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CATALOGUE

OF THE
{}roducts of the fpeazilian forests,
AT THE
. INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION
IN

RPRPHIUELADELUPHIA,

BY

JOSE DE SALDANHA DA GAMA, D. PH.

MEMBER OF THE BRAZILIAN COMMISSION AND PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE
.
POLYTECHNICAL SCHOOL OF RIO DE JANEIRO, ETC., ETC.

NEW YORK:
“O Novo Munbo” PrinTInG OFrice, 39 Park Row.

TS7-G.

CATALOGUE

OF THE

ffroducts of the Brazilian flocests

AT THE

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION

PEHEIILADELPHIA,

BY

JOSE DE SALDANHA DA GAMA, D. PH.

MEMBER OF THE BRAZILIAN COMMISSION AND PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE
POLYTECHNICAL SCHOOL OF BIO DE JANEIRO, ETC., ETC.

ee nel

NEW YORK :
“OQ Novo Munpbo” PRINTING OFFICE, 39 PARK Row.
1387-6.

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OF THE

PRODUCTS OF THE BRAZILIAN FORESTS.

THE most notable portion of the Exposition from Brazil,
in Philadelphia, is that which is placed in the Agricultural
Hall, comprehending the many varieties of her agricultural
industry and the beautiful specimens of the different woods
from her immense forests. To describe them all, one by
one, would be a task requiring great exertion and much
space; the coffee and the, cotton alone would be quite suf-
ficient for subjects of an extensive memorial, if we had to
describe them and demonstrate the importance of their cul-
tivation in the vast territory of the Empire of Brazil.

It is our intention only to condense into a brief catalogue
the principal types of her fora that are represented at the
great Exposition in Fairmount Park, and to show, in simple
language, some of its applications.

It is proper to enumerate in this report, the plants called
secular, which are worthy of the greatest attention for all
purposes of civil engineering, and which are not excelled by
any others from any part of the globe.

The specimens figuring in the Brazilian section, belong
to different expositors, and to several provinces of the Em-
pire, as follow:

A collection from the province of Alagoas, exhibited by
Mr. Cavalcante.

Another from the province of Paranda, by Dr. Hermelino
de Leao.

One from the province of Maranhdo, by the respective
provincial Commission.

_ One from the province of Rio de Bes by the Baron
de Villa de Franca.

One from the municipality of eapis by José Joaquim
de Araujo e Silva.

urine

One from the province of Sao Paulo, by different exhib-
itors.

One from Bahia, Dr. Borja Castro being the principal ex-
hibitor, and finally, some woods from Para and Amazonas,
taken from highly esteemed species, used there for building
purposes.

For the assistance of strangers in examining the immense

resources of our sylvan products, they will find in the follow-°

ing table a list, according to the botanical names of those
which most recommend themselves for all the purposes of
industry:

ORDER OF ANONACEAE.

Guatteria alba. All.—For interior work.
Anona palustris.

ORDER OF GUTTIFEROUS.

Calophyllum brasiliense.—A tree yielding resin.
Symphonia globulifera —Yields the pitch called Ounany.
Platonia insignis.—A fruit tree of the northern province.

ORDER OF HYPERICINEAE.

Vismia guyanansis. Aubl.—A tree yielding wax, or red gum.

ORDER OF LEGUMINOUS.

Dipteria adorata, WD. C.—Produces the Tonka bean.

Dalbergia nigra. Al\l.—Used for making rich and elegant
furniture and cabinet making. It is al-
ready known in the United States and Eu-
rope as one of the palzsendres.

Macherium allemani. Bt.—For railroad sleepers and other
works, especially those used under water.

Macherium firmum. Bt.—Another falisendre used for cabi-
net making.

Macherium violaceum. Bt.—Used for same purposes as the
preceding.

Macherium scleroxylon. All.—F¥or works under water.

Macherium incorruptibile. Mart.—The same as preceding.

Centrolobium robustum. Mart.—For gates and boards. It is
easily ignited.

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Centrolobium parenese.—For cabinet making.

Myrocarpus frondosus. Al\\l.—For interior works.

Myrocarpus fastigiatus. All.—The same as preceding.

Myroxylon perutferum.—For hubs for wheels and for carri-
ages; an essential oil exhudes from it.

