a FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FORSCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CATALOGUE - SEALS AND WHALES BEITISH MUSEUM. JOHN EDWARD GRAY, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., &c. SECOND EDITION. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1866. 7*/-!^ I-niNTED BY TAYl-nU AND FUANCIS, UEI) LION COl'RT. FLRKT STHKET. PREFACE. Tnis Catalogue contains an account of all the specimens of Seals and Cetacea, and their bones, that are contained in the British Museum, and a description of the specimens which are contained in other collections, in order to s'how what are the species which are desiderata to the Museum Collection. Many of the woodcuts are the same as were prepared to illustrate papers published in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' which have been kindly lent by the Council of that Society for the purpose. JOHN EDWAED GllAY. British Museum, Dec. 15, 18G5. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Family Phocidje 1 1. Stenorhynchina 8 1. Lobodon 8 carcinophaga 10 2. Leptonyx 11 Weddellii 12 3. Ommatoplioca 13 Rossii 14 4. Stenorhynchus 16 Leptonyx 16 5. Monachus 17 albiventer 19 tropicalis 20 2. Phocina 20 6. Callocephalus 20 vituliniis 20 ? Caspicus 22 ? dimidiatus 22 7. Pagomys 22 fcetidus 23 ? Largha 24 8. Pagophilus 25 Groenlandicus 25 9. Halicyon 27 Richardi 30 10. Phoca 31 barbata 31 3. Teichechina 33 11. Halichcerus 33 Grvpus 34 12. Trichechus 35 Rosmarus 36 4. Cystophorina 38 13. Moruiiga 38 elephantina 39 14. Cystophora 40 cristata 41 Antillarum 43 5. Arctocephalina . . 44, 368 15. Callorhiuus 44 iirsiuus 44 16. Arctocephalus 47 Monteriensis . . 49, 368 lobatus 50 Californianus .... 51 nigrescens 52 Delalandii 52 Hookeri 53 Gilliespii 55 Falklandicus 55 cinereus 56 australis 57 17. Otaria 57 leoniua 59, 369 Stelleii 60 Order CETACEA 61 Suborder I. Cete 62 Section I. Mysticete 68 Fam. Bal^nid^ 75 1. Baleena 79 Mysticetus 81, 370 Biscayensis 89 marginata 90 gibbosa 90 2. Eubalajna 91 australis 91 Sieboldii 96,370 3. Hunterius 98 Temminckii 98 4. Caperea 101 antipodarum . . 101, 371 5. Macleayius 103, 371 Australiensis 105 6. Palseocetus 106 SedgAvickii 106 Fam. Bal^nopteeid^ .... 106 Megapterina 115 1. Megaptera 117 longimana .... 119, 373 2. Poescopia 125 Lalandii 126, 373 VI TABLK OF CONXEKTS. Page ? Novtu-Zelandise . . 128 ? Buriiieisteri 129 Americana 129 Kuzira 130 3. Eschrichtius 131 robustus 133, 373 Physalina 134 4. Benedenia 135 Iviaoxii 138 5. Physalus 139 antiquorum .... 144, 374 Duguidii 158, 374 Pataclionicus 374 Sibbaldii 160, 380 ? australis 161 Brasilieusis 162 ? fasciatus 162 ludicus 162 ? Iwasi 163 autarcticus 164 6. Cuvieriiis 164 latirostris 165,380 Sibbaldii 380 7. Sibbaldius 169. laticeps 170 borealis 175 Scblegelii 178 ? antarcticus 381 Baling PTERiNA 186 8. Bala^noptera 186, 382 rostrata 188 Swinhoei 382 Section II. Denticete 194 Fam. Catodontid^ .... 195, 386 Catodontina 386 1. Catodon 196 macrocephalus . . 202, 387 australis 206 Pacific Sperm Whale 209 South African Sp.W. 209 Indian Sperm Whale 209 South-Sea SpenuW. 210 2. Meganeuron .387 lii-etrtii ? 389 PllYSETERINA 390 3. Physeter 210 Tursio 212 4. Kogia 215, .391 breviceps 217, 391 Grayii 218 simus 391 Macleayii 391 5. Euphysetes 386, 392 Grayii 392 Fam. Platanistidjk 220 1. Platanista 221 Gau":etica 223 ludi 224 Faui. Inud^ 226 1. Inia 226 Geofii-ovii .... 226, 393 Fam. Delphinid.^ 228, 393 Belphinina 231 1. Pontoporia 231 Blainvillii 231 2. Steno 2-32 Malayanus 232 roseiventris 233 fi'ontatus 233 compressus .... 234, .394 Capensis 394 lentigiuosus 394 Gadamu 394 attenuatus 235, 394 ? brevimanus 236 Tucuxi 236, 395 ? pseudodelphis .... 395 ? fluv-iatilis 237 ? pallidus 237 ? coronatus 238 ? rostratus 238 fuscus 239 3. Delphinus 239, 395 microps 240, .395 longirostris 241 stenorhvnchus .... 396 Delphis 242, 396 major 396 Moorei 396 Walkeri .397 marginatus 245 Janira 245, .398 punctatus 398 NovfE-Zealandifie . . 246 albimanus 247 Forsteri 248 Sao 248 Frithii 248 peniiger 249 Clj-mene 249 Styx 2,50 Tethyos 251 Euphrosvne 251 Alope..'. 252,-399 fulvifasciatus 2.52 dubius 253 lateralis 254 4. Tursio 254, 400 Doris 255, 400 Dorcides 400 fi-senatus 250 Metis 256, 400 Cymodoce .... 257, 400 ? Guianensis . . 257, 4C0 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page truncatus 258, 400 Abusalam 201, 401 p]arynome 201 E-atropia 262 Catalania 202 Ileavisidii 263 obscurus 204, 400 oompressicaudus . . . . 206 4*. Sotalia 39.3, 401 Guianensis 401 5. Lagenorhynchus .... 207 Electra 208 casruleo-albus 268 Asia 269 acutus 270 clanculus 271 breviceps 271 Thicolea 271 albirostria 272 leiicopleurus 273 ? Nilssonii 275 lateralis 275 fusiformis 402 6. Delphinapterus 270 Peronii 276 Pborealis 277 7. Orca 278 gladiator 279 intermedia 283 Capensis 283 brevirostris 285 8. Pseudorca 290, 402 crassideus 290 meridionalis 291 9. Grampus 295 Cuvieri 295 Rissoanus 298 Richardsonii 299 affinis 300 Sakamata 301 10. PbocfBna 301, 402 coramimis 302 tuberculifera 304 spinipinuis 304 11. Neomeris 306 Pbocseuoides 306 12. Beluga 306 Catodon 307 Kingii 309 13. Mouodou 310 inouoceros 311 Fam. GLOBiocEPiiAxiDiE. . . . 313 1. Globiocepbalus 313 Svineval 314 affinis 317 intermedins 318 Edwardsii 320 macrorbyncbus .... 320 Indicus 322 Sieboldii 323 Cbinensis 323 2. Spbferocephalus 323 incrassatus 324 Fam. ZiPHiiDiE 326 Hyperoodoxtixa 327 1. Hyperoodon 328 "Butzkopf 330 2. Lagenocetus 336 latifrons 339 Epiodontina 340 3. Epiodon 340 jDesmarestii 341 4. PetrorbjTicbus 342 Capensis 346 Indicus 346 ZiPHIINA 348 5. Berardius 348 Arnuxii 348 0. Zipbius 348 Sowerbiensis 350 Layardii 353 7. Diopiodon 355 Secbellensis 355 Suborder II. Sirenia 356 Fam. Manatid^ 356 Man.\tina 357 1. Manatus 357 australis 358 Senegalensis 360 2. Halicore 360 Dugong* 361 Tabernaculi 364 Rytinina 365 3. Rytina 365 gigas 365 Additions and Corrections 367 CATALOGUE OF SEALS AND WHALES. Family PHOCID^E. Cutting-teeth f or | or A or |, conical or truncated; canines conical, sometimes elongated ; grinders ^.| or ||, more or less lobed or plaited. Head rounded ; face more or less produced ; ears, very small, rudimentary, or none external ; eyes large, only slightly convex. Body elongate, hairy, attenuated behind; teats 2 or 4, ventral. Feet short, enveloped in the body ; the fore feet short ; fingers five- clawed ; the hind feet directed backwards, and close together ; toes five-elawed. Tail very short, depressed, sharp-edged on each side. Fera (partim), Linn. S. N. i. 55. Bruta (part.), Linn. S. N. i. 48. Phoca, XwM. S. N. i. 55; Pennant, Syn. Quad. 330; Grmj, Gnfftfh'a A. K. V. 175. Phocadfe et Trichecidte, Gray, LoncL Mefl. Repos. 1821, 302. Phocidaj et Trichechida3, Gray, Ami. Phil. 1825, 340. Phocidfe, Gray, Zool. Ereh. 4- Terror ; Cat. Seals B. M.l, 18-50. jNIammiferes a nageoires, Anipliibies, Desni. N. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxiv. 34, 1804. Amphibia, Gray, Lond. Med. Repos. 1821, 302 ; Latr. Fam. R. A. 51, 1830. Phocaceeraa, Nilsson, Vetetisk. AJcad. Handl. 1837, 235 ; lUuin. Figurer Skand. Fauna, 1840, trand. by Br. Peters, Wieym. Arch. vii. 301. (Piimipedia) Ruderfiisse, Illic/er, Prodr. 138, 1811; Rdppell, Verz. Senck. Samnd. 167, 1845. Les Phoques et les Morses, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 463, 465, 1829 ; Duvernoy, Tab. R. A. Tetraptervgia, J. Brookes, Catal. Mas. 36, 1828. Ursi (part.), Wayler, N. S. Amph. 27, 18.30. Cynomorpba (Phoca et Otaria), Latr. Fam. R. A. 51, 1825. Brocha (Morse), Latr. Fam. R. A. 52, 1825. Phoques, F. Car. Dents des Mamm. 113, 1825. B 2 PHOCID^. Ampliibies quadriremes, Duwrnoy, Tab. Aniyn. Vert, Qiiadrupeda Nectopoda sou Plectropoda, G. Fischet-, Zoognom, 12. Nectopoda, § 2. I'imiipeda (pari.), G. Fischer, Zoognom. 15. Phocidai seu Brachiociontia, J. Broohes, Cafal. Mns. .30, 1828. Trichechidfe seu Campodontia, J. Brookes, fatal. Mns. 37, 1828. Otariadse, J. Brookes, Catal Mns. 37, 1828. Their limbs are short and fiii-likc, supported by the same number of bones as those of other carnivorous mammalia ; the arm and leg bones are much shorter ; the fingers and toes are armed with claws, and are webbed together. They swim with facility, and dive for a long period. On land they scarcely use their limbs in walking, the fore arms resting inactive on the sides, and the hind feet close together, parallel on the sides of the tail ; they move, by the action of the ventral muscles, in short jumps, or by wriggling themselves alternately from side to side. They have very large, scarcely convex eyes ; the nostrils are closed by their own elasticity, and opened at the will of the animal ; their sense of smell is veiy acute, and the convolutions of the bones and membranes of the nose are much developed. Of all the families of Mammalia the species composing that of the Seals (Phocidce) are the most difficult of detennination, partly on account of their great resemblance to one another in external cha- racters, and the changes which they undergo in colour and form during their growth, but more especially on account of the difficulty of observing them in their natural habitations. The labours of M. de Blainville, the two brothers Cuvier, and especially of Professor Nilsson of Lund, have done much to elucidate the characters of the European species and those frequenting the eastern coast of JN^orth America ; the species found in the North Pacific are only known by the descriptions of Steller, Pallas, and Temminck. Many naturalists have been inclined to consider them as identical with those found in the southern part of the Pacific Ocean, believing that the species migrate from one half of the world to the other, though we have the testimony of most voyagers that Seals are very rarely found between the eqiiatorial line and 21° north latitude. The Seals of the Southern hemisphere have not been so well studied, from the want of sufficient materials. Cuvier, when he wrote the ' Ossemens Fossiles,' jiossesscd only eight skulls, belonging to four species (viz. 1. Phoca Leptonyx, 2. P. elephantina, 3. P.pusiUa, 4. P. leon'ma ?) ; but as several of these had been brought home without the skins, he could only refer them doiibtfully to established species. Indeed, almost the only knowledge that we have of the Seals of the Pacific is derived from the observations of Cook, and the Forsters, who accompanied that intrepid naNngator as naturalists ; and the materials wliich they brought home were well collated by Pennant in his ' History of Quadrupeds,' a work of very extraordi- nary merit considering the date of its publication. England might then fairly be described as taking, as she should do, the lead in PHOCIDJE. 6 scientific zoology. This period has not been fairly estimated by the modern school of zoologists, who, at the opening of the Continent after the war, appear to have been so dazzled by the brilliant pro- gress made by the Professors ai:)pointcd by Napoleon, that they over- looked the fact that these men were only following in the footsteps of Pennant, Latham, Solander, the Forsters, Fabricius, and others (who were either Englishmen, or had been fostered by the scientific men of this country), as Linnaeus followed in the footsteps of Ray. Besides the particulars given by Cook and Forster in the account of their voyages, Forster communicated to Buffon the figures of two of the species he had observed, accompanied by details of their organization and habits, which were printed in the supplementary volumes of Buffon's ' Natural History,' and form the most complete and best account we have yet had of the history of these species. Peron and Lesueur, in their record of Baudin's voyage, indicate some Seals found in the South Sea, and give fuller details of the Sea Elephant, they having been so fortunate as to fall in with some males of that species ; but the Natural History of the voyage was never published, so that we are indebted to Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v.) for the description of the only Seal they brought home, which appears to have been the Fur Seal of commerce. In the Zoology of Captain Duperrey's ' Voyage of the Coquille,' a Seal is figured under the name of Phoca molossina ; but the skull and skin now in the Paris Museum, as Nilsson has correctly observed, are only the young Sea Lion's. In the ' Voyage of the Astrolabe ' two other southern Seals are figured ; one called Otaria cinerea, Peron, which appears to be the Fur Seal of commerce, and the Otaria ousfralts, which, is very like the ArctocepJialus lohatus, described from a skull in Mr. Brookes's collection many years previously. It is to be regretted that the figures here referred to, especially of the skull, are so bad as to be utterly useless for the determination of the species without comparison of the original specimens. In the French 'Voyage to the South Pole,' figTires are given of the Sea Leopard and the common White Antarctic Seal, the two most common species found everywhere in these regions on the packed ice ; the latter is named Phoca carcinophaga. Mr. W. Hamilton has given an account of the Seals and other marine mammalia, in Sir W. Jardine's ' Natiu-alist's Library,' which contains a carefully compiled account of these animals, and some original figures from the specimens in Ihe Edinburgh and Liverpool Museums ; but, unfortunately, Mr. Stewart, the draughtsman, has been more intent on giving them an artistic efi^ect than on attending to their zoological characters. Thus, some which should have no claws on their hind feet have large ones, and sometimes one too many for any mammal ; and the toe-membranes of all the Eai-ed Seals or Otaries are represented as hairy instead of bald. The same author has given an account of the Fur Seal in the ' Annals of Natural Historv,' which he considers as diff'erent from the Sea Bear of Forster B 2 and other South-Sea navigators. According to Dr. Hooker, the Fnr Seals of the Falklands rarely exceed 3| or 4 feet in length. Seamen have long divided the Seals, on account of the great dif- ference in their form, into the Earless and Eared Seals. Buffon adopted the division ; and Peron, in his account of Baudin's Voyage (ii. 37), gave the name of Ofaria to the Eared Seals. Cuvier and most naturalists have adopted this name. In the 'Medical Repository' for 1821, p. 302, I considered the Seals as forming an order, named Awj^hih la , containing two families : Phocadte for Plioea and Otaria, and Trichecidce for Trichecus. Dr. Fleming, in 1822, placed the Otters (Lutra), Sea Otters (En- hydra), Seals (Phoca), Ursine Seals {Otaria), and Walrus {Trichecus) in a single group, which he called Pulmata. — Phil. ZooJ. ii. 187. Dr. W. Vrolik, in 1822, in his ' Thesis de Phocis,' divides the Seals into five tribes: — I. Phocce sine aurindis: Trihus prima, P. ^^tu- lina ; Trihus secunda, P. monachus ; Trihus fertia, P. mitrata ; Trihvs qm(rta, P. proboscidea. II. Otarice {Phocce aiiiiculata') : Trihus quinta, P. leonina, &c. In the ' Annals of Philosophy ' for 1 825, I considered the genera Phoca and Trichecus as each forming a familj', and proposed to divide the Seals thus : — I. Grinders manj'-rooted ; ears none ; nose simple. \. Stenorhiinchina,YQ\-d^msi and Stenorhynchus. 2. Phocina, Phoca. — II. Grinders with simple roots, or with divided roots, and Avith distinct ears. 3. Euhydrina, Enhj'dra. 4. Otariina, Otaria and Platyrhynchus. 5. Steiumatopina, Stemmatopus and Macro- rhinus. M. F. Cuvier, in 1825, in the * Dents des Mammiferes,' 118, divides the Seals into those which have many roots to the grinders, including P. vitidina, P. Leptonyx, and P. mitrata, and those witli simple- rooted grinders, as P. ursimi and P. prohoscidea. In 1829, in the article Zoologie in the ' Diet. Sci. Nat.' lix. 367, he divides them into — 1. Les Phoques proprement dits, including the genera Callo- c*phalus, Stenorhynchus, Pelagius, Stemmcdopus, Macrorhinus, Arcto- cephaJus, and Platyrhynchus, and 2. Les Morses, for the genus Tri- checus. In a paper on the genus, in ' Mem. Mus.' xi. 1827, 208, he proposed to divide them into the following subgenera pin ced in three sections ; — Skct. 1. Grinders similar, double-rooted. — 1. CallocejJmhis (vitu- linus); 2. Stenorhynchus (leptonyx) ; 3. Pelagius (monachus). Sect. 2. Grinders simple-rooted ; ciitting-tceth ^. — 4. Stemmato- pus (cristatus); 5. Macrorhinus (proboscidalis). Sect. 3. Grinders simple-rooted ; cutting-teeth I-. — 6. Arctocepha- lus (ursinus) ; 7. Platyrhynchus (leoninus). An abstract of this paper is given in Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 230, Mr. Josluia Brookes, in the Catalogue of his Anatomical and Zoological Museum, 36, 1828, divides the Tetrapteryyia, or Seals, into three families: A-iz. 1. Phocidce or Brachiodontia ; 2. Otariadie; and 3. Trichechida' or Camp>odontia, Latreille (Fam. Eeg. Auim.), in 1825, proposed to foiTQ the Seals into an order, Amjyluhin, containing two families: — 1. Cynomorpha, for Phoca and Otaria ; 2. Brocket, for Trichechus. Wagler (Natiirl. Syst. Amphibian), in 1830, places the Seals in the order Ursi, and divides them into three genera: — 1. Phoca (mona- chus) ; 2. lihinophoca (prohoscideus) ; 3. Trichecus (rosmarus). Professor Nilsson, in 1837, in a monograph of the species of Seals, proposed to divide them into seven genera, distributed in two sec- tions, thus : — Sect. I. — 1. Stenorlujnclms (leptonyx) ; 2. PeJagius (monachus) ; 3. PJioca (vitulina). Sect. II. — 4. Halichoems (grypus) ; 5. Trichecus (rosmarus) ; 6. Ci/sfophorci (proboscidea and cristata) ; 7. Otaria (jubata and ursina). See Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 1837, 235 ; Skand. Faima, no. 20, 1840. This essay is translated into German by Dr. Peters in Wieg- mann's Arch. vii. 301. In Loudon's ' Magazine of Natural Histoiy' for 1837 (i. 583) and in the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror ' is proposed the arrange- ment which is followed in this Catalogue. Mr. Turner, in 1848, proposed the foUowing arrangement of the family Phocichv from the stxidy of skulls : — I. Arctocephalina: 1. Otaria; 2. Arctocephalus. II. Trichecina: 3. Trichecus. III. Phocimi : 4. Morunga ; 5. Cystophora ; 6. Hali- choerus ; 7. Ommatophora ; 8. Lobodon ; 9. Leptonyx; 10. Steno- rhynchus ; 11. Phoca.— Proc. ZooL Soc. 1848, 88 ; Ami. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1848, iii. 422. Synopsis of the Tkibes and Gteneea. A. Grinders two-rooted; ears none; toes simjile, of fore feet short, of liind feet tineqiud, the outer on each side lonijest, the middle shortest; the 2'>ahns and soles hairy. a. Cuttiny-teeth i; hind feet nearly clawless; muffle hairy on the edye and betiveen the nostrils ; fore feet trianyidar ; tcrist very short. Stenorliyuchina. * First, second, and third front dipper and the first front loicer yrinders sinyle-rooted, the rest two-rooted ; hirer jaio moderate. 1. Lobodon. Skull and muzzle elongate ; grinders unequally lobed. ** The front yrinders of each jaw sinyle-rooted, the rest two-rooted. t Lower jaw weak, tvith obtuse anyle ; orbits very larye. 2. Leptonyx. Skull broad, depressed behind ; muzzle short, broad ; gTinders subcompressed, with a small subcentral conical tubercle and a very small posterior one; lower jaw narrow behind, without any hinder angle ; fore feet clawed. 3. Ommatophoca. Skull broad, depressed behind ; muzzle very short, broad ; orbits very large ; grinders small, compressed, with a central incurved lobe, and a small lobe on each side of it; fore feet very slightly clawed. tt Luwer jaw strony, icith an acute angle ; orbits ?noderafe. 4. Stenorhynchus. Skiill aud muzzle elongate ; griuders compressed, with tliree cylindrical elongated lobes, the centre one longest and largest. 6. MoNACHUs. Skull broad, depressed behind ; muzzle short, broad ; orbits lax'ge ; giinders small, conical, thick, with a small anterior and posterior lobe ; lower jaw broad, vnth. a distinct posterior angle ; upper cutting-teeth transversely notched ; palate angularly notched behind. b. Cutting-teeth | ; the first grindei' in each jaw single-rooted, the rest two-rooted; muzzle bald, callous hetioeen and above the nostrils, and divided by a central groove ; wrist rather exserted ; fingers subequal ; claivsfive, large. Phocina. * Branches of loiver jaw diverging; Imuer edge of lower jaw rvimdedf simple; palate angularly arched behind; angle of loicer jaw blunt, sloping behind. G. Callocephalus. Muzzle rather narrow ; whiskers waved ; toes gra- dually shorter ; web between the hind toes hairy ; hair subcylindrical ; under-fur thin. *• Branches of lower jaw diverging; lowo' edge of loicer jaw dilated on the inner side. 7. Pagomys. Palate angularly notched behind ; angle of lower jaw blunt, sloping behind. 8. Pagophilus. Palate truncated behind ; angle of lower jaw acute, erect behind, with a notch above the basal tubercle ; muzzle rather Eroduced ; whiskers waved ; toes gradually shorter ; web between ind toes baldish ; hair dry, flat, close-pressed, without any imder- fur. *** Branches of lotverjaiv arched on the side and wide apaii, ; lower edge produced on the inner side behind the symphysis ; palate arched. 9. Halicyon. Tubercle on inner edge of front part of lower jaw elon- gate, sharp-edged ; teeth moderate ; angle of lower jaw simple, with a distinct notch above it. 10. Phoca. Tubercle on inner edge of front part of lower jaw blunt, rugailose ; teeth small ; angle of lower jaw with a roimded lobe on inner side above the basal tubercle ; muzzle broad, short ; forehead convex ; whiskers smooth, simple ; ear-hole large ; fingers unequal, the third longest, second and fom-th long, the first and fifth shorter, neai'ly equal. B, Grinders with single root (except the two hinder grinders of Hali- choerus). c. Ears without any conch; toes simple, of fore feet exserted, of hind feet large, the inner and aider ones large and long, the three middle ones shorter ; palm and sok'S hairy, sometimes chaff)/ and callous from wear; nntfile hairy to the edge and between the no^rils. * 3ftizzle large, truncated, simple; canines large; grinders lobed, ivhen old truncated. Trichechina. 11. IIai.ichcerus, Muzzle broad, rounded; cutting-teeth 'I ; grinders |^, conical, the two hinder of the upper and hinder one of the lower jaw PHOCIDJD. / double-rooted, the rest simple ; canines moderate ; whiskers crenu- lated ; muffle hairy ; palm and soles hairy ; claws 5-5, elongate. 12. Trichechus. Muzzle very broad, truncated, swollen and convex above ; muffle, palm, and soles chaffy, callous, with the hair more or less worn off in the . adult (hairy when young ?) ; cutting-teeth | in youth, f in adult ; giinders 4-4, truncated, all single-rooted ; camnes of upper jaw very large, exserted. ** Muzzle of the male 7cith a dilatile appendage; cutting-teeth^; grinders with a large swollen root and a small, compressed, simple, plaited croion; mirffle hairy. Cystophorina. 13. MoRUNGA. Nose transversely wrinkled above, exsertile ; muzzle of the skull broad, truncated in fi'ont ; forehead convex ; hinder palatine bone short, transverse ; hair flat, truncated, close-pressed ; whiskers round, rather waved, thick ; front claws obsolete ; crown of grinders finely plaited. 14. Cystophora. Nose of male with a large compressed hood extending to the back of the head ; muzzle very broad, hairy ; nostrils large ; muzzle of skull broad, narrowed on each side in front ; forehead flat ; palatine bone broad, square ; hair elongate, cylindrical ; whiskers flat, waved ; claws 5-5, distinct ; crown of grinders strongly wrinkled. d. Ears with a subcylindrical distinct external conch ; toes of the hind feet stibeqnal, short, with long me^nhranaceotis Jlaps at the end; fore feetfin-Wke ; palm and soles bald, longitudinally grooved ; nose simple, with a rather large callous muffle above and betxoeen the nostrils ; cutting-teeth |, upper often bifid; grinders -^^ Arctoceplialina. 15. Callorhinus. Cutting-teeth subequal ; face of skull short; fore- head convex, regularly rounded from the end of the nasal bone to the middle of the vertex ; nasal opening small ; palate rather concave, contracted behind, short, nearly reaching the middle of the zygomatic arch ; lower jaw short, thick, flattened, expanded beneath just in front of the condyle. 16. AncTOCEPHALTJS. Cutting-teetli subequal ; face of skull elongate ; forehead flattened, and nearly horizontal from the nasal bone to the vertex ; nasal opening large, high ; palate rather narrower behind than in front, rather concave, short, not reaching behind the middle of the zygomatic arch ; lower jaw narrow, with a crest-like ridge behind, beneath, just in front of the condyle. 17. Otaria. Muzzle broad, high in front ; forehead rather convex ; occiput high ; cutting-teeth |, upper and outer one very large, like canines; grinders of adult wdth very large roots and small, com- pressed, lobed crown ; palate-bone rather wider behind than in front, long, extending nearly to the articulation of the jaws behind ; lower jaw broad, dilated in fi'ont and behind at the angle ; upper jaw elon- gate, and dilate with age. 8 vnociDM. Sect. I. Grinders ^t^, two-rooted ; cars none; toes simpk, of the fore feet short, of the hind feet unequal, the outer on each side longest, the middle shortest ; the pabns and soles hairy. (See fig. 1.) The skiill has no postorbital process nor alisphenoid caiml. The mastoid process is swollen, and seems to form part of the auditory bidla. — Turner. Fig. 1. Mouachus albiventer. Fore and hind feet. Phoca, Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 175, 1827. Phoca, Sect. I., F. Cuvier, Mem. Mus. xi. ; Nilsson, Wieym. Arch, vii. 306 ; Skand. Fauna, n. xx. Phocidse seu Brachiodontia, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 36, 1828. Phoques, les dents ont les racines multiples, I. Cuvier, Dents des Manim. 116. t. 38, 1825. Phocina (part.), Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 88. Phocidae, § 1, Gray, Cat. Seeds B. M. 5-8. Subfamily 1. STENORHYNCHINA. Cutting -teeth ^ ; hind feet nearly claivless ; mnffie hairy to the edge and between the nostrils ; fore feet triangular ; wrist very short. Stenorhvnchina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825, 340; 3Ia(/. N.H. i. 583, 1837; Zool. Erehus ^ Terror ; Cat. Seals B. M. 5, 8, 1850. * The first, second, and third front apper and the first front lower yrinders sinyle-rooted, the rest tioo-rooted ; lower jaw moderate, rather weak; orbits large. 1. LOBODON. Skull elongate ; muzzle elongate ; grinders rather compressed, with a large lobe in front, and three lobes behind the larger central one. Head elongate ; car-conch none externally ; muzzle broad ; nostrils ovate, hairy to the edge ; whiskers rigid, tapering, waved. Skull elongate, rather depressed ; nose broad, rather produced ; orbits LOBUDON. a moderate ; the petrose portion, of the temporal bone very convex, nearly hemispherical. Cutting- teeth ^ ; the upper middle ones moderate, with a smaller, rather compressed ctiown ; the two others large, conical, like the canines ; the lower pair small ; the two middle ones siibcylindrical, rather internal, projecting forwards and rounded at the end ; the outer ones rather larger, blimt. Canines ytj, conical, curved, small, the upper largest. Grinders ?^, with large swoUen roots ; the crown triangular, subtrigonal, lobed ; lobes rather recurved at the tip, the Fis. 2. Lobodou carciuophaga. Skull and hinder grinder. larger lobe with one, or sometimes a second, small lobe in front, and with three lobes behind ; the first upper one smaller, with a single large root, the second, third, and fourth nearlj' equal, and the fifth smaller and more compressed ; the second and third have the root only divided at the base, the fourth and fifth have the root divided nearly to the crown, and diverging ; the first under is smallest and single-rooted, the rest are all similar, 2-rooted, the third being the largest, and the fifth most compressed in the crown. The symjihysis of the lower jaw is very long. The teeth of the younger animals have a rather broader crown, Avith rather shorter tubercles, a rugose siu'face with some smaller tubercles on the inner side, near the base of the hinder lobes, but separated from them by a groove. Body tapering behind. The fore limbs moderate, rather elongate, triangular, hairy above and below ; toes 5, tapering, with a narrow, thick, haiiy web between them ; claws 5, elongate, acute, subequal. The hind limbs large, broad, triangular, hairy above and below ; the outer toes on each side of the foot very large, broad, rounded at the end ; the three middle ones smaller, narrow, tapering, with a thick hairy Aveb between them ; the central one smaller and shorter ; all clawless. Tail short, conical, depressed. Fur close-set, rather rigid, directed backwards, soft at the end ; the hairs flat at the base, tapering to a fine point, without any under- fur at the roots. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. 10 rnociD.E. LoLodon, Graii, Zool. Erehus Sf Terror ; Cat. Seals B, M. 5, 9. Phoca, sp., Hoinh. t^ Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud (no description). Stenorhynclms (part.), Owen, Ann. «§• Mag. N. H. 1843, xii. 331. Haliclioerus, sp., T. Peule. This genus is more nearly allied to Stenorhynclius than to Phoca, to which the French surgeons have referred it ; but still it differs so much from that genus in the conformation of the skull and in the lobing and rooting of the teeth, that it can scarcely be left in it. The latter peculiarity appears to have escaped Prof. Owen's research, as in his generic character of Stenorhynchus he says, '" Anterior molars with one root, the rest with two roots," while in this genus the three front ujiper molars are single-rooted, a character by which it differs fi'om all the other genera in the family. 1. Lobodon carcinophaga. Crab-eating Seal. Head, back, hind feet, and upper part of the tail pale olive ; fore feet, side of the face, body, and tail beneath yellowish white ; the hinder part of the sides of the body and the base of the hind fins yellow-spotted, spots unequal, often confluent ; whiskers white, the upper ones smaller, dusky. Phoca carcinophaga, Honih. 8f Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, t. (skull, good : not described) ; Pucheran, Voy. d' Urinllc, t. 10, 10 a. Lobodon carcinophaga. Gray, Zool. Ereb. S,- Terror, Mammalia,2. 1. 1, t. 2 (skull) ; Cat. Odeol. Spec. B. 31. 32 ; Cat. Seals B. M. 10. Stenorlivnchus serridens, Oioen, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1843, xii. 331 ; Proc.''Zool. Soc. 1843, 131; Cat. Ost. Mus. Coll. Surg. 641. Halichcerus antarctica, T. Peak, U. S. Explor. Exped. 30. t. 5, skull, fig. p. 31, 1848 ; ed. Cassin, 25, 1858, fig. skull, not good. See Stenorlivnchus vetus, Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vi. 377, fig. tooth, said to be found in the greensand of New Jersey. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean, on the packed ice. a. Skull: three-parts grown. Antarctic Seas. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty, from the Antarctic Expedition. — Skull figured ' Zool. Erebus & Terror,' t. h. Skull : adult. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. c. Skull : adult. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by Lieut. W. Smith, R.N. d. Skull : adult. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by Lieut. W. Smith, R.N. e. Skull : adult. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by Lieut. W. Smith, R.N.— See Fig. 2, p. 9. /. Skidl : young. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. g. Skeleton. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. li. Skull. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. The skeleton and skull of this animal are described in detail by Prof. Owen, Cat. Osteol. Mus. CoU. Surg. 641. no. 3937. 2. LEPTONYX. 11 ** The Jirst front yrinder in each Jaw sinyle-rooted, the fcst two-rooted. t Lower jaw iveak, with an obtuse anyle behind ; orbits very laryc. 2. LEPTONYX. SkuU broad, depressed behind; muzzle short, broad; grinders subcompressed, with a small subcentral conical tubercle and a very small posterior one ; the lower jaw narrow behind, without any hinder angle ; fore feet clawed. Head flattened ; muzzle broad, rather short, rounded ; muffle hairy between aud to the edge of the nostrils ; nostrils ovate ; whiskers compressed, slightly waved ; ears, no external conch. Skull slightly depressed, expanded behind ; nose rather short, broad, high above ; orbits rather large ; the petrose portion of the temporal bone convex, hemispherical. Cutting-teeth |-, conical, rather recurved, those of the upper jaw largest ; the middle in each jaw smaller ; the outer upper much larger. Canines ^k, large, conical, curved, rather compressed, upper largest. Grinders ^, moderate, rather far apart, parallel to the edge of the jaw, compressed, with subcentral, conical, prominent tubercle ; the second, third, and fourth, in the more perfect specimens, with a small conical tubercle on the hinder edge, and a sharp-edged ridge round the inner side of the base ; the front grinder in each jaw smaller, and with a single conical root, the rest all 2-rooted nearly to the crown. Lower jaw slender, with a short symi^hysis in front, and narrow, without any angle at the hinder part of the lower edge. Fig. 3. Leptouyx Weddellii. Skull, and first and last grinder. Fore feet small, elongate, triangular, hairy above and below, with five graduated, distant, marginal claws : hind feet moderate ; the two marginal toes largest, rounded at the end ; claws small, rudi- mentary, two middle largest. Fur short, adpressed, without any under-fur; hair slender, tapering, slightly flattened. The skuU of this genus resembles in many respects Cuvier's figure of a skull of Phoca bicolor ; but it differs from it in all the grinders 12 raociDJE. being placed more longitudinally, and in the lower jaw being slender, and without any angle on the hinder part of the lower edge. It is far more nearly allied to that genus than to Stenorhi/nchus, to which Prof. Owen (Ann. N.H. 1843, xii. 331, 332) has referred it ; observing that his Sien. serridens (our Lohodon cancnvora) shows modifications of the molar teeth which would give it a better claim to subgeneric distinction than the /Sten. Weddellii (which, he observed, is the type of the subgenus Lcptonjix of Mv. Graj") has been supposed to possess. Prof. Owen made this remark, and drew up his specific character, without having seen the teeth of this species ; for the skull was not then removed from the skin, and the specimens in the British Museum were stuflPed with the mouth nearly closed. This animal is easily known from Stenorhtinchus by the shortness of the wrist and the triangular form of the fore feet, being interme- diate in this respect between that genus and Ommatophoca. Mr. Swainson, in 1832, applied the name of Lepton»ix to a genus of birds, and in 1837 the same name to a second ; but the former had before been named Pferoj^tochos, and the latter Cornjiliosjnza, so that the name may still be tised for the Seal. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. Leptonyx, Gray, Mar/. N. H. 183G ; Zoul. Voj/. Erebus S,- Terror, Mamm. ; Cat. Seals B. M. 6, 14 ; not Stvainson. 1. Leptonyx Weddellii. Fahe Sea Leopard. Fulvous, with the front of the back and a line down the back blackish grey ; whiskers brown, tapering. Female and young blackish grey above ; sides with a series of longitudinal yellowish spots. Phoca Leopardina, Jameson, Weddell, Voy. South Pole, i. 22, 24, 134, t. , not good ; Spec. Mus. Edi)i. Sea Leopard, or Leopard Seal, Weddell, Voy. S. Pole, i. 22, 134. Otaria? Weddellii, Lesson, Bull. Set. Nat. vii. 34§, 438, 1826. Stenorlijaiclms Weddellii, Lesson, Mumm. 200 ; Owen, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1843, xii. 333. Leopard Seal, Hamilton, Nat. Libr. 183. t. 12 (from Capt. WeddelVs sjK'cimen). Leptonyx Weddellii, Gray, Maq. N H. 1836 ; Zool. Voy. Erebtis ^ Terror, t. 5 (animal), t. 6 (skiill) ; Cat. Seals B. M. 16. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. South Orkney, Weddell. a, h. Skins : adult : stuffed. Santa Cruz. Presented by Capt. Fitzroy, Il.N., 1833.^ — The specimens described as Leptonyx Weddellii, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1836 ; Cat. Ostcol. Spec. B. M. 31. N.B. When this species was first described, I thought it was the Leopard Seal of Weddell. I was afterwards induced to believe that I was mistaken, as the name Sea Leopard was applied by the whalers to Stenorliynelms Jjeptonyx ; but it would appear that they used the same name for the two Seals ; and I have convinced myself, by exami- ning the teeth of Weddell's specimen in the Museum of the Univer- sity of Edinburgh, that my first opinion was correct. 3. oMMATornooA. 18 / Skin : stuffed : small. Antarctic Sea. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. — Specimen described and figured in ' Zool. Erebus and Terror.' Skull. River Santa Cruz, cast coast of Patagonia. Presented by Capt. Fitzroy. Skull of specimen a. Skull. River Santa Cruz, east coast of Patagonia. Presented liy Capt. Fitzroy. Skull of specimen h. Skull. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. — The skull figiu-ed in ' Zool. Erebus and Terror,' t. Skull, xintarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. 3. OMMATOPHOCA. Skull broad, depressed behind ; muzzle very short, broad ; orbits very large ; grinders small, compressed, with a central incurved lobe, and a small lobe on each side of it ; fore feet very sKghtly clawed. Head short, broad ; ears small, with no internal conch ; muzzle very short, rounded ; muffle hairy between and to the edge of the nostrils ; nostrils ovate ; whiskers tapering, conical. Skull depressed, expanded behind ; orbits very large ; nose very short, broad, truncated in front, high behind ; petrose portion of the temporal bone convex. Cutting-teeth ^, small, conical, sharply recurved at the tij). Grinders small, compressed, with a subcentral, rather large, broad, slightly incurved lobe, having a very small lobe on the inner side of Fig-. 4. Oinmatophoca Rossii. Skull and hinder grinders. its front, and a larger conical one in the middle of its hinder edge ; the front grinder of each jaw is smaller and thicker, with a single conical root, the rest aU with two diverging roots to the crown. 14 PHOCID^, Lower jaw rather slender, with a short symphysis in front, and rather narrow, with a thick rounded edge in the hinder part of the lower edge in the place of the angle. Fore feet moderate, elongate, triangular, hairy above and below ; toes 5-5, tapering, subequal, separated by a thick, narrow, hairy web ; claws two or three, very small, rudimentary, horny, acute. Hind feet large, broad, triangular, hairy above and below ; the outer toes on each side of the foot very large, broad, rounded at the end ; the middle ones small, narrow, tapering, with a thick hairy web between them ; the central one smaller and shortest ; all clawless. Tail short, conical. Fur very close-set, rather rigid. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. Ommatoplioca, Gray, Zool. ErchtcsSf Terror , Mamm.\ Cat. Seals B.M. 6,18. Ommatophora, Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 88, misprint. 1. Ommatophoca B.ossii. 7?oss's Large-eyed Seal. Greenish yellow, with close oblique yellow stripes on the side, pale beneath. Ommatophoca Rossii, Gray, Zool. Erehm Sf Terror, 3I(nmn. t. 7 (animal), t. 8 (skull and teeth) ; Cat. Osteal. Spec. B. M. 31 ; Cat. Seals B. M. 19. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. a. Stuffed skin. Antarctic Ocean. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. From the Antarctic Expedition. h. Skull of a. Figured in ' Zool. Erebus & Terror,' t. 8. f. 1, 2 k 4. The fii'st and second grinders of the upper jaw are small, with a single conical root ; on the right side both these teeth are united together in one cavity ; and as there are four other grinders on each side, it would appear as if there were front grinders of two sets. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth of the same jaw have a compressed, single, tapering root, with a deep central groove nearly dividing it into two parts, the groove being deepest and most distinguishable on their outer side. In the lower jaw the front grinder has a double crown, with a thick single root, tapering below, as if formed of two teeth united together by their roots ; the second and third grinders have a broad, compressed, single root, divided by a rather deep, central, longitudinal groove on each side ; and the fourth and fifth grinders each have two tapering, nearly parallel roots, well separated at the base from each other. In this skull the palate is rounded behind, and the suture between the two bones is much more nearly in its centre. I do not recollect to have observed such a malforma- tion, or soldering together of the roots of the teeth, in any other Seal. c, d. Skull and skeleton. The skull has the first upper and lower grinder with a single large subcylindrical root, tapering to a point beneath, and each of the other grinders has two conical separate roots diverging nearly from the collar. The palate is broad and rather truncated behind, and 4. STENORHTNCHtrS, 15 the transverse suture between the two bones in the palate is rather more than two-thirds the distance from the inner edge of the cutting- teeth. e. Skull. Figured in < Zool. Erebus & Terror,' t. 8. f. 3, 5. Antarctic Ocean. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. These skulls differ considerably from one another in the form of the palate and in the teeth ; but it is probable that the teeth of the skull (6) belonging to the skin (Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. 8. f. 1, 2, 4) are a malformation. tt Loioerjaw strong, with an acute angle hehind; orbits moderate. 4. STENORHYNCHUS. Skull elongate ; muzzle elongate ; grinders compressed, with thi-ee cylindrical elongate lobes, the centre one longest and largest. Head elongate ; ear-conch none externally ; muzzle broad, elon- gate ; muffle hairy to the edge and between the nostrils ; nostrils acute ; whiskers slightly waved. Face elongate, rather compressed ; nose tapering, rather produced and compressed on each side ; orbits moderate ; the petrose portion of the temporal bone rather convex. Cutting-teeth ^, conical, acute, incurved, granular, and with a cutting-edge on each side in a regular row; the two outer larger ; the upper much larger than the lower, and separated from the canines by a broad space. Canines conical, with sharp cutting-edges within and on the sides, the upper largest. Grinders ~, with moderate roots, separated from the crown by a narrow groove ; the crown compressed, divided into three elongate lobes, the centre lobe much the largest, longest, and subcylindrical, the anterior and posterior lobes conical ; Fig. 5. Stenorhynchus Leptonyx. Skull and gTinders. the bases of the lobes are surrounded by a sharp-edged ridge, with two small, short, conical tubercles on the inner side, the larger one being at the base of the separation of the hinder from the middle lobe : the front grinder in each jaw is rather tlio thickest, with a Ifi PHOCIPjE. single thick conical root; all the rest have tsvo rather diverging roots, di\d(le(i nearly to the crown ; the hinder tooth in each jaw is rather the smallest. Symphysis of the lower jaw short. Body tapering behind. The fore limbs moderate, rather elongate ; the toes are rather larger than the Avrist, and each furnished with a small nearly terminal claw. The hind limbs are rather large, of two nearly equal lobes, destitute of any claws ; the three middle toes small, tapering. The fur close-set, short, without any under-fur ; hairs flattened, tapering at the tip to a point. , In the young skull the grinders are well developed, while the cutting-teeth are small and far apart ; the hinder grinders have four lobes where they have only three in the adult. Mr. MacMurtrie, in his translations of Cu^•ier, erroneously adds to the generic character in the text of the author, " but with single roots ;" this is repeated in the reprint of the American edition pub- lished by Orr, i. 98. Dr. Knox observes, " Teeth, -f . f . ^=32 : the two lower middle incisors peculiar. Vertebrse : — cranial, 4 ; cervical, 7 ; dorsal, 14 ; lumbar, 6; sacral, 3; coccygeal, 13=47. " The nostrils opened much after the manner of the Cetacea, in the form of elongated fissures, one inch from the extremity of the snout ; the pelvic extremities very large and far back ; tail extremely short. The skin was hairy. The stomach contained numerous fish- bones, a few feathers (gulls'), aild some considerable portions of a pale-green, broad-leaved, marine Fucus ; thousands of a small, hard, round, white worm (parasitical) pervaded all parts of the intestines. The intestinal tube measured 71 feet 10 inches : caput caecum, 1 inch 9 lines : diameter of small intestines, 1 inch ; of large intestines, 1 inch 6 lines. Liver weighed 14 lbs. ; kidneys, 2 lbs. each ; spleen, 1 lb. ; heart, 6 lbs. The arch of the aorta gave off" an extremely short innooninata, which di\dded it into a right carotid and subclavian, and left carotid ; the left subclavian came off" separately. It resembles Tiedemann's third variety, pi. 3 (copy published in Edinburgh)." Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. Stenorhvnchus (Stenorhynque), F. Cnv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxxix. ; Mhn. Mus. xi. 190 ; Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 403 ('1829) ; Nilssm, Wiepn. Areh. vii. 307; Skand. Fauna; Gray, Zool. Ercb. 8f Terror, Mamm. ; Cat. Seals B. M. 0, 11. Phoca, sp., Home; Blainville; F. Cuv. Dents des Majum. t. 1. Stenorhynchus Leptonyx. Sea Leopard. Grey, paler beneath, with small black spots on the sides of the neck and body, and with a few smaller white spots on the sides ; upper part of the hinder limbs dark, pale-marbled. Phoca I^eptonyx, Mainv. Journ. Phi/s. xci. 288, 1820 ; Desm. Mamm. 247, from Home's speeimen ; Cur. Oss. Foss. v. 208. t. 18. f. 2 ; Gray, GriJptlCs A. K. v. 178 ; Bhdnv. Osteocfr. Phoea, 1. 1, ct t. 4. f. , skull (Mils. Paris) ; /-'. Cuvier, Dents des Mamm. 1 IH. t. 88 a. Seal from New Georgia, Hotne, PJiil. Trans. 1822, 240. t. 29, skull. ' 5. MONACHUS. 17 riioque quatrieme, Blainv. in Besm. Mamm. 243, note ; see Cnv. Oss. Foss. V. 207. Stenorh^-ucluis Leptonyx, F. Ciw. Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxix. 549. t. 44; Mem. Mus. xi. 190. "t. 13. f. 1; Dents des Mamm. 118. t. 38 a ; Nilsson, Wiegm. Arch. vii. 307 ; Skand. Fauna, t. ; Gray, Zool. Frehus inociD,E. terranean is also Ibuud on the southcru one and on the islaiuls of the Atlantic— P. Z. S. 1864. 2. Monachus tropicalis. Jamaica Seal. Grey-brown ; hair very short, strap-shajied, closely adpressed, black Avith a slight grey tip ; whiskers short, thick, cylindrical, re- gularly tapering, without any appearance of wave or twist ; fingers gradually shorter. Phoca tropicalis, Grat/, Cat. Seals B. M. 28. Inhab. Jamaica. a. Skin, imperfect, without skull. Skin referred to in description of Cystophora Antillarum, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 93. SubfamUy 2. PHOCINA. Cutting -teeth & ; the first front grinder in eacli jaw single-rooted, the rest two-rooted ; muzzle bald and callous between* and above tlie nostrils, and divided by a central groove; tvrist rather exserted ; fingers subequal ; claws 5*5, large. Phocina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825, 340 ; May. Nat. Hist. 1837, i. 583 ; Zool. Erehus S, Terror, 3 ; Cat. Phocidce B. M. 20. Phocaceerna, § 1, Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837 ; Wieym. Arch, vii.; Skand. Fauna, t. , 1840. Phoca, Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837 ; Wieym. Arch. vii. ; Skand. Fauna, xx. 1840. Callocephalus, F. Cuv. Mem. Mas. xi. 1827. G. CALLOCEPHALUS. Muzzle rather narrow ; whiskers waved ; fingers gradually shorter ; palate angularly notched behind ; hair subcylindrical ; under-fur thin ; web between the hind toes hairy. The branches of the lower jaw diverging ; the lower edge of the lower jaw rounded, simple, the angle blunt, sloping behind ; grinders large, crowded. (Fig. 7.) Inhab. Northern Ocean. Callocephalus (Callocephale), pt., F. Cuv. Mem. Mus. xi. 182, 1827; Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 463, 1829 ; Fischer, Syn. 230 ; Gray, Zool. Erebus Sf Terror, Mamm. Callocephalus, § *, Cat. Phoc. B. M. 21. Phoca, sp., Linn. ; Fleminy, Phil. Zool. n. 187; Nilsson, Skatid. Fauna, XX. 1. Callocephalus vitulinus. Common Seed. Finely sprinkled with blackish and whitish, and with greyish brown and yellowish grey along the back, usually unspotted and blackish ; the underside of the body whitish ; a widish, paler, unspotted ring round each eye, and over each eye a small roundish spot, ft\)m which a bristle proceeds. Edge of lower jaw rounded below in front, with a short symphysis. Grinders large, rather crowded and oblique. 6. CALLOCEPHALUS. Fio-. 7. 21 Callocephaliis vitulinus. Skull, g-riuder, and palate. Phoca vitulina, Linn. ; Nilsson, Vet.Akad. Handl. 1837; Skand. Fauna ; Wiegmann, Arch. vii. 316; Gray, GriffitKs A. K. v. 176; Blainv. Osteog. Phoca, t. 2, 5, 9 ; Gaimard, Voy. Islande, 1. 11. f. 1, 2 (skull) ; Ball, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad, xviii. t. 4. f. 11-13, t. 5, t. 6 ; Sketches Brit. Seals, t. 8. f. 23-25 (auinial), t. 9. f. 26-32 (anat.). Phoca communis, Linn. Mas. Ad. Frid. i. 5. Phoca canina, Pallas, Zool. Rosso- Asiat. 114. Phoca littorea, Thienem. Nat. Bemerk. 61, t, 6, 7, 8 ; Bidl. Sci. Nat. V. 216. Plioque commune, var., F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lith. ix. t. ; Mhn. Miis. xi. 182. t. 12. f. la,h,c. Phoca variegata, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, i. 359. Callocephalus vitulinus, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 540 ; Gray, Zool. Frebus ^- Terror, 3 ; Cat. Osteog. Sjiec. B. M. 32 ; Cat. Phoc. B. M. 21. Seal, Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 71. t. 48. Common Seal, Parsons, Phil. Trans, xlvii. 120, t. 6 ; Penn. Syn. 339 : Bell, Brit. Quad. 263. Phoca Linntei, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 414. See Hund, Blumenb. Ahbild. t. 73. Veau marin, Perrault, Anim. i. 187. t. 97. Phoque commune, Buffon, H. N. xiii. 333. t. 45 ; Suppl. vi. t. 46 ; Cuv. R. A. i. 165 ; Oss. Foss. iv. 278, v. 200 ; F. Cuvier, Anti. Mtis. xvii. 377: 3famm. Lith. t. . Var. ? Phoca commimis octonotata, Kutorqa, Bull. Soc. I7np. Nat. Mosq. 1839, 189. t. 13. f. 1, t. 14. f. 1, 2, 3, t. 15. f. 1, 2 & 5, t. 16. f. 1-4, and t. 18. f. 1-4 (skull). Var. ? Phoca communis undulata, Ktdorga, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosq. 1839, 189. t. 13. f. 2, t. 14. f. 4-6, t. 15. f. 3, 4, t. 17, t. 18. f. 2. Var. ? Phoque a fortes moustaches, Mus. Paris ; fide Nilsson, Wieg- mann, Arch. vii. 311. Inhab. North Sea. Caspian Sea. Baikal. a. Skin : stuffed. Belfast. From Mr. "VV. Thompson's Collection. b, c. Skins : stuffed. d. Skull. Greenland. From Dr. Moller's Collection. 22 pnocin-Ti. e. Skeleton : young. Coast of England. From Dr. Mantell's Col- lection. /. Skull. Greenland.— (Fig. 7, p. 21.) (J. Skull. h. Skull of specimen from coast of Europe, i. Skeleton of specimen from coast of Holland. Presented by the Zoological Society. j. Skeleton. Greenland. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. — " Phoca hisipidus or P. anmdatiis,^^ Warwick. Middle toe of the fore flipper the largest, the others on each side decreasing in length, so that the two dnter are half an inch shorter than the middle one ; the hind flipper with the outer toes largest and connected by a thick membrane, containing three of the slender and shorter toes. — Sabine, Boss's Voy. 12. A young Seal became so entirely domesticated and attached to the ship, that it was frequently put into the sea and suffered to swim at perfect liberty, and when tired would return of itself to the boat's side to be taken in. — Sabine, Boss's Voy. 13. Lower jaw not observed. 2. Callocephalus ? Caspicus. Caspian Seal. Back and sides grey-bro-^Ti, dccoi'atcd with irregular, thickish, yellowish rings ; the sides of the mouth gradually of a pale yel- lowish ; hairs of the beard thick, pale. Length 4 feet. Phoca Caspica, Nilsson, Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 1837; Skand. Fauna; Wiegman, Arch. vii. 313. Phoca canina, var. Caspica, Pallas, Zool. Rosso-Asiat. Phoca vitulina /3. Caspia, Gmelin, S. N. ; Fischer, Syn. 675 ; Gray, Griffith's A. K. \. 173. Callocephalus Caspicus, Gray, Zool. E. 4- T. 3 ; Cat. Phoc. B. M. 24. Inhab. Caspian Sea. 3. Callocephalus ? dimidiatus. Norway Seal. Whiskers waved ; dark grey above ; lips and beneath piirc white. Phoca dimidiata, Schlegel, Mus. Leyden. Callocephalus dimidiatus, Gray, Cat. Phoc. B. M. 24. Inhab. Norway. Mus. Leyden. May be only a particular state of one of the preceding species. 7. PAGOMYS. The branches of the lower jaw diverging ; lower edge of the lower jaw dilated on the inner side, with the angle blunt and sloping be- hind (see fig. 9, e, p. 28) ; the palate angularly notched behind. Inhab. Northern Seas. Papomys, Gray, P. Z. S. IfiOO. Callocephalus, § **, part., Gray, Cat. Seals B. M. 2.3. 7. PAGOMYS. 23 1. Pagomys fcetidus. Ringed Seal. Back blackish ; on it, or on its side, there are largish, oval, whitish, thin rings (from 11" to 2" long) ; the circle round the eyes is of one colour ; the hairs of the beard are thin and brown ; the grinders rather far apart, and straight as regards the margin ; fur short, crisj), recurved at the tip ; lower jaw dilated and inflexed beneath in front. Younrj greenish black (not eyed like the adult), beneath paler. Phoca fo3tida, Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prodr. viii. j O. Fair. Fauna Grcenl. 13 ; Fischer, Si/n. 577 ; Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 178. Phoca hispida (part.), Frxl. Syst. 589. Phoca hispida, O. Fahr. Skrivi. Nat. Selsk. i. 74. t. 12. f. 1 (skidl). Phoca Bothnica, G)nelin, S. N. i. 63. Calloceplialus fcetidus et C. hispidus, Gray, Cat. Seals B. M. 23. ? Phoca concolor, Dchay, N. H. New York, 54. ? Phoca equestris, Pallas, Zool. Rosso- Asiat. iii. 40 ; Schrenrk, Amur- Lande, i. 182. t. 0. f. 1, 2 ( c? ), f • 3 ( $ ), uniform-coloured. Phoca fasciata, Slunv, Zool. Phoca annellata, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, i. 362. t. 38; Thienem. Nat. Bemerk. 83. t. 9-12 ; Bnll. Sci. Nat. v. 261 ; Wiec/mann, Arch. \\\. 312; Gaimard, Voyage Islande, t. 11. f. 7; Ball, Sketches Brit. Seals, 1. 11. f. 36 (skull), cop. Tliienemann ; Badde, lieisen in Suden von Ost- Sibirien, 1862, i. 296. t. 1-3 (animal, skull, and other boues). Phoque commune, F. Cuvier, 3famm. Lithog. iv. t. , cop. Hamilton, Seals, t. 4. Calloceplialus discolor, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 545; 3Ieni. Mas. xi. 186. Phoca (CaUocephalus) hispida, F. Cuvier, 3fem. 3fus. xi. 189. t. 12. f. 3, g, h, i (skull) ; Gaimard, Voy. Isl. 3Iamm. t. 11. f. 1, 2 (skull). Phoca discolor, Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 177. Phoca Frederici, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 416. ? Phoca Schreberi, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 414 (part). Calloceplialus hispidus (part.), F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 547. CaUocephalus aunellatus, RiippeU, Verz. 167 ; Gray, Zool. E. 8c T. 3. ? Ribbon Seal, Penn. Arct. Zool. i. 165. Kuma of the Tugunsen, near Baikal. Nerpa of the Bassians. Inhab. North Sea. England, Nlls.'son. Lake Baikal. a. Skin : stuifed, h. Specimen : stuffed. North Sea. c. skull of specimen b. d. Specimen : stuffed. North Sea. e. Skull of specimen d. Herr Gustav Radde gives the measurements of three skulls oi Phoca vitidina from the East Sea, one Phoca Caspica from the Caspian, and four P. annellata — three from the East Sea and one from Lake Baikal (see op. cit. p. 301). We have received a Ringed Seal (Pagonu/s fo'tidus) that was born in the Zoological Gardens and died soon after its birth. " It was entirely covered with closely-set, well-developed fur of a silver-grey colour, being rather browner on the upper surface. It is 2 feet 8 inches long, from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail ; the fore paws are 0, the hinder 8 inches long, and the latter are 7 inches 24 pnociDJE. wide when expanded. The webs of the feet are covered with hair, and the claws are well developed and black. The whiskers are white, well developed, and slightly waved." — Proc. Zool. tSoc. 1S(J2, 202. The Seal of the Severn, which Professor Nilsson regarded first as P. anneUafa and then as P. Grcenlamlica, Mr. Ball thinks, from its small size and the form of the intermaxillarj' bones, is neither, and that it has yet to be determined, — Ball, Proc. lio)/. Irish Acad. 183G, 19. f. 32-35. 2. Pagomys ? Largha. Largha Seal. Muffle bald, narrow, with a central groove ; whiskers compressed, waved ; shining ashy white, with numerous scattered, small, oval black spots, smaller and closer on the back ; feet brownish ash ; claws long, black ; no under-fur. Young yellow ; back dark grey, from the skin being visible through the pale hair ; hair short, flattened ; web baldish. Var. Spots larger, more equally scattered (Japan). — Skull and teeth like P. oceanica, Temm. Phoca Larglia, Pallas, Zool. Rosso-Asiut. i. 113. Phoca uunmiularis, Tenwi. Fauna Japon. c. 3. t. ; Schrenck, Amiir- Lande, i. 180 ; Middendorff, Reise aussersten ^'c. i. 122. Chien de mer de Di^troit de Behring, Char is, Voij. Pictoresque, t. 8. Callocephalus Largha, Grai/, Cat. Phoc. 24. Phoca Chorisii, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 417 ; Fischer, Syn. 24. Phoque tigre, Krasehennenikow, Hist, Kamtsch. Phoca tigrina, Lesson, Mamiel, 550. ? Phoque de Steller, Kraschenn. Hist. Kamtsch. 107. Pagomys ? nummularis, P. Z. S. 1864, 31. Inhab. North Pacific. Japan, Mus. Leyclen. East Shore, Kamt- schatka, Pallas. This species is only known from some sldns and three fragments of skulls in the Leyden Museum, which were sent to me for com- parison by the energetic Curator of the Leyden Museum. The fragments of skulls above referred to consist of the face-bone and the lower jaws of three specimens ; the most perfect specimen has part of the orbit and the upper part of the brain-case attached to it. They are all from very young specimens, of nearly the same age ; and, unfortunately, the most perfect one is without the hinder portion of the palate, so that one cannot make sure that it has the same form of the palatine margin that is found in Pagomys ; but the part of the side of the palate that is present, when compared with the same part in Pagomys, leads one to think it most likely to be of the same form as in that genus. The general form and size of the face, and the form of the teeth, are very similar to those of a skull oi Pagomys foetichis of the same age. It only diflfcrs from the latter in the lower jaw being rather shorter and broader, in the grinders being larger, thicker, and rather closer together, in the central lol)e of the grinders being consider- ably larger, thicker, and stronger, and in all the lobes of the grinders being more acute. The lower margin of the lower jaw is dilated 8. l'AGOPHIL¥S. 25 ill front, just as in Pagomys fa'tidus ; but the jaws behind the dila- tation diverge more from each other, leaving a wider space between them at the hinder part. The form of the hinder angle of the jaws is very similar in the two species. The orbit is rather smaller and more circular ; for in P. fostulus it is rather oblong, being slightly longer than wide. The forehead appears, as far as one can judge by the fragments, to be flatter and broader, and the nose rather shorter.— (?ra//, P. Z. S. 1864. The lower jaws short and broad ; the grinders thick, with abroad thick central lobe, and nearly side by side (in the skulls of the young animals). The following measurements show the difference between the two species : — P. faiidns. P. mmwnihtria. in. 12ths. in. 12ths. Length of lower jaw to hinder notch .. 2 11 17 Length of lower jaw to end of dilatation. 1 5| 1 2| Length of upper teeth-line 1 S^ 1 2 Length of three grinders 0 2| 0 3 Width at outside of hinder notch 19 17 Length of orbit 1 8^ 1 5 The Phoca nummularis of Japan has been considered to be iden- tical with Phoca Largha of Pallas, from the east shore of Kamts- chatka, the Phoca Chorisii of Lesson, and the Phoque t'lgre of Kras- chennenikow (which has been named Phoca tigrina by Lesson), on the strength of their coming from nearly the same district ; but I am not aware that specimens of any of the latter species exist to verify the union and determine what are the species described under these names. — Grag, P. Z. S. 1864. 8. PAGOPHILUS. Palate truncated behind ; fingers gradually shorter ; muzzle rather produced ; hair dry, flat, close-pressed, without any under-fur ; web between the hind toes baldish. Lower jaw with the branches diverg- ing, dilated and inflexed beneath in front, so as to close in the front part of the gullet ; the angle acute, erect behind, with a notch above the basal tubercle ; grinders rather distant. (Fig. 8.) Inhab. Northern Ocean. Calloceplialiis §, F. Cuvier, 3Icm. Ifus. xi. 1827. Pagophilus (subgen. of Callocephalus), Grai/, Zool. Erebus Sf Terror, 3. Pagophilus, Cut. Phocidce B. M. 25. 1. Pagophilus Grcenlandicus. Harp Seal. Grey or whitish, with large and small black spots ; hairs of the beard waved on the edges ; the cutting-teeth diminish in size ; the grinders separate, straight ; edge of the mouth oblique. Length from 4 to 5 feet. 26 Pagopliilus Grcenlandiciis. Skull. Until six or seven weeks old white, — called White Coats at New- foundland ; at one year old they have small spots ; at two years old they have large spots, and the males are called Bed Lampiers ; at three years old the males and females have the harp- shaped band, and are then called Saddlebaclcs. — Juices, Newfoundland. Phoca Groenlandica, Midler, Zool. Dan. Prodr. 8 ; O.Fabr. Fauna Gra;nl. 11; Thiemmami, Nat.Bemerk. t. 14-21 ; Bidl. Set. Nat. v. 261. t. 15 & 18, t. 19 (skull) ; F. Cuv. Mem. Mus. xi. 186. t. 12. f. 2 ; Ndsson, Skatid. Fauna, i. 370. t. 37 (young) ; Wieqm. Arch. vii. 314 ; Gray, Griffith's A. K. ii. t. 91 d>, t. 92, v. 177; Bad, Sketches of British Seals, 1. 12. f. 37-39 (skvdl), Mus. Paris ; Volkmatm, Anat. Anitn. i. t. 4. f. 1, 8_; Oiven, Cat. Osteal. Mus. Coll. Surg. 646. Phoca oceanica, Lepech. Act. Petrop. YITl, i. 295. t. 7 & 8 ; Fisch. Syn. 238 ; Hamilton, Seals, t. 7. Callocephalus oceanicus, Lesson, Man. 196. Phoca semilimaris, Bodd. Flench. 170. Phoca dorsata, Pallas, Zool. Rosso-Asiat. 112. Phoca Miilleri, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N xiii. 412. Phoca annellata, Gaimard, Voy. Islande, t. 11. f. 7, 8, 9. Callocephalus Groenlandicus, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 546 ; Mem. Mus. xi. 186. t. 12. f. 2, d, e,f; Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 169. Pagophilus Groenlandicus, Gray, Cat. Phoc. B. M. 25. fig. (skull), ? Phoca Alhini, Alexandra, Mem. Torin. 1850, ii. 141. 1. 1-4 (skeleton). Saddleback of Northern Sealers, Wallace, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinh. 1862, 392. Phoque a croissant, Buffon, II. N. Suppl. 325 ; Cur. R. A. i. 166. Harp Seal, Penn. Quad. ; Griffith's A. K. t. ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 269 ; Hamilton, Seals, t. 7 ; Jukes, Neufoundland. Swart Slide, Eyede, Grccnl. 62, fig. Attarsoak, Crantz, Grmd. 163. Young. Phoca lagura, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 206 ; Fischer, Syn. 238 : Blainv. Osteoq. Phoca, t. 9 (? dentition) ; Gaimard, Voy. Islande, t. 11. f 6 (skiill) ; Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 177. Callocephalus lagurus, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 546. Phoca albicauda, Desm. Mamm. Supp. ^il, from 3Ius. Paris. Phoca Desniarestii, Lesion, Diet. Cla,. I>ower edge of the lower jaw of Phoat barbata. f. Lower edge of the lower jaw of Patjophilun GraithDuJicufi. Tlie jaw of Pagoinys fcutklus is somewhat similar, hut much smaller. In CallocephaJas vituliinis and C. (Paf/onii/s) futidns, on the con- 9. HALICYON. -9 trarj-, the angle of the lower jaw is more towards the front, and the hinder edge of the ramus ascends obliquely, with the notch consider- abl)^ in front of the condyle (see c, tig. 9). — P. Z. IS. 1864. The skull of Halicyon resembles that of Cullocej)halus hispidus and Pagophilus Onmlandkus in the dilatation of the front part of the lower edge of the lower jaw ; but it agrees with Calloceplialus his- pidus most in the greater development of the face, and in the concave edge of the hinder part of the palate. It differs from these skulls — 1. In the dilatation of the lower jaw not being extended so far back, only occupying the first two-fifths of the length of the jaw ; while in the other two species it occupies full half the length of that bone. 2. In the sides of the lo-^^er jaw being much wider apart, and arched outwards, making the space between them much wider be- hind, agreeing in this respect with Phoca barhata. 3. In the front of the lower jaw being thick and swoUen, and with only a slight ridge on the middle of the lower edge in front ; and the jaws in this part being weU separated from each other, not thin, concave inwardly, and with a well-developed inferior edge on the inner sides, those of the two sides of the jaws being parallel and near together in the centre. The angle at the hinder lower edge of the lower jaw is much more produced, and with a more prominent tubercle, than in either Calloceplialus hispidus or Pagophilus Groenlandicus. 4. The hinder edge of the palate being concave forwards, and not straight and transverse as in Pagophilus, nor angularly cut out as in Callocephcdus. — Gray, P. Z. S. 1864. In the younger specimen the edge of the jDalate has a slight pro- minence in the middle of each side ; but this is evidently an acci- dental deformity, as the prominences are not of the same size in the two sides. In the advilt skull the two sides of the palate are evenly arched out. The lower jaw most resembles that of the restricted genus Phoca (of which P. barhata is the type) in being solid and strong, and in the two sides being arched out, leaving a very wide oval space be- tween them, the front part of the space being continued by a tubercle on the inner edge of the front of the jaw, a short distance from the symphysis. In Phoca the tubercle on the inner side of the lower edge is short, rounded, blunt, and more or less rugose ; in the new Seal, HaUcyon, it is a short-edged, elongated ridge. In Phoca the teeth are small, erect, and fai' apart ; in Ucdicyon they are larger, closer together, and distinctly three- or five-lobed. In Halicyon the hinder edge of the ramus of the lower jaw is simple, with a distinct notch between it and the tubercular angle of the jaw. In Phoca the hinder edge of the ramus is inflected, forming a large half-oblong lobe, convex in front and concave behind (6, fig. 9). It is very interesting to observe that there is a representative genus on each side of the Arctic Pole; and this agrees with my 30 ruociDiE. previous experience — that each species of Seal has a limited, indeed I may say a very vreU-defined and very limited, geographical dis- tribution. Though the species are very difficult to distingmsh by their external characters, yet the skeleton, and especially the skull, affords wcll-niarked and very definite characters. M. Lepcchin described a Phoca oceanica (Act. Petrop. 