CATALOGUE

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BY

JOSHUA ALDER.

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CATALOGU EK

OF

THE MOLLUSCA. D¥ision of Mollusts

Sectional Library

or

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM.

BY

JOSHUA ALDE

[FROM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE TYNESIDE NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB.]

NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE:
ROBERT CURRIE & CO., 15, GREY STREET.

LONDON :
EDWARDS & HUGHES, 12, AVE MARIE LANE.

1848.

The preparation of this Catalogue was entrusted to a Sub-
committee of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, consisting of
JoserpH Harrison Fryer, AnBANy Hancock, and Josuua ALDER,
and has been drawn up by the latter with the assistance of the
two former. The names of the Sub-committee are indicated in
the Catalogue by their initials.

NEWCASTLE : PRINTED BY T. AND J. HODGSON, UNION STREET.

A

CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

OF

NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM.

Srverau partial notices of the Mollusca, or, to speak more cor-
rectly, of the Shells of Northumberland and Durham, have from
time to time appeared. The earliest is that of Wallis in the
“Natural History and Antiquities of Northumberland,” published
in 1769. This work contains an account of 45 species and va-
rieties, rather vaguely designated, after the fashion of the older
naturalists, but most of which can be easily recognised. They
consist principally of the most common and conspicuous species.
No further contributions to the conchology of these counties
appeared till 1816, when Sir Cuthbert Sharp published in his
“History of Hartlepool,” a pretty extensive list of the shells of
that locality. This list appears to have been very carefully
drawn up according to the best information of the time, but a
few species have inadvertently been admitted into it, such as
Venus chione, Cardium aculeatum, Buccinum lineatum, and
Strombus costatus, which are certainly not inhabitants of our
coast, and must either have come there by chance, or, what is
more probable, other species somewhat similar in appearance
have been taken for them. Several species in addition to
Sir Cuthbert Sharp’s list were given by Mr. Hogg, in his
“Natural History of the Vicinity of Stockton.” In 1822,
Mr. Winch published a Catalogue of the Shells found at
Lindisfarne, in the “Annals of Philosophy” ; stated to be
principally furnished by a lady. It was afterwards re-
B

4 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

printed in Raine’s “History of North Durham.” Here also one
or two species appear to have been included by mistake, but,
upon the whole, it is a pretty correct enumeration of the princi-
pal shells found on that part of the coast. A “Catalogue of the
Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of the vicinity of Newcastle,” by
the writer of this notice, was published in our “ Natural History
Society’s Transactions” in 1830, to which a Supplement was
added in 1838. More recently, the contributions of Mr. William
King, late curator of the Newcastle Museum, and of Mr. Richard
Howse, to the “ Annals of Natural History” have illustrated several
of our rarer species. The excellent papers of Dr. Johnston on
the Mollusca of Berwick Bay, published in the “ Berwickshire
Club Proceedings,” may also be mentioned as coming partially
within the limits of this Catalogue.

So much having already appeared in this department, it may
be supposed that little remains to be done in order to give a
complete list of the Mollusca of the two counties. It will be
observed, however, that scarcely any notices of the naked or
shell-less Mollusca have been included in these contributions,
and that in the lists of shells, the minute and less conspicuous
kinds, which form a considerable portion of the whole, have been
generally overlooked. We have been anxious, too, rather to give
the result of our own observations, and to verify by personal
observation the species already published, than to make a com-
pilation from old materials, did these contain a greater propor-
tion of our Molluscan Fauna than they really do. The attention
that we have paid for several years to the productions of this
coast, together with the kind assistance of our friends, has en-
abled us to add largely to the materials already published.

The arrangement here adopted is that of Cuvier ; but so much
has been done since his time, especially towards the attainment
of a knowledge of the animal inhabitants of shells, upon which
any arrangements claiming to be natural must necessarily be
based, that we have been obliged to make several modifications
to meet the requirements of modern science. We are fully aware
of the imperfections of many parts of this arrangement as it now
stands, but we prefer, in the present transition state of the

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 5

science, to adhere in the main to some system already established,
rather than to introduce changes that may not stand the test of
further experience.

A spirit of rigid criticism is now abroad on the nomenclature
of natural history, which makes it necessary to examine into the
priority of each individual synonym in the genera and species.
This we have done to the best of our ability and means; and we
must acknowledge the great assistance we have derived in this
respect from the excellent little Synopsis of the Swedish and
Norwegian Mollusca lately published by Professor Lovén, of
Stockholm, entitled “ Index Molluscorum litora Scandinavie Oc-
cidentalia habitantium.” as well as from his obliging communi-
cations. Our acknowledgments are equally due to Mr. Sylvanus
Hanley for his kind assistance in identifying several of the Lin-
nzan species ; an assistance which his laborious and critical ex-
amination of the Linnean Cabinet renders him peculiarly able
to afford.*

Had there been any work which we could have taken as a
text book, our task in drawing up this Catalogue would have
been comparatively light, but at present no such work on Bri-
tish Mollusca exists, though the desideratum is in the course of
being supplied by the “ History of British Mollusca and their
Shells” by Professor E. Forbes and Mr. Hanley, one or two parts
of which have already appeared ; but as it will not be completed
for three years, we shall not be able to avail ourselves of it on
the present occasion.

As our Catalogue is exclusively confined to the Mollusca, three
classes of Testaceous animals that have usually appeared in British
works on shells do not find a place in these pages ; these are, the
Foraminifera, the Oirrhipoda, and the Testaceous Annelida.
Modern investigations have proved that these belong to entirely
different departments of the animal kingdom, to which they
must now be assigned—the first to Zoophytes, the second to Crus-
tacea, and the third to Annelida.

* Mr. Hanley is about to publish the results of this examination in a work
exclusively devoted to the species preserved in the cabinet of Linnzeus, the
value of which every naturalist must appreciate.

6 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

But if owr Catalogue exclude some of the objects usually asso-
ciated with the Mollusca, it will, on the other hand, be found
more than usually extensive in two classes, which have seldom
obtained a place in our local lists, namely, the Vudibranchiata
and the Z’wnicata. In the latter so little has hitherto been done
that, even with the kind assistance of of our friend Professor Ed-
ward Forbes, we have found the greatest difficulty in referring
our species to any of those already described, and it has conse-
quently become necessary to publish descriptions of many of them.

The coast over which our observations extend, is in some re-
spects not particularly favourable for the production of molluscous
animals: possessing none of those sinuosities and sheltered bays
within which these animals generally find the conditions most
favourable to their development. The coast line of Northum-
berland and Jurham is, on the contrary, bare and exposed, and
the sea beats upon its shores much more roughly than in most of
the localities celebrated for their marine productions. It is
nevertheless not without some advantages. Its extensive sands
are unmixed with shingle, and consequently afford a suitable
habitation for many bivalves ; which, however, are nearly ex-
tirpated on some of the most frequented parts of the coast.
From the nature of the strata, too, the rocks do not dip very ab-
ruptly into the sea, but run out at a very slight inclination |
leaving a great extent of surface at low tides, accessible to the
naturalist, and not unproductive of marine animals. In the
inland portion of the country the surface is a good deal diver-
sified, but upon the whole it is rather too hilly, particularly in
the western parts, to be very productive of the land and fresh-
water Mollusca, which are generally thinly scattered in upland and
exposed situations. The vallies, however, produce not an incon-
siderable number of the land species: these abound most on
limestone, and a few species are nearly confined to that deserip-
tion of rock. Owing to the small extent of marshes and ditches,
in addition to the lower temperature, the fresh-water species are
much less abundant here than in the south of England.

The generalizations of Professor E. Forbes, in his able Paper on
the Northern Drift, published in the “ Memoirs of the Geological

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 7
Survey of Great Britain,” have demonstrated the use of local
Faunas like the present, in furnishing materials for working out
some of the most interesting problems that Natural History af-
fords ; but for the true solution of problems of this kind, it is not
only necessary that local Catalogues should be as complete as
possible in the productions of the district, but that care should
also be taken not to introduce species by mistake, or on imper-
fect evidence, which might give a false idea of their geographi-
cal range, and vitiate the generalizations founded upon them,
Impressed with this conviction, we have been particularly care-
ful in scrutinizing the earlier published Catalogues, and com-
paring them with the geographical limits of species as far as already
known ; in doing this, we have been led to reject some species
only found in a dead state, which deference to previous authori-
ties might otherwise have induced us to retain.

One source of error, which, without great care, is likely to vi-
tiate our Fauna, is the quantity of shells brought in ballast by
the coal ships. This ballast, dredged in the rivers and harbours
of the south of England, is, in consequence of the dues payable
for its deposit on shore, frequently cast overboard at sea, and
shells from it are occasionally washed up on the adjoining sands.
We have endeavoured to ascertain as far as possible what shells
are attributable to this source, but we cannot be sure that in every
case we have succeeded.

The exposed nature of the coast is not favourable to the use of
the dredge, and consequently very few explorations have been
made with that useful aid to the naturalist. Our own exploits
in that way, we must confess to have been nearly complete failures,
owing principally to our inability to stand the exposure and mo-
tion of an open sea. Mr. King and Mr. Howse have made at-
tempts at deep water dredging, on the cod-fishing grounds at a
considerable distance from the shore, the results of which have
appeared in the “Annals of Natural History.” Though these can
scarcely be called successful, there cannot be a doubt that under
more favourable circumstances excellent results might be ob-
tained from deep-water dredging off our coast, but the expense
and discomfort of the undertaking, as prosecuted in the fishing

8 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

boats, together with the great uncertainty of the weather when
the grounds are reached, are drawbacks which will prevent its
being often attempted. A trial made by Mr. Howse of dredging
in fifteen to twenty fathoms water, undertaken for the purpose of
gaining information for this Catalogue, has been attended with
better success, as the notices of species obtained by it will
shew.

The Molluscan Fauna of the coast of Northumberland and Dur-
ham partakes, as might be expected, much more of the characters
of that of northern Europe than of more southern latitudes. On
comparing it with the “Index Molluscorum” of Lovén, we find
that about half the species of our Catalogue are inhabitants of the
Scandinavian shores, whilst scarcely a fifth part are to be found
in the Mediterranean. In both cases the greater proportion are
bivalves. Dr. Philippi enumerates about one hundred and fifty*
marine species, common to Britain and Sicily, but not more than
a third of them reach our north-eastern shores, and it is curious
that none of the latter are really southern forms, they being near-
ly all of a cosmopolite character and equally common to the
north of Europe. Compared with the British Fauna our coast
affords more than half the number of species found on the shores
of Great Britain and Ireland. The species most characteristic of
our locality are,-—

Bullea pectinata,, Natica Montagui,
quadrata, helicoides,
Bulla Cranchii, Groenlandica,
Amphisphyra hyalina, Margarita helicina,
Fusus Norvegicus, Nucula tenuis,
Turtoni, Modiola nigra,
Islandicus, Astarte compressa,
Barvicensis, Nera cuspidata,
Velutina plicatilis, Panopzea Norvegica.

Scalaria Trevelyana,

* We limit our comparisons here to the marine Mollusca, as the geographi-
cal distribution of the land and fresh water species has been treated of else
where.—Sce Newe. Nat. Hist. Trans.—Forbes in Brit. Assoc. Report, 1839,—
and Gray’s Turton’s Manual.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 9

Fusus antiquus and gracilis, Cyprina Islandica, and Modiola
vulgaris, from their size and frequent occurrence, form a conspi-
cuous part of our Fauna, but their general diffusion through
most of the British seas prevents our considering them as charac-
teristic of this locality. These species, however, are rare on the
southern coast of England. Of northern forms, whose absence
is deserving of remark, perhaps the most conspicuous is Lottia
testudinalis, so widely spread in northern latitudes and abundant
on many parts of the west of Scotland, as well as in Ireland and
Wales. This species does not appear to inhabit any part of the
eastern coast of Britain. Other northern species, not uncommon
on the western shores of Scotland, are also absent here ; of these
we may mention Lima hyans, Terebratula caput-serpentis, Cra-
nia anomala, Pecten niveus, and nebulosus, Leda pygmea and
Margarita carnea. The following south of England species do
not occur with us,—

Bulla hydatis, Ovula patula,
Eulima polita, Fissurella reticulata,
Scalaria clathratula, Calyptreea Chinensis,
Truncatella Montagui, Modiola Gibbsii,
Janthina fragilis, Arca lactea,
Rissoa crenulata, Cardium aculeatum,
striatula, exiguum,
Phasianella pullus, Cytherea chione,
Trochus umbilicatus, Tellina depressa,
striatus, Petricola irus,
crassus, Pandora obtusa,
Pleurotoma gracilis, Galeomma Turtoni,
septangularis, Gastrochena pholadia,
purpurea, Pholas parva,
Fusus muricatus, papyracea,
Erato levis, dactylus.

These may all be considered southern forms which have not
reached our limits, but it is worthy of remark that some of them
attain a much higher latitude on the western side of Great Bri-
tain than they do on the eastern. Many others might be added,

10 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

but our object at present is only to point out the most charac-
teristic forms. The absence of a few species of more extensive
range may be accounted for by the exposed character of the

coast.
Our Catalogue contains altogether 394 species, divided as fol-
lows :—
Cephalopoda, ....2..2,2ceececse-cnssenes 6
Gasteropoda—
Nudibranchiata, ......... 44
Pellibranchiata,............ 1
Inferobranchiata, .........
Tectibranchiata, ......... 13
Pulsipnatias 12.2 cbse 80
Pectinibranchiata,......... 92
Scutibranchiata, .........
Cyclobranchiata, ......... 12
Cirrhobranchiata, ......... 3
—— 249
Conchifera—
Palliobranchiata, ......... 1
Lamellibranchiata, ...... 108
— 109
MUN GALA: aetoeadeacenes as vase tan ee ces 30
394

It may be useful to give an idea of the distribution of these
into different zones of depth, which we shall now endeavour to
do by enumerating the most characteristic species in each zone.
We have adopted the divisions of Professor E. Forbes, contract-
ing a little their limits, the better to adapt them to the condi-
tions observable on our coast. They are as follows :—

1. Lirrorat Zone.—Between high water-mark and the low

water of ordinary tides.

2. Laminartan Zone.—Between low water and 12 fathoms.

3. CoraLLine Zonz.—From 12 to 30 fathoms.

4, Recion or Deze Water.—30 fathoms and upwards.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. LF

MM. Audouin and Milne Edwards, who first proposed the dis-
tribution of marine animals into zones of depth,* have adopted
much smaller divisions, and it would be easy to point out the
limits of species, especially between tide marks, within much
more contracted bounds, but the above broad and well-marked
features are sufficient for our present purpose. Those species
which from their numbers give a character to the zone, we have
denoted by italics ; those which from their rarity or partial dis-
tribution in Britain give a character to the locality, are distin-
guished by small capitals.

Lirrorat Zonr.—Doris tuberculata, REPANDA, bilamellata, as-
pera; Goniodoris nodosa; Ancula cristata ; Eolis papillosa,
NANA; Odostomia spiralis ; Littorina petra, rudissima,
rudis, littorea, retusa; Rissoa interrupta, ulve ; Lacuna
pallidula ; Skenea planorbis; Trochus cinerareus ; Purpura
lapillus; Coriocella tentaculata; Patella vulgata; Chiton
marginatus; Modiola discrepans; Mytilus edulis; Pullastra
vulgaris, perforans ; Kellia suborbicularis ; Mya truncata,
arenaria; Pholas crispata, candida; Cynthia rustica; Ascidia
depressa ; Botryllus Schlosseri, RUBENS ; Botrylloides Leachii.

LAMINARIAN Zongr.—Dendronotus arborescens ; Eolis olivacea,
coronata, RUFIBRANCHIALIS, picta ; AMPHISPHYRA HYALINA,
Rissoa parva, striata, semistriata; Lacuna vincta, var.
quadrifasciata ; Margarita HELIcINA; Turritella terebra ;
Fusus turricula; Pleurotoma linearis, rufa; Buccinum un-
datum, var. 3; WVassa incrassata; Cyprea Europea ; VEuv-
TINA PLICATILIS ; Lottia virginea; Patella pellucida, levis;
Chiton fascicularis, ruBER; Modiola discrepans; Cardium
edule ; Venus gallina; Tellina tenwis, fabula ; Syndosmya
alba ; Mactra stultorum ; Solen siliqua, ensis.

Coraline Zone.—Polycera Lessonii ; Tritona plebeia ; Doto
fragilis, coronata; BULLMHA PECTINATA, QUADRATA; BULLA
Crancuu, cylindracea; ScaLarIA TREVELYANA; Odostomia
interstincta; Rissoa inconspicua, punctura; Trochustumidus;
Fusus antiquus, gracilis, PROPINQUUS, clathratus ; Buccinum

* Recherches pour servir 41’ Histoire Naturelle du Littoral de la France,
V.i., p. 235.

12

CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

undatum, var. 2; Natica Alderi, Monracur ; Velutina
levigata ; Chiton cinereus ; Nucula nucleus, renuis ; Leda
caudata ; Modiola marmorata, NIGRA ; Cardium fasciatum ;
Pullastra virginea ; AsTARTE CoMPRESSA ; Psammobia Fero-
ensis; Syndosmya prismatica ; Mactra elliptica; Nrmra cus-
prpaATta; Corbula gibba; Lyonsta Noryuerca; Cynthia tu-
berosa, AMPULLA ; Ascidia sordida ; Molgula arenosa; Px-
LONAIA CORRUGATA.

Derr Water Recion.—Tritonia Hombergii ; Trochus tumidus ;

Fusus antiquus, var.; Norveercus, Turtoni, IsLanpicus,
gracilis, var. ; Buccinum undatum, var. 1 ; Narica Gran-
LANDICA ; TEREBRATULA PsITTacEA ; Modiola nigra; Venus
gallina, var. Prideauxiana; Cyprina Islandica; Astarte
Danmonie ; Panopza Norveaica.

Our best thanks are due to those gentlemen who have kindly

furnished us with information for the following Catalogue ; more
especially to the Rev. Geo. Cooper Abbes, of Cleadon ; to Mr.
Wm. Backhouse, of Darlington; to Mr. Robert Embleton, of
Embleton ; and to Mr. Richard Howse.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 13

MOLLUSCA.

* CEPHALA,

Ciass. CEPHALOPODA, Cuvier.
Orper. DIBRANCHIATA, Owen.

Famity. Ocropopips, Gray.

1. ELEDONE, Leach.

1. E. venrricosa, Grant.
Sepia octopoda, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 53, t. 28, f. 44.
Octopus ventricosus, Johns. in Berw. Club Proc. i. 197.
Not uncommon. We once met with it thrown up in great
abundance on Whitley sands.—4A. H.
Dr. Johnston has given an excellent description of this spe-
cies in the Berwickshire Club Proceedings.

Faminy. Seprapa, D’Orbigny.
2. SEPIOLA, Leach.

1. S. RonDELETI, Leach.
Sepia sepiola, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 54, t. 29, f. 46.
Sepiola vulgaris, Johns. in Berw. C. Proc. i. 199.

Rather rare. Occasionally found in the stomachs of haddocks.

“Not unfrequently caught in the shrimp nets at Seaton.”—
Mr. Hogg.

We have only once met with the spawn of this species. Ob-
serving some capsules separately attached by short footstalks to
a stone, brought in by the fishermen at Cullercoats, we carefully
detached them with a penknife, and placed them in a phial of
sea water. On taking a magnifier to examine our capture, we
found several little Sepiole swimming briskly through the water
in all directions, and the capsules lying empty at the bottom of
the phial. The little creatures appeared to be of a blueish white;
but, on looking again, about a minute afterwards, we found that

14 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

two of them had changed to red, and others were rapidly under-
going the same process. The change of colour in the cuttle fish
tribe is well known to naturalists, and we, ourselves, had witness-
ed it partially in some of the larger species, but so sudden and
complete a change appeared like magic, and we set about ex-
amining the process by which it was accomplished. The white in-
dividuals, we found, on looking more closely, were covered with
minute spots, which appeared black from the concentration of the
colouring matter, but at the will of the animal, or some other ex-
citing cause with which we are unacquainted, they gradually en-
larged until they spread out into circular red blotches, the edges
of the adjoining ones nearly touching each other, and thus chang-
ing the general colour of the animal tored. By an inverse process
the colour was again changed to white ; becoming red and white
alternately several times during the day. Unfortunately they
did not long survive. The young Sepiolw on first bursting from
the egg, appear to have the form and habits of the adult animal,
with the exception that the tentacles are then not longer than
the surrounding arms. The ink bag contained ink, which was
ejected by some of the individuals before dying.

3. LOLIGO, Lamarck.

1. L. vunearts, Lam. (Common Calamary).
Sepia loligo, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 53, t. 27, f. 43.
Loligo vulgaris, Johns. in Berw. C. Proce. 1. 198.
Not uncommon, Mr. Hogg states that they are much used
for bait by the Hartlepool fishermen, who call them ten-tails.
The spawn of the Calamary is remarkable on account of its
peculiar form and large size in proportion to the animal. A fine
specimen of it is preserved in the Newcastle Museum. It con
sists of a great number of transparent gelatinous tubes, rounded
at one end and attached by the other to the general mass—the
whole appearing like an immense bundle of sausages. They are
filled with ova, each containing a single embryo. The specimen
in the Museum appears to be in the last stage of development,
and the young animals may be readily seen through the transpa-
rent envelope.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 1)

2. L. saqirrata, Lam.
Loligo sagittata, Flem. Brit. Anim. 253.—Johns. in Berw. C.
Proc. 1. 199.

Rather rare. Frequently cast upon South Shields sands.—

Mr. R. Howse.
3. L. mepia, Linn.
Sepia media, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 54, t. 29, f. 45.

One specimen only of this rare species has occurred to us;
it was caught some years ago in the salmon nets at the mouth
of the Tyne, and presented to us by Mr. John Hancock, “Oc-
casionally seen at Hartlepool.”"—Hogg’s Nat. Hist. of Stockton.

4. SEPIA, Linneus.
1. 8. orrrcrnatis, Zinn. (Common Cuttle Fish).
Sepia officinalis, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 55.—Johns. in Berw.
©. Proc. i. 200.

The dorsal plate or bone of the common cuttle fish is occa-
sionally cast on shore on many parts of our coast, especially to-
wards the north ; but the animal itself is seldom met with. We
have found it in the stomach of the cod at Cullercoats.

Crass. GASTEROPODA, Cuvier.
Orper. NUDIBRANCHIATA, Cuvier.

Famity. Doripipa, Leach.

5. DORIS, Linneus.
1. D. rupercunata, Cuv.
Doris Argo, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 43, t. 22, f. 22.
Doris tuberculata, Johns. in Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 50, t. 2, f.
U, 203:
Frequent between tide-marks on the rocky parts of the coast.
2. D. Jounstont, Ald. and Hane.
Doris obvelata, Johns. in Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 52, t. 2. f.
45,6, 7.
Doris Johnston, Ald. and Hance. Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam. 1,.
pl. 5.

16 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

Under stones between tide-marks, rather rare. Cullercoats
and Newbiggin.
3. D. repanpa, Ald. and Hane.
Doris repanda, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 32.
Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam. 1, pl. 6.

Not unfrequent, but local. Among rocks, at and a little
above low-water mark, north of Cullercoats haven. Rocks near
the church, Newbiggin.

4. D. mera, Ald. and Hance.
Doris mera, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. xiv. 330.

A single specimen was found under a stone near low-water
mark in 1844.—A. H.

5. D. aspera, Ald. and Hane.
Doris aspera, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 32.

Common among rocks between tide-marks.

6. D. BILAMELLATA, Linn.
Doris bilamellata, Johns. in Ann. Nat. Hist. 1. 53, t. 2, £8.

Common under stones between tide-marks, especially in the
spring. ‘Two varieties occur, one much larger than the other.

7. D. pepressa, Ald. and Hane.
Doris depressa, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 32.

Under stones at low-water mark, Whitley ; very rare.—4A. H.
8. D. sparsa, Ald. and Hane.

Doris sparsa, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. xvii. 293.
Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam. 1, pl. 14.

A single example has occurred, found on Cellepora pumicosa

from a fishing boat, Cullercoats—A. Z.
9. D. sTELLATA, Gimel.
Doris pilosa, Johns. in Ann. Nat. Hist. 1. 54, t. 2, f. 9, 10.

Among the rocks between tide-marks and a little beyond ; not
uncommon. ‘This species is subject to great variation in colour
and size. Four varieties occur on this coast, viz :-—

Var. 1. Pure white.
2. Canary yellow; rare. A few specimens occurred
at Newbiggin in 1843.—J. A.
3. Nearly black, or dull white spotted with black,
through all the varieties of grey. (Doris nigri-
cans, Flem. Brit. Anim, 283).

lod

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 17

4, Large, and generally of a pale yellowish brown.
This variety is rare with us, but common on some
parts of the British coast, in rather deeper water
than the other kinds.
10. Doris stunts, Ald. and Hance.
Doris similis, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 32.
From the fishing boats, Cullercoats ; rather rare.

6. GONIODORIS, Forbes.

1. G. noposa, Jfont.
Doris Barvicensis, Johns. in Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 55, t. 2, f.
11-13.
Goniodoris nodosa, Ald. and Han. Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam.
i. plols.
Among the rocks at Tynemouth, Cullercoats, and Whitley ;
common. This is probably the Doris marginata of Hogg’s Nat.
Hist. of Stockton.

7. TRIOPA, Johnston.

1. T. cuavicEr, Jill.
Triopa claviger, Johns. in Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 124.—Ald.
and Hane. Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam. 1. pl. 20.

Rare. We have twice met with this species from the fishing boats
at Cullercoats, but never within tide-marks. The variety found
on this coast is much smaller than those of the south of Eng-
land.

8. POLYCERA, Cuvier.

1. P. guapriningata, Mill.
Doris flava, Mont. in Linn. Trans. vil. 79, t. 7, f. 6.
Polycera quadrilineata, Ald. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vi. 338,
t. 9, £., 1-6.
On small sea weeds in pools near low-water mark, Tynemouth
and Cullercoats ; rather rare. Marsden, common.
2. P. ocewtata, Ald. and Hance.
Polycera ocellata, Ald. and Hance. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ix.
33. Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam. 1, pl. 23.

