126. Madrepora studeri. (Plate XXV.)

Madrepora surculosa, Studer (non Dana), Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 20.
Madrepora conveva, Ortmann, Zool, JB. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 508 (part.).

Corallum cespitose or corymbose and pedicellate. The under surface is complanate in
the corymbose form, the branches being fused into flattened alciform groups, with numerous
immersed corallites and short thick tubular ones near the margin. On the pedicel, which in
one specimen exists only on one side of the corallum, there are numerous short twigs, which
spread horizonally and evidently represent the sherter marginal branches of the cespitose

MADREPORA. 12

|

form. Branchlets on the upper surface 2°5 to 7 cm. long and 8 mm. thick below. Axial
corallites 2 to 2°5 mm. thick, 1 to 2 mm. exsert; aperture sometimes small, at others funnel-
shaped. Radial corallites short, broad, and very spreading, crescent-shaped, crowded so as
to give a serrate effect to the branchlets; wall thick at the base, but tapered towards the lip ;
2°5 or even 8 mm. diameter and rarely over 15 mm. long, aperture wide. The star is very
prominent, and usually consists of 12 septa; the primary series sometimes equal, at others
only the directives are broad. Corallum porous and reticulate in section; surface reticulate
and echinulate ; wall striate, the striz dentate below.

One of the specimens in the Strassburg Museum referred by Ortmann to M. convera,
Dana, appears to belong here. It differs from the Berlin specimens chiefly in having longer
and rather stouter branchlets on the upper surface (8 to 10 mm. thick).

In the British Museum specimens, one of which forms a corymbose and pedicellate
clump, 34 em. wide and 13 em. high, the central branches are 7 cm. long and J em. thick.
The radial corallites are gutter-shaped, with a curved lip, and extend almost at right angles ;
the wall is often thickened, especially towards its base, length 2 to 3 mm., diameter 2 to 2°5 mm.
A few immersed corallites occur between the prominent ones ; the latter become more distant
below, then ring-shaped, and finally immersed.

Singapore (Berlin Museum) ; Indian Ocean (Strassburg Museum).
Clip oh ——? 98. 4. 7. 122 & 127. (Types.)

127. Madrepora sarmentosa. (Plate XXII.)
Madrepora sarmentosa, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 462.

Corallum flattened, bushy, extending obliquely, with crowded short branchlets on both
upper and lower surfaces. Height 25 cm., breadth 32 cm., thickness about 7:5 cm. near the
middle; base oval, incrusting, 17 cm. by 9 em. Main branches 2 to 3 cm. thick, fused
together so as to form a solid mass near the base, but free and closely divided near the apex
of the colony. Surface both above and below covered with large immersed corallites, over
1 mm. diameter, with a star of 12 septa; sometimes the primary septa are well developed, at
others narrow and subequal. The whole upper surface is studded with short, erect, and
blunt twigs, simple or in groups of three or five from a common base, apices usually about
1:5 cm. apart. Near the base the twigs are usually under 1 cm. long and 5 to 7 mm. thick;
more distally the length gradually increases to 2 cm., and the diameter to 8 or 10 mm., or
more in the case of compound twigs. Axial corallites 3°5 to 4°5 mm. diameter, subhemi-
spherical, wall thick and reticulate; aperture small, with a star of 12 septa, the directives
most prominent. Radial corallites on the basal parts subimmersed and dilated ; on the distal
divisions swallow-nest shaped, broad nariform or sublabellate; the majority have the upper
margin nearly at right angles to the axis of the twig; length 2 to 3°5 mm., diameter 2 to
3 mm., the outer part of the wall is usually thick and convex, especially in the sublabellate
or half-tubular corallites, which have a broad apex ; aperture large, with a star of 6 septa,
which are not usually well developed and may sometimes be almost indistinguishable. The

s2

128 MADREPORARIA.

branchlets on the under surface are similar to those on the upper, but scarcely so stout, and
are usually distinctly tapering. The axial corallites are more slender (3 to 3°5 mm.), and
may sometimes be 4 mm. exsert. Corallum porous, but vitreous ; surface reticulate ; wall

strongly striate and echinulate.

Var. a.

Two small specimens from Rocky Island Reefs appear referable to this species, but
differ in having thinner-walled corallites and more slender twigs.

Var. B.
Under surface almost without branchlets. Branchlets on upper surface very proliferous ;
margin of radial corallites oblique, 7. e. outer part of wall not so prominent as in type. Wall

sometimes thin.

This species approaches the subgenus Tylopora in the form and size of the axial corallites.

Pacific Ocean: Great-Barrier Reef area.

a, b. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 228 & 229. (Types.)
c,d. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 230 & 231. (Var. a.)
e. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92.6. 8. 232. (Var. @.)
f. Capricorn Islands. Saville-Kent Coll, 92. 6. 8. 233. (Var. 8.)
g, h. Capricorn Islands. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 311 & 312

128. Madrepora hebes.

Madrepora hebes, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 468, pl. xxxv. fig. 5; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p- 142; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 41; Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst. 1865,
vol. v. p. 20; ibid. 1869, vol. vi. p. 100; Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. 1886, vol. xxi. p. 19;
Quelch, ‘Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 155; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 16.

? Madrepora elliptica, Rehberg, Abhand. nat. Ver. Hamburg, 1892, Bd. xii. p. 41, pl. iv. fig. 10.

Corallum fruticose or stunted arborescent, laxly divided, with stout spreading branches.
Branches terete or subterete, 12 mm. thick, usually not over 7:5 em. long, scarcely tapering,
sometimes much and divaricately divided, apex quite obtuse and sometimes proliferous.
Axial corallites 3 to 4mm. or more in diameter; wall thick, slightly prominent. Radial
corallites equal or subequal, very short and spreading, labellate or gutter-shaped, usually
much crowded on the branches, their walls sometimes becoming fused together so as to
obscure the coenenchyma; lip 1°5 to 2°5 mm. (rarely 3 mm.) diameter, 1 mm. long, but
sometimes a little unequal. Wall slightly thickened, but very fragile and porous, strongly
striate. Septa well developed in the axial corallites ; in the radial ones not destined to form

buds the star is scarcely recognizable. Corallum porous ; surface reticulate and echinulate.

Var. labiosa.
Branches sometimes 1°8 cm. diameter at a point not more than 3 em. from apex.
Apices of branches very proliferous, Axial corallites 5 mm. diameter and 1°5 mm. exsert ;

MADREPORA. 129

wall very porous and flattened above. Radial corallites 2 mm. diameter or over, a little
unequal, with immersed ones scattered between. Aperture large and usually circular.
Sometimes the radial corallites are not so spreading as in the type form.

A small subprostrate specimen, from Fiji, agrees with the variety in the form of the
radial corallites, but the axial corallites are smaller and agree with those of typical
specimens.

Pacific Ocean: Fiji, Great-Barrier Reef, Torres Straits, Malacca.

a. Kandavu, Fiji. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.”? 86. 12. 9. 224.
b. Fiji Reefs. H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ 86. 12. 9. 225.
c. ——? ——? 93.4. 7. 161.

d. Capricorn Islands. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 46. 7. 30. 31.
e-l. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 1 to 8.
m,n. Capricorn Islands. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8.17 & 18.

o. Low Woody Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 19.
p, q Warrior Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 21 & 22.
r. Green Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 238.

Var. labiosa.

a-g. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 9 to11 & 18 to 16,
h. Green Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 12.
i. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 20.
j,k. Straits of Malacca, 17 fathoms. Sir E. Belcher [P.]. 42. 12. 2. 86, & 42. 11.
28. 2.

129. Madrepora obscura. (Plate XXXII. fig. A.)

Corallum prostrate, consisting of horizontal main divisions with stout, erect, digitiform
branchlets on the upper surface, total thickness 9 to 10 em. Main divisions 1°8 cm.
diameter, more or less confluent. Branchlets on the under surface horizontal, 8 mm.
diameter and 2 to 4°5 em. long; on these the corallites are subimmersed at the base, but near
the apex a few stout, spreading, tubular corallites occur, some of which bear buds; others
between are nariform or appressed tubular. The main divisions give rise on the upper
surface to arched branches 12 mm. thick, some of which are simple or subsimple, but the
majority are divided into 3 or 4 digitiform branchlets, with the apices about 2 cm. apart;
length 3 to 6 cm., diameter over 1 cm., scarcely tapering excepting near the apex, which
is very blunt. Axial corallites thick, subcylindrical, 3 mm. diameter, not over 1 mm. exsert,
with slightly rounded margin, surrounded by small bursiform radial corallites as in some speci-
mens of M. seriata; the star consists of 12 well developed septa. The radial corallites are
chiefly of two types, nariform and immersed. The prominent ones are nariform, dimidiate, or
gutter-shaped, with thick wall and rounded margin ; the inner part of the wall is rarely com-
plete; the immersed corallites extend between the prominent ones to within a short distance

130 MADREPORARIA.

of the apex of each branchlet. The prominent corallites are 2 to3 mm. long and 2 to 2°5 mm.
diameter. About 2°5 cm. below the apex the majority of the corallites are immersed, and the
scattered prominent ones have the outer part of the wall convex; 5 cm. below the apex all
are immersed. The star of the prominent corallites consists of a moderately developed pri-
mary series of septa, the directives being rather broader than the others; in the older ones a
second cycle is more or less fully represented, but is not complete. The immersed cells,
which are very numerous, rarely exceed 0°7 mm. in diameter; those in the lines of fusion are
distinctly smaller; the septa have a similar relative development to that which obtains in the
prominent corallites, but the directive septa are distinctly stouter. Corallum porous ; surface
strongly echinulate and granular ; wall striato-echinulate.

Two specimens in the Saville-Kent Collection are more closely related to this species
than to any other which has come under my notice, but differ from the type in several
points. There are no branchlets on the under surface ; the radial corallites are not so
unequal, very few are immersed, and the wall is not usually rounded at the margin ; also the
septa in the prominent corallites are not nearly so prominent, so that no distinct star is
recognizable. These specimens in some respects recall the characters of M. decipiens.

The position of the species is uncertain.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Ramesvaram, ? Great-Barrier Reef area.

a. Ramesvaram. Madras Museum. ('l'ype.)
2b. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 199.
?e. Low Woody Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 307.

D. Corallum incrusting, without proper branches.

130. Madrepora monticulosa. (Plate XIV. fig. A.)
Madrepora monticulosa, Briiggemann, Phil. Trans. 1879, vol. clxviii. p. 576.

Corallum incrusting and unifacial ; surface covered for the greater part of its extent with
large, stout, rounded, subconical prominences, 1°5 to 3 cm. high and 1‘7 to 2°7 em. broad.
Axial corallites 8 mm. diameter, thick-walled, only slightly exsert; sometimes several
corallites on one cone become thickened and simulate the axial one; septa narrow, primaries
subequal, second series more or less rudimentary. Radial corallites much crowded, very
short, sublabellate, or nearly tubiform with the inner part of the wall incomplete ; equal on
the cones, but a little unequal in size, mixed with a few immersed ones, on the plain parts of
the corallum ; diameter usually 1°5 mm. (Briiggemann gives 2 mm.), length about the same ;
wall thin, excepting in the upper part of the cones, where it gradually becomes thickened (0°5
to 0°7 mm.), and in many cases the aperture becomes circular; septa very narrow, sometimes
only the directives are recognizable. Corallum dense ; surface spongy-echinulate ; wall finely
costulate and echinulate.

A small specimen from the Capricorn Islands agrees closely with the smaller incrustmg

-

SS

“|

Tl

MADREPORA. 131

specimen from Rodriguez in which the cones are not present; but as in consequence the
specific characters are not yet developed, the identity is uncertain.

Indian Ocean: Rodriguez; ? Great-Barrier Reef.

a, 6. Rodriguez. Royal Society [P.]. 76.5.5.93& 119. (Types.)
c. Capricorn Islands. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 49,

Diviston II.

5. Subgenus ISOPORA.

Astrea (part.), Lamarck.
Isopora, Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 535.

Corallum cormiform, consisting of several thick, blunt, plate-like branches from a
common base. The axial corallites are differently arranged to those in all other divisions of
the genus Madrepora. Usually each axial (parent) corallite forms the axis of a branch or
branchlet, and they therefore occur singly. In this subgenus they do not occur singly in
typical cases, but a considerable number of closely-arranged parent corallites occupy the
centre of each plate, and may be recognized at the margin by their circular wall and central
aperture. They are quite normal in form; it is only the fact that they are collected into
groups corresponding with the thickness and breadth of the plates that has led to their being
overlooked. Radial corallites usually thick-walled, tubular, or cochleariform.

This subgenus corresponds with Dana’s Section G of the genus Madrepora.

A. Corallites cochleariform, with thick outer and thin, more or less incomplete, inner wall.

131. Madrepora palifera.

Astrea palifera, Lamarck, Hist. Anim. sans Vert. t. ii. p. 262; ed. 2, p. 409; Lamouroux, Encycl.
p. 180.

? Gemmipora palifera, Blainyille (non Dana &e.), Manuel d’Actin. p. 387.

Madrepora labrosa, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 486, pl. xliii. fig. 3, pl. xxxi. fig. 10; M.-Edwards & Haime,
Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 161; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 16; B.-Smith, Ann.
Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 455.

Isopora labrosa, Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 535.

Corallum laminate, plates erect or spreading, obtuse, 2 to 8 em. broad and 1°5 to 4 cm.
thick, margin rounded, apex blunt and usually flattened. Corallites at the apex tubular, but
usually not prominent, 3 mm. diameter. Walls very porous, 1 mm. thick or more, and
frequently confluent. There are two cycles of septa present, both rather narrow, but the direc-
tives are thicker than the others. Radial corallites cochleariform or tubular, with incomplete

132 MADREPORARIA,

inner wall ; the outer part of the wall always thick, with rounded margin. Diameter usually
2-5 to 3 mm., but variable, some are little over 1 mm.; length 3 to 6 mm. Wall thickly
covered with flattened dendritic spies, usually so close as to give a papillose appearance to
the upper part of each corallite, but more open below. Septa as in the axial corallites, ex-
cepting that the directives are distinctly larger than the other primaries.

A fine specimen from Diego Garcia differs somewhat from the type form. The base gives
rise to four stout radiating branches, each of which is 15 to 17 cm. long, and again forked,
recalling the habit of Madrepora alces, Dana. The apex of each division is rounded, and the
tubular corallites are mostly 2 mm. exsert, but in other respects the specimen agrees with
more typical examples.

There is a small specimen in the Paris Museum bearing the name Astrea palifera in
Lamarck’s handwriting; the label is gummed on to the specimen, and there seems every
reason to suppose, in the absence of other specimens, that this is the type of Lamarck’s
species. This specimen is identical with Madrepora labrosa, Dana, and that name is also
written in pencil across the origmal label. One need have no hesitation as to the identity
were it not for the fact that Blainville referred Lamarck’s species to the genus Gemmipora, and
formed a separate section for its reception with the following characters :—“ C. Crustiformes
et appliques.” As the specimen in question consists of only the rounded apex of a plate, the
characters given by Blainville may be considered applicable to it, although it is possible that
more than one species was included under the name. Later, Dana described and figured
Turbinaria palifera as the species of Lamarck, and M.-Edwards admitted the entry in his
“ Coralliaires ” without comment ; thus Astrea palifera, Lamk., and Turbinaria palifera,
Dana, have hitherto been regarded as identical. It will in future be necessary to regard
Turbinaria palifera as a new species described by Dana.

Var. a.

The specimens numbered *& to n come somewhat intermediate between typical
M. palifera and M. brueggemanni. They have thick branches with broad flat apices, or even
sometimes there is only one axial corallite. The radial corallites are irregular, and some
are somewhat elongate with a convex outer margin such as occurs in M. brueggemanni
var. wncinata ; in other cases the wall is rough, and there is then an approach to the condition
of M. hispida.

Indo-Pacific Ocean : Torres Straits, Great-Barrier Reef, Sulu Sea, New Guinea, Solomon
Islands, China Sea, Diego Garcia.

a, 6. N.E. Queensland. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [C.]. 45. 8.12.5 & 6.
c,d. New Guinea. Rev. S. Macfarlane [P.]. 87.1. 29.4 & 5.
e, f. Solomon Islands. Dr. Guppy [P.]. 84. 12.11. 16 & 17.
g. Tizard Bank, 5 fathoms. H.M.S. ‘Rambler.’ 89. 9. 24. 102.
h. Diego Garcia. G. C. Bourne, Esq. [P.]. 91. 4. 9. 2.
i, 7. Capricorn Islands. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8.50 & 51.
k. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6.8.52. (Var. a.)
1, m. Palm Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6.8.53 &54, (Var. a.)

n. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6.8.67. (Var. a.)

Oo
oo

MADREPORA. ie

132. Madrepora hispida. (Plate IX. fig. C.)

Madrepora securis, Quelch (non Dana), ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 148.
Madrepora hispida, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. vii. p. 462.

Corallum similar to that of M. palifera, Lamk., consisting of thick plates 4 to 8 cm.
broad and 2 to 3°5 em. thick, or in other cases of thick, elongate, rounded branches, 3 to 6
em. diameter near the base, and rarely under 3 cm. near the apex. Apices usually flattened.
Corallites at the apex 2°5 to 3 mm. diameter, with smaller ones scattered between; walls con-
fluent asin M. palifera. Radial corallites usually crowded, but sometimes rather distant, short
nariform or tubo-nariform, but the inner part of the wall always short and thin. Diameter
15 mm., length 2 mm. The wall and surface of the coenenchyma consist of radiating
spinose plates, giving a very hispid appearance. The septa are arranged in two cycles, the
directives broad, the other primaries narrow, the remainder rudimentary. The species differs
from M. palifera, Lamk., in the smaller size of the corallites and the hispid character of the

surface.

Pacific Ocean: Philippines, Banda, Arafura Sea, Ponapé.

a. Banda. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 245.)
(=M. securis, Quel.). |
b. Philippines. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 336. 7.
(=M. securis, Quel.) Ae
c. Samboangan, Philippimes. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 92. 10. 16. 29.
(=M. securis, Quel.) J
d. Fimders Bank, Arafura Sea, 9 fathoms. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’ 92. 4. 5. 2.
e. Ponapé Island. Mus. Godeffroy. 81. 11. 21. 8.

B. Corallites tubular.

138. Madrepora securis.

Madrepora securis, Dana, Zoophytes, pp. 486 & 487, pl. xliii. fig. 2; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires,
t. 11. p. 161; Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 535; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
1878, vol. x. p. 18 (non Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 148).

Corallum cespito-laminate ; plates erect, oblong, quadrate at apex and strongly truncate,
searcely lobed, 12 to 25 mm. thick; surface uneven. Corallites very closely crowded, stout

and short, tubiform, 1:5 to 2 mm. broad, scarcely striate; aperture entire, circular; star
distinct. (Dana.)

The type specimen is 15 cm. broad and consists of a cluster of oblong plates from a
common base, each 7°5 to 10 cm. long, 5 to 6°3 cm. broad, and 12 to 25 mm. thick. The
corallites differ from those of M. palifera in size, and also have a circular aperture. In
M. palifera the margin is wanting on the upperside.

Amirante Islands, East Indies, Solomon Islands.

a-c. Amirante Islands. H.M.S. ‘ Alert.? 82. 10. 17. 128, 154, & 211.

T

134 MADREPORARTA.

134. Madrepora cuneata.

Madrepora cuneata, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 487 ; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 161; Quelch,
‘Challenger’ Reef-Corals, pp. 148 & 149; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 15.

Corallum incrusting and spreading, with a few distinct, erect, short, contorted plates
2 to 3 cm. long and 3 to 5 em. broad. Corallites at the apex asin other species, about 2 mm.
diameter ; walls confluent. Radial corallites crowded, tubular, with moderately thick wall,
generally almost at right angles, varying from subimmersed to 2 mm. in length; diameter
15 to2 mm. On some specimens there are short isolated proliferations at intervals, each
with a large central corallite similar in all respects to those at the margin of the plates.
Primary septa short, secondaries scarcely noticeable. Wall and ccenenchyma covered with

closely packed, blunt, spinose plates.

The specimens from the Capricorn Islands form an interesting series, which illustrate the
variety in colony-formation. The youngest specimen consists of an incrusting saucer-shaped
plate with an incurved margin, and without erect plates arising from its surface, but the
larger (axial) corallites, from which such plates would in time have been formed, are clearly
indicated. The ‘ Challenger’ specimen is a portion of a similar colony. The next specimen
in the series has an incrusting plate-like base, from which narrow erect plates arise to a
height of 6 to 10 em.; these are 12 cm. broad and 1 to 2 cm. thick. The corallites on the
outer surface of the erect plates are not all of the radial type; some of them already indicate
new outgrowths, and these form irregular longitudinal corrugations on the surface. Finally,
the largest specimen is without the incrusting base; the erect plates are 16 cm. high, and
are provided with prominent longitudinal ridges, which in turn have irregular prominences
on the surface.

Pacific Ocean: Fiji and Great-Barrier Reef.

a,b. Fiji. H.M.S.‘ Challenger” 86. 12. 9. 246.

c. Capricorn Islands. J. B. Jukes, Esy. [P.]. 46. 7. 30. 32.
d-i, Capricorn Islands. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 42 to 47.
?j-l. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 258 to 260.

135. Madrepora plicata. (Plate IX. fig. D.)

Madrepora plicata, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 465.
Madrepora incrustans, Rehberg, Abh. naturw. Ver. Hamburg, 1892, Bd. xii. p. 35.

Corallum consisting of broad oblique plates from a common base. The plates are about
8 cm. long and 4 to 9 em. broad near the apex, narrower below, and ] em. thick. Each plate
bears one or more prominent longitudinal ridges on its surface. Hach ridge bears a number
of rosettes of corallites, the central corallite in each being rather larger than the others, thus
indicating an approach to branch-formation with its accompanying enlarged terminal (parent)
corallite. Corallites at the apices of the plates tubular, 2 mm. in diameter, slightly promi-
nent ; wall thick and porous. Radial corallites tubular and appressed above, shorter and

MADREPORA. 135

more spreading near the base. Length 1 to 4 mm., diameter 1 to 15 mm. Aperture large ;
wall thin compared with other species of the subgenus. Surface finely clothed with longi-
tudinal series of dentate plates.

The species differs from all others of the subgenus in the possession of thin-walled
radial corallites.

A specimen in the Berlin Collection, referred by Rehberg to M. incrustans, un. sp., agrees
with my type specimen.

Pacific Ocean: Tongatabu, Great-Barrier Reef.

a. Tongatabu. J. J. Lister, Esq. [P.]. 91.3.6.7. (Type.)
b,¢. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 41 & 48.

6. Subgenus TYLOPORA.

Axial corallites broad, usually hemispherical, sometimes slightly exsert at the margin.
Corallum cespitose, bushy, or corymbose. Branchlets blunt at the apex. The radial corallites
are usually thick-walled, with or without a rounded margin. Septa usually well developed.
The M. nobilis group shows an affinity to Humadrepora; the M. humilis group is related on
the one hand to Jsopora, and on the other, through M. brueggemanni var. uncinata, to the

variablis group of Conocyathus.

A. Wall of radial corallites thick, but porous ; margin not rounded.

a. Radial corallites spreading tubular, dimidiate or somewhat funnel-shaped, always broader
at the apex than at the base.

136. Madrepora nobilis.

Madrepora nobilis, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 481, pl. xl. fig. 3; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. ii.
p. 143; Verrill (part.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 40; ibid. Proc. Essex Inst. 1866,
vol. v. p. 20; ibid. 1869, vol. vi. p. 68; Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 18 ; Quelch
(part.), ‘Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 150; Rathbun (part.), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x.
pode

Corallum shrubby arborescent, in spreading clumps of stout branches. Branches often
2°5 em. thick, divaricate, terete; summit branchlets 1 to 2 em. thick ; apex conical in some
specimens, more pointed in others. Axial corallite 3 to 4 mm. broad and 1 to 3 mm. exsert ;
wall about 1 mm. thick. On branches with a conical apex the axial corallite is only slightly
exsert. Radial corallites much crowded, nearly erect, or somewhat appressed ; different speci-
mens and different parts of the same specimen show a considerable variation in the angle at
which the corallites are placed. The majority are half-tubular or dimidiate, with the wall a
little thickened, not compressed, about 3 mm. long and 1:5 mm. diameter across the lip.
Others between are short, labellate, or nariform, with a thin wall, or altogether immersed.

r2

136 MADREPORARIA.

The under surface of the larger branches bears immersed or extremely short corallites only.
The axial corallites are provided with 12 septa, all well developed, but a short distance below
the margin they commence to taper away, thus forming a funnel-shaped cup. There are also
two cycles of septa in the radial corallites ; the directives are extremely well developed, and
often meet in the middle line, the other primaries are narrow, and the second cycle is still less
prominent. Corallum rather porous ; surface spongy-reticulate ; wall fenestrated when thin,

more or less distinctly striate in other cases.

Verrill regards M. secunda as a variety of this species, but, so far as one can gather from
the original descriptions, they appear quite distinct. The specimens which I have referred to
M. secunda are certainly distinct. Two specimens in the collection from Singapore, named
and received through the Museum of Comparative Zoology, do not appear to me to belong to
this species, and have been referred to M. brueggemanni var. uncinata.

Singapore.
a, Singapore. Dr. Briiggemann [P.]. 77. 12. 12. 1.
b. ? Purchased. 56. 2. 18. 29.
c. ——? C. Johnston, Esq. [P.]. 44. 4. 10. 1.
d. ——? Purchased. 47. 1. 19. 4.
& Ig ? 93.4. 7. 108.
ifs ? Purchased: ~57. I; 19), 5:
g. ? 7 SiO) 1, ey I.
h. Java. Purchased. 59. 12. 12. 7.

137. Madrepora canalis.
Madrepora canalis, Quelch, ‘Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 150, pl. ix. fig. 2.

Corallum arborescent, consisting of stout branches 2 to 2°5 cm. thick, giving rise at
intervals to clusters of 8 or 4 branchlets at the same level; the older ones 6 or 7 em. long
and nearly 2 em. thick near the base, gradually tapering ; apical branchlets about 1:5 cm.
long and 7 mm. thick. Axial corallites 3°5 mm. diameter, not exsert; wall thick and very
porous ; septa in two cycles, both well developed. Radial corallites spreading almost at right
angles, crowded, chiefly dimidiate, with a very thick wall, thicker (1 mm.) at the margin than
below, 2 to 3 mm. long and 3 mm. diameter across the spout-shaped and thickened apex. A
few smaller, chiefly labellate, corallites are scattered between the others, but scarcely destroy
the general symmetry. In the radial corallites the septa are in two cycles, but the directives
are here distinctly broader than the others. Corallum porous; surface reticulate and strongly
echinulate ; wall very porous, striato-reticulate and echinulate.

This species resembles M. nobilis closely in mode of branching and in the thickened
porous wall of the radial corallites. The axial corallites are, however, not exsert, and the
radial ones are decidedly broader at the apex than below, erect, and subequal.

Philippine Islands.

a, Samboangan. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 268. (Type-.)

MADREPORA. 137

138. Madrepora dactylophora.
Madrepora digitifera, Studer (non Dana), MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 530.

Corallum stout, corymbose, without fusions, sometimes 40 cm. broad. Central branches
simple, but those at the margin are more or less subdivided; length 5 to 6 cm., diameter
15cm. Axial corallites 4 mm. diameter, 1 mm. exsert; wall very thick. Radial corallites
short, broad, tubular, spreading at right angles ; aperture oblique, margin very sharply defined ;
the majority are subequal, 2 to 3 mm. long, thick-walled, broader at the apex than at the
base; lip frequently 3 mm. diameter, oblique, sharply defined, with small aperture; a few,
which are more elongate, are proliferous. Immersed or short labellate corallites are scattered
between the others, and all are more unequal in length near the base of the branches. A
few prominent corallites have the inner part of the wall wanting. Corallum rather dense ;

surface .spongy-echinulate ; wall striato-echinulate.

