FORTHE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CATALOGUE OP ^-r€f:o'7 (^i/./J M AMMALI A INDIAN MUSEUM, CALCUTTA. BY W. L. SCLATER, M.A., F.Z.S., DEPUTY SUPERINTENDENT OF THE INDIAN MUSEUM. Part II. Kodentia, Ungulata, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, Oarnivora, Cetacea, Sirenia, Marsupialia, Monotremata. CALCUTTA: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE INDIAN MUSEUM. 1891. Price : Three Rupeer. Issue.j- June 1891. CALCUTTA : GOVERNMENT OF INDIA CENTRAL PRINTING OFFICE 8, HASTINGS STREET. INTRODUCTION. ♦ Dr. Anderson, the late Superintendent, who was tlie author of the first part of the Catalogue of the Mammalia, w'lich was published in 188:, was never able to complete the work ; the second half is therefore issued after a con- siderable number of years' delay. It has been thought desirable to alter the form of the Catalogue somewhat from that of the first part, in which very nearly each specimen was separately described, some- times at greater, sometimes at lesser, length. This course seemed to unduly swell the bulk of the work ; it was there- fore decided to approximate the form of the Catalogue somewhat more to those of the British Museum without full descriptions of each species, but with such remarks as might be thought necessary to assist the identification of the purely Indian species. A key of Genera and Species has been added, and all the Indian species, whether the Museum contains examples of them or not, are included in the Catalogue. The synonymy has not been worked out quitp complete- ly, but all the more important references, especially those found in Indian works, are given, and every reference, except those asterisked, has been carefully verified. The total number of species included in the Catalogue amounts to 590, of which 276 are found within the Indian Empire and 314 are exotic. These 590 species are repre- sented by 4.872 specimens, of which 1,330 belonged to the old Asiatic Society's collection and are to be found mentioned in Mr. Blyth's Catalogue, published in 1863, and the remaining 3,542 specimens have been added since that time. Following the introduction will be found a separate list of the type specimens possessed by the Museum, which number 55, and also a list of Donors and Contributors, both before and since the year 1863. LIST OF DONORS AND CONTRIBUTORS TO THE INDIAN MUSEUM, CALCUTTA, MENTIONED IN THIS CATALOGUE. Abbott, Major T. R. Aberdeen University. Adamson, Major C. H. E. Adelaide Museum. Agabeg, A. Agra Museum. Aitchison, Dr. J. E. T. Alston, Edward R. Anderson, A. A. Anderson, Dr. John Armstrong, Surgn.-maj. J. Athaness, J. J. Baker, Rev. F. Ball, Professor Vincent Barbe, Rev. J. Barcklay, J. F. Barclay, Surgn.-maj. A. Baring, Sir Evelyn Barlow, J. H. Barlow, Sir J. Barrackpore Menagerie. Bartlett, A. D. Batavian Society. Beavan, Lieut. R. C. Beddome, Lt.-Col. R. H. Belletty, N. Bellew, Dr. Bengal Economic Museum. Bengaugh, Capt. Bennett, H. W. Benson, Mr. Berdmore, Major Berlin Museum. Biddulph, Col. J. Bidie, G. Blanford, W. T. Elyth, Edward Bonnavia, Capt. Bonnevie, C. S. Bonynge, F. Bourne, Lieut. J. H. Bowers, Capt. Brisbane Museum. British Museum. Brodie, Major Brougham, Dr. Brownlow, T. Buckland, F. Burdwan, Maharaja of Burns, Sir A, Bushby, G. A. Butler, Capt. T. Cadell, Col. T. Cameron, Dr. L. Campbell, Dr. A, Campbell, J. A. Canning, Lord Carllyle, A. C. Charling, Capt. Charlton, Capt. A. Chennell, A. W. Christiania University. Clark, H. Clay, A. L. Cock, C. R. Cockburn, John VI Col umbo Museum. Comber, Capt. H. R. Consort, H. R. H. the Prince Cooke, Capt. Copenhagen Museum. Cornish Institution. Cracroft, W. Croft, Sir A. W. Dalton, Col. E. T. Daly, William M. Darling, W. A. Darwin, C. Davis, J. Davison, W. Day, Dr. Francis D'Cruz, R. Deveria, J. Dey, Babu M. Dobson, G. E. Doucett, T. R. Dreyer, C. H. Duff, Major Dundee Museum. Dutt, Babu Udaychind Duvancel, A, Earle, W. Eden, Sir Ashley Elias, Ney Elliot, Sir Walter Ellis, R. S. Ellis, The Hon. Charles Elwes, H. J. Eyton, C. T. Fairweather, Capt. J. Falconer, Dr. H. Farquhar, Major W. Fayrer, Sir Joseph Ferguson, H. S. Finch, Geoffroy Fitzgerald, Rev '. Ford, Major Eraser, A. J. Eraser, O. L. Frith, R. W. G. Fytche, General Galaffle, J Gammie, J. A. Garnier, Dr. J. H. Garrett, C. B. Gervais, Prof. Giles, Surgn. G. M. Godfrey, Capt. Godwin- Austen, Lt.-C(d. H .H. Gould, H. Grace, J. Graham, Col. Griesbach, L. C. Griffith, W. Grote, A. Gurney, J. H. Guthrie, Col. C. S. H Hamilton, J. Hand, J. Hard, Shaik Haughton, Lt.-Col. H.L. Henderson, Dr. George Henry, E. R. Hervey, C. Higgins, E. Hinder, J. Hodge, Capt. W. Hodgson, Brian H. Hollings, C. Holquetie, S. F. Home, R. Homfray, J. Homfray, "P. Hood, Capt. I. H. Home, C. Horsfield, Thomas Huffnagle, C. vn Hungarian Museum. Hunter, Sir W. W. Hutton, Capt. Thomas India Museum, London. Irving, Capt. W. Jackson, Dr. A. R. Jamrach, William larbo, J. T, jardine, Sir William Jenkins, Col. F. Jerdon, Dr. T. C. Johnston, Col, Johnston, T. Johnstone, Capt. Jones, E. J. K Karachi Museum. Kelaart, Dr.E. F. King, Dr. George King, Mrs. William Kinloch, Genl. A. A. A. Kirtland, Mr. Knight, J. Kuch Behar, Maharajah of Lahore Museum. Laidlay, J. W. LaTouche, T. D. Layard, E. L. Lee, J. Bridges Lewis, Capt. Harold Lindstedt, E. Lindstedt, Rev. F. J. Lister, J. M. Lloyd, C. G. T. Lloyd, Miss Lockhart, Col. Sir W. S. A. Lovett, Col. Beresford Lucknow Museum. Lumsden, Capi. Lushington, G. 'i\ Lydekker, R. M MacCosh, Dr. Maddock, Sir T. If. Madras Museum. Maingay, Dr. Mainwaring, Genl. B. Malherbe, Alfred Mallet, F. R. Man, E. H. Mandelli, L. Masson, W. G. Masters, A. Mayo, Earl of McClelland, John McGowan, Rev. Dr. Medical College Museum. Medlicott, H. B. Melbourne Museum, Meurant, Col. Michell, Capt, Milman, Mr. MoUer, F. A. Montrose Museum. Morgan, J. Mostyn, Clark H. Moxon, G. W. Mullick, Rajah Uajendra MuUins, L. C. Munro, J. Murray, J. A. N Netherlands, Prince Henry of the Nevill, G. New York Museum. Nicholetts, A. M. Norman, Hon. Justice .0 Ogle, M. J. Oldham, R. D. VIU O'Reilly, E. Oude, King of Ouseley, Major Owen, J. Oxford Museum. Paris Museum. Parker, J. C. Paterson, Capt. Peal, S. E. Pearson, J. T. Pemberton, Dr. People's Park, Madras. Peppe, J. C. Phayre, Sir Arthur P. Philips, H. Phipson, H. M. Pierre, H. P. Pollock, Major F. T. Pritchard, Dr. R Raffles, Sir Stamford Rich, J. G. Roepstorff, F. A. de Rogerson, W. Rollo, Capt. Roger Ross, J Roy, Babu H. M. Ruppell, Dr. E. Rutledge, William Ryan, E. B. Sanders, Surgn.-maj. R. C. Sanderson, G. P. Sanyal, Babu R. B. Saxon, Mrs. Scholefield, Capt. Schwendler, Louis Scone, Dr. Scott, Dr. David Scully, Surgn.-maj. John Shaw. Babu Pran Kissen Shaw, W. B. Shawe, T. Shepperd, W. W. Sherwill, Major W. S. Shillingford, Alexander Shillingford, G. W. Shillingford, J. Shillingford, J. L. Shopland, E. R. Simmons, J. F. Simson, F. B. Sinha, Genl. Bhina Skipwith, T. Sladen, Sir Percy Smith, Dr. Boser Smith, E. F. Smith, W. M. Smyth, Capt. E. Sparkes, Major T. P. Speke, Capt. J. H. Stalkart, W. Stewart, Dr. Stewart, L. C. St. John, Sir Oliver, B. C. Stockholm Museum. Stoliczka, Dr. Ferdinand Stone, S. J. Storr, M. de Strachey, Genl. Richard Strickland, H. E. Struthers, J. Swinhoe, Robert Sydney Institution. Sykes, Lt.-Col. W. H. Taylor, W. C. Templeton, Dr. R. Theobald, W. Thomas, Capt. J. N. Thorburn, Dr. Tickell, Major S. R. Tonnerre, Dr. Turnbull, Major Turnbull, Mr. Turner, A. W. IX Tweedale, Marquis of Tytler, Lt.-Col. R. C. V Vidal, G. W. Vierre, H. P. W Wakefield, G. E. Waller. Dr. Wallich, Dr. Nathaniel Ward, H. A. Waterhouse, Col. J. Watsoii, E. A. Weekes, A. Westmacott, E. V. Whitwell, W. Wicks, G. H. Williams, Dr. C. Williamson, Capt. Wilson, F. Wombell's Menagerie. Wood-Mason, James Yate, Major C. E. Young, Dr. Zoological Gardens. SYhTHMATIC INDEX AND SUMMARY OF SPECIES AND SPECIMENS. Order RODKNTIA. Sub-order SIMPLICI DENTATA. Division SCIURIMORPH A. Family SciURlD^. 1 Sciurus bicoior 2 Sciurus gi^anteus . 3 Sciurus iiidicus 4 Sciurus macrourus 5 Sciurus pygerythrus 6 Sciurus blanfordi 7 Sciurus phayrei . 8 Sciurus griseimanus g Sciurus caniceps . 10 Sciurus atrodorsalis J t Sciurus erythrseus 12 Sciurus castaneoventi is 13 Sciurus sladeni 14 Sciurus hippurus 15 Sciurus lokroides 16 Sciurus chinensis 17 Sciurus tenuis 18 Sciurus iolcriah 19 Sciurus rufigenis 20 Sciurus alstoni 21 Sciurus melanotis 22 Sciurus quinquestriatus 23 Sciurus ferrugineus 24 Sciurus germani . 25 Sciurus badging . 26 Sciurus prevostii 27 Sciurus palmarum 28 Sciurus tristiatus 29 Sciurus sublineatus 30 Sciurus iayardi 31 Sciurus berdmorei 32 Sciurus maccieilandi 33 Sciurus insignis . Number of Specimens. Asiatic Soc. Coll. 10 3 8 o 4 I 4 o 6 5 5 2 2 2 1 1 o I 5 o o o o 5 o 7 3 3 3 I 3 4 Indian Mus. Coll. Page. Total. 17 39 19 3 14 I I 2 29 47 45 o 3 I 66 I 2 10 o I I 4 5 I 9 7 II 13 o o 2 37 27 42 27 12 18 2 5 2 35 52 50 2 5 3 77 I 3 15 o I I 4 10 I 16 10 14 21 3 I 5 41 7 8 10 II 1 1 12 12 12 13 '5 «5 17 18 18 18 19 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 25 26 26 26 27 28 xn INDEX. Nt'MBBR OF Specimens. Asiatic Indian Page. Soc. Mus. Total. Coll. Coll. Family Sciurid.'E — contd. 34 Sciurus vulgaris ..... 4 I 5 28 35 Sciurus fulvus 0 I I 28 36 Sciurus carolinensis I 6 7 29 37 Sciurus niger 0 I I 29 38 Sciurus hudsonius I 3 4 29 39 Sciurus annulatus 0 2 2 30 40 Rhinosciurus laticaudatus I 0 I 30 41 Tamias striatus 0 3 3 30 42 Xerus rutilus 0 3 3 31 43 Xerus erythropus 0 14 14 31 44 Xerus capensis I 0 I 3' 45 Pteromys oral 5 6 11 33 46 Pteromys cineraceus 2 2 4 33 47 Pteromys alborufus 4 7 II 34 48 Pteromys yunnanensis . 0 4 4 35 49 Pteromys magnificus 4 3 7 35 50 Pteromys albiventer I 7 8 35 51 Pteromys caniceps 2 4 6 36 52 Pteromys nitidus 2 3 5 36 53 Sciuropterus fimbriatus I 7 8 37 54 Sciuropterus alboniger . 2 8 10 38 55 Sciuropterus pearsoni . 3 6 9 38 56 Sciuropterus fuscocapillus 0 0 0 39 57 Sciuropterus sagitta 4 0 4 39 58 Sciuropterus spadaceus 3 2 S 40 59 Sciuropterus voiucella . 0 2 2 40 60 Eupetaurus cineraceus . 0 2 2 40 61 Arctomys himalayanus . 2 4 6 41 62 Arctomys hodgsoni I 14 15 42 63 Arctomys caudatus I 9 10 43 64 Arctomys aureus . 0 6 6 43 65 Arctomys dichrous I 2 3 43 66 Arctomys marmota 0 I t 44 67 Arctomys monax 0 2 2 44 Family Castorid/E. 68 Castor fiber I 0 I 44 Division MYOMORPHA. Family Myoxid^. 69 Myoxus pictus . . . . . 0 I I 45 70 Myoxus glis . . . . . I 0 I 45 71 Muscardinus avellenarius 2 3 S 45 INDEX. xni Number OK Specimens. Asiatic Indian Tage. Soc. Mus. Total. Coll. Coll. Family MuRiD.E. 72 Hydromys chrysogaster I 0 I 45 73 Hydromys fulvolarvatus I 4 5 46 74 Hydromys leucogaster 0 I I 46 75 Platacanthomys lasiurus 4 22 26 46 76 Gerbillus indicus . 6 ■26 32 47 77 Gerbillus cuvieri . 10 23 33 47 78 Gerbillus persicus 0 3 3 49 79 Gerbillus erythrurus 0 7 7 49 80 Gerbillus meridianus 0 13 13 50 81 Gerbillus hurrianse 0 40 40 SO 82 Gerbillus nanus . 0 9 9 SI 83 Gerbillus gleadowi 0 2 2 52 84 Gerbillus swinhoei 0 0 0 52 85 Gerbillus pyramidarum 0 2 2 52 - 86 Gerbillus obesus . I 0 1 52 87 Isomys variegatus 0 I f 53 88 Nesokia hardvvickii 0 37 37 S3 89 Nesokia sculiyi . 0 3 3 53 90 Nesokia bengalensis 8 97 I OS 53 91 Nesokia kok 3 \2 15 53 92 Nesokia bandicota 3 22 25 57 93 Nesokia nemorivagus 0 4 4 58 94 Nesokia sp ? 0 1 I 59 95 Mus decumanus . 8 47 55 61 96 Mus bovversii 0 I I 62 97 Mus rattus . 5 6 II 62 98 Mus alexandrinus 0 19 19 62 99 Mus nitidus 9 39 48 63 100 Mus rufescens 24 133 157 63 loi Mus andamanensis 2 8 ID 63 102 Mus rubricosa 0 I I 68 103 Mus concolor 4 20 24 68 104 Mus fulvescens 2 0 2 69 105 Mus jerdoni I II 12 69 106 Mus niviventer 0 0 0 70 107 Mus humei . , 0 I I 70 108 Mus erythrotis I 6 7 70 109 Mus blanfordi 0 2 2 70 no Mus berdmorei I 0 I 71 III Mus urbanus S 89 94 71 112 Mus sublimis 0 I I 73 113 Mus bactrianus 5 52 57 74 114 Mus cervicolor 3 7 10 75 115 Mus arianus 0 16 16 75 116 Mus nitulidus 0 13 13 76 117 Mus mettada 0 17 17 76 118 Mus gleadowi 0 3 3 77 XIV INDEX. Number of Specimens. Asiatic Indian Page. Soc. Mus. Total. Coll. Coll. Family Mvridm -coiitd. 1 19 Mus wagneri ..... 0 14 14 77 120 Mus musculus 2 4 6 78 121 Mus sylvaticus 3 6 9 !'• 122 Mus niinutus '[ 1 0 I 78 123 Mus abyssinicus . 0 3 3 78 124 Mus pumelio 2 0 2 79 125 Mus longipilis 0 I I 79 126 Mus assimilis 0 2 79 127 Mus gouldi . 0 2 2 79 128 Leggada platythrix 5 5 10 ."-o 129 Leggada buduga . 1 1 44 55 80 130 Chiropodomys gliroides 3 2 5 82 131 Hapalomys longicaudatus 2 I 3 82 132 Vandeleuria oleracea 3 21 24 83 133 Golunda ellioti 5 7 12 83 134 Uromys macropus 0 2 2 84 135 Hapalotis apicalis 2 0 2 84 136 Hapalotis conditor 0 2 2 84 137 Hapalotis mitchelli 2 1 3 ^5 138 Hesperomys leucopus 0 3 3* 85 139 Cricetus phasus 0 50 50 85 140 Cricetomys gambianus 0 I 1 «7 141 Fiber zibethicus . I 3 4 87 142 Arvirola glareolus 8 0 8 89 143 Arvicola stoliczkanus 0 2 2 89 144 Arvicola stracheyi 0 I 1 90 145 Arvicola wynnei . I 2 3 90 146 Arvicola roylei 0 I I 9' 147 Arvicola blanfordi 0 5 5 9' 148 Arvicola blythi 1 6 7 9' 149 Arvicola amphibius 2 6 8 9^ 150 Arvicola nivalis . 1 0 I 92 151 Arvicola agrestis . 2 I 3 92 152 Arvicola guentheri 0 I I 93 153 Arvicola sikkimensis 0 I 1 93 154 Hypudaeus lemnus 2 0 2 93 155 Ellobius fuscocapillus 4 4 8 94 Fnmily Spalacid.e. 156 .Spalax typhlus ..... 3 I 4 94 157 Rliizoniys sumatrensis . 4 6 10 < f; 158 Rhizomys erythrogenys I 4 5 c6 159 Rhizomys pruinosus 3 23 26 q6 160 Rhizomys badius 6 >7 23 97 i6t Bathyergus maritimus . 3 0 3 98 162 Bathyergus splendens . 0 3 3 98 INDEX. XV Number of Specimens. Asiatic .Soc. Coll. Family Spal.\cid^ — contd. 163 Georychus coecutiens . 164 Georychus capensis Family Geomyid.5. 165 Geomys bursarius Family Zapodid^. i66 Zapus hudsonius . Family Dipodid^e. 167 Dipus lagopus 168 Dipus blanfordi . 169 Dipus jaculus 170 Alactaga decumana 171 Alactaga indica . Division HYSTRICOMORPHA. Family Octodontid^. 172 Pectinator spekii . , . . 173 Schizodon fuscus 174 Spalacopus pcEppigii 175 Octodon degus . . . . Family Hystricid/F. 176 Synetheres prehensilis 177 Erethizon dorsatus 178 Atherura macroura 179 Atherura africana 180 Hystrix cristata . 181 Hystrix leucurus . 182 Hystrix longicauda 183 Hystrix yunnanensis Family Chinchillid.^. 184 Lagostoraus trichodactylus . 185 Coelogenys paca . Family Caviid/E. 186 Cavia porcellus . 187 Cavia austraiis 188 Hydrochcerus capybara Indian Mus. Coll. Total. Page 13 98 99 99 99 100 100 100 lOI 101 lOl 102 102 103 103 103 104 104 105 105 106 107 108 108 5 IP9 2 I 109 XVI INDEX. Sub-order DUPHCIDENTATA. Family Lagomyid^. 189 Lagomys ladaccensis 190 Lagomys macrotis 191 Lagomys rufescens 192 Lagomys roylei . . . . 193 Lepus 194 Lepus 195 Lepus 196 Lepus 197 Lepus 198 Lepus 199 Lepus 200 Lepus 201 Lepus 202 Lepus 203 Li pus 204 Lepus 205 Lepus 206 Lepus 207 Lepus 208 Lepus 209 Lepus 210 Lepus 21 1 Lepus 212 Lepus 213 Lepus 214 Lepus Family Lepor hypsibius . pallipes tibetanus . pamirensis stoliczkanus yarkandensis dayanus ruficaudatus nigricollis . peguensis . sinensis hispidus europaeus . cuniculus . timidus fegyptius . tigrensis capensis saxatilis . americanus sylvaticus callotis Order UNGULATA. Sub-order ARTIODACTY LA. Family BoviD^. 1 Bos gaurus . 2 Bos frontalis . 3 Bos sondaicus 4 Bos grunniens 5 Bos bubalus 6 Bos depressicornis 7 Bos caffer . 8 Bos americanus . 9 Bos taurus . NuiMBER OF Specimens. Asiatic Soc. Coll. Indian Mus. Total. Coll. 17 7 5 5 •3 4 I 3 3 2\ 25 »4 S4 21 23 7 13 2 2 10 5 12 9 I 2 7 I 7 9 2 3 I I 3 3 I 25 12 10 8 20 4 3 3 Page, INDEX. xvii Number of Specimens. Asiatic Indian Page. Soc. Mus. Total. Coll. Coll. Family Bovidje — contd. 10 Ovis poll ...... 2 14 16 133 1 1 Ovis hodgsoni 5 6 II 136 12 Ovis canadensis . 0 2 2 137 13 Ovis cycloceros . 5 9 14 138 14 Ovis vignei I I 2 139 15 Ovis gmelini . . 2 4 6 139 16 Ovis nahoor 12 «S 27 140 17 Ovis tragelaphus 0 I I 141 18 Capra segagrus I 13 14 142 19 Capra siberica 3 17 20 143 20 Capra sinaitica 0 I I 144 21 Capra falconeri . 2 7 9 145 22 Capra jemlaica 7 2 9 146 23 Capra hylocrius , 3 4 7 146 24 Capra hircus 1 7 8 147 25 Nemoriisedus goral 4 9 13 148 26 Nemorhsedus caudatus 0 I I 149 27 Nemorliasdus bubalina,_ 0 8 8 149 28 Nemorhsedus sumatrerisis 5 8 13 150 29 Rupicapra tragus 0 2 2 151 30 Haploceros montanus . 0 I 1 151 31 Budorcas taxicolor 5 9 14 151 32 Oreas canna I I 2 152 33 Strepsiceros kudu I 0 I 153 34 Strepsiceros imberbis . 0 2 2 153 35 Tragelaphus sylvaticus 0 I I 154 36 Boselaphus tragocamelus 7 7 14 154 37 Oryx gazella I 0 I iSS 38 Oryx beisa 0 4 4 155 39 Oryx beatrix I 0 I 156 40 Oryx leucoryx 0 2 2 156 41 Hippotragus equinus I 0 I 156 42 Gazelia dorcas 0 4 4 157 43 Gazella Isabella . 0 4 4 157 44 Gazella spekii 2 0 2 158 45 Gazella arabica 8 10 18 158 46 Gazella bennettii I 32 33 159 47 Gazella fuscifrons 0 I I 160 48 Gazella subgutturosa 4 15 19 160 49 Gazella picticaudala 3 3 6 161 50 Gazella soemmeringi 0 3 3 161 51 Gazella euchore . I 0 I 162 52 Antilope cervicapra 10 19 29 162 53 Pantholops hodgsoni 3 4 7 163 54 Kobus ellipsiprymnus 0 I I 164 55 Cervicapra arundinacea 0 I I 164 56 Neotragus saltianus 0 14 '4 165 xvin INDEX. Family Bovid^e — contd 56 Neotragus kirkii . 57 Nanotragus tragulus 58 Nanotragus montanus . 59 Nanotragus melanotis . 60 Nanotragus oreotragus 6i Cephalophus mergens . 62 Cephalophus natalensis 6';^ Cephalophus mandoqua 64 Tetraceros quadricornis 65 y^pyceros melampus . 66 Alcephelus caama 67 Connochaetes gnu Family Antilocaprid^. 68 Antilocapra americana Family Giraffid^. 69 Giraffa camelopardalis Family Cervid^e. 70 Moschus moschiferus 71 Cervus muntjac . 72 Cervus reevesi 73 Cervus aristotelis 74 Cervus swinhoei 75 Cervus porcinus 76 Cervus hippelaphus 77 Cervus duvauceli 78 Cervus schomburgki 79 Cervus eldi 80 Cervus axis 81 Cervus dybowskii 82 Cervus sika 83 Cervus taijvanus . 84 Cervus elaphus , 85 Cervus eustephanus 86 Cervus affinis 87 Cervus cashmeerianus 88 Cervus canadensis 89 Cervus dama 90 Alces machlis 91 Capreolus caprsea 92 Cariacus virginianus 93 Rangifer tarandus Number of Specimens. Asiatic Soc. Coll. Indian j Mus. 1 Total. Coll. 5 10 I 36 o 20 9 19 I 14 16 o o I 5 13 19 I 27 I 19 3 10 I 2 14 I I o 2 I 4 8 1 5 8 5 2 2 7 I 3 3 ' 5 2 3 18 29 2 63 I 39 12 29 2 10 30 I I I 7 I 6 8 6 13 4 10 8 5 Page. INDEX. XIX Number of Specimens. Asiatic Soc. Coll. Indian Mus. Coll. Total. Page. Family Tragulid^. 94 Tragulus memminna .... 95 Tragulus kanchil .... g6 Tragulus napu ..... 97 Tragulus stanleyanus .... 2 5 2 0 9 24 9 8 II 29 II 8 189 189 190 191 Family Camelid^. 98 Camelus bactrianus .... 99 Camelus dromedarius .... 100 Auchenia glama ..... 0 I I 3 6 8 3 7 9 191 192 192 Family Suid^. lOi Sus cristatus ..... 102 Sus andamanensis .... 103 Sus scrofa ...... 104 Porcula salvania .... 105 Babyrussa alfurus .... 18 18 I 0 2 12 7 2 13 I 30 25 3 13 3 193 19s 19s 19s 196 Family DicOTYHDiE. 106 Dicotylus tajacu I 2 3 196 Family PHACocHCERiDiE. 107 Phacochoerus sethiopicus 108 Phacochcerus africanus 2 0 0 2 2 2 197 197 Family HiPPOPOTAMiDiE. 109 Hippopotamus amphibius . 4 I 5 197 Sub-order PERISSODACTYLA. Family Tapirid.€. no Tapirus indicus . . . , . 4 8 12 198 Family Equid^. 111 Equus haemionus var. indicus 112 Equus haemionus var. kiang . 113 Equus burchelli ..... 114 Equus asinus ..... iiS Equus caballus I 4 0 I 9 4 I 2 2 9 S 5 2 3 18 198 199 2CX) 200 200 XX INDEX. Family Rhinocerotid^. Ii6 Rhinoceros unicornis . 117 Rhinoceros sondaicus . 118 Rhinoceros lasiotis 119 Rhinoceros sumatrensis 120 Rhinoceros bicornis 121 Rhinoceros simus Order PROBOSCIDEA. Family Elephantid^. 1 Elephas indicus . , 2 Elephas africanus . Order HYRACOID.E. Family Hyracid^. 1 Hyrax capensis . . « 2 Hyrax brucei . . Order CARNIVORA. Sub-order FISSIPEDIA. Division /ELUROIDEA. Felis Felis Felis Felis Felis Felis Felis 8 Felis 9 Felis 10 Felis 1 1 Felis 12 Felis 12 Felis 13 Felis 14 Felis 15 Felis 16 Felis 17 Felis 18 Felis Family leo tigris . uncia . pardus nebulosa marmorata temmincki planiceps bengalensis viverrina rubiginosa manul ornata shawiana chaus caudata lynx . caracal concolor Felid^. Number of Specimens. Asiatic Soc. Coll. Indian Mus. Coll. 24 3 9 20 7 28 5 7 S 2 31 10 S o 17 3 30 I 5 8 3 Total. 17 22 O 18 2 I 22 4 13 30 8 34 7 9 5 3 36 13 S o 20 3 37 I 12 9 4 INDEX. XXI Number of Specimens. Asiatic Indian Page. Soc. Mus. Total. Coll. Coll. Family Felid^ — contd. \g Fells yagonaroundi . . . . 0 I I 231 20 Felis pardalis t I 2 231 21 Felis serval . I 0 I 231 22 Felis caffra . 2 0 2 232 23 Felis catus . I 0 I 232 24 Felis pardina 0 I I 232 25 Felis canadensis . 0 4 4 232 26 Felis rufa , I 2 3 233 27 Felis domestica . 8 6 14 233 28 Cynselurus jubatus 2 6 8 22$ Family Viverrid^. 29 Viverra zibetha . . . . . 4 9 13 236 30 Viverra nivettina I 3 4 237 31 Viverra megaspila 0 0 0 237 32 Viverra tangalanga 2 7 9 237 33 Viverra civetta 0 I I 238 34 Viverricula malaccensis 12 13 25 238 35 Prionodon maculosus . 0 0 0 239 36 Prionodon pardicolor . 3 4 7 240 37 Genetta vulgaris I 0 I 240 38 Genetta tigrina 2 0 2 240 39 Hemigale hardwickii . I 0 I 241 40 Arctogale trivirgata 0 I I 241 41 Arctogale leucotis 6 S II 241 42 Paradoxurus hermaphroditus 0 IS IS 243 43 Paradoxurus strictus 0 4 4 244 44 Paradoxurus niger 6 16 22 244 45 Paradoxurus macrodus . 4 2 6 246 46 Paradoxurus jerdoni 0 I I 246 47 Paradoxurus aureus 3 I 4 247 48 Paradoxurus grayi 9 15 24 247 49 Paradoxurus leucomystax 3 3 6 248 50 Paradoxurus laniger . . , 0 0 0 249 51 Arctictis binturong 3 10 13 249 52 Cynogale bennetti I I 2 250 53 Eupleres goudoti 0 2 2 250 54 Herpestes auropunctatus 9 24 33 251 55 Herpestes birmanicus . . I 3 4 252 56 Herpestes mungo , 5 18 23 253 57 Herpestes ferrugineus . . , I 2 3 254 58 Herpestes smithi I 2 3 254 59 Herpestes fuscus . I 0 I 2SS 60 Herpestes fulvescens 2 I 3 2SS 61 Herpestes brachyurus . 2 I 3 2SS 62 Herpestes vitticollis 3 2 5 256 xxn INDEX. NuMBEF OF Specimens. Asiatic Indian Page, Soc. Mus. Total, Coll. Coll. Family VivERRlD^ — contd. 63 Herpestes urva ..... 2 6 8 256 64 Herpestes caffer . . 2 I 3 256 65 Herpestes galera . I 0 I 2.57 66 Herpestes gracilis . . 0 4 4 257 67 Crossarchus fasciatus . • • I I 2 258 Family Protelid^. 6S Proteles cristatus .... I 0 I 258 Family Hy^nid^. 69 Hyaena striata ..... 4 17 21 258 70 Hysena crocuta ..... I I 2 259 Division CYNOIDEA, Family Canid^. 71 Cuon dukhunensis . . . # 5 10 IS 260 72 Cuon alpinus I 0 I 261 73 Canis lupus . 0 II II 262 74 Canis laniger 7 2 9 262 75 Canis pallipes 2 20 22 263 76 Canis lagopus . . 2 3 5 264 77 Canis aureus 9 20 29 264 78 Canis mesomelas . 0 I I 266 79 Canis variegatus . I I 2 266 80 Canis procyonides , 0 I I 266 81 Canis familiaris . 7 14 21 266 82 Canis dingo 2 2 4 266 83 Vulpes alopex 5 0 5 268 84 Vulpes fulvus I 2 3 268 85 Vulpes montanus 6 43 49 268 86 Vulpes leucopus' . 7 16 23 270 87 Vulpes bengalensis 6 19 25 271 88 Vulpes ferrilatus . 3 0 3 272 89 Vulpes cana 0 0 0 272 90 Vulpes caama I 0 1 273 91 Vulpes virgiuiana . . . . I 0 I 273 Division ARCTOIDEA. Family Mustelid^, 92 Mustela flavigula .... 7 19 26 273 93 Mustela martes . . . . . I 2 3 274 INDEX. xxui Number of Specimens. Asiatic Indian Page. Soc. Mus. Total Coll. Coll. Family Mustelid^ — contd. 94 Mustela foina . . . . . 5 17 22 27s 95 Mustela zibellina I 0 I 276 96 Mustela pennanti 0 I I 276 97 Mustela americana 0 I I 276 98 Putorius fcetidus 3 2 5 277 99 Putorius furio I 6 7 277 1 00 Putorius larvatus 0 0 0 278 lOi Putorius sarmaticus 2 6 8 278 102 Putorius erminea 8 4 12 278 103 Putorius vulgaris 8 I 9 279 104 Putorius stoliczkanus . 0 2 2 280 105 Putorius subhemachalanus I 2 3 280 106 Putorius canigula 0 2 2 280 107 Putorius alpinus . . 0 5 5 281 108 Putorius kathiah . I 5 6 281 109 Putorius strigidorsus 0 2 2 282 no Putorius sibericus 2 0 2 282 III Putorius vison I 2 3 282 112 Gulo luscus I I 2 283 113 Galictis barbara . . 0 I I 283 114 Galictis vittata 0 2 2 284 115 Ictonyx zorilla I I 2 284 116 Helictis orientalis . 0 0 I 286 117 Helictis personata 4 I 5 286 118 Helictis moschata . 0 2 2 2S6 119 Mellivora indica . 4 5 9 287 120 Males taxus 3 7 10 2S8 121 Meles lencura , I 0 1 289 122 Meles sp. 0 I I 289 123 Mydaus meliceps 0 I 1 289 124 Arctonyx coUaris 6 6 12 290 125 Arctonyx taxoides . 2 0 2 291 126 Mephitis mephitica 0 4 4 291 127 Lutra vulgaris 12 47 59 292 128 Lutra ellioti 8 22 30 294 129 Lutra aurobrunnea 0 0 0 29 s 130 Lutra leptonyx 9 19 28 29s 131 Lutra canadensis 0 I I 297 132 Lutra brasiliensis 0 I I 297 133 Enhydra lutris 0 2 2 297 Family Procyonid^ 134 Procyon lotor ..... 2 7 9 298 135 Nasua rufa ..... I 5 6 298 136 Nasua nasica ..... 0 2 2 298 137 Cercoleptes caudivolvulus I I 2 299 XXIV INDEX. Number of Specimens. Asiatic Indian Page. Soc. Mus. Total. Coll. Coll. Family Procyonid^ — contd. 138 Aelurus fulgens ..... 0 31 21 300 139 Aeluropus melanoleucus 0 • I 301 Family Ursid.-e. 140 Ursus isabellinus .... 6 II '7 302 141 Ursus pruinosus ..... I I 2 302 142 Ursus torquatus ..... 2 . 15 17 303 143 Ursus malayanus ..... 3 12 >S 304 144 Ursus arctos ..... 2 3 6 304 145 Ursus japonicus ..... 0 I I 305 146 Ursus americanus .... I I 2 305 147 Ursus maritimus ..... 2 2 4 30s 148 Melursus ursinus .... 12 9 21 306 Sub-order PINNIPEDIA. Family Trichechid.e. 149 Trichechus rosmarus .... 3 I 4 307 Family Phocid^. 150 Phoca vitulina ..... I 0 I 307 151 Phoca grcenlandica .... 2 0 2 308 152 Phoca barbata ..... I 0 I 308 153 .Stenorhynchus carcinophagus 0 I I 308 154 Cystophora crislata .... 3 0 3 309 15s Macrorhinus leoninus .... I 0 I 309 Order CETACEA, Sub-order MYSTACOCETI. Family Bal^n'd^e. I Balaena australis ..... I 0 I 312 2 Balsena mysticetus .... I 0 I 312 3 Balaenoptera indica . . , \ I 2 313 4 Bala;noptera blythi .... 0 I I 3«4 5 Balsenoptera edeni .... 0 3 3 3'4 Sub-order ODONTOCETI. Family Physeterid.«. 6 Physeter macrocephalus 4 3 7 3'4 7 Kogia breviceps ..... 0 0 0 :i^s INDEX. XXV Ni'MBKR OK Specimens. Family PtATANiSTiDyE 8 Platanista gangetica Family Delphinid^ 9 Monodon monoceras 10 Delphinapterus leucas 11 Phocsena communis 12 Neomeris phocsenoides 13 Orcella brevirostris 14 Orcella fluminalis 15 Globicephalus melas 16 Globicephalus indicus . 17 Lagenorhynchus acutus 18 Lagenorhynchus electra 19 Delphinus delphis 20 Delphinus frithi . 21 Delphinus pomeegra 22 Delphinus longirostris 23 Tursiops tursio . . 24 Tursiops perniger 25 Prodelphinus obscurus 26 Prodelphinus attenuatus 27 Steno rostratus 28 Sotalia gadamu 29 Sotalia plumbea . 30 Sotalia lentigenosa Order SIRENIA. Family Halicorid^. 1 Halicore dugonar 2 Halicore australis . Order EDENTATA. Family BradvpodiD/E. 1 Cholopus didactylas . . 2 Cholopus hoffmanni Family Myrmecophagid^. 3 Myrmecophaga jubata Asiatic Indian Soc. Mus. Coll. Coll. 6 27 I I I 0 3 0 I I 2 9 0 J I 0 2 I Pa-'e. 33 3 2 1 1 3 315 317 317 317 318 3-8 319 319 319 321 321 321 322 322 322 323 323 324 324 324 325 325 325 326 327 328 328 328 XXVI INDEX. Number of SpEciinENa. Asiatic Indian Page. Soc. Mus. Total. Coll. Coll. Family Dasypodid^. 4 Tatusia novemclncta- . . . . 0 I I 329 5 Dasypus sexcinctus .... I 3 4 329 Family Manid^. 6 Manis pentadactyla .... 6 12 18 330 7 Manis aurita ..... 3 28 3> 330 8 Manis javanica ..... 6 5 II 331 Family Orycteropodid^. 9 Orycteropus capensis .... 1 0 I 332 Order MARSUPIALIA. Family Macropodid^e. I Macropus giganteus .... 3 5 8 333 2 Macropus rufus , 0 5 5 333 3 Macropus ualabatus . I 3 4 333 4 Macropus ruficollis 0 3 3 334 5 Macropus bennettii 3 0 3 334 6 Macropus dorsalis 0 I I 334 7 Macropus agilis . 0 I I 334 8 Macropus thetidis 2 0 2 335 335 9 Macropus eugenii 0 3 3 lo Macropus billardieri 0 3 0 3 I 335 335 II Macropus brachyurus I 12 Petrogale xanthopus I 6 7 336 13 Petrogale penicillata 0 2 2 336 14 Onychogale frenata 2 I 3 336 15 Onychogale lunata 0 3 3 337 16 Dorcopsis mulleri 1 0 I 337 337 17 Lagostrophus fasciatus 0 2 2 18 Aepyprymnus rufescens 0 I I 338 19 Bettongla cuniculus I 0 I 3(8 338 20 Bettongia penicillata 0 2 2 21 Bettongia lesueuri 0 4 4 338 Family Phalangerid^. 22 Tarsipes rostratus . . . . 0 I I 339 339 23 Acrobates pygmseus I I 2 34 Dromicia nana 0 I 1 339 340 340 340 25 Petaurus australis 26 Petaurus breviceps 2 0 2 4 2 4 4 4 27 Petauroides volans 2 INDEX. XXVll Family PuALANGRRiDM—contd 28 Pseudochirus peregrinus 29 Pseudochirus occidentalis 30 Pseudochirus cooiii 31 Trichosurus vulpecula . 32 Trichosurus fuiiginosus 33 Trichosurus caninus 34 Phalanger orientalis 35 Phalanger celebensis . 36 Phascolarctus cinereus Family Phascolomyid^. 37 Phascolomys mitchelli . 38 Phascolomys ursinus 39 Phascolomys latifrons . Family Peramelid^. 40 Peragale lagotis . 41 Perameles obesula 42 Perameles nasuta 43 Perameles gunni 44 Perameles bongainvillei Family Dasyurid^. 45 Thylacinus cynocephalus 46 Sarcophilus ursinus 47 Dasyurus maculatus 48 Dasyurus viverrinus 49 Dasyurus geoffroyi 50 Phascogale flavipes 51 Phascogale penicillata 52 Sminthopsis crassicaudata . 53 Myrmecobius fasciatus Family Didelphyid^. 54 Didelphys marsupialis . Order MONOTREMATA. Family EcHIDNlD^. 1 Echidna aculeata Family Ornithorhynchid^. 2 Ornithorhynchus anatinus Number of Specimens. Asiatic Soc. Coll. Indian 1 Mus. I Total, Coll. Page. 2 2 I I I I 9 3 1 10 6 I I I 2 2 341 341 341 341 342 342 343 343 343 344 344 344 344 345 345 345 345 346 346 346 347 347 347 347 348 348 348 349 349 XXVIU INDEX. Summary. Number op S PECIES. NOMBEF OF Specimens. Ordf.bs. Indian. Exotic, Total. A.S.B. I.M. Total. Rodentia .... 113 lOI 214 430 I.715 2,145 Ungulata 53 68 121 4I0 679 I ,089 Proboscidea I I 2 10 27 37 Hyracoidea 0 2 2 9 9 18 Carnivora »3 73 156 369 876 1.24s Cetacea 22 8 30 40 55 95 Sirenia I I 2 2 8 JO Edentata 3 6 9 18 SI 69 Marsupialia o 54 54 37 114 151 Monotremata 0 2 2 5 8 '3 Total 276 316 592 1,330 3. 542 4,872 List of types in the Indian Museum. No. Description of Specimers. Type as described. Author. Stuffed and skull Sciurus blanfordi . Blyth. Stuffed and skull Sciurus sladeni . Anderson. Skin Sciurus alstoni . Anderson. Stuffed Sciurus quinquestriat us . Anderson. Skin and skull . Sciurus layardi . Blyth. Skin Sciurus fulvus . . Blanford. Skin and skull . Pteromys cineraceus . . Blyth. Skins Pteromys yunnanensi s . Anderson. Skins Sciuropterus spadace us . Blyth. Skin and skull . Eupetaurus cineraceu s . Thomas.* Skin and skull . Spermophilus bactria nus . Scully. Skin and skull . Arctomys aureus . Blanford. • Alcohol Myoxus pictus . Blanford * Alcohol and skull Gerbiilus persicus . Blanford. Alcohol and skull Gerbillus nanus . Blanford. Skin and skull Nesokia scullyi . Wood-Mason. Alcohol and skull Mus bowersii . . Anderson. 2 Skins and skulls Mus andamanensis . Blyth. Alcohol and skull Mus rubricosa . Anderson. T Alcohol and skulls Mus concolor . . Blyth. Skin and skull Mus jerdoni , Blyth. Alcohol Mus erythrotis . Blyth. Skull Mus berdmorei . Blyth. Alcohol and skull Mus sublimis , . Blanford. 2 Alcohol, I skull Mus arianus . . Blanford. t * Co-types in the British Museum, Described as M. erythronotus , name afterwards changed. INDEX. List of types in the Indian Museum — contd. XXIX No. 1 Pescriptior. of Specimens. Type as descril.ed. Author. 1 I Skin, 1 alcohol and skull. Hapalomys longicaudatus . Blyth. 2 Skins and skulls Arvicola stoliczkanus Blanford. 2 Alcohol, 2 skulls Afvicola blanfordi Scully. I Alcohol, I skull Arvicola blythi Blyth * 2 Skins Rhizomys erythrogenys Anderson. 3 Stuffed Rhizomys pruinosus . Blyth. Skin Pectinator spekii Blyth. Skin, skull Hystrix yunnanensis Anderson. Skins, I skull Lepus hypsibius Blanford. Skins Lepus stoliczkanus . Blanford. ^Skin and skull . Lepus peguensis Blyth. Stuffed heads Gazella spekii . Blyth, Skin with head . Gazella fuscifrons Blanford. Skull Cervus taevanus . , Blyth. I I Pr. horns . Cervus eustephanus . Blanford. Skin and skeleton Felis shawiana Blanford. Skin and .skull . Viverra civettina Blyth. Stuffed and skull Vulpes montana Pearson. Stuffed Vulpes leucopus , Blyth. Skin .... Putorius stoliczkanus Blanford. Stuffed and skull Arctonyx taxoides Blyth. Skin and skull Lutra ellioti Anderson. Skeleton (pt.) Balsenoptera indica , Blyth. Skeleton (pt ) . Balaenoptera blythi Anderson. Skeleton (pt.) . Palaenopteia edeni Anderson. Skeleton . Orcella Huminalis Anderson. Skeleton ") Skull i Globicephalus indicus Blyth. Skull Delphinus frithi . . Blyth. Stuffed and skull (pt.) Delphinus perniger . Total number of types, — 55. Blyth. i 1 Described by Blyth as Phaotnys leucuius ; name altered by Blanford. CATALOGUE OF MAMMALIA. INDIAN MUSEUM. Part II. Order RODENTIA. The Rodentia are Mammals characterized by the following points of structure : — a middle pair of long, curved, rootless, persis- tent incisors ; no canines ; three molars above and below [except Hydromys] ; temporal and orbital fossse of skull confluent, the lacrymal foramen opening within it ; a distinct interparietal present ; scapula narrow, with a deep notch and a well developed acromion ; manus, five or four digits; pes, three to five digits; placenta deci- duate and discoidal. A general account of the classification and of the genera of the group by E. R. Alston will be found in P. Z. S., 1876, p. 61 ; it is mainly on this paper that the following key of the Indian Genera is based. Key of the Indian Genera. a. Only one pair of incisors above ; skull with a true alisphenoid canal ; optic foramina rarely confluent ; bony palate well de- veloped ; fibula never articulates wit-h the calcaneum ; testes abdominal, descending periodically. [=Simplicidentata.] h. Two premolars above and below ; post-orbital processes present ; infra-orbital opening very small ; zygomatic arch mainly composed of the malar bone, not supported below by a process of the maxilla; mandible with the angular portion springing from the lower edge of the bony covering of the lower incisor ; fibula separate through life ; upper lip cleft ; muffle small, naked ; nostrils comma-shaped ; tail cylindrical and hairy. [=Sciuridse.] c. Incisors compressed. d. Limbs united by a flying expansion; form slender ; tail long. B MAMMALIA. e. Dentition hypsodont, i.e., molar teeth with vertically lengthened crowns. . . Eupetaurus, p. 40. e^. Dentition brachyodont, i.e., molar teeth with short crowns. /. An interfemoral membrane present ; tail generally bushy. . . . Pteromys, p. 32. /". No interfemoral membrane; tail distichous. Sciuropterus, p. 37- d^. Limbs free ; form agile ; tail long, bushy ; no cheek pouches; parietals broad, anchylosed to the frontals. Sciurus, p. 4. r. Incisors not compressed ; form thick-set ; tail short ; pollex rudimentary ; parietals narrow, parallelogrammatic. Arctomys, p. 41- Ir^. Premolars present or absent ; no post-orbital processes ; zygomatic arch slender, chiefly formed by the zygomatic processes of the maxillae and squamosal bones ; mandible with the angular portion springing from the lower edge of the bony covering of the lower incisor ; tibia and fibula completely anchylosed in the adult; upper lip usually cleft ; muffle small, naked ; nostrils comma-shaped ; tail cylindrical. [=Myomorpha.] /. Lower incisors generally compressed ; no premolars ; infra- orbital opening generally high, wide above, narrow below, with the maxillary process forming a perpendicular plate ; tail generally naked. [=Murid3e.] g. Molars rooted. A. Molars transversely laminated ; incisive foramen and auditory bulla very small ; palate imperforate ; form myoxine ; fur mixed with scattered spines ; tail densely haired. . Platacanthomys, p. 46. h^. Incisors narrow, upper ones grooved ; molars trans- versely laminated ; auditory bulla large ; hind limb elongated ; tail long and hairy, Gerbillus, p. 46. h^. Incisors not grooved ; molars generally tuberculate ; tail scaly, and generally more or less naked. J. Only the pollex provided with a nail, all other digits clawed. k. Lower incisors broad ; molars of transverse RODENTIA. 3 laminae; palate narrow; muzzle blunt; form stout ; tail shorter than the head and body. Nesokia, p. 53. k^. Incisors narrow ; molars tubercular. Mus, p. 59. k^. Like Mus, but with an extra anterior tubercle to the anterior upper molar. Leggada, p. 79. f. Pollex and hallux provided with a flat nail; tail very long, with a pencil of long hairs at the tip ; skull very short and rounded. /, Dentition normal ; incisors narrow. Chiropodomys, p. 81. ^. Molar teeth with cusps arranged perfectly regu- larly, those of the lower jaw arranged in trans- verse rows of three instead of two as in all other Muridse ; incisors broad. Hapalotnys, p. 82^ j^. 1st and 5th digit of each limb with a flat nail; size small ; form slender and agile Vandeleuria, p. 82. h*. Upper incisors grooved, otherwise as in Mus. Golunda, p. 83. h^. Upper incisors smooth ; molars tuberculate ; infra- orbital opening not much narrowed below, and with the perpendicular plate little developed; tail short, not scaled, sparsely haired ; with large cheek-pouches. Cricetus, p. 85. g^. Molars rootless or semi-rooted, composed of triangular prisms placed alternately. m. Infra-orbital opening murine ; tail short and hairy ; ear-conch present; anterior palatine foramen long. .... Arvicola, p. 87. m^. Infra-orbital opening small and sub-triangular; ear- conch absent; anterior palatine foramen rudi- mentary Ellobius, p. 94. f^. Incisors large and broad ; no premolars ; molars rooted and with re-entering enamel folds, not tuberculate; infra-orbital opening sub-triangular, with no perpendi- cular plate; eyes very small; ears very short; tail rather short-haired. . . . Rhizomys, p. 95- B 2 MAMMALIA. f^. Incisors compressed ; one small upper premolar; infra- orbital opening very large and rounded; metatarsal bones greatly elongated ; hind-feet with five digits, of which the first and fifth do not reach the ground ; tail long, cylindrical and tufted. . Alactaga, p. loi. h^. One premolar above and below; molars with re-entering enamel folds and semi-rooted; no post-orbital processes to frontals ; mandible with the angular portion springing from the outer side of the bony covering of the lower incisor ; fibula a distinct bone throughout life; muflSe hairy; fur modified into spines and quills. [=Hystricidae.] n. Spines cylindrical ; tail short, covered with spines and hollow quills. .... Hystrix, p. 104. Tv^. Spines flattened and channelled ; tail long, scaly, with a tuft of bristles. .... Atherura, p. 104. '. Two pairs of incisors above ; optic foramina confluent ; no alisphenoid canal ; bony palate much reduced ; fibula and tibia anchylosed below and articulating with the calcaneum ; testes always external. [=:DupHcidentata.] 0. Two premolars above and below ; frontals with no post-orbital process ; ears and hind limbs short ; no external tail. Lagomys, p. 109. 0^, Three premolars above, two below ; frontals with two wing- like processes ; ears and hind limbs elongated ; tail short, bushy, and recurved . . . Lepus, p. 112. Genus SCIURUS. Sciurus, Linnceus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p, 56 (1766). Macroxus, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H. (3) xx, p. 275 (1857). The Museum collection of the squirrels of the Oriental Region is a very complete one and formed the basis of Anderson's mono- graph of the group in his Anatomical and Zoological Researches. In the Catalogue below Anderson has, except in one or two trifling instances, been followed, though it seems that still further reductions will have to be made in the number of species, more especially in the group of grizzled squirrels. The synopsis or key is not intended to apply to geographical varieties of Indian species not found within the limits of the Indian empire, so that the numerous pale varieties of Sciurus bicolor and the curiously coloured varieties of Sciurus ferrugineus, which are none of them found within the limits of the Indian empire, are not included in the key. SCIURUS. 5 The key is more or less an artificial one and must not be taken as exhibiting the real affinities of the different species. Key of the hidian Species. a Squirrels of large size ; length without tail more than r 2 inch- es ; skull over two inches in length ; the anterior upper pre- molar constantly absent. b. Black or dark-brown above, yellow below; outside of the shoulders and thighs, legs and feet constantly of the same colour as the back. c. Ears not tufted . . . . S. bicolor, p. 7. c^. Ears tufted . . . S. giganteus, p. 8. b"^. Above red and black, with a yellow occipital patch; feet yellow like the under surface ; ears very fully tufted. S. indicus, p. 10. b^. Above black or grizzled black and white, a yellow or white occipital patch ; feet black, but the outside of the limbs yellow like the under surface ; ears very slightly tufted. S. macrourus, p. 11. a^. Squirrels of medium size, less than 12 inches in length without the tail ; never dorsally striped ; skull i"6 to i*8 inches in length ; the anterior upper premolar always present. d. Dorsal surface grizzled, either gray, yellow or red and black ; no ventral stripes, e. Slightly smaller skull, averaging i*6 inch. /. With a black tip to the tail ; ventral surface pa^e. S. pygerjrthrus, p. 11. f^. Tail-tip not black ; ventral surface pale ; a bright red patch frequently present on the thighs (seasonal .?) S. lokroides, p. 18. /^ Tail-tip not black; ventral surface bright orange ; a white patch of hairs behind the ear ; head with a somewhat elongated muzzle compared with S. lokroides. . . . S. lokriah, p. 20. e^. Skull somewhat larger, from 1*85 to ro inches in length. g. Tail-tip black ; feet yellow ; below orange. S. blanfordi, p. 12. ^ Tail-tip black ; feet yellow ; a black lateral patch MAMMALIA. separates the yellow ventral from the grizzled dorsal surface. . . S. phayrei, p. 12. g^. Below gray ; during the cold weather the grizzled fur of the back is replaced by brilliant orange. S. caniceps, p. 13. g*. Below dark chestnut, generally with a patch of brilliant black on the dorsal surface ; probably not seasonal. . . S. atrodorsalis, p. 15. g^. Feet, ventral surface and upper surface of the head chestnut. . . . S. sladeni, p. 18. g^. Below deep chestnut, above varying from yellow grizzled to almost black ; tail-tip red, black, or same colour as the back. S. erythraeus, p. 15. g"^. Below white, cheeks ferrugineous ; tail chestnut below; a white spot behind the ear; head with elongate muzzle resembling S. lokriah. S. rufigenis, p. 21. cP. Ventral surface marked by five stripes, a central and two lateral nearly black, two intermediate yellowish white. S. quinquestriatus, p. 21. d^. Dorsal surface not grizzled; whole squirrel entirely ferrugineous . , S. ferrugineus, p. 22. . Squirrels of small size under eight inches in length without the tail ; always marked with dorsal stripes varying in num- ber ; skull of varying shape and size, with the anterior pre- molar present (except S. layardi). h. Median dorsal stripe black. J. Larger, about seven inches in length without the tail ; stripes barely reaching from the shoulders to the thighs, 5 black and 2 light ones ; skull very long and narrow, 175 inches long by i'05 inches across at the widest part S. berdmorei, p. 26, j^. Smaller, about five inches in length without the tail ; ears tufted with white tips ; stripes varying in length and distinctness; skull very short and rounded, i'05 long by "85 across the broadest part. S. maclellandi, p. 27. h^. Median dorsal stripe white or yellow. k. Rump and under side of the tail with a distinct tinge of red. SCIURUS. 7 I. Three white or reddish stripes reaching anteriorly as far as the shoulders only ; ventral surface pale ex- cept the rump; skull long and narrow, \2^ by "85 inches S.tristriatus, p. 25. ^. Lateral stripes very obscure ; ventral surface chestnut ; no anterior upper premolars ; skull short and round- ed, 1-3 by -95 inches. . . S. layardi, p. 26, k"^. Rump and under side of the tail with no traces of red. m. Three dorsal stripes well marked, reaching forward anteriorly to the nape ; body about seven inches ; fur harsh and light coloured. S. palmarum, p. 24. . m^. Three dorsal stripes very obscure, not reaching for- ward anteriorly to the nape of the neck; body about five inches in length ; fur very soft and rather dark . . S. sublineatus, p. 26. Sciurus bicolor. Var. A. — typicus. Sciurus bicolor, Sparrman Gotheborg Wetens. Sevensk, Handl., i, p. 70 (1778)*; Horsfield Zool. Res., with plate; Mailer and Schlegel, Tetn. Verhandl., pp. 85,88; BlythJ. A. S.B.,x, p. 919; Cantor y. A. S.B.,xv, p. 246 ; Blyth J. A. S. B, , xvi, p. 870 ; Blyth Cat., no. 309, p. 99 [pt.] ; An- derson Anat. Zool. Res-, p. 215; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., \, p. 108; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, pp. 67,75; Anderson, J. Linn. Sor., xxi, p. 340; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., xi, p. 27. Sciurus javensis, Zimmert)mn Geograph. Gesch., ii, p. 342 (1780); Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 870; Gray P. Z. S., 1861, p. 137. Sciurus albiceps, Desmarest N. Diet. Hist. Nat,, x, p. 105 (1817); Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., v, p. 1 10. Sciurus lesciienaltii, Desmarest Mamm., p. 335 (1820); Horsfield Zool. Res. Sciurus affinis. Raffles Linn. Trans., x\ii, p. 259 (1822); Blyth Ann. Mag. N. H., XX, p. 314. Sciurus hypoleucus, Horsfield Zool. Res. (1824) ; Miiller and Schlegel Tern. Verhandl , p. go ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 870 ; id. Cat., no. 310, p. 99. Sciurus auriventer. Is. Geoff. St. Hit. Mag. de Zool. (1832)*; id. Zool. Voy. aux. Ind. Orient. Belanger, 1834, p. 150; Blyth J. A. S. B.,yiv\, p. 870. Sciurus humeralis. Colon Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neufcha., i, p. 122, pi. viii (1835). Sciurus ephippium, Miiller and Schlegel Tern. Verhandl., p. 91, pi. xiii (1838-44); Blyth Cat., no. 311, p. lOO. Sciurus rubiventer, Miiller and Schlegel Tern. Verhandl., p. 86 (1838-44). Macroxus bicolor. Gray Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xx, p. 276 (1867) [pt.] Macroxus ephipium, Gray Ann. Mag., N. H. (3), xx, p. 276(1867). 8 MAMMALIA. Vdf. B. — gtganteus. SciuruS giganteus, McClelland P. Z. S., p. 150 (1839); Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 220 ; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., v, p. 107. Sciurus bicolor, Wagner Schreber Sixiigeth. SuppL, iii, p. 191 (1843); Blyth jf. A. S. B., xvi, p. 870 ; id. ibid., xxiv, p. 472; id. ibid., xxxi, p. 334 ; Blyth Cat., p. 99, no. 309. [pt.] Sciurus macruroides, /foc^fsoM J.A.S.B., x, p. 915 (1841); Horsfield P.Z.S., 1856, p. 402; Jerdon Mamm., p. 168; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 35. The Black Hill Squirrel ; Bhotea, Shingsham ; Lepcha, Le- hyuk ; Arakan, Leng-thet ; Burmese, Sheng. Distribution. — The typical variety is found in Lower Burma, all through Tenasserim and the Malayan peninsula, and in the islands of Sumatra, Java and Borneo. The variety giganteus is found in the Himalayas from Nepal eastward to Assam, the hills between Assam and Burma and Upper Burma. This species varies in colour to a large extent, a fact which has been the cause of the long list of synonyms above recorded ; in the list of specimens below, " a " to " 1 " inclusive are specimens of the typical black and yellow variety, in which the black extends down the outside of the legs and the toes are black, the ears are untufted and there is a cheek and chin spot. The specimens " m " to " q " only differ in having the back of a decidedly more rufous tinge. The specimens " s " to " z " differ in having the feet light- coloured, not black as in the typical form ; the back varies from a light rufous to the same yellow as the ventral surface ; this is the variety separated by Jentink under the name of Sciurus albiceps. The specimen " r " is again curiously intermediate : from the crown of the head to the root of the tail it is a bright grizzled yel- low, each hair being brown, with a bright yellow tip ; the head, cheeks and throat are whitish, the end of the nose and chin alone being dark ; the tail and feet are almost as dark as in the typical black and yellow variety. The two specimens from Borneo "z" and "2?" are somewhat different again, being very dark grizzled above, but with yellowish not blackish feet. It seems impossible therefore at present to separate into even geographical races this very varying species, except in the case of the large squirrel of the Eastern Himalayas and Assam, which forms a well-marked geographical race of Sciurus bicolor. It was first described by McClelland as a distinct species (S. giganteus) in his paper on the Mammals of Assam. This race is at once distinguished from the true S. bicolor by its tufted ears ; it also seems to be very constant in colour, and never varies as S. bicolor does. SCIURUS. Var. A. — (y picas. a. Skin, skull 6. Skin $ , c. Skin $ d. Skin e. Skin, skull $ f. Skin g. Skin h. Skin, skull y. Skin, skull k. Stuffed /. Stuffed skull $ m. Skin, skull n. Stuffed juv. o. Stuffed, skull p. Stuffed q. Stuffed skull r. Skin $ s. Skin t. Stuffed skull $ u. Stuffed skull V. Stuffed skull w. Stuffed skull X. Skin y. Stuffed skull $ z. Skin a^. Skin 6'. Skeleton Ye, Tenasserim, 1 1-86 Pilai, Mergui, 6-3-82 ,- 7-3-82 Thaing, Mergui, 31-1-82 Mergui, 14-12-82 Amherst, Tenasserim Malay peninsula Tenasserim i> Pegu Ramree Isle, Arrakan Tenasserim Taping R., Perak Malacca Singapore Malay peninsula I) Java Java [Horsfield] Borneo Tenasserim G. M. Giles. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. J. Armstrong. J. Armstrong. Purchased, 1877. Purchased, 1878. No 'history, A.S.B. W. Rutledge, 1870. A.S.B. Major Berdmore, A.S.B. W. T. Blanford, 1863, A.S.B. J. R. Abbott, 1844, A.S.B. F. Jenkins, 1845, A.S.B. Mus.Coll. (Jaffa), 1889. E. R. Alston [P.] W. Rutledge, 1872. E. Lindstedt, 1846, A.S.B. R.W.G. Frith, 1846, A.S.B. Mrs. Turnbull, 1857, A.S.B. India Mus., London,, Batavian Soc. (1844) A.S.B. E. R. Alston [P.] E. R. Alston [P.] J. Wood Mason. Var. B. — gigantciis. a-h. 8 Skins and skulls /. Skin k. Skin $ I. Skin $ ni. Skin n. Skin, skull o. Skin p. Skin q. Skin r-v. 5 Skins and skulls. w. Skin X. Skin y. Skin z. Skin c?. Skin 62. Skin c*. Skin d\ Skin e^. Skin juv, /». Skin Sikkim Sikkim nr. Darjeeling, 6000 ft. Sikkim Darjeeling terai, 4-69 Sikkim Assam Garo hills, 7-69 Samagooting, Assam Naga hills, Assam, L. Mandelli. L. Mandelli. W. G. Masson [P.] W. G. Masson [P.J H. }. Elwes [Ex.] J. Anderson. W. T. Blanford E.F.Smith (1859), A.S.B. J. Anderson. J. Butler. 8* Skin A. A. Telbongo Peak, Naga H hills. Dunsiri Valley, Assam H H Dirjunj R., N. Cachar, H Sibsagar, Assam, 7-68 S. „ 7-68 S. Goalpara, Assam, 8-68 H Momein, Yunnan, 6,ocoJ. ft., 21-S-68. 7-68, J. W. Chennell. W. Chennell. . H, Godwin Austen. H. Godwin Austen. . H. Godwin Austen. , H. Godwin Austen. E. Peel. E. Peel. , L. Haughton. Anderson. Anderson. lO MAMMALIA. A». Skin Upper Burma C. Williams (1865). 7». Skin, skull ? Borneo E. R. Alston [P.] /4«. Skin, skull W. Rutledge. /-.Stuffed Darjeeling Capt. Bonnavia(i844), A.S,B. m^. Skull Sibsagar, Assam, 7-68 S. E. Peel, w". Skull Samagooting, Assam, J. . Butler- 10-75- o'. Skull No history, A. S. B. /)'». Skin ^ Darjeeling, 8,000 ft. W. G. Masson [P.] q\ Skin „ W. A. Darling (1881) y*. Skin Rungbee, Darjeeling J. Munro. Sciurus indicus. " Bombay Squirrel," Pennant Synop. Mamm., 1771, p. 281. Sciurus indicus, Erxleben Syst. Reg.Attitn., p. 420 (1777) ; Anderson Anat Zool. Res., p. 222 J Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus.,v, p. 106; Thomas P. Z S., 1886, p. 60. Sciurus bombayanus, Boddaert Elench. Anini., p. 117 (1785)*. Sciurus maximus, Gmelin Syst. Nat., i, p. 149 (1788) ; Elliot, Madr. Journ., X, p. 217 ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 156; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 287 ; id. Cat., p. 98, no. 307 ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 166 ; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, pp. 49, 194 ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 223. Sciurus purpureus, Zimmerman Spec. Geogr. Quadr., p. 518 (1788) ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 868. Sciurus elphinstonii, Sykes, P. Z. S., p. 103 (1831) ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 157 ; Jerdon Mamm , p. 167. Sciurus malabaricus, Schins Synop. Mamm,, ii, p. 32 (1845) ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 166. The Indian Red Squirrel ; Bengali, Kat beral ; Hindustani, Jungli gilheri ; Kols, Kondeng ; Gonds, Perwarsti ; Hindi, Karrat ; Monghyr, Rasu or Ratuphar ; Telegu, Bet-udatd ; Mahratta, Shekra; Canarese, Kesannalu. Disirihution. — The Indian peninsula generally, south of the Gangetic plains from Cuttack to Travancore ; has also been recorded from the Nepal Terai (Hodgson) and Manipur (Thomas). a. Skin, ^ nr . Cuttack V. Ball [Ex.] b. Skin Travancore Purchased. c. Skin, skull S. Malab ar Rev. f. Baker (1859), A.SB. d. Skin „ Rev. J. Baker (1 859), A.S.B. e. Skin Malabar E. R.Alston [P.] f. Skin Travancore Purchased. g- Skin D eccan [SykesJ India Mus., London. h. Skin, skull ? No history, A. S. B. J- Skin, bkuU No history A. S. B. k. Skin ]. Anderson. I. Skin J. Anderson. tn. Skin Lord Northbrook. .•q. 4 Skins g W. Rutledge. r. Skin $ W. Rutledge. SCIURUS, II s. Stuffed S. Malabar i. Stuffed, skull u. Stuffed V. Stuffed, skull w. Stuffed X. Stuffed y. Skeleton, mted. z. Skin $ Tenmalai, S. Arcot, «'• Skin ^ ,, „ .. A*. Skin $ Calathorpulay, Travan^ core. Mrs. TurnbuU, 1862, A.S.B. A.S.B. Barrackpore Menagerie, A.S.B. [A.S.B. G. Sceva. W. Rutledge, 1870. No history. Museum Collector. Museum Collector. Museum Collector. Sciurus macrourus. Sciurus macrourus. Pennant Indian Zool., ist ed., p. 31, pi. i (1769)*; Gray Illustr. Ind. Zool., ii, pi. xix ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 869; id. y. ^4.5". B., xviii, p. 601 ; id. J. A. S. B., xx, p. 165; Horsfietd Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 158; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 49; Blyth J. A. S. B. xxiii, p. 214; id. Ca^, no. 313, p. 100; Jerdon Mamm., p. 168; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 224. Sciurus ceylonicus, Erxleben Syst. Peg. An., p. 416 (1777). Sciurus ceilonensis, Boddaert Blench. Anini., p- 117 (1785)*. Sciurus maximus, Wagner Schreber Saugeth. SuppL, iii, p. 188 (1843) [pt.l Sciurus bicolor, apud. Schifiz Syn. Mapim., ii, p. 23 (1845). Sciurus tennentii, Blyth J. A. S. B., xviii, p. 600 (1849); id J. A. S. B., XX, p. 165; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 50; Blyth Cat., no. 312, p. 100. Sciurus albipes, Blyth J. A. S. 5.,xxviii, p. 287 (1859); Blyth Cat., no. 314, p. 100. Sciurus zeylanicus, Ray apud Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., v, p. 113(1883). The Grizzled Squirrel ; Cingalese, Rookeeah or Dandoleyna. Distrihiition. — The hill ranges of Southern India, Nilgiris, Shevaroys, and Ghauts of Travancore and Ceylon. a. Skin b. Skin c. Skin e. Stuffed, skull /. Stuffed, skull g. Stuffed h. Stuffed y. Stuffed k. Stuffed, I. Stuffed m. Skull n. Skin $ Shevaroy hills W. Daly 1889. Nilgiris R. Rollo, 1845, A.S.B. Ceylon Columbo Mus. E. F. Kelaart, A.S.B. E. F. Kelaart, A.S.B. [2 types of Sciurus tennentii, Blyth.] Ceylon juv. E. L. Layard, 1848, A.S.B E. L. Layard, 1848, A.S.B. E. L. Layard, 1848, A.S.B. E. L Layard, 1848, A.S.B. E. F. Kelaart, A.S.B. R.Tempieton, 1846, A.S.B. Zoological Gardens. Sciurus pygerythrus. Var. A. — typicus. Sciurus pygerythrus, Is. Geoff. St. Hil. Mag. de Zool. (1832)*; id. Zool. Voy. aux Ind. Orient., Belanger, p. 145, pi. vii (1845) ; Blyth J. A. S, B, 12 MAMMALIA. xvi, p. 872 (note); id. y. A. S. B., xvii, p. 345; id. y. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 475 J Blyth Cat., no. 325, p. 103 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 37 ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 227 ; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., v, p. 124- Sciurus flavimanus, Schins Synop. Matnm., ii, p. 34 (1845) [pt*] Sciurus caniceps pygerythrus, Thomas P. Z. S., p. 69 (1886). Var. B, — hlanfordi. Sciurus blanfordi, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxi, p. 333 (1862) ; id. J. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 73; id. Cat., no, 331, p. 104; id. y. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 36 ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 230, pi. xviii. Var. C. — phayrei. Sciurus pygerythrus var., Blyth J. A. S. B., xvii, pt. 2, p. 345 (1848). Sciurus phayrei, Blyth J. AS". 5., xxiv, pp.472, 476(1885) ; id. J. A. S, B., xxviii, p. 275; id. J. A. S. B., xxxi, p. 332; id. Cat., no. 330, p. 104; Peters P. Z. S., 1866, p. 429 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 36 ; Blanford J. A. S. B., xlvii, p. 160; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 230. Sciurus caniceps phayrei, Thomas P. Z. S., p. 69 (1886). Var. D. — griseimanus. Sciurus griseimanus, A. Milne Edwards Rev. Mag. Zool. (2), xix, p. 195 (1867); id. Rech. Mamm., p. 164 ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 233. Sciurus inornatus ") ^ ^^^_ ^ ^_ ^ ,. 282 (1867). Sciurus leucopus ) -^ " ^''^' '^ Sciurus caniceps griseimanus, Thomas P. Z. S., p. 69 (1886). Distribution. — The typical variety is found in Lower Burma and is apparently"confined to the country round Rangoon and the Pegu revenue division ; it is replaced in Upper Burma by two varieties, one distinguished by its very pale yellow ventral surface, which has never been named, and the other by its larger size, and its ventral surface of the same bright red as the typical variety (S. blanfordi) ; in Siam and Cambodia a third form is found of the same size as S, blanfordi but with a pale yellow ventral sur- face and markedly pale feet (S. griseimanus) ; a fourth form (S. phayrei) distinguished by the possession of a lateral black streak between the grizzled dorsal and yellow ventral surfaces is con- fined to the country between the Sittang and Salween apparently rivers in the Tenasserim division of Lower Burma. Var. A. — typicus. a. Skin, skull Burma C. Williams (1865). b. Skin „ C. Williams (1865). c. Skin Rangoon Sir J. Fayrer (1857), A.S.B, d. Skin „ Sir A. Phayre, A.S.B. e. Skin $ „ 9-1-76. J. Armstrong. /. Skin „ „ J. Armstrong. SCIURUS. ] g- Skin Rangoon, 9-1-76. J. Armstrong. h. Skin $ >» ty J. Armstrong. J- Stuffed Lower Pegu Major Berdmore (1847), A.S.B. k. Stuffed II .1 SirJ.Fayrer (1857) A.S.B. I. Skin Upper Burma. C. Williams (1865). m. Skin, sk ull $ Sagaiiig, Upper Burma, 3-10-68. J. Anderson. n. Skin juv. 3-10-68. J. Anderson. 0. Skin ? '11 )> >) J. Anderson, Skin $ 3-10-68. Ava, Upper Burma. P- J. Anderson. 4-10-68. q- Skin ? II II 11 4- 10-68. J. Anderson. r. Skin, skele- ton ? Kabwet, Upper Burma, 9-1-75- J. Anderson. s. Ale. juv. Mandalay Sir P.Sladen, i86g. 13 Var. B. — hlanfordi. a. Stuffed, skull Ava. W. T. Blanford (1862), A.S.B. [Type of S. blanfordi of Blyth.] h. Skin ■) $ Pudeepyo, Upper Burma, J. Anderson. Skeleton j 10- 1-75. Var. C. — phayrei. a. Skin, skull Martaban E. Blyth (1861), A.S.B. b. Stuffed, skull „ E. Blyth (1861), A.S.B. c. Stuffed „ E. Blyth (1861), A.S.B. d. Skull No history, A.S.B. e. Skeleton Upper Burma. J. Anderson, Var. D. — griseimanus. a. Skin, skull $ Cochin China Paris Mus. [Ex.] Clullien 1874]. b. Skin Cochin China, 8-67. Paris Mus. [Ex.]. Sciurus caniceps. Sciurus — ? Blyth J. A. S. B., x., p. 920 (1841). Sciurus caniceps. Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., x, p. 263 (1842) ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 155 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 36 ; Blanford J. A. S. B., xlvii, p. 161 ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 229 ; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., v, p. 122; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 68; Anderson J. Linn. Soc, xxi, p. 340. Sciurus chrysonotus, Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi,, p. 873 (1847) ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 159 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 474 ; id. j. A. S. B., xxxi, p. 334; id. Cat., no. 323, p. 103; Peters P. Z. S., 1866, p. 429; Blanford Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), i, p. 152, 14 MAMMALIA. Sciurus concolor, Blyth y. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 474(1855) ; id. J. A. S. B., xx, p. 166; id. Cat,, no. 324, p. 103. Macroxus caniceps, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xx, p. 280(1867). Distribution : — Tenasserim, from the Moulmein district in the north through the Malay peninsula to Malacca, This species, like the other Burma squirrels, varies considerably ; the specimens from about Moulmein, whence came the original type of Sciurus chrysonotus, have the back suffused with bright orange yellow during the breeding season, which takes place during the cold months from October to February ; the specimens from Mergui further south do not seem to undergo a seasonal change, but have the sides of the neck instead of the back tinged with bright yellow ; further south still the specimens from Perak have only a slight tinge of orange on the back and no cheek patches, and this form agrees very well with the specimen from Malacca, the type of S. concolor. a. Skin, skull ? Moulmein dist. T. H. Hood. h. Skin )f n T. H. Hood. c. Skin 11 f ) T. H. Hood. d. Skin $ l» )f T. H.Hood. e. Skin »> »l T. H. Hood. /. Skin l> )) T. H. Hood. g. Skin 9 T. H. Hood. h. Skin )> )i T. H. Hood. /. Skin It M T. H. Hood. k. Skin Mergui Major Berdmore (1854), A S.B. /. Skin Lampee, Mergui, 10- 1 -82 J. Anderson. m. Skin ? Pilai, Mergui, 7-3 ■82 J. Anderson. n. Skin ? Tiboo Padan, Mergui , J. Anderson. 8-2.82 J. Anderson. 0. Skin 9 Pilai, Mergui, 6-y ■82 J. Anderson. p. Skin $ Pilai „ 7.3- 82 J. Anderson. q. Skin $ Mergui, 23-3-82 J. Anderson. r. Skin $ ,, 13-12-81 J. Anderson. s. Skin, skull $ „ 13-12-81 J. Anderson. t. Skin „ „ 14-10-81 J. Anderson, 11. Skin Perak Mus. Coll., Jaffa (1889). V. Skin ,, Mus. Coll., Jaffa (1889) "w. Skin, skull. Malacca G. Moxon (1847), A.S.B. [Type of S. concolor 1 of Blyth.] X. Skin No history A.S.B. y. Stuffed Amherst, Tenasserim J. Armstrong (1877) z. Stuffed, ! ikull. »• II J. Armstrong (1877). a}. Stuffed Tenasserim E. O'Reilly (1850), A.S.B. *». Stuffed »> E. O'Reilly (1850), A.S.B. c\ Stuffed II Rev. J. Barbe (1846), A.S.B. ril Stuffed II Rev. J. Barbe, (1846), A.S.B. [The above : foui r specimens were the type s of S. chrysonotus , Blyth.] e^.-p. 2 Ale. Moulmein dist. T. H. Hood (1872) g'^-k^. 4 Ale. Moulmein J. Wood Mason. SCIURUS. 15 Sciurus atrodorsalis. P Sciurus flavimanus, Is. Geoff. St. Hil. Mag. de Zool. (1832)* ; id. Zool. Voy. aux Ind. Orient. Bi'langer, p. 148 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 872. Sciurus atrodorsalis, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., x, p. 263 (1842); Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 872 ; id. y. A. S. B ., xvii, p. 345 ; id. J. A. S. B., xviii, p. 602 ; Horsfield Cat. E. 1. Mus., p. 154; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 477 ; id. J. A. S. B., xxviii, p, 276; id. J. A. S. B., xxxi, p. 333 ; id. Cat. no. 334, p. 105; Peters P. Z. S., 1866, p 428; Blanford Ann. Mag. N.H. (4), i, p. 152 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 36 ; Blanford, J. A . S. B., xlvii, p. 159 ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 233 ; Jentink Notes Leyd., Mus.,v, p. 122 (pt.) ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 70. Sciurus hyperythrus, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 474 (185S) ; id. y. A. S. B., xxxi, p. 333; id. Cat.y no 321, p. I02. Distribution. — This squirrel has only been found in North Ten- asserim, and apparently only to the east of the Sahveen river ; the~ localities given in the list below " Lower Pegu " and " east of the Irrawaddy river" are somewhat vague and do not seem to be quite reliable. a-e. 5 Skins South of Irrawaddy T. H. Hood and Mus. Coll, f-l. 6 Skins Moulmein dist. T. H. Hood. vi-n. 2 Skins g )> i> T. H. Hood. o-p. 2 Skins $ T. H. Hood. q-a^, II Skins I) .. T. H. Hood. 6*. Skin }) )j T. H. Hood. c\ Skin '1 >> J. Armstrong. d*. Skin Mooleyet range, TenaS' serim. ■ Purchased. e^. Skin 1) )f ff Purchased. /2. Skin 11 II >i J. Anderson (1870). 5-2. Stuffed Moulmein S. R. Tickell, A.S.B. h\ Stuffed jj W. S. Atkinson, A. S. B. /. Stuffed )i W. S. Atkinson, A. S. B. k^. Stuffed II J. Armstrong. t'-n'^. 3Stuffed Lower Pegu. J. Armstrong. o2. Stuffed Tenasserim, Major Berdmore (1852), A. S. [Type of S. hyperythus , Blyth.] p'^-r'^. 3 Skeletons, skins $ Moulmein dist. T. H. Hood. s^-v^. 4 Skeletons, skins ■] ? T. H. Hood. to". Skeleton, skin \ II T. H. Hood. x^-y"^. 2 Ale. East of Irrawady T. H. Hood. ^». Stuffed Moulmein W. S. Atkinson, A.S.B. a^-b\ 2 Ale. No history. Sciurus erythraeus. Scirurus erythraeus, Pallas Nov. Sp. Quad, e Glir, p. 377 (1778); Blyth, J, A, S, B,, xvi., p. 872 ; id., J. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 473 ; id. Cat., no. 318, p. 102 ; l6 MAMMALIA. Anderson Anat. Zool, Res., p. 236; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., v. p. 119 ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 61. Sciurus hippurus, apud McClelland and Horsfield P, Z. 5., p. 151 (1839) ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 154. Sciurus erythrogaster, Blyth J. A. S. B., x\,^. gjo {1842); lA.J.A.S.B., xvi, p. 871 ; id., J. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 473 ; id. Cat., no. 320, p. 102. Macroxus erythrogaster, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), kx, p. 283 (1867) [pt.] Macroxus punctatissimus, Gra^ Ann. Mag.N. /T. (3), xx, p. 283 (1867). Sciurus gordoni, .i4M£?ersow Z'. Z. S'., p, 140 (1871) ; Blyth J. A. S. B.,yiX\v, Burma List, p. 37 ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p, 240, pi. xix. Distribution. — Assam from the Garo hills eastwards, Cachar, Manipur, and Upper Burma. This species, like the other grizzled squirrels, is an exceedingly variable one, so that it is difficult to say whether it should be treated as a single or as several species ; the form in the Garo hills is dis- tinguished at once by its bright red tail of the same colour as the ventral surface (S. erythraeus Pallas apud Blyth) in the list of specimens " a " to " h " and " z^. " Eastwards in the Naga hills and about Samagooting the red tail-tip becomes black, specimens " j " to" u " in the list ; southward a little in Cachar and Mani- pur the whole dorsal surface becomes very much darker, so that the extreme forms are almost black, this form was named S, erythrogaster by Blyth and Macroxus punctatissimus by Gray, the specimens are lettered from " v " to " a^ "; in Assam proper, the valley of the Brahmapootra, the original Garo hill form is found without any trace of the black tail at all, specimens " b^ " to " g^ "; finally, in Upper Burma a form is found resembling the Assam variety, but distinguished by generally possessing a narrow median line of the same colour as the back running between the bright chestnut of the rest of the ventral surface ; this was described by Anderson as a distinct species under the name of S. gor- doni, and is represented in the list by specimens lettered "h^" to " r^. " As in several of the Assam specimens there are traces of this ventral line, there does not seem to be any reason why S. gordoni should remain distinct. a-6. 2 Skins, $ Garo hills. J.Anderson. & skulls. c. Skin $ „ ,, H. H. Godwin Austen. d. Skin $ Dorengo, Garo hills. Museum Collector, e-/. 2 Skins A. W. Chennell. g'h, 2 Stuffed Cherrapoonjee, Khasia hills F. Skipwith (1857), A.S.B. j-m. 4 Skins, East Naga hills, 4-8-75. H. H.Godwin Austen. I skull. «. Skin, skull Dimapur, Naga hills, 19-4- H. H. Godwin Austen, $ 75- o-p. 2 Skins H. H. Godwin Austen. ^ . ? ^ q. Skin Samagooting, Assam. J. Butler. r-u. 4 Skins, Naga hills. A. W. Chennell. 2i I? SCIURUS. 17 7;. Skin w. Skin, ^ skull. X'ji. 2 Skins, $ I skull. 0. Skin a\ Stuffed Assam Sylhet Chittagong Manipur A. W. Chennell. A. W. Chennell. Zoological Gardens. J. M. Lister. C. S. Guthrie (1842), A. S. B. [Type of S. erythrogaster of Blyth]. P-c^. 2 Skins d''. Skin e^. Skin /^■g^. 2 Skins, 2 skulls ^2. Skin p.p. 2 Stuffed P. Skin Dikrang, Assam Toruputu, Duffla hills Assam H. H. Godwin Austen. H. H. Godwin Austen. H. H. Godwin Austen. F. Day [P.], 1876. Bhamo Burma, 23-2-68 J.Anderson. „ ,, 24-2-68 J. Anderson. Sagaing.Burma, 4-10-68 J. Anderson. [Four last are types of S. gordoni of Anderson.] K>2 3 Skins, $ 3 skulls Skin, ? skeleton. 2 Skins $ and skulls. Bhamo, Burma, 3-3-75 J.Anderson. Sawaddy, Burma, 3I-I-7S- 2nd Defile, Irrawad- dy, 5-3-75- Skeleton $ Bhamo, Burma Skeleton East Naga hills 2 Skulls Upper Burma Skeleton Naga hills 2 Stuffed Assam Skin juv. Shillong J. Anderson, J. Anderson. J. Anderson. H. H. Godwin Austen. J. Anderson. H. H. Godwin Austen. F.Jenkins (1847), A. S.B. T. la Touche. Sciurus castaneoventris. Sciurus castaneoventris, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., x, p. 263 (1842) ; BIyih J. A. S. B„ xxix, p. 90; id. Cai. Mam., no. 322, p. 102 ; Swinhoe P. Z. S., 1870, pp. 231, 633; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 238; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., v, p. 123. Sciurus griseopectus, Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 873 (1847); id. J. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 474; Swinhoe P. Z. S., 1870, p. 634 ; id. P. Z. S., 1872, p. 818. Sciurus erythraeus, apud Swinhoe P, Z. S., p. 357 (1862). Disiriliition, — Western China and the islands of Formosa and Hainan. This form does not seem in any way separable from S. eryth- raeus ; it more especially resembles the Assam variety of the pre- ceding species. a. Stuffed China Rajah R. Mullick (1847), A.S.B. [Type of S. griseopectus of Blyth.] 5. Stuffed, skull Amoy, China. R. Swinhoe (i860), A.S.B. C l8 MAMMALIA. Sciurus sladeni. Sciurus sladeni, Anderson P. Z. S., p. 139 (1871) ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 37 ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 242, pi. xx. Sciurus atrodorsalis, apud Jentiuk Notes Leyd. Mus , v, p. 122 (1883). Distribution. — Upper Burma ; the type was from Thigyain, a town on the Irrawaddy between Mandalay and Bhamo. a. Stuffed, skull Thigyain, Upper Burma, J. Anderson. 18-1-68. [Type of S. sladeni, Anderson.] h. Stuffed Thigyain, Upper Burma J Anderson, c-rf. 2 Stuffed Upper Burma C. Williams (1864), A.S.B. e. Skull Thigyain, Upper Burma, J. Anderson. 18-1-68. Sciurus hippurus. Sciurus hippurus, Is. Geof. St. Hil. Etud. Zool., i, no. 6, pi. vi (1832.)*; id. Zool. Voy. aux Indes orient, Belanger, p. 149 (1834) ; Midler and Schlegel Tern. Verhandl., p. 92 ; Cantor J. A. S. B., xv, p. 249 [pt.] ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 871 ; id., J. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 473 ; id. Cat., no. 319, p. 102 ; Anderson Anat, Zool. Res,, p. 241 ; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mu*., V, p, 118 ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 76. Sciurus rufogaster, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., x, p. 263 (1842). Distribution. — The Malay peninsula from Klang southwards, Sumatra, Java and Borneo; Miillerand Schlegel also give Canton, but this is probably a mistake. a. Skin Borneo E. R. Alston [P.j b. Stuffed Malacca R. W. G. Frith (1844), A.S.B. c. Stuffed ,, R. W. G. Frith (1844), A.S.B. Sciurus lokroides. Sciurus lokroides, Hodgson J. A. 8. B., v, p. 232 (1836) ; id. J. A. S. B., x, p. 915 ; McClelland P. Z. S,, 1839, p. 152; Ogilby Royle's Hinial. Bot., p. Ixvii ; Walker Calc. Journ. N, H., iii, p. 266 ; Blyth J. A. S. B , xvi, pp. 873, 877 ; id. y. A. S. B., xviii, pt. i, p. 603 ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. \Mus., p. 153; Blyth J. A. 5. B., xxiv, p. 47$; Blyth Cat., no. 328, p. 104; Jerdon Mamni., p. 169; Blanford P. A. S. B., 1875, p 198; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 247; jentiuk Notes Leyd. Mus., v, p. 119; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 61. Sciurus assamensis, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 143 (1843) [p*-] I Horsfield Cat. E, L Mus., p. 153 ; Blyth J. A. S. B,, xxiv, p. 475 ; id. Cat., no. 326, p. 103 ; Blyth J, A, S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 37. Sciurus biythii, Tytler Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xiv, p. 172 (1854). Macroxus similis, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xx,p. 281 (1867). Distribution. — From Nepal eastwards through the Himalayas to Assam and southwards through Manipur to Arakan, Preparis Island and Upper Burma. «. Skin Nepal, 26-2.77 J.Scully. b- Skin Hetoura, Nepal, 17-12-77 ]. Scully. fd, 2 Skins and Sikkim H. J. Elwes [Ex.] skulls. SCIURUS, I f-/. 2 Skins Darjeeling, 6..50oft. W. T. Blanford. g. Skin, skull, $ Sikkim L. Mandelli. [black var.] h.k. 3 Skins g $ I'ti. 3 Skins $ Darjeeling, 4,000 ft. W. G. Masson [P.] Darjeeling terat J Anderson. o-p. 2 Skins ? " " J. Anderson. "- ^. Skin ? Sikkim J. Anderson. r. Skin, skull Darjeeling J. Anderson. 5. Skin )) C. S. Bonnevie (1848), A.S.B. t. Skin, skull Dacca Mus. Collector. w-r. 2 Skins Lushai country Mus. Collector. •m-y. 3 Skins, skull Garo hills J. Anderson. z.b"^. 3 Skins Naga hills H. H. Godwin Austen, cV^- 4 Skins $ ? >) )i A. W. Chennell. ^V. 3 Skins, Samagooting, Assam J. Butler. skull. k^-r?. 4 Skins juv. It >> J. Butler. o2.r». 4 Skins ^ Manipur hills H. H. Godwin Austen. s^. Skin Harmutti Dikrang, Assam. H H. Godwin Austen. ^2. Skin, skull Bhamo, Burma, 6-2-68 J. Anderson. 1^-10^. 3 Skins, Arakan Mus. Collector. skulls. a;2. Skin, skull Jergo Isle, Arakan Coast. G. M. Giles. jy2. Skin Preparis Isle, Bay of Bengal, 3-73. V. Ball [Ex.] «2. Skin Preparis, Isle, Bay of Bengal F. Stoliczka. a^-h\ 2 Skins ^ Amherst Isle, Arakan Coast. Sikkim J. Armstrong. fS. Skin L. Mandelli. dS. Skin, skele- ton. fiS -^s. 3 Stuffed Naga hills H. H. Godwin Austen. Darjeeling E. Blyth (1851), A.S.B. Bp. 2 Stuffed j> C. S. Bonnevie (1848), A.S.B /^s./s. 2 Stuffed Assam F. Jenkins (1846), A.S.B. nfi-n^. 2 Stuffed Arakan Sir A. Phayre, A.S.B. oS. Stuffed A. Grote, A.S.B. /.6. Skull Nowakot dist., Nepal, 27-11.77 J. Scully. g3. Skull Darjeeling A. S. B. rS. Skull ^ Bhootan Dr. Pemberton. sS-7>8. 4 Skulls No history. ■vfl. Skin E. Naga hilis H. H. Godwin Austen. a:". Aic. Cachar N. Belletty (1872.) y. Ale. Preparis Isle F. Stoliczka ^s. Ale. Darjeeling W. T. Blanford. «*. Ale. No history. i*. Ale. No history. Sciurus chinensis. Sciurus chinensis, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 144 (1843) I Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 159; Swinhoe P. Z. S., i8jo, p. 634; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 254. C 2 20 MAMMALIA. V Distribution — South China, a Skin, skull China []. Reeves] J. Anderson. Sciurus tenuis. Sciurus tenuis, Horsfield Zool. Res. (1S24) ; Cantor J. A. S. B., xv, p. 250 ; Blyth J. A. S. B„ xvi, p. 874 ; id. J. A. S. B., xx, p. 166 ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 153; Bli/th J. A. S. 5., xxiv, p. 476 ; id. Ca/., no. 329, p. 104; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 255 ; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., V, p. 125 ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 76. Sciurus affinis, Horsfield {nee: Rafiles) Zool. Res. (1824); id. Cat. E. I. Mus., p, 156. Sciurus modestus, Muller and Schlegel Tent. Verhandl., p. 96, pi. xxiv (1844); Biyth J, A. S. 5., xxiv, p. 476; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 253- Distribution. — The Malayan peninsula and the islands of Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Pulo Fanjang in the Gulf of Siam ; Miiller and Schlegel recorded it from China: this, however, is probably a mistake. a. Skin, skull, 2 Perik, Mus. Collector (Jaffa) b. Skin, skull Malacca [A. R. Wallace] British Mus. [Ex.] c. Skin, skull Java Bataviau See. (1844), A.S.B. Sciurus lokriah. Sciurus lokriah, Hodgson J. A. S. B., v, p 232 (1836) ; McClelland P.Z.S., 1839, p. 151 ; Ogilby Royle's Himal. Bot., p. Ixvii ; Hodgson J. A. S. B., X, p. 915 ; Gray Cat. Hodgs Coll., 1st ed., p 23; Blyth y. A. S. B., xvi, p. 873; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 153; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 475 ; id. Cat., no. 327, p. 104 ; Jerdon Mamm , p 169 ; Blyth J A.S. B., xWv, Burma List, p. 37; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 250 ; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., v, p 120 : Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 61. Sciurus subHaviventris, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 144 (1843); Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 152 Nepalese, Lokria; Bhotea, Zhamo; Lepcha, Kill! tingdong. Distribution. — From Nepal eastwards to the Naga hills and Assam ; is also found in the Arakan hills ; it is found at a higher elevation apparently than Sciurus lokroides. 1 his species can be at once distinguished from Sciurus lokriah by the white tuft of hair behind the ear-conch and by its brighter ventral surface. a. Skin, ? Sheopuri Ridge, Nepal J. Scully. Valley, 19-6-78. b-c. 2 Skins, g Sheopuri Ridge, Nepal J. Scully. Valley, 14-2-78. d. Skin, Sisagutu, Nepal, J. Scully. 27-12-77. ^. Skin, skull Nepal (Hodgson) India Mus., London. /. Skin, Darjeeling J. Anderson. g. Skin, $ Sikkim L. Mandelli A. Skin, juv. Darjeeling Mrs. Oakcs (1843), A.S.B, SCIURUS. y. Skin, n. Skin, I. Skin, juv. m-n. 2 Stuffed, 0. Skull, p. Skin, Naga hills >i II Arakan Nepal Shillong, Assam H. H Godwin Austen. A. W. Chennell. Sir A. Phayre, A. S. B. Mrs. Oakes, A. S. B. No history, A. S. B. T. la Touche. 21 Sciurus rufigenis. Sciurus rufigenis, Blanford P A. S. B., p. 72 (1878); id. J. A. S. B., xlvii, p. 156, pis. vii, viii ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 71. Sciurus lokriah, apud Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., v, p. 120 (1883). Distribution. — This spnecies has only been found hitherto on the slopes of Mt. Mooleyet to the east of Mouhnein in Tenasserim at an elevation of about 5,000 ft. [No specimens in the Museum.] Sciurus alstoni. Sciurus alstoni, Anderson Anal. Zool, Res., p. 252, pi. xxi (1878) ; jfentink Notes Leyd. Mus., p. 1 18. Distribution. — The type and only specimen known is said to have come from Borneo. a. Skin Borneo? Purchased. [Type of S. alstoni, Anderson.] Sciurus melanotis. Sciurus soricinus, Waterhouse Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soc, p. 46 (1838) ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 265 ; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus , v, p. 131. Sciurus melanotis, Midler and Sclilegel Tern. Verhandl., p. 98, pi. xiv, figs. 4, 5 (i839-44)- Distribution. — Java, Borneo, Sumatra, and Banka. Muller's name is the correct one for this squirrel since Water- house gave no description, but only named it in his catalogue of the Museum of the Zoological Society. a. Skin Sarawak (Wallace) E. R. Alston [P.] Sciurus quinquestriatus. Sciurus quinquestriatus, Anderson P. Z. S., p. 142, pi. x. (1871) ; Blyth J. A. S. B , xliv, Burma List, p. 37; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 266 ; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., v. p 123. Distribution. — This species has been found only in the Kakhyen hills in Yunnan on the Burmese border. a-b. 2 Skins, Ponsee, Kakhyen hills, J. Anderson. 2 skulls. 3,200 ft., 4-3-68. 22 MAMMALIA. t. Skin Ponsee, Kakhyen hills, J.Anderson. 3,200 ft., 18-4-68. d. Stuffed Ponsee, Kakhyen hills. J. Anderson. 3,000 ft., 24-2.68. [Type of S. quinquestriatus, Anderson.] Sciurus ferrugineus. Sciurus finlaysoni, Horsfield Zool. Res. (1824) ; id. Cat, E. I. Mus., p. 154 ; Blanford Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), i, p. 152. Sciurus ferrugineus, F. Cu-vier Nisi, Nat. Mamm., livr.Vix, with plate (1829); Blyth J. A.S.B., xxxi, p. 332; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, pp. 49, 195 ; Blyth Cat,, no. 317, p. loi ; id. J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p 36; Anderson Anat- Zool. Res., p. 243. Sciurus keraudrenii, i^5sow, Cent, Zool., p. 11, pi. i (1830); Blyth J. A, S.B.,xv\, p. 872 ; id. y. A. S, B., xxiv, p. 474 ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 156. Sciurus splendidus. Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., x, p. 263 (1842). Sciurus c'innamoneus, Temminck Esqiiis, Zool., p. 250 (1853). Sciurus siamensis. Gray, P. Z. S., p 478 (1859) ; id. P. Z. S., i86i, p. 137. Sciurus splendens, Gray P. Z. S., p. 137 (1861). Sciurus germani, A. Milne Edwards Rev. Mag, Zool. (2), xix, p. 193 (1867). Sciurus bocourti A. Milne Edwards Rev, Mag. Zool, (2), xix, p. 193 (1867). Sciurus leucogaster, A. Milne Edwards Rev. Mag, Zool. (2), xix, p. 196 (1867). Disirihution. — Arakan and Pegu eastwards ; is spread through Siam and Cambodia to the Island of Pulo Condor. All the specimens in the Museum, except one of the entirely black variety [S. germani Milne Edw.], belong to the typical S. ferru- gineus of a pure red colour with black feet and a white tail-tip ; the various other forms of the species to which the larger number of the synonyms above have been applied are all Siamese and Cambodian forms ; the types of these supposed species were ex- amined by Anderson, who came to the conclusion that they were all accidental or geographical varieties. a. Skin Arakan Museum Collector. b. Skin, skull Rangoon [H, Fielden] E. R. Alston [P.] <:-«?. 2 Skins, skull Burma C. Williams (1865), A. S.B. e. Skin $ E. R. Alston [P.] /. Skin, skull. No history, A. S. B. g-h. 2 Stuffed. Arakan Sir A. Phayre (1845), A. S.B. j-k. 2 Stuffed^ ? Syriam, Pegu. 1-76 J.Armstrong Var. germani, «. Skin. Pulo Condor Isle, Paris Mus, [Ex.] Cambodia. [M. Germain, Col.] SCIURUS. 23 Sciurus badging. PSciurus notatus, Boddaert Elench. Anim., p. 119 (1785) * Sciurus badging, Kerr Linn, Anim. Kingd., p. 269 (1792)*; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 76; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus.y xi, p, 27. Sciurus plantani, Ljuugh Kongl. Vettens. Akad. N. Handl., xxii, p. 99, pi. i. (1801); Horsfield Zool. Kes., with plate, 1824; '\A.Cat.,E. I. Mus., p. 151 ; Anderson Anat. Zool, Res., p. 267; Jentink Notes Leyd, Mus., y, p- 133- Sciurus gingianus, var. " Plantane Squirrel," Shaw Gent. Zool., ii, pt. i, p, 1^)7 (1801). Sciurus bilineatus, Desmarest N. Did. d'Hist, Nat., x, p. 106 (1817). Sciurus bivittatus, Desmarest Mamm.Suppl., p. 543 (1820) ; Horsfield Zool. Res., 1824. * Sciurus vittatus, Raffles Linn. Trans., xiii, p. 259 (1822) ; F, Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamni,., with plate ; Milller and Schlegel Tern. Verhandl. p. 94; Cantor f.A.S.B., xv, p. 250; Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p 872, Horsfield Cat, E.I. Mus,, p. 152; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 476 ; id. Cat., no. 332, p. 104; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 266. Sciurus n\grov'itiatus, Horsfield Zool. Res. (1824) ; Milller and Schlegel Tern. Verhandl, p. 95 ; Cantor J. A. S. B., xv, p. 250 ; Blyth jf. A. S. B., xvi, p. 872 ; Horsfield Cat. E. I, Mus., p. 152 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 476 ; id. Cat; no. 333, p. 105. Sciurus griseiventer. Is, Geof. St. Hil. Zool, Voy.aux Indes orient. Belanger, p. 147 (1834). Disirihution. — The Malay peninsula and the Islands of Sumatra, Java and Borneo ; also Canton according to Miiller. S. B. a. Skin, ? Taping River, Perak Mus. Collector. b. Skin, ' skull Malacca F. Stoliczka. c. Skin, Malay peninsula Rev. F. Lindstedt, A d. Skin, $ West Java [Wallace, 1861]. Purchased. e. Skin. )l n )i Purchased. /. Skin. $ Sarawak [Wallace, 1854]. Purchased. g. Skin. $ E. R. Alston [P.] h. Skin, skull. ^ W. Rutledge. j. Skin, skeleton $ Zoological Gardens. k. Skull , skull. A.S. B. l-n, 3 Stui [fed. Malay peninsula. G. Moxon, A.S. B. op. 2 Stuffed. )! 11 E. Lindstedt, A.S.B. q. Skin, 1 skeleton $ Zoological Gardens. Sciurus prevostii. Sciurus prevostii, Desmarest Mamm, p. 335 (1820); Waterhouse P. Z. S. 1842, p. 116; Anderson Anat. Zool, Res., p. 269; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., V, p. 31 ; id. ibid, xi, p. 27 ; Thomas, P. Z. S., 1886, p. 76. Sciurus rafflesii, Vigors and Horsfield, Zool. Journ., iv, p. 113, pi. iv. (1828) ; Milller and Schlegel Tem, Verhandl., P. 93 ; Cantor. J, A.S. B., XV, p. 248; Blyth J. A. S. .5, xvi, p. 871 ; Temminck Esquiss, Zool., p. 242 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 472 ; id. Cat., no. 315, p. loi. Sciurus redimitus. Boon Mensch, N. Verhandl. Nederl. Inst., ii, p. 243, with plate (1829)*; Temtninck Esquiss, Zool., p. 245; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 472; id. Cat., no. 316, p. lOi. ciurus rufogularis, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., x, p. 263 (1842). Siurus rufonigra, Gray Ann. Mag, N. H., x, p. 263 (1842). 24 MAMMALIA. Sciurus erythromelas, Tetntninck Esquiss. ZooL, p. 248 (1853). Sciurus prevostii, var. sumatrana, var. bangkana and var. bornensis, S. atricapillus, and S. erythrogenys, Schlegel Nederl. Tijdsch, i, pp. 25-29, pi. i, ii (1863). Macroxus rafflesii, Macroxus sarawakensis, Macroxus pluto, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), XX, pp. 277, 283, (1867). Distribution. — The Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Banka, Billiton, Borneo and Celebes. a. Skin b. Skin $ c-d. 2 Skins $ and skulls. e. Skin, skeleton /. Stuffed and skull. g. Stuffed and skull. h. Stuffed j. Ale. S k. Ale. ? Malacca Matang, 9-70 Borneo Malacca Borneo E. R. Alston [P.] E. R. Alston [P.] E. R.Alston [!'•] Zoological Gardens. A. Charlton, A. S. B. R. W. G. Frith, A. S. B. Batavian Soc. (1844) A.S.B. Zoological Gardens. O. L. Eraser. Sciurus palmarum. Sciurus palmarum, Linncsus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 86(1766); Sykes P. Z. S., 183 1, p. 103 ; Waterhouse Charlesw. Mag. N. H., i, 1837, p. 496; Elliot Madr. Journ., x, p. 216 [pt.] ; Ogilby Royle Him. But., p. Ixvii ;; Wagner Hugel's Kaschmir, IV, p. 573; Hutton, J. A.S.B. , xv, p. 168. Blytk J. A. S. B., xvi, 874 ; id. J. A. S. B., xx, p. 166 ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 152; Blyt/i Cat., no. 339, p. 106; Jerdon Mamm., p. 170 McMaster Notes on Jerdon, pp. 50, 196 ; Stoliczka J. A. S. B., xli, p, 228 ; Rainey P. A. S. B., 1875, p. 159; Blanford Persia, p. 50; Afidcrson Anat Zuol. Res., p. 257; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus-, v, p. 138; Murray Zool. Sind., p. 42 ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 56. Sciurus penicillatus, Leach- Zool. Misc., I, p. 6, pi. i (1814)* ; Horsefild Cat. E. I. Mus. p. 152. The Palm squirrel ; Hindustani, Gilheri ; Benp;ali, Beral or Lakki ; Mahratta, Khani ; Canarese, Alalu ; Telegu, Vodata ; Waddurs, Urta. Distribution, — The Palm squirrel is found all over the penin- sula of India from the terai region of the Himalayas southwards ; westwards it has been got by Blanford at Pishin in Persian Balu- chistan, and eastwards it does not seem to occur beyond Calcutta ; it is also said to be absent from the east coast country about the Northern Circars and from Malabar. $ Pishin, Baluchistan, W. T. Blanford. 7-2-72. Bichiakoh, Nepal terai, J. Scully. 21-12-77. $ Manbhoom Mus. Collector (1866). Calcutta E. Blyth (1842), A. S. B. ^ „ J. Anderson. $ Botanical Gardens J. Anderson (1870). a. Skin b. Skin c-d. 2 Skins e. Skin f-8- 2 Skins k. Skin. skull. SCIURUS. 25 j. Skin nr. Chanda, C. P., 6-5-67 Museum Collector. k. Skin, skull Hyderabad H. Gould (1855), A. S. B. /. Skin E. R. Alston, [P.] »i. Stuffed Calcutta ' E. Blyth (1842), A. S. B. ». Ale. Rajanpur, Punjab E. Saunders, o. Ale. ...... O. L. Fraser. (white var.) Sciurus tristriatus. Sciurus tristriatus, Waterhouse Charlesw. Mag. N. H., i, p. 496 (1837) J '^1 P.Z.S., 1839, P- "8; Bly(h y. A, S. B., xvi, pp. 874,1001 ; id. y. A. S. B., xviii, p. 601 ; id. jf A. S. B., xx, p. 166 ; Kelaart Prodr, Faun. Zeylan., p, 51 ; Blyth Cat., no. 340, p. 106 ; Jerdon Mainm., p. 171 ; Anderson Anat. Zool, Res., p. 258; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus. v, p. 137. Sciurus palmarum, apud Elliot, Madr. Jouin., x, p. 216 (1839) [pt.] Sciurus penicillatus, apud Gray, List Mamni. B. M., p. 141 (1841). Sciurus brodiei, Blyth J.A.S.B., xviii, p. 602 (1849) ; id. J. A. S. B., xx, p. 166 ; id. j. A. S. B., xxi, p. 350 ; Layard Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), ix, p. 335 ; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 53. Sciurus kelaarti, Layard J. A. S. B., xviii, p. 602 (1849) ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xx, p. 166; id. y. A. S. B. xxi, p. 350; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 53. Sciunis dussumierii, A. Milne Edwards Rev, Mag. Zool. (2), xix, p. 226 (1867). Cingalese, Leyna. Distribution — Sikkim Himalayas, Midnapore and through Cen- tral and Southern India and Ceylon, especially in forest country ; it does not appear to be found in the low country round Madras. The specimens lettered "a," " g" and "h" in the list below from Sikkim and Travancore respectively, differ considerably from the rest of the specimens, and perhaps might be considered to form a distinct variety ; the dorsal stripes which are particularly conspi- cuous in all the other specimens in these abovementioned ones are reduced to insignificance. a. Skin Sikkim H. J. Ehves [Ex.] b-c. 2 Skins Midnapore, Bengal E. Blyth, A. S. B. d. Skin nr. Ranchi, 18-5-70 W. T. Blanford. e. Skin, skull Trombay Isle, Bombay, H. H. Godwin Austen. 21-1-75. /.Skin Kalakhui, 25-2-75. H. H. Godwin Austen. g-h. 2 Skins Travancore. Purchased. j. Skin Ceylon. R. Templeton, A. S. B. ^. Skin ,, E. L. Layard (1845), A. S. B. [The above two are types of S. kelaarti, Layard.] /. Skin Ceylon. E. F. Kelaart (1850), A. S. B. m. Skin ,, Columbo Museum. n-q. 4 Skins, skull F. Day [P.] r. Skin No history. s. Stuffed Ceylon E. L. Layard, A. S. B. [Type of S. brodei, Blyth.] t-u. 2 Stuffed No history, A. S. B. V. Skull Ko history. 26 MAMMALIA. Sciurus sublineatus. Sciurus sublineatus, Waterhotise P. Z. S., p. 19. (1838) ; Blyik J. A. S. B., xvi, p, 87s; Horsfield Cat. E. I. 31., p. 151 ; Blyth Cat., no. 342, p. 107 ; Jerdon Maynin., p. 173; Anderson Anai. Zool. Res., p. 260; yentink Notes Leyd, Mus., v, p. 136. Sciurus deiesserti, Gervais Bull. Soc. Philom. (dans. VInstit, Journ. Gen. des Soc. Sci.) ist sect., no. 386(1841)*; Blyth y A. S. B., xi, p. 880 ; Guerin Mcniville Journ. d'un Voyage dans I'Inde (Delessert), p. 18, pi. iii*. Sciurus triiineatus, Waterhotise apiid Blyth J, A, S. B., xx, p. 165 (1851) Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 54. Distribution. — The hills of Southern India and Ceylon. a. Skin Nilgiris T. C. Jerdon (1844), A.S.B. 6. Skin Malabar Rev. J. Baker (1859), A. SB. c. Skin, skull Ceylon E. F. Kelaart (1857), A.S.B. Sciurus layardi. Sciurus layardi, S/jifA J. A. S. B., xviii, p. 602 (1849); Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 53; Layard Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), ix, p. 335; Blyth Cat.f no. 341, p. 107; Jerdon Mamm., p. 172 ; Anderson Anat. Zool Res., p. 260. Distribution. — Travancore hills and the highlands of Ceylon. This squirrel is considered by Jentink to be identical with S. tristriatus, from which it differs however markedly in that the yellow dorsal streak extends a very much shorter distance both anteriorly and posteriorly, and the ventral surface is a bright chest- nut instead of a very pale yellow, so that unless intermediate forms are found it would certainly be better to keep them apart. a. Skin skull Ambegamoa hills, E. L. Layard (1843), A.S.B. Ceylon. [Type of S. layardi, Blyth.] Sciurus berdmorei. Sciurus berdmorei, Blyth J. A. S. B,, xviii, p. 603; id.. J. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 418 ; id. J. A. S. B., xxxi, p. 333 ; id. Cat., no. 338, p. 106 ; id. J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 37 ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 261 ; Jentink Notes Leyd .Mus., v, p. 137, (1861) ; Thomas P. Z. S., i886, p. 71 ; Anderson J. Linn. Soc, xxi, p. 340. Sciurus mouhotii, Gray P. Z. S., p. 137 (1861) ; Blanford J. A S. B., xlvii, p. 162. Sciurus pyrrhocephalus, A, Milne Edtuards Rev. Mag. Zool. {2), xix, p. 225 (1867). Distribution. — Tenasserim from Martaban to Mergui;also Cam- bodia and Cochin China. a-6. 2 Skins $ ? nr^Martaban, Tenasserim E. Blyth (1861), A.S.B. c. Skin Thaing, Mergui, 28-1-82 J. Anderson. SCIURUS. 27 d. Skin, skull Thaing, Mergui, 3I-I-82 J.Anderson e. Skull A.S.B. Sciurus macclellandi. Sciurus macclellandii, Horsfield P. Z. S., p. 152 (1839) ; Blyih J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 875; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 151 ; id. Ann. Mag'. N. H. (2), xvi, p. 113; Gray P. Z, S., 1861, p. 137; Swinhoe P. Z. S., 1862, P- 357; Blyth Cat., na, 344, p. 107; Jerdon Mamm., p. 173; Swinhoe P. Z. S., 1870, pp. 232, 634; id., P. Z. S., 1872, p. 818 ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 263; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., v, p. 139; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, pp. 61, 71. Sciurus pembertonii, Blyth J. A. S. B., xi, p. 887 (1842). Sciurus barbel, Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 875 (1847) ; 'd- J- ^. S. B., xviii, p. 603; id. Cat., no. 343, p. 107; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 38 ; Blanford J. A. S. B., xlvii, p. 164. Tamias leucotis, Temminck Esquis. Zool., p. 252 (1852). Sciurus rodolphii, A. Milne Edwards Rev. Mag. Zool., xix, p. 227 (1867). Sciurus tnacclelandii var. swinhoei, Miltie Edwards Rech, Mamm., p. 308, (1868-71). Lepcha, Kalli gangdin. Distribution. — Sikkim and Assam, extending eastwards through Thibet and the Chinese provinces of Kiangsi, Fokien, and Kwang- tung to Formosa and Hainan, and southwards through Manipur to Burma, Tenasserim, the Malay peninsula, Cambodia and Cochin China. a-d. 4 Skins Sikkim L. Mandelli. e-f. 2 Skins „ H. J. Elwes [Ex.] g. Skin Rinok, Sikkim, 5,000 W. T. Blanford feet, 17-8-70. h. Skin Darjeeling, 7,000 feet W. G. Masson [P.] j-k. 2 Skins „ Mrs. Oakes A. S. B. l-m. 2 Skins $ Naga hills' H. H. Godwin Austen. n-p. 3 Skins East Naga hills, 4-8-75 H. H. Godwin Austen. q. Skin $ nr. Peak 24, Naga, H. H. Godwin Austen hills, 2-75. r. Skin $ Chota Naga hills, A. W. Chennell. 16-12-75. s. Skin § Naga hills, 17-4-76 A. W. Chennell. t-u. 2 Skins Asalu, North Cachar H. H. Godwin Austen, v-w. 2 Skins $ Duffla hills, Assam H. H. Godwin Austen. X. Skin Ponsee, Kakhyen hills, J. Anderson (1868) 3,500 ft. ylP'. 4 Skins, Moulmein Museum. Collector. 2 skulls. c^-^. 2 Skins YJi, Tenasserim Rev. J. Barbe (1843), A.S.B. [2 Types of S. barbei, Blyth. j e''. Skin Tenasserim Major Berdmore (i846),A.S.B. p. Skin Moupin, Thibet Paris Museum [Ex.] [David, 10-69]. g"^. Skin Miwan, E. Kiangsi Paris Museum [Ex.] [David, 9-73]. h^. Skin Formosa [R. Swinhoe] E. R. Alston [P.] 28 MAMMALIA. p-k"^. 2 Ale. East of Irrawady River T. H. Hood (1872). I'^-tn^. 2 AIc. Samagootiiig, Assam J. Butler. n'. Ale. Darjeeling W. T. Blanford, A. S. B. o'. AIc. Sibsagar, Ansam S. E. Peel p^-g^. 2 Ale, Moulmein, Burma J. Wood Mason. Sciurus insignis. Seiuru'? insignis, F. Cuvier Hist, Nat. Matnm., livr. xxxiv, toith plate (1821) ; Horsfield Zool. Res. with plate; Milller and Schlegel Tern. VerhandL, pp. 87, 99; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 151 ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p 262; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., v, p. 136; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 78. Distribution. — Malay peninsula from Selangore southwards, Sumatra, Java and Borneo; Anderson gives Canton, but this is somewhat doubtful. a. Skin, skull $ Malacca E. R.Alston [P]. Sciurus vulgaris. Sciurus vulgaris, Linnceus. Syst Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 86 (1766). Sciurus alpinus, F. Cuvier Hist. Nat, Mamm., livr. xxiv, with plate (1821), Sciurus varius, Pallas Zoog. Ross. As., i, p. 183 (1831). Sciurus italicus, Bonaparte Icon. Faun. Ital, with plate {1828). Sciurus europseus, Gray List Mam. B. M., p. 139 (1843); id. Cat. Hodgs. Coll., ist ed., p. 23; Blyth Cat., no. 337, p. ic6. ? Mustela calotus, Hodgson Calc. Journ. N. H., ii, p. 221, pi. ix (1842). Sciurus calotus, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xx, p. 272 (1867). Distribution. — Europe and Northern Asia, as far south as the Caucasus, Thibet and Northern China. a. Stuffed b. Stuffed c. Stuffed d. Skull e. Ale. England Cornish Institution (1842), A.S.B. A. D. Bartlett (1840), A.S.B. W. Davison (1846), A.S.B. A. D. Bartlett, A.S.B. Zoological Gardens. Sciurus fulvus. Sciurus fulvus Blanford Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xvi, p. 31 1 (1875) ; id. Persia, p. 49, pi. iv, fig. I. Distribution. — South Persia. This species will probably turn out to be identical with Sciurus syriacus of Ehrenberg, and has in fact been already considered so by Jentink; the types, however, have not been compared, as the only specimen of S. fulvus is the one now in the Museum here, so that for the present it has been left as a distinct species. a. Skin ^ nr. Shiraz, 4,000 feet Sir O. St. John (1870). [Type of Sciurus fulvus, Blanford.] SCIURUS. 29 Sciurus carolinensis. Sciurus carolinensis, Gmelin Syst Nat,, i, p. 148 (1788); Allen Monographs N. Amer. Rodents, p. 700. Sciurus pennsylvanicus, Ord Guthrie's Geogr., 2nd ed., p. 292(1815)*. Sciurus niger, Godman Amer. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 133 (1826)*. Sciurus leucotis, Gapper Zool. Journ., v, p. 206, pi. xi (1830); Blyth Cat., no- 335. P-. 105. Sciurus fuliginosus, Bachman P. Z. S., p. 97 (1838). Sciurus vulpinus, Dekay New York Zool., i, p. 59 (1842). Sciurus nnigratorius, Audubon and Bachman Quad. N. Amer., \, p. 265, pi. XXXV (1849).* The Grey Squirrel. Distribution. — Southern Canada; the United States east of the plains, South Mexico and Guatemala. a. Skin Ontario, Canada J. H. Garnier [Ex.] b. Skin ^ Zoological Gardens. c. Skin Purchased. d. Ale. $ North America W. Rutledge. e. Ale. W. Rutledge. f. Skin,ske- $ Zoological Gardens. leton. g. Stuffed North Carolina Rev. F. Fitzgerald (1852), A. S. B. Sciurus niger. Sciurus niger, Linnceus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 86 (1766) ; Allen Mono- graphs N. Amer. Rodents, p. 717. Sciurus cinereus, LinncFus Syst. Nat., I2th ed., i, p. 86 (1766). Sciurus variegatus, Erxleben Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 421 (1777). Sciurus vulpinus, Gmelin Syst. Nat., \, p. 147 (1788). Sciurus virginianus, Kerr Linn. Anim. Kingd., p. 259 (1792'*. Sciurus capistratus, Bosc Ann. Mus. Paris, i, p. 281 (1802)*. Sciurus rufiventris, M'Murtrie's Cuv. An. Kingd., i, p. 433 (1831)*. Sciurus texianus, Bachman P. 7, S., p. 86 (1838). The Fox Squirrel. Distribution, — Eastern United States westward to the plains. a. Skin North America J. H. Garnier [Ex.] Sciurus hudsonius. Sciurus vulgaris, apud Forsfer Phil. Trans., Ixii, p. 378 (1772). Sciurus hudsonius, Pallas Nov. Sp. Quod, e Glir., p. 376 (1778) ; Blyth Cat., no. 336, p. 105; Allen Monographs N. Amer. Rodents, p. 672. Sciurus carolinus, Ord Guthrie's Geogr., 2nd ed., p. 292 (1815)*. Sciurus rubrolineatus, Desmarest Mamm., ii, p. 333 (1822). The Chikaree, Distribution. — The northern half of North America. a. Skin Lucknow, Ontario, 7-84 J. H. Garnier [Ex.] I. Skin Ontario. |. H. Garnier [Ex.] c. Skin „ J. H. Garnier [Ex.] f/. Skin N.America. A. D. Bartlett (1842), A. S. B. 30 MAMMALIA. Sciurus annulatus. Sciurus SLnnu\3^t\is, Desmaresi Mamm., p, 23^ {1820) ; Blan/urd Abyssinia, p. 278; Jentink Notes Leyd, Mus., iv, p. 23. Sciurus gambianus, Ogilby P. Z. S., p. 103 (1835). Sciurus multicolor, Riippell N. Wirbelth, p. 38, pi. xiii (1835). Sciurus bougensis, Heuglin Reise N. O. Afiika, ii, p. 59 (1877)*. Sciurus rufobrachiatus, apud Huet Arch. Mus. Paris (2), iii, p. 144 (1880). Distrihution. — Northern Africa from Senegal to Abyssinia. a. Skin Anseba valley, Abyssi- W. T. Blanford. nia, 4,000 ft., 28 7-68. b. Skin Anseba valley, Abyssi- W. T. Blanford. nia, 4,000 ft., 4-8-68. Genus RHINOSCIURUS. Rhinosciurus, Gray List. Mamm. B. M., p. 195 (1843). Type, R. laticaudatus. Rhinosciurus laticaudatus. Sciurus laticaudatus, Milller and Schlegel Tern. Verhandl, p. 100, pi. xv, figs. I, 2, 3 (1839-44) ; Cantor J. A. S. B., xv, p. 251 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., XX, p. 167. Rhinosciurus tupaioides, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 195 (1843); Blyth J. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 477 ; id. Cat., no. 345, p. 108. Sciurus (Rhinosciurus) tupaioides, Anderson Anat. Zool. Pes., p. 2j$ (1878). Rhinosciurus laticaudatus, Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., v, p. 140 (1883). Sciurus (Rhinosciurus) laticaudatus, Thomas P. Z. S., p. 78 (1886). Distrihution. — The Malay peninsula from Klang southwards and the Island of Borneo. a. Stuffed Malay peninsula G. Moxon (1851) A.S.B. Genus TAMIAS. Tamias, Illiger Prodr., p. 83 (181 1). Type, T. striatus. Tenotis, Rafinesque Am. Month. Mag., \, p. 362 (1817)*. Tamias striatus. Sciurus striatus, Linnceus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 87 (1766). Tamias americana, Kuhl. Beitr. ZooL, p. 69 (1820). Sciurus (Tamias) lysteri, Richardson Faun. Bor. Amer., \, p. 181, pi. xv (1829). Tamias striatus, Baird. N. Amer. Mamm., p. 292, pi. xlvi, fig. 2 (1857)*; Allen Monographs N. Amer, Rodents, p. 782. The Chipmunk. Distribution. — Canada and the States east of the Rocky Moun- tains. a.-h. 2 Skins Ontario J. H. Gamier [Ex,] c. Skin No history. XERUS. 31 Genus XERUS. Xerus, Hempr. and Ehr., Symb. Phys. (1832). Xerus rutilus. Sciurus'rutilus, Creizschmar Rilppell's Atlas, p. 59, pi. xxiv, (1826) ; Blan- ford Abyssinia, p. 278; Jentink Notes Leyd. Miis., iv, p, 41, Sciurus brachyotus, Hempr. and Ehr. Symb. Phys., pi. ix (1832). Sciurus simplex, Lesson Hist. Nat. Mamm., v, p. 402 (1836). Xerus rutilus, Gray List. Mamm. B. M., p. 144 (1843). Xerus dabagala Heuglin Peters. Mitth., p. 17 (1S61). Xerus flavus, A. Milne Edwards Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 229 (1867). Xerus fuscus Huet Arch. Mus. Paris (2)1 iii, p. 139, pi. vi, fig., i (1880). Distribution, — Abyssinia and Somali land across to Gaboon .? a. Skin Lower Sooroo, Abyssinia, 1,500 ft., 12-1-68 W. T. Blanford. b. Skin „ „ „ 1-6-68 W. T. Blanford. c. Skin. Annesley Bay, Massowah 4-1-68 W. T. Blanford. Xerus erythropus, Sciurus erythropus, Et. Geoff. St. Hit. Cut. Mamm. Mus. Hist. Nat., p. 178 (1803)* ; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., iv, p. 43. Sciurus albovittatus, Desmarest N. Diet. Hist. Nat., x, p. no (1817). Sciurus leuco-umbrinus, Riippell N. Wirbelth.,p. 38 (1835); Blanford Abyssinia, p. 270. Sciurus pyrrhopus apiid Wagner Schreb, S'diigeth Suppl., iii, p. 215 (1843), Xerus congicus, apud Teniminck Esguis. Zool., i, p. 125 (1853). Xerus setosus. Gray Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xx, p, 333 (1867) [pt.]. Distribution. — Africa from Senegal to Abyssinia and from Egypt to Zanzibar. «i. Skin $ Adigrat-Tigre, Abyssinia 8,000 ft., 3-4-68. W. T. Blanford. 6. Skin $ Adigrat-Tigre, „ 8,000 ft., 31-3-68. W. T. Blanford. c. Skin Senafe-Tigre „ 7,500 ft., 25-2-68. W. T. Blanford. d. Skin $ Adigrat-Tigre „ 8,000 ft., 5-5-68. W T. Blanford. e. Skin $ Bedjuk, Anseba valley „ 4,200 ft., 16-7-68. W. T. Blanford. /. Skin ^ Bedjuk, Anseba valley ,, 4,200 ft., 15-7 68. W. T. Blanford. g. Skin $ Senafe-Tigre „ 7,500 ft., 27-3-68. W. T. Blanford. h. Skin $ Adigrat-Tigre „ 8,000 ft , 21-4-68. W. T. Blanford. j. Skin Adigrat „ 8,000 ft., 5-4-68. W. T. Blanford. k. Skin $ Adigrat-Tigre „ 8,000 ft., 4-5-68. W. T. Blanford. /. Skin $ Senafe „ 7,500 ft., 25-2-68. W. T. Blanford. tn. Skin Abyssinia W. T. Blanford. n. Skin „ W. T. Blanford. 0. Skeleton „ W. T. Blanford. Xerus capensis. Sciurus capensis, Kerr Linn. Anim. Kingd., p. 266 (1792)* ; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., iv, p. 48. Sciurus v\3.md,(\nQr\s\s, Lichtenstein Cat, Reruni Nat. Rariss,p.2 (1793)*. 32 MAMMALIA. Sciurus levaillanti, Kuhl Beitr. Zool., p. 67 (1820). Sciurus ocularis, Smith Zool. Journ., iv, p. 439 (1829). Sciurus setosus, Smuts Enum, Manirn. Capens., p. 33 (1832) ; Blyth Cat,, no. 346, p. 108. Distribution. — South Africa. a. Stuffed South Africa E. L. Layard (1859), A.S.B. Genus PTEROMYS. Pteromys, G. Cuvier Tableau Gen. in Lefons d'Anat. Camp., i, tabl. i (1800)*. The following key is constructed to enable the reader to dis- tinguish the typical forms only. All the species of this genus resem- ble one another so closely and so run into one another that it is impossible to construct a key into which every specimen will fit. Key of the Indian Species. a. Dorsal surface dark brown or black ; no tinge of reddish, h. Hairs of dorsal surface but slightly tipped with white. P. oral, p. 33. h^. Hairs strongly tipped with white, giving the dorsal surface a hoary grizzled appearance. P. cineraceus, p. 33. a^ Dorsal surface with a reddish or yellowish tinge, never black or brown. c. No shoulder patch; dorsal surface comparatively uniform. d. Fur of dorsal surface red, with well-developed white tips producing a hoary red appearance; tail longer than head or body . . P. alborufus, p. 34- d^. Fur of dorsal surface dark maroon with but slight traces of the white tips to the bsirs. P. yunnanensis, p. 35. d^ . Dorsal fur grizzled gray, more reddish on the para- chute, tail shorter than the head and body together, body about 16, tail about 12 inches. P. albiventer, p. 35. c^. Dorsal fur generally dark maroon and forming a strong contrast to that of the shoulders and parachute, which is yellow, usually but slight traces of grizzling. P. magnificus, p. 35. c^. Resembling P. albiventer, but somewhat smaller (body about 13, tail about 13 inches), with the top of the head PTEROMYS. 33 of a pure grey colour, contrasting with the colour of the rest of the body. . . P. caniceps, p. 36. Pteromys oraL Var. A. — fyptais. Sciurus petaurista, Pallas MiscelL, p. 54, pi. vi. figs. I, 2 (1766) [pt.]*. Pteromys petaurista, Milller and Schlegel Tern. Verkandl.,p. 106(1839-44); Blyth y. A. S. B., X, p. 919; id. J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 865 ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 159; Blyth J. A. S.B., xxviii, pp. 276,286; id. Cat., no. 291, p. 94; Jerdon Mamm., p. 174. Pteromys philippensis, apiid Elliot Madras '^oiim., x, p. 217 (1839). Pteromys oral, Tickell Calc. Journ. N. H., ii, p. 401, pi. xi (1842) ; Blyth J. A. S. B., x\, p. 451 ; id. f. A. S. B., xx, p, 165; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan, p. 55 ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 279. Pteromys griseiventer, Gray List Mamm, B, M,, p. 133 (1843) > Blyth J. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 277. Var. B.-^cineraceus, Pteromys petaurista, a^MC? Walker Cal. Journ. N. H., iii, p. 266 (1843); Horsfield Cat. Mamm. E. I. Mus., p. 159 [pt.] Pteromys petaurista var. cineraceus, Blyth y. A. S. B., xvi, p. 865 (1847). Pteromys cineraceus, Blyth jf. A. S. i?., xxviii, p. 276 (1859); id. Cat., no. 292, p. 94; id. y. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 35; Blanford y. A. S. B., xlvii, p. 165; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 281 ; Thomas- P. Z. S., 1886, p. 67. Distrihutio7i. — The typical variety is found all over the penin- sula of India and Ceylon wherever there are forests; it is specially abundant in the Malabar country. The var. cineraceus is ap- parently only found in Arakan. This species including P. cineraceus and the following ones, namely, P. alborufus, P. yunnanensis, P. magnificus, P. albiventer and P. caniceps, all seem very closely allied to one another, and it is perhaps more as a matter of convenience than as a representation of their true relationship to one another that they should be kept sepa- rate ; as far as their skulls are concerned it is impossible to separate them, and although typical specimens of these several so-called species are easily distinguished from one another, there are ii the Museum collections intermediate forms between most of them. The prevailing colour of Pteromys oral is dark brown or black, with only slight traces of white tips to the dorsal fur. These white tips are much more developed in P. cineraceus, the typical forms of which seem to be confined to Arakan. Southwards in Burma and Tenasserim, and northwards in Assam, the dark brown or black ground colour is replaced by bright red, and this variety seems to correspond to the species described by Milne Edwards from Moupin in Thibet (P. alborufus). The species described by Anderson from Momien in Yunnan resembles P. alborufus, but is 34 MAMMALIA. of a darker colour and has lost the white tips to the fur ; this form is also distinguished by its long and very dark tail. Pteromys magnificus from Nepal and Sikkim seems at first to be a well marked species with its very dark maroon dorsal surface, with hardly any trace of the white tips to the fur; there is however a specimen (P. magnificus, " g' in the list below) which is quite intermediate between the typical P. magnificus and the typical P. alborufa; in this specimen the maroon of the back is much lighter and the white tips to the fur producing the grizzled appear- ance so characteristic of P. alborufa are present, though in not so marked a form. Pteromys caniceps seems constantly smaller than P. magnificus and P. albiventer, and since the skulls in the Museum are all im- mature, there is a strong suspicion that this will turn out to be the young of P. magnificus or of P. albiventer, but this will have to be proved by further investigations. In Pteromys albiventer the contrast between the colour of the back and the colour of the parachute is not so marked as in P. magnificus : the shoulders, however, are somewhat yellow and traces of the white tips to the fur begin to appear : this latter feature is most marked in the Kashmir and Gilgit specimens. Var. A. a-b. 2 Skins and Travancore skull.' c. Skin Ceylon d-e. 2 Skins $ and skele- tons. f. Stuffed Travancore g. Stuffed juv. Midnapore h-k. 3 Skulls /. Ale. juv. Manbhoom -lypictis. Purchased. Columbo Museum. W. Rutledge. Marquis of Tweedale (1846), A.S B. P. Homfray (1843), A.S.B. A.S.B. W. Theobald. Var. B. — cineraceiis. a. Skin and ^ Arakan Sir A. Phayre (1844), A.S.B. skull. [Type of Pteromys cineraceus, Blyth.] b. Skin $ Arakan Museum Collector (1871). skull. c. Skin juv. „ Sir A. Phayre (1844), A.S.B. rf. Stuffed $ W. Rutledge (1870). Pteromys alborufus. Pteromys alborufus, A. Milne Ed-wards Comptes Rend., Ixx, p. 342 (1870) ; id. Reck. Mam., p. 298, pis. xva, fig. i, and xlv ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 284. Distribution. — Assam and Burma southwards to Tenasserim ; also obtained from Moupin in Eastern Thibet. PTEROMYS. 35 d. Skin Skin Skin Skin e. Skin skull, juv. Skin Skin, skeleton h. Skin J. Stuffed $ k. Stuffedj I. Ale. Assam Naga hills Samagooting, Assam Cherrapoonjee, Assam Pegu Mergui, 21-1-82 Arakan Arakan? Tenasserim Lampnee, 13-1-82. F. Day. H. H. Godwin Austen. J. Butler (1872). J. W. Laidlay (1847), A.S.B. Rev. J. Barbe, A.S.B. J. Anderson. Zoological Gardens. No history. Sir A. Phayre (1844), A.S.B. Rev. J. Barbe (1844), A.S.B. Mergui, J. Anderson. Pteromys yunnanensis. Pteromys yunnanensis, Anderson Ann. Mag. N. H, (4), xvi, p. 282, (1875) ; id. Anat. Zool, Res., p. 282, pi. xxii. Distribution. — Has been got hitherto only from Momien in Yunnan. a'd. 4 Skins, Momien, Yunnan, J. Anderson. 5,000 ft., 6-68. [Types of Pteromys yunnanensis, Anderson.] Pteromys magnificus. Sciuropterus nitidus, apud Hodgson, P. Z. S„ p. 98 (1835), Pteromys magnificus, Hodgson J. A. S. B., v, p. 231 (1836) ; Is. Geoff. Si. Hil. Jacquemont Voyage, Zool. p. 65 ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M., ist ed., p. 22; Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 866; Horsfield Cat. E. I., Mus., p. 161 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 277 ; id. Cat., no. 294, p. 95 ; Jerdon Mamvi., p. 177; P. L. Sclater P. Z. S., 1872, p. 635, pi. 1 j Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 285. Sciuropterus nobilis, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., x., p. 263 (1842). Sciuropterus chrysothryx, Hodgson J. A. S. B., xiii, p. 67, with plate (1844). Pteromys nobilis. Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M., p. 22 (1846); Blytk j:.A.S. B., xvi, p. 866 ; Horsfield Cat. E. I., Mus. p. 160 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 277. Distribution. — Himalayas from Nepal to Sikkim ; has also been got on the Khasia hills. a. Skin b. Skin, skull c. Skin, juv. d. Skin e. Stuffed /. Stuffed g. Stuffed Nepal (Hodgson) Sikkim Cherrapoonjee, Assam Darjeeling Darjeeling India Mus., London. L. Mandeili. L. Mandeili. F. Skipwith, A.S.B. A. Campbell, A.S.B. Purchased, A.S.B. W. Earle (1848), A.S.B. Pteromys albiventer. Pteromys albiventer. Gray Illustr. Ind. Zool.,u, pl.xviii (1834) ; Gray P. Z. S., 1836, p. 88; id. Charlesw. Mag. N. H., i, 1837, p. 584 ; Wagner Hugel's Kaschmir, iv, p. 573 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 865 ; Horsfield Cat. E, I. Mus., p. 162; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 286, D 2 36 MAMMALIA. Pteromys inornatus, Is. Geoff. St. Hil. injacquemont Voyage, Zool., p. 62, pi. iv (1844); Wagner HzigeVs Kaschmir, iv, p. 573; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxviii, pp. 277, 287; id. Cat., no. 293, p. 95; Jerdnn Mamm., p. 176; Lydekker J. A. S. B., xlvi, p. 285 ; Blanford Yarkand Mammals, P-33- Distribution. — The North-west Himalayas from Ladak to Nepal, a. Skin, skull Ladak J. Biddulph. b. Skin Sonamarg, Kashmir, F. Stoliczka. 18-8-72. c. Skin, skull Kashmir J. E.T. Aichison. d-f. 3 Skins Purchased. g. Stuffed Simla J. N. Thomas (1845), A.S.B. h. Ale. Katmandu, Nepal Museum Collector (1871). Pteromys caniceps. Sciuropterus caniceps, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., x, p. 262 (1842) ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 866 ; id. J. A, S. B., xxviii, p. 278 ; id. Cat., no. 296, p. 96 ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 178. Pteromys caniceps, Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll.B. M., ist. ed., p. 21 ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 160 ; Anderson Anat, Zool. Res., p. 287. Sciuropterus senex, Hodgson Calc. Journ. N. H., iv, p. 293 (1844); id. J. A. S, B., xiii, p. 68, with plate. Distribution. — Himalayas from Gurwhal to Sikkim. a. Skin Landour, N. W. Hima- L. C. Stewart (1854), A.S.B. lay as. b-d. 3 Skins Sikkim L. Mandelli. e. Skin Gumphar, Darjeeling, J. Knight. 2,000 ft. /. Stuffed Darjeeling Mrs. Oakes (1842), A.S.B. Pteromys nitidus. Sciurus petaurista, Pallas Miscell. Zool., p. 56 (1766) [pt.]*. Pteromys nitidus, Desmarest N, Diet. Hist. Nat., xxvii, p. 403 (1818) ; Gray Illiistr. Ind, Zool., ii, pi. xvii ; Midler and Schlegel Tern. Ver- handl., pp. 107, II2; Is. Geoff. St. Hil. Jacquemont Voyage, Zool., p. 65; Cantor, J. A. S. B., xv, p. 252; Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p 866 ; Brandt Mem. Acad. St. Peters. (6), vii, p. 298* ; Plorsfield Cat.E. I. Mus., p. 162 ; Blyth J. A. S, B., xxxviii, p. 277 ; id. Cat., no. 295, p. 96 ; Zelebor Saugeth. Novara, p. 25; Anderson Aizat. Zool. Pes., p. 290; Thomas P. Z. 5., 1886, p. 73 ; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., xi, p. 26 ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1889, p. 230. Pteromys melanotis, Gray P. Z. S., p. 88 (1836) ; id. Charlesw. Mag. N. H,, i., p. 584; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 162; Blyth J.A.S. B., xxviii, p, 277; Anderson Anat. Zool., Res., p. 292. Pteromys melanopsis, Motley and Dillwyn Contrib. Nat. Hist. Labuan, p. 2, (1855). Pteromys grandis, Swinhoe P. Z. S., p. 358, pi. xlv(l862); id. P. Z. S., 1870, p. 634. Distribution. — The Malay peninsula from Klang in Selangore SCIUROPTERUS. 37 southwards, the islands of Sumatra, Java and Borneo, also Siam and Formosa. a-b. 2 Skins Siam [Finlayson] India Mus., London, c. Stuffed Malacca Rev. F. Lindstedt (1845), A.S.B. (^. Stuffed juv. „ Rev, F. Lindstedt (1845), A.S.B. f. Stuffed W. Rutledge (1872). Genus SCIUROPTERUS. Sciuropterus, F. Cuvier Mem. Mus, Paris, x, p. 116 (1823). iLey of the Indian Species. a. Larger forms, length without tail more than 7" 5 inches. b. Pale grayish above ; outer edge of hind-foot provided with a thick brush of hairs extending from the tarsal joint to the base of the 5th toe ; skull long and narrow, 1-95 inches long by 1*55 inches broad . S. fimbriatus, p. 37- b'^. Rather darker above ; no brush to the hind-feet, which are much smaller than in S. fimbriatus ; skull smaller and broader, 1*45 inches long by i"i5 inches broad. S. alboniger, p. 38. b^. Grayish above, with black tufts of hair at the base of the posterior margin and the external surface of the upper angle of the ear ; teeth ridged. S. fuscocapillus, p. 39. b*. Above rufus ; tail short, 5 inches ; ears with tufts of long hair at the anterior and po'sterior angles of the ear-conch ; tail rather bushy. . . . S. pearsoni, p. 38. b^. Resembling the last in size, but of a lighter grayish colour, with markedly distichous tail and no ear tufts. S. sagitta, p. 39- a^. Much smaller, about 5 1 inches long with tail ; above rufus; tail above brown, below at base rufous. S. spadaceus, p. 40. Sciuropterus fimbriatus. Sciuropterus fimbriatus, Grav Charlesiv. Mag. N. H., \, p. 584 (1837) ; \d.P.Z.S., 1837, p. 67; Blyth J. A.S. B.,-x.v\,^. 866; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus.f p. 163 ; Blyih J. A. S.B., xxviii, p. 278; id. Cat., no. 298, p. 96; Jerdon Mamm., p. 178 ; Scully P. Z, S., 1881, p. 204; id. Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), viii, p. 98 . Pteromys leachii, Gray P. Z. S., p. 88 (1836) ; id, Charlesw. Mag. N. H., i, p. 584. Pteromys fimbriatus, Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 296 (1878). Distrihutiojt. — Nor(h-west Himalayas from Gilgit to Kumaon. 38 MAMMALIA. a. Skin, skull Chitral, 5,000 ft. G. M. Giles. juv. I. Skin $ Nultar valley, Gilgit, J. Scully. I-8-79. c. Skin, skull ^ Nultar valley, Gilgit, ]. Scully. juv. 5-8-79- d. Skin, skull $ Chaprot, Gilgit, 30-7-79 J.Scully. e. Skin Gilgit, 6,000 ft., 6-&-8o J.Scully. /. Skin Ladak J. Biddulph. g. Skin Kashmir ] . E. T. Aichison. h. Skin nr. Simla L. C. Stewart (1854), A.S.B, Sciuropterus alboniger. Sciuropterus alboniger, Hodgson J. A.S. B., v, p. 231 (1836) ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., ist ed., p. 22; Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 866; HorS' field Cat. E, I. Mus., p. 163 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 278 ; id. Cat., no. 302, p. 97; Jerdon Manim., p. 179; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 298; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 59. Sciuropterus tumbulli, Gray P. Z. S., p. 68 (1837); \d. Charlesw. Mag, N. H., i, p. 584. DistrihuHon. — Himalayas, Nepal to Bhootan, Assam, Yunnan and Cambodia. a. Skin. Darjeeling Mrs. Oakes (1842) A.S.B. b. Skin, skele- Garo hills H. L. Haughton (1867). ton and visce- ra in ale. c. Skin. Cachar hills Museum Collector. d-e. 2 Skins Momien, Yunnan, 6-68 J. Anderson (1870). g-h, 2 Skins $ ? W. Rutledge. j. Stuffed Darjeeling • I. Grace (1 853) A.S.B. • k. Skull Naga hills A. W. Chennell. /. Skin Shillong T. la Touche. Sciuropterus pearsoni. Sciuropterus pearsonii. Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., x, p. 263 (1842) ; Thomas P. Z. S. 1886, p. 60. Pteromys sagitta, apud Walker, Cal. Journ N. H., iii, p. 266 (1843). Pteromys (Sciuropterus) setosus, Temminck and Schlegel Faun. Japan. Mamm., p. 49 (1847). Sciuropterus villosus, Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 866 (1847) ; • W. Rutledge [P.] ton. d-e. 2 Skins, $ W. Rutledge. 2 skulls. f-j. 4 Skins, $ W. Rutledge. 4 skulls. k. Stuffed G, A. Bushby(i848)i /. Skeleton $ W. Rutledge. m. Skeleton Darjeeling Mrs. Turnbull. n. Skin,skele- ? Zoological Gardens. ton. 0. Ale. ? W. Rutledge. />. Skeleton $ W. Rutledge. A.S.B. ARCTOMYS. 43 Arctomys caudatus. Arctomys caudatus, Is. Geoff. St. Nil. Jacquemont Voyage, Zool., p. 66, pi. V (1844) ; Wagner Hugel's Kaschmir, iv, p. 573; Blanford J. A. S. ^., xliv, p. 122; id. Yarkand Manifn., p. 37, pis. xiii, xiiia ; Lydekker J. A. S. B., xlix, p. 7 ; Scully P. Z. S., 1881, p. 204; id. Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), viii, p. 98. Arctomys bobac, apud Adams, P. Z. S., p. 521 (1858) ; Blyth Cat, no. 348, p. 108; Jerdon Mamm., p. 182. Arctomys tibetana, apitd Falconer Palceont. Memoirs, i, p. 583 (1868). Arctomys hemachelana, apud Anderson, P. Z S , p. 561 {1871). The Red Marmot ; Drowne or Dritn of Kashmir ; Pya of Ladak, Distribution. — The north-western parts of Kashmir in the Deosai. Dras, and Astor districts. a. Skin, skull ? Matayon, Zogi-la Pass, G. Henderson. f nr. Dras, Kashmir, 20-6-70. b. Skin, skull ? Donkun, Astor distr., J. Scully. Kashmir, 11,000 ft., 20-5-80. c. Skin juv. Deosai plain, N. W. J. Scully. Kashmir, 12,000 ft. 7-80. [J. Biddulph.] d-h. 5 Skins Kashmir J. E. T. Aitchison. j. Skin T. C. Jerdon. k. Skull T. Brownlow, A. S. B. Arctomys aureus. Arctomys aureus, Blanford J. A. S. B., xliv, pp. 106, 123 ; id. Yarkand Mamm., p. 33, pis. xi, xifl. ? ArctoxDys ca.udsit\is, apud Severizoff Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xviii, p. 50 (1876). Distribution. — The Pamir and country between the Pamir and Yarkand. a. Skin, skull Kaskasu Pass, between F. Stoliczka. Pamir and Yarkand, 13,000 ft., 15-5-74- [Type of A. aureus, Blanford.] b-c. 2 Skins Kaskasu Pass, between F. Stoliczka. Pamir and Yarkand, 13,000 ft., I5-S-74- d. Skin, skull Little Pamir, 13,000 ii., G. M. Giles. 5-86. e-f, 2 Skulls Kaskasu Pass. F, Stoliczka. Arctomys dichrous. derson Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), 579, pi. xxxi ; Blanford Ya; t See Henderson and Hume, Lahoie to Yarkand, p, 83, Arctomys dichrous, Anderson Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xvi, p. 283 (1875) ; id. J. Linn. Soc, xii, p. 579, pi. xxxi ; Blanford Yarkand Mammals, p. 36 ; 44 MAMMALIA. Buchner Wiss. Result. Przewalski Reisen Rodentia, p. 40, pis. iii, iv, figs. 11-14. Arctomys baibacina, apud Severtzoff Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xviii, p. 50 (1876). Distribution. — Hills north of Kabul (Anderson), Thian Shan (Severtzoff) and the Juldus valley (Przewalski). a. ? Skull Afghanistan. Sir A. Burns, A.S.B. b-c. 2 Skulls juv. Kabul ? J. Anderson. Arctomys marmota. Mus marmota, LinncBus Syst. Nat., i2th ed., i, p. 81 (1766). Arctomys \-Qzrmo\.2i, Schreber Sdugetk., iv, p. ^22 {ijg2) ; Blasius Saugeth. Deiitsch., p. 280. Marmota aipina, Blumenbach Handb, Naturges., I2th ed., p. 70 (1830). Distribution. — The higher regions of the Alps, Pyrennees and Carpathians. a. Stuffed ..,,... Mrs. Turnbull (1867). Arctomys monax. Mus monax, LinncBus Syst. Nat., i2th ed., i, p. 81 (1766). Arctomys monax, Schreber Saugeth., iv, p. 737 (1792) ; Allen Monographs N. Amer. Rodents, p. gii. Arctomys empetra, Sabine Linn. Trans., xiii, p. 584 (1822). Distribution. — North America from Hudson's Bay to the Caro- linas and from the Atlantic to Minnesota. O'b. 2 Skins Ontario, Canada J. H Garnier [Ex.] c. Skin, skull ? W. Rutledge. Genus CASTOR. Castor, LinncBus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 78 (1766), Castor fiber. Castor fiber, Linnesus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. y8 (ij66) ; Allen Mono- graphs N. Amer. Rodents, p. 433. Castor canadensis, R'uhl Beitr. Zool.,p. 64 (1820). Castor americanus, Richardson Back's Arctic Exped., p. 494 (1836)*. Castor europseus, Owen Brit. Foss, Mamm., p. igo (1846) ; Blyth Cat,, no. 404, p. 123. The Beaver. Distribution. — Europe, Siberia and North America, though now extinct in the greater part of Europe and also in the Eastern States of North America, a. Stuffed Norway. Christiania University (1844), A. S. B. / HYDROMYS. 45 Genus MYOXUS. Myoxus, Schreber Saugeth., iv, p. 824 (1792). Myoxus pictus. Myoxus p'lctus, Blanford Ann. Mag, N. H. (4) xvi, p. 311 (1875); id. Persia, p. 51, pi. iv, fig. 2. Dislribution. — Persia north of Ispahan. a. Ale. $ Kohrud, N. of Ispahan, W. T. Blanford. 7,000 ft. [Co-type of M. pictus, Blanford.] Myoxus glis. Sciurus glis, Linnceus Syst. Nat., i2th ed., i, p. 87 (1766). Mus glis, Pallas Nov. Sp. Quad, e Glir., p. 88 (1778). Myoxus glis, Zimmerman Geogr. Geschichte., ii, p. 351 (1780) ; Blasius Saugeth Deutsch, p. 292; Blyth Cat., no. 350, p. 109. Glis esculentus, Blumenbach Handb. Naturges,, 12th ed., p. 67 (1830). Distribution. — Central and Southern Europe. a. Stuffed. France A. Malherbe (1854), A.S.B. Genus MUSCARDINUS. Muscardinus, Kaup Entw. Eiirop. Thierw., p. 139 (1829)*. Muscardinus avellanarius. Mus avellanarius, Linnceus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 83 (1766). Myoxus muscardinus, Schreber Saugeth, iv, p. 835 (1792). Myoxus avellanarius, Desmarest Mamm., p. 295 (1820) ; Blasius Saugeth. Deutsch., p. 297 ; Blyth Cat., no. 351, p. 109. Muscardinus avellanarius, Kaup Entw. Europ. Thierw,, p. 139 (1829)*. ■ Distribution. — The whole of Europe, including the British Islands. «-6. 2 Stuffed. England. A. D. Bartlett (1843), A.S.B. c-e. 3 Ale. ^ 9 2 ., A. D. BartleLt (1865). Genus HYDROMYS. Hydromys, Et, Geoff. St. Hil. Ann. Mus., Paris, vi, p. 81 (1805). Hydromys chrysogaster. Hydromys chrysogaster, £^. Geoff. St. Hil. Ann. Mus., Paris, vi, p. 81, pi. xxxvi (1805) ; Gould Mamm. Austr,, ui, pi. xxiv ; Blyth Cat., no. 398, p. 121 ; Collett. Zool. J. B., ii, p. 841. 46 MAMMALIA. Z)/j//-/(5«/w«.— Queensland, New South Wales and Tasmania. a. Stuffed. Tasmania. C. G. T. Lloyd (i860), A.S.B. Hydromys fulvolavatus. Hydromys fulvolavatus, Gould Manim. Ausir,, iii, pi. xxv (1863). Hydromys leucogaster, apud Blyih, Cat., no. 399, p. 122 (1863). Distribution. — Southern and South-eastern Australia. a-b. 2 Stuffed Port Philip, Melbourne Mr. Benson (1849), A.S.B. c-d 2 Skins South Australia Adelaide Mus. [Ex.] e. Skin Australia Adelaide Mus. [Ex.] Hydromys leucogaster. Hydromys leucogaster, Et. Geoff. Si. Hil, Ann. Mus., Paris, vi, p. 81, pi. xxxvi (1805) ; Gould Mamm. Austr., iii, pi. xxvi. Distrihuiion. — Australia, New South Wales, and Queensland. a. Ale. Queensland Brisbane Mus. [Ex.] Genus PLATACANTHOMYS. Platacanthomys, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 288 (1859). Type, P.lasi- urus. Platacanthomys lasiurus. Platacanthomys lasiurus, Blyth J. A, S. B., xxviii, p. 289 (1859) ; id. Cat,, no. 349, p. 109; Peters P. Z. S., 1865, p. 397, pi. xx ; Jerdon Mamm, p. 210. Distribution. — South Malabar and Travancore. a~m. 12 Skins Travancore Rev. H. Baker (1870). «-?. 4 Stuffed South Malabar Rev. H. Baker, (1859) A.S.B. r. Skeleton Travancore Rev. H. Baker. mtd. 5. Skeleton „ Rev. H. Baker, impf. t-u. 2 Ale. 2 skulls ,, Rev. H. Baker. T-fl^ 6 Ale. $ $ Trevandrum H, S. Ferguson, and 4 juv. Genus GERBILLUS. Gerbillus, Desmaresi N. Diet. d'Hisl. Nat., 1st ed., xxiv, p. 22 (1804)*. Meriones, Illiger. Prodr., p. 82 (1811). Rhorabomys, Wagner Schreber Sixugeth. Stippl., iii, p. 485 (1843). Psammomys, Cretschmar RiippelVs Atlas, p. 56 (1826). Type, G. obesus. GERBILLUS. 47 Key of the Indian species, a. Larger, head and body 5 to 7 inches in length. b. With large ears ; tail dark banded above and below ; above rufous brown, below white; feet naked below; outer wall of the antorbital foramen rounded and projecting in frotit ; bullce moderate G. indicus, p. 47. b? Ears moderate; tall dark banded above, light below; feet thickly haired anteriorly ; outer wall of antorbital foramen perpendicular ; bullae much inflated. G. erythrurus, p. 49. b? Ears very small ; tail concolorous with the body, with a dusky terminal pencil; above sandy yellow, below lighter, but not white ; feet anteriorly haired, posteriorly naked ; bullae moderate. . . . G. hurrianae, p. 50. 0.2 Smaller, head and body 3 to 4 inches in length. c. Tail without hair, more than i| times head and body. d. Proximal half of the sole naked ; six dinctinct planta pads. . . . . . G. nanus, p. 51. d?' Sole hairy throughout ; no distinct pads. G. gleadowi, p. 52. c? Tail without hair, shorter than the head and body. G. swinhoei, p. 52. Gerbillus indicus. Dipus indicus, Hardwicke Linn. Trans., viii, p. 279, pi. vii (1804). Gerbillus indicus, Desmarest N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xiii, p. 109 (1817); Elliot Madras Journ, x, p. 211 ; F. Cuvier Trans. Zool. Soc, ii, p. 143, pi. XXV, figs. 15-19; Hutton and Blytk J. A. S. B., xv, p. 137; id. J. A. S. B., XX, p. 167 ; id. y. A. S, B., xxi, p. 350 ; Horsfield Cat. Mamm. E. I, Mus., p. 150 ; Ke/aart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 6g; Blytk y^. A. S.B., xxxii, p. 327; Adams P. Z. S., 1858, p. 520 ; Blytk Cat,, no. 353, p. i lo ; Jerdon Mamm. p. 185; Blanford Persia, p. Q^- Gerbillus cuvieri, Waterhouse P. Z. S., p. 56(1838); Hutton and Blyth y. A. S. B., XV, p. 139. Gerbillus hardwickii, Gray List Mamm. B, M., p. 132 (1843). Distribution. — Found throughout India from the Himalayas southward, including Ceylon, in sandy and dry places ; extending eastwards as far as Lower Bengal only and westwards to Baluchistan (Blanford). The southern form is distinguishable as a well marked geogra- phical race, which was described by Waterhouse in 1838 as G, cuvieri; it is distinguished from G. indicus by its longer tail, 48 MAMMALIA. its longer tarsus, and by the colour of the tarsus, which is blackish ; the differences of the tarsus and tail of the two races are shown in the accompanying measurements. It is not easy to separate the synonymy of the two races, as the southern variety has been almost entirely overlooked hitherto; this was in consequence of the fact that Blyth's specimens from Midnapur, which he naturally considered be- longed to the northern race, were really more nearly allied to the southern race. As will be seen by the accompanying table, the varie- ties run into one another in the Centra Provinces. Lettering of specimen. Tarsus. Tail with hairs. Body and head. ( t. Allahabad . i-o; 6-8o 6-0 Northern \ race var. < M. Berhampore no 6-75 6-5 typicus. / ( p. Baluchistan 1-05 6-So 575 Southern C 00. Columbo . 1-25 8-30 6-25 race var. < cuvieri. (. dd. Poona 1-25 8-50 6*50 Inter- C z. Goona 1-07 7-20 6-0 mediate. 1 bb. Banda r2o 7-10 6'50 Var A. a-b. 2 Skins c-d. e-g. 3 h-l. 4 Skins, 2 skulls. Skins, I skull. Skins juv. O-q. Skin Skin 3 Ale Ale. i$2 •w-x. y- z. a'-b? c'-d? e? f\ Ale. juv. $ Ale. $ Ale. I skull $ Skeleton mtd. 2 Skulls Skull typicus. Balu- SkuU 2 Ale. 2 Ale. Ale. Ale. Ale. juv. $ ? juv. I'b.i Skins, 2 skulls. Pishin, Persian chistan, 10-2-72. Agra district Maunbhoom >, 12-64 Berhampore Pishin, Baluchistan, joof^et. Rajanpur, Punjab Cutch Allahabad Berhampore, Bengal Berhampore Berhampore Pishin, Baluchistan Sitapur, Oude Gulistan, Afghanistan Kirta Beebeenanee, Beluch Var B. — cuvieri. Nilgiris, Madras W. T. Blanford. Agra Museum. Mus. Collector (i865). Mus. Collector (1866). R. C. Beavan. W. Theobald, A.S.B. W. T. Blanford. E. Saunders. F. Stoliczka J. Cockburn (1872). W. Theobald, A.S.B. W. Theobald, A.S.B. A.S.B. A.SB. W. T. Blanford. A. Barclay. A. Barclay. J. A. Murray. ]. A. Murray. J. A. Murray. R. H. Bcddomc, GERBILLUS. 49 c-d. 2 Skins, Trichiiiopoly, Madras R. H. Beddome. 2 skulls juv. e-f. 2 Ale. Goona, C. I. A. Barclay. g. Ale. $ Banda dist., N.-W.P, J. Cockburn. h. Ale. juv. Karachi? Karachi Mas. k. 2 Ale. $ $ Poona G. W. Vidal. f-o. 4 Ale. juv. $ Codur Hills, Madras R. H. Beddome. p-q. 2 Ale. juv. $ Madras G. Bidie. r-s. 2 Ale. Madras? Madras Mus. i-w. 4 Skulls $ Columbo J. Anderson (1872). 3 juv. x-b^. 5 Stuffed Midnapore Jungles E. Blyth A.S.B. c^. Stuffed Midnapore Dr. Young (1848)) A.S.B. d^-e^. 2 Stuffed South India. Sir W. Elliot (1843) A.S.B. /-ir'. 2 Stuffed Ceylon E. L. Layard (1858) A.S.B. h"^. Skull Columbo J. Anderson (1872). Gerbillus persicus. Gerbillus persicus, Blanford Ann. Mag. N.N. (4), xvi, p. 312 (1875); id. Persia, p. 66, pi. vii, fig. i. Distrihution. — Persian plateau north and south. This species is allied to G. indicus ; it is distinguished by its dusky greenish soles, the absence of the dark line below the tail, and by its skull. In G. indicus the part of the skull above the foramen magnum when viewed from behind exceeds in height the vertical extent of the foramen magnum itself ; in G. persicus the re- verse holds good. The specimen "c" in the hst below has a hairy tarsus and is doubtfully referred to G, persicus. 0. Ale. skull Kohrud, N. of Ispahan W. T. Blanford. [Type of the G. persicus, Blanford.] h. Ale. juv. Karman, S. Persia W. T. Blanford. c. Ale. skull juv. „ ,, ,, W. T, Blanford. Gerbillus erythrurus. Gerbillus erythrourus, Gray Ann, Mag, N. H., x, p. 266 (1842) ; Hutton y. A. S. B., XV, p. 139; Horsfield Cat. E. 1. Mus., p. 150; Blanford Persia, p. 70 ; Danford and Alston, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 60. Gerbillus sp., Scully J. A. S. B., Ivi, p. 71 (1887). Distrihution. — Afghan Turkistan and Afghanistan proper ex- tending south to Kandahar and west to South Persia. There seems to be no reason why the Balkh Gerbille should not be referred to G. erythrurus ; the skin agrees very well with those of this species in the Museum and the skull has the same extraordinarily inflated tympanic bulla so characteristic of G. erythrurus, and also resembles it in other respects. Skin and skull $ Shiraz, 4,720 ft. Sir O. St. John. Skin Afghanistan (Griffiths) India Mus., London. E 50. MAMMALIA. c. Skin, skull $ Balkh, Afghan Turkes- C. E. Yate. tan, 4-7-86. d-e. 2 Stuffed, 1 Shiraz, 4,720 ft. Sir O. St. John. skull. /■g. 2 Ale. $ Muskaff, Beluchistau J. A. Murray. Gerbillus meridianus. Mus meridianus, Pallas Reise, ii, p. 702 (1773)*. Mus longipes, Pallas Nov. Sp. Quad, e Clir., pp. 88, 314, pi. xviiiB (1778). Dipus longipes, Schreber Sdugeth., iv, p. 856 (1792). Dipus meridianus, Pallas Zoogr. Ross. As., p. 182 (1831). Meriones meridianus, Lichtenstein in Evers. Reise nach Buchara, p. 122 (1823); Radde Zool. J. B., iv, p. 1047. Rhombomys meridianus, Wagner Schreb. Sdugeth. Suppl., iii, p. 492 (1843). Meriones i\i\\ns, Eversmann Bull. Nat. Mosc, xxi, pt. l, p. 195 (1848). Gerbillus brevicaudatus, apud A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5), vii, p. 377 (1867). Gerbillus psammophiius, Milne Edwards Rech. Mavim., p. 144, pi. xa, fig. I, pi. xi, figs. 3, 4 (1868). Gerbillus cryptorhinus, Blanford J. A. S. B., xliv, p. 108 (1875); id. Yarkand Mamin., p. 56, pis. x, XB, fig. 5. Gerbillus meridianus, Biichner Wiss. Result, Przewalski Reisen Rodentia, p. 57 (1889). Disfribulion. — The whole desert region of Central Asia from the north of Pekin to Yarkand ; also the country round the Cas- pian sea. The above synonymy is copied from Buchner's account of Przewalski's Mammals; Biichner believes that the curious semi-circu- lar flap over the nose which was the character chiefly relied on by Blanford in distinguishing the Yarkand species, G. cryptorhinus, is purely artificial and can be easily produced by immersing the fresh animal in alcohol (cf. Lataste Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xxxix, p. 267, 1885) ; he therefore identifies G. cryptorhinus with M. meridianus of Pallas. a. Skin Kargalik, Yarkand F. Stoliczka. [Type of G. cryptorhinus, Blanford.] b-e. 4 Skins, 2 skulls Kargalik, Yarkand, F. Stoliczka. S-ii-73- /. Skin Yarkand, 20-5-74 F- Stoliczka. g-j. 3 Skins Yangihissar, Yarkand, F, Stoliczka. 4-74- k. Skin Yarkand F. Stoliczka. I. Ale. skull Yarkand F. Stoliczka. [Co-type of G. cryptorhinus, Blanford]. rtt-n. 2 Ale. Turkestan C. Ellis. Gerbillus hurrianse. Gerbillus hurrianae, Jcrdon Mamm., p. 186 (1867) ; Blanfora Persia, p, 68; Murray Zool. Sind, p. 43. Gerbillus erythrourus, apud Jcrdon Mamm., p. 185 (1867). GERBILLUS. ' 5I Distribution. — Afghanistan and Baluchistan, extending east- wards into Sind and the Punjab as far as Agra. a. Skin Afghanistan (Griffith) India Mus,. London. b. Skin ? Dasht, Baluchistan, W. T. Blanford. 301-72. c-rf. 2 Skins 5 Bahu Kalat, Baluchistan, W. T. Blanford, 2-2-72. e-f. 2 Skins N. W. of Sehwan, Sind, W. T. Blanford. 14-2-75- g. Skin Hissar dist., Punjab T. C. Jerdon. h'j. 2 Skins Agra dist, N.-W. P. Agra Mus. k-l. 2 Ale. I skull Dasht R., Baluchistan W. T. Blanford. $ ? m. Ale. skull $ ,, „ „ W. T. Blanford. n. Ale. $ Pishin, Baluchistan W. T. Blanford. o-q. 3 Ale., ? Karachi Karachi Museum. I skull. rs. 2 Ale. $ ,, Karachi Museum. I skull. t-u, 2 Ale. $2 n Karachi Museum. v-y. 4 Ale. $ $ Khirabad nr. Attock, A. Barclay. 2 juv, Punj. z. Stuffed Agra dist. A. C. Carllyle (1870). ^i'^. Stuffed juv. „ „ Agra Mus. (1870). b'K Skeleton $ Sind W. T. Blanford. c^-e-. 3jAle.i skull Thar and Parkar district, J.A.Murray. Sind. ff^. Skin Beebeenanee, Baluch. J A. Murray. g'^. Ale. $ Sibi J. A. Murray. h'^-j'^. 2 Ale. Thar and Parkar dist., J. A. Murray. Sind. k'^-P. 2 Ale. $ i Sibi J. A. Murray. vi^. Ale. $ Beebeenanee J. A. Murray, n'^-p^. 3 Aic. Jeysulmere, Rajpt., N. Belletty. 23-2-90, Gerbillus nanus. Dipus gerbillus, Blanford Abyssinia, p. 284 (1870). Gerbillus nanus, Blanford Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xvi, p. 312 (1875) ; id. Persia, p. 72, pi. V, fig. i. Distribution. — Baluchistan and Abyssinia. Mr. Thomas has kindly examined the .Abyssinian specimens named by Blanford, Dipus gerbillus Oliv., and has pronounced them indistinguishable from Gerbillus nanus of Persia also dis- covered and named by Blanford. a. Ale, skull Saman, Dasht, Baluchis- W. T. Blanford. tan. [Type of G. nanus, Blanford.] h-e. 4 Ale, & skulls ZouUa, Annesley Bay, W, T. Blanford. 