18 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

Among the rocks near low-water mark ; not rare. Cullercoats
and Whitley.
3. P. nessoni, D’Orb.
Polycera Lessonii, D’Orb. in Mag. de Zool. vii. 5, t. 105.
Polycera citrina, Alder in Ann. Nat. Hist. vi. 340, t. 9,
f. 7-9.

On Gemellaria loriculata, in from 15 to 20 fathoms water ;
common. Oullercoats—J. A. and A. H. Whitburn.— Wr. R.
Howse.

9. ANCULA, Lovén.
1. A. cristata, Alder.
Polycera cristata, Ald. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vi. 340, t. 9, f.
10-1 b.
Ancula cristata, Ald. and Hane. Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam. 1,
pl. 25.

Among the rocks at Cullercoats and Whitley ; common,

Newbiggin.—J. A. Marsden.—A.H. Holy Island —Dr. John-

ston.
10. IDALIA, Leuckart.

1. I. aspersa, Ald. and Hane.
Idalia aspersa, Ald. and Hane. Mon. Nudib. Moll. fam. 1,
pl. 26.

One specimen found on Fusus antiquus from the fishing boats,
Cullercoats.—/J. A.

2. I. e.ecans, Leuck. ?

Body convex, white, tinged with flesh colour ; tentacles long
and slender, with 4 long tentacular filaments in front, 2 at the
base of each tentacle ; lateral filaments 6 on each side, very long,
the last bifid: there are also 3 rows of filaments on the back ;
the central one containing 3, the sub-lateral ones 5 each. Bran-
chi, consisting of 11 slender pinnate plumes, largest in front,
and becoming very small behind ; the anterior plume is bifid.
Length, half an inch.

An individual of this species was obtained by the Rev. G. C.
Abbes from the fishing boats at Whitburn. It is similar to a
specimen from Torbay, preserved in the British Museum, and
labelled Idalia elegans, by Dr. Leach. There may be some

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 19

doubt, perhaps, whether it is the JZ. elegans of Leuckart. It differs
from J. aspersa in having five rows of filamentary appendages, as
well as in their greater length, and in the slender form and un-
equal length of the branchie, which in J. aspersa are stout and
equal, forming a regular rosette. The prevailing colour in this
genus is red ; our individual was white.

Famity. Trironrapa, Johnston.
11. TRITONIA, Cuvier.

1. T. Homperret, Cwv.
Tritonia Hombergit, Flem. Brit. Anim. 284; Johnston in
Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 114, t. 3, f. 1, 2.

From deep water, rather rare. Whitburn.—fev. G. C. Abbes.
From a fishing boat at Newcastle Quay.—Mr. W. King. The
jaws are somtimes met with in the stomachs of fish caught on the
coast. Dr. Johnston states that it is not uncommon in Berwick
Bay.

We have frequently got a small white Tritonia from the
fishing boats at Cullercoats and Newbiggin, very like the young
of this species, but differing in colour, and never approaching it
in size. It may possibly be distinct, but we refrain from de-
scribing it until we are better acquainted with the young of 7.
Hombergit. We have named it in manuscript Z. alba. Mr.
Abbes has sent us the same variety from Whitburn.

2. T. pLEBEIA, Johns.
Tritonia plebeia, Johns. in Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 115, t. 3, f.
3, 4; Ald. and Hane. Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam. 2, pl. 3.

On old shells and zoophytes, especially on Aleyonium digita-
tum, from rather deepish water, common. Cullercoats, New-
biggin, and Whitburn.

Fam. Eourpipa, D’Orbigny.
12. DENDRONOTUS, Alder and Hancock.
1. D. arsorescens, Will.
Dendronotus arborescens, Ald. and Hane. Mon. Nudib. Moll.,
fam. 3, pl. 3.

D

20 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

Vars. Tritonia pulchella, Ald. and Hance. in Ann. Nat.
Hist. ix. 33.
Tritonia felina, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist.
ix. 33.

Among the rocks near low-water mark at Cullercoats and
Whitley, not uncommon. A specimen from Bamborough is
labelled Zritonia Trevelyana by Dr. Leach in the British Mu-
seum.

13. DOTO, Oken.
1. D. rragtuis, Forbes.
Melibea pinnatifida, Johns. in Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 116.
Melibeea fragilis, Forbes Mal. Monen. 4, t. 1, f 4.
On Tubularia indivisa, in about fifteen or twenty fathoms
water, not rare. Cullercoats and Newbiggin.
2. D. coronata, Gmel.
Melibea coronata, Johns. in Ann. Nat. His. i. 117, t. 3, f.
5-8.
Doto coronata, Ald. and Hane. Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam. 3, pl. 6.
Var. Melibea ornata, Ald. and Hance. in Ann. Nat. Hist.
ix. 34,
On corallines near low-water mark, rather rare ; common on
Plumularia falcata, from the coralline zone on most parts of the
coast.

14, EOLIS, Cuvier.
1. E. paprniosa, Linn.
Holidia papillosa, Johns. in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. viii.
376, f. 35. -Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 118.

Under stones among the rocks between tide marks, not un-
common,

2. HE. rosEa, Ald. and Hane.
Folis rosea, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 34,
Among the rocks at Cullercoats, rare—A.H. This is rather
a doubtful species, and may possibly be a variety of the last.
3. E. optusauts, Ald. and Hance.
Folis obtusalis, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 34.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. yall

From the fishing boats, Cullercoats; rare.—J. A.

This is also nearly allied to E. papillosa, and requires further
observation for its complete establishment.

A. HE. Peacuu, Ald. and Hane.
Eolis Peachii, Ald. and Hane, in Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd
series, 1. 191.

One specimen obtained from the fishing boats, Cullercoats.—J. A.
5. E. coronata, Forbes. ;

Eolis coronata, Ald. and Hane. Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam. 3,
pl. 12.

This very beautiful species is one of the commonest on our

coast, near low-water mark.
6. E. curta, Ald. and Hane.
Eolis curta, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. 234.

One specimen found among the rocks, at Whitley.—A. JI.

Very nearly allied to LZ. Drummondi, of which it may be a
variety.

7. E. RUFIBRANCHIALIS, Johns.
Eolidia rufibranchialis, Johns, in Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 121.

Among the rocks between tide marks, rather rare. Cullercoats
and Whitley.

8. E. pentuctpa, Ald. and Hance.
Holis pellucida, Ald. and Hanc. in Ann. Nat. Hist. xii.
234. Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam. 3, pl. 19.
On a coralline brought in by the fishing boats at Cullercoats,
very rare.—A. #7.
9. HK. eraciiis, Ald. and Hane.
Lolis gracilis, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii.
166.

Among the rocks north of Cullercoats, rare—A.H. New-
biggin.—J. A. <A variety occurs, smaller, less slender, and with
the branchiz of an orange colour: it may be distinct. We have
also met withan Kolis, apparently belonging to this species, but
with the branchiz of a beautiful green colour. So great a vari-
ation in colour is not usual in the genus. These varieties re-
quire a re-examination, but the rarity of the species has hitherto
prevented it.

22 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

10. EH. aneuuata, Ald. and Hane.
Lolis angulata, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. xii.
165. Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam. 3, pl. 23.

On a stone brought in by the fishermen, Cullercoats.—A. H.

Il. HK. nana, Ald. and Hane.
Folis nana, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 36.
Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam. 3, pl. 25.
Among the rocks at Cullercoats and Whitley, occasionally.
12. E. conctnna, Ald. and Hane.
LHolis concinna, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. x11.
234. Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam. 3, pl. 24.

Under a stone at low-water mark, Whitley —A. H. Four in-
dividuals were found under the same stone in 1843, since which
time the species has not been again met with.

13. E. ortvacea, Ald. and Hane.
Lolis olivacea, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 35.
Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam. 3, pl. 26.

Among the rocks between tide marks, frequent. Cullercoats,

Whitley, and Whitburn.
14, E. avrantraca, Ald. and Hane.
Folis aurantia, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 34.

Near low-water mark, Cullercoats and Whitley, rather rare.
15. HE. cinaunata, Ald. and Hane.

Folis Hystrix, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 35.
Folis cingulata, Ald. and Hane. Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam.
3, pl. 28.

A few specimens were found at low-water mark among the

rocks north of Cullercoats, in 1841.—/J. A.
16, HE. virrata, Ald. and Hance.
Folis vittata, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 35.

Two individuals, both rather injured, have been obtained at
different times on corallines brought in on the fishing lines at
Cullercoats.

17. E. nortuumerioa, Ald. and Hane.
Holis Northumbrica, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist.
xii. 165; Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam. 3, pl. 31, f. 2, 3.
On a coralline from deep water, Cullercoats.—A. H.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 23

18. E. prora, Ald. and Hane.
Eolis pallida, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 365.
Eolis picta, Ald. and Hanc. Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam. 3, pl. 33.
Among the rocks at Cullercoats, Whitley, and Tynemouth,
frequent. Newbiggin.—J. A.
19. E. trIcoLor, Forbes.
Eubranchus tricolor, Forbes Mal. Monen. 5.
Eolis violacea, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. 166.
Eolis tricolor, Ald. and Hane. Mon. Nudib. Mol., fam. 3, pl.
34.

One specimen found on a coralline from the fishing boats, Cul-

lercoats.—J. A.
20. E. Ameruystina, Ald. and Hane.
Eolis amethystina, Ald. and Hane. in Ann. Nat. Hist. xvi. 316.

One specimen found among the rocks at the north end of Cul-
lercoats sands.—A. ZH.

21. E. pesprcta, Johns.
Eolidia despecta, Johns. in Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 123.
Holis despecta, Ald. and Hance. Mon. Nudib. Moll., fam. 3, pl.
36.

Highteen or twenty individuals were found together under a
stone among the rocks at Whitley, feeding upon Laomedea gela-
tinosa.—A. H.

We have not met with the Holidia Cuviert of Dr. Johnston,
found by him in Berwick Bay, though it is most likely an inha-
bitant of the Northumberland coast.

A small Holis from Whitley rocks was described in the Annals
of Natural History, under the name of Holis minuta. The de-
scription was taken from an imperfect specimen, and as it has
never occurred again, and there is a degree of uncertainty at-
tending it, we have left it out of the present Catalogue.

Orver. PELLIBRANCHIATA, Alder and Hancock.
15. LIMAPONTIA, Johnston.
1. L. niora, Johns.
Limapontia nigra, Johns. in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 79.

On a conferva, in pools near high-water mark, Cullercoats ;
plentiful in the summer months.—A. ZH.

24 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

Orper. INFEROBRANCHIATA, Cwvier.

16. PLEUROBRANCHUS, Cuvier.
1. P. prumua, Wont.
Bulla plumula, Mont. Test. Brit. 214, t. 15, f. 9, and vign.
2, £. 5.
Pleurobranchus plumula, Johns. in Berw. C. Proe. ii. 27.
Between tide-marks, Holy Island.—Dr. Johnston.

OrpEer. TECTIBRANCHIATA, Cuvier.

Fam. Apiystapz, D’Orbigny.
17. APLYSIA, Linneus.
1. A. puncotata, Cur.
Laplysia depilans, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 42, t. 21, f. 21.
Aplysia mustelina, Johns. in Berw. C. Proe. ii. 29.

On sea-weeds beyond low-water mark, not uncommon; rare
between tide-marks. Cullercoats, Whitley, and Newbiggin.

A specimen got at Newbiggin had the horny dorsal plate lined
with a thin coating of shelly matter, not unlike what is seen in
Pleurobranchus membranaceus ; but as we did not observe any
difference in the animal, we attribute it to the effect of age.

This Aplysia is very variable in its markings. It is often
blotched and spotted with white.

Famity. Buus, D’Orbigny.

18. BULLZAA, Lamarck.
1. B. catena, Mont.
Bulla catena, Mont. Test. Brit. 215, t. 7, f. 7.
Bullea catenata ? Thorpe Brit. Mar. Conch. 138.

In shell sand, frequent. Tynemouth, Whitley, Newbiggin,
and Cheswick. It has not been found alive on this coast, but
appears to inhabit the Laminarian zone.

The description of Bullewa catenata, in Thorpe’s “ British Ma-
rine Conchology,” agrees with this species, being a slight altera-
tion of Montagu’s, but the figure is that of B. pectinata, which is
the Scaphander catenata of Leach. The latter species is described
in the Addenda to the same work, under the name of Bullea
catenulifera, Macg.

bS
or

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM.

2. B. punctata, Adams.
Bullea punctata, Clark in Zool. Journ. i. 339.

In shell sand, with the last, but not so common. Rarely
found alive in pools among the rocks within tide marks.

This species has frequently been confounded with the last, but
is perfectly distinct. The characters are accurately pointed out
by Mr. Clark in the Zoological Journal. _

3. B. pgotinata, Dillw.
Bulla scabra, Mull. Zool. Dan. 11. 41, t. 71, f. 11, 12.
Bulla pectinata, Dillw. Cat. 481.
Scaphander catenata, Leach. Moll. (ined.).
Bullea angustata, Phil. Moll. Sic. i. 121, t. 7, £17, b. c.
Bullea catenulifera, Macg. Moll. Aberd. 187,
Bulla dilatata, 8. Wood in Charlesw. Mag. Nat. Hist. iii.
tol p08. 8S.
Philine scabra, Lovén Ind. Moll. Scand. 9.
Bulla granulosa, Sars. (sec. Lovén).

Not uncommon in the Coralline Zone, and frequently found in
the stomachs of haddocks, but the shell is seldom cast on shore.
It occurs, however, in shell-sand, in the north of Northumber-
land.

We have more than once seen the animal in a fresh state but
not alive. It is white, and above twice the size of the shell.
The frontal disc is long, and without apparent eyes or tentacles,
the sides of the foot broadly reflected, and the cloak, which pro-
bably covers the shell in a living state, is withdrawn when dead.
The animal bears a great resemblance to that of Bulla lignaria,
and the similarity in the form of the shell is also striking. We
think it may probably have to be placed with that species in the
genus Scaphander of Montfort, but the animals of this tribe re-
quire to be more carefully studied, and in the mean time, we pre-
fer retaining the name Bullwa, of Lamarck, for these species,
rather than making any further changes till the limits of the ge-
nera are better understood. The gizzard of Bulla pectinata
has more resemblance to the same organ in B. aperta, than to
that of B. lignaria, having three triangular testaceous plates,
similar to those of the former, but more slender and pointed.

26 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

As this species has had the misfortune to be much misunder-
stood, we have thought it desirable to give the synonyms of dif-
ferent authors. Philippi published it in the first volume of his
“Fnumeratio Molluscorum Siciliz,” underthe name of B. angustata,
but changed it in the second volume to B. punctata, Adams, and
quotes B. catena, Mont., as a synonym.

4. B. quaprata, S. Wood.
Bulla quadrata, Wood in Charlsw. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii. 460,
tad.
Philine scutulum, Lovén Index Moll. Scand. 9.

Shell white, sub-diaphanous, globoso-quadrangular, rounded on
the back and a little constricted above ; covered with catenated
spiral strive, and having, in fresh specimens, one or two faint opake
bands. Apex subtruncated, sunk in the centre, but not umbili-
cated, exposing scarcely one volution. Aperture large and wide,
occupying nearly the whole of the shell: outer lip expanded
above, and nearly straight at the side, the edge thin and slightly
crenulated by the striae ; a little angulated below; base wide and
nearly straight ; inner lip thin, bent a little above from the
bulging of the body whorl into the aperture, not reflected but
having a pretty strong margin of enamel laid over the whorl.
Length + in., breadth 2-tenths.

Of this interesting species a few fine specimens have been
obtained at Whitburn, by the Rev. G. C. Abbes and Mr. R.
Howse. It adds another to the species found fossil in the Crag,
which have lately been ascertained to be still living in our seas,

Bulla quadrata differs from B. catena in the more globose and
subquadrate form ; also in having the apex broader and more
depressed. In outline it more nearly resembles B. aperta. We
have inserted a description of the recent shell, as its characters
have not been all distinctly made out from the fossil.

5. B. prurnosa, Clark.
Bulla pruinosa, Clark in Zool. Journ. 11. 339.

A specimen of this rare species was dredged by Mr. R. Howse,
off Whitburn, and another has also occurred to him in the sto-
mach of a fish.

Bullea aperta is included in Sir C. Sharp’s list of Hartlepool

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 27

shells, and Captain Brown states that it is not uncommon on the
Northumberland coast. We have not, however, been so fortu-
nate as to meet with it, nor to hear of any one in this neighbour-
hood who has. We have, therefore, excluded it from the present
list, more especially as we have no record of its having been met
with by recent collectors on the north-eastern coast of Great
Britain. It stands as a Frith of Forth shell on the authority of
Captain Laskey.

19. BULLA, Linneus.

1. B. Crancui, Leach.
Bulla Cranchit, Flem. Brit. Anim. 292.—Johns. in Berw.
C. Proc. ii. 30.
Bulla punctura, Johns. in Edinb. New Ph. Journ. v. 79.
From the haddock grounds, rare. All the specimens we have
seen have been obtained from the stomachs of haddocks. It was
first noticed on our coast by the Rev. W. Mark. Several years
ago we got about twenty individuals in one season, since which
time we have not met with it again until a few months ago,
when four specimens were obtained from one fish. We have ex-
amined several of the animals in a decomposed state, but could
not find any trace of a gizzard. The shell has long been known
to collectors as the Bulla (Roxania) Cranchii of Leach, first
announced as British by Dr. Turton, and we presume it is the
same described by Dr. Fleming under that name, though we can
scarcely recognise our shell in his description. It is not, how-
ever, the B. cornea of Lamarck, which that author states he had
from Dr. Leach under the name of Bulla Cranchii. That spe-
cies is the B. hydatis of British authors.
2. B. umpruicata, Mont.
Bulla umbilicata, Mont. Test. Brit. 222, t. 7, f. 4.
Very rare. Two specimens have been obtained from the sto-
machs of fish—J. A.
3. B. cyninpracea, Penn.
Bulla cylindracea Mont. Test. Brit. 221, t. 7, f. 2.
From the coralline zone, frequent.
We have only once met with the animal alive. It is ofa pale
E

28 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

straw colour, rather small in proportion to the shell, and retrac-
tile within it. The frontal dise is large, slightly bilobed behind,
- but not produced into tentacles, and without apparent eyes. The
foot is small and a little extended, and folded up at the sides.
The epidermis when fresh is of a rusty orange colour.
4, B. rruncata, Adams.

Bulla truncata, Mont. Test. Brit. 223, t. 7, f. 5.

Frequent in shell-sand, and occasionally found alive in pools
among the rocks.

The animal has been described by Dr. Johnston. It differs
from the last in having the disc, which is short and square, pro-
duced posteriorly into longish pointed tentacles, with eyes at the
anterior base. It is the type of the genus Oylichna of Lovén, in
which he also includes the two preceding and the following
species. This genus we should gladly have adopted, but that
we have doubts whether the species he has referred it to really
belong to the same generic group, which an examination of the
animals alone can decide.

5. B. optusa, Mont.
Bulla obtusa, Mont. Test. Brit. 223, t. 7, £ 3.
Rather rare. In sand at Cheswick, and Newbiggin.—J. A.

20. AMPHISPHYRA, Lovén.
1, A. nyatina, Zurt.
Bulla hyalina, Turt. in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 373.
Utriculus pellucidus, Brown, Illust. Rec. Conch. 59, t. 19,
£10; 11).

In shell sand, not rare. We have once or twice found it alive
in pools between tide-marks at Cullercoats.

The specimens from which Dr. Turton described his Bulla
hyalina, we found in sand collected at Tynemouth. The Uéri-
culus pellucidus, U. candidus, and U. minutus of Capt. Brown
appear to us to be this shell in different stages of growth.

The animal of this species differs so materially from the other
Bullide that we hesitate not to adopt the genus proposed for it
by Professor Lovén. The absence of the frontal disc and the
position of the tentacles (which are short and obtuse) in front

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 29

of the head and before the eyes, sufficiently distinguish it from
the other genera of the family. The animal is white and retrac-
tile within the shell, from which it is seldom much protruded,
keeping its eyes under the protection of the transparent shell,
through which it looks as through a window. This practice we
have noticed in several of the Mollusca, whose shells are trans-
parent. It has no gizzard nor operculum.

Faminty. Actmonrpa, D’Orbigny.
21. ACTAHON, Montfort.

1. A. ToRNATILIS, Linn.
Voluta tornatilis, Mont. Test. Brit. 231.

From deepish water, rather rare. Occasionally found in the
stomachs of fish.

The animal of this genus comes very near to that of Bulla,
haying a broad lobed disc in front, without tentacles. We find,
too, that the branchial aperture is lateral, the cloak being
closed across the front, and open only on the right side, which
further confirms us in assigning it a place in this order. The
operculum can scarcely be considered of more than generic im-
portance.

Orper. PULMONATA, Cuvier.

Faminy. Limacipa, Fleming.

22. ARION, Férussac.

1. A, ater, Linn. (Common black Slug).
Arion ater, Gray Turt. Man. 104.

In woods, fields, and hedges, very common.

Férussac considers the black head and tentacles, and the trans-
verse black lines round the margin of the foot, to be the only
permanent distinctive characters in this very variable species.
The varieties we have observed in this neighbourhood are the
following :—

1. Entirely black.
2. Black, with the sides of the foot yellow or orange.

30 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

3. Blackish above, with a black band on each side of the
body, and the sides yellowish white.
4. Yellowish or greenish white, with black tentacles.

The young are always much paler than the adults, and are
sometimes of a transparent white. We have not met with the
rufous variety in this district.

2. A. FLavus, Mull.
Arion flavus, Fér. Hist. des Moll. Supp. 96; Bouchard
Chantereaux Cat. des Moll. du Pas-de-Calais, 23.
Limax flavus, var. y, Nilsson Moll. Suec..5. “ Pallidus,
clypeo flavo, dorso sub-cinerascente.”

The variety has once occured to us ; found on the moors near
Haltwhistle by Mr. J. Blacklock.

M. Bouchard Chantereaux considers this species distinct from
A. ater, and it has not the characters of the latter pointed out by
Ferussac ; but we know too little of it to give a decided opinion
in so difficult a genus. Our individual was about an inch in
length, with the body whitish, having a faint greyish tinge above.
The shield and the posterior part of the body near the tail were
of a pale canary yellow. Tentacles, grayish white. The mucus
was deep orange-yellow. The mucus of A. ate7 is colourless or
very faintly tinged with yellow.

3. A. HoRrTENSIS, Fér.
Arion hortensis, var. 2, Gray Turt. Man. 107.
Limax fasciatus, Nilsson Moll. Suec. 3.
Limax circumscriptus, Johns. in Edinb. Phil. Journ. y. 77.

In gardens, common.

A variety, or, as we are inclined to think, a species nearly al-
lied to this, is found in woods. It is about twice the size of the
garden slug, and its colour invariably yellowish fawn, inclined
to amber, with a brown band on each side. We have never
found the two kinds mixed, the one inhabiting woods, and the
other cultivated grounds. This variety, we find, is well known
to the Rev. B. J. Clarke, who also finds it constant in colour and
markings. The mucus is orange yellow.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 3]

23. LIMAX, Linneus.
1. L. maximus, Linn.
Limaz cinereus, Mill. Verm. 5; Drap. Hist. Moll. 124, t.
Seely
Limax maximus, Gray Turt. Man. 112; Clarke in Ann. Nat.
Hist, xii. 333, t. 10, f. 1.
In woods and fields, frequent.
2. L. arporum. Bouchard.
Limaz arborum, Bouch. Chan. Moll. du Pas-de-Calais, 28.
Limax arboreus, Clarke in Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. 334, t. 11,
f. 4-10.
In woods at Wolsingham and Shotley Bridge—Mr. W.
Backhouse. Howick woods.—Mr. R. Embleton.
3. L. FLavus, Linn.
Limazx variegatus, Drap. Hist. Moll. 127.
Limaz flavus, Gray Turt. Man. 114; Clarke in Ann. Nat.
iste x11. 336,.t) lief 112.
In cellars, not common. Newcastle.—-/J. A. Sunderland.—
Mr. R. Howse.
4. L. Sowers, Fér.
Limaz carinatus, Gray Turt. Man. 115.
Limax Sowerbii, Clarke in Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. 338, t. 12,
f. 14, 15.
Near Benwell.— W/r. W. Backhouse.
5. L. teneiius, Mull.
Limaz tenellus, Mill. Verm. ii. 11. Nilsson Moll. Suec.
10; Drap. Hist. Moll. 127.

In a wood at Allansford, near Shotley Bridge.

A specimen of this interesting species was brought us from the
above locality by Mr. Blacklock. It was of a pale, dull yellow,
very transparent and lubricous, with an obscure band on each
side of the shield and back ; the posterior part of the shield
rounded ; the tentacles black ; length rather more than an inch;
the mucus orange-coloured. In all these particulars it agrees
with the description of Limaz tenellus, given by Nilsson, in his

32 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

excellent little work, “ Historia Molluscorum Suecie.”* Wishing
to have the opinion of the Rev. B. J. Clarke, whether this was
the young of any of the species he has so admirably described,
we sent him a drawing and description of it. Mr. Clarke states
that but for the black tentacles he would have thought the
drawing to represent the young of Limax flavus, but taking the
description into consideration, he thinks us justified in consider-
ing it distinct. The blue tentacles are a permanent character in
L. flavus, and M. Bouchard Chantereaux says that its mucus is
colourless.
6. L. agrestis, Linn.
Limazx agrestis, Gray Turt. Man. 117; Clarke in Ann.
Nat. Hist. xii. 338, t. 12, f. 13.
In fields and gardens; much too common.
7. L. BRUNNEUS, Drap.
Limax brunneus, Johns. in Berw. ©. Proc. i. 154; Gray
Turt. Man. 117.

In damp woods, frequent.

This species was introduced into our Fauna by Dr. Johnston,
and considered to be the Z. brunneus of Draparnaud, partly, per-
haps, in conformity with our opinion. Draparnaud’s species,
however, is very obscure, and was unknown to Férussac. M.
Bouchard Chantereaux finds a species in the north of France,
which he considers to be the LZ. brunneus. His description of
it agrees pretty well with our animal, but a comparison of the
specimens would be necessary to pronounce on their complete
identity. It is quite distinct from the dark variety of JZ.
agrestis.