Pacific Ocean: Salawatti, New Guinea (Berlin Museum).

139. Madrepora eurystoma.

Madrepora eurystoma, Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 16, pl. i. fig. 8, pl. iv. fig. 7,
pl. ix. fig. 12; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 152.

Corallum corymbose, often 30 em. broad, very porous and fragile. Branches 1°5 to
2 em. thick at the base, much divided, with numerous short proliferations near the apex.
Axial corallites 3 to 4 mm. diameter, about 2 mm. exsert( wall moderately thick, margin a
little rounded, aperture 1 mm, diameter. Radial coral”.es 3 to 4mm. broad, mostly short
(2 to 8 mm.), but on some of the twigs they are 5 sami long, half-funnel-shaped to tubular,
with an oblique aperture, and usually broader at the margin than at the base; wall more or
less thickened, but very porous; aperture wide, often 2mm. A few small thin-walled coral-
lites are scattered between the prominent ones, and towards the base of the branches all
become very short, with a thin cylindrical wall and wide aperture; very few are completely
immersed. The star consists of one or two cycles of septa, which taper-away towards the lip
of the corallites, so as to appear situated deep down. Corallum very porous and reticulate in
section ; surface spongy-reticulate and echinulate, but denser in parts; wall striato-reticu-

late, becoming striate and echinulate on the stouter corallites.

Var. parvula.
A variety from Diego Garcia consists of an elongate, prostrate, and flattened branch,
3 by 2 cm. diameter and 20 em. long, bearing chiefly immersed corallites on the under surface.
On the upper surface the ultimate divisions are erect, 1 to 3 cm. long, and about 8 mm.
diameter. Axial corallites usually about 3 mm. diameter, with a wide aperture and relatively
thin wall. Radial corallites short, rarely over 2 mm. diameter, and scarcely so spreading as in

the type.
Indian Ocean: Red Sea, Diego Garcia, Maldive Islands, Torres Straits.

138 MADREPORARIA.

a. Koseir, Red Sea. Dr. Klunzinger [C.]. 86. 10. 5. 5.
6. Maldive Islands. Colonial Exhibition. 86. 11. 22. 8.
c,d. Diego Garcia. G. C. Bourne, Esq: [P-]. 91.4.9.1 & 8:
e. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 297.
Var. parvula.
a. Diego Garcia. G. C. Bourne, Esq. [P.]. 91.4. 9. 11.
2b, ¢. t —? 93.4. 7.119 & 186.

b. Radial corallites not wider at the apex.
* No proliferous corallites excepting such as indicate new branches.

140. Madrepora fruticosa. (Plate XVIII. fig. A.)
Madrepora fruticosa, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 457.

Corallum bushy cespitose, upper surface hemispherical ; 18°5 em. high and 25 cm. wide,
from a round incrusting base about 12°5 em. in diameter. Marginal branches very short and
reflexed, others rapidly increasing in length towards the centre; middle branches 9°5 cm.
long and 2 em. thick near the base, angular below; the majority are bi- or trifid, each division
being usually again divided; the majority of the divisions are 1°5 cm. diameter and have a
blunt apex; apices about 3 cm. apart. Axial corallites 4 to 5 mm. diameter, sub-hemi-
spherical ; wall very porous. Radial corallites prominent, spreading, and relatively regular,
a little compressed, chiefly tubiform with the inner part of the wall more or less incomplete ;
the inner part always thin, the outer usually very thick but porous, margin plane; length 3°5
to 5 mm., diameter 2°2 to 2°5 mm.; the outer part of the wall is convex in those corallites
situated some distance below the apex, and the inner part of the wall is almost absent ;
nearer the base the corallites are quoit-shaped, becoming completely immersed on the main
divisions. A few small thin-walled or subimmersed corallites are scattered between the
more prominent ones, but are not sufficiently numerous to destroy the general appearance of
regularity. Short proliferous corallites are of frequent occurrence, and may he first recognized
by the fact that the inner part of the wall becomes as prominent and as thick as the outer.
Corallum porous; surface spongy-echinulate ; wall striato-reticulate at first, becoming
echinulate in linear series below.

The star of the radial corallites consists of a primary series of septa, of which the direc-
tives are well developed, and, excepting near the apex of a branch, of a more or less complete
second cycle.

This species differs in a marked degree from M. spectadilis in habit and in the general
appearance of the middle branches, but the radial corallites have here almost precisely the
same form and arrangement throughout the colony as occurs on the marginal divisions of
M. spectabilis. On this account the two forms may ultimately prove to be varieties of one
species. In habit the species approaches M. erythrea, Klz.

MADREPORA. 159

Torres Straits and Great-Barrier Reef. (The habitat of the type specimen is not
recorded.)

a. ? ? 93.4.7. 89. (Type.)
b. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 120.
c. Warrior Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 127.

es

141. Madrepora tubicinaria,

Madrepora tubicinaria, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 451, pl. xxxii. fig. 7; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires,
t. iii. p. 152; ? Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst. 1866, vol. v. p. 23; ?ibid. 1869, vol. vi. p. 100;
Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 19.

Corallum forming small round subcespitose clumps about 12 em. high, consisting of
several branching stems rising from a common base. Branches little spreading, closely
divided, nearly terete, 6 to 8 mm. thick, scarcely at all tapering; apex obtuse. Axial
corallites 2 to 3 mm. thick, a little prominent. Radial corallites regular, appressed tubiform
or cylindrical, applied at one side nearly or quite to the apex; length 3 to 4 mm., diameter
1:6 mm., thin and fragile at the margin, exterior neatly striate; aperture broad and circular,

opening upwards ; star narrow, six-rayed. (Dana.)

Unless the specimen from Tahiti recorded by Verrill should prove to belong to this
species, which seems very doubtful, the form has not hitherto been identified by subsequent
investigators.

There is a specimen in the collection of the British Museum, the habitat of which is not
recorded, which may belong to this species. It has the following characters :—Corallum
subcespitose, hemispherical, 22 cm. diameter and 14 cm. high. The colony consists of
numerous forked and closely divided branches arising from an incrusting base, always more
or less proliferous near the apex. Branches 1:5 cm. diameter at the base; distal divisions
about 8 mm. diameter. Axial corallites 3 to 4. mm. diameter, hemispherical ; wall thick and
porous. ‘The star consists of twelve septa of moderate development, the directives sometimes
more prominent than the other primaries. Radial corallites subequal, tubiform, with a round
aperture, nariform at first, appressed or a little spreading, length 2 to 3 mm., diameter | to
1:5 mm.; inner part of the wall often thin, outer part a little thickened but quite porous,
margin not rounded. On the middle divisions the corallites are very short, with a ring-shaped
border; on the main branches all are immersed. In the tubular corallites only the directive
septa are present, both are of moderate breadth, apparently the inner is often broader than
the outer; below, in the subimmersed and immersed corallites, the star is quite distinct and
consists of a well-developed primary series and a more or less complete second cycle.

Pacific Ocean: Fiji, ? Tahiti.
@ ——? 93, 4. 7. 115.

142. Madrepora botte.
? Madrepora pharaonis, M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 148 (part.).

Corallum cespitose from a central base, with very few immersed corallites below ; height

140 MADREPORARIA.

17 em., breadth 21 cm. Peripheral branches short, 2°5 em. long, subsimple, the others in-
creasing in length and diameter towards the centre; central branches 2 em. thick, divided
into five main divisions at the same level, each of which is a little over 1 cm. diameter and
again subdivided ; ultimate branchlets slender digitiform, with a very blunt apex ; about
3 em. long and 7 mm. diameter, very slightly tapering. Avxial corallites 3 to 4mm. diameter,
hemispherical, aperture very small. Radial corallites distant, thick, nariform or tubo-
nariform, 3 mm. long and 2°5 mm. wide, but narrower and pointed near the apex; some are
completely tubular and indicate new proliferations. The axial corallites are provided with
six moderately developed septa, the directives a little broader than the others; in the radial
corallites the directive septa are very broad and the other four quite narrow. Corallum

moderately porous in section ; surface and wall strongly and closely echinulate throughout.

The type specimen in the Paris Museum forms part of M. Botta’s collection from the
Red Sea. The label bears the name M. pharaonis, M.-Edwards & Haime, but the specimen
is so unlike the types of that species that it seems improbable Milne-Edwards would have
included it under that name. The species resembles M. fruticosa and certain specimens of
M. seriata somewhat in habit, but has distant corallites of different shape.

Red Sea. (Paris Museum.)

143. Madrepora amblyclados.

Madrepora cf. globiceps, Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iti. p. 151 (part.).
Madrepora plantaginea, Ortmann (non Lamarck), Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iu. p. 151 (part.).

Corallum cespitose from a broad base, 10 to 15 em. high and about 18 cm. broad. Main
branches 2 em. thick, bearing digitiform branches 2 to 2°5 em. long and 1 to 1°3 em. thick,
more divided in some specimens than in others. Axial corallites 3°5 to 4°5 mm. diameter,
occasionally 5 mm., scarcely exsert; wall very thick, aperture round or oval, 1 to 12 mm.
when round. Radial corallites ascending, tubular, with a moderately thick wall and very
oblique aperture, but the inner part of the wall is rarely absent excepting in young corallites ;
length of the outer part of the wall 3 mm. or a little over ; diameter a little variable, usually
about 2mm. Directive septa broad, the others rudimentary. Corallum moderately porous ;

surface spongy-echinulate ; wall faintly striate, echinulate near the base.

Four out of the five specimens doubtfully referred to M. globiceps by Ortmann appear
to me to belong to this species. The fifth (Indian Ocean, Conrad) is referred to M. platy-
cyathus. The Singapore specimen referred by Ortmann to M. plantaginea should probably
be referred to this species also, but the branchlets are more proliferous at the apex and the
radial corallites have scarcely so thick a wall as in the other specimens.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Indian Ocean (2 sp.) ; Singapore (2 sp.); Australia (1 sp.) (Stras-
burg Museum).

MADREPORA. 141

144, Madrepora diversa. (Plate XVI. fig. B.)
Madrepora diversa, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 461.

Corallum cespitose from a broad incrusting base, 10 em. high and 18 em. broad.
Branches 4°5 cm. long, 1°3 to 18 em. thick, simple or divided into 2 to 5 little-spreading
digitiform branchlets about 2-5 em. long and 1 em. thick, obtuse at the apex. Axial coral-
lites 3°5 to 4 mm. broad, scarcely exsert. Radial corallites chiefly tubular, with a more or
less oblique aperture, very unequal in length and diameter; all are ascending. The larger
ones are 3 to 6 mm. long and 2 to 2°5 mm. diameter, slightly compressed ; wall thick, but
only slightly rounded at the margin; smaller nariform or subimmersed corallites occur
between the others quite to the apex ; a few are proliferous and 5 to 8 mm. long. About
2 cm. from the apex the prominent corallites are nariform or tubo-nariform, with a thick and
strongly curved outer wall ; at the base nearly all are immersed. Star indistinct, often only
the directive septa are recognizable. Corallum moderately porous ; surface strongly echinu-
late ; wall finely striato-echinulate.

Indo-Pacific Ocean : Diego Garcia, Torres Straits.

a. Diego Garcia. G. C. Bourne, Esq. [P.]. 91.4.9. 4. (Type.)
6. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 309.

** Branches provided with numerous short proliferous corallites or twigs.

145. Madrepora spectabilis. (Plate XVIII. fig. B.)
Madrepora spectabilis, Brook, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1892, vol. x. p. 462.

Corallum corymbose, 28°5 cm. diameter, base 14°5 em., outer branches oblique and pro-
hiferous, fusions rare, the upper surface only slightly convex. On the under surface of the
outer branches the subdivisions are horizontal, frequently acervate, 1 to 2°7 cm. long, and
bear numerous irregular and spreading tubular corallites,5 mm. or more in length and about
2'4 mm. diameter, others are nariform or subimmersed. Main branches 6 em. long and
erect near the centre of the corallum, but near the margin the length is 8 or 9 em. and the
branches are arched, with the subdivisions chiefly on the outer side; the diameter at the base
is usually 2 em. and 1°5 em. at a point about 1 cm. below the apex ; the central branches are
simple, blunt, digitiform, or may be divided near the base into two or three branchlets, the
basal parts are usually angular in section owing probably to crowding ; the apices are about
2°5 em. apart; the greatest diameter (including corallites) is often 2°5 cm. in the middle of
a branch. Axial corallites very stout, hemispherical, 6 to 7 or even 8 mm. diameter, aperture
15mm. The radial corallites vary considerably in form and regularity in different parts of
the corallum ; on the marginal branchlets nearly all are tubular or subtubular, with the inner
part of the wall more or less incomplete, and extend at an angle of about 45°; length
2 to 25 mm., diameter 1°5 to 1°75 mm. ; wall a little thickened excepting in the inner part,

U

142 MADREPORARIA.

margin not rounded; on the central branches the corallites are more unequal, many are
tubular, dimidiate, or spout-shaped, with smaller thin-walled corallites between, but a little
distance below the apex the majority are dilated, nariform, bursiform, or subimmersed, many
of the dilated corallites are 2°5 mm. broad with a rounded margin ; numerous stouter, tubular
corallites, 2°5 mm. long and broad, occur at irregular intervals and indicate new outgrowths,
they are often collected into irregular groups at a point about 1 cm. below the apex of a
branch ; the bases of the branches are occupied by verruciform and immersed corallites. The
star consists of six moderately developed primary septa, of which the directives are a little
prominent ; sometimes a very narrow second cycle is also present. Corallum porous ; surface
covered with short blunt echinulations ; wall thick and very porous, striato-reticulate above,
becoming echinulate below.

The habitat of the type specimen is not recorded.

? ——? 93. 4. 7.88. (Type-)

146. Madrepora gemmifera.. (Plate XXII.)

Madrepora gemmifera, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 457.
? Madrepora seriata, Quelch (non Ehrenberg), ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 155.

Corallum massive corymbose, 35 cm. wide and 12 cm. high, base incrusting, 14 em.
diameter. Branches simple, erect, and digitiform near the centre, 4 to 6 cm. long and 1°5
to 2°5 cm. diameter, often quadrate and proliferous near the base, conical above. Marginal
branches 8 to 10 em. long, often divided into two principal arcuate and ascending divisions
similar to those nearer the centre, but the outer one bears on its outer surface numerous
spreading twigs 8 to 16 mm. long and 5 to 10 mm. thick. Axial corallites hemispherical,
4mm. diameter; septa in two cycles, both of which are narrow, directives a little more
prominent than the other primaries. Radial corallites broad, spreading, subtubular or
gutter-shaped, with small immersed cells between. The prominent corallites increase in
length from the apex downwards, and are often arranged in irregular rows, with immersed
ones between ; those near the apex are 2 mm. diameter or a little over, about 1°5 mm. long ;
wall thickened, but wanting or thin and incomplete on the inner aspect, margin not
rounded. ‘Those situated some distance below the apex may be 3°5 mm. diameter, the upper
part of the wall scarcely thinner than the lower; such corallites are 4 mm. long, and bear a
few buds near the base ; others still lower may form proliferations 8 to 16 mm. long, and in
such cases the axial corallite gradually acquires a rounded margin. Star of the radial
corallites indistinct, often only the directive septa are recognizable. Some of the prominent
corallites situated near the base of the central branches do not form buds and assume a
verruciform outline. Corallum dense, surface closely reticulate and echinulate, wall closely
striato-echinulate. The habit and stoutness of the branches recall M. spectabilis, but the
axial corallites are much smaller than in that species. The radial corallites are stouter and
more proliferous, the star is much less distinct, and immersed corallites are much more

numerous and extend to near the apex of each branch. The numerous proliferous twigs

MADREPORA. 143

near the base of the branches give the species a general resemblance to M. scherzeriana,
but the corallites are of quite a different type. In immature specimens the prominent radial
corallites have not quite such a thick wall, and the proliferations near the base of the

branches are neither so numerous nor so well marked.

Pacific Ocean : Fiji, Great-Barrier Reef, Torres Straits, Arafura Sea.

a-c. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92.6. 8.114 to 116. (Types.)
d. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 117.
e. Capricorn Islands. Saville-Kent Coll. 92.6.8. 118.
f. Kandavu, Fiji. H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 289.
(=U. seriata, Quelch.)
g. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 119.
h-j. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 123,125 & 126.
k. Capricorn Islands. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 298.
?7. Evans Bank, Arafura Sea. H.M.S. ‘Penguin. 92. 4. 5. 5.

147. Madrepora samoensis. (Plate VI. fig. C and Plate XXXI. fig. A.)
Madrepora samoensis, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. vol. 1891, viii. p. 468.

Corallum cespitose from a broad, rounded, incrusting base; height of corallum 24 em.,
breadth 28em. Branches very stout and much divided. The main branches usually become
divided into 8 or 10 secondary ascending branches, which increase in length towards the
centre of the corallum ; the outer ones are 3 to 5 cm. long, the inner ones 12 or 13 em. ;
these branches are often 2 cm. thick, not terete, but owing to crowding they are more or
less angular im section ; the secondary branches bear a third series of ascending branchlets,
2 to 6 em. long and 1 em. thick, those directed outwards being longest and most numerous.
All the divisions are only slightly tapermg and have a blunt apex. Axial corallites 3 mm.
diameter, or less in the case of the smaller subdivisions, scarcely exsert ; wall thick, very
porous, margin rounded. Star very distinct, the primary septa often nearly meet in the
middle line, but in the smaller corallites the directives are largest ; a second cycle is also
moderately developed. Around the axial corallites the radial corallites are frequently
arranged in subregular longitudinal rows. The radial corallites are nariform or short
tubular at first, with the inner part of the wall more or less incomplete, the outer part
thickened and very porous; they are 2 to 3 mm. long and about 2 mm. diameter. Rows of
smaller, subimmersed corallites are situated between the prominent ones, but the linear
arrangement is lost 3 to 5 cm. from the apex. At a point about 2 cm. from the apex the
prominent corallites become more thickened and bear buds; they are then about 4 mm. long
and nearly 3 mm. diameter. Such proliferous corallites occur at intervals of 5 to 8 mm.
over the whole of the upper part of the corallum; a few become more elongate and may
attain a length of 2cm. At a point varying from 2°5 to 6 cm. from the apex of a branch or
branchlet the whole of the corallites become short, and on the inner side of the branches
almost all of them are immersed. The star of the radial corallites not destined to form

u 2

144 MADREPORARIA.

proliferations is quite indistinct, usually only the directive septa are recognizable. Corallum
very porous ; surface spongy-reticulate, becoming regularly reticulate below ; wall striate and
fenestrated, margin not rounded.

Pacifie Ocean.

a-c. Samoa Islands. Rev. S. J. Whitmee [P.]. 75. 10. 2. 18 to 20. (Types.)

148. Madrepora scherzeriana.

Heteropora hemprichii, Haeckel (non Ehrenberg), Arab. Korallen, pl. iii. fig. 6.
Madrepora scherzeriana, Briggemanun, Abhandl. naturw. Ver. Bremen, 1877, Bd. v. p. 397, pl. viii. ;
Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 9.

Corallum cespitose; branches thick and stunted, little divided, 15 mm. thick, with here
and there a short ascending proliferous twig. Axial corallites little larger than many of the
radial ones, 3°5 mm. diameter, wall thick and porous, margin rounded, aperture 0°5 mm.,
star well developed. Radial corallites irregular, but placed in rows near the apex of a branch.
On the distal part of a branch the majority are short, stout, tubular, with a rounded margin
and striate wall, a little unequal in size, but many nearly as stout as the axial corallites, with
immersed ones between. The lower part of the branches bear thick verruciform corallites
and immersed ones at the base. Ccnenchyma very spongy and echinulate.

The branches bear numerous bud-corallites up to 8 mm. long and 5 mm. thick ; these
gradually increase in importance towards the base of the colony, where they form twigs
3cm.long. The species differs from M. seriate in the more pointed and more proliferous
branches, and the inner part of the corallite-wall is rarely incomplete.

A specimen in the Collection from Ceylon which appears referable to this species has
the branches 6 to 8 cm. long and 1 to 1°5 em. thick, little divided, and scarcely tapering
excepting near the apex. Axial corallites 3 to 4 mm. thick, hemispherical, or with rounded
margin. The prominent radial corallites are chiefly stout, tubular, or dimidiate, many are
3°5 mm. diameter and 5 mm. long, and the majority are 2°7 to 3 mm. diameter, with a thick
wall and rounded margin, with a few small subimmersed ones between. The aperture is by
no means always central; usually the inner part of the wall is shorter and comparatively
thin until the corallite has attained its full development. Proliferous corallites are numerous,
and may attain a length of 1 cm. ‘The septa are arranged in two well-developed cycles; in
many of the radial corallites the outer directive is much broader than the others. Corallum

very porous ; surface spongy-echinulate ; wall substriate and echinulate.

Var. spongiosa.
A form which may be a variety of this species is remarkable for its extreme porosity.
It is subarborescent in habit. The branches are 10 cm. long and 1°5 to 2 em. thick,

gradually tapering to an axial corallite 4mm, in diameter. The corallites on the apical
part of a branch are similar to those in the Ceylon specimen, but 3 em. below the apex the

MADREPORA. 145

majority are subimmersed or immersed with an aperture of 2 mm.; between these a number
of stout, prominent, proliferous corallites occur, 4 to 15 mm. long; a few form branchlets
7 cm. in length, and are again proliferous. The wall is extremely porous and reticulate,

scarcely striate.
Indian Ocean: Red Sea, Maldive Islands, Ceylon.

a. Galle, Ceylon. Dr. Ondaatje [P.]. 83. 4. 26. 2.
6. Maldive Islands. Colonial Exhibition. 86, 11. 22. 1. (Var. spongiosa.)

B. Branches stout and usually acervate, sometimes with more than one axial corallite.
Radial corallites appressed ; wall thick and margin rounded.

149. Madrepora humilis.

Madrepora humilis, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 483, pl. xli. fig. 4, pl. xxxi. fig. 4; M.-Edwards & Haime,
Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 147 ; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 16.

Corallum low, fruticose, spreading and short, stout, ramose, subproliferous; branches
terete, obtuse, 12 to 16 mm. thick. Axial corallites 4 to 4°5 mm. diameter, scarcely exsert.
Radial corallites equal and even, somewhat crowded (Dana’s figure shows them rather distant),
very stout, neat nariform, 2 mm. diameter, becoming less prominent below ; aperture oblong.

Star scarcely distinct, the directive septa prominent and nearly meeting below. (Dana.)

Rathbun records another specimen 24 cm. broad and 11 em. high. The base is much
thickened, the longest branch being only 6°5 cm. and the stoutest 1°8 em. thick.

The fragments in the Saville-Kent Collection consist of very blunt asparagus-like branches,
very closely covered with echinulate plates, which give a glaucous appearance on the surface.
The radial corallites are narrow, appressed, subnariform, and usually quite isolated, as shown
in Dana’s figure, but in one specimen they are rather crowded. The branches are 2 cm.
thick and 9 to 14 em. long, little divided, except near the apex. Axial corallites 5 to 6 mm.
diameter, hemispherical. Radial corallites on the distal parts stouter than those below,
hemicotyloid, nariform or cochleariform, with thick wall and rounded margin, appressed
above; but many are wart-like and suberect towards the base ; length 2 to 3 mm., diameter
15 to 3 mm., average about 2mm. The star usually consists of 6 septa, the directives
stouter and broader than the others ; sometimes they bear lateral processes.

Fiji Islands ; Great-Barrier Reef.

a, 6. Palm Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 58 & 59.
c. Adolphus Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 239.

150. Madrepora brueggemanni. (Plate XXIV. and Plate XXXV. fig. E.)

Madrepora lava, Briggemann (non Lamarck), Abh. naturw. Ver. Bremen, 1877, Bd. v. p. 044; Studer,
Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 18; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 18588, Bd. iii. p. 149.

Madrepora acervata, Studer (non Dana), Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 22.

? Madrepora pelewensis, Rehberg, Abhand. nat. Ver. Hamburg, 1892, Bd. xii. p. 41, pl. mi. fig. 11.

146 MADREPORARIA.

Corallum spreading arborescent, laxly branched. Main branches stout, 2 to 3 ecm.
thick ; branches long, lax, and turned in various directions, or short, stunted, divaricate, and
obtuse at the apex. Elongate branches 15 em. long and 1°5 em. thick, little divided, scarcely
tapering, except near the apex; stunted form of similar diameter, but more frequently and
divaricately divided ; ultimate divisions 2 to 3 cm. long, 1 to 1°5 em. thick, scarcely tapering,
very obtuse at the apex. A few short conical buds, or abortive branchlets, are scattered at
intervals from the base upwards. Corallum rather dense ; surface finely and thickly granular,
the “ granulations ” consist, as in other cases, of clubbed spinules with rough apices, or of
scabrous narrow plates in rows. Axial corallites very variable in size, sometimes 4 to 6 mm.
in diameter, with very thick wall, not exsert, or only slightly so; in other cases conical,
2 mm. exsert, 4 to 5 mm. diameter at the base, and about 3 mm. at the apex. In certain
cases, where the terminal divisions are very stout, a single axial corallite does not occur, but
instead the apex is occupied by several stout, cylindrical corallites, with only the rounded
margin prominent. ‘This clearly is yn approach to the condition in the subgenus Jsopora.
Radial corallites crowded, very uneq al and irregular on the upper surface, but more distant
below; they are usually short, thic , spreading tubular, with small aperture and rounded
margin ; 2 to 2°5 mm. diameter and to 5 mm. long, but most areshort. At intervals certain
corallites become more elongate and thickened, and develop buds. The inner part of the wall
is often not so thick and prominent as the outer, in which case the aperture opens inwards ;
the outer part of the wall may project in a point or hooked knob some distance above it.
This type of corallite is most frequent in certain elongate branched specimens, which pro-
bably constitute a distinct variety. Star well developed, primary septa broad and subequal,
the others not so prominent ; wall finely and closely granular, echinulate, the echinulate
plates often arranged in rows at the base of the corallites. Immersed corallites are not
numerous, and occur only on the under surface of the branches.

Var. uncinata. (Plate XXXV. fig. E.)

? Madrepora nobilis, Verrill (non Dana), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1867, vol. i. p. 40 (part.).
? Madrepora scabrosa, Bassett-Smith (non Quelch), Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 452.

Branches relatively elongate and tapering towards the apex ; radial corallites with a
rounded margin, tubular with an oblique aperture, becoming uncinate or shovel-shaped ; very

unequal in size, often a little compressed. Axial corallites 3 to 4 mm. diameter or a little
over, usually 1 to 2 mm. exsert.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Singapore, ? Tizard Bank, Torres Straits, Great-Barrier Reef.

a, b. Singapore. Purchased. 78.4.1.1&2. (Types.)

c-f. N.E. Australia. H.M.S. ‘ Alert.’ 93. 4. 7. 101 to 104.
g. Warrior Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 55.

h, i. Palm Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8.56 & 57.

Jj. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 121.

MADREPORA. 147

k. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 122.
1. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 277.
Var. uncinata.
a, b. Singapore. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. 91. 6. 16.
1 & 2.
c. Wreck Bay, Great-Barrier Reef. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 46. 7. 30. 26.
?d. Tizard Bank. H.M.S. ‘Rambler.’ 89. 9. 24. 100.

(=M. scabrosa, B.-Sm.)

151. Madrepora ortmanni.
Madrepora crassa, Ortmann (non Edwards & Haime), Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 149.

