OT PRESENTED BY The Trusfces THE BRITISH MUSEUM. a a) Sal +. —s —_. hs od vgn % ae Sete in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation 7 he es wa di ue’ » i fh : , emer aah: ith a http://www.archive.org/details/catalogueofmesoz03britt ety. Pee : ’ Y a ? CT) - ‘MESOZOIC PLANTS PART IIL. CATALOGUE MESOZOIC PLANTS DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). Vol. 3 THE JURASSIC. FLORA. I.—THE YORKSHIRE COAST. PLATES I-XXI. A. C. SEWARD, MA, PRS. F.GS., UNIVERSITY LECTURER IN BOTANY AND FELLOW OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. SL vot gl LONDON: 5/1 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. SOLD BY LONGMANS AND CO., 39, PATERNOSTER ROW. B. QUARITCH, 15, PICCADILLY. DULAU AND CO., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W. KEGAN PAUL AND CO., CHARING CROSS ROAD, W.C. AND AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, 8.W. (All rights reserved.) 1900. | HERTFORD _ PRINTED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS. PREFACE. Tue principal source of the fine series of Jurassic plants from the Yorkshire Coast, now preserved in the British Museum, was the collection of the late Mr. William Bean, of Scarborough, acquired by purchase in 1859. Only a portion of this collection, however, is in the British Museum, the remainder being in the Yorkshire Philo- sophical Society’s Museum at York. Mr. Bean was an enthusiastic collector, and by means of his vast store of duplicate fossil plants he was able to make exchanges with many foreign museums. Specimens bearing labels in his well-known handwriting also exist in museums and private collections all over Britain. A former resident of Scarborough, Dr. Murray, also gave many specimens to the British Museum in the early days, from Gristhorpe Bay and elsewhere along the Yorkshire coast. The plant-bearing Oolitic shales of Yorkshire are much more friable than those of the Coal-measures. This may possibly explain the difficulty experienced in some instances in identifying ‘types,’ many of the specimens having been broken up and their parts separated, or even destroyed, by time and frequent removals. The Oolitic plant-remains of Yorkshire are of peculiar interest, many of them having been carefully studied by ae Mo, aes ee : : — x 7 i * ae ’ ct Mi a 2 - ‘ . a ; 2 ‘ q 7 vi - _ PREFACE, x } ~~ : Brongniart, Lindley, Hutton, Saporta, and other botanists of note, and it is very gratifying to find | accomplished a botanist as Mr. A. C, Seward has undertaken to Catalogue the Collection in the Geol Department which has remained for so long a time wi a historian. DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, British Musrum (Naturat History), CroMwELL Roap, S8.W. November 20, 1900. o — ms AUTHOR'S PREFACE. Specimens of Jurassic plants from Gristhorpe Bay and other famous localities on the Yorkshire coast are met with in nearly every Museum in Britain, as well as in several continental collections. I have endeavoured to supplement the data afforded by the specimens in the British Museum by examining collections in other places: frequent allusion will be found in the descriptive part of this Catalogue to important types in provincial or continental museums, The Museums of Cambridge, Oxford, York, Scarborough, Whitby, Manchester, Newcastle, and Leeds are rich in Yorkshire Coast plants, and good collections have been examined also in Paris, Stockholm, Lund, and elsewhere. The British Museum series and the Leckenby Collection in the Geological Museum, Cambridge, are probably the richest in large and well-preserved specimens, but the other museums, especially those of Scarborough, Whitby, York, and Manchester, contain much material of considerable value. The identification of type-specimens has often been a difficult task: some of the specimens are probably lost; many have suffered considerably, partly through insufficient care having been exercised in their preservation and, to some extent, as the result of the natural breaking up of the shale in which the fossils occur. My search for type-specimens, which has often been Vili AUTHOR’S PREFACE. fruitless, has afforded a practical demonstration of the need of some system for the centralization and cataloguing of all specimens, which have served for the diagnosis or illustration of new species. I desire to convey my hearty thanks to those in charge of the museums [ have visited for their kindness in affording me every facility in the examination of collections, and for their willingness to assist my work in various ways. Among continental friends who have aided me I wish to express my gratitude to Professor Nathorst, who generously placed. at my disposal some unpublished drawings of specimens collected by himself; also to Dr. Renault and Professor Zeiller, of Paris, who enabled me to obtain access to the Jurassic plants under their charge. My thanks are due to Miss Woodward for the care with which she has executed the drawings published in this volume; to my wife I am also indebted for some of the drawings reproduced in the text, which were made from specimens in the museums of Whitby, Scarborough, and York. The photograph reproduced in Text-figure 34 was kindly taken for me by Mr. Gepp, of the Botanical Department. The Councils of the Royal Society and the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester have allowed me to borrow process-blocks originally used in their publications, and the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press generously gave me permission to use several blocks in their possession. A. ©. SEWARD. EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. November 20, 1900. a - ae — _ NOTE. 1p numbers in brackets after the Authors’ names in the h otes refer to the year of publication of the work quoted. | A bibliography at the end of the volume includes the | Sons pps ied in he txt «| LIST OF FIGURES IN THE TEXT. PAGE Geological Sketch-map of part of East Yorkshire . 17 Marchantites erectus (Leck., ex Bean MS.) 50 Equisetites columnaris, Brongn. . 57 Equisetites columnaris, Brongn. . P 62 Equisetites Beani(Bunb.) . ... . . 64 Equisetites Beant (Bunb.) 66 Matonidium Goepperti (Ett.) 76 Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn. ) 80 ? Laccopteris polypodioides' ( Brongn.) 81 Laccopteris polypodioides ( Brongn.) ‘ 83 Laccopteris Woodwardi So nok and Z. > polypaivies (Brongn. ) ; - 85 Todites Williamsoni (iit) 2 94 Dicksonia Bertercana, Hook. 104 Coniopteris quingueloba (Phill.). . 113 Contopteris quinqueloba (Phill.) . 114 Coniopteris arguta (L. & H.) 117 Dietyophyllum rugosum (L. & H.) . 125 Dictyophyllum rugosum (L. & H.) . 127 Dietyophyllum rugosum (LL. & H.) . 128 Cladophlebis lobifolia ( Phill.) 147 Cladophlebis lobrfolia ( Phill.) 147 Cladophlebis lobifolia (Phill.) 148 Cladophlehis lobifolia (Phill. ) 149 Sagenopteris Phillipst (Brongn.) 166 Sagenopteris Phillipsi (Brongn. ) 168 Sagenopteris Phillipsi (Brongn.), var. major 169 Pachypteris lanceolata, Brongn. 173 Pachypteris lanceolata, Brongn. 174 xi LIST OF FIGURES. PAGE Fie. 29. Williamsonia gigas (L.& H.) . . . . « « «© 266 », 930. Cycadean stem. . . ie 6 », 981. ‘ Pterophyllum rigidum, Ana. me 4 9 nn », 982. ‘Ptilophyllum cutchense,’ Morr.. . . . . ».-. 190 », 38. Williamsonia pecten (Phill.) . . . . . . « 198 », 34. Williamsonia pecten Phill.) . . . .. . « 199 », 985. Williamsonia pecten (Phill.) . . . . « « See », 36. Anomozamites Nilssoni (Pnok es »,» Ot. Olozamites, sp. . . . + « «6 Se ,», 938. ? Otozamites, sp. . . er ,, 89. Milssonia compta (Phill. ; o 8 + 6 », 40. Wilssonia compta LP ORG A ie eh ip uksuibe . . » 41. Milssonia tenuinervis, Nath... ... . «. » « = Oe iJ yy Ses Clonte, op... 2 en el sao S06: | CAONSE, SDs g's en + +4 on », 44. Podozamites lanceolatus L. & pai oes eer », 45. Pollen-sacs (? Ginkgo digitata) . . . . . . . 260 », 46. Batera Lindleyana (Schimp.) . . .. . . . 268 » 47. Batera Phillipst, Nath. . . . neil enn », 48. Czekanowskia Murrayana (L. & H. . «30 sn » 49. Czekanowskia Murrayana (L.& H.) . . . . . 281 » 90. Cxekanowskia Murrayana (L.& H.) . . . . . 288 » Ol. Nagetopsis anglica, sp.nov. . . . .. 5 > », 92. Pagiophyllum Williamsoni (Brongn. oe . 3) «ae », 03. Chetrolepis setosus (Phill) . . . . 2. « oe INTRODUCTION. ENGLAND. Tur Jurassic plant-bearing strata exposed in the cliff sections of the Yorkshire coast, between Whitby and a few miles south of Scarborough, have afforded unusually rich data towards a ; restoration of the characteristics and composition of a certain facies of Mesozoic vegetation. The abundance of specimens in European museums and the descriptions of several British species in the works of Brongniart, Sternberg, Zigno, and other Continental _ paleobotanists, bear testimony to the wealth of material obtained from these Inferior Oolite rocks. The following passage from the E, first volume of Schimper’s Zraité de paléontologie végétale illustrates the importance, which this eminent palwobotanist attached to the investigation of the English Jurassic flora: —‘‘ On ne saurait assez recommander aux paléontologistes anglais l'étude approfondie de la flore fossile de Y’oolithe de Yorkshire. C'est une des flores les plus intéressantes, A cause de sa grande ressemblance avec la flore de la formation rhétique et du lias inférieur et a cause de son rapport avec la flore crétacée. Les descriptions et les figures que nous en possédons sont insuffisantes pour arriver 4 une délimitation rigoureuse des genres et des espéces. Aussi ai-je di passer sous silence un certain nombre de ces derniéres faute de données exactes.”?! In the present volume an attempt is made to describe in detail the several elements composing the Jurassic flora of East Yorkshire, and to furnish a general sketch of the geographical distribution and botanical affinities of the vegetation represented by the Lower Oolite plants of this area. 1 Schimper (69), vol. i. p. 485. F 4 bf " —- | 2 INTRODUCTION. Histortcat SKeErcu. We may begin! this brief historical survey of our knowledge of the Jurassic plants of Yorkshire with a reference to the well- known memoir by Young & Bird — A Geological Survey of the Yorkshire Coast,* published at Whitby in 1822. Mr. John Bird was Curator of the Whitby Museum, and the Rey. G. Young acted as one of the Secretaries of the Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society. The first part of this work deals with the geological structure of the strata which are described under various heads, such as the upper shales, oolitic limestone, second shale, ironstone and sandstone, blue limestone, sandstone, shale and coal, and Dogger; but most of these descriptive terms have not been adhered to by later geologists. In the second part a brief description is attempted of the organic remains, a few fossil plants being represented by crude coloured drawings ; the type-specimens are preserved in the Whitby Museum, and a recent examination of the collection enabled me to identify most of the originals of Bird’s figures. The second edition of the Geological Survey of the Yorkshire Coast, which appeared in 1828, contains various additional drawings of fossil plants.? The plants are compared with several recent genera such as Nathorst,° and Yokoyama’ have described several species of Mesozoic plants from Japan, some of which appear to be of Wealden age,* while others from Central Japan indicate an Inferior Oolite flora similar to that of East Yorkshire. Dicksonia nephrocarpa, Bunb. (small fragments) = ? Coniopteris hymenophylloides Brongn.). toa Phill. ; ci. Coniopteris arguta (L. & H.) and Klukia ezilis (Phill.).9 Asplenium whitbiense (Brongn.) : , econ ee \ ef. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). 1 Newberry (67). 2 Brongniart, in David (74). 3 Schenk (83) (85). 4 Vide Schenk (85), p. 165 ; determined by M. Zeiller. 5 Geyler (77). ® Nathorst (907). 7 Yokoyama (89) (94). 8 Cf. also Cladophiebis Dunkeri (Schimp.). ® Seward (947), p. 101. 40 INTRODUCTION. Podozamites lanceolatus (L. & H.) = ? Podozamites lanceolatus (L. & H.). Nilssonia nipponensis, Yok.; ef. N. compta (Phill.). Sagenopteris, sp.; cf. 8. Phillipsi (Brongn.). Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.) = Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.). G. cf. lepida, Heer; cf. Baiera Phillipsi, Nath. Nilssonia orientalis, Heer; cf. Teniopteris vittata, Brongn. INDIA. It has long been recognized that some of the Upper Gondwana floras of India present several features in common with European Jurassic floras. Feistmantel and others have identified various plants of the Kach and other Indian floras with Lower Oolite species from East Yorkshire, but it is very probable that the correspondence between these widely separated floras has been rather underestimated than exaggerated. Fossil plants of the Kach (Umia) flora were first described by Morris! in Captain Grant’s Geology of Cutch, published in 1840, and in more recent years numerous species have been described by Feistmantel? and others. The Jabalpur flora, so called from the town of Jabalpur, also contains several elements of a marked Lower Oolite facies. Both the Jabalpur and the Umia floras appear to be approximately of the same age; in the recent edition of the Geology of India * the latter is compared with the Middle and the former with the Upper Oolite. Several species of the Rajmahal flora also bear a striking resemblance to East Yorkshire types; this flora has been referred to the Liassic period. In the following list are included such species as appear to be identical with or at least closely allied to British Inferior Oolite types; a more detailed comparison is made in several instances in the descriptive part of the Catalogue :— . Macroteniopteris ovata, Schimp. ( = Teniopteris ovalis, L. & H., as identified by Oldham & Morris) = ? Teniopteris major, L. & H. Teniopteris lata, O. & M.; cf. the smaller forms with 7. major. Oleandridium vittatum (Brongn.) = ? Teniopteris vittata, Brongn. 1 Morris (40). 2 Feistmantel (76) (77) (79) (80) (81). 3 Oldham & Morris (63). * Oldham, R. D. (93) ; vide also Blanford (75). INTRODUCTION. 41 Angiopteridium spathulatum (McOlell.) ; ef. 7. vittata. Pterophyllum princeps, 0. & M. ; cf. the larger forms of Nilssonia compta (Phill.). ape a aa M. } ef. Otozamites Feistmanteli, Zign. _ Ptilophyllum acutifolium, Morr.» P. tenerrimum, Feist. P. cutchense, Morr. Otozamites Hislopi, Old. | cf. Williamsonia pecten (Phill.). Otozamites distans, Feist. O. gracilis ? O. angustatus, Feist. j Otozamites Bunburyanus = ? Otozamites Bunburyanus, Zign. “ec 7 ee } cf. Williamsonia pecten and W. gigas. Pecopteris indica, O. & M. seine Se cabesoerpas (0:8 1) | cf. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn... Pecopteris lobata, 0. & M.; cf. (pars) Coniopteris arguta (L. & H.). Sphenopteris Bunburyanus, 0. & M.; cf. Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). Alethopteris lobifolia (Phill.) = ? Cladophlebis lobifolia. Pachypteris brevipinnata, Feist. ? Dichopteris ellorensis, Feist. } Se CURR Ne, TEEN. Araucarites (?) gracilis, O. & M.; cf. Lycopodites faleatus, L. & H. Pterophyllum Footeanum, Feist. Podozamites lanceolatus (L. & H.) = ? P. lanceolatus. Araucarites cutchensis, Feist. A. macropterus, Feist. ef. Araucarites Phiilipsi, Carr. A, kachensis, Feist. | Echinostrobus (Thuytes) expansus (Sternb.) } =? Brachyphyllum mamillare, Brachyphyllum mamillare, Brongn. Brongn. Taxites planus, Feist. = ? Taxttes zamioides (Leck., ex Bean MS.). Pachypteris (Cryptomerites) divaricatus (Bunb.) = Cryptomerites divaricatus, Bunb. AUSTRALIA. A valuable summary and critical review of the ‘Fossil Flora of Australia,” by Dr. Feistmantel, was published in 1890 by the Department of Mines, New South Wales.2 This work, which was based on a memoir previously published in the Paleontographica (1878-79), contains a comprehensive historical sketch of palwo- botanical literature relating to Australia, and a revised list of _ fossil plants from various geological horizons. 1 Identified by Schenk (83), p. 253, as Asplenium whitbiense. 2 Feistmantel (90). 42 INTRODUCTION. In the following list a few species are enumerated for comparison with British Lower Oolite forms.! Alethopteris australis, Morr. (Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania); cf. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). Equisetum rotiferum, Ten.-Woods; cf. Equisetites columnaris, Brongn. (smaller form). F Sphenopteris hastata, McCoy S. germana, McCoy Sagenopteris rhotfolia, Presl; cf. S. Phillipsi (Brongn.). Podozamites lanceolatus = ? P. lanceolatus (L. & H.). Ptilophylium oligoneurum, Ten.-Woods; cf. Williamsonia pecten (Phill.). Otozamites Mandelslohi, Kurr. Jeanpaulia bidens, Ten.-Woods; cf. Baiera gracilis, Bunb. Phlebopteris alethopteroides, Eth. ;* cf. Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). \ cf. Contopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). Since the publication of Feistmantel’s work several species of Queensland plants have been recorded by Jack & Etheridge * in their Geology of Queensland and New Guinea. More recently specimens have been collected by the staff of the Geological Survey, and some of these are described by Shirley* in a paper contained in Bulletin No. 7 of the Queensland Geological Survey. Some of the species of Ginkgo and Baiera instituted by this author are founded on imperfect specimens hardly worthy of being raised to the rank of type-specimens. Among the leaves referred to these two genera there are some examples which bear a fairly close resemblance to Baiera gracilis, Bunb., e.g. Ginkgo bidens (Ten.-Woods) and Baiera ipsviciensis, Shir. A fragment named Dictyophyllum Bremerense may be compared with D. rugosum, L. & H., and a leaf figured as Sagenopteris rhoifolia recalls S. Phillipsi (Brongn.). The specimens described as Beania geminata afford little or no evidence of generic identity with Carruthers’ genus. Some of the fossils figured by these authors are referred to in the descriptive part of the Catalogue. 1 For figures, vide Feistmantel (90), McCoy (47) (74), Tenison- Woods (83). 2 Etheridge (88). 3 Jack & Etheridge (92). * Shirley (98). DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS. In the descriptive part of this Catalogue the species are grouped, as far as possible, in accordance with their natural affinities. Some of the genera are discussed at length, but in the majority of cases reference must be made to the two volumes on the Wealden Flora * for an account of the history and application of generic names, as also for definitions of Families and Classes. Several of the specimens are from the collection of William Bean, and these usually bear a label with his determination. Bean’s names are often quoted in the description of the specimens as occasionally throwing light on the current use in his day of various specific names ; but, on the other hand, it is necessary to exercise considerable caution in attaching importance to the determinations of this enthusiastic collector. The localities are, in many cases, too vague to serve as guides to the exact horizon from which the plants were obtained ; we frequently find nothing more than ‘‘ near Scarborough,” ‘near Whitby,” ‘‘Scarborough,” etc., indicating that, as a rule, the necessity of giving accurate information as to the position of the beds had not been realized. In several instances the difficulty of determination has been considerable, owing to the constantly recurring question as to the advisability of uniting a series of specimens under one specific name or of emphasizing the existence of slight differences by the use of distinct names. It frequently happens that the examination of the material in a single collection leads to the view that certain forms are specifically distinct; but the abundance of specimens in _several museums often supplies transitional forms which render 1 Seward (94') (95). 44 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS. specific separation too artificial, In cases where we have a large number of forms constituting a series, and the extreme types exhibit marked distinctive features, it has been found convenient to use a specific term in a comprehensive sense, and to append a second name as indicative of a ‘form’ or variety. The species Sagenopteris Phillipsi (Brongn.), as used in this sense, includes leaves or leaflets differing considerably from one another in size and shape; but from the analogy of recent plants, and from the occurrence of more or less connecting links between the extreme types, it seems preferable to include all under one term, and to refer to the more distinct forms by varietal names, which in some cases may have been previously used as specific designations. The small form of Sagenopteris named by Lindley & Hutton S. euneata may be spoken of as 8. Phillipsi, var. cuneata, while a few examples of unusually large leaves are referred to as S. Phillips?, var. major. My tendency has been to diminish the number of specific names in cases where the data afford insufficient evidence of important differences. It would reduce specific distinctions to an absurdity to designate by a special name the various forms of cycadean or fern leaves which may be grouped around a well-marked type. At best the material is insufficient for accurate diagnosis and deter- mination; and while drawing attention to such forms as afford valuable evidence in the recognition of geological horizons, our chief aim should be to deal with the fossil specimens on the same principles as are applied to recent plants, and to interpret the botanical records in a manner best calculated to render them useful as indices of plant development and distribution. In a letter to Lyell in 1860, Darwin wrote: ‘*‘ How far to lump and split species is, indeed, a hopeless problem. It must in the end, I think, be determined by mere convenience.” * In the description of each species a definition is given after the list of synonyms, and where possible the /ocale of the type-specimen has been mentioned. Comparisons of the fossil types with recent plants are, for the sake of uniformity, usually discussed at the end of the remarks on the synonymy or history of each species. 1 I am indebted to my friend Mr. Francis Darwin for permission to quote this passage from an unpublished letter. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS. 45 majority of the British Museum specimens are included in owing collections, while some were presented by Dr. Murray, Egerton Collection. Mantell Collection. Morris Collection. : : ae and Saltwick. (Vide Text-fig. 1, p. 17.) a d A! te a ef eo LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THE PRESENT VOLUME, Group BRYOPHYTA. Marchantites erectus (Leck., ex Bean MS.). Group PTERIDOPHYTA. Equisetites columnaris, Brongn. Equisetites Beant (Bunb.). Lycopodites faleatus, L. & H. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). Cladophlebis haiburnensis (L. and H.). Cladophlebis lobifolia (Phill.). Coniopteris arguta (L. & H.). Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). Coniopteris quingueloba (Phill.). Dictyophyllum rugosum, L. & H. Klukia exilis (Phill.). Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn. ). Laccopteris Woodwardi (Leck.). Matonidium Goepperti (Ett.). Pachypteris lanceolata, Brongn. Ruffordia Goepperti (Dunk.). Sagenopteris Phillipsi (Brongn.). Sphenopteris Murrayana (Brongn.). Sphenopteris princeps, Presl. Sphenopteris Walliamsoni, Brongn. Teniopteris mayor, L. & H. Taniopteris vittata, Brongn. Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). GYMNOSPERMZE. Anomozamites Nilssoni (Phill.). Araucarites Phillipst, Carr. Baiera gracilis, Bunb. Baiera Lindleyana (Schimp.). Baiera.Phillipst, Nath. Beania graeilis, Carr. : Brachyphyllum mamitlare, Brongn. Cheirolepis setosus (Phill.). Cryptomerites, divaricatus, Bunb. GYMNOSPERM 2. 47 is falcata, L. & H. Otozamites Feistmanteli, Zign. anowskia Murrayana (L. Otozamites graphicus (Leck., ex ES né a Bean MS.). — Diooni Otozamites obtusus (L. & H.), ~ Cinkg y diptete (Brongn.). var. oolitious. Ginkgo whitbiensis, Nath. Otozamites parallelus (Phill.). topsis anglica, sp. nov. Pagiophyllum Wiilliamsoni ia compta (Phill.). (Brongn.). a mia mediana (Leck., ex Podozamites lanceolatus (L. & H.). a Bean MS.). Ptilozamites Leckenbyi (Leck., ja tenuinervis, Nath. ex Bean MS.). — Otozamites acuminatus (L. & H.). Tasxites samioides (Leck.). - Otoxamites Beani (L. & H.). Williamsonia gigas (L. & H.). pe emnaeetiee Bunburyanus, Zign. Williamsonia pecten (Phill.). 48 ALGAE. Group THALLOPHYTA. Class ALG. The few specimens described as Alge from the Inferior Oolite rocks of Yorkshire are either too imperfect to determine, or in all probability may be more correctly regarded as impressions of thalloid Liverworts. Lindley & Hutton! described a fossil from Gristhorpe under the name Fucordes arcwatus, and the same species is figured in the third edition of Phillips’ Geology of the Yorkshire Coast? ; there is little doubt, however, that the type-specimen of Lindley & Hutton is an imperfect example of Leckenby’s Fucoides erectus,’ a species now placed in the genus Marchantites. A still more imperfect fossil from Gristhorpe, named by Phillips Fucoides diffusus,t may also be doubtfully referred to Leckenby’s species. {RrepLe-MARKS SIMULATING A Puanr. 40,565. Pl. XIX. Fig. 6. The specimen represented in Pl. XIX. Fig. 6 was labelled by Bean ‘‘ Lepidodendron? from the Upper Shale of Scarborough,” and in the Museum Register the same piece of shale is described as a fern stem. On one side of the rock there is a series of irregularly parallel ridges; and on the other face, as shown in Fig. 6, two sets of ridges intersect, dividing the surface into a number of depressed areas, which present a slight resemblance to a partially decorticated Lepidodendroid stem. The ridges are no doubt ripple-marks produced on the surface of an argillaceous sand; the specimen is of some interest as illustrating a possible source of error, and agrees very closely with a photograph of intersecting ripple-marks figured by Williamson * in 1885. Upper Shale: Scarborough. Bean Coll.) 1 Lindley & Hutton (36), pl. 185. 