*As this is the first time the species has been noticed as British, we insert
Nilsson’s description :—‘‘ Animal parvum, vix 1} unc. longum. Clypeus lineis
subtilibus concentricis striatus, apertura laterali postica. Collum supra linea
longitudinali elevata, lateribus subreticulatis. Dorsum postice compressum.
Color clypei et dorsi postici luteus; dorso supra luteo-virescente levissime
cinerascente, subtus albo. Tentacula, caput, et linea colli utrinque nigra.
Mucus luteus. Habitat in sylvis inter folia putrescentia, humida, rarius.”—
Nils. Hist. Moll. Suec. 10.

OF NORTHUMRERLAND AND DURHAM. 33

Fam. Heutcia, Jeffreys.
24, VITRINA, Draparnaud.
1. V. petiuctpa, Aull.
Vitrina pellucida, Gray Turt. Man. 120, t. 3, f. 21.
Among decayed leaves and under stones in woods, on old walls,
and on the sea banks; frequent. Abundant in short grass, on
and near St. Mary’s Island, Hartley ; where, in some states of

the weather, it is difficult to walk without crushing numbers of
them.

25. SUCCINEA, Draparnaud.
1. S. putris, Linn.
Succinea amphibia, Drap. Hist. Moll. 58, t. 3, f. 22, 23.
Succinea putris, Gray Turt. Man. 178, t. 6, f. 73.
Var. Succinea gracilis, Ald. in Newe. N. H. Trans. ii, 338.
Succinea Pfeifferi, Gray Turt. Man. 179, t. 6, f£. 74%.

On aquatic plants in marshy places, and at the borders of ri-
vulets, common.

This species is subject to very great variety. Further obser-
vation inclines us to unite with it the S. gracilis of our former
Catalogue, though opinions are still very much divided upon that
point. The S. Pfeifferi of Rossmassler does not appear to be ex-
actly equivalent to our S. gracilis, though doubtless a nearly
allied variety. Rossmassler describes it to be thick, and with a
pearly lustre inside, which is not the case with ours. There isa
very stunted and dwarf variety with the animal nearly black,
not uncommon on plants and stones close to the edge of rivulets,
and frequently on stones surrounded by the stream ; which, if

S. gracilis be retained as a species, seems entitled to a similar
rank.

26. HELIX, Linneus.

1. H. asprersa, Mull.
Helix aspersa, Gray Turt. Man. 128, t. 4, f. 35.
In gardens and on hedge sides, common.

Very abundant on
the sea banks on a limestone soil.

34 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

2. H. arsustorum, Linn.
Helix arbustorum, Gray Turt. Man. 137, t. 3, f. 25.

In woods and on sea banks, frequent.

3. H. nemoratis, Linn.
Heliz nemoralis, Gray Turt. Man. 132, t. 3, f. 23.

On hedge sides and sea banks, common.

4. H. nortensis, Jill.
Helix hortensis, Gray Turt. Man. 130, t. 3, f. 24.
Var. Helix hybrida, Gray Turt. Man. 132.

In woods and on hedge sides, frequent. The H. hybrida is

found at Stella.

5. H. cantrana, Wont.
Helix carthusiana, Drap. Hist. Moll. 102, t. 6. f. 33.
Helix cantiana, Gray Turt. Man. 144, t. 3, f. 26.

On road sides and hedge banks, occasionally.

6. H. ruFescens, Penn.
Helix glabella, Drap. Hist. Moll. 102, t. 7, f. 6.
Helix rufescens, Gray Turt. Man. 156, t. 3, f. 28.

Under stones and on plants by hedge sides, &c. Not uncom-
mon near Sunderland. and in other parts of the magnesian lime-
stone district. It is not met with in the neighbourhood of
Newcastle.

7. H. utsprpa, Aull.
Helix hispida, Gray Turt. Man. 154, t. 4, f. 41.

On plants in woods and waste places, common.

Var. 1. Helix concinna, Jeff., Gray Turt. Man. 154, t. 12,
f. 135.

Common on nettles and other plants by hedge sides, about
Newcastle, where it takes the place of H. rufescens.

Var. 2. H. sericea (Jfill.2) Fér, Ald. in Newe. N. H.
Trans. ii. 340; Gray Turt. Man. 153, t. 12, f. 134.

In woods, rare: Cawsey Dean, Tanfield, and in the Bath
Wood, Dinsdale.

The great difficulty in distinguishing these hispid shells by
any permanent character, has induced us to consider them all
varieties of the same species, of which H. concinna and H. seri-
cea form the two extremes.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 35

8. H. granuata, Alder.
Helix hispida, Mont. Test. Brit. 423.
Helix granulata, Ald. in Newe. N. H. Trans. 1, 39; Gray,
Tart: Man: 151; +. 3, £29:

In woods, rather local, but generally plentiful where it occurs.
Stella and Walbottle Deans. Claxheugh, near Sunderland.—J/7.
R. Howse.

This is much more permanent in its character than the last.
It is generally paler, and always more globular, light, and hispid.
9. H. rusca, Mont.

Helix fusca, Gray, Turt. Man. 147, t. 4, f. 36.

On brambles, and other plants, in moist woods, frequent.
10. H. excavata (Bean MS. ), Alder.

Felix excavata, Ald. in Newe. N. H. Trans. 1., 38.
Zonites excavatus, Gray, Turt. Man. 175, t. 12, f. 138.

Under decayed wood and timber that has lain awhile on the
ground, rare. Stella Dean, where it was first observed by the
Rev. Wm. Mark; also in Gibside Woods (whence we have got a
white variety,) and in one or two of the adjoining deans, but
sparingly.

11. H. tuctpa, Drap.
Zonites lucidus, Gray, Turt. Man. 174, t. 4, f. 38.

In marshy places, rare. Heaton Dean, and near Dinsdale.—
oy EP: le
12. H. rapratua, Alder.

Helix radiatula, Ald. in Newe. N. H. Trans. i. 38.
Zonites radiatulus, Gray, Turt. Man. 173, t. 12, f. 137.
Var. Helix vitrina, Fér. Tab. des Moll., No. 217.

In wet moss, not uncommon. The variety in Gibside woods.
13. H. niripuLa, Drap.

Zonites nitidulus, Gray, Turt. Man. 172, t. 12, f. 136.

Under stones by hedge sides and in woods, common.

14, H. anirarta, Willer.
Zonites alliarius, Gray, Turt. Man. 168, t. 4, f. 39.

Under stones, decayed leaves, and moss, in woods and on hedge
banks, common.

36 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

15. H. cenuarra, Jill.
Zonites cellarius, Gray, Turt. Man. 170, t. 4, f. 40.

In cellars and yards, also in gardens, and under stones in fields
and woods, common. ‘This species is found in the centre of New-
castle, and is the only shell-snail we are acquainted with inhabit -
ing such situations.

16. H. pura, Alder.
Helix pura, Ald. in Newe. N. H. Trans. 1. 37.
Zonites purus, Gray, Turt. Man. 171, t. 4, f. 43.
Var. Helix nitidosa, Fér, Tab. des Moll., No. 214.

Under stones, decayed leaves, &ec., in woods, not uncommon.
17. H. ornystaiima, Jill.

Zonites crystallinus, Gray, Turt. Man. 176, t. 4, f. 42.

In moss and under dead leaves in woods, &c., common.
18. H. Futva, Jill.

Helix trochiformis, Mont. Test. Brit. 427, t. 11, f. 9.
Helix fulva, Gray, Turt. Man. 148, t. 5, f 47.
Var. Helix Mortoni, Jeff. in Linn. Trans. xvi. 332.

In moss and under stones in woods, frequent. The variety is
found in a marshy spot in Heaton Dean.

19. H. pamenuata, Jeff.
Helix Scarburgensis, Ald. in Newe. N. H. Trans. 1. 36.
Helix lamellata, Gray, Turt. Man. 150, t. 5, f. 48.

Under dead leaves in moist woods. Gibside woods, Walbottle

Dean, and Tanfield.
20. H. acutzata, Mull.
Helix aculeata, Gray, Turt. Man. 149, t. 4, f. 33.

In moss and under stones in most of our woods, sparingly.
21. H. putcnenia, Will.

Helix pulchella, Gray, Turt. Man. 141, t. 5, f. 49.

In moss and under stones, local,—generally on limestone. West
Boldon, not uncommon; Marsden, and Castle Eden.—.J. A. Clea-
don, Ryhope, and Claxheugh (at the latter place abundant.) —W/>.
Rh. Howse. Wehave found it very sparingly on St. Mary’s Is-
land, and on the sea banks, near Tynemouth; the only localities
yet observed in this district, where it occurs off the limestone.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 37

22. H. pyemza, Drap.
Zonites pygmeus, Gray, Turt. Man. 167, t. 5, f. 46.

Under decayed leaves in woods, not uncommon.

23. H. rupestris, Drap.
Heliz umbilicata, Mont. Test. Brit. 434, t. 13, f 2.
Zonites umbilicatus, Gray, Turt. Man. 166, t. 5, f. 45.

In old quarries, and walls in exposed situations, local, and ap-
parently confined to limestone. Very abundant in old limestone
quarries at Marsden.

Mr. Gray has claimed priority for Montagu’s names for this
and some other species over those of Draparnaud, but we are in-
formed by the Abbé Dupuy that the names of Draparnaud bear
date from the publication of his “ Tableau des Mollusques,” in
which this, along with other species, was described in 1801, two
years prior to the appearance of Montagu’s “ Testacea Britan-
nica.” The “Tableau des Mollusques” being unknown, except-
ing by name, to British naturalists, they have been accustomed
to consider Draparnaud’s species to date from the publication of
his “ Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques, &e.,” in 1805.

24. H. rorunpata, Jill.
Zonites rotundatus, Gray, Turt. Man. 165, t. 5, f. 44.

Under stones by way sides, in woods, &c., common. We have
found the beautiful greenish white variety in Benwell Lane and
at Tanfield, but very rare.

25. H. caperata, Wont.
Helix striata, Drap. Hist. Moll. 106, t. 6, f 18-21 (not
Miiller).
Helix caperata, Gray, Turt. Man. 162, t. 4, f. 32.

On dry banks and in old quarries, common near the sea, es-
pecially on limestone ; rarerinland. We once met with a con-
siderable number of them after a shower, on the banks of the
Tyne, near Benwell, studding the trunk of a tree as high up as
we could reach.

26. H. vireata, Da Costa.
Helix variabilis, Drap. Hist. Moll. 84, t. 5, f. 11, 12.
Helix virgata, Gray, Turt, Man. 160, t. 4, f 31.
On plants in old quarries on road sides and sea banks, al-

38 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

ways on a limestone soil ; local, but generally abundant where it
does occur ; plentiful near Sunderland, and at Bamborough.
27. H. ericerorum, Linn.
Helix ericetorum, Gray, Turt. Man. 163, t. 4, f. 37.
On banks and dry pastures near the sea, not uncommon. Most
plentiful on limestone.

27. BULIMUS, Bruguiére.

1. B. opscurvs, Jul.
Bulimus obscurus, Gray, Turt. Man. 183, t. 6, f. 63.
Under stones in old quarries and in woods, frequent, but more
plentiful on a limestone soil.

28. ZUA, Gray.

1. Z. tusrica, Jull.
Bulimus lubricus, Drap. Hist. Moll. 75, t. 4, f 24.
Zua lubrica, Gray, Turt. Man. 188, t. 6, f. 65.

In moss and under stones, common.

29. ACHATINA, Lamarck.
1. A. actcuna, Mull.
Achatina acicula, Gray, Turt. Man. 191, t. 6, f. 71.

Rare. One specimen found alive in the gardens at Whitley
House.—J. H. F. At the roots of an Ornithogalum in a gar-
den at Darlington—Mr. W. Backhouse. In the rejectments of
the river Tyne at Bywell.— Mr. Benjamin Johnson, Jun. The
shell occurs sometimes on the sands at ‘Tynemouth, probably
washed from the banks.

30. AZECA, Fleming.

1. A. tripENs, Wont.
Helix ( Heliomanes ) Goodalli, Fér. Tab. des Moll. No. 492, ter.
Azeca tridens, Gray, Turt. Man. 189, t. 5, f. 52.

On mossy banks in woods, rather local but generally plentiful
where it does occur. Scotswood, Meldon, Stella, Tanfield, Castle
Eden, and Middleton-one-Row. Tunstal Hope, Pallion.—MZ.
R. Howse

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 39

31. CLAUSILIA, Draparnaud.
1, C. tamryata, Mont.
Clausilia bidens, Gray, Turt. Man. 212, t. 5, f. 53.
In woods, frequent. Mr. Hanley informs us that this is not

the Z'urbo bidens of Linneus, for which the name must be re-
served.

2. C. pusia, Drap.
Clausilia dubia, Ald. in Newe. N. H. Trans. ii. 339 ; Gray,
Turt. Man. 216, t. 12, f. 143.
On rocks at West Boldon and Castle Eden. Tunstall Hill and
Ryhope Dean.—M/r. FR. Howse.
3. C. RuGosA, Drap.
Clausilia rugosa, Drap. Hist. Moll. 73, t. 4, f. 19, 20.
Clausilia nigricans, Gray, Turt. Man. 217, t. 5, f. 58.
Var. More slender, and nearly smooth.
Clausilia parvula, Turt. Man. Ist Ed. 74, f. 58 (not C. par-
vula of continental authors).
On stones, trees, &c., in woods and rocky places, not uncom-
mon. ‘The variety in Tanfield and Castle Eden Deans.

32. BALABA, Gray.
1. B. perversa, Linn.
Pupa fragilis, Drap. Hist. Moll. 68, t. 4, f. 4.
Balea perversa, Gray, Turt. Man. 207, t. 6, f. 70.
In moss and on old walls, not common. Castle Eden.—J. A.
Ryhope Dean.—Mr. R. Howse.

33. PUPA, Draparnaud.
1. P. marernata, Drap.
Pupa marginata, Gray, Turt. Man. 196, t. 7, f. 79.
On the sea banks, frequent.
2. P. umpruicata, Drap.
Pupa umbilicata, Gray, Turt. Man. 193, t. 7, f. 78.
Under stones in old quarries, woods, &c., common.
3. P. Aneuica, Fér.

Pupa Anglica, Gray, Turt. Man. 195, t. 7, f. 82.

40) CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

In moss and under stones, rather rare. Walbottle Dean, Cas-
tle Eden, and sea banks at Cullercoats—J. A. Near Ridley
Hall—Mr. J. Thompson. Sea banks near Ryhope.—WMr. R.
Howse. “Near Twizell House.”—Brown’s Jilust. Rec. Conch.

34. VERTIGO, Miiller.

1. V. cytinprica, Fér.
Pupa muscorum, Drap. Hist. Moll. 59, t. 3, f. 26, 27.
Vertigo cylindrica, Gray, Turt. Man. 200, t. 12, f. 140.

This rare species has lately been added to our local list by
Mr. R. Howse, who has found several specimens at the roots of
grass on a bank at Claxheugh, Bishop Wearmouth.

The animal is pale transparent gray, with two black lines
along the back ; in other respects agreeing with the character of
the genus.

2. V. epENTULA, Drap.
Vertigo edentula, Gray, Turt. Man. 199, t. 7, f. 80.

Among grass and under dead leaves in woods, frequent. We
once met with this species in great abundance, by sweeping the
long grass in Castle Eden Dean, with a hand net, after a shower
of rain ; in dry weather they lie under dead leaves and moss.

3. V. premma, Drap.
Vertigo pygmea, Gray, Turt. Man. 201, t. 7, f. 83.

Under stones and on old walls, generally in dry situations ;
not rare.

4, V. aupestris (Fér. MS), Alder.
Vertigo alpestris, Ald. in Newe. N. H. Trans. ii. 340 ; Gray,
Turt. Man. 202, t. 12, f. 141.
On an old wall near Lipwood House.—WMr. J. Thompson.
5. V. patustris (Leach), Jeff.
Vertigo palustris, Gray, Turt. Man. 204, t. 7, f. 85.

In marshy places, rare. In a bog near Darlington. —I/. W.
Backhouse. Sea banks near Ryhope-—Mr. R. Howse. “Near
Twizell House.”—Capt. Brown, Illust.

6. V. supsTRiATA, Jeff.
Pupa sexdentata, Ald. in Newe. N. H. Trans. i. 34.
Vertigo substriata, Gray, Turt. Man. 202, t. 7, f. 84.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 4]

In wet moss in woods, rather rare. Heaton Dean, Tanfield,
Ravensworth, Gibside, and Stella.
7. V. pusiuta, Mull.
Vertigo pusilla, Gray, Turt. Man. 205, t. 7. f. 86.
In damp moss in woods, rather rare. Tanfield—A. H.
Near Crowhall Mill.—Wr. J. Thompson.

Famity. CycLostomipa&, Gray.
35. ACME, Hartmann.

1. A. nrnEata, Drap.
Auricula lineata, Drap. 57, t. 3, f. 20, 21.
Acme fusca, Gray, Turt. Man. 223, t. 6, f. 66.

In wet moss, Castle Eden Dean, rare.

The Abbé Dupuy informs us that this species has an ex-
tremely thin, transparent, subspiral operculum. This interesting
discovery accounts for the very great resemblance of the animal
to Cyclostoma, which we had previously remarked. The oper-
culum must be very thin and inconspicuous, as it has hitherto
been entirely overlooked.

This is probably the species of Walker, which Montagu calls
Turbo fuscus, but as Walker does not use any specific name, that
of fuscus can only date from Montagu, and consequently does
not take precedence of Draparnaud’s.

Faminy. AuricuLipa, Gray.
36. CARYCHIUM, WMiiller.
1. C. minimum, JZill.

Carychium minimum, Gray, Turt. Man. 221, t. 7, £77.
Among moss and decayed leaves in woods, d&c., common.

37. CONOVULUS, Lamarck.
1, C, penticunatus, Mont.
Conovulus denticulatus, Gray, Turt. Man. 225, t.'12, f. 144.
Var. Voluta ringens, Turt. Conch. Dict. 250.

Carychium personatum, Mich. Comp. Drap. 73, t. 15,
f 42, 43,

42 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

In crevices of the cliff a little above high-water mark at the
south end of South Shields sands (the variety), rare—A. H.
Whitburn.— Rev. G. C. Abbes.

2. C. prpentatus, JJont.
Conovulus bidentatus, Gray, Turt. Man. 227, t. 12, f. 145.

In sand at Tynemouth, rare—J. A. We have not met with
this species alive, but it will most likely be found to inhabit the
crevices of rocks near high-water mark.

Famity. Limnzipa, Jeffreys.
38. LIMN AA, Lamarck.

1. L. stacnatis, Linn.
Limneus stagnalis, Gray, Turt. Man. 236, t. 9, f. 104.

In ponds at Prestwick Car. It occurs in a pond in Mr.
Sewell’s grounds, Heaton Dean, but may possibly have been in-
troduced.—A. H.

2. L. paLustris, Linn.
Limneus pulustris, Gray, Turt. Man. 239, t. 9, f. 107.

In ditches and marshes, not uncommon.

In Prestwick Car, and in other marshes and still waters, they
grow to a large size, but at the margins of rivers they are very
much stunted in growth, and have the aspect of a distinct spe-
cies. On the shores of the Tyne, where they are abundant, they
are not larger than the common-sized L. truncatula, and might be
taken for that species, but for the less ventricose whorls, and that
the latter species is also found in the same situations in an equally
dwarfed condition.

3. L. truncatuna, Mill.
Limneus minutus, Drap. Hist. Moll. 53, t. 3, f. 5, 6, 7.
Limneus truncatulus, Gray, Turt. Man. 240, t. 9, f. 108.

In ditches, common.

The variety y of Draparnaud, found at the margins of rivers,
has a very delicate and beautiful shell. The curious monstro-
sity mentioned by Dr. Turton, with the spire completely sunk
into the body whorl, was found by us some years ago in Elswick
Lane, and presented to Dr. Turton, who omitted to mention the
locality.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 43

4. L. avasra, Dull.
Limneus glaber, Gray, Turt. Man. 242, t. 9, f. 106.
Limneus elongatus, Drap. Hist. Moll. 53, t. 3, f 3, 4.
In ditches and ponds, not uncommon near Newcastle.
Dd. L. purecra, Mill.
Limneus pereger, Gray, Turt. Man. 233, t. 9, f. 101.
Var. Limneus ovatus, Drap. Hist. Moll. 50, t. 2, f. 30, 31.
In ponds, ditches, and slow streams, very common.

_ The numerous varieties of this common species, in form, size,
and consistency, are very perplexing to the conchologist. We
have got it with a rather strong shell, and the spire much pro-
duced, at Redheugh and on Holy Island ; and a curious variety
in the opposite extreme has been sent us from Darlington, by
Mr. Wm. Backhouse, with a very thin delicate shell, and scarcely
any spire. The latter comes very near to the form got by Mr.
Thompson in Lough Neagh, which is the Gulnaria lacustris of
Leach.

6. L. AuRIcULARIA, Linn.
Limneus auricularius, Gray, Turt. Man. 232, t. 9, f. 100.
At Prestwick Car (a small variety)—A.H. In ponds near
Darlington.— Mr. W. Backhouse, from whom we have received
very fine specimens.

39. PH YSA, Draparnaud.

1. P. FontinaLis, Linn.
Physa fontinalis, Gray, Turt. Man. 251, t. 9, f£ 110.

In ponds and ditches, not common. Preswick Car, Gosforth
Lake, Mill Stream near Busy Cottage, Ryton, Marsden, and near
Stockton.

2. P. Hypnorvum, Linn.
Aplexus hypnorum, Gray, Turt. Man. 255, t, 9, f. 113.

In ditches and ponds, frequent.

40. PLANORBIS, Miiller.
1. P. cornevs, Linn.
Planorbis corneus, Gray, Turt. Man. 258, t. 8, f. 95.
In a pond in Mr. W. Backhouse’s grounds at Darlington.
¢

44 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

2. P. ausus, Dull.
Planorbis albus, Gray, Turt. Man. 259, t. 8, f. 97.
In ponds and slow streams, frequent.
3. P. tavis, Alder.
Planorbis levis, Ald. in Newe. Nat. Hist. Tran. ii. 337.
Gray, Turt. Man. 261, t. 12, f. 148.
In ponds at Whitley Quarries, and on Holy Island.
4, P. nautineus, Linn.
Planorbis imbricatus, Gray, Turt. Man. 261, t. 8, f. 94.
In ponds, frequent.
5. P. carrnatus, Jul.
Planorbis carinatus, Gray, Turt. Man. 262, t. 8, f. 89.

Rare. Near Stockton.—Wr. W. Backhouse.

6. P. umpriicatus, Jill.
Planorbis complanatus, Ald. in Newe. N. Hist. Trans, i. 31.
Planorbis marginatus, Gray, Turt. Man. 265, t. 8, f. 87, 88.
In ponds and ditches, not common. Prestwick Car, Ryton
Haughs, and near Stockton.
7. P. sprrorsis, Linn.
Planorbis spirorbis, Gray, Turt. Man. 268, t. 8, f. 98.
In ditches, common.
8. P. nitrpus, Mill.
Planorbis nitidus, Gray, Turt. Man. 268, t. 8, f. 93.

Rather rare. In ponds at Redheugh. Benwell engine pond.
—W. Sutton. Near Middleton-one-Row and Stockton.—J. A.
9. P. contortus, Linn.

Planorbis contortus, Gray, Turt. Man. 270, t. 8, f. 96.

In ditches and ponds, not common. Prestwick Car, Gosforth

Lake, Ryton Haughs, near Wooler, and near Stockton.

41, ANCYLUS, Geoffroy.

1. A. FLuviatitis, Mill.
Ancylus fluviatilis, Gray, Turt. Man. 249, t. 10, f. 125.
On stones in rivulets, common.
2. A. uacustrRis, Aull.
Velletia lacustris, Gray, Turt. Man. 250, t. 10, f. 126.
On aquatic plants in ponds and ditches, not common. _ Prest-

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 45

wick Car, Crag Lake, in ponds near Benwell, and at Middleton-
one-Row.

Orper. PECTINIBRANCHIATA, Cuvier.
Famity. Patuprnipa, isso.
42. BITHINIA, Gray.

1. B. rentacunata, Linn.
Paludina impura, Ald. in Newe. Nat. Hist. Trans. 1. 29.
Bithinia tentaculata, Gray, Turt. Man. 93, t. 10, f. 120.

In ditches and ponds, not common. Prestwick Car, and mill
stream in Jesmond Dean. “Abundant near Stockton.”—W/r.
Hogq.

Dead specimens of Paludina achatina are occasionally thrown
up on our shores, but as the shell is frequently brought in ballast
from the south of England, we attribute them to that source.

43. VALVATA, Miiller.

1. V. prsctnauis, Jill.
Valvata piscinalis, Gray, Turt. Man. 97, t. 10, f. 114.

In ponds and slow streams, rather rare. Mill streams in Jes-
mond Dean. “Common in streams about Stockton.”—Mr.
Hogg.

2. V. cristata, Dill.
Valvata cristata, Gray, Turt. Man. 98, t. 10, f. 115.

In ponds at Prestwick Car, rare.

FamILy
44, STYLIFER, Broderip.
1. S. turtTont1, Brod.
Phasianella stylifera, Turt. in Zool. Journ. ii. 367, t. 13, f. 11.
Stylifer globosus, Johns. in Berw. Club Proe. i. 275.
On the spines of Hchinus sphera, rare. Newbiggin and

Cullercoats.—J. A. On an Echinus at Sunderland.—WMr. R.
Howse.