Corallum subarborescent, the divisions very stout. Branches 10 cm. long and 3 em.
thick, bearing 4 or 5 thick digitiform branchlets nearly 2 cm. thick ; in certain cases, owing
apparently to the fusion of two branches, they form oval spreading lobes 8 em. long, 3°5 cm.
broad, and 2 cm. thick, the apex oval, 2 cm. by 1 cm., with 2 axial corallites separated by
others of the radial type. Here, as in M. brueggemanni, there is, in certain branches, an
approach to the condition of the subgenus Jsopora. Axial corallites 4 mm. diameter, little
exsert ; wall rounded, witha large aperture (2 mm.) and deep-seated star of 12 septa. Radial
corallites long, appressed, tubular, crowded, and markedly imbricate, but in some parts more
spreading and irregular; diameter 2°5 to 3 mm., length up to 6 mm., or even more; wall
moderately thick, aperture large, margin rounded. The star consists of 6 well-developed
septa, and of a more or less complete second cycle. Corallum dense, but still reticulate in
section ; surface reticulate, with a spongy film in places; wall finely echinulate, not striate,
echinulations longer near the base of the corallites.

Pacific Ocean : Ponapé and Bowen, Queensland (Strassburg Museum).

152. Madrepora acervata.

Madrepora acervata, Dana (non Verrill), Zoophytes, p. 460, pl. xxxiv. fig. 4; M.-Edwards & Haime,
Coralliaires, t. ii. p. 154; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 12 (non Studer,
Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 22; non B.-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 454).

Madrepora plantaginea, Verrill (non Lamarck, non Dana), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 42;
ibid. Appendix, 1875 ed. of Dana’s Corals & Coral Islands, p. 333.

Corallum broad, cespitose, a little convex above ; exterior branches nearly prostrate and
somewhat flattened below. Branchlets 5 cm. long and 1 to 16 em. thick, very proliferous,
often acute at the apex and subretuse. Axial corallites broad, 3 to 4 mm., scarcely exsert ;
aperture scarcely one-fourth the diameter. Radial corallites crowded, appressed, tubiform,
2 to 3 mm. long; wall distinctly striated, oblique at the apex; lip thick; aperture elliptical;
star very distinct, the directive septa nearly meet below. (Dana.)

Singapore.

148 MADREPORARIA.

C. Radial corallites with thick dense wall and rounded margin.

a. Inner part of the wall complete ; aperture central.

153. Madrepora klunzingeri.
Madrepora pustulosa, Klunzinger (non M.-Edwards & Haime), Korallenth d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 8,
pl. i. fig. 1, pl. iv. fig. 15, pl. ix. fig. 4.
Madrepora klunzingeri, Quelch, * Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 158.
? Madrepora papillosa, n. n., Klunzinger, op. cit. p. 9.

Corallum small and cespitose, 8 to 10 em. high and broad; branchlets chiefly digitiform,
3 to 6 em. long and 1 to 1:5 em. thick, but tapered a little near the apex. Axial corallites
hemispherical or short conical, 5 to 6 mm. broad; aperture scarcely 1mm. _ Radial corallites
short, cylindrical, with rounded margin 2 to 4mm. long and broad, with round aperture

1 mm. in diameter. Corallum rather porous in section; surface spongy-echinulate.

Red Sea.
154. Madrepora ocellata.

Madrepora ocellata, Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 9, pl.i. fig. 7, pl. iv. fig. 14, pl. ix.
fig. 5; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 505.

Corallum low, cespitose, 8 to 10 cm. wide and 2 to 4 cm. high. Branches digitiform,
obtuse, little divided excepting near the apex, 2 to 4em. long, 1 em. thick. Axial corallites
4.to 5 mm. broad and 1 to 2 mm. exsert, thick-walled with rounded margin and small (1 mm.)
aperture. Radial corallites not crowded, usually nariform or tubular, 3 to 4 mm. long and
2 mm. broad, slightly compressed ; aperture small, round elliptical or oblique, outer part of
wall a little thickened and margin rounded; some of the tubular ones are elongate (7 mm.).
Near the base of the branches the corallites are verruciform with a few immersed ones
interspersed. Corallum porous above; surface echinulate or spongy-reticulate; wall not

striate.

A specimen from Ceylon described by Ortmann differs from the type in having smaller
axial corallites, 3 to 4 mm. diameter and 1 mm. exsert. The species approaches M. klun-
zingeri closely, and differs chiefly in the form of the radial corallites and in the thickness of
the wall.

Indian Ocean : Red Sea, Ceylon.

a, Ceylon. Haeckel Coll. 92. 12. 5. 7.

155. Madrepora cophodactyla. (Plate XXIII. fig. E.)
Madrepora cophodactyla, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 455.

Corallum broad, flattened, cespitose ; base 20 em. diameter. Branches stout, short, suberect

and very obtuse at the apex, simple, or divided near the middle into two or more ascending

MADREPORA. 149

branchlets ; length 3 to 5 cm., diameter 1°7 to 2 em. at the base, and usually over 1 cm. just
below the apex. Axial corallites 3 to 3:75 mm. diameter, scarcely exsert ; aperture usually
small, 1] mm. Radial corallites practically all of the same type, stout and dilated, appressed
tubular, with the inner part of the wall a little shorter than the outer, margin much rounded,
aperture more or less elliptical; diameter 2°2 to 3 mm., length 2 to 3 mm.; a few are
proliferous and those nearer the base are more appressed ; immersed corallites confined to the
base of the branches and the intervals between them. The star consists usually of 12 septa,
but none of them are very prominent. Corallum very dense; surface and wall finely and

closely echinulate.

This species resembles M. globiceps in the thickness and blunt apices of the branches ;
but has much stouter corallites, axial as well as radial.

Habitat not recorded.
? ——? 93.4.7.157. (Type.)

b. Inner part of the wall incomplete ; aperture elliptical.

156. Madrepora seriata.
Heteropora seriata, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 133.
Madrepora seriata, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 488; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. ii. p. 152.
Madrepora pallida, Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 10, (OG Srey Gate JN jollh abs sites (0
2 pl. iv. fig. 6.
Madrepora plantaginea, Studer (non Lamarck), MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 530 (part.); Studer,
Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 19.
Madrepora pyramidalis, Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 12 (part.).

Corallum cespitose or cespito-arborescent, flattened above or hemispherical, 10 to 26 em.
broad and 5 to 18 cm. high. Branches 2 em. thick at the base and 2 to 4 cm. long, or 6 to
9 em. in cespito-arborescent specimens, much divided in the distal parts. Ultimate divisions
1 em. thick, usually with a blunt apex. Axial corallites hemispherical, 3:5 to 6 mm. broad ;
aperture 1 to 15 mm. diameter, or in some cases 2 to 3 mm.; both wide and narrow
apertures sometimes occur in different parts of the same colony. Radial corallites small,
hemicotyloid around the axial corallite, those immediately below usually much appressed and
subequal. The majority are short, thick, ascending, tubular, often with the inner part of
the wall more or less incomplete and the outer part somewhat convex, 2 to 3 mm. long and
broad ; outer part of the wall usually thick, margin a little rounded ; sometimes a few short,
thick, tubular, proliferous corallites occur at intervals, those on the marginal branches are
often 5 mm, long. A few smaller, short, nariform or sublabellate corallites with thin walls
are scattered between the others and a few are immersed. The star of the radial corallites
consists of two cycles of septa, the directives usually, but not invariably, very broad, the
others narrow. Corallum rather porous and reticulate above, but denser below ; surface

spongy-reticulate and echinulate ; wall faintly striate.

150 MADREPORARIA.

In one of the type specimens of Ehrenberg the outer part of the wall of the radial
corallites is not so thick as usual, and in some cases is quite thin, and in some specimens the
branches are much more subdivided than in others.

This and the following species are sometimes very difficult to separate and it may be that
both are varieties of one species. M. pyramidalis is readily distinguished from M. seriata
by the form of the branchlets, but there appears, so far as I can judge, to be no constant
difference in the corallites.

Indian Ocean: Red Sea, Seychelles, Mauritius, Ceylon, Mergui Archipelago, Great-
Barrier Reef, ?Tongatabu. |

a. Red Sea. Dr. Klunzinger [C.]. 86.10.5.42. (= M. pallida, Kz.)
? db. Tongatabu. J. J. Lister [P.]. 91.3.6.15. (Young colony.)

c. Low Woody Island. Sayille-Kent Coll. 92.6.8. 146.

d. Capricorn Islands. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 147.

e. Troughton Island. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’ 92.1. 16. 6.

157. Madrepora pyramidalis.

Madrepora pyramidalis, Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 12, pl.i. fig. 2, ? pl. lv. fig. 6,
pl. ix. fig. 7, pl. x. fig. B, pl. ii. fig. 3; Mobius, Beitr. z. Meeresfauna Mauritius, p. 45; Duncan,
Journ. Linn. Soc. London, 1886, vol. xxi. p. 20; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 151 (part.).

Corallum low cespitose or incrusting. Branches pyramidal, rather crowded, so as to
become angular below, but conical above, tapering rapidly to a blunt apex; branches little
divided unless near the margin of a colony, and budding branchlets are not of frequent
occurrence; branches 3 to 4 cm. high and 8 to 10 mm. diameter at a point 1°5 cm. from
the apex. Radial corallites much appressed, rather unequal, chiefly with the mner part of
the wall undeveloped. In other respects the species agrees closely with M. seriata, Erb.

Var. depressa, Klunzinger, op. cit. pl. il. fig. 3.

Corallum incrusting, without branches ; corallites all short, thick, tubular, those which
represent axial corallites recognizable by their larger size. One of Klunzinger’s specimens in
the Berlin Museum consists of a colony in which the branches at one side are of the usual
type, but on the other gradually decrease in length until they reach the incrusting condition
of var. depressa. The specimens referred by Bassett-Smith to this variety agree with the
figure, but form large incrusting masses over an irregular surface of considerable extent. It
is, of course, possible that they belong to M. smithi, with which they occur on the Tizard
Bank ; probably in an incrusting condition the two species could not be separated.

Var. corymbiformis.

Corallum corymbose with a solid base. Branchlets on the upper surface of the charac-
teristic form, but united together by the solid basal structures, 2 to 3:5 em. long and about

MADREPORA. 151

2 em. diameter at the base ; under surface oblique and solid. Axial corallites 3 to 3°5 mm.
diameter. Radial corallites as in typical M. pyramidalis.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Red Sea, Mauritius, Mergui Archipelago, Pelew and Caroline
Islands, China Sea, Great-Barrier Reef.

a. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6.8. 145.
Var. depressa.
a, 6. Tizard Bank, 2 fath. H.M.S. ‘Rambler.’ 89. 9. 24. 99 & 166.
Var. corymbiformis.
a ? ——? 93.4. 7. 110.

158. Madrepora canaliculata.

Madrepora canaliculata, Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 12, pl. i. fig. 3, pl. iv. fig. 10,
pl. ix. fig. 8.

Corallum cespitose, similar to that of WZ. seriata ; apical branchlets rarely over 1 cm. in
diameter. Axial corallites thick and hemispherical, 4 to 5 mm. diameter. Radial corallites
crowded and appressed near the apex, but not dilated. The majority are very unequal ; many
are 3 to 4 mm. long and 2 mm. diameter, obliquely ascending, tubular, with a more or less
deep longitudinal fissure in the inner side, wall not much thickened; others are similar in
form but shorter, with spoon-shaped, round nariform, uncinate and immersed ones intermixed.
Near the base of the branches the corallites become verruciform and immersed. Corallum
porous; surface spongy-echinulate ; wall striate.

A specimen in the Saville-Kent Collection has the branches 8 to 9 em. long and 1°5 cm.
diameter at the base; apices about 2°5 cm. apart. Axial corallites 3°5 mm. diameter. Radial
corallites spreading almost at right angles, gutter-shaped, half-tubular or obliquely tubular
with shorter ones between ; a few become stouter and verruciform below, with immersed cells
between ; length of the more prominent corallites 83 mm., diameter 2°3 mm., margin plane.
Septa narrow, especially in the immersed corallites; second cycle often incomplete ; the
directives usually rather broader than the other primaries.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Red Sea, Great-Barrier Reef.

a. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92.6.8. 200.

159. Madrepora bullata, (Plate XIII. fig. D.)
Madrepora bullata, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 454.

Corallum cespitose from an incrusting base; diameter 27 cm., height 11 cm., diameter
of base 11 cm. Branches digitiform, erect in the centre, spreading towards the margin;
central branches 5 to 6 em. long and about 1°7 cm. diameter at the base, gradually tapering
to a blunt apex, simple or forked, with numerous elongate proliferous corallites and short
twigs; apices of the main divisions about 3°5 cm. apart, marginal branches on one side

x2

152 MADREPORARIA.

8°5 em. long, with the subdivisions chiefly on the under surface ; nearer the base two or three
rows of shorter twigs occur provided with radiating and stout cylindrical corallites with
rounded apex (7 to 16 mm. long and 3 to 5 mm. diameter), with or without buds. Axial
corallites 5 to 6 mm. diameter, cylindrical, with plane apex when small, but margin strongly
curved in all other cases. Wall thick and fenestrated, aperture small, star well developed.
Radial corallites tubular, with a more or less oblique aperture, more rarely nariform,
increasing in length and diameter from the apex downwards for a distance of about 3 cm.,
below which a few are more elongate, but the majority short, becoming nipple-shaped and
dilated nearer the base, none are completely immersed on the branches. Diameter of the
small periaxial buds ] mm., of an average corallite 1-8 mm., of the more elongate ones below
2°5 mm.; length 1 mm., 2°5 mm., and 5 mm. respectively ; the majority have the inner part
of the wall a little thinner than the outer and the margin is plane; in the stout elongate
corallites the wall is of uniform thickness and the margin more or less rounded. The angle
formed by the corallites increases towards the middle of the branches and in a few cases
approaches 90°. The star is very well marked in all but the younger corallites and consists
of a well-developed primary series of septa and a more or less prominent second cycle.
Corallum moderately porous ; surface reticulate ; wall striate and echinulate.

The type specimen is similar in appearance to certain specimens of M. canaliculata, but
differs in the complete absence of dimidiate corallites and in the much better developed star.

Pacific Ocean: Great-Barrier Reef area.

a. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92.6.8. 238. (Type.)

160. Madrepora globiceps.

Madrepora globiceps, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 454, pl. xxxiy. fig. 38; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p- 153; ? Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 42; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
1887, vol. x. p. 16; ? Verrill, Proc. Essex Instit. 1866, vol. v. p. 23; ibid. 1869, vol. vi. p. 100.

Corallum broad cespitose, convex above, 30 cm. broad and 15 em. high, with a solid dise-
shaped base. Branchlets erect, digitiform, crowded, subangular, about 6 cm. long and 1:3 to
1:7 cm. thick, rounded at the apex. Axial corallites 2 mm. broad, scarcely at all prominent.
Radial corallites crowded (the figure shows them rather distant), short tubiform or tubo-
nariform, 1°5 mm. broad, obsolescent below. Aperture oblique and elliptical ; wall obsoletely
striate; star distinct. (Dana.)

A small corymbose specimen in the collection of the British Museum, growing on
a species of Tridacna, agrees fairly well with Dana’s figure of this species, but the apices of
the branches are not so obtuse. The branches are 3°5 em. long and 1 em. diameter at the
base, slightly tapering to a rounded apex; apices about 2 em. apart. Axial corallites 2°5 to
3°5 mm. diameter, scarcely exsert. Radial corallites tubular, unequal, but nearly all are very
short, spreading almost at right angles, immersed below; the more prominent ones are nearly
2 mm. diameter, rarely 2 mm. long; wall thickened, margin not rounded; aperture often

MADREPORA. 1153

oblique. Star well developed, but deep. Corallum very dense ; surface reticulate and
echinulate ; wall striato-reticulate.

Pacific Ocean: Tahiti.

iy Purchased. 49. 5. 18. 2.

161. Madrepora platycyathus.

Madrepora plantaginea, Ortmann (non Lamarck), Zool. J B. 1888, Bd. ii. p. 151 (part.).
? Madrepora ef. globiceps, Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 151 (part.).

Corallum cespitose, branches 8 to 9 cm. long and 16 em. thick, subdivided above, the
apices about 1°5 em. apart. Axial corallites 3 mm. diameter, slightly exsert and a little
tapermg. Radial corallites ascending, compressed, tubular, but the inner part of the wall is
only fully developed in the longer corallites; aperture more or less oval: those which are
quite tubular average 5 mm. in length and 2 mm. in diameter ; wall thickened and dense,
margin distinctly rounded: many are 6 mm. long, distinctly compressed (3 by 2 mm.), and
bear two or three small buds near the base; others between are appressed, nariform or
labellate, rarely subimmersed. Corallum stony, but still more or less reticulate in section ;
surface strongly echinulate, wall finely so.

A specimen from the Indian Ocean (Conrad), referred doubtfully by Ortmann to
M. globiceps, probably belongs here, but differs in minor points from the type specimen.
The axial corallites are more prominent and may be 2 mm. exsert. The radial corallites are
not so large and irregular as in the type specimen, and fewer are proliferous; but all are of
the same form, 3 to 4 mm. long, with short or subimmersed ones between.

Indo-Pacific Ocean : Tahiti, Indian Ocean (Strassburg Museum).

D. Wall of radial corallites dense and dilated at the base, but thin at the margin.

162. Madrepora botryodes. (Plate XXXIV. fig. C.)
Madrepora gonagra, Briiggemann (non M.-Edwards & Haime), Abh. naturw. Ver. Bremen, 1877, Bd. v.
p. 398; Briiggemann, Phil. Trans. 1879, vol. clxviil. p. 575.
Madrepora haimei, Briiggemann, loc. cit. p. 575 (part.).
Madrepora botryodes, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 454.

The only specimen referred by Briiggemann to M. gonagra which has come under my
notice is the Rodriguez variety, which he compares to a cauliflower. This specimen does not
appear to me to agree with the short description of M. gonagra given by Milne-Edwards.
With regard to Briiggemann’s Mauritius specimen and the type of M. gonagra I have to
judge of the appearance of both with only the descriptions to guide me. Milne-Edwards
uses the expression “calicles courts, arrondis et groupés irréguliérement, de fagon a simuler
des nodosités.” Briiggemann, on the other hand, has the following :—“ Charakteristisch fiir

154 MADREPORARIA.

dieselbe sind die nach aussen nicht scharf abgegrenzten Kelche, welche als einfache Nodo-
sitaten des Stammes erscheinen.” Apparently the simple verruciform protuberances ox
Briiggemann are quite distinct from the clustered corallites referred to by Milne-Edwards,
and I have therefore considered it desirable to give a new name to Briiggemann’s form.

Corallum subcespitose, sometimes incrusting a dead colony, probably of the same species ;
new growth about 3°5 cm. high, diameter of corallum 15°5 em. Branches erect and crowded,
simple or subsimple, 1-2 to 1°5 em. diameter, but broader at the apex, which is occupied by
numerous crowded, proliferous corallites, giving a broad acervate extremity. In old specimens
the apices become fused together. Axial and proliferous corallites 3:5 to 5 mm. diameter
and 2 mm, exsert, short, cylindrical, with rounded margin and small aperture, usually under
1 mm. Radial corallites appressed, tubular or half-tubular, very variable in size; wall
usually thick and frequently dilated; the majority of those situated some distance below the
apex are verruciform, with immersed corallites between; the more prominent ones are
2 to 3 mm. diameter, with rounded margin. The star consists of 12 well-developed septa ;
the directives often nearly meet. Corallum porous; surface reticulate and echinulate; wall
armed with closely-arranged dentate plates.

A young specimen 3 to 4 cm. diameter has the branches only 1 cm. long or under;
most of the apices are not yet proliferous, and the wall of the radial corallites is usually
thin.

Rodriguez.
a, Rodriguez. Royal Society [P.]. 76.5.5. 85. (Type=M. gonagra, Brigg.)
6. Rodriguez. Royal Society [P.]. 76. 5.5.88. (Young.) (=M. haimei, Brigg.)

163. Madrepora calamaria. (Plate XXIII. figs. A, B.)
Madrepora plantaginea, Briiggemann (non Lamarck), Phil. Trans. 1879, vol. clxviil. p. 579.
Madrepora calamaria, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 455.

Corallum cespitose from a short pedicellate base, or incrusting in the case of young
specimens. Colony 21 cm. diameter and 15 em. high; base 6:5 cm. diameter and 4 cm. high.
Marginal branches short and horizontal; middle branches 7 cm. long and 1°5 em. thick,
crowded and angular near the base, divided into 2 or 3 subparallel, digitiform, blunt
branches, some of which are again divided; apices about 2 cm. apart, distal divisions 1 em.
diameter, or a little more near the apex, owing to the presence of dilated corallites. Axial
corallites 3°5 to 5 mm. diameter at the base, somewhat conical, with a flat apex; aperture
rarely over 1 mm. Radial corallites very unequal in size; many are much appressed, dilated
tubiform, with the inner part of the wall thin and more or less incomplete, the outer thick,
often dilated, but usually rounded so as to be moderately thin at the margin; length
3 to 5 mm., diameter 2 to 2°7 mm.; a large number of the small thin-walled or subimmersed

corallites are scattered between the more prominent ones ; nearly all become verruciform or

MADREPORA. \ 155

annular and immersed towards the base of the branch. The septa are very narrow, even in
the axial corallites; in the radial ones usually only the directives are recognizable. Corallum
dense ; surface and wall closely echinulate. \

+

Var. mammillata. (Plate XXIII. fig. A.)

Two of the Rodriguez specimens consist of incrusting colonies in which cha Were are
indicated only by conical protuberances, with very numerous and small immerstd corallites
between. The protuberances are about 7 to 10 mm. high and’6 to 11 mm. digmeter, the
axial corallites 3°5 mm. diameter ; the radial ones crowded, scarcely prominent, withthe walls
confluent. The larger specimen is 15 em. long and 8 cm. broad. Ne

Rodriguez.

‘\

a. Rodriguez. Royal Society [P.]. 76.5.5,.103. (Type=M. plantaginea, Brigg.)

Var. mammillata.
b,c. Rodriguez. Royal Society [P.]. 76.5. 5.86 & 87. (=WM. plantaginea, Briigg,)
\
\
E. Wall of the radial corallites rather thin and firm or slightly thickened, but not rounded \
at the margin.

164. Madrepora australis. (Plate XXIII. fig. C.)
Madrepora australis, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 453.

Corallum small cespitose, about 8 cm. high from a base 9 cm. in diameter. Branches
usually divided near the base into 2 or 3 erect digitiform branchlets, all of which reach to
about the same level, length 3°5 to 4:5 cm., diameter 2 to 25 cm. at the base, the distal
divisions 1:3 to 2 em., angular below, slowly tapering to a blunt apex; apices about 2:3 cm.
apart. Axial corallites 3 to 4mm, diameter, hemispherical or a little tapering in the smaller
ones. Radial corallites rather distant and unequal, short, spreading, tubular, with more or
less oblique apex and plane margin; aperture not compressed, diameter 1 to 25 mm., the
more prominent ones usually about 2 mm. diameter; length 1 to 2 mm., excepting near the
base of the branches, where a few are dilated and others more elongate and less spreading ;
the wall is a little thickened but not dilated, and the inner part is rarely entirely wanting.
A few subimmersed and immersed corallites are scattered between the more prominent
ones. Corallum moderately porous; surface spongy and echinulate; wall finely striate and
echinulate.

A specimen, the habitat of which is not recorded, is referable to this species, but
differs in two or three points. The branches are more acuminate (axial corallites 3 mm.
diameter), and the radial corallites in many cases are gutter-shaped, owing to the imperfect
development of the inner part of the wall, and sometimes the lip is quite thin. It agrees,
however, with the type specimens in the mode of branching and in the spreading unequal
corallites, which are not compressed. The species is distinguished from M. guppyi by the

156 MADREPORARIA.

mode of branching, by the less crowded, more unequal radial corallites, which are also of
greater diameter and are not compressed.

Pacific Ocean: Darnley Island and Great-Barrier Reef.

a. Darnley Island. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 46. 7. 30. 34.

b-d. Wreck Bay, Great-Barrier Reef. J.B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 46.7. 30. 18, 20 & 23. \ypes.
é. 7 W. H. Ince, Esq. [P.]. 82. 11. 16.2. (Var.)
f. Low Woody Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 124.

165. Madrepora plantaginea.

/

Madrevora plantaginea, Lamarck (non Dana), Hist. Anim. sans Vert. t. ii. p. 279 (part.), ed. 2, p. 447;
Blainyille, Manuel d’Actin. p. 390; ? Quoy et Gaimard, Voyage de l’Astrolabe, Zool. t. iv. p. 234,
pl. xix. fig. 3; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 149; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
1864, vol. i. p. 42; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 151; ibid. 1859, Bd. iv. p. 504 (non
Dana, Zoophytes, p. 459 ; non Briiggemann, Phil. Trans. vol. clxvili. 1879, p. 575; non Studer,
MB. Akad, Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 530; non Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 19; non

é Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 153).

Madrepora variabilis, Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. ii. p. 152 (part.).

A number of specimens which form part of Lamarck’s collection in the Paris Museum
are labelled Madrepora plantaginea, but are referable to at least three species. One is
undoubtedly M. /ava, and agrees with the type specimen, and another perhaps belongs
to M. retusa, Dana. The one which I have selected for description appears to be that
described by Milne-Edwards.

Corallum cespitose, about 17 em. broad and 12cm. high. Branches simple or subdivided,
up to 7 cm. long and about 1-4 em. thick. The majority of the radial corallites are short ;
but many are thick, tubular, spreading at almost right angles, the more important of which
become proliferous and form short spreading branchlets. The terminal 1 to 15 cm. of a
branch often differs from the lower part in the absence of these proliferous corallites, and the
radial ones are more appressed. Axial corallites 4 to 5 mm. diameter, and about 3 mm.
exsert ; wall thick, margin rounded, aperture about 1 mm. Proliferous tubular corallites and
branchlets 3 to 13 mm. long, 2 to 4 mm. diameter or more, with rather thick wall. Radial
corallites 1°5 mm. diameter ; wall rather thin, 2 to 3 mm. long; they are appressed tubular
above, but soon become shorter, and many are almost immersed at a point 2 cm. from the
apex, but still with the prominent proliferous corallites between them. The septa of the
axial corallites are in two cycles, both rather narrow; in the radial corallites there are also
two cycles, but the directive septa are more prominent. Corallum porous ; surface spongy-
echinulate ; wall substriate or echinulate in irregular longitudinal rows.

Two other specimens, which are possibly referable to the same species, have fewer and
shorter spreading proliferous corallites, and thus the branches have a more regular
appearance. The radial corallites are mostly short, with the inner part of the wall thin and
rudimentary, the outer part thickened a little, and the margin rounded. Certain corallites,

MADREPORA, 157

by an increase in the thickness of the inner part of the wall, become tubular and spreading
(2°5 mm. diameter and 2 mm. long). The more important of these bear lateral buds.

A specimen from Samoa (Mus. Godeff.) in the Strassburg Museum, referred by Ortmann
to M. variabilis, appears to me to approach Lamarck’s types more closely than any other
specimen which has come under my notice; but the axial corallites are smaller, 3°5 to 4 mm.
diameter. The colony is cespitose, with stunted horizontal marginal twigs up to 2 cm. in
length and 6 or 7 mm. thick. The central branches are 1°5 cm. thick, and divided near the
base into three cr more arched branchlets, 6 em. long and 1°5 em. thick, which are again
much divided and proliferous. Radial corallites very unequal, short and rather spreading
tubular near the apex, with short-lipped and small immersed ones between. Most of the
prominent corallites are 2 mm, diameter and 1°5 to 2°5 mm. long; wall a little thickened ;
aperture somewhat oblique, and occasionally the inner part of the wall is very short. A little
below the apex a number of tubular corallites extend almost at right angles, and are
4 or 5 mm. long and 2°5 mm. thick, with buds at the base. In this situation the remaining
corallites are very short, and on the main divisions nearly all are immersed, with a few short,
thick, spreading tubular ones between. Directive septa prominent, the others delicate and
often narrow.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Tahiti, Samoa, Tongatabu, Singapore, Ceylon.