2^2? Abyssinia. E 2 52 MAMMALIA. /•g. 2 Skins $ Zoulla, Annesley Bay, W. T. Blanford. Abyssinia h. Ale. $ Gulistan, Afghanistan J. A. Murray. j. Ale. ? Muskaff, Baluchistan J. A. Murray. Gerbillus gleadowi. Gerbillus gleadowi, Murray Ann. Mag. N. H. (5) xvii, p. 246 (1886). Distrihtition, — Sind and Rajputana. The first examples of this species were collected in the Rohri District of Upper Sind ; the species appears to be closely allied to G. nanus from which it differs chiefly in having hairy instead of naked palms and soles. a-h. 2 Ale. Rajputana N. Belletty. Gerbillus swinhoei. Gerbillus swinhoei, Scully Ann. Mag. N. H. (5) viii, p. 228 (1881). Distribution. — Afghanistan, between Kandahar and the Khojak Pass. This species resembles G. nanus of Blanford ; it seems however to be distinguished by its tail, which is much shorter, 3*1 inch, instead of 4*5 as in G. nanus, and by possessing a black pencil which is not present in the other species. [No specimens in the Museum.] Gerbillus pyramidarum. Dipus pyramidarum, Et. Geoff. St. Hil. Cat. Mamm. Mus. Paris, p. 202 (1803)*. Gerbillus pyramidarum, F. Cuvier Trans. Zool. Soc, ii, p. 141, pi, xxv, fig. 6-9 (1841) ; Lataste Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux (4) ix, p. 260. Distribution. — Egypt. a. Ale, skull ? Heluan, Egypt Purchased. b. Ale. juv. „ „ Purchased. Gerbillus obesus. Psammomys obesus, Cretzschmar, RUppell's Atlas, p. 58, pis. xxii, xxiii, (1826) ; Blyth Cat. no. 355, p. ill. Gerbillus robustus, Loche Cat. Mamm. Ois. Alg., sp. 57 (1858)*. Gerbillus savii, Loche Expl. so. de VAlg. Mamm., sp. 62 (1867)*. Gerbillus elegans, Heuglin Reise N. O. Afrika, ii, p. 80(1877)*. Psammomys rouderei, Lataste, Le Nat., p. 49a (i88i). Meriones obesus, Lataste Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux {Ji) ix, p. 269 (1885), Distribution. — North Africa, from Algeria to Egypt and possibly southwards to Senaar and Senegal. a, Stuffed Egypt E. Ruppell, A.S.B. NESOKIA. 53 Genus ISOMYS. Isomys, Sundeval Kongl, Vetens. Akad. Handl, (1842)*. Isomys variegatus. Mus variegatus, Is. Geoff. St. Hil. De scrip, Egypt Nat. Hist. (1813)* Schinz Synop. Mamtn., ii, p. 157. Isomys variegatus, Sundeval Kongl. Vetens. Akad. Handl. (1842)*. Distribution. — North-East Africa. o. Ale. ^ Cairo, Egypt Purchased, Genus NESOKIA. Nesokia, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., x, p. 265 {1842) ; ■ Type, N. hardwickii, Spalacomys, Peters Abhand. Akad. Berlin, p. 139 (i860). Type, N. hard- wickii. The genus was first put into its present form by Anderson (J. A. S. B., xlvii, p. 214), the number of species, however, re- cognised by Anderson were subsequently considerably reduced by Thomas (P. Z. S., 1881, p. 521), and it is the latter author who has been followed in compiling this catalogue. Synopsis of Indian species. a. Anterior palatine foramen shorter than the molar series ; mammae, 8; tail, about equal to body without head; head and body, 6 to 7 inches long. N. hardwickii, p. 53. a^. Anterior palatine foramen equal to the molar series and con- siderably narrowed posteriorly; mammas, 14-18; head and body 7 to 8 inches long. . N. bengalensis, p. 55. a^. Anterior palatine foramen as in N. bengalensis, but rather more open behind ; mammae, 12. b. Head and body about 12 inches; back with long harsh black piles. . . . N. bandicota, p. 57. ^. Head and body 9 to 11 inches; black piles not so numer- ous or conspicuous. . . N. nemori vagus, p. 58. Nesokia hardwickii. Arvicola indica, Gray Illustr. Ind.Zool., i, pi. xi (1832) \_nec Mus indicus Beck.'] Mus hardwickii, Gray Charlesw. Mag. N. H.^ i, p. 585 (1837) ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxiv, p. 193. Nesokia hardwickii, Gray Ann. Mag. N, H., x, p. 265 (1842) ; Jerdon Mamm., p, 190 ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 56; Radde Zool., J. B„ iv, p. 103s. 54 MAMMALIA. Mus huttoni, Blyth J. A. S. B., xv, p. 139 (1846). Nesokia griffithii, Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mies., p. 145 ('85O ; Blyth y. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 332. Nesokia huttoni, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 332 (1863) ; Blanford Persia, p. 59, pi. vi, fig. 1. Spaiacomys indica, Peters Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, p. 143, pi. ii, fig. i, [skull] (i860). Mus (Nesokia) hardvvickii, Anderson J. A. S. B., xlvii, p. 221 (1878) ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1881, p. 524 ; Murray Zool. Sind, p, 44. Mus (Nesokia) huttoni, Anderson J. A. S. B., xlvii, p. 223 (1878). Dislrihution. — The north-western part of India, extending west- wards through Sind to Baluchistan, Afghanistan and Transcaspia, and eastwards as far as Purneah in Bengal. An examination of the examples of this species in the Indian Museum shows that it is not possible to separate the two so-called species Nesokia hardwickii and Nesokia huttoni even as geogra- phical races ; of the specimens in the Museum from Sind, some have the soft fur of the typical N. huttoni form, some the harsh fur of N. hardwickii ; it is perhaps possible that this character may be due to the season, and that the animal acquires the soft woolly fur in the winter and the harsh fur in the summer ; in the localities where this species is found, the extremes of heat and cold are very great, and this would perhaps favour this suggestion. a. Skin, skull Fatehgarh, N.-W. P. A. Anderson, 1872. i-d. 3 Skins, Sitapur, Oudh A.Barclay. 2 sWulls* e. Ale, skull" $ Shahbandar, Sind, W. T. Blanford. 3-5-76- /. Ale, skull ? Khipra, Thar dist., Sind. W. T. Blanford. g-j. 3 Ale. $ Karachi Karachi Mus. [Ex.] A-«. II Ale, 7 skulls p'atehgarh, N.-W. P. A. Anderson, 1872. I ^ 10 ? V. Ale, skull $ Purneah, Bengal J. Anderson. TO. Ale $ Karachi Karachi Mus. X. Skin, skull $ Kalagan, Baluchistan, W. T. Blanford. 12-1-72. y. Skin, skull Umballa, Pjb. R. C. Tytler. z. Stuffed, skull Umballa, Pjb. R. C. Tytler. (^•d''-.\ Ale, I skull Dakka, Afghan A. Barclay. $ $%9. e-. Ale ? Thai, Kurram Valley, A. Barclay. Afghan. /2. Ale $ Hassan Abdal, Rawal- A. Barclay. pindi, Pjb. g^. AIc. $ Quetta Sir O. St. John. h^-rt^. 5 Ale i skull Kalagan, Baluchistan W. T. Blanford. 3^2 ? juv. Nesokia scullyi. Nesokia scullyi, Wood Mason, P. A. S. B., p. 80 (1876) ; Anderson y. A. S.B., xlvii, p. 224 ; Blanford Yarkand Mammals., p 49, pi. viiia, and xa, fig. 2, NESOKIA. ee t Nesokia brachyura, Buchner Result. Wiss. Przewahki Reisen, Rodentia . p. 82, pis. X, xi, fig. 1-9 (1889). Bt's/n'iu/wn.— Has been found hitherto only in Kashgaria, at Sanju to the south of Yarkand. This species is distinguished from Nesokia hardwickii only by its much longer hind-foot and its somewhat larger skull ; another species has been recently described by Buchner (see above) as Nesokia brachyura ; it is distinguished from N. scullyi and N. hardwickii by its size, its very short tail and its small hind-foot, notwithstanding this it is very possible that they would be found to be the same species on comparison of the types. a. Skin, skull ^ Sanju, E. Turkestan, J. Scully. 1 1 •8-75- [Type of N. scullyi, Wood Mason.] b-c. 2 Skins E. Turkestan C. Ellis. Nesokia bengalensis. Var. A. — typicus. Arvicola bengalensis, Gray lUustr. Ind. ZooL, ii, pL xxi (1833-4). Mus daccaensis, Tytler Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xiv, p. 173 (1854). Mus tarayensis, Horsfield Ann. Mag., N. H. (2), xvi, p. 112 (1855) ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 2nd ed., p. 10. Mus plurimammis, Horsfield Ann. Mag., N. H. (2), xvi, p. 1 12 (1855) ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll.y 2nd ed., p. 10 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxiv, p. 193 ; Jerdon Marnm., p. 196. Mus morungensis, Horsfield Ann. Mag., N. H. (2), xvi, p. 112 (1855) • Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 2nd ed., p, 10. lieso\i\2i mAxcd,, apud Blyth J . A. S. B., xxxii, p. 328 (1863); Blyth Cat. no. 360, p. 112; Jerdon Mamm., p. 187 ; Theobald P. A. S. B., 1866, p. 240; Swinhoe P. Z. S., 1870, p. 635; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 38. Mus (Nesokia), biythianus, Anderson J. A. S. S., xlvii, p. 227, pi, xiii, figs a-d (1878). Mus (Nesokia), barclayanus Anderson J. A. S. B., xlvii, p. 229, pi, xiii, figs. i-1 (1878) ; Stanford Yarkand Mamm., p. 46, pi. xa, fig. 1. Mus (Nesokia) bengalensis, Thomas P. Z. S., p. 526 (1881) ; Murray Zool. Sind, p. 44 ; Anderson Journ. Linn. Soc., xxi, p. 341. Var. B,—kok. Mus kok. Gray Chariest. Mag. N. H., i, p. 585 (1837) Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 66. Mus (Neotoma) providens, Elliot Madr. Journ., x, p. 209 (1839). Mus dubius, Kelaart Journ. Ceylon As. Soc., v, p. 217 (1850). Mus hardwickii, apud Kelaart Prod. Faun. Zeylan., p. 65 (1852). Mus (Nesokia) providens, Anderson J. A. S, B., xlvii, p. 225, pi. xiii, figs. e-h (1878). The Mole Rat ; Canarese, Kok ; Telegu, Golatta koku ; Bengali, Yenkrai. 56 MAMMALIA. Distribution. — This rat is found over the whole of India, from Kashmir and Sind in the north-west and from Cachar in the north-east southwards ; it is also recorded from Ceylon and Tenas- serim, and probably occurs throughout Burma. Anderson considered that the forms from North-Western India and from Southern India and Ceylon, were both specifically distinct from the form found in Bengal and Cachar ; Thomas has shewn rightly that there are no reasonable grounds for such sub- division. As, however, the southern from is considerably smaller, it has been kept separate both in the synonymy and list as a geographical race. c. d. e. /. g- h. J- k. I. q- r. s, t. u. v, w. « y- z. /v. *2. Skin Skin, skull Skin Skin Skin Skin, skull Skin, skull Skin, skull Skin, skull Skin, skull Skin, skull Skin, skull Skin, skull Skin, skull Skin, skull Skin, skull Skin Skin Skin Skin, skull Skin, skull Skin, skull Skin Skin, skull Skin, skull 2 Stuffed, 2 skulls. 3 Stuffed 4 Stuffed Stuffed, skull Var. A. — typicus. Srinagar, Kashmir. „ 4-8-73 „ 2-8-73 .. >, 2-8-73 ., 2-8-73 Agra, N.-W. P. Ahmednagar, Bm. Manbhoom, 28-12-64 Calcutta, Gauhati Cachar P. Stuffed, skull Skull Ale. skull 17 Ale, 6 skulls. Ale. 2 Ale, 2 skulls. 1.6-76 30-5-76 7-6-76 5-5-76 31-5-76 7-70 Mergui 14-12-81 ,, 17-12-81 „ 14-12-81 ,, 14-12-81 „ 17-12-81 ,, 12-12-81 „ 13-12-81 Manbhoom Calcutta Midnapore Botanical Gds., Cal- cutta, 1-69. Botanical Gds., Cal- cutta, 1-69. Howrah, Calcutta Khairpur, Sind Fattehgarh, N.-W.P. Banda Dist., N.-W.P. Ghazipur, N.-W.P. F. Stoliczka. F. Stoliczka. F. Stoliczka. F. Stoliczka. F. Stoliczka. A. C. Carllyle, 1870. ? R. C. Beavan Mus. Coll., 1866. O. L. Fraser. O. L. Fraser. O. L. Fraser. O. L. Fraser. O. L. Fraser. Mus. Coll. Mus. Coll, 1867. Mus. Coll., 1867. Mus. Coll., 1867. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. Mus. Coll. E. Blyth, A.S.B. E. Blyth, A.S.B. J. Anderson. J. Anderson, J. F. Simmons. W. T. Blanford. A. Anderson. J. Cockburn, H. Whitwell. [Types of N. barclayana, Anderson,] NESOKIA. 57 a. -;• Ale, skull, $ 6 Ale, 2 ^ 4 ? 3 Ale ^ i $ Ale. skull $ Ale., skull $ Ale, skull $ 3 Ale, 2 skull, $^$ Ale. 10 Ale, I skull, k*. Ale 5* /*-w*. 2 Ale ^ «.V- 4 Ale, 2 skulls r.* s*. 2 Ale. ^ *^ Ale. (■•-TO*. 3 Ale, I skull $ AT*. Ale ^ y. Ale. j«-£*. 4 Ale. 9 3 juv. d^. Ale., skull $ eh Ale., skull $ Goona, C. I. J) M Sitapur Oudh Purneah Calcutta Zoological Gardens, Calcutta. Zoological Gardens, Calcutta. Alipur nr. Calcutta Botanical Gardens, Calcutta. Kututangra nr. Cal- cutta. Bogdanga, nr. Cal- cutta. Dacca, Bengal Cherrapoonjee, Assam Siicuri, Caehar Hailakandi, Caehar Moulmein Calcutta A. Barclay, A. Masters. A. Barclay. Mas. Coll. (1872) J. Anderson. E. Blyth.A.S.B. Purchased Mus. Coll. Babu Sanyal. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. Mus. Coll. Mus. Coll. N. Belletty. J. H. Bourne. J. Wood Mason (1881). C. H. Dreyer. Mus. Collector, 1872. Purchased. Var. B.—kok. a. Skin, skull ? Nilgiri hills R, H. Beddome. b-c. 2 Stuffed 2 skulls. South India SirW. Elliot (1842), A.S.B. d-j. 6 Ale 3 ^ 3 ? Madras G. Bidie. k-m. 3 Ale Madras Pres. G. Bidie. n. Ale, skull juv. Trichinopoly R. H. Beddome. 0. Ale skull $ Nilgiris R. H. Beddome. P- Stuffed, skull Ceylon E. F, Kelaart (1855), A.S.B. Nesokia bandicota. Mus bandicota, Bechstein Allgem. Uebers. der vierfilssige Thiere, ii, p. 713, (1800)* ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xx, p. 167 ; Horsfield Cat. E I. Mus., p. 140; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 333 ; id. Cai., no. 359, p. 112; Adams,P,Z.S., 1858, p. 520; Jerdon Mamm., p 193. Mus indicus, Bechstein Allgem. Uebers. der vierfilssige Thiere, ii, p, 714 (1800)* \_nec Geoff.] Mus malabaricus, Shaw Genl. Zool., ii, pt. i, p. 54 (iSoi). Mus perchal. Shaw Genl. Zool., ii, pt. i, p. 54 (tSoi). Mus g\g3,n\.Q\i.s, Hardwicke Linn. Trans., vii, p. 306, pl.xviii (1804); Sykes P. Z. S., 1 83 1, p. 103 ; Gray P. Z. S , 1832, p. 40; Kelaart Prod. Faun. Zeylan., p. 58. Mus (Neotoma) giganteus Elliot, Madras Journ., x, p. 209 (1839). Mus (Nesokia) giganteus, Anderson J. A. S. B., xlvii, p. 232, pi. xiv, figs, a-d (1878). Mus (Nesokia) bandicota, Thomas, P.Z S., p. 528 (1881); Murray Zool. Sind, p. 45 ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886., p. 56. 58 MAMMALIA. The Bandicoot or Pig Rat ; Sanscrit, Indur ; Hind., Ghous or Ghus; Canarese,* Heggin ; Telegu, Pandikoku ; Singalese/Pora Meeyo. Distribution.' — This rat is apparently restricted to the Indian peninsula strictly speaking {i.e., south of the great alluvial plains); it also occurs commonly in Ceylon ; it has frequently been reported from Calcutta, but on investigation it is usually found to be the large Mus decumanus or perhaps the rarer Nesokia nemorivagus that has been mistaken'for the true bandicoot. a. Skin ? Bradachellum S. of. W. T. Blanford. Godavery dist. ']-2''j\, h Skin Ceylon (J. Mortimer, Columbo Mus. 29-10-81). c. Skin juv. Ceylon E. F. Kelaart, A.S.B. d-e. 2 Stuffed, i Manhoom Mus. Coll., 1886. skull, /•-p- 2 Stuffed, I Ceyblon E. F. Kelaart, A.S.B. ■^ ^' skull. h. Ale. juv. Goona, C- I. A. Barclay. j. Ale!, skull $ „ „ A. Barclay. k-n. 4 Ale ^-Madras G. Bidie. o-p. 2 Ale. $ ., G. Bidie. q-t. 4 Ale. juv. „ • G. Bidie. u. Ale. $ Zoological Gardens. vx. 3 Skulls $ Goona A. Barclay. y-z. aSkuUs ? „ A. Barclay. Nesokia nemorivagus. Mus nemorivagus, Hodgson J. A. S. B., v, p. 234 (1836) ; id. Attn. Mag. N. H,, XV, p. 266 ; HorsfieJd Cat. E. I. Mus, p. 141. Mus setifer, Horsfield Zool. Res., with plate (1824); id. Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 142. Mus macropus, Hodgson Ann. Mag. N. H., xv, p. 268 [juv.] (1845). Mus bandicota, apud Cantor J. A. S. B., xv, p. 253 ^1846) ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 39; Swinhne P. Z. S., 1870, p. 635. Nesokia hydrophila, apud Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., ist ed., p. 19; [nee Hodgs.'] 1847. Mus (Nesokia) elliotanus, Anderson J. A. S. B., xlvii, p, 231, pi. xiv, figs, e-h (1878). Mus (Nesokia) nemorivagus, Thomas P. Z. S., p. 528 (1881). Distribution. — This form seems to replace Nesokia bandicota in Nepal, Sikkim, Bengal and Assam ; it is also recorded from For- mosa, and probably extends through Burma to the Malay Penin- sula and some of the islands. a. Ale. skull $ Purneah, 28-5-72 J Anderson. b. Ale. skull $ juv. ,, ,, J. Anderson. c. Ale. skull $ Alipur nr. Calcutta J. Anderson. [The above three are co-types of Mus (Nesokia) elliotaHUs, Anderson.] .«f. Ale skull (? Sibsagar, Assam S. E. Peal. MUS. . 5Q Nesokia sp ? Nesokia sp ? Anderson J. A. S. B., xlvii, p. 225 (1878). Distribution. — Muscat. a. Ale. skul! $ juv. Muscat, Persian Gulf, J. E. T. Aitchison. 6-4-72. Genus MUS. Mus, Linnaeus Sy&t. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 79 (1766). In the following account of the Indian rats and mice Thomas' paper (P. Z. S., 188 1) has been followed with such additions as are necessary to include the few Assamese and Burmese forms not found in India proper. The key is also founded on Thomas' key. Key 0/ the Indian Species. a. Hind-foot with six well defined foot-pads. b. Large four to nine inches in length, except M. erythrotis ; proximal hind-foot pad elongated. c. Whole tail covered with short hairs, upper side of tail dark • mammoe 8 to 12 in number. d. Tail dark above and below. e. Tail shorter than the head and body ; 10 to 1 2 niammaj ; hind-foot 1-5 to 17 in. M. decumanus, p. 6i, e^. Tail longer than the head and body. /. Anterior edge of zygoma-root with a rounded angle above; 10 to 12 mammae. g. Large, head and body about 9 inches. M. bowersii, p. 62. g^. Medium, head and body from 5 to 8 inches ; hind-foot, 1*2 to i"4. in. M. rattusand its allies, p. 62. g^. Small, head and body between 4 and 5 inches ; hind-foot, -90 in. M. concolor, p. 68. /^. Anterior edge of zygoma-root nearly perpendi- cular; hind-foot "95 to vo<^. M. fulvescens, p. 69. d'^. Tail sharply bicolor, dark above, white below ; mamma? 8 in number. 6o . MAMMALIA. h. Back rufous ; tail much longer than the head and body; hind-foot; vo to 1-15. M. jerdoni, p. 69. h^. Back yellowish grey ; tail as long as head and body ; hind- foot, re. M. niviventer, p. 70. h^ , Back grizzled grey; rufous on rump; tail shorter than the head and body ; ears tufted ; hind-foot, about ro. . . . M. humei, p. 70. A*. Like M. humei but smaller, with tail longer than the head and body ; head and body 2*85 inches ; hind- foot, -68. . . M. erythrotis, p. 70. c^. Distal third of tail pure white, with longer hairs. j. Proximal part of tail unicolorous ; six mammae ; hind- foot, i"2; tail longer than the head and body. M. blanfordi, p. 70- f. Proximal part of tail bicolor ; hind-foot, i*45; tail shorter than the head and body. M. berdmorei, p. 71. IP'. Small 2 to 4 inches in length ; last hind-foot pad circular. k. Anterior edge of zygoma root perpendicular or rounded. /. Ten mammae. VI. Tail as long as or longer than the head and body. n. Below dark, like the back ; zygomatic arches arched normally ; hind-foot, "62 10 '70. M. urbanus, p. 71. T^. Below dark like the back ; zygomatic arches in- curved ; hind-foot, "83. M. sublimis, p. 73- n^ . Below white ; zygomatic arches normal ; hind-foot, •65 to 75 . . M. bactrianus, p. 74. »/2. Tail shorter than the head and body. M. cervicolor, p. 75. /2. Six mammae ; tail about as long as the head and body ; hind-foot, -82 to -88. . . M. arianus, p. 75- ^. Anterior edge of zygoma-root slanting forwards ; tail rather longer than the head and body ; hind-foot 75 to •80 M. nitulidus, p. 76. a^. Hind-foot ^^'ith only 4 or 5 properly developed foot-pads. MUS. 6i 0. Larger, head and body, 4 to 5 inches; hind-foot, I'o; gene- rally five pads on hind foot ; mammae 8 in number. M. mettada, p. 76. 0? Smaller, head and body, 3 to 4 inches; hind-foot 70 ; gene- rally four pads on hind-foot; mammae 6 in number. M. gleadowi, p. 'jt. Mus. decumanus. Mus decumanus, Pallas Nov. Spec. Quad, e Glir., p. 91 (1778) ; Elliot Madr. Journ., x, p. 212; Cantor J. A. S. B., xv, p. 254; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 1st ed., p. 17; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 140; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 59; Blyth J.A.S. B., xxxii, p. 335; id. Cat. no, 361, p 113 ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 195 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B., xli, p. 228 ; Blanford Persia, p. 53 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., x!iv, Burma List, p. 39 ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1881, p. 532 ; Murray Zool. Sind, p. 46 ; Radde Zool. J. B., iv, p. 1033. Mus decumanoides, Hodgson, J. A. S. B., x, p. 915 (1841) [pt.] Mus hrnnneus, Hodgson Ann. Mag, N. H., xv, p. 266 (1845); Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 142 ; Blyth J, A. S. B., xxxiv, p. 193 ; Jerdon, Mamm., p. 198. [pt.]. The Norway or Brown Rat ; Canarese, Manei ilei j Hind., Chooha or Ghurka chooha ; Malay, Tikus ; Singalese, Gaval Meeyo ; Bengalee, Demsa indur. Distribution. — This almost universally distributed rat has not apparently made its way very far from the coast as yet. With the exception of some from Samagooting in Assam, and the identifi- cation of these seems a little doubtful, all our specimens are from sea coast towns a. Skin $ Bushire, Pets ian Gulf W.T. Blanford. b. Skin, skull $ Calcutta z-^ 76 0. L. Fraser. c. Skin, skull ? II 8-5-76 0. L. Fraser. d-f. 3 Skins,'skulls 0. L. Fraser. ? ? ^ g-j. 3 Skins, Samagooting , Assam J. Butler, 1872. 2 skulls. k. Ale. 5 Gwadar, Bah achistan W. T. Blanford. /. Ale., skull ? Karachi Karachi Mus. m. Ale. $ Sind Karachi Mus. n. Ale. ^ Sind J. A. Murray. 0. Ale. $ Karachi J. A Murray. p. Ale. ? ^ Karachi Mus. q. Ale., skull $ Kyd Street, Calcutta 0. L. Fraser. r. Ale,, skull $ Wood Street Calcutta '_, Waterhouse. s. Ale. $ juv. Park Street, Calcutta ' . Wood Mason, 1870 t. Ale., skull $ Calcutta . Anderson. u. Ale. juv. %% . Anderson. -v. Ale., skull $ 0. L. Fraser. TO. Ale., skull $ }) Purchased. X. Ale. $ Purchased. y. Ale., skull ? M Purchased. 62 MAMMALIA z. Ale. $ Calcutta Purchased. a\ Ale. i Zoologieal Gardens Calcutta. J. Anderson. b\ Ale. $ >i II J. Anderson. c\ 9 Ale. foetal Calcutta J. Anderson. d\ Ale. juv. [with distorted teeth] J. Morgan (1862), A.S.B e'.p. 2 Ale, 2 skulls. Madras Madras Mus. g"' Ale, skull $ Andaman Isles G. E. Dobson, h^-j\ 2 Ale. $ I skull. London A. D. Bartlett. }?.n?. 3 Ale. $ I skull. London A. D. Bartlett. n^.p-". 3 Stuffed $ 2 juv. Calcutta E. Blyth, A.S.B. q"- Stuffed $ II E., Blyth, A.S.B. r\ Stuffed [albino]. W. Rutledge, 1870. s^. Stuffed skull falbino]. " Mus. Coll., 1873. f-u". 2 S'tuffed, I skull $ Andaman Isles R. C. Tytler, 1874. [Types of Mus tytleri, Tytler.] v\ Stuffed China R. Swinhoe, A.S.B. w\ Skull A.S.B jr2./. 2 Ale. $ juv. Andamans J. Anderson, 1867. ^^. Skelet. mtd. No history, A.S.B. flS. Skin Deecan (Sykes) India Mus., London. b\ Ale. $ Kobe, Japan, 3-7-84 J. Anderson. C^.dK 2 Ale. ? $ Yezo, Japan, 9-84 J. Anderson. eK Ale. juv. Kiga, Japan, 5-84 J. Anderson. Mus bowersii. Mus bowersii, Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 304, pi. xvii (1878) ; Thomas t P. Z. S., 1886, p. 62. Distrihution. — Kakhyen hills near Bhamo in Upper Burma, also recorded from Munipur by Thomas. a. Ale., skull $ Hotha, Kakhyen hills J. Anderson. [Type of Mus bowersii, Anderson.] Mus rattus. Var. A — typicus. Mus rattus, Linnczus Syst. Nat. 12th ed., i, p. 83 (1766); Elliot Madras Journal, x, p. 212 ; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 58 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 338; id. Cat. no. 362, p. 113 ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 194; Blan/ord Persia, p. 53. Var. B — alexandrinus. Mus alexandrinus, Is, Geoff. St, Hil. Descript. dc VEgypte Hist. Nat., ii. MUS. 63 p. 733, Atlas, pi. V, fig. I (1812) ; Scully P. Z. S., 1881, p. 204; Thomas P. Z. S., 1881, p. 533; Murray ZooL Sind, p. 46. Mus asiaticus, Gray Charlesw. Mag. N. H., i, p. 585 (1837) J -^(v^A J. A. S. B., xxxiv, p. 193. Mus arboreus, Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 141 (1851). ? Mus crassipes, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 295 (1859) i Jerdon Mamm. p. 204. Var. C — nitidus. Mus nitidus, Hodgson Ann. Mag. N. H., xv, p. 267 (1845) I Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., ist ed., p 18; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 343; id. Cat. no. 368, p. 116; Jerdon Mamm., p. 201. Mus pyctoris, Hodgson Ann. Mag. N.H.,xv, p. 267 (1845) ; Cray Gat. Hodgs. Coll., I St ed., p. 17. ? Mus rattoides, Hodgson Ann. Mag. N. H., xv, p. 267 (1845). Mus horeites, Hodgson Ann. Mag. N. H., xv, p. 268 (1845). Mus aequicaudalis, Hodgson Ann. Mag. N. H.{2) iii, p. 203 (1849) ; Hors- field Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 144; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 2nd. ed., p. 10. Mus alexandrinus nitidus, Thomas P. Z. S., p. 533 (1881). Var. D — ru/escens. Mus indicus, Desmarest Mamm., ii, p. 299 (1822) \_nec Bechstein"]. Mus rufescens, Gray Charles-w. Mag. N. H., i, p. 585 (1837); Cantor J. A. S. B., XV, p. 254; Blyth J. A. S.B., xx, |p. 168; id. y. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 340; id. Cat. no. 367, p. 115; jerdon Mamm., p. 199; Anderson J. Linn. Soc, xxi, p. 340. Mus flavescens, Elliot Madras Journ., x, p. 214 (1839); \nec Waterkouse^ Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 61 ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 142. Mus decumanoides, Hodgson J. A. S. B., x, p. 915 (1841) [pt.] Mus brunneuscuius, Hodgson Ann. Mag. N. H., xv, p. 267 (1845) j Horsfield Cat, E. I. Mus., p. 143. Mus nemoralis, Blyth J. A. S. B., xx, p. 168 (1851) ; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 63; Blyth J. A. S, B., xxxii, p. 340; id. y. A. S B., xxxiv, Mus tetragonurus, Kelaart Journ. Ceylon As. Soc, v, p. 217 (1850). Mus k3india.nus, Kelaart Journ. Ceylon As. Soc, v, p. 212 (1850); Blyth J. A. S. B., XX, p. 169. Mus ceylonus,iiL'e//7ar^ Journ. Ceylon As. Soc, v, p. 213 (1850); id. Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 6\. Mus robustulus, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 294 (1859) ; id J. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 342; id Cat. no. 364, p. 114; Theobald P.A.S.B., 1866, p. 240 ; Blyth J. A, S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 39 ; Blanford J. A, S. B., xlvii, p. 165. ? Mus infralineatus, Elliot, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 348 (1&63) ; id. Cat, no. 371, p. 116. Mus sladeni, Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 305 (1878). Mus yunnanensis, Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 306 (1878), Mus alexandrinus rufescens, Thomas, P. Z. S., p. 533 (1881). Mus rattus rufescens, Thomas P. Z. S., pp. 57, 71 (1886). Var. E — andamanensis. Mus andamanensis, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxix, p. 103 (i860); id. J. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 340; id. Cat. no. 363, p. 114. ? Mus palmarum, Zelebor Sdugeth. Novara Reise, p. 26 (1868). 64 MAMMALIA. The Black Rat or Tree Rat ; Bengalee, Gachua indur; Singa- lese, Ghasmeeyo. Distribution. — The typical Black Rat is found all over Northern Europe and Western Asia ; it has been, however, almost entirely displaced by the Brown Rat (Mus decumanus) in England and on those parts of the continent which are within easy access of the sea ; it is also found in most of the seaport towns all over the world, but here also the Brown Rat struggles for existance with it. The Alexandrine Rat (Mus rattus alexandrinus) is merely a south- ern variety of the Black Rat, distinguished by its softer and reddish or greyish fur, and usually by its white belly; it is found in south- ern Europe, Egypt and Palestine and specimens identical with it have been got from Gilgit. The Tree Rat (Mus rattus rufescens) is a smaller variety of the Alexandrine Rat and is spread all over India, Ceylon, Assam and Burma, extending as far south as Mergui at any rate. The Hill Rat (Mus rattus nitidus) is a rather short-tailed variety which is found in Nepal and Sikkim only. The Andamanese variety of Mus rattus is distinguished from the ordinary Mus rattus rufescens of India by its spiny fur, a character which has been shown by Thomas not to be of even specific value, and also by its slightly larger size as is shown by the following measurements taken from the two original skins: — head and body: 7'io to 7"3o ; tail, 6'65 ; hind-foot, i"40 ; a typical Mus rattus jufes- cens measures, head and body, 5'7o; tail, 670 ; hind-foot, vzo. No distinction except that of size can be found between the skulls of the several varieties of Mus rattus, and it is often difficult without a knowledge of the locality to say to which variety a particular individual of this species should be referred so much do they run into one another, Var. A. — typicus. a. Skin $ Resht on Caspian sea Sir 0. St. John. b. Skin $ !) 11 Sir 0. St. John. c. Skin $ 11 )) Sir 0. St. John. d. Skin England Oxford Mus. Ex. e. Skin ji Oxford Mus. Ex. /. Skin Oxford Mus. Ex. y.h. 2 Stuffed From a ship in the Hooghly. Capt. Godfrey, A.S.B. /-/. 3 Stuffed France A. Malherbe (1849), A.I Var. B. — alcxandri7ius. a. Skin, skull Gilgit 4-78 J. Biddulph. b. Skin, skull Chitral 5,000 ft., 23-10-85 G. M. Giles. c. Skin $ Gilgit, 17-4-79 J. Scully. d. Skin, skull $ 10-5-79 J. Sculy. e. Skin i iS-8-70 J. Scully. S.B MUS. 65 /. Skin .? Gilgit, 9-1 1-79 J. SeuUy. g. Skiu $ 16-4-79 . Seully. h. Skin ? 8-4-79 " . Seully. j. Skin j uv. 15-8-79 ■■. Scully. k-o. 5 Ale, I skull Galari, Alexandria ■[. Hand. p. Ale. Dead Sea, Palastine (Tristram). Brit. Mus. [Ex.] g. Ale. Kashmir Brit. Mus. [Ex.] r. AIc. $ Gilgit J. Scully. s. AIc. juv. ^ ,, J. Seully. i. Skin juv. ^ " J. Seully. Var C. — rufescens. a. Skin, skull 1 Agra. A. C. Carllyle. b. Skin, skull I Khandala, Bm. Mus. Coll. c, d. 2 Skins, Chanda,C. P., 16-12-69 W. T. Blanford. I skull. e. Skin $ „ „ 18-12 69 W. T. Blanford. /. Skin S nr. Chanda, C. P., 20-1-70 W. T. Blanford. ^. Skin, skull nr. Chanda, C. P., 23-1-70 W. T. Blanford. k. Skin, skull 1 Singhbhoom V. Ball, 1868. y, ^. 2 Skins Manbhoom, 1-65 R. C. Beavan ^•0. 4 Skins, Manbhoom Mus. Coll., 1866. 2 skulls. />. Skin, skull [ Gauhati, Assam, 7-70 Mus. Coll. g. Skin. Munipur R. D. Oldham. r-s, 2 Skins, Naga hills A. W. Chennell. I skull. t. Skin, skul! 1 1) 11 H. H. Godwin Austen, u. Skin, skull 1^ Mergui, 13-12-81 J. Anderson. V. Skin ? ,, 19-12-81 J. Anderson. •w. Skin „ 6-2-80 J. Anderson. a:. Skin 16-2-82 J. Anderson. y. Skin „ 6-2-82 J. Anderson. s-a^ 2 Ale, ,? Rajanpur Pjb. E. Saunders. 2 skulls. £2.^2. 2 Ale. $ ji E. Saunders. d'^-e^ 2 Ale., $ Karachi Karachi Mus. [Ex.] I skull 72. Ale. i Sind Karachi Mus. [Ex." ^2. Ale. ^ juv. ,, Karachi Mus. [Ex.' A2./2. 4 Ale, Fattehgarh, N.-W. P. A. Anderson. 3 skulls ^ mU\ 8 Ale, )) M A. Anderson. 2 skulls 2 M^ Ale., skull ^ Ghazipur ,, H. Whitwell. 7)2. Ale. 2 Sitapur, Oude A. Barclay. TO^-s^, 4 Ale, $ Benares, 1-71 Mus. Coll. 2 skulls. aS. Ale, skull 2 Chanda, C. P., 1867 Mus. Coll. b^ c^. 2 AIc. ^ 9 Goona, C. I. A. Masters. d^-gK 4 Ale $ 3 ^ Poona dist., Bm. G. W. Vidal. A'-^3. 3 Ale, ^ ? $ Madras Madras Mus. [Ex.] 3 skulls. /=-ol 4 Ale. $ ,, G. Bidie. 66 MAMMALIA. p\ Ale. ? Madras G. Bidie. q^. Ale. g juv. II G. Bidie. js.^s 3 Ale. ^ $ ^ ,, G. Bidie «3.to3. 3 Ale. ^ ? ? Ceylon J, Anderson. 3 skulls. x^-a*. 4 Alc.,4skulls Nepal Mus. Coll. b*-c*. 2 Ale, I skull Caleutta E. Blyth, A.S.B, $ &juv. d*-e*. 2 Ale, 2 It J. Anderson. I skull. f*.j\ 4 Ale. $ 11 Purchased. 1 skull. k*-l*. 2 Ale. ? Wood St., Calcutta J, Waterhouse, OT*. Ale, skull ? Kyd St., Calcutta Mus. Coll. «*. Ale $ Dhappa, Caleutta, i-8l Mus Coll. 0*. Ale i 11 I) R. deCruz. p*-r*. 3 Ale, Botanical Gardens, J. Anderson. I skull juv. Calcutta. $«-/•». 2 Ale, $ Zoological Gardens, J, Anderson. I skull. Calcutta. »**-D*. 2 Ale. $ Zoological Gardens, Calcutta. J. Anderson. Ml*. Ale g juv. Zoological Gardens, Caleutta. J. Anderson, *«-y*. 2 Ale., Samagooting, Assam J. Butler. I skull $ $ a*. Ale, skull $ Narainpur „ H. H. Godwin Austen. fl». Ale, skull $ Kashia Hills H. H. Godwin Austen. 6^ 2 Ale, $ Cherrapoonjee ,, J. H. Bourne. I skull. c*-J*. Ale juv. >t » J. H. Bourne. «•^ 5 Ale juv. i} n J. H. Bourne. /5. Ale, skull i Pegu W. Theobald, gK Ale,, skull, ^ Lower Pegu W. T. Blanford. /t^ Ale, skull, $ Shwegyin, Tenasse- Major Berdmore, A.S.B, p. Ale. ? juv. [Type of Mus robustulus, Blyth,] Shwegyin, Tenasserim Major Berdmore. rim. Major Berdmore. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. [The above eight specimens are types of Mus sladeni, Anderson.) 7u*. Ale, skull S Momein, Yunnan J. Anderson. x^-y^. 2 Ale, $ 5 Hotha, Yunnan J. Anderson. I skull [The above three are types of Mus yunnanensis, Anderson.] »» Stuffed, t nr. Chanda, C. P. W. T. Blanford. skull. k^ Vl^. 3 Ale, 2 skulls. ? » n^. Ale $ Taing, Mergui oK Ale $ Hotha, Yunan i>^-r^. 3 Ale, I skull. ? Hotha, Yunan s^t\ 4 Ale $j 2 skulls, uv. Hotha, Yunan MUS. 67 StufFed skull 2 Stuffed, 2 skulls. 2 Stuffed Stuffed 5 Stuffed 4 Stuffed 2 Stuffed Singhbhoom Manbhoom nr. Calcutta S t u ff e d, skull. Stuffed, skull. 4 Stuffed Ceylon [Types of Mus, nemoralis, Trincomali, Ceylon Newera Elia, Ceylon, (1851) Shwegyin, Tenasse- rim. Manbhoom 2 Skins I skull. a^. Skin, skull Malacca £|7. Skin Pinang (Cantor) c^. Skin, skull South India [? Type of Mus. infralineatus. d^-f. 8'- 3 Ale. I skull Ale. $ ? ? Newera Elia, Ceylon juv. Jeysulmere, Rjpt. Mus. Coll., 1869. Mus. Coll. E.Blyth, A.S.B. India Mus., London. E. Blyth, A.S.B No history, A.S.B. E. F. Kelaart (1851), A.S.B. Blyth.] E.F. Keiaart (185 1), A.S.B E. F. Kelaart (1885), A.S.B. Major Berdmore, A.S.B. Mus. Coll., 1866. Rev. F. Lindstedt, A.S.B. India Mus., London. Sir W. Elliot (1841), A.S.B. Elliot MSS.] E. F. Kelaart (1851). N. Belletty. Var. D, — niiidus. d. e-f. g'h k. l-m. n-o. p-r. s. [t-u. v-y. f. Ale., skull Ale, skull Ale, skull Ale, skull 2 Ale, 1 skull 3 Ale, $ 2 skulls Ale, juv. 2 Ale, $ I skull. 2 Ale. $ 3 Ale S Ale $ 2 Ale, ? I skull. 4 Ale. $ juv. 4 Ale. $ juv. Ale. $ 2 Ale, $ 5 2 skulls 2 Ale. juv. Ale, skull $ Ale, skull $ juv. 2 Stuffed 5 Stuffed Nepal Darjeeling, 22- 1 -72 Sibsagar, Assam Munipur Mus. Coll. Mus. Coll. Mus. Coll. J. Gammie. G. King. G. King. ,, G. King. Rungbee, Darjeeling G. King. „ G. King. G. King. „ „ G. King. „ „ G. King. G. King. G. King. G. King. S. E. Peal. S. E. Peal. R. D. Oldham. Ling Ling, Bt. Sikkim. T. Johnston. Darjeeling W. S. Sherwill, A.S.B. T. C. Jerdon, A.S.B. F 2 68 MAMMALIA. s\ Ale, skull ^ Ling Ling, Bt. Sikkim T. Johnston, juv. t''-v^. 2 Skins Landour, nr. Mussoorrie L. C. Stewart, A.S.B. m^-x^ 2 Ale. ^ ? Darjeeling W. G, Masson. 2 skull. Var. E. — andamanensis. , a-b. 2 Skin, skull Andamans Capt. Hodge (i860), A.S.B [Types of Mus andamanensis, BIyth.] c. Ale, head only Andamans B. Smith (1863). d-e. 2 Ale, $ Andamans G. E. Dobson. 2 skulls. f-h. 3 Ale, ^ ^ $ Barren Island, Bay of F. R. Mallet, I skull. Bengal. j-k. 2 Ale, $ ? South Brother, Anda- T. Cadell. I skull. mans. Mus rubricosa. Mus rubricosa, Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 306 (1878). Distribution. — Kakhyen hills of Upper Burma. This species is closely allied to M. rattus nitidus; it seems to be distinguished only by its very dark ventral surface; whether this is a constant character or not, can only be proved by further speci- mens. a. Ale skull $ Hotha, Yunnan J. Anderson. [Type of M. rubricosa, Anderson.] Mus concolor. Mus concolor, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 295 (1859) ; id. y. A. S. B., xxxii, pp. 73> 344; '^* ^^^' ^ • 37^< P" "^I ^^' J- ^- ^' '^•1 ^''^j Burma List, p, 40 ; Anderson Jour. Linn. Soc, xxi, p. 341. Distribution. — Burma, Upper and Lower, extending southwards to Mergui and the Malay peninsula. A very closely allied species Mus ephippium of Jentink (Notes Leyd. Mus., ii, p. 15) has been recorded from Sumatra and Kina Balu in Borneo. a. Skin Malacca. R. W. G. Firth (1846). A.SB, b. Skin 9 Mergui, 17-12-81 J. Anderson. c. Skin ? 1) )i J. Anderson. d. Skin II >i J. Anderson. e. Ale. i Shwegyin dist., Tenasserim. Major Berdmore (1859), A.S.B. /• Ale, skull ? Shwegyin dist , Tenasserim. Major Berdmore (1859), A.S.B MUS. 69 5-. Ale. juv. Shwegyin Dist., Major Berdmore (i 859), Tenasserim. A.S.B ■ [3 Types of Mus concolor, Blyth.] h-l. 4 Ale, $ Moulmein T. H, Hood (1872). 3 skulls. m. Ale. $ „ T. H. Hood {1872). M-o. 2Ale., ^ $ Mt. Mooleyit, Tenas, Tenasserim Expd. (1877). i skull. /••s. 4 Ale. $ Mergui, 12-81 J.Anderson. t. Ale. $ Taing, Mergui, 1-82 J. Anderson. u-x. 4 Ale., Sf. Mergui, 12-81 J. Anderson, I skull. y. Ale, skull $ „ ,, J. Anderson. Mus fulvescens. Mus fulvescens, Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., ist ed., p, 18 (1846) ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1881, p. 537. Mus caudatior, Hodgson Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), iii, p. 203 (1849) ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 144; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxiv, p. 193; Jeidon Mamni,, p. 201 ; Blyth J. A. S. B,, xliv, Burma Lht, p. 40, Mus. einnamoneus, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 294 (1859), ['^^^ PictetJ ; id. y. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 341 ; id. Cat. no. 366, p. 115. Distribution. — Nepal and Sikkim Himalayas extending to the Tenasserim hills. a. Skin, skull Shwegyin, Tenasserim Major Berdmore (1859), A.S.B. b. Ale., skull Shwegyin, Tenasserim Major Berdmore (1859), A. S. B. [Types of Mus einnamoneus, Blyth.] Mus jerdoni. Leggada jerdoni, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 350 (1863) ; id. Cat. no. ^g^, p. 121 ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 209. Mus. octomammis, Gray Cat. Hodgs, Coll., 2nd ed., p. 10 (1863). Mus jerdoni, Thomas, P. Z. S., p. 537 (1881). Distribution. — Sikkim and Assam hills ; Java (Thomas) and probably the intervening countries. a. Ale., skull $ Darjeeling W. G. Masson. b-c. 2 Ale. juv. ,, W. G. Masson. d-e. 2 Ale. juv. ,, W. G. Masson. f-g. 2 Ale. ^ $ Cherrapoonjee, Assam, J. H. Bourne. 12-7-71. h. Ale, ?juv. ,, „ J. H. Bourne. j-l. 3 Ale. juv. ,, ,, J. H. Bourne, m. Skin, skull Darjeeling, T. C. Jerdon, A. S. B. juv. [Type of Leggada jerdoni, Blyth,] 7© MAMMALIA. Mus niviventer. Mus (Rattus) niviventer, Hodgson J. A, S. B., v, p. 234 (1836). Mus niviventer, Hodgson Ann. Mag. N. H., xv, p. 267 (1845) ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., ist ed., p. 18 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 295 ; id., J. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 342 ; Jerdon Ma7nm.,^, 200 [pt.] ; Thomas P.Z.S., 1881, p. 540. Distribution. — North-West Himalayas. [No specimens in the Indian Museum,] Mus humei. Mus humei, Thomas P. Z. S., p. 63, pi. v (1886). Distribution. — Munipur. a. Skin $ Moirang, Munipur British Mus. [Ex.] (A. O. Hume, 2-3-81.) [One of the type specimens.] Mus erythrotis. Mus erythrotis, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 721 (1855) ; id. J. A. S. B.y xxxii, p. 348 ; id. Cat. no. 387, p. 120, Distribution. — The Khasia hills of Assam. The type, of which unfortunately the skull appears to have been lost, seems to be immature ; there is however another specimen \n the Museum from the same place, Cherrapoonjee, which agrees with the type in every way except that it is slightly larger. The measurements of this specimen are as follows : — Head and body, 2'85; tail, 3*25; hind-foot, without claw, "GS ; fore-arm and hand, •83 ; ear conch, -32 ; nose to ear (skull extracted), '82. The ear is very small and has a thin tuft of long hairs springing from the middle of the conch ; there are eight mammae, and in these points and in the reddish hairs about the posterior part of the back and arms, this species seems to be allied to Mus humei ; in size, however, this species differs considerably from Mus humei which is described as 125 mm. or nearly 5 inches long; there is also no sign of the reduction of the 5th toe which is so characteristic of Mus humei. a. Ale. juv. Cherrapoonjee F. Skipwith (1855), A. S. B. [Type of Mus erythrotis, Blyth.] b. Ale, skull ? Cherrapoonjee J. H. Bourne (1871). c-f. 4 Ale. juv. ,, J. H. Bourne (1871). ^. Skin Nil Valley, South Mani- H. H. Godwin Austen. pur» Mus blanfordi. Mus blanfordi, Thomas Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vii, p. 24 (lS8i)j id, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 541, pi. 1. MUS. 71 Distribution. — Southern India, Cuddapah district and Sheva- roy hills. fl-i^^ 2 Skins, Shevaroy hills, Mdr. W.Daly. ^ 2 skulls. \ ■ Mus berdmorei. Mus berdmorei, Blyth J. A. S. B., xx, p. 173 (1851); id. J.A.S.B^ xxxii, p. 343 ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 62. Distribution. — INIunipur and Mergui. This species was first described by Blyth from a single speci- men from Mergui; but he afterwards merged the species with his Mus robustulus which is doubtless the same as Mus rattus rufescens ; Thomas (supra) has resurrected Blyth's old name for a peculiar rat forming part of the Hume Munipur Collection, which rat, according to Thomas, agrees remarkably with the ori- ginal description of Blyth. The skull, which is still in the collection, agrees with Thomas' description of the skull of the Munipur specimen, the flat skin has 'Unfortunately dissappeared. This rat is allied to Mus blanfordi and to Mus confucianus of Milne Edwards, from China, all of which are distinguished by their parti-coloured tails with the terminal half white. ^. Skull Mergui Major Berdmore. £Type of Mus berdmorei of Blyth.] Mus urbanus, Mus musculus, apud Elliot Madr. Journ., x, p. 214 (1839) ; Cantor J. A. S. B., XV, p. 254 Mus nipalensis, Hodgson jf. A. S. B., x, p. 915 (1841) ^sine descr.] ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., ist ed., p. 19. Mus dubius, Hodgson J. A. S. B., x, p. 915 (184O \_si»e descr."]; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 1st ed., p. 19; Hodgson Ann. Mag. N. H., xv, p. 268; Hnrsjield Cat. E. /., Mus., p. I43. Mus manei. Gray List Manmi., B. M., p. 1 1 1 (1843) '[-sme descr.] ; Blytk J. A. S. B., XX, p. 172; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan, p. 64. Mus urbanus, Hodgson, Ann. Mag. N. H., xv, p. 269 (1845) ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 345; id. Cat. no. 380, p. 118; Gray Cat Hodgs. Coll. 2nd ed., p. 10 ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 203 ; Stolickza J. A. S. B., xli, p. 228; Thomas P. Z. S., 1881, p. 544 ; Murray Zool Sind, p. 46. Mus homoarus, Hodgson Ann. Mag. N. H., xv, p. 268 (1845); Blytk J. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 295 ; id. y. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 346 ; id. Cat. no. 379, p. 118; jerdon Mamm., p. 204. Mus darjeelingensis, //'oc^j^sow Ann. Mag. N. H. (2) iii, p. 203 -(1849) \_sine d€scr?\ ; Horsfield Cat. E. T. Mus. p. 143 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 348 ; id. J A. S. B., xxxiv, p. 193 ; Jerdon Mavivi., p. 205. Mus tytleri, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 296 (1859) ; id. J. A. S. B,, xxxii, P- 346; Jprdon Mamm., p. 205. Mus rama. Cantor apud Blyth J. A. S.~B., xxxiv, p. 194 (1865), 72 MAMMALIA. Mus kakhyensis, Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 307 (1878). Mus viculorum, Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p 308 (1878). Distribution. — The whole of India and Ceylon, except in Sind and the Punjab, where it is replaced by the next species, Mus bactrianus; it extends into the Himalayas and over Assam, Cachar, Burma, the Andamans and Nicobars ; Thomas also gives Malacca. This species is very doubtfully distinct from the almost univer- sally distributed Mus musculus ; it has however been treated by Thomas (/.f.) as a distinct species, and it has accordingly been left so for the present ; Blyth states that Mus musculus has larger ears, smaller eyes, and broader paws, and the tail one-fourth shorter ; none of these differences seem to hold good for a large number of specimens. a-h. 2 Ale. $ $ Calcutta c-d. 2 Alc.,2 skulls Darjeeling $^ e. Ale, skull $ „ J. Anderson, f-g. 2 Ale. ^ ? ,, W. Masson. h-k. 3 Ale., I skull Ling Ling, Brit. Sikkim T. Johnston (in jungle). $ 2 juv. I' Ale. ^ i „ m. Ale., skull $ Karachi n-q. 4 Ale., I skull Fattehgarh, N.-W. P. ^.^.?, juv. r. Ale. juv. Banda Dist., N.-W. P. s-M. 3 Ale, I skull Benares, N.-W. P., ^ ? ? 10-1-71. via. 2 Ale. $ Khandala, Bm. x-y, 2 Ale., I skull Collagelly hills, Trichi. R. H. Beddome ^ ? dist., Md. z. Ale. $ Madras «'-i'. 2 A Ic, $ „ c^. Ale. juv. „ d^. Ale., skull $ „ juv. eV"' 2 Ale., I skull Vizagapatam, Md g^.j\ 3 Ale, I skull Ceylon ? ? ^ *'-»»'. 3 Ale., 2 skulls Raniganj, Bg. ^ ? ? B^-^". 3 Ale.,2 skulls Purneah, Bg. $ S ^ ^■s^. 3 Ale. $ $ Calcutta juv. t^-v^. 3 Ale. $ „ 2 juv. •si^. Ale. $ „ *2-s2. 3 Ale. ^ a'-6^. 2 Ale. $ $ Dhappa, Calcutta J. Anderson. G. King. T. Johnston (in jungle). Karachi Mus. [Ex.] A. Anderson. J. Coekburn. Mus. Coll. G. W. Vidal. G. Bidie. G. Bidie. G. Bidie. W. Davison. Mus. Coll. E. F. Kelaart. Purchased. J. Anderson. E. Blyth. J. Anderson. R. deCruz. Mus. Coll. Mus. Coll. (1881). c'-fiS. 3 Alc.,2 skulls Botanical Gardens, Cal- J. Anderson. $ ? juv. cutta. P, Ale. ^ Kututangra(on eocoanut Mus. Coll. trees), Calcutta. Mus. 73 g».hK 2 AIc. $ Daeca N. Belletty. J"- Ale. ^ Haldibari, Bg. Purchased. kUK 2 Ale, 2 skulls Ale., skull ? Goalpara, Assam H. L. Haughton (i868). m^. Sibsagar, Assam S. E. Peal. «3. Ale. juv. Garo Hills Capt. Williamson. o\ Ale., skull $ Khasia Hills H. H. Godwin Austen (1870), p^-g^. juv. 2 Ale. $ ^ Sileuri, Caehar J. Wood Mason. r\ Ale. 2 Caehar Mus. Collector (1867). sUK 4 Ale. ^32 II M. J. Ogle. w^-x^. 2 Ale. 2 Chittagong Hill Tracts J. T. Jarbo. y' Ale. $ Andamans Capt. Hodge, A.S.B. 23. Alc.skull $ ,, J. Homfray. a«.6*. 2 Ale., skull " G. E. Dobson. cV* 4 Ale, I skull ^22 juv. >i J, Wood Mason. g P- ^'9i '^- 7- ^- ^- -^v xliv, Burma List, p. 40 ; Thomas P. Z 5., 1881, p. 550. Distribution. — District of Shwegyin in Burma and Sikkim, and probably the intervening country. The type of this species is missing ; it perhaps disappeared during the transference of the Asiatic Society's collections to the present Museum ; it is therefore impossible ever to be certain as to whether Thomas' identification of this species is correct or not. The following specimens agree fairly well with Thomas' description : — a. b-e. Ale, skull $ 4 Ale, I skull $ 3 Ale, I skull ? 5 Ale juv. Da'rjeeling Rungbee, Darjeeling G. King. G. King. f-h. )l H G. King. j-n. )l )> G. King Mus mettada. Golunda meltada, Gray Charlesw., Mag. N. H., i., p. 586 (1837) ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 144 ; Blyth J. A. S. 5., xxxii, p. 352 ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 213. Mus lanuginosus, Elliot Madras Journ., x, p. 212 (1839). Mus mettada, Blanford J. A. S. B., xlvi, p. 290, pi. i, figs. 1-9 (1877) ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1881, p. 550; Murray Zool. Sind, p. 47. Distribution. — This species seems to be confined to the western and southern parts of India, extending eastward as far as the North-West Provinces only. a-c. 3 Ale, 2 skulls Etawah dist., N.-W. P. A. Anderson. ^ 2 ? Mus. - 77 d. Alc.headand Banda dist., N.-W. P. J. Cockburn. foot only. e. Ale. $ juv. Karachi Karachi Mus. /-/. 6 Ale. i Sind J. A. Murray. 5 juv- m-o. 3 Ale. ^ 2 $ Madras Pr. G. Bidie. ^■r. 3AIC. ^ ? No history, juv. Mus gleadowi. Mus gleadowi, Murray P. Z. S., p. 809, pi. li (1885). Distribution. — Western India; the type was described from Karachi, and the Indian Mus.eum has specimens from Goona and Kutch. This species seems to be very closely allied to M. mettada, from which it is however distinguished by its considerably smaller size and by its very much shorter and narrower tarsus ; this species too seems never to possess more than 4 pads on the hind-foot, while all the specimens of M. mettada in the Museum possess the proxi- mal 5th pad. The measurements of the three specimens compare very well with the measurements given by Blanford in a note appended to the original description, i.e.'. — Head and body, 3*40; tail, 2*80; hind-foot, 70; forearm and hand, 'So; ear conch, '61 ; auditory meatus to muzzle, '91. a-b. 2 Ale. $ Goona, C. I. A. Barclay, c. Ale., skull. ^ Kutch F. Stolizcka. Mus wagneri. Mus wagneri, Eversmann. Bull. Nat. Mosc, xxi, pt. i, p. 191, pi. i, fig. i (1848) ; Bitchner Wiss. Result. Prze-walski Reise, Rodentia, p. 88. Mus sylvaticus, apud Brandt Lehmann's Reise nach Biichara, p. 305 (1852)*. Mus pachycercus, Blanford J. A. S. B., xliv, p. 108 (1875) ; id., Yarkand Mamni., p. 53, pi. ix, fig. 2, pi. xb, fig. 4. Distribution. — The house-mouse of Central Asia, described as a new species by Blanford, has been since identified by Buchner {I.e.) as a species of Eversmann's, described long ago from a specimen collected on the steppes between the Volga and the Ural. It has been got by Przewalsky from a large number of localities through- out Turkestan and Mongolia, and seems to be the common house- mouse of all Central Asia. a-d. 4 Skins Yarkand, 11-73 F. Stoliczka. e. Skin Sanju, 10-73 F. Stoliczka. f-g. 2 Skins Kargalik, 11-73 F. Stoliczka. h. Skin, skull. „ 5-74 F. Stoliczka. j. Skin Yangihissar, 4-74 F. Stoliczka 78 MAMMALIA. k. Skin F. Stolic?ka. /.»». 2 Alc.,i skull Yarkand, 11-73 F. Stoliczka. $ [I'yP^s of Mus pachycercus, Blanford.] «. Ale. $ Eastern Turkestan J. Scully. ? o. Skin, skull Resht, Caspian W. T. Blanford. Mus musculus. Mus musculus, Linncsus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 83 (1766) ; Blasius Sdugetk. Deutschl., p. 320; Blyth Cat. no. 378, p. 118. Distribution. — Cosmopolitan, if as Thomas (Encycl. Brit., xvii, p. 5) believes to be the case, Mus urbanus is indistinguishable from this species ; the original home of Mus musculus was probably in India. a. Stuffed England Mr. Kirtland (1845), A. S. B. b. Stuffed N. Carolina, U. S. A. Rev. F. Fitzgerald (1852), A. S B. c-d. 2 Ale, I skull London "> A. D. Bartlett. e-f. 2 Ale, 1 skull ,, A. D. Bartlett. ? Mus sylvaticus. Mus sylvaticus, Linnceus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. '84 (1766); Blasius Sdiigeth Deutschl., p. 322 ; Blyth. Cat. no. 373, p. 1 16. Distrihiiiion. — The whole of Europe, eastwards it is replaced by Mus arianus. a-d. 4 Ale, I skull London A. D. Bartlett. $ e-f, 2 Ale, I skull „ A. D. Bartlett. ? g. Stuffed Switzerland A. Malherbe (1842), A. S. B. h-j. 2 Stuffed England A. D. Bartlett, A. S. B. Mus minutus. Mus minutus, Pallas Nov, Spec. Quad, e Glir., p. 345 (1778) ; Blasius Sdugeth. Deutschl p. 326; Blyth Cat. no. 375, p. 117. Mus messorius, Shaw Genl., Zool., ii, pt. i, p. 62 (i8oi). Mus soricinus, pendulinus et parvulus Hermann Obs. Zool., i, pp. 57, 61, 62 (1804). Mus pratensis, Ocksay Nova Acta Acad. Zeop, Care, xv, pt, 2, p. 243, pL Ixviii (1831). ■ Distribution. — The Palaeartic region. a. Ale ^England H. E. Strickland (1844), A.S.B. Mus abyssinicus. Mus abyssinicus, Riippell Mus. Senck, iii, p. 104, pi. vii fig. i (1845) ; Elan' ford Abyssinia, p. 283. LEGGADA. yg Distribution. — Abyssinia. «. Stuffed Wandash Pass, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford. 4-68. i-c. 2 Skins Wandash Pass, Abyssinia W. T. Blanford. 4-68. Mus pumelio. Mus pumelio, Sparrman Kongl. Veieiis. Aka i. Handl., v, p. 236, pi. vi) (1784); A. Smith S. African Zool , pi. xlvi, fig. i ; Blyth Cat. no. 388, p. 120. Distribution. — South Africa. a-b. 2 Stuffed South Africa E. L. Layard. Mus longipilis. Mus longipilis, Gould Mamni, Australia, lii, pi. xiii (1863). Distribution. — New South Wales, Australia a. Skin Australia. Melbourne Mus. [Ex.] Mus assimilis. Musassiiiiilis, Goidd P. Z. S., p. 241 (1857) ; id. Mawm. Austr., iii, p|. xv. Distribution. — New South Wales to Western Australia. a-b. 2 Skins Western Australia No history. Mus gouldi. Mus gouldi, Waterhouse Zool. Voy. Beagle Ma^nm. (1840)*; Gray List Mamvi. B. Af., p. 1 1 1 ; Goidd Mamm. Austr., iii, pi. xix ; Blytk Cat. no. -^90 p. 116. • -> yi Mus. grayii, Gray App. Grey's Travels Austr , u, p. 410(1841). Distribution. — Australia. a. Stuffed Australia Sydney Institution (1846), A. S B. b. Skin Plains of West Australia Brit. Mus. [Ex.] Genus LEGGADA. Leggada, Gray Charlesw. Mag. N. H., i, p. 586 (1837). Nannomys, Peters Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, p. 480 (1876). Two species only are found in the Indian Empire ; three others have been described from Africa. 80 MAMMALIA. Key of the Indian Species. a. Larger, 3 to 4 inches ; tail as long as the body only ; extra cusp oi\ the anterior molar well developed. L. platythrix, p. 80. fl2. Smaller, 2 to 3 inches"; tail about equal to the head and body; extra cusp on the anterior molar variable. L. buduga, p. 80. Leggada platythrix. Mus platythrix, Bennett P. Z. S., p. 121 (1832) ; Elliot Madras Journ, x, p. 215. V.egg2id.3. \)\a.iyt'hv\^, Gray Charlesw. Mag, N. H., i, p. 586 (1837); Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 350; id. Cat. no. 395, p. 121; Jerdon Mamvi., p. 207. Mus spinulosus, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxiii, p. 734 (1854). Leggada spinulosa, Blyth J- A. S.B., xxxii, p. 349 (1863) ; id. Cat. no. 394, p. 121 ; jerdon Mamm., p. 208. Mus (Leggada) platythrix, Thomas P.Z. S., p. 553 (1881). Distrihution. — This rat seems to have much the same distribution as Mus mettada, being confined to Western, Central and Southern India. a-h. 2 Skins South India Sir W. Elliot, A.S.B. c-d. 2 Skins S. Malabar Rev. J. Baker, A.S.B. ^. Ale. and $ Punjab W. Theobald (1854), skull? A.S.B. [Type of Mus spinulosus, Blyth.] /. Ale, skull $ Khandala, Bm. H. M. Phipson. g. Ale, skull $ Bhandara,C.P., 26-9-70. W. T. Blanford. h. Ale. $ Collagelly Hills, Mdr. R. H. Beddome. j. Ale. $ Clifton, Karachi. Karachi Mus. [Ex.] k. Ale. $ Khandala, Bm. H. M. Phipson. Leggada buduga. Leggada booduga. Gray Charlesw. Mag. N. H., i, p. 586 {1837), Mus lepidus, FJliot Madr. Journ., x, p. 216 (1839). Mus terricolor, 5;ji^/i ^. ^. 5". 5., XX, p. 172 (1851); id. J. A. S. 5., xxxii, p. 349; id. Cat. no. 386, p. 1 19; Jerdon Mamm., p. 206. Mus albidiventris, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxi, p. 351 (1852). Mus fulvidiventris, Blyth J. A. S. 5., xxi, p. 351 (1852); \d. J. A.S.B., xxxii, p. 349 ; id. Cat. no. 383, p. 119. Mus cervicolor, apud Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 64 (1852) ; Blyth y. .(4. 5. 5., xxxii, p. 349; id. Cat, no. 384, p. 119; Jerdon Mamm. p. 206. [pt.] I Leggada lepida, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxii, p. 350 ; id. Cat. no. 396, p. 121 ! Jerdon Mamm., p. 209. Mus beavani, Peters P. Z. S., p. 559 (1866); Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv Burma List, p. 40. Mus (Leggada) buduga, Thomas P. Z. S., p. 553 (1881). CHIROPODOMYS 8l Distribution. — All over India except in the Punjab, Himalayas, and Assam, in which latter it is replaced by the closely allied Mus cervicolor. a-b. 2 Skins nr. Calcutta E. Blyth, A.S.B. c-f. 4 Skins Midnapore jungles E. Blyth, A.S.B, g. Skin, skull N. of Chanda, C. P., W. T. Blanford. 1-2-67. h. Skin and Sirguja, Chota Nagpur V. Ball, 1871. skull. J. Skin South India Sir. W. Elliot, 1843, A.S.B. [Typical of Mus lepidus, Elliot.] k. Skin South Malabar Rev. J. Baker, A.S.B. /. Skin Trincomali E. F. Kelaart, A.S.B. [Type of Mus fuvidiventris, Blyth.] m. Ale, skull $ Fattehgarh, N.-W.P. A. Anderson. n-p. 3 Ale. $ Etawah, N.-W.P. A. Anderson, q-r. 2 Ale. $ Banda dist., N.-W.P. J. Cockburn. s. Ale, skull 'I Kakhyen hills J. Anderson. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. J. Anderson, J. Anderson. Rhizomys badius. Rhizomys badius, Hodgson Calc. Journ. N. H., ii, p. 6o (1842) ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., ist ed., p. 24; Blyth J. A. S. B., xii, p. 925 ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 165 ; Blyth Cat. no. 402, p. 122 ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 214 ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 329, pis. xiv, xvi ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, pp. 65, 71. Rhizomys castaneus, Blyth J, A. S.B., xii, p. 1007 (1843); id. Cat. no 403, p. 123; Blanford J. A. S. B., xxxvi, p. 198; Blyth J. A. S, B., xliv, Burma List, p. 41 ; Blanford J. A. S. B., xlvii, p. 165, Distribution. — This species has a somewhat wider range than the last. It is found in the Himalayas from Nepal eastwards and extends through Assam, Munipur, Arakan, and Burma, but does not seem to be found further south than the northern part of Tenasserim. a. Skin b-c. 2 Skins d. Skin $ e-f. 2 Skins $ g. Skin h. Skin, $ skeleton. 3-k. 2 Stuffed, I skull. l-m. 2 Stuffed, skelet. mtd. Nepal (Hodgson) India Museum, London. Naga hills J. Butler. A. W. Chenneil. Tsitkaw, Kakhyen hills J. Anderson. ,, ,, J. Anderson. Chenga, Darjeeling ? Zoological Gardens. Sikkim Terai W. T. Blanford, A. S. B. Arakan Sir A. Phayre (1843), A. S. B. [Types of Rhizomys castaneus, Blyth.] n. Stuffed Prome, Pegu W. T. Blanford, A. S. B. H 9$ MAMMALIA o. Skeleton mted nr. Bhamo J.Anderson. $ p. Skeleton ...... Zoological Gardens. q-r. 2 Ale. $ $ Sikkim G. King. 5. Ale. g Lingling, Et. Sikkim T. Johnston. t. h\c. $ Cherrapoonjee, Assam H. H. Godwin Austen, «. Ale, skull $ Cachar J. Wood Mason. V. Ale. $ Munipur Col. Johnston. TO. Ale. i Kakhyen hills J. Anderson. X. Ale. $ Shwegyin, Tenasserim Major Berdmore, A. S. B. Genus BATHYERGUS. Bathyergus, Illiger Prodr., p. 86 (i8ii). Type, B. maritimus. Bathyergus maritimus. Mus maritimus, Gmelin Syst. Nat., i, p. 140 (1788). Mus suillus Schreber Saugetk., iv, p. 715, pi. ccivb. (1792). Bathyergus maritimus, ////j'^r Prodr., p. 86 (181 1); Blyth Cat. no. 416^ p. 126. Distribution. — South Africa. a-c. 3 Stuffed W. S. Sherwill, A.S.B. Bathyergus splendens, Bathyergus splendens, Rilppell N. Wirbelth., p. 36, pi. xii (1835) ; Blan/ofd Abyssinia, p. 279. Distridution. — North-East Africa (Abyssinia). a-b. 2 Skins ^ $ Lake Ashangi, Abyssi- W. T. Blanford. nia. €. Skeleton Lake Ashangi, Abyssi- W. T. Blanford, Genus GEORYCHUS. Ceorychus, Illigey Prodr., p. 8j (181 1). 7)-/)^, G. capensis. Georychus ccecutiens, Bathyergus csecutiens, Brants Muizen, p. 37 (1827). Bathyergus hottentottus, Lesson et Garnot Bull. Sci. Nat., viii, p. 96 (1826). Georychus csecutiens, Schinz Synops. Mamtn., ii, p. 127 (1845) ; Blyth Cat. no. 418, p. 127 Distribution, — South Africa. a-c. 3 Stuffed W. S. Sherwill and E. L. Layard, A. S. B. ZAPUS. 99 Georychus capensis. Mus capensis, Pallas Nov. Sp. Quad, e Glir., p. 172 (1778). Georychus capensis, ///j.g-e^ Prodr., p. 87 (181 1); Blyth Cat., no. 417, p. 127. Distribution, — South Africa. a. Skin E. L. Layard (i860), A. S. B. Genus GEOMYS. Geomys, Rafinesque, Am. Month. Mag., ii, p. 45 (181 7)*. Diplostoma, Rafinesque, Am. Month. Mag., ii, p. 45 (1817)*. Saccophorus, Kuhl Beitr. Zool., p. 65 (1820). Type, G- bursarius. Pseudostoma, Say Long^s Exped. Rock. Mts , i, p. 406 (1823)*. Ascomys, Lichtenstein Ahhand. Akad. Berlin, 1822-3, p. 20 (1825). Type, G. bursarius. Geomys bursarius. Mus bursarius, Shaw Linn. Trans., v, p. 227, pi. viii (1800). Geomys cinereus, Rafinesque Am. Month. Mag., ii, p. 45 (1817)*. Saccophorus bursarius, Kuhl. Beitr. Zool., p. 65 (1820). Pseudostoma bursarius, Say Long's Exped. Rock. Mts., i, p. 406 (1823)*. Ascomys canadensis, Lichtenstein Abhand. Akad. Berlin, 1822-3, P* 13 (182s). Geomys bursarius, Richardson Ann. Rep. B. Assoc, vi, p. 150 (1837) ; Coues Monographs N^ Anier. Rodents., p. 612. Geomys drummondii, Richardson Ann. Rep. B. Assoc, vi, p. 157 (1837). Geomys oregonensis, Leconte P. Acad. N. Sci. Philad., vi, p. 160 (1854). Geomys breviceps, Baird P. Acad. N, Sci. Philad., vii, p. 335 (1856). The Pocket Gopher. Bistridutio?2.—Centxa.\ States of North America, the valley of the Mississippi in a board sense. a-b. 2 Skins $ ? Texas, 2-84 J. H. Gamier [Ex.] Genus ZAPUS. Zapus, Coues Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. (2), no. S, p. 253 (1876) Type, Z. hudsonius. Zapus hudsonius. Dipus hudsonius, Zimmermann Geogr. Geschichte, ii, p. 358 (1780). Dipus canadensis, Davies Linn. Trans., iv, pi. viii, figs. 5-6, p. 157 (1798). Dipus americanus. Barton Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc, iv, p, 115 (1799). Dipus labradorius, Turton, Syst. Nat., i, p, 99 (1806)*. Meriones microcephalus, Harlan P. Z. S., p. i (1839). Meriones accadians, Dawson Editi. Philos. Journ., iii, p. 2, pi. 1(1856), Zapus hudsonius, Coues Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. (2), no. S, p. 254 (1876) ; id. Monographs N. Amer, Rodents., p. 467. H 2 100 MAMMALIA. Distribution.— "i^Qxih. America generally from lat. 62° south- wards. a. Ale. Pelee Ont., Canada J. H. Gamier [Ex.] Genus DIPUS. Dipus Schreber, Saugeth., iv, p. 840 (1792). Dipus lagopus. Dipus lagopus, Lichtenstein, Eversvmmi Reise nach Buchara, p. 121 (1823); Brandt Bull. A-,ad. St. Petersb., ii, p. 218*; Blanford Yarkand Mamm., p. 58; Severtzoff Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xviii, p. 56. Distribution. — Western and Eastern Turkistan. a. Skin, skull Yarkand, 20-5-74 F. Stoliczka. 6. Skin Yangihissar, 4-74 F. Stoliczka. c. Skin Koshtak, 2 4-73 F. Stoliczka. d. Skin, skull $ Yarkand, 28-7-75 J. Scully. e-f. 2 Skins, i skull Kilian, Turkestan C. Ellis. g. Ale. $ Turkestan C. Ellis. Dipus blanfordi, Dipus macrotarsus, apud Blanford, Persia, p. 74 (1876). Dipus blanfordi, Murray Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xiv, p. 98 (1884). Distrihulion. — Persia generally. The specimen below was identified with considerable doubt by Blanford with Dipus macrotarsus of Wagner ; since that time several more specimens exhibiting the peculiar colouration of Blanford's specimen have been procured for the Karachi Museum, and Murray has given the species a new name ; whether it will really turn out to be distinct from the true D. microtarsus which was got from Sinai, can only be settled by a comparison of the specimen below with Wagner's type now probably in the Berlin Museum. a. Ale, skull Kam nr. Teheran W. T. Blanford. Dipus jaculus. Mus jaculus, Linnmus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 85 (1766). Dipus gerboa, Olivier Bull. Soc. Philom., ii, p. 121 (1800)*. Dipus bipes, Lichtenstein Verzeich. Doublett. Mus. Berlin, p. 5 (1823)*. Dipus segyptius, Lichtenstein Darstell., pi. xxii (1827); Brandt Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., ii. p. 217* ; Lataste Ann. Mus. Genoa, xviii, p. 672. Dipus mauritanicus, Dwvernoy Mem. Soc. Strasburg, iii, pt. 2, p. 30, pis. iii, iv (1842) ; Blyth Cat., no. 351, p. HO. Distribution, — From North Arabia westwards through Lower Egypt as far as the province of Oran in Algeria. PFXTINATOR. 101 . The specific name segyptius was first used by Hasselquist, a pre-Linnaean writer and is therefore incorrect; as is pointed out by Thomas (Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), viii, p. 14), the proper name for this species is Dipus jaculus of Linnaeus. a-d. 4 Ale, I skull nr. Alexandria, Egypt Purchased. 2^2? e. Ale, skull $ Heluan, Egypt Purchased. /. Stuffed, skull Algeria A. Malherbe, A.S.B. Genus ALACTAGA. Alactaga, F. Cuvier Trans. Zool. Soc., ii, p. 131 (1841). Type, A. arundinis, Scirtetes, Wagner Archiv f. Natur., vii, pt. i, p. 119 (184 1). Alactaga decumana. Mus jaculus, apud Pallas Nov. Sp. Quad, e Glir., p. 275, pi. xx., (1778). Dipus jaculus, Gmelin Syst. Nat., i, p. 157 (1788) [pt] ; Brandt Bull, Acad. St., Peters., ii, p. 220*. Dipus spiculum, Lichtenstein Abhand. Akad. Berlin., 1825, P- JS4> P'- vii (1828). Dipus ducumana, Lichtenstein Abhand. Akad. Berlin, 1825, p. 154, pi, vi (1828); Blanford Persia, p. 78. Dipus vexillarius, Everstnann Bull. Nat. Mosc, p. 42 (1840). Distribution. — Central Asia extending southwards to Bushire. a. Skin, skulL nr. Bushire Sir O. St. John. . Alactaga indica. Alactaga indica, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., x, p. 262 (1842) ; Hutton J. A. S. 5., XV, p. 137/ Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 149/ Blanford Persia, p. 77; P. L. Sclater, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 538; Thovias Linn. Trans. (2) v, p. 60. Alactaga bactriana, Blyth Cat. no. 352, p. no (1863). Distribution. — Afghanistan from the Simkoh hills southwards to Baluchistan and eastwards to Shiraz. a. Ale, skull Katru, nr. Shiraz W. T. Blanford. b. Skin Afghanistan (Griffith) India Mus , London. c. Stuffed Afghanistan Old Collection, A. S. B. Genus PECTINATOR. Pectinator, Blyth J. A.S. B., xxiv, p. 294, (1855). Type, P. spekii. Pectinator spekii. Pectinator spekii, ^S/yifA J. A._ S. B., xxiv, p. 294 (1855); Heuglin Nova Acta Acad. Leap. Caro. (3), viii, 1861, p. I, pi. ii ; Blyth Cat, no. 427, p. 130; Blanford Abyssinia, -p. 2^1, 102 MAMMALIA. DhtrihuHon. — North-east Africa, the Somali country and Abys- sinia. a. Skin Somali country J. H. Speke, A. S. B. [Type of Pectinator spekii, Blyth.] b. Skin Senafe Pass, Abys- W. T. Blanford, sinia, 2-68. c-rf. 2 Skins Undul weles, Abys- W. T. Blanford. sinia, 4-68. €-f. 2 Skins Sooroo Pass, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford. 6-68. g. Skin Abyssinia W. T. Blanford. A-/. 4 Ale. Undul weles, Abyssinia W. T. Blanford. m. Skeleton Abyssinia W. T. Blanford. n. Skeleton in ,, W. T. Blanford. ale. Genus SCHIZODON. Schizodon, Waterhouse P. Z, S., p. 91 (1841). Type, S. fuscus. Schizodon fuscus. Schizodon fuseus, Waierhouse P. Z. S., p. 91 (1841); id. A^«^ Hist. Mamm., ii p. 265. Distribution. — Chili. a. Stuffed Chili Brit. Mas. [Ex.] Genus SPALACOPUS. Spalacopus, Wagler his., p. 1219 (1832). Type, S. poeppigii. Poephagomys, F. Cuvier Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), i, p. 321 (1834). Type, S. poeppigii. Psammoryctes, Pceppig Archiv. f. Natur., i, pt. I, p. 252 (1835). "^yP^) S. poeppigii. Spalacopus poeppigii. Spalacopus poeppigii, Wagler Ists., p. 1219(1832) ; Waterhouse Nat. Hist,, Mamm., ii, p. 269, pi. ix, fig. i ; Blyth Cat. no. 420, p. 127. Poephagomys ater, F. Cuvier Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), i, p. 321, pi. xiii (1834). Psammoryctes noctivagus, Poeppig Archiv. f. Natur., i, pt. i, p. 252 (1835) Distribution.— Chili. a. Stuffed Chili C. T. Eyton (1849), A. S. B Genus OCTODON. Octodon, Bennett, P. Z. S., p. 46 (1832). Type, O. degus. Dendrobius, Meyen Nova Acta Acad. Leop, Caro., xvi, p. 600 (1833). Typtf O. degus. ERETHIZON 103 Octodon degus. Scmrus degus, Molina Sag. Stor. Nat. Chili, pp. 303, 342 (1782)* ; Gtnelin Syst. Nat., i, p. 152. Octodon cumva\ng\\, Bennett, P.Z. S., p. 47 (1832) ; id. Trans. Zool. Soc, ii, p. 81, pi. xvi. Octodon pallidus, Wagner Arckiv.f. Nalur , xi, pt. 2, p. 33 (1845), Dendrobius degus, M'cyen Nova Acta Acad. Leof). Caro., xvi, p. 600, pK xliv (1833). Octodon degus, Water kou^e Nat, Hist. Mamm., ii, p. 253 (1848); Blytk Cat. no. 419, p. 127. Disiribuiior.. — Chili. «. Stuffed ChiH C. T. Eyton (1846), A. S. B, Genus SYNETHERES. Synetheres, F. Cuvier Mem. Mus., Paris ix, p. 433 (1822). Typ^, S. pre- hensilis. Cercolabes, Brandt Mamm. Exot. Nov., p. 55 (1835). Synetheres prehensilis. Hystrix prehensilis, Linnceus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 76 (1766). Hystrix cuaudu, Desniarest Manini., p. 346 (1820), Synetheres prehensilis, F. Cuvier Mem. Mus., Paris, ix, pp. 427. 433, pi. XX ter, figs. 3 and 4 (1822). Cercolabes prehensilis, Brandt Mamm. Exot. Nov , p. 60, pi. ix, figs. 5-9 (183s) ; Waterhotise Nat. Hist. Mamm., ii, p. 410. Distribution — The Brazilian region of South America. a. Ale. ? . Purchased. Genus ERETHIZON, Erethizon, F, Cuvier Mem, Mus., Paris, ix, p. 432 (1822). Type, E. dorsatus. Echinoprocta, Gray P. Z. S., p. 321 (1865). Type, E. rufescens, Erethizon dorsatus. Hystrix dorsata, Linncsus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 76 (1766). Erethizon dorsatus, F. Cuvier Mem. Mus., Paris, ix, p. 425, pi. xx ter, figs. I, 2 & 8 (1822) ; Allen Monographs N. Amer. Rodents, p. 388 Hystrix hudsonius, Dekay New York Zool., i, p. 77, pi. xxvi, fig. i, pi. viii, fig. 2 (1842). The Canada Porcupine. ' Distribution. — Middle and northerly portions of the North American Continent. a-b, 2 Skulls Upton, Maine, U. S, A. W. Theobald. 104 MAMMALIA Genus ATHERURA. Atherura, G. Cuvier Regne Anim., 2nd ed., i, p. 215 (1829). Type, A. mac- roura. The skull of the African species of Atherura is distinguishable at once from that of the Asiatic species by the fact that the poste- rior nasal opening is in the former species opposite the last molar, whereas in the latter, it is extended forward to opposite the penul- timate molar. Besides the two species mentioned below, there is a third, the true A. fasciculata of Shaw, found only in Siam, in which the cuudal bristles are simple and flattened, and not twisted and irregularly dilated. Atherura macroura. Hystrix macroura, Linnceus Syst. Nat., 12th ed. i, p. 77 (1766). Atherura fasciculata, fl/>MG? G. Cuvier Regne Anim., 2nd ed., i, p. 215 (1829); Cantor y. A. S. B,, xv, p. 257; Gray P. Z. S., 1847, P- 1^4 ! Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 147 ; Blyth Cat. no. 424, p. i2g ; P. L. Sclater P. Z. S., 1 87 1, p. 236 ; Blyth J. A- S, B., xliv, Burma List, p. 43 ; An- derson J., Linn. Sac, xxi, p. 341. Atherura macroura, Waterhouse Nat. Hit. Mamm., ii, p. 472; Blyth J. A. S. B., XX, p. 519; Gunther P. Z. S., 1876, p. 742; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 71. Brush-tailed Porcupine. a-b. 2 Skins, ^ $ Tiboo Padan, Mergui, J Anderson. 2 skeletons, 7-2-82. c. Skin No history, A. S. B. d. Stuffed, skull Tipperah R. W. G. Frith, A. S. B. *. Stuffed, skull Malacca Rev. F. Lindstedt, A. S. B. y. Skeleton, Zoological Gardens. mted. Atherura africana. Atherura africana, Gray Ann. Mag., N. H., x, p. 261 (1842) ; Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mamm., ii, p. 476; Gunther P. Z. S., 1876, p. 742. Distribution. — Western Africa. a. Skin, skull, W. Rutledge. and bones $ Genus HYSTRIX. Hystrix Linnesus, Syst. Nat, 12th ed., i, p. 76 (1766). Type, H. cristata. Acanthion, F. Cuvier Mem. Mus., Paris, ix, p. 431 (1822). Type, H. longi, Cauda. CEdocephalus, Gray P. Z. S., p. 308 (1866), Type, H. crista'a. Acanthoecherus, Gray P. Z. S., p. 310 (1866). Type, H. longicauda. HYSTRIX. 