2 Phillips (75), p. 195, lign. 1. 3 Leckenby (64), pl. xi. fig. 3. * Phillips (75), p. 196, lign. 2. 5 Williamson (85), pl. iii. fig. 14. NS ee ee MARCHANTITES, 49 Group BRYOPHYTA (MUSCINEZ). Class HEPATICA. The vegetative plant-body possesses a different organization on the ventral and dorsal sides; it has the form of a thalloid creeping plant (thalloid Liverworts), or of a delicate stem with thin appendages or leaves without a midrib (foliose Liverworts). Order MARCHANTIEZE. Genus MARCHANTITES, Brongniart. [Tableau vég. foss. p. 12, 1849.] Vegetative body of laminar form, with apparently dichotomous branches, agreeing in habit with the recent thalloid Hepatice, as represented by such a genus as Marchantia. Marchantites erectus (Leck., ex Bean MS.). (Leckenby, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xx. p. 76, 1864.] (Pl. XIX. Fig. 2; Text-fig. 2.) 1837. Fucoides arcuatus, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flor. vol. iii. pl. 185. 1838. Spherococcites arcuatus, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, vii. p. 104. 1850. Spherococcites arcuatus, Unger, Gen. spec. plant. foss. p. 26. 1864, Fucoides arcuatus, Leckenby, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xx. p. 76. 1864. Fucoides erectus, ibid. p. 81, pl. xi. figs. 3a, d. 1869. Haliseris erecta, Schimper, Pal. Vég. vol. i. p. 185. 1875. Fucoides arcwatus, Phillips, Geol. Yorks. p. 195, Lign. 1. ? Fucoides diffisus, ibid. p. 106, Lign. 2. Fucoides erectus, ibid. p. 196, Lign. 3. 1898. Marchantites erectus, Seward, Fossil Plants, vol. i. p. 233, fig. 49. Type-specimen. Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge (Leckenby Collection, No. 1). Text-fig. 2. Thalloid body, divided into spreading, dichotomously branched segments, obtusely pointed apically. The slightly wrinkled surface E 4 50 MARCHANTITES. shows a distinct and comparatively broad darker median band, with om lighter-coloured and thinner margins. The specific name erectus proposed by Leckenby in 1864 is adopted in preference to the older term arcuatus, because the specimen to which Lindley & Hutton applied the latter name was much more imperfect than Leckenby’s type, and it is not certain, although highly probable, that the two are specifically identical. Leckenby’s type-specimen presents a striking re- semblance to some recent members of the Marchanties, and, as Fic. 2.—Marchantites erectus (Leck., ex Bean MS.). Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge (Leck. Coll., No. 1). Nat. size. Nathorst also suggested, it would seem to be more fitly referred to the Liverworts than to the Alge. Leckenby, in defining the species, speaks of the occurrence of ‘‘ fructification in one or more rows of ovate vesicles immersed in the frond,’’! but an examination of the type-specimen does not reveal any characters suggestive of organs of fructification. The best examples of this plant are those in the Leckenby Collection; in the York Museum there are a few specimens of If. erectus labelled Spherococcites arcuatus. The present species of Marchantites bears a close resemblance to UM. Zeillert, Sew.,? from the Wealden rocks of Sussex; the two may be identical, but the habit of the older form appears to be more spreading and open than in the Wealden species. A small and imperfect fragment has been described by MM. Fliche & Bleicher* from the Lower Oolite rocks of Nancy, under the name of MMarchantites oolithicus, but the material on 1 Leckenby (64), p. 81. 2 Seward (94), p. 18, pl. i. fig. 3. 3 Fliche & Bleicher (82), p. 67, fig. 1. MARCHANTITES. 51 which the determination is based is too fragmentary to admit of accurate identification. A more recently described Jurassic Liverwort, Paleohepatica Rostafinskii,’ from the neighbourhood of Cracow, differs from the _ English species in the broader divisions of the thallus and in its generally larger form. Pl. XIX. Fig. 2. V. 3652. A repeatedly forked specimen, with the habit of a dichotomously branched thallose Liverwort, similar to Marchantia and other genera. The impression on the sandstone is not very clearly preserved, but there is a distinct indication of a thicker median portion or broad midrib in each branch of the thallus, and a thinner lateral margin, which appears as a light-brown stain on the surface of the rock. Gristhorpe Bay. Presented by Dr. Murray. V. 2526. This specimen is labelled in Bean’s writing Fucoides arcuatus. The lobes of the thallus have a breadth of 3 mm., the midrib being 1mm. wide. The specimen figured by Lindley and Hutton as Fucoides arcwatus has precisely the same habit of branching, but the drawing suggests a stiffer and less delicate plant. In all probability, however, / arewatus is merely an imperfect example of Marchantites erectus. 39,328. Examples with narrower thalloid branches. On the same piece of shale there is an unusually good specimen of Tenwopteris major, L. & H.; also fragments of Wilssonia compta (Phill.), Zeniopteris vittata, Brongn., etc. Upper Shale: Gristhorpe. Bean Coll. 39,329. Several fragments with narrow branches; labelled by Bean Fucoides erectus. The present form of the impressions is probably, to a large extent, due to the partial destruction of the delicate lateral portions of the thallus. Upper Shale: Scarborough. Bean Coll. 40,571. An imperfect specimen, labelled Spherococeites arcuatus and Fucoides erectus. Gristhorpe Bay. Bean Coll. 1 Raciborski (94), p. 10, pl. vii. figs. 1-3. 52 EQUISETALES. Group PTERIDOPHYTA (VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS). Class EQUISETALES. ‘Perennial plants with underground branched rhizomes, from which are given off roots and erect branched or unbranched aerial shoots. The shoots are characterized by the small verticillate sheathing leaves borne on the slightly swollen nodal regions; the nodes are separated by longer or shorter internodes. The sporangia occur on specially modified sporophylls or sporangiophores, aggre- gated to form a definite strobilus or spore-bearing cone. The Equisetales include the single recent genus Eguisetum and the fossil genera Eguisetites, Phyllotheca, Schizoneura, Calamites, and Archeocalamites; the genus guisetites is the only one represented in the Yorkshire Oolite flora. Family EQUISETACEZ. An accurate diagnosis of the family Equisetacee as including the recent Horsetails and species of Hguisetites is practically impossible, as our knowledge of the fossils is far from complete. The striking similarity of the fossil stems from Triassic, Jurassic, and more recent formations to the widely distributed Equisetums, justifies the inclusion of Hyucsetites in the Equisetaceew as a type agreeing in habit, and presumably in structural features, with the recent genus; but our information rests solely on external characters, and we know little or nothing as to the anatomy of the fossil Horsetails, nor have we any evidence as to whether the sporangia contained spores of one kind only or were heterosporous. EQUISETITES. 53 Genus EQUISETITES, Sternberg. [Flor. Vorwelt, v.-vi. p. 43, 1833.] 1. Equisetites columnaris, Brongn. 2. Equisetites Beani (Bunb.). A generic name applied to such fossil stems as closely resemble the recent genus Hguisetum. The various species of Hyuisetites are founded on stems, leaves, and strobili, which occur as casts or impressions, and nothing is known with certainty as to the anatomical characteristics of the fossil forms. The large size of some of the Triassic and Jurassic stems and the fine longitudinal striation occasionally seen on the surface of the casts, render it probable that some at least of the fossil Horsetails grew in thickness by means of the activity of a cambium, as we know to have been the case with the Paleozoic - Calamitean plants. It is an unsatisfactory task to attempt to define the distinguishing characters of species of Hyuisetites, which are usually represented by fragments of rhizomes or aerial shoots. The leaf-sheaths are ‘often imperfectly preserved, and afford uncertain evidence as to specific features; the differences in the diameter of the stem fragments and in the length of the internodes are often such as might easily occur in the same plant. 1. Equisetites columnaris, Brongniart. [Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 37, 1828.] (Pl. XIX. Figs. 1, 3, 4, 5; Text-figs. 3, 4.) 1828. Equisetum columnare, Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 37. E. columnare, Brongniart, Hist. vég. foss. p. 115, pl. xiii. 1829. Equisetum columnare, Phillips, Geol. Yorks. p. 153. E. laterale, ibid. p. 153, pl. x. fig. 13. Oncylogonatum carbonarium, Konig, in Murchison, Trans, Geol. Soe. [2], vol. ii. p. 300, pl. xxxii. 1833. Eguisetites columnaris, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, v.—vi. p. 45. 1836. Egquisetum laterale, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flor. vol. iii. pl. 186. 1848. Eguisetites lateralis, Broun, Ind. Pal. p. 464. 1849. Eguisetites lateralis, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 105. 54 EQUISETITES. 1850. Equisetites columnaris, Unger, Gen. spec. plant. foss. p. 56. E. lateralis, ibid. p. 59. 1851. Asterophyllites ? lateralis, Bunbury, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vii. p. 189. 1854. Equisetites lateralis, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 8. 1856. Calamites lateralis, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. i. p. 46, pl. iii. fig. 3. Equisetites columnaris, ibid. p. 65. E. Veronensis, ibid. p. 64, pl. vi. 1864. Hguisetites columnaris, Leckenby, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xx. p. 77. E. lateralis, ibid. p. 77. 1869. Hquisetum columnare, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. i. p. 266. Schizoneura ? lateralis, ibid. p. 284. 1873. Hgquisetum columnare, Saporta, Pal. Frang. vol. i. p. 254, pl. xxx. fig. 5. E. Veronense, ibid. pl. xxx. fig. 6. Cf. Equisetum Duvalii, ibid. p. 248, pl. xxx. figs. 1-4. 1875. Equisetites columnaris, Phillips, Geol. Yorks. p. 197, Lign. 4 and 5. E. lateralis, ibid. p. 197, pl. x. fig. 3. 1877. Cf. Phyllotheca sibirica, Heer, Flor. foss. Aret. vol. iv. (21), pl. iv. p. 43. 1878. Cf. P. sidirica, ibid. vol. y. (2), p. 4, pl. i. figs. 9-15. 1882. Cf. P. sibirica, ibid. vol. vi. (2,), p. 9, pl. ii. figs. 5 and 6. 1892. Equisetwm columnare, Fox-Strangways, Tab. foss. p. 127. Phyllotheca lateralis, ibid. p. 128. 1894. ? Equisetum blandum, Raciborski, Flor. Kopal. p. 233, pl. xxvii. figs. 17-27. : Type-specimen. Paris Museum. The specimens from Whitby on which Brongniart’s diagnosis was founded were sent to him by the Philosophical Society of York. Stem reaching a diameter of 5-6 cm., with internodes 13-14 em. long. The nodal region slightly swollen, at least in the larger stems or branches, bearing leaf-sheaths closely adpressed to the stem with 70-80 linear acuminate teeth. In the smaller branches the leaf-sheaths consist of a smaller number of segments, and occasionally occur as isolated sheaths with radiating linear teeth apart from the branches or lying on the surface of an internode. In the thicker specimens the free distal ends of the teeth have usually been broken off, the sheaths having a truneated margin. The leaf-segments are separated from one another by a fairly deep V-shaped groove, which widens towards the edge of the leaf- sheath, where the teeth become free. The median portion of each 1 The figure placed after the number of the volume indicates the position of the paper quoted in the particular volume of the Flor, foss, Arct. EQUISETITES. 55 leaf-segment is flat or slightly depressed, and the edges in well-preserved specimens bear small protuberances, which may be indications of siliceous deposits in the epidermis. The stem or larger aerial branches bore occasional branches at the nodes, about five at each branching node; the more slender specimens sometimes possess still more delicate branches (e.g. Text- fig. 3). Nodal diaphragms occur frequently on the lower part of the internodes of the smaller branches, or as isolated discs; the diaphragms consist of a central circular area of tissue, from which radiate narrow bands separated by slightly broader spaces. Brongniart defined the species in 1828 as follows: —‘‘ E. caule erecto, simplici, levi, cylindrico, diametro 2-3 poll. quali, articulis versus basim approximatis, superne distantibus; vaginis erectis, cauli arcte applicatis, multidentatis, dentibus brevibus, sed in acumine filiformi caduco productis.” * In the work of Young & Bird (1822)? a figure is given of a fairly large Zquisetites branch, and additional drawings of the same species occur in the second edition* published in 1828. These authors refer to Hquisetites as a reed-like plant abundant in the strata exposed in the cliffs opposite High Whitby; they compare the fossils with Eguisetum, and regard the vertical position of the casts as a proof of their occurrence in situ; they suggest, however, that both stems and matrix may have been transported into their present position. It is interesting to notice that Young & Bird speak of the occurrence of lateral branches, a fact overlooked by later writers. The occurrence of branch-scars protruding through the lower portion of the leaf-sheaths of several specimens fully bears out the conclusion of these authors (vide Pl. XIX. Fig. 1). The casts of Hguisetites columnaris have long been familiar fossils in the Lower Estuarine beds in the cliffs near Whitby and elsewhere ; they often occur in a vertical position in the sandstone,‘ or as flattened carbonaceous impressions on the associated bands of shale. Many writers have expressed the opinion that these Equisetaceous plants contributed largely to the formation ' Brongniart (287), p. 115. 