1777, 259. t. 6 & 7), which has been considered the same as Pufjopliilus Groen- landicus, as abundant on the ice around Nova Zembla. It woidd be desirable to see the skull of a specimen from that locality, and thus discover which species extends itself so tar north as those islands. Phoca oceanica, in its young and old state of fur, resembles Pago- pJiilus Groenlandicus ; but imfortunately we have only a very limited knowledge of the external appearance of this new Seal {Halicyon RicliarcU) from Vancouver's Island. The study of a large series of specimens of several species of Seals shows that the form of the lower jaw, though hitherto little attended to by zoologists, affords a very good character for the dis- tinction of the species." — Gnuj, P. Z. S. 1864, 28. 1. Halicyon Ricliardi, sp. nov. Fur pale brown ; when young, darker. Ilalicyou Ricliardi, Gray, Pruc. Zool. Soc. 18G4, 28. Phoca Groenlandica, Middoido/ff, Reise in den aiisscrden N. uud O. Sihiriens, i. 222. Inhab. Fraser's Hiver and Vancouver's Island. Mr. Charles B. Wood, Surgeon of H.M.S. ' Hecate,' has very kindly sent to the British Musciim, along with other interesting specimens from the north-western part of North America, the skeleton of a Seal from Fraser's Eiver, and the skuU of a Seal obtained on the west coast of Vancouver's Island. The skull was procured from the natives, who were towing the animal alongside of their canoe. They refused to part with the entire animal, but were at length induced to sell the head. The examination of the skulls shows that the two Seals evidently belong to the same species, the specimen from Fraser's Hiver being adult, and the other not quite so old. Mr. Wood observes that " the younger Seal was captured among the islands in Queen Charlotte's Sound, at the north end of Vancouver ; has a fur of a dark brown, almost black colour ; and is unlike that from Fraser's River, which is lighter and less timid, being often seen seated on a log floating- down with the current." — P. Z. S. 1804. This species, at the request of Mr. Wood, is dedicated to Captain Richard, the Hydi'ogTapher to the Admiraltj^ and Captain of H.M.S. ' Hecate' when these Seals were collected. I have the more pleasure in doing this, as tlie Museum has received many verj' interesting specimens collected dm-ing the voyage of the ' Hecate," sho-\ving the interest which her C!ommander takes in the natural sciences, which I have no doubt will receive additional encouragement in the new 1(>. PHOCA. 31 position which he has won by his hydrographic and scientific quali- fications. 10. PHOCA. lluzzle broad, short ; forehead convex ; whiskers smooth, taper- ing ; ear-hole large ; fingers unequal, the third longest, second and fourth long, the first and fifth shorter, nearly equal ; palate with a semicircular edge behind. Forehead arched ; grinders small, far apart, often much worn ; teeth small. The branches of the lower jaw arched on the sides and wdde apart ; lower edge produced, form- ing a blunt rugulose tubercle on the inner side behind the symphysis ; the angle of the lower jaw with a rounded lobe on the inner side above the basal tubercle. (Fig. 10.) Female. Teats 4. Inhab. Northern Seas. Phoca, sp., Linn. &c. Phoca, Gray, Zool. E.SfT.; Cat. Phocidce B. 31. 26. Callocephalus, sp., F. Cuvier, Mem. Mus. xi. 1827. Fio-. 10. Phoca barbata. Skull, grinder, and palate. 1. Phoca barbata. Leporine Seal. Male. Black ; belly yellowish, black-dotted. Female. Beneath grey. Phoca barbata, O. Fahr. Skrivt. Nat. Selsk. i. 1-S9-159. 1. 13. f. 3 (skull) ; Faun. Groenl. 15 ; Mull. Zool. Dan. Proclr. viii. ; Nilsson, Skand. Faun. i. 374; Wiegm. Arch. vii. 817; Thienem. Nat. Bemerk. i. t. 1, 2, 3, t. 4 (skull); B^dl. Set. Nat. v. 261; F. Cuv. Mem. 3Ius. xi. 184. t. 12. f. 4, A;, /, m ; Gray, Cat. Osteol. ^ec. B. 31. 32 ; Zool. Frebus §• Terror ; Griffith's A. K. v. 178 ; Fischer, 8i/n. 240 ; Blainv. Osteoff. Phoca, t. 9 (dentition) ; ? Temm. Fauna Japon. 32 puociD.ii. Calloccphiilus barbatus, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 547 ; RiippcU, Verz. 1(37. Plioca \^iT^o\:m&.,Lepcch.Ac.t.Petrop. i. 264. t. 8, 9; O. Fubr. Skrivt. Nat. Sekk. i. 164; Fischer, Si/n. 2-37; Gra>/, Griffith's A. K. v. 178. Phoca Lepechinii, Lesson, Diet. Class. II. N. xiii. 415. CaUocephalus Leporinus, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 545. ? Pboca maxima, Stcllcr, Nov. Comm. Petrop. ii. 290. Leporine Seal, Peiui. Quad. 177. ? Sea Calf, Parsons, Phil. Trans, u. 469. 383. t. 1. f. 1 ; co]i. Pnfon. H. N Supp. vi. t. 14. ? Phoca Parsonii, Lesson, Diet. Class. II. N. xiii. 414, from ? Long-bodied Seal, Parsons, Phil. Trans, xlvii. 121, cop. (Ilali- choerus?). ? Grande Phoque, Bufon, H. N xiii. 333. ? Great Seal, Penn. Syn. 341. Inhab. North Sea and Japan, according to Temminck. Skin sold as an article of commerce in Jaj)an. — Temm. a. Skeleton : length 8 feet. North Sea. From Mr. Brandt's Col- lection. h. Skin: adult. North Sea. From Mr. "Warwick's Collection. The Laclitah, Stellcr, Nov. Comm. Petrop. ii. 290 = Phoca Lachtah, Desm. N. Diet. H. N. xxv. 5S8 = P/ioc« ncmtica, Pallas, Zool. llosso- Asiat. i. 108=P/wca harbata, Schrenck, Amur-Lande, i. 181 ; Mid- den dorff, Reise aussersten (fee. i. 122=Phoca alhigena, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. 107 — of Behring's Straits, has been referred to Phom harbata, but PaUas describes the fingers as subequal and webbed to the end, which scarcely agrees with that animal. The body is ventricose ; the hair very short (5 lines), rigid, silver- grey ; back brown-lettered ; tail very short. The 31ara7cu= Phoca Ochotensis, Pallas, Zool. Rosso- Asiat. i. 117; Schrenck, Amur-Lande, i. 181 — with soft fur, and pure white when young, from the North Pacific, also requires further examination. 11. HALICnCERUS. 33 Sect. II. Grinders -^ or ^ with sinf/Ie root {except the two hinder grinders of Halichoerus). A. Ears, conch no7ie. Toes si7nple, of fore feet exsertcd, of hind feet large ; the inner and outer ones large, long, the three middle ones smaller ; palm and soles hairy (sometimes chaffy and callous icith tvear). Muffle hairy to the edge and between the nostrils. Grinders ^, Phocaceerna, § 2, part., JSllsson, Skand. Fauna ; Wiegm. Arch. vii. 317. Phocina-, part., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 88. SubfamHy 3. TRICHECHINA. Muzzle large, trtmcafed, simple ; canines large ; grinders lohed or truncated when old. Cetfe, part.. Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825, .346. Trichechina, Gray, Zool. Erebus (^- Terror, 3. Trichecina et Pliocina, part., Turner, P. Z. S. 1848, 88. Trichecliid*, Gray, Ami. Phil 1825, 340. TrichechidaB sen Campodontia, /. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 37, 1828. Les Morses, F, Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 465 ; Dents des 3famm. 233. 11, HALICHffiRUS. Muzzle broad, rounded ; cutting-teeth ^ ; grinders |?, conical, the hinder two upper and one lower double-rooted, rest simple ; canines moderate ; whiskers crenulated ; muffle haiiy, becoming baldish with age ; palm and soles hairy ; claws 5-5, elongate. Palate of skull with a narrow rounded notch behind; lower edge of lower jaw rounded, not dilated or inflexed in front. Fig. 11. Halichoerus Gi}pus. SkuU. Halichcenis, JVilsson, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837; Skand. Fauna, i. 377; Wiegm. Arch. vii. 318. Halychoerus, Honischuch, Isis, 1824, ^-iii. 810 ; Bull. Sci. Nat. v. 104. Phoca, sp., O. Fabr. ; Lichtenstein. D 34 pnocn),Ti:. 1. Halichcerus Grypus. Grey Seal. Phoca grypus, O. Fabr. Skrivt. Nat. Selsk. i. 167. t. 13. f. 4 (slaill). Halichcerus gTj'pus, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, i. 377. t. 34. f. 1, 2 ; Wiegm. Arch. vii. 818. Phoca grjphus, Licht. lierl. Acad. 1821, t. 1. f. 1, 2 ; Blainv. OsUog. Phoca, t. 9 ; Fischer, Syn. 239. Phoca hispida, Schreb. Sduyeth. .312. t. 86 ; Hamilton, t. 8. Phoca Halichcerus, TJiienem. Nat. Bemerk. 142. Phoca leporina ?, Licht. in Haude und Spinersch, Zeittmg, n. 46. Phoca Ochoteusis, Pallas, Zool. Rosso-Asiat. i. 117. Ilalychan-us griseus, Hurnsch. Isis, 1824, 810; Bull. Sci. Nat. v. 104. Plalichcerus griseus, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 377. t. 34. f. 1,2 ; Hamilton, t. 10. Haliclioerus gryphus, R. Ball, Ti-ans. Roy. Irish Acad, xviii. t. 1 (male and female), t. 2, 3 (skull, teeth, &c.) ; Sketches Brit. Seals, t. 1, 2, & 7. figs. 1-22 ; Cat. Seals B. M. .30. Grey Seal, Bell, Brit. Quad. 284. f. . Seal from South Sea, Home, Phil. Trans. 1822, t. 27 (skull). Younq. Phoca scopulicola, TJiienem. Nat. Bemerk. 1824, 59. t. 5 ( c^" adiilt) ; Bull. Sci. Nat. v. 261 ; Fischer, Syn. 237. Phoca Thienemanui, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 415. Callocephalus scopulicolus, Lesson, 3Ian. 199. Inhab. Nortli coast of Europe (Ireland and Scotland). a. Adult : stuffed. Coast of Northumberland. b. Half-grown : stuffed. Fern Island. Presented by J. P. Selby, ^sq. c. Skull of a. Fern Island. d. Skull of b. Fern Island. Presented by J. P. Selby, Esq. Mr. Ball states that the habits of the Irish Seal differ so much from those ascribed to it in the Baltic, that he thinks it may, on compa- rison, prove to be a distinct species. The colour of the Irish animal varies so much, from sex, age, season, &c., that it cannot be regarded of value as a specific character ; the brain is very small compared with that of Phoca, and its intellectual power bears the same pro- portion. It may always be distinguished from other Seals by its straight profile, fierce aspect, and greater proportionate length. — Proc. Royal Irish Acad. Dec. 1836, p. 18. The skull figured by Mr. Clift in Home's paper in the PhU. Trans. 1822, t. 27, with other bones of the body, is in the Museum of the lloyal College of Surgeons (see Owen, Cat. Ostcol. Coll. Mus. Coll. Surg. p. 643. no. 3943, from a specimen given by Mr. Oxendon to Mr. Hunter). It was shot in the Orkneys. The " Grey-bearded Seal from Orkney " (Home, Phil. Trans. 1822, t. 28, skull, cop. Ball, f. 31), Mr. Ball regards as the skull of Phoca vittdlna with some teeth of P. Grcenlandica inserted in the upper jaw. — Ball, op.cit. Dec. 1836, p. 18. MM. Hornschuch and Schilling (Wiegmann's Arch. 1851, 22) pro- pose to separate the genus into three species : — 1. H.f/rypiKs, 0. Fabr. =if. griseus, Nilsson. 2. II. macrorhynclms, Hornschuch & Schilling, 1850. 3. H. pachyrhynchus, Hornschuch &, Schilling, 1850. See also Lilljoborg, Arskrift. Kongl. Vetensk. Soc. i Upsal, 1860, 297; 12. TKTCTIECnUS, 35 Overs. Kongel. Danske Vidensk. 1860, 698; Arch. Naturg. 1801, 100. AU the specimens I have seen seemed to belong to a single species. 12. TRICHECHUS. Muzzle very broad, truncate, swollen and convex above ; muffle, palm, and soles chaffy, callous, with the hair more or less worn off in the adult (hairy when young?). Cutting-teeth A in young, ^ in adult ; grinders || in adult, truncated, all single-rooted ; canines, upper very large, exserted. Eyes prominent ; tail none. The skin is covered with small ovate scales. Nose with very rigid, white, compressed, pellucid bristles, rounded at the end. Fore feet small ; outer and hinder edge of the upper side bald, rest covered with hair ; front claw rudimentary ; skin of the soles rigid, warty. Hind feet rather large ; first and fifth toes elongated, with a distinct flap and rudimentary claw ; three middle ones shorter, with subacute claws. Tail rudimentary. Fig. 12. Trichechus Rosmarus. Skull : adult. The skull differs fi-om the other Earless Seals in having a distinct alisphenoid canal, like the Eared Seals ; and it agrees with the Ear- less ones in having no postorbital process, and the mastoid process strong and salient, its surface continuous Avith the auditory buUte. — Turner. In the young there are in the upper jaw three incisors on each side, the first or inner extremely small, the second a httle larger, and the third or outer disproportionately large, being equal to the D 2 36 rnociB.E. largest grinders. The canine tooth is displaced, being thrust out- wards beyond the line of the other teeth. There are five grinders with single roots, the fifth very small. In the lower jaw there are five grinders. In the adult the incisors are obliterated, except the lateral pair of the upper jaw. The fifth grinder also disappears, and sometimes the fourth. — Mcm/illiv. Nat. Lib. vii. In the very young the cutting-teeth ^, all, especially the two upper lateral, deciduous ; canines ^, upper elongate, lower conical like the grinders ; grinders ^, small, rather compressed. — Rapp, Bull. Sci. Nat. xvii. 280. The young Walrus has three teeth in each premaxillary bone, and two on each side of the fore part of the mandible. They soon dis- appear, except the outer pair of the upper incisors, which remain close to the maxillo-premaxillary suture on the inner side of the long canine tusks, and, by their thick obtuse form, seem to commence a series of small and simple molars. In the adult there are usually three molars on each side behind the permanent molariform incisor, and there are four similar teeth on each side of the lower jaw. — Owen, Cat. Osteol. Series Mus. Coll. Surgeons, p. 630. no. 3860. The skeleton is described by Prof. Owen, op. cit. p. 630. nos. 3860 to 3919. Odobenus, Brisson, Rhjjne. Anim. 48. Rosmarus, Scopoli, Introd. H. N. 1777. Trichechus, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. ; Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Hand!. 1837 ; Skand. Fauna, t. ; Wiegm. Arch. vii. 322 ; Fleming, Phil. Zool. XL. 187 ; Ilap2i, Bidl Sci. Nat. xvii. 280 ; Fischer, Syn. 678 ; F. Cm. Bicl. Sci. Nat. lix. 465, 1829 ; Gray, Cat. Seals B. M. 30. (Tribe) Tricliecina, Tur7tcr, Proc. Zool Soc. 1848, 88. Morse, F. Cuvier, Bods des Mamm. 233. t. 95, 1825. Tncliecliida3 sen Campodontia, J. Brookes, Mus. Caicd. 37, 1828. M. F. Cuvier thinks the Morse forms an isolated familj^ distin- guished by the great breadth of its muzzle, the length of its upper canines, and the form of its teeth. It has the same organs of move- ment and intestinal canal as the Seals. — D. S. N. lix. 465. Professor Baer illustrates his paper with a map showing the geo- graphical distribution of the Walrus in the Arctic Sea. For the chase and uses of the Morse, sec Wrangel, ' Nordkiiste von Sibirien,' ii. 319, 320. 1. Trichechus Rosmarus. Morse. Pale brown ; when young black, when old nearly white. Trichechus Rosmarus, Linn. S. N. i. 39 ; Midler, Prod. Zool. Dan. i. ; Schrcher, Sdageth. 262. t. 79 ; Nilsson, Wicgm. Arch. vii. 322 ; Blainv. Osh'og. Phoca, t. 1 & 4 ; Fischer, S)/n.' 243 ; Baer, Mem. Acad. I'efersb. iv. 97. t. 4, 1838 ; Mem. 3Ii(s. vii. t. 9 ; Gray, Cat. Seals B. M. 32 ; Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853 ; Ann. cy Mag. Ned. Hist. 1855, XV. 220; Ced. Osteol. Coll. Mus. Coll. Surg. G31. IJosmarus arcticus, P(dlas,Zool. Rosso- Asi at. \.2(S2; Schrenck,Amur- ImhcIcjI. 179; Volkmann, Anat.Anim. Tab. 1831, t. 10. f. 3 (skull). 12. TRicHEcntJS, 37 Tricheclius obesus et T. divergens, Illiger. Hossmarus, 01. 3£agnus, Hist. Reg. Septentr. 757, fig-. ; Gemicr, Aqitat. 249, 250, fig. Walross, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, i. 388. Walruss, Bell, Brit. Quad. 282. Pboca Rosmarus, Linn. S. N. ed. 10. i. 38. Arctic Wallnis, Penn. Si/n. 335 ; Cook's Last Voy. iii. 262. t. 8, fig. ; Shaw, Zool. i. 231. t. 68, 69 ; Nat. 3Iisc. t. 76. Morse ou la Vache marine, Buf. H. N. xiii. 353, 415. t. 54, 55. Morscli, J. G. Gmelin, Sihirien, iii. 165. Wallross, Mart. Spitzb. 78. t. V.th; Egede, Grocnl 61, fig. ; Stelle); Kamtsch. 106. Inhab. North Sea. Mus. Brit, adult. a. Adult : stuffed, North Sea. Greenland ? h. Skull : adult. North Sea. e. SkuU : adult. North Sea. Presented by General Thomas Hard- wicke. d. Skull of young. e. Tooth, longitudinally divided. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray. /. Foetus, in spirits. North Pacific. g, h, i: Three teeth. N.W. coast of America. Presented by Ca})tain KeUett, R.N., H.M.S. ' Herald.' j. Skeleton. Tc. Skull of young. Presented by the Linnean Society. In the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society ' for 1853, p. 112, is a paper by me " On the attitudes and figures of the Morse," as given at various periods by different authors, with copies of some of the more interesting examples, arranged in chronological order, sliow- ing the extraordinary notions that the older naturalists had of the animal. Sea Horses are said to be found in abundance on the seaward part of the island of St. Lorenza near CaUao, mentioned in M. BoueUi's * Travels in Bolivia,' i. 90 & 128. I have never heard of the genus Tricheclius living out of the Arctic Ocean, and should have believed that the author had mistaken the Seci Bear (Otaria leonina) for the Sea Horse, if he did not describe " the two great white tusks project- ing from the mouth on either side,'' and fiu'ther observe that " the tusks are of great value and fonn an important article of commerce" (see i. 90), which cannot apply to the tusks of the Sea Bear. It is to be observed that the Peruvian continuation of the Antarctic current runs up the shores of Chili and Peru (see Journ. Boy. Googr. Soc. 1853) and chiUs that coast. This may explain why Seals are found so near the tropics in these seas. 38 puocid.t:. Subfamily 4. CYSTOPHORINA. Muzzle of the males tvith an inJUitile appendtK/e . Cuttinrj -teeth ^ ; grinders tvith a large swollen root, and a small, comjjressed, simple, plaited croivn. Mujffle hairy. Stemmatopina, Grarj, Ann. Phil. 1825, 340. Cystophorina, Gray, Zool. Erchus S)- Terror, 3 ; Cat. Seals B. M. 33. Cvstophora, Nilssan, Vet. Akcul. liandl. ; Skaml. Fatiiiu : Wiajm. Arch. 'vii. 323. Mirounga, Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 179, 1827. Phoca, § 2, F. 'Cuvier, Mem. 3Lis. xi. 196. 13. MORUNGA. Nose of the male with an elongated tubular proboscis ; muzzle of the skull broad, truncated in front ; forehead convex ; hinder palatine bone short, transverse. Hair flat, truncated, adpressed ; whiskers round, rather waved, thick. Claws, front obsolete, hinder distinct. Fiff. 13. Morunga elephantina. Skull. The head broad, short, truncated in front, with a tuft of bristles over each eye, and one on each side of the middle of the muzzle ; the upper lip longer than the lower ; the forehead convex ; the nostrils of the male "are wrinldcd, and can be blown up into a crest" (Forster), " with an elongate tubular proboscis " (Peron) ; of the female simple, rounded, with a haiiy muffle between and around the edge of the nostrils. Cutting-teeth |, far apart, conical, the two middle upper smaller, the rest nearly equal; the grinders with large, swollen, subcyHn- drical roots, and a small, compressed, simple, plaited crown ; the hinder palatine bones short, transverse. 13. MORUNGA. 39 The whiskers are very long and large, ruundish, very slightly com- pressed, rather waved. The fore feet are rather small, oblong, obliquely truncated, the wrist being nearly as long as the feet, with five elongated claws, the first the smallest ; the hinder feet are moderate, the marginal toes upon each side large, rounded, the three middle ones very small, tapering ; all clawless. The tail conical. Fur short ; hair short, flat, broad and rounded at the tip in the adult, rather more tapering in the young ; hair on the lips rather longer, more slender, and slightly cui'led. Inhab. Southern Ocean. Mirounga, part., Grmj, Griffith's A. K. v. 179, 1827. Morunga, Gray, Cat. Osteal. Spec. B. M. 33 ; Zool. Erehus c*y- Terror. Macrorhinus (Macrorhiue), F. Cuvier, Mem. Mtis. xi. 200. t. 13, 1827 ; Diet. Sci. Kat. lix. 464, 1829 ; Fischer, Sipi. Mamm. 230. Cystophora, part., Nilsson, Wicc/m. Arch. vii. 324. Macrorlipia (mispiiut), Gray, Griffith's A. K. i. 180. Rbiuophora, Wagler, Kat. Si/st. Amph. 27, 1830. This genus has many characters in common with the Crested Seal of the IN^orth American continent, but differs especially in the nose being provided with a proboscis, while in that genus it has a hood- like swelling proceeding up the nose to the back of the head. The male and female arc so different in size that Lord Byron mis- took them for mother and young. — Weddell, Voy. 84. Pallas (Zool. llosso-Asiat. i. 106) describes the skull of this species as the skuU of a Sea Lion, brought from the Cape of Good Hope by Mr. Tulbagh. 1. Morunga elephantina. Sea Elephant. A Sea Lion and Lioness from Juan Fernandez, Anson, Voi/. round the World (1786), t. 122. t. 19, copied Pernetf>/, Voi/. lies Malouines, ii. 47. t. 9*. f. 1, and altered t. 8*. f. 1 ;— hence Phoca leonina, Linn. S. N. i. 55 ; Schreber, Sauyeth. 297. t. 83 a ; JBlainv. Osteoy. Phoque, t. 5, 9. Bottle-nosed Seal, Shaw, Zool. i. t. 73; Penn. Quad. ii. 631 (with an original description of the female). Phoca Ansouii, Desm. Mamm. 239, 369 (part only), Mu'ounga Ansonii, Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 180. Grand Phoque a museau ride, Buffon, Suppl. vi. 316. Anson's Sea Lion, Forster, Voy. round the World, ii. 527. Phoca major, &c. n. 5, " Manate from Nicaragua," Parsons, Phil. Trans. 1751, 121 (female). Phoca elephantina, Molina, Sayyio, 260 (1782). L'Elephant marine, ou Phoque a trompe, Phoca proboscidea, Peroti 8f Lesueur, Voy. Terres AuMr. ii. 34. t. 32 ; Handlton, Seals, t. 10, 17 ; Cuvier, Oss.' Foss. v. t. 18. f . 1 ; i^. Cuvier, Mem. Mus. xi. t. 14. f. 1 (skidl) ; De7its des 3Iamm. 123. t. 39 a. Phoca proboscidea, Hamilton, Jard. Nat. Lib. t. , Mus. Liverpool. Cystophora proboscidea, Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Ilandl. 1837; SIcand. Fauna ; Wieym. Arch. ; Owen, Cat. Osteol. Coll. Mus. Coll. Sury. 638. Mirounga proboscidea, Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 180, 1827. Morunga elephantina, Grai/, Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 33 ; Cat. Seals B. M. 34. 40 PHOCID.E. Leo niariinis (Cap. B. S.), Pallas, Zool. Rosso- Asiat. i. lOG. Sea Elepliant, Weddell, Voy. 53, 84, 134. Macrorhvnclnis proboscideus, Gray, in Brookes's Mns. Cat. 36, 1828. Phoque giis argent(5 a os nasaux tres courts, Mas. Paris, fro?n M. Dubison = Ctivier, Oss. Foss. v. 213 ; Nihson, Wicym. Arch. vii. 325 ; — hence Phoca dubia, Fischer, Mamm. i. 235, Plioque des Patagons, F. Cnvier, Mom. Mus.jL. 203. t. 14. f. 2, d, e,f. Mirounga Patagouica, Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 186. • 1 Stenimatopus Pataclionicus, /. Brookes, Cat. Mas. 36, 1828, Rbinopliora proboscidea, Wayler, Nat. Syst. Amph. 27, Inhab. Southern Ocean, a. Sknll of young, Antarctic Ocean, b. Adult: stuffed, Antarctic Ocean, Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. c. Skeleton of 6, Antarctic Seas, Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. — Skull figured in ' Zool. Erebus & Terror,' t, . d. Skin, with skull, e. Skin of young male. Cape of Good Hope ? /, Skull, Antarctic Seas, Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. g. Skull and imperfect skeleton of young. Antarctic Seas, Antarctic Expedition. Presented bj^ the Lords of the Admiralty. h. Skeleton of specimen e. Cape of Good Hope ? Prom Mr. Bartlett's collection. The skulls of different ages of this species are described by Professor Owen, Cat. Osteol. CoU. Mus. Coll. Surg. p. 3G8. no. 3920. Among others is the anterior portion of the jaws of the Sea Lion from the South Seas, described and figured in Anson's Voyage round the World, p, 122, t, 19 (see no, 3923). See Pcron on the Sea Elephant, Freycinet, Voy. Aiistrale ; trans- lated in Brewster's Edin, Journ, of Science, 1827, vii, 73. 14, CYSTOPHORA, Nose of the male with a large compressed hood, extending to the back of the head ; muzzle very broad, hairy ; nostrils large. Muzzle of the skuU broad, narrowed on each side in front ; forehead flat ; palatine bone broad, square. Hair elongate, cylindrical ; whiskers flat, waved. Claws 5-5, distinct. Cystophora, Gray, Zool. Erebus Sf Terror, 4. Cystophora, sp., Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837 ; Skand. Fauna ; Wteym. Arch. vii. 326. Mirounga, part., Gi-ay, Griffith's A. K. v. 463. Slonimatopus (Stemniatope), F. Cuner,3Iem. Mus. xi, 196. 1. 13, 1827; Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 464 ; EXseher, Syn. 230, The young is like the young of Pa(ioph'das Greenland ie us in external appearance, but it is easily known from that species by the hairiness of the muffle between the nostrils, and by the teeth not being lobed, but only plaited on the surface, (See also Nilsson, Wicgm, Arch, vii, 320" ) 14. CYSTOPnORA, Fio-. 14. 41 Cystopliora cristata. Skull. 1. Cystophora cristata. Hooded Seal. Outer cutting-teeth and the canines narrow, compressed. Phoca cristata, Erxl. Syst. 590; F. Ciw. 3Iem. Mus. xi. 196. t.l3. f. 3; O. Fahr. Skrivt. Nat. Selsk. i. 120. 1. 12. f. 2; Deka;/, Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. t. 7; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. i. 241 ; Blainv. Osteog. Phoca, t. 5 (skull), t. 9 (teeth) ; Hamilton, t. 14 ; Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Franq. t. 42 (animal and skull, young). Phoca mitrata, Milbert, MS. ; Ctiv. 0.ss. Foss. v. 210. 1. 18. f. 3; F.Citv. Dents des Mamm. 122. t. 89. t. 38 B ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 241 ; Hamilton, Seals, t. 13. Phoca leucopla, Thienem. Bemerk. 102. t. 13 (young) ; Bull. Set. Nat. V. 261 ; Fischer, Syn. 257, 675. Mirounga cristata, Gray, GriffitNs A. K. v. 463. Cystophora cristata, Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837 ; Skand. Faun. ; Wiecfm. ArcMv, vii. 327 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 91 ; Cat. Ost. Coll. B. M. 32 ; Cat. Seals B. M. 36. Stemmatopus cristatus, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 551 ; Mem. Mus. xi. 196. t. 13. f. 3, g, h,i. Stemmatopus niitratus, Gray, in J. Brookes' s Mus. Cat. 36, 1828. Phoca leonina, Linn. S. N. i. 55 ; Mohr, Isl. Nat. 2 ; Miiller, Prodr. Zool. Dan. viii. ; O. Fahr. Faun. Grcenl. 7 ; Wallace, Proc. Roy, Phys. Soc. Edinb. 1862, 393. Cystophora borealis, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, i. 383. phoca cucullata, Bodd. Eleneh. 107. Phoca dimidiata, Cretzschmar , fide Rilppell. Seal with a caiU, Ellis, Hudson's Bay, 134. t. 6. f. 4. Klapmyds, Egede, Groenl. 46. Klap myssen, Egede, Groenl. 62. Hooded Seal, Pen7i. Syn. 342 ; SJiaiv, Zool. i. 262. Phoca Isidorei, Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1843, 256 ; Echo du Monde Savant, 1843, 228. A Seal new to the British shores, W. B. Clarke, Aug. 14, 1847, 4to figiu'e of Seal, skull, &c. Inhab. North Atlantic. Called i)V(/(7(7(;>'-;io&'t by the Sealers. Bare. 42 piiociDJ.. Coast of Europe. He d'Oleron, Mus. Paris ; lliver Orwell, 29tli June, ] 847, Mus. Ipswich. Very young, grey, without spots when wet. Called Bliie-bacJcs in Newfoundland. a. Skin, stuffed, of adiilt male. f>. Skin, stuffed, of adult male. c. Skin, stuffed, of adult female. d. Skin, stuffed, of half-grown young. Phoca leucopla, Thienem. Bemerk. t. 13, 1824. Phoca niitrata, Milbert, in Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 210. a. Skull of adult. Greenlaud. Crowns worn ; the roots of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rather enlarged, oblong club-shaped, rather elongate ; the root of the 5th grinder compressed, of the left side simple, of the right partiallj^ divided into two short roots continued in grooves on each side. Specimen No. 1 described Froc. Zool. Soc 1849, 92. b. The skvdl of an adult or aged specimen. Greenland. The crowns plaited ; the roots of all the grinders enlarged and short, club-shaped and simple, separated from the crown by a narrow collar. Specimen No. 2 described P. Z. S. 1849, 92. " 0. Skull of an aged specimen. Greenland. The crowns plaited and tubercular, the roots of the grinders rather enlarged ; the roots of the 3rd grinder rather compressed, simple, with a groove on the outer side of the 4th and 5th grinders, scarcely enlarged, and divided into two distinct diverging roots. Specimen No. 3 described P.Z.S. 1849, 92. d. Skull, without lower jaw, of nearly adult. Greenland. "Want- ing the grinders ; but the cavity for the grinders shows that the 4th grinder on both sides had a short clavate root, with a slight central groove on the outer side, and the 5th grinder on each side had two separate roots. Specimen No. 5 described P. Z. S. 1849, 92. e. SkuU of a half-grown animal. Greenland. The crowns of the grinders plaited and tubercidar ; the 4th grinder on each side with ovate, short, simple roots, and the 5th grinder with compressed, truncated, simple roots ; the grinders are rather further apai't than in the preceding skull. Specimen No. 6 described P. Z. S. 1849, 92. /. Skull of a very young animal. Greenland. The crowns of the grinders are very distinctly plaited ; the 4th and 5th grinders of both sides have two distinct roots, and the 3rd grinder has a groo^"e down the middle of the outer side. In all these skulls the grinders are close together, forming a nearly continuous line. Si)ecimen No. 7 described P. Z. S. 1849, 92. f/. Skull of nearly adidt. Greenland. The crowns of the few grinders remaining plaited ; the root of the 4th and 5th grinders of the left side, as shown by the cavities, divided into two roots ; of the 4th grinder of the right side simple, with a slight groove on the outer side ; and of the 5th grinder two-rooted, like the similar grinder on the outer side. Specimen No. 4 described P. Z. S. 1849, 92. The specimen found in the Orwell was uniform dark grey above, 14. cYSTOPnoRA. 43 darker over the basal parts of the hinder extremities, and yellowish white beneath. 40 inches long. The skull and dentition of this species are described by Prof. Owen in Cat. Osteol. Coll. Mus. Coll. Surg. p. 640. 2. Cystophora Antillarum. West Indian Hooded Seal. Skull, face broad. The outer upper cutting- teeth and the canines broad, strongly keeled on each side and longitudinally plaited within. Fur grey-brown ; Kps and beneath yellow. Cystophora Antillarum, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 93 ; Zoul. E. cV T. t. ined. ; Ann. c*j- Mag. N. JI. 1850, 58; Wiegm. Arch. 1851, 29. luhab. West Indies. n. Stuffed specimen. West Indies, Jamaica, Mr. Gosse. h. Skidl of a very young specimen. The face is broader than the skull of C. crisiata of the same size. The crowns of the teeth are plaited and tubercular ; the 4th grinder has only a single root, the 5th grinder has two. West Indies, Jamaica, Mr. Gosse. — (Specimen described, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 93.) a. Cystophora ? sp., Cassin, U. S. Exploring Exped. Mamm. 26, 1858. " Jan. 20, 1839. Coast of South America, between Rio de Janeiro and the Rio Negro, at 9 a.m., a Seal appeared about the bow of the vessel, easily keeping ahead and frequently coming to the surface. Our distance from the nearest land was 13.5 miles, thoiigh the water was green as if on soundings. "\Mien swimming below the surface the animal might almost have been mistaken for a shark, except that its body was much more flexible in turning ; and another remarkable difference was that it appeared to swim entirely by means of its pec- toral flappers, the tail being extended and apparently inactive." — Dr.Piclcering's Journal, quoted in Cassin's U.S. Exploring Expedition, Mamm. 26. h. " Cystophora proboscidea ?, a young male Seal from the lies Creu- settes," Owen, Cat. Osteol. Coll. Mus. Coll. Surg. 640. no. 3939. Inhab. " lies Creusettes." This skull differs from Cystopliora cristata in the greater length of the enamel crowns of the canines and the smoother character of the enamel. The crowns of the molars are relatively larger, are separated by a less marked constriction from the fang, and the enamel does not present the same wrinkled character. The palatal process of the palatines forms a transverse quadrate plate more deeply emarginatcd behind. It may probably have belonged to a young individual of C. probos- cidea.— Owen, op. cit. p. 640. 44 pnociDiE, B. Ears with a snbcylindrical, distinct, external conch. Toes of the hind feet suheqital, short, with Ion;/ membranes at the end; fore feet fin-like ; jjalvi and soles bald, lonyitudinally grooved. Nose simple, with a rather large callous muffle above and between the nostrils ; ctitting-teeth | , tipper often bifid; grinders ^y Subfamily 5. ARCTOCEPHALINA. The skull has a postorbital process, an alisphenoidal canal, the mastoid process strong and salient, standing aloof from the auditory bulla). — Turner. Arctoceplialina, Gray, Zool. Erebus ^ Terror, 4 ; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 88. Otaria, Peron, Voy. Terres Austr. ii. 118 ; Desm. Mamm. 248 ; Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 187; Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 182 _; Nilssoii, Vet. Akad. Handl. 18.37 ; Skand. Fauna ; Wiegm. Arch. vii. rhoca, § 3, F. Cuvier, Mem. Mus. xi! 205. Otariadse, J. Brookes, 3Ius. Cat. 36, 1828. Fig. 15. Arctocephalus Hookeri. Fore foot and hind foot. 15. CALLORHINUS. The face short ; forehead convex, regularly rounded from the end of the nasal bone to the middle of the vertex ; the nasal opening is small ; the palate rather concave, contracted behind, short, nearly reaching the middle of the zygomatic arch. Lower jaw short, thick, flattened, expanded beneath just in front of the condyle. Callorhinus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, 357, Arctocephalus, § *, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, 117. Arctocephalus, sp., F. Cuvier. 1. Callorhinus ursinus. Northern Fur- Seal. Adult male grey-black ; hair of the liack long, black, reddish, with a subterminal band and a short grey tip ; under-fur short, woolly, 15. CALLORniNUS. 