Andira anthelmintica.—For interior work and gates. It isa
vermifuge.

Andira vermifuga.—The same as the preceding.

Andira stipulacca.—For the same purposes as the preceding,

Andira spectabilis. Sald.—¥For works exposed to the air.

Bowdichia virgilioides. Mart.—For keels of vessels, piles and
railroad sleepers.

Ferreria spectabilis. All.—For sleepers and building purposes.

Vouacapoua americana. Aubl.—This is the Teak of Brazil,
and used for naval constructions.

Apuleta praecox. Mart.—For gates and the large spoons
used by confectioners.

Apuleta ferrea. Mart.—For sleepers and piles.

Hymenea Courbaril, WL.—For railroad cars; the bark is
used for canoes by Indians; copal resin
for varnish.

Peltogyne guarubu. A\l.—F¥or carriage wheels, beams, etc.

Peltogyne discolor. Nog.—For the same purposes as the pre-

ceding.

Ca@esalpinea echinata. \.am.—For works under water, sleep-
ers,) Ete,

Cesalpinea ferrea. Mart.—For works under water, sleepers
ele.

Copatfera bracteata. am.—Used as a rope for tying; it is
of remarkable elasticity.

Hematoxylon Campechianum.—The Campeche or dye-wood.

Omphalobium Lambertit.—This is excellent for cabinet mak-
ing purposes.

Schizolobium excelsum.—For fishing canoes.

Melanoxylon brauna. Sch.—For posts and railroad sleepers.

Cassta brasiliana. Law.—For wheels; it lasts on an average,
ten years; the fruit is a purge, the tree is
tanniferous.

Echyrospermum Balthasarit, A\\.—¥or cabinet making, beau-
tiful furniture, etc.

pita hae

Zoliernia mocitayba.—For underground work and railroad
sieepers.

Acacia angico. Mart.—For furniture, naval constructions,
keels, etc.; it yields the gum Angica, sim-
ilar to gum Arabic.

Enterclobium lutescens. All.—For building purposes.

Stryphnodendron barbatimao.—The bark is highly astringent.

Acacia Jurema. Mart.—

ORDER OF MYRTACEAF,

Couratari legalis—F or boards and boxes.

Couratart estrellensis—For the same purposes.

Lecythis Pisonis——¥F or works under water and railroad sleep-
ers; good tow is taken from the corsical
layers.

Lecythis lanceolata-—For the same purposes; it also yields
good tow, aud the seeds are good to eat.

Lecythis coriacea.—It is but little known.

Lecythis angustifolia.—Is also little known.

Bertholetia excelsa,—A very large tree which bears the cele-
brated Brazil nuts; the bark makes good
tow.

Abbevillea mascalantha.—But little used in building.

Couratari tauari.—The layers of the bark are a very good
substitute for papel wrapping for cigarettes.

ORDER OF LAURINEAE,

Nectandra mollis ——A kind of wood used in all works ex-
posed to the air.

Nectandra amara.—F¥or the same purposes.

Nectandra leucochyrsus.—¥ or boards.

Silvia navalium. All.—For timber for tanneries and boat-
builders.

The /taubas of the Amazon (Acrodiclidium and Oreoda-
pines) are not represented; there are, however, numerous
specimens of the Hméuias of Paranda, of the order Laurineas,
the beauty of which is very exceptional.

ZOU] anes
ORDER OF APOCYNEAE.

Aspidosperma Gomesianum,. WD. C.—It is a beautiful wood
for rich furniture, and also for decks and
knees of Brazilian vessels of war.

A spidosperma olivaceum. Mul.—Makes excellent handles for
tools, is good for furniture, and especially
for picture frames.

Hlancornia speciosa. Gom.—A bush that yields caoutchouc

of good quality.

Hancornia pubescens. Gom.—Of little utility.

ORDER OF SAPOTACEAE.

Mimusops elata. All.—India-rubber is extracted from the
trunk of this tree; the wood is excellent
railroad sleepers, posts and and naval con-
structions.

Mimusops balata.—Also yields India-rubber, and the wood is
as useful as the preceding.

Chrysophyllum glycithleum. Cas.—The bark is sweet; the
wood is used for canoe paddles.

Others of the Lucuma and Chrysophyllum species are also
lacteal, but of less importance.

ORDER OF MELICEAE.