166. Madrepora erythrza.

Heteropora abrotanoides, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 113.
Madrepora erythrea, Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th, ii. p. 14, pl. iii. fig. 5, pl. iv. fig. 8,
pl. ix. fig. 10 ; Mébius, Beitr. z. Mecresfauna Mauritius, p. 45.

Corallum cespitose, flattened or hemispherical, 10 to 20 em. broad and 8 to 12 cm. high.
Branches digitiform, with numerous short proliferations, 2 to 7 em. long and 8 to 10 mm.
thick, tapering a little towards the apex; outer branches almost horizontal, free or with a
few fusions, and provided with distant long tubular corallites on the under surface. Axial
corallites 3 to 4 mm. broad and 1 to 1°5 mm. high. Radial corallites always with the inner
part of the wall undeveloped, 2 to 4 mm. long and 2 to 2°5 mm. broad ; wall rarely thickened,
outer part of the wall usually convex.

In the variety cymbeformis the majority of the radial corallites are long, boat- or trough-
shaped ; in variety cochleariformis (Ehrenberg’s type) shorter and broader with rounder
aperture, generally spoon-shaped. Near the base of the branches the corallites become verru-
ciform and immersed. Corallum rather dense within, but porous near the surface; surface
spongy-reticulate or compact, echinulate ; wall substriate.

The specimens which I have referred to this species agree closely with Klunzinger’s
description in most respects, but all have a number of the corallites with a more or less
complete inner wall, and in one specimen there are many which are tubular with an oblique
aperture,

Indo-Pacific Ocean : Red Sea, Maldive Islands, Mauritius, Great-Barrier Reef.

a-c, ——? —? 98. 4. 7.134, 135, & 165.

Y

158 MADREPORARIA.

d-j. Red Sea? Purchased. 40.5.7. 27 to 29,31 to 33 & 8
k,l. Wreck Bay, Great-Barrier Reef. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 46.7. 30. 7 & 35.
m. Maldive Islands. Purchased. 86. 11. 22. 9.

167. Madrepora guppyi. (Plate XXIII. fig. D.)
Madrepora guppyi, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 458.

Corallum broad, flattened, cespitose ; base 17 cm. diameter, height about 7 cm. ; marginal
branches subhorizontal, rather small and crowded; the others simple or subsimple, conical,
the central ones erect, those nearer the margin radiating ; apices rather far apart, often 4 cm.
or more; diameter 2 to 2:5 cm. near the base, length 4 to 6°5 em., regularly tapering to a
blunt apex. Axial corallites 3°5 to 5 mm. diameter, hemispherical or scarcely exsert. Radial
corallites small, very crowded and spreading, regular, subequal and usually thin-walled,
frequently a little compressed, half-tubiform with a rounded apex, or gutter-shaped, or a few
with curved lower wall are eymbiform ; length 1:5 to 2 mm., diameter 1:2 to 1°5 mm.; those
situated near the apex of a branch are shortest, those below gradually become longer and
stouter ; a variable number of immersed corallites are scattered between the others; near the
base of some of the branches the corallites are thickened and may be 2 mm. diameter. The
apex of a branch in several cases forms the habitation of a Cirripede. Star not well developed
in the radial corallites, often only the directive septa are recognizable, in the immersed
corallites even these are extremely narrow. Corallum dense ; surface spongy-echinulate ; wall
finely striato-echinulate.

Solomon Islands.

a. Shortland Island, Solomon Islands. Dr. Guppy [P.]. 84.12.11.18. (Type.)

168. Madrepora beodactyla. (Plate XIII. figs. A, B.)
Madrepora seriata, Briiggemann (non Ehrenberg), Phil. Trans. 1879, vol. elxviii. p. 575.
? Madrepora haimei, Briiggemann (part.), loc. cit. p. 575.
Madrepora beodactyla, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 453.

Corallum low, flattened cespitose from a broad incrusting base. The largest specimen is
oval and measures 20 cm. by 14 cm., and is 5 em. high. Branches erect, digitiform, simple or
proliferous, the marginal ones oblique, apex blunt or conical ; length 3 to 4.cm., diameter 7
to 10 mm.; in some specimens the majority of the central branches are simple, in others
divided into 2 to 6 more or less radiating twigs. Axial corallites 2 to 3°5 mm. diameter,
scarcely exsert or short and tapering, margin much rounded. Radial corallites chiefly open-
nariform or gutter-shaped with an oblique apex, lower border of the wall almost horizontal ;
length 1°3 to 2 mm. rarely more, diameter 1:6 mm., becoming shorter and subimmersed
below. Wall usually thin and margin not rounded, but in one specimen from Rodriguez, which
does not differ in other respects, the wall is thicker, the aperture correspondingly smaller,
and the margin somewhat rounded (fig. A). In another Rodriguez specimen the radial

MADREPORA. 159

corallites are chiefly ascending, and numerous small ones are scattered between those which are
most prominent. Star scarcely recognizable or not prominent. Corallum rather dense ;
surface reticulate and echinulate; wall striato-echinulate, but the striz become lost as the
wall increases in thickness.

This species resembles M. australis in the form of the corallites.

Indo-Pacific Ocean : Rodriguez, Great-Barrier Reef.

a, 6. Capricorn Islands. Saville-Kent Coll. 92.6.8. 285 & 286.
c,d. Rodriguez. Royal Society [P.]. 76.5.5.101 & 106.
(= M. seriata, Brigg.) Types.
?e. Rodriguez. Royal Society [P.]. 76.5.5. 107. |

(= M. haimei, Briigg., part.)

169. Madrepora leptocyathus. (Plate XVI. fig. C.)
Madrepora leptocyathus, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 463.

Corallum flattened vasiform, from a broad base, not pedicellate. Marginal branches
oblique, fused into a solid plate below, excepting near the periphery, where they are a little
flattened and covered with short, crowded, appressed, tubular corallites with a thin wall. On
the upper surface all the branchlets rise from a solid base with very numerous immersed
corallites. The branchlets are about 3 cm. long and 1 to 1:4 em. thick, frequently angular
below, but more tapering above; the apices are usually 1°7 cm. apart. Those in the centre
are chiefly simple, but may bear a few proliferous corallites; others, particularly near the
margin, are divided. Axial corallites 2°5 to 3 mm. diameter, cylindrical, scarcely exsert.
Radial corallites small, crowded, tubular or tubo-labellate, spreading at right angles, wall thin
and porous; they are 1°5, rarely 2 mm. diameter, and seldom over 2°5 mm. long, a little
unequal, with small and delicate ones between. On the lower parts of the branchlets the
prominent corallites are not so numerous and the wall is thickened. Proliferous corallites
5 mm. long and 4 mm. wide (including the lateral buds). Star usually indistinct, but the
directive septa are sometimes prominent. Corallum rather dense; surface finely reticulate
and echinulate ; wall striato-echinulate.

The type specimen appears to consist of two circular colonies fused together.

Samoa.

a. Samoa. Rev. S. J. Whitmee [P.]. 75. 10.2.7. (Type.)

170. Madrepora brevicollis. (Plate XX VII. figs. A, B.)
Madrepora brevicollis, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 454.

Corallum cespito-arborescent, or subcorymbose and oblique ; branches 8 to 12 em. long
in the bushy form, 1:5 em. thick ; in oblique specimens the branches may be 22 cm. or more
in length, but do not increase correspondingly in thickness. In bushy specimens the branches

we

160 MADREPORARITA.

are much divided and bear numerous spreading twigs and short proliferations. In specimens
which extend obliquely the marginal branches closely resemble those of the cespitose form,
but the central ones are suberect, arcuate, distinctly tapering, and not so proliferous. Axial
corallites 3 to 4 mm. diameter (but not so stout on the smaller twigs), short cylindrical,
margin often a little rounded. Radial corallites much crowded, irregular, chiefly half-tubular
or short-labellate, with rounded or plane apex, sometimes distinctly compressed ; in some
specimens the form is more nearly nariform, or, if the inner part of the wall is at all
prominent, tubo-nariform, but in most specimens the inner part of the wall is not developed ;
diameter usually 15 mm., more rarely 2 mm., with a few immersed cells scattered between.
The corallites usually remain more or less prominent quite to the base of the branches unless
on the under surface of oblique specimens. Star very prominent, but sometimes consists of
only 6 septa. Wall moderately thin and porous in the majority of cases, but the outer
part is distinctly thickened in the stouter corallites. Corallum porous; surface spongy-
reticulate and echinulate ; wall striato-reticulate when thin, striate and echinulate if thicker.

Var. pustulifera. (Plate XX VII. fig. B.)

Madrepora pustulosa, Briiggemann (non M.-Edwards & Haime), Phil. Trans. 1879, vol. clxvill. p. 574.

A variety which exhibits the same variations in habit as the type, and differs chiefly in
the form of the radial corallites, the majority of which are tubular with a somewhat oblique
aperture ; wall thin and striate as in the type.

Indo-Pacific Ocean; Torres Straits and Great-Barrier Reef area, Rodriguez.

a-c. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 248 to 250.

d. Warrior Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 252.

e. Palm Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 2538.
jf-h. Low-Woody Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 254 to 256.

i. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 257.

Var. pustulifera.

a-f. Rodriguez. Royal Society [P.]. 76.5. 5.94 to 98 &

100. (= M. pustulosa, Brigg.)

g. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 251.

Division ITI.
7. Subgenus CONOCYATHUS. gx+ hue

Corallum corymbose, cespitose, bushy, subarborescent or reticulate, differing chiefly from
Tylopora in having more slender apices to the branches and relatively small conical axial
corallites with rounded apex. The prominent radial corallites have a dense wall with the
margin rounded. The M. variabilis group shows an approach to M. brueggemanni var.
uncinata in the form of the radial corallites, but not in habit. The M. polymorpha group
leads to the form characteristic of M. rosaria and its allies.

MADREPORA. 161

A. Corallum corymbose, with or without confluent branches. If the central branches are
long the habit is bushy.

171. Madrepora variabilis.

Madrepora variabilis, Kiunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 17, pl. i. fig. 10, pl. ii. figs. 1 &
5, pl. v. figs. 1 & 3, pl. ix. fig. 14; Mébius, Beitr. z. Meeresfauna Mauritius, p. 45; Ortmann,
Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 152 (part.); ibid. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 505.

Madrepora coalescens, Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 509, pl. xiii. fig. 5.

Corallum very variable in form, bushy, cespitose, corymbose or horizontal and then
cespito-foliate with frequent fusions. Outer branches of the colony usually more or less
horizontal, almost without corallites below. Avxial corallites 3 to 4 mm. broad, little exsert,
wall thick, margin rounded. Radial corallites chiefly tubular with a rounded margin, but the
inner part of the wall may be much shorter than the outer, aperture small and rarely central.
A few of the more elongate ones bear buds and a few very short thin-walled and subimmersed
ones are scattered between the others. Lower down the corallites are less spreading, shorter,
but rarely immersed. Corallum dense and compact; surface scarcely porous, finely echinulate;
wall echinulate, sometimes in rows, but not costulate. The upper corallites are often very
spreading, but in other specimens rather appressed, a little unequal, 4 to 5 mm. long and 2 to

3 mm. broad.

Forma tumida, K/z.

A small cespitose form with stout dilated radial corallites 3 to 4 mm. broad, closely
resembling those of M. hemprichi.

Forma pachyclados, K/z.

Corallum corymbose, cespito-foliate; branches and branchlets little spreading, 1 to
1°5 cm. thick or more in the case of the main divisions. Radial corallites usually somewhat
appressed.

Forma leptoclados, K/z.
? Madrepora aff. tenuispicata, Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. ii. p. 153.
Corallum cespito-foliate or bushy. Branches and branchlets only 5 to 10 mm. thick, but
the main divisions may be as stout as in var. pachyclados. The elongate tubular corallites

and the twigs produced from them are very spreading, the other radial corallites may be
spreading or moderately appressed.

Forma coalescens.
Madrepora coalescens, Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 509, pl. xiii. fig. 5.

Corallum corymbose, upper surface flattened or a little convex. The branches on the

162 MADREPORARIA.

under surface are fused into an almost solid plate, with a few short conical branchlets
pressed into the general plane; surface naked, but with a few immersed corallites. The
branchlets on the upper surface are erect and proliferous, 1 cm. thick, and vary in different
specimens from 3 to 10 em. in length, Axial corallites hemispherical, 3 to 4 mm. diameter.
Radial corallites nariform, with, towards the apex, a few tubular ones interspersed, which
represent new proliferations ; they are 2 to 4 mm. long and 2 mm. broad at the apex; wall
thick, especially in the upper ones; aperture round or oval, not large. Near the base of the
branches immersed corallites are numerous, and a few are scattered between the prominent
ones to near the apex. (Ortmann.)

Ortmann remarks that the species resembles M. variabilis, K1z., but that it differs in the
complanate under surface and in the nariform rather than tubular radial corallites. There
are, however, many tubular corallites with a slit-like or oblique aperture in the type speci-
mens, and, seeing that the habit of MW. variabilis is so varied, I think this form should
rank only as a variety. On the other hand, one specimen in the Jena Museum labelled
M. coalescens, var., appears to be more nearly allied to M. ceylonica.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Red Sea, Ceylon, Macclesfield Bank, Great-Barrier Reef, Samoa,
Tongatabu.

Forma pachyclados.
a. Koseir, Red Sea. Dr. Klunzinger [C.]. 86. 10. 5.6.
6. Tongatabu. J. J. Lister, Esq. [P.]. 91.3.6. 11.
Cs ? f 158.2: 1005,
d. Capricorn Islands. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8.216.
?e-h. Macclesfield Bank, 18 fath. H.M.S. ‘Penguin. 92. 10. 67 to 70.

Wi
?z. Macclesfield Bank, 18 to 28 fath. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’ 92.10.17. 66.

Forma leptoclados.

a, 6. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 217 & 218.
Forma coalescens.
a-k. Ceylon. Haeckel Coll. 92.12.5.9 to 16, 22, 24 & 32.

172. Madrepora ceylonica.

Madrepora ceylonica, Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 506, pl. xli. fig. 3.
Madrepora remota, Ortmann, loc. cit. p. 510, pl. xiii. fig. 6.

? Madrepora valida, Ortmann, loc. cit. p. 506.

? Madrepora secale, Ortmann, loc. cit. p. 510.

Corallum consisting of a flattened clump of branches arising from an incrusting base, the
peripheral ones horizontal and fused together. Branches angular, 5 cm. long, under 1 cm.
thick ; these bear below rather distant immersed corallites with a wide aperture (over 1 mm.)
and prominent star. Up to a point about 1°5 cm. from the apex the corallites are immersed,
with a few bursiform ones interspersed. Near the apex appressed nariform or tubular corallites
occur, with somewhat thickened wall, 2 to 4mm. long and 2 to 2:5 mm. thick, but always
with immersed and bursiform ones between. The apex of a branch is frequently occupied by

MADREPORA. 163

2 to 5 proliferous corallites 2°5 mm. thick. Axial and proliferous corallites conical, 3 mm. at
the base, tapering to 1‘5 or 2 mm. at the apex, 2 to 3 mm. exsert. Aperture of the corallites
generally round, that of the nariform and tubular corallites usually smaller than in the others.
A few axial and proliferous corallites have a slit-like aperture. Ccenenchyma porous; wall
finely echinulate, indistinctly striate.

I am inclined to regard the specimens recorded by Ortmann as M. valida, M. secale, and
M. remota as varieties of this species, and, at any rate, all have many characters in common,
The form referred to M. valida is rather cespitose than corymbose, but still shows the
marginal branches more or less confluent. The specimens referred to M. secale have elongate
horizontal branches fused into a plate. The type of M. remota differs chiefly in its plate-like
habit, in having more distant branchlets, and near the centre of the colony a number of sub-
erect, elongate, tubular twigs occur, which may be 2 em. long, 4 mm. broad at the base, and
25 mm. at the apex. If I am correct in regarding this form as a variety of M. ceylonica,
these elongate tubular twigs must be regarded as axial corallites on which lateral buds have
not become developed.

Ceylon ; ? Macclesfield Bank.

a, 6. Ceylon. Haeckel Coll. 92. 12. 5. 17 & 31.
c. Ceylon. Dr. Ondaatje [P.]. 83. 4. 26. 3.
d. Ceylon. Haeckel Coll. 92.12.5.21. (? M. remota,
Ortm.)
?e. Macclesfield Bank, 18 to 28 fathoms. H.M.S. ‘ Penguin” 92. 10. 17. 78.

173. Madrepora tumida.

Madrepora twnida, Verrill, Comm. Essex Inst. 1866, vol. v. p. 21; ibid. 1870, vol. vi. p. 102; Rathbun,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 19.

Corallum corymbose, the branches coalescing into a broad massive base, supported by
a thick peduncle, the upper surface flattened. Towards the margin the branches spread
horizontally, and gradually become loosely coalescent and free ; from the whole upper surface
arise numerous nearly upright branchlets, which are rather stout, about 5 em. high, tapering
rapidly, and mostly divided into several small secondary branchlets. Radial corallites large,
thick, and turgid, somewhat appressed; the cells large, opening upwards, conspicuously
stellate, with 12 septa, of which the secondary ones are much the narrowest ; two directives
nearly reach the middle line. Axial corallites somewhat larger than the radial, exsert, the
margin thick, very porous; primary septa equal, secondaries well developed. The cells at the
base of the branches are wholly immersed, but have 12 conspicuous septa. On the lower
surface there are very few cells; these are very small and wholly immersed. Surface of the
coenenchyma openly reticulate and porous, with spinous granules; exterior of corallites
densely covered with small lacerate spines. Breadth of largest specimen 46 cm., height
12°7 cm. (Verrill.)

164 MADREPORARIA.

Several fragments of an apparently corymbose specimen appear to belong to this species,
The axial corallites are 3°5 to 4.mm., somewhat conical, with a rounded margin. Radial
corallites often subimmersed quite to the apex of the branchlets, but the outer part of the
wall is usually more or less dilated ; the more prominent ones are hemicotyloid, 2°5 mm.
long and 2 mm. diameter, the inner part of the wall wanting, the outer thick and rounded at
the margin, those near the apex of slender twigs are open nariform, with a comparatively
thin wall.

Pacific Ocean: Hong Kong and China (probably South).
a-d. China (probably South). Fisheries Exhibition [P.]. 84. 2. 26. 9, 11 to 13.

174. Madrepora glauca. (Plate XXXIV. fig. D.)

Corallum semi-vasiform from a lateral attachment. The branches are short and erect
above the base, and gradually become more elongate and oblique towards the periphery ; all
of them reach to about the same plane. They vary from 4 to 125 em. in length and from
1:2 to 1:6 em. in diameter ; they are arranged in several rows of gradually increasing length,
and, although close together, are rarely confluent. The surface of the branches is very dense,
and consists of very crowded, blunt echinulations of equal length, so that the surface is
smooth to the touch. A thin layer immediately beneath the surface is less dense. The under
surface is provided with a few short conical twigs without prominent corallites, and at distant
intervals a few immersed corallites occur, which are provided with a very prominent star of 6 or
more septa. The branches give rise on the upper surface to short, stout, tapering branchlets,
which are rendered irregular by the presence of numerous stout spreading corallites, which
become proliferous; length 2 to 3°5 cm., diameter at the base about 1 cm. Axial corallites
stout, conical, 4 mm. diameter at the base and 3 or 4 mm. exsert; star well developed, the
primary septa subequal. Radial corallites round, open-nariform at first, becoming short,
ascending tubular by completion of the inner part of the wall, but decreasing in length and
finally immersed or subimmersed at a point about 2 cm. below the apex. The wall is at first
of moderate thickness, but becomes thicker in the tubular corallites, which have also a rounded
margin. Length of the outer part of the wall (the inner is scarcely free in short corallites)
2 to 4mm., diameter 1:8 to 2°5 mm.; a few are stouter, more elongate, and spreading, and
become converted into new axial corallites. The septa are well-developed in all cases; at first
the directives are broader than the other primaries, and the second cycle is rather narrow.
Corallum very dense; the corallite-wall is at first closely vermiculate with delicate spmes on

the ridges, but later becomes covered with crowded, blunt echinulations, like the general
surface.

West Australia.

a. West Australia. Purchased. 86. 2. 26.7. (Type.)

MADREPORA. 165

175. Madrepora concinna. (Plate XVII.)
Madrepora concinna, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 460.

Corallum corymbose, 30 cm. broad and 12 cm. high, from a central base, scarcely pedi-
cellate. Under surface of the branches horizontal, much flattened, more or less confluent,
9 cm. long and 2 cm. broad, provided with irregular verruciform and lateral, elongate, tubular,
or conical corallites ; immersed ones almost absent. Branches on the upper surface 5 to 6 cm.
long, 8 to 13 mm. thick, very proliferous. Axial corallites 3°5 mm. diameter at the base,
tapering, 3 mm. exsert. Radial corallites very unequal ; those at the apex are very short,
small, and thin-walled ; others immediately below are tubo-nariform or tubular, with a round
or oblique aperture, frequently opening inwards; some are 3 to 6 mm. long and 2 to 3 mm,
in diameter, spreading, but not at right angles; wall thick, margin rounded ; others between
are shorter or subimmersed ; all are short or subimmersed at the base of the branches. Star
not prominent, consisting of narrow directive septa and 4 others, which are rudimentary.

Corallum dense ; surface and wall finely echinulate.

Indian Ocean: Mauritius and Amirante Islands.

a, b. Mauritius. Purchased. 78. 2. 4.3 & 8. (Types.)
c. Etoile Island, Amirante Islands. H.M.S. ‘ Alert.2 93. 4. 7. 160.
d. ? ——? 98. 4. 7. 156.

176. Madrepora loripes. (Plate VIII. fig. B.)
Madrepora loripes, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 459.

Corallum bushy, much divided, with numerous: short, stout, arched branchlets, usually
devoid of corallites on the inner side. Base incrusting, without corallites; main branches
about 14cm. long and 1°6 em. thick at the base, laxly divided, each division crowdedly covered
with unequal branchlets, which consist of an elongate and thickened tubular corallite, which
bears buds laterally and on the outer surface, but not on the inner, excepting on the distal
part of those which are over 2 cm. long; length 8 mm. to 4°5 cm., diameter 4°5 to 8 mm.
Axial corallites 4mm. diameter, a little less on the smaller twigs ; wall thick, but very porous,
margin rounded ; star well-developed, but deep, occasionally in very large corallites (5 mm.)
a third cycle of septa is present. Radial corallites on the distal 3 cm. of the stouter divisions
appressed tubo-nariform to spreading tubular, the angle varying with the size of the corallite
and the condition of the inner part of the wall, the smaller ones are 4 mm. long and 1:15 mm.
diameter, and cylindrical, often with one or two small bursiform buds; a few similar small
corallites also occur between the prominent ones; wall moderately thick and margin slightly
rounded, more distinctly so in proliferous corallites. The inner part of the wall is thin at
first, but with increase in length becomes as thick as in the other parts. On the lower
portions of the branches the majority of the corallites are scattered irregularly, thin-walled,
and subimmersed to yerruciform and appressed tubiform, with short blunt twigs at intervals

Z

166 MADREPORARIA.

of 1 to 1:5 em.; these consist of a stout, elongate, axial corallite, provided with nariform buds,
excepting on the inner aspect, which is nearly always devoid of corallites, excepting on the
distal part of the more elongate branches. Immersed corallites are chiefly confined to the
basal parts, and are usually small (0°7 mm.). Star imperfect, usually only the directive septa
are recognizable. Corallum porous near the surface, but dense within ; surface strongly and
closely echinulate ; wall echinulate, the echinulations are often arranged in longitudinal rows
near the base of the cylindrical corallites situated near the apex, but not in other situations.

Pacific Ocean: Great-Barrier Reef.

a. Green Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 219. \ types.
b-d. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92, 6. 8. 221 to 228.

e. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92.6. 8. 224. (Var.)

jf. Capricorn Islands. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 234. (Subcespitose.)

B. Corallum forming a subcomplanate reticulum, with short twigs on the upper surface.

177. Madrepora cancellata. (Plate XXXII. fig. C.)

Corallum prostrate and reticulate ; branches about 1 cm. diameter, with postero-lateral
conical corallites, which may form twigs 1:5 em. long and 5 mm. thick. The only other
corallites on the under surface of the reticulum are immersed or subimmersed, quite distant
and scattered. On the upper surface of the branches the corallites are mostly broad-nari-
form, with the wall often much thickened and the margin rounded; length 2 to 3 mm.,
diameter 2 to 2°5 mm. At irregular intervals certain corallites become tubular and proliferous,
and may then form arched twigs of variable length up to 2cm. Axial corallites conical,
surrounded by scarcely prominent radial corallites with wide aperture ; diameter 3 mm., and
2 mm. exsert; star well developed, the directive septa usually broadest. In the radial
corallites the directives are very broad and stout, but all the other septa (usually 10) are quite
narrow. Corallum very dense; surface and corallite-wall very closely echinulate.

Louisiade Archipelago.

a, Coralhayen, Louisiade Archipelago, 15 fathoms. 51. 9. 29. 39. (Type.)

178. Madrepora pumila.

Madrepora pumila, Verrill, Comm. Essex Inst. 1866, vol. v. p. 23.

** Corallum low and spreading horizontally near the bottom, the branches spreading from
one side of the coral. These are openly reticulated, occasionally coalescent, crooked and
irregular, flattened from above, giving off from the sides aud upper surface short, irregular,

scattered branchlets, many of them consisting only of a terminal cell, with one or two small

MADREPORA. 167

lateral ones ; others are slender and angular, an inch or more long, with a few distantly
scattered and rather large lateral cells. Terminal corallites somewhat exsert, thick, sub-
conical, being thickened below. Cells with 6 septa and a thick margin. Lateral corallites
few, tuberculiform, thickened at base, with a simple tubular lip; cells but little smaller than
the terminal ones, with 6 septa distinct. On the lower side of the coral there are neither
cells nor branchlets. Ccenenchyma very porous and open, spongiform, scabrous, without
distinct striations even on the corallites. Breadth of coral 5 inches; height 1:5; diameter of
larger branches -28; of cells 05.” (Verriil.)

Bonin Islands.
C. Corallum cespitose.

179. Madrepora violacea. (Plate XI. fig. A.)
Madrepora violacea, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 465.

Corallum cespitose or subecorymbose from an incrusting base. Colony about 9 em. high
and 12 cm. in diameter. Branches short, stout, and much divided, 1 to 1°3 cm. diameter at
the base, somewhat angular owing to crowding; main divisions 2°5 to 3°5 cm. long, over 1 cm.
diameter at a point 1 cm. below the apex. Axial corallites 2°5 to 3°5 mm. diameter, usually
about 1:5 mm. exsert, cylindrical or subconical with a rounded margin, wall dense and thick ; the
star consists of two cycles of moderately-developed septa, the directives not appreciably
broader than the other primaries. Radial corallites chiefly stout, spreading tubular, with
smaller tubular, nariform or subimmersed ones between ; sometimes the stout corallites are
arranged in subregular rows with small ones between, at others the small corallites are few
and scattered. The stout corallites often have the inner part of the wall a little shorter than
the outer and the aperture is then oval, the margin is distinctly rounded, diameter 2 to 2°5 mm.,
length 2 to 4 mm.; many of the longer ones bear buds, others form short twigs 6 mm. or
more in length. The stout corallites have the directive septa more prominent than the others
and one or two cycles may be moderately developed, but in other cases the star is scarcely
recognizable. Corallum rather dense ; surface and wall finely echinulate, not striate.