45 red ; the hair of the neck and front of the body longer, forming a kind of mane ; hps and nose reddish ; whiskers very long, strong, Avhite, smooth, tapering to a fine point. Skull short, forehead very convex and rounded. — P. Z. S. 1851), 102. Fiff. 16. CaUorhinus ursinus. Skull. Palate rather concave in front, nari'owcd and flattened behind, with a deep narrow hinder aperture, which has a regular ovate front edge ; outer upper cutting-teeth moderate ; orbit very large ; zygoma very strong; grinders small. — P. Z. ^, 1859, 117. Ursus marinus, Steller, Nov. Cormn. Petrop. ii. 331. t. 15 ; — hence Phoca ursina, Schreh. Sdm/eth. iii. 289. t. 82 ; Gmel. S. N. i. 62 ; Shmc, Zool. i. 265. t. 72 ; Fischer, Syn. 231 ; F. Ciiv. 3Iem. Mus. xi. 205. t. 15. f. 1 (skull ?). Otaria ursina, Desm. in Peron 4" Lestieur, Voy'.\\. 41 ; Nouv. Diet. H. N. XXV. 595 ; 3Iamm. 249 ; Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 182 ; Wagner, Bull. Akacl. Miinchen, 1849, 168; Wiegm. Arch. Nat. 1849, 39 ; Schrenck, Amur-Lande, 189. Otaria ursina, var., Mus. Leyden. Otaria Fabricii, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 419, from O. Fabr. Otaria Krasclieuneuikovii, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N xiii. 420. Chat marin, Kraschennenikow, Hist. Kamtsch. i. 306. Ai'ctocephalus ursinus, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 554; Crrai/, in Brookes' s Cat. 3Ius. 37 ; Zool. Ereh. 8f Terror, 3 ; Cat. Phoeidce B. M. 41 ; P. Z. S. 1859, 103, 107. t. 68 (skull) ; Nilsso7i, Wiegm. Arch, Ursine Seal, Penn. Hist. Quad. ii. 526, 531. Ours mariu, Baffon, Supp. vi. t. 47 ; Chv. Regne Anim. i. 167. Sea Bgars, Forster, Cook''s Second Voy. ii. 203. Young. Plioca nigra, Pallas, Zool. Rosso-Asiat. 107 ? CaUorhinus ursinus. Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, 357. Inhab. Northern Pacific Ocean, Kamtschatka. Behring's Straits. Sea of Ochotsk, Schrenck. a. Skin of adult male. b. Skull : adult male. Behring's Straits. — Described in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, 103. t. 68. Skins collected to sell to the Chinese. — Pallas. 40 PHOCIDJE. Pallas described a small Seal from the Kurile Islands (Zool. Rosso- Asiat. i. 107), which he regards as the same as la petite Fhoque of BufFon (P. pusilla, Gmclin), under the name of P. nigra. Steller figures and describes a large Seal under the name of Ursiis marinns (Nov. Comm. Petrop. ii. 331. t. 15), which is the authority for the Ursine Seal of Pennant (Quad. ii. 526) and PJioca ursina of Schreber, Gmelin, and most succeeding authors. Forster, in Cook's Second Voyage (ii. 203), appears to speak of the same animal under the name of " Sea Bear." No specimen of this species existed in any of the Museums which I visited on the Continent or in England, nor could I find a skull of the genus from the Northern Pacific Ocean ; yet I felt so assured, from SteUer's description and the geographical position, that it must be distinct from the Eared Fm'-Seals from the Antarctic Ocean and Australia, with which it has been usually confounded, that in the ' Catalogue of Seals in the Collection of the British Museum ' I re- garded it as a distinct species under the name oi Arctocephalus ursinus, giving an abridgment of Steller's description as its specific character. The name Arctocephalus ursinus is usually applied to the various species of Eared Fur-Seals found in the different English and Con- tinental Museums. The British Museum has just received from Amsterdam, under the name Otaria leonina, a specimen of the Sea Bear from Behring's Straits, which was obtained from St. Petersburg. It is evidently not an Otaria, but a new genus allied to Arctocephalus, and agrees in all its characters with the Sea Bear, Ursus marinus of Steller, and not with the Sea Lion or Leo marinus of that author, which is called Otaria Stelleri in the catalogues, and was confounded with Otaria leonina of the Southern Pacific Ocean by Nilsson and most modem authors. The latter animal is still a desideratum in the British Museum and other European Collections. The skin is 8 feet long, and agrees in all particulars with SteUer's description of the adult male of the species, and is most distinct in external character and colour from the Fur-Seal (ArctocepJialus Falklandicus) of the Falkland Islands and from A. lobatus from Australia. The skull is equally distinct from the various skulls of all the species of the ^qtvu?, Arctocephalus (both Fur- and Hair-Seals) which a^e in the Collection of the British Museum, and is easily known from them by the shortness of the face and the height and convexity of the nose. The skull of this specimen is quite distinct from the skull of the Arctocephalus Gilliesjni of California, recently described by Dr. Mac- Bain in the ' Proceedings of the Physical Society of Edinburgh,' under the name of Otaria OiUiespii, from a skull in the Edinburgh Natural History Museum, of which we have a cast in the British Museum : but we are not able to ascertain with certainty whether this is a Fur- or Hair-Seal, though, from the length of the palate, compared with the width of the skull at the hinder grindei's, I am induced to believe tliat it may belong to an animal which has a soft 16. ARCTOCEPnALtrS. 47 iinder-fur. This proves that the Seals from the different parts of the west coast of America are distinct from each other, each specimen having a specific geographical range. 16. ARCTOCEPHALUS. Muzzle rather tapering in front. Cutting-teeth |-, upper nearly square. Grinders |i|. Palate of the skull rather narrower behind than in front, short, scarcely reaching to the middle of the zygo- matic arch. Lower jaw-bone narrow, rounded below, without any angle behind. The face and skull rather elongate ; the forehead flattened, and nearly horizontal from the nasal bone to the vertex ; the palate rather concave, contracted behind, short, not reaching bej'ond the middle of the zygomatic arch ; the nose-aperture large, high ; the lower jaws moderate, with a crest-like ridge behind, beneath, just in front of the condyle. The crest-like process on the hinder part of the under edge of the lower jaw difiers somewhat in shape and development in the different species ; but it nowhere resembles the flat expanded disk found in a similar situation in the lower jaw of the preceding genus. Nose simple, with a rather large callous muffle above and between the nostrils. Whiskers cylindrical, thick, round, tapering, not waved ; hinder ones largest. Ears with a subcylindrical, distinct, external conch. Fig-. 17, Arctocephalus Hookeri. Skull, palate, and grinder. The fore feet elongate ; the palms bald, longitudinally grooved ; claws five, very small, rudimentary, scarcely visible. Hind hmbs rather produced ; the legs free. The hind feet elongated ; the soles bald, longitudinally grooved ; the toes subequal, short, webbed, and each furnished with a long membranaceous expansion, the web and the membranaceous expansion bald. 48 PHOciD-a:. Arctocephalus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1859, 358. Arctocephalus (Arctocepliale), F. C'nrier, Mem. Mus. xi. 206. t. 15. f. 1 ; Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 4G3, 1829 ; Fischer, Syn. 230 ; Gray, Zool. Erchus 4- Terror ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1848, 88. Otaria, sp., Peron; Nilsson. Dr. J. Miiller (Wicgm. Arch. 1841, p. 333) described two species, Otaria Chilensis, and Arctocephalus Lamairii from Australia ; but 0. Chilensis is probably 0. leonina, which is the only Eared Seal I have seen from the west coast of South America, and the latter is Arctocephalus lohatus. In the Leyden Museum (1845) there are four specimens of Fur- Seal, all named Otaria ursina ; they are of a black or dark grey colour, with white tips to the hair and reddish under- fur ; the largest is 4 feet long. One is from the Aleutian Isles, one from New Hol- land, and two from the Creusette Isles. The Haii'-Seals in the same museum, and the skull from Brookes's museum, which I described as Arctocephalus lohatus, are called 0. Stelleri ; some are said to come from Japan and others from New Holland. In King's Narrat. Austral, ii. 414, 1828, I pointed out the dis- tinction between the Fur-Seal of New South Shetland and the Hair- Seal of Australia. The skull from the cabinet of M. Faujas, which Cuvier figures (Oss. Foss. V. 222. 1. 18. f. 4), is much more like the skull of an adult Arctocephalus than of Otaria juhata; the outer and upper cutting- teeth are scarcely larger than the others. There are ten skulls of this genus in the Paris Museum : — 1 & 2. Adult and half-grown. From the Cape of Good Hope. The palates become narrower behind. The front outer upper cutting- teeth rather large ; grinders large, all except first and hinder upper with two lobes (see Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 221. t. 18. f. 5). 3. Old skull, from M. Parzudaki. • 4. From Australia, by MM. Quoy and Gaimard. 5. Adidt. From Port Jackson. Phoca cinerea. Very little different from the adult from the Cape of Good Hope. 6 tk 7. Imperfect. King George's Sound. MM. Quoy and Gai- mard (Cuv. Oss. Foss. V. 222). 8. Adult. Auckland? The ' Zelee,' 1841. 9 5e^ S^ Se-^ i^* « O •^ •^ '^ ■^ '"S '^ "^ o Extreme length along base of skull P 4 14 0 10 0 11 6 8 0 11 0 10 4 7 2 13 2 8 4 4 0 7 0 11 0 4 6 6 0 4 0 5 2 5 2 3 1 9 0 4 6 Length of lower jaw 6 9 fi fi 8 fi 6 0 8 0 7 4 5 0 10 4 5 4 Breadth of face at ear-bones 5 0 g 0 4 4 6 2 46 6 2 7 0 3 4 8 4 4 2 Breadth at zygomatic arch 5 6 9 0 4 4 6 4 5 6 5 4 6 6 4 2 9 0 4 a 5 0 8 2 5 6 6 0 5 2 5 t) 6 ti 4 2 9 0 4 6 *** Sknll not known. 8. Arctocephalus Falklandicus. Grey, under-fur red ; young blackish. Length 4 feet. Sea Bear, Forster, Voy. i. 174, ii. 528. Fur Seal, Claijton, Phil. Trans. Ixvi. 102 _; Weddell, Voy. 23, 134, 137. 56 i'nocn)Ai. Ursine Seal (part.), Perm. Quad. ii. 527. Ours marin, liuffon, H. N. Supp. vi. ;}3G. t. 47, Otaria Forsteri, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 421. , Phoca Forsteri, Fischer, Si/n. 2-'>2. Falkland Isle Seal, Penn. Quad i. 275, ii. 521 (from Roy. Soc). Phoca Falklandica, Shaic, Zool. i. 256 ; Gray, in King^s Narrat. Aus- tralia, ii. 414 ; Griffith's A. K. v. 18.S. Otaria Falklandica, I)esm. Mamm, 252 ; Fischer, Syn. 233. Otaria Slla^vii, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 424. Seal or Sea Bear of Forster, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. 261. t. 22. Otaria Falklandica. (Fur Seal of commerce), Hamilton, Nat. Lib, t. 25 ; Ann. iV: //. 1839, ii. 81. t. 4. Otaria Guerini, Qxoy et Gaim. Voy. Uran. 71. Platjo-liiniis Uranige, Lesson, Man. 204. Young. Blackish ? Otaria Hauvillii, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 425 — and Phoca Hauvillii, Fischer, S)/n. 243, both from Cav. Oss. Foss. v. 220. Sea Bear, in Brit. Mus., Hamilton, Nat. Lib. 266. t. 23. Phoca pusilla (adult ?), Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 220. t. 18. f. 5 (skull). Var.? Otaria ursina, var., Jfus. Ley den. ? Phoca porcina, Jlolina, Sagg. 260; Shaw, Zool. i. 260; Fischer, Syn. 234, Porcine Seal, Penn. Syn. 178. Otaria porcina, Desm. N. Diet. H. N. xxiv. 602. Otaria Molinfei, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 425. ? Otaria Chilensis, J. MiilJer, Wiegm. Arch. 1841, 333 (skull only). ? Otarise IlUoae, Tschudi, Mamm. Consp. Peruana ; Fauna Peruana, Marnm. t. , ? Long-uecked Seal, Grew, Mus, 95 ; Parsons, Phil, Trans, xlvii. t. 6 ; Penn. Qtiad. ii. 521, Phoca longicoUis, Shaio, Zool. i, 256. Phoca Weddellii, var., Fischer, Syn. 240. ? Otaria coronata, Blainv. in Desm. Mamm. 251; Gray, Griffith's A. K. V. 182. Inhab, Antarctic Ocean, Falkland Islands, CooTc, New Georgia, CooTc. South Orkney and South Shetland, Weddell. ? Chili, if o^ma. n. Skin of adult, female, without skull. b. Skin of young with the under-fur grey, Falkland Islands. (" The adult is 5 feet long, and its skin worth 15 dollars.") Presented by Sir John Richardson, M,D. 9. Arctocephalus cinereus. Grey; hair of neck rough, elongate, yellowish; hairs yellowish white and blackish ; under-fur red. Length 7 feet. Otaria cinerea, Peron, Voy, Terr. Austr. ii. 54? 77; Desm.3famm. 251; Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Astral. Marnm. 89. t. 12, 13 & 15. Phoca cinerea, Fischer, Syn. 233 ? Otarie (Oran du M. Gaimard), Cuvier, Oss. Foss, v. 222. Otaria ursina, var., Mus, Leyden, Young, Darker; hair black, silky. — Quoy, I. c, 1. 13. Inhab. South coast of Australia. Imperfect skull, Mus. Paris. Port Western, Quoy. Kangaroo Island, Peron ? 17. OTARIA. 57 Peron indicates a species from Eugene Island, Australia, under the name of Otaria albicoUis, Peron et Lesueiir, Voy. ii. 118 ; Desm. Mamm. 251 ; Phoca alhicoUis, Fischer, Syu. 233. Cuvier observes, " this species has the anns placed far forwards, and not as in other Ofarltv " (Oss. Foss. v. 223), and " the only Otaria brought home by Peron (hence probably his 0. cinerea) was 2 feet 9 inches long ; it is rather whiter than the specimens from the Cape" (Oss. Foss. v. 221). The skull is not mentioned. Peron, in speaking of the productions of " Isle de Decrees," says they found a new Seal 9 or 10 feet long. " The haii- of this animal is very short, very hard, and very thick (tres grossier) ; but its skin is thick and strong, and the oil abundant." 10. Arctocephalus australis. The flaps to the hind toes moderate ; grey, with yellow reflex- ions ; head, cheeks, and side of muzzle whitish, beneath fulvous ; neck thick ; limbs beneath blackish ; whiskers strong, flat, white. Otaria australis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Astrol. 3fa>u)n. 9. 1. 10-1 4 ; Nilssoti, Vet. Akud. Handl. 18.37 ; Skand. Fauna; Wiegm. Arch. vii. 322. Inhab. South coast of Australia, " King George's Sound," Quoy. Most probably the same as A. HooTceri. What is the Black Seal of the coast of New Holland ? There is a male, presented by J. B. Boisley, in the Australian Museum, Sydney {Otaria, sp., no. 36. Cat. p. 7). It is very doubtful if either of these species differs from A. Johatus. 17. OTARIA. Face short, shelving ; the nose-aperture large, oblong ; the fore- head flat, shelving from the edge of the nose-bone to the middle of the vertex ; the palate very concave, decurved deeper with age, scarcely contracted behind ; ear elongated, extending nearly to the articulation of the lower jaw ; the lower jaw with a crest-like ridge on the inner side of the hinder part, just in front of the condyle. Muzzle broad, high in front ; forehead rather convex ; occiput high ; cutting-teeth -|, the upper outer ones very large, like canines ; grinders (of the adults) with very large roots and small, compressed, lobed crowns ; palate -bone rather wider behind than in front, long, extending nearly to the articulation of the lower jaw behind ; lower jaw broad, dilated below in front and behind at the angles; the upper jaw elongate, and dilate with age. Head short, broad ; chin large ; muzzle truncated ; mufile bald, forming a distinct disk between and above the nostril ; ears small, short, conical. Fore feet rather large ; claws indistinct ; tail very short, conical. Hind feet large, with the three middle claws long, subcylindrical, the fifth or inner one rudimentary; toe-flaps very long, the outer one broad, second, third, and fourth rather longest and narrow, the fifth shortest, all much longer than the very short 58 pnociD.E. toes. Fm- rather rough, of the head, neck, and chin longer ; hair cylindrical ; under-fur none. Fig. 18. Otaria leouina. Skull. The skulls^ of the adult Arctocephali have been mistaken for the skulls of this genus, but the form of the hinder part of the palate, which is little altered by the age of the specimens, at once sejiarates the two genera. I was formerly inclined to believe that the form of the hinder part of the palate altered ; but the examination of the sldn, with its skull attached, of an adult Arctocephalus lohatics has proved that it does not alter. Otaria, sp., Peron ^- Lesueur, Voy. Terr.Austr. ; Desm. Mamm. ; Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Hcmdl. 1837 ; Skand. Fauna, t. ; Wie(/m. Arch. vii. PIatyrh\Tichus (Platyrhinque), F. Ciivier, Mem. Mus. ix. 209. t. 15. f. 2 ; Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 465 ; Gray, in Brookes's Cat. Mamm. 37, 1828; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 231. " Otaria, Qray,Zool. Erehus S,- Terror ; P. Z. 8. 1859,360 ; Turnei; P. Z. S. 1848,88. Platja'hinus, Lessmi, Manuyi. 204. There is doubtless a great difference in the development of the skull in the mule and female Seals, but unfortunately the sex of the specimens from which the skulls have been derived is often not marked. In the only species where I have been able to observe this fact, almost the only difference was in the size and in the strength of the markings on the skull, and in the size of the canine teeth. The full number of the teeth of these animals is developed early in life ; and the canines of the second set are gradually developed, the roots being far in the socket, and protruded as the jaw enlarges. The changes in the form of the palate and in the distance between the teeth of the same set in the younger and older skulls of the same species after they have obtained their fiiU set of teeth are very great — quite as much as the difference in the external form of the skull produced by the development of the occipital ridges, ifec. — P. Z. S. 1859, 360. 17. OTARIA. 59 1. Otaria leonina. Southern Sea Bear. Deep brown. Sea Lion, Cook, Voi/. ii. 203 ; Forster, Voy. round the World, ii. 512 ; Weddell, Voij. 198. Leonine Seal (part.), Penn. Quad. ii. 534. Phoca i ubata, Schreh. Sdugeth. 300. t. 83 ; Forster, Icon. ined. G. 4 ; Desc'ript. Anim. 317 ; Pander Sr D' Alton, t. 3. f. 1), t. 2. f. . Otaria j ubata, Besm. Mamm. 248, 380 {E. M. t. 109. f. 3) ; Gran, Griffith's A. K. v. 184. Otaria Pernettyi, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 420. Phoca Scout, iiodd. Flench. 172. Le Lion marin, Bnffon, Hist. Kat. Supp. vi. 358. t. 48 & 49 ; Forster, Cook's Voy. iv. 54 (from Forster' s MSS.), copied; Pernetty, Voy. ii. 47. t. 10. Leonine Seal, Shaui, in Zool. i. 270. t. 74 (altered). Otaria Forsteri, Lesson. Phoca Ansonina, Blainv. Joiirn. Phys. 1820, 299. Phoque a criuiere, Cuvier, It. A. i. l67. Phoca leonina, Plainv. Ostcog. Phoca, t. 6 (skull) & t. 9 (dentition) ; Molina, Sagy. 282-341. Otaria leonina, Peron, Voy. ii. 65. Phoca B)Tonii, Blaini\ in Desm. 3famm. 240. Otaria Cliilensis, 3Iidler, Wieym. Arch. 1841, 334. Mirounga Byronii, Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 181. Sea Lion, Island of Tinian, Byron in Mus. Coll. Surg. Otaria, sp., Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 223. Platyrhvnchus (leoninus), F.Cuv. 31em. Mus. xi. 208. t. 15. f. 2 (adult skull) ; 'J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 37. Otaria platyrhynchus, Miiller, Wiegrn. Arch. 1841, vii. 333. Otaria molossina, Lesson, Voy. Coq. 109. t. 3 (young), Jide skidl Mus. Paris. Phoca molossina. Lesson, Btdl. Sci. Nat. viii. 96. Lesson's Otary, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. t. 24, from Lesson. PlatjThynchus molossinus. Lesson, Man. 203. PlatyrhjTichus Uranite, Lesson, Man. 204 ? Otaria Guerini, Quoy Sf Gaim. Zool. Uran. 71 ? Sea Lion of Forster, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. 1. 18. Sea Lion of Penietty, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. t. 19, from Edinb. Mus. Sea Bear of the British Museum, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. t. 23 ? Inhab. Southern Pacific Ocean. Patagonia. a. Skin of adult, stuffed. West coast of S. America. Vera Cruz. Presented by Captain Fitzroy, E.N. h. Front of lower jaw of a. "West coast of S. America. Vera Cruz. Presented by Captain Fitzroy, R.N. c. Skull of half-grown. West coast of S. America. Chili? From Mr. Bridges' Collection. d. Skull, young. W. coast of S. America, Presented by Sir John Richardson, M.D. The skull of the Sea Lion brought from Tinian Island by Com- modore Byron in 1769 is now in the Museum of the College of Sur- geons.— See Cat. Ost. Coll. Mus. Coll. Surg. p. 648. no. 3966, where several skulls of this Seal are described by Professor Owen. 00 PHOCID^. • 2. Otaria Stelleri. Northern Sea Bear. Reddish ; females tawny. Leo marinus, Stdler, Nov. Cotitm. Petrop. ii. 360. Phoca jubata, Ginel. S. N i. fW (part.). Otaria jubata, Peron d LcsHcitr, Voij. ii. 40 (not Desm.). Leonine Seal (part. ), Pc/i/i. Quad. ii. 534. Phoca Stelleri, Fischer, Si/n. 231. Otaria Stelleri, Lesson, I). C. II. N. xiii. 420 ; /. 3Iiillcr, Wieg^n. Arch. vii. 330, 333. Otaria Calif oi"niana, Lesson, D. C II. N. xiii. 420, from Lion marin de la Californie, Vhloris, Voij. Pitt. t. 11. Phoca Californiana, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 231. Otaria jubata (part.), Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Handl.; Skaiid. Fauna; Wie(/ni. Arch. vii. 381. Inhab. Northern Pacific Ocean. I do not believe that there is a specimen of this species in any museum, nor any remains of it. The specimen sent from St. Peters- burg under the name of Otaria honina was the Ursus marinus of Steller, and is, like the genus which I have called CaUorhinus, more allied to Arctocejjhalus than to Otaria. Yet I have such faith in the accuracy of Steller that I have decided to retain it in the list, and hope some day to receive a specimen with its bones, or at least its skuU. CETACEA. 61 Order CETACEA. Teeth all similar, conical; or dissimilar, ridged; sometimes not developed. Palate often furnished with transverse plates of baleen or whale- bone. Body fish-shaped, nearly bald, ending in a horizontal tail. Front limbs short, fin-shaped. Mammalia, Cete, Linn. Sj/st. Nat. ed. 12. i. 27 ; Link, Beytr. 1795 ; Besm. N. D. H. N. xxiv. 35, 1804 ; Fischer, Stjn. 1828 ; Eichwald, Zool. Spec. iii. 337 ; Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825. Ceti, Waf/ler, Ampli. 1830. Les Cetac^s, Cuvier, Tab. Ekm. 1798 ; R. A. i. 271, 1817, ed. 2. i. 281 ; F. Cuvier, 1829. CetaceiB, Brisson, R. A. 217, 1762 ; Gray, Med. Rep. xv. 309, 1821. M. a nageoires (pars), Desm. N. D. H. N. xxiv. 32, 1804. Natantia, Illiyer, Prodr. 139, 1811. M. pinnata et pinnipedia (pars), Storr, Prodr. Mamni. 1780. Bipedes, Latr. Fam. Nat. 64, 1825. 8irenia et Cete, Selys-Lonychamps, 1842. Cetacea et Amphibia (pars), Rafin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815. Cete, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 1. Cetacea, R. Knox, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. 1858, iii. 63 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 195 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863 ; Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1864, xiv. 345. Synopsis of the Families. Suborder I. Skin stnooth, bald. Teats 2, inguinal. Limbs claidess ; fore limbs Jin-shaped ; hinder united, forming a forked horizontal tail. Nostrils enlarged into blowers. Carnivorous. Cete. Section I. Mysticete. Teeth rudimentary : they never cut the gums. Palate furnished loith transverse fringed horny i^lates of baleen or whalebone. Head large, depressed. Nostrils separate, hugifudinal. Gullet very contracted. Tympanic bone single, large, cocldeate, at- tached to an expanded 2ieriotic bone which forms part of the skull. 1. Bal^nid^. Dorsal fin none. Belly smooth. Baleen elongate, slender. Vertebrse of neck anchylosed. Pectoral fin broad, trmicated at the end ; fingers 5. Tympanic bone rhombic. Maxillary bones narrow. 2. Baljenopterii)^. Dorsal fin distinct Belly longitudinally plaited. Baleen short, broad. Maxillary bones broad. Pectoral fin lanceolate ; fingers 4. Vertebrfe of neck free. Tympanic bone oblong or ovate. 62 CETACEA. Section 11. Denticete. Teeth well developed in one or both jaws, some- times deciduous. Palate nithotit baleen. Head large or moderate ; tympanic bones 2, suhsimilar, united, free in a cavity in the base of the shall. A. Nostrils longitudinal, 2Mrallel or diverging, covered tvith a valve, one often larger and more developed. Pectoral broad, truncated; fingers 5. 3. Catodontid^. Head blunt ; back of tlie skull concave. Teetb only in the lower jaw, fitting into pits in the upper. 4. Platanistid^. Head longly beaked ; back of the skull covered with the reflected edge of the maxillaries. Teeth in both jaws compressed. B. Nostrils united into a single transverse or ci^escent-shaped blower. Teeth in both jaws, often deciduous. Pectoral fin lanceolate. 5. Iniid^. Head beaked. Teeth rugulose, crowns with an internal process. Back ^\*ithout any fin, keeled behind. 6. Delphinid^. Head beaked. Teeth simple, cylindrical, conical, smooth, in the whole length of both jaws, sometimes deciduous. Back rounded. Dorsal fin falcate, rarely wanting. Pectoral fin moderate, on the upper part of the side of the body ; fingers 4- or 5-jointed. 7. GLOBiocEPHALiDyE. Head ventricose. Teeth cylindrical, simple, in the front of both jaws. Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin low down on the sides of the body ; fingers elongate, many-jointed. 8. Hyperodontid^. Head beaked. Teeth few, cylindrical or com- pi'essed in the front or side of the lower jaw only. Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin low down on the sides of the body ; fingers 4- or 5- jointed. Suborder H. Skiii rather hairy ; tvhiskers rigid. Limbs clawed. Teats 2, pectoral. Nostrils 2, apical. Herbivorous. Sieenia. 9. Manatid^. Grinders none, or flat-crowned. Front of jaws covered with horn. Suborder I. CETE. Skin smooth, without hair. Limbs clawless ; fore limbs fin -like ; hinder caudal, horizontal, forked or rounded. Teats 2, inguinal. Nostrils enlarged and close together, called blowers. Carnivorous. Teeth conical, all similar, often not developed, and absorbed. Palate often furnished with transverse pendent horny plates of baleen or whalebone ; fringed on the edge. Cete, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Selys-Longchamps, 1842; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 5. CetAcea, Blumenhach ; Tiumeril, Z. A. 1806 ; Lilljeborg, Of vers. 2. CetacefB carnivorte. Gray, Med. Rep. xv. 309, lH21. (Souflleurs) Hydraula, Latr. Fam. Nat. 1825, 65. Natantia, Cete, lUiger, Prodr. 141, 1811. Cete /S, Fischer, Syn. 1828. Mammalia piunata, Storr, Prodr. Ma nun. 1780. CETACEA. 03 C^tac^s, Cuv. Tab. Mem. 1798 ; Duvernoy, Tab. Anim. Vert. Spiracules, J. Brookes, Cat. Mtis. 38, 1828. Bahenidee, RilppeU, Verz. Senck, Saminl. 186, 1845. Cetacea vera sen Cariiivora, Oiveu, Cat. Mas. Coll. Surg. ii. 439. Dr. Peters objects to the tail being considered the representative of the hind feet of the Whale. He observes : " Prof. Reinhardt dis- covered only a rudiment of a femur in Balcena Mysticetus, all other [whales] having the pelvis without the vestiges of Hmbs. You know very well that the horizontal tail-fin is only an expansion of the soft parts. How did this expression escape you ? " — Letter, 24th Nov. 18G4. I am stiU. not convinced that the tail does not represent the hiad members, at least analogically if not actually. Belon and Rondelet appear to have known the Dolphin {Delphinus Delphis), the 'Ondre' {D. Tursio), and the Phocsena (P. vulgaris); but their account of the Spermaceti Whale is very indistinct. Clusius, in 1605, first described and figured the Sperm Whale in a recognizable manner, from two specimens thrown on the coast of Holland in 1598 and 1601 ; and Johnston (t. 41 & 42) well figures one of these specimens. In 1671, Martens, in his 'Voyage to Spitzbergen,' gave a descrip- tion and figure of the Whalebone Whale, the " Fin-fish " (Balceno- ptera Physalus), the Weise Fish (^Beluga Catodon), and the Butzkopt (Orca Gladiator) ; and his figiu'es of the first and second have been the chief authorities for these animals mitil this time. In 1692, Sibbald published a small quarto pamphlet, with three plates, describing the Whales which had come under his observation. He divides them into three groups : — T. The Small \\Tiales with teeth in both jaws, of which he notices three— the Orca (0. Gladiator), the Beluga, and one from hearsay, which from its size was probably a Porpoise (Phoco'na vidgaris). II. The larger Whales with teetla in the lower jaw: — 1. the Sperm Whale; and 2. the Black Fish. And III. The Whalebone Whales, of which he describes three speci- mens. The arrangement he proposed is the one used in this Catalogue ; and his work forms the groundwork of all that was known on the larger Cetacea up to the Linnean time : but Artedi and Linnaevis committed the mistake of regarding individual peculiarities resulting from accidental circumstances as specific distinctions, so that three of their species have to be reduced to synonyma. [There is a later edition, edited by Pennant, which appeared in Edinburgh in 1773.] In 1725, Dudley, in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' (No. 387), describes all the Whales now recognized by the whalers, except the Black-fish : viz., 1. the Right or Whalebone Whale ; 2. the Scrag- Whale ; 3. the Fin-back Whale ; 4. Bunch or Humpback Whale ; and 5. the Spermaceti AMiale. Cuvier, in his historical account, scarcely siifiiciently estimates either Sibbald' s or Dudley's contri- bution. Bonnatcrre, and after him Laccjiede, in their Catalogues, collected together vnth. great industry all the materials they could find, in 64 CETACEA. every work that came in their way ; hence they (the latter especially) formed a number of species on most insufficient authority : for ex- ample, they made a genus on the otherwise good figure of the Sperm Whale figured by Anderson, because the artist had placed the spout on the hinder part of the head ; and a division of a genus for the Fin-fish of Martens, because he did not notice in his description or figure the fold on the belly. Yet the characters given by Lacepede, and genera formed by him, have been used in our latest works, some even in Cuvier's last edition of the 'Animal Kingdom' ; and many of these species stiU encumber our Catalogu.es, Cuvier, dissatisfied with this state of things, in his ' Ossemens Fossiles,' examined the various documents and consulted the autho- rities which had been used by Lacepede ; but he appears to have undertaken the work with a predisposition to reduce to the smallest number the species which his predecessor had described. Thus, he concludes that there are only eleven species of Dolphins, one Nar- Avhal, one Hyperoodon, one Cachalot or Sperm Whale ; and he appears to think there are only two Whalebone Whales— the Eight Whale and the Finner. To make this reduction : first, he believes that the Humpbacked Whale of Dudley is only a whale that has lost its fin, not recognizing that the Cape Rorqual, which he afterwards described from the fine skeleton now shown in the inner court of the Paris Museum, is one of this kind ; secondly, that the Black-fish and the Sperm Whale are the same species — an error which must have arisen from his not having observed that Sibbald had figured the former, for he accuses Sibbald of twice describing the Sperm Whale ; and when he comes to Sehreber's copy of Sibbald's fig-ure, he thinks the figure represents a Dolphin which had lost its upper teeth, overlook- ing the peculiar form and posterior position of the dorsal fin, and the shape of the head, which is unlike that of any known Dolphin. This mistake is important, as it vitiates the greater part of Cuvier's criticism on the writings of Sibbald, Artedi and others, on these animals. Unfortunately these views have been very generally adopted without re-examination. But, in making these remarks, it is not with the least desire to underrate the great obligation we owe to Cuvier for the papers above referred to ; for it is to him that we are indebted for having placed the examination of the Whales on its right footing, and for directing our inquiries into the only safe course on these animals, which only fall in our way at distant periods, and generally under very disadvantageous circumstances for accurate examination and study. In 1828, Mr. F. J. Knox, the Conservator of the Museum of the Old Surgeons' Hall in Edinburgh, published a Catalogue of the Ana- tomical Preparations of the Whale, in which he gives many interest- ing details of the anatomy of the Bahma maxhna and B. minima, which had been stranded near Edinburgh, of the foetus of B. Mysti- cetus from Greenland, and of Delphinus Tiirsio (D. hiicoj>lewus), D. Delpliis, Phocffna cflmminiis, iSoosoo Ganf/eticus, and Halicore IncU- cns ; but the paper has been very generally neglected or overlooked. In 1858, Dr. 11. Knox published " Contributions to the Anatomy CETACEA. G5 and Natural History of the Cetacea " iu the Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. iii. p. 63. M. F. Cuvier's 'Cetaces' (Paris, 1836) is little more than an ex- pansion of his brother's essays, with a compiled account of the species ; but he has consulted with greater attention the works of Sibbald and Dudley, and has some doubts about the finned Cachalots being the same as the Sjjerm Whale (p. 475), but at length gives up the subject. He has found out that the Humphached Whale is evidently a Rorqual (p. 305), but does not record it as a species, nor recognize it as the Cape Rorqual, nor as Dr. Johnston's Whale ; the latter he incorrectly considers the same as Balama Phi/salus. He combines together as one species Quoy's short-finned Rorqual of the Falkland Islands with Lalande's long-finned Whale of the Cape (p. 352). He is in great doubt about the hump of the Cachalots (p. 279) ; his remarks on that subject and on the Cachalots of Sibbald show how dangerous it is for a naturalist to speculate beyond the facts before him. Sir William Jardine's Whales, iu the ' Naturalist's Library,' is chiefly an abridgement of M. Lesson's compilation, with some ex- tracts from Knox and other English writers on the subject. Eschricht, in his ' Nordischcn Wallthiere,'j3, 7, divides the Cetacea into four groups, according to their food, thus : — 1. Sarlcophagen : Orca. 2. Teuthophagen : Physeter, Rhynchocete (Hyperoodontina, Gray), Monodon, Beluga, Globiceps. 