We lately obtained a specimen of this species alive on the

46 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

spines of an Echinus at Cullercoats, but rather injured, and in
a very sickly state. We placed it in a glass of fresh sea-water,
hoping that it might recover, and display itself more distinctly;
but in this we were disappointed, as it soon died, and being left
unlooked at for a while had partially decayed. The animal was
white, had a rather large foot, without operculum, and a rounded
head with two cylindrical tentacles, and minute eyes at the (ex-
ternal or posterior) base. No portion of the shell was covered
by the fleshy parts, but we are not prepared to say that, in a
state of vigour, the animal has not the power of extending some
part of the mantle or foot overit. In these particulars it does not
differ much from the Stylifer described by Mr. A. Adams, from
the coast of Borneo; but we cannot agree with Mr. Gray in plac-
ing this genus in the family Vaticide, as the very large and pe-
culiar disc in front of the head in Watica is entirely wanting
here. The animal has much more the appearance of an Hu/ima.*
The remains of the animal examined under a microscope did not
show any denticulated tongue.

45, KULIMA, Risso.
1. E. pistorta, Desh.
Eulima distorta, Phil. Enum. Moll. Sic, 1. 155.

A beautiful fresh specimen of this interesting little shell was
got at Whitburn by the Rev. G. C. Abbes.

The animal has two long subulate tentacles, with very large
eyes at their posterior base ; the foot is slender, much produced
in front, and has a bilobed flap (the mentewm of Lovén) on its
upper surface. The body is yellow, beautifully variegated with
carmine, which forms an irregular band on each side ; the ten-
tacles and foot, white. These are the prevailing colours of the
genus, but the disposition of them is different in different spe-
cies, and appears to be sufficiently permanent to be taken as a
specific character. In HZ. polita the animal is white, excepting

* « Hulima. Animal proboscide longa preditum recondenda; lingua in-
ermis ? ”—Lovén, Index Moll. Scand. Mr. Broderip states that Stylifer has a
retractile proboscis, and the Stylifer subulatus, Bred., figured in Sowerby’s
Genera of Shells, greatly resembles. an Hulima.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 47

the tentacles and margin of the mentwm, which are of a deep
golden yellow. The liver, as seen through the shell, is green in
£, distorta, and purplish in /. polita.
2. E. urnEata, Sow.
Helix subulata, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 142 (small variety).
Rissoa subulata, Johns. in Berw. Club Proe. i. 272.

In shell-sand, rather rare, One specimen alive from the boats
at Cullercoats.—J. A. One live and two dead specimens were
dredged by Mr. R. Howse, off Whitburn.

The animal is white with two long subulate tentacles, ap-
proximating at the base, with the eyes immediately behind
them. The foot extends a good deal before the head, and has a
bilobed flap on the upper surface in front, which appears to be
common to the genus, as we have observed it in all the British
species. The head is seldom protruded beyond the shell, which,
being transparent, the animal can easily see through.

Two species appear to be included under the name of ZL. subu-
lata. The shell figured, and described by Donovan, which is
much larger than this, and has several bands on the body
whorl, is rare. It ought to retain the name of Z. subulata,
and is also the Melania Cambessedesii of Payraudeau. The
smaller and much more common species has only two bands,
placed close together in the centre of the body whorl, with oe-
casionally a faint indication of another on the upper or lower
margin. The shell is thinner and more transparent than in the
larger species, the whorls less oblique, the lower one a little
more ventricose, the aperture not so much contracted, and the
columellar margin not quite so straight. This is probably the
species called Z. lineata by Mr. Sowerby, whose name we adopt,
though we would gladly change it to bilineata, the better to ex-
press its distinguishing character. A species in the British
Museum, from Madeira, comes very near to this, but has only
one band.

46. SCALARIA, Lamarck.
1. S. communis, Lam.
Turbo clathrus, Mont. Test. Brit. 296.

48 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

A single specimen was obtained from the fishing boats at

Cullercoats.—J. H. F.
2. S. Turtonis,* Z'urt.
Turbo Turtonis, Turt. Conch. Dict. 208, t. 27, f. 97.

One specimen found at Whitburn by the Rev. G. C. Abbes.

In order to form a.correct judgment of the probability whe-
ther these two species were natives of our coast, or had come
there by accident, we enquired of Mr. Bean if they had been
found on the coast of Yorkshire. That gentleman informs us
that he had never met with Scalaria communis, but that he had
got several living specimens of S. Zurtonis at Scarborough.

3. S. TREVELYANA, Leach.
Scalaria Trevelyana, Johns. in Berw. Club Proc. i. 263.

From deepest water (Coralline zone), rather rare.

This species was first published (but not described) by Mr.
Winch in his list of the shells of Lindisfarne. Annals of Phil.,
New Series, 1822. It is the only Scalaria that has been found
alive here; and though rare, has been occasionally got on most
parts of the coast. The Zwrbo clathrus of Sir Cuthbert Sharp’s
list is most likely this shell.

47. CHEMNITZIA, D’Orbigny.

1. C. runvocrtnera, Zhomp.
Turritella fulvocincta, Thomp. in Ann. Nat. Hist. v. 98.
Turbonilla rufa, “ Phil.” Lovén Ind. Moll. Scand. 18.
Two specimens have occurred in a worn state from the fishing
boats.—A. H.
2. ©. rnpistincta, Wont ?
Turbo indistinctus, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 129?
In shell-sand at Tynemouth, rather rare.
The Zurbo indistinctus of Montagu has not been very satis-
factorily made out. The present species is what we have been
accustomed to consider agreed best with his description, but we

* We give this name as it is written by Dr. Turton. If it be considered
desirable to change the termination, it ought to be rendered Turtone, and
not Turtoni, as it was named by Dr. Turton after his daughter, Miss Turton,
who first pointed out its specific differences.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 49

have seen a specimen of a nearly allied species, kindly submitted
to our inspection, with other minute shells, by Mr. Barlee, which
has “much finer longitudinal ribs or striz,” and on this account
agrees better with Montagu’s description; our species having
the ribs scarcely finer than in his 7’. interstinctus, with which he
compares it. We leave the matter for further investigation. A
shell in the British Museum named “ 7’. indistinctus, Mont.,” ap-
pears to be a worn specimen of C. fulvocincta.

3. C. unica, Mont.

Turbo unicus, Mont. Test. Brit. 299, t. 12, f. 2.

In shell sand, rare. Tynemouth, Whitley, and Cheswick.—

J. A.
4. C. nirrpissima, Jont.
Turbo nitidissimus, Mont. Test. Brit. 299, t. 12, f. J.

We obtained a specimen of this exquisite little shell out of
sand from Cheswick, sent us by our friend, Dr. Johnston.—
Though always described as smooth, and even appearing so un-
der a common magnifier, on closer inspection with the micro-
scope, we find the vestiges of delicate spiral striz. The species
has never been obtained alive, but in that state we have no doubt
that it will be found to be distinctly striated.

5. CO. actcuna, Phil. 2

Shell turreted, slender, cylindrico-subulate, tapering to a ra-
ther obtuse point, of a semi-transparent white, with eight smooth
whorls, rather flattish, but well defined by a deeply-impressed
suture; the first whorl is placed at right angles to the rest; the
last whorl is a good deal rounded at the base. Aperture about
one-fifth the length of the shell, ovate, scarcely angulated by the
projection of the body whorl; outer lip thin; pillar lip nearly
straight, slightly arched outwards in the centre, and rounded
below; behind it is a slight impression, but no umbilicus.
Length scarcely 1? tenths; breadth about one-fourth the length.

Eulima acicula, Phil. Enum. Moll. Sic. ii. 135, t. 9, £ 62

This species come very near to the Hulimella gracilis, Jeff. in
Ann. Nat. Hist. xix. 311 (Zulima afinis, Phil 2), but it is rather
smaller, flatter in the whorls, and the apex is not so much produ-
ced, in consequence of the first whorl being a little more sunk in

50 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

the second. It has been got in the south of England by Mr. Jef-
freys, Professor E. Forbes, and Mr. M‘Andrew, but some little dif-
ference of opinion appears to exist as to what species it ought to .
be referred to, or whether it is undescribed. We have, therefore,
thought it neeessary to insert a description.

Two specimens of this interesting addition to our Fauna have
been found at Whitburn by the Rey. G. C. Abbes, and ane, much
worn, was dredged off the same place by Mr. R. Howse.

6. C. MACANDREI, Forbes.
ELulima Macandrei, Forbes, in Ann. Nat. Hist. xiv. 412,
feolOy ts 2:

Two specimens have been got from the fishing boats at Whit-
burn, by the Rev. G. C. Abbes, and one by Mr. R. Howse, who
has also dredged it alive in seventeen fathoms water at the
same place.

This and the preceding species have been referred to Hulima,
and Professor EH. Forbes has more recently proposed for them
the genus Hulimella, but we prefer considering them to belong
to Chemnitzia, from which they only differ in the more polished
surface of the shell. The apical nucleus, and the form of the
aperture, indicate their place in this genus, independently of the
animal, which, according to our observations, is essentially the
same in each.

48. ODOSTOMIA, Fleming.

1. O. unrpENTATA, Mont.
Turbo unidentatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 324.
Odostomia plicata, Flem. Brit. Anim. 310. Hanley in
Thorpe’s Brit. Mar. Conch. xxxv. f. 13.

In shell-sand, Tynemouth and Cullercoats, rather rare. At
the roots of corallines from the boats at Cullercoats and Whit-
burn.—A. H.

Much misunderstanding exists with respect to this species and
the Turbo plicatus of Montagu, which no two conchologists, ex-
cepting where one has copied the other, have described alike.
The description of Montagu is sufficiently characteristic of our
shell ; but Dr. Fleming reverses the two, with the remark that

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. dil

“the descriptions had, by some accident, been intermingled in
the Testacea Britannica.” Specimens sent by Dr. Turton, under
the name of 7’. wnidentatus, and now in the Newcastle Museum,
we find to be O. pallida, though his description in the Con-
chological Dictionary is correct, being a copy of Montagu’s. The
species described by Mr. Hanley under this name, in the Zoological
Proceedings, and in Thorpe’s “ British Marine Conchology,” is, as
he informs us, the Awricula conoidea of Philippi ; his Odostomia
plicata being our O. unidentata. The O. unidentata of Mac-
gillivray, and the figures given by Capt. Brown of his Jaminia
unidentata, do not appear to belong to this species.

A variety, if not a distinct species, is found on our coast, ra-
ther narrower and more rounded at the base, and with a larger
umbilicus. As we have only met with two rather worn exam-
ples, we shall not attempt to decide upon it at present.

2. O. turRITA, Hanley.
Odostomia turrita, Hanley in Zool. Proc., 1843. Thorpe’s
Brit. Mar. Conch. xxxvi. f. 10.
In shell-sand at Tynemouth, rare.—J. A.
3. O. ALBELLA, Lovén.
Turbonilla albella, Lovén Index Moll. Seand. 19. “T,
turrito-conica, tenuis, anfr. 6 rotundatis, apertura fere
3 t. t., ovata, vix effusa, plica parva, 3:$-m m.”

In siiell-sand, Tynemouth and Cullercoats, rare—J. A.

Our shell agrees with the outline figure given by Professor
Lovén in the “ Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens
Forhandlingar,” 1846, t. 1. f 11. It is broader and less turreted
than the last. Both species have the tooth very small.

There is yet another shell, which we find at Tynemouth, nearly
allied to these two, and to O. plicata, though apparently dis-
tinct. It is intermediate in form between O. turrita and O.
albella, and has a stronger tooth. The species of this difficult
genus are extremely perplexing, and require a careful study, to
which their rarity, especially in a living state, presents a great
obstacle.

4. O. pauiipa, Mont.

52 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

Turbo pallidus, Mont. Test. Brit. 325, t. 21, f. 4.

In shell-sand at Tynemouth, rather rare.—J. A. At the roots
of corallines brought in by the Cullercoats and Whitburn fish- .
ing boats—A. H

The animal is of a pale yellowish colour.

5. O. nrvrpa, Alder.
Odostomia nitida, Ald. in Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. 326, t. 8, f. 5.

A single specimen was obtained in shell-sand from Tyne-
mouth. It is perfectly distinct from any of the preceding.
6. O. iInscuLpTa, Mont.

Turbo insculptus, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 129.

In shell-sand, Tynemouth and Cullercoats, rare—J. A.
7. O. sprrauis, Mont.

Turbo spiralis, Mont. Test. Brit., 323, t. 12, f. 9.

In shell-sand, frequent. Occasionally found alive in pools
among the rocks, and on corallines from the fishing boats.

This is the commonest species of Odostomia on our coast. The
animal is white, and has the tentacles ear-shaped, or longitu-
dinally folded, with the eyes at the internal base,—characters
common to this as well as the preceding genus. The figure
given in the Annals of Nat. Hist. xiii. t. 8, f. 13, is deficient in
not displaying these characters. From the minuteness and tran-
sparency of the animal, the folds of the tentacles can only be
seen in favourable lights.

8. O. InteRstTiINcTA, Dont.
Turbo interstinctus, Mont. Test. Brit., 324, t. 12, f. 10.

In shell-sand, Tynemouth and Cullercoats, rather rare. On
corallines from the fishing boats, Whitburn.—M/r. R. Howse.

In a fresh state the shell has the furrows between the ribs
more deeply impressed at their termination towards the base of
the body whorl, giving the appearance of a line of punctures,
with sometimes a fainter one below it. This is not usually seen
in sand specimens, and was consequently overlooked by Mon-
tagu. A variety is not unfrequently found in sand, which is
more produced than the normal form, and may possibly turn out
‘to be a distinct species, but the worn state of shells found in

sand is unfavourable to the appreciation of minute characters.

OF NORTHUMRERLAND AND DURHAM. 53

Mr. Bean has distinguished it in his cabinet under the MS. name
of O. costata.
9. O. optiqua, Alder.
Odostomia? obliqua, Ald. in Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. 327, t. 8,
smelly
In shell-sand, Tynemouth, rare.—J. A.

[In the preceding family, to which we have not ventured to give
a name, we have brought together, provisionally, those genera
formerly considered to belong to the Zwurbinide, whose ani-
mals have a retractile proboscis. In the four following fami-
lies, the animals have the head more or less proboscidiform,
but there is no real proboscis. |

Famity. Lirtorinipa, Gray.

49. RISSOA, Fréminville.

1. R. cosrata, Adams.
Turbo costatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 311, t. 10, f. 6.
Rissoa exigua, Mich. Desc. du Rissoa, 18, f. 29, 30.

In shell-sand, frequent. It has not been found alive here, but,
like most of the small species found in sand, it probably inhabits
the Laminarian zone beyond low-water mark.

2. R. striata, Adams.
Turbo striatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 312.
Rissoa minutissima, Mich. Desc. du Rissoa, 20, t. 27, 28.

In pools among the rocks, frequent. This is one of the com-
monest of the shells thrown up in sand.

Pyramis candidus and P. discors of Brown are apparently only
varieties of this very common and widely diffused species.

3. R. parva, Da Costa.
Turbo parvus, Mont. Test. Brit. 310.

In shell-sand, common ; and alive beyond low-water mark.
This species is found alive, though sparingly, on small sea-weeds
among the rocks left bare by the tide. Its principal locality
appears to be beyond low-water mark, and a small variety, with
a thinner and more glossy shell, is not uncommon on corallines,
from about twenty fathoms water.

54 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

When fresh, the shell is usually striated between the ribs on
the lower portion, a character that has been overlooked in de-
scriptions.

4. R. mvconsprcva, Alder.
Rissoa inconspicua, Ald. in Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. 323, t. 8,
5B (le

On corallines from deepish water at Cullercoats, rather rare.
Whitburn.—W/7. &. Howse.

5. R. punctura, Jont.
Turbo punctura, Mont. Test. Brit. 320, t. 12, f. 5.

On corallines from ten to twenty fathoms water, and in shell-
sand ; frequent.

6. R. semistriata, JZont.
Turbo semistriatus, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 136.

Not uncommon in shell-sand, and occasionally found alive at
the roots of corallines from the fishing boats.

7. R. rnterRupta, Adams.
Turbo interruptus, Mont. Test. Brit. 329, t. 20, f. 8.

On small sea-weeds in pools between tide-marks, abundant.
The shell is common in sand.

8. R. crnertius, ont.
Turbo cingillus, Mont. Test. Brit. 328, t. 12, f. 7.

In shell-sand, rare.

9. R. untrascrata, Mont.
Turbo unifasciatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 327.
Rissoa fulva, Mich. Desc. du Rissoa 15, f. 17, 18.

Among sea-weeds, between tide-marks, at Whitley, rare-—
J. EL Ht
10. R. utva, Penn.

Turbo ulve, Mont. Test. Brit. 318.

In muddy estuaries, common. Holy Island, Budle Bay, Jar-

row Slake, mouth of the Tees, &e.
11. R. venrrosa, Jont.
Turbo ventrosus, Mont. Test. Brit. 317, t. 12, £ 13.

From sand and sea-weeds at Cullercoats, very rare.

The Rissoa pulla, Brown Conch. Ilust. 13, t. 8, f£. 25, “found
on the sands at Holy Island,” we have not been able to make
out ; from the figure it appears to be a distortion.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 55

12. R.? prapHana, Alder.
Rissoa ? glabra, Ald. in Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. 325, t. 8, f. 1-4.

On sea-weeds in pools among the rocks at Cullercoats, rare.—
JA.

When this species was published in the Annals of Natural
History, it was referred to the Rissoa glabra of Brown’s Hlustra-
tions, but, since that time, we have seen, through the favour of
Mr. Barlee, an allied species from the south coast, that more
nearly agrees with Captain Brown’s figure, and we have, there-
fore, now given this the name of diaphana. It is not a true
Rissoa, as we have already pointed out. The peculiar character
of the animal requires that it should be raised to the rank of a
genus.

50. LITTORINA, Feérussac.

1, L. urrrorga, Linn. (common periwinkle.)
Turbo littoreus, Mont. Test. Brit. 301.

In shallow pools and on stones within tide-marks, common,
especially at and a little above half-tide level. A red variety is
not uncommon on some parts of the coast.

2. L. rupis, Maton.
Turbo rudis, Mont. Test. Brit. 304.

On rocks and in pools near high-water mark, common. Beau-
tifully banded varieties (Z. zonata, Bean) occur at Newbiggin
and Bamborough, as well as on some other parts of the coast.

3. L. Rupissima, Dean.
Littorina rudissima, Bean in Thorpe’s Brit. Mar. Conch. 266.

On rocks, bare of sea-weed, at and a little above high-water
mark, abundant ; frequently found in crevices on the face of a
cliff.

The species of this most difficult genus are so extremely varia-
ble, and approach each other so closely in the different varieties,
that we are unwilling to speak very decidedly concerning them.
The present, though very nearly resembling Z. raudis, has the
shell always thinner and smaller, and is distinguished from the
young of that species by having the columella not so broad, nor
so much produced and angulated at the base. It has also the
spiral ridges generally very strong and conspicuous; but in this

56 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

respect it is extremely variable, and is sometimes quite smooth.
It undergoes all the varieties of colour and banding found on the
last species, besides which we have obtained, at Newbiggin, a
black, and a tessellated variety, coming so near to JZ. tenebrosa,
that we hesitate to call them distinct. The latter is generally
found in mud, but we are inclined to think that the Zurbo
tenebrosus, and 7’. jugosus of Montagu are probably the two ex-
treme limits that this very variable shell undergoes.
4, L. necuEcta, Bean.
Littorina saxatilis, “ Bean,” Johns. in Berw. C. Proc. i., 268.
Littorina neglecta, Bean, in Thorpe’s Brit. Mar. Conch. 266.

On rocks near low-water mark, bare of sea-weed, but covered
with Balani and muscles.

The habitat of this little species is different from that of the
preceding, being always nearer low-water mark. This, with the
difference of form and size, induces us to think it distinct.

We have taken from the body of this species, embryos, well
developed and covered with a shell. H.

It was first described by Dr. Johnston under the name of
saxatilis, given it in manuscript by Mr. Bean. In consequence ©
of this name having been used by Olivi for another species (pro-
bably the following), Mr. Bean subsequently changed it to
neglecta, under which name he has described it among his new
species in Thorpe’s “ Brit. Marine Conchology.” Having omitted
to mention that it had been described before, the species appears
twice in that work :—viz., under the name of Z. saxatilis, in the
Addenda, and of Z. neglecta, in the Supplement.

5. L. petrma, Wont.
Helix petra, Mont. Test. Brit. 403.
Turbo cerulescens, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. 2nd Ed. ix. 217.

On rocks at and above high-tide level, frequent, especially in
crevices of the cliffs, where it nestles in company with LZ. rudissima,
beyond the reach of the sea, excepting the dashing of the spray,
and the high water of spring tides.

There can be little doubt that the 7. cerulescens of Lamarck,
of which we have specimens from two localities in the Mediter-
ranean, is a variety of this species, though Philippi, in his
description of the animal, does not mention the milk-white

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. aii

band in front of the foot by which our species is distinguished,
and his description altogether corresponds more nearly with that
of ZL. rudissima.

Philippi enumerates seven synonyns of this species, without
taking into account our English name, and the Z’urbo neritoides
of Linnzus with which he is now inclined to indentify it.

The Zurbo ziczac found by Lady Wilson near Sunderland,
and stated to differ from the West Indian specimens in wanting the
ziczac markings, is most likely only a variety of this species ; at
least a specimen so named in the cabinet at Wallington, which
we had the opportunity of examining through the kindness of
the late Sir John Trevelyan, Bart., certainly belongs to Z.
petroed.

6. L. retusa, Lam.
Nerita littoralis, Mont. Test. Brit. 467.
Inttorina neritoides, Johns. in Berw. C. Proce. i. 269.

On sea-weeds, among the rocks near high-water mark, common.

The Zurbo retusus and 7. neritoides of Lamarck, are un-
doubtedly only different forms of the Nerita Littoralis of Lin-

“neus, as we have satisfied ourselves by an examination of the
Lamarckian specimens. As 7’. neritoides, Linn., is not considered
to belong to this species, we adopt the former name. 7’. obtu-
satus, Linn., we are assured by Mr. Hanley, is distinct.

The Zurbo aureus of Brown (Conch. Ilust. 2nd Ed. 17, t. 10,
f. 23), found by Sir Walter C. Trevelyan, Bart., at Seaton, Nor-
thumberland (qu. Durham 2), is referred in the appendix to the
genus Margarita, and in the description of the plates is called a
Littorina. We think it scarcely belongs to either of these
genera.

51. LACUNA, Turton.

1. L. pattrpuna, Da Costa.
Nerita pallidula, Mont. Test. Brit. 468.
On sea-weeds between tide-marks, not uncommon.
2. L. putEoua, Turt.
Lacuna puteola, Turt. in Zool. Jour. iii. 191.
On sea-weeds and in shell-sand, rather rare.

58 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

The Turbo puteolus of Turton, in his “Conchological Dictionary,”
and the Lacuna puteola of the same author, in the “Zoological
Journal,” do not appear to be the same species. It is to the lat-

ter that we refer our shell.
3. L. vincta, Jfont.

Turbo vinctus, Mont. Test. Brit. 307, t. 20, f. 3.

Var. 1. Turbo quadrifasciatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 328, t. 20,
Beal fe

Var. 2. Turbo canalis, Mont. Test. Brit. 309, t. 12, f. 11.

On sea-weeds at and below low-water mark.

We cannot find any permanent character to distinguish these
three supposed species of Montagu, and have therefore united
them. The shell is extremely variable both in form and mark-
ings. The more elongated form, both banded and unbanded
(7. vinctus, and 7’. canalis), is rare, but the short, banded va-
riety (7. quadrifasciatus) is abundant on the fronds of Lami-
naria digitata, at and beyond low-water mark.

4. L. nasrosa Lovén ?

Shell ovate-oblong, tapering, whitish, rather solid, with five
whorls, very slightly convex, the last occupying rather more than
half the shell, and rounded, or very slightly carinated below.
Outer lip a little expanded, and thin at the edge, within which
it is thickened by a callosity which extends round the base of
the aperture uniting with the expanded columellar margin be-
low. Umbilical groove small. Length 4 inch, breadth 14
tenths.

Lacuna labiosa, Lovén Index Moll. Scand. 23 ?

One specimen of this new species has occurred in sand at
Cullercoats. The shell is thicker and more slender than Z.
vincta, and is somewhat intermediate between it and Z. crassior.
It agrees very well with Professor Lovén’s description, but is
smaller, and, as we have not seen authentic specimens, we cannot
speak with certainty of the species to which we have referred it.
It appears, however. to be distinct from any of the other British
Lacune.

5. L. crasstor, Mont.
Turbo crassior, Mont. Test. Brit. 309, t. 20, f 1.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 59

In sand at Tynemouth, Cullercoats, and Whitburn, rare.—
Alive in pools among the rocks at Cullercoats.—A. H.

52. SKENEA, Fleming.
1. S. pranorsis, Yad.
Helix depressa, Mont. Test. Brit. 439, t. 13, f. 5.
On small sea-weeds between tide-marks, common.
2. S. divisa, “ Adams?’ Flem.
Skenea divisa, Flem. Brit. Anim. 314.
On small sea-weeds between tide-marks, rare.—/J. A.

Faminty. Trocuipm, D’Orbigny.
9 Gry

53. TROCHUS, Linnaeus.

1. T. macus, Linn.
Trochus magus, Mont. Test. Brit. 283.

Two or three specimens have been found on the beach at Sea-
ton Carew by Miss Elizabeth Backhouse, and it is also in Sir
Cuthbert Sharp’s list of Hartlepool shells ; but we have no re-
cord of its occurrence on any other part of the coast. It isa
doubtful native of the north-eastern coast of Britain, and may
have been introduced in ballast. Mr. Bean informs us that one
dead shell has been found at Scarborough.

2. T. ctnERARIUS, Linn.
Trochus cinerarius, Mont. Test. Brit. 284.
In pools among the rocks between tide-marks, common.
3. T. rumrpus, JZont.
Trochus tumidus, Mont. Test. Brit. 280, t. 10, f. 4.
From deepish water, frequent.
4. T. mitteaRaANus, Phil.
Trochus Martini, Smith in Wern. Mem. viii. 51, t. 1, f. 26.
Thorpe Brit. Mar. Conch. 164, f. 36.

Two or three specimens have been obtained from the deep-
water fishing boats by Mr. W. King, and Mr. R. Howse. Mr.
Embleton has also got it at Embleton.