A specimen from the Great-Barrier Reef differs from the type in one or two points. The
apex of the stout tubular corallites is often oblique owing to the shortness of the inner part
of the wall or occasionally the form may be dimidiate. The septa are better developed than
in the type, and especially in the numerous short open corallites near the base of the branches
and on the under surface; the directive septa almost meet in the middle line.

Pacific Ocean: Fiji, Great-Barrier Reef.

a. Fiji. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [P.]. 62. 2.4.31. (Type.)
6. Green Island, Great-Barrier Reef. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 294.

168 MADREPORARIA.

180. Madrepora valida.

Madrepora valida, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 461, pl. xxxv. fig. 1 ; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p- 150; Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, 1886, vol. xxi. p. 19; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 19; ? Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 152 (non ibid. 1889, Bd. iv.
p- 506; non B.-Smith, Ann, Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 453),

Madrepora verrucosa, M.-Edwards & Haime, Atlas Cuvier’s Régne Anim., Zooph. pl. Ixxxi. fig. 1; ibid.
Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 150 ; ? Faurot, Arch. Zool. Expér. 1888, t. vi. p. 119.

Corallum cespitose ; branchlets subdigitiform, very uneven, 7°5 cm. long and 12 to 16 mm.
thick, rudely proliferous. Under surface of the outer branchlets flattened and nearly naked.
Radial corallites unequal, appressed tubiform, very stout and large, 4 to 8 mm. long and 2 mm.

broad ; exterior smooth, star rather distinct, the directive septa meet below. (Dana.)

In the figure given by Dana the axial corallites are scarcely any larger than the radial ones.

The type of M. verrucosa, Ed. & H., could not be found at the time of my visit to the
Paris Museum. A specimen from Tongatabu bears that name, but does not conform to the
diagnosis given by Milne-Edwards and is nothing like the specimen figured in the Atlas to
Cuvier’s work. There appears little doubt, judging from the description and figure, that
M. verrucosa is identical with Dana’s species.

Var. digitata, Dana (Madrepora albida digitata, Gualtieri).

Under this name Dana refers to a fragment in the collection of the Boston Natural History
Society, in which the branches are 12 to 16 mm. thick, sometimes acervate with two or more
large, stout, scarcely exsert corallites at the apex. Radial corallites uneven and very stout,
3 to 6 mm. long, with a thick lip and small circular aperture, very neatly stellate. The form
is figured in Gualtieri’s Index Test. Conchyl. on the back of titlepage to part i.

The Thursday Island specimens are subcespitose, branches 8 cm. long and 1°5 cm.
diameter at the base, subdivisions radiating. Axial corallites 3 mm. diameter, tapering, with
rounded margin. Radial corallites of the same type, ascending to spreading tubular, 1-5 mm.
diameter at first, but rapidly increasing to 2°5 or 3 mm. and to 5 mm. in length, somewhat
tapering ; a few small subimmersed corallites occur between the more prominent ones. The
star consists of 12 septa, all except the directives are rather narrow. Corallum very dense;
wall finely echinulate, not striate.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Fiji, Tongatabu, Torres Straits, ?China Sea, Singapore,
Elphinstone Island (Mergui Archipelago), ? Red Sea.

a-c. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 290, 291, & 317.
d. ? 2? 93.4. 7. 118.

181. Madrepora microphthalma.
Madrepora microphthalma, Verrill, Comm, Essex Inst. 1869, vol. vi. pp. 83 & 102.

Corallum somewhat arborescent, spreading mostly in one plane. The main trunk gives off
branches subpinnately, 1:2 em. thick, rapidly divergent, usually less than 7 mm. apart. A

MADREPORA. 169

few smaller branches rise from front and back of trunk and main branches which do not
conform to the general plane. Secondary branches and branchlets arise somewhat irregularly,
crowded and strongly divergent above, 7 or 8 mm. diameter, 1:2 to 2 cm. long, rapidly
tapering to a subacute apex. Axial corallites 2 to 2°5 mm. diameter and of similar length,
with porous but firm wall, lip rounded, and perforated by a very small aperture. Radial
corallites very unequal in size and elevation, diverging at an angle of about 45°, tubular,
somewhat tapering, truncated a little obliquely at summit and rounded ; the wall considerably
thickened, especially on the outer side, firm but very porous. Length of corallites 0:5 to
3°7 mm., average about 2°5 mm. ; diameter 0°5 to 1°75 mm., average about 1°5 mm.; dia-
meter of largest cell 0°38 mm. Septa of axial corallites well developed, 6 primaries meet in the
centre, others shorter ; the radial corallites have 6 equal, well-developed septa. Coenenchyma
firm, surface finely echinulate ; wall evenly echinulate, not costate. (Verriil.)

The specimens which I have referred to this species have the following characters :—
Corallum laxly arborescent ; branches elongate, 2 cm. thick, scarcely tapering. Sometimes
the distal 13 cm. of a branch is simple, in other cases the branches bear short stout branchlets
nearly to the apex. Axial corallites scarcely differing in size from the radial ones, somewhat
conical, 2°5 to 3 mm. in diameter, with moderately developed primary septa and a rudimentary
second cycle. Radial corallites dilated, tubular, with much rounded margin and very small
aperture ; inner part of the wall often incomplete or absent ;. length 2 to 3 mm., diameter 1:5
to 25 mm.; sometimes adjacent corallites are unequal in length, with a few immersed ones
between ; primary septa relatively broad, the directives most prominent, second cycle incom-
plete. Corallum dense, surface and wall closely echinulate.

The habit of this species would appear to indicate an affinity with EHumadrepora, but the
form of the corallites and density of the corallite-wall render it necessary to associate it with
M. valida and allied species.

Indo-Pacific Ocean : Loo Choo Islands, Korea, Torres Straits, Ramesvaram.

a, 6. Ramesvaram. Madras Museum. 88. 11. 25. 12 & 93. 4. 7. 152.
ce. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92.6.8.66. _
? d-g. China (probably South). Fisheries Exhibition. 84, 2. 26. 17 to 20.
?h. Tsu-sima, Straits of Korea. J. F. R. Aylen, Esq. [P.]. 62. 7. 16. 34.
A: ? —? 93. 4. 7. 169.

D. Corallum subarborescent or bushy, usually with numerous short proliferations.

182. Madrepora polymorpha. (Plate XXXI. figs. B to D.)
Madrepora abrotanoides, Dana (non Lamarck), Zoophytes, p. 477, pl. xli. fig. 1; Verrill, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 41; ? Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 539: Rathbun, Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 12.
Madrepora polymorpha, Brook, Ann. Mag, N. H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 466.

Corallum fruticose, spreading ramose; branches 8 to 20 em. long, usually about 1:5 to
2jem. thick, gradually tapering ; the branches bear numerous branchlets, spreading usually

170 MADREPORARIA.

at an angle of 80° to 90°, and varying in importance from thickened and elongate proliferous
corallites to subterete and tapering twigs 4. cm. long and 1 em. thick. Axial corallites 1°5
to 2 mm. diameter and 0°5 to 2 mm. exsert, wall thick or comparatively thin. Radial coral-
lites compressed nariform or tubo-nariform, unequal, the longer ones becoming tubular and
proliferous. Some distance below the apex all become verruciform with a dilated wall, which
gradually becomes reduced to a ring-shaped fold. Immersed corallites are usually wanting
even in the older parts of the colony, but in one or two specimens, which agree closely in
other respects, immersed corallites may take the place of those with a ring-shaped lip.
Radial corallites 15 mm. diameter or under, and 1°5 to 3 mm. or more in length; aperture
oval, wall varying in thickness in different specimens; always thickened some distance below
the apex of a branch, and in some cases quite to the apex; in the latter case the wall of the
axial corallites is also thickened. The axial corallites are provided with 12 septa, none of
which are very prominent ; those of the radial corailites are also usually narrow, including the
directives ; in the corallites situated some distance from the apex the second cycle is almost
as well developed as the first. Corallum dense, even near the apex of a branch in most
specimens ; surface and wall finely and closely echinulate.

The species which Dana referred to M. abrotanoides is quite distimct from the type of
Lamarck, with which the description given by M.-Hdwards agrees closely. The description
and figure of Dana agree very well with the species here described and I have therefore placed
the name as a synonym. It is possible that more recent authors may have taken Dana’s
species for the true M. abrotanoides, and the synonymy is thus uncertain at present.

There is considerable variation im this species, both in the branching and in the thickness
of the corallite-wall. The specimens which have come under my notice fall more or less
completely into three groups :—

a. Branches elongate; corallite-wall thin or only slightly thickened near the apex of a
branch, but becoming considerably thickened below. A few immersed corallites may
or may not occur near the base of the branches.

6. Branches shorter and more subdivided; corallites often 2°5 mm. diameter, all with
thick wall and rounded lip. No immersed corallites.

c. Branches thick and stunted, with short branchlets. Immersed corallites extending
between the bases of the branchlets to near the apex.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Malacca, ? Fiji.

a-e. Malacca. Capt. Belcher, R.N. [P.]. 42. 11. 28.1,5 & 6; 42. 11. 30. 20 & 25.
? ? 40.5. 15. 28; 41. 2. 23. 30.
h,i. ——? —? 93.4. 7. 158 & 159.

Types.

183. Madrepora forskali.

Heteropora forskalhi, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 113 (part.).
Madrepora forskalii, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 489; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 150;
Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 17, pl. iii. fig. 6, pl. v. fig. 2, pl. ix. fig. 13.

Corallum forming dense and much-branched clumps 10 to 20 em. high and 15 to 20 cm,

MADREPORA. 171

broad. Stems 2 em. thick; branches and branchlets ascending, 2 to 10 em. long and 8 to 12
mm. thick, proliferous and scarcely tapering except near the apex. Axial corallites 3 to 4 mm.
broad, 2 mm. exsert, margin a little rounded, aperture 1 mm. Radial corallites 1:5 to 2 mm.
broad, 3 to 4 mm. long, usually thin-walled, aperture round or oval, 1 to 15 mm. diameter ;
they are unequal, rather appressed half-tubular, with small subimmersed ones between ;
others are completely tubular and bear buds ; below they are more appressed, or verruciform,
and finally immersed. Corallum moderately but not openly porous in section ; surface spongy-
reticulate and echinulate ; wall striate.

Several specimens are in the collection from the Persian Gulf which resemble M. variabilis
in habit, but have the thinner-walled tubo-nariform corallites of this species. One specimen
forms a corymbose clump 38 cm. in diameter.

Indian Ocean: Red Sea, Persian Gulf.

a-d. Persian Gulf. A.S. G. Jayakar, Esq. [P.]. 91. 1. 18. 5, 8, 22 & 31.
? —— ? 93.4. 7. 114.

é.

184. Madrepora rousseaui.
Madrepora rousseauti, M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 138.

Corallum small, shrubby arborescent, consisting of tufts of slightly tapering branches
up to ll em. in length; they are 1 cm. diameter from the base to within 3 em. of the apex,
then tapering gradually to the axial corallite. Hach branch bears numerous proliferations,
5 to 30 mm. long, which are prolonged and thickened tubular corallites bearing radial
corallites in proportion to their length. Axial corallites 2°5 mm. diameter (M.-Edwards
gives 3 mm.), 2 mm. exsert, with thick cylindrical wall. Radial corallites tubular or half-
tubular at an angle of about 45°, chiefly 2 mm. diameter and 2:5 mm. long, but many are
longer ; inner margin often incomplete, wall moderately thick, a little rounded at the margin ;
those over 2°5 mm. long bear one or two small buds near the base, and thus lead on to more
marked proliferations and branchlets. A few immersed corallites are scattered between the
others, excepting near the apex of a branch and on the younger branchlets. Septa of the
axial corallites in one cycle only, subequal, moderately developed; those of the radial
corallites also in one cycle, directives broad. Corallum dense; surface a little pitted and
finely echinulate; wall finely echinulate, excepting in the younger corallites, where it is

striato-reticulate or fenestrated.

The above description is based on the types in the Paris Museum. A specimen in the
collection of the British Museum, which appears referable to this species, has the axial
corallites 2 mm. in diameter, the branches gradually tapering through their whole length, and
the shorter corallites nariform rather than tubular.

Indian Ocean: Seychelles, Malacca.
a. Malacca. Sir E. Belcher [P.]. 42. 11. 30. 18.

172 MADREPORARIA.

185. Madrepora exilis. (Plate X. figs. C, D.)
Madrepora exilis, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 457.

Corallum very variable in form, shrubby arborescent to virgate with short peripheral
branchlets, in the latter case closely resembling some specimens of M. affinis in habit ;
others recall the habit of M. rowsseawi. In virgate specimens the branches are about 25 em.
long and 1:3 em. thick, not including the branchlets, which vary considerably in length in
different specimens. Branchlets usually 1 to 2 cm. long and 6 mm. thick, spreading almost
at right angles; they are arranged all round the axis so as to give a bottle-brush appearance ;
apices about 1 cm. apart. In one specimen the branchlets near the apex are elongate, but
most of those below are short, unequal, and tapering. Axial corallites scarcely 2 mm.
diameter, 1°5 mm. exsert, subcylindrical, with a well-developed star of 12 septa, the directives
rather broader than the others. Radial corallites nariform or tubo-nariform, a little spreading,
becoming tubular if proliferous, usually 2 mm. long and 1:5 mm. diameter, wall firm and a
little thickened; the star consists of 6 moderately developed septa, the directives rather
broader than the others. Between the branchlets the corallites are rarely immersed ; the
majority have a free ring-shaped border, and a few are nariform. In bushy specimens the
branches are shorter, more slender, and much divided, with proliferous corallites and short
twigs scattered irregularly over the surface of the subdivisions. Five specimens from the
same locality show a gradual transition from the virgate to the bushy form. Corallum rather
dense; surface and wall echinulate, not striate, but the echinulations may be arranged in
linear series.

Pacific Ocean : Great-Barrier Reef area, China Sea, Arafura Sea.

a-f. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92.6.8. 102 to 106 &
310. (Types.)
g-i. Macclesfield Bank, 18 faths. H.M.S. ‘Penguin. 92. 10. 17. 81 to 83.
j. Evans Bank, Arafura Sea, 10 faths. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’ 92. 4. 5. 6.
?k. Seychelles. H.M.S. ‘Alert.2 82. 10. 17. 170.

186. Madrepora elseyi. (Plate XI. figs. E, F.)
Madrepora elseyi, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 456.

Corallum cespito-arborescent ; branches sometimes relatively long with a cluster of
branchlets near the apex, at others short and much divided, resembling M. brevicollis in
habit. Branches 1 to 1°5 cm. diameter; branchlets and proliferous corallites very numerous
and usually acuminate. Axial corallites 2 to 3 mm. diameter, sometimes short cylindrical
with a plane margin, more usually a little tapering. Radial corallites ascending tubular,
rather crowded, wall thick, margin much rounded (excepting in young corallites), immer part
of the wall shorter than the outer and often not quite so thick; length 2 to 4 mm. (average
2°5 mm.), diameter 1°5 to 2 mm.; becoming verruciform and finally subimmersed near the
base ; those near the apex are relatively elongate and slender ; many proliferous corallites

MADREPORA. 173 ©

occur at intervals, some of which form twigs, others remain short and nipple-shaped ;
sometimes quite half the corallites on one surface of a branch bear buds, at others very few.
Star well developed, the two directive septa very broad. Corallum dense; surface and wall
densely echinulate, not striate, though striato-echinulate when thin,

Pacific Ocean: Torres Straits and Great-Barrier Reef area.

a-g. North Australia. J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.]. 57. 11. 18. 204, 209, 214
to 218. (Types.)
h-l. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 241-245
m. North Australia. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 246.
n. Rocky Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 247.

8. Subgenus RHABDOCYATHUS.

Axial corallites stout, cylindrical, the free portion not usually longer than broad ; wall
thick and dense; margin more or less rounded ; star usually 12-rayed. The more prominent
radial corallites are also thick-walled and are usually provided with more than six septa;
they sometimes also resemble the axial ones inform. The habit is either bushy, fruticose, or
flattened and reticulate, with branchlets on the upper surface only. There is sometimes an
approach to the bottle-brush form in the arrangement of the twigs, but in such cases, so far

as known, the twigs are always longer on one side of a branch than on the other.

A. Corallum bushy, fruticose or subarborescent. Radial corallites of the same form as the
axial ones, and some of them are scarcely smaller in diameter.

187. Madrepora hemprichi.

Heteropora hemprichit, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 109.

Madrepora forskali (part.), M.-Edwards & Haime (non Ehrenberg), Coralliaires, t. 111. p. 151.

Madrepora hemprichii, Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 6, pl. i. fig. 2, pl. iv. fig. 17,
pl. ix. fig. 1; Ortmann, Zool. JB, 1888, Bd. iii. p. 149; ibid. 1889, Bd. iv. p. 503 (non
Haeckel, Arab. Korallen, pl. ii. fig. 6).

Madrepora obtusata, Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 7, pl. i. fig. 5, pl. iv. fig. 18,
pl. viii. fig. 20, pl. ix. fig. 2; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 149.

Madrepora variolosa, Klunzinger, Korallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 8, pl. i. fig. 6, pl. iv. fig. 16,
pl. ix. fig. 3.

? Madrepora rudis, Rehberg, Abhand. nat. Ver. Hamburg, 1892, Bad. xii. p. 41, pl. iv. fig. 9.

Corallum laxly arborescent or bushy, erect or oblique, with or without occasional
fusions, 15 to 20 cm. high, or more in the case of slender arborescent forms. Branches
usually about 1 em. thick, sometimes elongate and little divided, at others shorter and much
branched, tapering somewhat towards the apex. Axial corallites 4 to 5 mm. broad, 3 to

2A

174 MADREPORARIA.

5 mm. long, wall very thick and dense, margin rounded, aperture very small. Radial
corallites unequal, very spreading, mostly at right angles or nearly so; the longer ones
tubular, 3 to 5 mm. long and 3 mm. in diameter, wall thick, margin rounded, aperture
0°5 mm. or a little over. Between these, numerous smaller, short, cylindrical or verruciform
ones occur, but none are completely immersed. In the forms which extend more or less
obliquely, the underside has fewer or more distant corallites, often without aperture.
Corallum very dense; surface covered with crowded elongate echinulations ; wall finely
echinulate, not striate. In the axial corallites the star consists of 12 septa, the primaries

subequal and the second cycle narrow; in some of the radial corallites a second cycle does
not occur.

A. Var. fortis, Klunzinger.

Corallum 40 em. high and wide. Branches 2 cm. thick, bearing numerous spreading
branchlets about 2°5 em. long and 1°5 em. thick. Axial corallites 5 to 6 mm. thick ; radial
corallites 4 to 5 mm. long and 4 mm. thick. Many of the most prominent corallites are
6 mm. long and 4 to 5 mm. broad at the base, wall tapering; some bear a few bud-corallites
near the base.

B. Var. obtusata, Klunzinger.

Corallum laxly arborescent, branches blunt at the apex. Axial corallites 5 mm.
diameter, little exsert. Radial corallites rather short and stunted, cylindrical, not conical,
3 mm. broad and 3 to 4 mm. long, forming with the stem a wide acute angle.

C. Var. variolosa, Klunzinger.

Corallum laxly arborescent, with ascending digitiform branches. Stem 2 em, thick,
branches 3 to 10 em. long, 1°5 mm. thick at the base, 1] cm. at the apex. Axial corallites
4 to 5 mm. broad ; the majority of the radial corallites are 3 to 5 mm. broad and 3 to 4mm.
long, but a few small verruciform ones are scattered between.

D. Var. depressa.

Corallum prostrate (?), with few branchlets and corallites on the under surface. Branch-
lets on the upper surface’ arched upwards, 3 to 6 cm. long, 1 cm. diameter, gradually
tapering, their apices about 2 cm. apart. Axial corallites 3°5 to 4 mm. diameter, 2 to 3 mm,
exsert. Radial corallites spreading tubular, 3 mm. diameter, mostly elongate (3°5 to 6 mm.) ;
some of the longer ones bear a few bud-corallites. The lower part of the branches bears
subimmersed corallites and others are completely immersed. A star of 12 septa is distinct
in nearly all the corallites.

MADREPORA. 175

Judging from his description I am inclined to refer the Ceylon form recorded by
Ortmann to this variety.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Red Sea, Ceylon, Great-Barrier Reef, Solomon Islands.

a. Koseir, Red Sea. Dr. Klunzinger [C.]. 86. 10. 5. 7.
b. Red Sea. ? 43. 12. 20. 10.
c. Ceylon. Haeckel Coll. 92. 12. 5. 28.
Var. fortis.
a. Koseir, Red Sea. Dr. Klunzinger [C.]. 86. 10. 5. 9.
Var. obtusata.
a. Koseir, Red Sea. Dr. Klunzinger [C.]. 86. 10. 5. 38.
b. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 144.

Var. depressa. :
a. Shortland Island, Solomon Islands. Dr. Guppy [P.]. 84. 12. 11. 22.

188. Madrepora tubulosa.

Heteropora tubulosa, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 110.
Madrepora tubulosa, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 488 ; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 148; Studer,
MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 582, pl. ii. fig. yay

Studer supplies the following particulars of Ehrenberg’s type :—

The specimen consists of a branch 15 cm. long and 16 em. thick, scarcely tapering,
apex broken away. Radial corallites stout tubular, elongate, and thick-walled, some are
proliferous, with appressed subnariform bud-corallites. On the stouter parts a few immersed
corallites are scattered between the others. Corailum very porous, surface echinulate. One
of the ‘Gazelle’ specimens, from New Guinea, has the longest corallites, 8 mm. long and
3°5 mm. thick.

A specimen in the collection from Ponapé has the following characters :—Corallum
fruticose, consisting of several (probably over a dozen) stems arising from a base of dead
coral; some are 16 cm. long, simple and gradually tapering, others very much divided, and
bear much-crowded and proliferous branches, about 11 cm. long and 8 to 12 em. thick.
Axial corallites not larger than the largest radial ones, 3 to 3°5 mm. thick, usually about
9 mm. exsert; wall very thick, margin much rounded, aperture small, rarely circular. The
radial corallites vary considerably in different parts of the colony; on the more proliferous
twigs they are ascending (angle 45°) tubular, unequal in size, 4to 7 mm. long and 2 to 8 mm.
thick, the stouter ones closely resemble the axial corallites and often bear buds; the others
tubo-nariform and until the inner part of the wall attains its full thickness the aperture is
not central. Between these, but some distance below the apex, nariform, appressed tubular,
subimmersed and immersed corallites occur. On the elongate simple branches the condition

2a2

176 MADREPORARIA.

of the terminal 2 or 3 cm. is similar to that already described, but below the elongate
corallites are more spreading (often at right angles) and distant, about 7 mm. apart, the
largest 1 cm. long and 3 to 3°5 em. thick, usually bearing buds either around the base or
near the apex. Between these a relatively small number of very small nariform subimmersed
corallites, with variously directed aperture, occur. Corallum reticulate in section near the
apex, but becoming much denser below; surface finely echinulate, sometimes subreticulate.
Wall porous and striato-reticulate near the apex of the colony, but in other parts dense and
closely echinulate. The septa are in two cycles, both moderately developed excepting in the
younger radial corallites.

Another specimen from Malacca agrees closely with Studer’s description and figure.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: New Guinea, Caroline Islands, Malacca.

a. Ponapé, Caroline Islands. Mus. Godeffroy. 81. 11. 21. 9.
6. Malacca. Capt. Belcher, R.N. [P.]. 42. 11. 30. 28.
c,d. ? ? 93.4.7. 91 & 92.

189. Madrepora hystrix.

Madrepora hystrix, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 476, pl. xl. fig. 1, pl. xxxi. fig, 5; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coral-
liaires, t. iii. p. 149; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 16; Ortmann, Zool. JB.
1888, Bd. iii. p. 150.

The following particulars are supplied by Dana :—Corallum low fruticose, 10 to 125 cm.
high and 12 to 15 em. broad, consisting of several branched stems from the same base.
Branches and corallites very divaricate and sometimes reflexed. Axial corallites oblong,
2 mm. broad. Radial corallites unequal, 3 to 8 mm. long, scattered, tubiform or tubo-
nariform; some are obsolescent, others proliferous, stout, but the margin not thick.
Independent of the corallites the branchlets are only about 4mm. thick. Surface finely
scabro-striate.

The specimen recorded by Ortmann agrees closely with Dana’s description, but the
corallites are more crowded than is shown in the figure. The colony is 14 em. high, divided
near the base into four spreading branches about 10 cm. long and 1:2 cm. thick, not
including the corallites, the lower parts provided with short tubular, subimmersed and, near
the base, immersed corallites. The branchlets are all spreading, those of the lower part of
the colony almost at right angles, those near the apex at an angle of 60° to 70°; they vary in
length from 9 mm. to 3°5 em., the stouter ones are 5 mm. thick. The short branchlets
consist of an elongate tubular corallite with two to six radiating tubular bud-corallites. At
first the bud-corallites have a circular aperture, but the inner part of the wall is not free ;
later, with the development of the inner wall, the corallites become more spreading. The
axial corallites usually have a diameter of 2 mm., but in a few of the more elongate
branchlets the diameter may be 3 mm.; the margin is distinctly rounded. Radial corallites
tubular and very spreading, 2 mm. diameter and up to 5 mm. long if simple, those which
are longer bear buds. Occasionally one which bears only 2 or 3 short buds may be 1:2 cm.
long. Corallum rather porous near the apex of the colony. Surface dense and finely

MADREPORA. 177

echinulate, but the echinulations are sometimes obscured by the formation of a spongy film
on the surface. Wall at first very finely striate, the striae consist of delicate echinulate
plates, but later the striation is lost and the surface is then evenly echinulate.

Pacific Ocean: Fiji and Pelew Islands.

B. Corallum bushy, very closely divided.
.

a. Many of the radial corallites are tubular, others more or less nariform ; the
margin is only slightly curved.

190. Madrepora syringodes. (Plate XXXIII. fig. E.)

Madrepora cf. durvillei, Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bad. iii. p. 151.
Madrepora syringodes, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 463.

Corallum bushy and much divided, sometimes of the bottle-brush type, with the
branchlets longer on one side than the other. In bushy specimens the branches are 8 to
10 mm. thick, much divided, the divisions little spreading, with the apices about 12 mm.
apart. Most of the branchlets bear a number of spreading proliferous corallites, which form
twigs about 15 cm. long and 5 mm. thick at the base but more near the apex. Axial
corallites cylindrical, with the margin more or less distinctly rounded, 2°5 to 3 mm. diameter
and 2 to 4 mm. exsert. Radial corallites appressed tubular, tubo-nariform or nariform ; the
diameter, length, and angle vary with the form of the corallites; length 3 to 7 mm.,
diameter 1:75 to 2°5 mm., the stoutest closely resemble the axial corallites and ultimately
bear buds; the majority are 3 or 4 mm. long and 2 mm. thick. The corallum is somewhat
porous in section, the surface and wall closely and evenly echinulate. The axial and
proliferous corallites possess a star of 12 moderately developed septa, but in the remaining

corallites the septa are scarcely recognizable.

This species resembles M. carduus, Dana, in many respects. . It differs from the
specimens referred by Studer to that species in habit, in the stouter tubular corallites, the
more spreading and frequently nariform radial corallites, and the presence of the immersed
corallites on the main divisions. The corallum is also more porous and the surface is scarcely
tabulato-echinulate.

Pacific Ocean: Great-Barrier Reef, Samoa, South Seas.

a. Palm Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 209.
b. -? Mansell Coll. 41. 1. 13. 10. Types.
? 2?) 93.4. 7. 163.

Cc.

178 MADREPORARIA,

19]. Madrepora carduus.

Madrepora carduus, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 464, pl. xxxvi. fig. 2; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires,
t. iti. p. 149; Studer, MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 532; Mobius, Beitr. z. Meeresfauna
Mauritius, p. 45; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 12.