3. Iclithyophagen : Phoctena, Delphinus, Platanista, and Ogmo- balsena, Eschricht, = Balaeuoptera. 4. Pteropodophagen : Leiobalsena, Eschricht, = Balsena. He further proposes to separate these groups into Zahmvalle (or Tooth-whales), which includes all the genera in the first three groups, except Ogmohcdmia ; this genus he places with Leiohcdcena in the second group, which he calls Bartenwcdle, which is synonymous with Balcena of Linne. Eschricht, in the ' Danish Transactions,' has published several most interesting papers on the anatomy and development of the Whales of the North Sea, especially of the Fin- whale {Balamoptera rostrata), the Naebhval (Hgperooclon), and the Nordhval {Bcdcfna Mgsticetus), and with Professor J, Reinhardt he has piiblished a complete treatise on the osteology of the latter species. Dr. Ludovicus Reichenbach, in his ' Synopsis MammaHum Iconibus ilhistrata ' (8vo, Leipsic, 1855), divides the Whales into foiir famihes and seven genera, thus : — I. Balaenina. \. Balcena. II. Narwalina. 2, Monodon. III. Delphinina. 3. Physeter; 4. Delphinus. IV. Ma- natina. 5. Rytlna ; 6. Hcdicore ; 7. MancUus. Mr. Edward Wakefield has given a very good chronological history of Whales and Whaling in Simmonds's ' Colonial Magazine ' for July 1844, p. Ill ; he quotes the ' Histoire gcnerale des Peches anciennes et modemes,' by S. B. Noel (vol. i. 1815), the rest of the work remaining in MS. in the librarv of the late Baron Cuvier. 66 CETACEA. The British species are no better known ; for in Fleming's excel- lent work they are left in nearly the same state as when Linnaeus published his twelfth edition of the ' Systema Naturae '; and Mr. Bell's account and figiu'es are chiefly derived from preceding authors. In the former edition of this Catalogue I Avas led to take three or four species from the list of British species ; I determined the specific identity of one hitherto neglected, and added two or three species for the first time to our fauna. In the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History ' for 1846, vol. xvii. p. 82, I gave a list of British Cetacea, raising the number to seventeen, and added Lagenorlnjnclius alhirostris and Grampus Cuvieri to the previous list. In the 'Proceedings of the Zoological Society' for 1864, p. 195, I published a jDaper '' On the Cetacea which have been observed in the Seas surrounding the British Islands,'' in which I describe thirty species belonging to twenty genera. Fleming only indicates as British sixteen species of Cetacea, which Jenyns and J3ell had reduced in their works to fourteen species of the Order. The size of the head, compared with that of the body, varies greatly according to the age of the specimen. In the newly-born whale the head is small ; and it enlarges regularly, but at a more rapid rate than the body, as the whale increases in size. In the Greenland Whale the adult head is two-fifths of the length of the body. The species of the different families have a very great similarity when examined externally, and, as a whole, the best character for the genera and species is to be obtained from the examination of the skeleton, and especially of the skull, cervical vertebrae, and the bones of the fore limbs. But here, as in other vertebrate animals, it requires great care to observe the external characters of the animal and the peculiarities of its osteology, so that the outer form, colour, &c. may be known, at the same time as the osteological characters, and that the variations of either the skeleton or the oxiter appearance may be corrected by the double comparison. We have until lately been chiefly indebted to Sibbald, John Hunter, and Dr. Knox for the anatomy of the larger whales. More recently Eschricht has given an excellent memoir on the Right Whale, and on the long-armed and smaller Finner Whale, the account of the latter being chiefly derived from dissection of the foetal or newly-born specimen. No series of animals are more difiicult to observe and describe than the large Whales and Dolphins. They are only seen at distant periods, and generally either isolated or each kind and age in the same school or herd. They are only seen aUve at a distance from the observer, and generally in rapid motion and under unfavourable circumstances for stud)^ They are unwieldy to collect and compare. It is almost impossible to preserve their skin, it being very thin and apt to crack and curl up ; and when preserved, they are difficult to keep without deterioration, on account of the fat and salt they contain, and the odour they emit, especially in damp weather. For this CKTACEA . 67 reason, in the Paris and some other museums, they have prepared a series of phister models to ilhistrate the genera. When the larger kinds are cast ashore, they are seized hy the lord of the manor or some other person and sold for their blubber, and their bones are often sold for manure ; or, from some difficulty respecting the ownership, they are left to rot on the beach, as was the case with the skeleton of the Sperm Whale cast ashore at Whit- stable, Kent, and prepared by Mr. Gould for the Zoological Societj- in 1829. The putrefying of the flesh and the preparing of the oil render a stranded whale by no means a desirable neighbour ; so that it is not to be wondered at that they are usually got rid of as soon as pos- sible, and that the naturalist has seldom the opportunity of exami- ning them even in England, where the means of travelling are easy and rapid. llecently a new difficulty has arisen : agriculturists have found that they are good manure, and as soon as any of tliem, especially of the smaller kinds, are caught or thrown ashore, they are carried inland and buried, as was the case with a school of DeJphinns Orcn lately taken near Bridgewater. Yet they are objects of general interest; and when they are cast ashore near populous places they are often shown for a time, and the smaller species are sometimes even carried far inland and exhibited ; and the only chance that the zoologist has of examining fresh speci- mens of these animals is to watch for their occurrence and hasten to see them while they are in a more or less complete state. I am by no means convinced that all the species in the following Synopsis are distinct. It is rather to be regarded as a collection of the accounts of the Whales of different localities, derived from the specimens and other materials at present at our command ; and I have endeavoured to select from these sources what appeared to afford the best characters for defining them, so as to furnish to those naturalists who might enjoy the opportunity of observing the animals, a short abstract of what has been observed with regard to them, and a reference to where they may find a more detailed account of each kind. I have been induced to adopt this course, as whenever I have had the opportunity of examining and comparing the pro- portions of the alhed species from distant seas, and of comparing their bones, they have invariably proved to be distinct, which leads me to believe that many of the other species from different seas, which have been regarded as the same, will be found to be distinct, though representatives of those found in other seas. p2 68 Section I. MYSTICETE. Teeth rudimentary ; they never cut the jaics, and are absorbed. Palate furnished with transverse fringed horny plates of baleen or ivhalebone, forming a ^^ screening-up'paraius.'^ Head large, depressed. Blotvers far back, longitudinal, each covered xvith a valve. Spout double. Eyes small, near angle of the mouth. Gullet very contracted. Tympanic bones large, conch-like, attached to an expanded periotic bone, which forms part of tJw skull. Lacrymal and malar bones thin, small. Living on mollusca and fish. Balajna, Cuv. Tab. Elem. 1798 ; Lesson, N. Tab. Reg. Anim. 201. Ealsenadfe, Gray, Lond. Med. Repos. xv. 310. Les Baleines, F. Cuv. 1829. Cete, Illiger, Prodr. 141, 1811. Cetacea edentula, Brisson, R. A. 218. Edentt^s abnormaux, Blainv. 181G. Cete hydrajoglossi, § B, Wagler, N. S. Amph. 33, 1830. Cetaces, Lesson, N. Tab. Ri-g. Anim. 197, 1842. Cetacea, Rafn. Anal. Nat. GO, 1815. Riiderer Wale, Oken, Lehrb. Nat. 661, 1815. Balenidia, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 61, 1815. Bal;T3nid«3, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1828 ; Zool. Erebus Sf Terror, 15 ; Cat. Mamm. B. M. ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 5, 1850 ; Selys-Longchainjis, 1842. Vemiivora, Lesson, N. Tab. Rig. Anim. 201. Bale, Oken, Lehrb. Naturg. 663, 1815. Les Baleines (Baleniens), Geoff. Leqons, 3Iamm. 67, 1835 ; Duvernoy, Ann. Sci. Nat. 22, 1851. Bartenwalle, Eschricht, Nord. Wallthiere, 7, 1849. (Baleen Whale) Balsenidae, Owen, Cat. Osteol. 3Ius. Coll. Surg. ii. 439. Balsenidfe, " /. Gray," Bardhwalar, Lilljeborg, Ofversigt, 39, 1862. Balsenoidea sen Mysticete, Flotver, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 388. " Teeth never functionally developed, but always disappearing be- fore the close of the intra-uterine life. Upper jaw provided with plates of baleen. Sternum composed of a single piece, generally broader than long, and connected only with the first rib. No costal sternal bones ; all the ribs at their upper extremity articulating only with the transverse processes of the vertebrae ; their capitular processes when developed rudimentary, and not forming true articulations with the bodies of the vertebrae. Eami of the mandibles curved, their anterior ends meeting at an angle and connected by fibrous tissue, without any ti-ue symphysis. Skull symmetrical. Maxilla produced in front of, but not over, the orbital process of the frontal. Nasal bones well developed, symmetrical. Lacrymal bones distinct from the yvigui:'— Flower, P. Z. S. 18G4, 388. M. Geoffrey observed rudimentary teeth in the lower jaw of a foetal whale. — Ann. (hi Mus. x. 3G5. Eschricht figures them in the foetal jaw of a Megaptern. — Danish Tranmctions, 1843, xi. t. 3. The substance called Whalebone is of the same nature as horn ; it is wholly composed of animal substance, and extremely elastic. — Hunter, Phil. Trans. 1787. It is called /anoH by the French. The Scotch even at the time of Sibbald called it baleen, probably from the French. — Fleming, Wern. Trans. 203. The baleen or whalebone has generally been considered as the CETACEA. 69 teeth of the Whale ; but this must be a mistake, for Mr. F. J. Knox observes — " In the foetal B. Mystlcetus sixty to seventy dental pulps were found on each side of each jaw, making the whole number amount to from 260 to 300. The preparation (n. 56) exhibits a portion of this gum with twelve pulps : had these pulps been con- fined to the upper jaw and corresponded to the number of baleen plates, it woidd have formed a strong analogy between the baleen and teeth ; but the number of baleen plates in the Whale greatly exceeds the number of dental pulps, and the lower jaw, which con- tained an equal number of pulps with the upper, has neither teeth nor baleen in the adult whale. Their presence therefore in the foetal Mysticetus forms one of the most beautiful illustrations of the unity of organization in the animal economy. The teeth in the Balcena never cut the gum, but become gradually reabsorbed into the system ; the very cavity in which the germs were lodged disappears ; whilst, to suit the purposes of nature, the integumentary system furnishes the baleen, which is evidently a modified form of hair and cuticle." — Knox, Cat. Prep. Whale, 22. Professor Eschricht also has shown that the foetus of Megaptera Boops (Danish Trans. 1845, xi. t. 4) has numerous teeth on the edge of the jaw, though they are never developed. I am inclined to regard the baleen as a peculiar de- velopment of hair in the palates of these animals, and somewhat ana- logous to the hair found in the palates of the genus Lepus. (See also Romseau, Rev. Zool. 1856, 193, 257, 305, 353 ; Raimi, Ann. Set. Nat. 1836, 266 ; and Meyer, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. N. C. 1855, xxv. 449.) From the examination I have been able to make of the baleen of Balcenoptera rostrata, and of different masses of small blades of Baloina australis, it would appear as if there were, at least in these two species, two or more series of baleen on each side of the palate ; the external series being formed of large triangular blades placed at a certain distance apart ; and the internal, in BaJcenoptera rostrata, composed of smaller, much thinner, triangular pieces, placed much closer together, and forming a very dense screening-apparatus ; and in Balcena australis the inner series is formed of numerous separate narrow strips of whalebone, each ending in a pencil of hairs, which vary in size from that of small twine to that of tape half an inch wide ; these are placed behind the others, and gradually increase in size from the innermost to the broad external series. They are early deciduous, and the groove in which they are placed becomes filled up and solid. Mr. Knox (Cat. Prep. Whale) gives the best account of the de- velopment, position, and distinction between the baleen of the ^Tiales of the North Sea which has come under my observation, and it agrees with the observations I had made on the subject before I could pro- cure his pamphlet. In Balcena maxbnus, Knox (Physalus antiquorum), 314 external or labial plates (baleen) were counted on each side ; towards each extremity these plates degenerate into bristles, and admit of being counted with difficulty. Towards the mesial line the baleen as a mass diminishes gradually in depth, giving the whole palatine surface 70 CETACEA. an elegant arched form. The 314 external or labial plates do not extend to the whole extent in a transverse direction, but a system of numerous small and narrow plates succeeds the external ones. For each external plate, twelve (internal) smaller ones could be easily counted ; so that the number of plates which could be counted, and not including the bristly terminations towards the snout, pharynx, and mesial line, stand thus : external or labial plates, 314 ; internal small plates, corresponding to each external one, 12 : total number of baleen plates, 3768. The longest plate of baleen is placed about the centre of each of the sides, and measured 26 inches in length and 15 in breadth. The substance when recent is highly elastic and verj^ heavy ; the whole weighed nearly two tons. In Balccna minimus, Knox {Balcenoptera rostraia), 307 external or labial plates (baleen) can be counted on each side ; towards each extremity these plates degenerate into fine bristles, which were not counted. The plates hang perfectly i)arallel with each other, and from their closeness and fringed lingual aspect, must act as a very perfect filter in collecting the minute molluscous animals, and at the same time enable the whale to eject the water. The baleen or whalebone aftbrds good characters for the separation of this family into sections. It is short or long according to the species of Whale, being modified entirely by the more or less arched form of the upper jaw. Mr. Knox first pointed out this curious and important fact. The usual conclusion come to by all persons was, that the size of the whale corresponded to the length of the bone or baleen. Now this is only good with regard to one species of Whale, and not at all to the whole group of "Wlialebone Whales, — Knox, Cat. Pi-e];>. Whale, 8. The whalebone of the smooth -bodied Whales without any back-fins (Baloena) is elongate, much longer than broad at the base, and gra- dually attenuated, and edged with a fringe of equal, leng-thened, fine, soft bristles. The baleen is internally formed of a thin layer of fibres, covered on each side with a thick coat of ' enamel' ; when dry and out of the mouth, the blades are flat. The whalebone of the plaited-beUied Whale with a bunch (Mega- ptera) or a dorsal fin {Balcenoptera) is short, broad, triangular, not much longer than broad at the base, and rapidly atteniiated, and is edged Avith a series (sometimes rather crowded) of elongate, rigid, imequal bristle-like fibres, which become much thicker and more rigid near and at the tip. The baleen is internally formed of a more or less thick layer of thick fibres, covered on each side with a thin layer of enamel, and when dry and out of the palate they are curled up and somewhat spirally tmstcd. The thickness of the plate of baleen depends on the number of bristles. In the baleen oi Balcr-na maaimifs there are 506 bristles in the thickness of the plate, and by a nide enumeration there appeared to be at least 130 bristles in each inch. The whole breadth of the plate being 5^ inches, gives us 747 bristles entering into its compo- sition. These bristles are matted together to the extent of 1 1 inches on the external and 5 inches on the internal margins, by a substance CKTACEA. 71 like minute laminae or scales, and which may be seen by the aid of a microscope to invest the free bristles at the fringed extremity of the plate. We have often observed the facility with which some baleen can be spht up, and were struck with the fact that the baleen of Bala>na maximiis would not split. The removal of the external lamina in the plate under description shows the cause of this : about 6j inches from the root of the plate, many of the bristles have deviated from their direct parallel inclination, and become intimately twisted and interwoven Avith each other. It has been attempted to prove the age of the Whale from an examination of the baleen, in the same manner as we judge of the age of cattle by certain annulated markings on the horns. On the plate before us we can distinctly perceive numerous transverse lines crossing the course of the bristles at right angles. If these transverse lines indicate a periodical check to the growth of the baleen, then the age of the BalcBiia maximus would be 800 to 900 years old, that being the number of transverse lines on the longest plate of baleen. — Knox, Cat. Prep. Whah, 9. The baleen of the Bahence is alone designated Whalebone (or rather Whale-Jin, as it is usually called) in commerce. The baleen of the other genera of this family is called Finner-Jin or Hmnphaclc-Jin. The wholesale dealers in baleen, in the ' London Directory,' are called Whale-fin Merchants, and whalebone occurs under the name of Whale-fin in the ' Price -current.' In the ' London New Price- current' for 1843, the South Sea Whale-fin varied during that year from 2001. to 3051. per ton ; and there is no price named for Green- land Whale-fin. (See Maceull. Comm. Diet. i. 1344.) The baleen was formerly thought to be the tail of the animal. (See Blackstone, Comment, i. 233, quoted by Macculloch, Comm. Diet. i. 1344.) The skulls of the different genera differ considerably in external form, from being nearly as wide as the lower jaw, as in Sihbaldius, to being very narrow so as only to form a narrow central arch, as in Balcena. The genera may be thus arranged according to the width of the skull: — 1. Sibbaldius ; 2. Balcenojitera ; 3. Megaptera', 4. Physalus ; 5. Eiibakena ; 6. Balcena. The width chiefly depends on the lateral expansion of the maxilla. In Balcena it is band-like ; and in Sibbaldius very broad, being more than twice as wide as the intermaxillary bones. The food of the Whale is stiU a much-disputed point. It is now generally admitted that the Mystketus lives only on small Medusas, shrimps, &c., but that the other species of Whalebone Whale devour inconceivable quantities of fish ; for instance, M. Desmoulins states that " 600 great cod and an immensity (probably as many thousand) of pilchards have been found in the stomach of a single Borqual.^' Mr.F. J.KnoXjin dissecting theBalama maximus,'wh.ic]\iii aBorqiial, saw no caAdty in the course of the viscera which could have contained six cod of ordinarj' size : that of B. minimus was empty, although the Firth of Forth, particularly at and above Queensfeny, abounds at all seasons with herrings and other fishes and their fry. The want of teeth by no means renders it impossible that the Balcena with 72 CETACEA. baleen can live on large fishes ; but the extreme narrowness of the gullet (that of B. maxtmus barely allowed the passage of the closed human hand, and that of B. minimus was certainlj' narrower than that of an ordinary-sized cow), added to the want of teeth, and the Avant of proper authenticated information on the subject, are strong arguments in favour of the hypothesis that they do not. — Knox, Cat. Prep. Whale, 16. Professor Eschricht proposes to divide the \\Tiales into gi'oups according to their food, as given at p. 65. I suspect that they vaiy their food to a considerable extent at different periods of the year and under different circumstances. Professor Eschricht (in Fordhandl. Skand. Naturf. Kiobenh. 1847, 8vo, 18-19, p. 103) has published a paper on the geographical distri- bution of some of the Northern Whales, with a map, by which it appears that Balcena Ili/sticetus in Baffin's Bay lives in from latitude 65° to 69° in December to June, and in July and August ascends to 77°. The FinnoUc lives in lat. 76° in the summer, on the coast of North Greenland, and in lat. 69° in South Greenland. The Keporhak in lat. 76° in North Greenland, and in lat. 62° in South Greenland. Tlie rarity of theii- occurrence, the difficulty of naturalists ex- amining them when they do occur, and es2)ecially of comparing them with other specimens, explain why the Whalebone \\Tiales have been so imperfectly known ; and, when observed, the sjiecimens are so large that it is almost impossible for the eye of the natiiraUst to take them in as a whole, and to compare the parts in detail. The allied species are so aHko externally, that naturalists and others who have had the opportunity of examining them have been inclined to regard the different specimens observed as only states of growth of the same species ; and, for the same reason, the specimens which have been observed in different parts of the world have been regarded as alike ; and thus the belief has become generfil that the species of Whalebone Whales have a very extended geographical distribution. The examination and comparison of the few skeletons that have been collected have shown that there are many more species than has been generally supposed, and seem to lead to the conclusion that each species of Whalebone Whale has only a comparatively limited geographical range ; and the observation of whales seems to make it probable that some of them make jieriodical migrations within these limits. The study of the subject, and especially of the bones that have been collected, has led me to the following conclusions : — 1. That, though the adult Whalebone Whales have a large head compared with the size of the body, the head of the foetal specimen is short, and that it increases in size, and especially in length, much more rapidly than the rest of the body. This is veiy a])parent in the llight or Gi'ccnland Whale, where the head of the adult is two- fifths, while that of the new-born is only two-sevenths of the entire length of the animal. These differences are shown by Eschricht in his figures. The head of the new-born and of the adult Cape Whale- bone Whale show the same difference ; but the head in both states is smaller, compared with the entire length of the animal, than in the northern or Greenland species. 2. That the bones of the Whalebone WTialcs in the very young state are the same in number, and nearly the same in form, as in the adult animal, the bones only becoming more or less completely ossified, which they appear to do very slowly, and in some species even moi'e slowly than in others ; so that the notion that the number of vertebra? increases with the growth of the animal, which has been entertained by some naturalists, is a mistake. 3. It also appears that certain parts which become ossified in most kinds of Whalebone Whales do not become so in others. Thus, the lateral processes of the cervical vertebrae of Mer/rqjtera , Benedenia, and Phi/sahis seem to be nearly of the same form in the young and cartilaginous state ; that is to say, they have the usual form of these bones in the BaJaniopteridai ; and though the entire lateral process becomes ossified in Plnjsalus and tSihhahlius, the end of the process remains cartilaginous at least to a mxich greater age, if not always, in the genera Megaptera and Benedenia. Naturalists obser\-ing this apparently imperfect development of the bones in the latter genus, have been induced to believe that it arose from the youth of the specimens observed, instead of being a peculiarity of the genera, overlooking the fact that the skeletons of the oldest Megapterce that have been examined show the same apparently imperfect develop- ment and truncated form of the bones. 4. The general form of the baleen, the comparative thickness of the enamel, and the fineness or coarseness of the internal fibres which form the marginal fringe, and the internal structure as shown by the microscope, all present good characters for determining the species and for separating the Whalebone Whales into natural groups, as I have shown in the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror.' The qualities of the whalebone or baleen from various localities, and hence from different kinds of Whales, have been observed, and have led to their employment for different purposes by the handi- craftsman ; according to their goodness and rarity, they fetch very different prices in the market — an instance of the practical working man and the trader being in advance of the scientific zoologist. 5. The difference in form of the tympanic bones is great, and affords good characters, not only to separate the species from one another, but also to group them into families and genera. 6. The fact that some Whalebone Whales have the first rib fur- nished with a double head, one head attached to the last cervical and the other to the first dorsal vertebra, which had been observed by Rudolphi, Yarrell, Dubar, and Schlegel, though apparently considered as only to be found in the young state of the species by the latter author, disappearing as the animal increases in age, proves, I believe, to be a permanent peculiarity of considerable importance, and justifies Lilljeborg in using it as a character for the discrimination of the species, and even for separating the Whales into groups or genera. That it is not a peculiarity of the young state is proved by its being 74 CETACEA. seen well developed in the skeleton of the gigantic Ostend "Whale, which was formerly exhibited at Charing Cross and in other places. This peculiarity is found both in the llight Whales and in the Finners. Indeed, when the skeletons of the specimens from different loca- lities can be examined, there are no want of characters to separate the Whales into genera and species ; as, for example, the breadth of the upper jaw, the size and form of the ramus of the lower jaw, the form of the lateral processes of the cer\dcal vertebrte, the number of the dorsal and caudal vertebrae, the form and size of the articu- lating surfaces of the vertebrae, the form and number of the ribs, the form of the os hyoides and of the sternum, the shape of the scapula and the development or non-development of the coracoid process, the form and proportions of the bones of the arm, and the number and comparative length of the bones of the paddle. I am con\dnced that, when more skeletons have been collected, the number of the species of these animals will be greatly increased, especially if the bones of the skeletons are kept separate, and not set up, so that the bones of the different species can be accurately comjiared. For it is to be observed, probably from the eye not being able to take in the pecu- liarities of so large a subject, that some of the best comparative anatomists, as Eschricht and Van Beneden, have regarded skeletons from very different localities, as the Megapterce from the Northern Seas and from the Cape, as the same species, from a comparison of set-up skeletons, which were at once declared to be distinct when the separate bones were compared in detail. Mr. Flower, in his excellent paper " On the Skeletons of Whales in the principal Museums of Holland and Belgium" (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 384), observes that in studying and describing Whales or their skeletons it is most important to ascertain the age of the specimen. The animals may be divided by their skeletons " into three periods of growth." 1. In the first, aU the epiphyses of the vertebral column and of both ends of the humerus, radius, and ulna are still separate, and the processes of the vertebrae are very incomplete. The animal remains in this condition until it has attained to more than half the length of the adult. This stage of growth may be designated as " young. ''^ Towards its close the majority of the bones lose the spongy character of the "very young" animal, and acquire the form and structure characteiistic of succeeding ages. 2. In the next stage, both epiphyses of the humerus, those of the upper end of the radius and ulna, and those of the bodies of the anterior cervical and the anterior caudal vcrtebne are imited, while those of the greater part of the column are still free. The ossifica- tion of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebra;, although often still incomi^lete at the ends, has gone on so far as to give them in great measure the characteristic form seen in the adult. This is .1 condition m which skeletons are frequently seen in museums. The animal in this stage, which may be caUed " adolescent,'^ has attained nearly its full size. BAI^ENID^. 3. The last state, or the perfectly " adult," in which all the ver- tebral epiphj'ses are anchylosed. Siich adult skeletons of Whales are rarely seen, but those of Mi/jje radon and other Delphinidae are not uncommon in collections. Family 1. BAL^NID^. Dorsal fin none. Belly smooth, without any longitudinal folds. Baleen elongate, slender. Vertebrae of neck anchylosed. Pectoral fin broad, truncated at the end ; fingers 5, short ; phalanges 3.4.4.4.1. Tympanic bone rhombic. Rostrum narrow, linear, rounded ; the maxilla narrow, linear, rounded. Lower jaw with only a rudi- mentary coronoid. Sca])ula high, narrow, nearly as high as Avide, with a distinct coraeoid process. The second cervical vertebra (or axis) with a small, short, broad lateral process without any basal perforation (except in Pahfocetus'?). The lateral processes of the cervical vertebrte anchylosed ; the lower processes of the second and third are Avell developed, the others are rudimentary and laminar. The baleen or whalebone is narrow, elongate, very gradually taper- ing, fi-inged on the inner edge with numerous fine, soft, flexible fibres of a nearly uniform length, consisting internally of a thin layer formed of several series of fibres, covered on each side by a thick coat of enamel. Balfenidt'B, Grai/, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864. Balpena, Gray, Cat. Cctac. 9 ; Rajin. Anal. Nat. 61, 1815 ; Laciphle. Wallfische (Balteua), Schlegel, Ahluincll. 36. Leiobalfena, Esch. WalltJi. 7, 1849. Balsena, sp., Lin?i. ; Pliger, Prodr. 142, 1811, Baloeua, Lesson, N. Tab. Peg. Anim. 202. Balaena, § a, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 521. " They live in the ocean, but come into the shallow and sheltered bays to bring forth their young. " They roar hke an enraged bull. The females are generally the largest." — BeaJe, 13, 14. " The bones of the cranium are greatly arched, so as to leave a wide interval between the upper and lower jaw. The rostrum nar- row and compressed at the base ; the orbital process of the frontal very much prolonged and extremely narrow and roimded on its upper surface." — Flower, Proc. Zool. >:ioc. 1864, 389. " The length, Like the breadth (of the baleen), is a mere consequence of the extreme naiTowness of the palate in the Mystk-ete compared to that in the Balcena^Physahisymaximus.'"' — Knox, Cat. Prep. lFA«/e,29. Through the kindness of Messrs. Smith and Siramonds, and Mr. Smith of Messrs. W. WestaU & Co., Whale-fin Merchants, I have been enabled to examine numerous specimens of the whalebone or baleen received from diff'erent countries, and to compare their pecu- liarities as exhibited during its preparation. The fins or whalebones of each series together are called a '' side of bone " ; the largest are in the middle, wlience they gradually 76 BAL.12NID^. diminish away to nothing at each extremity ; the largest fin on the side is called the " sample blade." Three distinct kinds are known in the trade: — 1. The Greenland, from Greenland, Davis' Straits, and various jjarts of the North 8ea, which is the best. 2. The South-Sea, or Blacl-Jish whale-fin, brought by the South-Sea whalers. And, 3. The North-ivest Coaat, or Ame- rican whale-fin, which was first imported about five years ago, and at first sold at a high price, but it has now fallen, and is considered as only a large kind of South-Sea. But from the examination I have been able to make, I believe that these three kinds are each produced by very different species of Whales. The three kinds are verj^ different in shape. The outer edge of the Greenland is curved considerably ; in that of the North-west Coast it is much more straight, and in that of the South Sea almost quite straight. Figs. 3, 4, and 5, in plate 1 of the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' represent the three difi'erent kinds in the same position, and on the same scale, being one-fourteenth of the natural length and breadth. The fibres on the edge in the Greenland and Marcjined Whales are very fine, flexible, and long, forming only a thin series ; in the South Sea they are rather coarser ; but in the North-west Coast much thicker and coarser, quite bristly, and much more so towards the apex, and they are more erect and form a thicker series, approaching in that character to the baleen of the Finners. The following are the measurements of the samples of the different kinds of "ivhale-fin'^ in the British Museum: — Greenland. North-icestern. Southern. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin. Length of blade, entire .... 144 0 112 0 90 0 Width at base 11 0 10 0 9 0 Width at middle 60 40 36 Width at f length 2 4 2 0 Width of hair at end 10 0 70 70 Thickness at base 44 45 0 3^ Thickness at middle 4 4 0 4^ 0 2^ Thickness at f length 0 2^ 0 3^ 0 2 The Greenland "fin " has the hair on its edge generally stripped off, and is clean and bright when it is brought to England ; but this may be from the care the North-Sea whalers take in collecting and cleaning it (as described by Scoresby, Arctic Regions, i. 418); and the blades are brought home in bundles of about a hundredweight each. On the other hand, the North-west Coast "fin " and the South- Sea "fin " have the hair left on the edges ; they are brought home in bulk, and are always covered with an ashy- white soft laminar coat, looking like the rotted external la5'ers of the enamel. This coat has to be scraped off" with large knives before it is used or prepared, and the surface after the scraping is not so polished and rcsjjlcndent as that of the Greenland "fins.'' The whalebone is boiled for about twelve hours, to render it soft before it is divided into strips ; it then divides verj' easily. The bal.t:nid^. / i smaller pieces, when softened, are split by a small machine into very narrow strips like bristles, and used for bristles to make brooms, &c. For every economical purpose the Greenland " fins " are preferred, and last much longer, even when divided into the false bristles ; and the Greenland fin will alone do for the finer work, such as the strips for plaiting for bonnets, or to make ladies' riding-whips, or the covering of telescopes and other tubes ; the white strips for these purposes being taken from pale longitudinal lines on the enamel of the Greenland fins. The Australian baleen of Balcana marginata is nearly equally fine, and if imported might, from its natural white colour, be very useful for many economical purposes, notwithstanding its small size. There is a dried foetus of this whale in the Derby Museum at Liverpool ; the upper Hp is very large and dependent : and a similar di'ied foetus in the Museum of the Philosophical Society of Hull. I could not observe any appearance, even a rudiment, of the baleen ; but the mouth is closed. The following paragraph from the ' Daily News ' of the 20th of December, 1849, gives some idea of the quantity of whalebone now used : — " The receipts of whalebone in the IJnited States since January have been 2,285,095 lbs., and the exports to date were as follows:— To North Europe, 587,926 lbs. ; to France, 515,351 lbs. ; to Great Britain, 378,449 lbs. ; to other parts, 9296 lbs., making a total export of 1,491,022 lbs. The receipts for the last eight years were 18,912,200 lbs., and the exports 11,299,811 lbs. The quantity taken for consumption during the same period was 7,612,389 lbs. The stock in the United States at that date was estimated at 903,000 lbs. : viz. in New Bedford and Fairhaven, 368,000 lbs. ; New York, 275,000 lbs. ; in aU other places, 260,000 lbs." These whales yield the train oil of commerce ; but train appears to be appUed by the whalers as we use drain ; they refer to the train of the blubber when speaking of the oil of Dolphins, &c., and appear to call all blubber-oil train, in contradistinction to head-matter, or spermaceti, which Sibbald says is called " ivhale-sJiot " by the English ; it is stiU so called by the Dutch whalers. As the elongated form of the periotic bones and the more or less rhombic form of the tympanic bone are characteristic of the Right Whales or the family Balamidai, so the tympanic portion of each species has a peculiar and specific form, and may be used for the specific character of the species, in the same manner as I have shown, in the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' that the existence of several species of Right Whales may be proved, and, indeed, the species characterized, by the form and the internal structure of the baleen. Unfortunately, when species arc determined from these characters, the outer form of the animal is unknown ; and, unless the ear-bones and baleen are obtained from the same specimen, there is the fear that one may be giving two names — one characterized by the ear- bone, and the other by the baleen of the same animal, and vice versa. 78 BAT,.T-:>IIDJ.. Yet I thiuk it is so important that we should avail ourselves of every assistance in determining the species of these animals which are so difficult to observe, that one must run the risk of making such a mistake, as it can easily, be corrected when the opportunity occurs to some competent naturalist to examine a specimen containing both the baleen and the ear-bones. The tympanic bones are often found fossil. Professor Owen, in the ' Hist. Brit. Fossil Mammals,' has named and figured the car- bones of the genus Balcena which have been observed in the Crag ; ho has named them as if he regarded the following as distinct species : — 1. Balmia ajjinh, fig. 221 ; 2. B. de/inlfa, fig. 222; 3. B. gihhosa, fig. 223 ; 4. B. emanji nata , fig. 224. These bones are all very im- perfect, and the figures of the two latter are not sufficient even to decide whether they belong to the genus Balama or to Fhi/salvs. They differ in the recent genera, thus : — Tympanic bone rhombic ; apertixre oblong, only slightly contracted at the iipper end, and about two-thirds of the length of the bone. BAi^iiNA, Eubal.t:na, and Hunterius. Tympanic bone irregular rhombic ; aperture irregular, much con- tracted at the upper end, and the wide part not half the length of the bone. Caperea. " Dans les galeries d'anatomie comparce du Museum de Paris parmi les preijarations des os d'oreille nous avons trouve dans un meme cadre une caisse tj'mpanique de Balcena Mysticetus, une autre de Balcena australis, une de Pierohalcena communis, et une de Pfero- halama cfigas." — Van Beneden, in Mem. Acad. Hoy. de Bru.velles,18Gl, xxxii. 38. Synopsis of the G-eneba. I. Atlas united icith the other cervical vertcbrce into one mass ; the lateral jjrocess of the axis small, broad, solid. A. lialccn thin, polished, tcith a thick enamel coat and a Jine fringe. 1. Bal^na. First rib slender near, and undivided at the vertebral end. Tympanic bone square ; aperture nearly as long as the bone. B. JBalecn thick, not jjolishcd, with a thin enamel coat and a coarse thick frinije. 2. EuBALiENA. First rib broad at the vertebral end. Tympanic bone square ; aperture nearly as long as the bone. 3. IIuNTERius. First rib broad, with a double head at the vertebral end. Tympanic bone square ; aperture nearly as long as the bone. 4. Cai>erea. First rib ? Baleen ? Tympanic bone irregular rhombic ; aperture irregular, nuich contracted at the upper end, and the wide part not half the length of the bone. II. Atlas free from the other cervical vertehrce, which are united info a single tnass ; the lateral j)rocess of the avis rounded. 5. Maclkayius. The lateral process of the axis truncated. G. ? PALiEOCETUS. The lateral process of the axis produced, rounded, slightly perforated. 1. liAL.ENA. 79 In the skeleton of the adult male BaJcvna Mysticetus, which is 41 1 feet long, figured by Eschrielit and Reinhardt (t. 2), the head occupies two-fifths of the entire length of the skeleton. In the new- born specimen figured on the first plate of their interesting essay, the body is much longer, and the head only occupies about two-sevenths of the entire length, showing that the head increases in length at a greater rate than the body. This seems general in whales : for the skull of the footal Eahalccna australis, figured by Professor Huxley in his 'Elements of Comparative Anatomy' (fig. 107, on p. 270), is short and broad for the genus ; the skull of the foetal and young Balcenoptera roi^trata, figured by Eschricht, is shorter than the adult skull ; and that of the foetus is very short indeed. The frontal bones of the skull of the foetal or new-born specimen are broader and shorter than in the adult, as may be observed in the figures of Cuvier, Eschricht, and Huxley. I. Atlas united xvitli the other cervical vertehrce into one mass. A. Head very large ; of adult, two-Jiftlistlie entire length. Baleen elongate, slender, with a single series of very fine elangate central fibres, for jning a fine fiaccid fringe. Enamel thick, polished. 1. BAL^NA. The first rib like the others, single-headed. The tympanic bone rhombic ; aperture oblong, only slightly contracted at the upper end, and about two-thirds the length of the bone. Balrena, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 201 ; Ann. ^ May. Nat. Hid. 18G4, xiv. 348. Fiff. 1. Balaena Mysticetus. Ctiv. Oss. Eoss, v. t. 25. f. 10. Head about two-thirds of the entire length, rather blunt, swollen, with a slight beard consisting of a few scattered white hairs on the anterior extremity of both jaws (Scoresby, Arctic liegions, i. 458). Skull high and contracted behind ; the frontal very narrow, mar- ginal, directed backwards ; tympanic bone rhombic, large, aper- 80 hal.enid^. turc oblong, only eliglitly contracted at the upper end, and about two-thirds the length of the bone ; orbits small (see Cuvier, Oss. Foss. V. t. 25. f. 9, 10, 11). Baleen narrow, elongate, very gradually tapering, tough, flexible ; enamel thick ; internal fibres few, in a single series, very slender, forming a beautiful thin flaccid fringe. Cervical and the first dorsal vertebrae united by their bodies (see Cuv. Oss. Foss. V. 380. t. 26. f. 18). Blade-bone about as high as broad, with a broad acromion (Cuv. t. 2(3. f. 8). Pelvis of three bones. Fio:. 2. Baltena Mysticetus, foetal. Eschr. Nord. Hvalcr, t. 3. f. 1. The frontal bone short, broad, and band-like, obliquely truncated over the orbit. The upper maxillary bone and intormaxillaries are very narrow, linear. The nasal rather large. The lower jaw is thick and rounded, with scarcely any ramus near the base (Eschr. & Reinh. Nord. Hvaler, t. 5. f. 1). Humerus short ; fore-arm bones nearly twice as long as the humerus. The pectoral fin moderate, with five short unequal fingers, and a short spur on the inner side at the base of the first finger ; the middle fiiiger longest, then the second, then the first ; the outer or little finger very short and rudi- mentary (see Eschr. & Reinh. op. cit. t. 2. f. 1, & fig. p. 578). Pha- langes 3.4.4.4.1. The cervical vertebrcc of the adult are all anchyloscd together by the body. The neural arch and the lateral processes, and sometimes the first and even the second dorsal, are anchylosed Avith them. In the young the first five cervical vertebrae are united into a mass by the bodies ; the sixth free, with rudimentary inferior lateral processes ; the seventh free, without any inferior process (see Eschr. & lleinh. op. cit. t. 2. f. 3, & fig. p. 552). The blade-bone three-sided, nearly equal-sided, as high as wide at the upper edge, with a small anterior coracoid process (see Eschr. & lleinh. op. cit. t. 2. f. 1, & fig. p. 574). The first rib narrow above, with a single head, and without any internal dilatation, rather broader at the end near the sternum, and rounded at the end. The second rib is simple, rather longer, and 1. BAL.'ENA. 81 with a broader articulating surface (see Eschr. & Kciuh. oj). (it. t. 2. f. 1-3). " The number of vcrtebrfe 54. Pairs of ribs 13. Head more than one-third the total length of the body. Nasal bones long and nar- row ; orbital processes of frontals much elongated, sloping backwards, and very little dilated at their extremity. Cervical vertebra3 all anchylosed. Baleen-plates very long, and narrow at the base." — Flotver, P. Z. S. 1864, 390. There seems to be some variety in the union of the cervical ver- tebra?. According to Eschricht the B. Mi/sticetus has the first five cervical vertebroe united, and the sixth and seventh free. Mr. Elower (Proc. Zool. Soc. 18G4, 391) describes this as the character oi Eu- halcena, and gives the cervical vertebroe all anchylosed together as the character of Balceua (p. 390). The specimen I have examined agrees with Mr. Flower's description. 1. BalsBna Mysticetus. The Right Whale. Head depressed. There are two series of tubercles on each side of the lower lip ; and, according to Scoresby's figure, the head is two- sevenths, the fins one-thii'd, the vent two-thirds, and the sexual organs four-sevenths from the nose. Females larger than the males. The nose of the skull is regularly and gradually arched above, rather wide behind, near the blowhole ; the nose and the inter- maxillary bones regidaidy taper in front. The hinder end of the jaw-bones is obliquely produced behind, and the frontal bones are narrow, nearly linear, and oblique ; temporal bone narrow, oblique. The baleen is very long, varj'ing from 9 to 12 feet, linear, taper- ing very gradually, of nearly the same moderate thickness from end to end, and covered with a polished grey or greenish-black enamel. The internal fibres occupy a small part of the substance, arc parallel, of a fine unifonn texture, and black. The enamel, which forms by far the greater part of the substance, is generally blackish ; but some- times, especially on the inner side of the " fin," it is paler in longi- tudinal stripes. The fibres on the edge, lilie the internal fibres of which they are a continuation, are very fine and black. The "fins" or pieces of baleen are fiat, or as the merchant calls them " kindly," so that they produce straight pieces fit for the better kind of parasols and umbrellas, &c., when cut into strips. Balfena Mysticetus arctica, Schleqel, Ahhandl. 36. Bala^na Mysticetus, Limi. S. N. i. 105 ; GmeUn, S. N. i. 223 ; MiiUer, Zool. Dan. 6 ; Erxl. Si/st. 601 ; O. Fahr. F. G. 32 ; Schreb. Sdiajeth. t. 322 ; Cuv. Reg. Anrm. i. 285, ed. 2. i. 296 ; Oss. Foss. v. 301. t. 25. f. 9, 11 (adult sliuU, £. M.), t. 26. f. 25 ; Lesson, (Euvr. Bufun, i. 294. 1. 11 ; Desm. 3famm. 527, 798; Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 160; Camper, Cetac. t. 4, 5, 6 ( skull of j'oung) ; Fischer, St/n. 521 ; Volfonann, Anat. Anim. Tab. 1831, t. 9. f. 5 (skull, fa-tus?) ; Bell, B. Quad. 514, fig. ; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 642; Turton,B. Farnui, 15; Fleming, B. A. 33 ; Je7iym, Man. 46 ; Gray, Zool. Erehis ^- Terror, 15, 47. t. 1. f. 4 (baleen) ; Cat. Mamm. B. M. 104 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 12 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 200 ; Lilljeborg, Ofvers. 107. 82 BALJilNID^. Balcena Mysticetus, Lesson, N. Rey. Anim. 202. The Right or Whalebone Whale, Dmlby, Phil. Tram, xxxiii. 256 ; Scoresby, Arctic Regiom, i. 448. t. 12. f. 1. Balsena Cxrcenlandica, Li^m. Mus. Ad. Frid. i. 51. Bakena vulgaris, Brisson, Rec/. Anim. 347. Balfena vulgi, Aldrov. Pise. 688. Balfena vulgo dicta, Rondel. Pise. 475. fig. Balfena Roudeletii, Willvghh. Pise. 35. Balpena Physalus, Pallas, Zoogr. i. 289 (not Sgn.). De Balsenis hujusniodi Bipennibus, Sihbald, Pal. 27. Balsena Mysticetus borealis, Knox, Cat. Anat. Prep. Wliale, 21. Nordhval, Eschricht ^ Reinhardt, Kong. Danish. Vidensk. 1861, 46 (anatomy). Var. 1. ? Balfena glacialis occidentalis, Klein,Misc. Pise. n. 12 ; MUllei; Zool. Dan. Prod. 7; Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. 1238; Virey,in Nouv. Diet. Sci. iii. 183 ; Desm. Mamm. 527. Balajna Islandica, Brisson, Reg. Anim. 350. Balsena Mysticetus, /3. Islandica, Ginelin, S. N. i. 223 ; Fischer, Sgn. Mamm. 522. Baliiena Nord Caper, Bonnat. Cet. 3 ; Laeej}. Cet. 103. t. 2, 3 ; Gerard, Did. Sei. Nat. iii. 438. Nord Kapper, Fgede, Groenl. 55. Nordcaper, Anders. Isl. 219; Crantz, Grmil. 145. Var. 2. ? Rock-nosed Whale, Gucrin, in Jameson's Neiv Edinh. Phil. Joxirn. 1845, 267. Inhab. North Sea. rt. Skull and lower jaw. North Sea. — The specimen figured in Cuv. Oss. V. tab. 25. fig. 9-11. h, c. Two plates of whalebone. Greenland. Presented by Messrs. Smith and Simmonds. — The specimens figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' p. 47. tab. 1. fig. 11. d. One plate of whalebone. Greenland. In Balcena the atlas is united to the other cervical vertebrae. The atlas has a nearly circular body, with the lateral process on the upper part of the lateral edge ; the process has a straight upper edge and a slanting lower one, gradually shelving down towards the lower part of the side of the body of the vertebra, where it is confluent with the upper part of the base of the large, thick, lower lateral process of the second cervical vertebra. The upper lateral process of the second vertebra is large and well developed, bent forwards at the end, coherent with the outer end of the upper part of the lateral process of the atlas. The upper lateral processes of the third and succeeding vertebrae are similar, but smaller, and united at the end to the upper pro- cess of the preceding cervical vertebra. The lower lateral processes are less developed, and unfortunately they are imperfect in the specimen. The atlas and other cervical vertebrae of the Lagocetus lafifrons are all united into a single mass. The body of the vertebrae is nearly circular, with a verj^ large superior conical process formed of the united neural arches ; and on the lower part of each side, on a level with the lower edge, are two large, thick, conical processes, 1. BALiENA. 83 formed of the lateral process of the atlas united to the lower lateral processes of some of the other cervical vertebrce. The upper lateral processes seem to be scarcely developed, as the mass shelves down above towards the lower edge, and has on its upper part a series of perforations on each side, showing the axes of the nerves and vessels between the united vertebrae. The cervical vertebrae of a Balcena in the British Museum, that was dredged up at Lyme Regis, are united together not only by the body of the vertebrae, but by the neural arches, which form a large vaulted arch, and by the lateral processes. Fig-. .3. Cervical vertebrae of Balcvna ■ Lvme Regis. The lateral processes of the atlas are large ; they arise from the exterior side of the articular cavity, the edge of the upper side being on a level with the top of the concavity, and the blunt end is rather curved up ; the underside gradually shelves from the blunt outer end to the lower margin of the articular cavity. The upper lateral processes of the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh cervicals are all united together at the ends, the process of the second vertebra being the thickest, largest, and bent ; it is united to the hinder surface of the end of the lateral process of the atlas by a thick osseous band. The upper lateral processes of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh are thinner and smaller, diminishing in size as they proceed backwards ; the process of the third is directed backwards to meet the end of the fourth, which, like those of the fifth, sixth, and seventh, is directed rather forwards towards the head. The lower lateral process of the second vertebra is very large, thick, confluent with the lower part of the lateral process of the first ver- tebra or atlas, but produced far beyond it, and thickened below and at the end, which is considerably dilated. The lower process of the third vertebra is much smaller, or rather compressed, than that of g2 84 BALiEjSriD.T:. the preceding one ; and the lower processes of the fourth vertebra are similar, but much smaller still, and also shorter ; they are con- fluent together at their base, and with the base of the process of the second vertebra. The other vertebra? are without any lower lateral processes. The neural canal is very large, nearly circular in front, being almost as high as wide ; at the hinder end it is transverse, trigonal, nearly four-fifths as wide as the width of the articulating surface of the first dorsal vertebra, and about two-thirds as high as broad. The outer surfaces of the united arches are very convex and broad, with a broad triangular disk in front marked with a central keel ; and the upper surface is keeled, with convex sides behind. This mass is so unlike the mass of the cervical vertebrsB of the Greenland specimen of Bcdcena Mysticetus in the College of Surgeons (which, through the kindness of the Council of that body, I have been enabled to examine and figiu'e), that I am inclined to think it may belong to another species, and is probably the cervical vertebrae of the whale which Eschricht has described under the name of Balama Bi.<s;nopteiia. Second cervical with a broad lateral expansion per- forated at the base. First rib single-headed. Lower jaw with conical coronoid process. The student must not run away with the idea that, because the characters of the genera here given are taken from a few parts of the skeleton, they are the only differences which exist between the skele- tons of the different genera and species. The form of the head and the pecidiarities of the cervical vertebrae, of the ribs, and of the blade-bone have been selected after a long and careful comparison of the skeletons, as the parts which afford the most striking characters, that can be most easily conveyed to the mind of the student in a few words, and therefore best adapted for the distinction of the genera and species. The careful examination of many skeletons has proved to me that almost every bone of each genus is peculiar — that is to say, that no bone is exactly alike in any two genera ; but the difference be- tween them is often very slight, so slight that it would be almost im- possible to convey an accurate conception of it to the reader by words alone, yet it is permanent and characteristic. Though the same bones of the different skeletons of the same species of Meijnptera or Physalus which I have examined offer a certain amount of variation in minor particulars, yet almost every bone of each species has a character of its own; so that a person conversant with the subject, and fresh from the study and comparison, can say at once to which ItAL.KNOPTKIlID.lO. 115 genus or species any bone that might bo shown to him belongs, even if it were only a phalange or a rib. The ear-bones of each genns, as far as I have been able to examine, seem to afford verj^ good characters ; but, imfortunately, they are often sent to the Miisenm separate from the skull and other bones of the animal to which they belong. Skeletons of whales are shown in museums and gardens, without any large and expensive Imilding; indeed slight special buildings are best, permitting more ventilation. In Paris, the whale's skeleton is exhibited under a glass roof in the quadrangle of the Museum ; at Antwerp it is shown in a building formed of galvanized iron ; and they are shown in a similar manner at Edinburgh, the Isle of Wight, and other localities. I. Dorsal fin low, broad. Pectoral Jin vert/ lonff, ivith 4 ver]/ long Jinrfers of mam/ pludanc/cs. Vertehrce. 55 or GO. Cervical rertebrce often an- clujlosed. Lateral /jroces:^ of the axis tardily ossified. Neural canal lare/e, hi(/h, triangular, as high as broad. Ribs 14 or 15. Coronoid pro- cess of lower Jaw rudimentary. Frontal bone broad, narroived at the orbital end. Orbit moderate. Megapterina, or Iluncbbackud Whales. Balajuopterus, Geoffr. Lc<^ons, Mamm. 67, 1835. Megaptera, Gray, Zool. Ereb. 8f Terror, 16 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 23, 1850 ; P. Z. 8. 1864," 203. Megapteron, Gray, Zool. Ereb. ^- Terror, 51. Mysticetus, sp., IVagler, N. S. Amph. 33, 1840. Balsenoptera, § Boops, Bra)idt, Voy. Alt. Orient. 4to, 1845. ? Cyphonotus, R(Jin. Anal. Nat. 6l, 1815 (no character uor type). Kyphobalfena, Eschricht, Nord. JVallthiere, xv. 1845, fol. Balsenoptera leucopteron. Lesson, in. the Nour. Tab. Peg. Aiiim. 202, gives this name to ^^ La Humpback des pechcurs'''' of the ^^ Hautes 'latitudes ,S'." Rorqual du Cap, Cur. Megapterina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 205. Megapterinai, Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 391. Bunch Whale, Dudley, Phil. Trans, xxxiii. 1725, no. 387, p. 258. Humpback Whale, Whalers, Beale, Hist. Sperm W.12; Gray, P. Z. S. - 1864, 350. Balajua nodosa, Bonnat. Cet. 5. Balaenoptera (pars), Lacep. The Bunch Whales are easily known from the Finners (Balceno- ptera) in being shorter and more robust, the skull nearly one-fourth of the eiitire length, the head wider between the eyes, the mouth larger, the lip warty, and the nose large and rounded ; the plaits of the belly and throat are broad ; the dorsal is more forward ; the pectoral larger and narrow, about one-fifth of the length of the body ; and the tail is wider, and the lobes generally more pointed. The skull of this genus is intermediate in form between that of Bahrna and Balcmoptera. This kind of whale was noticed by Dudley (Phil. Trans, xxxiii. 258) . He says, "The Bunch or Hiiniphacl-ed Whale has a bunch standing in the place where the fin does in the Fin-back ; this bunch is as big as a man's head, and a foot high, shaped like ;i plug pointing I 2 110 BAL^ENOPXERIDJE. backwards. The bone (whalebone) is not worth much, though somewhat better than the Fin-hacl\ His fin (pectoral) is sometimes 18 feet long, and very Avhite. Both Fia-hacls and Humphacls are shaped in reeves (folds), longitudinally from head to tail, on their belly and sides, as far as their fins, which are about halfway up the sides." This description is the origin of Balxena nodosa of Bonnaterre and other authors. The French authors have eAadently not understood the word " reeves," and have therefore arranged these with the smooth-bellied finless whales ; and Bonnaterre translates the position of the fins on the sides into " presquo an milieii du corps," instead of haKway up the sides. Dudley, when speaking of the Spermaceti Whale, saj^s, " He has a bunch on his back Hke a Humpback," which explains what he means by a bunch. The Humjibacks are well known to the whalers, for Beale says, " The Humpback Whale possesses, like the Greenland Whale, the baleen, and spouts from the top of the head, yet has a hump not very dissimilar to that of the Sperm Whale." (p. 12.) Professor Eschricht, in the ' Danish Transactions,' 1840, has figured the dorsal fin of this genus, and shows that it is more pro- perly a bunch, as Dudley calls it, than a fin. Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 367) thinks that the Humpback \Vhale was probably only a Avhale of another kind whose fins had been injured, not recognizing in his Cape Horqual the genus of whale here noticed. Olafsen speaks of a whale under the name of Hnufuhalcr (Fi'cnch translation, iii. 22), which is said to have a smooth belly, and a horn instead of a fin on the back ; but the account of the animals in this work is evidently only a compilation, and this appears like an incor- rect translation of Dudley. Dr. Bennett observes — " The Humpback of the southern whalers derives its trivial name from an embossed appendage or hump on the posterior part of the back. It has two spiracles or nostrils on the summit of the head, and its mouth is furnished with plates of short whalebone. Wlien seen on the surface of the water, it bears a close resemblance to the Sperm WliaJc in colour and the appearance of the hump, as well as in a habit it has of casting its tail vertically in the air ; when about to dive, the hump slopes to- wards the tail in a more oblique manner than does the similar ajipendage in the Sperm Whale. " It is seldom molested by whalers, and is never a chief object of their pursuit, although the oil it produces is superior to that from the Right Whale (BaJama), and but little inferior to sperm oil. "It is a species (genus?) fre(iuently seen in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, where it occivrs in small herds, and seldom at any considerable distance from land, although the vicinity of the most abriipt coast woidd ajjpear to be its favourite resort. Examples arc occasionally seen in the neighbourhood of the islands of the Pacific, and very frequently in the deep water around the island of St. Helena. 1. 3IE0APTERA. 117 The highest south latitude in which we noticed the species (genus) Avas 49° ; the highest north latitude 4U°, on the western side of the continent of America. Most abundant off the bold coast of Cape St. Lucas, California." — Bennett, WTiaUng Voyage, ii. 232. Captain Sir James Koss observed them as far south as 71° 50'. Professor Eschricht believes the Keporlcul: of Greenland and the Bermuda ^\ hale to be the same species, and that it migrates from Greenland to Bermuda, according to the season ; and he states that he cannot find anj- sufficient distinction in the skeleton of the Cape specimen in the Paris Museum, to separate it as a species from the Greenland examj^les. Schlegel considers Balcena lonc/imana of the North Sea, the Rorqual du Cap, and the drawing he received from Japan, as all belonging to a single species, though he owns there are diff'erences between them. I am inclined to doubt these conclusions, and there- fore, until we have more conclusive e\-idence, have considered it ad- visable to regard them as separate ; especially as Cuvier's (Oss. Foss. V. 381) description of the union of the lateral processes of the cer- vical vertebra? of the Cape specimen is very different from that of the lateral processes of the Greenland specimens in the Museum, received from Professor Eschricht (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 88). 1. MEGAPTERA. Hunchhaclced nhaks. Blade-bone without an acromion or coracoid process. Body of the cer\"ical vertebra} oblong, wider than high. Neural canal broad and high. First lib single-headed, without any internal process. Megaptera, Grai/, Ann. ^- May. N. H. 1864, 207, 350. Pectoral fin elongate, about one-fifth of the entire length of the animal. Dorsal fin low, truncate. Second cervical vertebra with two short truncated lateral processes. First rib simple-headed, without any internal process. Head broad, moderate, flattened. Throat and chest with deep longitudinal folds. Dorsal fin low or tuberous, behind the middle of the body. The pectoral very large, one-fifth of the entire length of the animal, as long as the head, consisting of only four fingers. The eyes above the angle of the mouth. The navel is before the front edge, the male organs under the back edge of the dorsal, and the vent nearer the tail ; the female organs are behind the back edge of the dorsal, with the vent at its hinder end. Skull : nose narrow, broad behind, and contracted in front. Tem- poral bone broad. Interorbital space wide. The upper maxillaiy bone is rather broad, with a convex outer margin ; the intermaxil- laries are moderately broad ; the nasal very small. The frontal bone is broad, much and gradually narrowed and contracted over the orbit. The lower jaw slender, much arched, subcyhndrical, with a com- pressed ridge-like ramus near the base (see Eschr. ct Keinh. f. a, p. 542). Cervical vertebrae well developed, more or less anchylosed. 118 BALiENOPTEiaOiE. The atlas vertebra witli an oblong body, and with a large and short broad lateral process from the upper part of each side. The upper and lower lateral processes of the second cervical vertebra very thick, short, blunt, and separated at the ends ; of the other cervical ver- tebra) slender, more elongate, separate. Neiu'al arch of the cervical vertebrte strong, high, with a large subcircular cavity for the spinal marrow. The bodies of the cervical vertebra? oblong, roundish, or subquadi'angular, rather wider than high. The scapiila short and broad, without any, or a veiy small, coracoid process. The ann- bonc long ; w^i'ist with a broad flat spur ; the fingers four, elongate, very iineciual in length, the third longest, the second rather shorter, the fourth much shorter, and the first shortest ; the longest is formed of eight joints (see Eschr. Dan. Trans. 1845, t. 2. f. D, & t. 3. f. 4). The front ribs thick, oblong, compressed, without any swelling or compressed dilated jjart near the condyle. The baleen is short, broad, triangular, much longer than broad at the base, rapidly attenuated, edged with a series of bristle-like fibres, which become much thicker and more rigid near and at the tip. Rather twisted, especially when dry. The tympanic bones are like those of the Balanioj^terce, oblong, but shorter and more ventiicose. The foetal specimens exhibit niTmerous rudimentary teeth in both jaws. These are figured by Eschricht (Danish Trans, iv. t. 4. f. a, b) from specimens 35 and 45 inches long (copied Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. 