2 Young & Bird (22), pl. iii. fig. 3. 5 Thid. (28), pl. iii. figs. 4-6. * Seward (98), p. 72, fig. 11. 56 EQUISETITES. of the thin coal-seams of the Estuarine series; the occurrence of an argillaceous bed crowded with small roots immediately below the coal has suggested a comparison with the underclays of the Coal-measures. Konig’s species Oncylogonatum carbonarium,’ from the Brora Coalfield of Sutherland, is no doubt identical with Zgussetites columnaris of the Yorkshire rocks; the coal-seams of the Brora district are considered by Konig to have been formed, in part at least, from the remains of the reed-like plants to which he applied the above name.’ In 1829 Phillips* published a figure of a slender fossil stem from Saltwick under the name Zguisetum laterale, characterized by the occurrence of small circular areas of a wheel-like pattern on the internodal region. The same form of stem was also figured © and described by Lindley & Hutton‘ in 1836; by these authors the circular discs are compared with the phragma of a Calamite. They remark that similar discs were said to occur as isolated objects on the surface of the shale (on the authority of ‘‘Mr. Williamson, jun.’”—the late Professor Williamson). In 1851 Bunbury ® discussed another example of Phillips’ species, in which narrow spreading leaves were given off from the node as in Asterophyllites. The fossil represented in Text-fig. 3 (No. 40,561) is probably the one which Bunbury had before him, and it is certainly the specimen figured by Zigno as Calamites lateralis. The long ‘spreading leaves’ of these authors are no doubt slender branches, the true Equisetaceous leaf-sheath being faintly shown asa series of small pointed teeth just above the nodes. Heer, misled no doubt by the descriptions of Bunbury and Zigno,® proposed to transfer Phillips’ species to the genus Phyllotheca, and Schimper’ substituted the generic name Schizonewra. The circular discs on 1 Konig, in Murchison (29). 2 Zigno (59), p. 113. Zigno considered the Brora fossil specifically distinct from Z. columnaris, and proposed to adopt the name Z#. Koenigii in place of Kénig’s designation. 3 Phillips (29), pl. x. fig. 13. 4 Lindley & Hutton (36), pl. 186. 5 Bunbury (51), p. 189. 8 Zigno (56), p. 46. 7 Schimper (69), p. 286. . Oo EQUISETITES. 57 the internodes of this form have long proved a difficulty, several authors haying regarded them as branch-scars occurring some distance above the nodal region. Lindley compared them with the nodal septa of Calamites, and Schimper afterwards regarded them as displaced nodal diaphragms. This is, I believe, the correct explanation of the circular discs. Fic. 3.— Equisetites columnaris, Brongn. [No. 40,561.] (Block lent by the Cambridge University Press.) The frequent occurrence of isolated nodal diaphragms renders it probable that the tissue of these organs was strengthened by the ‘ development of periderm, and possibly by a subsequent sclerification of the cells. It has been shown’ that the parenchymatous nodal 1 Williamson & Scott (94), p. 889. 58 EQUISETITES. diaphragms of Calamites developed a layer of cork-tissue, and Jeffrey’ has more recently described the partial sclerification of periderm cells in the diaphragms of recent Horsetails. The specimen (No. 10,379) represented in Pl. XIX. Fig. 4 affords a good example of an isolated nodal diaphragm, and in Fig. 5 of the same Plate a portion of a similar diaphragm is surrounded by an imperfectly preserved leaf-sheath; the latter specimen, from the Leckenby Collection,? demonstrates the nature of the discs, and shows that their usual manner of occurrence a little distance above the node is merely the result of displace- ment. As the hollow branches were crushed by the weight of overlying sediment the diaphragms, being comparatively resistant, were squeezed from their original position and flattened out on the internode.® It has been the custom to regard the form named by Phillips Equisetum laterale as specifically distinct from Brongniart’s species ; but a comparison of numerous specimens of Hguisetites columnaris and £. lateralis has led me to unite both under Brongniart’s designation. Nathorst inclined to this view, as shown by a note written on a specimen of £. lateralis in the Leckenby Collection— ‘* Eq. columnaris includes £q. lateralis.” The difference in diameter between the smaller examples of £. lateralis and the ordinary casts of #. columnaris is considerable, but in a large collection it is easy to find intermediate forms ; the leaf-sheaths also exhibit no dis- tinguishing features, but agree in the form of the segments and in their-minute surface features. The Italian specimens figured by Zigno* as Hyuisetites Veronensis appear to be identical with the common British species, and his species has therefore been included in the above synonymy. The fragments of stems described by Saporta® from rocks referred to a Bathonian horizon bears a close resemblance to Hyuisetites columnaris, and may well be specifically identical; but in the absence of more satisfactory evidence than is afforded by Saporta’s 1 Jeffrey (99), p. 176. 2 Leckenby Collection, Cambridge, No. 17. 3 Specimens of nodal diaphragms may be seen in several collections of Jurassic plants ; e.g., Oxford, Cambridge, York, Manchester, Scarborough, etc. 4 Zigno (56), pl. vi. 5 Saporta (73), p. 248. EQUISETITES. 59 figures we may consider the French specimens as probably identical with, or at least closely allied to, the British species. Heer! compares his Siberian species, Phyllotheca sibirica, with Phillips’ Zguisetum laterale, but recognizes certain small differences which he considers of specific value. There is, however, so close a correspondence between Heer’s figures and some examples of the Siberian plant in the British Museum collection and certain of the Yorkshire specimens, that it would seem very probable the two plants are not specifically distinct. The specimens figured by Raciborski* from the Cracow Jurassic rocks as Lquisetites blandus present a close agreement with such examples of . columnaris as those shown in Figs. 4 and 5, Pl. XIX., and in Text-fig. 3. Although no fertile shoots of 2. columnaris have been recognized, it is reasonable to assume that they were of the same type as the strobili of recent Horsetails, with which the cones of some other Mesozoic species of Hyuisetites closely agree. It is practically impossible to discriminate accurately between many of the Mesozoic Equisetaceous stems, or to give definite ' diagnostic characters, but it is at least probable that Zgutsetites columnaris is specifically distinct from the more slender Wealden species Hyuisetites Lyelli, Mant. The latter species never reached the same girth as the older plant, and the more robust habit of the Inferior Oolite and Triassic Horsetails seems to be a well-marked feature of some importance. Some of the older species of Eguisetites, e.g. L. Muensteri, bear a fairly close resemblance to E. columnaris, and, while probably specifically distinct, the former plant must be considered, as Schenk * suggests, an analogous species. The specimens figured by Andrae ® from Steierdorf and by Tenison-Woods * from Queensland are too imperfect to admit of satisfactory identification, but the fragments figured by these authors as Hyuisetum laterale and E. rotiferum 1 Heer (77), vol. iv. (2), p. 43, pl. iv. fig. 2; vide also Heer (78), vol. v. (2), p- 4, pl. i., and (82), ii. p. 9. ? Raciborski (94), pl. xxvii. p. 233, figs. 17-27. 3 Seward (94), pl. i. -* Schenk (67), pl. ii. p. 14. 5 Andrae (55), pl. vi. figs. 1-5. ® Tenison- Woods (83), pl. vi. figs. 5 and 6. 60 EQUISETITES. respectively recall the slender branches and leaf-sheaths of the English species. Numerous examples of Hyuisetites columnaris are met with in practically all collections of Inferior Oolite plants. The smaller forms, formerly spoken of as Eyuisetites lateralis, are less common, but good specimens may be seen in the museums of Cambridge, Oxford, Manchester, York, Scarborough, and elsewhere. The large stems of the recent species, Eyuisetum giganteum, L.,} which grows in the marshes of tropical America, may be compared with the still larger plant, which must have formed a prominent feature in the landscape of the low-lying marshy ground bordering the Jurassic sea in the north-west of Europe. V. 26180. Pl, XIX. Fig. 1. This small specimen shows two nodes with the short stumps of two alternating whorls of branches. The knobs or branch-scars occur at regular intervals on each branching node, and the members of each whorl are situated midway between those of the next whorl. In this cast the pointed tips of the leaf-segments have not been preserved, but the form of the sheaths is clearly indicated. 40,681. Pl. XIX. Fig. 3. [Also in Seward (98), p. 265, fig. 58. | The large cast, of which the figure represents a portion of one node, measures 49 cm. in length, and affords a good example of the large type of branch with long internodes. The organic substance of the stem has been replaced by a thin film of carbonaceous material encircling the sandstone cast; the bulk of the specimen being no doubt the cast of a large hollow pith. The breadth of the branch is 5°5cm., and the internodes have a length of 13-14cm. The leaf-sheaths consist of 70-80 teeth, usually truncate at the margin of the sheath, but in the portion represented in Fig. 3 the acuminate distal ends of the teeth are faintly indicated. The leaf-sheath projected slightly from the surface of the branch, the intervening space being filled with 1 Hooker (61), pl. lxxiv. re _ EQUISETITES. 61 sand, which separates the carbonaceous surface of the sheath from the coaly film on the surface of the main cast. Scarborough. Purchased. 40,561. Text-fig. 3. [Also in Zigno (56), pl. iii. fig. 8, and Seward (98), p. 275, fig. 63.] There are fragments of several imperfect specimens lying on the shale; the best example, which is shown in the figure, measures 11°2cm. long and 1:2cm. in breadth, the internodes having a length of 4:5 cm. Portions of leaf-sheaths with short teeth are faintly indicated at the nodes, and distinct impressions of diaphragms occur above the nodal lines. The long slender appendages, of a light-brown colour, which were formerly described as leaves, are no doubt delicate branches comparable to the finer branches of some of our recent Horsetails. No trace of nodes can be made out on the surface of the branches, but the preservation is far from perfect. A somewhat similar specimen from the Yorkshire coast, with traces of branches, may be seen in the Leeds Museum. 10,379. Pl. XIX. Fig. 4. An isolated nodal diaphragm, showing a central flat area and slightly convex radiating bands of carbonized tissue separated from one another by spaces. These diaphragms are usually about 1 em. in diameter, and have the form of a shallow saucer. Part of a similar diaphragm is seen in Fig. 4, lying immediately above the lower leaf-sheath. The example represented in Fig. 4 (from the York Museum) shows the leaf-sheaths and linear acuminate segments very clearly ; it is interesting also as being larger than many of the specimens of the Eguisetites lateralis type, and serves to connect the wider FE. columnaris with the narrow branches usually identified as E. lateralis. The diaphragm of the specimen represented in Pl, XIX. Fig. 5 is surrounded by a portion of a leaf-sheath, and affords good evidence in support of the nature of the isolated circular dises, ‘ which were considered originally to be the scars of branches. V. 89. Two pieces of stems on which the surface features of the leaf-sheaths are clearly preserved; on the flat or slightly 62 EQUISETITES. concave median portion of each leaf-segment, the outlines of the epidermal cells may be readily detected, and the slightly raised edges bear numerous small irregular tubercles, which may be due to the presence of siliceous deposits in the epidermal cells. On some of the nodes five branch-scars are shown; these alternate in position with the scars on the next node. This form of stem may be compared with the type of Calamitean cast known as Calamites (Eucalamites) eruciatus, Sternb., from the Coal-measures.