5. T. zizypninvus, Linn.
Trochus zizyphinus, Mont. Test. Brit. 274.
I

60 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

Not uncommon in the Laminarian zone, especially in the north
of Northumberland and south of Durham ; less frequent in the
intermediate district. Capt. Brown figures “a beautiful smooth
variety dredged in deep water, off Sunderland, by Mr. Dixon of
Bishop Wearmouth.”

54. MARGARITA, Leach.

1. M. weticina, Fab.
Helix margarita, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 143.
On sea-weeds, and under stones, near low-water mark, fre-
quent. Common on the northern parts of the coast.

Famity. Neritipz, D’Orbigny.

Neritina fluviatilis, Linn., has been frequently met with on
our coast, but as it is a common ballast shell, we attribute it to
this source. Mr. Hogg states that he found it in the vicinity of
Stockton, but he is not quite certain of its having been alive.
It is found in the Ouse at York.

Faminty. TuURRITELLID#.

55. TURRITELLA, Lamarck.

]. T. TEREBRA, Linn.
Turbo terebra, Mont. Test. Brit. 293.

On weedy ground in a few fathoms water, not uncommon, but
seldom thrown upon the shore, excepting in a very young state,
in which form it has been taken for a distinct species, and called
Turritella Lamarckii. It is sometimes brought up pretty plen-
tifully in the trawl-nets by the fishermen at Cullercoats.

The animal, from its broad proboscidiform head, and short
lateral tentacles, bears a great resemblance to Cerithium. It is
very shy and sluggish, and will lie for days together without
shewing itself beyond the mouth of the shell, or attempting to
crawl about.

Faminy. Cerirarapa”, Fleming.

Cerithium reticulatum, Da Costa, has been frequently found on

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. | 61

the shore near Sunderland and Whitburn, by the Rev. G. C.
Abbes and Mr. Howse, but is supposed to have come from bal-
last. It has also been found by Miss H. Backhouse at Seaton.

Cerithium tuberculare, Mont. One specimen found on Whitley
sands.—J. H. F. Perhaps from the same source as the last.

Cerithium fuscatum, Brown ( Turbo tuberculatus, Penn. Brit.
Zool. t. 82, f. 111), is stated by Mr. Pennant to be “from the
coast of Northumberland.” We think there must be some mis-
take in this, or it may be a foreign shell thrown by accident on
the coast.

Cerithium cancellatum, Brewn (Illust. Rec. Conch. 2d Ed. 9,
t. 5, f. 64), is also stated to have been found “on the Northum-
berland coast at Holy Island.” We do not know it, but are
inclined to think that none of the Cerithia are indigenous to our
coast.

The Strombus costatus of Sir C. Sharp’s list is also a Cerithium,
but it is now generally believed that this shell, common in fo-
reign collections, has been introduced into the British Fauna by
mistake. The shell found at Hartlepool was most likely Ceri-
thium reticulatum.

56. APORRHAIS, (Da Costa) Dillwyn.
1. A. pEs-PELECANI, Linn.
Strombus pes-pelecani, Mont. Test. Brit. 253.
From deepish water, not common.

Faminy. Muricipa, Mleming.
57. PLEUROTOMA, Lamarck.
1. P. teres, Forbes.
Pleurotoma teres, Forbes in Ann, Nat. Hist. xiv. 412, t.10,f. 3.
A specimen of this fine species was got at Whitburn by the
Rev. G. C. Abbes, and Mr. R. Howse also dredged a young shell
in seventeen fathoms off the same place.
2. P. costata, Penn.
Murex costatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 255.
In shell-sand from different parts of the coast, not rare.

62 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

3. P. Booruit, Smith.
Fusus Boothii, Smith in Wern. Mem. viii. 50, t. 1, f, 1.
A single specimen has been obtained by the Rev. G. C. Abbes,
at Whitburn.
4. P. ningaris, Dont.
Murex linearis, Mont. Test. Brit. 261, t. 9, f. 4.
In shell-sand frequent, and occasionally on corallines from the
fishing boats.
5. P. rura, Mont.
Murex rufus, Mont. Test. Brit. 263.
In shell-sand, not rare. The Rev. G. C. Abbes and Mr. R.
Howse have occasionally got it alive.
6. P. Trevetyana, Zurt.
Pleurotoma Trevelyanum, Turt. in Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 351.
From deepish water, rare. Cullercoats—J. A. and A. Z.
Whitburn.— Rev. G. C. Abbes. One specimen was dredged in
17 fathoms off the latter place by Mr. R. Howse.

58. FUSUS, Bruguiére.

1. F. rurricuna, Jont.
Murex turricula, Mont. Test. Brit. 262, t. 9, f. 1.

From the fishing boats, and in sand, not uncommon. Dredged
by Mr. Howse, off Whitburn.

2. F. chatHratus, Linn.
Murex Bamfius, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 117.

From deep water, not rare. Occasionally met with in the
fishing boats at Cullercoats, as well as in the deep-water (or five-
men) boats. Mr. R. Howse dredged a few alive in 17 fathoms,
off Whitburn. The shell (but generally of small size) is found
in sand.

3. F. Barvicensis, Johns.
Fusus Barvicensis, Johns. in Edin. Phil. Journ. xiii. 225.
Berw. Club Proce. 1. 235.
fusus asperrimus, Brown Illust. Rec. Conch. 8, t. 6, f. 2. 2

From deep water, rare. A fine specimen, nearly an inch long,

was dredged in 60 fathoms water by Mr. R. Howse.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 63

4, F. gractiis, Da Costa.
Murex corneus, Mont. Test. Brit. 258.
Fusus Islandicus, “ Martini,” King in Ann. Nat. Hist. xviii.
246.

In the coralline and deep-water zones, frequent. The variety
from deep water is more ventricose than the common form, and
has the epidermis thinner, smoother, and sometimes of a reddish
colour. The shell figured by Captain Brown‘in his “Tllustrations
of the Recent Conchology of Great Britain,” t. 6, f. 11, 12, found
by Sir W. C. Trevelyan, Bart., at Seaton, appears to be an un-
usually short specimen of this variety.

Much confusion has arisen in the name of this species from
the circumstance of Linnzeus having included more than one shell
in his Murex corneus; but as it is now agreed that the name
should belong to the Mediterranean shell (Fusus lignarius of
Lamarck), and being of opinion that our species is not the /usus
Islandicus of Chemnitz, to which it has lately been referred, we
follow Professor Lovén in adopting Da Costa’s name, the earliest
undisputed appellaticn.

5. F. PROPINQUUS, 1.8.

Shell fusiform, white, covered with a brown epidermis, striated
spirally ; the striz rather variable, but generally deep and dis-
tant on the upper whorls, more closely set on the lower, and
often rising into ridges towards the base of the shell. Whorls 8,
flattish, or very slightly convex, and a little tumid above at the
suture ; they are broader in proportion to their height than in
the last species, and consequently the spire is a little less pro-
duced. The nucleus, forming the apex of the shell, consists of
two or three very small whorls, the first very little raised, and
only to be seen from above; the apex is rather slender, not
mammillated, and generally stained of a ferruginous colour ;
aperture oval, rather contracted, and ending in a short canal of
moderate width, a little bent towards the left side; outer lip
thin ; pillar smooth, a little arched inwards in the centre, and
produced in old shells into an obtuse rounded angle towards the
entrance of the canal. Length 14 in., breadth 4 in.

64 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

A variety from deep water is shorter in the spire, and more
tumid in the body whorl, and has the canal very much twisted
to the left side. The epidermis is thin, pale yellowish horn-
coloured, and hispid. The apex is frequently incrusted with
black. Animal white.

Found in the same situations with the last, but rare.

This species very much resembles /. gracilis but never grows
to half the size, and may readily be distinguished from it by an
examination of the apex. The nucleus of 7. propinguus con-
sists of two or three small compact whorls, while that of /. gra-
cilis has only about a whorl and a half, which are large, and
rather produced at the top, giving the apex a mammillated ap-
pearance. The embryos of these two species must, therefore, dif-
fer as much from each other as those of #. Zurtont and F. Nor-
vegicus. The shell of /. propinquus is rather more tumid, and
the whorls rather flatter in the middle, and more raised towards
the suture than in &. gracilis: the striz also are closer, the aper-
ture more contracted towards the canal, and the latter a little
more bent. The variety from deep water, dredged by Mr. Howse
in sixty fathoms, has much the aspect of a distinct species, but
a shell in that gentleman’s possession seems to unite it with the
normal form. Mr. Howse has figured the variety in the Ann. of
Nat. dlast: mol. xaixigt. LO. 5.

6, F. Isuanpicus, Chemn.
Fusus Berniciensis, King in Ann. Nat. Hist. xviii. 246.
Tritonium Islandicum, Lovén Ind. Moll. Scand. 11.
Var. Buccinum Sabini, Gray in Parry’s 1st Voyage, 211 ?

Two specimens of this rare species have been obtained from
the deep-water fishing boats by Mr. King.

Through the kindness of Mr. Gray we have had the oppor-
tunity of examining his specimens of 4. Sabini, which appears
to be a small variety of this, but the species of this group come
so very near to each other, that we should not like to speak de-
cidedly. Further investigation induces us to consider our spe-
cies the true Musus Islandicus of Chemnitz.

7. F. Turronr, Bean.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 65

Fusus Turtoni, Bean in Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 493, f£. 61.
King in Ann. Nat. Hist. xviii. 245. Howse in Ann.
Nat. Hist. xix. 162, t. 10, £ 6—10.

From deep water, rare. A few specimens of this fine species
have been obtained from the fishermen by Mr. W. King and Mr.
R. Howse. The ova capsules and young have also been got by
the latter and are figured by him in the Annals of Natural
History.

8. F. Norveaicus, Chemn.
Fusus Norvegicus, King in Ann. Nat. Hist. xviii, 244.
Howse in Ann, Nat. Hist. xix. 162, t. 10, f, 1—3.

From deep water, rare. This, with the last, was first noticed
to be an inhabitant of our coast by Mr. King, who has procured
some beautiful specimens from the fishermen. Specimens have
likewise been got by Mr. R. Howse, who dredged the ova cap-
sules in sixty fathoms water, off the coast of Durham. See Ann.
Nat. Hist., as above.

9, F. antiquus, Linn.
Murex antiquus, Mont. Test. Brit. 257.

Common in the coralline and deep-water regions on all parts
of the coast. The deep-water variety is thinner and more ven-
tricose than the other, and generally has the outer lip reflected.
Our largest specimen from the coralline zone (got at Newbig-
gin), measures 7} inches in length, and 33 in breadth. Dr.
Johnston, however, has a specimen, found by Miss I. Forster
near Alemouth, which is 8 inches long, and 34 broad. (Berw.
Club. Proc. 7. 234.) The largest from deep water, as mentioned
by Mr. King, is 7 inches long and nearly 5 broad. These
specimens from our coast appear to be the largest that have been
recorded.

10. F.? minimus, Jont.
Buccinum minimum, Mont. Test. Brit. 247, t. 8, f. 2.

In shell-sand at Tynemouth and Cullereoats, rare.-—/J. A.

Fusus punctatus, Brown Illust. Rec. Conch, 7, t. 5, f. 56, 57,
found by Capt. Brown at Holy Island, we have not been able to
make out.

66 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

MUREX, Linneus.

M. erinaceus, Linn. ‘Two or three dead shells of this species
have occurred, but we think they are probably from ballast.

Famity. Buccinrpz, Fleming.
59. TRICHOTROPIS, Broderip and Sowerby.
1. T. BorEatis, Brod. and Sow.
Trichotropis borealis, Brod. and Sow. in Zool. Jour. iv. 375.
Trichotropis umbilicatus, Thorpe Brit. Mar. Conch. 209, f. 54.
In deepish water, rare. We have got two or three shells of
this species from haddocks, and some fine specimens have been
obtained from the fishing boats at Whitburn by the Rey. G. C.
Abbes. Mr. Howse also dredged it at that place in 17 fathoms.—
Found alive in the fishing boats at Cullercoats——A. H.

60. PURPURA, Bruguiére.

1. P. wapruius, Linn.
Buccinum lapillus, Mont. Test. Brit. 239.
On rocks between half-tide and high-water mark, common.

61. BUCCINUM, Linneus.

1. B. unpatum, Linn. (common waved Whelk).

Buccinum undatum, Mont. Test. Brit. 237.

Common on all parts of the coast.

The varieties of this shell are numerous. Three principal
ones occur on this coast, inhabiting different zones of depth, to-
gether with a few other forms of less importance.

Var. 1. Shell rather thin and slender, with the volutions
rounded, and a strong hairy epidermis: inside
white, occasionally yellowish or purple. From
deep water, generally on a muddy bottom.

2. Shell thick and strong: whorls not much raised
and strongly undulated : epidermis generally
wanting : inside white or rarely yellowish. From
the coralline zone on rocky ground.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 67

3. Shell moderately strong, (or sometimes rather thin),
short, and ovate: the whorls flattish, and the un-
dulations obsolete: epidermis variable, sometimes
wanting: inside deep purplish brown or yellow,
rarely white. At low-water mark, generally

“ among rocks.

Buccinum carinatum of Turton, an accidental variety of this
species, has been found at Sunderland by the Rey. Mr. Law ; as
has also another accidental variety, or lusus, agreeing pretty
nearly with the Buccinum acuminatum of Broderip. The speci-
mens were presented by Mr. Law to the Newcastle Museum.

2. B. ovum, Turton.
Buccinum ovum, Turt. in Zool. Journ. ii, 366, t. 13, f 9.

A dead and rather worn specimen of this shell has been got
from the fishing boats by Mr. W. King.

62. NASSA, Lamarck.

1. N. retrcunata, Linn.
Buccinum reticulatum, Mont. Test. Brit. 240.

From the fishing boats, Cullercoats—J. H. #. Whitburn.—
Rev. G. C. Abbes. Sunderland.— Mr. W. Backhouse.

The fresh state of some of Mr. Abbes’s specimens shew them to
have been either living or recently dead shells; but as this
species is common in ballast, it must be received with caution.
It is in Sir C. Sharp’s Hartlepool list.

2. N. rvorassata, Jill.
Buccinum macula, Mont. Test. Brit. 241, t. 8, f. 4.

On the rocky parts of the coast at and beyond low-water mark,
common. The shell is abundant on most of our sandy shores.

Famity. CyPRmIDa, Gray.

63. CYPRABA, Linneus.
1. OC. Europaa, Mont.
Cyprea Europea, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 88.

The shell of this species is thrown up very plentifully on our
sands, and it.is occasionally found alive, though rarely, among
the rocks at spring tides. Its habitat appears to be a little

K

68 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

below low-water mark. The plain variety only is found on this
coast, which is the C. arctica of Montagu in the “ Testacea Britan-
nica.” He afterwards united it with C. Huropwa in the Sup-
plement.

Faminy. Naticipa, Gray.
64. NATICA, Adanson.

1. N. catena, Da Costa.
Nerita glaucina, Mont. Test. Brit. 469.
Neatica monilifera, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. 2nd Ed. viii. 638.

On sandy shores, not common. Embleton Bay, rare—WMr. R.
Embleton. Seaton Carew.—Mr. W. Backhouse. Whitburn.—
Rev. G. C. Abbes.

2. N. Aupert, Forbes.
Nerita glaucina, var. B., Turt. Conch. Dict. 125.
Natica Alderi, Forbes Mal. Monen. 31, t. 2, f. 6, 7. Thorpe
Brit. Mar. Conch. 148, f. 82.

From the coralline zone, common. Frequently met with in
the stomachs of haddocks.

We have seldom, if ever, observed this species cast on shore.
It seems to live in deepish water on our coast, though on the
western coast of Scotland near Ardrossan it inhabits the sand
near low water mark, and is thrown up plentifully on the beach
along with WV. catena. We have observed that several other mol-
lusks inhabit shallower water on the western coast of Great
Britain than they do with us.

The Rey. G. C. Abbes and Mr. R. Howse have met with the
plain variety at Whitburn.

3. N. rvrricata, Don.
Nerita intricata, Don. Brit. Shells, t. 169.
From the fishing boats, Cullercoats.—J. H. F.
4. N. Monraaut, Forbes.
Nerita rufa, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 150, t..30,f 3% (exel. var.)
Natica Montagui, Forbes Mal. Monen. 32, t. 2, f. 3-5.

From the coralline and deep-water zones, rather rare, occa:
sionally met with in the fishing boats at Cullercoats and Whit-
burn. Mr. Howse dredged several living specimens in seventeen

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 69

fathoms at Whitburn, and has also got it in sixty fathoms by
deep-water dredging off the Durham coast.
5. N. Granianpica, Beck.
Natica Grenlandica, “ Beck,” Moller Index Moll. Greenl. 7.
Natica livida, Bean in Thorpe’s Brit. Mar. Conch. 265, f. 55.
In deep water, rare. Obtained by Mr. W. King from the fish-
ing boats, and afterwards dredged alive by him in fifty fathoms.
Mr. R. Howse has also got a few specimens from the boats and
by deep-water dredging.
6. N. nELticorpEs, Johns.
Natica helicoides, Johns. in Berw. Club Proce. i. 69.
Very rare. Two specimens have been met with by Mr. R.
Howse from the fishing boats at Sunderland.

Famity. VELUTINIDA, Gray.
65. VELUTINA, Fleming.

1. V. navicata, Penn.
Helix levigata, Mont. Test. Brit. 382.

On large shells and stones from the coralline zone, frequent.
2. V. puicatiiis, Mill.

Bulla flexilis, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 168. Laskey in
Wern. Mem. i. 396, t. 8, f. 6.

In shallow water, rare. We have got two individuals from
the stomachs of flat-fish, and one was obtained some years ago
by Mr. Wm. Backhouse among the rocks at the “Bear’s Back,”
Cullercoats. The Rev. G. C. Abbes and Mr. R. Howse have
since got several specimens, at Whitburn.

3. V..2 ois, Zurt.
Helix otis, Turt. Conch. Dict. 70.

A number of specimens of this interesting little species were
got several years ago on the rocks between tide marks on the
Marsden coast, particularly on the sides of the great rock.
Since that time we have frequently looked for it in vain. The
animal is transparent white,aud rather large for the shell, within
which it can scarcely be withdrawn: the tentacles are very
short and triangular ; the eyes are immersed in the tentacles
apparently towards the inner base, but, from the transparency of

70 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

the latter, are seen on either side. The muzzle is very large
and broadly bilobed. This animal evidently is very different
from that of Velutina levigata, but the drawings we made are
too imperfect to establish a generic character upon.*

66. LAMELLARIA, Montagu.

1. L. perspreva, Linn.
Bulla haliotoidea, Mont. Test. Brit. 211, t. 7, f. 6.

In shallow water, rare. Several specimens have been got.
from the fishing boats at Whitburn, by the Rey. G. C. Abbes.
The shell has also been found cast on shore at Whitley.—J. H. F.
2.°L. rentacu.ata, Mont.

Lamellaria tentaculata, Mont. in Linn. Trans. xi. 186, t.
125 £5.16;
Coriocella tentaculata, Johns. in Berw. Club Proce. i. 275.

Among rocks at low-water mark, Cullercoats. Rather rare.

Orper. SCUTIBRANCHIATA, Cuvier.

Famity. FissvureLuipe, D’Orbigny.
67. EMARGINULA, Lamarck.

1. E. rrssura, Linn.
Patella fissura, Mont. Test. Brit. 490.
From the fishing boats, rare. The shell is occasionally found
in sand.
68. PUNCTURELLA, Lowe.

1. P. noacutna, Linn.
Fissurella noachina, Thorpe Brit. Mar. Conch. 134, f. 78.

We got a living example of this species adhering to a Fusus
antiquus brought in by the fishermen at Cullercoats in 1842.
Mr. W. King subsequently dredged an individual “in 50 fathoms
water 60 miles to the east of the north coast of Durham.” One
or two dead and worn shells have been got from the deep-water
fishing boats.

* While these sheets are going through the press, we have received from
Mr. Gray, of the British Museum, his valuable “ List of the Genera of Recent

Mollusca,” in which we observe that the genus Otina is proposed for this spe-
cies,

4

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 71

The animal scarcely differs from that of Hmarginula, having
similar short appendages on the sides between the foot and cloak.
In our individual there were five on each side.

Captain Brown mentions the Northumberland coast as a habi-
tat of Fissurella Greca, but we think this must be a mistake.

Famity. CALYPTREIDA, Gray.
69. CAPULUS, Montfort.

1. C. ntnearticus, Linn.
Patella ungarica, Mont. Test. Brit. 486.
From deepish water, rather rare, and usually of small size.

Orper. CYCLOBRANCHIATA, Cuvier.

Famity. Pareviive, D’Orbigny.
70. PATELLA, Linneus.

1. P. vuneata, Linn. (common limpet).
Patella vulgata, Mont. Test. Brit. 475.

On the rocks between tide-marks, common.

In the neighbourhood of our fishing villages the limpet has
become much less common than formerly, in consequence of the
great numbers that are gathered for bait. Large-sized limpets
are rarely now to be met with on the rocks at Tynemouth and
Cullercoats. A very conical variety, with coarse ribs, is not un-
common at Holy Island, and other parts of the north of Nor-
thumberland ; this is the “ var. 4, conica” of Brown’s [llust. t.
20, f. 5.

2. P. ataietica, Bean.
Patella athletica, Bean in Thorpe’s Mar. Conch. 264, f. 101,
Patella vulgata, var. 3, albumina, Brown Illust. Rec. Conch.
63, t. 20, f. 12-14.

On rocks close to low-water mark, rather rare.

“T first noticed this very beautiful variety on rocks at Culler-
coats, near Tynemouth, Northumberland, in 1810..”—Captain
Brown.

In some parts of England we have seen this limpet range
much higher up between tide-marks than it does on our coast,
where it is scarcely to be gathered but at spring tides. On the

72 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

southern coast, too, there is frequently an intermediate form be-
tween this and the last, which looks very like a hybrid, but with
us they keep constantly distinct. The fishermen recognise the
difference between them, and call this the horse-limpet, rejecting
it as too tough for bait.
3. P. pexiuctpa, Linn. (Blue-rayed Limpet.)

Patella pellucida, Mont. Test. Brit. 477.

On the fronds of Laminaria digitata at and beyond low-water
mark, common.

4. P. tavis, Penn.
Patella cerulea, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 152.

At the roots, and occasionally on the stems, of Laminaria
digitata, common.

Great difference of opinion has’ always existed as to whether
or not this is a distinct species from the last. As far as our ob-
servations go, we are inclined to think it is. Professor Lovén
remarks that this is not found along with P. pellucida on the
Scandinavian shores.

71. LOTTIA, Gray.

1. L. virerngs, JZull.
Patella parva, Mont. Test. Brit. 480.

Under stones and. on rocks, near low-water mark, frequent.

We are aware that we do some violence to an artificial ar-
rangement by placing this species here, but it isso evidently one
of the Patellide, that we should do much greater violence to the
natural affinities by removing it to another order. We cannot,
however, agree with Professor Lovén in considering it merely a
section of the genus Patella.

Famity. Curronrpa, D’Orbigny.
72. CHITON, Linneus.
1. C. rasctcunaris, Linn.
Chiton fascicularis, Mont. Test. Brit. 5.
Under stones near low-water mark, not uncommon.
2. C. Hanteyi, Bean.
Chiton Hanleyi, Bean in Thorpe’s Brit. Mar. Conch. 263, £..57.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 13

Rare. Dredged in about 20 fathoms water at Cullercoats in
1837.—J. A. Aspecimen has also been got from the fishing
boats at the same place.—J. H. /.

Mr. Bean’s description was taken from young shells, and is in
some respects imperfect. Our specimen is about half an inch
long, and nearly black ; the granules are disposed in longitudinal
beaded lines, which are small, and rather faint on the dorsal
ridge, and become coarse and less regular at the sides. When
alive, the spines of the marginal band are slightly fasciculated, a
few of them standing erect near the junctions of the valves ; but
these fall after the animal dies, and the margin then appears uni-
formly hispid.

3. C. MARGINATUS, Penn.
Chiton marginatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 1.

Common under stones between tide-marks, and very variable
in colour and markings.

4, C. cinEREvs, Linn.
Chiton cinereus, Mont. Test. Brit. 3.

On stones and old shells from deepish water, frequent. Oc-
casionally found on stones at low-water mark.—A. H.

The variety found on our coast is rather small, grey, and
usually freckled ; but is seldom covered with the black incrusta-
tion so common on some of the large varieties of the Scottish
coast.

5. C. ruBER, Linn.
Chiton ruber, Flem. Brit. Anim. 289.

Under stones near low-water mark, and at the roots of Lamin-
aria digitata, frequent.

6. C. Lavis, “ Penn.” Mont.
Chiton levis, Mont. Test. Brit. 2.
Under stones at low-water mark, rare.
7. C. pavieatus, lem.
Chiton levigatus, Flem. Brit. Anim. 290,

Among the rocks below Dunstanborough Castle, very rare.—

Mr. Rk. Embleton. A single living specimen was also got at

Cullercoats—A. H. The disunited valves are sometimes thrown
on Whitley sands.—J. H. F.

74 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

Orper. CIRRHOBRANCHIATA, Blainville.
Famity. DEenTALiaDa, Gray.
73. DENTALIUM, Linn.

1. D. enytatis, Linn.
Dentalium entalis, Mont. Test. Brit. 494.
From deep water, not common.
Capt. Brown states that he met with a specimen of Denta-
lium octangulatum at Holy Island.—Jllust. Rec. Conch. 117.

74. CAECUM, Fleming.
1. ©. rracuEa, Dont.
Dentalium trachea, Mont. Test. Brit. 497, t. 14, f. 10.
Rare. One specimen found in sand at Tynemouth.—J. A.
2. C. euaBrum, Mont.
Dentalium glabrum, Mont. Test. Brit. 497.
In sand from Cheswick and Fern Islands, rare.—J. A.
Though aware of Mr. Clarke’s interesting unpublished re-
searches on the animal of this genus, we are unwilling to re-
move it from the vicinity of Dentalium, until its true place shall
be more accurately made out. No genus has had more various
places assigned to it ; and, having no personal knowledge of the
subject, we do not wish to be the first to give it another.