30. f. 2-14). " Orbital process of frontal much narrowed externally. . Scapula high and narrow ; acromion and coracoid process absent or rudi- mentary. Metacarpus and phalanges greatly elongated. Vertebrse 53. Uibs 14. Coronoid process of lower jaw low, obtuse. Nasal bones narrow, pointed at both ends, rising to a sharp ridge in the middle line, and deeply hollowed at the sides:'— Fhtver, P. Z. S. 1864, 391. In the foetal state the forearm -bones are very miich longer than the humeriis. The third finger is the longest, but not much longer than the second ; the fourth, and then the first, are shortest. The spur at the wrist is falcate. The first finger has 3, the second 8, the tliird 8, and the fourth 3 phalanges, (See Eschricht, Wallthierc, t. 3. f. 4.) In the ' Catalogue of Cetacea,' p. 24, by a slip of the pen, the fii'st rib is incorrectly said to be forked at the end near the vertebra. The cervical vertebra? are liable to be more Oi less anchylosed together. In two specimens, one of M. longhnana, in the Museum, all the cervical vertebra? are free. In the young specimen in the Derby Museum at Liverpool, which is probably M. lonf/imnna, the second and third cervical vertebra? are very thin, and anchylosed both by the body and the neural arch. In the specimen of M. Foeslcop in I'aris, according to Cuvier, the second and third ccr\acals are united by the upper part of their body ; and in a specimen, apparently of the same species, from the Cape, in the British Museum the second and third cervical vertebrae are only anchjdosed by one side of the neural arch, and free everywhere else. The breast-bone is irregular rhombic; in one specimen of M. loiigwuina from Greenland it is 1. MEGAPTERA. 119 pierced with a large central perforation ; in another adult specimen of the same species it is imperforate. Fig. 14. Megaptera longimana. Esch: Nordhv. t. 3. f. 2. 1. Megaptera longimana. Johnston's Humpbacked Whale. Black : pectoral fin and beneath white, black varied ; lower lip with two series of tubercles ; pectoral nearly one-third of the entire length ; dorsal elongate, the front edge over end of pectoral ; throat and belly grooved. Female : upper and lower lip with a series of tubercles ; dorsal an obscure protuberance. — Johnston, Trans. Neiuc. N. H. Soc. t. 1. ? Baljeua musculus, Ascan. Icon. Rer. Nat. iii. t. 26, cop. Bonnat. Cet. E. 31. t. 371; Schreb. Sliufjeth. t. 335. PBalfena Boops (Keporkak), O. Fahr. Faun. Orccnl. 36? (notijwn.) ; Turf on, Brit. Fauna, 16 ; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 639. Kepoi-kak, Langliaandede Finlival, or Balfena Boops, Eschricht, K. Danske Vid. Selskabs Afh. 1815, xi. 239. t. 1, 3, 4. Kypliobalaena (Boops), Eschricht, Nord. Wallthiere, 1849. Kyphobalfeua longimana, Van Beneden. Kypliobala^na Boops, Eschricht, Nord. Wallthiere, 1849. Balsena longimana, Rudolphi, Mem. Acad. Bcrl. 1829, 133. t. 12 (mas), cop. Brandt i!j- Batzcburr/, t. 15. f. 2. Balaenoptera longimana, Bapp, Cetac. 35. Whale, Johnston, Trans. Newcastle N. H. Soc. i. 6. t. 1 (female, on back). Megaptera longimana, Gray, Zool. E. Sf T. 17 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 92 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 207. f. 5, 6, 7 ; Ann. ^^ 3Iaff. N 11. 1864, xiv. 350. Megapterou longimana, Oraij, Zool. E. ^- T. 51 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 89. Inhab. North Sea ; mouth of the Maese {Rudolphi). Newcastle {Johnston). a. Stuffed specimen, young. Greenland, Professor Eschricht'n Col- lection, as Mefjapteron Boops, Eschricht. 120 BALJ?NOPTERID,E. h. Skull of adult. Grreenland. Professor Eschriclit's Collection. c. Baleen of skull h. Greenland. Professor Eschricht's Collection. d. Skeleton. Greenland. Professor Eschriclit's Collection. The cervical vertebrae are all free. The second cervical vertebra has two very large, thick, converging lateral processes, as long as half the diameter of the body of the vertebra ; the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh have elongated slender superior lateral pro- cesses which bend rather downwards, and the sixth and seventh rather forwards ; the fourth and fifth have a very short rudimentary inferior lateral process, which is smaller on the left side ; the other vertebrae are without any. The upper part or the spinous process of the second vertebra is very large and convex, covering this part of the next vertebra. — Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, 92. Fiff. 15. Atlas vertebra of Mer/apiera lonf/imanft. Extreme width 20 inches ; height 13 inches. Var. 1. The cervical vertebrae are all free. The second cei-vical is very thick ; the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh are thicker and of nearly equal thickness, the seventh being rather the thickest. The upper lateral processes are developed and nearly equal in all of them, those of the third and fourth being directed backwards, the fifth straight out, and those of the sixth and seventh directed backwards at the end. The lower lateral processes are generally wanting ; the fourth and fifth vertebrae have a rudimentary process on each side ; the processes are of very unequal length on the two sides of the same vertebra, the largest being not more than an inch and a half long, and the rest mere rounded tubercles. The breast- bone is irregular subrhombic, with a large central perforation. 1. MEGAPTEEA. 121 In a second imperfect skeleton in the British Museum, which had been mounted, the ccrvicals are all free. Fourth cervical like that in the Greenland specimen ; but it has elongated, simple, straight lower lateral processes on each side. Seventh like that bone in the Greenland specimen, without any lower lateral process. Fio-. 10. Second cervical vertebra of Meyaptora lungi)n(in(t. Fig. 17. Fiflli cervical vertebra of Meyaptcra lonyiniana. 122 BALiENOPTERIB.E. Sternum rhombic, without any central perforation. The tj^mpanic bone is oblong, ventricoso, smooth, very solid, -with a rough depres- sion on the convex outer side. It is very like that of the genus Physalus, but shorter, more ventricose, and more solid. Fio-. 18. Top of the first and second ribs of Mcyaptcra /oiii/iinana. Var. 2. MooREi. The second and third cervical vertebra} very thin, anchylosed together by the body and neural arch. The body of the cervical vertebroe oblong, transverse, much wider than high. The neural arch rather slender, with a subcircular oblong cavity, which is fully two-thirds as high as wide. Inhab. Estuary of the Dee (18G3, TJios. Moore). Skeleton in the Free Museum, Liverpool ; a young female 31 feet long. ' The atlas is very thick ; the second cervical nearly as thick as the atlas, with the upper and lower lateral processes separate, short ; the fifth, sixth, and seventh cervicals all similar to the third and fourth ; the fifth thin, and the seventh the thickest. The second cervical vertebra has two short broad thick processes, with a rounded interrupted perforation between them ; the third and fourth have a thin long shelving-down upper, and a short straight lower process ; the fifth, sixth, and seventh are similar, but have only an upper lateral process ; the fifth is the thinnest, and the seventh the thickest. The arms were 1 0 feet long ; the cartilage between the bones of the anns and the fingers is nearlj' half as long as the arm-bones ; there are four bones immersed in it, small, variously shaped and sized ; the cartilage between the elongated finger-bones is nearly half as long as the phalanges ; the phalanges nearly all of the same oblong shape, and subsymmetrical in form. The bones of the skull are so fragile as scarcely to bear their own weight. Moore, in the lithographic ' Naturalist's Scrap-Eook ' (printed in Liverpool) for July 17, 18(33, observes, " It yielded no oil ; the blub- ber was like a cow's udder, as exposed in the market for sale in Liverpool. Length 31 feet 4 inches. Bought by a manufacturer of oil and grease, who made nothing of it." " All black ; belly mot- tled and streaked with white ; pectoral fins milk-white, with a black 1. MEOAPTERA. 123 blotch here and there. Baleen very closely packed together, thii-ty- eig-ht blades in a foot ; the largest blade was nearly 2 feet long." " Female : length 31 feet 4 inches, of gape 8 feet, from snout to eye 8 feet, of eye '3 inches, from snout to base of pectoral 11 feet, of pec- toral 10 feet ; extreme width of tail 11 feet, from snout to beginning of hump 18 feet, of hump 3 feet 3 inches, from snout to cloaca 21 feet.'' " Stomach contained shrimps." Eschricht figures a new-born specimen of this species, from Green- land, which was 35 inches long ; it has several series of bristles on the lips, parallel with the gape (see K. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. xi. t. 3. f. 1, and the teeth as seen in the jaws, t. 4). " There is a nearly complete skeleton of a young animal, obtained from Greenland through Eschricht, in the Leyden Museum. It is 28' 7" long, of which the skull is 7' 7". There are but thirteen ribs Iwosentr—FJoiuer, P. Z. /S. 1864, 397. In the Museum at Louvaine is a " complete skeleton of young, 32' 2' long, of which the head is 8' 6". Vertebree: C. 7, B. 14, L. and C. 31 = 52. Ribs 14 pairs. Sternum with a very deep notch in the middle of the upper border. Upper and lower transverse pro- cesses of the axis more open at the ends than in the Brussels speci- men. Upper processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth slender, almost straight, and of nearly equal length ; lower processes much shorter, and gradually diminishing from the third to the sixth ; absent in the seventh."— i^/oH'«-, P.Z.S. 1864, 418. There is " a very fine and complete skeleton, 46' long, of a nearly adidt individual in the Brussels Museum. The vertebral formula is C. 7, D. 14, L. 11, C. 21 = 53. Bibs 14 pairs. The enormous size of the fins is grandlj- displayed in this specimen ; they measure 12' from the head of the humerus to the tip of the phalanges. The cervical vertebrae are all free ; the second to the fifth have the upper and lower transverse processes separate in all, but not complete at the ends. Those of the second are short, thick, and convergent, but still with a wide interval between their ends ; this, according to Eschricht, is completed in the living animal by cartilage, which may in old age become ossified ; but the tendency to it is certainly less than in the Balcfnopterido}. According to the same excellent authority, the pro- cesses of the succeeding vertebrae are not continued in cartilage so far as to meet ; so that we could never expect to find osseous rings on them. In the Brussels specimen the upper processes increase, and the lower ones decrease in length, from the third to the fifth. There is no inferior process on the sixth or seventh." — Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 416. Dr. Johnston's description chiefly diifers from Budolphi's in both lips having a row of tubercles, and in the dorsal being said to be a small obscure protuberance ; biit the animal was Ijdng on its back, sunk in the sand. Budolphi (Berl. Abhandl. 1829, t. 1, 4) figures the bones of this species, with enlarged details of the skull. They nearly resemble the skull of the Cape Borqual of Cuvier in form, but the nasal boTies arc broad, and nearly of the same width from the front of the blow- 124 BAL^NOPTERID^. holes to near the tip, where they gradually taper ; the temporal bones appear more quadrangular. The skeleton is in the Berlin Museum. It was taken in the Elbe, 1822. According to Professor Eschricht, this is the most common whale in the Greenland seas. In the ' Danish Transactions ' he has given a figure of this species, and a very detailed account of its anatomy and development, chiefly founded on the examination of the foetus. He observes, " This animal is always infested with Diadcma Bcthv- minini, and with a species of Otion, which he regards as now, while the Cirripedes are never found on any species of Bala'iinjdera. On the other hand, the Tuhkinella, Coronida Bcthcnaris, and Otions arc often found on the Balcena Mysticetus or Right Whale of the Southern Seas " (see Eschricht, 144). The following descriptions must be referred to this species with doubt, as both agree with true Balcoiopterai in the position of the genital organs and vent compared with the dorsal fin, and Fabricius especially saj's the pectoral fin is composed of five fingers. Ascanius (Icon. Rer. Nat. iii. t. 26) gives a figure of a female Rorqual with a plaited belly, 60 feet long, from the North Sea, which he thought might be B. musculus of Linna3us (it is not Avell copied by Bonnaterre, E. M. t. 3. f. 1, and Schreber, t. 33-3) ; it has a large pectoral fin, about two-ninths the length of the body; but the drawing is not so good as the others in the work, and the fin is so awkwardly applied to the body, that perhaps its size may depend on the incompetence of the artist. The dorsal fin, which is only indicated as if doubtful in the original figure, is continued to the tail, but in Bonnaterre's coj^y it is represented as of equal authority with the other part. 0. Fabricius (Faun. Grcenl. 37), five years after, described a Balcenoptera under the name of B. Boops, Linn., which appears to differ from B. Plvjsnlus, for he says — " Pinna) pectorales magn», obovato-oblonga?, margine postica Integra, regione cubiti parum fractae, antica autem rotundato-crenatoe." And, he continues, "Ante nares in vertice capitis tres ordines convexitatum circularium, huic forsitan peculiare quid,'' — " Pinna dorsalis compressa, basi latior, apice acutiuscula, antice sursum repanda, postice fere perpcndicu- laris," and " Corpus pone pinnam dorsalem incipit carina acuta in pinnam caudalcm usque pergcns." Rudolphi, and after him Schlegel, refer B. Boops, 0. Fabricius, to this species ; and Professor Eschricht has no doubt that Balama Boops of 0. Fabricius is intended for this species, as it is called Keporlcal- by the Greenlanders. If this be the case, Fabricius's de- scription of the form and position of the dorsal fin and the position of the sexual organs is not correct. Brandt, in the list of .Utaian animals (Voy. Alt. Orient. 1845, 4to), has adopted this opinion, and formed a. section for Balimoptera longimana, which he calls Boops, merely characterized as " Pectoral elongate." Schlegel refers the Rorqiialus minor of Knox to this species, pro- bably misled by the inaccurate figures of this species in Jardine's 2. P0E9C0PIA. 125 Nat. Lib. vi. t. 6. He points out that Rudolphi and M. F. Cuvier, in their description of B. longimcma, have confounded the figure of BaJeine du Cap aud Rorqual du Cap, of Cuvier's ' Ossemens Fossiles,' together. — Faun. Japon. 21, note. Gervais (Zool. et Paleont. Frang. t. 38. f. 7) figures some tympanic hones under the name of Rorqiudus de Bayonne. They are very like those of Megaptera longimana, and are larger than those of Balce- noptera rostrata. 2. POESCOPIA. Blade-bone with a small coracoid process. Body of the cei^vical vertebrae nearly square, with the angles rounded. Inhab. South Sea. Megaptera, § Poescopia, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18G4, 207 ; Ann. cy 3Iag. N. H. 18G4, xiv. 350. Fi-r. 10. The fifth cervical vertebra of Megaptera Lalandii. Bibs 14; the second, third, and fourth attached to the vertebra?, the rest to the processes. Vertebra? 52. — Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 382. The humerus very short ; forearm -bones nearly twice as long as the humerus ; fingers 4, very long, the second longest, twice as long- as the lower arm-bone. Phalanges 3.8.8.4, the third finger nearly as long as the second, the first and fourth much shorter, not half as long as the first, thicker. — Cuv. Oss. Foss. vi. t. 26. f. 22. According to Cuvier, it differs from the Greenland Megaptera in the following particulars : — 126 hal.exopterih.t;. Axis vertebra distinct (Cuv. t. 2C). f. 19) ; second and third cer- vicals united l)y spinous apophj'ses (t. 26. f. 20) ; the fourth (t. 26. f. 21), fifth, sixth, and seventh free. Blade-bone short, much broader than high, with a small acromion (Cuv. t. 26. f. 9). Humerus short, thick ; the forearm-bones elongated ; hand very long ; fingers four, very long, the two middle much the longest (Cuv. t. 2(). f. 22). Pelvis crescent-shaped (Cuv. t. 2(!. f. 24). The cervical vertebra; which are in the British Museum (see fig. 19), received direct from the Cape, present several very important charac- ters, especially the square form of the bodies of the vertebrae, which afford most striking specific distinctions ; but perhaps Professor Eschricht may not have been able to examine the form of this part, as the skeleton in the Paris Museum is articulated, and the articular surfaces of the cervical vertebrae arc not shown. Professor Eschricht, who seems to have formed a theory that the number of species of Whales was very limited, states that he could not find any distinction in the skeleton of the Cape specimen in the Paris Museum to separate it as a species from the Greenland ex- amples. I cannot make any observation as regards the Paris ske- leton ; but it is said to have been brought by Delalande from the Cape, and is probably from those seas. M. Van Beneden, in his " liescarches on the Cetacea of Belgium," also regards the Cajie species as the same as the Greenland one (see Nouv. Mem. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, xxxii. 38, 1861). He now con- siders them as distinct, and is about to puljlish a desci'iption of the Paris skeleton. 1. Poescopia Lalandii. The Cape HamphacTc. Blade-bone with a very small coracoid process (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 29. f. 9). Dorsal nearly over the end of the pectoral. Inter- maxillary narrowed and contracted in front. Temporal bone broad, triangular. " Second and third cex-vical vertebrae united by the upper part of their body.'' — Cuvier. Eorqual du Cap, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 370. t. 26. f. 1-4 (.-kiill), t. 26. f.l9- 21 (verteb.),f. 9 (blade-bone), f. 22 (fins), f. 24 (pelvis), t. 25. f. 15 (tongue-bone) : all from Dclalaxde s speviincn. Balfena Poeskop, UesiiioHlins. I>aln3na P>alfenoptera Poeskop, Dcsjuouluis, Diet. Class. II. N. ii. 164, from Ik'lulamles MSS. Balasna Lalandii, Fischer, Syn. 525, from Cmier. Bala3uoptera Capensis, Smith, S. African Quart. Jouni. loO. Megaptera Poeskop, Grai/, Zool. F. cV T. 17 ; Cat. Cctac. B. M. 1850, 29. Eorqual noueux, Vo;/. Pole Sud, t. 24 (fern, not described). Bala3noptera leiicopteron, Lesson, JV. Tab. liiy. Aiiim. 202. Himipbacked Whales, lioss, Antaretie Voy. \. 161, 191(?); Mitchell, Trav. Au4r. ii. 241 (?) ; Beale, II. Sperm W. 12,30 (?). Megaptera Poescopia Lalandii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1804, 207 ; Ann. c^- Mag. N. IL 1864, xiv. 350" Inhab. Cape of Good Hope {Delalande) ; called Poeskop. Skeleton, Mus. Paris. 2. roKscopiA. 127 a. Cervical vertebrte. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased. The two are united on one side and free on the other. Anterior Avith short lower lateral process, sixth and seventh without any lower lateral process. " Head depressed, slightly convex above, with a small projection on each side of spiracle ; the apex of the upper jaw acutely rounded ; lower jaw much longer and broader than the upper jaw, and with three or four subglobular elevations on each side near tip. Back slightly arched, with a carinated and slightly elevated hunch towards the tail, highest about its middle, whence it slants off to each extremity ; hinder part of the body carinated above and below. Throat and breast strongly marked with elevated longitudinal rugte, with deep corresponding furrows between them. Eyes a little above the angle of the mouth ; the opening of the spiracles rather in front of them. Laminae of whalebone 300 on each side, of a bluish colour, and margined on the inner side with stiff horny bristles. " Back and sides black ; belly dull white, with some irregular black spots. Pectoral fin narrow, both its anterior and posterior edges irregularly notched ; upper surface black, under surface pure white. Hinder edge of tail tin nearly square, with a slight notch at its middle, opposite the back-bone, on each side of which it is slightly convex, towards points a little concave. " Length from tip of lower jaw to hinder margin of tail fin 34| feet, from tip of lower jaw to angle of mouth 7^ feet, from tip of upper jaw to angle of mouth 6 feet, from angle of mouth to base of pectoral fin 9 feet ; "oddth of pectoral at base 2 feet, near point 1 foot ; width of tail from tip to tip 9 feet. Length of whalebone near angle of mouth 1 foot. " Inhab. the seas about the Cape of Good Hope. The Humpback of the whalefishers. " The only specimen of the species which I have had an oppor- tunity of examining had lost the skin of the hinder portion of the back before I saw it, so that I am unable to describe the hunch from my own observation. Those who have been in the habit of seeing and killing this species all agree as to the character of the hunch, and from what I have myself observed at a distance through a tele- scope, I should feel inclined to regard their description as correct. They unite in asserting that there is nothing of the appearance of a regular fin ; and all that I could distinguish, from watching the animal when in motion, and partly above the surface of the water, was a sort of semilunar elevation towards the tail and somewhat above the line of the back." — A. Smith, African Quart. Journ. p. 131. Delalande's account was published by Desmoulins, who merely gives the following particulars, except what appears to be common to the genus. He says, " it has a boss on the occiput, and its dorsal is nearly over the pectoral ; " in the European and Bermudean figures it is over the end of these fins. Cuvier's figures of the adult skull differ from Budolphi's figure of M. lonrjimana in the intermaxillaries being narrower and contracted in front of the blowers, and then rather widened again and linear. 128 BAL.TlNOrTERID^*;. and the temporal bone is broader and more triangular — which made me believe it to be a distinct species before I obtained the cervical vertebrae. M. Dcsmonlins, in describing this species, pointed out the most important character of the genus, viz. the length of the pectoral. The following species are prol^ably Mctj(q->term(e, but they are too imperfectly known to determine to what genus they belong. 1. Megaptera Novae-Zelandiae. The tympanic bones very like those of M. hnghnana, but shorter and more swollen, and the periotic bone broad and expanded ; the rest of the skeleton, unfortunately, is unknown. Megaptera Novaj-Zelandite, Gray, Proc. Zool. >Soc. 18G4, 208 ; Ami. Sf- Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. 351. Inhab. New Zealand. Flo-. 20. Ear-boues of Megaptera NovfP-ZelamJice. The specimens in the British Museum of the bones of the car, with tympanic bones attached, were sent from New Zealand by Mr. Stuart, and are very like these bones in the Mer/aj/tera longimana from (Jreenland in the Museum collection, but differ in the tympanic bone being rather shorter and more swollen. The latter is nearly regu- larly oblong, and very convex at the upper part, with a somewhat liemispherical outline, and rather wider below. MEGAPXERIN^E. 129 The bones attached to the tympanic are broad and expanded, very unlike the same bones in the Greenland species. This species may be the same as the one from the Cape ; but it is well to indicate the existence of a Humpbacked Whale in this dis- trict, in the hope of inducing naturalists to give an account of it, or to send a skeleton of it to England for comparison. M. Van Beneden states that there is the incomplete skull of a Megaptera, brought from Java by Professor Eeinhardt, in the Leyden Museum, but Mr. Flower informs me that it is more like the skull of a young Sihhaldius. 2. Megaptera? Burmeisteri. Balaenoptera allied to B. Lalandii, Bnrmeister, MSS. Inhab. coast of Buenos Ayres. Mus. Buenos Ayres. Skeleton complete, without the fore fins (Burmeister). The skeleton is allied to B. Lalandii of the Cape of Good Hope, figured in Cu\-ier's ' Ossemens Fossiles.' The shape of the skull is different. The ribs 14 . 14. " The vertebraj are also peculiar. After the fourteen dorsal, which bear the ribs, follow twelve lumbar without any under jirocesses (ha;mapophyses), and then follow three with processes. The fii-st of these is very remarkable for the shortness and peculiar figure of its small transverse processes, and especially for the very large size of the body of the vertebra, which seems to me to indicate clearly the sacral vertebra, or the beginning of the tail." — Burmeister, Letter, 24th Sept. 1864. 3. Megaptera Americana. The Bermuda Humphach. Black ; bcUy white ; head ■with round tubercles. Whale (Jubartes?), Phil. Trans, i. 11 (1665). Buuch or Humpbacked Whale of Dudley, Phil. Trans, xxxiii. 258. Baljena nodosa, Bonnaterre, Cet. 5, from Dudley. Megaptera Americana, Gray, Zool. Ereh. 8)- Terror, 17. Megapteixm Americana, Gray, Zool. Ereb. S; Terror, 52. Inhab. Bermuda, March to end of May, when they leave. I have a tracing of the Bermuda Whale, but do not know whence it was dei'ived : it is said to be common in that island. It is very like the figure of Megaptera longimana, but the dorsal fin is repre- sented as lower, and the tail ^vider. This is doubtless the whale described in Phil. Trans, i. 11 and 132, where an account is given of the method of taking it. It is described thus : — " Length of adult 88 feet ; the pectoral 2G feet (rather less than one-third of the entire length), and the tail 23 feet broad. There are great bends (plaits) underneath from nose to the navel ; a fin on the back, paved with fat like the caul of a hog ; sharp, like the ridge of a house, behind ; head pretty bluff', full of blimps on both sides ; back black, belly white, and dorsal fin behind." " Upon their fins and tail they have a store of clams or barnacles, upon which he said rock- weeds and sea-tangle did grow a hand long. K 130 BAL.tNOI'TEr.lJJJ-:. " They fed much upon grass (Zostera) growing at the bottom of the sea : in their great bag of maw he found two or three hogsheads of a greenish grassy matter." — Phil. Trans, i. 13. Baleen from Bermuda, called Bermuda Jinner, is extensively im- ported ; it is similar to the baleen of the Grey Finner. 4. Megaptera Kuzira. The Kuzira. Dorsal small, and behind the middle of the back ; the pectoral fin rather short, and less than one-fourth the entire length of the body ; the nose and side of the throat have round warts ; belly plaited. Balaena antarctica, Teinm. Faun. Japan. 27. Balsenoptera antarctica, Temm. Faun. Japan, t. 30 (not t. 23). Megaptera antarctica, Gray, Zool. Freb. i^ Terror, 17 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 30. ? Balasuoptera longimana, Schrenek, Amur-Lande, 192. Inhab. Japan, ? Amur-Land. Skull in Mus. Leyden,^(7e Van Beneden. The figure in the ' Fauna Japonica ' is from a drawing brought home by M. Siebold, not accompanied by remains. M. Siebold ob- serves that the Japanese distinguish three varieties : — 1. Sato Kuzira. Black; nose more elongate and rounded, and the pectoral long ; the belly and lower face of the pectoral are grey, with white rays. 2. Nagasu Kuzira. Paler ; nose more pointed ; the belly has ten plaits. In both, the lower jaw is larger than the upper. 3. Noso Kuzira. Distinguished from the first because the back and fins are white-spotted. — Faun. Jap. 24. Chamisso figures a species of this genus from the Aleutian seas, under the name of Aliomoch or Aliama ; when young, Aliamaga dach (N. Acta Nat. Cur. xii. 258. t. 18. f. 5 ; Fischer, Byn. Mamm. 527. n. 4), from a wooden model made by the Aleutians : and Pallas (Zool. Rosso-Asiat. i. 288) calls it Bakena Allamack. The pectoral fins are long ; they, and the underside of the tail are white. Pallas, under the name of ^. Boopsl (Zool. liosso-Asiat. i. 291), describes a whale which appears to belong to this genus, found at Behring's Straits by Stellcr, when he was shipwrecked. The head was 1, the pectoral fin 4-, the entire length, and the vent -{'-^ from the head, as shown by the following measurements : — length, 50 feet ; head, 12 feet ; pectoral fin, 10 feet long and 5 feet wide ; tail, 16 feet wide, and the vent 35 feet from the head. If these measurements are correct, the pectoral fin is shorter and much wider than it generally is in this genus. The jiosition of the dorsal fin is not noted. In the Zoologia Rosso-Asiat. 293, Pallas described a whale under the name of B. musculus, observed by Merle at Kamtschatka. It was long and slender, ash-brown, white-clouded above, snow-white beneath, and spotted on the sides. It was 22 feet 6 inches long; the dorsal was 6 feet from the tail, and 1 foot 11 inches high ; behind the fin the back was two-keeled ; the pectoral fin was rounded at the 3. ESCHKICHTIUS. 131 end, and 10 feet 7 inches distant from the tip of the beak, 4 feet 2 inches long, and 1 foot 2 inches wide : behind the vent, 7 feet before tlie tail, and 3 feet from the vent, is a kind of white fin, and the genital organs are 1 foot 3 inches before the vent. If this de- scription and these measurements are correct, it must be a most distinct species, if not a peculiar genus : the pectoral fins are nearly in the middle of the body ; and I know of no whale with a fin behind the vent beneath, and with the genital organs nearly under the pectorals. The pectoral is almost one-fifth of the entii'e length. Schrenck (Amur-Lande, i. 192) mentions a whale called Keng, wliich he refers to '' BaJti^noptera longimana, Rudolphi," as inhabit- ing the south coast of the Ochotskian seas. Forster, in ' Cook's Voyage,' appears to have met with a species of this genus between Terra del Fuego and Staten Island. He says, " These huge animals lay on their backs, and with their long pectoral fins beat the surface of the sea, which caused a great noise, equal to the explosion of a swivel." Lesson (Tab. Reg. Anim. 202) gives the name of B. leiicopteron to the " Humpback of the whalers in the high southern latitudes." Mitchell (Travels in Australia, ii. 241) speaks of a Hunchbacked Whale which inhabits Portland Bay, Australia FcHx. This genus is also found in the seas of Java, for there is an im- perfect skull, brought from that country by Professor Keinhardt, in the Leyden Museum. — F. Japan. 24. In the Museum of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta, there are portions of a Whale skeleton, presented by Mr. Swinton, as recorded in the ' Gleanings of Science,' ii. 70. They consist of a nearly perfect skidl, a rib, an injured scapula, and 34 vertebrae. Mr. Blyth thinks this species agrees vfith the Rorqual da Cap (Cuv. Oss. Foss. viii. 276. t. 227. f. 1, 4). A Megapteron, according to Gray (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847 ; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847, 282).— BIgth's Reports. The Rorqual noueux, Hombr. & Jacq. Zool. Dumont d'Urville, t. 24 {Balcmioptera Astrolabio', Pucheran, Mag. Zool. 1854, and Arch. Na- turg. 1855, 42), is probably a Humpback Whale. 3. ESCHRICHTIUS. Dorsal fin ? Pectoral fin ? The lower jaw-bone rather compressed, with a very low, slightly developed coronoid process. Cervical vertebrae free ; the second — ?, the third, fourth, and sixth with the lateral processes elongate, and separate at the end ; body small, thick, solid ; the canal of the spinal marrow very wide, trigonal, and nearly as wide as the body of the vertebra, almost as high as vsdde, with rounded angles. The blade-bone broader than high, with an arched upper edge, and with a strongly developed acromion and coracoid process. Breast-bone trigonal, rather longer than wide ; front part arched out on the front edge, truncated at the sides ; the hinder part at first suddenly tapering for haK its length, then gradually tapering to a point behind. Vertebrae 60. Ribs 15.15; the first rib simple-headed ; the first, second, and third k2 132 BAL^NOPTERID^. with a compressed slender process below the condyle. The humerus short, thick ; the forearm-bones broad, compressed, rather longer (about one-third) than the humerus. Fig. 21. Third cervical vertebra, lower jaw, blade- and breast-boue o? Eschrichtius robtisttfs. (From drawings by Professor Lilljeborg.) Professor Lilljeborg refers these bones to the genus Balamoptera, because the blade-bone has a well-developed acromion and coracoid process as in that genus, and because they are not developed in Megaptera longhnana ; but the acromion is partially developed on the blade-bone of J/. Lalandii from the Cape, and there is no reason why it may not be more developed in another species allied to it. He says, " it is distinguished from D. lomjimana by the strongly developed acromion and coracoid process on the blade-bone." I am induced to refer it to Mcyapterina on account of the form of 3. ESCHRICHTITJS. 133 the canal of the spinal marrow of the cervical vertebrae, and the want of development of the ramus of the lower jaw. The ribs and the blade-bone are more like Physalus than Meya- ptera. This combination of characters induces me to think it should form a genus by itself. These observations are founded on some drawings of the bones of the tropical specimen which Professor LiUjeborg has kindly sent to me. 1. Eschrichtius robustus. The Gmsb Whale. Balfenoptera robusta, Lilljehory, Foredag Kiohenh. 1860, t. 611. f. 1, 2 ; Skand. Hvalartade, 77. Megaptera ? Eschrichtius robustus, Gray, Anri. 8f Mag. N. H. 1865. Eschrichtius robustus, Crray, P. Z. S, 1865. Inhab. North Sea. The British Channel ; Babbicombe Bay, Tor- bay, Devonshire (.Mr. Pengelly, 24th Nov. 1861). a. Cast of the fifth cervical vertebra, from a specimen cast ashore at Babbicombe Bay, Devonshire, 1861. Presented by Mr. Pen- gelly, 1864. The Danish skeleton was discovered buried from 2 to 4 feet below the surface, about 840 feet fi'om the beach, and about 12 to 15 feet above the surface of the sea. It is imperfect, ha\'ing only the first, third, fourth, and sixth cervical vertebrae, a right scapula, a left humerus, the right lower arm-bones, six carpal, four metacarpal, and four phalangeal bones. Approximate length 45 or 50 feet ; length of imder jaw 8' 2" ; breadth of atlas 1' 5|" ; thickness of body of third cervical 2\, breadth of body 8f inches, width of including transverse processes 2 feet; length of breast-bone 11| inches, breadth 1 foot ; length of shoulder-blade 2' 8|", width 3' 6|" ; length of humerus 1' 9^", width 11 1" ; length of radius 2' 3", breadth in middle 7" ; length of ulna 2' 2^", breadth in middle 4". Fio-. 