Cedrela brasiliensis. Mart.—Called <Acajou in French, a
species of the same order as the Mahog-
any of Jamaica; it is good for doors, win-
dows, fancy boxes and canoes.

Cabralea cangerana. _ Vil.—Excellent for posts, rafters and
sleepers.

Trichilia catigod. S. H.—Remarkable as a dye and for
medicinal purposes.

Carapa guyanensis. Aubl.—Valued on the Amazon princi-

7 pally for its oil, called Andiroba oil.

ORDER OF EUPHORBIACEAE.

Siphonia elastica.—This species, as well as others, is remark-
able for the caoutchouc that is extracted
from the latex, of which more than four
million kilogrammes are annually exported.

ee a

Jatropha elasttea.—Yields the caoutchouc of Manicoba, al-
ready exported from the province of
Ceara.

Hieronima alchornioides. Al\l.—A red wood, but little used.

ORDER OF THEREBINTHACEAE.

Astronium urundeuva.—All.—Splendid timber for use under
water, for railroad sleepers, &c.

Astronium fraxintfolium. Sch.—Good for fine furniture,
pianos and works exposed to the air.

LIcica Icicariba, Aubl.—Remarkable for the aromatic and
medicinal gum that exhudes from the
trunk.

Icica guyanensis. Aubl.—An incense-tree, from the Valley
of the Amazon, the aroma of which re-
sembles that of the incense of Asia (Bos-
welta.)

Bursera leptophloeus.—Emburana, whose resinous gum has a
very agreeable perfume.

ORDER GF ARTOCARPEAE AND MOREAE.,

Brosimum discolor. Vog.—A very heavy wood, of which
they make the celebrated walking-canes
called Muirapénima (bois de lettres,) and
also beautiful picture frames.

Brosimum conduru. A\l.—A wood of rare beauty, for cabi-
net purpose.

Maclura affinis. Mig.—Tatajuba for dyeing; it is a lacteal.

Maclura tinctorian—With the same properties as the fore-

going.
ORDER OF RUBIACEAE.

Pinckneya rubescens. Sald.—Arariba—A red wood, which
makes beautiful boards.
Pinckneya viridifiora. Sald.—Arariba, white, is only used
as boards, for ceilings and partitions.
Genipa brasiliensts—Very much used in Brazil for railroad
cars.

£59 le :

ORDER OF CONIFERAE.

Araucaria brasiliana. Rich.—The Brazilian pine. This is
a gigantic tree of the temperate zone, of
the provinces of Rio Grande do Sul, Pa-
rand, Santa Catharina, Sao Paulo and
Minas Geraes. It makes splendid boards,
masts and spars for vessels, and is good for
works exposed to the weather. The &uofs
of bases of the limbs are well adapted for
joiners’ work, of which there are many
specimens in the Main Building. The sap
is exactly like the turpentine of Europe
ang the. United “States. The seeds. are
much sought as an article of food, and as
such are of great value. A National
Company was incorporated for the pur-
pose of furnishing to Brazilian and for-
eign markets the timber of this tree for
extensive use.

ORDER OF BIGNONEACEAE.

Tabebuia leucantha. Gom. A small bush bearing white
flowers, whose light, white wood is only
fit for Tamancos (wooden slippers) and
rough musical instruments for the back
woods of Brazil.

Jacaranda procera.—A tall bush, whose leaves are recom-
mended as depuratives.

Técoma sp.— Vpe Tabaco. The sawdust of which produces
the same effect as tobacco, and furnishes
a yellowish dye. The layers Of the bark
are used to wrap cigarettes, and the wood
for all the purposes of engineering, posts,
railroad sleepers, etc.

Tecoma curialis. All. and Sald.—/pé roxo or pas d’arco

) (Bowwood). Very good for use under
water.

Tecoma chrysantha, 0. C.—Has the same application as the
preceding.

— 10 — .
ORDER OF PROTEACEAE.

Rhopala brasiliensis. Kunt.—In Brazil, this species and
others of the same genus are called Cutu-
canhé. The wood is characterized by the
coarseness of the grain and the regularity
and number of the medullar rays; it is
used for rafters, flooring for~ bridges,
poles, &c. :
Lhopala obtusata,—From the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, and
is used for the same purpose as the pre-
ceding, and many others of the same
family.

ORDER OF CORDIACEAE.