4% ACEPHALA.
Cuass. CONCHIFERA, Lamarck.
Orper. PALLIOBRANCHIATA, Blainville.

Famity. TEREBRATULIDA, Gray.

75. TEREBRATULA, Miiller.
1. T. pstrrracra, Gmelin.
Terebratula psittacea, Turt. Brit. Biv. 236.
Hypothyris psittacea, King in Ann. Nat. Hist, xviii. 238.
One perfect and a broken specimen of this species have been

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. (es

obtained from the deep-water fishing boats by Mr. King. They
were found attached to the byssus of a Modiola valgaris brought
up froma depth of forty fathoms, twenty-five miles from the
coast of Northumberland. As this is the third time that this
species, a well-known inhabitant of the north seas, has been
found between the Tyne and the Frith of Forth, there can be
little doubt that it inhabits the deep water of our coast.

Orpver. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA, Blainville.
Susp-OrpEer. Monomyaria, Lamarck.

Famity. Ostrema, Guilding.
76. ANOMIA, Linneus.

1. A. EpHIPPIUM, Linn.
Anomia ephippium, Mont. Test. Brit. 155.

On most parts of the coast, but not common.

The Anomia electrica of Brown, found at Cullercoats, is most
likely a variety of this species.

2. A. squamuLa, Linn.
Anomia squamula, Mont. Test. Brit. 156.
On oysters, pectens, and other shells, frequent.
3. A. PATELLIFORMIS, Linn.
Anomia undulata, Mont. Test. Brit. 157, t. 4, f. 6.

On the under sides of rocks and stones between tide-marks,
frequent.

The Ostrea striata of British authors, first noticed by Lister
as common upon the sands at the mouth of the Tees, we take to
be this species, the upper valve of which is frequently thrown up
on our shores, and has the inside green, with a white muscular
impression as described by Lister. The under valve (which
would have shewn it to be an Anomia) is very thin and fragile,
and, in such cases, always absent.

4, A. acuLEata, Mull.
Anomia aculeata, Mont. Test. Brit. 157, t. 4, f. 5.

On sea weeds between tide-marks, frequent.

5. A. cyninprica, Gel.
Anomia cymbiformis, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 64.
L

76 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

Anomia cylindrica, Turt. Brit. Biv. 232.
On the stems of sea-weeds, not uncommon.

77. OSTREA, Linneus.

1. O. eputts, Zinn (common oyster).
Ostrea edulis, Mont. Test. Brit. 151.

Not common. Frequently found on the shells of crabs. The
only oyster-bed on the coast is at Holy Island.

The following remarks on this oyster-bed are from our friend
Dr. Johnston’s “ Catalogue of the Bivalved Shells of Berwickshire
and North Durham” :—

“Tn the inventory of the Priory of Holy Island for 1381-2,
we find expended for ‘a sloop (navicula), bought of a certain
Seotchman (de quodam Skoto), with the oysters and other
goods contained in it, 100s.’ From the nature of the purchases,
Mr. Raine thinks it may be inferred ‘that there were at that
period no oysters to be procured at home’ ; and suggests that
the oysters of this very cargo were the founders of the present
valuable colony.—(HMist. NV. Durham, p. 110.) The conjecture
is, I believe, unfounded ; for not many years since, the oysters
being exposed by the unusually great recess of a spring tide
during the night to a severe frost, were all killed, and the bed
had to be renewed from Preston Pans ; and if my information is
correct, a similar accident has occurred more than once during
the last half century.”"—Johns. in Berw. Club. Proc. i. 80.

Famity. Prctinips, Broderip.
78. PECTEN, Miiller.

i. P. maximus, Linn.
Pecten maximus, Mont. Test. Brit. 143.
In deepish water, rather rare. Cullercoats. Hartlepool. Fre-
quent in the north of Northumberland.— Wr. R. Hmbleton.
2. P. opercuLaRis, Linn.
Pecten opercularis, Mont. Test. Brit. 145.
In shallowish water, frequent.
The depth at which this species lives appear to vary consider-
ably, as we have a white variety presented to us by Mr. Richard

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. lal

Howse, which was got in fifty fathoms off the coast of Northum-
berland ; and Mr. King got the dead valves in abundance in
fifty fathoms off the edge of the Dogger Bank. We are not
aware of any large scallop beds near the coast.
3. P. striatus, Mill.

Pecten Landsburgi, Smith in Wern. Mem. vi. 58.

Dredged in thirty fathoms water off the Northumberland coast.
—Mr. W. King. Also obtained in fifty fathoms by Mr. R.
Howse. Whitburn.—Rev. G.C. Abbes. Newton.—WMr. h. Embleton.
We think Dr. Johnston’s Pecten spinosus may be this species.
Mr. King’s specimen, which is nearly an inch long, is the largest
we have seen.

4. P. trartnus, Jul.
Pecten obsoletus, Mont. Test. Brit. 149.

In shallowish water, frequent. A small variety is the most
common, and is often found in the stomachs of flat-fish. The
larger kind is generally from deeper water. The varieties of
colour and markings are almost endless.

5. P. srmriis, Laskey.
Pecten similis, Laskey in Wern. Mem. i. 387, t. 8, f. 8.
Pecten tumidus, Turt. Brit. Biv. 212, t. 17, f. 3.

Rare. Taken from the roots of corallines brought in by the
Whitburn fishermen.—A. H. Several dead valves were dredged
by Mr. R. Howse off Whitburn, and we have once or twice found
it in the stomachs of flat-fish.

6. P. varius, Linn.
Pecten varius, Mont. Test. Brit. 146.
On most parts of the coast, but not common.
7. P. pistortus, Da Costa.
Pecten destortus, Mont. Test. Brit. 148.
Hinnites sinuosus, Desh. in Lam. Anim. s. Vert. 2nd. Ed.
vii. 149.

In the cavities of stones and among the roots of sea-weeds at
various depths, frequent.

In its adult state it is often found attached by the under valve,
in the manner of an oyster, and when confined in cavities, be-
comes very irregular ; under favourable circumstances, however,
and generally in its young state, it is perfectly regular and un-

78 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

attached excepting by a bissus. In this state we take it to be
the Pecten spinosus of Capt. Brown, which he says he “first
found on the Herd Sands at South Shields.

A specimen of Pecten septemradiatus, Mill.,* was presented
to the Newcastle Museum by the Rey. Josh. Law, who thinks he
obtained it from the fishermen at Sunderland, and that it was
probably got off our coast. It is similar to Swedish specimens
sent to us by Professor Lovén, and we have also seen a similar
variety from the west of Scotland. There is therefore no impro-
bability of its occurring here, but the present instance is scarcely
sufficient to warrant its admission.

79. LIMA, Bruguiére.
1. L. Loscomsr, Sov.
Pecten fragilis, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 62.

From deep water, rare. Holy Island and Cullercoats.—J/. A.
Whitburn.— Rev. G. C. Abbes.

2. L. supauricuLata, Mont.
Pecten subauriculata, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 63, t. 29, f. 2?
Var. ? Lima sulculus, Lovén Index Moll. Scand. 32.

A single valve was dredged by Mr. R. Howse off Whitburn,
agreeing with a specimen of Z, sudculus we have received from
Professor Lovén. It is rather more slender, and has the ribs
stronger than the usual form of Z. swbawriculata, Mont., but we
are not sufficiently acquainted with the latter to decide concern-
ing their specific distinction.

Sus-orRDER. Dimyaria, Lamarck.
Faminy. Arcip, Gray.
80. PECTUNCULUS, Lamarck.

1. P. prnosus, Linn.
Arca pilosa, Mont. Test. Brit. 136.
Mr. R. Embleton.

Mr. Embleton informs us that he got this from a number of

Erbleton Bay, rare.

Artemis exoleta and Tellina crassa brought from deep water by

* Pecten nebulosus, Brown, mentioned in our prefatory remarks as not un-
mmon in the west of Scotland, may be a variety of this.

OF NORTHUMRERLAND AND DURHAM. 79

the boats engaged in the brat fishing. It is in Mr. R. Maclau-
rin’s list of Bivalved Shells, found in Coldingham Bay, where it
is stated that dead shells are not rare. We are not aware of its
having been got on other parts of the coast.

81. ARCA, Linneus.
1, A. carpissa, Lam.
Arca fusca, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 51.
In cavities of stones and old shells from deep water. Fre-
quent in the north of Northumberland.—/7. R. Embleton. Cul-
lercoats.— J. H. F. St. Mary’s Island.—d. H.

82. LEDA, Schumacher.

1. L. caupata, Don.
Arca minuta, Mont. Test. Brit. 140.

From deepish water, frequent. Several living individuals
were dredged in seventeen fathoms off Whitburn, by Mr. R.
Howse.

The Arca minuta of Fabricius appears to be distinct from this.

Capt. Brown mentions having found a single valve of “ Vu-
cula rostrata” at Holy Island. May it not have been a large
variety of this, which has sometimes the posterior part much
incurved in old shells ?

83. NUCULA, Lamarck.

1. N. nuctEvs, Linn. 5
Arca nucleus, Mont. Test. Brit. 141.
Not uncommon. Mr. R. Howse dredged it in great abundance
off Whitburn, along with the last.
2. N. nrrrpa, Sow.
Nucula nitida, Sow. Conch. Illust. f. 20; Thorpe Brit.
Mar. Conch. 248, f. 31.

In deepish water, and thrown up in sand, rather
lercoats. A rayed variety has been got at Whitburn by the
Rev. G. C. Abbes.

3. N. tenvts, Wont.
Arca tenuis, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 56, t. 29, f. 1.

rare. Cul-

80 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

Frequent in the coralline zone. Not uncommon in the sto-
machs of haddocks.

Famity. Myrining, Fleming.
84. MYTILUS, Linneus.

1. M. eputis, Zinn. (common Mussel.)
Mytilus edulis, Mont. Test. Brit. 159.
Var. 1. Thin, with coloured rays.
Mytilus pellucidus, Mont. Test. Brit. 160.
Var. 2. Thick and incurved.
Mytilus incurvatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 160.
Var. 3. Thick, flattened and subangular.
Mytilus subsaxatilis, Williamson in Mag. Nat. Hist.* vii.
304.
Var. 4. Small, and sometimes rather hispid.

Within tide-marks, or a little beyond, on a hard or stony
bottom, and among rocks, very common.

No species undergoes a greater degree of variation from locality
than the common Mussel. For its full development a mixture of
fresh with salt water appears to be necessary ; it is, therefore,
met with in the greatest perfection at the mouths of rivers. In
such localities the typical form of the species is to be found, and,
when left undisturbed, it usually forms large beds. On the
more rocky and exposed parts of the coast it assumes a stunted
appearance, running into the varieties of form mentioned above ;
always small on the exposed surface of rocks, but attaining a
larger size in hollows and crevices, where it generally takes the
form called Mytilus incurvatus. A more flattened variety is
found at the roots of tangle.

Mussels are much used for bait in this neighbourhood. The
Cullercoats fishermen make an annual excursion to the mouth
of the Tees for the purpose of collecting them, the beds at the

* © T first noticed this variety in 1810, in company with my late valued friend
Mr. Hancock, of Newcastle, at the mouth of the Tyne, below Tynemouth, ad-
hering to stones left dry by the tide, in small groups.”—Captain Brown.
(Illust. Ree. Conch. 77.)

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 81

Lowlights being found insufficient for their supply. The Mus-
sels got on these occasions are kept alive in pools among the rocks,
built round with loose stones.

85. MODIOLA, Lamarck.
* SMOOTH.
1. M. vunearis, Flem.
Mytilus modiolus, Mont. Test. Brit. 163.
Var. Mytilus barbatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 161.

From deep water, common. The variety is frequently found
on rocky ground, near low-water mark.

It is remarkable that the large form of JI. vulgaris is always
found with us in deep water, never approaching the shore, and
even rare in a depth of 20 or 30 fathoms, while on the western
coasts it is found frequently in shallow water, and even close to
low-water mark.

#** RIBBED AT EACH END (Lanistina, Gray).
2. M. niera, Gray.
Mytilus descrepans, large var., Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 65,
t. 26, f. 4.
Modiola nigra, Thorpe Brit. Mar. Conch. 249, f. 58.

From deep water, rare. Cullercoats—J. A. Whitburn.—
Rev. G. C. Abbes. Mr. Howse dredged it alive in 17 fathoms.
Mr. King has also got it from the fishing boats.

The animal of this species is transparent white, with the mar-
gin of the cloak and siphon speckled with brown and opake
white.

3. M. pescrepans, Jont.
Mytilus descrepans, Mont. Test. Brit. 169.

At the roots of sea-weeds between tide-marks, common. Also
in corallines from deeper water, where it attains a much larger size.

The animal is white, and, assisted by its long strap-shaped
foot, can move about pretty quickly ; but it generally prefers a
stationary life, and forms for itself a kind of nest or case by
stitching together the small sea-weeds or corallines with its
byssal threads ; here it remains attached by its byssus awaiting
the food that may come within its reach.

82 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

When viewed in a living state there appear to be two siphons
at the longer end of the shell, but only the posterior of these has
the walls complete ; the other has its anterior side open, formed
by a fold in the cloak as in the siphons of the zoophagous
gasteropods. The animal has consequently only two pallial
apertures.

4. M. marmarata, Forbes.
Mytilus descors, Mont. Test. Brit. 167.

Imbedded in the skin of Ascidia tuberosa and A. sordida, (espe-
cially the former) from deepish water, common.

86. CRENELLA, Brown.

1. C. piscussata, Wont.
Mytilus decussatus, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 69.
Crenella elliptica, Brown’s lust. Rec. Conch. 75,t. 23, f. 12-14.
In shell-sand at Tynemouth, and the Fern Islands, rare. A
specimen was got by Mr. King in a cavity of a small stone from
deep water, brought in by the fishermen. Dredged alive in
seventeen fathoms off Whitburn, by Mr. R. Howse.
This genus undoubtedly comes very near to the costated division
of the last ; the crenulated hinge plate, and the deep-seated inter-
nal ligament appear to be the chief distinguishing characteristics.

Famity. Unionipm, Fleming.
87. ANODON, Cuvier.

1. A. anatinus, Linn.
Anodon cygneus, var. 8, anatinus, Gray, Turt. Man. 292.

In ponds, frequent.

Captain Brown figures a specimen from Prestwick Car, which
is about six inches in breadth. It has not occurred to us of so
large a size.

88. UNIO, Retzius.
1. U. prcrorum, Linn.
Unio pictorum, Gray, Turt. Man. 295, t. 2, f 11.

Mr. Hogg states that this has been found in the ponds at Wyn-
yard, on the authority of Sir W. C. Trevelyan, Bart. It has not
been met with further north.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 83

2. U. MARGARITIFERA, Linn.
Alasmodon margaritiferus, Gray, Turt. Man. 293, t. 2, f. 9.
In mountain streams, and rivers in the early and more preci-
pitous part of their course. Very fine in the Reed above Otter-
burn.

Famity. Carpiapa, Pleming.

89. CARDIUM, Linnaeus.
1. C. ecurnatum, Linn.
Cardium echinatum, Mont. Test. Brit. 78.

In deep water, frequent.

The Cardium aculeatum of Sir C. Sharp’s list is probably a
variety of this.

2. C. epuLE, Linn. (common cockle.)
Cardium edule, Mont. Test. Brit. 76.
On some of our sandy shores, abundant. The cockles of Bu-
dle Bay are celebrated for their large size.
3. C. rascratum, Mont.
Cardium fasciatum, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 30 ; Lovén, Ind.
Moll. Scand. 35.
Cardium exiguum, Hogg, Nat. Hist. Stock. 28 ?

In fifteen or twenty fathoms, and perhaps also in shallow
water, not uncommon.

Our shell agrees perfectly with Montagu’s description, with the
addition of spines on the posterior margin, which are very liable
to be worn off. Montagu’s figure appears to have been taken from
the young of C. edule ; hence the difficulty there has been in as-
certaining the species. The C. elongatum of Turton’s “ Bivalves”
is a variety of this.

4, C. noposum, Mont.
Cardium nodosum, Mont. Test. Brit. 81.

At the roots of corallines from the fishing boats, Whitburn,
rare—Mr. R. Howse.

5. C. Norvecicum, Spengler.
Cardium levigatum, Mont. Test. Brit. 80.
In deep water, not rare.
Cardium medium was introduced as a British species by
M

84 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

Donovan, who figures it from a specimen “found near Hartlepool,
on the coast of Durham.” The shell had most likely got there
by some accident, as the species is not known to inhabit our
coast, and is scarcely British.

Famity. VENERIDE, Fleming.
90. ARTEMIS, Poli.
1. A. ExoLETA, Linn.
Venus exoleta, Mont. Test. Brit. 116.

From deep water, frequent ; more especiaily towards the north

of Northumberland.
2. A. tincta, Pult.
Cytherea lincta, Flem. Brit. Anim. 445.
Var. Artemis comta, Lovén Index Moll. Scand. 39.

At different depths, on most parts of the coast, not uncommon.

A specimen of his Artemis comta, sent to us by Professor
Lovén, enables us to state that it is similar to what we consider
a variety of Artemis lincta, found on our coast.

3. A. UNDATA.
Venus undata, Mont. Test. Brit. 117.

From deepish water, not common.

We place this species provisionally here, though scarcely a true
Artemis, as there is some difficulty in assigning it a generic appel-
lation. Thename of J/ysia, given to it by Dr. Leach, has been
appropriated by Capt. Brown to a different shell, Z'ellina rotun-
data, Mont. (Conchologists’ Text Book, 150), and is consequently
synonymous with Diplodonta, Bronn.

91. VENUS, Linneus.

1. V. verrucosa, Linn.
Venus verrucosa, Mont. Test. Brit. 112.

Seaton Carew, single valves.—J/iss Elizabeth Backhouse. It
is also in Sir C. Sharp’s Hartlepool list, and Capt. Brown says
that it is found on the Northumberland coast. We have never
been so fortunate as to meet with it, and suspect it may have
been derived from ballast.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 85

2. V. casina, Linn.
Venus casina, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 47.

From deep water, rather rare. “Holy Island.,—WMr. Winch.
Newton.—U/r. R. Embleton. Whitburn—fev. G. C. Abbes.
“Seaton, W. C. Trevelyan, Esq.”—Hogg’s Nat. Hist. of Stockton.
3. V. rascrata, Da Costa.

Venus paphia, Mont. Test. Brit. 110.

In deep water, rather rare.
4. V. gatiina, Linn.

Venus striatula, Mont. Test. Brit. 113.

Var. 1. Without rays, ridges sharper and closer.
Venus rugosa, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 95, t. 56, f. 50.

Var. 2. Shell more compressed, and produced transversely ;
striz sharp and distant.
Venus Prideauxiana, Leach, Macg. Moll. Aberd. 266.

This species is subject to very great varieties. The normal
form, Venus gallina of authors, is plentiful on some of our sandy
shores, living at a little distance below low-water mark. The
first variety, Venus rugosa of Pennant, and perhaps also V. lami-
nosa of Laskey and Montagu, is very rare on our coast and its
habitat unknown to us. The second variety, V. Prideauxianw
Leach, is always found in deep water, and is not uncommon ;
sometimes plain, but generally with about three brown rays.
The plain kind appears to be the V. aminosa of Turton’s “ Bri-
tish Bivalves,” and his V. pallida looks like a variety of the
littoral form with the ridges obsolete. The V. costata of Brown
(Illust. Rec. Conch. 90, t. 36, f. 13), “found at Seaton, Nor-
thumberland,” we take to be a short variety of the deep-water
form.

5. V. ovata, Penn.
Venus ovata, Mont. Test. Brit. 120.

From deep water, rather rare.

Venus triangularis of Mr. Hoge’s list is more likely Astarte
compressa. There is also a Venus triangulus, Brown, MSS., in
the same list, with which we are unacquainted. Mr. W. Back-
house has suggested to us that the Venus chione of Sir C. Sharp’s
“History of Hartlepool,” may be a variety of Cyprina Islandica,

86 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

which we think probable. The range of Cytherea Chione in
Britain does not extend much beyond the Cornish coast.

92. PULLASTRA, Sowerby.

1. P. aurea, Gmel.
Venus aurea, Mont. Test. Brit. 129.

From the fishing boats, Cullercoats, rare—J. H. F#. Whit-
burn.— Rev. G. C. Abbes.

2. P. vireingea, Linn.
Venus virginea, Mont. Test. Brit. 128.

On most parts of the coast, but not common.
3. P. pEcussata, Linn.

Venus decussata, Mont. Test. Brit. 124.

In shallowish water, not common. Low Lights. South
Shields sands—A. H. Alnmouth Bay, rare—WMWr. Hmbleton.
Holy Island, and Hartlepool.

4. P. vunGaris, Sow.
Venus pullastra, Mont. Test. Brit. 125.

On sandy shores mixed with stones, not uncommon.

5. P. perrorans, Mont.
Venus perforans, Mont. Test. Brit. 127.

In the shale rocks of our coast, common.

This species does not appear to excavate its own habitation,
but merely to occupy the holes bored by the Pholades. It is also
often found in crevices of the rocks.

Famity. Cyprinipa, Porbes.
93. CYPRINA, Lamarck.
1. ©. Istanptca, Linn.

Venus Islandica, Mont. Test. Brit. 114.
In deep water, common.

94. ASTARTE, Sowerby.
1. A. Danmonta, Mont.
Venus Danmonia, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 45, t. 29, f. 4.
In deep water, not uncommon. Mr. R. Howse dredged it in

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 87

great abundance in sixty fathoms, about fifty miles from the
shore.
2. A. Scotica, Maton and Rackett.

Venus Scotica, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 44.

In deep water, rather rare. Cullercoats.—J. 4. Mr. Howse
dredged a few of this species along with the last. Mr. King
mentions having got a specimen “ with the basal margins plain,
but whose posterior and anterior margins are crenulated.”

3. A. ELLIPTIcA, Brown.
Crassina elliptica (and ovata), Brown Illust. Rec. Conch.
96; t: 38, £.°3; 12, 13:

From deep water, rare. Mr. King procured specimens of this
shell from the fishing boats, which he considered to be sub-fossil,
and concludes that it is not living on our coast at the present
day. The Rey. G. C. Abbes, however, has met with it evidently
in a recent state.

4. A. compressa, Mont.
Venus compressa, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 43, t. 26, £1
(exc. large var.).
Astarte striata, Lovén Index Moll. Scand. 37.

From about twenty fathoms water, frequent. Mr. Howse

dredged it alive in seventeen fathoms.

5. A. TRIANGULARIS, Jont.
Mactra triangularis, Mont. Test. Brit. 99, t. 3, f. 5.
Goodallia triangularis, Turt. Brit. Biv. 77, t. 6, f. 14.

In shell-sand, rare. Fern Islands.

We cannot find any good character to distinguish the genus
Goodallia of Turton from Astarte. Dr. Turton says the ligament
is internal, but in this he is certainly mistaken.

Faminy. Trentinipa, D’Orbigny.
95. DONAX, Linneus.
1. D. anatrna, Lam.
Donazx trunculus, Mont. Test. Brit. 103.
On most of our sands, not uncommon.
We have received specimens of this shell from Mr. Damon, of
Weymouth, dredged up alive by his brother in eighteen fathoms

88 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

water, ten miles from the coast, off Shields. This is a curious
locality for a species usually found living in the sand close to
low-water mark. The specimens are more brightly coloured,
and rather smoother than usual.

96. TELLINA, Linneus.

1. T. renvts, Da Costa.
Tellina tenuis, Mont. Test. Brit. 59.

On many of our sandy shores, common. Newbiggin, Holy
Island, Hartlepool, and Seaton.

2. T. FABULA, Gmelin.
Tellina fabula, Mont. Test. Brit. 61.

Not uncommon on all our sands.

It is not so local as the last, but less plentiful in particular
spots. Like most of the other bivalves, it has now become rare
on Tynemouth and Whitley sands.

3. T. ponactna, Linn.
Tellina donacina, Mont. Test. Brit. 58.

On sandy shores, rare. Warkworth sands (a single specimen).
—WMr. R. Embleton. Hartlepool— Mr. Septimus Peacock.

4. T. pyaemma, Loven.

Shell ovate oblong, very finely striated, much produced an-
teriorly ; and very short, subtruncated, and obtusely angulated
posteriorly, without perceptible flexure; colour reddish, yellow,
or white, with sometimes a few interrupted rose-coloured rays.
Length rather more than two-tenths of an inch ; breadth, four-
tenths.

Tellina pygmcea, Lovén, Ind. Moll. Scand. 42.

We found a few specimens of this species on the sands at Holy
Island in 1837, but from its great similarity to 7. donacina, we
had not ventured to characterise it as distinct from the young of
that shell, until Dr. Lovén’s description drew our attention to it,
and a more careful examination of its characters has convinced
us that it is distinct. The shell is a little more produced in
front, and shorter and more truncated at the posterior end than
in 7. donacina; the umbones are consequently more lateral,
which becomes very obvious when the shell is laid open. The

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 89

anterior lateral tooth is also more remote, and the sinus of the
pallial impression proportionately smaller than in 7. donacina,
as pointed out by Dr. Lovén, A specimen sent us by that dis-
tinguished naturalist enables us to speak with confidence as to
the identity of the species.
5. T. sonmpuLa, Pult.

Tellina solidula, Mont. Test. Brit. 63.

Not uncommon on many of our sandy shores.

6. T. crassa, Penn.

Tellina crassa, Mont. Test. Brit. 65.

At Holy Island and some other parts of the north of North-
umberland, not uncommon. Embleton Bay, plentiful—al/>.
Embleton. Cullercoats, rare. We take the Arcopagia ovata of
Brown (found at Newbiggin) to be a variety of the young of this
species, which is much more ovate in its early stages.

Tellina punicea. ‘“ We met with dead shells with the valves
united, by dredging off Holy Island.”—Capt. Brown, Ill. Rec.
Conch. 100.

Tellina pellucida, Brown Illust. Rec. Conch. 101, t. 40, f 22,
“found at Seaton, county of Durham,” by Sir W. C. Trevelyan,
we are unacquainted with, but, judging from the description
and figure, it does not appear to belong to this genus.