* Egerton Coll. Fic. 4.—Equisetites columnaris, Brongn.? A. Part of a stem showing leaf-sheaths, and an imperfect diaphragm flattened on the internode. B. A single leaf-sheath. C. Brongniart (25), p. 207, pl. xi. 4 E.g. Schenk (67), -pl. xvii. 120 DICLYOPHYLLUM. accurately express the affinity of the plants referred to these genera if they were regarded as generically identical, but it may be more convenient to retain the genus Clathropteris, as representing a fairly well defined type. Presl instituted the genus Camptopteris! for certain ferns named by Brongniart Philebopteris. The figure given by Presl of his type-specimen, C. Muensteriana—a plant subsequently referred to the species Clathropteris platyphylla—represents a small piece of frond with the venation characters of Brongniart’s genus Clathropteris. Another plant, named by Brongniart Phlebopteris Nilssoni, and included by Presl in his genus Camptopteris, should undoubtedly be referred to Dictyophyllum. While there are, I believe, no good reasons for retaining Presl’s genus as originally applied, it may be convenient to retain it in the modified sense in which Nathorst has applied it to some remarkable specimens of Rheetic age from Scania. A restoration published by Nathorst of Camptopteris spiralis, Nath., in his Geology of Sweden,? admirably illustrates the habit of the genus. Having had an opportunity of examining the Scanian fossils in the Stockholm Museum, I can bear testimony to the accuracy of Nathorst’s restoration. It is probable that a specimen recently figured by Zeiller* as the base of a Clathropteris frond should be referred to the genus Camptopteris as used by Nathorst.° Dunker’s genus Hausmannia was instituted in 1846° for an imperfect leaf from the North German Wealden. The type- specimen, H. dichotoma, has a palmate frond, deeply divided into lobed linear segments traversed by forked main veins from which anastomosing branchlets are given off. The type-specimen of 1 Sternberg (38), p. 168, pl. xxxiii. fig. 9. 2 Nathorst (78). 3 Nathorst (94), p. 169. 4 Zeiller (97), pl. xxi. fig. 6. 5 Since this was written, M. Zeiller, of Paris, has published an excellent work on Palezobotany (Eléments de Paléobotanigue), in which he figures an unusually perfect specimen of Clathropteris platyphylla, Gépp., from Tonquin; this is by far the finest example so far described of a Mesozoic species which presents a striking resemblance to some forms of the recent genus Dipteris, and in habit agrees also with Matonia pectinata and Cheiropteris palmatopedata (Bak.). 6 Dunker (46), p. 12, pl. v. fig. 1. a Se. a ee ee DICTYOPHYLLUM. Lot _ Andrae’s genus Protorhipis was described in 1853! from the Jurassic rocks of Steierdorf under the name Protorhipis Buchii : this differs from Hausmannia dichotoma of Dunker in having a broader suborbicular leaf with an irregularly dentated margin. Some fossils figured by Bartholin from Bornholm as Hausmannia Forchhammeri* are in part apparently identical with Andrae’s Protorhipis Buchii, while others agree equally well with Dunker’s Wealden type. Zeiller has recently pointed out that Bartholin’s ‘specimens should be referred to Protorhipis,® and it seems clear ‘that Andrae’s genus should include fronds of the Hausmannia Michotoma type. As Zeiller has demonstrated by photographs and several good examples of Steierdorf specimens, the genus Protorhipis agrees remarkably closely with the recent genus Dipteris, to which it is undoubtedly very nearly related. It is «convenient to retain the name Protorhipis for certain species of Wealden and Jurassic ferns which agree in the form of the frond with Dipteris, and are somewhat smaller than the typical Dictyophyllum fronds. While it is not difficult to distinguish between Dictyophyllum and Protorhipis in the case of good ‘specimens, it is practically impossible to do so if we have only fragments of fronds. If we retain Camptopteris in Nathorst’s sense, the only other generic names of those we have mentioned which should be retained are, in my opinion, Dictyophyllum, Protorhipis, and possibly Clathropteris. As Brongniart* long ago noticed, there is a striking similarity between the fronds of some species of Polypodium—referred to a special subgenus Drynaria—and the leaves of Dictyophyllum ; this resemblance, however, does not extend to the habit of the frond as a whole. As regards the shape of the frond, there is a still closer resemblance between Dipteris and Dictyophyllum, and a still more striking similarity between Dipteris and Protorhipis. 1 Andrae (53), p. 35, pl. viii. * Bartholin (92), p. 26, pls. xi. and xii. 3 Zeiller (97), pl. xxi. * Brongniart (28"), p. 62. 122 DICTYOPHYLLUM. Dictyophyllum rugosum, Lindley & Hutton. [Foss. Flor. vol. ii. pl. civ. 1833.] (Pl. XIII. Fig. 8; Pl. XVIII. Fig. 1; Text-figs. 17-19.) 1828. | Phlebopteris Phillipsii, Brongniart, Hist. vég. foss. p. 377, pl. cxxxii- fig. 3; pl. exxxiii. fig. 1. 1829. Phyllites nervulosis, Phillips, Geol. Yorks. p. 148, pl. viii. fig. 9. 1834. Dictyophyllum rugosum, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flor. vol. ii. pl. ceive 1836. _ Polypodites heracleifolius, Géppert, Foss. Farrn. p. 344. 1838. Dictyophyllum rugosum, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, vii. p. 133. 1848. Dietyophylium rugosum, Broun, Ind. Pal. p. 423. 1849. Camptopteris Phiilpsii, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 105. 1850. Polypodites heracleifolius, Unger, Gen. spec. foss. plant. p. 167. 1854. Dictyophyllwm rugoswm, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 7. 1856. Dictyophyllum rugosum, Zigno, vol. i. p. 176, pl. xxiii. figs. 2 and agé D. Leckenbyi, ibid. p. 178, pl. xxiii. figs. 1 and 1a. 1864. Dictyophylium rugosum, Leckenby, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xx. p. 76. 1867. Dictyophylium rugosum, Schenk, Foss. Flor. Grenz. p. 144. 1869. Dictyophyllum rugoswn, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. i. p. 634. 1875. Phiebopteris Phillipsii, Phillips, Geol. Yorks. p. 202, lign. 11. P. Leckenbyi, ibid. p. 203. 1878. Dictophylium rugosum, Nathorst, Foss. Flor. Schwedens, p. 15. D. Leckenbyi, ibid. 1880. Clathropteris whitbyensis, Nathorst, Berattelse, p. 83. 1888. Clathropteris whitbyensis, Schenk, Handbuch, p. 39. 1892. “Dictyophyllum rugosum, Fox-Strangways, Tab. Foss. p. 130. D. Leckenbyi, ibid. Clathropteris whitbiensis, ibid. p. 129. 1898. Cf, Dictophyllum bremerense, Shirley, Foss. Flor. Queensland, pl. xiii- fig. 2. Frond large, palmate pedate, deeply dissected into broadly linear: pinnatifid lobes with linear acuminate ultimate segments. Each lobe is traversed by a short midrib giving off alternate lateral veins, each of which forms the main vein of an ultimate segment; from each of the main veins smaller veins are given off approximately at right angles, and these anastomose and form a system of irregular meshes occupied by the fine ramifications of the vascular bundles.. [No good examples of sori have been met with in specimens of DICTYOPHYLLUM. 123: Dictyophyllum rugosum, but in other species the sporangia are described as having a complete vertical or oblique annulus and tetrahedral spores.'] In 1828 Brongniart proposed the name Philebopteris Phillipst for’ the plant figured by Lindley & Hutton in 1834 as Dictyophyllum rugosum; the latter name is quoted by the French author as. a synonym, although the plant was not described in the Fossil Flora until 1834. We must assume, therefore, that Brongniart saw the description by the English authors some years before Lindley & Hutton published their work. The name Dictyophyllum- rugosum has been usually accepted, and, apart from the question of strict priority, it is adopted as the better known and more- convenient designation. In a later work, Brongniart? expressed the opinion that the English species should probably be referred to Presl’s genus Camptopteris. In 1856 Zigno instituted a new specific name, Dietyophyllum Leckenbyi, for a Dictyophyllam frond from the Yorkshire coast, with deeply pinnatifid pinne having long and narrow ultimate segments, which he regarded as distinct from D. rugosum. The difference between such a leaf as that shown in pl. xxiii. of Zigno’s. work and Williamson’s drawing published by Lindley & Hutton, consists chiefly in the longer and narrower segments of the former, but the existence of transitional forms affords ample evidence of the specific identity of the two forms, In 1878 Nathorst® discussed at some length the genus Dictyophyllum, and quoted the species as characterized by very variable leaves and as illustrating the difficulty of distinguishing between species and varieties. The relationship of Dictyophyllum rugosum with recent ferns is of considerable interest. The genus Dictyophyllum has been. quoted as a leptosporangiate fern agreeing in certain characters with both the Gleicheniacee and Cyatheacew,' and in that respect comparable with Iatonidium and Laccopteris, Some of the more perfect specimens of Dictyophyllum certainly suggest a comparison, ! Schenk (67), pl. xvi. 2 Brongniart (49), p. 32. 3 Nathorst (78*), p. 13. * Solms-Laubach (91), p. 154. 124 DICTYOPHYLLUM. ‘as regards the form of the frond, with Matonia pectinata, R. Br., but the soral characters and the form of the leaf point rather +o a comparison with the genus Dipteris. Dipteris' is a tropical Indo-Malay type represented at the present day by a few species, which have usually been placed among the Polypodiacew, but the sporangia do not appear to be typically polypodiaceous, and the ‘genus is clearly an isolated type of somewhat uncertain position. Raciborski? has suggested the new family term Protopolypodiacese for the reception of a fertile Dictyophyllum leaf characterized by naked sori, consisting of a few sporangia with ‘an oblique annulus, «characters which are found also in the recent species of Déipteris. It is proposed to discuss more fully elsewhere the systematic position of the recent genus, but such evidence as we at present possess favours the view that Dictyophyllum and Protorhipis are closely related to Diépteris, and constitute Mesozoic members of a group of ferns now barely represented, but in former times widely distributed. It may be cénvenient to emphasize the affinity of Dictyophyllum with Dipteris, and the isolated position -of both these genera and Protorhipis, by placing them provisionally in a separate family, which we may designate the Dipteridine, using in a wider sense a term already employed with a more restricted meaning. 39,224. Pl. XIII. Fig. 3. Portions of two pinne which are so placed as to suggest their ‘proximity to a common rachis towards which they are converging. The whole frond probably had a habit similar to that of Matonia pectinata, Cheiropteris, Laccopteris, and other genera. The single segment represented in the figure is given off practically at right angles from the axis of the pinna, and represents a portion of -a long and narrow segment with irregularly dentate or undulating margins, similar to the form of leaf named by Zigno Dictyophyllum Leckenbyt. The venation characters are fairly well shown in the figured specimen. Labelled Phlebopteris Phillipsii in Bean’s MS. Gristhorpe. Bean Coll. 1 Engler & Prantl (99), p. 202, fig. 108. Vide also Beddome (66), pl. Ixxx. * Raciborski (91), p. 8. Vide also Potonié (99), p. 86. —— i 125 DICTYOPHYLLUM. Fic. 17.—Dictyophyllum rugosum (L. & H.). From a specimen (No. 2360) in the (Nat. size.) Whitby Museum. 126 DICTYOPHYLLUM. V. 2724, Pl. XVIII. Fig. 1. A good specimen representing the apical portion of a pinna; -at the apex the pinna is strongly dentate, and the pointed entire segments become rapidly longer towards the lower part of the leaf, which may be described as pinnatisect with linear tapering ~ segments. The whole specimen has a length of 17-5 cm., but the lowest part is not shown in the figure. Prominent lateral veins are given off from the central axis of the pinna, and from these arise smaller anastomosing veins. The segment shown in Fig. 3, Pl. XIII. is, in all probability, specifically identical with the present specimen, and belongs to the lower part of a deeply dissected pinna, of which Fig. 1, Pl. XVIII. represents the apical portion. Beckles Colt. Text-fig. 17 (Whitby Museum, No. 2360). This unusually good specimen from the Whitby Collection is no doubt the one referred to by Nathorst! in his notes on the Jurassic Flora of England; he compares it with Clathropteris platyphylla, Brongn., and adopts the name C. whitbiensis, which Brongniart ‘suggested, but never published, for the Whitby specimen. A comparison of specimen V. 2724 (Pl. XVIII. Fig. 1) with ‘Text-fig. 17 at once brings out the close agreement between one -of the dentate divisions of the frond shown in the figure and the portions of a pinna represented in Fig. 1, Pl. XVIII. The Whitby specimen is an example of a comparatively small frond clearly illustrating the characteristic method of branching of the main veins, which agrees with that in the recent genus Dipteris. The commoner specimens of Dictyophyllum are merely paras of pinnee or the ultimate segments of pinne. The spotted appearance shown in Fig. 17 is due to the presence ‘of small patches of carbon; no definite trace of sporangia can be detected. V. 2891. Text-fig. 18. An imperfectly preserved frond similar to the Whitby specimen (Fig. 17), but without the lower portion of the leaf where the several pinne converge into a common lamina traversed by radiating 1 Natherst (801), p. 83. SS oo a 127 DICTYOPHYLLUM, (Nat. size.) No. V. 2891. Fic. 18.