The following is a summary of Dana’s description :—

Corallum arborescent, resembling M. echinata in habit, but the branches are more
closely subdivided and the corallites are much shorter, Corallum 46 em. high, 6 to 7°5 em.
wide below and 15 em. above, where the branches are divided into a large number of closely
ascending branchlets. Proliferous branchlets 2°5 em. long, 2 to 4 mm. thick. Axial
corallites tubular, only 2 to 3 mm. exsert; radial corallites appressed tubiform or round-
nariform, wall very finely striate.

Studer’s ‘Gazelle’ specimen has the branches 9 mm. thick and the lateral branchlets
1 to 2°5 cm. long. A few, but very few, are simple and tapering; the majority bear short
appressed tubular radial corallites. The axial corallites usually bear buds to within 2°5 mm.
of the apex; diameter 1:3 mm. at the apex, margin scarcely rounded except in old corallites.
Corallum very dense ; surface closely tabulato-echinulate ; wall finely echinulate.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Fiji, New Britain, ? Australia, ? Malacca, Mauritius.

? a. Australia. Sir E. Home, Bart. [P.]. 54. 4. 14. 22.
? b. Malacca. Sir E. Belcher [P.]. 42. 11. 30: 19.

192. Madrepora striata.

Madrepora striata, Verrill, Comm, Essex Inst. 1866, vol. v. p. 24.

“Corallum subarborescent ; closely branched and much divided above, covered on all
sides with crowded lateral branches, which are much smaller on one side of the trunk,
indicating that the coral grew in an oblique or horizontal position. The branchlets on
the lower side are numerous, about half an inch long, abruptly spreading, and consist of a
cluster of several elongated, leading corallites, with a few smaller lateral ones. On the
upper side, towards the end, the branches become from | to 2 inches long, slender and much
divided, the subdivisions always spreading at a large angle like the branchlets themselves.
On all sides of the trunk and large branches, immersed cells occur of rather large size.
Terminal corallites elongated, tubular, considerably exsert, the exterior nearly costate, with
pores between the ribs; walls but little thickened, cells but little larger than the lateral
ones, deep, with 12 narrow septa. Lateral corallites large, open, tubuliform or somewhat
cochleariform, opening upwards, not crowded or appressed, the exterior costate; the costz
with mimute short spines. Cells large, with a well-marked star of 6 septa, and often with
minute ones of the second cycle between; two of the principal septa meet in the middle.
Coenenchyma very firm, with scattered irregular pores, the surface minutely spinulose.

MADREPORA. 179

“Height of the largest specimen 13 inches ; diameter of trunk at base 1°5 ; diameter of
lateral cells -08.

“This species branches somewhat like M. carduus and M. rosaria, Dana, but the
corallites are entirely different in form.” (Verriil.)

? Ousima, Japan.

b. Radial corallites which do not become converted into axial ones are more or less nariform
and have the margin distinctly rounded.

193. Madrepora rosaria.

Madrepora rosaria, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 465, pl. xxxvi. fig. 3; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p. 138 ; Quelch; ‘ Challenger ’ Reef Corals, p. 162; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x.
p. 18; Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. ii. p. 150.

Corallum erect, arborescent, 38 cm. high and 10 em. wide; stem closely subdivided and
covered throughout with crowded ramiculi, which are very obtuse, 6 to 8 mm. thick, even at
the apex, subterete, often proliferous. Axial corallites 2 to 3 mm. broad, a little exsert.
Radial corallites stout and compressed-nariform, with a very thick margin, striate and

sometimes subseriate, many are proliferous ; star 12-rayed, distinct. (Dana.)

The specimens in the collection which apper to be referable to this species are numerous
and exhibit considerable variation in habit and in the size of the corallites ; they fall into
three well-marked groups, the first with two varieties :—

A. Forma rosaria.

Stem simple or a little subdivided, or several stems may arise from the same base, which
almost invariably consists of dead coral. Branchlets very crowded, varying from simple
tapering branchlets 2:5 em. long and 7 mm. thick to much and spreadingly divided ones
3 to 5 em. long and 7 to 10 mm. thick; they arise at an angle of about 45°, but as their
subdivisions are chiefly on the outer side, the terminal twigs appear at right angles to the
stem. The whole corallum has a bottle-brush appearance and varies from 7 to 10 cm. in
diameter. Axial corallites 2°5 to 3 mm. broad and 1 to 5 mm. exsert, but usually not over
2 mm.; wall thick and firm, margin plane or rounded: septa in two cycles, the primaries
well developed. Radial corallites thick-walled, nariform or tubular, a little compressed or
quite round, varying in different specimens; diameter 2 mm., length varying from sub-
immersed to 3 mm. or more, the longer ones are proliferous. Usually at a pomt about 1 em.
from the apex of a twig the corallites become less prominent, and on the stem and stouter
subdivisions they are all immersed; the star consists of 12 septa, the directives very broad,
the others quite narrow. Corallum very dense, surface and wall finely and closely echinulate.
The Ponapé specimens have rather smaller corallites on the apical divisions and the lateral

ones are usually distinctly compressed.

180 MADREPORARIA.

a. Var. cespitosa.

This variety differs little from the form already described excepting in habit. The
specimens consist of small cespitose clumps 6°5 cm. high and 6 to 8 em. broad; branches
numerous and very crowded, each similar to one of the branchlets in form A. Immersed
corallites small and not numerous.

B. Var. diffusa.

Corallum spreading arborescent, 24 cm. high and 27 em. broad. Branches curved and
very spreading, sometimes 18 cm. long and about 1°5 em. thick, gradually tapering. They
bear numerous branchlets at an acute angle, which vary from elongate proliferous corallites to
7 cm. in length, all are under | cm. in thickness, and the majority are about 1°5 cm. long.
Radial corallites nearly all tubular, but the shorter ones are nariform ; a large number are very
spreading, about 5 mm. long, and bear two or three bud-corallites ;_ the others are shorter
and less spreading and many are subimmersed, but the truly immersed type is not frequent.
The star consists of 12 septa, well developed excepting im the short and immersed corallites.

B. Forma pygmza.

Colony erect arborescent ; stem 1 em. thick, a little divided. Branchlets 1 to 3 em.
long, but chiefly under 2 cm., and 3 to 5 mm. thick ; axial corallites not over 2 mm. diameter,
with a star consisting of 6 septa only. Radial corallites very variable in length and shape ;
the short ones are nariform, sometimes compressed, and there are various intermediate forms
through dimidiate to tubiform. The diameter varies from 1 to 2 mm., the length from
1 to 3 mm.; the longer ones bear bud-corallites. The wall varies considerably in thickness,
often rather thin and only showing a thickness proportionate to that of other varieties in
the tubular corallites. Immersed corallites practically absent, their place being taken,
on the stems and branches, by appressed nariform or tubular ones. Surface of the
ccenenchyma as in the other varieties, but the wall of the corallites near the apex of the colony

is substriate.

This is the form recorded by Quelch, and all the ‘ Challenger’ specimens belong to it. It
differs chiefly in the more slender branchlets, the much smaller corallites, and the absence
of immersed corallites.

C. Forma dumosa. (Plate XVI. fig. A.)

Habit similar to that of var. pygmea, but more bushy, and the twigs are more acuminate.
The colony may be 21 cm. high and 20 cm. broad, the upper 12 cm. consisting of a new
incrustation over a dead colony. Near the base the branchlets often consist of a thick
tapering axial corallite, with scarcely open buds to within 9 or 6 mm. of the apex only;
diameter at the apex 1‘6 mm., diameter 9 mm. below that point (where the last bud is
situated) 2°3 mm.; margin rounded, aperture scarcely recognizable. Nearer the apex “of the
colony the axial corallites bear buds to within 2 or 3 mm. of the margin, which is then not so

MADREPORA. 181

distinctly rounded. The buds are at first nariform, but as the inner part of the wall becomes
developed they are more spreading and tubular; length 4 mm., diameter 2 mm., margin
scarcely rounded.

Pacific Ocean : Fiji, Samoa and Friendly Islands, Louisiade Archipelago, Great-Barrier
Reef, Torres Straits, Caroline Islands.

A. Forma rosaria.

a-e. ? Purchased. 70. 4. 9. 1 to 5.
fig. Ponapé, Caroline Islands. Mus. Godeffroy. 81. 11. 21. 10 & 93. 4. 7. 95.
h ? ? 98. 4. 7. 96.
i. Port Denison. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 94.
j. Palm Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 95.
Var. diffusa.
a. Samoa Islands. Purchased. 62. 1. 27. 2.
Var. cespitosa.
a-c. Tongatabu. J. J. Lister, Esq. [P.]. 91. 3. 6. 11, 12, & 13.
B. Forma pygmea.
a-c. Fiji. H.M.S. ‘Challenger. 86. 12. 9. 234 & 407 ;
Ole Be is He
d. DuchAteau Islands, Louisiade J. Macgillivray, Esq. [P.]. 51. 9. 29. 35.
Archipelago, 12 fath.
e-h. Low Woody Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 107 to 110.
i. Thursday Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 111.
C. Forma dumosa.
a, 6. Port Darwin. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 205 & 206.
c, d. Palm Island. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 207 & 208.

194, Madrepora hydra.

Madrepora longicyathus, Ortmann (non M.-Edwards & Haime), Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 150; ? Verrill,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 41.

Corallum bushy-arborescent; branches 1 cm. thick and up to 10 cm. long, with
numerous and crowded branchlets. Branchlets 3 to 4 cm. long, sometimes divided near the
base into 3 or 4 radiating twigs, which are usually 6 to 7 mm. thick. Axial corallites 3 mm.
diameter, 2 mm. exsert, margin much rounded, aperture very small. Radial corallites
usually about 4mm. long and 2 mm. thick or a little over, appressed tubo-nariform, with a
thick wall and rounded margin, so as to give a small aperture in the centre of the upper
surface. Certain of the radial corallites are elongate tubular, 2 cm. long and 3 mm, thick,
with 1 to 6 small buds near the distal extremity. A star of 6 or 12 well-developed
septa occurs in the tubo-nariform corallites, the directives are frequently confluent. The

2B

182 MADREPORARIA.

upper surface of the main divisions bears a few swollen appressed corallites with a pro-
minent star, but these are absent from the under surface, which is provided only with
tubular twigs. Corallum moderately porous; surface and wall of the corallites closely
clothed with elongate slender echinulations.

Ortmann (loc. cit.) expressed his doubt as to the identity of the specimen with
M. longicyathus, M.-Edwards & Haime. It was received through the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, and I therefore presume is the species referred to in Verrill’s paper
quoted above.

The form of the tubo-nariform corallites and the elongate tubular ones with buds near
the apex distinguish this species from others of the subgenus.

Singapore (Strassburg Museum).

195. Madrepora orientalis.
Madrepora rosaria, Ortmann (non Dana), Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 150.

Corallum cespitose or cespito-arborescent. In the cespitose variety the colony is 15 cm.
high and 23 cm. broad; in the other the height is 28 em. and the breadth 18 to 20cm. The
branches and branchlets are much divided and very crowded ; the main branches are 1 cm.
thick or a little over, and 10 cm. long in the cespitose colony, and bear numerous short,
proliferous twigs near the base, and more elongate and less spreading ones above, up to
2:5 cm., or in some cases 4°5 cm. long. At the margin of the colony the branches are 1 cm.
thick and spread horizontally. Axial corallites 3 to 3°5 mm. diameter, 1 to 2 mm. exsert,
wall thick and firm, margin only slightly rounded. The radial corallites are arranged at an
angle of about 30° to 35°; the majority are tubular, thick-walled, and a little compressed at
first, 3 to 5 mm. long and 2 to 2°5 mm. thick, margin a little rounded ; many of these bear two
or three bud-corallites ; others are wide nariform or short labellate ; lower down, the majority
are hemicotyloid, often a little dilated, and pass gradually mto immersed ones with an
aperture of 1mm. Star of the radial corallites imperfect, but the directive septa are more or
less prominent, the others rudimentary. Corallum dense, but somewhat reticulate in section ;
surface dense and finely echinulate, covered in parts with a spongy film; wall finely and
closely echinulate, not striate.

Pacifie Ocean: Fiji, Ponapé (Strassburg Museum).

C. Main branches complanate and reticulate, with erect twigs on the upper surface.
196. Madrepora confraga.
Madrepora confraga, Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 159, pl. ix. fig. 6.

The following is a description of the type specimen :—

Corallum extending horizontally; branches much divided, rarely coalescent. Main
branch (?) a little compressed, 1°5 cm. thick, becoming divided into three or four branches

MADREPORA. 183

8 cm. or under in length and 1 cm. or more thick, not flattened. The under surface bears a
number of spike-like, little-divided branchlets, about 2 em. long, spreading almost at right
angles ; the corallites on the under surface of the branches are immersed, aperture about
1 mm. The upper surface bears numerous stout suberect branchlets, most of which are
much and spreadingly divided, 2 to 4 em. long and 5 to 7 mm. thick. The majority of the
corallites on these branchlets and also on the upper surface of the branches are thick
appressed tubular or hemicotyloid ; sometimes the outer part of the wall is produced into
a blunt point; they are 2 mm. diameter and 2 to 4 mm. long, margin usually thick and
rounded. Axial corallites tubular, 6 mm. or more in length, 2°5 to 3 mm. thick, tapering to
2mm. In addition to the axial corallite, two or three near the apex become elongate
tubular, very spreading, and bear buds. The star consists of 12 well-developed septa.
Corallum very dense; surface and wall finely echinulate. The specimen is a triangular
fragment 12 cm. long and 13:5 cm. broad; the apices of nearly all the branchlets are much

broken and the surface is worn.

Another specimen in the Collection, from Malacca, is probably referable to this species,
although at first sight it differs considerably. It is, however, a much more perfect specimen,
a factor which accounts for much of the apparent difference between the two. The
stoutest branch is 1°2 em. thick, and becomes subdivided as in the type, the divisions being 5
to 20 mm. apart, with only one instance of fusion between adjoining branches. The chief
variation from the type occurs on the under surface. The branches here are a little flattened
and the spike-like branchlets, instead of standing out nearly at right angles, are pressed
almost into the plane of the branches as in M. speciosa and M. rambleri. This has the
effect of considerably reducing the thickness of the corallum ; this thickness is about 5°5 em.
in the type specimen, in the one under consideration it is only 35 to 4 cm. On the upper
surface of the branches the appressed tubular corallites are more clearly defined, have usually
a thinner wall, and the aperture is Jarge (1 mm.). The distal extremity of each branchlet
consists of from two to five radiating and elongate tubular corallites, 7 to 12 mm. long,
3 mm. diameter or over at the base, and rather under 2 mm. at the apex, wall thick, margin
rounded, aperture one third of the diameter or less. The tubular corallites bear nariform bud-
corallites to within 3 or 4 mm. of the apex. Septa in two cycles, both of which are
narrow.

Indo-Pacific Ocean : Fiji, Malacca.

a. Kandavu, Fiji. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9.244. (Type.)
b. Malacca. Sir E. Belcher [P.]. 42.11. 28.8. (Var.)

197. Madrepora clavigera. (Plate IX. figs. A, A’.)
Madrepora clavigera, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 455.

Corallum forming horizontal fronds 8 cm. thick, the main divisions of which are
reticulately coalescent. Branches sinuous, flattened below, about 1 cm. broad. Corallites

on the under surface chiefly marginal, stout tubular, with a rounded apex, rather spreading,
2B2

184 MADREPORARIA.

the longest about 8 mm. and provided with 3 or 4 verruciform buds. A few hemicotyloid or
subimmersed corallites are scattered between the others. The upper surface of the main
divisions is provided with numerous hemicotyloid or appressed tubular corallites arranged
irregularly, about 2 mm. diameter, with a wide aperture and star of six narrow septa. The
branchlets on the upper surface are erect or suberect, 2 cm. long, and rarely over 4 mm.
diameter at the base if simple, but others which are divaricately branched may be 6 mm.
thick. Each branchlet consists typically of an elongate and somewhat club-shaped axial
corallite bearing buds which are hemicotyloid and irregular near the base, but become
tubular above, where from one to four more or less radiating corallites have about the same
diameter, and attain to the same height as the axial corallite. Axial corallites 7 to 12 mm.
long, greatest diameter 4. to 4-5 mm., margin much rounded, aperture under 1 mm, diameter ;
in many cases bud-corallites occur within 2 to3 mm. of the apex; septa moderately developed.
Corallum dense ; surface finely and closely echinulate, in some parts showing linear series
of pits beneath the surface film.

Habitat not recorded.

O=6: -—— Sir E. Belcher [P.]. 51. 11. 14. 28.

9. Subgenus TRACHYLOPORA.

Axial corallites slender, elongate and cylindrical; margin plane or suddenly contracted,
not rounded; wall thin, but usually dense. A second cycle of septa is usually wanting even
in axial corallites. Distal parts of the elongate corallites without buds; the latter rarely reach
to within 5 mm. of the apex. The form of the corallum in the species known is either of the
bottle-brush type, with very numerous radiating twigs, or flabellate and subhorizontal with
the elongate corallites and twigs chiefly on the upper surface.

This subgenus is closely related to Rhabdocyathus, which has typically a stouter axial
corallite with a rounded margin, around which bud-corallites often extend to within 2 mm.
of the apex. In Rhabdocyathus the axial corallites are also provided with 12 septa. In some
respects M. rambleri is intermediate between the two subgenera ; but although in this species
bud-corallites occur nearer to the apex of the axial corallites than is usual, the axial
corallites themselves agree in form and diameter with Trachylopora, to which it is
therefore referred.

A. Corallum of the bottle-brush type.

a. Aperture of the axial corallites not suddenly contracted.
198. Madrepora echidnza.

? Oculina echidnea, Lamarck, Hist. Anim. sans Vert. t. ii. p. 286, ed. 2, p. 457; Deslongchamps,
Encycl. p. 575 ; ? M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 151 (non Dana, non Ortmann).
Heteropora echidna, Ehrenberg, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, p. 111.

MADREPORA. 185

The type of Lamarck does not appear to be preserved in the Paris Museum, and his
description is too imperfect for purposes of identification. It is therefore uncertain whether
Ehrenberg correctly identified Lamarck’s species. Ehrenberg’s specimen is preserved in the
Berlin Museum, and is quite distinct from M. echidnea, Dana, which should probably be
regarded as a synonym of M. rosacea, Esper. Ehrenberg’s species, for which the name is
here retained, is closely related to M. echinata, Dana, but has shorter branchlets with less
spreading corallites, which are also of smaller diameter. The specimen, which probably
consists of only the apex of a colony, is 11 cm. long and 1 em. thick at the base. The radial
tubular corallites and branchlets are very slender, a few are 1 em. long and simple or sub-
simple, 15 mm. thick at the base and only 0°75 mm, at the apex; the majority are not over
5 mm. long and 1 mm. thick at the base. Those constituting branchlets bear radial appressed
tubular corallites which are scarcely free at the apex, but in twigs 1 em. long there may be
one or two which spread at an angle of 30° to 40°. There are no immersed corallites on the
main branches as in M. echinata, but instead numerous clusters of appressed tubular
corallites occur, which vary from 1 to 3 mm. in length. The wall of the corallites is always
rather thin at the apex ; the margin is not contracted, and the surface is dense and pitted,
but not echinulate. The ccenenchyma is vermiform echinulate on the main divisions, and

also at the bases of the longer branchlets.

This species differs chiefly from M. echinata im the more slender axial corallites and the

appressed radial ones.
Habitat of the type specimens not recorded.
? a. New Guinea. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 301.

199. Madrepora echinata.

Madrepora echinata, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 464, pl. xxxvi. fig. 1; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires,
t. iii. p. 147,? pl. E11. fig. 4; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 41; Rathbun, Proce.
U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 15 (non Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. iii. p. 150; non Quelch,

‘Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 162).
Madrepora durvillei, M.-Kdwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. ili. p. 148 (non Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888,

Ba. iii. p. 151).
Corallum erect arborescent, attaining 60 cm. in height. Stem 3 em. diameter near the
base, terete, laxly branched; branches 8 to 24 ecm. long, 6 to 16 mm. thick, terete, slowly
tapering and remaining stout to the apex; those up to 10 or 12 em. long usually remain
undivided. The stem and branches are usually covered with innumerable short, branched
ramiculi, 1 to 2°7 em. long, consisting of a cluster of elongate tubular corallites, simple or
subdivided, radiating from a common trunk of very variable length. Adjoining ramiculi are
subequal, and give to the corallum a bottle-brush appearance, about 6°5 cm. diameter below
and 3 cm. above. Tubular corallites 0:4 to 2:4 em. long, occasionally remaining simple and

curved when 2 cm. long or more, but the majority are spreadingly subdivided ; the sub-

186 MADREPORARIA,

divisions are simple or bear one, rarely two, short appressed tubular buds. The majority are
15 mm, diameter, scarcely tapering, but the more elongate ones are thicker at the base; all
are usually a little over 1 mm. diameter at the apex. Margin plane, aperture not contracted;
the star consists of six well-developed septa, the directives being very frequently fused
together in the middle line; wall rather thin but firm. Corallum dense and little porous,
excepting near the apex of a colony; surface dense, pitted in parts, more or less strongly
echinulate ; wall striate and echinulate, becoming finely echinulate below. The condition of
the surface and the prominence or even the presence of striz on the wall vary considerably in
different parts of the same specimen. The corallites on the stem and main branches are
immersed, distant, 1 mm. diameter, with the directive septa usually fused together.

I have compared the type of M. durvillei with what appear to me to be typical speci-
mens of M. echinata, and have been unable to recognize any constant differences which can
be considered of specific value. M.-Edwards’s figure of M. echinata is not typical, and
probably should be referred to another species. As a variety, M. durvillei may be recognized
by the following characters :—1. Ceenenchyma strongly striate and echinulate. 2. Star little
developed in the immersed corallites. 3. The aperture of tubular corallites may be slightly
contracted.

Pacific Ocean: Fiji, Samoa, Australia, Sulu Sea, Sandwich Islands, Liu Kiu Islands.

a. Australia. Sydney Museum. 84. 11. 25. 1.
b,c. Pacific Ocean. G. Holsworth, Esq. [P.]. 91. 11.5.1 &2.
d. ? Purchased. 43. 3. 6. 129.

200. Madrepora subglabra. (Plate XXIX. fig. C.)

Madrepora subglabra, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 470.
Madrepora echinata, Quelch, non Dana, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 162.

Corallum extending in elongate, slender, and oblique or subprostrate branches, closely
resembling M. procumbens in habit and in the form of the branchlets. Branches 6 to 18 em.
long, 7 mm. diameter, not terete, owing to the swollen bases of the branchlets. Branchlets
1 to 4 cm. long, similar to those of M. procumbens, but the corallites are more slender,
scarcely over 1 mm. diameter at the apex; margin plane, aperture not contracted ; they vary
from 4 to 15 mm. in length, the majority are about 7 mm. long, the terminal 8 or 4 mm.
being free from budding corallites. The main branches bear a very small number of sub-
immersed corallites about 0°7 mm. diameter. The star consists of six septa, the directives
being thick and prominent, the others much narrower. Corallum dense; surface almost
smooth, excepting near the apex, where it is finely echinulate; wall very finely striato-
echinulate at first, the striz becoming lost later, and subsequently the echinulations as well.

The ‘Challenger’ specimens referred by Quelch to M. echinata, together with another
specimen in the Collection, appear to differ from the above in having a slightly more prostrate
habit and in the presence of stronger echinulations ; but in these the echinulations are much
finer and shorter on the inferior surface of the branches.

MADREPORA. 187

Var. rugosa.

A specimen from the Banda Sea agrees with the types in habit, but the slender elongate
corallites are more numerous and more spreading, often 8 to 10 mm. long and only 1 mm.
diameter, not tapering. The wall is very thin and fragile, but quite strongly rugose and
echinulate near the base; general surface pitted and armed with short erect plates fringed
with delicate echinulations.

Indo-Pacifie Ocean : Fiji, Banda Sea, ? Singapore.

“a. South Seas. Purchased. 41. 12. 11. 1.

6. Singapore ? Purchased. 39. 11. 11. 12. by

c, Singapore ? Purchased. 43. 3. 6. 130.

d. Fiji Reefs. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86.12.9. 243. (=WM. echinata, Quelch.)
e. Fiji. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [P.]. 62. 2. 4. 33.

Var. rugosa.

a. Damma Is., Banda Sea. H.M.S.‘ Penguin.’ 92. 4. 5. 7.

b. Aperture of axial corallites suddenly contracted.

201. Madrepora longicyathus.

Madrepora longicyathus, M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 148; ? non Verrill, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 41; Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern, 1880, p. 19 (non MB. Akad.
Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 531 ; non Ortmann, Zool. JB. 1888, Bd. ii. p. 150).

? Madrepora proliva, Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst. 1866, vol. v. p. 22.

Corallum erect, closely resembling that of M. echinata in habit, but provided with
stouter branchlets and corallites. Main branches 2 em. diameter near the base, lateral
branchlets 4 to 6 mm., sometimes flattened, length up to 2°6 cm.; the more simple ones
consist of a single elongate corallite sometimes 1:2 cm. long. The longer branchlets usually
bear one or more lateral, subalternate corallites, short nariform at first, but becoming tubular
and more spreading with increase in size. The free extremity of a branch always consists of
a more or less elongate tubular corallite, tapering a little towards the apex; about 7 mm.
long, a little over 2 mm. diameter near the base, and 1-5 mm. at the apex ; aperture strongly
contracted, with six septa of moderate breadth in all but the youngest corallites, directives
a little broader. Corallum only slightly porous; surface finely echinulate, with a variable

number of elongate and narrow pits.

The above description is founded on the type specimens in the Paris Museum, The
species differs from M. echinata in the strongly contracted aperture, the stouter branchlets
and corallites, and in the absence of immersed corallites on the stem and main branches.

a. New Guinea. Saville-Kent Coll. 92. 6. 8. 300.

188 MADREPORARIA.

202. Madrepora procumbens. (Plate XXIX. fig. D.)
Madrepora procumbens, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 467.

Corallum prostrate or subprostrate, subdivisions free. Branches up to 16 cm. long and
1 em. thick, bearing ramiculi 1:3 to 3°5 cm. long, each of which is usually produced from a
single tubular corallite by the formation of radial corallites upon it, nariform or tubo-
nariform at first, but becoming spreading tubular, 4 to 9 mm. long. There may be 20
or more on a twig 8 cm. long, radiating in all directions, the longer ones arched and bearing
very short nariform buds. The stem and main branches bear a few corallites at irregular
intervals, nariform or subimmersed and immersed. The elongate tubular corallites are 2 mm.
diameter near the base, and 1°5 mm. at the apex. Apex suddenly contracted ; aperture
small, enclosing a star of 6 well-developed septa. Corallum dense ; surface finely echinulate,
not pitted; wall echinulate in rows.

This species comes near to M. longicyathus, and may prove to be only a well-marked variety
of it. It differs, however, in habit and in the arrangement and number of the corallites on
the branchlets; the axial corallites also usually bear buds to within 2 mm. of the apex,
whereas in M. longicyathus the terminal 7 mm. is usually free. In one specimen the
branches extend horizontally, in another obliquely.

South Seas, Fiji.

a. South Seas. Purchased. 41. 12. 11. 3.
b. Fiji. Purchased. 62. 2. 4. 33. ps
cs ? Purchased. 438. 3. 6. 131.

B. Corallum stout and lax arborescent, with slender spreading twigs resembling
those of Section A.

203. Madrepora horrida.

Madrepora horrida, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 472, pl. xxxix. fig. 2; M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii.
p- 140; Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 41; Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
1887, vol. x. p. 16 (non B.-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 452).