Tellina squalida of Sir C. Sharp’s list we have reason to be-
lieve is only a large variety of 7’. tenwis.

Tellina carnaria has probably been introduced into Mr.
Winch’s list by some mistake. It is not a British species.

97. PSAMMOBIA, Lamarck.

1, P. Feroensts, Gimel.
Tellina Feroensis, Mont. Test. Brit. 55.
From deep water, frequent.
2. P. vespERTINA, Gimel.
Solen vespertinus, Mont. Test. Brit. 54.
From the fishing boats, Cullercoats, rare.—J. H. F., and Mr.
Chas. M, Adamson. Whitburn.—Rev. G. C. Abbes.
3. P. TELLINELLA, Lam.
Psammobia florida, Turt. Brit. Biv. 86, t. 6, f. 9.

90 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

From deepish water, rather rare. Cullercoats. Newbiggin.
Fern Islands—A. H. Seaton Carew.—W/r. W. Backhouse.

98. SYNDOSMYA, Reeluz.

1. S. auBa, Wood.
Mactra Boysii, Mont. Test. Brit. 98, t. 3, f. 7.
On sandy shores, not uncommon. Plentiful at Whitburn.
2. S. prismatica, JZont.
Ligula prismatica, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 23, t. 26, f. 3.
In deepish water, frequent. Often found in the stomachs of
haddocks.
3. S. tenuis, Mont.
Mactra tenuis, Mont. Test. Brit. 572, t. 17, f. 7.
Rare, “Seaton. Mr. J. Backhouse.”—Hogg Nat. Hist. Stock.
From the stomach of a duck shot at Holy Island. —WM>. Chas.
M. Adamson.

Famity. Mactriva, Fleming.
99. SCROBICULARIA, Schumacher.

1. S. puanwa, Da Costa.
Mactra compressa, Mont. Test. Brit. 96.
Within tide-marks, or a little beyond, on a muddy bottom,
generally at the mouths of rivers, not rare. Jarrow Slake, &c.

100. MACTRA, Linnaeus.

1. M. sourpa, Linn.
Mactra solida, Mont. Test. Brit. 92.
Var. Mactra truncata, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 34.
On sandy shores, not common. The truncated variety, W/.
truncata, Mont., is frequent in the north of Northumberland.
2. M. enurprioa, Brown.
Mactra elliptica, Brown Illust. Rec. Conch. 108, t. 41, f 6.
From deepish water, not uncommon.
3. M. sustruncata, Da Costa.
Mactra subtruncata, Mont. Test. Brit. 93.
On sandy beaches, frequent. Two varieties occur. The more
- usual kind is thick, solid, and strongly wrinkled, but there is a

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 9]

thinner variety from deeper water, which is smoother and more
produced at the posterior end. The latter is rather rare.
4. M. stuntorvum, Linn.
Mactra stultorum, Mont. Test. Brit. 94.
Var. Mactra cinerea, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 39.
Common on most of our shores, living just beyond low-water
mark. ‘The plain variety (J/. cinerea, Mont.) is rather rare.

Famity. Lucrnipa, D’Orbigny.
101. LUCINA, Bruguieére.

1. L. Bornaris, Linn.
Tellina radula, Mont. Test. Brit. 68, t. 2, f. 1, 2.

Embleton Bay, near low-water mark, plentiful—M/r. R. Hm-
bleton. Not common on other parts of the coast. Whitburn.—
Rev. G. C. Abbes. Cullercoats.—J. A.

L. spinifera, Mont., is stated in Mr. Hoge’s Natural History
of Stockton to have been found at Seaton by Sir W. C. Tre-
velyan, Bart.

L. lactea, Mont., has been got at the same place by Mr. Hogg.

L. rotundata, Mont., also got at Seaton by Sir W. C. Tre-
velyan, and a single valve has occurred to the Rev. G. C. Abbes
at Whitburn ; but we suspect that this and the last, which
are south country species, have been derived from ballast.

102. CRYPTODON, Turton.

1. ©. riexvosus, Mont.
Tellina flexuosa, Mont. Test. Brit. 72.
Axinus flexuosus, King in Ann. Nat. Hist. xviii. 242.

Rare. Two or three specimens have been found at different
times at Whitburn by the Rev. G. C. Abbes, where it has also
been got by Mr. Howse, who afterwards dredged it in seventeen
fathoms off that place. Mr. King has met with one specimen
from the fishing-boats, which he states “came up on the lines
after they had been down in thirty fathoms water, twenty-five
miles east of the Fern Islands.”

N

92 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

Famity. Cycrapipa, Fleming.
103. CYCLAS, Bruguiére.
1. C. cornea, Linn.
Cyclas cornea, Gray, Turt. Man. 280, t. 1, f. 2.
In ditches and ponds, common.
2. C. catyounata, Drap.
Cyclas lacustris, Gray, Turt. Man. 281, t. 1, f. 3.
Cyclas calyculata and lacustris, Ald. in Newc. Nat. Hist.
Trans. i. 40, 41.

In ponds, not common. Carr’s Hill, Newcastle Town Moor,
Tynemouth, &c. This may possibly be the Tellina lacustris of
Miiller, but as continental authors consider it distinct, we have
adopted Draparnaud’s name.

104. PISIDIUM, Pfeiffer.

1. P. oprusaty, Pfeiffer.
Pisidium obtusale, Gray, Turt. Man. 282, t. 12, f. 149.

In a pond near Darlington— Wr. W. Backhouse.

2. P. pusitium, Zurt.
Pisidium pusillum, Gray, Turt. Man. 283, t. 1, f 7.

In ditches and ponds, frequent.

3. P. nrtrpum, Jenyns.
Pisidium nitidum, Gray, Turt. Man. 283, t. 12, f. 150.

In ponds at Prestwick Car.—A. H. Near Darlington.—Mr.
W. Backhouse.

4. P. pULCHELLUM, Jenyns.
Pisidium pulchellum, Gray, Turt. Man. 284, t. 12, f. 152.

In ponds and ditches, not uncommon. Var, 2 Jen. is found
in ponds on Ryton Haughs.

5. P. crinereum, Alder.
Pisidium cinereum, Ald. in Newe. Nat. Hist. Trans. 11., 341 ;
Gray, Turt. Man. 286, t. 12, f. 152.

Plentiful in a pond at the bottom of Castle Eden Dean. A
more ventricose variety is found in ditches near Brandling Place,
Newcastle.

6. P. amyicum, Jill.
Pisidium amnicum, Gray, Turt. Man. 285, t. 1, f. d.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 93

In slow streams, rather rare. Mill Race, Jesmond Dean. Near
Stockton.—Mr. Hogg.

Faminy. Ke.uiapm, Forbes.
105. LEPTON, Turton.

1. L. conVEXUM, 7. 5.

Shell rather convex, transversely ovate, white ; covered with
minute transversely oblong punctures ; hinge with the central
tooth rather large, and the lateral laminz small.

A single valve of a minute shell with these characters has oc-
curred to us at Cullercoats. It is evidently a Lepton, and differs
from L. sgwamosum in being rather more convex, in having the
punctures of the surface oblong instead of circular, and in the
greater proportional size of the tooth. These seem to indicate a
specific distinction, but as the specimen is scarcely a line in dia-
meter, and probably young, we cannot speak very confidently.
The nucleus on the umbo is, however, so much smaller than that
of LZ. sguamosum, that we conclude it never attains the same size.

106. KELLIA, Turton.

1. K. suporpicunaris, Mont.
Mya suborbicularis, Mont. Test. Brit. 39, t. 26, f. 6.

At the roots of Laminaria digitata, and other sea-weeds, un-
der stones, and in the cavities of stones and old shells; not
rare.

This species is subject to great variety of size-and form ; so
much so, that we have thought more than one species might be
confounded under the name, but we have failed to obtain any
distinguishing character that can be depended upon as _per-
manent. Two varieties may be mentioned; the one thin,
transparent, and with a delicate play of iridescent colours on
the surface. This is generally found at the roots of tangle. The
other, which is more common among rocks between tide-
marks, is smaller, more orbicular, more strongly striated, and
covered with an ochreous crust near the umbones. Intermediate
forms occur.

The animal of Kellia is very remarkable, and constitutes a new

94 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

form among the Conchefera. All the bivalves hitherto known
have the siphons, when there are any, at the posterior end of the
shell : the peculiarity of this genus is—that it has a large si-
phonal tube in front, as well as a short one behind. The ani-
mal of Kellia suborbicularis is white and semi-transparent ; the
mantle has three openings ;—the first is in front, and is produced
into the siphonal tube above mentioned, which is very broad, and
can be extended to a length equalling the diameter of the shell.
This tube is not divided inside, and the margin of its aperture is
plain. ‘The second opening, which is at the base of the shell, is
the largest of the three, and gives egress to a longish strap-
shaped foot. The third opening is posterior, and forms a very
short siphon, seldom protruded beyond the shell. The margins
of these apertures are smooth, but there is a very delicate fringe
of small and distant filaments, close within the margin of the
shell, which can only be seen when the animal is fully extended.
With a good magnifier, a current of water may be observed to
pass in at the anterior siphon, and to be expelled at intervals by the
posterior one. The animal moves about freely by means of its
strap-shaped foot, which is frequently protruded in all direc-
tions. Its progress is usually forwards, but, sometimes, it crawls
backwards or sidewise, especially when it is ascending a perpen-
dicular surface, which it frequently does for the purpose of sus-
pending itself by its byssus. The byssal aperture is about half-

way up the foot on the posterior surface, from
which the animal produces a very delicate CO)
thread, and suspends itself freely by a single, wan
almost inconspicuous, fibre, strengthened by a
double attachment at the top. The accompa-
nying figures represent the animal (a little
magnified) in a state of activity, and also sus-
pended by its byssus in a state of rest.
2. K. nuspra, Wont.
Cardium rubrum, Mont. Test. Brit. 83, t. 27, f. 4.

Among small sea-weeds near low-water mark, Whitley.—J.
H. F. At the roots of Lichina pygmcea, on the rocks below
Bamborough Castle—Mr. W. Thompson, of Belfasi.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 95

The animal of this species has the same large anterior sipho-
nal tube as the last ; the foot, too, is long and strap-shaped, but
a little more robust than that of K. suborbicularis.

M. Récluz has separated this species from Kellia, and has
formed of it, and some other small shells, the genus Peronia,
We have carefully read over M. Récluz’s very elaborate descrip-
tion, with our British specimens before us, and cannot perceive
any difference between this and the last species that can be con-
sidered more than specific. The ligament, upon which M,
Récluz founds a part of his distinction, appears to us to occupy
the same situation in each, with the exception that it is longer
and more deeply seated in K. rubra than in K. suborbicularis.
The teeth, too, are pretty nearly alike in number and position,
though a little different in form. Taking, therefore, into consi-
deration the similarity of the animals, we see no good reason for
dividing them. The characters of the animal of Peronia given
by M. Récluz are indeed very different from ours, but he does
not appear to have met with it in a living state, and has conse-
quently taken them from the Peron of Adanson, which from its
external ligament and two posterior tubes, appear to be a dis-
tinct genus.

107. TURTONIA, Hanley.

1. T. minuta, Fab.
Venus minuta, Fab. Fau. Greenl. 412.
Mya purpurea, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 21.

On small sea-weeds, in pools within tide-marks, common.

The animal of this species differs very considerably from that
of Kellia. The mantle is widely open anteriorly, giving passage
to a strong foot, broad towards the body, and angulate at the
posterior base. There is only a single siphon, which is very
small and slender, and is placed at the posterior or elongated end

of the shell.

108. MONTACUTA, Turton.
1. M. srpentata, JZont.
Mya bidentata, Mont. Test. Brit. 44, t. 26, £ 5.
From the fishing boats, and in sand, not uncommon.

96 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

The foot is large, subtriangular, and strongly kneed or angu-
lated behind. It is protruded from the longer end of the shell,
which in this genus is anterior. We have not been able to de-
tect any siphons. Professor Lovén was the first to notice that
this species, which is the JJesodesma exiguum of his “ Index,”
has an ossicle. By carefully opening some of our specimens we
have also observed it. It appears to be a calcification of the
lower part of the ligament, which is very easily detached, and
is generally wanting in dead shells. We have not found the
same process in the following species.

2. M. sussrriata, Mont.
Ligula substriata, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 25.

Taken abundantly by Mr. R. Howse, on the spines of Spa-
tangus purpureus, from 60 fathoms water, 50 miles off the coast
of Durham.

Mr. Howse’s observations on the animal of this species agree
with ours on J. bidentata, as to the shape and position of the
foot, and the apparent absence of siphons. All the animals of
this family appear to attach themselves by a byssus.

3. M. rerruainosa, Jont. |
Mya ferruginosa, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 22, t. 26, f. 2.
Under stones among the rocks at Cullercoats, and in sand, rare.

Famity. ANATINIDA, Gray.
109. NEZHRA, Gray.
1. N. cusprpata, Olivi.
Thracia brevirostra, Brown Illust. Rec. Conch. 110, t. 44,
f. 11—14.

First noticed on this coast by the Rev. W. Mark, who got two
individuals from the stomachs of haddocks. From a fishing
boat, Cullercoats (one specimen).—A. H. Mr. R. Howse has got
one or two specimens from haddocks at Whitburn.

110. CORBULA, Bruguiére.
1. C. arpBa, Olivi.

Mya inequivalvis, Mont. Test. Brit. 38.
Corbula nucleus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert, 2nd Ed., vi. 139.

OF NORVAUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 97

From deepish water, not rare. Dredged in seventeen fathoms
by Mr. R. Howse.

111. THRACIA, Leach.

1. T. convexa, Wood.
Anatina convexa, Turt. Brit. Biv. 44, t. 4, f 1, 2.

From the fishing boats, Cullercoats, rare—A. H. Whitburn.
—Rev. G. C. Abbes. Only single valves have occurred.

2. T. pHAsEoLIna, Lam.
Mya pubescens, small variety, Mont. Test. Brit. 40.
Thracia phaseolina, Kiener. 7, t. 2, f. 4.
On sandy beaches, not uncommon.
3. T. vitLostuscuLa, Macg.
Anatina villosiuscula, Macg. in Edinb. New Ph. Journ. ii.
370, t. 1, £. 10; 11.
Thracia ovata, Brown, Ilust. Ree. Conch. 110, t. 44, f. 4.

From deeper water than the last, rather rare.

This is rather a doubtful species, but we think may prove dis-
tinct. It is shorter posteriorly than the last, and has the lower
angle of the pallial sinus much more obtuse. The ligamental
plate of the hinge is also a little less produced. The Thracia
ovata of Capt. Brown, founded on a specimen got on Cullercoats
sands, we take to be synonymous with A. villosiuscula, Macg.,
though Capt. B. refers the latter to his 7. pubescens (our 7. pha-
seolina ).

112. ANATINA, Lamarck.

1. A. prmtENUIS, Petiver.
Mya preetenuis, Mont. Test. Brit. 41, t. 1, f 2.
On sandy beaches, rare. Newbiggin—J. A. South Shields
sand.—A. H.
2. A. pistorta, Mont.
Mya distorta, Mont. Test. Brit. 42, t. 1, f. 1.
Cullercoats, rare. In a piece of limestone from deep water.—
J, H, FF,

98 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

113. LYONSIA, Turton.

1. L. Norveeica, Chemn.
Lyonsia striata, Turt. Brit. Biv. 35, t. 3, f. 6, 7.
From the fishing boats, Cullercoats, rare. Seaton Carew.—
Miss E. Backhouse. Whitburn.—Rev. G. CO. Abbes, and Mr. R.
Howse.

Famity. Myapm, Fleming.
114, LUTRARIA, Lamarck.

1. L. exurprica, Lam.
Mactra lutraria, Mont. Test. Brit. 99.

On sandy beaches near and below low-water mark, rather local,
but abundant in some places. Blyth sands. Embleton.—J/7.
fk. Embleton. Hartlepool and Seaton. “Ad ostium fluminis
Tees copiossissimé reperiunter.”— Lister Anim. Angl. 171,
Anno 1678.

A thick and rather more elongated variety is found on this
coast, which has been sometimes taken for LZ. oblonga. It is
figured by Capt. Brown (Illust. Rec. Conch. t. 43, f. 3), from a
specimen in the cabinet at Wallington.

115. MYA, Linneus.

1. M. truncata, Linn.
Mya truncata, Mont. Test. Brit. 32.

Within tide marks on a stony bottom mixed with sand and
mud, where it lives buried just deep enough to reach the surface
with its long tube when the tide is up: mostly at the mouths of
rivers. Low Lights, where it was first observed by the Rey. W.
Mark. It was noticed by Lister at the mouth of the Tees. It
occurs also in deeper water, and Mr. King dredged dead shells in
50 fathoms, not far from the edge of the Dogger-bank, and about
sixty miles east of Sunderland.

Mya Uddevallensis, Forbes. Two or three dead valves of this
species have been got from the deep-water fishing boats. Mr.
King supposes them to be fossil, and that the shell-bank from
which they were obtained may be a Pleistocene stratum, existing

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 99

beneath the sea. We see no good reason for this conclusion, as
the shells got from it are all varieties of existing species. That
Mya Uddevallensis has not been brought up alive on the fisher-
men’s lines, may be accounted for from its habit of living buried
in the sand. The specimens obtained appear to have been at-
tached to the byssus of Modiola vulgaris, a not unusual mode of
getting shells from deep water, but such are generally in a bad
state.
2. M. arEnariA, Linn.
Mya arenaria, Mont. Test. Brit. 30.

On stony ground within tide marks, with the last. Low Lights.

“ Hartlepool.” —Sir C. Sharp. “ Holy Island.”—Mr. Winch.

116. PANOPAAA, Lamarck.

1. P. Norvzerca, Spengler.
Panopea giycimeris, Bean in Mag. Nat. Hist. viii. 563, f. 51.
Panopea arctica, King in Ann. Nat. Hist. xvili., 243.
Two or three specimens of this rare species have been obtained
from the deep-water fishermen by Mr. W. King, and Mr. R.
Howse.

Faminy. SoLenipa, Fleming.
117. SOLEN, Linneus.
1. S. srurqua, Linn.
Solen siliqua, Mont. Test. Brit. 46.

Common on some of our sandy beaches, where it lives in the
sand near low-water mark. It is plentiful at Newbiggin and in
the north of Northumberland, as well as at Hartlepool and Sea-
ton; but itis not found on Cullercoats or Whitley sands, and
rarely in the north of Durham. Capt. Brown found a specimen
at Holy Island measuring twelve inches.

2. S. ENsis, Lin n.
Solen ensis, Mont. Test. Brit. 48.

On sandy shores, frequent; generally in the same places as the
last.

3. S. PELLUcIDUS, Penn.
Solen pellucidus, Mont. Test. Brit. 49.
0

100 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

Cullercoats, rare. South Shields sands—A.H. Dredged in
60 fathoms off the Durham coast by Mr. R. Howse, who has also
got it at Whitburn. “ Hartlepool.”—Sir 0. Sharp.

Solen legumen is in Sir C. Sharp’s list of Hartlepool shells,
and Mr. Winch’s for Lindisfarne. We have not heard of its being
recently met with.

Famity. Gastrocua£nipa, Forbes.
118. SAXICAVA, Lamarck.

1. S. rugosa, Penn.
Mytilus rugosus, Mont. Test. Brit. 164.
Solen minutus, Mont. Test. Brit. 53, t. 1, f. 4.

In limestone rocks, frequent. We have never found it boring
into any other description of rock in this neighbourhood. It is
often met with, attached by the byssus, at the roots of tangle
(Laminaria digitata), and other large sea-weeds ; as well as
among zoophytes and old shells from deeper water. The varie-
ties of form and size are very numerous, but we have not been
able to make out more than one species.

Faminy. PHoLapIpa, Gray.
119. PHOLAS, Linneus.

1. P. crtspata, Linn.
Pholas crispatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 23.

In shale rocks, and occasionally in limestone, and the softer
sandstones, on different parts of the coast, common. Mr. Hogg
informs us that he found this and the following species living in
decayed wood, below the sand, at Seaton.

2. P. canprpa, Linn.
Pholas candidus, Mont. Test. Brit. 24.

In shale, &ec., along with the last, frequent.

The mode by which the Pholades perforate rocks has long been
a subject of dispute, but from recent observations there can be
little doubt that it is principally, if not entirely, mechanical; and
that it is effected by the soft parts of the animal, namely, the
foot and mantle, which appear to have minute crystalline par-
ticles, probably siliceous, imbedded in their surface.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 101

Pholas dactylus is included in Mr. Winch’s list of Lindisfarne
shells, and also in Mr. Hoge’s “ Natural History of the Vicinity
of Stockton,” on Mr. Winch’s authority. In both cases we think
Pholas candida has been mistaken for this species. The Pholas

parva of Donovan, mentioned in the latter work, is the young
of P. crispata.

120. XYLOPHAGA, Turton.
1. X. porsauis, Zwrt.
Xylophaga dorsalis, Turt. Brit. Biv. 253, t. 2, f. 4, 5.

From an old piece of oak, apparently part of a root, washed up
at the mouth of the Tees—Mr. W. Backhouse. Whitburn.—
Rev. G. C. Abbes.

121. TEREDO, Linneus.
1. T. Norvzeroa, Spengler.
Teredo navalis, Mont, Test. Brit. 527.

This species is occasionally met with in the timbers of old
ships, but is scarcely native.

Cuass. TUNICATA, Lamarck.*
OrpER.—(Les Ascrpres Siupies, Milne Edwards. )
Famity. PELonatapas, Porbes.

122 PELONATA, Forbes and Goodsir.

1. P. corruaata, Porb. and Goods.
Pelonaia corrugata, Forb. and Hanl. Brit. Moll.i.,43, t. E.,f.4.
From the fishing boats, Cullercoats, occasionally. —J. A.

Famity. Ascrprapa, Lorbes...
123. CYNTHIA, Savigny.
C. tuBperosa, Dacg. ?
Body irregularly ovate or roundish, pale brown, attached to
shells or other marine substances by a broad base: branchial
aperture terminal, tubular, much produced and broadly conical

* By J. Alder and A, Hancock,

102 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

towards the lower part, where it gradually unites with the out-
line of the body ; anal aperture tubular and prominent, situated
about one-third down the side ; both are quadripartite and of a
deep red colour. Outer tunic very thick, tough, and rugose,
tuberculated and furrowed in an irregular manner ; inside
smooth and shining. Inner tunic bluish white, streaked with
rose-colour at the apertures, and tinged with red in the centre
from the ovaries shining through ; these last are round granu-
lated protuberances of a red colour, studding the inside of the
tunic in longitudinal rows. Branchial sac, with about twelve
strong longitudinal folds, and finely reticulated, without papille
at the intersections. 'Tentacular filaments, round the entrance
to the branchial cavity, simple and linear. Length, two inches ;
breadth, an inch and a half.

Oynthia tuberosa, Macg. Moll. Aberd. 311 ; Forb. and Hanl.

Brit. Moll. i. 37.

From the fishing boats at Cullercoats, not uncommon.

The characters here given agree pretty well with the Cynthia
tuberosa, Macg., and we therefore follow the opinion of Professor
E. Forbes in considering ours to be a larger state of that species.
We have never, however, seen the tubercles so prominent as Pro-
fessor Macgillivray describes ; and the tubular apertures are
very conspicuous when the animal is expanded in sea-water :
when removed from that element, they, as welias the whole body,
contract greatly, in which state they agree better with Professor
Macgillivray’s description. This species is often covered with
corallines and other small marine bodies, and the Modiola mar-
morata is usually found imbedded in its skin.

2. C. cortacea, Ald. and Hane.

Body elongated and cylindrical when extended, nearly hemis-
pherical when contracted, of a pale brownish colour, attached to
shells, &c., by a broad base, equalling the diameter of the body.
Apertures, terminal, approximating, tubular, nearly equal in size,
pale, with a faint line of red round the margins. Outer tunic
rough, coriaceous, transversely wrinkled and longitudinally fur-
rowed, covered with minute granules. Inner tunic thin, white,

sometimes spotted with brown. Ovaries large and white, lining

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 103

the tunic with cylindrical convolutions. Branchial sac thin,
with about ten longitudinal folds, and finely reticulated ; the
longitudinal fibres strongest. Length nearly an inch ; breadth
half an inch.

From the fishing boats at Cullercoats, with the last but less
common.—J. A.

This species differs from the preceding in having both the
apertures terminal, and placed near together, as well as in
the minute granulations of the surface. It is capable of
greater contraction and elongation than most of the other spe-
cies, and in the two states might be taken for different animals.
It has sometimes small corallines attached, but we have not ob-
served any Modiole imbedded in its skin.

3. C. AMPULLA, Brug.

Cynthia ampulla, Forb. and Hanl. Brit. Moll. i. 40.
Brought in on the fishemen’s lines at Cullercoats.—J. A.
This species which has hitherto been overlooked as British, is

not uncommon with us. It is unattached and cased in a thick
coat of sand, held together by the long slender hairs of its tunic,
assisted by a glutinous secretion. Its proper characters cannot
be observed without removing the sand, which is sometimes
. equal in bulk to the whole of the animal. The long cylindrical
tubes are often beautifully streaked and spotted with carmine.
4, C. rustica, Linn.

Cynthia rustica, Forb. and Hanl. Brit. Moll. i. 39.
Common on stones, and at the roots of the larger sea-weeds,

between tide-marks, and a little beyond.

A small, lenticular, red Cynthia, which we have always taken
for the young of this species, is common in similar situations.
This, we believe, is the C. grossularia of Van Beneden (Forb.
and Hanl. Brit. Moll. i. 40).

124. MOLGULA, forbes.
1. M. Arenosa, Ald. and Hane.
Body nearly globular, hyaline, rather glossy, smooth to the
naked eye, but appearing very slightly rugose under a magnifier;
unattached. Apertures very close together, sublateral, tubular, or

104 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

conical, but not much produced, and when retracted, so completely
on a level with the surface, as to be imperceptible. Outer tunic
soft, transparent, and colourless, shewing the viscera and branchiz
very distinctly within ; the intestine is seen forming a yellowish
brown coil; a bright reddish spot indicates the stomach ; and
the ovaries form an opake white central mass oneach side. The
inner tunic is very thin, soft, and colourless. The branchial sac
has about twelve deep and broad longitudinal folds, which are di-
vided by transverse bars into small cells, opening externally to-
wards the tunic, and, when viewed through its transparent walls,
appearing like rows of chains or festoons ; the intermediate re-
ticulations are small. The aperture to the branchial sac is
fringed internally with a circle of beautifully branched yellow
tentacles. Diameter about three-quarters of an inch.
Molgula tubulosa, Forb. and Hanl. i. 36, t. C, f 5.