—Dictyophyllum rugosum (L. & H.). 128 . DICTYOPHYLLUM. main ribs. Both the specimens (Figs. 17 and 18) represent young, or at least small, leaves; the examples of the form represented i in 7 Pl, XIII. Fig. 3 belong to much larger leaves. “ Fic. 19.—Dictyophyllwn rugoswm (L. & H.). From a specimen in the Leckenby Collection, Cambridge (No. 135). (Nat. size.) Text-fig. 19. Leckenby Collection, Cambridge (No. 135). This specimen is very similar to that of Fig. 17, but interesting as showing part of the main framework of a frond with indistinct. traces of the laminar portion, in which the secondary and tertiary veins are sufficiently indicated to enable one to recognize the Dictyophyllum characters. Identified by Phillips in 1878 as Phlebopteris Phillips: t ve SCHIZEACE. 129 V. 2528. Two specimens on the same piece of rock; one of them is from the basal portion of a frond, and shows three main ribs converging towards a common point, as seen in Text-figs.17-19. The segments of the other specimen have the long and narrow form similar to that of 39,224 (Pl. XIII. Fig. 3). Upper Shale, Gristhorpe. Presented by Mr. J. Williamson, 13,508. In this example the upper portion of the pinna consists of a narrow lamina with dentate edges, similar to the segment shown in Pl, XIII. Fig. 3; in the lower part the pinna bears long and narrow segments. Cf. V. 2891 (Text-fig. 18). 39,223. A large specimen about 25 cm. in length. In the lower portion the pinne are deeply pinnatisect; the segments extend almost to the rachis, as in pl. ciy. of the Fossi/ Flora of Lindley & Hutton ; the segments are rather far apart, as in the Dictyophyllum Leckenbyt form of frond, and they have a crenulate margin. The longest ultimate segment measures 10°5cm. in length. In the upper part of the specimen the segments become gradually shorter, and the lamina connecting the bases of the segments is broader than in the lower part of the pinna. The margin of the shorter and smaller segments in the upper part of the pinna is entire, agreeing with those of V. 2724 (Pl. XVIII. Fig. 1). A specimen of this form serves to illustrate the identity of Zigno’s D. Leckenbyi with D. rugosum of Lindley & Hutton. Labelled by Bean Philebopteris Phillipsii, Phyllites nervulosus, and Dictyophyllum rugosum. Gristhorpe Bay. Bean Coll. Other specimens: —V. 3669 and 10,370 (similar to 39,224; venation clearly shown). Family SCHIZAZACEZ. Genus KLUKIA, Raciborski. [Engler’s Jahrb. vol. xiii. p. 1, 1891.] The genus K/ukia was instituted by Raciborski as a substitute - for Pecopteris in the species P. exilis, Phill., on the ground that the sporangial characters proved the fern to be a member of the Schizeeacese ; a new name was, therefore, wisely chosen to mark a fuller knowledge of botanical affinity than is expressed by the form-genus Pecopteris. K 130 KLUKIA. Klukia is a genus characterized by the manner of occurrence and structure of the sporangia as well as by the Pecopteris or Cladophlebis form of the frond; the sporangia possess an apical annulus, and occur singly on either side of the midrib of the ultimate segments. In 1851 Bunbury! figured a fragment of a fertile pinna of Pecopteris exilis, and drew attention to the agreement between the fossil sporangia and those of the Schizeacese. Bunbury’s specimen, which is now in the Cambridge Botanical Museum, has been refigured to show more clearly the structure of the sporangia.? Other figures of this species may be found in Raciborski’s paper already referred to, and in the Monograph of the Cracow Flora by the same author. ) It is of interest to note that the type of sporangium characteristic of the Schizewacee is met with also among Paleozoic ferns; the well-known genus Senftenbergia of Corda® is characterized by the possession of sporangia with an apical annulus consisting of two rings of thick-walled cells, while the recent species have usually one ring only. In a recent publication Zeiller has shown that in the sporangia of Zygodium a second ring of thick-walled cells is occasionally represented ; a fact which connects more closely the Paleozoic type and the recent species. A similar example of a recent Lygodium sporangium, with an indication of a double annulus, was figured by Link in 1842.5 i: Klukia exilis (Phill.). [Geol. Yorks. p. 148, pl. viii. fig. 16, 1829.] (Pl. XVI. Fig. 7.) 1829. Pecopteris exilis, Phillips, Geol. Yorks. p. 148, pl. viii. fig. 16. 1836. Cyatheites obtusifolius, Géppert, Foss. Farrn. p. 328. 1837. Pecopteris obtusifolia, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flor. vol. iii. pl. clviii. fig. 1. —$ —we 1 Bunbury (51), p. 188, pl. xiii. fig. 5. 2 Seward (947), p. 197. 5 Corda (45), p. 91. * Zeiller (97%), pp. 215 and 216. Vide also Bower (99), p. 43. § Link (42), pl. iv. fig. 2. -- - ee ee | | KLUKIA. 131 1838. Pecopteris obtusifolia, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, fasc. vii. p. 155. 1848. Pecopteris evilis, Bronn, Ind. Pal. p. 915. 1850. Cyatheites obtusifolius, Unger, Gen. spec. foss. p. 159. 1851. Pecopteris exilis, Bunbury, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vii. p. 188. 1854. Pecopteris exilis, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 15. _ 1856. Peeopteris exilis, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. i, p. 144. 1864. Pecopteris exilis, Leckenby, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xx. p. 76. 1869. Pecopteris exilis, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. i. p. 536. 1875. Pecopteris exilis, Phillips, Geol. Yorks. p. 210, pl. viii. fig. 16. 1891. Klukia exilis, Raciborski, Engl. Jahrb. vol. xiii. p. 1. 1892. Pecopteris exilis, Fox-Strangways, Tab. Foss. p. 132. 1894. Klukia exilis, Seward, Proc. Phil. Soc. Camb, vol. viii. p. 197. K. exilis, Raciborski, Flor. Krakow. p. 164, pl. vii. fig. 13; pl. viii. figs. 1-3, 7(?), 8, and 9); pl. ix. figs. 1 and 2(?); pl. xxvi. fig. 1 (?). K. exilis, var. parvifolia, ibid. p. 167; pl. viii. fig.6; pl. xxvi. fig. 2. K. acutifolia, ibid. p. 168, pl. vii. figs. 10-12 and 18. K. Phillipsii, ibid. p. 169, pl. viii. figs. 4 and 5; pl. vii. fig. 16. Type-specimen. ? York Museum. Frond tripinnate, of the Cladophlebis type; the pinne are alternate and linear, lanceolate in form; attached to the rachis at a wide angle. The ultimate segments are short and linear, with more or less bluntly rounded apices, seldom exceeding 5mm. in length; the sporangia, which may reach a length of ‘5 mm., are borne singly on the under side of the pinnules, forming a single tow on each side of the midrib. It is difficult to distinguish some of the sterile bipinnate fronds of this type from the fern described by Lindley & Hutton as Sphenopteris serrata. Nathorst considers the two forms specifically identical, but I believe that the latter fern should be included in Neuropteris arguta of Lindley & Hutton. Raciborski’s figures of the specimens he refers to Klukia acutifolia, K. exilis, and K. Phillipsi do not afford satisfactory evidence of specific difference; it is probable that the examples so named are all referable to Phillips’ species. There are several good examples of Klukia ewilis in the Leckenby Collection, Cambridge, and in the Museums of Man- chester, Scarborough, and other places. 40,557. Pl. XVI. Fig. 7. A portion of a bipinnate fertile frond; the narrow linear pinnx are given off from the rachis at a wide angle. The pinnules, 132 RUFFORDIA. which are attached to the pinna axis by the whole of the base, have an entire margin and blunt apices. On the under side of the pinnules a row of pits, representing the large single sporangia, occurs on each side of the midrib. . Oolite Shale, Scarborough. Bowerbank Coll. V. 3671. A small and imperfect specimen, but of interest as. agreeing very closely with Phillips’ figure,' which evidently represents a badly preserved fragment. . Gristhorpe Bay. V. 3676. Part of a frond in which the pinnules are longer than usual, having a length of 5mm. and bearing seven sporangia on each side of the midrib. The apical annulus is clearly shown. 13,496. Portions of two bipinnate pinne, which by their manner of occurrence on the shale appear to belong to a tripinnate frond. Gristhorpe Bay. Presented by Dr. Murray. 39,244. Portions of two bipinnate pinne, one of which is attached to the main rachis. The sporangia appear on the upper surface of the pinnules as three to five circular projections on each side of the midrib. Labelled by Bean Pecopteris obtusifolia. Upper Shale, Scarborough. Bean Coll. 39,241, A large specimen labelled by Bean Pecopteris obtustfolia and P. exilis. Genus RUFFORDIA, Seward. [Brit. Mus. Catalogue; Wealden Flora, vol. i. p. 75, 1894.] The generic name Ruffordia was substituted for the provisional genus Sphenopteris, because the evidence afforded by the rich Wealden material seemed to justify the inclusion of Dunker’s. species, Sphenopteris Goepperti, in the Schizwacee ; the new name was suggested as indicating a less imperfect knowledge of affinity than is implied by the generic term Sphenopteris. The genus is 1 Phillips (29), pl. viii. fig, 16. RUFFORDIA. 1338 characterized by a distinct contrast between barren and fertile pinne, by the resemblance of the pinnules to those of Anemia adiantifolia, Sw., and by the correspondence in habit of both the sterile and fertile pinne. Ruffordia Goepperti (Dunker). [Wealdenbildung, p. 4, pl. i. fig. 6; pl. ix. figs. 1-3, 1846.] The synonymy and diagnosis of this species have been given at length in the first volume of my Wealden Catalogue. Leckenby was the first to suggest the identity of the Lower Oolite fern with the Wealden species which Ettingshausen named Sphenopteris Jugleri. Schenk included Sphenopteris Jugleri, Ett., as a synonym of Dunker’s species S. Goepperti, and the Wealden specimens in the British Museum amply confirm this view. There are no examples from the Yorkshire Oolite rocks in the Museum Collection which can be referred to the Wealden type, but in the Leckenby Collection (Cambridge) there are two small specimens (Nos. 144, 158) which are probably identical with Ruffordia Goepperti. In the third edition of Phillips’ Geology of Yorkshire there is a figure’ of a portion of one of the Leckenby specimens which does not do justice to the original, but it serves to illustrate the resemblance of the Jurassic fern to the Wealden type. The list of Inferior Oolite fossils given by Fox-Strangways ?* includes the Wealden species Sphenopteris Jugleri, Ett. On the smaller specimen in the Leckenby Collection Nathorst has written: ‘‘ Possibly the young leaf of Sphenopteris Williamsonis, or perhaps the same as 8S. Jugleri.” The larger specimen (No. 158) bears but little resemblance to Brongniart’s nee S. Williamsonis. 1 Phillips (75), p. 218, lign. 40. * Fox-Strangways (92*), p. 135, 184 CLADOPHLEBIS, Family ? POLYPODIACEZ. Genus CLADOPHLEBIS, Brongniart. [Tableau, p. 25, 1849.] 1. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). [2. Cladophlebis lobifolia (Phillips). 8. Cladophlebis haiburnensis (Lindley & Hutton). ] The species Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.) is included in the family Polypodiacese on the ground that the fertile pinnules agree fairly closely with those of some recent polypodiaceous ferns, but the evidence is insufficient to admit of a positive statement as to systematic position. The other two species of the genus must still be included among the ferns which do not afford any trustworthy evidence as to family affinities. (Pl. 1828. 1833. 1834. 1836. 1838. 1. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongniart). [Hist. vég. foss. p. 301, pl. xeviii. figs. 1, 2, 1828.] XIV. Figs. 1, 83,4; Pl. XV. Figs. 4 and 5; Pl. XX. Figs. 3 and 4.) Pecopteris denticulata, Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 57. P. denticulata, Brongniart, Hist. vég. foss. p. 301, pl. xeviii- figs. 1 and 2. P. Phillipsii, Brongniart, ibid. p. 304, pl. cix. fig. 1. P. Phillipsii, Brongniart, Prod. p. 57. Phiebopteris? undans, Brongniart, Hist. vég. foss. p. 375, pl. exxxiii. fig. 3. Neuropteris ligata, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flor. pl. lxix. Pecopteris wndans, ibid. pl. cxx. P. insignis, ibid. pl. evi. P. whitbiensis, ibid. pl. exxxiv. Polypodites undans, Goéppert, Foss. Farrn. p. 345. Alethopteris insignis, ibid. p. 307. A. Phillipsii, ibid. p. 304. Pecopteris? undans, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, fase. vii. p. 161. P. insignis, ibid. p. 151. P. denticulata, ibid. p. 157. Neuropteris ligata, ibid. p. 76. Pecopteris Phillipsii, ibid. p. 150. CLADOPHLEBIS. 