Corallum large and stout arborescent, divaricately and remotely branched ; branches,
below, 2°5 to 5 cm. thick, nearly terete, curved, gradually attenuate, throughout very pro-
liferous, with divaricate ramiculi, 2°5 to 6°75 em. long. Axial corallites about 2 mm. diameter,
exsert; wall not incrassate. Radial corallites thin tubiform, divaricate, sometimes recurved,
very unequal, some 8 mm. long, many much shorter or obsolescent, others proliferous. Star
6-rayed. (Dana.)

A small specimen is in the Collection from Fiji which agrees well with the apical
portion of Dana’s figure. It has the same appearance as one would expect a young colony of

the species to present, but owing to the absence of stout main branches there is at first sight
little resemblance to the specimen figured by Dana.

Pacific Ocean: Fiji, ? Arafura Sea.

a, Fiji. F, M. Rayner, Esq. [P.]. 62. 2. 4. 29.
? b. Evans Bank, 15 fath., Arafura Sea. H.M.S. ‘ Penguin.’ 92. 4. 5. 9.

MADREPORA. 189

C. Corallum flabellate, subhorizontal, with the tubular and proliferous
corallites chiefly on the upper surface.

204. Madrepora granulosa.

Madrepora granulosa, M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. ii. p. 156; ? Duncan, Ann. Mag. N. H.
1884, vol. xiv. p. 197.

Corallum forming flat fronds about 40 cm. broad and 24cm. high. Branches 6 to 12 mm.
diameter, fused into a network with square or elongate open meshes ; no free lateral branches
excepting an occasional elongate, tapering, tubular corallite in the plane of the frond, and
almost without aperture. Posterior surface without corallites, apparently smooth, but in
reality clothed with very closely arranged series of small plate-like echinulations ; thickness
from back of frond to apex of branchlets about 4 cm. The anterior surface of the fused.
branches is covered with immersed or subimmersed swollen corallites, the more prominent of
which are nariform and give a serrate outline to the margin of the branches, recalling the
form of an ear of corn, From the anterior surface of this network a large number of
branchlets project at right angles or nearly so, but some arise at a narrower angle and are
then bent outwards; length about 3°5 cm., nearly all reach the same plane. Some are
simple and a little over 4 mm. in diameter, others are thicker and divided into three or four
twigs. The axial corallites are elongate, tubular, 2°5 mm. diameter and frequently 6 mm.
long, margin rounded, aperture small. The radial corallites are swollen nariform, with a
small aperture, at: first appearing as inconspicuous dilatations of the conenchyma, but ulti-
mately attaining a diameter of 2 mm., with the outer part of the wall 3 mm. long. Septa of
the axial corallites in two cycles, the second of which is not well developed. In the radial
corallites the primary septa are subequal, and the second cycle often wanting. Corallum

very dense; surface clothed with closely arranged plate-like or knobbed echinulations.

The above description is based on the type in the Paris Museum. A specimen in the
collection of the British Museum consists of a half-saucer-shaped frond 30 cm. across from a
rounded base. The erect branchlets on the upper surface are rarely over 2°5 cm. long, and the
diameter of the axial corallites is usually 2mm. The subdivisions of these branchlets are little
spreading, and in this respect differ from those of M. speciosa, M. confraga, and M. rambleri,
which have a similar habit. The wall of the tubular corallites is finely striate and echinulate.

Indo-Pacific Ocean: Réunion, ? Mergui Archipelago, Louisiade Archipelago.

a. Coralhaven, Louisiade Archipelago, 13 fath. J. Macgillivray, Esq. [P.]. 51. 9. 29. 39.

205. Madrepora rambleri. (Plate XXIX. fig. F.),

Madrepora rambleri, Bassett-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1890, vol. vi. p. 455.
Madrepora fragilis, Bassett-Smith, loc. cit. p. 455.
2 Madrepora longicyathus, Studer (non M.-Edw. & H.), MB. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 531.

Corallum prostrate, fan-shaped, from a lateral or shortly pedicellate base, resembling
2C

a

190 MADREPORARIA.

M. granulosa in habit. Branches 11 cm. long, 7 mm. thick, subterete near the base, but
becoming divided into broad, much-flattened divisions, which are more or less completely
fused together. The under surface bears stunted twigs on the margins of the flattened
branches, pressed into the general plane; they consist usually of a thick, elongate tubular
corallite from 8 to 12 mm. long, and 2°5 to 4 mm. thick, usually bearing short appressed
tubular to subimmersed corallites; a very small number of immersed corallites are also
scattered over the under surface. The upper surface of the flattened branches bears a number
of stout nariform or hemicotyloid corallites usually disposed in three or four irregular rows,
two of which are lateral and give a serrate outline to the margins ; they are 3 to 4 mm. long
and 2 mm. thick. From amongst these corallites a large number of slender branchlets extend
subvertically, which are 1°5 to 2°5 em. long and 4 mm. thick at the base; the distal portion
frequently consists of 3 or 4spreading, elongate, tapering, tubular corallites, 7 to 15 mm. long,
the larger ones 2°5 mm. diameter at the base and 1 mm. at the apex ; some are simple, but
the majority bear a few nariform, short labellate or tubular bud-corallites, sometimes to within
1°5 mm. of the apex. The aperture of all the tubular corallites is small, one third the diameter
or under; wall rather porous, but the surface is dense ; margin plane or slightly rounded, but
not suddenly incurved. The septa have a variable development in different parts of the
corallum ; the primaries are subequal, or the directives may be prominent and the others
narrow, and a second cycle may be more or less completely represented. Corallum dense ;
surface clothed with crowded blunt echinulations, which may be arranged in rows on the walls.

M. fragilis, B.-Smith, is apparently a young form of this species, in which the flattened
branches have not yet become fused together.

Var. minor.

The variety of M. rambleri recorded by Bassett-Smith, but not described, agrees closely
with the type in habit, but the whole of the subdivisions are smaller. The chief distinction
rests in the branchlets, which are about 1°5 em. long and bear numerous, rather spreading,
tubular, dimidiate or labellate corallites often 4 mm. long and 1 mm. in diameter; the
tubular corallites are only 8 to 5 mm. long, scarcely tapering, and rarely over 1 mm. diameter
at the base. The wall, particularly of the tubular corallites, is finely striate, the strie being
dentate.

China Sea.
a. Tizard Bank, 26 fath. H.M.S. ‘Rambler.’ 89.9. 24.152. (Type.)
6. Macclesfield Bank, 27 fath. H.M.S. ‘Rambler.’ 89. 9. 24. 153. (Type of M.
fragilis, B.-Sm.) Young.
c,d. Macclesfield Bank, 31 fath. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’ 92.10.17.18 & 19.
e. Macclesfield Bank, 20 fath. H.M.S. ‘Rambler. 89.9. 24.72. (Var. minor.)

f. Macclesfield Bank, 18 to 28 fath. H.M.S, ‘ Penguin.’ 92. 10.17.20. (Var. minor.)

MADREPORA. 191

206. Madrepora rayneri. (Plate VIII. fig. A.)
Madrepora rayneri, Brook, Aun. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 461.

Corallum forming horizontal fronds similar to those of M. speciosa, but less confluent
and dense. Branches 1 to 1°5 em. diameter, scarcely flattened; under surface naked,
excepting for a few scattered and appressed twigs ] em. or more in length, which consist
usually of an axial corallite with dilated base, with or without buds. The upper surface of
the main branches bears scattered appressed, nariform corallites, with a few immersed ones
interspersed. The branchlets on the upper surface are erect or suberect, and vary In im-
portance from elongate and simple corallites to stout branchlets divided near the base into a
number of heads, each of which bears several radiating and elongate corallites. The branchlets
are usually 2 em. long, less near the margin and a little more near the proximal ends of the
branches, the thickness varies from 3°5 to 7 mm. ; the stouter ones, like the main divisions,
have appressed nariform corallites near the base. Elongate tubular corallites 1 to 1°6 em, or
more in length, only slightly tapering ; 2°5 mm. diameter at the base and usually 2 mm. at
the apex ; margin suddenly contracted ; aperture small. The star consists of 6 well-developed
septa; but in the immersed corallites there are 12 septa and one of the directives is usually
stouter than the others. Corallum dense ; surface very finely and closely echinulate.

The species differs from M. speciosa, which is probably its closest ally, in the less
tapering tubular corallites with a suddenly contracted apex, and in the less flattened and

confluent main divisions.

Pacific Ocean : Fiji.
a-c. Fiji Islands. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [P.]. 62. 2. 4. 30, 42 & 44. (Types.)

207. Madrepora speciosa.
Madrepora speciosa, Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 163, pl. x. fig. 1.

Corallum shortly pedicellate, spreading horizontally, or slightly concave above ; consisting
of much-divided and compressed branches, 9 to 10 mm. wide and 4 to 5 mm. thick, which
are coalescent so as to form a thin broad plate with numerous meshes. The under surface,
where the flattened coalescent branches are seen to form an irregular trellis-work, is almost
destitute of corallites : there are a few small immersed ones, chiefly in the line of the fusions,
and the branches bear sublaterally a number of twigs, consisting of an elongate tapering
tubular corallite with lateral buds, similar to those of M. rambleri. The upper surface of
the trellis-work is rendered quite irregular by the outgrowth of numerous elongate, tapering,
tubular corallites, singly or in spreading clusters, the general direction being at right angles
to the branches ; some are forked or trifid, others are divided into irregular clusters. They
are about 1°5 em. long, 3°5 mm. diameter at the base when simple, 6 mm. or more when much

divided, 1 mm. or in some cases a little over at the apex; they are thus markedly tapering,
2c2

192 MADREPORARIA.

and are frequently curved. They usually bear one or two small appressed buds, certain of
which become elongate and tubular; such buds are, however, rarely situated near the apex
of a corallite. The upper surface of the branches, between the elongate corallites, is occupied
by a number of shorter, less spreading, and often appressed corallites, scattered very irregu-
larly, tubular or hemicotyloid in form, with a few subimmersed ones in the lines of fusion.
At the margin of the corallum the subdivisions are short and stunted, some of the axial corallites
being here 2°5 mm. diameter at the margin and only 2 to 3 mm. exsert ; wall very thick. Star
distinct, consisting of 6 subequal primary septa and a very narrow second cycle in the marginal
corallites, but in other situations less developed, without the second cycle. Corallum very
dense ; surface finely echinulate ; wall closely echinulate, but not in rows.

Some of the specimens have prominent suberect corallites on both sides of the flabellum.

Pacific Ocean : Tahiti, Macclesfield Bank.

a. Tahiti. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 85. 2. 1. 13.
b. Papeete, Tahiti. H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ 80. 11. 25. 219 (part). | dypes.
c. Macclesfield Bank, 32 fath. H.M.S. ‘Penguin’ 92.10.17.17. (Dead colony.)
d-j. Macclesfield Bank, at various H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’ 92. 10. 17. 21 to 27.
depths between 30 and 41
fath.

? ——? 93. 4. 7. 130.

Division IV.

10. Subgenus DISTICHOCYATHUS.
Madrepore distiche, M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. 1. p. 163.

Corallum more or less distinctly flattened and extending in one plane. Axial corallites
compressed, though sometimes not so at first, giving rise to flattened branches with the most
prominent corallites confined to the /ateral margins. The posterior surface is usually not
provided with corallites of any kind, and sometimes the anterior surface is also without
corallites ; at others the anterior surface is more or less arched and bears short corallites
chiefly, with occasionally a few which are elongate and form twigs. The corallum is not so

much flattened in M. parilis and M. angulata as in the other species, but the chief divisions
arise laterally.

208. Madrepora elegans.
Madrepora elegans, M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. ui. p. 163, pl. E 1. fig. 3.

Corallum flabellate, chiefly in one plane. Branches elongate, much flattened, more or

less sinuous and with fusions which are more numerous in some specimens than in others ;

MADREPORA. 193

the flattening takes place in an antero-posterior direction ; the posterior surface is nearly flat
and the anterior more or less arched; 40 cm. long or more, 2 cm. broad, and under 1 cm.
thick. Secondary branches lateral, subalternate, 1°5 to 12 cm. long, very much flattened
above but more rounded near their bases. All the branches are practically devoid of corallites
on the posterior surface; laterally they bear subalternate, flattened, tubular corallites or
simple branches, 0°4 to 4°5 em. long and 3 to 5 mm. in longest diameter, often only 2 to
2:5 mm. in the shortest ; those over 8 mm. long usually bear a series of small lateral corallites,
which at first are immersed, but, with the formation of a wall around them, become half-
goblet-shaped or nariform ; some of these in turn become tubular and give rise to new out-
growths. The anterior surface of the corallum bears a number of scattered, subimmersed,
and half-goblet-shaped corallites, certain of which at irregular intervals become tubular or
subconical and project at right angles to the surface of the flabellum ; these are the only
prominent corallites not in the general plane ; they may be 3 to 12mm. long, 2 mm. diameter
at the apex, gradually becoming thickened towards the base. Apex of the axial corallites
oval in section, about 2 by 8 mm., upper part of the wall rounded, with an aperture 1 mm. in
diameter. The star consists of 12 septa; the primaries are well developed, the others only
slightly prominent. Corallum very dense ; surface with narrow longitudinal furrows, the

whole covered with fine echinulations.
The habitat of the type specimen in the Paris Museum is not recorded.

Philippine Islands.
a, 6. Manila. R. Brown, Esq. [P.]. 93. 4. 7. 168 & 171.

209. Madrepora tenella. (Plate XXIX. fig. E.)
Madrepora tenella, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 464.

Corallum much flattened, flabellate ; allied to Madrepora elegans, M.-Edw. & H., but more
delicate. Stem and main branches much flattened or only slightly so; the smaller divisions
are usually more or less rounded. Branches 7 mm. broad and rarely over 3 mm. thick, some-
what sinuous, divisions and corallites almost all lateral: fusions frequent and irregular.
Simple lateral corallites give rise, by increase in size and the development of buds, to twigs
ranging from 5 mm. to 4 em. in length, the larger one provided with a secondary series of
lateral and divaricate twigs. Axial corallites 1 to 1:5 mm. diameter, a little compressed,
usually 3 mm. exsert. Radial corallites distant, compressed, nariform at first but soon
becoming tubular and very spreading; diameter 1 mm.; length 1 to 5mm.; those which are
longer usually bear distant buds. There are no immersed corallites and the whole of the
corallum, excepting the lateral margins of the branches and twigs, is usually devoid of corallites
of any kind. The star consists of 6 moderateiy-developed septa ; aperture a little contracted
if circular, but usually elliptical. In some parts of a colony the more delicate twigs bear

alternate, short, nariform to subtubular corallites on the lateral margins, which are much closer

194 MADREPORARTA.

together than is usually the case. Corallum very dense ; surface subrugose and very finely

echinulate ; wall striate and finely echinulate. -
China Sea.

a. Macclesfield Bank, 37 fath. H.M.S. ‘ Penguin” 92.10.17. 33. hn

b. Macclesfield Bank, 31 fath. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’ 92.10.17. 34. J ~YPE:

210. Madrepora inermis. (Plate XXIX. figs. A, B.)
Madrepora inermis, Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1891, vol. viii. p. 462.

Corallum consisting of slender laxly-divided branches, which probably extend subhori-
zontally. The branches are about 21 em. long and 8 mm. thick, somewhat flattened in places
and completely or almost completely devoid of corallites on the under surface, forked and
divaricately branched; the branchlets are sublateral, 1-5 to 6 cm. long, 4 to 5 mm, thick,
scarcely tapering, those under 5 em. in length are usually simple. In addition to the more
noticeable branchlets, there are a few short, lateral, subalternate ramiculi on the stouter
branchlets at intervals of about 1 cm., they are 4 to 8 mm. long and 3 mm. thick. Axial
corallites 2 mm. diameter, 1 mm. exsert, wall scarcely thickened, with a star of 6 well-deve-
loped septa and sometimes traces of a second cycle. Radial corallites very short, spreading
tubular, rather distant, often with indications of a subspiral arrangement; length 1 to 2 mm. ;
diameter the same, but usually 1°5 mm., and the base may be dilated; those near the apex of
a branchlet are not so spreading, but the aperture is always rounded; the longest ones are
lateral in position and, on becoming proliferous, give rise to the short ramiculi already referred
to. Immersed corallites are practically absent. Wall thin but firm; the septa are arranged
in a single cycle, the lower directive often much broader than the others. Corallum very
dense ; surface dense, smooth on the underside, slightly rough but not spmose on the anterior
surface of the stouter branches. The wall of the axial and younger radial corallites is roughly
costulate and the striations are continued to the ccenenchyma, but below the striations are

lost on the corallites as well as on the general surface.

South Seas.
a, 6. South Seas. Purchased. 41.12.11.6 & 7. (Types.)

211. Madrepora parilis.
Madrepora parilis, Quelch, ‘ Challenger’ Reef Corals, p. 162, pl. ix. fig. 3.

Corallum spreading more or less horizontally, the branches and branchlets developing
continuously in one plane from opposite sides of the larger branches, and nearly of equal size
throughout, viz. 5 to 7 mm. thick. Branches round or vertically compressed, closely placed,
rarely coalescent, although extending nearly at right angles. Axial corallites cylindrical, 2 to
3 mm. diameter, with moderately thick and porous wall, not rounded at the margin ; the star
consists of 12 septa, the directives broadest. The radial corallites are wide apart, tubular,

MADREPORA. 195

usually very spreading, 1 to 2mm. diameter and 1 to 4mm. long ; they are distributed radially,
and form prominent series along the lateral borders, but are almost absent from the under
surface of flattened branches. The longest corallites, which are usually sublateral in position,
give rise to branchlets. The star of the radial cerallites consists of a moderate primary series
of septa together with a more or less fully developed second cycle. Corallum porous ; surface
and wall strongly striate and echinulate.

Two specimens of this species occur in the second collection made on the Macclesfield
Bank by Mr. Bassett-Smith, R.N., which are rather more fragile than the type specimens.
The tubular corallites are often 4 mm. apart, 2 to 4 mm. long, and 1:5 to 2 mm. diameter ;
those on the anterior and posterior surfaces rarely bear buds. Wall rather thin, margin not
rounded.

Pacific Ocean : Tahiti, Philippine Islands, China Sea.

a, b. Tahiti. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 86. 12. 9. 222,
Sa Oils WM): Gb Ile jy
c. Samboangan. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ 80. 11. 25. 15.

d. Macclesfield Bank, 36 to 43 fath. HeOMeES teens aim.ce 92.0 rsle7aroile
e. Macclesfield Bank, 25 to 28 fath. H-M-S. “Penguin.” *92. 10: 17. 82.

212. Madrepora angulata.
Madrepora angulata, Quelch, ‘ Challenger ’ Reef Corals, p. 160, pl. ix. fig. 5.

Corallum probably lax and spreading arborescent with slender branches. The type
specimen consists of a smgle curved, apparently subprostrate branch, about 17 cm. long and
7 mm. thick near the base, becoming somewhat thicker above, not terete, distinctly angular
in places. The branchlets are 2 to 5 cm. long, and 5 mm. diameter at the base, usually
attenuate when simple, but scarcely tapering when further subdivided, arising at an angle of
about 50°. Axial corallites 2 mm. diameter, scarcely exsert, wall thin but dense. The
primary septa are well developed and a narrower second cycle is usually present. Radial
corallites not numerous, frequently arranged in linear series, 1°55 to 5 mm. long and
about 15 mm. thick, tubo-nariform or rostrato-nariform, intermixed with many ascending
tubular ones having a round aperture; the rows are sometimes 4 mm. apart; the corallites
become shorter below, but none are truly immersed. The septa are unequally developed
in the radial corallites ; the directives usually become fused together, the remaining 4 of the
primary cycle are not very prominent, and a second cycle may be more or less completely
represented in rudiment. Corallum dense but reticulate in section; surface dense and
occasionally pitted, finely echinulate in longitudinal lines; wall more or less distinctly

striate and echinulate.
Philippine Islands.
a, Samboangan. H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.’ 86. 12.9. 235. (Type.)

196 MADREPORARIA.

SPECIES INCERTZ SEDIS.

213. Madrepora coronata.

Madrepora coronata, Rehberg, Abhand. nat. Ver. Hamburg, 1892, Bd. xii. p. 38, pl. iv. figs. 6 & 7 (non
Brook, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, vol. x. p. 456).

Corallum flattened corymbiform and pedicellate. Horizontal branches broad and plate-
like, with small lateral twigs, which are also flattened and provided with short, subimmersed
or immersed corallites ; the upper surface of these branches is rounded and, in the middle of
the colony, provided only with immersed corallites. Towards the periphery arched branchlets
arise on the upper surface, which are 10 to 20 em. long and provided with lateral twigs, all
of which reach one plane. The corallites are rather distant and attain a maximum length of
3 mm., but gradually become immersed below ; the inner part of the wall is absent, only the
bud-corallites of terminal twigs have a complete tubular wall, and the wall is then thicker.
Surface openly striate or tabulato-echinulate, wall rather closely striate. The largest
specimen is 1 m. in diameter. Young colonies do not show well the characteristic flattened
horizontal branches. (Rehderg.)

Nossibé, Madagascar (Hamburg Museum).

214. Madrepora dichotoma.
Madrepora dichotoma, Rehberg, Abhand. nat. Ver. Hamburg, 1892, Bd. xii. p. 39, pl. ii. figs. 15 & 17.

The colony arises from a solid style-like base, with chiefly dichotomous branches on its
upper surface. The branches arise separately from the base. The outer ones have regularly
arranged twigs on the outer surface as in M. aculeus, Dana. Towards the centre the bud-
twigs gradually become less numerous and many of the apices are simple. Corallites rather
distant, of medium size, strongly nariform and bent at the apex. Axial corallites only a
little larger than the radial ones, cylindrical and prominent. Surface tabulato-echinulate.
In corallites with an elongate aperture the lower directive septum is very broad. Immersed
corallites scattered towards the middle of the branches, but very numerous below. Colony
25 to 30 cm. diameter and about 20 cm. high. Branches not over i em. thick. (Rehberg.)

Pelew Islands (Hamburg Museum).

215. Madrepora gonagra.

Madrepora gonagra, M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, t. iii. p. 151 (? non Briiggemann, Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, 1877, Bd. v. p. 898; non Briiggemann, Phil. Trans. 1879, vol. clxviil. p. 575).

Corallum forming cespitose tufts, resembling those of M. plantaginea, but having short
rounded corallites grouped irregularly, so as to appear like nodosities ; aperture of the coral-
lites remarkably small. (M.-Edwards & H.)

MADREPORA. 197

The type specimen could not be found when I visited the Paris Museum, and there is
no present means of identifying the species with certainty.

The specimen in the British Museum referred by Briiggemann to this species does not
agree with the above description and constitutes the type of M. botryodes, mihi.

Habitat not recorded.

216. Madrepora papillosa.
Madrepora papillosa, Rehberg, Abhand. nat. Ver. Hamburg, 1892, Bd. xii. p. 42, pl. iii. figs. 12 & 14,

The colony grows on a mother-of-pearl shell and has a broad pedicel, which widens out
into a fan-shaped and laxly branched corallum. The twigs all extend in one plane, somewhat
slender and bent, and form together a circular flabellum 30 cm. high. The corallites are
slender (appressed tubular) and give a dentate outline to the branches, The axial corallites
differ little from the radial ones. Corallite-wall longitudinally striate, with dense thornlets on
the striz, which under the lens appear as papill; these are distributed over the whole
corallum. The species resembles M. brachiata and M. implicata, Dana, excepting that the
corallum is here flabellate. (Rehberg.)

Tahiti (? Hamburg Museum).

217. Madrepora parvistella,

Madrepora parvistella, Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 41; Studer, Mitth. naturf. Ges.
Bern, 1880, p. 19.

Corallum arborescent, numerously branched; branchlets spreading, curved, neatly
rounded and tapering, about 1:2 em. diameter and 8 to 10 em. long. Corallites evenly
crowded, very small, short, tubular, opening obliquely upward; exterior costate, scabrous ;
cells small, broad oval, stellate ; 12 septa distinct, the two largest nearly meet in the centre.

Singapore.

218. Madrepora philippinensis.

Madrepora philippinensis, Rehberg, Abhand. nat. Ver. Hamburg, 1892, Bd. xii. p. 40, pl. iii. figs.
13 & 134.

Corallum similar to that of M. spicifera, Dana*, but with small branched twigs instead
of simple ones, and the under surface is provided with spreading corallites ; the branches
also bear many immersed corallites, and the whole corallum differs in structure and presents
an appearance like pumice-stone, ending on the corallite-wall as narrow striations. The
corallites are mostly hemicotyloid (« schwalbennestartig ”), but those near the apex of a twig
are more elongate, straight or bent. ( Rehberg.)

* Rehberg uses the name WM. macroclados, Ehrb.; but compare my account of the Berlin types.

2D

198 MADREPORARIA.

The species appears related to M. rambleri, B.-Sm., but the description is too incomplete
to allow of a proper comparison.

Philippine Islands (Berlin Museum and a fragment in the Hamburg Museum).

219. Madrepora teres.

Madrepora teres, Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst. 1866, vol. v. p. 20; ibid. 1869, vol. vi. p. 102; Rathbun,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 19.

Corallum arborescent ; branches 15 to 20 cm. long and 1:2 cm. diameter, slightly tapering,
spreading at an angle of about 50°; branchlets slender, rapidly tapering, rounded at the
end. Axial corallites small, scarcely prominent, with 6 well-marked septa and 6 rudimentary
ones between. Radial corallites small, about 1 mm. diameter, not crowded, arranged evenly
on all sides: those towards the end of the branches opening upward, and provided with a
small ligulate border ; those on the larger branches wholely immersed. Ccenenchyma strongly
vermiculate and sharply scabrous. (Verrill.)

Pacific Ocean: Ousima (Japan).

? a. China (probably South). Fisheries Exhibition, 84. 2. 26. 4.

220. Madrepora turgida.

Madrepora turgida, Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst. 1866, vol. v. p. 19; ibid. 1869, vol. vi. p. 101; Rathbun,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, vol. x. p. 19. -

“The corallum consists of a cluster of thick, irregular branches arising from a large
massive base. The branches are short and turgid, rounded and elevated at the ends, or often
dividing into a cluster of short, obtuse branchlets. Lateral corallites irregular in size and
position, swollen below, smaller at the ends, appressed, turned in various directions, the
summits often incurved; cells opening inward, small, usually showing 6 nearly equal septa.
Terminal corallites not much exceeding some of the lateral ones in size, thick, obtuse, but
little prominent ; cells showing 12 septa, those of the second cycle much narrower than the
rest. Surface of the cenenchyma and exterior of the corallites loosely porous, covered by
crowded lacerately divided granules or small spines, with numerous openings between them.
Cost scarcely apparent. Colour of unbleached coral light brownish yellow. Height of the
only specimen collected 6 inches ; length of branches 8; thickness about °25 inch.” (Verriil.)

This species appears to be related to M. glauca, or may indeed be identical with it, but
the description is not sufficiently precise to allow of the point being settled at present.

Loo Choo Islands.

MADREPORA. 199

List of specific names incidentally used by various authors, together with others which have
~ not been accompanied by a description.

M. rudis, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 459. ?=M. valida, Dana.

M. scabricula, Dana, op. cit. p- 468. ?=WM. aspera, Dana.

M. quadrata, Dana, op. cit. p. 487. ?=M. securis, Dana.

M. corymbites, Valenciennes, Comptes Rendus, 1860, t. 1. p. 1008. Nomen nudum.

M. flabilis, Valenciennes, loc. cit. p. 1008. Nomen nudum.

M. radicans, Valenciennes, loc. cit. p- 1008. Nomen nudum.

M. circinata, Valenciennes, loc. cit. p- 1009. Nomen nudum.

M. expansa, Valenciennes, loc. cit. p- 1009. Nomen nudum.

M. poculenta, Valenciennes, loc. cit. p- 1009. Nomen nudum.

M. papillosa, Klunzinger, Corallenth. d. roth. Meeres, Th. ii. p. 9. ?=M. pustulosa,
Klunzinger, i. e. M. klunzingeri, Quelch, the name being preoccupied. If it were
quite clear that Klunzinger intended to refer to M. pustulosa, Klz., when using the
name papillosa, it is probable that klunzingeri should give place to it.