Brought up plentifully on the fishermen’s lines at Cullercoats.

It is always encrusted with sand, but not so deeply as Cynthia
ampulla, and there is often a transparent spot, free of sand, at
one side, which gives to these little balls somewhat the appear-
ance of detached eyes. They are so abundant in some parts of
the fishing grounds that they are caught by the hooks in con-
siderable numbers, to the great annoyance of the fishermen.

We cannot find any description agreeing with this species.
It appears to us to come nearest to the Ascidia punum of Miil-
ler, but our friend, Professor E. Forbes, who has seen our draw-
ings of it, refers it to Ascidia tubularis of the “ Zoologia Da-
nica.” That species, however, is described to be greenish,
opake, and verrucose,—while ours is hyaline, transparent, and
smooth. It is also stated to be attached by its base to the roots
of Fuci: ours is always free. We have thought it best, there-
fore, to consider it as undescribed, and to give such details of it
as may serve for its recognition in future.

M. crrrina, Ald. and Hane.

Body convex, ovate, attached to stones in a diagonal direction
by a broad base; nearly smooth, yellowish and semi-transparent,
with a deep yellow or orange-coloured patch at the lower end
from the viscera appearing through. Branchial aperture sub-

OF NORTHUMRERLAND AND DURHAM. 105

terminal slightly tubular, tuberculated or echinated, and divided
at the top into six pointed segments. Anal aperture about one-
third down the body on the upper side, sub-tubular, slightly
tuberculated and divided into four segments, shorter than those
of the branchial aperture. Length three-eighths of an inch.

On the under side of stones between tide-marks, Cullercoats
and Whitley, not common.

125. ASCIDIA, Linneus.
* Cylindrical or rounded, and partially attached.
1. A. inTEsTINALIS, Linn.
Ascidia intestinalis, Forb. and Hanl. Brit. Moll. i. 31.

Not uncommon between tide-marks ; laterally attached to
stones at its posterior extremity. It inhabits various depths,
and is occasionally brought in on the fishing lines. Those from
deep water are larger than the shore variety, and of a greenish
yellow colour. This species is flaccid, when out of water, and
very contractile.

2. A. sorpipa, Ald. and Hane.

Body ovate, of a dull semi-transparent yellowish white, nearly
smooth, but coarse and with an uneven surface ; attached by a
narrow base. Apertures terminal and not far apart, papillose or
very slightly tubular, more or less echinated or tuberculated ;
the branchial aperture eight-cleft, the anal six-cleft, with a red
eye-spot at the base of each division. Outer tunic transparent,
vitreous, and colourless, rather tough, with very little power of
contraction or expansion. Inner tunic about one-third less than
the outer one, soft, yellowish, and generally very much blotched
and spotted with crimson, towards the upper end. Branchial
sac, with small even reticulations a little thickened at the inter-
sections. Circle of tentacular filaments simple and slender.
Length about two inches ; breadth an inch and a quarter; but
very variable in size.

This is one of the commonest Ascidiew brought in on the fish-
ing lines at Cullercoats. It is usually attached to corallines ;
occasionally to shells and other substances. In its young state
it is gregarious, and is found in clusters on Gemellaria loriculata,

106 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

and sometimes inside dead bivalve shells. It is then very tran-
sparent and hyaline. JJodiola marmorata is occasionally found
imbedded in the older individuals. This species may be the
Ascidia prunum of Macgillivray but not of Miiller.
3. A. virGIneA, Jill.

Ascidia opalina, Macg. Moll. Aberd. 312.

Ascidia virginea, Forb. and Hanl. Brit. Moll. i. 33, t. C, f 4.

From the fishing boats at Cullercoats, rare.

The hyaline transparency of the outer tunic, and the bright
yellow and red markings of the inner, render this one of the
most attractive of our Ascidiw. The anal tube is much the
longest ; an unusual circumstance in this family.

4, A. vitrea, Van Beneden ?
Ascidia vitrea, Forb. and Hanl. Brit. Moll. i. 35.

On small sea-weeds brought in by the trawl-boats from a few
fathoms water.—J. A.

We have not had the opportunity of seeing Professor Van Be-
neden’s figures of Ascidia vitrea, but our specimens agree very
well with the description of it in the “ History of British Mol-
lusea,” with the addition that the inner tunic is spotted with
yellow, and there is a yellow ring near the entrance to the bran-
chial sac. We had at first thought that this might possibly be
the young of the last, but it differs in being more ovate, and in
having the anal aperture small and little prominent, as well as
in the absence of red markings on the inner tunic.

5. A. auprpa, Ald. and Hance.

Body ovate, white, transparent, and slightly tuberculated ;
attached laterally by a narrow base to small sea-weeds. Bran-
chial aperture lateral or subterminal, large but not very promi-
nent, the margin divided into eight points with intermediate
red ocelli. Anal aperture a little distant from the other, and
nearly half way down the body on the upper side ; largish, and
little prominent, with six red ocelli. Outer tunic hyaline and
colourless, covered with distant small tubercles. Inner tunic,
transparent white with bluish lines on the upper part ; below,
opake white slightly spotted with yellow. There is a large
opake white spot on the ganglionic prominence between the

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 107

apertures, near which are a few small reddish marks. Length,
half an inch ; breadth, one-third less.

On small sea-weeds brought in by the trawl-boats, with the
last, not uncommon.—/. A.

Professor E. Forbes thinks this species may be a variety of
Ascidia scabra, Miill., but the latter has the apertures terminal
and rather prominent, the inner tunic of a uniform red, and the
outer tunic closely covered with small granules; characters
which do not agree with our animal. The opake white spot
between the apertures appears to be permanent, and a good
distinctive character in this species.

** Depressed, and attached through their whole length.

6. A. pepressa, Ald. and Hane.

Body oblong ovate, very much depressed, pale green ; attach -
ed laterally through its entire extent by a distinct expansion
or disc, surrounding the whole. Apertures distant : the branch-
ial one terminal, not much produced, and divided into eight
points, with intermediate red ocelli ; anal aperture about two-
thirds down the body on the left side, with six segments and
intermediate ocelli. Outer tunic transparent, granulated or
tuberculated on the upper surface, the granules sometimes a little
incrusted with brown ; under or attached side, smooth and very
thin. Inner tunic one-third less than the outer, yellowish
green, of a deeper colour and sometimes inclining to orange
in the lower part. The intestine is often very conspicuous, form-
ing a dark sigmoid coil, but this is more or less the case in
all the transparent species. Branchial sac finely reticulated with
tubercles at the intersections. Length, nearly an inch.

Common; attached to the underside of stones among the rocks
at Cullercoats and Whitley.

This species comes very near to the Ascidia orbicularis of
Miiller (Zool. Dan. t. 79, f. 1, 2), but differs in the position of
the apertures, which in that species are represented to be rather
near together at the anterior end, while in ours they are widely
separated.

7. A. euiprica, Ald. and Hance.

Body elliptical, a little convex on the upper side, and flat

beneath, of a dull and sub-opake brownish or yellowish white ;
P

108 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

attached through its whole length by a rather inconspicuous disc.
Branchial aperture not quite terminal, at the anterior end, pa-
pillose, very little elevated, and divided into eight tubercular seg -
ments. Anal aperture situated a little below the branchial one
on the left side, not prominent, with six tubercles. Outer tunic
tough, sub-opake, nearly smooth but rather coarse ; inner tunic
opake white or flesh-coloured with a few spots of red between
the apertures. The red ocelli of the apertures, which are scarce-
ly visible outside, are distinct in the inner tunic. Branchial
sac reticulated, with slender papille at the intersections of the
larger meshes. Length three-quarters of an inch; breadth
about one-third less.

Attached to the underside of stones, within tide-marks, Culler-
coats, not common.—4A. H.

Professor E. Forbes has referred our drawings of this species
to Ascidia prunum of Miiller, but in this opinion we cannot
agree. A. prunwm is described as rounded, lax, hyaline, and very
pellucid, and is a free or slightly attached species dwelling in mud.
It consequently does not belong to this division of the genus,

8. A. peniuctpa, Ald. and Hane.

Body depressed, hyaline, subtriangular, attached laterally by a
broad disc. Branchial aperture terminal, wide and tubular, divided
into eight segments with red ocelli. Anal aperture situated a
little below it on the left side, tubular and curved inwards
towards the upper surface, with six ocellated segments. Outer
tunic smooth, coriaceous, colourless and perfectly transparent.
Tnner tunic not above one-half the size of the outer one, opake
yellowish white, inclined to red on the lower part. Length half
an inch.

Under stones within tide-marks, Cullercoats, rare,—A. H.

Orprer.—(Les Ascrpiss socrates, Wilne Hdwards.)
Famity. CLAvELLINIDA, Lorbes.

126. CLAVELLINA, Savigny.

]. ©. nepapirormis, Mull.
Olavellina lepadiformis, Forb, and Hanl. Brit. Moll. i, 26, t.
Bt 1

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 109

Under stones at low-water mark, rare. St. Mary’s Island.—
Av ddl

/ .
OrpER.—(Les Ascripies composgss, Milne Edwards.)

Famity. Botryiiiwa, MecLeay.

127. APLIDIUM, Savigny.

1. A. Ficus, Linn. ?
Aplidium ficus, Forb. and Hanl. Brit. Moll. i. 114%
Under stones among the rocks at Cullercoats, rare-—A. HZ.
The specimen we refer, with doubt, to this species, formed an
irregular lobed mass of a brownish colour, with the animals
thickly disposed through it, without apparent pattern. Longest
diameter nearly two inches.
2. A. FALLAX, Johns.
Aplidium fallax, Johns. in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 15,
f. 4; Forb. and Hanl. Brit. Moll. 1. 11.
On sea-weeds, in pools between tide-marks, at Cullercoats,
rare.—J. A.

128. SIDNYUM, Savigny.

1. 8. TURBINATUM, Sav. ?
Sydneum turbinatum, Flem. Brit. Anim. 469?

A species, which we had always taken to be this, is not rare on
our coast, but it differs from that figured in Forbes and Hanley’s
“British Mollusca.” It is inversely conical, sometimes adhering
by a narrow base, and is of an orange-red colour, with the animals
vertically and concentrically arranged: their branchial apertures
are eight-cleft. The masses are of different sizes, from a quar-
ter to half an inch high, erect, and frequently clustered.

129. POLYCLINUM, Savigny.
1. P. aurantium, IZ. Ldw.?
Polyclinum aurantium, Forb. and Hanl. Brit. Moll. 14, t. A,
oge
On the under side of stones between tide-marks at Cullercoats
rather rare.—A. H

110 CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

Our specimens are paler than those described by M. Milne
Edwards, being of an ochreous yellow, with only a tinge of
orange at the sides. The mass frequently forms a cluster of dif-
ferent sized flattened balls. The general apertures, irregularly
disposed over the surface, are large and prominent.

130. LEPTOCLINUM, Miine Edwards.
1. L. punctratum, Lorbes.
Leptoclinum punctatum, Forb. and Hanl. Brit. Moll. i. 18.
On the under side of stones between tide-marks, Cullercoats
and Whitley, not uncommon.

131. BOTRYLLUS, Gertner.

1. B. Scutossert, Pallas.
Botryllus Schlosseri, Forb. and Hanl. Brit. Moll. i. 19, t. A,
fon.

Incrusting the under side of stones, and on the stems of the
larger Fuci, between tide-marks and a little beyond, common.

This species may usually be known by a red spot on the thorax
of each individual composing the stars, though in one or two in-
stances within our knowledge it has been wanting. The general
envelope is thick and rather tough.

2. B. rupens, Ald. and Hane.

General envelope thin and transparent, dull brown, with nu-
merous opake yellow granules. Individuals forming circles, or
stars, of from four to fifteen, generally averaging seven or eight ;
their colour is various shades of red, from reddish-yellow to dark
brick-red: there is usually a circle of dark red round the
branchial aperture, and at a little distance from it, and a streak
of the same down the centre of the thorax ; the remainder of
the body is pale red or yellowish, thickly sprinkled with opake
yellowish-white spots. General aperture of each system, rather
small. The stars are smaller, and not so closely set as in the
last species.

On the under side of stones between tide-marks, Cullercoats,
frequent.

We have occasionally seen the central red line of the body so

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. 111

much diminished that it leaves little more than a spot, and in
that case the species might be taken for the last ; but it may
always be known from it by the thinness of the general envelope
and the more variegated reddish colour of the inclosed animals.
3. B. virescens, Ald. and Hane.

General envelope moderately thick, olive-brown coloured,
sprinkled with yellow spots. Individuals forming circles of from
six to twelve. Colour grass-green, varying to greenish yellow,
and occasionally to pale grey ; the colour is in most cases con-
fined to the lower part of the animal, the upper portion being so
nearly the colour of the envelope as to be with difficulty distin-
guished from it. Branchial apertures large, with a faint red
margin ; the tentacular filaments very conspicuous within them,
of a pale yellowish colour. When magnified, the colour of the
body is shown to be formed of a copious sprinkling of opake
spots, mostly confined, as before stated, to the lower part of the
animal, but sometimes extending round the disc. Common cen-
tral apertures largish, margined with red.

Not uncommon on the under side of stones within tide-marks,
along with the last. The arrangement of the markings distin-
guishes it from the B. smaragdus of Milne Edwards.

4, B. potycycuius, Sav. ?

General envelope thin, dull greenish brown. Individuals
forming circles of from 4 to 9 each, generally of a purplish hue,
occasioned by a spotting of claret-colour and blue intermixed
with spots of opake white ; the white usually forming one or two
large blotches in the centre of the body on a dark blue ground
and there is also a circle of white, or sometimes reddish, spots
round the disc. General apertures rather small; the edges
thickly sprinkled with white and blue.

Botryllus polycyclus, Forb. and Hanl. Brit. Moll. i. 21.

On the under side of stones within tide-marks, not rare, but
less frequent than the three preceding.
5. B. castanrvs, Ald. and Hane.

General envelope very thin and pellucid, with a few scattered
brown marks and black punctures on the margin. Individuals
large, placed in irregular circles of from 6 to 8, of a chesnut

iP CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

colour, irregularly blotched with purple-brown, and minutely
sprinkled with opake white. Branchial aperture small, general
aperture moderate. Stars rather far apart, and surrounded with
a few large opake yellowish white globular bodies.

On the under side of stones in pools between tide-marks, Cul-
lercoats, rare.—A. H.

The envelope of this species is thinner than in any other we
are acquainted with, and, when removed from the stone, is ex-
tremely flaccid. The patches are large, being sometimes 5 inches
across.

132. BOTRYLLOIDES, Wilne Edwards.

1. B. Leacut, Sav. ?
Botrylloides Leachii, Forb. and Hanl. Brit. Moll. i. 23?

The species we now refer, though with considerable doubt, to
Botryllus Leachit of Savigny, is common among the rocks at
Cullercoats and Whitley, encrusting the under side of stones in
largish patches. The general envelope is brownish, and the in-
dividuals are usually of a nearly uniform ochreous yellow, form-
ing large brain-like folds. The colour occasionally varies to
brick -red, and even to a purplish hue. There may possibly be
more than one species included in this, but, hitherto, we have not
been able to detect any difference among them excepting in
colour.

2. B. raprata, Ald. and Hane.

General envelope yellowish olive, with yellow granules.—
Individuals rather small, broadly pear-shaped, pale ochreous
yellow or straw colour, spotted with white, and having a paler
rim round the branchial aperture, with rays diverging from it
and uniting into a disc beyond, giving a petaloid or wheel-like
appearance to it. A darkish line runs down the thorax. The
systems are arranged in much shorter and more compact folds
then in the last; some parts occasionally assuming the appear-
ance of a circular arrangement. The common apertures are
usually situated at no great distance from each other.

On the under side of stones, among the rocks at Cullercoats and
Whitley, frequent.

OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. Ihe?

The smaller size more varied markings, and shorter and more
rounded conyolutions, distinguish this species from the last.—
The wheel-like markings ally it to the B. rotifera of Milne-Ed-
wards, but the colour never approaches to red, and the folds of
B. rotifera appear more elongated than in ours. In this respect
our species approaches more nearly to the arrangement of B.
albicans.

3. B. aupicans, 7. Edw.
Botrylloides albicans, Forb. and Hanl. Brit. Moll. i. 24, t. A,
tS:

On the under side of stones between tide-marks, St. Mary’s
Island.—A. H.

4. B. ramutosa, Ald. and Hane.

General envelope colourless, pellucid, with a few pale yellow
spots on the margin. Systems of individuals winding, much in-
volved ; and having a broad cream-coloured belt down the cen-
tre, following the sinuations. Animals of an obscure brownish
yellow, with the lower half pale opake yellow.

On the under side of stones in pools between tide-marks at
Cullercoats, rare.—A. 7.

This species, which is in patches of upwards of an inch and a
quarter across, is at once distinguished from Bb. Leachii by the
opake belt of cream-colour that passes along the centre of the

various systems of animals.

The above attempt to describe the Tunroata of our coast, im-
perfect as it is, may serve as a ground-work for future investiga-
tions. Some other forms are known to us which we have
not ventured to describe, though we have seen sufficient
to convince us that many species yet remain to reward the la-
bours of future enquirers. The compound species are extremely
difficult to make out, both on account of their great similarity,
and because the same species, and even the same individual, is
very apt to vary under different circumstances.

INDEX TO THE GENERA.

Pace
MACHIAUING, cccereccdircecececcsesee! seses 38
IANCING Ne icecesormoceraccdtece dascersce 41
AICEEB OIG cena cewtececnscuccsweusosscues 29
Amphidesma, v. Syndosmya.
AmMphispnyrasierauses:-saeesnceesre= 28
Amatinay. S..cs.sse Vaceccsbecdeetacsneve 97
PAM CUlaS Miccorcsrnssnccnasieneeearact (see 18
JENTVGRIEI5 Gooneearuerds mpocooaganodoseC 44
AMO ONS) Vrcs.eserenwaasrienisasesses= 82
PANN OMNIAS) Uacsscccacsscetoesatecmneencs co fe
VAIGHUTIN eaeneckesesciensendectincctensics 109
PAtplySiaaurvescssteess apoomocosccccnadaacc 24
PAPOITNAISSsccsetvoswescecreassreaeseenss 61
PAT Caarescroschecstececodaccccngeares sess 79

Bithimiay ss. cccasscssssasceeacoccsccsiea. 45
Boirylloid C85 mt stecseeens-eneaeee aces 112
Botryllus, vicccsscsescscectsavssvecacese
Buccinum,
JEyRINVTNINS “Goooeccsecoasedeudecn
eras odds edtceveidcicdastoeeeee sees
IBullBasgeecsercere esse concond eee suktan
GCeCUM iste cwactescscseecasesetcsesent
CORVEMITIES, pAenacotadsotaseoncaanoacadhen
Cardin, \casccovdscecesscceesesvecateee
CarychiumMs veccrs-)ccesNeccsceressecene 41
Cerithitm sys scsscecscsstsceemccscsss 60
Chemmnitzidsiecs.-cee-neteccsesese cence 48
CTGON si oss sch os coe mene esaen eee Ae
Clausiltanet.ccosseceecnesscecseastecres 39
Clawellinayeescsn-sscasicecace POA COCO 108
COTOVUNNISS o wcccccsccassasccsccsae valece 41
Corbullayvisecs-saericrses--beeres Beko vere 96
Coriocella, v. Lamellaria.
Gremetlay O57. ecosee «thse rope nen Si)
CnyptodOnsieccce-snecnercscceseac cores 91
Cyclase nce nccecescesonocaeeteaweciee 92
@ymiliiapetesace-eatisesateseenenccee ies 101
OY preeas catesncnscseesecsecoseeveceonces 67
C@ypitiinas) (ese. sh ssrsner eeomaciesct agence 86
Dendronotus, 19
Dentalium, .......... peat oasaaescpee 74
: 87
15
20
13
70

Goniod Oris) Fiicccssacvoctecccss senses
CLL, « i oashsaesaceboseeseceeeeienseare
daliiawccesccees abacneddanscaG00S0Ns8~
Kiellia, idccsscs-s coms sinevs esacce Reidhace
WGACUNA,«..ccesadetseescecteaeececssssues
amiellaria, téscesces-ctcvsssas-se seca.
Wied as veccececsnss
Leptoclinum,
LWTILNON aE otaner caocouneec sacocoocacc“bone
aim ae endusctsccssvckoncsectaeesnesees 78
Tbimapontiasesereatssuece cease sees 23
AMAR 5 seareseaesseccerne’ ioscescaneevisee 31
SAAR e esdeet he aceon 42
Pattorinias casts, cyateetcesccarecceestayn DO
Moligo enw e.cea alt a tessonetsersees 14
Wobhian te sccscedessep acne 72
Tiberias Py cacepoduccascodocedt 91
Lutraria, 98
Lyonsia, 98
Macetra, ...... Jasco Sbae he Cee aero ae 90
Mangaritiasnecnescsastespesneneseaceactes 60
Modiolage soo icncciects outta ec ngedene Si
Molerlasy cccpcrnsccsechenscascussausees 103
MON aCUtas) fone ccccbensr access 95
UTEXs Ui wiccdpecbecaase sacra scenencens 66
Miviaisy enececatetsnstace et eemsesece semen 98
iytiliac,s\.cccsbaleicstecceeeeh Baer 80
Niassa ect oa tect ag nvuess eden 67
IN Sibi Cas Ade! Ss cnttesteteseemecew ers actee -- 68
Newra, rsccccossee Mee cateuccleavectacaies 96
INI@MINDAES oacsodesacnoosooansaccs Coco 60
INUCUI SS scedicg othe evoneane debapereenes 79
Octopus, v. Eledone. ;
@Gostomilay heceeeskeec-cesccesaccsccees 50
OSGreasMeccercatteccresteccctesiacerieeesn's 76
Paludina, v. Bithinia.
Panopeeds f.c...-0s Sdenoosadcoocesnddod 99
Patellatt asesctotestsaseseenss ccs ee ah
eCLENseeaiee aepadersaesccacaadinessecas 76
IRCCHUNCULUSS peseeters-esaceces ee cecsces 78
RElOM Aas Gawcp ec cases scctneewssmesecepes 101
NOMS S cece snsseosasesstncenaseacioesoe 100
ANSE. iroatuceesetor-treen Mesaaaueaaces 43
Pisidium, .... Jove vanedeeae seth oo
PIAMOLDISS | sostenseroesasoaeoeehnedecsdes 43
PlenropranGhuSsy-scs<cs-secetousseses 24
LCULOCOMBs nee cect estes steeisenasnrerts 61
Polyceras <.<<cen--anaser. mendesceaeee 17
(POLY CHIMUUMS ec shes vcs-ceweccalones asin 109
IBSAMMEDIas leacce-4: exacpucecesancanes
Plast aeteecnewecseaceureteeceecsesiose
Punctiurellase cscs essecescseceeeiesaee
JEANS 25 Gomocaonocooippoebondadocen60s60006a5
TETBH OES, “paggohoodoosnsoeénabedod p60
FRISSORigp coswesocnscenesiveneccileaee sates
SARICAV As, hcsteaseiseacescoeeeceemcnes

INDEX TO THE GENERA, &c. 115

Scalaria,

Skeneaamansuerncssnccess.

SOleN see sasates cosas Baiscvicveese waneeaenene
Wtyliteni ssceeeneteacbiescsecassescinns
SIGCIN Cds iiccsccsscceeciestesvesciezssceces
Syndosmya,
Mellinidaeesscesescettasaccosace se Se Secees 88
Merebratillasicelscsss<sees “poocKOEECGONS 74
Teredo, ..... omc ent news ecieressvasesecs 101
Thracia,
Trichotropis,...... . Bitescecoscoctenees 66

PAGE
PIII O Panuaastecnecs see ceeriessiecesesis cares 17
DTUGONIaAsyyeecreceess sppodeanog0Scom00 19
MroChusWeestcccseccccesencstveccecece 59

Turbo wv. Littorina.
Miharmtellasyeesticccsscrcccesicaraesses5//-mOU,

ANTERUROS WE G5 ceaecondaeqoBUcO anoceeoo cee 95
[Win Ossercoscessveceecsoccessconees sesese (OX
Wallvatiascsscccccscorcucecercecetses sce 45
WWELUtinaay ccstecesccssveccececssscescees 69
WienusspeedrentcccssectscrecicrcecesrcosMmOre
WGHBEZ0 5, ocastosasqonoccadsannnooodce el
Mitringiscevesececcccewons neve aot eb.
Xcylophapagmcerescsacsckerstree aieecene 101
AVES Gepbeanee Ree Pane - 38

ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS’ NAMES.

Ald. and Hane., Alder and Hancock.

Bouch. Chant., Bouchard Chantereaux.

Brod., Broderip.
Brug., Bruguiere.
Chemn., Chemnitz.
Cuy., Cuvier.
Desh., Deshayes.
Dillw., Dillwyn.
on., Donovan.
D°Orb., D’Orbigny.
Edw. (M.), Milne Edwards.
Fab., O. Fabricius.
Fer., Férussac.
Flem., Fleming.
Forb. and Hanl., Forbes and Hanley.
Gmel., Gmelin.

Jeff., Jeffreys.

Johns., Johnston.

Lam., Lamark.

Leuck., Leuckart.

Linn., Linnzeus.

Macg., Macgillivray.

Mich., Michaud.

Mont., Montagu.

Miill., Miiller.

Penn., Pennant.

Phil., Philippi. f
Pult., Pulteney. sa
Sow., Sowerby.

Thomp., Thompson.

Turt., Turton.

Oe a
NEWCASTLE: PRINTED BY T. AND J. HODGSON, UNION-STREET.

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