135. Alethopteris insignis, Bronn, Ind. Pal. p. 23. A. denticulata, ibid. p. 23. Neuropteris ligata, ibid. p. 811. Alethopteris Phillipsii, ibid. p. 24. Polypodites undans, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 105. Pecopteris denticulata, ibid, Cladophlebis ligata, ibid. Pecopteris Phillipsii, ibid. Polypodites undans, Unger, Gen. spec. foss. p. 168. Alethopteris insignis, ibid. p. 149. Neuropteris ligata, ibid. p. 86. Alethopteris Phillipsii, ibid. p. 148. Pecopteris insignis, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 15. P. denticulata, ibid, P. ligata, ibid. P. Phillipsii, ibid. p. 16. Polypodites undans, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. i. p. 164. Pecopteris insignis, ibid. p. 135. P. denticulata, ibid. p. 129. P. ligata, ibid. p. 140. P. Phillipsii, ibid. p. 139. ? Pecopteris indica, Oldham & Morris, Pal. Ind. p. 47, pl. xxvii. Polypodites undans, Leckenby, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xx. p. 76. Pecopteris insignis, ibid. Neuropteris ? ligata, ibid. Pecopteris whitbiensis, ibid. p. 77. Alethopteris insignis, Eichwald, Leth. Ross. pl. ii. fig. 6, p. 15. Alethopteris insignis, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. i. p. 565. A, denticulata, ibid. p. 563. A, Phillipsii, ibid. p. 564. Cf. Pecopteris australis, McCoy, Geol. Surv. Vict. p. 16, pl. xiv. fig. 3. Phlebopteris undans, Phillips, Geol. Yorks. p. 203, lign. 12. Pecopteris insignis, ibid. p. 206, lign. 17. P. denticulata, ibid. p. 206, lign. 18. P. Phillipsii, ibid. p. 207, lign. 19. ? Asplenites macrocarpus, Feistmantel, Pal. Ind. (77!) p. 171, pl. i. fig. 1; pl. xlviii. fig. 2, ete. Alethopteris indica, Feistmantel, Pal. Ind. (77?) pl. i. figs. 3-5. Abplenium petruschiniense, Heer, Flor. foss. Arct. vol. y. (ii.) pl. i. fig. 1. Pteris frigida, Heer, Flor. foss. Arct. vol. vi. p. 27, pl. x. figs. 1-4; pl. xi.; pl. xii. fig. 2; pl. xiii. fig. 2; pl. xvi. figs. 1 and 2. P. longipennis, ibid. pl. x. figs. 11 and 12; pl. xiii. fig. 1. P. ligata, ibid, pl. xvi. fig. 3. Cladophlebis denticulata, Fontaine, Potomac Flora, p. 71, pl. vii. fig. 7. Cf. Alethopteris australis, Feistmantel, Foss. Flor. Australia, pl. xxvii. fig. 3. Pecopteris undans, Fox-Strangways, Tab. Foss. p. 133. P. denticulata, ibid. p, 132. 136 CLADOPALEBIS. 1892. Asplenium whitbiense, ibid. p. 129. : ? Cladophlebis falcata, Dawson, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, p. 84. 1894. Cladophlebis denticulata, Raciborski, Flor. Krakow. p. 224, pl. xxii. figs. 3 and 4. C. cf. nebbensis, ibid. p. 227, pl. xxii. figs. 5 and 6. C. insignis, ibid. p. 2238, pl. xxii. figs. 9 and 10. 1896. Cf. Cladophlebis Roesserti Groenlandica, Hartz, Med. Grén. pls. vii.-x. C. Stewartiana, ibid. pl. xi. figs. 1 and 2. Asplenites, sp., ibid. pl. xi. fig. 3. 1900. Cladophiebis denticulata, Seward, Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soe. vol. xliv. p. 18, pl. iv. fig. 9. Type - specimens. Brongniart’s type- specimens in the Paris Museum. A specimen, which is the counterpart of the type- specimen of Pecopteris insignis of Lindley & Hutton, is in the Leckenby Collection, Cambridge (No. 342). Frond bipinnate, large, with long spreading pinne attached to a comparatively slender rachis. Pinnules falcate, acutely pointed, — usually finely dentate, attached by the whole of the base; the longest pinnules may reach a length of 3-4cem. Venation of the typical Cladophlebis type; a well-marked midrib giving off secondary dichotomously forked veins at an acute angle. Towards the apex of the frond the pinnules are shorter and broader than the longer and narrower segments in the lower or middle portion of the frond. Fertile fronds similar in form to the sterile; the segments of the same shape, but somewhat straighter, and with an irregularly serrate margin, the sori are oblong in shape and parallel to the secondary veins. The specimens on which Brongniart founded his species Cladophlebis denticulata are fairly large examples of well-preserved fronds with falcate pinnules having an obviously dentate margin; they are of the same form as those represented in Pl. XIV. Figs. 3 and 4 of this Catalogue. Brongniart regards Pecopteris ligata of Phillips and Neuropteris ligata, as figured by Lindley & Hutton, as identical with his P. denticulata. The type-specimens of P. denticulata were sent to Paris by Williamson and Bean from the neighbourhood of Scarborough (no doubt Gristhorpe Bay). The frond represented in the Fossil Flora of Lindley & Hutton as Neuropteris ligata has falcate dentate pinnules like those in Brongniart’s specimen, and as shown in Pl. XIV. Fig. 3. Nathorst, who has examined the type-specimen of Pecopteris ligata of CLADOPHLEBIS. 137 Phillips in the Oxford Museum, believes it to be a fragment of Laccopteris polypodioides * (Brongn.), but he regards WVeuropteris digata, L. & H., as identical with Cladophlebis denticulata.? The same author considers that Pecopteris insignis of Lindley & Hutton is probably the lower part of a frond of P. denticulata, Brongn. This view is no doubt correct. The drawing in the Fossil Flora (pl. ev.) represents the long faleate pinnules as entire, but a close inspection of the type-specimen (or rather the counterpart, now in the Leckenby Collection, Cambridge, No. 342) reveals the presence of fine teeth on the more perfectly preserved segments. Nathorst has also suggested that the fragments figured by Lindley and Hutton and others as Pecopteris or Phlebopteris undans may belong to a fertile frond of Cladophlebis denticulata. A careful comparison of several specimens of P. undans with C. denticulata has led me to this conclusion (vide Pl. XX. Figs. 3@ and 38). The type-specimen of P. undans of Lindley & Hutton (Scarborough Museum) is associated with portions of Cladophlebis denticulata on the same piece of shale. Schimper and some other authors have also considered Veuropteris ligata of Lindley & Hutton and Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.) identical. It has already been pointed out, in the description of Zodites Williamsoni, that the specimens described by Brongniart as Pecopteris whitbiensis appear to be identical with the former ‘species and specifically distinct from the type-specimen of P. whitbiensis as figured by Lindley & Hutton. It would be a hopeless task to attempt an accurate determination of the numerous fronds or fragments of pinne referred by various authors to Pecopteris whithiensis, Asplenium whitbiense, etc., but it is at least highly probable that not a few of the fossils thus described are specifically identical with Cladophiebis denticulata, Brongn. Fern fronds of the type described under such names as Cladophlebis whitbiensis, C. Albertsti, Asplenium Roesserti, A. nebbense, etc., have a worldwide distribution in Mesozoic rocks,’ and we know that leaves of a precisely similar habit are met with in different ? Nathorst (80"), p. 60. 2 Thid. p. 58. * Seward (94'), p. 95. 138 CLADOPHLEBIS. genera and families of recent ferns; an identification of fossil fragments of this type without the evidence of fertile pinne is a hopeless task. All that we can do, is to point out what appear to be the most probable cases of identity among the numerous examples of fronds of this type in the English Jurassic strata and in beds of approximately the same age in other countries. Zigno includes Pecopteris whitbiensis, L. & H., as a synonym of P. ligata, Phill. The pinnules as represented in pl. cxxxiv. of the Fossil Flora (P. whitbiensis) have entire margins, but are otherwise identical with those of Weuropteris ligata of Lindley &. Hutton. The small portion of a pinna figured in Pl. XV. Fig. 5 of this volume is taken from a fairly large specimen of a frond. which is labelled by Bean Pecopteris whitbiensis (No. 39,240), and. agrees exactly with the frond illustrated under this name by the authors of the Fossil Flora. I believe that P. denticulata of Brongniart and P. whitbiensis of Lindley & Hutton are specifically identical. The specimens figured by Lindley & Hutton as Pecopteris dentata. have been incorporated under the species Zodites Williamsont, as a result of the examination of the type-specimens. Brongniart’s figure of Pecopteris Phillipsti, drawn from a specimen contributed by Williamson from Cayton, near Scarborough, presents a fairly close agreement with some forms of Cladophlebis denticulata, and is clearly identical with the example represented in Pl. XX. Fig. 4; this specimen has been labelled by Bean Pecopteris Phillipsit, Brongn. The somewhat narrower form of the pinnules. and other slight differences between this form of frond and the more typical C. denticulata are, I believe, of no importance; they rather suggest that the frond had been exposed to the sun some time and slightly contracted or shrivelled before it was embedded in the mud. Enough has been said to indicate the confused state of the: synonymy of these Cladophlebis fronds. Brongniart’s specific name denticulata is adopted as haying been published earlier than C. insignis of Lindley & Hutton, and. as denoting a type of frond of common occurrence in collections of Yorkshire Oolite plants. To use the specific name whithiensis would lead to considerable confusion, as different authors have applied this designation to fern fronds belonging to distinct genera and different families. CLADOPHLEBIS. 1389 _ Before referring to other authors whose determinations are _mentioned in the above synonymy, it may be a convenience to concisely summarize the conclusions to which an examination of the East Yorkshire Cladophilebis fronds has led me. In the first place it seems almost certain that Pecopteris undans as figured by Lindley & Hutton and others is, as Nathorst suggested, the fertile frond of Cladophlebis denticulata. Further reference is made to this point elsewhere. The comparison of such specimens as that figured by Lindley & Hutton as Pecopteris insignis, the example represented in Pl. XIV. Fig. 1 (39,236), and many others, with specimens like that shown in Pl. XIV. Fig. 3, and as figured by authors under such names as Neuropteris or Pecopteris ligata, P. whitbiensis, etc., in which the pinnules are smaller, has con- vineed me of the identity of the fronds possessing larger and smaller ultimate segments. The prominence or almost complete absence of denticulations on the margin of the pinnules are characters of slight importance. In some cases, as an examination of type-specimens. has shown, segments with a finely dentate border have been erroneously represented in drawings as pinnules with an entire margin. In one or two specimens in the National Collection and other museums the pinnules appear to be entire, but in other respects the fronds cannot be separated from those with dentate pinnules. To lay stress on such a point as this would be to magnify a character of very small importance to the rank of a specific difference ; my impression is that on a large frond of the fern Cladophilebis denticulata, we might well find some pinnules with entire and others with a denticulate border. Brongniart’s species Pecopteris Phillipsii, as already suggested, is probably a somewhat imperfect example of C. denticulata. There are certain species of fronds of the Cladophlebis type figured by several authors from Jurassic horizons which present a close agreement with C. denticulata, but which cannot with safety be included in a list of synonyms. In Schenk’s admirable work on the flora of the strata between the Keuper and the Lias of Franconia a frond is figured as Asplenites Roesserti (Presl) ;. the drawing of this species in Schenk’s pl. x. fig. 1’ agrees very closely with specimen No. 39,238 in the British Museum Collection, and still more closely with a specimen in the Leckenby Collection -4 Schenk (67). 