Cordia excelsa. WD. C.—For boards inside the houses, ceil-
ings, &c. At the age ot eight years the
trees are fit for use.

Cordia allitodora.—This is a small tree, but used for the same
purpose as the foregoing.

Cordia oncocalyx. All.—The Pdo-branco (white wood) of
the provinces of Alagoas and Cearé4; it is
used in building.

ORDER OF COMBRETACEAE,

Terminalia acuminata. All.—Or Guarajiba, used for boards
and interior work.

Terminalia tingens. All.—<Aerendiba, for dyeing.

Terminalia merendiba, A\l.—For limited use in building.

ORDER OF RUTACEAE.

Quassia sp.—We only know the Quassia wood of Parana, of
which drinking glasses are made that im-
part a bitter taste to the waters drank
from them; it is a tonic.

Galipea alba. S.H.—The Arapoca of the forests; the wood
is little used, although of a beautiful yel-

low color.

Evodia febrifuga. S. H.—The Wild Orange of the forests ;
it is little used.

ete gay

Simaruba officinalis. S.H.—The Marupa of medicinal ap-
; plicatlon; the wood is also used for inte-
rior work.

Simaruba versicolor. S.H. The common name is Para-
hiba in the province of Alagoas, where it
is used for cabinet purposes. The grain

. is smooth, white, easily cut and polished.

Zantoxylum spinosum. S. H.—Ttnguactba, a thorn tree but

little valued.

ORDER OF TILIACEAE.

Apeiba Tibourbou. Aubl.—lIt is the only tree of this order
known in Brazil; it is a native of the
northern provinces, and is now cultivated
in the Botannical Garden of Rio de Ja-
neiro. The sangadas or fishing smacks are
made of this wood.

ORDER OF MELASTOMACEAE.

Lasianpra papyrus. Pohl.—A tree yielding the paper ot
Goyaz, on the Serra Dourada; the
branches cover themselves by exfoliations
of the epidermis, with sheets of paper of a
very original appearance. It is a genuine
curiosity for any museum, and is of great
interest to botanists. To this family be-
longs the Jacasirao of Rio de Janeiro—
Miconta milleflora.

ORDER OF ERYTHROXYLEAE.

Lrythroxylum utile. Sald.—Or Arco de Pipa (sloop-pole), a
small tree of very hard wood, good for
railroad sleepers and for under-water
works.

Erythroxylum (aureolatum ?)—Sobragy, used for building

purposes.

ORDER OF BoMBACEAE. (Sect. of Malv.)
Eriodendron samahuma.—The largest tree of the Amazon,
the fruit contains a flock of silk, much
sought for mattresses.

4

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Bombax munguba, - Mart.—The fruit also contains silk; the
bark of the trunk furnishes texible mate-_
rial for coarse ropes. |

Chorisia speciosa. S.H.—The silk-tree of Rio de Janeiro, —
represented in the Agricultural Hall by a _
large quantity of flocks of silk.

Pachira princeps.—A nut-tree of Maranhao, the fruit of
which is eatable.

OrDER OF MALPIGHIACEAE,

Byrsonima chrysophylla—Mureci of the sandy soils ; its satiny
wood is but little valued.

The Mango-trees which grow on the coast of Brazil, in
salt water, form a special zone of vegetation, whose types
are: the Rhiscphora mangle, the Avicennia nitida (Ratimb6d
or wood for fences), the Bucida buceras, &c., &c,

The numerous species of Palms, which gives so peculiar a
character to the vegetation of Brazil, are not extensively
represented in the Exposition from our country; only the
Copernicea cerifera occupies a distinguished place, through
the hats and mats, woven of its leaves, and the crude wax,
of which candles are manufactured, also extracted from the
leaves. Besides this specimen of the vegetable kingdom,
some other palms are exhibited on account of the brilliance
of their textile matter.

Finally, we will mention the Bors de rose, or2Brazilian
Rosewood, so highly esteemed in Europe, as a species of
Physocalymma florida, which is also known by the common
name of Sebastifio de Arunda. We have several specimens

at the exposition.
Philadelphia, May 15th, 1876,

DR. JOSE p—E SALDANHA pa GAMA,
Member of the Brazilian Commission and
Professor of Botany in the Polytechnical
School of Rio de Janeiro.

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