M. esperi, Rehberg, Abh. nat. Ver. Hamburg, 1892, Bd. xii. p. 39. Name suggested for
M. muricata, Esper, Pflanzenth. Fortsetz. p- 52, Madr. pls. ix. & xi.

M. edwardsii, Rehberg, loc. cit. p. 33. Name suggested for the specimen figured by
M.-Edwards & Haime, Coralliaires, pl. E1. fig. 4, which is not M. echinata.

M. spinosa, Rehberg, loc. cit. pl. iii. fig. 4. Species not described.

M. symmetrica, Rehberg, loc. cit. p. 33. Pelew Islands. Nomen nudum.

2D2

200 MADREPORARIA.
ADDENDA.

47 a. Madrepora thurstoni. (Plate XX XV. fig. A.)

Corallum fastigiate, forming low and broad spreading clumps closely resembling those of
M. ramiculosa, Dana, which is probably a variety of M. squarrosa, Ehrenberg (see p. 65).
Colony 48 em. wide and about 18 cm. high, but the base forms a very broad incrustation on a
massive clump of dead coral, and the total height is 82 em. Main branches nearly 2 cm.
diameter, not over 10 cm. long; the marginal ones horizontal and often divided into 2 or 3
branches, which all extend in one plane. On the upper surface of these divisions bi- or trifid
arched branchlets occur, the distal twigs of which are about 2 cm. long and 4 to 6 mm. thick at
the base, distinctly tapering. The mode of subdivision of the branches agrees very well with
Dana’s figure of M. ramiculosa. Axial corallites cylindrical, 2 to 2°5 mm. diameter and about
1 mm. exsert; wall very porous; margin plane; septa usually 6 in number, subequal,
moderately developed. Radial corallites small and immersed or subimmersed on all parts
excepting the distal 1°5 or 2 cm. of the branchlets, where they are nariform, round bursiform,
or the outer part of the wall may be a little elongate; length 1°5 to 2 mm., diameter 1 mm.
or a little over; a few which are stouter and more elongate indicate new outgrowths. The
septa are imperfectly developed, usually only the directives are recognizable in the prominent
corallites, but in some of those which are immersed the primary cycle may be more complete.
Corallum porous ; surface reticulate; wall broadly and deeply striate, echinulate towards the

base.

Indian Ocean: Ramesvaram.

a. Ramesvaram. Madras Museum. 88. 11. 25.9. (Type.)

97. Madrepora surculosa, Dana (p. 104).

Descriptions of two varieties of this species recorded by Dana were inadvertently omitted
in the text :—

Var. turbinata, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 446.
? Madrepora turbinata, Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1864, vol. i. p. 42.

This variety closely resembles the type in its smaller branchlets; but instead of spreading
horizontally and forming a solid or reticulate frond, the branches spread obliquely upwards
and are several inches in length, forming turbinate clumps 12 inches broad and high. Branches
4 to 2 in. thick ; the smaller branches 1 to 2 in. long, nearly j in. diameter, and often very
prolific at the summits. The marginal branchlets are as regular as those of the middle, and
the corallites are not more spreading. (Dana.)

MADREPORA. 201

Verrill states that this form is quite distinct from . surculosa, and proposed to give it
the rank of a species. Until the type specimens have been compared and the differences
noted, I think it undesirable to change the arrangement proposed by Dana.

Tahiti.

Var. diffusa, Dana, Zoophytes, p. 446.

Branchlets proliferous above and similar in size and form (? to those of the type), but the
branches are 4 to 2 in. thick, distantly coalescent, with very large spaces ; the branchlets are
more remote, often 1 in. apart. The type specimen is in the possession of the Boston
Society of Natural History, and consists approximately of one-fourth of the whole colony ; it
is 18 in. long and 15 in, broad. (Dana.)

Dana remarks that this variety has more the habit of M. sudulata than of M. surculosa,
but that it differs from that species in the length and character of its branchlets.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

[The figures in bold type refer to the pages on which the descriptions will be found; the remainder

abbreyiata (M. spicifera), 93.
abrotanoides (Heteropora), 157.
(Madr.), 56, 169.
acervata (Madr.), 147.
aculeus (Madr.), 87, 104, 145.
acuminata (Madr.), 38.
affinis (Madr.), 60.

africana (Madr.), 83.

alces (Madr.), 24, 50.
alliomorpha (Madr.), 87.
alveolata (M. pulchra), 45.
ambigua (Madr.), 70.
amblyclados (Madr.), 140.
angulata (Madr.), 195.
anthocercis (Madr.), 106.
appersa (Madr.), 86.
appressa (Heteropora), 85.
(Madr.), 85, 87.
arabica (Madr.), 66.
arbuscula (Madr.), 40, 77.
arcuata (Madr.), 102.
armata (Madr.), 100.

aspera (Madr.), 62.

assimilis (Madr.), 85.
Astrea, 21, 131.

attenuata (Madr.), 33.
austera (Madr.), 56.
australis (Madr.), 155.

beeocyathus (M. tizardi), 89.
beeodactyla (Madr.), 158.
bifaria (Madr.), 110.
borealis (Madr.), 67.

to synonyms. |

botryodes (Madr.), 153.
botte (Madr.), 139.
brachiata (Madr.), 43.

(M. formosa), 43.
brachyclados (Madr.), 59.
brevicollis (Madr.), 159.
brueggemanni (Madr.), 145.
bullata (Madr.), 151.

ceespito-tabulata (M. corymbosa),
98.
calamaria (Madr.), 154.
canaliculata (Madr.), 151.
canalis (Madr.), 136.
cancellata (Madr.), 166.
candelabrum (Madr.), 96.
capillaris (Madr.), 79, 80.
carduus (Madr.), 178.
cerealis (Madr.), 86, 91.
cervicornis (Heteropora), 42.
(Madr.), 24.
(M. muricata), 27.
cespitosa (M. rosaria), 180.
ceylonica (Madr.), 162.
circinata (Madr.), 199.
clathrata (Madr.), 49.
clayigera (Madr.), 183.
coalescens (Madr.), 161.
(M. variabilis), 161.
cochleariformis (M. erythrea),
157.
compacta (M. millepora), 117.
complanata (Madr.), 70.

compressa (Madr.), 60.
concinna (Madr.), 165.
conferta (Madr.), 108.
confluens (M. florida), 54.
confraga (Madr.), 182.
conica (M. listeri), 53.
conigera (Madr.), 34.
Conocyathus, 160.
convexa (Madr.), 116, 118, 126.
cophodactyla (Madr.), 148.
cornuta (Madr.), 24.
coronata (Madr.), 106, 196.
corymbiformis (M. corymbosa),
98. ;
(M. pyramidalis), 150.
corymbites (Madr.), 199.
corymbosa (Heteropora), 97.
(Madr.), 89, 97, 118.
crassa (Madr.), 30.
crassilabia (M. nasuta), 74.
crater (Madr.), 24.
cribripora (Madr.), 44, 123.
cristata (Porites), 24,
cuneata (Madr.), 134.
cuspidata (Madr.), 124.
(M. reticulata), 69.
cyclopea (Madr.), 33.
cycloptera (Madr.), 33.
cymbeeformis (M. erythraea), 157.
cymbicyathus (Madr.), 86.
cytherea (Madr.), 95, 99, 100.

dactylophora (Madr.), 137.

204

dane (Madr.), 56, 57.

danai (Madr.), 57.

decipiens (Madr.), 51.
decurrens (Heteropora), 78.
(Madr.), 78.

deformis (Madr.), 57.
delicatula (Madr.), 109.
demani (Madr.), 63.
dendrum (Madr.), 81.
depressa (M. hemprichi), 174.
(M. pyramidalis), 150.
dichotoma (Madr.), 196.
diffusa (Madr.), 80.

(M. rosaria), 180.

(M. sureulosa), 201.
digitata (M. valida), 168.
digitifera (Madr.), 75, 137.
dilatata (Madr.), 81.
disticha (Madr.), 84.
Distichocyathus, 192.
divaricata (Madr.), 64.
diversa (Madr.), 141.
dumosa (M. rosaria), 180.
durvillei (Madr.), 79, 177, 185.

echidniea (Heteropora), 184.
(Oculina), 184.
(Madr.), 87, 184.
echinata (Madr.), 185, 186.
edwardsii (Madr.), 199.

efflorescens (Madr.), 35, 37, 93,99.

effusa (Madr.), 76, 89, 90.
ehrenbergi (Madr.), 45, 48.
elegans (Madr.), 192.
elegantula (Madr.), 115.
elliptica (Madr.), 128.
elseyi (Madr.), 172.
erythrea (Madr.), 157.
esperi (Madr.), 199.

ethica (Madr.), 24.
eucladia (M. spicifera), 93.
Eumadrepora, 23.
eurystoma (Madr.), 137.
exigua (Madr.), 125.

exilis (Madr.), 172.
expansa (Madr.), 199.

fissilabia (M. laxa), 47.
flabelliformis (Madr.), 37, 97,
102.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

flabellum (Heteropora), 24.
(Madr.), 24.

flabilis (Madr.), 199.
florida (Madr.), 53.
formosa (Madr.), 43, 47.
forskali (Heteropora), 65, 170.
(Madr.), 170, 173.
fortis (M. hemprichi), 174.
fragilis (Madr.), 189.
frondosa (Madr.), 114.
fruticosa (Madr.), 138.

gemmifera (Madr.), 142.
glauca (Madr.), 164.
globata (M. cytherea), 100.
globiceps (Madr.), 87, 140, 152,
153.
glochiclados (Madr.), 104.
gonagra (Madr.), 153, 196.
gracilis (Madr.), 32.
grandis (Madr.), 42.
eranulosa (Madr.), 189.
gravida (Madr), 59.
guppyi (Madr.), 158.

haimei (Madr.), 77, 153, 158.
hebes (Madr.), 128.

hemispherica (M. corymbosa), 98.
hemprichi (Heteropora), 144, 173.

(Madr.), 173.
heteroclados (Madr.), 32.
Heteropora, 21.

hispida (Madr.), 133.

horrida (Madr.), 54, 188.
humilis (Madr.), 145.
hyacinthus (Madr.), 107, 108.
hydra (Madr.), 181.

hystrix (Madr.), 176.

imbricata (Heteropora), 116.
(Madr.), 116.

implicata (Madr.), 72.
incrassata (M. pocillifera), 61.
incrustans (Madr.), 134.
indica (Madr.), 113.

inermis (Madr.), 194.
informis (M. complanata), 71.
infurdibuliformis (Madr.), 23.
intermedia (Madr.), 31.
irregularis (Madr.), 50.

Isopora, 131.

kenti (Madr.), 110.
klunzingeri (Madr.), 148.

labiosa (M. hebes), 128.

labrosa (Madr.), 131.

latistella (Madr.), 112.

laxa (Heteropora), 25, 58.

—— (Madr.), 46, 61, 145.

Lepidocyathus, 115.

leptoclados (M. variabilis), 161.

leptocyathus (Madr.), 159.

listeri (Madr.), 52.

longicyathus (Madr.), 181, 187,
189.

loripes (Madr.), 165.

macrostoma (Madr.), 105.
Madrepora, 21.
Madrepore distiche, 192.
mammillata (M. calamaria), 154.
manni (Madr.), 63.
mexicana (Madr.), 24.
microclados (Heteropora), 92,
102,
(Madr.), 93, 102, 108.
microcyathus (Madr.), 58,
microphthalma (Madr.), 168.
Millepora, 21.
millepora (Heteropora), 116.
(Madr.), 116, 120, 125.
minima (Madr.), 125.
minor (M. rambleri), 190.
mirabilis (Madr.), 125.
monticulosa (Madr.), 130.
multicaulis (Madr.), 48.
multiformis (Madr.), 47.
muricata (Madr.), 23, 56, 91.
(Millepora), 23,

nana (Madr.), 82.
nasuta (Madr.), 73, 89.
nigra (Madr.), 45.
nobilis (Madr.), 30, 135.

obscura (Madr.), 129.
obtusata (Madr.), 173.
(M. hemprichi), 174.
ocellata (Madr.), 148.

Oculina, 21.
Odontocyathus, 66.
oligocyathus (Madr.), 69.
orbicularis (Madr.), 37.
orbipora (Madr.), 44.
orientalis (Madr.), 182.
ornata (Madr.), 60.
ortmanni (Madr.), 147.

pachyclados (M. variabilis), 161.
pacifica (Madr.), 39.
palifera (Astrea), 131.
(Gemmipora), 131.
(Madr.), 131.
pallida (Madr.), 149.
palmata (Heteropora), 24.
(Madr.), 24.
(M. muricata), 25.
papillosa (Madr.), 148, 197.
paradoxa (M. quelchi), 90.
parilis (Madr.), 194.
parvistella (Madr.), 197.
parvula (M. eurystoma), 137.
patella (Madr.), 97.
patula (Madr.), 111.
paxilligera (Madr.), 34, 74.
pectinata (Madr.), 95.
pelewensis (Madr.), 145.
perampla (Madr.), 24.
pharaonis (Madr.), 46, 58, 139.
philippinensis (Madr.), 197.
plantaginea (Madr.), 23, 77, 87,
89, 140, 147, 149, 153, 154,
156.
platycyathus (Madr.), 153.
plicata (Madr.), 134.
pocillifera (Heteropora), 24.
(Madr.), 61.
poculenta (Madr.), 199.
polymorpha (Madr.), 169.
Polystachys, 73.
polystoma (Madr.), 112.
Porites, 21.
procumbens (Madr.), 188.
prolifera (Heteropora), 66.
(Madr.), 24.
(M. muricata), 26.
prolixa (Madr.), 187.
prostrata (Madr.), 62, 119.
pruinosa (Madr.), 72.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

pulchra (Madr.), 44.

pumila (Madr.), 166.

pustulifera (M. brevicollis), 160.

pustulosa (Madr.), 32, 58, 148,
160.

pygmeea (M. rosaria), 180.

pyramidalis (Madr.), 34, 149, 150.

quadrata (Madr.), 199.
quelchi (Madr.), 90.

radicans (Madr.), 199.
rambleri (Madr.), 189.
ramiculosa (Madr.), 32, 65, 97.
rayneri (Madr.), 191.
recumbens (Madr.), 106.
regalis (Heteropora), 25.
(Madr.), 25.

remota (Madr.), 162.
repens (Madr.), 68.
reticulata (Madr.), 68.
retusa (Madr.), 77.
Rhabdocyathus, 173.
robusta (Madr.), 42.

(M. selago), 122.
rosacea (Madr.), 84.
rosaria (Madr.), 179, 182.
rousseaui (Madr.), 171.
rubra (Madr.), 124.

rudis (Madr.), 173, 199,
rugosa (M. subglabra), 187.

samoensis (Madr.), 143.
sarmentosa (Madr.), 127.
scabricula (Madr.), 199.

. scabrosa (Madr.), 64.

scandens (Madr.), 48, 58.
(M. ehrenbergi), 49.
scherzeriana (Madr.), 144.
secale (Madr.), 87, 91, 162.
secunda (Madr.), 25, 30.
securis (Madr.), 133.

selago (Madr.), 122.

seriata (Motercpora), 149.

sinensis (Madr.), 114.
(M. spicifera), 93.
smithi (Madr.), 34.
spathulata (Madr.), 121.
speciosa (Madr.), 191.

(Madr.), 34, 142, 149, 158.

205

spectabilis (Madr.), 141.
spicifera (Madr.), 92, 100.
spinosa (Madr.), 199.
spinulosa (Madr.), 66.
spongiosa (M. scherzeriana),
145.
squamosa (Madr.), 120.
squarrosa (Heteropora), 65.
(Madrepora), 65.
stigmataria (Madr.), 68.
striata (Madr.), 178.
stricta (M. pulchra), 44.
studeri (Madr.), 126.
subaquilis (Madr.), 24.
subglabra (Madr.), 186.
subtilis (Madr.), 68.
subulata (Madr.), 120.
superba (Madr.), 25.
surculosa (Madr.), 104, 126, 200.
symmetrica (Madr.), 94, 199.
syringodes (Madr.), 177.

tenella (Madr.), 193.
tenuis (Madr.), 81, 83.
tenuispicata (Madr.), 96, 161.
teres (Madr.), 198.
thomasiana (Madr.), 24.
thurstoni (Madr.), 200.
tizardi (Madr.), 89.
tortuosa (Madr.), 71.
Trachylopora, 184.
tuberculosa (Madr.), 55.
tubicinaria (Madr.), 139.
tubigera (Madr.), 79.
tubulosa (Heteropora), 175.
(Madr.), 175.

tumida (Madr.), 163.

(M. variabilis), 161.
turbinata (Madr.), 200.
(M. sureulosa), 200.
turgida (Madr.), 198
tylopora, 135.

tylostoma (Heteropora), Ay.
(Madr.), 41.

uncinata (M. brueggemanni),

146.

valenciennesi (Madr.), 46, 47.
valida (Madr.), 89, 162, 168.
20

. a (M. decipiens), 51.
. a (M. palifera), 132.
. a (M. sarmentosa), 128.
. 6 (M. decipiens), 52.
. B (ML. sarmentosa), 128.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

variabilis (Madr.), 156, 161.
variolosa (Madr.), 173.

(M. hemprichi), 174.
vasiformis (Madr.), 37.

(M. corymbosa), 98.

vastula (Madr.), 107, 108.
verrucosa (Madr.), 168.
violacea (Madr.), 167.
virgata (Madr.), 40.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

The figures show to the best advantage when examined by means of a reading-lens of
3 or 4 in. diameter. The usual small pocket-lens is not suitable for this purpose.

PLATE I.

Figures about } nat. size.

Fig. A. Madrepora grandis (p. 42). Palm Island, Great-Barrier Reef.
Fig. B. Madrepora grandis, small colony (p. 42). Rocky Island, Great-Barrier Reef.
Fig. C. Madrepora intermedia (p. 31). Maldive Islands.

PLATE II.
Madrepora orbicularis (p. 37). Ceylon. 2 nat. size.

PLATE III.

Madrepora multicaulis (p. 48). Ceylon. + nat. size.

PLATE IV.

Figures about 4 nat. size.

Fig. A. Madrepora reticulata, upper surface (p. 68). Amirante Islands.
Fig. B. Madrepora reticulata, lower surface (p. 68). Macclesfield Bank.
Fig. C. Madrepora complanata (p. 70). Seychelles.

PLATE V.
Madrepora clathrata (p. 49). + nat. size.

PLATE VI.
Figures about + nat. size.

Fig. A. Madrepora clathrata (p. 49). ? Western part of the Indian Ocean.
Fig. B. Madrepora clathrata, young colony (p. 49). Mauritius.
Fig. C. Madrepora samoensis (p. 143). Samoa.

PLATE VII.

Madrepora oligocyathus (p. 69). Mauritius. 2 nat. size.
282

208 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE VIII.
Figures rather more than } nat. size.

Fig. A. Madrepora rayneri, a single branch (p. 191). Fiji.
Fig. B. Madrepora loripes (p. 165). Rocky Island, Great-Barrier Reef.
Fig. C. Madrepora ambigua (p. 70). Northumberland Island, Great-Barrier Reef.

PLATE IX.

Figures about 3 nat. size.

Fig. A. Madrepora clavigera, view of upper surface (p. 1838).

Fig. A’. Madrepora clavigera, side view (p. 183).

Fig. B. Madrepora latistella (p. 112). Port Denison.

Fig. C. Madrepora hispida (p. 1383). Samboangan, Philippine Islands.
Fig. D. Madrepora plicata (p. 184). Tongatabu.

Fig. E. Madrepora patula (p. 111). Port Denison.

PLATE X.
Figures about ? nat. size.

Fig. A. Madrepora armata, view of under surface (p. 100). Singapore ?
Fig. B. Madrepora armata, side view (p. 100). Singapore.
Figs. C & D. Madrepora exilis (p. 172). Port Denison.

PLATE XI.
Figures about } nat. size.
A. Madrepora violacea (p. 167). Fiji.
. B. Madrepora kenti (p. 110). Thursday Island, Torres Straits.
Fig. C. Madrepora tizardi (p. 89). Tizard Bank.
D. Madrepora tizardi, var. (p. 89). Tizard Bank.
E. Madrepora elseyi (p. 172). North Australia.
F. Madrepora elseyi (p. 172). Thursday Island, Torres Straits.

PLATE XII.

Madrepora arcuata (p. 102). Samoa. A little less than } nat. size.

PLATE XIII.
Figures about } nat. size.
A. Madrepora beodactyla, var. (p. 158). ‘Rodriguez.
B. Madrepora beodactyla (p. 158). Capricorn Islands, Great-Barrier Reef.
Fig. C. Madrepora anthocercis (p. 106). Palm Island, Great-Barrier Reef.
D. Madrepora bullata (p. 151). Port Denison.

-

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 209

PLATE XIV.

Figures about 2 nat. size.
. Madrepora monticulosa (p. 130). Rodriguez.
. Madrepora decipiens, forma « (p. 51). Thursday Island, Torres Straits.
. Madrepora decipiens, forma (p. 51). Rocky Island, Great-Barrier Reef.
. Madrepora decipiens, forma 8 (p. 51). Capricorn Islands, Great-Barrier Reef.
- Madrepora irregularis (p. 50). Macclesfield Bank.
. Madrepora irregularis (p. 50). Rodriguez.

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PLATE XV.

Madrepora symmetrica (p. 94). 2 nat. size.

PLATE XVI.
Figures about 4 nat. size.

Fig. A. Madrepora rosaria, forma dumosa (p. 180). Port Denison.
Fig. B. Madrepora diversa (p. 141). Diego Garcia.
Fig. C. Madrepora leptocyathus (p. 159). Samoa.

PLATE XVII.

Madrepora concinna (p. 165). Mauritius. About 2 nat. size.

PLATE XVIII.
Figures about 4 nat. size.

Fig. A. Madrepora fruticosa (p. 138).
Fig. B. Madrepora spectabilis (p. 141).

PLATE XIX.
Figures about 4 nat. size.

Fig. A. Madrepora polystoma (p. 112). Mauritius.
Fig. B. Madrepora macrostoma (p. 105). Mauritius.

PLATE XX.
Figures about 2 nat. size.
Fig. A. Madrepora assimilis (p. 85). Amboina.
Fig. B. Madrepora squamosa (p. 120). Claremont Island, Great-Barrier Reef.

PLATE XXI.

Madrepora gemmifera (p. 142). Rocky Island, Great-Barrier Reef. About 2 nat.
size.

210 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. -

PLATE XXII.

Madrepora sarmentosa (p. 127). Port Denison. About 4 nat. size.

PLATE XXIII.
Figures about 4 nat. size.

Fig. A. Madrepora calamaria, var. mammillata (p. 154). Rodriguez.
Fig. B. Madrepora calamaria (p. 154). Rodriguez.

Fig. C. Madrepora australis (p. 155).

Fig. D. Madrepora guppyi (p. 158). Shortland Island, Solomon Islands.
Fig. E. Madrepora cophodactyla (p. 148).

PLATE XXIV.

Madrepora brueggemanni (p. 145). Singapore. 3 nat. size.

PLATE XXV.
Figures about 4 nat. size.
Fig. A. Madrepora studeri, upper surface (p. 126).
Fig. B. Madrepora studeri, under surface (p. 126).

PLATE XXVI.
Figures about 4 nat. size.
Fig. A. Madrepora vis‘formis, upper surface (p. 87). Rodriguez.
Fig. B. Madrepora smithi (p. 34).

PLATE XXVII.

Figures about } nat. size.
. Madrepora brevicollis (p. 159). Thursday Island, Torres Straits.
. Madrepora brevicollis, var. pustulifera (p. 160). Rodriguez.
. Madrepora nigra (p. 45). Tizard Bank.
. Madrepora pectinata, under surface (p. 95). Thursday Island, Torres Straits.
. Madrepora pectinata, upper surface (p. 95). Thursday Island, Torres Straits.
. Madrepora recumbens (p. 106). Rocky Island, Great-Barrier Reef.

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PLATE XXVIII.
Figures about 4 nat. size.
Fig. A. Madrepora pulchra (p. 44). Keeling Island.
Fig. B. Madrepora pulchra, vay. stricta (p. 44). Tizard Bank.
Fig. C. Madrepora pulchra, var. alveolata (p. 44). Palm Island,:Great-Barrier Reef.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Macclesfield Bank, China Sea.

211

Fig. D. Madrepora delicatula, side view of a branch (p. 109). Treasury Island, Solomon
Islands.
Fig. E. Madrepora delicatula (p. 109). Port Denison.
Fig. F. Madrepora affinis (p. 60). Darnley Island, Torres Straits.
PLATE XXIX.
Figures about 2 nat. size.
Fig. A. Madrepora inermis, under surface (p. 194). South Seas.
Fig. B. Madrepora inermis, upper surface (p. 194). South Seas.
Fig. C. Madrepora subglabra (p. 186). South Seas.
Fig. D. Madrepora procumbens (p. 188). South Seas.
Fig. E. Madrepora tenella (p. 193). Macclesfield Bank, China Sea.
Fig. F. Madrepora rambleri (p. 189). Macclesfield Bank, China Sea.
PLATE XXX.
Figures about 2 nat. size.
Fig. A. Madrepora bifaria (p. 110).
Fig. B. Madrepora pacifica (p. 39). Samoa.
Fig. C. Madrepora listeri, var. conica (p. 52). Tongatabu.
Fig. D. Madrepora listeri (p. 52). Tongatabu.
PLATE XXXI.
Figures a little more than 4 nat. size.
Fig. A. Madrepora samoensis, side view of a branch (p. 143). Samoa.
Fig. B.
Fig. C+ are polymorpha (p. 169). Malacca.
Fig. D.
PLATE XXXII.
Figures about 2 nat. size.
Fig. A. Madrepora obscura (p. 129). Ceylon.
Fig. B. Madrepora spathulata (p. 121). Treasury Island, Solomon Islands.
Fig. C. Madrepora cancellata (p. 166). Louisiade Archipelago.
Fig. D. Madrepora quelchi, var. paradoxa (p. 90). Solomon Islands.
Fig. E. Madrepora quelchi (p. 90). Amboina.
PLATE XXXIII.
Figures about } nat. size.
Fig. A. Madrepora dendrum, var. (p. 81).
Fig. B. Madrepora dendrum (type) (p. 81).

Macclesfield Bank, China Sea.

212

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EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

. Madrepora sinensis (p. 114). Formosa.

. Madrepora disticha (p. 84). Diego Garcia.

. Madrepora syringodes (p. 177). Palm Island, Great-Barrier Reef.
. Madrepora compressa (p. 60). Tizard Bank.

PLATE XXXIV.

Figures about } nat. size.

. Madrepora indica (p. 118). Ramesvaram.

. Madrepora pruinosa (p. 72). Korea Straits ?
. Madrepora botryodes (p. 153). Rodriguez.

. Madrepora glauca (p. 164). West Australia.
. Madrepora frondosa (p. 114).

PLATE XXXV.
Figures about 3 nat. size.

Madrepora thurstoni, a single branch (p. 200). Ceylon.
Madrepora africana (p. 83). ?S.E. coast of Africa.

C.
D | Madrepora attenuata (p. 33). West Indies.

Madrepora brueggemanni, var. uncinata (p. 145). Singapore.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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Brit. Mus., Madrepor. I.

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Colloty pe. Morgan & Kidd, Richmond.

A. Madrepora thurstoni. B. Madrepora africana. ©, D. Madrepora
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