140 CLADOPHLEBIS. from the Yorkshire Oolites. In Schenk’s figure we have the apical portion of a frond, which is characterized by the open habit of the pinne and by the rather short and broad form of the pointed pinnules; at the tip of the frond the pinne are gradually replaced by single falcate segments. The striking similarity leads me to regard the German and English plants, although from different geological horizons, as nearly allied, if not indeed identical. Another specimen illustrated in Schenk’s monograph, and named Asplenites ottonis,' agrees in habit with A. Roesserti, but differs in the appearance of the pinnules, which are fertile, and present a corrugated surface due to the presence of sori parallel to the secondary veins; these are precisely the characters of the fertile — pinne of C. denticulata (Pecopteris undans). It may be suggested that Asplendtes ottonis is the fertile form of the frond referred by Schenk to A. Roesserti; the very small fragment of the latter species described by the same author as fertile is very imperfect and far from clear. While speaking of the fertile pinnules, comparison may be made also with some fragments figured by Heer from Siberia, and referred by him to Asplenium whitbiense ; these possess long sori apparently with indusia disposed obliquely to the midrib and parallel to the secondary veins, as in Pecopteris undans. It is unfortunately impossible to make out the exact form of the sori in the English specimens or to decide on the presence or absence of an indusium, but so far as it is possible to judge, it would appear that the sori may have been of a type similar to that shown in Heer’s figures, and to such as we find in some recent Polypodiaceous species. In addition to the species Pteris frigida and P. longipennis figured by Heer from Greenland, and included in the above list as most probably specifically identical with Cladophlebis denticulata, there are some other fragments of fronds referred by the same author to Pecopteris argutula, Aspidium Oerstedi, and other species, which may be identical with C. denticulata; but it is impossible to decide as to the affinities of many of these fronds. It is not improbable that the Australian fern named by McCoy? Pecopteris australis, and compared by him with the English type, which Bean named P. scarburgensis, is identical with that species. 1 Schenk (67), pl. xi. * McCoy (74), p. 16, pl. xiv. fig. 3. CLADOPHLEBIS. 141 Bean’s name Pecopteris scarburgensis was applied. by him to specimens clearly identical with C. denticulata. -. In Fontaine’s Potomac Flora there are several specimens named Cladophlebis falcata; these have the same form of frond as C. denticulata, but there is hardly enough evidence, without having access to the specimens, to warrant the inclusion of the Potomac species among the synonyms of Brongniart’s plant. Fontaine also figures some fronds which he names C. denticulata, but speaks of this species as new, while drawing attention to published figures of Pecopteris denticulata by Heer.* A specimen in the British Museum Collection (V. 640) from Steierdorf im Banat, named Pecopteris whitbiensis, bears a very close resemblance to Cladophlebis denticulata, but the pinnules appear to have an entire margin. There are various other fossil fronds which may be compared with Cladophlebis denticulata, e.g. Asplenium distans as figured by Yokoyama* from Japan; but without more trustworthy evidence than a similarity in the form of the sterile pinne there must always be an element of uncertainty in our comparisons.‘ The point of most interest as regards the comparison of Cladophlebis denticulata with recent ferns is the evidence afforded by the nature of the fertile pinnules of the fossil species. We know nothing as to the structure of the sporangia, and our comparisons must rest solely on the form of the fertile segments and the disposition of the sori. It is among the Polypodiaces that we find the nearest resemblance to the fossil species ; in some species of Asplenium, e.g. A. lugubre,® also Phegopteris decussata (L.),° the fertile pinnules with their thin linear sori parallel to the lateral veins agree closely with those of Cladophlebis denticulata (vide Pl. XX. Fig. 34). Raciborski has suggested the probability of Cladophlebis denticulata’ and some other species of the genus being 1 Fontaine (89), pl. v. figs. 1-6. 2 Loe. cit. p. 71. 3 Yokoyama (89), pl. xiv. fig. 1. 4 Some specimens recently sent to me for identification from South Africa, by Mr. Rogers, of the Geological Commission, Cape Town, appear to be identical with Cladophlebis denticulata. 5 Hooker (61), pl. iii. ® Christ (97), p. 273. 7 Raciborski (91), p. 2. 142 CLADOPHLEBIS, the sterile fronds of Osmundaceous ferns; the form of the fertile pinne does not favour this view, and it is more in accordance with the available evidence to refer Brongniart’s species to the Polypodiacer. Cladophlebis denticulata is represented in several museums by many large and well-preserved specimens; some of the finest are to be found in the collections at Whitby and Sc not infrequently labelled by Bean Pecopteris scarburgensis. 18,495. Pl. XIV. Fig. 3. A part of the specimen is shown in the figure. The rachis ‘measures 7°5cm. in length and 4 mm. in breadth; the longest pinna is 12-5 cm. long, bearing falcated dentate segments agreeing exactly with those of the specimens figured by Brongniart as the type of the species. The pinnules are about 1°3 cm. in length. A precisely similar form is figured by Lindley & Hutton as Neuropteris ligata. Gristhorpe Bay. Presented by Dr. Murray. 40,518. Pl. XIV. Fig. 4. Two pinnules, represented about twice natural size, showing the fine teeth and the Cladophiebis type of venation. This specimen agrees with 13,495 (Pl. XIV. Fig. 3), but on the lower ae the ultimate segments are longer, reaching a length of 2°2cm.; they ‘serve to connect the fronds with pinnules of intermediate length with such examples as that shown in Fig. 1 (89,236), in which the ultimate segments are longer. Towards the apex of the pinne the pinnules assume a shorter and more strongly falcate form. Scarborough. ~ Bowerbank Coll. 39,236. Pl. XIV. Fig. 1. A portion only of this fine specimen is shown in the drawing. The frond has a stout rachis from which the pinne are given off at an acute angle, bearing falecate pinnules reaching a length of 2°8-8cm. This type of frond is identical with that figured by Lindley & Hutton as Pecopteris insignis; the margin of the segments is finely dentate, as in the type-specimen of P. insignis. Oolitic Shale, Scarborough. Bean Coll. 39,249. Pl. XX. Fig. 4 This somewhat imperfect specimen is labelled by Bean Pecopteris Phillipsti, and it is partly on the evidence which it affords that CLADOPHLEBIS. 1438 I have included this species as a synonym of Cladophlebis denticulata, The preservation is far from perfect, but here and there fine denticulations may be detected. The pinnules are rather less faleate and narrower than in most of the specimens, but I feel no doubt as to their specific identity, and am disposed to attribute the slight peculiarities in the appearance of this frond to the probability of its having been dried in the sun and more or less shrivelled before fossilization. Cf. the fertile pinne figured by Lindley & Hutton as Phlebopteris undans. Scarborough. Bean Coil. 13,488. Pl. XX. Figs. 3a and 3d. Fig. 34 represents part of a pinna of the form known as Phlebopteris or Pecopteris undans. These fertile pinnules have the same general form as the sterile segments, but are straighter and the margin is distinctly serrate; the surface of the lamina is raised in the form of oblique ridges or corrugations, parallel to the secondary veins, which are no doubt caused by the occurrence of oblong sori on the lower face. It is unfortunately impossible to obtain any more precise information as to the structure of the sori and sporangia. Cf. Schenk’s figures! of Asplenites ottonis and Heer’s* figures of Asplenium whitbiense; also Feistmantel’s * figures of Asplenites macrocarpus. The sterile fragment (Fig. 3a) shows the usual type of falcate and finely denticulate segments; I have no doubt that both these fragments (3a and 3d) belong to. the same plant. Upper Shale, Gristhorpe. Presented by Dr. Murray. * 99,240. Pl. XV. Fig. 5. A small piece of a pinna of a large and well-preserved frond, agreeing exactly with the specimen figured by Lindley & Hutton as Pecopteris whitbiensis. The margins of the pinnules appear to be entire, but in other respects the segments are exactly like those of 40,518 (Pl. XIV. Fig. 4) and 39,236 (Pl. XIV. Fig. 1). Labelled by Bean Pecopteris whitbiensis. Oolitic Shale, Scarborough. Bean Coll, 1 Schenk (67), pl. xi. fig. 1. ? Heer (77%), ii. pl. xxi. figs. 3 and 4. 3 Feistmantel (77'), pls. i., xlviii., ete. 144 CLADOPHLEBIS. 39,245. This specimen, an imperfectly preserved portion of a fertile frond, is of interest from the point of view of the comparison of sterile and fertile pinne. The pinne and pinnules: are exactly like those represented in Pl. XX. Fig. 3a, but in 39,245 we have a portion of the rachis as well as pieces of three: or four pinne attached to it. Labelled by Bean Phlebopteris undans. The specimen shows clearly that the leaf bearing the fertile pinne had the same habit.as the sterile fronds. Upper Shale, Scarborough. V. 3650, V. 3651. The latter specimen is labelled by Bean Pecopteris scarburgensis, a name which does not appear to have been published. Similar to 39,236 (Pl. XIV. Fig. 1). Upper Shale, Scarborough. V. 3940. A small piece of a pinna with long pinnules of the- ‘insignis’ type; labelled Cycadites gramineus. Lower Shale and Sandstone, Scarborough. 39,238. A fairly large specimen, with a rachis 17 cm. im length. The habit of the frond is distinctly open, especially towards the apical portion, where the pinne are farther apart and. the pinnules shorter and relatively broader. In the Leckenby Collection there is a still finer example, illustrating the open habit. at the apex of a frond; we have precisely the same appearance: presented by a specimen of Asplenites Roesserti figured by Schenk.! The pinnules are slightly dentate. Labelled by Bean Pecopteris denticulata and P. ligata. Scarborough. Bean Coll.. 39,248. Pl. XV. Fig. 4. The apical portion only is shown in the drawing. It is difficult. to feel certain as to the affinity of this specimen; it appears to be identical with a similar apex of a frond figured by Heer from the: Jurassic rocks of Siberia as Asplenium petruschinense,? and may be compared also with . 7 * a . 6 y . ’ PLATE XI. Fic. 1. Matonidium Goopperti (Ettingshausen). Page 76. [39 Fic. 2. Matonidiwm Goepperti (Ett.). Slightly enlarged. P. 76. [52,594 and 5 Fic. 3. Matonidium Goepperti (Ett.). P. 75. PlateXI,. West, Newman imp. Filices. B.M. JURASSIC PLANTS. GM Woodward del. et lith. 1 PLATE XII. “ae pre Fas, 1 and 1a. Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongniart), Page 82. ae Fra. 2. Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). P. 82, B.M. JURASSIC PLANTS. Plate XI. x ath ae Deh OF G.M- Woodward del. et lith. West, Newman imp. Filices. PLATE XIII. Fia. 1. Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongniart). Page 84, Fra. 2. Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn.). P. 83. Fic. 3. Dictyophyllum rugosum (Lindley & Hutton). P. 124, Plate XIII. JURASSIC PLANTS. B.M t, Newman imp. Wes GM-Woodward del. et lith. hees. a Ti | i PLATE XIV. Fia. 1. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongniart). Page 142. Fic. 2. Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). P. 95. Fia. 3. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). P. 142. Fia. 4. Oladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). P. 142, Fia. 5. Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.), P.95. Fie. 6. Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). x 3. P. 94. Fig. 7. Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). P. 94. B.M. JURASSIC PLANTS. G.MWoodwerd del. et lith. Plate XIV. West, Newman imp. ces. PLATE XV. : Fies. 1 and 3, Todites Williamsoni (Brongniart). Page 93. _ ea Fic. 2. Todites Williamsoni (Brongn.). P. 93. J | Fia, 4. Cladophlebis denticwlata (Brongn,). P. 144, ; Fa. 5. Oladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.). P. 143, at z , Fic. 6. Cladophlebas lobifolia (Phillips). P. 148, ; a a | Plate XV. B.M JURASSIC PLANTS. West, Newman imp, GM Woodward del.et lith, Filiees PLATE XVI. Fie. 1. Teniopteris vittata, Brongniart. Page 158. Fic. 2. Sphenopteris princeps, Presl. P. 153. Fias. 3 and 3a. Coniopteris arguta (Lindley & Hutton). Pp Fras. 4 and 5. Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). P. 106, Fic. 6. Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). P. 106. B Fic. 7 Klukia exilis (Phillips). P. 131, ; Fic. 8. Coniopteris quinqueloba (Phill). P. 114. Plate XVI. G.M.Weo dward del et-kth. West, Newman imp. Filices. PLATE XVIL Fia, 1. Sphenopteris Williamsoni, Brongniart, Page 155. [V. Fic. 2. Sphenopteris Williamsoni, Brongn. P. 154. : Fig. 3. Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.). P.108. [4 a Fias. 4 and 5. Coniopteris arguta (Lindley & Hutton). P. 117. a . t ¢ 5 pe tr Bet, a ltl el eek a ee aoe ae acne : - I ee ere Oe ene edn PO a Soe ort pee eng « as tt iets Foe ea iniotwney mmr gietivee fete t stigech decried pies gee tty reiegrerpetivsen peep ih = i stata Speen a ae at ae sows ¥. a al Li tel el A At i ler Rela tal ed sat one pe pl oe a pee. = i dna ak WE tel en! peat, yin gem peed 9d vga Fal siabl cae aioe peetnaate seanayet nee per pr is aS Bilt STN cd pei palin git et aoe gen grt pm Pitot ae os +7 i nt ge pep tae ot ae! aD on ee Po