105 Key of Indian Species. a. Crest well developed ; skull with enormously inflated nasal region ; the frontal processes of the premaxillae wide, trun- cated, and extending back as far as the nasals. H. leucurus, p. 105. a^. Crest but slightly if at all developed ; skull with the nasals not inflated, and the nasals extending further back than the frontal processes of the premaxillae. b. Nasal bones expanded behind and extending back to a level with the middle of the orbits ; frontal processes of the premaxillae narrow and almost pointed. H. longicauda, p. 106. IP-. Nasal bones of equal width throughout, and hardly extending backwards to a level with the lacymal bones ; frontal processes of the premaxillae wide and truncated. H. yunnanensis, p. 107. Hystrix cristata. Hystrix cristata, Linneeus Syst, Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 76 (1766); Brandt Mamm. Exot. Nov., p. 35, pi. viii, figs. 1-2; Waterhouse Nat. Hist, Mamm., ii, p 448, pi. xx, fig. i ; P. L. Sclater P. Z, S-, 1871, p. 233 ; Danford and Alston P. Z. S., 1877, p. 281. Acanthion cuvieri, Gray P, Z. 5., p. 102 (1847). CEdocephalus cuvieri. Gray P. Z. S., p. 308 (1866). The European Porcupine. - Distribution — Southern Europe and Northern Africa, ranging as far as Zanzibar .? a. Stuffed, skele- Zanzibar? Zoological Gardens, ton $ Hystrix leucurus. Hystrix leucurus, Sykes P. Z S., p. 103 (1831) ; Elliot Madras Journ, x, p, 218; Gray P. Z.S., 1847; p. 100; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 146; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 70; Adams P. Z. S., 1858, p 520; Blyth Cat. no, 421, p. 128 ; Gray P. Z. S., 1866, p. 308 ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 218; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 55 ; P L, Sclater, P. Z S., 1871, p. 233 ; Stoliczka J. A, S. B., xli, p. 228; Murray ZooL Sind, p. 48; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 57. Hystrix cristata, aptid Gray Illustr. Ind. Zool., li, p], xiv (1834) ; Hutton J. A. S. B., XV, p. 136 ; Blanford Persia, p. 80. Hystrix hirsutirostris, Brandt Mamm. Exot, Nov., p. 39, pi. viii, figs. 3-6 (1835); Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mamm., ii, p. 454, pi. xx, fig. 2; Wagner Hiigel's Kaschmir, iv, p. 573 ; Blyth J^ A, S. B., xxi, p. 351. Hystrix zeylonensis, Blyth J, A. S.B., xx, p. 171 (1851). Hystrix malabarica, P. L. Sclater P. Z. S., p. 353, pi. xvi (1865) ; Gray P.Z.S., 1866, p. 308. I06 MAMMALIA. The Indian Crested Porcupine ; Sahi, Sayal, Sirsel, Hind. ; Saori> Guzerat ; Salendra, Mahrathi ; Yed, Canarese ; Yeddu-pandi, Ta- mil ; Heetava, Cingalese. Distribution. — India from Sind and the Himalayas southwards to Ceylon ; Baluchistan ; eastwards not extending to Lower Bengal. The Baluchistan skull (c.f. Blanford's Persia) seems to agree much better with the Indian skulls than with that of H. cristata, of which however there is only one specimen in the Museum, the skull of which exactly agrees with the skull of H, cristata as figured in Waterhouse's Mammalia, being distinguished from H. leucura by its posteriorly broadened nasals and by its much narrower nasal process of the premaxillae. a-h. 2 Skins Jemper, Sind Karachi Mus. [Ex.] c. Skin, juv. „ ,, Karachi Mus. [Ex.] d. Skin Ceylon? Zoological Gardens. €. Stuffed, juv. „ E. F. Kelaart, A.S.B. [Type of Hystrix zeylonensis, Blyth.] /. Skin juv. A.S.B. g. Skull Find Dadan Khan W. Theobald, A.S.B. h. Skull Ceylon E. F. Kelaart, A.S.B. j. Skull „ E. L. Layard, A.S.B. k. Skull Allahabad J. Cockburn. /. Skull No history A. SB. m. Skin, skull ? Jalk, Baluchistan, W. T. Blanford. 15-3-72. n. Skin $ Agra dist. Agra Mus. o. Skin of head South India Sir W. Elliot, A.S.B. />. Ale. juv. W. Rutledge. Hystrix longicauda. Hystrix longicauda, Marsden Hist. Sumatra, 3rd ed., p. 1 18, pi. xiii (1810) ; Raffles Linn Trans., xiii, p. 258; Cantor J. A. S. B., xv, p. 256; Blyth Cait. no423, p. I29[pt.] ; jer don Mamin.,T?. 221 [pt.] ; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 56 ; P. L. Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 234; -S/yJ^A jf- ■A. S. 5., xliv, Bicrvia List, p. 42. Hystrix iaiSc'\cu\3Lta., Miiller Over de Zoogdiere7t in Tern. Verhandl., p. 36 (1839). Acanthion hodgsonli, Gray P. Z. S., p. loi (1847) ; id. P. Z. S., 1866, p. 310. Hystrix alophus, Hodgson, J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 771, pi. xxxii (1847) ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 2nd ed., p. II. Hystrix hodgsoni, Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mamm., p. 461, pi. xx, fig. 3 (1848). Hystrix bengalensis, 5/y/;/i y. ^. S. 5., XX, p. 170 (1851); Blyth Cat. no. 422, p. 128; Jerdon Mamni-, p. 220. Acanthochcerus grotei, Gray P. Z. S., p. 310, pi. xxxi (i866). The Crestless Porcupine ; Sajru, Bengal; Anchotia Dumsi. Nepal ; Sathung, Lepch ; Phyoo, Tenasserim. Z>/j/r/^«//(?«.— Himalayas from Nepal eastwards, Lower Bengal, HYSTRIX. 107 Assam, Burma and the Malay peninsula, extending to the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. All the skulls in the Museum of the crestless type of Porcu- pine with one exception are of the type figured by Waterhouse (/. c.) distinguished by their long posteriorly rounded and expand- ed nasal bones, the other type figured by Waterhouse as H. javanica is distinguished by its short truncated nasals which do not reach as far back as the level of the lacrymal bone ; there is one skull of this type in the Museum — see below under H. yunnan- ensis ; there does not seem to be any real difference between the three so-called species H. longicauda, H. bengalensis and H. hodg- soni, unless it is that in the last named there is no trace of a crest, whereas a small crest is present in H. bengalensis and H. longi- cauda ; the skulls of these species vary enormously and no dis- tinctions can be found which do not break down when a series are examined. a. Skin, skull Nepal Valley, 4-78 J. Scully. b. Skin, skull Nepal B. H. Hodgson, A.S.B. c. Skin, skull Darjeeling E. Biyth (1832) A.S.B, d. Skin, skull Sikkim L. Mandelli. e. Skin, juv Arakan L. Mandelli, A.S.B. /. Stuffed skull E. Lindstedt, A.S.B. [Type of H. bengalensis, Blyth.] g. Stuffed, juv. A.S.B. A. Stuffed skull, Malacca A.S.B. y. Stuffed skull, Rajah R. Mullick 29-12-71 *. Skeleton, mtd. Rajah R. Mullick, A.S.B. /.Skeleton $ Babu H. M. Roy, A.S.B. m. Skeleton No history. n. Skull Assam F. Jenkins, A.S.B. OS. 5 Skulls No history. Hystrix yunnanensis. Hystrix yunnanensis, Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p 332(1878). Distrihutio7i. — Kakhyen hills of Upper Burma. The skull of this species, as is pointed out by Anderson, (/. f.) resembles very closely that of H. javanica, described and figured by Waterhouse (Mamm., ii, p. 465, pi. xx, fig. 4), the great feature of the skull being the short nasals which do not extend back as far as the anterior level of the lacrymal bones and the consequent increase in size of the frontals. Gunther (P. Z. S., 1 876, p. 737) has described a species of Hystrix from Borneo as H. crassispinus, the skull of which (woodcut fig. i), also agrees very closely with the Yunnan skull ;the Borneo species, judging from the plate, does not appear to be crested, in this resembling H. javanica, but it is distinguished by its very large and thick spines, some of which lo8 MAMMALIA. are twice as thick as an incisor tooth ; the Yunnan species on the other hand, has a small crest and the spines are of a moderate size, at least none are as large as the incisor teeth. The skull of H. javanica, which was figured by Cuvier (Mem. Mus. Paris, ix, pi. ix, figs. 3-4) seems to be of the same type as H. longicauda with posteriorly extended and swollen nasals. a. Skin, skull Kakhyen hills J. Anderson. [Type of Hystrix yunnanenis, Anderson.] Genus LAGOSTOMUS. Lagostomus, Brookes Linn. Trans., xvi, p. 102 (1828), Lagostomus trichodactylus. Lagostomus trichodactylus, Brookes Linn. Trans., xv'i, p. I02, pi. Jx(i828); Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mamm., ii, p. 212. The Viscacha. Distribution. — The open plains of the southern part of South America. a. Skeleton W. Rutledge. Genus CCELOGENYS. Ccelogenus, F. Cuvier Ann. Mus., Paris, x, p. 203 (1807). Coelogenys. Illiger Prodr., p. 92 (i8ii). Ccelogenys paca. Mus paca, Linnceus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 81 (1866). CE ogenub u niger } p Cuvier Ann. Mus., Paris, x, p. 206, pi,, ix (1807). Ccelogenus fulvus j ' > t f ^ f v > \*"'-'//» Coelogenys paca, Blyth Ca^. no. 420, p. 128 (1863) ; Alstoti Biol, Centr. Amer. Manini., p. 174. Distribution. — From Vera Cruz in Mexico southwards through Central and South America to Paraguay. a. Skin No history. b. Skin W. Rutledge. d. Stuffed South America. E. Blyth, A.S.B. e. Stuffed Purchased. /. Skeleton mtd. E. Blyth, A.S.B, g-h. 2 Skulls E. Blyth, A.S.B. Genus CAVIA. Cavia, Pallas Miscell.Zool,, p. 30 (1766)*. LAGOMYS 109 Cavia porcellus. Mus porcellus, LinnceusSyst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 79 (1766). Cavia cobaya, Gmelin Syst. Nat., i, p. 122 (1788) ; Blyth Cat. no. 426, p. 129; IV'aterhouse Nat, Hist. Mamni , ii, p. i85. The Guinea Pig. Distribution. — South America, only known domesticated. a. Skin $ Purchased. b. Skin, skull $ Purchnsed. c. Skin $ Zoological Gardens. rf. Stuffed A. D. Bartlett (1849), A.S.B. e. Skeleton $ W. Rutledge. Cavia australis. Cavia australis, Is. Geoff. St. Hil. Mag. de Zool., iii, pi. 129* ; Blyih Cat. no. 425, p. 129. Kerodon kingii, Bennett P. Z. 5., p. 190 (1835). Distribution. — Patagonia. c. Stuffed C. T. Eyton, A.S.B. Genus HYDROCHCERUS. Hydrochoerus, Erxleben Syst. Regn. Anim,, p. 191 (1777). Hydrochoerus capybara. Hydrochoerus CcupyhsirdL Erxleben Syst, Regn. Anim, p. 193 (ijyy). Distribution. — South America from Guiana to Paraguay. a. Skeleton mtd. W. Rutledge. b. Skull E. Blyth, A.S.B. Genus LAGOMYS. Lagomys, Cuvier Regne Anim., 2nd ed., i, p. 218 (1829). Key of the Ifidian Species. a. Larger forms generally over 7 inches in length. b. Fur sandy rufous ; skull very narrow between the orbits. c. Ear long about i inch ; no white nuchal patch ; skull with the anterior palatine foramen divided into an anterior and posterior portion by the inwardly projecting palatal platesiofthe premaxillae. L. ladacensis, p. no. c^. Ear shorter, only about 75 inch; a large conspicuous white no MAMMALIA. patch at the back of the neck ; the anterior palatine foramen not divided as above. L. rufescens, p. m. b^. Fur grayish ; skull not contracted between the orbits, but with a pair of foramina at the narrowest point at the anterior ends of the frontal bones ; the anterior palatine foramen not divided. . L. macrotis, p. no. a^. Smaller, generally under 7 inches in length ; fur very long, soft, and rufous ; skull broad between the orbits ; and the anterior palatine foramen not divided. L. roylei, p. 112. Lagomys ladacensis. Lagomys curzonise, apud Stolicska J. A. S. B., xxxiv, p. 108 (1865) ; Ander^ son P. Z. S., 187 1, p. 562. Lagomys ladacensis, Giiuther Ann. Mag. N. H. (4),xvi, p. 231 (1875); Blanford f. A. S. B., xliv, p. IIO; id. Yarkand Maimnals, p. 71, pi. vi fig .i, pi. vii, fig. 2, pi. viia, fig. i. Distribution. — The higher regions of Eastern Ladakfrom 15,000 feet to 19,000 feet. a-d. 4 Skins $ Chagra, Ladak, 15-7-70 G.Henderson. e. Skin ,, ,, 7-10-70 G. Henderson. f-g. 2 Skins $ Luksung, Ladak, 24-6-70 G. Henderson. and juv. h-k. 3 Skins $ ,, ,, 7-70 G. Henderson. I. Skin Ladak G. Henderson. ■m. Skin, skull Chagra, Ladak, 21-9-73 F. Stoiiczka. n-o-p. 3 Skins Rimdi, Ladak. F. Stoiiczka. 17,000 feet, 22-9-73. q. Skin Kaziljiiga, Ladak F. Stoiiczka. t'S. 2 Skins, Gogra, Ladak. F. Stoiiczka. I skull. t. Skin Ladak ? F. Stoiiczka. u-v. 2 Skins $ Kizitlagh Karakorum C. Ellis. ? Pass, 17,500 ft. 24-7-83 w. Skin, skull Karakorum Brangsa, C. Ellis. 23-7-83- X. Skeleton Rimdi, Ladak F. Stoiiczka, 17,000 ft. 22-9-73. _y. Stuffed Ladak F. Stoiiczka (1864), A.S.B. z. Ale. Ladak G. Henderson. Lagomys macrotis. Lagomys macrotis, Giinther Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xvi, p. 231 (Sept. 1875); Blanford Yarkand Mammals , p. 75 ; Scully Ann. Mag, N. H. (5), viii, p. 100 ; id. P. Z. S., i88i, p. 207. Lagomys auritus, Blanford J. A.S. B., xliv, p III (Oct. 1875) ; id. J. A. S* B., xivi, p. 326 ; id. Yarkand Mammals, p. 74, pi. vi, fig. 2, pi. viia, fig. 2. Lagomys griseus, Blanford J. A. S.B., xliv, p. 1 11 ^Oct. 1875) ; id. Yarkand Mammals, p. 77, pi. vii, fig, I, pi, viia, fig, 3. LAGOMYS III Distrilution. — Ladak more especially the western part ; has a somewhat more extended distribution than the last species. The additional number of specimens received since the publica- tion of Blanford's Yarkand Mammals confirms what Blanford hinted at in that work that Lagomys macrotis, L. auritus and L. griseus are conspecific. There is no distinction to be found between the skulls of these three so-called species, and the colour and degree of harshness of the fur varies considerably in each individual. a. Skin and Lukong, Parikong Lake, F. Stoliczka. skull. Ladak, 19-9-73. [Type of Lagomys auritus, Blanford.] h. Skin and Lukong F. Stoliczka. skeleton. C'd. 2 Skins, I skull S. of Sanju Pass F. Stoliczka. Kuenlun Mts., 22-10-73. [Type of Lagomys griseus, Blanford.] e. Skin, skull Duba, Kuenlun Mts. ? F. Stoliczka. 6-6-74. /. Skia Above Kharbu, Ladak. F. Stoliczka. 14,000 ft., 22-8-73 g. Skin Leh, Ladak, 21-9-73 F. Stoliczka. h-j. 2 Skins ,, ,, 27-9-73. F. Stoliczka. k. Skin ,, „ 30-9-73. F. Stoliczka. /. Skin, skull 5 Kishengunga Valley, J. Bidduiph. Kashmir, 7,500 ft., 21-5-76. m. Skin G Igitdist., 10,000 ft., J. Bidduiph. 23-6-76. n. Skin $ Gilgit, 12,000 ft. J.Scully. o. Skiu, skull Dayoor, Gilgit, J. Scully. 7,500 ft. Lagomys rufescens. Lagomys rufescens, Gray Ann. Mag. N.H., x, p. 266 (1842); Hutton and Blyih J. A. S. B., xv, p. 140; Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mamm., li, p. 20; Horsfield Cat.E. I. Mti-s., p. 149; Blyth Cat. no. 440, p. 133 ; Blanford Persia, p. 83 pi. vi, fig. 2 ; Scully J. A. S. B., Ivi, p. 76 ; Murray Ann. Mag. N. H. (5) xiv, p. 100 ; Radde Zool. J. B., iv, p. 1053. Distribution. — Persia and Afghanistan extending to Afghan- Turkestan and parts of Transcaspia. a-b, 2 Skins $ Kohrud, Persia, W. T. Blanford. 9,000 ft., 7-72. c-e. 3 Skins $ Kohrud, Persia, W. T. Blanford. 9,000 ft , 7-72. f-h, 3 Skins ? Kohrud, Persia, W. T. Blanford. 9,000 ft., 7-72. 112 MAMMALIA. j- Skin, $ Sika Ram Mt.,Kurrum J. E. T. Aitchison. skull. Valley, 1 1,000 I2,000 ft. to k.l. 2 Skins, I skull. ^? Shadian, Afghan Turkistan, 8-86. C. E. Yate. 7)1, Skeleton ' $ Kohrud, Persia. W. T.Blanford. n. Stuffed Kandahar T. Hutton (846), A.S.B. o-p. 2 Ale. $ Kohrud, Persia W. T. Blanford. q-t. 4 Ale. _ ? »» n W. T. Blanford. u. Ale. juv. )i >) W. T. Blanford. vw. 2 Skulls >i )i W. T. Blanford. X. Skull Kandahar T. Hutton (1846) , A.S.B. Lagomys roylei. Lagomys roylei, Ogilby Royle's Himal.Bot., p, Ixix, pi. iv (1839) ; Is. Geoff., St. Hil. Jacquemont Voyage, iv, p. 62; Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mainni., ji, p 26; Wagner HugeVs Kaschmir, iv, p. 575 ; Adams P. Z. S., 1858, p. 520; BIytli Cat. no. 439, p. 133 ; Jerdnn Mamm., p. 226 ; Blanford J. A. S.B., xli, p. 35 ; Lydekker J. A. S. B., xlvi, p. 286; Scully Ann. Mag. N. H. (5) viii, p. 100. Lagomys hodgsonii, Blyth J. A. S. B., x, p. 816, figure on p. 844 (1841); Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mainm., ii, p. 23. Lagomys nepalensis, Hodgson J. A. S. B., x, p. 854, figure on p. 816 (1841) ; id. y. A. S. B., xi, p. 289; Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mamm., ii, p. 24 ; Gray Cat. Hfldgs. Coll., 1st ed., p. 21 ; Horsjield Cat. E. I. Mus., 148 ; Giinther Ann. Mag. N. H. (4) xvi, p. 230. Distribution. — The Himalayas generally from Kashmir to Sik- kim. Two other species of Lagomys, allied to L. roylei, have been described, whether they are identical with L. roylei cannot be decided without an examination of the types ; one is L. curzoniae of Hodgson (J. A. S. B., xxvi, p. 207) procured from the Chumbi Valley of Thibet; this is asserted by Giinther (Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xvi, p. 230) to be quite distinct from the other Himalayan spe- cies, the other is L. tibetanus of Milne Edwards from Moupin in Thibet, and this seems to be closely allied to L. roylei. a. Skin, skull Mataian, Dras valley, F. Stoliezka. Kashmir, 12,000 ft., 1S-8-73-. b. Skin, skull Deosai plain, Kashmir J.Scully. (Biddulph )i 1,000 to I2,C00 ft. c. Skin Sango-Pir, above Astor, G. M. Giles. Kashmir, 15,000 t. d. Skin, skull Kashmir J. E. T. Atehison. e. Skin, skull Nepal (^Hodgson) India Mus., London. /-/. 6. Stuffed A.S.B. M-K. 2 Ale. 1 skull Native Sikkim V. T.Blanford. Genus LEPUS. Lepus, Linnaus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 77 (1766). Caprolagus, Blyth J. A. S. B., xiv, p. 248 (1845). Type, L. hispidus. LEPUS. 1 13 Key of the Indian Species, a. Ears longer than the head. b. Fur distinctly curly ; tail white. c. Rump grayish ; ears posteriorly brown. L. hypsibius, p. 113. c''. Rump french gray, contrasting strongly with the colour of the back ; ear posteriorly white. L, pallipeS) p. 114, b'^. Fur straight ; tail never wholly white. d. Tail black above ; nape never black. e. Fur very soft and thick ; ear about 4-5 inches ; tarsus about 4*75 inches in the dry skin ; nasals rounded or truncated posteriorly ; posterior wing of postorbital process of the frontal bone free. . L. tibetanus, p. 114. e^. Fur not so soft ; ear about 5*5 inches ; tarsus 4*25 inches ; nasals as in L. tibetanus ; posterior wing of postorbital process of the frontal bone meeting the squamosal. L. dayanus, p- 115. e^. Fur coarse; ear about 4 inches; tarsus 4*25 inches; nasals acutely pointed posteriorly and externally; pos- terior wing of postorbital process free. L. peguensis, p. 117. d^. Tail and nape black. . . L. nigricollis, p. 116. d^. Tail red above . . . L. ruficaudatus, p. 116. a^. Ears shorter than the head ; fur very coarse, L. hispidus, p. 117. Lepus hypsibius. Lepus oistolus, apud Adams P. Z. S,, p. 520 (1858). Lepus pallipes, apud Blyth Cat. no. 433, p. 131 (1863) ; Blanford J A. S, B., xliv, p. 109. Lepus hypsibius, Blanford J. A. S. B., xliv, p. 214 (1875); id. Varkand Mammals, p. 60, pi. iii, fig. i, pi. \va, fig. i. Distribit/ioft. — Northern Ladak. a. Skin Pamzal, Changchemno F. Stoliczka. Valley, Ladak, 29-8-73. b. Skin, skull Kium, N. Ladak F. Stoliczka. [Co-types of Lepus hypsibius, Blanford.] c. Skin West Thibet? E. Smyth, A. S. B. tt4 MAMMALIA. Lepus pallipes. Lepus pallipes, Hodgson J. A. S. B., xi, p. 288, pi. ii (1842) ; Waierhouse Nat. Hist. Mamm.,\\, p. 62; Cunningham Ladak, p. 203; Horsfield P. Z. S., 1856, p. 401 ; Blanford, P. A. S. B., 1875, p. 198; id. Yarkand Mammals, p. 62 ; pi. iii, fig. 2. ^ he^ns o\osio\\is, Hodgson J. A.S. 5., ix, p. 1186 (1840) ; id. J. A. S, B., xi, p. 288, ? Lepus tibetanus, apud Anderson P. Z. S., p. 563 (1871); Blanford J. A. S. B., xli, p. 34. Distributmi. — Thibet from the north of Sikkim extending \vest- wards to Eastern Ladak. a. Skin, skull Thibet, north of Sikkim L. Mandelli. b. Skin Nepal (Hodgson) India Mus., London. c. Skin juv. $ Karakash, 1-8-70 G. Henderson. d. Skin juv, $ Gograhot springs, Ladak, G. Henderson. 7-70. f-f. 2 Skins juv. ? Ladak G. Hendersor>. g. Skin ? Ladak F. Stoliczka. h. Skin $ nr. Balakchi, Kuenlun J. Scully. Mts., 26-8-75. Lepus tibetanus. •' Hare of Little Thibet," Vigne Travels in Kashmir, ii, p. 268. Lepus tibetanus, Waterhoiise P.Z. S., ■^, 1 (x'&^i); id. Nat. Hist. Mamm.f ii, p. 58; Gunther Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xvi, p. 228 ; Blanford Yarkand Mammals, p. 63, pi. iv, fig. 2; Scully P. Z. S., 1881, p. 207 ; Thomas Linn. Trans., (2) v, p. 61. Lepus lehmanni, Severtzoff Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xviii, p. 169; Scully y. A. S. B., ivi, p. 76 ; Padde Zool. J. B., iv, p. 1054. Lepus biddulphi, Blanford J. A. S. B., xlvi, p. 324 (1877). Distribtition. — Ladak from the Nubra Valley westward through Gilgit and Afghan and Russian-Turkestan and North Persia. a-b. 2 Skin 2 skulls Nubra Valley, Ladak, Dr. Bellew. 10-73. c. Skin, skull ^ Chaprot, Gilgit, 17-2-80 T- Scully. d. Skin, skull $ Niltar Valley, Gilgit, J. Scully. 29-7-79. ef, 2 Skins, $ Gakuch, Gilgit, 25-5-79 J. Scully. I skull. ' ^. Skin $ Gilgit, 30-1-80 J. Scully. h. Skin juv. Manugar nullah, Gilgit, J, Scully. 9,000 ft., 2-4-79. j. Skin, skull Yassin, Gilgit, J. Biddulph» 7,000 ft, 9-76 [Type of Lepus biddulphi, Blanford.] k. Skin Hindu Kush C. E. Yate. /. Skin juv. $ Gulran, Afghan-Turkis- J. E. T. Aichisoa. tan. Lepus pamirensis. Lepus pamirensis, Cilnther Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xvi, p. 229 (1875) LEPUS. 115 - Bliznford y. A. S. B,, xliv, p. Iio; id, Yarkand Mammals^ p. 67, pi. v, fig. I, pi. va, fig. I. Distribution. — The Pamir. a-b, 2 Skins Lake Sarikul, Pamir F. Stoliczka. Lepus stoliczkanus. Lepus stoliczkanus, Blanford y. A. S. B., xliv, p. 1 10 (1875)5 ^^- Yarkand, Mammals, pi, v, fig. 2, pi, va, fig. 2. Distribution. — Mountains north of Kashgar. There does not seem to be any very great distinction between this species, L. pamirensis and L. tibetanus, either in the skins or skulls, and when more specimens are procured, it will probably be found that they are all identical with one another. a-b. 2 Skins Jigda, Altum Artush, F. Stoliczkau n. of Kashgar, 26-2-74. £Types of Lepus stoliczkanus, Blanford,] Lepus yarkandensis. Lepus yarkandensis, Cilnther Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xvi, p. 229 (1875); Blanford J. A. S. B., xliv, p. 109; id. Yarkand Mammals, p, 65, pi. iv, fig. I, pi. iv«, fig. 2. Distribution, — The plains of Eastern Turkestan round Yarkand and Kashgar. a-b. 2 Skins Katti-ilak, Fyzabad, F. Stoliczka. E. Turkestan, 1-3-74 c. Skin Yangihissar, 2-12-73 F. Stoliczka, d-e. 2 Skins Yarkand, 22-4-73 F. Stoliczka. /. Skin Beshkant, Yarkand 2-75 J.Scully. g. Skin juv. Yarkand, 5-6-75 J. Scully. h. Skin juv. $ „ 31-5-75 J- Scully. J. Skin juv. Hassan Borgha, E. Tur- C. Ellis, kistan, 2,350 ft., 19-6- 83. k. Skeleton Katti-ilak, Fyzabad, F. Stoliczka. E. Turkestan. Lepus dayanus. ? Lepus sp., Hutton jf. A. S. B., xv, p. 141. Lepus dayanus, Blanford P. Z. S., p. 663 (1874) ; Murray Zooh Sind, p. 50. Lepus craspedotis, Blanford Ann. Mag. N. H. {4), xvi, p. 313 (1875); id. Persia, p. 80, pi. viii ; Murray Zool. Sind, p. 49. Lepus joongshaiensis, Murray Zool. Sind, p. 51 (1884). Distribution.— Th.xo\xg\iQ\ii Sind and Baluchistan. I 2 Il6 MAMMALIA. There does not seem to be any distinctions of importance between the Sind and Baluchistan hares, and the description of the third species, L. joongshaiensis, agrees entirely with the type of L. cras- pedotis and a specimen labelled L. dayanus in the Indian Museum. a. Skin, skull $ Pishin, Baluchistan, W. T. Blanford. 8-2-72. [Type of Lepus craspedotis, Blanford.] b. Skin, skull Nara Nai w. of Sehvvan, W. T. Blanford. Sind, 1 1-2-75. c. Head juv. Chaman, S. Afghanistan J.A.Murray. d. Skull juv. ,, ,, J. A. Murray. e. Skull Kandahar T. Hutton, A. S. B. Lepus ruficaudatus. Lepus ruficaudatus, Is. Geoff. St. Hit. Diet. Class. H. N., ix, p. 381 (1826) ; id. Voy. aux Indes Orient., Belanger, p. 156; Ogilby Royle's Himal. Boi., p. Ixviii ; Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mamm., ii, p. 74; Blyth J. A. S. B., x'l, p. 100 ; id. y. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 291 ; id. Cat. no. 434, p. 13 1 ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 224 ; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 57 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B., xli, p. 228; Thomas P. Z, S., 1886, p. 57. Lepus orientalis, Brown Bengal Sporting Mag. (1836)*. Lepus macrotus, Hodgson J. A. S. B., ix, p. 1183 (1840) ; Gray Cat. Hodg. Coll., ist ed., p. 20; Wagner Hiig el's Kaschmir, iv, p. 574, with plate ; Adams P. Z. S., 1858, p. 520. Lepus tytieri, Tytler Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xiv, p. 176 (1854); Blytk, J. A. S. B., xxii, p. 415 i id. J. A, S. B., xxiv, p. 471. The Indian Hare ; Khargosh, Hind.; Kharra, Central India; Sasru, Lamma, Hind. ; Molol, Gonds. Distribution. — Northern India, from the Punjab to Bengal, ex- tending from the lower ranges of the Himalayas to the Taptee and Godavery Rivers. a. Skin $ Agra dist. Agra Mus. h-c. 2 Skins Manbhoom R. C. Beavan (1865). d. Skin juv. „ Mus. Coll (1866). e. Skin Thankot, Nepal, 9-12-77 J.Scully. /. Skin Naga Hills A. W. Chennell. g. Skeleton [Calcutta bazaar] Purchased. A. Stuffed „ „ Purchased, A. S. B. j-h, 2 StufTedjuv. ,, ,, Purchased, A. S. B. /. Stuffed juv. Alipore, Calcutta A. Grote, A. S. B. m,. Skeleton mtd. [Calcutta bazaar.] Purchased, A. S. B. Lepus nigricollis. Lepus nigricollis, F. Cuvier, Diet. Set. Nat., xxvi, p. 307 (1823) ; Sykes P. Z. S., 1831, p. 103 ; F. Cuvier, Nat. Hist. Mawwi. (1837)* ; Milller Over de Zoogdieren in Tern.. Verhandl., p. 37 ; Elliot Madras Journ., x, p. 218; Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mamm., ii, p. 72; Blyth J. A. S, B., xx, p. 172; LEPUS. 117 Horsfidd Cat. E. I. Mits., p.fi47; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 72; Adams P. Z. S., 1858, p. 520; Zelebor Sdugeth. Novara Reise, p. 31 ; Blyth Cat. no. 437, p, 132; Jerdon Mamm,, p. 225 ; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, pp. 57) 66. Lepus melanauchen, Temminck and Schlegel Faun. Jap. Mamm, Discour. Prelim., p. xiii (1835)*. The Black-naped Hare; Malla, Canarese ; Sassa, Mahr. ; Musal, Tamil; Kundeli, Tel.; Hava, Cingalese. Distribuiioti. — Southern India ; from the Taptee and Godavery rivers southwards ; Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, and Mauritius where perhaps introduced by human agency. a. Skin Bangalore Mus Coll., Jaffa. 6. Skin $ Tenmalai, S. Arcotdist. Mus Coll., Jaffa. c. Skin South India Madras Mus. (1863). d. Skin Ceylon Columbo Mus. e. Skin Ceylon R. Templeton (1849), A.S.B. f-g. 2 Skins, I skull ... No history. A. Stuffed Java Batavian Soc. (1844), A.S.B. j. Stuffed Mauritius Batavian Soc, (1844), A.S.B. Lepus peguensis. Lepus peguensis, Blyih J. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 471 (1855) ; id. Cat. no. 435, p. 132 ; id. y. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 43. Distrihuiion. — The open country of Upper Pegu in Burma. a. Skin, skull Upper Pegu Sir A. Phayre, A. S. B. [Type of Lepus peguensis, Biyth.] Lepus sinensis. Lepus sinensis, Gray Illustr. Ind. Zool., ii, pi. xx (1834) ; Waterhouse Nat- Hist. Mamm., ii, p. 80 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxx, p. 90 ; id. Cat. no. 436, p. 132 ; Swinhoe P. Z. S., 1862, p. 359 ; id. P. Z. S., 1870, p. 639. Distrilution. — China, from Peking to Canton and the Island of Formosa. a-h. 2 Stuffed, Anioy, China R. Swinhoe (1861), A. S. B. I skull. Lepus hispidus. Lepus hispidus, Pearson Bengal Sporting Mag., p. 131 (1843)*; McClelland P. Z. S., 1839, p. 152 ; Hodgson J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 572, pi. xiv ; Water- house Nat. Hist. Mamm., ii, p. 78 ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 2nd ed,, p. 1 1 ; Blyth Cat. no. 438, p. 133 ; jerdon Mamm., p. 226. Caprolagus hispidus, Blyth J. A. S. B., xiv, p. 247, with two plates (1845); Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 148; Tytler Ann. Mag. N. //". (2), xiv, P- 175- a-c. 3 Skins Dacca d. Head and skull. )) e. Skin >i /. Stuffed and skull. Assam. g' Skeleton Rajmahal ? Il8 MAMMALIA, Distrilution. — The Terai at the base of the Himalayas from Nepal to Assam, extending sonthwards to Dacca; said to be found in the Rajmahal hills. A closely allied species (Lepus netcheri) has recently been described by Schlegel (Notes Leyd. Mus., ii,, p. 59) from Sumatra. F. B. Simson (1870). F. B. Simson (1870). F. Buckland, F. Jenkins, A. S. B. W. S. Sherwill, A. S. B, Lepus europseus. Lepus europseus, Pallas Nov. Sp. Quad, e Glir., p. 30 (1778). Lepus timidus, apud Desmarest Mamm., ii, p. 347 (1820) ; WaterJiouse Nat. Hist. Mamm., ii, p. 39 ; Blasius Sdugeth. Deutsch,, p. 412; Ely th Cat. no. 430, p. 130. The Hare. Distribution. — Europe generally, except the more northern parts. a. Stuffed England A. D. Bartlett, A. S.B, Lepus cuniculus. Lepus cuniculus, Linnmus Syst. Nat., I2th ed., i., p, 77 (1766) ; Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mamm., ii, p. 64 ; Blyth Cat. no. 432, p. 131. The Rabbit. Distribution. — Southern and Western Europe and North Africa ; has been introduced into many places, such as the Falkland Islands, Australia and New Zealand. a-h. 2 Stuffed England A. D. Bartlett, A. S.B. '^ c. Stuffed [Lop-eared var.] Rajah R. Mullick, A. S.B. d-g. 4 Skulls A. D. Bartlett, A.S.B. Lepus timidus. Lepus timidus, Linneeus Syst, Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 77 (1766) ; Allen Mono- graphs N. Amer. Rodents, p. 288. Lepus variabilis, Pallas Nov. Sp. Quad, e Glir., pp. i, 30 (1778) ; Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mamm., ii, p. 51 ; Blasius Seitigeth. Deiitsch., p. 420 ; Blyth Cat. no. 341, p. 131. Lepus arcticus, Leach in Ross' Voyage, 2nd ed., append.,^. 151 (1819)*. Lepus glacialis, Leach in Ross' Voyage, 2nd ed., append., p. 170 (1819)*. Lepus albus, Jenyns Brit. Vert. Aniin., p. 35 (1835). Lepus hibetnicus. Bell Brit. Quad., isted., p. 341 (1837)*. Lepus canrscens ] ^'^'^"^« Kongl. Vetens. Akad. Oefvers, p. 133 (1S47)*. LEPUS. U9 The Polar Hare. Distribution. — The northern regions of both hemispheres , Scot- land and Ireland, and the Alps and elevated regions of Central Europe. a. Skin (sum- mer). b. Skin {win- ter). c. Stuffed (win* ter). d. Stuffed (win- ter). *. Stuffed (sum- mer) and skull. /. Stuffed (win- ter). g-j. 3 Skulls Norway Scotland Norway Scotland Ireland No history Christiania Univ., A.S.B. Sir W. Jardine, A.S.B. Christiania Univ., A.S.B. Sir W. Jardine, A.S.B. A. D. Bartlett, A.S.B. A.S.B. A. D. Bartlett. Lepus aegyptius. Lepus segyptius, /s. Geoff. St. Hil. Descrip. Egypt. Hist, Nat., ii, p. 739, Atlas, pi. vi, fig. 2 (181 2) ; Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mavim., ii, p. 85 ; Blanford Abyssinia, p. 273. Lepus segyptiacus, Henipr & Ehr. Symb. Phys., pi. xv, fig. i {1828). Lepus habessinicus, Brehm Habesch., p. 64 (1863)*,' Distribution. — North-East Africa a. Skin b. Skin $ Koomeylee, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford. 400 ft., 2-6-68. ? Zoulla, Annersley Bay, W. T. Blanford. Abyssinia, 6-2-68. Lepus tigrensis. Lepus tigrensis, Blanford Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), iv, p. 330 (1869) ; id. Abys- sinia, p, 275. Lepus abyssinicus, apud Lefebre Voyage Abyssinie, vi, Atlas, pi. v, fig. i.* Distribution. — Hill country of Abyssinia, a-b. 2 Skins Takonda, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford. Takonda, Abyssinia, 7,500 ft., 27-1-68. c. Skin nr. Tigre, Abyssinia, 7,500 ft., 1.3.68. W. T. Blanford. Lepus capensis. Lepus capensis, LinncBus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 76 (1766) ; Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mamm., ii, p. 95 ; Blytli Cat. no. 429, p. 130. Lepus ochropus, Wagner, Schreber^s Sdugetk, SuppL, iv, p. g6 (1844). Distribution. — South Africa. a. Stuffed South Africa E. L. Layard, A.S.B. 120 MAMMALIA Lepus saxatilis. Lepus saxatilis, F. Cuvier Did. Sci. Nat., xxvi, p. 309 (1823); Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mamtn., ii, p. 92 ; Blyth Cat. no. 428, p. 130. Lepus rufinucha, A. Smith, Zool. Journ., iv, p. 440 (1829). Lepus longicaudatus, Gray Charlesw. Mag. N. //., i, p. 586 (1837). Lepus fumigatus, Wagner Schreber Saugeth. Suppl., iv, p. 98 (1844). Distribution, — South Africa, a. Stuffed South Africa E. L. Layard, A.S.B. Lepus americanus. Lepus americanus, Erxlehen Syst. Reg. Anim.,p. 230 (i^Jj); Allen Mono- graphs N Amer. Rodents, p. 304. Lepus hudsonius, Pallas Nov. Sp. Quad, e Clir., p. 30 (1778). Lepus virgineanus, Harlan Faun. Amer., p. 196 (1S25)*, Lepus borealis, Schi^tz Synop. Mamm., ii, p. 286 (1845). Lepus washingtoni, Baird P. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad,, vii, p. 333, pi. xv, (1856). Lepus bairdi, Hayden Amer. Nat., iii, p. 115 (1869)*. The Varying Hare. Distribution. — The wooded portion of the northern half of North America. a. Skin (win- Lucknow Ont., Canada J. H. Garnier [Ex.] ter). 25-12-84. b. Skin (win- Gatineau R. Queb., J. H. Garnier [Ex.] ter). Canada. c. Skull Massachusetts, U.S.A. W. Theobald. Lepus sylvaticus. Lepus nanus, Schreber Saugeth, iv, p. 881 (1792) [in part.] Lepus americanus, apud Desmarest Mamtn., ii, p. 351 (1822). Lepus sylvaticus, Bachman J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., vii, p. 403 (1837) ■> ■'^li^^ Monographs North Amer. Rodents, p. 328. Lepus nuttalli, Bachman J. Acad. Nat, Sci. Philad., vii, p. 345, pi. xxii (1837). Lepus bachmani, Waterhouse P. Z. S., p. 103 (1838). Lepus artemesia, Bachman J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad, viii, p. 94 (1839). Lepus auduboni, Baird N. Amer. Mamm., p. 608, pi. xiii (1857)*. Wood Hare or Wood Rabbit. Distribution. — The greater part of the southern half of North America. a. Skin Nuces, Texas, 3-84 J. H. Garnier [Ex.*] b. Skin Texas J. H. Garnier [Ex ] c. Skull Massachusetts W. Theobald. Lepus callotis. Lepus callotis, Wagler Nat. Syst. Amphib., p. 23 (1830) ; Allen Monvgraphs N. Amer, Rodents, p. 350, LEPUS. 121 Lepus nigricaudatus, Bennett P. Z. S., p. 41 (1833). Lepus texianus, Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mamm., ii, p. 136 (1848), The Jackass Hare. Distribution. — Southern parts of the United States and Mexico to the isthmus of Tehuantepec. a. Skin Nuces Valley, Texas, 2-84 J. H. Gamier [Ex.] Order UNGULATA. Placental Mammals with no clavicles ; with limbs for progres- sion only ; the ist digits of all recent forms wanting; ungual pha- langes hoofed ; metacarpals and metatarsals vertically elongat- ed or sharply inclined ; teeth covered with enamel and molars generally complex. Key of the Indian Genera. Digits of manus and pes equal or even in number ; the 3rd digit of each foot asymmetrical in itself, but forms with the 4th digit a symmetrical pair; no 3rd trochanter to the femur, posterior premolars smaller and simpler than the molars ; stomach complex ; caecum small ; horns when present paired. [=Artiodactyla.] h. Ulna and fibula incomplete, confluent with radius and tibia, manus and pes functionally didactyle ; incisors rarely pre- sent in the upper jaw ; lower canines incisiform ; premolars and molars with uni- or bicrescentic ridges ; stomach complex, four-chambered and ruminating. [=Selenodontia.] c. Horns generally present ; the third and fourth metacarpals and tarsals fused to form a cannon bone ; digits- two and five, incomplete and wanting. [=Cotylophora.] d. Horns hollow and persistent; digits two and five repre- sented by hoofs only ; no upper canines ; gall bladder present. [=Bovid3e, see key below.] ^2. Horns solid and deciduous ; digits two and five have distinct metacarpals and phalanges ; no gall bladder. [=Cervidse.] e. Horns small ; upper canines well-developed ; distal tarsal elements all united except an ectocuneiform. Cervulus, p. 172, 522 MAMMALIA. e^. Horns generally large ; the navicular and cuboid ele- ments of the tarsus usually distinct ; canines only moderately developed. . . Cervus, p. 1 74. , e^. Horns absent ; canines very large. Moschus, p. i;i. c^. Horns absent ; 3rd and 4th metacarpals unite late or not at all ; 2nd and 5th digits complete on each foot ; canines present in both jaws ; placenta diffuse. Tragulus, p. 188, IP'. Non-ruminant hornless forms with tarsals and carpals, ulna and fibula distinct and complete ; manus and pes tetradac- tyle ; incisors present in upper jaw, molars with tubercu- late or transversely ridged crowns ; canines present in both jaws ; stomach simple ; placentation diffuse. [=Bunodontia.] Sus, p. 192. a^. Digits of the pes odd in number ; median or 3rd digit symme- trical bilaterally; femur with a 3rd trochanter; tympanic bone small and solid ; stomach simple, caecum long ; no gall bladder ; placentation diffuse ; horns when present un- paired. [=Perissodactyla.] e. Forms with soft hairy skin ; nose proboscidiform ; radius and ulna, tibia and fibula complete, the two latter distinct ; manus with four, pes with three digits. Tapirus, p. 198. e^. Forms with thick skin and scanty hair; radius and ulna, tibia and fibula complete ; manus and pes tri- dactyle ; orbits incomplete ; canines absent ; one or two coreless epidermic mesial horns on the snout formed of fused hair. . Rhinoceros, p. 201. e^. Specialized forms; ulna and fibula incomplete dis- tally, confluent proximally with the radius and tibia ; 3rd digit on each foot functional only, the 2nd and 4th rudimentary and represented by splint bones; orbits complete. . . Equus, p. 198. Key of the Genera of Indian BovidcB. a. Horns always present in both sexes, and set wide apart ; occi- pital and frontal planes form an acute angle ; muffle large; no antorbital pits ;■ four mammce ; large and massive animals. Bos, p 123. BOS. 123 a^. Horns present in both sexes, but often markedly smaller in the females, set with their bases close to one another ; the occipital and frontal planes form an acute angle. b. Horns wrinkled and forming circles ; no muffle ; small feet pits on all four feet ; antorbital pits present (except O. nahoor) ; basioccipital oblong with the posterior tubercles larger (except O. nahoor) ; four mammae. Ovis, p. 131. V^. Horns smooth and angular ; no muffle ; no antorbital pits ; feet-pits if present, only on the fore-feet ; basioccipital wider in front, and the anterior tubercles larger ; two mammje (except C. jemlaica.) .... Capra, p. 142. b^. Horns rounded and small ; a small muffle present ; antorbital pits present ; feet-pits large ; four mamm©. Nemorhaedus, p. 147. a^. Horns not always present in the females, placed on the crest of the frontals but generally some way apart at their bases ; the frontal and occipital planes hardly form an angle but a rounded surface ; generally four mammae ; antorbital pits always present. c. Horns smooth, in males only ; mufHe present ; mammis four in number. d. Of large size ; horns short recurved ; a short erect mane, and a throat tuft in the male. , Boselaphus, p. 154. d^. Of small size ; horns four in number ; canines present in the males. . . . Tetracerus, p. 168, c^. Horns ringed ; no muffle ; mammos two in number. e. Horns straight, long, annulated, in males only ; no muffle ; no canines'. . . Antilope, p. 162, e^. Horns ringed, generally lyrate ; if present in female, small. f. An intermaxillary pouch present ; no horns in females ; no knee tufts. . Pantholops, p. 163. y2. No intermaxillary pouch; females often horned; knee tufts generally present. Gazella, p. 157. c^. Horns gnu-like, spinging close together ; muzzle bovine, no antorbital pits or feet-pits. , Budorcas, p. 151. Genus BOS. Bos Linnaiis Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 98 (1766). Bison, H. Smith Griffith An, Kingd., v, p. 373 (1827). 124 MAMMALIA Bubalus, H. Smith Griffith An. Kingd., v, p. 371 (1827). Anoa, H. Smith Griffith An. Kingd., v, p. 355 (1827). Bibos, Hodgson J. A. S. B., vi, p. 499 (1837). Type, B. gaurus, Poephagus, Gray List Manim. B. M., p. 153 (1843). Type, B. grunniens. Gavaeus, Hodgson J. A. S B., xvi, p. 706 (1847). ^J/^i B. frontalis. Zebus, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxix, p. 283 (i860). Type, B, indicus. Key of the Indian Species, a. With smooth flattened horns never exceeding 3 feet in length ; legs white; hair always short; frontal bones concave. h. White of hind legs extends to rump, forming an anal patch ; tail long ; premaxillary bones reach and touch the nasals ; dorsal ridge not marked. . . B. SOndaicus, p. 127. b^. White colour confined to the legs, premaxillary bones do not reach the nasals ; dorsal ridge marked. c. No dewlap; tail long; skull elongated. B. gaurus, p. 124, c^. Dewlap present ; tail short; skull markedly triangular. B. frontalis, p. 126. e^. Horns cylindrical ; nose hairy ; no dewlap, hump or dorsal ridge ; body clothed in parts with very long hair ; frontals convex B. grunniens, p. 128, a*. Horns very large and flattened, generally exceeding 3 feet in length; body very sparsely covered with hair; hoofs very large ; thirteen pairs of ribs. . . B. bubalus, p. 129, Bos gaurus. "Gaour," Geoffrov Si. Hit. Mem. Mus. Paris., ix, p. 71 (1822). Bos sp. "Gour of India" Traill Edin. Philos. Jour., xi, p. 334 (1824). Bos gaurus, H. Smith Griffith An. Kingd., iv, p. 399 (1827) ; Evans J. A. S. B., vi, p. 223 ; Pearson ibid, p. 225 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xi, p. 444 ; Cantor, J. A, S.B., xv, p. 272; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxi, p. 336; Blanford J. A. S. B., xxxvi, p. 192; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 47; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 128 ; Pollok Sport in Brit. Burma, i, p. 99 ; Nevill Taprobanian, iii, p. 5; Inverarity J. Bomb. Soc, iv, p. 294. Bos gour and gayseus, Hardwicke Zool. Journ., iii., p. 233 (1828). Bibos subhemachalus, Hodgson J. A. S. B., vi, p. 499 (1837). Bibos cavifrons, Hodgson J. A. S. B., vi, p. 745 (1837) ; Elliot Madr. Journ., X, p. 227, pis. V, vi ; Hodgson J A. S. B., x, pp. 449, 912 ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 181. Bibos gaurus. Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., ist ed., p. 24 (1846) ; id. Cat- Mamm, B. M., iii, p. 32 ; P. L. Sclater, P. Z.S,, 1889, p. 447. BOS. 125 Bibos asseel, Horsfield Cat. E. 1. Mus., p. 181 (1851). Bibos frontalis, apud Thompson, P. Z. S., p. 96 (1852). Gavaeus gaurus, Blyih J. A. S. B., xxix, p. 282 (i860) Jerdon Mamni., p. 301 ; Maingay P. A. S. B., 1868, Manivi. hid., p. 481. Blytk Cat., p. 161 ; p. 194; Sterndale The Bison or Gaur ; Gaur or Gourigai, Hind. ; Gaviya, Mahrathi ; Jungli Khoolga, Deccan ; Kar-kona, Canarese ; Bod at Seone ; Banparra at Mundlah ; Vanago, Bengali ; Katuyeni, Tamil ; Ran- pado, Guzerati ; Ran Hila, Bheels ; Pyoung, Burma. Distribution. — The peninsula of India in forest tracts, from the Vindhyan Hills along the north of the Nerbudda (Jerdon) ; south- ward through Kandeish and the Western Ghats to Tinnevelly (Elliot) ; eastward through the Central Provinces and Chota Nag- pore almost to Midnapore (Jerdon) ; the Nepal terai (Hodgson); Assam ; Tipperah and Chittagong Hills ; southwards through Burma (Blyth) to Malay peninsula (Cantor and Maingay) but not recorded from any of the Islands. It doubtless formerly occurred in Ceylon, since the Guavera of Knox's description of Ceylon is doubtless the Gaur, and Major Forbes (Journal of Eleven Years' residence in Ceylon, ii, p. 159) asserts that it was only at the beginning of the present century that it was exterpated. Skull, horns Skull, horns 5 Assam Skull, horns Skull, horns Gauhati, Assam Skull, horns ^ Chybasa. Skull, horns Malacca Skull, horns Gauhati, Assam Skull, horns ^ Burma Skull, horns^ Skull, horns $ Tipperah hills Frontlet ^ Chittagong hill tracts Skull, horns Chittagong dist. Frontlet $ Chittagong hill tracts Skull, horns Chittagong hill tracts Skeleton, juv. skin. ^ Skeleton, juv. skin. $ Stuffed $ Chanda Stuffed ^ Chota Nagpore Skeleton ^ Skeleton ? Chota Nagpore ; Skull, horns Skull and $ Bhutan Dooars skin of head. Skull and Chittagong hill tracts horns. Pr. of horns $ W. T. BIanford(i868). F. Jenkins (1844), A.S.B. No history. F.T. Pollok(i87o). S. R. Tickell (1840), A.S.B. Dr. Maingay, (1863). F. T Pollock (1870). Sir A. Phayre, A.S.B. C. S. Guthrie (1862), A.S.B. Rev. J. Barbe, (1846) A.S.B. J. T. Jarbo (1879). J. A. Campbell (1879). J. T. Jarbo (1879). J. T. Jarbo (1879). Zoological Gardens (1883). Zoological Gardens (1883). W. T. Blanford (1867). A. A. Kinloch (1883). A.S.B. Major Ousley (1840). Purchased, 1847, A.S.B. A. A. Kinloch, 1882. J. T. Jarbo, 1881. No history, A.S.B. 126 MAMMALIA. Bos frontalis. Bos frontalis, Lambert Linn. Trans.y vii, pp. 57 and 302, pi. iv (1804); Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., ist ed., p. 24 ; P. L. Sclater P.Z. S., 1866, p. i, pi. i; Blanford J. A. S. B., xxxvi, p. 192 ; Blyth J. A. S.B., xliv, Burma List, p. 48 ; Pollok Sport in Brit. BurmUy i, p. 104; Jarbo P. Z. S., 1883, p. 143 ; Sterndale Alamin. Ind., p. 486. Bos gavasus, Colebroke As. Res., viii, p. 487, "with plate (1805); Hodgson J. A. S. B.y X, p. 453- Bibos frontalis, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 151 (1842) ; id Cat. Mamni.B. M., iii, p. 31. Bos sylhetanus, F. Cuvier Hist, Nat. Mamm., livr. 41, 42, with plate (1824) j [hybrid with B. taurus]. Gavseus frontalis, Hodgson J. A. S, B.,xv\, p. 706 (1847) ; {Blyth Cat., p. 162 ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 179 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxix, p. 294 ; id. ibid, xxxi, p. 338. TheGayal; Gavaye, Hind.; Gayal, Beng.; Shio of the Mughs of Chittagong ; Mithana or Mithun of the Kookies ; Johnguna, Burma. Distribution — From Akyab northwards through the Arakan and Chittagong hills, extending through Tipperah and Munipur to the Naga hills; also found in the Duffla hills north of the Brahma- pootra, The Gayal is distinguished from the Gaur (B. gaurus) by its heavier and more clumsy build, by the possession of a well-deve- loped dewlap and shorter tail ; the horns of the Gayal are horizon- tal and very nearly straight ; they are quite black, contrasting with the greenish horns of the Gaur ; the skull too of the Gayal con- trasts strongly with that of the Gaur by its very much more trian- gular shape; the concavity of the frontal bones, which is so marked a feature in the Gaur's skull, exists also in the Gayal though not nearly in so marked a way ; in the'median line of the skull between the horns there is in the Gaur a distinct ridge which is quite un- represented in the Gayal. The Banteng (Bos sondaicus) is at once distinguished from the Gayal and the Gaur by the extension of the white of the hind legs up to the rump ; it has a moderate dewlap and a long tail, and the dorsal ridge so conspicuous a feature of the Gaur and Gayal is much less developed in the Banteng. The Gayal is always found in a semi-domestic state belonging to different villages of the numerous hill tribes on the Assam frontier, such as the Nagas and Kookis; they roam about the forest all day but always return to the hill tribes' villages at night, and there is considerable doubt as to whether the Gayal ever occurs in a true feral state. The older writers seem to have had no doubt on the subject. Colebrooke (see above) says it is found wild in the Chittagong, Tipperah and Sylhet hills, and he also mentions that the animal is brown and has a well-developed dewdap, thus showing that he was not confusing the Gayal with the Gaur which also occurs in the BOS. 127 same country, and one of whose distinguishing features is the absence of a dewlap ; Blyth in his earlier writings also seems to have believed in the wild Gayal ; later, however, (Mammals of Burma) he seems to have come to the conclusion that the Gayal was a purely domestic race, in which view he is supported by Jarbo and Anderson. a. Skull, horns ...... No history. b. Skull, horns ...... No history. c. Skull, juv. $ E. Blyth, 1857, A.S.B. horns. d. Skull,horns^ W. Hodge, 1870. e. Skull, horns^ R. W. G. Frith, i8.=;o, A.S.B. /. Skull, horns. R. W. G. Frith, 1851, A.S.B. juv. (hybrid) g. Skeleton, 5 ,...,. Zoological Gardens, 1880. ' skin. juv. h. Skeleton $ Chittagong Zoological Gardens, 1878. (hybrid) j. Stuffed juv. W. Rutledge. k. Skull, horns E. Blyth, 1857, A.S.B. (dom. var.) I. Skin, skull $ Zoological Gardens, 1889. m. Skin, skull No history, A.S.B. Bos sondaicus. "Banteng" Raffles Hist, of Java, i.,p. 11 1 (1817). Bos leucoprymnus, Quay et Gaimard Astrolabe Zoologie, i., p, 140 (1830) [hybrid with B.taurus]. Bos sondaicus, Schlegel and Mullet Tern. VerhandL, p. 195, pis. xxxv to xxxix (1B40) ; Blyth J. A. 5. 5., xi, p. 445 ; Blyth j. A.S.B., xxxi, p. 336 ; Blyth J. A. S.B., xliv, Burma List, p. 48 ; Pollok Sport in Brit. Burma, i, p. 105. Bibos banteng. Gray Knowsley Menagerie, p. 48 (1850)* ; Horsfield Cat.E, I. Mus., p. 183 ; Gray Cat. Mamm. B. M., iii, p. 35. Gavseus sondaicus, Blyth, J. A.S. B., xxix, p. 296 (i860) ; id. Cat., p. 160; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 131 ; Sterndale Mamm. Ind., p. 488. The Banteng ; Tsoing, Burmese. Distribuiton. — From Arrakan (Blyth) southwards though Burma (Pollok) to the Malay peninsula, and in the Islands of Java, Bali (Raffles) and Borneo (Miiller). The horns of the Banteng are more rounded in section than those of the Gaur and Gayal, and their circumference is much less in proportion to their length as will be seen by the table of measure- ments below ; the colour of the horns are greenish with black tips. The skull is long, resembling that of the Gaur in general shape rather than that of the Gayal ; the forehead is much flatter than that of the Gayal and Gaur, and the premaxillary bones reach and •touch the nasals, while in the Gour and Gayal there is a gap of about an inch between these two bones. 128 MAMMALIA. Measurements in inches of Skulls and Horns of adult Caur, Cay al and Banteng. Gaur. Across the forehead from the bases of the horns . 9 From frontoparietal ridge to tip of nasals . 19 Across from orbit to orbit . II Horns, circumference at base . • • 17 Horns, outside curve . 31 „ inside curve 22 a. Skull and Java? horns. b. Skull and Java horns. c. Skull and Upper Pegu horns. d. Skull and Upper Pegu horns. e. Skull and $ horns, juv. /. Skin, ske- $ leton. juv. g. Skin, ske- $ leton. h. Skull and $ horns. j. Skin, ske- 5 Pegu leton. juv. k. Skin, ske- $ leton. juv. Gayal. m i6 15 Banteng. Hi Mi Hi 20 i6 Prince Henry of the Netherlands, 1837, A.S.B. Batavian Soc, 1844, A.S.B. Sir A. Phayre, 1849, A.S.B. Sir A. Phayre, 1849, A.S.B. Zoological Gardens, 1885, A.S.B. W. Rutledge, 1881. Zoological Gardens, 1885. Sir A. Phayre, A.S.B. W. Rutledge, 1881. W. Rutledge, 1881. Bos grunniens. Bos grunniens, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 99 (1766) ; Radde Ost Si- berien, p. 272; Severtzoff Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xviii, p. 336 ; Kinloch Large Gavie Shooting, ii, p. 5i w?^/? plate. Bos poephagus, H. Smith in Griffith An. Kingd., iv, p. 404 (1827) ; Pallas Zoog.Ross.As., p. 248, pi. xxii ; Hutton and Blyth J. A. S. B., xv, p. 143. Bison poephagus, Hodgson y. A. S. B., x, pp. 449, 912 (1841); Gray. Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 1st ed., p. 25 ; Hodgson J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 708. Poephagus grunniens. Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 153 (1843) ; Blyth Cat., p. 158; Horsfield Cat. E. L Mns., p. 184; Gray P. Z. S., 1853, pi, xxxv, p. 191 ; id. Cat. Mamtn. B, M., iii, p. 40 ; Adains P. Z, S., 1858, p. 529 ; Sterndale Mamm. Ind., p. 489. The Yak ; Donkh, Tibetan ; Bunchowr, Hind. Distribulion. — The Mountains of Central Asia, seldom descend- ing much below 6,000 ft. Hodgson describes it as being found from the Altai to the Himalayas. BOS. 129 The domestic variety is found in Transbaikalia (Radde), Tur- kestan (Severtzoff), and all through Mongolia and Thibet whence it is used for bringing marchandize across the high passes of the Himalayas to India. The wild variety is recorded by Horsfield as having been shot by Captain (now General) Strachey in Ladak. Adams also gives an account of shooting wild yaks on the southern slopes of the Kara- korum Mountains, i.e., in Ladak ; Kinloch gives the valley of the Chang Chenmo as the most likely locality for a sportsman to kill yak ; Przewalsky records wild yaks on the northern part of the Thibetan plateau and they probably occur all over the higher parts of Thibet. a. Skull and horns No history, A.S.B. b. Sknil and horns Sikklm W. Rutiedge, 1870. c. Skeleton ? Rajah R. Mullick. (dom. var.) d. Skeleton ? Rajah R. Mullick. (dom. var.) e. Stuffed $ E.Smyth, 1862, A.SB. (wild var.) /. Skull and horns No history, A.S.B. g. Skull and horns Purchased at Almora, 1888. (wild var.) A. Skull and horns W. Rutiedge, 1889. (dom. var.) Bos bubalus. Bos bubalis, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 99 (1766). Bos bubalus, Gmelin Syst. Nat., i, p. 206 (1788); Hutton J, A. S. B., xv, p. 142. Bos arnee, Kerr Linn. Anim. Kingd., p. 336 (1792)* ; Cantor J . A. S. B., xv, p. 273, Gray P. Z. S., 1855, pi. xl [horns] p. 17. Bos buffelus, Bluvienhach Handb. Naturges., loth ed., p. 121 (1821)* ; Blanford J. A. S. B., xxxvi, p. 195. Bubalus arna, Hodgson J. A. S. B., x, pp. 469, 912 (1841) ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 307 ; Hodgson J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 709 ; Horsfield Cat. E. /. Mus , p. 179 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 49 ; Sterndale Mamm. Ind., p. 490. Bubalus buffelus. Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 152 (1843) ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., I St ed., p. 25 ; Hodgson J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 709 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., XX, p. 175; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus, p. 178; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 87 ; Gray Cat. Mamm. B. M., iii, p. 25 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxi, p. 340 ; id. Cat., p. 163. The Buffalo ; Bhainsa (Domestic Race), Arna, Urna or Jangli bhyns (Wild Race), Hind.; Mung at Bhagulpore; Geraerumi, Gond ; Mee harak, Singalese ; Kywai, Burmese. Distrilution. — In low lands and swampy places, never in moun- tains ; Assam and Ganges valley including the Nepal terai (Hodg- son) and the Sunderbunds. In the peninsula of India from the Ganges southwards to the Godavery River (Jerdon), and westwards to the Weinagunga River and Mandla (Blanford) ; it is also 130 MAMMALIA. found in the northern and eastern districts of Ceylon (Kelaart). It seems very doubtful whether the wild buffalo of Burma and Indo-China is truly feral or merely the escaped domestic animal. Domesticated, the buffalo is found in Italy, Hungary, Turkey, Egypt, and all through Western Asiato Afghanistan, all over India, Burma, the Malay peninsula and in most of the Islands where an Albino variety is often met with. a. Skull, horns $ No history. b. Skull, horns $ F. Mouat, 1859, A.S.B. c. Skull, horns $ N. Wallich, 1816, A.S.B. d. Skull, horns $ N. Wallich, 1816, A.S.B. e. Skull, horns $ No history. /. Skull, horns ^ No history. g. Skull, horns ^ No history. h. Skull, horns ^ , No history. y. Skull, horns ^ ' Sir J. Barlow, 1856, A.S.B. k. Skull, horns $ No history. /. Skull, horns ^ Kalibar, Central Assam J. Hamilton, 1879. m. Skull, horns ^ N. Wallich, 1816, A.S.B. n. Skull, ho'-ns $ Assam Major Brodie, 1848, A.S.B. o. Skull, horns $ Assam Major Brodie, 1848, A S.B. p. Skeleton $ Purneah A. Weekes, 1881, q. Skeleton ^ Purneah J. L. Shillingford, 1881. r. Head, horns No history. s. Head, horns Sudiya, Assam Col. Graham, 1877. t. Head, horns $ No history. M. Head, horns ^ ...... No history. Bos depressicornis. Anoa depressicornis, /7. 5wnV/j zw Griffith An. Kingd.,\v, p. 203 (1827); Gray Cat. Mamm. B. M., iii, p. 29; Everett P. Z. S., 1878, p. 792, Meyer ibid, p. 881 ; Bartlett, ibid, p. 882. Antelope depressicornis, Quoy et Gaimard Ann. Set. Nat. (i), xvii, pi. xx; p. 423 (1829) ; id. Astrolabe Zoologie, i, p. 136, pi. xxvi. Distribution. — The Island of Celebes. a. Skin, skull $juv. Zoological Gardens (1S81). and bones b. Skin, skull ^juv. Celebes Zoological Gardens (1880). and bones. c. Skin, skull Jjuv. Zoological Gardens (1880). and bones. d. Skin, skull $ Zoological Gardens (1882), and body. Bos caffer. Bos caffer, Sparrman Xongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., xl, p. 79 (1779). Bul)alu^ caffer, Cray List Mamm, B. M., p. 153 (1843); ''^' ^'''' Mamm. B. M., ni, p. 28 ; Elyth Cat., p. 164. ovis. i3' Disirihution. — South Africa replaced in West Africa by B. pumilus and in East and Central Africa by B. aequinoctalis of Blyth to which perhaps specimens "b" and "c" should be referred. «. Skull and horns E, Blyth, 1864, A.S.B. ^. Horns ^juv. W. S. Sherwill, 1844, A.S.B. c. Skeleton ?juv. Zoological Gardens, 1878. Bos americanus. Bos americanus, Gmelin Syst. Nat., i., p. 204 (1788). Bison americanus, H.Smith Griffith An, Kingd., iv, p. 401 j-wiik plal^ {i82y) ; Gray Cat. Mamm. B. M., iii, p. 38 ; Allen, Mem, Mus. Comp, Zool., iv, no. 10. The American Buffalo. Distribution. — Formerly spread over the plains of North America from the AUeghanies to the Rocky Mountains, now nearly extinct and confined to the remoter districts of Saskatchawan, Montana and perhaps Texas. a. Skeleton, skin ? W. Rutledge (1881;. ^. Skeleton, skin % Babu H. M. Roy (1881). c. Skull (no horns) H. A. Ward [Ex.] (1889). Bos taurus. Bos taurus, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., I2th ed., i, 0. 98 (1766) ; Blyth Cat,, p. 159. Bos indicus, Linnaeus Syst, Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 99 (1766), Zebus gibbosus, Blyth J. A. S, B., xxix, p. 282 (i860) ; id. Cat., p. 159. Distribution. — The Indian humped race are unknown in an aboriginal state, but are suspected by Blyth to have originated in South Africa rather than in Asia ; they are found in a domestic state all over the hotter parts of Africa as far as Natal, in Madagascar, Arabia, South Persia (Blanford), Beluchistan, all over India, and through Indo-China as far as Japan ; also in many of the Islands. a. Skeleton $ " Australian dom. race." b. Skeleton No history. c. Skull $ , "English polled race." Genus OVIS. Ovis, Linnesus Syst, Nat., I2th ed., i, p. 97 (1766). Ammotragus, Blyth P. Z. S., p. 13 (1840). Type, O. tragelaphus. Pseudois, Hodgson jf.A. S. B.,xv. p. 343 (1846). Type, O. nahoor. Caprovis, Hodgson J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 702 (1847). Type, O. musimon. The Wild Sheep may be divided into three groups, the larger sheep of Central Asia which also reach North America, and the K 2 I32 MAMMALIA. smaller sheep distributed through Western Asia and the Mediter- ranean regions, and thirdly, two forms forming a link with the Goats, Ovis nahoor and Ovis tragelaphus. Of the larger group the Museum possesses examples of three distinct species, i.e., Ovis poli, O. hodgsoni, and O. canadensis. Besides these three the following have been described : — ( 1 ) Ovis ammon, Linnaeus (=iEgoceros argali, Pallas.) (2) Ovis nivicola, Eschscholtz. (3) Ovis jubata, Peters. (4) Ovis heinsii, Severtzoff. C5) Ovis nigrimontana, Severtzoff. (6) Ovis karelini, Severtzoff. (7) Ovis brookei. Ward. Ovis ammon is found in Eastern Siberia, but is apparently very rare in Siberia itself, having been driven southwards by the Cossack sportsmen ; it is very nearly allied to Ovis hodgsoni of Thibet from which it seems to be distinguished only by the entire absence of a mane or fringe of long hair on the neck, while O. hodgsoni has a well developed white mane on either side and below the neck, and a short gray mane along the dorsal surface of the neck ; the anal patch affords no distinguishing character. Ovis jubata, from Mongolia north of Pekin, seems very nearly allied to O. ammon. Ovis nigrimontana seems to belong to the same type as O. am- mon. Ovis karelini and O. heinsii both seem to resemble O. poli of Blyth very strongly. Ovis nivicola from Kamschatska is nearly allied to the Ameri- can species, Ovis canadensis from the northern form of which it seems doubtfully distinct. It is quite distinct from O. ammon. Finally, Ovis brookei might well be a young O. hodgsoni of per- haps a hybrid between O. hodgsoni and O. vignei as suggested by Sterndale (Journ. Bomb. N. H., Soc. i, p. 35). There seem to be, therefore, three different types of large wild sheep in Asia with several geographical races : — (1) Ovis ammon from East Siberia represented in Mantchuria by O. jubata, in Thibet by O. hodgsoni, and in Turkestan by O. nigrimontana? (2) Ovis poli of the Pamir represented by O. karelini in the Thian Shan. (3) Ovis nivicola of Kamschatska. Key of the Indian Species. . A distinct antorbital pit present. OVIS. 133 b. Large forms with enormous horns of which the points are always directed more or less horizontally away from each other ; with antorbital pit very shallow. c. Space between the horn cores flat; the horns describe a complete circle at least; and the proportion of their basal circumference to their total length is as 1-3. O. poll, p. 133. c^. Space between the horn cores concave ; the horns seldom describe a complete circle and are very massive at the base, i.e., the proportion of the basal circumference to the total length of the horn is as 1-2 . O. hodgsoni, p. 1 36. b. Smaller forms with smaller horns, with generally converg- ing points and a deep antorbital pit. d. Horns with points hardly converging, with the fronto- orbital edge much rounded ; beard and mane very small; animal more or less reddish. O. vignii, p 139. d^. Horns with converging points, fronto-orbital edge sharp ; beard and mane markedly developed. O. cycloceros, p. 138. fl2. No antorbital pits .... O. nahoor, p. 140. Ovis poll. Ovis polii, Blyth P. Z. S., p. 62 (1840) ; id. J. A. S. B., x, p. 858 ; id. Ant7. Mag, N. H., vii, pi. v, fig. 1-4 ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 176; Sclater P. Z.S , i860, p. 443 ; SevertzoffTurk. Jevnot, pp. 84-102, 149, pis. ii, iij, v, figs. 1-2, vi, fig. \\ Stoliczka P.Z.S., 1874, p. 425, pi. liii ; Sir V Brooke and B. Brooke P. Z. S., 1875, p. 514; Biddulph ibid, p. 157; Blanford ibid, p. 540 ; Grote P. Z. S., 1876, p. 414 ; Severtzoff Ann. Mag. N. H. (4) xviii, pp. 171, 2:0 & 220 ; Prze-walsky, Peters. Mitth. Erzb., xii 1878, pp. 5, 17; Blanford Yarkand Manini,, p. 83; Biddulph P. A. S. B., 1870, p. 280 ; Scully P. Z. S., 1881, p. 209 ; Blanford P. Z. S., 1884, p. 326, with figures. Ovis karelini, Severtzoff Titrk. jevnot, pp. 84-102, 149, pis. i, iv, figs. 3-4, vi, figs- 3-4 : id. Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xviii, pp. 171, 210, 217 ; Sir \/. Brooke and B. Brooke P. Z. S., 1S75, p. 512 ; Blanford Yarkatid Mamm., p. 80. Distribution. — This large sheep was first found on the Pamir where its occurrence is mentioned by Marco Polo (Yule's edition, i, pp. 18, 185, 2nd ed, 1875); it was first obtained by Wood near the sources of the Amu Daria and has also been obtained thence by Lockhart (I. M.) and Charles Ellis (Blanford); it also occurs in the Thian Shan Range and all round Lake Issyk (Stoliczka and SevertzofE). It is noted from the Juldus valley on the north and the Akyntag on the south of the Gobi by Przewalsky. Scully asserts that it must be considered an Indian animal since it occurs as far south as the Shimshal Pamir just north of Gilgit and south of the Mustagh Range. »34 MAMMALIA. There are, as can be seen from the list below in the Musum col- lection, examples of both the typical Ovis poli from the Pamir, and also of the smaller form from the Thian Shan, described as Ovis karelini by Severtzoff. After reading Severtzoff's description of the two species (O. poli and O. karelini) and comparing the descriptions with the specimens in the Museum, it is imposible to make out any real differences between the two except that of size. Below is a summary of the chief differences between Ovis poli and Ovis karelini as given by Severtzoff loc, cit. : — Ovis poli. Horns. — Nuchal edge not round- ed. Orbital surface con- cave. Horns four times the length of the skull. Terminal axis of horns more or less horizon- tal. Cone formed by the horn-spiral, narrow- ing towards the skull, i.e., base outwards. Skulls, — Premaxillse do not arti- culate with the nasals and the maxillae are separated by small bones. Lacrymals protrude forward beyond the malars, and both articulate with the maxillge by serrated sutures. Skins. — Mane pure white. Light brown of back shades into the white of belly. White patch of tail marked and separat- ed from the light brown of back by a dark line. Ovis karelini. All edges rounded. Orbital surface flat. the Horns only three times length of the skull. Terminal axis of the horns parallel to the basal axis. Cone formed by the horn-spiral with its base towards the skull. Neither premaxillae, maxillae or lacrymals articulate with the nasals. Lacrymals very large and square, wider than the malars. Mane white, shaded with gray. Light brown of back separat- ed from the white of belly by a dark line. Light brown of back shades off to tail, forming a not well defined patch. Taking these characters one by one in our specimens — (i) The nuchal edge is most rounded in the largest specimen OVIS. 135 " m " in the list, in the other skulls it seems to get rather sharper as the skull gets younger, so that the sharpness or roundedness of the nuchal edge appears to be a character due purely to age. (2) In all the Museum specimens the orbital surface is flat or even rather convex, never concave. (3) In the two Pamir specimens the length of the horns are in both cases considerably more than four times the length of the skull, and in the Thian Shan specimens the largest is considerably less. This character, how- ever, seems to be due to the fact that both the Pamir specimens were selected ; being chosen from among many others seen lying about on the Pamir on account of the size of their horns, while the specimens from the Thian Shan were shot and brought into the mission so that heads of only average size were got. (4) The axes of the horns can hardly be considered a charac- ter of much value as has also been shown by Blanford torn. ciL, since in the case of one head from the Thian Shan range the horn on one side is very much more horizontal than that on the other. (5) With regard to the cones formed by the horn spiral as far as it is possible to judge, in both Pamir and Thian Shan species, the cone has its base towards the skull. (6) Neither premaxillae, maxillae or lacrymals really articulate with the nasals, in all cases they are separated by a small piece of bone which generally drops out of the skull. (7) The lacrymals are not square nor are they wider than the malars in any of the skulls in the Museum Collec- tion. There are only skins of the Thian Shan form in the Museum ; there are no skins of the true Pamir forms, as far as I am aware, in any European or other Museum ; with regard to our skins — (8) The mane is pure white below and laterally; dorsally, in all cases but one, it is mixed with gray ; the one exception being what appears to be the oldest animal (9) In none of the skins can a dark brown lateral line be seen separating the light brown of the back from the dirty yellow of the belly. (10) The white patch on the tail is very well marked in all the skins except the old male mentioned above, where the change of colour is not so abrupt. In the females there is Httle or no mane and the anal patch neither marked nor large. The above I think is sufficient to justify the combination of the Pamir typical forms and Thian Shan specimens brought back 136 MAMMALIA. by the Yarkand Expedition, under the name of Ovis poli, even if the sheep described by Severtzoff as Ovis karelini should turn out to really differ from the typical Ovis poli of the Pamir. a. Skin, skull, ^ nr. Kashgar. horns. b. Skin, skull, ^ „ „ horns. c. Skin, skull, ^ „ „ horns. d. Skin, skull, ^ „ „ horns. e. Skin, skull, $ ,, ,, horns. /. Skin, skull, $ „ horns. g. Skin, skull, $ „ „ horns. h. Skin, ? „ „ (no head.) j. Stuffed $ „ „ k. Head $ ,, ,, stuffed. /. Skeleton ,, ,, (no skull.) m. Skull and^ Hunza, nr. Giigit horns. n. Skull and ^ Tagdanbash, Pamir horns. 0. Skull and^ horns, juv. p. Skull and^ horns, juv. q. Skin and $ nr. Kashgar skull. F. Stoliczka, 1877. F. Stoliczka, 1877. F. Stoliczka, 1877. F. Stoliczka, 1877. F. Stoliczka, 1877. F. Stoliczka, 1877. F. Stoliczka, 1877. F. Stoliczka, 1877. F. Stoliczka, 1877. F. Stoliczka, 1877. F. Stoliczka, 1877. J. Biddulph, 1879. Sir W. S. A. Lockhart, 1886. No history, A. S. B. No history, A. S. B. F. Stoliczka, 1877. Ovis hodgsoni. Ovis nayaur, Hodgson As. Res., x\'\\\, pt. 2, p. 135, with plate (1833) [pt.] Ovis hodgsoni, 5(yM P. Z. S., p. 65 (1840) ; P. L. Sclater P. Z. S., i86o, p. 1 29 J Sir V. Brooke avd B. Brooke, P. Z. S., 1875, p. 520. Ovis ammonoides, Hodgson J^. A. S B.. x, pp.230, 913 (1841); id. ibid, xv, p. 338; Hutton J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 568. Caprovis argali, var 2, Cray Cat. Mamm. B. M., iii, p. 174 (1852) ; Adams P.Z.S., 1858, p. 527. Ovis ammon, apud Horsjield Cat. E. 1. Mus., p. 176(1851); Blyth Cat., p. 177 ; Kinloch Large Game Shooting, i, p. 19 with plate of head;^Zfl«- ford J. A. S B., xli, p. 40. Ovis brookei, Ward P. Z. S., p. 143 (1874) ; Sir V. Brooke and B. Brooke P. Z. S., 1875, p. 521 ; Sterndale J. Bo^yib. Soc., i, p. 35. The Ammon; Nyan or Gnow, Tibetan. Distribution. — The Nyan has been got chiefly from Ladak (Kinloch) and the country north of Gurwhal, and by Hodgson from the higher region of the Hinialayas north of Nepal and Sikkim. OVIS. 137 With regard to the distinctions between this species and the other two of which there are examples in the Museum, the skull differs from that of 0. poli but slightly, in O. hodgsoni there is a very marked depression between the bases of the horn cones on the forehead, while the space is quite flat in O. poli ; the great differ- ence, however, is in the horns, while those of O. hodgsoni are enormously massive at the base, they are never very long, i e., they describe a little more than half a circle when viewed laterally, while those of O. poli are considerably more slender at their bases and the older ones describe a complete circle when viewed laterally ; the proportions of the circumference at the base to the total length measured along the frontal surface is as follows in typical specimens : — O. hodgsoni, circumference of the horn at the base, 17 inches; length of horn, 30 inches; O. poli, circumference, 15 inches; length, 50 inches. The horns of Ovis canadensis are of much the same external form as those of O. hodgsoni as far as the curves are concerned, they differ, however, markedly in being almost smooth and not marked by the very conspicuous transverse furrows and ridges present in the horns of both O. poli and O. hodgsoni ; the nuchal edge in O. canadensis is very much rounded, much more so than in the largest and oldest horns of O. poli, and the nuchal surface is also markedly rounded instead of being flat as in O. hodgsoni and O. poli ; in the skull the premaxillae and nasal bones are much shorter than in those of the Asiatic Argalis and they are distinctly articulated the one with the other, which is not the case with the Asiatic forms. Altogether the Asiatic and American forms seem very distinct. a. Skull and^ G. T. Lushington ? A. S. B. horns. b. Skull and^ No history. horns. c. Skull and^ No history. horns. d. Skeleton $ G. T. Lushington, A. S. B. ^.Stuffed $ G.T. Lushington, A. S. B. /. Head and^ No history. horns. ^. Skin and? W. T. Blanford, 1870. skull. A. Skull $ Thibet? No history, A. B. S. y. Skeleton $ No history, A. B. S. k. Head andj Capt. Michell. horns. /. Skin, skull ^ btw. Ladak and Kukchu N. Elias, 1879. and horns. 15,000 ft. Ovis canadensis. Ovis canadensis, Shaw Nat. Misc., xv, pi. 610 (1804) ; Biddulph P. Z. S., 1885, p. 678. 138 MAMMALIA. Ovis montana, G. Cuvier Regne Attim., ist ed., i, p. 267 (1S17). Ovis cervina, Desmarest N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxi, p. 553 (1818) ; Alston Biol. Centr. Am. Manini., p. iii. Ovis pygargus H. Smith Griffith An. Kingd., iv, p. 318, loith plate (1827). Ovis californianus, Douglas Zool, Jotirn., iv, p. 332 (1828). The American Bighorn. Distribution. — The American Bighorn is found along the whole range of the Rocky Mountains on both the eastern and western slopes, from 68° N. as far as Sonora about 31° N. ; it is also found in all the lesser ranges along the Eastern Pacific coast from Alaska to California. It seems probable that there are two species, or, at any rate, races of bighorns ; the northern one much resembling O. nivicola, the Kamschatkan wild sheep, and a southern one. (See Guillimard P. Z. S., 1885, p. 675. and Biddulph /. <:.)' c. Skin, skull ^ H. A. Ward [Ex.], 1887. and horns. 6. Skin, skull 2 H. A. Ward [Ex.], 1887. and horns. Ovis cycloceros. Ovis cycloceros, Hutton Calc. Journ. N. H., ii, p. 514, p!. xix (1842); id. y .4. 5". 5., XV, p. 152; P.L.Sclater P. Z. S., i860, p. 128, vi^oodcut and pi., Ixxx ; Blyth Cat., p. 177; Jerdon Mnmm., p. 294; Kinlach Large Game Shooting, i, p. 29, with plate of head ; Stanford Persia, p. 87 ; Murray Zool. Sind, p. 59; Sterndale Mamm. hid., p. 435 ; Thomas Linn- Trans. (2), v, p. 63. Ovis vignei, apud Blyth P. Z. S., p. 70 (1840) ; Gray Cat. Mamm. B. M., iii, p. 172 ; Hotsfield Cat.E. I. Mus., p. 175 ; Adams P. Z. S., 1858, p. 526. The Oorial ; Guch S, Mish ? , Persian ; Huriar, or Orial, Pun- jab ; Kuch in Suliman range ; Koh-i-poombur, Afghan. Distribution. — From the Punjab Salt Range and the Suleiman Range, especially round Peshawur, southwards to Sind and west- wards to the Parapamisus Range, and to Gwadar in Beluchistan and possibly to Shiraz (Blanford) ; Astrabad in Northern Persia (Beresford Lovett) ; this sheep is generally found at lower eleva- tions than the other wild sheep and in places where the heat is very excessive in summer. a. Skull, horns ^ Astrabad, N. Persia B. Lovett, i88,v b. Head, stuffed Jalk, Beluchistan W. T. Blanford, 1877. and skin ^ c. Skull, horns ^ W. Theobald, A. S. B. (f. Skull, horns ^ W. Theobald, A. S. B. f. Skull, horns ^ Punjab W. T. Blanford. /. Skull, horns^ A. S. B. g. Skull, and ? W. Theobald, A. S. B. horns. h. Skull, horns ^ Afghanistan? Purchased, 1871. ovis. 139 y. Skull, horns, ^ Khawja, Afghan. J. E.T. Aitchison, 1886. skin. k. Skeleton $ Zoological, Gardens, 1882. /. Skin, skull ? Dizak, Beluchistan, W. T. Blanford. 23-3.72. m. PSkin, skull Shiraz, Persia Sir O. St. John. juv. 71. Skin, skull $ A. S. B. o. Skull, and $ British Beluchistan E. J. Jones, 1889. horns. Ovis vignii. Ovis vignii, Blytli P. Z. S., p. 70 (1840); Wagyter Hugefs Kaschmir, iv, p. 5S1 ; Gray Cat. Mamm. B. M., iii, p. 172 ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mtis., p. 175; Adavis P. Z. S., 1858, p. 526; P. L Sclater P.Z.S., i860, p. 127, wood-cut and pi. Ixxix ; Scttlly P. Z. S., i88i, p. 209; Sterndale Mamm. Ind., p. 435. .. , o X Ovis montana, apud Cunningham Ladak, p. 199, pi. vu (1854). Shapoo, Ladak ; Sha, Thibet ; Oorin, Astor district. Distribution. — Western Thibet and Ladak (Kinloch) extending to Gilgit (Scully). There was formerly considerable confusion with regard to the distinctions between this sheep and the Oorial ; for some time they were considered identical until Sclater /. c. showed the distinctions between the two ; the one (Ovis vignii) occurriitg only, as far as is known, in Ladak and the upper valley of the Indus ; the other having a wider distribution extending from the Punjab throughout Afghanistan. «. Skin, skull ^ Ladak (Strachey) ? India Mus., London, horns. ?6. Skull $ A. S. B. juv. Ovis gmelini. Ovis gmelini, Blyth P. Z.S., p. 69 (1840) ; Blanford Persia, ^.S^ ; Danford and Alston P. Z. S., 1877, p. 276 ; id. P. Z. S., 1880, p. 55, with 6 figs Ovis orientAUs, apiid Keyserliitg and Blasius Wirbelth. Europ., pp. 5, 29 (1840) ; Gray Cat, Mamm. B. M., iii, p 172. POvis anatolica, Valenciennes Comptes Rend., xliii, p. 65 (1856). Distribution. — The Elburz Mountains (Blanford), Erzeroom (Blyth), the northern slopes of the Taurus, and central parts of Asia Minor (Danford). a. Frontlet No history. A, S. B. 6. Skull and No history, A. S. B. horns, c. Skull and ^ Shameran Mts., N. of W. T. Blanford. horns. Teheran. . Skull, horns $ No history. g. Skull, horns ^ A.S.B. [castrated.] r. Skull, horns ^ , J. J. Athanass, A.S.B. [one horn deformed.] *. Skull, horns ^ W. Rutledge, 1870. [one horn deformed.] t. Skull $ J. J. Athanass, A.S.B. u. Head stuffed^ J. Armstrong, 1869. i;. Head stuffed ^ A.S.B. ■w. Frontlet, $ Banda J. Cockburn, 1881. horns. z. Frontlet, $ Doon of Assam F. Jenkins. horns, a*. Stuffed ^ Chanda W, T. Blanford, 1867. b\ Stuffed $ Purchased, 1869. C-. Stuffed juv.^ Purchased, 1869. d^. Skeleton $ Zoological Gardens, 1881. e\ Skull [horns $ Mrs. Turnbull, 1837, A.S.B. deformed] /2. Head stuffed^ A.S.B. Genus PANTHOLOPS. Pantholops, Hodgson P. Z. S., p. 80 (1834). This genus also contains only one species, the Thibetan Antelope, which has been shot just within the boundaries of the Indian Empire and which must therefore be included in the Indian Fauna. Pantholops hodgsoni. Antilope hodgsonii, AbelEdin. Journ. Sci,, p. 163 (1827)*; Hodgson Glean- ings in Science, ii, p. 348, pis. iii and v ; id. P. Z. S., 1831, p. 52; id. M 2 164 MAMMALIA. J. A. S. B., i, p. 59, pi. iv ; Hooker Himalayan Journ., W, pp. 132, 157 and woodcut, p. 158. Antilope (Oryx) kemas, H. Smith, Griffith An. Kingd., v, p. 328 (1827). Antilope chiru. Lesson Man. Manim., p. 371 (1827). Pantholops hodgsoni, Hodgson, F. Z. S., p. 80 (1834) ; id. J. A, S. B., iii, p. 134 • id. y. A. S. B., X, p. 913 ; Adams P. Z. S., 1858, p. 521 ; Blanford Yarkand Mavivi., p. 89, pi. xvi. Kemas hodgsoni, Gray List Mamtn. B. M., p. 1 57 (1843) ; Horsfield Cat, E. I. Mus., p. 166 ; Blyth Cat., p. 173 ; Kinloch Large Game Shooting, i, p. 6, [with plate] ; Blanford J. A. S. B., xli, p. 39. Isoors or Choors of West Thibet ; Chiru of East Thibet, Distribution. — Apparently throughout Thibet; was seen by Hooker just over the pass to the north of Sikkim and has been shot by Kinloch in Changchenmo in the eastern part of Ladak. a. Skin $ Kium, Ladak, 4-8-73 J. Biddulph. A. Skin $ F. Stoliczka, 1874. c. Stuffed $ Thibet L. Mandelli, 1877. d. Skull, horns ^ A.S.B. c. Skull, horns J A.S.B. /. Frontlet $ A.S.B. g. Skull ^ Yarkand F. Stoliczka, 1874, Genus KOBUS. Kobus, A. Smith S, African Zool. (1840). Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Antilope ellipsiprymnus, Ogilby, P.Z. S., p. 47 (1833)*. Kobus ellipsiprymnus, A. Smith S. African ZooL, pis. xxviii and xxix (1840) ; Harris Wild Sports S. Africa, pi. xiv ; Selous P. Z. S., 1881, p. 758. The Water Buck. Dis/ridu/ ion.— Sou\h Africa, principally found about the Zam- besi and Limpopo Rivers, and extending northwards to the Kili- manjaro district. fl Skeleton ^ E. S. Gerrard [P.], 1881. Genus CERVICAPRA. Cervicapra, Blainville Bull, Soc., Philom., p. 75 (i8i6)». Redunca, H. Sviith, Griffith An. Kingd., v, p. 337 (1827) [as a sub-genus]. Cervicapra arundinacea. Antilope arundinacea, Shaw Gent, Zool., ii, pt. 2, p. 347 (1801). ^"^^°P®,. (Cervicapra) eleotragus, Blainville Bull. Soc, Philom., p 75 NEOTRAGUS. 165 Antilope (Redunca) eleotra^us, H. Smith, Griffith An. Kingd., iv, p. 237 (1827). Eleotragus reduncus, Gray List. Mamm. B. M., p. 165 (1843). Eleotragus arundinaceus, Gray Cat. Mamm. B, M., iii, p. 91 (1852). The Rietbok. Distribution. — Central South Africa, especially about the tribu- taries of the Zambesi and Limpopo Rivers. a. Frontlet No history. Genus NEOTRAGUS. Neotragus, H. Smith, Griffith An, Kingd., v, p. 349 (1827). Neotragus saltianus. Antilope (Cervicapra) sa.\t\a.na., Blainville Bull. Soc, Philom., p. 75 (1816)*. Antilope saltiana, Cretzschmar Riippell's Atlas, p. 55, pi. xxi (1826). Antilope (Neotragus) mandoka, H. S7>iith, Griffith An. Kingd., iv, p. 271 (1827). Antilope hemprichiana, Hempr. and Ehr. Symb, Phys., pi. vii (1828). Mandoqua saltiana, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 164 (1842). Neotragus saltiana, Gray Cat. Mamm, B. M^ iii, p. 76 (1882) ; Blanford Abyssinia, p. 268 ; Gunther P. Z. S., 1S80, p. 19 [figs, of skull]. The Beni Israel. Distribution. — Shores of the Red Sea, in the neighbourhood of Abyssinia ; replaced by aUied species in Somaliland and Damara- land. ^ Anseba valley, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford. 4,000 ft., 27-7-68. $ Anseba valley, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford. 4,000 ft., 2-8-68. ij Anseba valley, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford. 4,000 ft, 5-8-68. $ Anseba valley, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford. 4,000 ft., 15-7-68. $ Abyssinia W. T. Blanford. $ Anseba valley, 4 000 ft., W. T. Blanford. 29-7-68. ? Anseba valley, 4,000 ft., W. T. Blanford. 25-7-68. ? Suru, Abyssinia, 2,500 ft,, W. T. Blanford. 17-2-68. $ Samhar, Abyssinia,7ooft., W. T. Blanford. 28-6-68. $ Koomeyloo, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford. 300 ft., 1-68. $ Anseba valley. W T. Blanford, 1868. m. Stuffed head $ Anseba valley. W. T. Blanford, 1868. n. Stuffed head 2 Anseba valley. W. T. Blanford, 1868. tf. Skeleton Anseba valley. W. T. Blanford, 1868. a. Skin b. Skin c. Skin d. Skin e. Skin /• Skin g- Skin h. Skin y. Skin k. Skin I. Head l66 MAMMALIA. Neotragus kirki. Ncotragus saltiana, apud Blyth Cat., p. i68 (1863). Neotragus kirkii, Gunther P. Z.S.., p. 17, figs, i-io (1880). Bisirihution. — Somaliland, extending southwards to the Kiliman- jaro country. a. Stuffed $ Somaliland J. H. Speke, 1855, A. S. B. Genus NANOTRAGUS. Nanotragus, Sundevall Kongl. Vetensk.Akad. Handl.,^. 191 (1844)*. Type, N. splniger. Calotragus, Sundevall Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., p. 192(1846)*. Type, N. tragulus. Scopophorus, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., xviii, p. 232 (1846). Type, N. scoparia. Nesotragus, Von Diiben Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. CEfvers, p. 221 (1846)*. Type, N. moschatus. Oreotragus, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., xviii, p. 231 (1846). Type, N. saltatrix. Nanotragus tragulus. Antilope campestris, Thunberg Mem. Ac. St. Petersb., iii, p. 313 (181 1). Antilope (Gazella) tragulus, Lichtensiein Mag. Ges. naturf, Freunde^ vi, p. 176 (1814).* Antilope (Cervicapra) stenbock, Blainville Bull. Soc. Philofn,, p. 75 (1816)*. Antilope (Tragulus) rupestris, H. Smith, Griffith An. Kingd, iv, p. 248 (1827) ; Harris Wild Game of S. Africa, pi. xxv, fig. 2. Calotragus tragulus, Sundevall Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., p. 192 (1846)* ; Blyth Cat., p. 166. Pediotragus campestris, Gray Cat. Rum. B. M., p. 31 (1872). Nanotragus tragulus, Brooke P. Z. S., p. 642 (1872) ; Selous P. Z. S., 1881, p. 762. The Steinbock. Distribution.— k\\ over South Africa from the Cape to the Zambesi, extending northward to the Kilimanjaro district. a. Skin $ South Africa E. L. Layard {i860), A. S. B. Nanotragus montanus. Antilope montana, Cretzschmar RilppelVs Atlas, p. 11, pi. iii (1826). Scopophorus montanus. Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., xviii, p. 232 (1846) ; Stanford Abyssinia, p. 266. Nanotragus montanus, Brooke P. Z. S., p. 632 (1872). Di'stribu/ion.— Eastern Africa, Abyssinia, West Africa? a. Skin Dolo, Abyssinia, 7,500 ft., W. T. Blanford. a7-3-68. CEPHALOPHUS. 167 Nanotragus melanotis. Antilope melanotis, Tkunberg Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., iii, p. 312 (181 1). Antilope grisea, F. Cuvier Diet. Set. Nat., ii, p. 244 (1816). Antilope (Cervicapra) grisea, Blainville Bull. Soc. Philom., p, 75 (1816). Antilope (Tragulus) grisea, H. Smith, Griffith An. Kingd., iv, p. 250 (1827). Oreotragus griseus, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 164 (1842). Calotragus melanotis, Gray Cat. Mamm. B. M., iii, p. 72 (1852); BlythCat., p. 166. Nanotragus melanotis, Brooke P. Z. S., p. 642 (1872) ; Selous P. Z. S., 1881, p. 762. The Grysbok. Distribution. — Central South Africa, north of the Limpopo River. a. Stuffed $ South Africa E. L. Layard (i860), AS.B. Nanotragus oreotragus. Antilope oreotragus, Gmelin Syst. Nat., i, p. 189 (1778). Antilope saltatrix, Boddaert Blench. Anivi., p. 141 (1785)*. Antilope (Tragulus) oreotragus, H. Smith, Griffith An. Kingd., iv, p. 245 (1827). Oreotragus saltatrix, Harris Wild Game S. Africa, pi. xxiv, fig. 2 (1840) • Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., xviii, p. 231 ; Blyth Cat., p. 167; Blanford AbyS' sinia, p. 265. Nanotragus oreotragus, Brooke P.Z.S., p. 642 <.l872); Selous P. Z. S., 1881, p. 762. The Klipspringer. Distribution. — East and South Africa from Abyssinia in the north to Cape in the south, wherever there ate stony hills. a. Stuffed $ South Africa E. L. Layard (t86o), A.S.B. h. Stuffed head $ Senafe Tigr^, Abyssi- W. T. Blanford. nia, 6-68. e. Stuffed head $ Somaliland J. H. Speke, 1855, A. S. B. d. Skin ^ Senafe Tigre, Abyssi- W. T. Blanford. nia, 7,500 ft., 1 1 -3-69. Genus CEPHALOPHUS. Cephalophorus, H. Smith, Griffith An. King., v, p. 344 (1827) ; [as a sub- genus] ; Grimmia, Gray Cat. Rum. Mamm. B. M., p. 22 (1872). Cephalophus mergens. Antilope mergens, Blainville N, Diet. d'Hist. Nat., ii, p. 193 (1816). Antilope (Cephalophus) mergens, H. Smith, Griffith An. King, iv, p. 264 (1827) ; Harris Wild Game S. Africa, pi. xv, fig. 2. l68 MAMMALIA. Cephalophus grimmia, apud Gray Cat. Mamm. B. M., iii, p. 78 (1852) ; id, P. Z. S., 1857, p. 277, pi. Ivii ; Blytk Cat, p. 167. Grimmia nictitans, Gray Cat. Rum. Mavim. B. M., p. 22 (1872). The Duiker. Distribution. — South Africa extending northwards to the Kili- manjaro district. a. Stuffed $ South Africa E. L. Layard (i860), A. S. B. Cephalophus natalensis. Antilope nK\.3^eTiS\s, A. Smith S.African Quart. J ourn.y-^.ix'] (1830)*; id. S. African ZooL, pi. xxxii. Cephalophus natalensis, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., xviii, p. 166 (1846); Blyth Cat., p. 168. Rhoodebok. Distribution. — South Africa, more especially Natal. a. Stuffed i A. Malherbe (1859), A. S. B, Cephalophus madoqua. Antilope madoqua, Ruppell N. Wirbelth., p. 22, pi. vii, fig. 2 (1835). Cephalophus mandoqua, Gray Cat. Mamm. B. M., iii, p. 82 ; Blanford Abysinia, p. 267. Grimmia madoqua, Gray Cat. Rum. Mamm. B. M., p. 24 (1872). Distribution. — Eastern Africa, Abyssinia. a. Skin ^ Dildi, Abyssinia, 7,000 W. T. Blanford. ft., 23-4-68. b. Skin g D5ngolo, Abyssinia, 6,500 W. T. Blanford. ft., 17-5-68. Genus TETRACERUS. Tetracerus, Leach cf. Linn. Trans., xiv., p. 524 (1823). This genus contains one species only and is entirely confined to India. Tetracerus quadricornis. Antilope (Cervicapra) quadricornis, Blainville Bull. Soc. Philom., p. 75 (1816)* ; id. his, 1819, pt. 2, p. 1095, pi. xii, fig. 3. Tetracerus striaticornis, F. Cuvier Hist. Nat. Mam^n. livr. 44 (1824). Antilope chickara, Hardwicke Linn. Trans., xiv, p. 520, pis. xv, xvi (1825); Hills Linfi. Trans., xv, p. 50I, pi. xx ; Hodgson ^. A. S. B., i, p. 346; id. P. Z. S., 1834, p. 99. Antilope sub-4-cornutus, Elliot Madr. Journ., x, p. 225, pi. x, fig. 3 (1839); Sclater P. Z. S., r875, p. 527. Tetracerus chickara, Hodgson J. A. S. B., x, p. 913 (1841). Tetracerus quadricornis, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 159(1843) ; Blyth J. A. /EPYCEROS. 169 S. B., xvi, pt. ii, p. 879 ; id. J. A, S. B., xvii, pt. i, p. 561 ; Adams P. Z. S., 1858, p. 522 ; Blyth Cat., p. 165 ; Jerdon Manim. p. 274 ; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 103; Blanford J. A. S. B., xxxvi., p. 196; Kinloch Large Game Shooting, ii, p. 54 with plate. Murray Zool. Sind, p. 55, Tetracerus iodes and paccerois, Hodgson Calc. Journ N. H., viii, p. 90 (1847). The four-horned Antelope ; Chouka, Chousinga, Hind.; Benkara or Bekra of Mahrattas ; Kondguri, Canarese ; Kondagori, Telegu. Distribution. — India generally, more especially in the Central Provinces; is not found in the Ganges valley itself, but to the north in the terai is fairly common, it doubtfully extends into the Punjab and Sind, and does not occur in Ceylon. Babu Rameshur Mullick, 1872. Babu Rameshur Mullick, 1872. Zoological Gardens, 1878. Zoological Gardens, 1882. Zoological Gardens, 1880. Rajah R. Mullick, A.S. B. Rajah R. Mullick, A. S. B. W. Rutledge, 1873. P., W. T. Blanford. P., W. T. Blanford. A. S. B. A.S. B, A. S. B. A. S. B. Sir W. Elliot, 1845, A.S. B. Sir W.Elliot, 1845, A. S. B. SirW. Elliot, 184 "5, A.S. B. J. Cockburn, 1886, J. Cockburn [P.], 1886. a. Skin and skull $ Raneegunge b. Skin and skull i Raneegunge c. Skin and skelet, ■ i d. Skeleton skin 9 e. Skeleton 9 /. Stuffed i g. Stuffed ? h. Stuffed juv j. Stuffed head s Asirgarh, C, 7-66. k. Stuffed head 9 Asirgarh, C, 7-66. I. Skull $ m. Skull $ «. Skull $ 0. Skull S p. Skull $ South India q. Skull s South India r. Skull $ South India 5. Skull 9 -M. 2 Skulls S Genus iEPYCEROS. ^pyceros, Sundevall Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., p. 271 (1845)*. .^pyceros melampus. Antilope melampus, Lichtenstein Mag, Ges. naturf. Freunde, vi, p. 167 (1814)* ; Harris Wild Game S. Africa, pi. xv. ^pyceros melampus, Sundevall Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., p. 271 (1845)* ; -S^y^^ Cat., p. 171 ; Selous P. Z. S., 1881, p. 757. The Mpallah or Roodebok. Distribution. — Central South Africa, especially about the Upper Waters of the Limpopo River, extending northwards to the Kili- manjaro district. c. Frontlet Purchased (1861), A. S. B. 170 MAMMALIA. ' Genus ALCEPHALUS. Alcephalus, Blainville Bull. Soc. Philom., p. 75 (i8i6)*. Alcephalus caama. Antilope caama, F. Cuvier Diet. Sci. Nat., ii, p. 242 (1816). Antilope (Alcephalus) caama, Blainville Bull. Soc. Pkilo7n, p. 75 (1816)*; Selotcs P. Z. S., 1881, p. 763. Damalis (Acronotus) caama, H.Smith, Griffith Ann. Kingd., iv, p. 348, with plate (1827) ; Harris Wild Game S. Africa, pi. vii. Boselaphus caama, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., xviii, p. 233 (1846) ; Blyth Cat,, p. 170. Bubalus caama, A. Smith Zool. S. Africa, pi. xxx (1849). The Hartebeest. Distribution. — South Africa ; Grimqualand and the "Kalahari Desert. a. Frontlet W. S. Sherwill (1843), A.S.B. A. Skeleton, $iuv Zoloogical Gardens, 1881. skin. Genus CONNOCHAETES. Connochaetes, Lichtenstein Mag. Ges. naturf. Freunde, vi, p. 165 (1814)*. Catoblepas, H. Smith, Griffith An. Kingd., v, p. 367 (1827). Connochaetes gnu. Antilope gnu, Gmelin Syst. Nat., i, p. 189 (1788). Antilope (Connochaetes) gnu, Lichtenstein Mag. Ges. naturf. Freunde, vi, p. 165 (1814)*. Antilope (Boselaphus) gnu, Blainville Bull. Soc. Philom., p. 75 (1816)*. Catoblepas gnu, H. Smith, Griffith An. Kingd,, iv, p. 367 (1827); Harris Wild Game S, Africa, pi. i. The White-tailed Gnu. -^ Distributio7i, — South Africa, extending northwards to the Kilimanjaro district. a. Frontlet No history. h. Skeleton $juv Berlin Mus. [Ex.] 1878. c. Skeleton and Babu H. M. Roy, 1885. skin $ Genus ANTILOCAPRA. Antilocapra Ord Journal de Physique, Ixxxvii, p. 149 (1818)*; id. Isis, 1819, p. 1106. Dicranocerus, H. Smith, Griffith An. Kingd., v, 322 (1827). MOSCHUS. 171 Antilocapra americana. Antilope americana, Ord Cuthrie^s Geography 2ndiAmer.eA.,\'\, pp. 292, 308 (1815)*. Antilocapra americana, Ord Journal de Physique, Ixxxvii, p. I4g (1818)* ; P. L. Sclater P. Z. S., 1865, p. 60, pi. iii ; Bartlett P. Z. S., 1865, p. 718 • Murie P. Z.S., 1870, p. 23A; Forbes P. Z. S., 1880, p. 540 ; Antilope furcifer, H, Smith Linn. Trans., xiii, p. 28, pi. ii (1822). Antilope (Dicranoceros) furcifer, H. Smith, Griffith An. Kingd., iv, p. 170 (1827). The Prong Buck. Distrtbutton. — North America, west of the Missouri from the Saskatchewan southwards to Northern Mexico. a. Stuffed $ Nortli America H. A. Ward [Ex.], 1879. b. Skeleton $ North America Brit. Mus. [Ex ], 1878. c. Skeleton W. Jamrach [P.], 1876. d. Skin Montana, N America Genus GIRAFFA. Giraffa, Zimmermann Geogr. Geschichte, ii, p. 125 (1780). Camelopardalis, Gmelin Syst. Nat., i, p. 181 (1788). Giraffa camelopardalis. Cervus camelopardalis, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 92 (1766). Giraffa camelopardalis Zimmermann Geogr. Geschichte, ii, p. 12^ (1780)' Gray Cat. Mam. B. M., iii, p. 181. ' Camelopardalis giraffa, Gmelin Syst. Nat., i, p. 181 (1788); Blyth Cat. p. 144. Camelopardalis aethiopicus, et. C. capensis Ogilby, P. Z. S., p. 134 (1836). Distribution. — Africa south of the Atlas. a. Skeleton mted. ^ Lord Canning, 1862, b. Skull No history. c. Skin ^ W. Rutledge, 1881. d. Skin, skeleton ^ Zoological Gardens, 1879, e. Skin, skeleton ^ Babu H. M.Roy, 1883. juv. /.Skeleton 2 Babu H. M. Roy, 1886. g. Skeleton ^ Zoological Gardens, 1887, Genus MOSCHUS. Moschus, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 91 (1766). The genus Moschus is now generally allowed to consist of a single species only, though others have been from time to time described on mere colour variations and on other insufficient grounds. 172 MAMMALIA. Moschus moschiferus. Moschus moschiferus, Linnceus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p 91 (1766) ; Hodgson Gleanings in Science, iii, p. 320, pl.xxi; Pallas Zong. Ross. As., p. iq8 ; Walker Calc. Journ. N. H ., iii, p. 267. ; Wagner Htigel's Kaschmir, iv, p. 576; Middendorf Siberische Reise.. p. 118; Adams P. Z. S., 1858, p. 528 ; Schrenck Amurland, p. 161 ; Radde Ost Siberien, p. 274 ; Blyth C«^., p. 157 ; Milne Ed-wards Ann. Sci. Nat. (5), ii, p. 154, pi. iv, fig. i ; Jerdon Mamrn., p. 266 ; Kinloch Large Game Shooting, i, p. 41 [with plate of head] ; Milne Edwards Rech. Mamvi., p. 176, pis. xix, xx ; Blanford J. A. S. B., xli, p. 39 ; Flower P. Z. S., 1875, p. 159 ; Lydekker J. A. S. B., xlvi, p. 286 ; id. y. /I. 5'. 5., xlix, p. 4 ; Scully P. Z. 5"., 1881, p. 209. Moschus sibiricus, Pallas Spic. Zool., xiii, p. 29, pis. iv, v, vi, (1779). Moschus altaicus, Eschscholtz Isis., p. 606(1830). Moschus chrysogaster "^ Moschus leucogaster ^ Hodgson J. A. S. B., viii, p. 203 (1839) ; id. J. A. Moschus saturatus j S. £., xi, p. 285. The Musk Deer; Kusturee or Russ, Kashmiri ; Kastura, Hind; La or Lawa, Tibetan ; Ribjo in Ladak; Bena in Kunawar; Gan Pahoo, Assamese. DistrihuHon. — Eastern Central Asia, from Amurland (Schrenck) and Transbaikalia and even further north, through Mongolia and Thibet to the Himalayas; in the latter is found from Gilgit to Bhootan at considerable elevations; Milne Edwards also gives the mountains of Cochin-China as a locality for the species. a. Skin 9 Sikkim L. Mande'Ii, 1877. b. Skin $ Basalgah, Gilgit, 7-79 J. Scully, 1888. c. Skin No history, A.S. B. d. Skin $ Ladak J. Biddulph, 1877. e. Skin $ Sir W. W. Hunter, 1886. /• Skin S Ladak J. Biddulph, 1877. g- Skin juv. Basalgah, Gilgit, 7-79 J. Scully, 1888. h. Skin juv. Sikkim L. Mandelli, 1877. j- Skin juv. Yarkand J. Armstrong. k. Skin juv. No history. I. Skeleton s W. Rutledge, 1874. tn. juv. Stuffed $ North of Simla F. Stoliczka [Ex.], 1869. n. Skeleton mted. 1 No history. 0. Skull i Gilgit J. Scully (1888). P- Skull s G. T. Lushington (1849), A.S. B. q-s. 3 Skulls A. S. B. Genus CERVULUS. Cervulus, Blainville Bull. Soc. Philom., p. 77 (1816)*. Stylocerus, H Smith, Griffith An. Kingd., v., p. 319(1827). Prox, Ogilby P. Z S., p. 135 (1836). Type, C. muntjac Muntjacus, Blyth J. A. S. B., xx, p. .174 (185 1). CERVULUS. 173 The genus Cervulus is confined to the Indian and the south-east- ern parts of the Palaearctic regions. Besides the species men- tioned below, there exists C. sclateri (=C. lacrimans) and C. cri- nifrons, both from China. The Indian form of Cervulus muntjac was at one time thought to differ specifically from the Sumatra and Javan form, and the point does not yet seem to be quite satisfactorily decided. I have, however, followed Sir V. Brooke (P. Z. S., 1874, p. 33) in uniting the two forms under the name of C. muntjac. Cervulus muntjac. Cevvus munt]ak, Zimmerman Geog. Ceschichte, ii, p. 131 (1780); Raffies Linn. Trans, xiii, p. 265 ; Sykes P. Z. S., 1831, p. 104 ; Elliot Madr. Journ., X, p. 221 ; Cantor J. A. S. B., xv, p 269; Walker Calc. Journ, N. H., iii, p. 267 ; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., xi, p. 25. Cervus vaginalis, Boddaert Elench. Anifii., i, p. 136 (1785)*. Cervulus moschatus, Blatnville Bull. Soc. Philoni., p. 77 (1816)*. Cervus (Stylocerus) aureus, H. Smith, Griffith Ann. Kingd., iv, p. 148 (1827). Cervus ratwa, Hodgson As. Res., xviii, pt. 2, p. 139, with plate (1829) ; id, J. A. S. B., X, p. 914 ; Wagner HugeVs Kaschmir, iv, p. 578. Prox moschatus, Ogilby P. Z. S., p. 135 (1836). Cervus melas, Ogilby Royle Himal. Bot., p. ixxiii (1839). Muntjacus vaginalis, Blyth J. A. S. B., xx, p. 174 (1851). Stylocerus muntjacus, Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 85 (1852). Cervulus vaginalis, Adams P. Z. S., p. 53O (1858); Blyth Cat., p. 154; Swinhoe P. Z. S., 1869, p. 652. Cervulus aureus, Jerdon Mamm., p. 264 ; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 94 ; Blyth J . A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 46 ; Kinloch Large Game Shooting, ii, p. 26 [ plate of head]. Cervulus muntjac, Brooke P. Z. S., p. 38 (1874) ; P. L. Sclater P. Z S., 187S, p. 421 ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 337, The Kakur, Barking Deer or Rib-faced Deer of North India ; the Jungle sheep of South India; and the Red Hog Deer of Ceylon; Kakur, Hind. ; Maya, Bengalee ; Ratwa of Nepaulese ; Bekra, Mahratti ; Kankuri, Canarese ; Jungli bukra of South India Mus- salman ; Karsiar of Bhooteas ; Sikku of Lepchas ; Gutra of Gonds ; Kuka gori, Telegu ; Welly or Hoola Morha of Singalese ; Hoogeree of Assam ; Gee of Burma. Distribution. — The Kakur is found all over India, Burma, Indo- China,the Malay peninsula and the Islands of Sumatra, Java, Banka, Borneo and Hainan (Swinhoe). In India proper it is found from Kashmir (Hugel) in the north to Ceylon (Kelaart) on the south; it is replaced in Eastern Thibet and South China by the next species and by C. sclateri. a. Skin (flat) India Mus., London, 1880. b. Skin (flat) $ Nepal (Hodgson) India Mus., London, 1880. c. Skin (flat) Sanda Valley, Yunnan, J. Anderson. 7-68. d. Skin (flat) Sanda Valley, Yunnan, J. Anderson. 7-68. 174 MAMMALIA • e. Skin (flat) Sanda Valley, Yunnan, 7-68. J. Anderson. /. Shin (flat) j uv. Sanda Valley, Yunnan, 7-68. J. Anderson. g. Skin (flat) ; juv. Sanda Valley, Yunnan, 7-68. J. Anderson. A. Skin $ Ceylon Columbo Museum, 1888. y. Skin, skelet. . ? Rajah R. Mullick, 1877. k. Skin ? juv. Zoological Gardens, 1878. /. Skin $ \ juv. Zoological Gardens, 1880. 7n. Skull $ A.S.B. n. Skull $ P. Homfray (1843), A.S.B. 0. Skull $ Dibrugahr, Assam Purchased, 1879. p. Skull and ski n$ Shevaroy Hills, Madr. Mrs. W. King, 1888. of head. q. Skull $ A.S.B. r. Skull $ A.S.B. s. Skull $ Nepal B. H. Hodgson, 1844, A.S.B t. Skull, skelet ■ S Rajah R. Mullick, A.S.B. M. Skull ? A.S.B. V. Frontlet i Sanda Valley, 7-68 . Anderson. w. Frontlet $ Sanda Valley, 7-68 . Anderson. X. Frontlet $ A. Masters, 1842, A.S.B. y. Frontlet $ Arakan Sir A. Phayre, 1846, A.S.B. z. Frontlet $ Arakan Sir A. Phayre, 1846, A.S.B, fl». Stuffed $ Zoological Gardens, 1877. b'^. Skeleton * ,„„, No history. mted. c^. Fiat skin India Mus., London, 1880. Hodgson J. A. S. B., x, p. 914 (1841). Rusa heterocurvus ) Rusa aristotelis, Blyth Cat., p. 150 (1863); Jerdon Mamm., p. 256; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 68 ; Blyth J.A. S . B., xViv, Burma List, p. 45; Kinloch Large Game Shooting, ii, p. 24; Gilbert J. Bomb. Sac, iii, p. 224. Sambur in the plains ; Gerow in the Himalayas, and Elk in Southern India and Ceylon ; Sambur, Hind, and Mahratta ; Jarai or jarao of the Paharris of the Himalayas ; Maha in the Terai ; Mahao of theGonds; Cadavi, Canarese; Kannadi,^Telegu ; Ghous or Gaoj in Eastern jBengal ; Gona Rusa, Cingalese; Khatkhowah Pohoo, Assamese ; Schap, Burmese. Distribution. — India generally from the Himalayas to the extreme south and Ceylon ; not found west of the Sutlej (Kinloch), but extending eastward through Assam, Burma and Siam to Hainan ? Cervus equinus is said by Brooke (/. c.) to come from Borneo and Sumatra, and he also suggests that it may possibly turn out to be indistinguishable from the true Cervus aristotelis. In the Museum collection all the heads coming from Assam and Burma differ markedly from the true Indian heads, in that the outer tine always surpasses the inner tine in length, while in the true Indian forms the outer and inner tines are of approximately equal length ; this is the difference as noted by Brooke between Cervus aristo- telis and C. equinus ; it is therefore quite possible that it is not the true (?ervus aristotelis that is found in Assam and Burma, but the allied species Cervus equinus. a. Skull and $ Assam F. Jenkins (1846), A.S.B. horns. I, Skull and $ Assam E. V. Westmacott (1866), horns. A. S. B. c. Skull and $ Arakan Sir A. Phayre (1847), A.S.B. horns. CERVUS. 177 o-p. q-t. u. f- ^-p\ Skull and horns. Skull and horns. Skull and horns. Skull and horns. Skull and horns. Skull and horns. Skull and horns. Skull and horns. Skull and horns(de- formed). Skull, pt. $ and horns. 2 Frontlets $ mted. 4 Frontlets ^ Frontlet $ U Front- $ lets, mted. 2 Frontlets ^ juv. Cast hoJns ^ mted. Cast horns ^ mted. 5 prs. cast ^ horns mted. I pr. horns $ I pr. horns $ 1 pr. horns $ a?-h^. d\ /'■ Horns Horns Horns Horns 3 Single horns. 2 Single horns. Sirgle horn. Skull and skin of head. Skull, skele- ton. Skull and skin of head. Rajah R. Muilick (1846), AS.B. AS.B. Rewah, N.-W. P. Dr. Waller [Ex.], 1879. Rewah, N.-W. P. Dr. Waller [Ex.], 1879. No history. No history. No history. Banda dist., N.-W. P. J. Cockburn, 1886. AS.B. No history, A.S.B. Arakan Sir A. Phayre, 1847, A.S.B. Assam H. Butcher, 1879. Assam No history, A.S.B. No history, A.S.B. No history, A.S.B. Cuttack dist. Purchased 1848, A.S.B. R. C. Beavan. No history, A.S.B. Mirzapur dist. Mirzapur dist. Mirzapur dist. [Cast, 1 1 -3-82 ] „ 2-3-81 ,1 27-4-81 „ 23-5-80 J. Cockburn [P.], 1886. J. Cockburn [P.], 1886. J. Cockburn [P.], 1886. Zoological Gardens, 18S2. Zoological Gardens, 1882. Zoological Gardens, 1882. Zoological Gardens, 1882. A.S.B. R. C. Beavan 1865, A.S.B. Hon. Justice Norman. Rajah R. Muilick, 1880. Zoological Gardens, 18S0. Rajah R. Muilick, 1883. 178 MAMMALIA, g^. Skin, skull $ and horns. h^. Skin and ^ [Castrated] skelet. y. Skin and $ skelet. k^. Skeleton ^ mted. /^ Head stuff- ^ Central India ed. ml Skull n'. Frontlet $ Banda dist. Zoological Gardens, 1883. O. L. Eraser, 1874. W. Rutledge, 1877. Barrackpore Menagerie, 1845, A.S.B. S. R. Tickell, 1846, A.S.B. Purchased, A.S.B. J. Cockburn [P.], 1886. Cervus swinhoii. Rusa swinhoii, P. L. Sclater P. Z. S., p. 152, pi. xvii (1862) ; Swinhoe , P.Z. S., 1862, p. 364; P.L. Sclater Trans. Zool. Soc, vii, p. 349, pi. xxxix. Cervus swinhoii, Brooke, P. Z. S,, p. 901 (1878). Distribution. — Formosa. a. I pr. horns ^ [Cast, 29-4-82 ] Zoological Gardens. Cervus porcinus. Cervus porcinus, Zimmermann Spec. Ceogr. Quad., p. 532 (1777) ; McCle- land P. Z. S., 1839, p. 150 ; Hutton J. A. S. B., xv, p. 150 ; Brooke P. Z. S , 1878, p. 902 ; Anderson Zool. Anat. Res., p. 340. Cervus (Axis) porcinus, H. Smith Griffith An. Kingd., iv, p. 1 19 (1828); Hodgson. J. A. S. B., x, p. 914. Hyeiaphus porcinus, Sundevall Kongl. Vetens. Akad. Handl., p. 180 (1844)* ; Adams P. Z. S., 1858, p. 530 ; Blyth Cat., p. 153 ; id. J. A.S.B., xliv, Burma List, p. 45 ; Murray Zool. 8ind, p. 60. Axis oryzus, Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 83 (1852) ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxiii, p. 217. Axis porcinus, Jerdon Mamm., p. 262 (1867); McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 91 ; Kinloch Large Game Shooting, ii, p. 32 (with plate of head). The Hog Deer; Para, Hindustani; Khar laguna and Leghuna in the Nepal terai ; Nuthrini haran in parts of Bengal ; Weel mooha, Cingalese ; Drai, Burmese. Distribution. — From Punjab and Sind through the Gangetic valley and Assam to Burma ; it is said to be found in Central India, but this seems doubtful ; is not found in Malabar but occurs in the lower parts of Ceylon whither possibly it may have been imported. This deer is confined to the low lands near the rivers and never ascends into the hills. a. Skin $ Tsitkaw, nr. Bhamo J. Anderson, 1S75 b. Skin skelet. $ Rajah R. Muilick, 1876. c. Skeleton $ Rajah R. Muilick, 1876. rf. Skeleton ^ Zoological Gardens, 1877. e. Skeleton $ Zoological Gardens, 1878. /.Skeleton ? ...... H. P. Vierre, 1868. CERVUS. 179 n II, v-v. Skull 5 Stuffed $ Skull and ^ horns. Skull and $ horns. Skull $ juv. Skull $ juv. 8 Frontlets^ Assam 4 Frontlets^ Assam 2 Frontlets^ Martaban 12 Front- $ lets. Skull $ Rajah R. MulHck, 1852, A .S.B. Zoological Gardens, 1877. No history, A.S.B, No history, A.S.B. Rajah R. Mullick, 1857, A.S.B. No history, A.S.B. H. Butcher, 1879. H. Butcher, 1879. R. C .Beavan, 1865, A.S.B. No history, A.S.B. R. G. W. Frith, 1843, A.S.B. Cervus hippelaphus. Cervus hippelaphus, C. Cwvier Oss. foss., ^rd ed., iv, p, 40 (1825)* ; Brooke P. Z. S., 1878, p. 903. Cervus russa, Milller and Schlegel Tern. Verhandl., p. 217, pis, xliii and xlv, figs. 1-6 (1844) ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxiv, p. 480 [foot-note.] Cervus tunjac, apud Blyth Cat., p. 151 (1863). Distrihution. — Java and several other islands into which it has probably been introduced by human agency; it is still a question as to whether the Timor and Molucca Deer are distinct; it has also been introduced into Mauritius (see Blyth J.A.S.B., xxiv p. 480). All the specimens of this deer in the Museum were in the old Asiatic Society's Collection and have lost their labels, so that it is impossible to identify the specimens with the list given in Blyth's catalogue, but I suspect that the two of the small frontlets are those catalogued by Blyth at " h" and " i," coming from Timor, in which case they are representatives of the form described by Blainville as Cervus timoriensis. a-b. 2 Skulls and $ horns. C-j. 7 Frontlets ^ k. Horns i pr. $ Moluccas /. Skin, skelet. $ m. Skull and $ hums. No history, A. S. B. No history, A. S. B. Zoological Gardens, i86g. Zoological Gardens, 1882. Zoological Gardens, 1882. Cervus duvauceli. Cervus duvancelii, G. Cuvier Oss. foss., 4th ed., vi, p. 89, pi. cci, figs. 6, 7 and 8 (1835); Anonymous J. A. S. B., v, p. 240; P. L. Sclater Trans. Zuol. Soc, vii, p. 346, pi. xxxvi ; Brooke P. Z. S., 1878, p. 905. Cervus bahrainja, Hodgson, P. Z. S., p. 99 (1834). Cervus elaphoides, Hodgson J, A, S. B., iv, p. 648, pi. liii, fig. 4, (1835). N 2 I do MAMMALIA. Cervus (Recurvus) elaphoides, Hodgson Ann. Mag. A'. //., i, p. 154(1838) ; id. J. A. S. B., X, p. 914. Recervuft duvaucelii, Gr(7_y Crt#. Mamm., B. M., iii, p. 2a3 (1852); Blyth Cat., p. 150 ; id. P. Z. S., 1867, p. 835, figs. 1—5 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B., XXX vi, p. 197 ; Jerdun Ala mm., p 254. The Swamp Deer; Barasinglia, Hind.; Baraya or INIaha in the Nepal terai ; Jhinkar in the Kyarda Doon ; Potiya haran in Monghyr; Goen or Goenjak (^ Gaoni ? in Central India. Distribiilion. — The Terai from the Kyarda Doon in the west to Bootan and Assam in the east, also along the Brahmapootra to the Sunderbunds. In Upper Bengal from Midnapore to the Mandia district in the Central Provinces, confined to low marshy country. a. Skin $ Zoological Gardens, 1877. ^). Skeleton $ Rajah R. Muilitk. c. Skeleton $ Zoological Gardens, 1877. d. Skeleton ^ Rajah of Kuch Behar, 1879. ^. Skull, horns^ No history, A. S.B. /-^. 2 Skulls $ No history, A.S.B. h. Skull $ juv. Rajah R, Mullick, A.S.B. j. Frontlet $ Assam H. Butcher, 1879. k. Frontlet ^ Tezpur, Assam H. Butcher, 1879. /. Frontlet ^ Lakhimpur, Assam H. Butcher, 1S79. m. Frontlet $ Shillong, Assam Purchased, 1879. K. Frontlet ^ T. Hardwicke, 1822, A. S B. o Frontlet ^ R. W. G. Frith, 1S42, A.S.B. />-?«. 6 Frontlets $ No history, A.S.B. V. I pr. horns ^ Sergoojah, Chota Nag- J. Cockburn, [P.] 1S86. pore. K'. I pr horns ^ [Cast, 2-4-82 ] Zoological Gardens. X. I pr. horns ^ No history, A.S.B. _y-c^. 5 single ^ No history, A.S.B. horns 4^2. Skull ^ Rajah R. Mullick, A.S.B. Cervus schom burgki. Recurvus schomburgki, Blyth P. Z. S., p. 155 (1863) ; id. P. Z. S., 1867, p. 835, figs. 6-12 ; Swi7thoe P. Z. S., 1872, p. 798. Cervus schomburgki, Brooke P. Z. S., p. 304, figs, i and 2 (1876); P. L. Sclater, P.Z.S., 1877, p. 682 [with woodcut of head]; Brooke, P. Z.S., 1878, p. 90s. Distribution. — Norlhern Siam and the Shan States. a. Skin (flat)? Sanda Valley, Yunnan J. Anderson, 1878. 6. Frontlet $ No history, A. S. B. Cervus eldi. P Cervus smithii, Gray P. Z. S., p. 45 (1837). '• Nondescript Species of Deer," McClelland Calc. Journ. N. 11., i, p. 501, pi. xii, figs. \a and \b (1841). CERVUS. iSl C«n >^us eldii, Annnyvious Calc. yourn. N. H., ii, p. 417, pi. x!i (1S42); Bea-van P Z S., 1867, p. 759: S7oinhce P. Z. S., i860, p. 65,1, figs. 1-3; P. L. Sclater Trans. Zool. Soc, vii, p. 348, pis. xxxvii, xxxviii; Brooke P. Z. S., 1878, p. 906. Cervus frontalis, McClelland Calc. Journ. N. H., iii, p. 401, pi. xiii, xiv (1843) j Blyth J. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 296; Pollok Sport inBiit. Burma, i, p. 142. PanoJia acuticornis, Gray List Marnm., B. M,, p. 180 (1843); Cantor J. A. S. B., XV, p. 272. Panolia platyceros, Gray List Mavim. B. M., p. 181 (1843). Cervu' lyratus, Schinz Synop. Mamm., ii, p. 395 (1845). Cerviis dimorphe, Hodgson jf. A. S. B., xii, p. 807, with plate (1845). Panolia eldii, Gray P. Z. S., p. 229 (1850) ; B/ytli 'J. A. S. B , xxxi, p. 334 ; BlythCat.. p. 149; Blyth P. Z. S , 1867, p 835; Beavan J. A. S. B., xxxvi, p. 17S; Blyth jp. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p-45. Thamine of Burmese ; Sungnai of Muniporees. Dislribuiion. — From Munipur in the north through Burma to the northern part of the Malay peninusula (Cantor) and through Cambodia to Hainan (SwinhoeJ; is common in the Pegu and Martaban plains of Lower Burma (Beavan). a. Skull and $ Munipur J. McClelland (1S44), A.S.B. horns. b. Skull and $ Munipur J. McClelland (1844), A.S.B. horns. c. Skall and ^ Munif^ur J. McClelland (1844), A.S.B. horns. d. Skull and ^ Munipur Purchased (1S61), A.S.B. horns. e. Frontlet $ Munipur Purchased (1861), A. S. B. /. Frontlet $ Munipur C. S. Guthrie (1861), A. S. B. g-h. 2 Skulls $ Pegu Sir A. Phayre (1847), A. SB. 3. P'rontlet ^ Pegu Sir A. Phayre (1847), A S.B. k. Skull, $ Rangoon Bazaar Dr. Pritchard (1861), A. S B. horns, I. Skull, ^ Sitang River, Tenas- Major Berdmore (1856), horns. serim A. S. B. m. Frontlet $ Martaban, Tenasserim R. C. Beavan (1865). n. Frontlet $ "brought from Penang" H. Lewis {1846), A. S o-p. Stuffed ? Rangoon Bazaar E. Blyth (1^61), A. S. B. heads. q. Skull $ Rangoon Genl. Fytche (1868). S. B. Cervus axis. Cervus axis, Erxlehen Sysi. Reg.jin., p. 312 (1777) ; Elliot Mfodr. yourn., x, p. 221 ; Blyth J. a'. S. B., xi, p 1202; Bmoke P. Z. S.. 1878, p. 907. Cervus (Axis) axis, H. Smith, Griffith An. Kingd., iv, p. 117 (1828). Cervus nudipalpebra, Ogilby P. Z. S., p. 136 ( 831). Axis major | jj^^ j^ A.S.B,x,^ 914 (1841). Axis minor ) * -^ ..t-^t^-i-/ Axis maculata, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 178 (1843) i Cantor J A S. B , XV, p. 270 ; B/yth J. A. S. B., xx, p, 174; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., l82 MAMMALIA. p. 82 ; Adams P.Z. S., 1858, p. 530; Blyik Cat., p. 152 ; Jerdon Mamm.y p. 260 ; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, pp. 89 and 207; Kinloch Large Game Shooting, ii, p. 28 [with plate of head] j Pollok Sport in Brit, Burma, i, p. 148. The Spotted Deer; Chital, Chitra, Chitri or Jhank, Hindus- tani; Chatidah of Bhagulpore; Boro khotiya of Rungpore; Buriya in Goruckpore; Saraga, Canarese ; Dupi, Telegu; Lupi, Gond ; Tic mooha, Cingalese. Distribution. — Indian peninsula and Ceylon, not recorded from the Punjab or to the east of the Bay of Bengal. It is said by Cantor to be common in Sumatra and the Malay peninsula, but is probably introduced there, is also mentioned by Radde as occurring in the Amoor district north of China, but this is probably a mistake. It occurs in the Sunderbunds and is recorded by Pollok from the Manass river and the Durrung both north of the Brahmapootra in Assam. a. Skin and ? J.Anderson, 1878. skeleton. b. Skin ^ juv. W. Rutledge, 1873. c. Skin juv. Purneah, Bengal J. Shillingford, 1871. d. Skin $ Zoological Gardens, 1877. e. Skeleton ? Rajah R. MuUick, 1875. (skull ?) /. Skull and ^ Manbhoom, Bengal R. C. Beavan, 1865, A.S.B. horns. g. Frontlet ^ R. C. Beavan, 1865, A.S.B. h. Skull and ^ Mirzapur dist., J. Cockburn [P.] 1886. horns. N.-W. P. j'Vi. 4 Skulls ^ No history, A.S.B. and horns. n-r. 5 Frontlets ^ No history, A.S.B. S't. 2 Skulls $ No history, A.S.B. (castrated) j«. Stuffed head E. Higgins, 1846, A.S.B. 1). Horns l pr. ^ [Shed, 10-2-77] Zoological Gardens. ii). Horns i pr. ^ [Shed, 7-1-78] Zoological Gardens. X. Horns i pr. ^ [Shed] Zoological Gardens, 1879. y. Horns ipr. ^ [Shed] Zoological Gardens, 1S79, z. Skull and $ Lord Mayo, 1870. horns. «2. Skull $ A.S.B. b"^. Horns I pr.^ [Shed, 18-3-82] Zoological Gardens. r^. Horns I pr.^ [Shed, 27-12-81] Zoological Gardens, d^. Horns I pr.^ [Shed, 21 -2-80] Zoological Gardens. e"^. 1 horn $ No history, A. S. B. Cervus dybowskii. ? Cervus axis, Radde Ost Siberien, i., p. 286 (1S62). Cervus dybowskii, Taczano-wski P.Z. S., p. 123, with fig. (1876); Brooke P. Z. S., 1878, p. 909; W. L. SclaterJ. A. S. B., Iviii, p. 186, pi. xi. CERVUS. 183 Distrihution. — Mantchurla extending to Thibet? a. Skull and skin $ " Darjeeling bazaar" A. M. Dunne [Ex.], 1888. of head. Cervus sika. Cervus sika, Temminck and Schlegel Faun. Jap. Mamm., p. 54, pi, xvii (1847) ; ^h'th Cat, p. 148 ; P. L. Sclater P. Z. S., i860, p. 377 ; "id. Trans. Zool. Soc, vii, p. 346, pi. XXXV ; Brooke P. Z. S., 1878, p. 908. Rusa japonica, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H. (3) vi, p. 218 (1S60); id. P. Z. S., 1 86 1, p. 236. Distrihtition.' — Japan. a. Skull and ^ Japan Hakodate Mas. [Ex.] 1884. horns. Cervus taevanus. Cervus taiouanus, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxix, p. 90 (i860); Sclater P. Z. S. i860, p. 376. Cervus taevanus, P. L. Sclater P. Z S., 1862, p. 152, pi. xvi ; Swinhoe, ibid, p. 362; Blyth Cat., p. 148; P. L. Sclater Trans. Zool. .Sac, v\\, p. 345, pi. xxxiii, xxxiv ; Brooke P. Z. S., 1878, p. 909. Disirihiiiion. — The Mountains of Formosa. a. Skull $ Formosa R. Swinhoe (i860), A. S. B. [Type of Cervus taiouanus, Blyth.] Cervus elaphus. Cervus elaphus, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed. i, p. 93 (1766) ; Blasius Sdugeth. Deidsch , p. 439 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxx, p 185 ; id. Cat., p. 147 ; Danford and Alston P. Z. S., 1S77, p. 276; id. ibid., 1880, p. 54; Brooke P. Z. S., 1878, p. 910. Cervus barbarus, Bennst List An. Card. Zool. Soc, 13th ed., p. 31 (1837)*. The Red Deer. Distribution. — The British Isles and Europe generally, Corsica, Sardinia, Algeria, Asia Minor and the Caucasus; is replaced in Northern and Eastern Asia by an allied species ; distinguished as C. xanthopygus by Milne Edwards. a. Stuffed head ^ Scotland H. R. H. Prince Consort 1861, A.S.B. i. Skull and $ Great Britain W. Davison, 1846, A.S.B. horns. c. Skull and ^ Great Britain W. Davison, 1846, A.S.B. horns. d-e. 2 Frontlets ^ Great Britain W. Davison, 1846, A.S.B. /. Horns i pr. $ C. Darwin, 1846, A.S.B. g. Skeleton ^ Scotland J. Struthers [Ex.] 1881. h. Odd horn $ No history. l84 MAMMALIA, Cervus eustephanus. Cervus eustephanus, Blanford P. Z. S., p. 637 (1875); id. Yarkand Mavini., p. 90; Brooke P. Z. S., 1878, p. 912. ? Cervus maral, Sever izoff Turk. Jev., pp. 62, 103, etct. with figs, of horns (1873) ; id. An7i. Mag. N. H. (4), xviii, p. 377. Distribution. — Thian Shan and Altai Mountains. a. I pr. horns Thian Shan Mts. F. Stoliczka, 1874. [Type of Cervus eustephanus, Blanford.] Cervus affinis. Cervus wallichii, G. Cwvier Oss. foss., 4th ed., vi, p. 89 (1835) i ^- Cuvier Hist. Nat. Mavim,, livr. 39, with plate ; Blyth J. A. S. B., x, p. 745 ; Hodg- son J A. S. 5., xi, p. 284 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxi, p. 341 ; id. J. A.S. B., xxii, p. 592; id. J. A. S. B., xxiii, p. 217. Cervus elaphus, aptid Hodgson J. A. S. B., iv, p. 648, pi. liii, fig. 5 (1835). Cervus affinis, Hodgson y. A. S. B., x, p. 721, with plate (1841) ; id. ibid., p. 914 ; id. y. A. S.B., vix, with plate of horns, p. 466 ; Gray P.Z.S., 1850, p. 228 ; Hodgson J. A. S. B., xx, p. 388, pi. vii ; Blyth J. A. S. B , xxx, p. j88; id., Cat., p. 146 ; Jerdon Manim., p. 251 ; Blanford J. A. S. B., xli, p. 39; Brooke P. Z. S., 1878, p. 913. The Shou of Tibetans. Distribution — Eastern Tibet ; this stag has been only got through native collectors and it seems probable that it has never occurred on the Indian side of the passes or indeed any nearer India than in the Chumbi Valley. a. Skin 9 Thibet L. Man dell i, 1877. b. Skin, skull and horns. $ nr. Phari, Thibet Sir A. Eden, 1882. c. Stuffed $ Thibet L. Mandelli, 1877. d. Skull and horns. $ nr. Phari, Thibet A. Campbell, 1851, A. S.B, e. I pr. horns $ No history. /. I pr. horns $ nr. Dhoulagiri, Thibet Barrackpore A. S. B. Menagerie, [Type of C. wallichii, Cuvier.] Cervus cashmeerianus. " Kashmir stag," Blyth P. Z. S., 1840, p. 79. Cervus cashmerensis, Gray List Osteol. Spec. B. M., p. 65 (1847) ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxiii, p. 734; Adams P. Z. S., 1858, p. 529 ; Lydekker J. A.S.B., xlvi, p. 286. Cervus wallichii, apitd Wagner HugeVs Knschvnr, iv p. 576 (1849) ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxx, p. 188 ; id. Cat., p. 146 ; jerdon Mamm., p. 250 ; Kinloch Large Game Shooting, i, p. 44. Cervu5 cashmeerianus. Falconer Palacpont. Memoirs, i, p. 576 (iS68)' P. L. Sclater Trans, Zool. Soc, vii, p. 3^9 (with woodcut and pi. xxx) • Brooke P. Z. S., 1878, p. 912 ; Scully J. A. S. B., Ivi, p. 76. ' . CERVUS. '185 The Kashmir Stag ; Barasingha, Hind. ; Hangul or Honglu of Kashmir. Disirihidio7i. — The Kashmir Valley, not extending eastwards; a single horn was procured by Major Yate near Balkh in Afghan- Turkestan. Sir V.Brooke's nomenclature has been followed for this and the preceding species and Cuvier's name Cervus wallichii has been ignored since it seems impossible to decide with any cer- tainty to which species the specimen described by Baron Cuvier refers. The pair of horns shed by the animal whose portrait appears in M. F. Cuvier's Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes is still here in the Museum, C. affinis "f ", they are the horns of a young stag probably in its third year, the right-hand antler is a simple beam with a brow and bez antler only, the brow being considerably the longest ; the left-hand antler bears, in addition to the brow and bez antlers, a third the royal, but in this case the bez surpasses the brow in length; in the case of the Tibetan stag (Cervus affinis), the brow and bez are approximately of the same length, whereas in the case of the Kashmir stag the bez is generally considerably the longer of the two; so that, as far as the respective lengths of the brow and bez antlers are concerned, there is no ground for considering C. wallichii to be either the Kashmir or Tibetan stag. The antlers present no other points of note which throw any light on their affinity. The stag which bore the antlers in question is said to have been brought from near Mt. Dhoulagiri to the north of Nepal on the further side of the snowy range, and it therefore seems probable that the animal really was, as Jerdon thought, a deformed young specimen of Cervus affinis. a. Skull and $ Kashmir Valley R. Lyddekker [Ex.], 187S. horns. b-c. 2 Frontlets $ No history. d. I pr. horns $ No history. e-f. 2 horns ^ Purchased, 1872. g. Single horn ^ R. C. Beavan. h. Single horn ^ Oxus River nr. Balkh C. E. Yate, 1887. Cervus canadensis. Cervus canadensis^r^/i?i^fw5j'sf Reg. An., p. 305 (1777) ; Blyth J.A.S.B., X, p. 737 ; id. ibid, xxii, p. 592 : id. Cat., p. 146 ; Brooke P. Z. S., 1878, P- 913- Cervus wapiti. Leach Journal de Physique, Ixxxv, p. 66 (1S18)*. The Wapiti. Distrihidion. — Alleghanies, Minnisota, Dakota, Nebraska, Wash- ington, Oregon and California, northwards to 57°, N L:it. l86 MAMMALIA. a. Skin and $ Zoological Gardens, 1882. skeleton b. Skin $ North America Brit. Mus. [Ex.] 1879. c. Skull, horns ^ No history. d. Frontlet $ Purchased, 1859, A. S. B. e. Frontlet $ No history /. Skin juv. $ Zoological Gardens, 1881. Cervus dama. Cervus dama, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 93 (1766); Blasius Sau^eih- Deutsch., p 453 ; Jeittelcs, Sclater, Boyd Dawkins and Brooke Nature, xi, pp. 71, 112, 2ioand 226 ; Brook' P. Z. S , 1878, p. 913. Cervus (Dama) dama, H. Smith Griffith An. Kingd , iv, p. 84 (1827). Dama vulgaris, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 181, (1843) i ^h^^^ Cat,, p. 148. The Fallow Deer. Distribution. — Circum-Mediterranean, i.e., Greece, Spain, Asia Minor, Sardinia, Algeria and Northern Palestine, introduced into England. «. Skull $ Great Britain W. Davison, 1846, A. S B. £-. Frontlet ^ C. Darwin, 1857, A.S.B. c. Frontlet ^ E. Blyth, A.S.B, d. Skull $ No history. e-/. 2 Skeletons $ Rajah R. Mullick. g. Skull 2 Rajah R. Mullick. A. Skull $ No history, A.S.B. j. Skull $ W. Rutledge, 1881. k. 1 pr. horns $ . No history. A.S B. l-yi. 3 odd horns $ C. Darwin, A.S.B. Genus ALCES. Alces, H. Smith, Griffith An. Kingd., v, p. 303 (1827) [as a sub-genus]. Alces machlis. Cervus alces, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed. i, p. 92 (1766), Cervus (Alces) alces, H. Sniith, Grifith An. Kingd., iv, p. 72(1827). Alces machlis, Ogilby P. Z. S., p.'i'iS^'^^Z^) \ Blyth Cat., p 145; Brooke f.Z. .9., 1878, p. 916. Alces americanus, Jardine Nat. Libr., xi, p. 125 (1837). Alces palmatus, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 182 (1843) ; Blasius Sdugeth. Deutsch., p. 434. The Elk or I\Ioose, Distribution — Sweden, Northern Russia, Siberia and North America from the Columbia river on the west and Maine on the east coast northwards (Brooke). a. Skull $ Scandinavia. Christiania Univ., i846,A.S.B. 6. Frontlet $ No history, AS. B. CARIACUS. 187 c. Skull ^ Umbagog Lake, Maine, J. G. Rich. U. S. A. rf. Skull ^ Kova Scotia H. A. Ward [Ex.], 1889. Genus CAPREOLUS. Capreolns, H. Smith, Griffith An. Kingd., v, p. 313 (1827) [as a sub-genus.] Capreolus capraea. Cervus capreolus, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 94 (1766). Cervus (Capreolus) caprecjlus, H.Smith, Griffith An- Kingd. ,'\v, Tp. 124(1827); Blasijis Sdugeth. Deutsch., p. 457. Capreolus capraea, Gray List Manmi. B. M., p. 176 (1843) ; Blanford Persia, p. 96. Capreolus europaeus, Simdevall Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. HandL, p. 184 (1844)*; Blyth Cat., p. 157. The Roe Deer. Distiihiidon. — Europe generally, Northern Palestine, and the Elburz Mountains. a-6. 2 Skulls ^ Purchased, i860, A.S.B. c. Skull $ No history. d. Skull ^ Hungary? Hungarian Mus., A.S.B. e-g. 3 Frontlets $ Great Britain W. Davison, i5^44,A.S.B. ^. Skull ^ Scotland Sir W. Jardine, 1850, A S.B. j. Skull $ Astrabad, N. Persia B. Lovett, 1883. k. Skin $ Astrabad, N. Persia. B. Lovett, 1883. Genus CARIACUS. Mazama, H. Smith, Griffith An. Kingd., v, p. 314 (1827) [as a sub-genus], Cariacus, Giay List Mamm. B. M., p. 175 (1843), Cariacus virginianus. Cervus virginianus, Boddaert Elench. Anivi., i, p. 136 (1774)*; Baird N^ Amer Mamm., p. 643, figs. 12, 13*. Cervus mexicanus, G?«6'/j« Syst. Nat., i, p. 179 (17SS); Baird N. Amer. Mamm.., p. 653*. Cervus (Mazama) virginianus, H. Smith, Griffith An. Kingd., iv, p. 127 (1827). Cariacus virginianus, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 175 (1843) ; Blyth Cat., p. 157; Brooke P. Z. S., 1878, p. 919. Cariaeus mexicanus, Brooke P. Z. S., 1878, p. 919. Distribution. — North America from Canada and British Colum- bia, southwards to Panama, perhaps to Peru. a. Skull ^ Upton, Maine, U. S. A. W. Theobald, 1868. b. Skull juv. A. D. Bartlett, 1849, A. S. B. c-d. 2 Frontlets $ A.S.B. e. Frontlet $ No history. l88 MAMMALIA. /. Skull 5 Upton, Maine, U. S. A. W. Theobald, 1R68. g. Skin, skull ^Spirit Lnke, Ont., J. H. Garnier [Ex.] 11-12-84. h. Skin, skull $ Spirit Lake, Ont., J. H. Garnier [Ex.] 31-10-84. Genus RANGIFER. Rangifer, H. Smith, Griffith An. Kint^d., v, p. 304 (1827J [as a sub-genus]. Tarandus, Ogilby P. Z. S., p. 134.(1836). Rangifer tarandus. Cervns tarandus, Linneeus Synt. Nat., 12th ed., 1 p. 93 (1766). Cervus (Rangifer) tarandus, H.Sviith Griffith, An. Kins.d., iv., p. 79 (1827). Tarandus rangifer, Ogilby P Z.S., p. 134(1836); Blyth Cat., p. 145. Rangifer tarandus. Gray List Mavim. B. M., p. 181 (1843); Brooke P.Z.S., 1878, p. 928. Rangifer caribou et groenlandicus, Baitd N. Amer. Manim., p. 633 (1857)*. Distrihiiion. — Circumpolar, i.e.. Northern Europe, Asia and America. a. Frontlet $ Scandanavia Christiania Univ., 1846, A.S.B b. Frontlet $ E. Blyth, A.S.B. c. Skull Scandanavia Stockholm Mus. [Ex.], 1S87. d. Skull North America W.Theobald, 1868. e. Skull $ H. A.Ward [Ex.], 1889. Genus TRAGULUS. Tragulus, Pallas Spic. Zool. xiii, p. 27 (1778), Meminna, Gray Ann. Philos. xvi (1825)*. There has been a great deal of confusion in the synonymy of this genus; Milne Edwards published in 1864 a monograph on the subject and first elucidated mutters. Besides T. mem- minna, which is quite distinct, there seem to be two well-marked forms and several varieties which are doubtfully worthy of specific distinction; the typical T. napu is of a grayish tinge and has two varieties, one unnamed, reddish with a strongly marked nuchal stripe, the other called T. stanleyanus of Gray, a still brighter red without any trace of the nuchal stripe ; of the smaller forms, the one best known is T. kanchil, the other T. javanicus, is said to be distinguishable from T. kanchil, but is apparently confined to the island of Java and there is no representa- tive of it in the Museum. Key of the Indian Species. fz. Body spotted . . . T. memminna, p. 189. d^. Body not spotted h. Larger, tarsus and hind-foot, 5'8 inches, with 5 white throat stripes ... T. napu, p. 190. TRAGULUS. 189 b^. Smaller, tarsus and hind-foot, 4 8 inches, \vith 3 white throat stripes . T. kanchil, p. 189. Tragulus memminna. Moschus memminna Erxlebcn Syst. Reg. An., p. 322 (1777) ; Sykes P. Z. 5., 1831, p. 104 ; Elliot Madr. J own., x, p. 220 ; Tickell Calc. Journ, N, H. i, p. 420 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xi, p. 96. Meminna indica, Gray P. Z. S., p. 63 (1^36); Blyth J. A. S B., xx, p. 174; Kelaart Prodr. Faiin. Zeylaii., p. 81 ] Blyth Cat., p. 155; Jerdon Mamni., p. 269 ; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 98. Tragulus mimenoides, Hodgson J. A, S B., x., p. 014 (1841). Traguius memminna, A. Milne Edwards Ajin, Set. Nat. (5), ii, p. 160 (1864) ; Blyth P. Z. S., 1864, p. 483. The Mouse-deer ; Pisuri, Hindu ; Buika, Canarese ; Mugi of Central India; Yar of the Kols; Gandwa, Ooriah ; Jitri Haran, Bengali ; Kurupandi, Telegu ; Walmooha, Cingalese. Distribution. — I'he large forests of the Indian peninsula and Ceylcn ; it is said to have occurred in the Himalayan Terai. a. Skill $ Zoological Gardens, 1880. b. Skin, $ juv. W. Rutledge, 1881. skull * c. Skin ? juv. W. Rutledge, 1881. d. Skin Ceylon Columbo Museum, 1888. e. Skin,skele-$ Zoological Gardens, 1880. ton. /. Skin.skele-^ W. Rutledge, 1 88 1. ton, ^. Skin, skele-^ Ceylon? W. Rutledge, 1873. ton. A. Skeleton $ W. Rutledge, 188!. j. Stuffed $ India Dr. MacCosh, 1835, A. S. B. k. Stuffed ? Ceylon Babu M. Dey, 1870. I. Stuffed juv. India Mrs. Lindstedt, 1842, A.S.B. Tragulus kanchil. Moschus kanchil, Raffles Linn. Trans., xiii, p. 262 (1822) ; Gray P. Z. S., 1836, p. 64; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., v., p. 181. ^ Moschus fulviventer. Gray P. Z. S., 1836, p. 65 (1836). Tragulus kanchil, Gray List Mamm.B.M., p. 173 (1843); Cantor J.A.S.B., XV, p. 268 ; Blyth J.A.S.B., xxvii, p. 276; id. Cat., p. 156; Milne Edwards Ann. Sci Nat. {5), ii, p. 159 ; Blyth P. Z. S., 1S64, p 483 ; id. J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 44 ; Thomas P. Z- S., 1886, pp. 72, 79 ; Jentink Notes Leyd. Miis., xi, p. 25 ; Anderson J. Linn. Soc, xxi, p. 341. PTragulus pelandoc, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxvii, p. 277 (1858) ; id. Cat., p. 156. Distribution. — Tenasserim, Siam and Cambodia, the Malay pe- ninsula and Sumatra. This species is represented in Java by nearly allied species Tragulus javanicus of Pallas, which seems to differ from Tragulus kanchil merely in the absence of the nuchal streak so con- IgO MAMMALIA. spicuous in Tragulus kanchil ; Tragulus affinis described by Gray from Cambodia, P. Z. S., i86i, p. 138, also seems to be merely a geographical variety of T. kanchil. a. Skin $ A.S.B. b. Skin ? A.S.B. c. Skin Thaing, Mergui, 31-1-82 J. Anderson. d. Skin $ Pilai, Mergui, 3-3-82 J. Anderson. e. Skin $ ? Thaing, Mergui, 31-1-82 J.Anderson. /. Skin $ ? Thaing, Mergui, 27-1-82 J.Anderson. g. Skin $ Pilai, Mergui, 7-3-82 J. Anderson. h. Skin Mergui, 24-2-82 J. Anderson. j. Skin Mergui, 21-I-82 J. Anderson. k. Skin $ Zoological Gardens, 1877. I. Skin, skull ? W. Rutledge, 1878. w. Skin $ W. Rutledge, 1877. n. Skin W. Rutledge, 1877. 0. Skin 5 Zoological Gardens, 1880. p. Skin $ W. Rutledge, 1877. q Skin $ W. Rutledge, 1877. r. Stuffed No history. s. Stuffed ,„,.. Maharajah of Burdwan, (1858), A S.B. t. Stuffed, skull Plembang Isle, Suma- W. Rutledge, 1874. tra? II. Skin, ske- W. Rutledge, 1877. leton. ■V. Skin, ske- $ W. Rutledge, 1875. leton. w. Skin, ske- $ W. Rutledge, 1877. leton. X. Skin, ske- $ W. Rutledge, 1877. leton. y. Skin, ske- $ W. Rutledge, 1877. leton. 3, Skin, ske- $ W. Rutledge, 1875. leton. «2. Skin, ske- $ W. Rutledge, 1877. leton. £2-cl 2 Skulls No history, A.SB. d2. Skeleton, $ W. Rutledge, 1872. mted. Tragulus napu. Moschus napu, F. Cuvier Hist. Nat. Mamvi., livr. 37, -with plate (1822). Moschws ]?i\-Sin\c\i^, apud Raffles Lifin. Trans., xiii, p. 261 (1822); Gray P. Z. S., 1836, p. 64. Tragulus javanicus, apitd Gray List Manim. B. M., p. 173 (1843) ; Cantor J. A. S. B., XV, p. 269; BlythJ. A. S. B , xxvii, p. 277; id. Cat., p. 155. Tragulus fuscatus, Blytk J. A. S. B., xxvii, p. 278 (1850). Tragulus napu, Milne Edwards Ann. Sci. Nat. (5), ii p. 158 (1S64) ; Blyth P. Z. S., 1864, p. 483; Blanford J. A. S. B., slvii, p. 166; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 71 ; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., xi, p. 25. Distrihution, — From Tenasserim (Blanford), southwards through the Malay peninsula, Sumatra (RafHes), Java (Blyth), Banka and Borneo (Jentink). CAMELUS. 191 «. Skin ? W. Rutledge, 1881. b. Skin ? W. Rutledge, 1877. c. Skin, skull $ Piembang Isle, Sumatra W. Rutledge, 1S72. d. Skin, skull $ Piembang Isle, Sumatra W. Rutledge, 1872. e Skin (J juv. W. Rutledge, 1876. /. Stuffed $ Malay peninsula W. Rutledge, 1871. g. Stuffed § Malay peninsula W. Rutledge, 1872. A. Stuffed ? Java Batavian Soc, 1844, A.S.B. [Type of Tragulus fuscatus, BIyth.] y. Stuffed ? Java W. Rutledge. k. Skin, skeleton No history, 1881. /, Skull A.S.B. Tragulus stanleyanus. Moschus stanleyanus, Gray P. Z. S., p. 65 (1836). Tragulus stanleyanus, Milne Edwards Ann. Set. Nat. (5), ii, p. 160 (1S64) ; Blylk P. Z. S., 1864, p. 483. Distribution. — Malay peninsula and Java a. Skin ^ b. Skin ? c. Skin, skull juv. i d. Stuffed ^ Java e. Stuffed ? Malay peninsula /• Stuffed ? Malay peninsula 8- Skin, skele- ton. s h. Skin, skele- ton. ? W. Rutledge, 1877. W. Rutledge, 1879. W. Rutledge, 1877. A. Grote, 1867. W. Rutledge, 1870. W. Rutledge, 1870. W. Rutledge, 1874. W. Rutledge, 1874. Genus CAMELUS. Camelus, Liitncsus, Sysi. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 90 (1766). Camelus bactrianus. Camelus bactrianus, Linnceus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 90 (1766) ; Gray Cat. Mamm. B. M., iii, p- 253 ; Hutton J. A. S. B., xv, p, 167 ; Radde Ost Si- betien, p. 238; Finsch P. Z. S., 1876, p. 696 ; Severtzoff Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xviii, p. 170 ; Przeixahky Peters. Mitth. Erzb,, xii, p. 17; Blanford Persia, p, 97. Distributio7i. — The Bactrian Camel has been recently discover- ed in a feral state by Przewalsky {loc. cit.) in the region of Lob Nor in Central Asia; it is found in a domesticated condition in Turkestan and Central Asia generally ; it appears to be but rarely seen in Afghanistan and Persia. fl. Skeleton mted. $ King of Oude, 1877. and skin. b. Skeleton $ King of Oude, 1877. c. Skeleton $ ....i. King of Oude, 1877. 192 MAMMALIA. Camelus dromedarius. Camclus dromedarius, Liunneris Sysi. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 90(1766); Htitton and Blyth J. A. S. B., xv, p. 162; Tristram P. Z S., 1866, p. 87 ; Blyth Cat., p. 143 ; Blanford Persia, p. 97. Camelus dromas, Pallas Zoog. Ross. As., p. 197 (1831) ; Se-vertzoff Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xviii, p. 170. Camelus arabicus, Desinoulins Diet. Class H, N., iii, p. 452 (1824-30) ; Gray Cat. Mattim. B. M., iii, p. 252. Distribiitio7i. — The One-humped Camel has never been found in a truly feral state ; it is found domesticated in India, Afghanistan and Western Asia generally, and also in Northern Africa. a. Skin and Karachi Museum, 1877. skeleton. b. Skeleton ^ Babu H. M. Roy, 1881. c. Skeleton $ King of Oude, 1839, A. S. B. mted. d. Skull $ R. C. Tytler, 1861, A.S. B. e. Skull No history. f-g, 2 skulls Jeysulmere, Rajputana N. Belletty, 1890. Genus AUCHENIA. Lama, Cuvier Tableau Gen, in Lemons d'Anat. Comp., ist ed. (1800)*. t Auchenia, Illiger Prodr., p. 103 (181 1). Auchenia glama. Camelus glama, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed, i, p. 91 (1766). Lama peruana, Tiedemann Zool, i, p. 421 ( 1808). Auchenia Llacma, Illiger Prodr., p. 103 (1811). Auchenia glama, Blyth Cat., p. 144 (1863). Distribution. — The Andes of South America, only known in a domestic state. a. Skin, skele- ^ W. Rutledge, 1881. ton. b. Skin $ W. Rutledge, 1881. c. Skin $ W. Rutledge, j88i. d. Skeleton $ W. Rutledge, 1881. e. Skeleton $ W. Rutledge, 1881, /. Skeleton $ W. Rutledge. g. Skeleton s W. Rutledge, 1879. h. Skeleton Earl of Derby, 1850. mted. j. Stuffed ... No history. Genus SUS. Sus, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. I02 {1766). t Afterwards abandoned by the author in favour of Auchenia. sus. Sus cristatus. 193 Sus cristatus, Wagner Milnch. Gd. Anz., ix, p. 435 [misprinted 535] (1839) J Gray P. Z. S., 1 868, p. 27; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma Lisi, p. 43; Murray Zool. Sind, p. 54. Sus scrota, apud Sykes, P. Z. S., p. 104 (1831) ; Elliot Madr. Journ., x, p. 219; McClelland P. Z. S., 1839, p. 150 ; Adams P. Z. S., 1858, p. 531 ; Blyth Cat., p. 139 [divided into several races] ; Blanford J. A. S. B., xxxvi, p. 197 ; Anderson J. Linn. Sac. xxi, p. 341. Sus indicus, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 185 (1843); Hutton and Blythy J. A. S. B., XV, p. 135 ; Cantor J. A. S. B., xv, p. 261 ; Kelaart Prodr. Faun, Zeylan, p. 78; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxix, p. 105 ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 241 ; MacMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 59; Stolizcka J. A. S. B., xli, p. 228 ; Lydekker J. A. S. B., xlvi, p. 2S7. Sus aper vars. aipomus et isonotus, Hodgson J. A. S. B., x, p. 911 (1841). Sus zeylonensis, Blyth J. A. S. B., xx, p. 173 (1851); id. y. A. S. B., xxi, p. 351; id. y. A. S. B., xxix, p. 105. Sus bengalensis, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxix, p. 105 (i860). The Indian Wild Boar ; Sur, Suwar, Bura janwar or Bud janwar, Hindustani; Dukar, Mahratti ; Handi, Mikka or Jewardi, Canarese; Pandi, Telegu ; Paddi of the Gonds ; Waloora, Cingalese ; Tauwet, Burmese. Distribution. — All over India, from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin, Ceylon and Burma, but possibly replaced by another species in Tenasserim. It has always been a question as to whether the Indian and European Wild Boars differ sufficiently from one another to warrant their separation as distinct species; Blyth finally consi- dered them merely as geographical varieties of one species, Jerdon separated them entirely. On comparing the skulls of the two, slight differences are to be found, but it is a question if they would be constant if a larger series of skulls were examined. In the European form the parietal region of the skull above the eyes is flat or almost concave, not convex, as in the Indian boar; behind this region the skull is much reduced, so that it forms a narrow ridge barely a inch across, while in the Indian boar, al- though this part of the skull is reduced, it is very much wider than in the European boar. In the European boar, again, the nasals are longer than the rest of the skull measured from the naso-frontal suture to the occipital ridge ; in the Indian boar they are generally, though not invariably, shorter. The anterior palatine foramen in the European boar is pear- shaped, tapering to a point posteriorly, while in the Indian boar it is somewhat oval-shaped and ends in a blunt point posteriorly. The European boar is said to have small warts under the eye while the Indian boar has none. There are in the INIuseum two specimens of the Yarkand wild boar collected by Stoliczka and described by Blanford in the Yarkand Mission report; the skulls of these specimens agree 194 MAMMALIA. with that of the European form (S, scropha) except that the nasals are short and the anterior palatine foramina agree with those of the Indian form (Sus cristatus). B'lyth in his catalogue further distinguished no less than four different Indian races, (i) the typical Indian race, with the narrow occipital vertex, about i ^ inches wide at the narrowest point, found all over India and Ceylon, (2) the Bengal race, with the wide occipital plane, about 2}l inches across, (3) the Tenasserim race considerably smaller; (4) a distinct Ceylonese race, with a very large posterior molar. On comparing the skulls, which have been acquired by the Museum since Blyth's time with Blyth's original specimens, the distinction between the Bengal race and the typical Indian race breaks down, and the width of the occipital plane seems to be merely an individual peculiarity ; the Ceylonese skull must be regarded as an abnormal one; the Tenasserim skulls, how- ever, resemble that of a specimen, acquired thence more recently, which may possibly be identical with Sus leucomystax of China and Japan ; it is possible that this latter race may have been imported from China and have run wild in Tenasserim. d. e-h. J- k-l. Stuffed Skelet. mted Skull $ Skull $ 4 Skulls Skull 2 Skulls Skull Skull Skull Skull $ $ _ c? juv. q. Skull $ r. Skull s-t. 2 Skulls g u-v. 2 Skulls 5 w. Skull [dom. var. ?] X. Skull [dom. var.?] Skeleton ^ Skull Skin, $juv. and skull. Skin $juv. y- b\ c^. Skin d'^. Skull e^. Skull $juv. Goalundo [domestic var.] Gorruckpore terai, N.W.P. Arakan Gorruckpore terai, N.W.P. Cuttack, Bengal Punjab Salt Range Akyab bazaar Ceylon Ceylon Ceylon [Type of Sus zeylonen Purneali dist. Eastern Bengal Central India? Central India ? Soonderbunds Nicobars Purneah Padow, Mergui, S-2-82 King Isle, Mergui, 27-1-82 King Isle, Mergui, 27-1-82. Museum Collector (1876). A. R. Jackson (1837), A.S.B. J. C. PeppiS (1847), A.S.B. Sir A. Phayre (1846), A.S.B. J. C. Pepp^ (1862), A.S.B. T. Shawe (1845), A.S.B. W. Theobold (1853), A.S.B. E. Blyth (i86i), A.S.B. E. F. Kelaart (1851), A.S.B. E. F. Kalaart (1851), A.S.B. E. F. Kelaart (1850), A.S.B. sis, Blyth.] J. L. Shillingford, 1881. J. Biddulph, 1877. J. Cockburn [P.], 1886. J. Cockburn [P.], 1886. A. M. Nicholetts, i866. W. Hodge, i860, A.S.B. J. L. Shillingford, 1881. No history, A.S.B. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. }. Anderson. No history, A.S.B. No history, A.S.B. PORCULA. i95 Sus andamanensis. Sus andamanensis, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxvii, p. 267 (1858) ; id. ibid, xxviii, p. 271 ; id. ibid, xxix, p. 103; id. Cat., p. 141; Crajy P. Z.S., 1868, p. 29. Distribution. — The Andamans and possibly the Nicobars. a. Stuffed $ Andamans G. W. Wicks, 1873. h. Skeleton- W. Hodge, i860, A. S. B. mted. c-q. 14 Skulls Andaman Islands A. S. B. r-t. 3 Skulls juv. Andaman Isla.nds. A. S. B. n-v. 2 Skulls Port Blair, Andamans Major Ford, 1867. w-x. 2 Skulls Andamans J.Anderson, 1872, y. Skull Andamans J. Anderson, 1866. z. Lower jaw Preparis Island J. Wood Mason, 1873. Sus scrofa. Sus scrofa, Linnaeus Syst Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 103 (1766); Gray P. Z. S., 1868, p. 30 ; Blanford Persia, p. 86; Severtzoff Ann. Mag. N. H. (4). xviii, p. 3S7 ; Davford and Alston P. Z. S., 1877, p. 275 ; Thomas Linn, Trans. (2), v, p. 62 ; Radde. Zool. J. B., iv, p. 1068. Sus scrofa var. nigripes, Stanford J. A. S. B„ xliv, p. ii2 (1875); id. Yarkand Mamm,, p. 79. The Wild Boar. Distribution. — Europe and North Africa, Asia Minor (Danford), Persia (Blanford), and Northern Asia generally. a. Skull Europe Hungarian Museum, A.S.B. -&. Skull and $ Thian Sban Mts. F. Stoliczka, 1874. skin. c. Skull and ? Thian Shan Mts (Capt. F. Stoliczka, 1874. skin. Chapman) [Types of Sus scrofa var. nigripes, Blanford.] Genus PORCULA. Porcula, Hodgson J. A. S. B., xvi, pt. i, p. 423 (1847). Porcula salvania. Porcula salvania, Hodgson J. A. S. B., xvi, pt. i, pp. 423, 593, pis. xii, xiii (1847) ; id. P. Z. S., 1847, P- "5 ! Horsfield P. Z. S., 1S53, p. 192 pi. xxxvii ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 244 ; Gray P. Z. S., 1868, p. 33 ; Anderson P. Z. S., 1869, p. 470 ; P. L. Sclater P. Z. S., 1882, p. 546, pi. xxxvii. The Pigmy Hog ; Chota suwar, Hindus ; Sano banel of Nepalese. Distribution. — Confined to the Terai at the base of the Hima- layas from Nepal, probably to Assam, but is apparently rare. o 2 ig6 MAMMALIA, a. Stuffed and g Darjeeling terai, J.Anderson. skull. I9-5-70- b. Stuffed Darjeeling terai, J. Anderson. 28-9-69. c. Skeleton Bhutan terai Zoological Gardens, 1882. mted. ? d.-e. 2 skins Darjeeling terai, J. Anderson. 19-5-70 / Skin Neora Kaianti Douars F. A. Moller, 1883. /. Skin Dam Dim, Douars F. A. Moller, 1883. h. Skin No history. /.Skeleton $ Zoological Gardens, 1883. k. Skeleton $ Dam Dim, Douars F. A. Moller, 1883. juv. I. Skeleton ^ Zoological Gardens, 1883. w. Skeleton $ Zoological Gardens, 1883. n. Skull pt. ? Sikkim Terai (Hodgson) India Mus., London. Genus BABIRUSSA. Babirussa, Lesson Man. Mamnu, p. 337 (1827). Babirussa alfurus. Sus babirussa, Linn^us Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 104 (1766). Babirussa alfurus. Lesson Man.Mamm., p. 338 (1827) ; P. L. Sclater P.Z.S., i860, p. 443i pl- Ixxxiii ; Blyth Cat., p. 142 ; Gray P. Z. S., 1868, p. 43. Disiribuiion. — Celebes and Borneo. a. Skin and $ Zoological Gardens, 1885. skeleton i-c. 2 skulls $ Amboyna? A.S.B. Genus DICOTYLES. Dicotyles, G. Cuvier Regne Anim., ist ed., i, p, 237 (1817). Dicotyles tajacu. Sus tajacu, Linnfeus Syst. Nat., I2th ed., i. p. 103 (1766). _ Dicotyles torquatus, G. Cuvier Regne Anim., 1st ed. i, p. 237 (1817); Baird N. Amer. Mamm., p. 627*. Dicotyles tajacu, P. L. Sclater List Vert.An.ZooLSoc, ist ed., p. 19 {1862)* ; Alston Biol. Centr. Amer, Mamm., p. 107. 'J'he Peccary. Disirihiition. — North America from the Red River of Arkansas, southwards through Central and Southern America to Patagonia. a. Skin $ Nuces valley, Texas J. H. Gamier [Ex.] U.S. A., 9-3-84. HIPPOPOTAMUS. 197 b. Skin juv. Nuces valley, Texas, J. H. Gamier [Ex.] U. S. A., 9-3-84. c. Skull South America E. Blyth, 1865, A.S.B. Genus PHACOCHCERUS. Phacochcerus, G. Cuvier Regne Anim. ist ed., i, p. 236 (1817). Phacochoerus aethiopicus. Aper fethiopicus, Pallas Spic. Zool,, ii, p. 2 (1767). Sus aethiopicus, Linnaus Syst. Nat. ,^^,1 2th ed., iii, p. 223 (1768). Phacochoerus aethiopicus, P. Cuvier Mem. Mus. Paris, viii, p. 450, pi. xxii (1822) ; P. L. Sclater P. Z. S., 1850, p. 78, pi. xvii ; Blyth Cat., p. 139. Phacochoerus pallasii, van der Hoeven Nova Acta Acad. Leop. Caro., xix ii, p. 171 (1839). Dis/n'duh'oH. — South Africa. a. Skull impf. $ Port Natal W. S. SherwUl (1843), b. Tusk. A.S.B. Phacochoerus africanus. Sus africanus, Gmelin Syst. Nat., i, p. 220 (1788). Phacochoerus aeliani, Cretsschmar Rilppel's Atlas, p. 61, pls.xxv, xxvi (1826) ; Bla7tford Abyssinia, p. 241 ; P. L. Sclater P.Z. S., 1869, p. 276, pi. xx ; id. ibid., 1871, p. 236. Phacochcerus haroja, Hempr. and Ehr. Symb. Phys., pi. xx (1832). Phacochoerus sclateri, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), vi, pp. 189, 263 (1870); P. L. Sclater Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), vi, p. 404. Distribution. — Africa south of the Sahara generally. a-b. 2 skulls $ Abyssinia, 28-6-68 W. T. Blanford. Genus HIPPOPOTAMUS. Hippopotamus, Linnceus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 101 (1766). Hippopotamus amphibius. Hippopotamus amphibius, Linnceus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. loi (1766). Hippopotamus capensis, Desmoulins journal de Physique, v, p. 354 {12,26)*; Blyth Cat., Y>.\A2. Hippopotamus senegalenais, Desvwulins journal de Physique, v, p 354 (1826)*. a. Skin ^ juv. Zoological Gardens, 1887. skeleton. i. Skull $ N.Wallich, 1844, A.S.B. c. Skull impft. ^ W. S. Sherwill, 1843, A.S.B. l 100 48 27 76 100 50 30 7S 100 SI 39 74 100 48 4* 72 220 MAMMALIA. a. Skin, skull $ ..,,.. b. Skin $ juv. c. Skin ^ juv. d. Skin Muangla, Sanda Valley, Yunan. e. Skin Muangla, Sanda Valley, Yunan. /. Skin, skull ? g. Skin, skeleton ? h. Skin ^ j. Stuffed k. Stuffed y /. Skin and [Black var.] skull $ m. Skin and [Black var.] skull $ n. Stuffed [Black var.] Assam. 0. Skeleton $ p. Skeleton $ ... .. juv. q. Skeleton r.t. 3 Skulls u. Skull $ V. Skull, skelet. Purneah, Bengal w. Skull - X. Skull $ y. Skull S 2. Skull a^. Skull i*. Skull juv. c^. Skeleton [Black var.] d~. Skeleton ,, ,, e\ Skull „ „ f^. Skull „ „ ^2. Ale. still „ „ born. h"^. Ale. juv. ,, ,, f\ Skull juv. Muangla, Yunnan Zoological Gardens, 1878. W. Rutledge, 1875. W. Rutledge, 1875. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. Zoological Gardens, 1879. W. Rutledge. W. Rutledge. No history, 1867. Barrackpore Menagerie, 1869. W. Rutledge, 1883. Zoological Gardens, 1880. F. Jenkins, 1844. Zoological Gardens. No history. Barrackpore Menagerie, 1847, A. S. B. No history, A. S. B. W. Rutledge. J. Shillingford. Zoological Gardens, 1882. Rajah Rajendra MuUick. W. Rutledge. Zoological Gardens. A. S. B. A. S. B. W. Rutledge. W. Rutledge. G. King. W. Rutledge. Zoological Gardens. Zoological Gardens. J. Anderson. Felis nebulosa. YeWs r\ehv\os2n Griffith Descrip. Vert., p. 37i(i82i)*; id. An, Kiitgd., v, p. 164 (1827) ; Blanford Mammals, p. 72. Felis diardi, G. Cuvier Uss. foss., 2nd ed., iv, p. 437 (1823)* I Blyth P. Z. S., 1863, p- 183; Jerdon Mavim., p. io2 ; Elliot Monog. Felidce, no. 7, Sterndale Mamm. Ind., p. 185 Felis macrocelis, Horsfield Znol. Jouf7ial, i, p. 542, pi. xxi (1825) ; Midler Over de Zoogdieren in Tern. Verhondl., p. 29 ; Blyth J. A. S. 5.,xliv, Burma List, p. 27 ; Spearman Burma Gazett., p. 550 ; Swinhoe P. Z. S., 1 870, pp. 228 & 628. Felis sp., Tickell J. A. S. B., xii, p. 814 (1843). Felis macroceloides, Hodgson Calc. Journ. N. H., iv, p. 286 (1844); Blyth Cat., no. 175, p. 58; Gray Cat, Hodgs, Coll., ist ed., p. 5 ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll , 2nd ed., p. 3. FELIS. 22 1 Uncia macrocelis, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xiv, p. 394 (1854). Uncia macroceloides, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xiv, p. 394 (1854). Leopardus brachyurus, S-winhoe P. Z. S., p. 352 (1862). Felis brachyura, Blyth P. Z. S., p. 183 (1863). Neofelis brachyurus, Gray P. Z. S., p. 266 (1867) ; id. Cai. Cam. Mamm., p. 14. Neofelis macrocelis, Gray P. Z. S., p. 266 (1867) ; id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., P- 13- The Clouded Tiger ; Tungmar, Lepch.; Zik, Bhotea.; Lamchitta, Khas tribe of Nepal ; Thit-kyoung, Burmese. Distribution. — The Himalayas from Nepal (Hodgson) to Sikkim and Assam, hills of Burma and Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra Java, Borneo (Muller), Formosa (Swinhoe). This species has received a great many different names ; the name used here, i.e., F. nebulosa, which is apparently the oldest, was recently rediscovered by Mr. Blanford, and, as he has adopted it in his hand-book on Indian Mammals, it has been used here. a. Skin, skull $ Sibsagar, Assam Zoological Gardens. (S. E. Peal.) A. Skin, skelet. W. Rutledge, 1886. $ c. Skin $ W. Rutledge, 1882. d. Stuffed Sikkim E. B. Ryan, 1843, A. S. B. €. Stuffed Sikkim B. H. Hodgson, A. S. B. /. Skeleton , W. Rutledge, 1882. g. Skull Labong, Bt. Sikkim Purchased, 1876. Felis marmorata. Felis marmorata, Martin P. Z. S., p. 107 (1836); Cantor J. A. S. B., xv, p. 244 ; Blj'th Cat., no. 177, p. 59 ; id. P. Z. S., 1863, p. 183 ; Jerdoti Mamtn. p. 104; Elliot Monog. Felidce, no. 8; Sterndale Mamm. Ind.y p. 188; Blanford Mamvials, p. 74. Felis diardi, apud Jardine Nat. Libr., ii, p. 221 (1837). Felis longicaudatus, Blainville Osteog., ii, Felis, p. 47 (1839-64). Leopardus marmoratus, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 42X1843). Felis chaltoni, Gray Ann. Mag, N. H., xviii, p. 211 (1846); Blyth Cat., p. 59, no. 176. Felis ogilbi, Hodgson Calc. Journ. N. H., viii, p. 44 (1846). Uncia marmorata, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., (2), xiv, p. 394 (1854). Uncia chaltoni, Gray Anit. Mag. N. H. (2), xiv, p. 394 (1854). Leopardus dorsul. Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 2nd ed., p. 3 (1863). Catolynx marmoratus, Gray P. Z. S., p. 267 (1867) ; id. Cat. Cam. Mafttm., p. 16. Catolynx chaltoni, Gray P. Z. S., p. 268(1867); id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 16. ? Felis scripta, Milne Edwards Rech. Mamm., p. 341, pis. Ivii, Iviii, fig. i (1874). Distribution. — Himalayas from Sikkim to Assam, Burma to Malay Peninsula (Cantor), Sumatra (Haagen), Java .? and perhaps is the same as Milne Edwards' Felis scripta from East Thibet. 222 MAMMALIA. The Marbled Cat; Bhotea, Sikmar; Lepcha, Dosal. a. Skin W. Rutledge, 1881, b. Skin, skull $ Bhootan W. Rutledge, 1874. c. Skin, skelet. W. Rutledge, 1882. d. Skin, skull $ W. Rutledge, 1881. e. Skin, skelet.^ W. Rutledge, 1885. /. Skin Samagooting, Assam Mas. Coll., Shaik Kureem. g. Stuffed Malacca Rev. F. J. Lindstedt, 1845, A.S.B. h. Stuffed Malacca Rev, F. J. Lindstedt 1845, A.S.B. y. Skin, skull ? Zoological Gardens. Felis temmincki. Felis temminckii, Vigors and Horsfield Zool. Journ., iii, p. 451, pi, xxii sup, (1828); Elliot Monog. Felidce no, 15 ; Spearman Burma Gazett,, p. 551 ; Blanford Mammals, p. 75. Felis moormensis, Hodgson Gleanings in Science, iii, p, 177 (1831) ; id. P. Z. S., 1832, p. 10 ; Horsfield Cat. E. J. Mus., p. 49. Leopardus moormensis, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 41 (1843); id. Ca^ Hodgs. Coll., ist ed, p. 5. Felis aurata, apud Blyth P. Z. 5., p. 185 (1863); Jerdon Mamm., p. 107; P. L. Sclater P. Z. S., 1867, p. 816, pi. xxxv ; Sterndale Mamm. Ind., p. 181. Felis nigrescens. Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 2nd ed, p. 4 (1863), Leopardus auratus. Gray P. Z. S., p. 265 (1867); id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 12. The Golden or Fire Cat ; Nepal, Murmi. Distributions. — Himalayas at moderate elevations from Nepal and Sikkim to the Tipperah hills, Burma, the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra ? a. Skin, skull ^ h. Skin, skull $ Tipperah Hills, Bang. c. Skin Sikkim d. Skin, skelet. ^ Sumatra? e. Stuffed Malacca O. L. Fraser, 1880. Zoological Gardens, 1878, L. Mandelii, 1877. W. Rutledge, 1882. Dr. Maingay, 1867. Felis planiceps. Felis planiceps, Vigors and Horsfield Zool. Journ., iii, p. 450, pi. xxii (1828) ; Miiller Over de Zoogdierenin Tern. Verhandl., p. 29 ; Cantor J. A. S. B., XV, p. 245; Blyth Cat. no. 180, p. 62 ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p, 185; Elliot Monog, Felidce no. 16. Ailurina planiceps, Gervais Hist. Nat. Mamm., ii, p. 87 (1855)*. Viverriceps planiceps. Gray P. Z. S., p. 269 (1867) ; id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p, 17- The Little Fire Cat. Distribution. — Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo (Muller) perhaps extending into Tenasserim. f?. Skin, skelet. ^ W. Rutledge, h. Stuffed, skull ...... Purchased, 1869. f. Stuffed Malacca C. Huffnagle, 1846, A.S.B. FELIS. 223 Felis bengalensis. Felis bengalensis, Kerr Linn. Anim. Kingd., p. 151 (1792)* ; Raffles Linn. Trans., xiii, p. 249; Horsfield Cat. E. /. Mus., p. 49 ; Adams P. Z. s' 1858, p. 514; Blyth Cat. no. 178, p. 60; id. P. Z. 's., 1863, p'. 1*84 • Jerdon Manim., p. 105; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 29; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 164 ; Elliot Monog. Felidae no. 20 ; Sterndale Mamm. Ind., p. 189; Blanford P. Z. S., 1887, p. 627; id. Mammals, p. 78. Felis javanensis, Desmarest N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat., vi, p. 115 (1816); Hors- field Zool. Res. with plate ; id. Cat, E. I. Mus., p. 48 ; Elliot Monog. Felidae no. 27. Felis sumatrana, Horsfield Zool. Res. with plate (1824)- id. Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 48. Felis minuta, Temminck Monogr. Mamm., i, p. 130 (1827) ; Miiller Over de Zoogdieren in Tern. Verhandl., p. 29; Giinther P. Z. S., 1879, p. 75 • Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., v, p. 177. ' • > Felis nipalensis, Vigors and Horsfield Zool. Joum., iv, p. 382 (1829). Felis chinensis, Gray Charlesw. Mag. N. H., i, p. 577 (1837); Swinkoe P. Z. S., 1870, p. 629; Milne Edwards Reck. Mamm., p].' xxx'ih, p. 216. Felis sp., "Wagatiof Mahrattas ; " Elliot Madras Journ., x d 108 (1839). Leopardus ellioti, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., x, p. 260 (1842) ; id. Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 1st ed., p. 6. Leopardus horsfieldii, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., x, p. 260 (1842). Chaus servalinus, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 45 (1843). Leopardus javanensis, id. ibid, p. 43 (1843). Leopardus sumatranus, id. ibid, p. 43 (1843). Leopardus chinensis, id. ibid, p. 43 (1843). Leopardus reevesi, id. ibid, p. 44 (1843). Felis pardochrous, Hodgson Calc. Joum. N. H., iv, p. 286 (1844) ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 47. Felis jerdoni, Blyth P. Z. S., p. 185 (i8o'3) ; Jerdon Mamm, p. 107. Felis servalina. Gray P. Z. S., p. 401 (1867). Felis tenasserimensis, id. ibid, p. 400 (1867). Felis wagati, id. ibid, p. 400 (1867). Viverriceps ellioti, id. ibid, p. 269 (1867). Felis herschellii. Gray Cat. Cam. Matmn., p. 28 (1869). Felis undata, apud Blyth J. A. S. B,, xliv, Burma List, p. 27 (l873)- Radde Ost Siberien, p. 106 ; Spearman Burma Gazett., p. 551. Leopard Cat ; Chita billa, Hindi ; Bun beral, Bengali ; Wagati, Shan-rahu-manjur, Mahrattas ; Theet-kyoung, Arakan ; Khye- thit, Burmese. Distribution. — India from the Himalayas to the extreme south (not including Ceylon), Assam, Upper and Lower Burma, Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra and Borneo (Miiller), Philippines (Giin- ther), South China and Formosa (Swinhoe), North China (Milne Edw.) and Amurland (Radde). This species, as is evident from the number of synonyms which have been applied to it, is a very variable one ; the three chief forms beside the typical F. bengalensis are Felis pardochroa of Hodgson, F. javanensis of Desmarest and F. sumatrana of Hors- 224 MAMMALIA. field ; there are in the Museum typical specimens of all these tl ree varieties. F. pardochroa (" w ") differs from the ordinary F. bengalen- sis merely in having the ground colour a bright yellow instead of the ordinary gray or grayish yellow ; the skull, however, resem- bles in every respect the typical F. bengalensis. Felis javanensis (" k^ ") has some resemblance to F. viverrina in having a grizzly gray ground and in the spots being arranged to a certain extent in straight lines instead of irregularly. Felis sumatrana (" 1^ ") resembles the ordinary F. bengalensis in every way. There does not seem to be any differences in the skulls of these three forms. a. Skin, skull $ ■■• *.. W. Rutledge, 1875. b. Skin, ske ton $ Zoological Gardens. c. Skin, skull ? Tipperah hills Zoological Gardens. d. Skin, skull W. Rutledge, 1881. e. Skin, skull ^ W. Rutledge, 1881, /• Skin, skele- Zoological Garden.s. ton ? g- Skin, ske ton le- Zoological Gardens. h. Skin, skele- Zoological Gardens, ton. j- Skin Moniien, Yunan,6,oooft. J. Anderson. k. Skin Momien, Yunan, 6,ooo it. J. Anderson. I. Skin Momien, Yunan,6,oooft. J. Anderson, m. Skin Kakhyer I Hills J. Anderson. n. Skin Chittago ng E R. Shopland, A. S. B. 0. Skin Coroman idel Coast Sir W. Elliot, A. S. B. P- Skin Malay Peninsula Rev. F. I. Lindstedt, I- Skin Sikkim L. Mandelli. r. Skin Sikkim L. Mandelli. s. Skin Sikkim L. Mandelli. t. Skin Sikkim No history. u. Skin Sikkim No history. V. Skin Sikkim No history. TO. Skin, skull Nepal (Hodgson) India Mus., London. X. Stuffed Sunderbi jnds, Beng. No history. y- Stuffed Barrackpore Menagerie. z. Stuffed Assam F. Jenkins, 1842, A. S. B. a\ Suffed Sikkim Dr. Brougham, 1871. b\ Stuffed Sikkim Dr. Brougham, 1871. c^. Stuffed Coromandel Coast Sir W. Elliot, 1848, A.S.B d\ Skeleton mted. A.S.B. e\ Skull Zoological Gardens, 1S79. P Skeleton Zoological Gardens. g'- Skeleton W. Rutledge. h^. Skin Sikkim P Purchased. ';: Skin Sikkim Purchased. Skin, skull Java (Horsfield) India Mus,, London. l\ Skin, skull Sumatra (Sir S. Raffles); India Mus., London. FELIS. 225 Felis viverrina. Felis viverrina, Bennett P. Z. S., p. 68 (1833); Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mi/r., p. 49 ; Blytk P. Z. 5., 1863, p. 184 ; yerdon Ma7nm., p. 103 ; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 28 ; Swinhoe P. Z. S , 1870, p. 628 ; Blyth y. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 27 ; Atkinson N.-W.P. Gasett., xi, p. 17 ; Spearvian Burma Gazett,, p. 551 ; Elliot Monog. Felidae, no. 2I ; Murray Zool. Sind, p. 28; Stanford Mammals, p. 76. Felis viverriceps, Hodgson J. A. S. B., v., p. 232 (1836) ; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 46. Felis himalayana, Jardine Nat. Libr. Mamm., ii, p. 230 (1837). Leopardus viverrinus. Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 43 (1843). Leopardus celidogaster, apud Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., ist ed., p. 6 (1846). Felis celidogaster, Blyth Cat. no. 179, p. 61 (1863). Viverriceps bennettii, Gray P. Z. S., p. 268 (1867) ; id. Cat. Cam. Mamm. p. 16. The Large Tiger Cat or Fishing Cat ; Bunbiral, Kupya-bagh, Hindi; Machbagrul, Bagh-dasha, Bengali; Handoon deeva, Cing- alese. Distribution. — India, Ceylon (Kelaart) ; Lower Burma (Mc Master), Tenasserim (Spearman), and Formosa (Swinhoe). In India is recorded from the banks of the Indus (Murray), Lower ranges of the Himalayas, Nepal Terai (Hodgson), Assam and Bengal ; Jerdon also gives Travancore and the Malabar coasts. It does not seem to be found in Central India. Rajah Rajendra Mullick. W. Rutledge, 1873. Mus. Collector. A. S. B. Sir J. Fayrer. Purchased. Purchased. A. S. B. W. Rutledge. R. Swinhoe. No history. A. S. B. Colombo Museum. a. Skin, s kele- ton ^ b. Skin, skele- ton ? c. Skin Cachar d. Skin Calcutta e. Stuffed Calcutta f- Stuffed Bengal g- Skull Bengal h. Skull 7- Stuffed and skull j uv.^ k. Stuffed iuv. Calcutta I. Skeleton Calcutta r>i. Skull juv. n. Skin Ceylon Felis rubiginosa. Felis rubiginosa, Is. Geoff. St. Hit. Voy aux Indes Orient. Belanger, p. 140, pi. vi (1834) ; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 47 ; Blyth P. Z. S., 1863, P- '85 i Jerdon Mamm,, p. 108 ; Elliot Monog. Felidae no. 28 ; Sterndale Mamm.Ind.,p. 192; Blanford P. Z. S., 1887, p. 629; id. Mammals, p. 8f. Viverriceps rubiginosa, Grcrj f.Z. 5"., p. 269 (1867) ; id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 18. Q 226 MAMMALIA. The Rusty Spotted Cat ; Namali pilli or Verewa puni, Tamil ; CooUa-deeva, Cingalese. Distribution.— 'M.d.dxTiS coasts, hills of Southern India, Ceylon (Kelaart), and perhaps Central India, Seonee (Sterndale). a. Skin, skull 9 Zoological Gardens. b. Skin, skull $ Zoological Gargens. c. Stuffed,skele- Zoological Gardens. ton $ ^ Skin Ceylon Colombo Museum, 1887. e. Skin $ Bangalore Museum Coll. (Jaffa). Felis manul. Felis manul, Pallas Reise, iii, p. 692 (1776)* ; Brandt Bull. Acad. SI. Petersb. ix, 1841, p. 37*; Blyth P. Z.S., 1863, p. 185 ; Elliot Monog. Felidce, no. 9 _ Bl anf or d Mammals, p. 83; Radde Zool. J. B., iv, p. 1013. Felis nigripectus, Hodgson J. A. S. B., xi, p. 276, with plate (1842). Pallas' Cat. Distribution. — Central Asia generally from Mongolia and Thibet to the Transcaspian region, extending to within the Indian Empire at Ladak. [No specimen in the Indian Museum.] Felis ornata. Felis ornata, Gray Illustr. Ind. Zool., i, pi. ii (1830); Blyth Cat. no. 184, p. 63; Elliot Monog. Felidce no 31 ; Murray Zool. Sind, p. 29 ; Thomas P.Z. S., 1886, p. 55 ; Blanford Mammals, p. 84. Felis servalina, Jardine Nat. Libr. Mamm., ii, p. 232, pi. xxv (1837). Chaus pulchellus, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 45 (1843). Chaus servalinus, id. ibid. Felis torquata, apud Blyth P. Z. S., p. 185 (1863); Jerdon Mamm., p. no; Sterndale Mamm. Ind., p. 193. Chaus ornatus, Gray P. Z. S., p. 275 (1867). Distribution. — The dry rocky countries of North-West India, from Banda, North-Western Provinces (Cockburn), thence west- ward through Agra, Sambhar (Thomas), to Sind where common (Murray). This species and the next three, i.e., F. shawiana, F. chaus and F. caudata, all appear to be very nearly allied forms, all four have a slight pencil of hairs on their ears ; F. chaus can be distinguished at once by its black pencil, its pepper-and-salt colour with no trace of lines or spots on the body ; F. caudata is very indistinctly spotted, but has a very long tail, twice the length of that of F. chaus ; F. ornata and shawiana seem to resemble each other in every respect; Blanford (Yarkand Mammals, p. 19) dis- tinguishes F. shawiana from F. ornata by (i) its shorter tail, (2) its more rufous colouration, (3) distinct black spots on the abdo- men. FELIS. 227 With regard to the first distinction, the tails of the two speci- mens of F. shawiana are certainly shorter than those of the speci- mens of F. ornata ; but the skins are furriers, skins, both having been bought in the bazaars at Yarkand and Kashgar, and the tails in both cases seem mutilated, the tails, too, of F. ornata in the JMuseum collection vary considerably in length, from 8 to 13 inches in specimens of approximately the same size ; with regard to the second point, that of colour, the difference of shade is so slight that it is only perceptable in a strong light ; finally, there are in the Museum collection many specimens of F. ornata with quite as distinct spots on the abdomen as F. shawiana. With regard to the skulls of F. ornata, F. chaus and F. shawi- ana [there is no skull in the only specimen of F. caudata], there does not seem to be any real substantial difference, although there are minor differences which have been pointed out by Mr. Blan- ford, yet it does not seem that any of the differences are sufficiently important to be due to anything but individual variations. a-h. 8 skins Banda, N.-W. P. J. Cockburn. y. Skin g Agra dist., N.-W. P. Lucknow Mus. [Ex.] k. Skin $ Agra dist., N.-W. P. Lucknow Mus. [Ex.] /. Skin Hazara Hills, Punj. T. Hutton, 1845, A.S.B. ni. Skin Hansi, Punjab D. Scott, A.S.B. n. Skin Hansi, Punjab D. Scott A.S.B. o. Skin nr. Karachi, Sind Karachi Museum. p. Skin Mullier, Sind Col. Meurant. q-t. 4 Skulls Banda dist., N.-W. P. J. Cockburn. u. Skull Karachi, Sind Karachi Museum. Felis shawiana. Felis shawian.-!, Blanford J. A. S. B., xlv, p. 49(1876) ; id. Yarkand Maniw., p. 17, pis. \b, \c ; Elliot Monog. Felida no. 34. Distribution. — Eastern Turkestan (Yarkand and Kashgar). a. Skin, skeleton Yarkand W. B. Shaw. [Type of F. shawiana, Blanford]. b. Skin Yarkand bazaar F. Stoliczka. c. Skin Kashgar, 11-74 J Scully. Felis chaus. ,, Felis chaus, Guldenstadt Nov. Comm. Acad. Petrop., xx, p. 483 (177O); Sykes, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 102 ; Elliot Madras Journ., x, p. loS ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 50 ; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan, p. 48; Blyth Cat. no. 186, p. 63 ; id. P. Z. S., '863, p. 186 ; Tristram P. Z. S., 1866, p. 92 ; ferdon Mamvi., p. 11 1 ; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 29; Stoliczka. J. A. S. B., xli, p. 227 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv ; Burma List, p. 28 ; Blan- ford Persia, p. 36 ; Atkinson N.-W. P. Gazett., xi, p. 17 ; Alston P. Z. S., 1880, p. 52 ; Sterndale Mamm. Jnd., p. 195 ; Elliot Mono/r. Felidae no. 32; Murray Zuol. Sind, p. 29; Spearman Burma Gasett., p. 55' • Thotnas P. Z. S., i886, p. 55 j Blanford Mammals, p. 86; Radde Zool. y. B., iv, p. 1015. Q 2 228 MAMMALIA. Felis catolynx, Pallas Zoog. Rosso As.^ i, p. 23 (1811). Lynxchaus, Fischer Zoognosiey p. 230 (1814)*. Felis kutas, Pearson f. A. S. B., i, p. 75 (1832). Felis affinis, Gray Illustr. Ind. Zool., i, pi. iii (1832). Felis erythrotis, Hodgson J. A. S. B., v, p. 233 (1836). Felis inconspicua, Gray Charlesw. Mng. N. H.,\, p. 577 (1837). Chaus lybicus, Gray List Mamni. B. M., p. 45 (1843) I i<^- ^«^> Hoigs. Coll., 1st ed., p. 7 ; Adams P. Z. S., 1858, p. 514. Felis jacquemonti, Is. Geoff.St. Hil, Jacquemont Voyage, p. 58 pis. ii, iii (1844). Felis lybicus, Loche Expl. Sclent. Alger., iii (1850)*. Chaus jacquemonti, Gerrard Cat. Bones B. M,, p. 66 (1862) ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamni., p. 34. The Jungle Cat ; Gurba-i-kuhi, Persian ; Jangli billi, Deccani and Hindustani ; Ban billi, in Kumaon ; Katas, Banberal, Bengali ; Hoppa, Assamese ; Maut bek, Kadu bek, Bella bek, Canarese ; Mota rahu, Manjur, Mahratta ; Bhooga, Mahrattas (Ghats) ; Birka, Bhagulpore Hills; Jurka pilli, Telegu; Cherru pili, Malay- alim ; Kyoung tsek-koon, Arakan. Dislributio7i. — Throughout North Africa, Egypt, Nubia and Barbary, Asia Minor (Alston), Palestine (Tristram) ; shores of Caspian, West and Southern Persia (Blanford), Afghanistan and Candahar, India, Ceylon (Kelaart), Assam and Burma (Spearman). In India universally distributed from the Himalayas and Sind to the extreme south extending eastwards to Assam. a. Skin ^ Agra dist., N.-W. P. Lucknow Museum. h. Skin ^ Agra dist., N.-W. P. Lucknow Museum. c. Skin juv. $ ^gra dist., N.-W. P. Lucknow Museum. d. Skin Punjab Salt Range W. Theobald, A. S. B. €. Skin Kisht, nr. Bushire (2,000 Sir O. St. John. ft). /. Skin Cachar Sir O. St. John. g. Skin Banda, N.-W. P. J. Cockburn. h. Skin Travancore Purchased. /.Skin J. E. T. Aitchison. k. Skin juv. $ ,,,.., Zoological Gardens. Z. Stuffed No history, A.S.B. w. Stuffed W. Rutledge. n. Stuffed Gurriah, nr. Calcutta Museum Coll., 1870. o. Stuffed Gurriah, nr. Calcutta Museum Coll., 1870. p. Stuffed $ Raneegunge, Bengal J. Diveria, 1867. q. Stuffed Simla T. Hutton, A.S.B. r. Stuffed $ Calcutta Purchased. 5. Skull Purchased. t. Skull Kabul Sir A. Barnes, A.S.B. u. Skull Kandahar T. Hutton, A S.B. V. Skull Ceylon E. F. Kelaart, A.S.B. -m-h'^. 6 Skulls Banda, N.-W. P. J. Cockburn. c^. Skull juv. $ Zoological Gardens. d"^. Skeleton A.S.B. e"^. Skin, skull ^ Kendrapara, Bengal A. }. Fraser, p.l'^. 6 Skulls Banda, N.-W. P. J. Cockburn. w'. Skin, skull Shevaroy Hills, Mdr. Mrs. W. King. FELIS. 229 Felis caudata. Felis servalina, apud Brandt Bull. Acad. St. Petersb., ix, p. 34 (1841'^* ; Eversmann Bull. Nat. Mosc, 1848, p. 200; Severtzoff Ann. Mag. N. H. (4),xviii, p. 49. Chaus caudatus. Gray P. Z. S., p. 31, pis. vi, vii, (1874). Felis caudata, Elliot Monog. Felidae, no. 33 (1878-83) ; Scully J. A. S. B., Ivi, p. 69; Thomas Linn. Trans. (2), v, p. 57 ; Radde Sool. J. B., iv, p. 1014. Distribution. — Transcaspian region eastwards to Afghan and Russian Turkestan. a. Skin Maimanah, Afghanistan C. E, Yate, 1887. Felis lynx. Felis lynx, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., i2thed , i, p. 62 (1766) ; Blyth Cat. no. 189, ■^.(ii^\ Radde Ost Siberieui'^.^^^; Schrenck Amurland Siiugeth., p. 87; Severtzoff Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xviii, p. 49 ; Alston P. Z. S., 1877, p. 272 ; id. 1880, p 52 ; Scully P. Z. S., 1881, p. 201 ; Blauford Yarkand Mammals, p. 19 ; Elliot Monog. Felidae no. 38 ; Blanford Mammals, p. 89. Felis lupulina, Thunberg Denkschr.Akad. Milnch., ix., p. 189 (1825). Felis vulpinus, Thunberg Denkschr. Akad. Milnch., ix, p. 189 (1825). Felis virgata, Nilsson Ilium. Fig. till Faun., pis. iii and iv (1829)* ; id. Skand. Faun., p. 126*. Felis borealis, Keyserling & Blasius Wirbelth. Eur op., p. 63 (1840). Lyncus vulgaris, Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., ist ed., p. 7 (1846), Felis isabellina, 5/yi/z 5^. .i4. S. 5., xvi, p. 1178 (1847); id., Cat., no. 180, p. 64; id. P. Z. S., 1863, p. 186; Kinloch Large Game Shooting, I, p. 18, with plate. Lynchus lynx, Severtzoff Rev. Mag. Zool. (2), x, p. 385 (1858). Lyncus isabellinus. Gray P. Z. S., p. 276 (1867) ; id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 38. Lyncus borealis. Gray P. Z. S., p. 276, (1867) ; id. Cat. Cam. Mamm. p. 37- Distrihulion. — Northern Europe, Siberia, Baikal (Radde); Amur- land and Sachalin (Schrenck) ; Turkestan (Severtzoff) ; Eastern Turkestan (Blanford), Gilgit (Scully), Western Thibet (Kinloch) and Eastern Thibet (Blyth). a. Skin Kashgar bazaar F. Stoliczka, b. Skin ,, ,, F. Stoliczka. c. Stuffed Norway Christiania Univ., A. S. B. d. Stuffed „ Christiania Univ., A. S. B. e. Stuffed Thibet G. T. Lushington, 1845, A. S. B. . /. Stuffed ,, G. T. Lushington, 1845, A. S.B. g. Stuffed luv. Norway C. S. Bonnevie, 1850, A. S. B. h-j. 2 Skulls . No history, A, S. B. h. Skin, skull Kashgar, 1 1-74 J. Scully. I. Skin, skull Bagrot, Gilgit, 5,oooft., J. Scully. 10-4-79- m. Skin Bargo, Gilgit J. Scully. 230 MAMMALIA. Felis caracal. Felis caracal, Guldenstadt Nov. Connn. Acad. Petrop., xx, p. 500, (1766); Blyth Cat. no. 187, p. 64; id. P.Z.S., 1863, p. 186 ; Tristram P. Z. S., 1866, p. 92; Jerdon Mamni., p. 113; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 31 ; Stoliczka J. A. S. B., xli, p. 227 ; Blanford Persia, p. 37 ; Atkinson N. W. P. Gazett., xi, p. 18; Alston P. Z. S., 1877, p. 273; Elliot Monog. Felidae no. 40 ; Murray Zool. Sind, p. 30 ; Stcrndale Mamm. Ind. p. 198; Blanford Mammals^ p. 88; Radde Zool. J. B., iv, p. 1016. Lynx caracal, Fischer Zoognosie, p. 200 (1814)*. Caracal melanotis, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 46 (1843) ; id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 38. Siahgosh, Persian and Hind. Distribution. — Africa generally, Palestine (Tristram), Arabia, Smyrna and Taurus (Danford) ; Mesopotamia, Persia (Blanford), and Transcaspia. In India proper is generally distributed but found more abundantly in the west, /. e., Sind (Murray), Cutch (Stoliczka), Dehra Dun.? (Atkinson), and Nepal terai (Hodgson). The anterior 'ipper premolar present in the skull of specimen " a" is a rather uncommon variation. a. Skin, skelet. $ W. Rutled^e. b. Skin, skull 9 Zoological Gardens. c. Skin, skelet. 8 W. Rutledge. d. Skin, skull i Zoological (Giardens, t. Skin, skull juv .s W. Rutledge. /. Stuffed W. Rutledge, 1870. g- Skeleton No history. h. Skeleton ^ ZZ Babu H. H. Roy. /. Skeleton ? W. Rutledge. Felis concolor. Felis concolor, LinncBus Mantissa, p. 522 (1771)*; Elliot Monog, Felidae no. 2. Felis puma, Molina Sagg. Star. Nat. Chili, p. 245 (1817)*. Felis couguar, Lesson Man. Mamm., 190 (1827). Felis unicolor, Lesson Man. Mamm., p. igo (1827). Leopardus concolor, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 41 (1843). The Puma, Distribution. — North and South America from 45° N. lat, to the Straits of Magellan. a. Skin, skull ? W. Rutledge, 1883. b. Skin Souili Arucrica W. Jamrach [P.] c. Skin, skull Mexico British Mus. [Ex.] d. Skull E. Blyth, 1865. FF.LIS. 231 Felis yagouarondi. Felis jagouarondi, Lacepede (Euvres d'Azara Atlas, pi. x* ; Fischer Zoog- nosie, p. 228 (1814)*; Elliot Monog. Felidae no. 12. Felis mexicana, apud Desmarest N. Did. d' Hist. Nat., vi, p. 112 (1816). Felis unicolor, Traill Mem. Wern. Soc, iii, p. 170 (1819). Felis da.ryN\x\\\,Ma7tin P. Z. S., p. 3 (1837). Leopardus yagouarondi, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 42 (1843). Felis calomithi, Baird N. Amer. Mamm., p. 74 (1859)*. Distribution. — From Mexico through Central and South America as far as Southern Paraguay. a. Skin British Mus. [Ex.] Felis pardalis, Felis pardalis, Linnaeus Syst, Nat., I2thed., i, p. 62 (1766) ; Gray Cat. Cam, Mamm., p. 19 ; Elliot Monog. Felidae no. 17. Felis ocelot, Griffith Anim. Ktngd., v, p. 169 (1827). Felis catenpta, Griffith Anim. Kingd., v, p. 169 (1827). Felis canescens, Swainson Anim. Menag., p. 118 (1838)*. Leopardus pardalis, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 42 (1843). Leopardus griseus, Gray List Ma7nm. B. M., p. 42 (1843). Leopardus pictus, Grai/ List Mamm. B. M., 43 (1843). Felis melanura, Ball P. Z.S.,p. iz8 (1844); Gray Cat Cam. Mamm., p. 19. Fe\'\s Silhescens, Pttcheran Voyage Autour du Monde Venus Zool., p. 137, pi. viii (1855). Felis grisea, Gray P. Z. S., p. 270 (1867); id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 19 (1869). Felis picta, Severtssoff Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) x, p. 194 (1858) ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 19. Felis pardoides, Gray P. Z. S., p. 403 (1867) ; id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 20. The Ocelot. Distribution. — Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, Mexico, Central America, and South America, East of Andes. a. Skin, skull $ Purchased, i88o. b. Skull E. BIyth. Felis serval. Felis serval, Erxleben Syst. Regn.Anitn., p. 523 (1777); Blyth Cat. no. i8r, p. 62 ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 23 ; Elliot Monog. Felidae no. 25. Felis capensis, Gmelin Syst. Nat., \, p. 8l (1788), Felis galeopardus, Desmaiest Mamm., p. 227 (1820). Felis senegalensis. Lesson Mag. de Zool., x (1839)*. Felis servalina, Ogilby P. Z. S., p. 94 (1839), Leopardus serval, Gray List Mamm.B. M. p. 41 (1843). Distribution, — Africa from Algiers to the Cape. a. Stuffed Cape Colony E. L. Layard, 1858, A. S. B 232 MAMMALIA. Felis caffra. Felis caffra, Desmarest Mamm. SuppL, p. 540 (1822) ; Blytk Cat., no, 185, p. 63 ; Elliot Monog. Felidae, no. 30. Felis obscura, Destnarest Mamvi,, p. 230 (1820). Felis nigripes, BurcheWs Travels., ii, p. 592 (1824). Felis maniculata, Cretzschviar Ruppell's Ailas, i, pi. i (1826). Felis pulchella, Gray Charlesw. Mag. N. H., i, p. 577 (1837). Chaus caffer, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 45 (1843). Leopardus inconspicuus, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 44 (1843). Felis caligata, Is. Geoff. St. Hil. Jacquemont Voyage, p. 49, pi, iii, fig. 2 (1844). Felis lybica, Is. Geoff. St. Hil. Jacquemont Voyage, p. 56 (1844). Felis margarita, Loche Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), x, p. 49 (1858). Felis inconspicua, Gray P. Z. S., p. 273 (1867); id, Cat. Cam. Mavim., P-3I- Distribution — Africa from Algeria to the Cape. a. Stuffed Cape Colony E. L. Layard, A.S.B. b. Skull ... A.S.B. Felis catus. Felis catus, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 62 (1776) ; BlasiusSaugeth. Deutsch., p. 162; Blanford Persia, p. 35; Danford and Alston, P. Z. S., 1877, p. 272 and 1880, p 52 ; Elliot Monog. Felidae no. 29. Felis sylvestris, Schreber Saugeth., iii, p. 397 (1778); Blyth Cat., no. 182, p. 62. Distribution — Europe generally, extending eastwards into Persia (Blanford) and Asia Minor (Alston). fl. Stuffed, skull Scotland Sir W.Jardine, 1843, A.S.B, Felis pardina. Felis pardina, Temminck Monogr. Mamm., i, p. 116 (1827) ; Elliot Monog. Felidae no. 37. Lyncus pardinus, Gray List Mamm., B. M., p. 46 (1843) ; id. Cat. Cam, Mamm., p. 38 (1869). Distribution — Portugal, Spain, Sardinia, Sicily, Turkey and Asia Minor. a. Stuffed Sardinia British Museum [Ex.] Felis canadensis. Felis canadensis, Desmarest N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat,, vi, p. 108 (1816) ; ElHoi Monog. Felidae no. 36. l-ynx canadensis, Rafinesque Amer. Month. Mag., ii, p. 46 (1817)*. Felis borealis, Temminck Monogr. Mamm., i, p. 109 (1827). Lyncus canadensis, Gray List Mamm., B. M., p. 46 {1843) ; \d. Cat, Cam. Mamm., p. 37. LjDCun borealia, Dtkey New York Zocl, p 5 (184a). FELIS. 233 Distribution — Northern Europe, Scandanavia, Russia, and Siberia, North America, as far south as Pennsylvania and Cali- fornia. a. Skin Hudson's Bay British Museum [Ex.] b. Skin Alumette Isle, Ottawa J. H. Gamier [Ex.] c. Skull Upton, Maine, U.S.A. W. Theobald, 1869. d. Skull Umbagog Lake, Maine, W. Theobald, 1869. U.S.A. Felis rufa. '?&X\srw\z., Guldenstadt Nov. Comm. Acad. Petrop., xx, p. 499 (1776) 5 Blyth Cat. no. 190, p. 65 ; Elliot Monog. Felidae no. 39. Felis carolinensis, Desmarest Mainm , p. 234 (1820). Lynx floridanus ^ Lynx montanus / Lynx rufus > Rafinesjue Amer. Month. Mag., ii, p. 46 (181 7)*. Lynx aureus V Lynx faciatus J Felis maculata, Vigors and Horsfield Zool. jfourn., iv, p. 381, pi. xiii (1S29). Distribution — North America to Mexico. a. Skin Lake Amhee, Ontario J. H. Garnier [Ex.] i. Skin juv. Blue Ridge, Ontario J. H. Garnier [Ex.] c. Skull North Carolina Rev. F. Fitzgerald, A.S.B. Felis domestica. Felis domestica, Gmelin Syst. Nat., i, p. 80 (1788) ; Elliot Monog, Felidae no. 41 ; Thomas Linn. Trans. (2), v, p. 57. FeWs ca.t\xs, Erxlebejt Syst. Reg. Anitn., p. 518 (1777); Blyth J. A. S. B., XXV, p. 442; id. Cat. no, 183, p. 62; Severtzoff Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xviii, p. 50; Stanford Yarkand Mamm., p. 17. Felis torquata, F. Cuvier Hist, Nat. Mamm., livr. liv, with plate, (1826) ; Sykes P. Z. 5., 1831, p. 102 ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 49 ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 55 ; Blanford Mammals, p. 85. Felis maniculata, Jenyns Brit. Vert. Anim,, p. 15 (1835). Felis megalotis, Miiller Over de Zoogdieren in Tern. Verhandl., p. 54 (1839-44). YQ\\s\iw\Xo'n\, Blyth J. A. S. B., xv, p. 169 (1846); id. J. A. S. B., xvii, p. 247. The Domestic Cat of India differs considerably from the English domestic cat ; Blyth distinguishes two races of Indian domestic cats — (i) the spotted type in which the spots tend to form them- selves into streaks, especially on the anterior parts of the body; the tail of this form is slender and of uniform thickness, with a series of black rings ; this form is frequently found in a feral state and it is probable that it was from an animal of this kind that Felis torquata of F. Cuvier was originally described ; (2) the other form vvas called by Blyth the Chaus-coloured cat; it is of a uniform fulvous colour with barred legs and a ringed tail, resembling F. chaus ; in its proportions, however, it differs from 234 MAMMALIA. F. chaus considerably, its legs and ears are much shorter and its tail much longer, this Blyth suspects to be derived from the domestic cat with an admixture of chaus blood. The two examples of this latter form are " e" and " j " of the list below ; " e " is specially to be noticed since it was shot in the town of Banda, round which F. chaus abounds. The English tabby is never seen in India; this may possibly be due to the fact that the tabby markings of the English domestic cat are due to an admixture of the blood of the wild cat (F. catus). Evidence to show that domestic cats breed with some of the different species of wild cats will be found in Pennant where, after the description of F. bengalensis, he mentions that the specimen from which the description was drawn up, coupled with female domestic cats and produced offspring ; Blyth also quotes the evidence of Sir Walter Elliot on the subject [vide J. A. S. B., xvii, pp. 247 and 559) in the cases of F. chaus and F. rubiginosa. There are also in the collection two skins which seem to require further remark, these are " f ", the skin procured by Dr. Scully at Kashgar, and " g " one procured by the Afghan Boundary Com- mission at Wen Male. The former, which is a flat skin without a skull, was described by Mr. Blanford in the Yarkand Mammals as F. catus, but it differs from F. catus in having a slender and tapering tail instead of a clubbed one which is so characteristic of the true F. catus of Europe. The other skin from Afghanistan also has a slender tapering tail ; a comparison of the skull of this specimen with a skull of an English F. catus, and with the skulls of several speci- mens of F. domestica shows that this Afghan cat agrees with the domestic cat in the several points in which the latter differs from F. catus, i.e., in F. domestica, the frontal and squamosal bones are separated from one another by the parietals and alisphenoids, the nasals are not produced posteriorly beyond the frontal pro- cesses of the maxillae, and, finally, the teeth are small as compared with F. catus. In all these points the Afghan cat agrees with the domestic cat and not with Felis catus. a. Skin Punjab Salt Range W. Theobald, A. S.B. b. Skin Hansi, Punjab D. Scott, A. S.B. c. Skin E. Blyth, A S.B. d. Skin Deccan (Col. Sykes) India Mus., London, e. Skin, skull Banda (town), N.-W.P. ]. Cockburn (i88i), /. Skin Kashgar J. Scully. g. Skin Wen Male, Afghanistan |. E. T. Aichison. A. Stuffed (tabby) No history, A.S.B. y. Stuffed, skull Calcutta No history, A.S.B. k. Stuffed No history, A.S.B. I. Skull No history, A.S.B. w. Skeleton No history, A.S.B. n. Skeleton Calcutta Purchased. CYNAELURUS. 235 Genus CYNAELURUS. Cynailurus, Wagler Nat. Syst. Amphib., p. 30 (1830). Cynofelis, Lesson Nouv. Tab. Reg. Anim., p. 48 (1842). Gueparda, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 46 (1843). Cynaelurus jubatus. Felis jubata, Erxleben Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 510 (1777) ; Sykes P. Z. S., p. 102 (1831) ; Elliot Madras Journ., x. p. 107; Blyth P. Z. S., 1863, p. 181; Jerdon Mamm., p. 114 ; Blanford J. A. S. B., xxxvi, p. 191, McM aster Notes on Jerdon, p. 31 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B., xli, p. 227 ; Blanford Persia, p. 35; Ball P. A. S. B., 1877, p. 169; Alston P.Z.S., 1880, p. 52; Severtz- off Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xviii, p. 49; Murray Zool. Sind, p. 30; Sterndale Mamm. Ind., p. 200 ; Thomas Linn. Trans. (2), v, p. 56 ; Radde Zool. J. B., iv, p. IOI2. Felis guttata, Hermann Obser. Zool., p. 38 (1804). Cynailurus jubatus, Wagler Nat. Syst. Ampkib., p. 30 (1830) : Blyth Cat., no. 191, p. 65 ; Elliot Monog. Felidae no. 42 ; Blanford Mammals, p. 91. Cynofelis jubata, Lesson Nouv. Tab. Regn. Anim., p. 49 (1842), Cynofelis guttata, id. ibid. Gueparda guttata, Gray P. Z. S., p. 277 (1867) ; id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 39. Felis megabalia, Heuglin Zeitschr. Allg. Erdkunde, iii, p. 53 (1868)*. The Cheetah or hunting leopord ; Yuz palang, Persian ; Yuz- cheetah bagh, Hindustani ; Kendua bagh, BengaH ; Cheeta, Deccani ; Chircha, Sivungi, Canarese ; Chita puli, Telegu. Distribution. — Africa generally; has been recorded by Alston from Euphrates valley, Transcaspia, Western Turkestan (Severtz- off) and Persia, (Blanford). In India it is found in the Central and western districts, i.e., Deccan (Sykes), Saugor, Central India (Jerdon), the Punjab, Sind (Murray), Cutch (Stoliczka), and has been procured as far as east as Deogurh in the Sonthal Pergun- nahs (Blanford). a. Skin, skull $ Babu H. M. Roy. b. Skin, skeleton? Zoological Gardens. c. Skin $ juv. W. Rutledge. d. Skin $ W. Rutledge. e. Skeleton ? W. Rutledge. /. Skull $ juv. W. Rutledge. g- Stuffed E. Blyth, 1857, A. S.B. h. Skeleton ..... E. Blyth, 1857, A. S. Bj Genus VIVERRA. Viverra, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 63 (1766). Key of the Indian Species, a. Tail with complete light and dark rings; body markino-s indis- tinct and cloudy, not spotty; size large; anterior upper molars distinctly triangular. V. zibetha, p. 236 236 MAMMALIA. a^. Tail with light and dark rings incomplete. b. Large size ; black rings all complete, light rings just broken by the dorsal black band of the tail ; flanks distinctly spotted with large spots. c. Mane commencing between the ears ; skull with anterior upper molars quadrangular as compared with V. zibetha. V. civettina, p. 237. <^. Mane commencing between the shoulders. V. megaspila, p. 237. h^. Smaller ; only a few of the posterior black rings of the tail complete, and the dorsal black band broad. V. tangalunga, p. 237. Viverra zibetha. Viverra zibetha, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., i2th ed., i, p. 65 (1766) ; Cray Illustr. Ind. ZooL, ii, pi. v ; M'Clelland Calc. Joiirn. N. H., i, p. 56 ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 1st ed., p. 7 ; Horsfield Cat. E. /, Mus., p. 54 ; Walker Calc. Journ. N. H., iii, p. 266 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxi, p. 331 ; id. Cat., p. 45 ; Gray P. Z. S., 1864, P'S'2; Jerdon Mamtn., p. 120; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm.,^.46 ■,Swinhoe P. Z.S., 1870, pp. 227,630; Blyth J.A.S.B,, xliv, Burma list, p. 25 ; Sterndale Manim. Ind., p. 208 ; Spearman Burma. Gazett., p. 547 ; Blanford Mammals, p. 96. Viverra undulata, Gray Spiceleg. Zool., p. 9 (1830). Viverra melanurus, Hodgson jf. A. S, B„ x, p. 909 (1841) ; id. Calc. yourn. N. H., ii, p. 47. Viverra civettoides, Hodgson id. ibid. Viverra ashtoni, Swinhoe P. Z. S., p. 379, (1864). The Indian Civet Cat; Katas, Hindustani; Machbhondar, Bagdos, and Pudogaula, Bengali ; Bhras, Nepal terai ; Nit biralu, Nepal ; Kung, Bhotea ; Saphiong, Lepcha ; Kyung-myeng, Bur- mese ; Hagah gendrah, Assamese. Distrihutio7i. — Bengal, extending northwards to the Nepal Terai and southwards to Cuttack, Assam, Burma, Southern China and Hainan (Swinhoe) ; its occurence in the Malay Peninsula seems doubtful since it has been so often confused with V. megaspila and V. tangalunga. a. Skin, skull ,, No history. b. Skin, skull s Calcutta Purchased, 1870. c. Skin ^ Maldah, Bengal Mus. Coll., 1870. d. Skin, skull i Calcutta Purchased. e. Skull $ .. ... W. Rutledge, 1876. f. Skin, skull $ ,, W. Rutledge. g- Skin ? ,, Zoological Gardens, h. Skull ,_ .... A. S. B. J- Skull A. S. B. k. Stuffed $ Calcutta Purchased, 1871. i. m. Skeleton Skull •• .... A. S. B. A.S. B. n. Skull ^ ji uv. .. .... W. Rutledge, 1872. VIVERRA. 237 Viverra civettina. Viverra civettina, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxi, p. 332 (1862) ; id. P. Z. S., 1864, p. 484 ; id. Cat. no. 140 p. 44; Jerdon Mamm., p. 121 ; Blanford Mam- mals, p. 98. Distribution. — Malabar Coast, Wynaad and Coorg. This species, described first by.Blyth from Southern India, seems to differ in several respects from V. zibetha; instead of the indefi- nite stripy markings of V. zibetha, the hinder part of the body of V. civettina is covered with distinct large black spots and the ground colour is distinctly yellow; the yellow rings on the tail are broken by the longitudinal dorsal black band down the tail, where- as in V. zibetha the yellow rings completely surround the tail. The skulls too, differ in several respects ; the large upper molar of V. civettina is much more quadrangular and its length bears a much greater ratio to its breadth than in V. zibetha, in which the tooth is almost triangular ; the postorbital processes of the frontal bones are almost absent in V. civettina, whereas in V. zibetha they are quite distinct. a. Skin, skeleton W. Rutledge. b. Skin, skull South India Lord A. Hay, 1845, A.S.B. [Type of V. civettina of Blyth.j c. Skin Purchased. d. Skin Purchased. Viverra megaspila. Viverra tangalanga, apud Cantor J. A. S. B., xv, p. 197 (1846). Viverra megaspila, Blyth J. A. S, B,, xxxi, p. 331 (1862) ; id. y. A. S. B. xliv, Burma List, p. 25 ; Spearman Burma Gazetf., p. 548, Gunther P. Z. S., 1876, p. 428, pi. xxxvii ; Blanford Mammals, p. 99. Distrihiition. — Burma and the Malay Peninsula, Cochin China and Sumatra. [No specimens in Indian Museum.] Viverra tangalanga. Viverra tangalanga, Gray P. Z. S., p. 6^ (1832) ; 'Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 57 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxi, p. 332 ; id. Cat. no. 142, p. 45; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 47, Gunther, P. Z. S., 1876, pp. 427 and 735. Viverra zibetha, apud F. Cuvier Hist. Nat. Mamm., livr xxi, with plate (1820); Raffles Linn. Trans., xiii, p. 251 ; Miiller Over de Zoogdieren in Tem. Verhandl., p. 30 ; Cantor J. A. S. B., xv, p. 197. Distribution. — Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (Raffles), Borneo Celebes and Amboyna (Miiller), Philippines (Gunther). 238 MAMMALIA a. Skin, skull Malacca F. W. Lindstedt, 1846, A.S B. A. Skin, skull ^ W. Rutledge. c. Skeleton g Purchased, 1867. d. Stuffed Malacca F. W. Lindstedt, A.S.B. e. Stuffed g Malay Peninsula J- Anderson. /. Skin Purchased, 1867. g. Skin, skull $ Penang Zoological Gardens. juv. ^. Skin, skelet.? W. Rutledge. juv. y. Skin g W. Rutledge. Viverra civetta. Viverra civetta, Schreber Saugeth., iii, p. 418, Atlas, pi. cxi (1778) ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mciinm., p. 46. Distribution — Africa generally. a. Skin ? W. Rutledge. Genus VIVERRICULA. Viverricula, Hodgson Ann. Mag. N. H., i., p. 152 (1838). Type, V. malac- censis. Viverricula malaccensis. Viverra malaccensis, Gmelin Syst. Nat., i, p. 92 (1788) ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 1st ed., p. 8; Jerdon Ma^nm.^ p, 122; Sterndale Matnm. Ind., p. 211. Viverra leveriana, Shaw Mus. leverianum (1792)*. Viverra indica, Desniarest N. Did. d'Hist. Nat., vii, p. 170 (1817) ; Sykcs P.Z.S., 1831, p. lOi i Elliot Madr. Journ.,^, p. 102; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 58. Viverra rasse, Horsfield Zool. Res., with plate (1824) ; id. Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 59; Peters Reise nach Mossambique, i, p. 113. Viverra bengalensis, Gray Illusfr. Ind. Zool., i, pi. iv (1832). Viverra pallida. Gray P. Z. S., p. 63 (1832) ; id. Illustr. Ind. Zodl., ii, pi. vi; Sisoinhoe P. Z. S. 1862, p. 353. Viverricula indica, Hodgson J. A. S. B , x, p. 909 (184 1). Viverricula malaccensis, Cantor J. A.S. B., xv, p. 199 (1846) ; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 37; Blyth Cat. no. 143, p. 45 ; Gray P. Z. S., 1864, p. 513 ; id. Cat- Cam. Mamm.,p.4j ; Sininhoe P. Z. S , 1870, pp. 227, 630; Atkinson N. W. P. Gozett., xi, p. 19; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 25 ; Anderson Anat. Zool Res., p. 166; Spearman Burma Gazett., p. 548; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 55 ; Stanford Mammals, p. 100. The Small Civet ; Musbak billi, Deccani and Hindustani ; Gandha gokul, Bengali ; Kasturi, Juwadee manjar, Mahratta ; Punagin bekh, Canarese ; Punagii pilli, Telegu ; Saiger, Bugmyal, Terai of Nepal ; Ooralawa, Cingalese ; Wa-young-kyoung-bonk, Arakanese ; Kyoung kado, Burmese. Distribution. — Comoro Isles, Socotraand Madagascar(Thomas), PRIONODON. 239 India, Ceylon (Kelaart), Assam, Burma, Upper and Lower, Malay Peninsula (Cantor), Java (Horsfield), South China, Hainan and Formosa (Swinhoe). In India this form seems to be found everywhere except perhaps in the Punjab and Sind ; it is recorded from Sambhar Lake, Raj- pootana (Thomas), from the Terai of Kumaon (Atkinson), and Nepal (Hodgson), Central India, Bengal, Assam, the Deccan (Sykes), and Southern Mahratta country (Elliot). a. Skin, skull Assam J. Anderson 1872. b. Skin, skull Assam J. Anderson 1872. c. Skin Cachar Museum Collector. d. Skin Naga Hills, Assam A. W. Chennell, 1877. e. Skin $ Bhamo, 600 ft. J.Anderson 1868. f. Skin Goona, C. India A. Barclay. g. Skin, skull $ Calcutta Purchased, 1870. h. Skin Calcutta Purchased y. Skin North Africa? British Museum [Ex.] k. Skin juv. No history, A.S.B. I. Skin juv, No history, A.S.B. w. Skull No history, A.S.B. n. Skull No history, A.S.B. o. Skull $ Purchased. ^-z;. 7 Stuffed on one No history, A.S.B. stand. No history, A.S.B. TO. Skeleton No hi'Jtory, A.S.B. X. Skull Goona, C. I. A. Barclay. y. Skin, skull Chumbi, Thibet ? Schneider [P.] z. Skin Ceylon Colombo Museum. Genus PRIONODON, Prionodon, Horsfield Zool. Res. (1824). Type, P. gracilis. Linsang, Milller Over de Zoogdieren in Tern. Verhandl., p. 28 (1839). Type, P. gracilis. Key of the Indian Species. a. Large, about 35 inches, including the tail; dorsal surface covered with large patches of black. P. maculosus, p. 239. a^. Smaller, about 30 inches, including the tail ; back with broad transverse bands. P. pardicolor, p. 240. Prionodon maculosus. Prionodon maculosus, Blanford J. A. S. B., xlvii, p. 152, pis. vi, vii (1878) ' Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 66 ; Blanford Mammals, p. 104. Disiribulio7i. — Known only from Tenasserim. [No specimen in the Museum.] 240 MAMMALIA. Prionodon pardicolor. Prionodon pardicolor, Hodgson Cal. Journ. N, H., ii, p. 57, pi. i, figs. 3, f) {1842) ; id. ibid., viii, p. 40; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 52 ; Blyth Cat. no. 146, p. 46; Jerdon Mavun., p. 124; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 166; Sterndale Ma7nm. Ind., p. 212 ; Blanford Mammals, p. 103. Linsang pardicolor, Gray List Manim. B. M., p. 49 (1843) ; id. Cal. Hodgs. Coll., 1st ed., p. 8. Viverra perdicator, Schinz Syn. Mamm., i, p. 366 (1844). The Tiger Civet ; Zik-chum, Bhotea ; Suliyu, Lepcha. Distribution.— ^Q^d\, Sikkim and Kakhyen Hills of Upper Bur- ma (Anderson). a. Skin, skull Darjeeling E. R. Henry. b. Skin Sikkim L. Mandelli. c. Skin, skull Gumpah, Sikkim J. Knight. d. Skin Kakhyen Hills J. Anderson, e. Skin No history, A.S.B. /. Skin No history, A.S.B. g. Stuffed Darjeeling Mrs. Saxon, A.S.B. Genus GENETTA. Genetta, G. Czivier Regne Anim., ist ed., i, p. 156 (1817). Genetta vulgaris. Viverra genetta, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 65 (1766). Genetta afra, F. Cuvier Nat. Hist. Mamm.,\'\vr. Hi, with plate (1825) ; Blyth Cat. no. 144, p. 46. Genetta vulgaris, Lesson Man. Mamm., p 173 (1827). Genetta bonapartii, Loche Rev. Mag. Zool (2), ix, p. 385, pi. xiii (1857). Distribution. — South Europe, i.e., France, Spain and Turkey, North Africa and Palestine. a. Stuffed Algeria A. Malherbe, 1848, A.S.B. Genetta tigrina. Viverra tigrina, Schreber Satigeth., iii, p. 425, Atlas, pi. cxv (1778). Genetta abyssinica, Riippell N. Wirbelth., p. 33, pi. xi (1835). Genetta tigrina. Gray Cat. Mamm, B. M., p. 49 (1843) ; Blyth Cat. no. 145, p. 46. Viverra genetta, Peters Reise nach Mossambique, i, p. 113 (1852) Viverra abyssinica, Gerrard Cat. Bones B. M., p. 71 (1862). Distribution. — South Africa and up through Mosambique to Abyssinia. a. Stuffed South Africa E. L. Layard, 1859, A.S.B. b. Stuffed South Africa E. L. Layard, 1859, A.S.B. HEMIGALE. 24I Genus HEMIGALE. Hemigalus, Jourdan Comptes Rend., v, p. 442 (1837). Type, H. hardwickii. Hemigalea, Gray P. Z. S., p. 524 (1864). Hemigale hardwickii. Viverra hardwickii, Gray Spiceleg. Zooh, p, 9 (1830). Hemigalus zebra, Joiirdan Comptes Rend., v, p. 442 (1837). Paradoxurus derbianus, Gray Charlesw. Mag. Nat, Hist., i, p. 579 (1837); Cantor f. A. S. B., xv, p. 202. Paradoxurus zebra, Gray Charlesw. Mag. N. H., i, p. 579 (1837). Viverra boiei, Miiller Tijdschr. Natuur. Ges., v, p. 144 (1838) ; Muller & Schlegel Tern. Verkandl., p. 121, pi. xviii. Hemigalea derbiana, Blyth Cat. no. 147, p. 46 (1863) ; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., xi, p. 23. Hemigalea hardwickii, Gray P. Z. S., p. 524 (1864) ; id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 57 ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 73. Distribution. — Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. a. Stuffed Malacca M. de Stow, 1843, A.S.B. Genus ARCTOGALE. Arctogale, Gray P. Z. S., p. 542 (1864). Arctog:ale trivirgata. Paradoxurus trivirgatus, Gray P. Z. S., p. 68 (1832); Timminck Monogr. Mamm., ii, p. 333, pi. Ixiii. Arctogale trivirgata, Blanford P. Z. S., p. 789 (1885). Distribution. — Java only. The single specimen A. trivirgata is from Java, and seems to differ from A. leucotis in being smaller, having the three dark lines down the back much more distinct, and wanting the dark patch at the base of the ear. The skull also differs in being smaller, and the palate is not produced back so far as in A. leucotis. a. Stuffed, skull Java W. R'ltledg; 1870. Arctogale leucotis. Paguma trivirgata, apud Gray List Mamm. B, M., p. 55 (1843); Cantor J. A. S. B., XV. p. 201. Paradoxurus leucotis, Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 66 (1851) ; Blyth J. A. S 5., xxvii, p. 274; Blyth Cat. no. 151, p. 48; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 76 ; B'yth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 26. Vz-VAAoyLMrns s\\gma\.\c\\s, Temviinck Esquis. ZooL, p. 1 20 (J853); yentink Notes Leyd. Mus., vii, p. 35 ; id. ibid, xi, p. 23. 242 MAMMALIA. Paradoxurus trivirgata, apud Blyth Cat. no, 150, p, 47 (1863). Arctogale trivirgata, Gray P. Z. S., p. 543 (1864) ; id. Cat. Cam. Mamtn., P-75. Paradoxurus prehensilis, apud P. L. Sclater P. Z. S., p. 681, pi. Ixxi (1877). Arctogale leucotis, Blanford P. Z. S., p. 789 (1885) ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 73; Blanford Mammals, p. 115 ; Anderson J. Linn. Soc, xxi, p. 338. Small Palm Civet ; Na-zwet-ph)'00, Arakan ; Kyoung-na-ga in Tenasserim, Kyoung-na-rwek-phyoo, Burmese. Distribution. — Sikkim, Arakan, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Suma- tra and Borneo. There has been some confusion with regard to the species of Arctogale which, according to Blanford (P.Z.S., 1885, p. 789), are two in number, Arctogale trivirgata, Gray, confined to Java, and Arctogale leucotis, Horsf. (=A. stigmatious of Temminck), found in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra and stretching up through Arakan to Darjeeling, whence there is a skin in the Museum " a " which is probably referable to this species though, in the absence of the skull, it is not possible to make an authoritative assertion. The specimens "f," "g" and "h" were all identified by Blyth as A. trivirgata, of these " g " and " h " seem to accord better with A. leucotis and have been re-named so; the third "f" is from Malacca and is larger and of a darker colour, and wants the black patch at the base of the ear, so that it is possible that it will turn out to be a new species. Dr. Stewart 1856, A. S. B. Museum Collector, 1873. No history. F. Skipwith, 1845, A. S. B. Sir A. Phayre, 1846, A. S. B. Rev. F. T. Lindstedt, 1846, A. S. B. Zoological Gardens, 1878. Rev. F. T. Lindstedt, 1847, A. S. B. No history, A. S, B. Zoological Gardens. Mergui, J. Anderson. a. b. c. d. e. f. Skin Skin, skull Skin, skull Stuffed, skull Stuffed, skull Stuffed, skull Darjeeling Moulmein dist. Arakan Malacca g- h. Stuffed Stuffed, skull Rangoon Malacca i. k. I. juv. Skull Skeleton ? Skin p. 48. Distribution. — Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and probably other islands but not Java (Blanford). a. Skin, skelet. $ b. Skin, skelet. $ c. Skin, skull ? d. Stuffed, skull e. Stuffed, skull / Stuffed, skull Malacca (Cantor) Malacca Malacca W. Rutledge, 1875. Purchased, 1879. India Mus., London. Messrs. Lindstedt and Frith, 1S43, A.S. B. Messrs. Lindstedt and Frith, 1843, A. S. B. Purchased, 1857, A. S. B, [Type of P. rubidus, Blyth.] ARCTICTIS. 249 Paradoxurus Janiger. Paradoxurus laniger, Hodgson As. Res., xix, p. 79 (1836) ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p, 74 ; Blanford P. Z. S., 1885, p. 807 ; id. Mammals, p. 1 14. Pagum a laniger, Gray List Mamm. B. Af., |p. 55 (1843) ; id._ C«^. Hodgs, Coll., 1st. ed. p. g. Distribution. — Thibet } [No specimen in the Museum ] Genus ARCTICTIS. Arctictis, Temminck Prospec. Monogr. Mamm. (1824)*; id. Monogr. Mamnt,, i, p. xxi, and ii, p. 310. Ictides, Valenciennes Ann. Set. Nat. (i), iv, p. 57 (1824). Arctictis binturong. Viverra binturong, Raffles Linn. Trans., xiii, p. 253 (1822). Paradoxurus albifrons, F. Cviier Mem. Mus. Paris, ix, p. 48, pi. iv (1822). Ictides ater, F. Cuvier Hist. Nat. Mamm., iivr. xliv (1824) ; M'Clelland Calc. J. N. H., ii, p. 457. Ictides albifrons, Valenciennes Ann. Sci. Nat., (1) iv, p. 57 (1824). Arctictis binturong, Temminck Monogr. Mamm., ii, p. 308 {1835) ; Cantor J. A. S. B., XV, p. 192 ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 94 ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 58; Blytli Cat. no. 157, p. 49; Jerdon Mamm,., p. 130; Mc Master Notes on Jerdon, p. 37 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 26 ; Spearman Burma Gazett., p. 550 ; Sterndale Mamm. Ind., p. 221 ; Blanford Mammals, p. 118- Arctictis penciliatus, Milller Over de Zoogdieren in Tern. Verhandl., p. 3a (1839)- The Binturong or Bear Cat ; Myouk kya, Burmese. Distribution. — The Himalayas from Simla to Assam, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula (Cantor), Java and Sumatra (Mulier). a. Skin Chittagong E. Sanders. b. Skin, skelet. ^ Purchased, 1879. c. Skin, skull $ Purchased, 1879. d. Skin, skull $ Zoological Gardens. ^. Skin juv. $ W. Rutledge, 1878. /. Skin, skull 2 W. Rutledge, 1S82. g. Skin, skelet.^ Malacca? Rajah R. MuUick, 1873. A. Skin, skelet.,? W. Rutledge. y. Skeleton $ Arakan Sir A. Phayre, A. S B. k. Skull ...... H. Falconor, 1854, A. S. B. I. Skin, skull $ Purchased, 1879. m. Skeleton $ Purchased, 1879. n. Skull No history, A. S. B. Genus CYNOGALE. Cynogale, Gray P. Z. S., p. 88 (1836). Potamophilus, Miiller Tijdsch. Nattnir. Gesch.,v, . 140 (1838). 250 MAMMALIA. Cynogale bennetti. ♦ Cynogale bennettii, Gray Charlesiv. Mag. N. //., i, p. 579 (1836); Gervais Voyage Bonite Zool., p. 24, pi. vi ; Cantor J. A. S. B., xv, p. 203 ; Wallace Island life, p 351 ; Blyth Cat. no. 156, p. 49; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 78; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., xi, p. 24. Viverra carcharias, Jourdain Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), viii, p. 281, pi, viii (1837). Potamophilus barbatus, Muller Tijdsch. Natuur. Gesck., v, p. 142 (1838); Milller and Schlegel in Tern. Verhandl., p. 115, pi. xvii. Cynogale barbata, Schinz Syn. Mamm., i, p. 388. Distribution. — Malay Peninsula (Cantor), Sumatra and Borneo. a. Stuffed, skull Malayan Peninsula Rev. F. J. Lindstedt, 1845, A. S. B. i. Skin, skelet. W. Rutledge, 1882. Genus EUPLERES. Eupleres, Doyere Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), iv, p. 280 (1835). Eupleres goudoti. Eupleres goudotll, Doyere Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), iv, p. 281 (1835) ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm,., p. 177. Distribution. — Madagascar. a. Skin Madagascar Brit. Mus. [Ex.] b, Skelet. Madagascar Brit. Mus. [Ex.] Genus HERPESTES. Ichneumon, apud Lacepede Mem. Insti. Paris, iii, p. 492 (1801). Type, H. ichneumon. Herpestes, Illiger Prodr., p. 135 (181 1). Type, H. ichneumon. Mangusta, Olivier apud Fischer Syn. Mamm., p. 162 (1829). Mungos, Ogilby P. Z. S., p. 103 (1835). Type, H. vitticoUis. Urva, Hodgson J. A. S. B., vi, p. 561 (1837). Type, H. urva. Mesobema, Hodgson J, A. S. B., x, p. 910 (1841). Type, H. urva. Osmetectis, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., x, p. 260 (1842). Type, H. urva. Calogale, Gray P. Z. S., p. 560 (1864). Type, H. auropunctatus. Calictis, Gray t. c, p. 564 (1864). Type, H. smithi. Taeniogale, Gray t. c, p. 569 (1864). Type, H. vitticollis. Onychogale, Gray t. c, p. 570 (1864). Type, H. maccarthise. Key of the Indian Species. ipes on the body; colour b. Small (skull under 2| inches long), fur adpressed; hairs a^ No bands or stripes on the body; colour more or less con colorous. HERPESTES 251 on the posterior part of the back and commencement of the tail not longer than those of the rest of the body. H. auropunctata, p. 251. b^. Large (skull over 3 inches long), fur not adpressed ; hairs on the posterior part of the back considerably elongated. c. Tail black tipped. H. smithi, p. 254. c^. Tail without black tip. e. Hair with 3 very narrow light bands, about \ the length of the dark bands. /. Very dark, under-fur dark-brown. H. fuscus, p. 255. /2. Light yellowish ; tail-tip pure yellow. H. fulvescens, p. 255. e^. Hair with light and dark bands of equal length. H. mungo, p. 253. a^. With streaks behind the ears. h. Black streak behind the ear ; limbs dark ; tip of tail black ; red on hind-quarters. . . H. vitticollis, p. 256. h^. White streak behind the ear ; tail not black tipped ; back with white tips to the fur ; below chest and limbs reddish brown. H. urva, p. 256, Herpestes auropunctatus. Var. A. — typicus. Viverra auropunctata, Hodgson J. A. S.B., v, p. 235 (1836). Herpestes nipalensis, Gray Charlesw. Mag, N. H., i., p. 578 (1837) ! Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 1st ed., p. 9; Horsfield Cat. E, I. Mus., p. 91 ; Blyth Cat. no. 165, p- 51; Jerdon Mamm. p. 136. Herpestes auropunctatus, Wagner Schrebr. Sdugeth. Suppl., ii, p. 310 (1841) ; Cantor J. A. S B., xv, p. 242 ; Alston P. Z. S., 1879, p. 665 ; Anderson Anat.Zool. Res., p. 173, pi. xi, figs. 11 and 12 ; Atkinson N.-W. P. Gazett., xi, p. 20 ; Blanford Mammals, p. 121. Herpestes pallipes, Blyth J. A. S. B., xiv, p. 346 (1845). Herpestes griseus, apud Hutton J. A. S. B., xiv, p. 346 (1845). Herpestes javanicus, Blyth J. A S. B., xxi, p. 349 (1852). Herpestes persicus, Gra;i' P. Z. S., p. 554 (1864); id. Cat. C at n, Mamm., p. 151 ; Blanford Persia., p. 42 ; id. P. Z. S., 1874, p. 663 ; Murray Zool. Sind, p. 33 ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Pes., p. 174, pi. ix, figs. 9 and 10. Calogale nepalensis, Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 158 (1869). 252 MAMMALIA. Var. B .'—Unnanicus . Herpestes auropunctatus birmanicus, Thomas Ann. Mag. N. //. (5), xvii, p. 84 (iSS'S) ; id. P. Z. S., 1886, p. 58. Herpestes birmanicus, Blanford Mammals, p. 122 (1888). Mush-i khourma, Persian. Distribution. — South-west Persia (Blanford), Sind (Blanford), Kandahar (Hutton), and the lower ranges of the Himalayas and their neighbouring plains from Kashmir to Sikkim, including Lower Bengal. The Burmese variety is found in Assam, Upper and Lower Burma and perhaps the Malay Peninsula. There is now in the Museum a very fair series of Herpestes persicus of Gray ; Anderson in his Zoological Researches seems to doubt whether this species is separable from H. auropunctatus ; he, however, asserts that the skull of Herpestes persicus is less elongated with a broader and shorter muzzle, wider palate and broader frontal area between the orbits ; all these differences seem to break down on examining a larger series of skulls, such as the Museum now possesses, and it is quite impossible to find any point of distinction between these two so-called species. Thomas has also separated the Assamese and Burmese small mungoose as a distinct geographical race, and Blanford has raised this race to the dignity of a species. There seems no ground for specifically separating these two races, as the distinction seems to rest merely on the slightly larger size and darker colour of the Burmese race; the hind-foot and tarsus of the four representatives of this race in the Museum varies from r95 to 205 inches, while those of the typical race run up to 2*05 as well. Var. A.—typicus. a. Skin Pind Dadan Khan, Punjab. W.Theobold, 1867, A.S.E b. Skin ^ (1851) ; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 44. Cynictis maccarthise. Gray P. Z. S., p. 131, pi. xxxi (;85i), Onychogale maccarthise, Gray P. Z. S., p. 570 (1864). Herpestes maccarthise, Anderson Attat. Zool. Res., p. 178 (1878) ; Nevill and Bligh Taprobanian, i, p. 58. Herpestes ceylanicus, Nevill Taprobanian, \, p. 62 (1885). Ram-mugatea, Cingalese. Distribution. — Ceylon. a. Stuffed, skull Ceylon E. F. Kelaart, 1852, A.S.B. 6-c. 2 Skulls No history, A.S.B. d. Skin, skull ^ Ceylon Colombo Mus., 1888. Herpestes brachyurus. Herpestes brachyurus, Gray Charlesw. Mag. N. H., i, p. 578 (1837) • Cantor J. A. S. B., XV, p. 243 ; Blyth Cat. no. 170, p. 52 ; Gray Cat. Cam! Mamm., p. 154; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 187 ; Wallace Island Life, p. 351 • Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., xi, p. 23. Distribution. — Malay Peninsula and Borneo. a. Stuffed Malay Peninsula C Huffnagle, 1846, A.S.B. b. Skull Malay Peninsula C. Huffnagle, 1846, A.S.B. c. Skin Zoological Gardens, 1883, 256 MAMMALIA. Herpestes vitticoHis. Herpestes vittlcolHs, Bennett P. Z. S., p. 67 (1835) ; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan, p. 42 ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 137 ; Anderson Anat. Zuol. Res., p. 188 ; Blanford Marnmals, p. 128 ; Nevill Taprobanian, i, p. 60. ' Mungos vitticollis, Ogilby P. Z. S , p. 103 (1835) ; Blyth Cat., p. 50. Mangusta vitticollis, Elliot Madr. Journ., x, p. 103 (1839). Taeniogale vitticollis, Gray P. Z.S., p. 569 (1864); id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 167. Loco moogatea, Cingalese. Distribution. — Southern India, Malabar Coast (Jerdon), and Ceylon (Kelaart). a. Skin b. Stuffed, skull c. Stuffed d. Skull, juv, e. Skin Travancore Malabar Ceylon Ceylon Purchased. T. C. Jerdon, 1846, A.S.B. E. L. Layard, 1848, A.S.B. No history, A S.B. Colombo Museum. Herpestes urva. PViverra fusca. Gray Il'.ustr. Ind. Zool., i, pi. v (1830). Gulo urva, Hodgson J. A S. B., v, p. 238 (1836) ; M'Clelland Calc. Journ. N. //., iii p. 458, pi. xiii. Urva cancrivora, Hodgson J. A. S. B., vi, p. 561 (1837) ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., I St ed., p. 8; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Miis., p. 93 ; Blyth Cat. no. 158, p. 49; Jerdon Mamm., p. 138; Swinhoe P. Z. S., 1870, p. 630 ; Blyth J. A. S. B,, xliv, Burma List, p. 26; Spearman Burma Gazett., p. 550. Mesobema cancrivora, Hodgson J. A. S. B., x, p. 910 (1841). Osmetectis fusca. Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., x, p. 260 (1842). Herpestes urva, Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 189, pi. ix, figs. 5, 6 (1878) ; Blanford Mammals, p. 129. The Crab-eating Mungoose ; Urva, Nepalese ; Myvve-ba, Burmese. Distribution. — Himalayas from Nepal (Hodgson) to Assam, Arakan, Burma, to North Tenasserim and South China (Swinhoe). a. Skin Chittagong E. R. Shopland. b. Skin, skelet. ^ Zoological Gardens, 1881. c. Skin G. King, 1878. d. Skin, skelet. ^ Zoological Gardens, 1878. ^. Stuffed, skull Arakan Sir A. Phayre, 1843, A.S.B. /. Stuffed, juv. Arakan Sir A. Phayre, 1843, .A.S.B. ^. PSkull Zool. Gardens, 1882. h. Skin Assam O. L. Eraser. Herpestes caffer. Viverra cafra, Gmelin Syst. Nat., i, p. 85 (178S). Herpestes griseus, Smuts Enum. Mamm. Capens., p. 19 (1832). Herpestes madagascariensis, Smith S. African Quart. Journ., ii, p. 114 (1835)*. Herpestes bennettii. Gray Charlesw. Mag. N. H , i, p. 578 (1837). Herpestes caffer, Blyth Cat. no. 168, p. 52 (1863) ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1882, p. 66. HERPRSTF.S. 257 Distribution. — Africa, south of the Sahara. a. Stuffed South Africa E. L Layard, 1859, A.S.B. b. Stuffed South Africa E. L. Layard, 1859, A.S.B. c. Skull, skelet.^ No history. Herpestes galera. Mustela galera, Erxleben Syst. Reg. Anim,, p. 453 (1777). Viverra nems, Kerr Linn. Anim. Kingd., p. 160 (1792)*. Mustela afra, Kerr Linn, Anim. Kingd., p. 175 (1792)*. Ichneumon galera et major, Is. Geoff. St. Hil. Descrip. Egypt Hist, Nat., ii, p. 139 (1813). Atilax vansire, F. Cuvier Hist. Nat. Mamm., livr. liv (1826). Herpestes paludinosus, G. Cuvier Regne Anim., 2nd ed., i, p. 158 (1829). Mangusta urinatrix, A. Smith Zool. Journ., iv, p. 437 (1829). Herpestes pluto, Temminck Esquis. ZooL, p. 95 (1853). Herpestes loempo, Gtay P. Z. S., p. 551 (1864). Athylax vansire et paiudosus, Gray P. Z S , p. 557 (1864). Athylax robustus. Gray P. Z S., p. 558 (1864). Herpestes paiudosus, Blyth Cat. no. i6q, p. 52 (1863). Herpestes galera, Thomas P. Z. S., p. 72 (1882). Distribution. — Africa, south of the Sahara. a. Stuffed South Aftica E. L. Layard, 1859, A. S. B. Herpestes gracilis. Herpestes gracilis, RiXppel N. Wirbelth., p. 29, pi. viii, fig. 2 (1835) ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1882, p. 68. Herpestes mutgigella, RiXppel t. c, p. 29, pi. ix, fig. I (1835) ; Blanford Abyssinia, p. 234. Cynictis melanurus, Martin P. Z. S., p. 56 (1836). Ichneumon ratlamuchi et cawi, A. Smith App. Rep. S, Afr, Exp., p. 42 (1836)*. Ichneumia nigricaudatus, Is Geoff. St, Hil, Mag. de Zool., p. 18 (1839)*. Herpestes ochraceus, Gray P.Z.S , p. 138, pi. viii (1848). Herpestes badius, A. Smith S. African Zool., pi. iv. (1849). Herpestes galinieri, Guerin Ferret. and Galinier Voy. Abyss. Atlas Zool., pi. i (1S50)*. Herpeste? ornatus, Peters Reise nach Mossambique Mamm., p. 117, pi. xxvi (1852). Herpestes ochromelas, Pucheran Rev, Mag. Zool. (2) vii, p. 393 (1855). Herpestes iodoprymnus, Henglin Nova Acta Acad, Leop, Caro., xxix, p. 23 (1861). Herpestes adailensis, Heuglin Peterm. Mitth., p. 17 (186 1). Calogale granti, Gray P. Z.S , p. 561 (1864). Calogale venatica, Gray t. c, p. 563 (1864). Galerella ochracea, Gray t. c, p. 564 (1864). Herpestes mutscheltschela, Heuglin Reise N. 0. Afrika, ii, p. 43 (1877)*. Distribution. — Africa, south of the Sahara. a. Skin ? Ad«grat Tigre, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford, 1868. 8,000 ft. 2$S MAMMALIA. ^. Skin ? AdegratTigre, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford, 1868. 8,000 ft. c. Skin ^ Senaf6 Tigre, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford, 1868. 7,500 ft. d. Skin, skelet. ? Senafe Tigre, Abyssinia, W. T. Blanford, 1868. 8,000 ft. Genus CROSSARCHUS. Crossarchus, F. Cuvier Hist. Nat. Mafnm. livr. xlvii (1825). Crossarchus fasciatus. Viverra ichneumon, pt. Schreber Saugeth., iii, p. 430, pi. cxvi (1778). Herpestes mungo, Desmarest Mamtn., i, p. 2ii (1820). Herpestes fasciatus, Desmarest Diet. Sci. Nat., xxix, p. 58 (1823). Ichneumon tenionotus, A. Smith S. African Quart. Journ., ii, 1 14 (1835)*. Mungos fasciatus, Blyth Cat. no. 160, p. £0 (1863). Ariela taenionota, Gray P. Z. S.. p. 565 (1864). Crossarchus fasciatus, Thomas P. Z. S., p. 90 (1882). Distribution. — South-East Africa, Caffraria to Mozambique. a. Skin, skelet. $ . Zoological Gardens, 1883. b. Stuffed Somali land Messrs. Burton and Speke, 1855, A.S B. Genus PROTELES. Proteles, Is. Geoff. St. Hil. Mem. Mus. Paris, xi, p. 354 {1824). Proteles cristatus. Viverra cristala, Sparrman Resa till Goda Hopps Udden, p. 581 (1783)*. Viverra hyaenoides, Desmarest Mamni. Suppl., p. 538 (1822). Fcote\es \a.\a.nd\, Is. Geoff. St. Hil. Mem. Mus. Paris, xi, p. 371 (1824); Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 214. Proteles cristatus, Blyth Cat. no. 139, p. 44 (1863) ; Flower P. Z. S., 1869, p. 474, pi. xxxvi. Distribution. — South Africa, Cape of Good Hope. a. Skin, skull South Africa E. L. Layard, 1859, A.S.B. Genus HYAENA. Hyaena, Zimviermann Spec. Geogr. Quad , p. 365 (1777). Crocuta, Gmy P. Z. S., p. 525 (1868). Type, H. crocuta. Hyaena striata. Canis hyaena, Linnaus Syst. Nat., I2th ed., i, p. 58 (1766). Hyaena striata, ZJwwer7;2an>2 Geogr. Geschichte, u, p 256 (1780); Adams P. Z. S; 1858, p. 514; Blyth Cat. no 138, p. 44 ; Tiistram P. Z. S., 1866, p. 91 ; Jerdon Mavim., p. 118 ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 212; HYAENA. 25g McMasier Notes on Jerdon, p. 34 ; Sioliczka y, A. S. B., xli, p. 227 ; Atkinson N. W. P. Gasett., xi, p, 18; Blanford Persia, ^. ^2; Alston P. Z, S., 1877, p. 273, and 1880, p. 53; Murray Zool. Sind, p. 38; Sterndale Mamm, Ind., p. 205 ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 56; Blanford Mammals, p. 132 ; Radde Zool. J. B., iv, p. 1021. Hyaena orientalis, Tiedemann Zool., i, p, 350 (1808). Hyaena fasciata, Thuhberg Kongl. Vetens. Akad. Handl., p. 59(1820). Hyaena antiquorum, Temminck Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys., iii, p. 51 (1820)*, Hyaena vulgaris, Desmarest Mamm., p. 215 (1820) ; Sykes P, Z. S., 1831, p. 102 ; Elliot Madras Journ., x, p. 103 ; Walker Calc. Journ. N, H., iii, p. 266 ; Hutton J. A. S. B., xiv, p. 345. The Striped Hyaena ; Kirba, Kulkirba, Canarese ; Turras, Mahrathi ; Hondar, Lakrabagha, Jhirak, Bhagiah, Hindustani ; Lankrabagh, Bengali ; Renhra, Central India ; Cherrag, Sind. DistribuHo7i. — North Africa as far as the Senegal. Asia Minor, Palestine (Tristram), Euphrates valley, Baluchistan, Persia (Blan- ford), and Transcaspia. In India common in dry open country, i.e., Sind (Murray), Kutch (Stoliczka) ; Kumaon submountain tracts (Atkinson), Southern India (Sykes and Elliot), and Assam ? (Walker). Not found in Ceylon or east of the Bay of Bengal. a. Skin, skull $ Zoological Gardens, 1876. b. Skin ? Purchased, 1879. c. Stuffed Barrackpore Menagerie, 1 869. d. Stuffed Benares, N.-W. P. Purchased, 1870. e. Stuffed juv. L. C. Mullins, 1867. /. Stuffed, skull Midnapur, Bengal W. Rutledge, 1874. juv. g. Skeleton ^ Zoological Gardens, 1878. h. Skeleton % No history. juv. j-l. 3 Skulls A. S. B. »z. Skull Agra, N.-W. P. J. Cockburn, 1881 f P.] n-o. 2 Skulls Banda, N.-W. P. J. Cockburn, 1881. p. Skull Manbhoom, Bengal R. C. Beavan, 1865, A.S.B. q. Skull Agra, N.-W. P. J. Cockburn, 1879. r. Skin nr. Benares, N.-W. P. No history. 5-1:;. 4 Skulls Banda dist., N.-W. P. J. Cockburn, 1881. Hyaena crocuta. Canis crocuta, Erxleben Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 578 (1777). Hyaena maculata, Zimmermann, Spec. Geogr. Quad., p. 470 (1777). iiya.ena. crocuta., Zitnmermann Geogr. Geschichie, u, p. 256(1780); Blyth Cat., p. 43 ; Blanford Abyssinia, p. 235. Hyaena capensis, Desmarest Mamm., p. 216 (1820). Crocuta maculata, Gray P. Z. S., p. 525 (1868); id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 213. Distribution.'-' AixiCQ., south of Sahara. a. Skin, skull rro lonOf. Kuii generally exceeds 7f 11 ft. to 3 ft. 6 in. ; legs long. 262 MAMMALIA. b. The carnasial tooth exceeds in length the two posterior molars, a black stripe down the forelegs. C. lupus, p. 262. b'^. The carnasial is either of the same length or else shorter than the two posterior molars. c. Fur smooth, thin and fulvous, little or no under fur. C. pallipes, p. 263, c^. Fur soft and woolly, colour pale and isabelline, owing to the absence of black-tipped hairs on the flanks. C. laniger, p. 262. a^. Skull generally less than 6 inches in length ; head and body about 2 feet 6 inches ; legs short. C. aureus, p. 264. Canis lupus. Canis lupus, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., I2th ed., i, p. 58 (1766) ; Hutton J. A. S. B , xiv, p. 345 ; Blyth Cat., p. 39; Schrenck Amutland Sdugeth.,p. 44; Middendorff Siberische Reise, ii, pt. ii, p. 70 ; Se-verizoff Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xviii, p. 48 ; Blanford Persia, p. 37; id. Yarkand Mammals, p. 20; Scully P. Z. S., 1881, p. 201 ; id. Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), viii, p. 224; id. J. A. S. B., ivi, p. 69; Thomas Linn. Trans. (2),v, p. 57; Blanford Mam- mats, p. 135; Radde Zool. J. B., iv. p. 1017. Lupus vulgaris, H. Smith Jard. Nat. Libr., ix, p. 148(1839); Gray Cat- Cam. Mamm., p. 186. Distribution. — The Palaearctic region generally, from France to Amurland, extending to Persia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan and Gilgit, and probably found in Western Sind and the Punjab. a. Skin YarkAnd ? F. StoHczka, 1873. h. Skin Kashgar bazaar F. Stoliczka, 1873. c. Skin Kashgar bazaar F. Stoliczka, 1873. d. Skin Kashgar bazaar F. Stoliczka, 1873. €. Skin Afghan-Turkestan C. E. Yate, 1887. /". Skull Bushire No history. g. Skull Bokhara ? Purchased, 1872. A. Skin, skull $ Khornor, Gilgit, 21-11-79]. Scully, y. Skin, skull $ Gilgit, 17-4-79 J.Scully. k. Skin, skull $ Gilgit, 23-1-79 J. Scully. /. Skull juv. Gilgit J. Scully. Canis laniger. Canis lanifier, Hodgson Calc. Journ. N, H., vii, p. 474, (1847) ; Blyth y. ./4. 5. 5., xvi, p. 1 176 ; Horsfield Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xvi, p. 107- Blyth Cat., p. 39; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 2nd ed., p. 5 ; Blanford P. A, S.B. iSjj, p. 114; Kinloch Large Game Shooting, i, p. 15. CANIS, 263 Canis chanco, Gray P. Z. S., p. 94 (1863). Lupus chanco, Gray P- Z. S., p. 501 (1868) ; id., Cai. Cam Mamm., p. 187. Canis niger, P. L. Sclater P. Z. S., p. 654, pi. Ixxviii (1874) ; Blytk J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 1176 ; Kmloch Large Game Shooting, 2nd ed., p. 39. Chanko and Chanko nagpo, (black var.) Thibetan. Disirihiition. — Eastern (Hodgson) and Western Thibet (Kinloch) including Ladak. Mr. Blanford in his recent work on Indian Mammals considers Canis laniger to be conspecific with Canis lupus; the differences as described are certainly not striking, but probably as marked as the differences between many other species ; the difference formerly pointed out by Blanford, with regard to the sectorial being shorter than the two molars, is now said by him to be not constant. The skin "h", which is in a very bad state of preservation, is the skin of the black wolf of Thibet {c. f. BIyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 1 176,) which was afterwards described by Mr. Sclater as Canis niger, from living specimens in the London Zoological Gardens. It is probable that this black form is merely a variety of the typical form, similar to that of the European wolf which was des- cribed as Canis lycaon by Schreber. a. Skin, skull. Nanskar, Thibet J. B. Lee. b. Skin Thibet G. T. Lushin^ton, A.S. B. c. Stuffed Thibet G. T. Lushington, A. S. B. d.g. 4 Skulls Thibet G. T. Lushington, A.S. B. h. Skin (black var.) Thibet R. Strachey, 1847 , A. S. B. J- Skin (black var.) Phialung, Ladak, . 29-6-88. S. J. Stone. Canis pallipes. Canis pallipes, Sy^^s p. Z. 5., p. loi (1831) ; Blyth Cat., p. 39; Jerdon Mamm., p. 139; Stoliczka J. A. S. B., xli, p. 22y iMcMaster Notes oh Jerdon, p. 38 ; Atkinson N.-W. P. Gazett., xi, p. 20 ; Murray Zool. Sind, p. 36 ; Sterndale Mamm. Ind., p. 232; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 56; Blanford Mammals, p. 137. Canis lupus, apud Elliot Madr. Journ., x, p. lOl (1839). Lupus pallipes, Gray P. Z. S., p. 504 (1868); id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 189. The Indian wolf ; Tola, Canarese ; Landga, Deccani ; Bherya nekra, Hundar, Hurar, Hindustani; Bigana, Bundelcund; Toralu, Telegu ; Buggyar, Sind. Distrihtitio7i. — The Indian wolf is generally distributed over the whole of the Indian peninsula south of the Himalayas, more especi- ally in the open country. Is recorded from Sind (Murray ), Sambhar Lake (Thomas), Cutch (Stoliczka), Central Provinces (Jerdon/ and South India (Elliot and Sykes). a. Skin, skull ' Zoological Gardens. ? juv. 264 MAMMALIA. b. Skin c. Skin d. Skin e. Skin /. Stuffed $ g. Stuffed ^ A. Skin ^ juv. J. Skin $ juv. /fe. Skin juv. /. Skin, skull, ^ juv. m. Skin ^ juv. n. Skull ^ o. Skull juv. p. Skull $ q. Skin $ juv. f. Skin g J. Skin /. Ale. $ u. Ale. $ V. Skeleton ^ w. Skull Purchased, 1870. Find Dadun Khan, Punj. W. Theobald, 1854, A. S. B. Chybassa, Bengal S. R. Tickell, 1848, A.S.B. J. Anderson. Purchased, 1870. J. Anderson. Agra dist., N.-W. P. Agra Museum [Ex.] Agra dist., N.-W. P. Agra Museum [Ex.] Chaman, Baluchistan J. A. Murray. Zoological Gardens. Zoological Gardens. Shiurajpur, N.-W. P. ]. Coekburn [P.] Agra dist., N.-W.P. J. Coekburn [P.] Banda, N.-W. P. J. Coekburn. Agra dist., N.-W.P. Agra Museum [Ex.] Purneah, Bengal Zoological Gardens, Purchased, 1870. Motihari dist., Behar L. Cameron, 1882. Motihari dist., Behar L. Cameron, 1882. Banda dist., N.-W.P. J. Coekburn, 1881. Agra Museum [Ex.] Canis lagopus. Canis lagopus, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 59 (1766). Canis fuliginosus, Shaw Genl. ZooL, i, p. 331 (1800). Vulpes lagopus, Audubon and Bachman Quad.N. Amer., ii, p. 89(1829)*; Blyth Cat. no. 129. Leucocyon lagopus. Gray P. Z. S., p. 521 (1868). Dtstrtbuiion. — Arctic regions of both continents, W. Rutledge 1874. Christiania University, 1844, A. S. B. Royal Acad. Copenhagen, 1839, A. S. B. W. Rutledge. Stockholm Mus. [Ex.] a. Skin, skull $ b. Stuffed c. Skull Arctic regions d. Skull e. Skull Arctic regions Lapland Canis aureus. Canis aureus, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 59 (1766) ; Sykes P. Z. S., 1831, p. Id ; Elliot Madias Journ., x, p. loi ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., isted., p. II ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 80; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan..p. 30; Blyth J. A. S. 5., xxiv, p. 471; Adams P. Z.S. 1858, P- 515 ; Blyth Cat., p. 40 ; Tristram P. Z. S., 1866, p. 91 ; Jerdon Mavim., p. 142; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 41 ; Stoliczka J. A. S. B., xli, p. 227 ; Blanford Persia, p. 37 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma list, p. 25 ; Atkinson N.-W, P., Gazett., xi, p. 20; Alston P. Z. S., 1877, p. 273 and 1880, p. 53 ; Murray Zool. Sind, p. 35 ; Stemdale Mamm. Ind., p. 237; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 56; Thomas Linn. Trans. (2), v, p. 57; Blanford Mammals, p. 140; Radde Zool. J. B., iv, p. 1017. CANIS. 265 Canis barbarus, Shaw Genl. Zool., i, p. 311 (tSoo). Canis aureus indicus, Hodgson As. Res.,xv\\\, pt. ii, p. 237 (1833). Saccalius aureus, H. Sviith Jard. Nat. Libr., ix, p. 214 (1839). Saccalius barbarus, H. Smith Jard. Nat. Libr., ix, 2i8 (1839). Oxygous indicus, Hodgson J. A. S. B., x, p. 908 (1841). , Lupus aureus, Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 188 (1867), The Jackal ; Nari, Canarese ; Kolah, Shighal, Deccani and Mah- ratti ; Nareeah, Cingalese ; Gidhur, Hindustani ; Sheal, Sial, Shialu, Bengali ; Srigal, Sanskar, Syar, Nepalese ; Nakka, Telegu ; Nerka, Gond ; Amu, Bhotea ; Tholuk, Mekranees ; Mye-khvve, Burmese. Distrihuiion. — South-East Europe, North Africa and Egypt, Asia Minor (Alston), Persia (Blanford), India, Assam, Burma (Blyth and Spearman) ; in India is found everywhere from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin and also in Ceylon ; in Burma it has been recorded as far south as Moulmein. a. Skin $ Agra dist., N.-W. P. Agra Mus. 1870 [Ex.] b. Skin $ Agra dist., N.-W. P. Agra IVlus. 1870 [Ex.] c. Skin Manbboom R. C. Beavan, d. Skin, skull Babu H. Mullick. (white var.) $ e. Skin, skull Zoological Gardens. (white var.) $ /. Skin, skull Barrackpore Menagerie. (black var.) g. Skin Burma J. Anderson. h. Skin, juv. Calcutta No history, A. S. B. 3. Skull % Nepal No history, A. S. B. - k. Skull No history, A S. B. /. Skull No history, A. S B. m. Skull No history, A. S. B. n. Skull Sadiya, Assam J. Cockburn [P.] 0. Skull Botanical Gardens, Cal- j. Anderson, 1873. cutta. p. Skull Agra, N.-W. P. J. Cockburn [P.] q. Skull Banda dist., N.-W. P. ]. Cockburn. r. Skeleton ^ No history. s. Stuffed Calcutta Purchased, 1870. (dark var.) t. Stuffed ^ Calcutta J. Anderson, 1869. u. Stuffed (Pyr- Calcutta W. Stalkart, 1843, A. S. B. rhous var.) •V. Stuffed Maharaja of Burdwan, 1859, (white var.) A.S.B. a>. Skeleton No history. X. Stuffed juv. Calcutta No history, A. S B. y. Skeleton Purchased. B. Skin ^ No history, A.S.B. a^. Skin Shiraz, Persia Sir O. B. C. St. John. h*. Skin, skull? Bampur, Baluchistan, W. T. Blanford, 1872. 2,000 ft. r*. Skin, skull Ceylon Colombo Museum. c^. Skin ? Nepal J. Scully. a66 MAMMALIA Canis mesomelas. Canis mesomela/ri(}«//o«.— Baluchistan and Southern Afghanistan, possibly extending to Sind. [No specimen in the Museum.] Vulpes caama. Canis caama, A. Smith S. African Quart. Journ. (1833)*. Megalotis caama, H. Smith Jard. Nat. LiLr., ix, p. 236 (1839) ; Blyth Cat. no. 128, p. 41. Vulpes caama, Gerrard Cat. Bones B. M., p. 87 (1862). Fennecus caama, Gra}> P. Z. S., p. 520 (1868); id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 207. Distribution.— South Africa. a. Stuffed South Africa E.L. Layard, 1859, A. S.B. Vulpes virginiana. Canis virginianus, Gmelin Syst. Nat., i, p. 74 (1788). Canis cinereo-argentatus, Schreber Sdugeth., iii, p. 360 r'. x-'i (77?). Vulpes virgineana, Dekay New York ZooL, p. 45 (1J1.42) ; Llytk tut no. 136, p. 43- Urocyon virgineanus, Gray P.Z. S., 1868, p. $22; id. Cai. Cum. Mamm., p. 209. Distribution. — North America, from New England to Costa Rica. a. Stuffed. North America. E. Riippel, 1885, A. S.B. Genus MUSTELA. Mustek , Linnaus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 66 (1766). Martes, Nilsson Skand. Faun., isted., i, p. 41 (1820)*. Key of the Indian Species. a . Blackish brown, with very thick under fur ; throat white ; tail without hair, one half the length of the head and body. M. foina, p. 275. ^z'^. Yellowish ; head, neck, rump and legs black; tail without hair, three-fourths the length of the head and body. M. flavigula, p. 273. Mustela flavigula. Mustela flavigula, Boddaert Elench. Anim., i, p 88 (1785)*; Cantor J. A. S. B., XV., p. 194; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 67 ; Blanford Mammals, p. 158. Viverra quadricolor, Shaw Genl. Zool.,\, p. 429 (1800). Mustela leucotis, Griffith An. King., ii, p. 297 (1827). Mustela hardwickii, HorsfieldZool. Journ., iv, p. 238, pi. viii (1828) ; MiXllef Over de Zoogdieren in Tem. Verhandl., p. 30. T 274 MAMMALIA. RIartes fiavigula, Hodgson J. A. S. B., vi, p. 560 (1837) ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., isted., p. 12 ; Horsfield Cat, E. I. Mus., p. q8 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xxvi, p. 316 ; /4c?awis P. Z. 5, 1858, p. 516 ; Blyth Cat., "^ 67; XA.P.Z.S., 1864, p. 485 ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 82 ; Radde Ost Siberien, i, p. 19 ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mannn., p. 86 ; Swinkoe P. Z. S , 1870, p. 623; Blanford J. A.S.B., xlvii, p, 150 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burvia List, p. 29. Galidictis chrysogaster, H. Smith Jard. Nat. Libr., xiii, p. 167, pi. vii (1842). Martes gwatkinsii, Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 99 (1851) ; Blyth J. A. S. B., XX vi, p. 316. The Indian Marten ; Mul sumpra, Nepal ; Tutural or Chitrala, in Kumaon ; Huniah, Bhotea ; Sekku, Lepcha ; Surmar, Khasia hills ; Takere Mahee in Assam. Distribution, — The Himalayas from Kashmir (Adams), to Assam, Southern India on the Nilgiris and Travancore hills ; the hills of Burma, Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula and the islands of Java ? and Sumatra, it has also been procured from Amurland by Radde and from Formosa by Swinhoe, arid is therefore probably found throughout China. The Malayan race is very much paler than the common Indian race ; the head being very little darker than the back ; in the Indian race the head is very dark and contrasts strongly with the back and throat ; the skulls present no points of difference. a. Skin Sikkim L. Mandelli. b. Skin Sikkim L. Mandelli. c. Skin i [UV. Sikkim L. Mandelli. d. Skin Sikkim L. Mandelli. e. Skin Sikkim L. Mandelli. /• Skin Sikkim L. Mandelli. g- Skin Samagooting, Assam J. Butler, 1872. h. Skin Samagooting, Assam J. Butler, 1872. J- Skin Assam F. Day [P.]. k. Skin Sibsagar, Assam S. E. Peal. I. Skin Naga hills, Assam H. W. Chennell. m. Skin Kashmir J. E. T. Aitchison. n. Skin Salt Range, Punj. Capt. Bengaugh, 1867. 0. Skin Mussoorie, N.-W. P. L. C. Stewart, A.S.B. P- Skin, skull Malacca R. W. G. Frith, A.S.B. Q- Skin Malacca R. W. G. Frith, A.S.B. r. Stuffed Himalayas F. Stoliczka, 1869. s. Stuffed Arakan Sir A. Phayre, 1844, A.S.B, t. Skull $ Assam No history, A.S.B. u. Skull $ West Himalayas No history, A.S.B. V. Skull $ A.S.B. in. Skull 2 W. Rutledge. X. Skin ^ Nepal, 26-7-79 J. Scully. y- Skin Nimbotar, Nepal, 16-12-77. J. Scully. %\ 2 Skins Simla E.G. Cotes, 1888. Mustela martes Mustela martes, £,m«(^Ms 5>5^ A^a^., I2th ed., i, p. 67 (1766); Severtzoff Ann. Mag. N.H. (4), xviii, p. 45 ; Schrenck Amurland Saugeth,, p. 36. MUSTELA. 275 Marte sylvatica, Nilsson Skand. Faun., i, p. 41 (1820)* ; Alston P. Z. S., 1879, p. 468. Martes vulgaris, Griffith Ati. Kingd,, v, p. 123 (1827). Martes abietum, Fleming Brit. Anim., p. 14 (1828)* ; Blytk Cat, no. 193, p. 66 ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mammals, p. 81. The Pine Marten. Distribution.— Y^xi^zxi^ and Northern Europe, Northern Asia, i.e., Turkestan (Severtzoff), and Amurland (Schrenck). a. Skin b. Stuffed, skull c. Skin, skelet. Norway British Mus. [Ex.] Christiania University, 1846, A.S.B. W. Rutledge. Mustela foina. Mustela foina, Erxleben Syst. Regn. Anim., p. 458 (1777) ; Severtzoff Ann, Mag. N. H, (4), xviii, p. 45 ; Blanford Mammals, p. 160 j Radde Zool. j. B., iv, p. 1022. Martes foina, Nilsson Skand. Faun,, i, p. 38 (1820)* ; Alston P, Z, S,, 1877 p. 274, 1879, p. 469, and 1880, p. 53 ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p, 86 Scully P. Z. S., 1881, p. 202; id. Ann. Mag. N, H. (5), viii, p. 96. Martes toufaeus, apud Blyth J. A. S, B., xvi, p. 353 (1847) [ pt.] ; Blyth Cat. no. 104, p. 66. Martes abietum, apud Horsfield Cat. E, I. Mus,, p. loi (1851) • Adams P.Z.S., 1858, p. 517- Martes leucolachnaea, Blanford Yarkand Mammals, p. 26 (1879). ? Mustela intermedia, Severtzoff Ann, Mag, N. H, (4), xviii, p. 45. The Beach Marten. Distribution. — Northern Europe (except England), Asia Minor (Alston), Turkestan (Severtzoff), Eastern Turkestan (Blanford), and Afghanistan. In the Himalayas from Gilgit eastwards as far as Sikkim or the country to the north of Sikkim. a. Stuffed b. Skeleton c. Skin, skull Germany Germany Yarkand W. T, Blanford, 1879. W. T. Blanford, 1879. F. Stoliczka, 1874. [Type of M. leucolachnaea, Blanford.] d. Skin, skull e. Skin /. Skin g. Skin h-m. 5 Skins n. Stuffed, skull o. Stuffed p .Stuffed q. Stuffed y. Skull s. Skull t. Skin, skull ^ «. Skin, skull V. Skin w. Skin Gilgit, 5,000 ft, Leh, Kashmir Yarkand Kabul ? Kabul ? Thibet Thibet Thibet Thibet Afghanistan? Gilgit, 5,000 ft., 8-10-80 Gilgit, 5,000 ft., 24-10-79 Gilgit, 5,000 ft., 5-79 Nagar, Gilgit, 2-79 G. M. Giles. No history. H. H. Godwin-Austen. ' J. Scully. Purchased, 1872. Purchased, 1872. G. T, Lushington, A.S.B. G. T. Lushington, A.S.B. G. T. Lushington, A.S.B. G. T. Lushington, A.S.B. Sir A. Burnes, A.S.B. J. Scully. J. Scully. J. Scully. J. Scully. 276 MAMMALIA. Mustela zibellina. Mustela zibellina, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 68 (1766) ; Radde Ost Siberien, i, p. 29; Schrenck Amurland Sdu£;eth., p. 27. Martes? toufoeus, Hodgson J. A. S. B , xi, p. 281 (1842). Martes zibellina. Gray P. Z.S,, p. 105 (1865) ; id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 83 ; Blyth Cat. no. 19S, p. 66. Distrihution. — Northern Europe, Northern Asia, Saghalien Isle (Radde) Amurland, (Schrenck) and Thibet (I.M.) a. Stuffed Thibet Purchased, 1855, A.S.B. Mustela pennanti. Mustela pennanti, Erxlehen Syst. Reg, Anim., p. 470 (1777); Coties Fur- bearing Aniuials of North America, p. 62. Mustela canadensis, Schreber Sdugeth., iii, p. 492, pi. cxxxiv (1778). Mustela me\a.nor\\ynchz., Boddaert Elenck. Anim., p. 188 (1784)*. Viverra piscator, Shaw Gen. Zool., i, p. 414 (1800). Mustela nigra, Turton Syst. Nat., i, p. 60 (1806)*. Mustela piscatoria, Lesson Man. Mamm., p. 150 (1827). Mustela godmani, Fischer Syn. Mamm., p. 217 (1829). Martes pennantii, Gray P.Z.S., p. 107 (1865); id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 85. The Pekan. Dt'sin'bu/wn. —^orth America between 35° and 65° N. lat. in wooded parts of the country, a. Skall UmbagogLake, Maine, W. Theobald [P.], 1868. U.S.A. (A. F. Verril, Col.) Mustela americana. Mustela martes, apud Forster Phil. Trans., Ixii, p. 372 (1772). Mustela americana, Turton Syst. Nat., i, p. 60 (1806)* ; Coues Fur-bearing Animals of North America, p. 81. Mustela leucopus, Kuhl Beitr., p. 74 (1820). Mustela vulpina, Rafinesque Am. J. Sc, i, p. 82 (1819)*. Mustela huro, Schins Syn. Mamm., i, p. 337 (1844). Martes americana, Gray P. Z. S., p. 106 (1865). Mustela martinus, Ames Bull, Minn. Acad., p. 69 (1874). Distrihution. — Northern parts of North America as far south as California in the west and Pennsylvania in the East. a. Skull Upton, Maine, U.S.A. W. Theobald, 1868. (J. G. Rich.) Genus PUTORIUS. Putorius, G. Cuvier Regne Anim., ist ed., i, p. 147 (18 17). Foetorius, Keyserling and Blasius Wirbflth. Eurcp.,p. 21 (1840). Vison, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 64 (1843). ^yP^y P- iutreola Gymnopus, Gray P. Z. S., p. 118 (1865). PUTORIUS* 277 Key of the Indian Species. a Limbs and lower surface darker than the upper parts ; skull large and thick ; the bulla connected with the hamilar process of the pterygoids by a narrow bridge of bone. b. Back fulvous, longer hairs black-tipped. P. larvatus, p. 278. b^. Back dark-spotted and blotched with yellow. P. sarmaticus, p. 278. a^. Limbs and lower surface not darker than the back. c. Tip of tail dusky or black. d. In winter pure white ; in summer dark brown above ; yellowish white below ; bulla not very fiat, rounded in front. P. erminea, p. 278. d'. Lower parts brown. P. subhemachalanus, p. 280. c^. Tip of tail not darker. e. A pale yellow median dorsal stripe present ; the yellow of the ventral surface not extending further than the breast, P. strigidorsus, p. 282. e"^. No dorsal stripe. /. Nose white, above chestnut. P. canigula, p. 280.. y2. Nose the same colour as the forehead. g. Back dark brown ; below bright yellow ; bulla pointed in front. P. kathiah, p. 281. g^. Back very light brown, below a little paler. P. alpinus, p. 281. Putorius fcEtidus. Mustela putorius, Z.tn« Detitschl., p. 209; Gray Cat. Cam. Mam7n., p. 98. Taxus gulo, Tiedemann Zool., i, p. 377 (1808). Gulo arcticus, Desmarest Mamvi., i, p. 174 (1820). Gulo luscus, Sabine Franklin's Journ., p. 650 (1823)* ; Blyth Cat. no. 192, p. 65 ; Coues Fur-bearing Animals of North America, p. 34. The Wolverene, Distribution. — Circumpolar, i.e., the northern parts of both continents. a. Stuffed Siberia British Mus. [Ex.] b. Skull Norway University of Christiania, 1846, A.S.B. Genus GALICTIS. Galictis, Bell Zool. Journ., ii, p. 552 (1826). Type, G. vittata. So'ia, I «'»^ "■"' «""'■ ^- «■' PP- «7, 68 (.843). [ g^J g; S^ Galictis barbara. Mustela barbara, Linnceus Syst. Nat., I2th ed., i, p. 67 (1766). Gulo barbatus, Desmarest Mamm., p. 175 (1820). Viverra poliocephala, Traill Mevi. Wern. Soc, iii, p. 440 (1821). Galictis barbara, Wagner Schreber Sdugeth, Suppl,,n,p. 214(1841); Alston Biol. Centr, Am. Mamm,, p. 79. 284 MAMMALIA. Galera Barbara, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 67 (1843). Galera barbata, Gray P. Z. S., p. 121 (1865); id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 99. Distribution. — From Mexico southwards to the Rio de la Plata. a. Skin, skull $ Zoological Gardens. Galictis vittata. Viverra vittata, Schreber Sdugeth., iii, p. 447, pi. cxxiv (1778). Viverra cuja, Shaw Genl. Zool., i, p. 433 (1800). Viverra quiqui, Shaw Genl. Zool., p. 432 (1800). Gulo vittatus. Desmarest Mavun., p. 175 (1820). Galictis vitt.^ta, Bell Trans. Zool. Sac, ii, p. 203, pis. xxxv, xxxvi (1837^ Galictis allamandi, Bell Trans. Zool. Soc, ii, 204, pi. xxxvii (1837). Grisonia. vittata, Gray P. Z. S., p. 122 (1865) > '^- ^^^- Cam. Mamm., p. 99- Distribution. — South America. a. Skin ? W. Rutledge. b. Skin $ ...„. W. Rutledge. Genus ICTONYX. Ictonyx, Kaup Thierreich, i, p. 352 (1835)*. Zorilla, Lieblein Grundz. Uebers. Thierreichs (1829)* • Ictonyx zorilla. Viverra zorilla, Erxleben Syst. Reg. An., p. 492 (1777). Viverra striata, Shaw Genl. Zool., i, p. 387 (1800). Mephitis zorilla, Lichtenstein Darstell., pi. xlviii (i827-34). Ictonyx capensis, Kaup Thierreich, i, p. 353 (1835)*. Zorilla capensis, Waterhouse Cat. Mamm. Mtis. Zool, Soc, p. 33 (1838). Zorilla striata, Gray List Mavim. B. M., p. 67 (1843); Blyth Cat, no. 206, p. 69 ; Gray Cat. Carn. Mamm., p. 140. Rhabdogale mustelina, Wagner Schreb,Saugeth. Suppl., ii, p. 219 (1841). Distribution, — Africa, Senegal and the Cape. a. StuflFed South Africa E. L. Layard, 1859, A. S. B. b Skeleton $ Purchased. Genus HELICTIS. Helictis, Gray P.Z.S., p. 94 (1831). Type, H. moschata. Melogale, Is. Geoff. St. Hil. Voy.aux Indes Orient. Belanger,p. 129 (1834). Type, H. personata. The species of this genus seem to require rev sion ; Anderson (Anat. Zool. Res., p., 193) recognized four species, H. nepalen- HELICTIS. 285 sis from Nepal, H. orientalis from Java and Sumatra, H. subau- rantiaca from Formosa and the allied H. moschata (of which he considered H. personata of Geoffroy as a synonym) from China and Yunnan. Thomas (P. Z. S., 1886, p. 62), states 1hat H. personata of Geoffroy cannot be considered a synonym of H. moschata, as its \ecth are of large size as is shown by Blainville's figure (Osteogra- phie, 11), and that it belongs to the large-toothed section of the genus ; he also remarked that he could perceive no distinction between H. orientalis and H. nepalensis from Java and Nepal respectively. Blanford (Mammals, p. 172) practically adopts Thomas' views on this subject, and distinguishes only two species from the Indian Empire, H. orientalis from Nepal, Sikkim and Java of a dark- brown, almost chocolate colour, with the upper sectorial tooth of moderate size, of which the outer lobe projects anteriorly and posteriorly beyond the inner lobe, and the anterior inner cusp considerably exceeds the posterior inner cusp in size ; and H. personata with brownish gray fur and a trapezoidal upper sectorial with the two inner cusps almost equally deve- loped. The specimens in the Indian Museum cannot in any way be fitted to these two descriptions, as the following brief characters show : — Specimen. Skin, skull, juv. Darjeeling. Skin, Arakan Stuffed, skull, Arakan. Stuffed, Tippera Skeleton, Rangoon Colour. Reddish brown Pale brown Pale brown Pale brown Sectorial. Outer lobe not projecting, inner cusp subequal. Very worn, but with outer lobe projecting and inner cusps very unequal. Outer lobe projecting slight- ly in front, more behind ; inner lobes unequal. Skin, skull, Blackish-gray, no red- Outer lobe markedly pro- Shillong. dish tinge; head al- jecting in front and be- most black, hind; inner lobes very unequal. From this it will be seen that the Darjeeling specimen, though of the colour of H, orientalis, has a skull resembling that of H. personata, while the Shillong specimen, with the colouring of H. personata, has a skull resembling that of O. orientalis. In the list below all the specimens have been identified as H. personata, except the Darjeeling one, as until more specimens are ex- amined, it is impossible to correctly determine the limits of the species. 286 MAMMALIA. The following key is adopted from Blanford : — Key of the Indian Species. a. Forms with large teeth. b. Colour brown or yellowish brown, not gray. H. orientalis, p. 286. ^2. Colour brownish gray. H. personata, p. 286. a^. Formslwith small teeth, H. moschata, p. 286. Helictis orientalis. Gulo orientalis, Horsfield Zool. Res. with plate (1824). Gulo nipalensis, Hodgson J. A. S. B., v, p. 237 (1836) ; id. J. A. S. B., vi, p. 560. Helictis nipalensis, Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., ist ed., p. 14 (1846) ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 108; Gray P.Z. S., 1853, p. 191 ; Jerdon Mamm.,p. 80. Helictis orientalis, Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 106 (1851) ; Blanford Mammals, p. 173. Oker, Nepal. Disirihiition. — Nepal, Sikkim and Java. a. Skin, skull juv. nr. Darjeeling, 9-65 J. Anderson. Helictis personata. Melogale personata, Is. Geoff. St. Hil. Voy. aux Indes Orient. Belanger, P- 137. P'- V (i834)' Mustela personata, Blainville Osteog., u, Mustela, p. 16; Atlas, \\,Mustela, pi. xiii (1839-64). , , o^ X Helictis orientalis, apud Blyth J. A. S. B., xxxi, p. 352 (1862). Helictis nipalensis, apud Blyth Cat. no, 208, p. 70 (1863) ; id. J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 29. Helictis personata, Thomas P. Z. S., p. 59 (1886) ; Blanford Mammals, p. 174. Distribution.— h.ss,dixa, Manipur (Thomas) ; Tippera, Arakan and Lower Burma. a. Skin Arakan Sir A. Phayre, 1843, A.S.B. b Stuffed, skull Arakan Sir A. Phayre, 1843, A.S.B. c. Stuffed Tippera dlst., Beng. F, Skipwith, 1845, A.S.B. d. Skeleton Rangoon, Burma Sir A. Phayre, 1843, A.S.B. e. Skin, skull Shillong, Assam T. laTouche. Helictis moschata. Helictis moschata, Gray P. Z.S., p. 94 (1831) ; Swinhoe P. Z. S., 1870, pp. 228 and 623 ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 193. MELLIVORA. 287 Dis/ributiofi. — Yunnan (Anderson) ; China from Shanghai southwards and Hainan (Swinhoe) ; in Formosa replaced by H. aurantiaca. a. Skin Teng ye chew, Yunnan, J. Anderson. 7-58. b. Skin Mormien, Yunnan, 4500ft., J. Anderson. 7-68. Genus MELLIVORA. Mellivora, Storr Prodr. Method. Mamm., p, 34 (1780)*. Ursitaxus, Hodgson As, Res., xix, p. 60 (1836) ; Type, M. indica. Mellivora indica. Meles indicus, Boddaert Elench. Anim,, i, p. 80 (1785)*. Ursus indicus, Kerr Linn. Anim. Kingd., p. 188 (1792)*. Meles indica, Fischer Syn. Mamm., p. 151 (1829). Ratelus mellivorus, Bennet List An. Card. ZooL Soc, p. 13 (1835)*, Ursitaxus inauritus, Hodgson As. Res., xix, p. 60 (1836); id. y. A. S. B., v, p. 671. Mellivora ratel, Gray Cat. Hodgs. ColL, ist ed., p. 13 (1846) ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 120; Blyth Cat. no. 207, p. 69. Ratelus indicus, Schins Synop. Mamm., i, p. 329 (1844). Mellivora indica, Jerdon Mamm., p. 78 ; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 15 ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 122; Murray Zool. Sind, p. 32 ; Sterndale Mamm, Ind., p. 134; Thomas P. Z. S., 1886, p. 56; Blanford Mammals, p. 176. The Indian Ratel ; Biju or Bijru Bhal, Hind.; Biyu kharwar, Telegu ; Tava karadi, Tamil ; Gore pat, Sind ; Bhassiar, Nepal. Distribution. — India generally from the base of the Himalayas southwards, but does not seem to occur in Lower Bengal or on the Malabar Coast; is recorded from Sambar Lake (Thomas), Sind (Murray), the Deccan and Northern Circars (McMasters) and Goona, C. I. (I. M.) The distinctness of the African and the Indian Ratels has never been satisfactorily settled ; Blyth believed them to be the same when he wrote his catalogue, afterwards icf. Jerdon's Mammals) he believed them to be different from one another, and distinguished the African form by the possession of a white stripe along the cheeks which does not occur in the Indian form, P. L. Sclater (P. Z. S., 1870, p. 232) says that the animal which he described as M. leu- conota could not when adult be distinguished from the Indian Ratel ; and as there was no reasonable doubt that the type of M. leuconola came from Africa, he came to the conclusion that there was no specific distinction between the Indian and African Ratels. Two fossil species (M. sivalensis and punjabensis) have been described from the Siwalik beds [Pal. Ind. (10), ii, p. 180.] 88 > MAMMALIA. a. b. c. d. e. Skin Skin Skin, skull Skin Stuffed nr. Paresnath, Bang., 1-2-68 Goona, C. I. /• Stuffed h. Skeleton Skull i Coromandel Coast J- Skin Agra dist., N.-W. P., 20-7-70 E. V. Westmacott. A. Barclay, W. Rutledge. Barrackpore Park, 1868. Maharajah of Burdwan, 1858 ^ S.B. Maharajah of Burdwan, 1858, A. S.B. Sir W. Elliot, 1847, A.S.B, B. H. Hodgson, 1836, A.S.B. Agra Museum. Genus MELES. Meles, Storr Prodr. Method. Mavim. (1780)*. There are apparently several species of Badger in Central Asia ; besides Hodgson's Tumpha (Meles leucura) there is Blyth's Meles albogularis (J. A. S. B., xxii, p. 5Q0) ; Blanford"s unnamed species from Kashgar. and Milne-Edward's Meles leptorhynchus (Recher- ches Mammiferes, p. 190). M. leucura is said to have a very distinct skull, the lower part of the hind-feet covered with hair, and it is also distinguished by its fur, which is longer, thicker and more flaccid than that of M. taxus. M. albogularis is apparently distinguished by its white throat with a very narrow band of black only separating it from the white cheek. M. leptorhynchus (M. chinensis of Gray) from China resembles the European badger externally and differs from it only in certain cranial characters. Finally, the unnamed species from Kashgar differs from M. taxus only in that the median white mark in the middle of the face does not extend back further than the ears. Meles taxus. Ursus meles, Linneeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 70 ''1766'). Meles taxus. Boddaett Elench. Anini., i, p. 80 (1785)*; Blyth Cat. no. 2IO, p. 70; Middendorf Siberische Reise, ii, pt. 2, p. 3 ; Blasius Saugeth. Deutschl.,p. 204; Radde Osi Siberiens, i, p. 14; Schrenck Amurland Sauseth.y p. 17; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 124; Severtzoff Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xviii, p. 45 ; Alston P. Z. S., 1877, p. 274. Taxus vulgaris, Tiedemann Zool., i, p. 376 (1808). Meles europaeus, Desmarest N. Diet. Hist. Nat., iii, p. 465 (1816). Meles vulgaris, Desmarest Mamm., p. 173 (1820). Meles canescons, Blanford Persia, p. 44, pi, iii (1876) ; Alston P. Z, S,, J1877. p. 274. mydaus. 289 Distribution. — Europe, Northern Asia, Turkestan (Severtzoff), Persia (Blanford), and Asia Minor (Alston). a. Skin, skelet. $ Spain? W. Rutledge. b. Skin, skull $ W. Rutledge. c. Skin, skull $ W. Rutledge. d. Skin, skull W. Rutledge. e. Skin, skelet. ? W. Rutledge. /. Stuffed England W. Davison, 1846, A.S.B. g. Skeleton England J. H. Gurney, i860, A.S.B h. Skeleton France Prof. Gervais. j. Skull England A D. Bartlett, A.S.B. k. Skin, skull Ispahan Sir 0. B. C. St. John. [Type of M. canescens, Blanford.] Meles leucura. Taxidea leucura, Hodgson J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 763, pis. xxix-xxxi (1847) > Blyth Cat. no. 209, p. 70 ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 2nd ed., p. 7. Meles leucurus, Gray P. Z. S., p. 190 (1853) ; id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 126 ; Horsfield Ann. Mag. N. H. (2) xvi, p. 108. Tibetan, Tumpha. Distribution. — Thibet. a. Skin Thibet A. Campbell, 1853, A.S.B. Meles sp. ? Meles sp., Blanford Yarkand Mammals, p. 25. a. Skin Kashgar F. Stoliczka. Genus MYDAUS. Mydaus, F. Cwvier Hist. Nat. Mamm, livr. xxvii (1821). Mydaus meliceps. Mydaus meliceps, F. Cuvier Hist. Nat. Mamm. livr. xxvii (1821) ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 109 ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 131 ; Forbes P. Z. S., 1879, p. 664. Mephitis javanensis, Desmarest Mamm., p. 187 (1820) ; Raffles Linn. Trans-, xiii, p. 251. Distribution. — Java (Horsfield), Sumatra (Raffles), Borneo (I.M.) a. Skeleton Borneo J. Anderson. 2go . MAMMAl.iA. Genus ARCTONYX. Arctonyx, F. Cuvier Hist. Nat. Mamm. livr. li (1825). Besides the two Indian species mentioned below, Milne Edwards (Recherches Mamm., p. 195) has described two other species : Arctonyx leucolaemus from the neighbourhood of Pekin, and A. obscurus from Thibet. Key of the Indian Species. a. Skull about 6 in, in length; 4th upper premolar with two internal cusps and with the larger external cusp about equidistant from the anterior and posterior ends of the tooth, which is of a distinctly triangular shape. A. collaris, p. 290. fl2. Skull about 4 in. in length ; size about half that of A. collaris ; 4th upper premolar with no internal cusps, the large external cusp being at the anterior end of the tooth, and the tooth itself approaching a quadrangular form. A. taxoides, p. 291, Arctonyx collaris. Arctonyx collaris, F. Cuvier Hist. Nat. Mamm. livr. li (1825) ; Evans J. A. S. B., vii, p. 732; id. ibid, viii, p. 408; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 114; Gray. Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 2nd ed., p. 7 ; Walker Calc. Journ. N. H., iii, p. 265 ; Blyth Cat. no. 212, p. 71 ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 77; Gray Cat. Cam. Matnm., p. 122; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 15; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 196 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 29; Blau' ford Mammals, p. ij8. Mydaus collaris, Gray Illustr. Ind. Zool., i, pis. vi and vii (1830). Mephitis assamensis, McClelland Ind. Rev., ii p. 509 (1S38). Arctonyx isonyx, Horsfield P. Z. S., p. 398, pi. 1 (1856). The Hog Badger; Bhalu sur (= bear pig), Hind.; Hunteree bora, Assamese ; Khway-htoo-wet-htoo, Arakan ; Khwe-ta-wek- wek-ta-wek, Burmese. Distribution. — Lower ranges and bases of the Himalayas, from Nepal to Assam, Sylhet, Arakan, both Upper and Lower Burma, not apparently found south of Tenasserim. a. Skin Momein, Yunnan, J. Anderson. 6,000ft. 7 -68. h. Skin Chittagong hills J. T. Jarbo. c. Skin . ... Purchased. d. Skin juv. Darjeeling Purchased. e. Skin Assam J. Butler. /. Skin Chittagong E. R. Shopland. g. Stuffed juv. Sylhet C. Huffnagle, A.S.B. i- Skull juv. k. Skull ]UV, I. Skull ^ m. Skeleton S LUTRA. 291 *. Stuffed Captain Paterson, 1838, A.S.B. No historji-, A.S.B. No history, A.S.B. A.S.B. F. Skip with, 1847, A.S.B. Arctonyx taxoides. Arctonyx taxoides, Blyih J. A. S. B., xxii, p. 591 (1853) ; Blytk Cat. no. 213, p. 71 ; Spearman Burma GazetL, P-5S3; Anderson Anat.Zool. Res,^ p. 196; Blanford Maminals, p. 180. Distribution. — Probably the same as the last, Assam, Sylhet, Arakan and possibly China, if Meles leucolsemus, Milne Edw. is indistinguishable from this species as suggested by Blanford. a. Stuffed, skull A^sam J. McClelland, 1843, A.S.B. [Type of A. taxoides, Blyth], b. Stuffed juv. Arakan Sir A. Phayre, 1848, A.S.B. Genus MEPHITIS. Mephitis, G. Cuvier Tableau Gen. in Legons d' Anat. Cotnp., ist ed , i, (i8oo)\ Mephitis mephitica. Viverra putorius, Linnaus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 64 (1766). Viverra mephitis, Schreber Sdugeth., iii, p. 444, p|. cxxi (1778). Viverra mephitica, Shaw Mtis. Leverianum, p. 171 (1792)*. Mephitis varians, Gray Ckarlesw. Mag. N.H., i, p. 581 (1837) ; id. Cat. Cam- Mamm.^ p. 136. Mephitis mephitica, Baird N. Amer. Mamm., p. 195 {1857)* ; Coues Ftcr^ bearing Animals of North America, p. 195. Distribution.— Norlh America, from Hudson's Bay and Great Slave Lake to Guatemala. , a. Skin nr. Lake Scugog, J. H. Gamier [Ex.]. Canada. b. Skelet. No history. c. Skull Upton, Maine, W. Theobald. U. S. A., 29-9-68, d. Ale, ? W, Rutledge. Genus LUTRA. Lutra, Erxleben Syst. Regn. Anim., p. 445 (1777). Aonyx, Lesson Man. Matnm., p. 157 (1827). ^Vp^< Lutra capensis. Lataxina, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 70 (1843). Type, Lutra canadensis. Barangia, Gray P. Z. S., p, 123 (1865). Type, L. sumatrana. U 2 2g2 MAMMALIA. J^ey of the Indian Species. a. Claws well developed ; tail about f of length of body. b. Teeth moderate ; portion of frontals behind the postorbilal processes decreasing regularly in width to constriction in front of brain case ; fur longish and loose ; upper bor- der of naked nose-pad forming a salient angle. L. vulgaris, p. 292. l^. Teeth large; portion of frontals behind the postorbital process of equal width as far as the constriction in front of the brain case ; fur short and adpressed ; upper border of naked nose-pad straight. L. ellioti, p. 294. W". Rich chestnut-brown above, golden led below and on the extremities (skull not known). L. aurobrunnea, p. 295. (^. Claws in adults rudimentary; tail not more than half the length of the head and body. L. leptonyx, p. 295. Lutra vulgaris. Mustela lutra, Linnaus Syst. Nat., i2th ed., i, p. 66 (1766). Lutra vulgaris, £rAr/f6ew Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 448 (1777); Temminck and Schlegel Faun. Jap. Manttn., p. 35; Middendorf Siberische Reise, ii, pt. ii, p. 70; Schrenck Amurland Sdugeth., p. 42; Radde Ost Siberien, i, p. 54; Kelaart Prod. Faun. Zeylan., p. 35 ; Blyth Cat., no. 216, p. 72 i J^tdon Mamm., p. 88 [pt.] ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 103 ; Severtzoff Ann, Mag. N. H. (4), xviii, p. 48; Blanford Persia, p. 43; id. J. A. S.B., xlvi, p. 324 ; Alston P. Z. S., 1877, p. 275 ; id. ibid, 1880, p. 54 ; Lydekker J. A. S. B., xlix, p. 6 ; Scully P. Z. S., 1881, p. 203 ; Blanford Mammals, p. 182 ; Thomas P. Z. S., 1889, P- IQS ; Radde Zool. J. B., iv, p. 1022. Lutra nair, F. Cuvier Diet. Set., Nat., xxvii, p. 247 (1823) ; Sykes, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 100; Horsfield Cat. E. 1. Mus., p. 115 ; Blytk Cat. no. 214, p. 72 [pt.] ; Jerdon Mamm,, p. 86 [pt.] ; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. IS [pt.] ; Swinhoe P. Z. S, 1861, p. 390 ; id. ibid., 1864, p. 381; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 208, pi. xi ; Sterndale Mamm. Ind., p. 153, Viverra lutra, Pallas Zoog. Ross. As., i, p. 76 (1831). Lutra roensis, Ogilby P.Z. S., p. 1 1 1 (1834). Lutra nudipes, Melchior Sdugeth. des Danisch. Staats (1834)*. Lutra chinensis, Gray Charlesw. Mag. N. H., i, p. 580(1837); id. Cat. Carn. Mamm., p. 104; Swinhoe P. Z. S., 1870, pp. 228, 624; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 211. Lutra indica, Gray Charlesw. Mag. N. H., i, p. 580 (1837) ; id. Cat. Carn, Mamm., p. 104. Lutra monticolus, Hodgson J. A. S. B., viii, p. 320 (1839). Lutra monticola, Blyth J. A. S. B., xi, p. 99 (1842J ; id. ibid., xiv, p. 351 ; Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., ist ed., p. 14 [pt.]. Lutra kutab, Schinz Syn. Mamm., \, p. 354 (1844). Lutra ? Blyth Cat. no. 215, p. 73 (1863)". LUTRA. 293 The Common Otter ; Udbilao, Panikutta, Hind ; Sag-i-ab, Punjab ; Nirunei, Tarn. ; Niru-kuka, Telegu ; Deeya balla, Cinga- lese. Distrihution. — The typical variety is found throughout the Palae- arctic region from England to Japan, it extends to the Himalayas from Gilgit to the Brahmapootra, at elevations of from 4,000 ft. to 1 2,000 ft. The var. nair is found throughout Assam and the eastern half of the Indian peninsula from the foot of the Hima- layas to Pondicherry, and also probably throughout the western half, but this is uncertain. The var. chinensis is found throughout South China, extending as far as Yunnan and Upper Burma about Bhamo, and another variety unnamed is found in Ceylon. a. Skin, skull $ Punyal, nr. Gilgit, 30-5-79- J. Scully. b. Skin Daym, nr. Gilgit, 8-79. J..Scully. c. Skin juv. Gilgit, 5,000 ft., 3-6-80 J. Scully. d. Skin $ Gilgit, 16-6-79 ' . Scully. e. Skin, skull ? Gilgit, 10-2-80 J. Scully. /. Skin Gilgit J. Biddulph. g. Skin Rungbee, Darjeeling J. Munro. h. Skull Himalayas A.S.B. j. Skin, skull juv.^ Assam ? Zoological Gardens. k. Stuffed Neuralia, Ceylon E. F. Kelaart, A.S.B, /. Stuffed Neuralia, Ceylon E. L. Layard, A.S.B. m. Skin, skull Ceylon Colombo Mus. n. Stuffed ? Calcutta, 4-4-70. No history. 0. Stuffed Calcutta. W. H. Greenfield, 1848, A.S.B. p. Skull juv. Calcutta A.S.B., 1845. q. Skeleton J. Armstrong. r. Skin, skull ? Balligunge, Calcutta Purchased. s. Skin, skelet. ? Behala nr. Calcutta Zoological Gardens. t. Skin, skull S Baraipore S. of Cal- cutta. Purchased. u. Skin, skull Boitakkhana, Cal- cutta. Purchased. v. Skin juv. Bengal No history. ■m. Skin Sibsagar, Assam, 14-6-70. S. E. Peal. X. Skull Assam Zoological Gardens. y. Skin, skull Deccan (Sykes) India Mus., London. z. Skin juv. Bhamo, Upper Burma, 2-68. J. Anderson. a". Skin Bhamo, Upper Burma 2-68. J. Anderson. 62. Skin Momien, Yunnan, 6,000 ft., 6-68. J. Anderson, c^. Skin i> II . Anderson. d^. Skin II >i \ Anderson. e«. Skin II II . Anderson. p. Skin . Anderson, ^2. Skin II II . Anderson. m MAMMALIA. A". Skin f'. Skin k\ Skin i\ Skin m\ Stuffed n\ Stuffed oK Skull P-"- Stuffed Momein, Yunnan 6,000 ft., 6-68. Momien, Yunnan, 4r500 ft. 6 68. Malay Peninsula England Derbyshire, England Europe Skull Skull $ Europe Europe ar". Skull Algeria Skin jov. Skull Skin, skull Skin, skull juv. $ Ale. juv. $ Calcutta Skin juv. $ Skin, skull Skin, skull Skin Skin, skull $ Skin Skeleton juv. Skeleton $ Skull Skull Ale. juv. $ J. Anderson. ]. Anderson. J. Anderson. J. Anderson. No history. W. Davison, 1844, A.S.B, D. Scott, A.S.B. Christiania Universrty, 1846, A.S.B. Hungarian Mus., 1863, A.S.B. Christiania University, A.S.B. A. Malherbe, A.S.B. Purchased, 1S71. No history. No history. Zoological Gardens* O. L. Eraser. O. L. Eraser. No history, 1869. No history. No history. Purchased. No history. No history. Purchased, 1871, No history. A.S.B. Zoological Gardens, Lutra ellioti. Lutra tarayensis, Hodgson J. A. S. B., viii, p. 319 (1839) [in part] ; Blytk J. A. S.B., xi, p. 99. Lutra nair, apud Elliot Madr. Joitrn.y x, p. 100 (1839); Cantor J. A. S. 5., XV, p. 195; Blyth Cat. no. 214, p. 72 [in part] ; jerdon Mavim., p. 86, [in part] ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burtna List, p. 28; McMaster Notes on Jerdon J p. 15 [in part] ; Mzirray Zool. Sind, p. 31. Lutra monticola, apud Gray Cat.Hodgs. Coll., 1st ed., p. 14 [in part]; Gray Cat. Carn. Mamm., p. 105; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 209, pi. xii, figs. I, 2, 3. Lutra ellioti, Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., pp. 211,212 (1878) ; Sterndale, Mamm. Ind., p. 155; Blanford Mammals, p. 185. Lutra simung, apud Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 213 (1878). Lutra barang, apud Thomas P. Z. S., p. 195 (1889). Distribution. — Throughout the Indian Peninsula, from the foot of the Himalayas to Travancore, and from the mouths of the Ganges to the river Indus in Sind ; but not found in the hills in any part of its range, extending eastwards through Burma to the Malay Peninsula. a. Skull b. Skull $ Dehra Dun. Jumna River, N.-W. P. L. C. Stewart, A.S.B. J. Cockburn [P.] LUTRA. 295 c. Ale. $ Sind Karachi Mus. [Ex.]. d. Skin s Goona, C. I. Zoological Gardens. e. Skin, skull 2 )i i> A. Barclay. /. Skeleton ? )> II A. Barclay. adult. g' Skeleton $ )) 11 A. Barclay. h. Skull 9. II >i A. Barclay. j. Skull ? II II A. Barclay. k. Skull 11 II A. Barclay. I. Skull $ A. Barclay. m. Skin, skull South India [Type of L. ellioti, An- Sir W. Elliot, A.S.B. derson.] n. Skull South India Sir W. Elliot, A.S.B. 0. Skin Travancore Purchased. P- Skin 11 Purchased. 9- Skull Rev. H. Baker, A.S.B. r. Skull ? Purneah, Beng. G. W. Shillingford. s. Skin, skull, skelet. i nr. Calcutta E. Blyth, A.S.B., 1842. t. Skull ? Alipore, Calcutta Zoological Gardens. u. Skeleton, $ Salt Water Lakes, Calcutta. 0. L. Eraser. V. Skin, skull i Sunderbunds, Beng. Zoological Gardens. ■w. i Skin,skele- ton. |UV# )i 11 Zoological Gardens. X. Skin juv. i Rajshahye dist., Beng. Zoological Gardens. y- Skull i Bengal A.S.B. z. Skin, skull ^ Assam Zoological Gardens. o2. , Skull i juv, juv. Arakan Sir A. Phayre, 1845, A.S.B, 6=. Skin Momien, Yunnan, 6,000 ft., 6-68. J. Anderson. ^. Ale. ? Amiah, Tavoy Mus. Coll. d?. Stuffed juv. No history. e\ Skull i |UV. A.S.B. Lutra aurobrunnea. Lutra aurobrunneus, Hodgson J. A. S. B., viii, p. 320 (1839). Lutra aurobrunnea, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 71 (1843); id. Cat. Hodgs, Coll., 1st ed., p. 14 ; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 212. Aonyx aurobrunnea, Gray P. Z. S., p. 131 (1865); id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. III. ? Barangia nepalensis. Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 101 (1869). Distribution. — Upper Hill Region of Nepal (Hodgson). [No specimens in the Indian Museum]. Lutra leptonyx. Lutra leptonyx, Horsfield Zool. Res. with plate (1824); Midler Over de Zoogdicren in Tern, Verkandl., p. 51 ; Blyth Cat. no. 217, p. 73 ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 89 ; McMaster Notes on jFerdon, p. 18 ; Sterndaie Mamm. Ind,, p. 156; Blanfoid Mammals., p. 187. 296 MAMMALIA. Aonyx horsfieldii, Gray CJtarlesw. Mag. N. H., \, p. S^o (1837); Swinhoe P. Z. S., 1870, p. 229; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res., p. 213. Lutra indigitatus, Hodgson J A. S. B,, viii, p. 320 (1839). Aonyx leptonyx, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 71 (1843) ! Cantor J. A. S. B., XV, p. 195; Horsfield Cat. E. I, Mus., p. 117; id Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 110; Swinhoe P. Z. S., 1870, p. 229; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 28; Jentink Notes Leyd. Mus., xi, p. 25. konyx s\k\men'A\s, Horsfield Ann. Mag. N. H., xvi, p. 109 (1855); Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 2nd ed., p. 7. Aonyx indigitatus, Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 1st ed., p. 14 (1846); Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus,, p. 119; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 1 10. Lutra swinhoei, Gray P. Z. S,, p. 182 (1867): id., Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 105 ; Swinhoe P. Z. S., 1870, p. 625; Anderson Anat. Zool, Res., p. 213. Lutra aurobrunnea, aptid McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 18 (1870). Lutra (Aonyx) leptonyx, Anderson Anat, Zool. Res., pp. 202, 213 (1878). Lutra cinerea, Thomas P. Z. 5., p. 195 (1889). The Clawless Otter ; Chusam, Bhotea ; Suriam, Lepcha. Distribution. — Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Hainan, South China, Malay Peninsula, Burma, Yunnan, Assam, Himalayas up to 8,000ft. and as far west as Mussoorie, and throughout the eastern half of the Indian Peninsula from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin including the Nilgiris, a. Stuffed N. W. Himalayas Purchased, i85i,A.S. B. *. Skull Mussoorie L. C.Steuart, 1843, A.S.B. c. Skin Sikkim L. Mandelli. d. Stuffed, skull Darjeeling Mrs. Saxon 1844, A.S.B. e. Skull Cochin, South India Rev. J. Baker. /. Skull » )i Rev. J. Baker. g. Skin Travancore, 9-70 Rev. J. Baker. h. Skin )) » Rev. J. Baker. j. Skull Calcutta R.C. Beavan,A.S-B. k. Skeleton ^ Calcutta Zoological Gardens. I. Skin, skull ? 24-Pergunnahs, Bengal Zoological Gardens. w. Skin, skull ^ ji II Zoological Gardens. n. Skin Assam A. W. Chennell. 0, Skin Naga Hills, Assam A. W.Chennell. p. Stuffed Arakan Sir A. Phayre 1844, A.S.B. q. Skin Ponsee, Yunnan, 6,000ft., 7-68. J. Anderson. r. Skin Momien, Yunnan, 4,500ft, 6-68. J. Anderson. s. Skin »i » J. Anderson. t. Stuffed Malacca R. W. G. Frith, 1847, A.S.B. M. Stuffed juv. Malacca R. W. G. Frith, 1847, A.S.B. •0. Skin No history. TO. Skin No history. X. Stuffed No history. y. Skull A.S.B. B. Skull A.S.B. ENHYDRA. 297 o2. Skull $ No history. f- Ale. No history. c". Ale. . No history. Lutra canadensis. Mustela (Lutra) canadensis, Kerr Linn. Anim. Kingd., i, p. 173 (1792)*. Lutra hra.s\\\ens\s, Desmarest Mamm., i, p. 188. (1820) [in part]. Lutra lataxina, F. Cuvier Dict.Sci. Nat., xxvii, p. 242 (1823). Lutra canadensis, Zs, Geoff. St. Hil. Diet. Claxs. Hist. Nat , ix, p. 520 (1826) • Coues Fur-bearing Animals of North America., p. 295. ' Lutra hudsonica, F. Ciivier Suppl. Buffon, i, p. 194 (1831)*. Lataxina mollis. Gray List Mamm.B. M., p. 70 (1843). Lutra americana, Wyman Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, p. 249 (1847). Lutra californica, Baird N. Amer. Mamm., p. 187 (1857)*. Latax canadensis, GrajK P. Z. 5., p. 133 (1865); id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 112. ' Distribution. — The whole of North America. a. Skull Umbagog Lake, Maine, U.S. A. W.Theobald. Lutra brasiliensis. Lutra brasiliensis, Zimmerman Geogr. Geschichte, ii, p. 316 (1780); Thomat P. Z.S.y 1889, p. 197. Lutra lupina et paraguaensis, Schinz Cuv. Thierr.,\, p 213 (1821). Pteronura sandbachii, Gray Charlesw. Mag. N. H., i, p. 5S0 (1837). Distribution. — The Guianas and Brazil, d. Skin Surinam Oxford Museum, 1870 [Ex.] Genus ENHYDRA. Pusa, Oken Lehrb. Naturg, (181 6)*. Enhydra, Fleming Philos. Zool., ii, p. 187 (1822). Enhydra lutris. Mustela lutris, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 66 (1766). Lutra marina, Erxleben Syst. Regn. Anim., p. 445 (1777). Pusa orientalis, Oken Lehrb. Naturg., iii, p. 986 (1816)*. Lutra lutris, Lesson Man. Mamm., p. 155 (1827). Lutra stelleri, Lesson Man. Mamm., p. 156 (1827). Enhydris stelleri, Fischer Syn. Mamm., p. 229 (1829). Fhoca lutris, Pallas Zoog. Ros. As., p. 100 (1831). Enhydra lutris, Dekay New York Zool.,p. 41 (1842); Coues Fur-bearing Animals of North America, /. 3'26. Latax marina, Lesson Nouv. Tail, Jieg. Anim., p. 71 (1842). Enhydris lutris. Gray P. Z. S., p. 136 (1865); id. Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 119. 298 MAMMALIA. The Sea Otter. Distribution. — Shores of North Pacific, north of 50°, extending on the American side as far as Lower California. a. Skeleton N. E. coast, Siberia New York Mus. b. Skeleton New York Mus. Genus PROCYON. Procyon, Storr Prodr. Method. Mafnm., p. 35 (1780)*. Procyon lotor. Ursus lotor, LinncBiis Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 70 (1766). Procyon lotor, Storr Prodr. Method. Mavim., p. 35 (1780)* ; Blyth Cat. no. 220, p. 74 ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 242 ; Allen Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., ", P-32S- Meles lotor, Boddaert Elench. Anim., i, p. 80 (1784)*. Lotor vulgaris, Ttedeinann Zool., i, p. 380 (1808). Procyon hernandezii, Wagler his, p. 514 (1831). Procyon brachyurus, Weigman Archiv f. Nat., iii, p. 369 (1837). Procyon obscurus, Weigman Archiv f. Nat., iii, p. 370 (1837). Procyon nivea, Gray Charlesw. Mag. N. H., i, p. 580 (1837). Procyon psora, Gray Ann. Mag. N. H., x, p. 261 (1842). Procyon gularis, H. Smith Jard. Nat. Libr., xiiJ, p. 222 (1842). The Racoon. Distribution. — North America from Alaska southward to Costa Rica in Central America. a. Skin juv, Bruce Co., Ont., Canada j. H. Gamier [Ex.], b. Skin Texas, U.S.A. J. H. Garnier [Ex.]. c. Skin Ontario J. H. Garnier [Ex.]. d. Skin, ^ Purchased. skelet. e. Skin, ^ W. Rutledge. skelet. /. Skin, $ Purchased. skelet. g. Stuffed $ America No history, 1872. k. Skull North America A. D. Bartlett, 1849, A.S.B. /.Skull Rev. F. Fitzgerald, 1853, A.S.B. Genus NASUA. Nasua, Storr Prodr. Method. Mamm., p. 35 (1780)*. Caoti, Lacepede Mem. hist. Paris, iii, p. 492 (1801). Nasua rufa. Viverra nasua, Linncsus Syst. Nat., 12th ed, i., p. 64 (1766). Viverra vulpecula, Erxleben Syst. Reg, Anim., p. 490 (1777). Viverra quasje, Gmelin Syst, Nat, p. S7 (1788). CERCOLEPTES. 299 Ursus nasua, G. Ctivier Tabl. Element, d' Hist. Nat , p. 113 (1798)*. Nasua quasje, Desmarest N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat., vii, p. 217 (1817). Nasua rufa, Desmarest Mamm., p. 170 (1820); Allen Bull. U. S. GeoU Surv., V, p. 170. Nasua fusca, Desmarest Mamm.., p. 170 (1820). Nasua solitaria, Pr, Maximilian zu Wied Beitr. Natttrg. Bras., ii, p, 292 (1826)*. Nasua socialis, F?". Maximilian zri Wied Beitr. Naturg. Bras., ii, p. 283, (1826)*. Nasua vittata, Tschudi Faun. Peruan., p. lOl (1844). Nasua montana, id. ibid, p. 102, pi. v (1844). Nasua narica, Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 74 (1843) [pt.]. Nasua olivacea, Gray P. Z. S , p. 703 (1864). Nasua dorsalis, Gray P. Z. S., p. J69, pi. xvii (1866). The Ring-tailed Coati. Distribution. — South America from Surinam to Paraguay and from the Atlantic to the Andes. a. Skin, skelet. W. Rutledge. $ h. Skin, skelet. Purchased. juv. ? c. Skin, skelet. Purchased. . Skin Sikkim? Purchased. q. Stuffed Darjeeling B. Mainwaring, r. Skeleton ^ Himalayas Zoological Gardens. s. Skeleton i Zoological Gardens. t. Skull ¥ 0. L. Fraser. «. Skull No history. V. Skin Nepal J. Scully. Genus AILUROPUS. Ailuropus, A. Milne Edwards Arch. Mus. Paris, vii , Bulletin p. 88 (1871). Ailuropus melanoleucus. Ursus melanoleucus, David Arch. Mus. Paris, v. Bulletin p. 13 (1869). Ailuropoda melanoleucus, A. Milne Edwards Ann. Sc. Nat. (5), xiii, no. 10 (1870). Ailuropus melanoleucus, A. Milne Edwards Arch. Mtis. Paris, vii, Bidl, p. 92 (1871) ; id. Rech. Mamm., p. 321, pis. 1-lvi. Distribution. — Mountains of Eastern Thibet. a. Skull (cast). Paris Museum [Ex.] Genus URSUS. Ursus, Linnceus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 69 (1766). Helarcto", Horsfield Zool. Journ., ii, p. 221 (1826). Type, U. malayanus. Key of the Indian Species. a. Upper molar equal in length to the two premolars immediately in front of it. b. Forehead concave ; fur generally whitish or grayish to brown; claws white or brown. U. isabellinus, p. 302. b'^. Forehead flat ; fur generally black with a broad white mark on the chest; claws black. U. torquatus, p. 303. 302 MAMMALIA. a^. Upper molar equal in length to the one premolar immediately in front of it ; skull with a very short nasal portion, the nose ferrugineus and the chest with a semi-lunar yellow patch. U. malayanus, p. 304. Ursus isabellinus. Ursus isabellinus, Horsfield Linn. Trans., xv p. 332(1826); Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 1st ed., p. 15 ; Wagner HugeVs Kaschmir, iv, p. 570 ; Adams P. Z. 5., 1858, p. 517 ; Blyth Cat. no. 224, p. 76; Jerdon Marnm., p. 69 ; Cray Cat. Carn. Mamm., p. 223; Atkinson N.-W. P., Gazett., xi, p. o ; Lydekker J. A. S. B., xlvi, p. 285 ; Scully P. Z. S., 1881, p. 203 ; Kinlock Large Game-shooting, i, p. 46. ? Ursus syriacus, Hempr. & Ehr. Symb. Phys., pi. i (1828); Gray Cat. Carn. Mamni., p. 224. ? Ursus leuconyx, Severtzoff Ann. Mag, N. H. (4), xviii, p. 43 (1876). Ursus pruinosus, 5/aM/ord J.A.S.B., xlvi,p.3i8 (1877); Blyth J. A. S. B., xxii, p. 589. The Snow or Brown Bear also the Blue Bear ( = var. prui- nosus; Lai Bhalu, or Barfkarich, Hind, ; Harpat of Kashmir; Drinmor of Ladak. Distribution, — The higher ranges of the Himalayas, both north and south of the watershed, from Gilgit, eastwards to Assam. On comparing the skulls of Ursus isabellinus with those of the European and Northern Asiatic bear (U. arctos),the only apparent point of difference is that the forehead of the former species is distinctly concave, while that of the latter is flat, i,e., the line between the postorbital processes and the nasal opening is in the case of U. arctos a straight one, and in the case of U. isabellinus a curved one, beyond this there does not seem to be any difference between the two species, and Blanford has in his Mammals of India combined the two under the name of Ursus arctus. In the Eastern Thibetan variety (U. pruinosus), the hair is black- ish or bluish, but it is hardly worthy of separation even as a geographical race. a. Skin G. T. Lushington, 1847, A.S.B. &. Skin, skull Maharajah of Burdwan, 1858, A.S.B. c. Skin, skull Maharajah of Burdwan, 1858, A.S.B. d. Skin juv. J Zoological Gardens. e. Skin, skelet. ^ Zoological Gardens. /. Skin, skull $ Zoological Gardens. g. Stuffed, skull Zoological Gardens. juv. ^ /t. Stuffed juv. 2 Rajah R. Mullick. y. Skull $ A. Campbell, 1856, A.S.B. ;fe. Skull $ Kashmir T. Brownlow, 1856, A.S.B. /. Skull Kashmir Purchased, 1858, A.S.B. URSUS, 303 »«. Skeleton $ King of Oudh, 1865. n. Skull ? Zoological Gardens. o. Skull $ Babu H. M. Roy. p. Skin, skull $ Napin, nr. Gilgit, J. Scully. 29-10-79. q. Skin, skull $ Gakuch, nr. Gilgit, J. Scully, 22-10-79. r. Skull $ Sharot, nr. Gilgit J.Scully. Var, — prjiinosus. a. Skin Thibet A. Campbell, A.S.B. b. Skin, skull pt. Lhassa W. T. Blanford. [Type of U. pruinosus, Blanford.] Ursus torquatus. Ursus thibetanus, F. Cuvier Hist. Nat. Mamm. livr. xli (1824); Blyth Cat. no. 225, p. 76 ; Jerdon Mamm,, p. 70; Radde Ost Siherien, i, p. 12 • Swinhoe P. Z. S., 1870, pp. 230 and 621 ; Atkinson N.-W. P. Gasett., xi, p. 10; Lydekker J. A, S. B., xlvi, p. 285; Anderson Anat. Zool. Res. intiod., p. xxi ; Murray Sind Zool., p. 39; id. Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xiv, p. 98 ; Kiiiloch Large Game-shooting, i, p. 49. Helarctos malayanus, apud Hodgson J. A. S. B., i, p. 340 (1832). Ursus torquatus, Wagner ScJireb. Sdngeth.StippL, ii, p. 144, pi. i4id (1841) ; id. HiigeVs Kaschmir, iv, p. 570 ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm,, p. 225; Blan- ford J A. S. B.,xW\,^. ^'^■O; Sterndale Mamm. Ind., p. 113; Blanford Ma^nmals, p. 197. Ursus ferox Robinson Assam, p. g6 (1841). Helarctos thibetanus. Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 73 (1843); 'd. Cat. Hodgs Coll., ist ed., p. 15; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mas., p. 122; Adams P. Z. S., 1858, p. 518. Ursus formosianus, Swinhoe P. Z. S., p. 380 (1864). Ursus gedrosianus, Blanford J. A. S. B., xlvi, p. 317 (1877) ; id, P. A. S, B., 1879, p. 4. The Black Bear ; Harpat in Kashmir; IMumh in Baluchistan; Bhalu Reench or Reech, Hind.; Thom, Bhotea; Sona, Lepcha. Distrihutioji. — From Baluchistan and the Khirthar hills in Sind (Blanford) to Kashmir (Hugel) and so along the entire range of the Himalayas to Assam, extending southwards through Burma as far as Mergui ; and eastwards through China to Shantung and the Islands of Hainan and Formosa (Swinhoe) and South-Eastern Siberia. «• Skin $ Zoological Gardens. b. Skin Sanda Valley, Yunnan, J. Anderson. 1,700 ft. c. Skin Assam, 27-6-72 S. E. Peal. d .Skin, skull $ L. C Griesbach. e. Stuffed No history. /. Skeleton No history. g. Skull Assam F. Jenkins, 1847, A.S.B. A. Skull No history, A. SB. j' Skull H. H. Godwin Austen, 304 MAMMALIA. k. Skull Mand Hills, Baluchistan Karachi Mus. [Ex.") /. Skull $ Mand Hills, Baluchistan Karachi Mus. [Ex.] m. Skull ? Mand Hills, Baluchistan Karachi Mus. [Ex.] n. Skull Himalayas Rajah R. Mullick. o. Skeleton ? Zoological Gardens. p Skull ? ....ft Zoological Gardens. q. Skull Zoological Gardens, r. Skin, skull. No history. Ursus malayanus. Ursus malayanus, Raffles Linn. Trans., xiii, p. 254 (1820); Blyth Cat. no. 226, p. 76; Milller Over de Zoogdieren in Tern. Verka7idl., p. 22; Mc- Master Notes on Jerdon, p. 10; Blanford Ma^nmals, p. 199. Prochilus malayanus, Gray Ann. Phil., p. 61 (1825)*. Helarctos malayanus, Horsfield Zool. Journ., ii, p. 234 (1826) ; id. Cut. E.I. Mus., p. 122; Cantor J. A. S. B., xv, p. 191; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 234 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 30. Helarctos euryspilus, Horsfield Zool. Journ., ii, p. 234 (1826). The Malayan Bear ; Wetwoon, Burmese ; Bruang, Malay. Distribution. — Garo Hills, Assam, Chittagong, Arakan, Tenas- serim, Malay Peninsula (Cantor), Sumatra, Java and Borneo (Temminck). a. Skin, skull 9 Sibsagar, Assam Zoological Gardens. b. Skin, skull $ Zoological Gardens. c. Skin, skelet. Assam H.Phillips. d. Skin, skelet. ? ... Rajah R. Mullick. f. Skin, skull. $ W. Rutledge. /. Skin, skull 6 Garo Hills, Assam Zoological Gardens g. Skin No history. h. Skin Java Captain Scholefield, A.S.B. j. Skin, skull Arakan Sir A. Phayre, 1845, A.S.B. k. Stuffed, skull Sumatra W. Rutledge. juv. $ I. Stuffed; skull H. W. Bennett, 1853, A.S.B. juv. vu Skull $ Malay peninsula No history. n. Skull juv, Arakan Hills Zoological Gardens. o Skin, skull, W. Rutledge. juv. $ p. Skin No history, 1885. Ursus arctos. Ursus arctos, Linn^us Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 69 (1766); Blyth Cat. no. 223, p. 75; Radde Ost Siberien., i, p. i ; Schrenck Amurland Saugeth., p. 8; Alston P. Z. S., 1877, p. 275 ; Gunther P.Z. 5., 1880, p. 442. Ursus pyrenaicus, F. Cuvier Hist. Nat. Maynni. livr. xliv (1824). Ursus coUaris, F. Cuvier Hist. Nat. Mamm. livr. xlii (1824). Ursus ferox, apud Temminck and Schlegel Faun. Mamm. Jap ., p 29(1850). Listribution.^'Emo'^Q, Northern Asia, Asia Minor (Northern pt,), Amurland (Schrenck), Kurile Isles (Gunther) and Yesso. URSUS. 305 a. Stuffed d. Skull ^ S Europe Norway c. Skull 9 Norway d Skeleton e. Skull /. Skull ? Japart Purchased, 1869. Christiania Univ., 1846, AS.B. Christiania Univ., 1846, A.S.B. Babu H. M. Roy. H. F. Blanford, 1863, A.S.B. Hakodate Mus. Yesso [E.] t ° Ursus japonicus. Ursus tibetanus, a/MflJ Temminck and Schlegel Faun. Jap. Mamm., p. 29 (1850). Ursus japonicus, Schlegel Handleid Beoefning Dierh., pt, i p. 42 (1857)*; P. L.Sclater P.Z.S., 1862, p. 261, pi. xxxii j Guntker P.Z.S., 1880, p. 442; Gray Cat. Carn. Mamm., p. 227. Distribution. — Japan. a. Skin $ Japan O. L. Fraser, Esq., 1886. Ursus americanus. Ursus americanus, Pallas Spic. ZooL, xiv, p. 5 (1780); Gfoy Ca/. Car « Mamm., p. 229. Ursus niger americanus, Schinz Synop. Mamm.,\, p. 301 (1844). Ursus cinnamoneus, Baird Rep. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv ., ii, Mamm., p, 29 (1859)*. Distribution. — North America from Alaska southwards tp'^; Mexico. ^ " ^.-..- . -. ._,% Skull Skull E.Blyfh, 1865, A.S.B. W. Theobald, i868. .diiiiiisiii .«iiiJJSii»iti Ursus maritimus. Ursus maritimus, Erxleben Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 160 (1777) ; Blyih Cat. no. 222, p. 75. Ursus polaris, Shato Mus. Leverianum, i, p. 7 (1792)*. Ursus marinus, Pallas Itin., iii, p. 691 (1793)*. Thalarctos polaris, Gray Ann. Philos., p. 62 (1825)*. Thalarctos maritimus. Gray List Mamm. B. M., p. 73 (1843). Thalassarctos maritimus, Gray Cat. Carn. Mamm., p. 218 (1869). Distribution. - America. a. Skin, skelet. ? b. Skull c. Skull d. Skull ■Circum-polar, Arctic coasts of Europe, Asia and W Rutledge. E. Blyth, 1865, A.S.B. \^ Copenhagen Mus., A.S.B.°| Aberdeen University. ' '* Greenland Greenland 3o6 MAMMALIA. Genus MELURSUS. Melursus, Meyer Uebers. neust. Zool. Entdeck., p. 155, (1793)*. VvochWxxs, Illiger Prodr., p. 109 (i8ii). Melursus ursinus. Bradypus ursinus, Shaw and Nodder Naiur.Miscell., ii,pl.lviii (1791) ; id' Genl. Zool., i, pt. 1, p 159. Melursus lybius, Meyer Uebers. neust. Zool. Entdeck., p. ISS ('793)* J Gray Cat. Hodgs. Coll., 1st ed., p. 15. Prochilus ursinus, Illiger Prod?., p. 109(1811). Ursus labiatus, Blainville Bull. Soc. Philom., p. 74 (1817)*; Sykes P.Z. S., 1831, p. 100 ; Elliot Madras Journ., x, p. lOO ; Tickell talc. Journ. N. H., if P« I99i P'- '^''i; Blyth Cat. no. 227, p. 77 j Jerdon Mamrn., p. 72; McMaster Notes on Jerdon, p. 12 ; Stoliczka J. A. S. B., xli, p. 226 ; Atkinson N.-W. P. Gazett., xi, p. 11 •,Sterndale Mamm.Ind., p. 119. Ursus longirostris, Tiedemann Abhandl., p. 4 (1820)*. Prochilus labiatus.Gyaj Ann. Philos., p. 60 (1825)* ; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 34. Ursus inornatus, Pucker an Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), vii, p. 392 (1855). Melursus labiatus, Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 237 (1869). Melursus ursinus, Blanford Mammals, p. 201 (iT""' The Sloth Bear ; Aswail, Mahrathi ; Kaddi, Canarese ; Rinch, Deccani ; Oosa, Cingalese ; Ballu Riksha, Sanskrit ; Reech, Hindustani ; Bhalu, Bhaluk, Bengali ; Yerid, Gonds ; Banna, Kols ; Elugu, Telegu. Distribution. — Over the whole Peninsula of India and Ceylon (Kelaart). It is apparently found in Cutch but not in Sind or in the Himalayas, eastwards it extends to Lower Bengal and apparently to Assam. The Indian Bear is very distinct from the other bears, both in its distribution and its morphological characteristics. It is confined to the Peninsula of India strictly speaking, while the other Indian bears are all extra-peninsular ; it is distinguished from the other Indian bears by its very elongated snout ; by its very small cheek- teeth and by its concave and curved palate. Of the two fossil bears found in India, one Ursus theobaldi from the Siwaliks [Pal. Ind. (20), ii, p. 211] is distinctly allied to Melursus ursinus. a. Skin No history. b. Skin No history. c. Skin, skelet. W. Rutledge. juv. $ rf. Stuffed, juv. W. Rutledge. e. Skull $ Umsuing nr. Shillong, J. Cockburn. Assam. /. Skeleton No history, A.S.B. g.. Skull R. C. Beavan, 1864, A.S.B. h. Skull Dr. McCosh, A.S.B. PHOCA. 307 /./. 3 Skulls No history, A. S. B. m. Skull Ceylon E. F. Kelaart, A.S.B. n-o. 2 Skulls A.S.B. p. Skeleton $ Purchased. g. Stuffed ^ Chota Nagpore V. Ball. r. Skull juv. No history, A. S. B. s. Skull juv. Maharajah of Burdwan, 1858, A.S.B. /. Skull juv. $ Purchased. u. Skull V. Ball, 1869. V. Skeleton No history, A.S.B. Sub-order II— PINNIPEDIA. Genus TRICHECHUS. Trichechus, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., I2thed., i, p. 49(1766). Trichechus rosmarus. Trichechus rosroarus, Linnaeus Sysi. Nat, 12th ed., i, p 49 (1766) ; Blyik Cat. no. 232, p. 79. Odobaenus rosmarus, Sundevall Kongl. Vetens. Akad, Oefiiers,, p. 442 (•8S9). Rosmarus trichechus, Lamonl Seasons with the Sea-horses, p. 141 (i86i)*. Rosmarus obesus, Gill Proc. Essex Inst., v, p. 13 (i866). Rosmarus arcticus, Lilljeborg Fauna ofvers Swer. och Norg. Ryg., p. 674 (1874)*. The Walrus. Distribution. — North Atlantic shores of North America from Labrador northwards, Greenland ; Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla. a. Skull b. Skull (. Skull d. Tusk i Greenland ? Copenhagen Mus. 1839, A.S.B. Copenhagen Mus. 1839, A.S.B. No history. No history, A.S.B. Genus PHOCA. Phoca, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed. i, p. 55 (1766). Phoca vitulina. Phoca vitulina, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 56 (1766). Callocephalus vitulinus, F. Cuvier Did. Sci. Nat., xxxix, p. 544 {1826); Blyih Cat. no. 228, p. 77. Phoca canina, Pallas Zoog. Rosso Asiat., i, p. 114 (1831). Halicyon richardii, Gray P. Z. S., p. 28 (1864). Phoca pealei, Gill Proc, Essex Inst., v, p. 13 (i86fi). W 2 308 MAMMALIA. Distribution. — The North Atlantic and Pacific coasts, from Japan to Southern California and from New Jersey round to Spain. a. Skull $ Greenland Copenhagen Mus. 1839, A.S.B. Phoca groenlandica. Phocagrcenlandica, FairzVzMS in Muller's Zool. Dan. Prodr., p. viii (1776)*. Phoca oceanica, Lepechin Act. Acad. Petrop., \, pt. i, p. 259 (1778). Phoca albicauda, Desmarest Mamm- Suppl., p. 54' (1822). Callocephalus groenlandicus, F. Cuvier Mem. Mus. Paris, xi, p. 186 (1824) ; Blyth Cat. no. 230, p. 78. Phoca legura, G. Cuvier Oss. foss., 3rd ed., v, p. 238 (1825)*. Phoca dorsata, Pallas Zoogr. Rosso. As., i, p. 112 (1831). Pagophilus groenlandicus, Gray Cat. Mamm. B. M., i, p. 25 (1850). Distribution. — North Atlantic and Pacific, Newfoundland to Greenland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla and the Arctic coast of Europe; also Northern Pacific, Kamschatka and Sitka. a. Skull 12-2-67 J. Anderson. k. Skeleton $ 13-2-67 J. Anderson. I. Skeleton $ (skull in spirit). „ „ 24-2-69 J. Anderson. m. Skeleton „ „ 29-10-76 J. Anderson. n. Skeleton Corns. Police. juv. $ 0. Skeleton >) >> J. Wood Mason. juv. $ p. Skeleton >i 6-9-77 Purchased. juv. $ q. Skeleton 4-4-79 Purchased. juv. $ r-i. 3 Skeletons II It Purchased. ^. $ juv. and $ , «. Skeleton $ Bansi Creek, N.-W. of Dacca, 16-7-67. A. L. Clay. V. Skeleton Gauhati, Assam, 4-12-69. J. Butcher. w. Skeleton Cachar, 26-10-67 Sir J. Edgar. juv. $ X. Skeleton Indus River Karachi Mus. [Ex.] juv. y-z. 2 Skeletons No history. fl'. pt. of skele- No history. ton. ' b\ Skeleton Baraset, 5-8-67 H. Clark. mted. c'-d'. 2 Skulls Hughli? N. Wallich, A.S.B. e^. Skull juv. Dacca A. L.Clay. f\ Skull Chupra, Sarun Dist. C. B. Garrett. g^. Skull Indus Sir A. Burnes, A.S.B. [Type of P. indi of Blyth.] h\ Skull juv. No history. Anatomical. a'. Brain b^, Coecum c*. Kidney, d^. Generative organs. e^. Penis /'. Placenta and fcetal membranes. g^. Skeleton in spirit. Genus MONODON. Monodon, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 105 («766). PHOCAENA. 317 Monodon imonoceros. Monodon monoceros, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 105 (1766) ; Blyth Cat. no. 276, p. 90 ; Flower P. Z. S , 1883, p. 504 ; id. List Cetacea B. M., p. 14. The Narwhal. Distribution. — Arctic Seas, north of 65° N. lat. a. Skelet. mtd. Lincaster Sound (Capt. Dundee Mus. [Ex.] McLennan in Steam- whaler Narwhal, 7-76). i. Tooth Capt. Lumsden, 1820, A.S.B. Genus DELPHINAPTERUS. Delphinapterus, Lacepede Hist. Nat. Cetaces Tabl. des Ord., p. xli (1804)*. Beluga, Gray Spiceleg. Zool., p. 2 (1828). Delphinapterus leucas. Delphinus leucas, Pallas Reise, iii, p. 85 (1776)*. Balaena albicans, O. F. MUller Zool. Dan. Prodr,, p. 7 (1776)*. Delphinapterus beluga, Lacepede Hist. Not. Cetaces, p. 243 (1804)*. Beluga catodon. Gray Zool. Ereb. & Terr., p. 29 (1846) ; Blyth Cat. no. 275, p. 90. Delphinapterus leucas, F/oOT^r P.Z.S., p. 505 (1883); id. List Cetacea B. M., p. 14. The White Whale. Distribution. — Arctic Seas and perhaps the Australian coasts (Delphinus kingi of Gray). a. Skull Greenland Copenhagen Mus., 1840, A.S.B^- ^ Genus PHOCAENA. FhocdLeaa, G, Cuvier Regne Anim.,isted.,i, p. 2-jg {1817). ■4.- ■ liil^U -'.:.! ^- Phocaena communis. Delphinus phocaena, Linnaeus Syst. Nat., 12th ed^, i, p. 108 (1766). Phocaena communis, Lesson Man. Mamm., p. 413 (1827); Blyth Cat. no. 271, , p. 88; Flower P. Z. S., 1883, p. 505; id. List Cetacea B. M., p. 15. Distribution. — Coasts of the North Atlantic, both European and American, the species found in the North Pacific is probably dis: a-6. 2 Skulls Greenland' Copenhagen Mus. [Ex.] -"-J - ■' - A.S.B. c. Skeleton Christiania Univ., A.S.B. 3l8 MAMMALIA. Genus NEOMERIS. Neomeris, Gray Zool. Erebus and Terr., p. 30 (1846). Neomeris phocaenoides. Delphinus phocaenoides, G. Cuvier Reg. Anim,, 2nd ed., i, p. 291 (1829)*. Delphinus melas, Temminch and Schlegel Faun. Jap. Mamm., p. 14, pb XXV, xxvi (1850). Neomeris phocaenoides, Gray Zool. Erebus and Terr., p. 30 (1846) ; Blyth y. A. S. B., xxix, p. 449 ; id. Cat. no. 272, p. 89 ; Flower P. Z, S., 1883, p. 506. Delphinapterus molagan, Owen Trans. Zool. Soc, vi, p. 24 (1869), Dtstribulion. — Is recorded from the seas of Japan, the Bay of Bengal and the Cape of Good Hope. A second species from Karachi harbour which, however, does not seem to differ in any essential manner from the present species, has been described by Murray (Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xiii, p. 348) under the name of Neomeris kurrachiensis, (see also J. Bomb. N. H Soc, i, p. 159, with plate). c. Skeleton $ Bay of Bengal Calcutta Bazaar [P.] A.S.B. b. Stuffed No history. Genus ORCELLA. Orcealla, Gray Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 285 (1866). Orcella, Anderson P. Z. S., p. 142 (1871). Synopsis of the two Indian Species. a. Dorsal fin lower and more falcate ; pectoral fins shorter and broader. O. brevirostris, p. 318. a^. Dorsal fin higher and less falcate ; pectoral fin longer and narrower; skin marked with streaks. O. fluminalis, p. 319. Orcella brevirostris. Globiocephalus indicus, [pt.], apud Blyth J. A. S. B., xxi, p. 358 (1852); id. J. A. S.B., xxviii, p. 490; id. Cat, no. 274, p. 89 ; Jerdon Mammals, no. 146, p. 160. Phocaena brevirostris, Owen Trans. Zool. Soc, vi, p. 24, pi. ix, figs, i, 2, 3 (1866), Orca (Orcaella), brevirostris, Gray Cat. Seals Whales B. M.,p. 285 (1866). Orcella brevirostris, Anderson P. Z. S., p. 143 (1871) ; id. Anat. Zool. Res., p. 369, pi. XXV, etct.; Flower P. Z. S., 1883, p. 507 ; id. List Cetacea, B, M., p. '7. GLOBICEPHALUS. 319 DisiribJion. — Estuaries of the rivers flowing into the Bay of Bengal, recorded from Vizagapatam, the Hughli and Singapore. a. Stuffed, skull b. Skull c. Skull d. Skull Skeleton Skeleton Skeleton Skeleton Skeleton Skeleton Skeleton Hughli R., Serampore Chilka Lake, Orissa Chilka Lake, Orissa Amherst beach, Burma Hughli River Budge Budge, Hughli R. Circular Canal, Calcutta Calcutta Bazaar Kistna R., Madras Pr. G. T. Lushington, A.S.B. L. Schwendler, 1875. W. C. Taylor. Deputy Commr., Amherst, 1867. River Police. Purchased, J. F. Barckley. Purchased, 1859, A.S.B. R. S. Ellis. Purchased, 1867. Purchased. Orcella fluminalis. Orcella fluminalis, Anderson P. Z. S., p. 143 (1871) ; id. Anat. Zool. Res. p. 358, pi. xxva.etct ; Flower List Cetacea B. M., p. 17. Distribution. — The Irrawaddy and its affluents, from Prome upwards extending to just beyond Bhamo. a. Skeleton ^ Bhamo Capt. Bowers, 1870. [Type of O. fluminalis, Anderson.] b. Skeleton c. Skeleton Bhamo Irrawaddy, above Bhamo. Capt. Cooke [P.] Major Adamson. Genus GLOBICEPHALUS. Globicephalus Lesson Nouv. Tabl. Regn. Anim,, p. 200 (1842). Globicephalus melas. Delphinus melas, Traill Nichol. Journ., xxii, p. 8i (1809)*. Delphinus.globiceps, Cuvier Ann. Mus. Paris, xix, p. 14, pi. 1 (1812). Globiocephalus svineval, Gray Zool. Ereb. and Terr., p. 32 (1846). Globicephalus deductor, apud Blyth Cat. no. 273, p. 89 (1863). Globicephalus melas, Flower List Cetacea B. M., p. 19 (1885). Distribution. — Apparently Cosmopolitan; there are specimens in the British Museum from the English and American coasts in the Northern Hemisphere, and from the Falkland Islands and New Zealand in the Southern Hemisphere. a. Skull Greenland Copenhagen Museum, 1840, A.S.B. Globicephalus indicus. Globicephalus sp., Blyth J. A. S. B., xix, p. 426 (1850). Globicephalus indicus, Blyth J. A. S.B., xxi, p. 358 (1852) ; id., J. A.S.B., xxviii, p. 490; id. Cat,, no. 274, p. 89; Jerdon Mammals no, 146, p. 160. 320 MAMMALIA. Distribution. — Bay of Bengal. The above synonymy also refers partly to what Blyth consi- dered the young form of this species, but which was subsequently shown by Anderson to be really a different species (Orcella brevi- rostris, see supra). The skull of Globicephalus indicus differs from that of G. melas, in having the premaxillae on the rostrum so broadened, as to cover the maxillae completely; the teeth are also much larger and less numerous than in G. melas. This is exactly the difference pointed out by Prof. Flower be- tween the skull of G. melas and G. macrorhynchus (Gray Zool. Ereb. Terr., p. 33) which was got from the Cape of Good Hope. To this broad-snouted group of the genus Globicephalus, there also belong G. scammoni Cope from the Pacific, and G. brachypterus Cope from the Atlantic coasts of the Southern States and also G. guadaloupensis C-G. intermedins) ; True (Contribu- tions to the Natural History of the Cetaceans in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 36) considers that G. scammoni of the Pacific and G. brachypterus of the Atlantic differ specifically, and G. indicus seems to be rather more allied to the latter than to the former. The follot»ing are the measurements of the two skulls of G. indicus and also of the one of G. melas above ; the measurements are the same as those given by True in the paper quoted above and are given in centimetres. G. indicus. G. indicus. G. melas. Total length . t , . •. . ^« Length of beak Breadth of beak, at its base „ ,, at its middle Breadth of premaxillae at middle of beak ...... Greatest breadth between the outer margins of the premaxillae proxi- mally ...... Length of tooth line Last tooth to base of maxillary notch Extremity of beak to the anterior mar- gin of the narial opening Extremity of beak to the end of the pterygoid crest .... Breadth between the orbits Breadth between the hinder margins of the temporal fossae . . Length of the temporal fossae Depth of the temporal fossae . Length of the mandible . Length of mandibular symphysis Length of the mandibular tooth row Number of teeth . . . . a b a S6i 65 69 29^ 33 36i 23 28 24i 20I 25 21 19 22 »7 i6i i6i IS* 14 18 18 20 ^f^iVi 41 44i 49^ 38 44 48 41 47 43 27i 34 39 12^ Hi 13 .4i I4i 10 47 56 53 8 9 8 13 I3i i7i \<\ f X I l¥xV?. DELPHINUS. 321 a. Skeleton mtd.$ Salt Water Lakes, E. BIyth, 1850, A. S.B. Calcutta. b. Skull $ Salt Water Lakes, E. Blyth, 1850, A.S.B. Calcutta. [Types of Globicephalus indicus, Blyth.] c. Skull No history. Genus LAGENORHYNCHUS. Lagenorhynchus, Gray Zool. Ereb. & Terr., p. 34 (1846). Lagenorhynchus acutus. Delphinus acutus, Gray Spiceleg. Zool., i, p. 2 (1828). Delphinus eschrichtii, Schlegel Abhan. Gebiet. Zool., i, p. 23, pis. i, ii, fig. 4, iv, fig. 5 (1841). Delphinus leucopleurus, Rasch Nyt Mag. Naturvidens,, iv, p, 97, pis. ii, iii (1843)- Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus, Gray Zool, Ereb. & Terr., p. 34 (1846) ; Blyth Cat. no. 281, p. 91. Leucopleurus arcticus, Gray Suppl. Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 78 (1871). Lagenorhynchus acutus, Flower P. Z. S., p. 511 (1883); id. List Cetacea B. M., p. 23. Distribution, — North Atlantic and North Sea. a. Skeleton Norwegian Coast Christiania Univ. [Ex.], A.S.B. Lagenorhynchus electra. Lagenorhynchus electra, Gray Zool. Ereb. & Terr., p. 35 (1846); Flower List Cetacea B. M., p. 23. Phocaena pectoralis, Peale Mamm. and Ornith. U. S. Explor. Exped., ist ed., p. 32, pi. vi, fig. i (1848)*. Electra obtusa, Gray Suppl. Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 76 (1871). Delphinus f Lagenorhynchus) fusiformis, Owen Trans. Zool. Soc.,v\, p. 22, pi. w, fig. i (1S66). Distribution. — Bay of Bengal (Elliot) and Pacific (Sandwich Isles). [No specimen in the Indian Museum.] Genus DELPHINUS. Delphinus, Linnceus Syst. Nat,, 12th ed., i, p. 108 (1766). Delphinus delphis. Delphinus delphis, Linnceus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 108 (1776); Flower P. Z. S., 1883, p. 512 ; id. List Cetacea B. M., p, 24. 322 MAMMALIA. Distribution. — 'Cosmopolitan ; there are in the British Museum specimens from the North and South Atlantic, and from the seas of New Zealand and Tasmania. a. Skeleton No history, A.S.B. h. Lower jaw Indian Ocean Purchased. only. c. Lower jaw Nicobar Isles F. A. de Roepstorff. only. [The above two probably of this species.] Delphinus frithi. Delphinus sp., Blyth J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 386 (1847). Delphinus frithi, Blyth J. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 492 (1859) ! id. Cat, no. 279, p. 91. Distribution. — Probably the Indian Ocean. This species, which is represented only by a skull, is closely allied to Delphinus delphis, it has the grooved palate characteristic of the genus as restricted by Flower; the teeth are not in good condition, many of them having fallen out; the number given by Blyth is ^?:5^ but it does not appear that 6o-5oJ there could ever have been more than 45 teeth above and below from the present Ptate of the skull ; the character by which Blyth thought to differentiate this species, namely, the fusing of the premaxillae together in the middle of their length is probably merely due to age and is shown to be also the case in the speci- men of D. delphis figured by Van Beneden and Gervais ; there seems therefore to be no reason why this skull should not be referred to D. delphis; as, however, there is no authentic specimen of D. delphis in the Indian Museum with which to compare it, it will perhaps be better for the present to let Blylh's name stand. fl. Skull Indian or Atlantic R. W. G. Frith, A.S.B. Oceans. [Type of D. frithi, Blyth.] Delphinus pomeegra. Delphinus pomeegra, Owen Trans, Zool. Soc, vi, p. 23, pi. vi, fig. 3, pi. viii (1866) ; Flower List Cetacea B. M , p. 20. Distribution. — Bay of Bengal. Probably conspecific with D. delphis. [No specimen in the Indian Museum.] Delphinus longirostris. Delphinus longirostris, G. Cuvier Regn. Anim., 2nd ed., p. 228 (1829)* Van Beneden et Gervais Osteog. des Cetaces, p. 604, pl.xxxix, figs. lo-il. TURSIOPS. 323 Distribution. — Malabar Coast. This species is distinguished from Delphinus delphis by the number of its teeth ?5:1^ ; the beak forms bra per cent, of the 57-68 I :> r total length of the skull, a proportion never reached in any speci- men of D. delphis (cf. True Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 36, p. 59). [No specimen in the Indian Museum,] Genus TURSIOPS. Tursiops, Gervais Hist. Nat. Mavim., ii, p. 323 (1855)*. Tursiops tursio. Delphinus tursio, Fabricius Faun. Grcenl., p. 49 (1780)*. Delphinus truncatus, Montagu Mem. Warn, Soc, iii, p. 75 , pi. iii (1821). Delphinus eurynome, Gray Zool.Ereb. and Terr., p. 38 (,1846); BlythCat. no. 277, p. 90. Tursiops tursio, Flower P.Z. S., p. 512 (1883); id. List Cetacea B. M,, p. 26. Distribution. — Atlantic and Indian Oceans extending to the Bay of Bengal. There is a specimen identified by Prof. Flower with this species in the British Museum from the Seychelle Islands, so there is no reason that the two specimens catalogued below should not be identified with this species, though without direct comparison it is impossible to be certain. «. Skull Medical College, Calcutta, A.S.B. b. Skull Bay of Bengal Capt. Fairweather, A.S.B. c. Skeleton Port Natal O. L. Fraser. Tursiops perniger. Delphinus perniger, Blyth J. A. S. B., xvii, p. 250 (1848) ; id. J. A. S. B., xxviii, p. 491 ; id. Cat. no. 280, p. 91 ; Jerdon Mamm., p. 157. Distribution.— The. Bay of Bengal. This species can never be properly identified as the type con- sists of a stuffed specimen and only about 8 inches of the beak of the skull ; it is best assigned to Tursiops, from the typical speci- mens of which, however, it differs in the fact that the tooth row above is only about 7I inches long, whereas in Tursiops tursic the measurement is between 9 and 10 inches ; the teeth are large between 5 and 6mm. in antero-posterior diameter. a. Stuffed and Bay of Bengal Sir W. Elliot, A.S.B. pt. of skull. [Type of Delphinus perniger, Blyth.] X 2 324. MAMMALIA. Genus PRODELPHINUS. Clymene, Gray P. Z. S., p. 237 (1864). Clymeiiia, Gray Suppl. Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 69 (1871). Prodelphinus, Van Bcneden et Cervais Ostengr, des Ceiaces, p. 604 (1880). Prodelphinus obscurus. Delphinus obscurus, Gray Spiceleg. ZooL, p. 2 (1828) ; Blyth Cat. no. 278, p. 90. Clymenia obscura, Floicer P. Z. 5., p. 512 (1883). Prodelphinus obscurus, Flower List CetaceaB. M., p. 28 (1885). Distribution. — Southern seas; there are in the British Museum and in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons specimens from New Zealand, the Cape and the west coast of South America. The skulls catalogued below certainly belong to the genus Pro- delphinus as defined by Prof. Flower (P. Z. S., 1883); they seem more nearly allied to P. obscurus than to any other species. a. Skull No history, A.S.B. b. Skull Palk Straits, Ceylon O. L. Fraser. Prodelphinus attenuatus. Steno attenuatus, Gray Zool. Ereb. and Terr., p. 44, pi. xxviii (1846); Blyth Cat. no. 283, p. 92. Clymeuia.attenuata, Flower P. Z. S., p. 512 (1883). Prodelphinus attenuatus, Flower List Cetacea B. M., p. 30 (1885). I)istributioft.—lnd\a.n Ocean, the Bay of Bengal lo the Cape. The specimens attributed to this species, bear a considerable resemblance to the specimens identified with the previous P. obscurus, but the rostra are considerably narrower and the teeth more numerous, being about^g^ instead of — • a. Skull No history, A.S.B. b Skull Bay of Bengal Capt. Jethro Fairweather, 1859, A.&.B. c. Skull Cape of Good Hope R. C. Tytler, 1859, A.S.B. rf. Lower jaw C. Henry. A.S.B. «•-/. 2 Skulls, no No history, A.S.B. lower jaws. Genus STENO. Steno, Gray Zool. Ereb. and Terr., p. 43 (1846). Steno rostratus. Delphinus rostratus, Desmarest N.Dict. d' Hist. Nat., ix, p. 160 (1817). SOTALIA. 325 Delphinus frontatus (pt.), G. Cuvier Oss. foss., 2nd ed., v., pt. i, p. 278, pi. xxi, figs. 7, 8 (1823)*. StenoF frontatus, GrayZool. Ereb. mid Terr., p. 43 (1846) ; Blyth Cat, no. 282, p. 91. Stenp rostratus, 5/yif/r J. A. S. 5., xxviii, p. 491 (1859); Flower P. Z. S., 1883, p. 513 ; id. List Cetacea B. M., p. 31. Distribution. — The Indian Ocean including the Red Sea and Bay of Bengal, the Southern Atlantic and Paciiic Oceans. a. Skull Red Sea J. Owen, 1844, A.S.B. b. Skull Nicobar Isles, Bay of H. Lewis, 1846, A.S.B. Bengal. c. Skull "Calcutta Bazaar" J, Armstrong. Genus SOTALIA. Sotalia, Gray Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 393 (1866). Sotalia gadamu. Delphinus (Steno) gadamu, Owen Trans. Zool. Soc, vi, p. 17, pi. iii, figs. 1-2, pi. iv, figs. i-S (i866). Sotalia gadamu, F/owf'f F. Z. 5"., p. 513 (1883); id. List Cetacea B. M., p. 33- Distribution. — Indian Seas (Vizagapatam and Karachi). The teeth of the specimen catalogued below are about 33 in number, while those of the type of S. gadamu are rather fewer, being only 27-28. a. Skull, no lower jaw No history, A.S.B. Sotalia plumbea. Delphinus plumbeus, G. Cuvier Reg, Anim.y 2nd ed., i, p. 283 (1829)*; Jerdon Mamm., no. 143, p. 157; Murray Zool- Sind, p. 39. Sotalia plumbea, Flower List Cetacea B. M., p. 32 (1885). Distribution. — Is recorded from the Malabar Coast and from Sind. [No specimen in the Indian Museum.] Sotalia lentigenosa. Delphinus (Steno ?) lentigenosus, Owen Trans. Zool. Soc, vi, p. 20, pi. v, figs. 2, 3 (1866) ; Sterndale J. Bomb. N. H. Soc., ii, p. 51. Sotalia lentigenosa, Flower List Cetacea B. M., p. 33 (1885). Distribution. — Bay of Bengal (Vizagapatam, Elliot). [No specimen in the Indian Museum.] 326 MAMMALIA. Order SIRENIA. Mammals of herbivorous and aquatic habits, with an almost hair- less skin, a horizontal flattened caudal fin and an odontoid process ; no sacrum ; the capitulum of the rib articulates with the centrum of the vertebra; no claws ; fore-limbs paddle-shaped with rudimen- tary nails ; digits never provided with more than three phalanges ; no trace of hind-limbs ; brain-case cylindroidal ; the parietals meet in a sagittal suture ; the rami of the mandible have a high ascending portion (in these two points differing from Cetaceaj ; frontals with large supra-orbital processes ; nasals aborted ; salivary glands well developed ; a caecum present ; testes abdominal ; mam- mse pectoral. Genus HALICORE. Halicore, Illiger Prodr., p. 140 (181 1). Halicore dugong. Trichechus dugung, Erxleben Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 599 (1777). Halicore dugong, Illiger Prodr.,p. 140 (i8ii) ; Gray III ustr. Ind. Zool., ii, pi. xxiii ; Horsfield Cat. E. I. Mus., p. 139; Blyih Cat. no. 461, p. 143; Jerdon Mamm., no. 240, p. 31 1 ; Blyth J. A. S. B., xliv, Burma List, p. 53 ; Nemll Taprobanian, i, p. 2. Halicore indicus, Desmarest Mamm., p. 509 (1822) ; Cantor J, A. S.B., xv, p. 274 ; Kelaart Prodr. Faun. Zeylan., p. 89; Blyth J, A. S. B., xxviii, p. 494. Halicore tabernaculi, Riippell and Sommerring Mus. Senckenb., i, p. 99, pi. vi (1834). Distribution. — The coasts of the Indian Ocean from Mozam- bique to the Red Sea, Malabar, Ceylon, Andamans and Tenas- serim to Singapore. The Australian species was separated by Owen, chiefly on ac- count of the fact that it possessed 24 instead of 20 molar teeth, this does not seem to be a constant difference, as both species excep- tionally develope 6 molars instead of 5. There seem to be, however, other distinctions, some of which were noticed by Owen, these distinctions have been ignored by modern writers by whom all the Dugongs are included under one specific name. If an Australian skull be compared with an Anda- manese one of approximately the same age, it will be found that the very large external nasal opening is in the Australian skull distinctly heart-shaped, the sides of the opening forming a conti- nuous curve ; in the Andamanese skull the opening is pear-shaped, the sides of the opening bulging forward anteriorly so as to con- strict the opening; in the Australian skull too, the anterior projec- tion of the frontal bones which, with the premaxillse and the maxillae HALICORE. 327 form the side wall of nasal opening, is very much more prominent and raised up than in the Andaman species. As was pointed out by Owen, the scapula of the two forms also presents several points of distinction, the coracoid process is much more developed in the Australian species than in the Andaman form, the notch between the coracoid process and the anterior part of the blade is also strongly developed in the Australian, where- as in the Indian species there is hardly any notch at all; the curve of the posterior edge of the blade is very much greater in the Andaman than in the Australian example ; the acromion too is much higher and bigger in the Andamanese form. Curiously enough the skull entered in Blyth's Catalogue under the number 462B, and believed by him to be the skull of an Australian specimen, agrees in every way with the Andamanese species in the Museum, and has therefore been entered here under the name of H. dugong ; it is very possible that there has been some mistake in the locality of the skull in question. It seems to be generally acknowledged that the Red Sea form, (H. tabernaculi of Riippell) is indistinguishable from the Indian species. a. Skeleton $ Andamans E. H. Man [P.] b. Skeleton No history. (fcetus). c. Skull Port Blair, Andamans Col. Ford, 1867. d. Skull Nicobars F. A. deRoepstorff. e. Lower jaw Nicobars, Andamans F. A. deRoepstorff. /. Lower jaw Andamans R. C. Tytler. A.S.B. g. Skull Gulf of Carpentaria? Dr. R. Tytler, A.S.B. h. Skull Purchased. Halicore australis. Halicore australis, Owen in Jukes Voyage of H.M.S. Fly, ii, p. 323 (1847). Halicore dugung, var. australis, Collett Zool. J.B., ii, p. 851 (1887). Disirihution. — Coasts of Australia. a. Stuffed and Queensland Brisbane Mus. [Ex.] skeleton mtd. b. Skeleton Queensland Purchased. Order EDENTATA The Order Edentata is a very polymorphic one and not easily defined ; the forms included in it have, however, the following points of structure in common ; teeth present or absent, when present, consisting of molars only, and springing from persistent pulps devoid of enamel. 328 MAMMALIA. The only genus represented in the Indian Empire is Manis, which is characterised by being covered externally by large im- bricated horny scales ; no teeth ; tongue long, vermiform and pro- tractile ; limbs short, with five complete digits to each foot ; a dif- fused and non-deciduate placenta. Genus CHOLOPUS. Cholcepus, Illiger Prodr., p. 108 (181 1). Cholopus didactylus. Bradypus didactylus, LinncEus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 51 (1766). Choloepus didactylus, ///j'^er Prodr., p. 108 (181 1) ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 3631 Distribution. — Brazil and Guiana. a. Skin, skull $ Zoological Gardens. and bones. Cholopus hoffmanni. Cholcepus hoffmanni, Peters Monatsher. Akad. Berlin, p. 128 (1858) ; Gray Cat. Cam. Mamm., p. 363 ; P. L. Sclater P. Z. S., 1872, p. 861, pi. Ixxii ; Alston Biol. Centr.-Amer, Mamm., p. 186. Distribution. — Central and South America from Costa Rica to Ecuador. a. Skeleton Purchased. mtd. Genus MYRMECOPHAGA. yiyrmecopha.ga., Ltnnesus Syst, Nat,, 12th ed. i, p. 51 (1766). Myrmecophaga jubata. Myrmecophaga jubata, Linnceus Syst. Nat., 12th ed. i, p. 52 (1766) ; Blyth Cat., p. 178 ; Alston Biol. Centr. Amer.-Mamm., p. 191. Distribution. — America from Guatemala to Paraguay, a. Stuffed A. D. Bartlett, A.S.B. Genus TATUSIA. Tatusia, £esson Man. Mamm., p. 309(1827). MANIS. 329 Tatusia novemcincta. Dasypus novemcinctus, Linncsus Syst, Nat., i2th ed., i, p. 54 (j?^^). Dasypus peba, Desmarest Mamm., p. 368 (1822). Dasypus fenestratus, Peters Monatsher. Akad. Berlift, p. 180 {1864). Tatusia peba, Gray Cat, Cam. Mamm., p. 377 (1869). Tatusia novemcincta, Alston Biol. Centr.-Afner. Mamm., p. 188, pi. xx (1882). Distrihidioji. — America from Texas southwards to Paraguay, a. Ale. British Mas. [Ex.]. Genus DASYPUS. Dasypus, Linnaus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 53 (1766). Euphractus, Wagler Nat. Syst. Amphib.,^. 36 (1830). Dasypus sexcinctus. Dasypus sexcinctus, Z,i«?z/j/;-/;^?///(?«.— Tasmania. a Skin, skull Calcutta Exhibition. 6. Skull E. Biyth, A.S.B. Genus DASYURUS. l^asyurus, Et. Geoff. St. Hil. Bull. Soc.Philom., i, p. 106 (1796). Dasyurus maculatus. Viverra maculata, Kerr Linn. Anim. Kingd., p. 170 (1792)*. Dasyurus macrourus, Et. Geoff. St. Hil. Ann. Mus. Paris, iii, p. 35S (1804). Dasyurus maculatus, Fischer Zoognosie, ii, p. 584 (1813)* ; Gould Mamm. Austr., \, p\. xWx ; Blyth Cat., p. 181; Thomas Cat. Ma?s, B. M., p. 263. Distribution . — Eastern and South-Eastern Australia and Tasma- nia. a. Skin, skull N. S. Wales Calcutta Exhibition. lEi. Stuffed Tasmania G. Sceva, 1867. c. Skull Mt. Gambler, S. Austr. Adelaide Mus. [Ex.] rf. Skull N J history. PHASCOGALE, 347 Dasyurus viverrinus. Didelpbis maculata, Kerr Linn, Anim. Kingd., p. 199 (1792)* {nee Viverra maculata, id. op. ci.t p. 170). Didelphis viverrinus, Sha-w Genl. Zool., i, pt. ii, p. 491 (1800). Dasyurus viverrinus, Ef. Geoff. St. Hil. Ann. Mus. Paris, iii, p. 360 (1804); Gould Afarnm. Atisir., i, pi. 1 ; Blyth Cat., p. 181 ; Thomas Cat. Mars, B. M., p. 265. Dasyurus maugei, Et. Geoff. St. Hil. Ann. Mus. Paris, iii, p. 359 (1S04). Distribtdion. — South-Eastern Australia and Tasmania. a. Skin, skeleton Zoological Gardens. juv. h. StuiTed Hunter R., N. S. W. British Mus. [Ex.] c. Stuffed N. S. Wales Bengal Econ. Mus. d-e. 2 Skulls A. D. Bartlett, A.S.B, _/. Ale. ^ Zoological Gardens. Dasyurus geoffroyi. Dasyurus geoffroyi, Gould P. Z. S., p. 151 (1840); Gould Manivi. Austr., i, pi. li ; Thomas Cat. Mars. B. M., p. 268. Distribution. — All Australia, except extreme north and Tas- mania. a. Skin West Australia Adelaide Mus. [Ex.]. h. Skin Adelaide Mus. [Ex.1. c. Stuffed Purchased, 1846, A.S.B d. Stuffed Melbourne ? No history. Genus PHASCOGALE. Phascogale, Temminck Monogr. Mamm., i, p. 56 (1827). Antechinus Macleay Ann. Mag. N. H., viii, p. 242 (1841). Phascogale flavipes. Phascogale flavipes, Waterhouse P. Z. S., p. 75 (1837) ; Blyth Ct., p. iSi ; Thomas Cat. Mars. B. M., p. 289. Antechinus stuarti, Macleay An7i. Mag. N. H., viii, p. 242 (1841). Antechinus flavipes, Gould Ma^nm. Austr., i, pi. xl (1854). Distribution.— -Y.B.siein Australia. «. Stuffed Melbourne Inst., A.S.B. Phascogale penicillata. Didelphis penicillata. Sham Genl. Zool., i, pt. ii, p. 502 (1800). Dasyurus tafa, Et, Geoff. St. Hil. Ann. Mus. Paris, iii, p. 360 (1804). 348 MAMMALIA. Phascogale penicillata, Temminck Monogr. Mamm,, i, p. 58 (1827); Gould MatJim. Ausir., i, pi. xxxi ; Thomas Cat. Mars. B. M., p. 294. Distribution. — Throughout Australia, except the extreme north. a. Skin West Australia Adelaide Mu3. [Ex.] 6. Skull South Australia Adelaide M us. [Ex.] Genus SMINTHOPSIS. Podabrus, Gould Mamm. Austr., letterpress to pi. xlvii (1845). Sminthopsis, Thomas Ann. Mus. Genova (2), iv, p. 503 (1887). Sminthopsis crassicaudata. Phascogale crassicaudata, Gould P. Z. S., p. 105 (1844). Podabrus crassicaudatus, Gould Mamm. Austr., i, pi. xlvil (1845); Blyth Cat., p 181. Podabrus macrurus, Gould P. Z. S., p. 70 (1845). Sminthopsis crassicaudata, Thomas Cat. Mars. B. M., p. 306 (li Distribution. — Throughout Australia. a-h. 2 Stuffed Melbourne Inst., A.S.B. Genus MYRMECOBIUS. Myrmecobius, Waterhouse P. Z. S., p. 69 (1836). Myrmecobius fasciatus. Myrmecobius fasciatus, Waterhouse P. Z. S., pp. 69, 131 (1836); Gould Ma)nm. Ausir., i, pi. iv ; Tho7nas Cat. Mars. B. M., p. 312. Distribution. — Western and Southern Australia. a. Skin South Australia Adelaide Mus. [Ex.] (A. Anderson, 12-73). Genus DIDELPHYS. Didelphys, LinncBus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 71 (1766). Didelphys marsupialis. Didelphys marsupialis, Linnceus Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, p. 71 (1766); Thoums Cat. Mars. B. M., p. 323. Didelphys cancrivora, Gmelin Syst. Nat., \, p. 108 (1788). Didelphys virginiana, Kerr Linn, Anim. Kingd., p. 193 (1792)*. ORNITHORHYNCHUS. 349 Didelphys aurita, Pr. Maximilian zu Wied Beitr. Natuurg. Bras., ii, p. 395 (1S26)*. Didelphys californica, Bennett P. Z. S., p. 40 (1833). Didelphys breviceps, Bennett P. Z. S., p. 40 (ii^33). Distrihuiion. — America from the States to Chili and South Brazil. a. Skin juv. $ Zoological Gardens, Order MONOTREMATA. Genus ECHIDNA. Echidna, G. Cuvier Tab. Element. d'Hist. Nat., p. 143 (1798)^ Tachyglossus, Illiger Prodr., p. 114 (181 1). Echidna aculeata. Myrmecophaga aculeata, Shaw A^at. MiscelL, iii, pi. cix (1792). Ornithorhynchus hystrix, Home Phil. Trans., p. 348 (1S02). Echidna hystrix, Et. Geoff. St. Nil. Cat. Mainm. Mtis. Hist. Nat., p. 224 (1803)*; Gould Mamni. Austr., i, pi. ii. Tachyglossus aculeatus, Illiger Prodr., p. 1 14 (181 1). Echidna aculeata, Garnot Bull. Soc. Philom., p. 45 (1825)*; Thovias Cat. Mars. B. M., p. 379. Echidna acrobata, apud Blyth Cat , p. 187 (1863). Disirilution. — Throughout Australia, replaced by geographical races in New Guinea and Tasmania. a. Skin, skeleton Purchased. h-d. 3 Stuffed A.S.B. e. Stuffed New South Wales Bengal Econ. Mus. /. Ale. Calcutta Exhibition. Genus ORNITHORHYNCHUS. Platypus, Sha-w Nat. MiscelL, x, letterpress to pi. ccclxxxvi {\7gg){nec Herbst). Ornithorhynchus, Blumenbach Voigt's Mag. Naturk., ii, p. 205 (1800)*. Ornithorhynchus anatinus. Platypus anatinus, Shaw Nat. MiscelL, x, pi. ccclxxxv, (1799). Ornithorhynchus paradoxus, Bluvienbach Voigt's Mag. Naturh., ii, p. 205 (1800)*. Ornithorhynchus rufuset fuscus, Peron ct Lessucur Voy. Terr. Austr., Ailas, pi. xxxiv (1807)*. 350 MAMMALIA. Ornithorhynchus anatinus, Wnferhnnse Nat. Hist. Mamm., i, p. 35(1846); Gow'd Mavim. Austr., i, p\. i ; Blyth Cat., p. 186; T/tofnas Cat. Mars. B. M., p. 388. Distribution. — Eastern Australia and Tasmania. a. Skin g No history. b. Skin N. S. Wales'* No history. c. Stuffed S. E. Australia No history d. Stuffed N. S. Wales H. T. Prinsep, 1842, A.S.B. e. Skeleton mted. N. S. Wales A.S.B. f. Ale. Brisbane Mus. [Ex.] 8- Ale. Calcutta Econ. Mus. INDEX. [Names of synonyms are printed in italics; recogn'zed names 'n Roman characters.] abieiuvi. Mattes, 275. abyssinica, Gtnetta, 240. abyssinua, Vivcrra, 240. ahvssini cus, Lepiis, 119. abyssinicus, Mus, 78. Acantlnon, 104 Acanthoecherus, 104, accadians Meriones, 99. acrobatn, Echidna, 349. Acrobntes, 339 aculeata, Echidna, 349. aculeata, Myrmecaphaga, 340. acitleatus, Tachyglossus, ,149. acuticornis, Panolia, i8i. acutus, Delphiniis, 321. acutu'i, Lagenorhynchus, 321. adailensis, Herpestcs, 257. aegagrus, Aegoceros, 143. aegagrus, Capra, 142. Aegoceros, 142. aegyptiactis, Lepiis, 119. aegyptius, Dipus, 100. aegyptius, Lepus, iio, aelia7ii, Phacochoerus, 197. Aelurus, 300. Aepyceros, 169. Aepyprymnus, 338. acqid^atidalis, Miis 63. aethiopicus, Aper, 197. aethiopictis, Camelopardalis, 171. aethiopicus, PhMCochoerus, 197. aetliiopicus, Stis, 197. affinis, Cervus, 184. affinis, Felis, 228. affinis, Sciiirus, 7, 20. afra, Genetta, 240. rt/rfl, Mnstela, 257. fl/ra, Myrmecophaga, 332. africana, Atherura, 104. africanus, Elephas. 208. africanus, Phacochoerus, (97. nfricaniis. Rhinoceros, 205. africanus, Sus, 197, agilis, Halmaturns, 334. agiiis, Macropus, 334. agilis, Putoriiis, 279. agrestis, Arvicola, 92. agrestis, Mus, 92. Agricola, Subg., 92. Aigocerus, 156. Ailurina, 212. Ailuropus, 301. Ailiirtis, 300. aipomus, Sus, aper var , 193. Alactaga, loi. rt/Zirt, Phalangista, 343. albescens. Felis, 231. albicans, Balaena, 317. albicaxida, Plioca, 308. albiceps. Sciurus, 7. albidiventris, Miis, 80. alhifrons, Ic tides, 249. albifrons, Paradoxurus, 249. albigena, Pkoca, 308. albipes, Antilope, 154. albipes, Sciurus, II. albipilis, Lagorchestes, 337. albiventer, Pteromys, 35- albogtdaris, Heteropiis, 336. alboniger, Sciuropterus, 38. alborutus, Pteromys, 34. albovittatits, Sciurus, 31. albus, Lepiis, 1 18. albus, Macropus, 334. Aicephalus, 170. Alces, 186. alces. Cervus, 186. alexandrinus, Mus, 62. alexandrinus, Mus, rattus xi<7^-., 63. alfurus, Babirussa, 196. allaviandi, Galictis, 284. alopex, Canis, 268, alopex, Vulpes, 268. a/ op kits, Hystrix, 106. alpina, Marmota, 44. alpina, Mnstela, 281. alpiniis, Canis 261. alpinus, Cuon, 261. alpinus, Hypudaetis, 93. alpinus, Picrotnys, 40. INDEX alpinus, Putorius, 281. alpinus, Scuirus, 28. alstoni, .-^ciurus, 21. altaicus, Mosc'ius, 172. Altic'ila, Subg., 89. americana, Aiitilocapra, 171. aviericana. A)tiiloj)e, 171. americana, Antilope (^Rupicapra), 151- americana, Lutra, 297. americana, Maries, 276. americana, Mustela, 276, americana, Tamias, 30. americanus, Alces, 186 americanus, Bison, 131. americanus, Bos, 131. americanus, Castor, 44. americanus, Dipus, 90. americanus, Lepus, 120. americanus, Lepus, 120. amei-icanus, Mns, agrarius var., 85. americanus, Ursus, 305. ammon, Gvis, 136. ammonoides, Ovis, 136. Ammotragus, 131. amphibius, Arvicola, 92. amphibius. Hippopotamus, 197, amphibius, Mus, 92. anatinus, Ornithorhynchus, 349. anatinus, Platypus, 349. anatolica, Ovis, 139. andamanensis, Mus, rattus var., 63. andamanensis, Sus, 195. aiidersoni, Herpestes, 254. annulatus, Sciurus, 30. Anoa, 124. ansoni, Phoca, 309. Antechinus, 347. Antidorcas, 157. antillarum, Cystophora, 309. Antilocapra, 170. Antilope, 16?. antiguorum. Hyaena, 259. Aonyx, 291. apicalis, Hapalotis, 84. Aploceros, 151. arabica, Antilope, 159. arabica, Capra, 144. arabica, Gazella, 158. arabicus, Camclus, 192. arboreus, Mus, 63. Arctictis, 249. arcticus, Gulo, 283. arcticus, Lepus, 118. arcticus, Leiicopleurus, 321. arcticus, Rosmarus, 307. Arctogale, 241. Arctjmys, 41. Arctonyx, 290. arctos, Ursus, 304. argali, Caprovis, 136. argentoratcnsis, Arvicola, 92. arianus, Mus, 75. artel, Belideus, 340. aristotelis, Cervus, 176. aristotelis, kusa, 1 76. arna, Bubalus, 129. arnee, Bos, 129. artemesia, Lepus, 120. arundinacea, Antilope, J64. arundinacea, Cftrvicapra, 164. arundinaceus, Eleotragus, 165. arvalis, Arvicola, 93. Arvicola, 87. Arvicola, Subg., 93. Ascomys, 9 ). ashtoni, Viverra, 236. asiaticus, Elephas, 206. asiaticus, Halmaturus, 337, asiaticus, Mus, 63. asiaticus. Rhinoceros, 202. Asinus, 198. asinus, Equus, 200. aspera, Manis, 332. assaviensis, Medhitis, 290. assaniensis, Sciurus, 18. asseel, Bibos, 125. assimilis, Mus, 79. a^er. Arvicola, 92. fl^er, Ictides. 249. a^er, Poephagomys, 102. Atherura, 104. atricapilliis, Sciurus, 24. atrodorsalis, Sciurus, 15. atrodorsalis, Sciurus, 18. attenuata, Clymenia, 324. attenuatus, Prodelphinus, 324. attenuatus, Steno, 324. Auchenia, 192. auduboni, Lepus, 120. aurantiacus, Pteromys, 39. aurata, Felis, 222. auratus, Leopardus, 222. auratus, Paradoxurus, 248. aureus, Arctomys, 43. aureus, Canis, 264. aureus. Cervulus, 173. aureus, Cervus {Stylocerus), 173. aureus, Lu(>us. 265. aureus. Lynx, 233. aureus, Paradoxurus, 247. aureus, Saccalius, 265. aurifa, Didelpliys, 348. aurita, Manis, 330. auritus, Lagomys, no. aurivcntci , Mustela, 281. INDEX. 353 auriventer, Sciurtis, 7. aurobrunnea Aonyx, 295. aurobrunnea, Lut.ra, 295. aurobrunnea, Lutra, 296, auropunctata, Viverra. 251, auropurictatus, Herpestes 251. australasice, Canis, familiaris var. 266. australiae, Chrysaetis, 266. auttralis, Balaena 312. australis, Belideus, 340. australis, Cavia, 109. australis, Halicore, 327. australis, Petaurus, 340. avellanarius, Mus, 45. aveilanarius, Muscardinus, 45. avellanarius, Myoxzts, 45. Axis, 174. axis, Cervus, 181. axis, Cervus, 182. B Pabirussa, 196. babirussa, Sus, 196. hachmani, Lepus, 120. bactriana, Alactaga, 10 1. bactriaiius, Camelus, 191. bactrianus, Mus, 74. bactrianus, Spermophilus, 41. badging, Sciurus, 23. badius, Herpestes, 257. badius, Mus, 83. badius, Rhizomys, 97. bahrainja, Cervus, 179. baibacina, Arctnmys, 44. baillonii, Arvicola, 93. bairdi, Lepus, 120. Balaena, 312. Balaenoptera, 313. bandicota, Mus, 57, 58. bandicota, Mus {Nesokia), 57. bandicota Nesokia, 57. bangkana Sciurus prevostii, var., 24. banteng, Bibos, 127. barang, Lutra, 294. Barangia, 291. barbara, Galera, 284. barbara, Gaiictis, 283. barbara, Mustela, 283. barbarus. Cants, 265. barbarus, Cervus, 183. barbarus, Leo, 214. barbata, Cynogale, 250. barbata, Galera, 284. barbata, Phoca, 308. barbatus, Callocephalus, 308. barbatus, Erignathus, 308. barbatus, Gulo, 283. barbatus, Potamophilus, 250. barbei, Sciurus, 27. barclayanus, Mus (Nesokia), 55. Bathyergus, 98. beatrix, Oryx, 156. beavani, Mus, 80. beden, Aegoceros, 144. beden, Capra, 144. beisa, Antilope, 155. beisa, Oryx, 155. Belideus, 340. Beluga, 317. beluga, Delphinapterus, 317. bengalensis, Arvicola, 55 bengalensis, Canis, 271. bengalensis, Cynalopex, 271. bengalensis, Felis, 223. bengalensis, Hystrix, 106. bengalensis, Mus {Nesokia), 55. bengalensis, Nesokia, 55. bengalensis, Sus, 193, bengalensis, Viverra, 238. bengalensis, Vulpcs, 271. bennetti, Antilope, 159. bennetti, Cynogale, 250. bennetti, Gazella, 159. bennetti, Halmaturus 334. bennetti, Herpestes, 256. bennetti, Macropu?, ruficoUis tiar., 334- bennetti, Tragops. 159. bennetti, Viverriceps, 225. berdmorei, Mus, 71. berdmorei, Sciurus, 26. Bettongia, 338. bezoartica, Antilope, 155, 162. bezoartica, Cervicapra, 162. Bibos, 124. bicolor, Arvicola, 89. bicolor, Macroxus, 7. bicolor, Sciurus, 7. bicolor, Sciurus, 8, II. bicolor, Tajirus, 198. bicornis, Rhinoceros, 205. biddulphi, Lepus, 114. bilineatus, Sciurus, 23. billardieri, Halmaturus, 335. billardieri, Kangurus, 335. billardieri, Macropus, 335. biniurong, Arctictis, 249. binturong, Viverra, 249. bipes. Dip us, 100. birmanicus, Herpestes, auropuncta- tus, ^lar., 252. Bison, 123. bivittatus, Sciurus, 23. blanfordi, Arvicola, 91. 354 INDEX. blanfordi, Dipus, lOO. blanfordi, IMus, 70. blanfordi, Sciurus, 12. blanfordi, Sciurus, pygerythrus var., 12. biythi, Arvicola, 91. biythi, Balaenoptera, 314, biythi, Ca{>ra, 143. biythi, Ceratorhimis, 204. biythi, Sciurus, 18. tlytliianus, Mus {Nesokin), 55. bobac, Arcto7)iys, 41, 42, 43. bocourti, Sciurus, 22. boiei, Viverra, 241. bot}ibayanus, Sciurus, 10. bonapartii, Genetta, 240. bondar, Pagunici, 244. bondar, Paradoxiirus, 244. bondar, Viverra, 244. booduga, Leggada, 80. borealis, Cystophora, 309. borcalis, Felis, 229, 232. borealis, Gulo, 283. borealis, Lepus, 118, 120. borealir, Lyncus, 229, 232. bornensis, Sciurus, prevostii var., 24. Bos, 123. Boselaphus, 154. bougainvillei, Perameles, 345. bougensis, Sciurus, 30. bowersii, IVIus, 62. brachyotus, Cercoleptes, 300. brackyotits, Sciurus, 31. brachyura, Felis, 221. brachyura, Manis, 330,331. brachyura, Nesokia, 55. BracJiyurus, 87. brachyurus, Halniaturus, 336. bracbyurus, Herpestes, 255. brachyurus, Kangurus, 335. brachyurus, Leopardus, 221. brachyurus, Macropus, 335. brachyurus, Neofelis, 221, brachyurus, Procyon, 298. brasiliensis, Lu'ra, 297, brasiliensis, Lutra, 297. brevicaudatus, Gerbillus, 50, breviceps, Bclideus, 340. breviceps, Didelphys, 348. breviceps, Geomvs, 99. breviceps, Kogia, 315. breviceps, Petauras, 340. breviceps, Physeter, 315. brevirostris, Orcella, 318. brevirnstris, Phocaena, 318. brittanicus, Arvicola, 93. brndiei, Sciurus, 25. b'ookei, Ovis, 136. bruni, Didelphys, 337. brujii, Dorcopsis, 337. bruni, Kangurus, 333. brunneus, Mus, 61. brunnetisctdus, Mus, 62- buhalina, Antilope, 149. biibalina, Capricornis, 149. bubalinu^, Nemorhaedus, 149. bubalis, Bos, 129. Bubalus, 124. bubalus, Bos, 129. Budorcas, 151. buduga, Leggada, 80. buduga, Mus {Leggada), 80. buffelus, Bos, 129. buffelus, Bubalus, 129. burchedi, Asinus, 200. burchelli, Equus, 200. burrhel, Ovis, 140. bursarius, Geomys, 99. bursarius, Mus, 99. bursarius, Pi,eudosto7na, 99. bursarius, Saccophorus, 99. byroni, Phoca, 309. caama, Aicephalus, 170. caavia, Antilope, 170. caama, Boselaphus, 170. caama, Bubalus, 170. caama, Damalis (Acronot us) , 170. caavia, Fennecus, 273. caama, Megalotis, 273. caama, Vulpes, 273. caballus, Equus, 200. caecutiens, Buthyergus, 98. caffer. Bos, 130. coffer, Bubalus, 130. caffer, Chaus 232. caffer, Herpestes, 256. caffra, Felis, 232. caffrn, Viverra, 256. Calictis, 250. californianus, Ovis, 138. californica, Didelphys, 348. californica, Lutra, 297. caligatit, Felis, 232. callotis, Lepus, 120. Calogale, 250. caloviithi, Felis, 231. Calotragus, 166. calotus, Mustela, 28. cnlotiis, Sciurus, 28. Canielopardalis, 1 7 1. cavielopardalis, Cervtis, 171. INDEX. 355 camelopardalis, Girafta, 171. Camelus, 191. cantpestris, Antilopc, 166. campestris, Pediotragus, 166. cana, Vulpes, 272. canadensis, Ascomys, 99. canadensis, Castor, 44. canadensis, Cervus, 185. canadensis, Dipits, 99, canadensis, Felis, 232. canadensis, Latax, 297. canadensis, Lutra, 297. canadensis, Lyncus, 232. canadensis, Miistela, 276, 282, 297. canadensis, Ovis, 137. cancrivora, Didelphys, 348. cancrivora, Mesobema, 256. cancrivora, Urva, 256. canesccns, Felis. 231. canescens, Lepus, 118. canescens, Meles, 288. caniceps, Macroxus, 14. caniceps, Pteromys, 36. caniceps, Scinropterus, 36. caniceps, Sciurus, 13. canigida, Mustela, 280. caniguia, Putorius, 280. canina, Phalangista, 342. canina, Plioca, 307. caninus, Trichosurus, 342. Canis, 261. canna Antilope {Oreas), 152. canna, Damalis {Boselaphi!S\ 153. canna, Oreas, 152. Caoti, 298. Capella, 151. capensis, Cavia, 208. capensis, Elcphas, 208. capensis, Felis, 231. capensis, Georychus, 99. capensis, Hippopotamus, 197, capensis, Hyaena, 259. capensis, Hyrax, 208. capensis, Ictonyx, 284. capensis, Lepus, 119. capensis, Mas gg. capensis, Myrniecopkaga, 332. capensis, Orycteropus, 332. capensis. Oryx, 1 55. capensis, Sciurus, 31. capensis, Strepsiceros, 153. capensis, Xerus, 31. capensis, Zorilla, 284. capistratus, Sciurus, 29. Capra, 142. capraea, Capreolus, 187. Capreoius, 187. copreolus, Cervus [Capreoius), 187. Capricornis, 147. Caprolagus, I 12. Caprovis, 1 31. capybara, Hydrocboerus, 109. Caracal, 2' 2. caracal, Felis, 230. caracal, Lynx, 230. carcharias, Viverra, 250. carcinophaga, Lobodon, 308. carcinophaga, Plioca, 308. carcinophagus, Stenorhyncus, 308, Cariacus, i.Sy. caribou Rangifer, iBS. Carnivora, 209. carolinensis, Felis, 233. carolinensis, Sciurus, 29, carolinus, Sciurus, 29. cashmeerianus, Cervus, 184. cashmerensis. Cervus, 184. castaneoventris, Sciurus, i 7. castaneus, Rhizomys, 97. Castor, 44. catenata, Felis, 231. cathia. Putorius, 281. Catoblepas, 170. catodon. Beluga, 317. Catolynx, 21 2. catolynx, Felis, 228. catus, Felis, 232. catus, Felis, 233. catccasica, Capra, 143. caudata, An'ilope, 149. caudata, Felis, 229. caudatior, Mus, 69. caudatns, Arctomys, 43. caudatus, Arctoviys, 43, caudatus, Cliaus, 229. caudatus, Nemorhaedus, 149. caudatus, Urotragus, 149. caudimaculata, Hapalotis, 84. caudivolvula, Didelphys, 341. caudivolvula, Viverra, 299. caudivolvulus, Cercoleptes, 2^9. caudivolvtdus, Potos, 300 caudivolvulus, Ursus, 3CO. Cavia, 108. cavifrons, Bibos, 124. ca-mi, Ichneumon, 257. ceilonensis, Sciurus, 11. celebensis, Cuscus, 343. celebensis, Phalanger, 343. celidogaster, Felis, 225. celidogaster, Lei'paidus, 225. Cephajiiphus, 167. Ceratorhinus, 2oi Ce7 colabcs, 103. Cercoleptes, 299. Cervicapra, 164. Z 2 35^ INDEX. cervicapra, Antilcpe, 162. cervicolor, Mus, 75. cervicolor, Mtis, 80. tervina, Ovis, 138. Cervulus, 172. Cervus, 174. Cetacea, 3T0. ceylanicus, Herpesfes, 255. ceyloniczis, Sciurus, 11. ceylomis, Mus, 63. chaltoni, Cntolynx, 221 , chaltoni, Felis, 221. chalto7ti, Unci a, 221, chanco, Cants, 263. chanco, Lupus, 263. Chaus, 212. chpus, Felis, 227. chaus, Lynx, 228. chickara, Antilnpe, 168. chickara, Tetraceriis, 168. chinensis, Felis, 223. chinensis, Leopard us, 219, 223. chinensis, Lutra, 292. chinensis, Sciurus, 19, Chiropodomys, 81. chiru, Antilope, 164. Cholopus, 328. christi, Gazella, 159. Chrysaeus, 260. chrysogaster, Galidictis, 274. chrysogaster, Hydromys, 45. chrysogaster. Moschus, 172. chrysonotiis, Sciurus 13. chrysothryx, Sciuropterus, 35. chrysiirus, Canis, 271. cicognani Mustela, 279, cineraceus, Eufjetaurus, 40, cineraceus, Pierotjiys, 23 cineraceus, Pteromys, oral tier., 33. cinerea, Lutra, 296. cinereo-argentatus, Canis, 273. cincreus, Geovivs, 99. cinereus, PhariColarctu«, 343. cinereus, Rhizoinys, 95, cinereus, Sciurus, 29. cinnamoneus, Mus, 69. cinnainoneus, Sciurus. 22. cinnamoneus. Ursus, 305. civetta, Viverra, 239. civettina, Viverra, 237. civettoides, Viverra, 236, Cly7)iene, 324. Clymenia, 324. cobaya. Cavia, 109. coecntiens, Georychus, 98. Coelogentis, io8- Coelogenys, 108. coffaetis, Mus, 84. collaris, Arctonyx, 290. collaris. My da us, 290. collaris, Ursus. 304. communis, Phocaena, 317. concolor, Felis, 230. concolor, Leopardus, 230. concolor, Mus, 68. concolor, Sciurus, 14. conditor, Hapalotis, 84. conditor, Mus. 84. congicus, Xerus. 31. Connochaetes, 170. cooki, Phalangista, 341. cooki, Pseudochirus, 341. cora, Gazella, 158. couguar, Felis, 230. craspidotis, Lepus, 115. crassicaudata, Manis. 330. crassicaudata, Pliascogale, 348. Crassicaudata, Sminthopsis, 348. crassicaudatus, Podabrus, 348. crassipes, Mus. 63, 73. Cricetomys, 87. Cricetus, 85. crispa, Antilope, 149. cristata, Cystophora, 309. cristata, Hystrix, 105. cristata, Hystrix, T05. cristata, Mirouuga, 309. cristata, Phoca, 309. cristata, Viverra, 258. cristatus, Proteles, 258. cristatus, Stevimatopus, 309. cristatus, Sus, 193. Crocuta, 258. crocuta, Canis, 259. crocuta, Hyaena, 259. Crossarchus, 258. crossii, Ceratorhinus, 204. crossii, Paradoxurus, 243. crossii, Rhinoceros, 204. cryptorhinus, Gerbillus, 50. cuandu, Hystrix, 103. cw/a, Viverra, 284. cuniviingii, Octodon, 103. cunicularis, Mus, 75. cuniculus, Bettongia, 338. cunictdus, Hypsipiymnus, 338. cuniculus, Lepus, 118. Cuon, 260. curzoniae, Lagomys, no. C use us, 343. cuvieri, Acanthion, 105. cuvieri, Gerbillus, 47. cuvieri, Oedocephalus, 105. cycloceros, Ovis, 138. Cynaelurus, 235. Cynailurus, 235. INDEX. 357 Cyna!opex, 267. cynocephala, Didelphys, 346. cynocephalus, Thylacinus, 346. Cynofelis, 235. Cyiiogale, 240. Cystophora, 309. dabagala, Xerus, 31. daccaensis, Mus, 55. dalmanni, Fholidotus, 331. Damn, 174. dama, Cervus, i86. darjeelingensis, Mus, 71. darwinii, Felis, 231. Dasypus, 329. Dasyurus, 346. dayanus, Lepus, 115. decumana, Alactaga, loi. deciimana, Dip lis, 10 1. decuf72anoides, Mus, 61, 63. decumanus, Mus 61. deductor, Globicephalus, 319. degtis, Dendrobius, 103. degus, Octodon, 103. degus, Setter us, 103. dekan, Nyctocleptes, 95. dekan, Rhizomys, 96. delesserti, Sciurus, 26. Delphinapterus, 317. Delphinus, 321. delphis, Delphinus, 321. Dendrobitts. I02. depressicornis, Anoa, 130. depressicornis, Antilope, 130. depressicornis, Bos, 130. derbiana, Hemigalea, 241. derbianus, Halmaturus, 335- derhianus, Paradoxurus, 241. destructor, Arvicola, 92. Diabolus, 346. diardi, Felis, 220. diardi, Felis, 221. dichrous, Arctomys, 43. Dicotyles, 196. Dicranocerus, 170. didactylus, Bradypiis, 328. didactyhis, Cholopus, 328. Didelphys, 348. ditnorphe, Cervus, iSl. dingo, Canis, 266. dingo, Canis, familiaris var., 266 Diplostoma, 99. Dipus, 100. domestica, Felis, 233. dorcas, Antilope, 157. dorcas, Capra, 157. dorcas, Gazella, 157. dorcas, Gazella, 157, 158. Dorcopsis, 337. dorsalis, Halmaturus, 334. dorsalis, Macropus, 334. dorsalis, Nasua, 299. dorsata, Hystrix, 103. dorsata, Phoca, 308. dorsatus, Erethizon, 103. dromas, Camehis, 192. dromedarius, Camelus, 192. Dromicia 339, drummondii, Geomys, 99. dubiits, Mus, 55, 71. dzibius, Paradoxurus, 243. dugong, Halicore, 326. diigung, Trichechus, 32^^. dukhanettsis, Canis, 260. dukhunensis, Cuon, 260. dumecoliis, Mus, 83. dumeticola, Mus (I'andelew id) , 83. dussumierii, Scitirus, 25. duvaucellii Antilope (Nemorhae- dus), 148. duvauceli, Cervus, 179. duvauceli, Recurvus, 180. dybovvskii, Cer\us, 182. Echinnprncta, 103. Echidna, 349. edeni, Balaenoptera, 314. Edentata, 327. edtvaidsii, Antilope {Neniorhaedus), 150. Egoceros, 156. elaphoides, Cerv^is, 1 79. elaphoides, Cervus {Recurvus), 180. elaphus, C<-rvus, 183. elaphus, Cervus, 184. eldi, Cervus, 180. eldii, Panolia, 181. electra, Lagenorhynchus, 321. elegans, Macropus. 337. eleotragus, Antilope {Cervicapra), 164. eleotragus, Antilope (Redunca), 165. elephantina, Phoca, 309. Elephas, 206. elliotanus, MusfNesokia), 58. ellioti, Golunda, 83. ellioti, Herpestes, 254. ellioti, Leopardus, 223. ellioti, Lutra, 204. ellioti, Viverriceps, 223. 358 INDEX. ellipsiprymmis, A)itilope, 164. ellipsiprymnus, Kobus, 164. E llobius, 94. elphinstonii, Sciiirtts, 10. empctra, Arctomys, 44. enconbert, Dasypus, 2i'^9- Enhydra, 297. ephippiiun, Macroxus, 7. cp It ipp i n m , Scj iirtis, 7. equina, Antilope, 156. equina, Antilope (Aigoccros). 156. equimts, Ccrviis, 176. equinus, Hippotragus, 156. Equiis, 198. Erethizoii, 103. erininca, Foetoiius, 279. erminca, Mtisfela, 2j8. erminea, Putorius, 278. erythraeus, Sciurus, 15. erythraeus, Sciurus, 17. erythrogaster, Macroxus, 16. erythrogaster, Sciurus, 16. erythrogenys, Rhiz im\s, 96. erythrogenys, Sciurus, 24. erythroinelas, Sciurus, 24. erythronotus, Mus, 75. erythropus, Sciurus, 31. erythropus, Xerus, 31. erythrotis, Felts, 228, erythrotis, Mus, 70. erythrourus, Gerbillus, 49, 50. erythrurus, Gerbillns, 49. eschrichti, Delphinus, 321. esculentus, Glis, 45. euchore, Antidorcas, 162. euchore, Antilope, 162. euchore, Gazella, 162. eugenii, Kangurus, 335. eugenii, Macropus, 335. Eupetaurus, 40. Euphractus, 329. Euphysetes, 315. Eupleres, 250. europaeus, Capreolus, 187. europaeus. Castor, 44. europaeus, Lepus, 118. europaeus, Meles, 288. europaeus, Sciurus, 28. ^ eurynome, Delphinus, 323. euryspilus, Helarctos, ,"^04. eustephanus, Cervus, 184. falconeri, Aegoceros {Capra), 145. falconeri, Capra, 145. falklandica, Cystophora, 309. familiaris, Cam's, 266. familiaris, Canis, 260. fasciata, Hyaena, 259. fasciatus, Crossarchus, 258. fasciatus, Herpestes, 258. fasciatus, Kangurus, 337. faciatus Lagorchestes, 337. fasciatus, Lagostrophus, 337. fasciattis. Lynx, 233. fasciatus, Mungos, 258. fasciatus, Myrmecobius, 348. fasciatus, Paradoxurus, 244. fasciciilata, Atherura, 104 fnsciculata, Hystrix, 106. felinus, Paradoxurus, 244. Felis, 212. fenestrattis, Dasypus, yzg. ferox, Ursus, 303, 304. ferrilatus, Cynalopex, 272. ferrilatus, Vulpes, 272. ferrugineus, Herpestes, 254. ferrugineus, Sciurus, 22. Fiber, 87. fiber. Castor, 44. fimbriatus, Cynictis, 254, fimbriatus, Herpestes, 253. fimbriatus, Ptcro7nys, 37. fimbriatus, Sciuropterus, 37. finlaysonii, Paradoxurus, 243. finlaysoni, Sciurus, 22. Jiavescetis, Mus, 62- flavesccns, Vulpes, 268, 270. flavidens, Herpestes, 255. flavigtda, Martes, 274. flavigida, Mustela, 273. flaviinanus, Sciurus, 12, 15. flavipes, Antcchinus, 347. flavipes, Phascogaie, 347. flavivcnter, Belideus, 340. flaviventer, Petaurus, 340. flavus, Caudivolvtdus, 300. flavus. Lemur, 299, flavus, Xerus, 31. floridanus, Lynx, 233, flowcri, Rhinoceros, 203- fiuminalis, Orceila, 319. foetidus, Putorius, 277. Foetorius, 276. foina, Martes, 275. foina, Mustela, 275. fonianieri, Felis, 218. formosianus, Ursus, 303. fossor. Wombat us, 344. fraenatus, Macropus, 336. frederici, Herpestes, 253. frenata, Onychogale, 336. frithi, Delphinus, 322. frontalis, Bibos, 125. INDEX. S59 frontalis, Bos, 126. frontalis, Cervus, 181. frontalis, Gavacus, 126. frontatus. Delphinus, 325. frontatus, Steno, 325. fulgens, Aelurus, 300. fidiginosus, Canis, 264. fuliginosus, Sciurus, 29. fuliginosus, Trichosurus, vulpecula •var., 342. fulvescens, Herpestes, 255. fulvescens, Mus, 69. fulvidiventris, Mus, 80. fulmventer , Moschiis, 1F9. fulvolavatus, Hydromys, 46. ful'vus, Arvicola, 8g, fulvus, Canis, 268. fulvus, Coelogenus, 108. fulvus, Cricetus, 86. fulvus, Merioiies, 50, fulvus, Sciurus, 28. fulvus, Vulpes, 268. fulvus Vulpes, alopex var., 26S. fiiviigatus, Lepus, 120. furcifer, Antilope, 171. furcifer, Antilope ( DicranocerosJ , 171. /j'«, Capra, 144. sladeni, Mus, 63. sladeni, Sciurus, i8. Sminthopsis, 348. sniithi, Calictis, 254. svtithi, Cervus, 180. smithi, Herpestes, 254. socialis, Nasua, 209. soetnmerringi, Aniilope, 161. soemmerringi, Gazeila, 161. solitaria, Nasua, 299. sondaicus, Bos, 127. sondaicus, G-vaeus, 127. sondaicus, Rhinoceros, 202. sondaicus. Rhinoceros, 204. soricinus, Mus, 78. soricinus, Sciurus, 21. Sotalia, 325. spadaceus, Pteromys, 40. spadaceus, Sciuropterus, 40. Spalacotnys, 53. Spalacopus, 102. Spalax, 94. spekii, Gazella, 158. spekii, Pectinator, loi. spenserae, Tarsipes, 339. Spermophilus, 41. spiculum, Dipus, loi. spinulosa, Leggada, 80. spinulosus, Mus, 80. splendens, Rathyergus, 98. splendens, Sciurus, 22. splendidus, Sciurus, 22. stanleyanus, Moschus, 191. stanleyanus, Tragulus, 191. stelleri, Enliydris, 297. stelleri^ Lutra, 297. stenbock, Antilope (Cervicapra) 166. Steno, 324. stenocephalus. Rhinoceros, 202. Stenorhynchiis, 308. sfigniaticus, Paradoxurus, 241, stoliczkana, Mustela, 280. stoliczkanus, Arvicola, 89. stoliczkanus, Lepus, 115. stoliczkanus, Putorius, 280. stracheyi, Arvicola, 90. Strepsiceros, 153. strepsiceros, Antilope, 153. strepsiceros, Antilope (Tragelaphus), 153. strepsiceros, Damalis {Strepsiceros) 153- striata, Hyaena, 258. striata, Viverra, 284. stiiata, Zorilla, 284. striaticornis, Tetracerus, 168, striatus, Sciurus, 30. striatus, Tamias, jtj. 373 INDEX. strictiis, Pciradoxnriis, 244. strictus, Paradoxurus, hermaphrodi- tus var., 244. strisidorsa, Mustela, 282. striffidorsus, Gvmnopiis, 282. strigidorsus, Pntorius, 2S2. strophtatus, Mus, 75. stuarti, Antechiniis, 347. Stylncertis, 172. sithflavivetitris, Sciurus, 20. subgutturosa, AntiJnpe, 160. subgutturosa, Gazella. iCo, subheniachnlatia, Musfela, 280. subhemachalana, Vison, 280. subhemachahnus, Putorius, 280. sitbhemachalus. Bibos, 124. sublimis, Mus, 73, sublineatus, Sciurus, 26. siibniger, Coelogemis, 108. sub-4-cortTidiis, Antilope, i68, stiillus, MiiS. 98. suviatraiia, Fdis, 223. sumatrana, Sciurus, prevostii var., 24. stivtatranus, Ceratorhinus, 204. stiniatraiiHS, Leopardus, 223. sumatranus, Tapirus, 198. suviairatius, Rhinoceros, 204. sumatranus, Rhinochoerus, 198. suinnirensis, Antilope, 150. sufnatrensis, Antilope {Nemorhae- dus), 150. sumatrensis, Canis, faniiliaris var., 260. sumatrensis, Capricornis, 150. sumat' ensis, Ceratorhinus, 204. sumatrensis, Cuoii, 2^0. sumatrensis, Mus, 05 sumatrensis, Nemorhaedus, 150. sumatrensis, Rhinoceros, 204. sumatrensis, Rhizomys, 95. Sus, 102, svitteval, Globicephalus, 319. swinkoei, Capricornis, 150, swinhoei, Cervus, 178. swinhoei, Gerbillus, 52. swinhoei, Liitra, 296. swinhoei, Rusa, 178. swinhoei, Sciurus, maciellandii tiar, 27. sylhetanus, Bos, 126. sylvatica, Antilope, 154. sylvatica, Maries, 275. sylvaticus, Lepus, 120. syl>^aticus, Mu<, 78. sylvaticus, Mus, 7-', 77, 85. sylvaticus, Tragelaphus, 154. syhfstris, Felts, 232. Synetheres, 103. syriaciis, Ursus, 302. tabernactdi, H'llicore, 326. Tachvglossits, 349. Taeniogale, 250. taenionota Ariela, 258. taenionotits. Ichneumon, 258. taevanus, Cervus, 183. ffl/a, Dasyurus, '^■^7. taguanoides, Petaurista, 340. taguanoides, Petaurus, 340. taiouaniis, Cervus, 183. tajacu, Dicotyles, 196, tajacu. Sus, 196. Tamias, 30. tangalanga, Viverra, 237. tangalanga, Viverra, 237. Tapirus, ig8. Tarandus, 188. tarandus, Cervus (Rangifer), 188, tarandus, Rangifer, 188. tarayensts,- Mus, 55, Tar^ipes, 339. tataricus, Aictotiiys, 41. Tatusia, 328. taurus, Hos, 131. taxicdlor, Budorcas, 151. taxoides, Arctonyx, 291. taxus, Meles, 288. temmincki, Felis, 222. temon, Mustela, 281. tenasseriviensis, Felis, 223. tendal, Sfrepsiceros^ 153. tennentii, Sciurus, n. Tenotis, 30. tenuis, Sciurus, 20. terrestris, Mus, 92. terricolor, Mus, 80. Tetracerus, 168. tetragonurus, Mus, ^2. texianus, Lepus, 121. texianus Sciurus, 29. ^Aar, Antilope, 149. thar, Capricornis, 149. theobaldi. Mus, 74. thetidis, Halmaturus, 335, thetidis, Macropus, 335. thetis, Halmaturus, 335. thibetanuf, Helarctos, 303. I thibetanus, Ursus, 303, 305. I thricolis, Arvicola, 93. INDEX. 373 Thy lads, 345- Thylacinus, 345. tkysamirus, Herpestes, 254. tibetanus, Arctoviys, 41, 42, 43. tibetanus, Lepus, 114. tibetanus, Lepiis, 1 14. tiberanus, Ptitorius, 2; 8. tibetensis, Arctoiuys, 41. tigrensis, Lepus, 119. tigrina, Genetta, 240. ti^rina, Viverra, 240. Tigris, 212. tigris, Felis, 216. timidus, Lepus, 118. timidiis, Lepits, 118. torgunfa, Felis, 226, 233. torquatus, Dicotyles, 196. torquatus, Ursus, 303. toiifaeus, Martes, 275. Tragelaphu ■, 154. tragelaphiis, Ammotragns, 141. tragelaphus, Ovis, 141. tragocamehis Antilope, 154. tragocamelus, Boselaphus, 154. tragocarneliis, Portax, 154. Tragops, 157. Tragulus, 188. tragulus, Antilope {Gazella), 166. tragulus, Calotragus, )66. tragulus, Nanotragus, 166. tragus, Rupicapra, 151. Trichechus, 307. trichechus, Ros7iiartis, 307. trichodactylus, Lagostomus, 108. Trichosurus, 341. trilineatus, Sciurus, 26. tristriatus, Sciurus, 25. trivirgata, Arctogale, 241. trivirgata, Arctogale, 242. trivirgata, Pagunia, 241. trivirgatus Paradoxurns, 241, 242. truncatus, Delphinus, 323. tulliana, Felis, 218. tunjac, Cervus, 179. tupaioides, Rhinosciurus, 30. tupaioides, Sciurus {Rhinosciurus'), turnbulli, Sciuropterus, 38. tursio, Delphinus, 323. tursio, Tursiops, 323. Tursiops, 323. typhlus, Mus, 94. typhlus, Spalax, 94. typus, Paradoxurus, 244, tytleri, Lepus, 116. tytleri, Mus, 71. tytlerii, Paradoxurus, 247. U ualabatus, Halmaturus, 333. ualabatus, Kaiigurus, 333. ualabatus, Macropus, 333. Uncia, 212. uncia, Felis, 217. uncia, Leopardus, 218. uncioides, 'Felis, 218. undata, Felis, 223 undidata, Viverra, 236. UnGULATA. 121. unicolor, Cervus {Rusci), 176. unicolor, Dromicia, 339. unicolor, Felis, 230, 231. unicornis, Rhinoceros, 202. unicornis. Rhinoceros, 205. urbanus, Mus, 71. urinatrix, Mangusta, 257. Uromys, 84. Urotragus. 147. ursina, Didelphys, 344, 346. ursinus, Bradypus, 306. ursinus Dasyurus, 346. ursinus, Fhascolomys, 344. ursinus, Prochiliis, 306. ursinus, Melursus, 306. ur-inus, Sarcophilus, 346. Ursitaxus, 287. Ursus, 301. Urva, 250. urva, Gulo, 256. urva, Herpestes, 256. vaginalis, Cervulus, 173. vaginalis, Cervus, 173. vaginalis, Montjactts, 173. Vandeleuria, 83. vayisire, Atilax, 257. vansire, Athylax, 257. •variabilis, Lepus, Ii8. varians. Mephitis, 291. variegata, Vulpes, 266. varieoatus, Canis, 266. variegatus, Isomys, 53. •variegatus Mus, 53. variegatus, Sciurus, 29. variiis, Leopardus, 218. 374 INDEX. Tiarius, Sciurus, 28. veitetica, Calogale, 257- tiera, Gazella, 158. "veterimi, Kangurus, 337. vexilla rius, Dip us, 1 0 1 . viciiloruni, Mus, 72. vignii, Ovis, 139. ■signii, Ovis, 138. mllosus, Sciuropterus, 38. virgata, Feiis, 229. virginiana, Didelphys, 348. virginiana, Vulpes, 273. mrginianus, Catiis, 273. virginianus, Cariacus, 187. •virginianus, Cervus, 187. •virginianus, Cervus {Mazama), 187. virginianus, Lepus, 120. virginianus, Sciurus, 29. mrginianus, Urocyon, 273. Vison, 276. vison, Lutra, 282. vison, Mustela, 282. vison, Putorius, 282. vittata, Galictis, 284. vittata, Grisonia, 284. vittata, Nasua, 299. vittata, Viverra, 284. vittatus, Gulo, 284. vittatus, Sciurus, 23. vitticollis, Herpestes, 256. vitticollis, Mangusta, 256. vitticollis, Mungos, 256. vitticollis, Taeniogale, 256. vitulina, Phoca, 307. vitulinus, Callocephalus, 307. Viverra, 235. Viverriceps, 2 1 2. viverriceps, Felis, 225. Viverricula, 238. viverrina, Felis, 225. viverrina, Phalangista, 341. viverrinus, Dasyurus, 347. viverrinus, Leopardus, 225. viverrinus, Nyctereutes, 266. volans, Didelphys, 340. volans, Petauroides, 340. volans, Sciurus, 40. Volucclla, 340. volucella, Sciuropterus, 40. volucella, Sciurus, 40. vombatus, Phasco/o}>iys, 344. vidgaris, Asinus, 2co. vulgaris, Damn, 186. vulgaris, Foetorius, 279. vulgaris, Genetta, 240. vulgaris, Hyaena, 259. vulgaris, Lupus, 262. vulgaris, Lotor, 298. vulgaris, Lutra, 292. vulgaris, Lyncus, 229. vulgaris, Martes, 275. vulgaris, Meles, 288. vulgaris, Mustela, 279. vulgaris, Putorius, 279. vidgaris, Putorius, 277. vulgaris, Sciurus, 28. vulgaris. Sciurus, 29. vulgaris, Taxus, 28S. vidgaris, Vulpes, 268. vidpecula, Didelphys, 341. vnlpecula, Trichosurus, 34r. vulpecula, Viverra, 2y8. Vulfjes, 267. vidpes. Cam's, 268. vulpina, Didelphys, 342. vulpina, Mustela, 276 vulpina, Phalangista, 342. vulpinus, Felis, 229. vtdpinus, Sciurus, 29. w wagati, Felis, 223. wagneri, Mus, 77. wallichii, Cervus, 184. wapiti, Cervus, 185. warryato, Capra (Ihex), 146. warryato, Kemas, 146. washingtoni, Lepus, 120. watsoni, Pelomvs, 84. isiningus, Mustela, 282. wombat, Phascolomys, 344. H'owz^a^zw, 343. wynnei, Arvicola, 90. xantkodon. Spalax, g$. xanthopus, Petrogale, 336. xanthopus, Phalangista, 342. Xerus, 3t. yagouarondi, Felis, 231. yagouarondi, Li opardus, 23 I. yarkandensis, Lepus, 115. yunninensis, Hystrix, 107. yunnanensis, Mus, 63. yunnauensis, Pteromys, 35. INDEX. 375 Zapus, 99. zebra, Hemigalus, 241. zebra, Paradoxurus, 241. zebr aides, Equus, 200. Zebus, 124. zeylanicus, Paradoxurus, 247. zeylanicus, Sciuriis, 11. zeylonensis, Hystrix, 105. zeylonensis, Sus, 193. Bibellina, Martes, 276. zibelilna, Mustela, 276. zibetha, Viverra, 236. zibetha, Viverra, 237. zibethicus, Castor, 87. zibethicus, Fiber, 87. zibethicus, Ondatra, 87. Zorilla, 284. zorilla, Ictonyx, 284. zorilla, Mephitis, 284, zorilla, Viverra, 284. G. I. C, P. O.— No. 8 I. M.— 1-6-91.— 400, II