22. Worn cervical vertebra. Devonshire. The body of the fourth or fifth cervical vertebra of this whale was cast on the shore of Babbicombe Bay on the 24th of November, 134 BAL^NOl'TEIilDJi. 1861. It is very thick, and of nearly uniform thickness ; front and hinder articulations nearly flat ; the sides nearly straight, the lower side heing the widest or most arched out. The upper and lower lateral processes are verj' strong, the upjjcr one suhtrigonal, and bent down nearly on a level with the articulating surface of the centrum ; the under one rather compressed above, broader, rather flattened on the lower edge. Width of the body 7^, height 6 inches ; the upper process 3-|, and the lower 4^ inches ; but they are evidently bi'oken, and the ends worn. II. Dorsal/In high, compressed, falcate, about three-fourths of the entire length from the nose. Pectoral Jin moderate, with 4 short Jingcrs of not more than 6 phalanges. Verfebrce 58 or G4. Cervical ver- febrfs not anchylosed ; hodg oblong, transverse ; neural canal oblong, transverse, broad and low. liibs 14 to 16, first with an internal compressed process. Loicer jaw icith a conical coronoid jtt'ocess. Physalina, or Finner Whales. Physalina, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864, 211. Bahiena tripennis, Sibbald, Phal. 1692. Balenap terns, sp., Lacep. Balenopteriis, sp., Lacep. ; F. Cuv. D. S. K. Ixi. 518. Balsenoptera, sp., Lacep. Cet. Bal^noptera, Sect. 2 & 3, Grag, Zool. Ereb. Sf Terror, App. 50, 1846. Pterobaloena (pars), Eschricht, Nord. Wallthiere, 1849. (Catoptera or) Cetoptera, Rqfin. Anal. Nat. i. 219, 1815. Mysticetus, sp., Wagler, N. S. Amph. 33. Baleena, sp., Linn.; Pliger, Prodr. 142, 1811. • Physalis, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 1828. Physalus, Lacep' Cet. ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 90 ; Cat. Cetac. 1850, 34 : Prandt. Physelus, Rafn. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815. True Finners, Grag, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. 351. " Orbital process of frontal nearly as broad at the outer extremity as the base, or somewhat narrowed. Scapula low, broad, with a long acromion and coracoid process. Metacarpus and phalanges of moderate dimensions. " Van Beueden (" Faune Littorale de Belgique," Acad. Roy. Belg. 1860, xxxii.) has recognized the distinctive characters of three species belonging to this group, which he calls Pterohalcena communis, P. rjigns, and P. minor. Dr. Gray (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 215) con- stitutes these three species as the tj'pes of distinct genera, which he has named Physahis, Sihhaldius, and Balanoptera ; he also makes a fourth genus, Benedenia. Although I am as little disposed as any one to multiply generic names (a tendency of modern times of which we are all apt to complain), I cannot help admitting that, if the genera of Whales are to be at all equivalent in value to those now generally received in other groups of mammals, the first three of these are perfectly vaHd. Of the genus Benedenia I speak with more hesitation, as it is constituted only upon the examination of a very young individual, which I confess I am unable to distinguish from a Physalus. As the diagnostic characters given by Dr. Gray 4. BKNEDENIA. VS5 are brief, and limited to certain parts of the organization, I may be permitted perhaps to give more detailed characters taken from the skeleton generally, which will, I think, fully confirm his views as far as these genera are concerned. Into those characters, taken from the external form, position of dorsal fin, or from the visceral anatomy, it is not my purpose to enter at present." — Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 391. A. Vertebrcs 60 to 64. Thejirst rib single-headed. 4. BENEDENIA. The maxilla gradually and regularly tapering in front, with a straight outer edge. Second cervical vertebra with two short trun- cated lateral processes ; first rib simple-headed, with a compressed internal process. Neural arch of cervical vertebrae oblong, trans- verse, broad and low, not more than two-thirds the width of the body of the vertebrae ; coracoid process distinct, high behind. Physalus, § Rorqualus, Gray, Cat. Cet. Benedeuia, Gray,P.Z.S.im^,21l; Ann. 8f Mag.N.H.lSM,ii\\.Zb\. Pectoral fins moderate ; dorsal fin falcate. Skull rather broad ; maxillae broad, with nearly straight outer margins. The second cervical vertebra with two separate, broad, strong, nearly equal- sized lateral processes, which are rather expanded and truncated at the tip (as in Megaptera). The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebras with elongated slender upper and lower lateral processes, which are attenuated and separated at the end (not forming rings). The bodies of the cervical vertebrae oblong, transverse ; the canal of the neural arch low, oblong, transverse, much mder than high. The scapula short, broad, with a strong, well-marked coracoid process. Vertebrae 60. Eibs 15, all simple ; the front ones compressed and dilated at the end ; the first with a bi'oad rounded lobe on the inner side ; the second with an elongate, slender, rounded internal process. Fiff. 2.S. Benedenia. Brit. Miis. This genus is only described from the skeleton of a young speci- men ; it combines the characters of MegajJtera and Physalus. Its second cervical vertebra has the form of that of Megctptern ; and it has the low neural arch and the oblong transverse canal for the spinal marrow, the blade-bone with the strong anterior process, the same kind of front ribs, and the short pectoral fins of the genus Physalus. 136 BAL^NOPTERID^. It has been suggested to me by a comparative anatomist of con- siderable experience that perhaps the lateral processes of the cervical vertebrae of this whale might be lengthened in the adult, and the end of the upper and lower processes ixnited into a broad expanded plate as in the genus Physalus. In the skeleton of the small foetus of BalcPMoptera, only 9 inches long, figured by Eschricht in the ' Royal Danish Transactions ' for 1840, t. 14. f. 2, the lateral processes of the second vertebra are very nearly of the same shape as in the adult, forming a broad expansion, with a perforation at its base. The cervical and other vertebrae of this foetus seemed to agree, in all details of form, with the same bones in the adult. . I do not deny that the lateral process of the first cervical vertebra may not be continued in cartilage, and be of the same form as that of the genxis Phi/salus ; but at any rate we have no proof, if this be the case, that the cartilage at the end ever becomes ossified in this genus any more than in the genus Mef/ajJteni , both genera agreeing in the equahty of the thickness and strength and shortness of the lateral processes. Fig. 24. Second cervical vertebra of Benedenia Knoxii. Extreme width 19 inches; height 10 inches. The genera Megaptera and Benedenia have separate, short upper and lower lateral processes, which are rather dilated and truncated at the end, having an interrupted circular perforation between their inner bases. It has been suggested that, in the latter genus at least, the separated processes may be only the imperfectly developed state of the broad lateral process of the genus Physalua, the end that is wanting in the skeleton probably existing in the living animal in the state of cartilage. Bnt if this should be the case (which I much doubt), the form of the margin of the perforation and the i)er- foration itself must undergo great change during tlie ossification of 4. BENEDENIA; 137 the end of the process for there to be any resemblance between tlje lateral processes of these genera and that of the gemis Physalus. From what I have observed, I believe that no such change takes place, and that the form of the processes and the situation of the perforations afford good characters for the separation of the species into groups and the species from each other, Fiff. 25. Fifth cervical vertebra of Benedenia Knoxii. Fiff. 26. First and second ribs of Benedenia Knoxii. 138 KAL^NOPTERID-S. 1. Benedenia Knoxii. Balsenoptera antiquorum, junior, Gray, Cat. Osfeol. Spec. 142. Physalus (Rorqualus) ]5oops, Gray,' P. Z. S. 1847, 91 j Cat. Cetac. 41, 1850. Benedenia Knoxii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 212. f. 8, 8 a, 8 b. The lower jaw with a distinct, low, long impression ; coronoid process as high as half the height of the lower jaw-bone. Cervical vertebrae all free ; the upper lateral pi'ocesses bent down ; the lower ones ascendant at the end, with a more or less acute angle on the lower edge near the base. The second cervical vertebra moderately thick; the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh rather thin, and all nearly of the same thickness. The upper lateral pi'ocesses of the third and fourth very slightly bent back at the end ; of the fifth similar, but nearly straight ; of the sixth and seventh broader and stronger to the end, and rather bent forwards towards the head at the end. The lower lateral processes of the third, fourth, and fifth vertebrae compressed, high, nearly similar, and nearly equally strong, with an obscure angular prominence on the lower edge near the base ; of the sixth vertebra not so long, high, and compressed at the base, ■ tapering at the end, and with a decided angular projection on the lower edge, where the end bends up. The seventh vertebra without any lower lateral process on either side. The breast-bone broad above, with an arched upper edge, narrow and rather produced below, with concave sides, and without any central perforation. The front (first, second, and third) ribs thin, compressed, dilated at the end ; the first with a short, broad, rounded, the second with a larger, slender, produced process on the inner side. The skull is 108 inches long and 54 broad at the broadest part of the brain-case, 34 at the base, and 25 in the middle of the upper jaw. The lower jaw is 118 inches long. a. Skeleton of animal taken on the coast of Wales and towed into Liverpool in 1846. The length is 38 feet ; the head is 9 feet long ; the vertebrae are 60 in number, and there are 15 pairs of simple ribs. The specimen here described was mentioned in the papers of the day as a Spermaceti Whale ! This whale, or some of the same genus, has also probablj* been caught on the coasts of France and Spain. M. Van Beneden, having met with skeletons of whales, one at Baj'onne and the other at Abbeville, which he considered the young of Physalus antiquorum, observes that, in both, the two apophyses of the axis were not yet united ; the ribs, he observes, are wanting (Nouv. Mem. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, xxii. 37). I am aware that Eschricht and Reinhardt (Essay on the Northern Whale) seem to doubt the distinctness of this sjiecies. Unfortunately I do not understand Danish sufiiciently to quite make out what is their objection ; but I feel that, excellent as is their essay on the animal which they describe, some part of their argument would be much modified if they had been able to examine a larger collection 5. PHYSALPS. 139 of skeletons from difierent localities, and if they could have examined those in other museums and from other localities more in detail ; but they give their opinions on specimens which they have not seen, and, like many other Continental naturalists, without making suffi- cient allowance for the very large extent of the collection in England, or considering that the species here described are not separated until after careful consideration and comparison. There is an inclination in many of the Continental naturalists to believe that all the species they do not possess are the same as, or only slight variations of, those they have — an idea that is a fertile source of confusion and error in reasoning. This theory of the limited number of species of Whales greatly detracts from the value of M. Eschricht's observations on the anatomy of Whales, in his papers in the ' Danish Transactions' ; for he constantly speaks of variations which would only be true if they were found in the same kind of Whales, but are peculiarities and important differences when they are found in different species or kinds of animals. 5. PHYSALUS. Pectoral fin moderate. Dorsal fin falcate, three-fourths the entire length from nose. Cervical vertebra? all free ; the second with a broad, expanded lateral process, with a large perforation in the upper . part of its base. Neural canal of cervical vertebrae oblong, transverse, broad and low, not more than three-fourths of the width of the body of the vertebrae. Tympanic bone oblong, elongate. Vertebrae 60 or 64. Ribs 14 to 16. First rib simple, compressed, not divided ; head with a compressed internal process near the condyle. Lower jaw thick, convex on the sides, with a conical coronoid process. Physalus, Lacep. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, 88 ; Cai. Cetac. 34, 1850 ; P. Z. S. 1864, 215 Physalis, Fleming, B. A. 1828. Physeliis, Majin. Balaena tripennis, B.aij (Razorback). BalajDopterus, sp., Lacep. Balsenoptera, sp., Lacep. Pterobala^ua, sp., Eschr. Ogmobalffina, Eschr. WalUhiere, 7, 1849. The head elongate, flattened, about one-eighth the whole length. The eye is near the angle of the mouth, and the blowers lunate, covered by a valve and separated by a longitudinal groove. The throat and chest with deep longitudinal folds and very dilatile. The dorsal fin compressed, falcate, three-fourths the length of the body from the nose, behind the line over the orifice of generation. The pectoral moderate, about one-eighth the length of the body, one- fourth the length of the body from the nose, of four fingers. The vent under the front of the dorsal fin. Male organs two-fifths from the chin, in front of line of dorsal ; female near vent. Vertebrge 60-64 ; cervical vertebrae all separate and free. The skull is broad, depressed ; nose broad, gradually tapering, with straight sides, with a narrow interorbital space (Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 373. t. 26). Maxilla 140 BALiENOI'TERID-Ti:. and intermaxilla narrower than in Megaptera (see Eschr. (K^ 162 BAL^NOPTERIDJE. 2. Physalus Brasiliensis. Balsenoptera Brasiliensis, Grmj, Zool. E. ^- T. 51 ; Cat. Ost. Spec. App. 142. Physalus Brasiliensis, Graij, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 43. I have also received from Mr. Smith specimens of what is called in trade Bahla Firmer. This baleen is black ; the fibres on the edge of the larger flakes arc pnrplish brown, and of the smaller or terminal ones paler brown. They are 35 inches long by 11| inches wide; and the smaller, 10 inches long and 4 inches wide at the base. Thi(^ is so different in appearance from the other baleen of this genus that I propose to call it Balcenoptera Brasiliensis. a. Three plates of baleen, " Bahia Finner." Bahia. 3. Physalus ? fasciatus. The Peruvian Finner. " Lower jaw scarcely longer than the upper ; head and back ash- brown ; belly whitish ; tips of fins and a streak from the eye to the middle of the body white. Length 38 feet." — TsclmcU. Balsenoptera, n. s., TscJnifK, Mam7n. Consp. Peruana, 13. Bala^noptera Tschudi, Reich. Cetac. 33 ; IViec/m. Arch. 1844, 255. Physalus fasciatus, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 42. Inhab. coast of Peru. 4. Physalus Indicus. " Lower jaw remarkably slender." Balfenoptera Indica, Great Borqual of the Indian Ocean, Blyth, Journ. A. S. xxi. 358, xxii. 414; Pep. Asiatic Society Calcutta, xxviii. 5; Frie7ul of India, 1842, Sept. 15. Balsenoptera, sp., Heuylin, in Sitztmysher. d. Math.-naturw. Acad. d. Wissensch. zu Wien, 1851, vii. 449. Physalus, sp., Flotcer, P. Z. S. 18G4, 408, note. Inhab. Red Sea. Mr. Blyth records the following : — 1. Chittagong coast, 15th August 1842, 90 feet long and 42 feet in diameter. 2. Arakan coast, 84 feet long. Lower jaw remarkably slender, the coronoid process well developed. Length 2 1 feet. Radius 38| inches long. 3. A large jaw-bone of a Whale {Asiat. Res. xv. Append. p. xxjfiv). 4. Yertebra and cranium of a Whale {Asiat. Bes. xvii. 624, and Glean, of Science, ii. 71). 5. A skull and lower jaw, 10 feet long, from Arakan. In the Museum of the Calcutta Medical College. "V^Tiales seem to have been not unfrequently stranded on the coast of Mekran. Thus ]!^earchus, the commander of Alexander's fleet from the Indus to the Persian Gulf, b.c. 327, described the Ichthyophagi of that woodless region as using the bones of whales for building- purposes (see Vincent's Voyage of Ncarchus, p. 267-269, quoted by Blyth). " Whales are very rarely seen " in Ceylon ; " a dead one is occa- 5. PHYSALTJS. 163 sionally stranded. The skeleton of one cast ashore some twenty- years ago at Mount Lavinia is still in the museum at Colombo." — Kelaart, Prod. Faunce ZeyJonicce, 1852. " Whales are frequently captured within sight of Colombo." — Tennent's Ceylon. " Whales are very common on the coast of Alipi, South Malabar. American ships, and occasionally Swedish ones, call at Cochin for stores during their cruises for them, but no English whalers ever come here that I have heard of. One [whale], said to be 100 feet long, was sti-anded on the coast. I saw some of the vertebrae and ribs about three years ago. Last year another, 90 feet long, got among the reefs in Quilon, and was murdered by some hundreds of natives with guns, spears, axes, &c., and was cut up and eaten, salted and dried as well as fresh. The Eoman Catholic fishermen of the coast pronounced it ' fii'st chop beef.' " The Maldives and Seychelles are said to be the headquarters of the whalers who seek for these whales. I am soriy I never noticed the jaw-bones sufficiently, for I saw them on the beach." — Hev. H. Baker, of Ali])i, S. Malabar, quoted by Blyth. 5. Physalus ? Iwasi. The Jajpan Finner. Black ; side white-spotted ; belly white. Balsenoptera arctica, Schlegel, Faun. Japmi. 26. Physalus ? Iwasi, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 42. Balsena sulcata antarctica, Schleyel, Abh. 43 ; Faun. Japon. Mamm. t. .30. . Inhab. Japan. A species of this genus is known in Japan under the name of Iiuasi Kuzira. It is very rare. One was cast ashore in 1760 at Kii, which was about 25 feet long ; black, belly whitish, sides white -spotted. They distinguish it from the other whales by the head being smaller, narrower, and more pointed, and the pectoral shorter. It was driven ashore by the SaJcanata (Grampus). No remains of this species were brought home by M. Siebold. Temminck (Fauna Japonica) regards it as identical with the Northern species. It is very desirable that the bones of the Japan and Northern specimens should be accurately compared. It may be observed that several animals, the Mole and the Badger for example, were formerly said to be like the European species, but I'ecent research has shown that they are distinct, and they are now so considered in the ' Fauna Japonica.' The following species are described by Lacepede from Chinese dra'^dngs (see Mem.Mus.iv. 473): — Bakenoptera _pmictidata, B.niyra, B. ccerulescens, and B. maculata. " Razorbacks occur in the Strait of Formosa. Some Americans fitted out lorchas for their capture, and erected boiling-houses at Swatow, but they said they yielded too little oil to compensate for the trouble and risk incurred in their capture, as they are dangerous creatures to meddle with. They have very large flat heads and smooth backs. Seldom a year passes but one is stranded some- M 2 164 HAL-EXOPTERID.K. wliere in the \'icinage of Swatow."^ — Sn'hihoe, I'roc. Asiatic Soc. Benr/al, 1863. 6. Physahis antarcticus. Balienoptera autarctica, Orai/, Zool. E. i^- T. 51. Physalus antarcticus. Gray, Cat. Cetac. B, M. 1850, 43. There has been imported from New Zealand a quantity of finner- fins, or baleen, which are all yellowish white ; this doubtless indicates a different species. The Fiiiner Whales also inhabit the Columbian shores. Lewis and Clarke mention the skeleton of a Rorqual found near the Columbia lliver, 105 feet long. — Travels, 422. Chamisso, in his accounts of the wooden models of whales which were made by the Aleutians, of the species found in their seas, which he deposited in the Berlin Museum, and described and figured in the N, Acta Nat. Cur. xii. 212, figures three kinds of this genus : viz. AhuqnUch, t. 16. f. 2; Munyidach, t. 16. f. 3; and Agamachtscliich, t. 18. f. 4, the B. Ar/amachschil; Pallas, Zool. Eosso-Asiat. i. t. a. If reliance is to be placed on the wooden models made by the Aleutians, which have been described and figured by Chamisso — and many of them are not bad representations of known genera — there is a genus found at Kamtschatka which has not yet been described. It is called Balmia Tschiel-agluk by Pallas (Zool. Rosso-Asiat. i. 289 ; Nov. Act. Nat. Cur, xii. 259. 1. 19. f. 6). It has no dorsal fin, and a smooth belly and chest ; the upper and lower part of the under portion of the body are slightly keeled ; the head rounded, like Balce- noptera, with the blower on the hinder part of the crown. The lower side of the tail and the pectoral are white. 6. CUVIERIUS. The rostrum of the skuU very broad, continued as far as the middle with very little diminution of width, and then roimded ; outer margin much more convex in the front half. Maxillary bones broad as in Megapteru. The atlas with short, thick, rounded lateral processes growing straight out of the upper half of the sides of the body. The axis vnth two short broad lateral processes which do not completely unite, having a regular oval basal aperture. The cervical vertebra) with oblong rounded bodies, with upper and lower lateral processes which are not united into a ring. The neural canal trans- versely oblong, flattened above. Vertebroe 64. Eibs 15 . 15 ; head of first undivided ; the second and third each with a well-developed capitular process, which is longest and most slender in the third. Stermim irregularly oval, notched in front. The scapula with a dis- tinct acromion and coracoid. The humerus moderate. The radius and ulna much longer than the humerus. Phalanges long. This geiins is intermediate between Phgsala.s and Sihhaldiits ; it has the broad rostrum of the latter and the vertebra? and ribs of the former, and a peculiar sternum. U. CUVIERIUS. 105 1. Cuvierius latirostris. Physalus latii'ostris, Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1804; 410-414. Inhab. North Sea. Skeleton of yoiing specimen in the museum of the late Professor Lidth de Jeude, at Utrecht. " In the collection of the late Professor Lidth de Jeude, at Utrecht, is a fine skeleton of a Fin-Whale. It was obtained on the coast of Holland. It was from a young animal. The epiphyses were de- tached from both ends of the bodies of all the vertebree between the axis and the last two or three of the tail ; also from both ends of the humerus and bones of the forearm. The exoccijntal, parietal, and squamosal bones were non-united ; and moreover the processes of the vertebraj were imperfectly ossified, as shown by the conchtion of their ends, and their shortness compared with the large size of the bodies of the bones. It was more advanced, however, than the specimen examined at the Hague. ^' The length of the cranium is 9' 10"; of the vertebral column, the bones being placed close together, without the epiphyses, 31' 2" ; to this must be added at least 5 feet for the thickness of the epiphj-ses and the intervertebral spaces ; so tliat the whole animal could not have been much short of 50 feet in length. The number of vertebrte is C. 7, D. 15, remainder (of which 15 or 16 are lumbar) 42 = 04. The column is quite complete, and ends, not in an elongated bone composed of two or three centrums anchylosed, but in a small, flat, circular, disk -like bone half an incli in diameter. The penultimate vertebra is simple, short, rounded at the edges, and about an inch in diameter. The one before this is much larger in every direction, increasing rapidly at its anterior end. " The craniimi presents-many of the characters before attributed to the genus Physalus, but with some peculiarities that I have not met with in any other specimen. The n;ost remarkable of these is the great width of the rostrum, which, instead of gradually and steadily contracting from the base to the apex, as in P. antiquorum and the members of the genera SihhaJdivs and Bcda'noptera, continues as far as the middle with very little diminution of width, so that the outer border is much more strongly convex in the anterior half. This is occasioned by the width of the maxillary bone, which more resembles that of Megaptera longimana. The great difterence of the propor- tional breadth of the beak to the length of the cranium in this specimen, as compared with other Fin-Whales, is seen in the Table at p. 112, and in the Table of dimensions below. I may mention also that the breadth of the palatine surface of the maxillary, measured in a straight line, at the middle of the beak, is 16", whereas in the cranium of a Common Fin-^Miale (P. antiquorum) in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, of almost the same length (viz. 9' 3"), it is biit 11 g". The na-^al bones are very broad and short, raised to a ridge in the middle line, and hollowed on each side on the upper surface and anterior border, though to a less extent than in the common species. The orbital plate of the frontal resembles in its general form that of PJn/sahis antiquorum, but is rather less IGO BAL^NOPTEKID^. narrowed externally. The lower jaw is massive, has a high, pointed coronoid process, and a considerable but not excessive curve. 'Dimensions (in inches) of Skxlls of different examples 0/ Physalus antiquorum and of the specimen at Utrecht. Length of skull in a straight line Breadth of condyles ^ Breadth of exoccipitals Breadth of squamosals (greatest breadth 1 of skull) ] Length of supraoccipital Length of articular process of squamosal ... Orbital process of frontal, length Orbital process of frontal, breadth at base \ (from curved border of maxillary to \ hinder edge of orbital process of frontal) J Orbital process of frontal, breadth at upper 1 surface of outer end J Nasals, length Nasals, breadtli of the two, at posterior end Nasals, breadth of the two, at anterior end Length of beak (fi-om curved border of | maxillary to tip of beak) J Length of maxillary Projection of maxillary beyond premaxillary Breadth of maxillaries at hinder end Breadtli of maxillaries across orbital pro- cesses (following curve) Breadth of beak at base (all the measure- ments across the beak include the curve of the upper surface) Breadth of beak at one-quarter of its length from base Breadth of maxillary at the same point..., Breadth of premaxillary at same point .... Breadth of beak at middle Breadth of maxillary at middle Breadth of premaxillary at middle Breadth of beak at three-quarters of its length from base Breadth of maxillary at same point Breadth of premaxillary at same point Length of lower jaw in a straight line Height at coronoid process Height at middle Amount of curve (greatest distance of the ) inner surface of the jaw from a straight i line drawn between the extremities) ... J 118 15 36 60 27 28 19^ 22 13i 3 32 11 4 22 5^ 112 18 5 8 =3 11 5 184 12 56 96 41 36 32 34 18 8i 6 n 133 145 9 17 89 56 45 13* 9i 5i Hi-^ 186 14 55 86 37i 34 30 32 17 7 7i 132 142. 10, 17 18^ 5 3i 180 21 179 12 54 78 38 35 29 35 18 8^ 3 9 119 137 8 15 84 54 55 45 14i 5 36 10 6 23 5 5 177 23 13 24 42 13^ 6 32 10 5 21 4i '^1 §0 a. O . u 126 14i 39 60 26 25 25 12* 8^ 4 6^ 79 86 9 14 60 38 111 lU 38 56 26 24 19 21 12i 7 3 6 75 87 i's 57 39 30 10 3i 22i 7i 3 13 3 2i 112 15 73 15 Flower, P. Z. S. 18G4, 411. " In all the characters by which the atlas of Physalus differs from that of Sibbaldins, the present specimen agrees with the former. 6. CTTTIERIUS. 167 The transverse processes are short, thick, and rounded, growing straight out of the U2)per half of the sides of the body of the bone, but, as said before, incomplete at their ends. It measures 14A" in height, and 23" in extreme width ; 16" across the articular surface for the skull, each facet being 12|" in height and 6" in width ; at their lower end these do not meet by a space of 2". The neural canal is 10" in height, 51" wide at the upper end, contracts rather above its middle to 3|", then expands somewhat again. The body of the axis measures 16" across and 7g" in depth ; with the processes, it is 24|" wide and 16|" high ; the neural canal is 6^" wide by 5|" high. The upper and lower transverse processes do not completely unite, although they approach on one side within half an inch, on the other not quite so much ; their extremities, however, are not ossified. The opening between them is regularly oval, 4|" long and 3^" wide. " The bodies of the remaining cervical vertebrae are rounded ob- longs, their arches are low, and their spines little developed ; the neural canals transversely elongated, and flattened above ; from the third to the sixth, each has an upper and lower transverse process, the upper ones rising somewhat from the body of the vertebrae, before taking their outward and downward course, very thin, especially at their concave margin, gradually and very slightly decreasing in length. The lower processes somewhat shorter, and considerably broader, though thin ; vnth a tuberosity on their under edge near the base ; decreasing regularly in length, that of the sixth vertebra being notably shorter than the others. In the seventh vertebra the upper process is wider than in the others, and the lower one is reduced to a mere tubercle. " Dimenslo'iis of the Cervical VertebrtB (in incJies). Extreme height. Extreme width. Height of body. Width of body. Height of neural canal. Width of neural canal. Third 14 14 14^ 15 15^ 23 22 22 21i 22 8 8^ 8i 8i 13 12i 12 IH 111 4 34 Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh " There are 15 pairs of ribs. The first has an undivided head. The tuberosity is prominent but narrow, and a thin crest extends from it for some distance along the convex border of the rib. The greatest length in a straight line is 34" ; the breadth at the middle 3", at the lower end 6". The second and third ribs have both well-developed capitular processes extending towards the bodies of the vertebrae, longer and more slender in the third. In the fourth this process is nearly obsolete, and absent in all the succeeding ones. There are rough surfaces on the infero-lateral portions of the hinder edges of the bodies of the first and second dorsal vertebrae, to which those processes of the ribs were connected, probably by the intervention of a strong ligament. The length of the second rib is 49" ; of the thii'd 59". 168 BALiENOPTERID^i:. " A bone which, from its general appearance, texture, and surface, I presume mxist be the sternum, especially as there was no other which could have represented this portion of the skeleton, presents most anomalous characters. It is very flat on both surfaces, a little more than 1" in thickness, of an irregularly oval form, being larger on one side than the other, and slightly produced at what I suppose would be the posterior border, and notched in the anterior. It is only 5f " in its greatest diameter (transverse), and 4" in the other direction. Certainly the condition of the edges gave evidence of a bone incom- pletely ossified ; but its verj' small size, especially in the antero- posterior direction, for a Phi/salas of the dimensions of the one under examination, is very remarkable. " The body of the hyoid I was unable to find ; but the stj'lo-hyals are slightly curved, compressed, with a thick convex border, and a thinner concave border, rather larger at one end than the other ; 14" in length, 4;|" in greatest width, and 2" in thickness ; jiresenting, in fact, the usual form seen in the genus Phymlus. The scapula and arm-bones had also the ordinary form ; the former is 21" in height, and 35^" in breadth ; the acromion 7|" long, and 3^" in breadth ; the coracoid 2^" long ; the glenoid fossa 10|" by 7". The humerus is 17" long, 1^' va. longest diametei", and 20" in circumference at the middle. The radius is 27" long, 6" in breadth at the iipper end, 4-|" at the middle and 7|" below, and 3" thick at the middle. The ulna is 25" long, 7" across at the top, 3^" at the middle (and 2" in thickness), and 5|" at the lower end. The circumference of the two bones together at their middle is 20^". The metacarpal bones are long for the size of the animal, being respectively, beginning at the radial side, 6", 8", 6|", and 4;\" ; whereas the same bones in the adult Common Fin- Whale in the Antwerp Zoological Gardens are 4|", 6", 6", and 4^" ; and in the specimen in the Alexandra Park 4|-", 6", 5", 3f". The phalanges are long, and rather diff'crent in number from those in the specimens of the Common Fin- Whale which I have examined, being 4, 5, 5, and 3 in the several digits, com- mencing on the radial side with No. II. In the Antwerp PJnjsalus they are 2, 7, 6, and 3. But, as in both cases they have been arti- ficially articulated, much importance cannot be attached to these numbers. " This skeleton differs in some respects from any other that I have seen, nor can I identify it with any published description sufiiciently detailed for exact comparison. That it belongs to the genus PJiysahis as above defined there is little question. The only difiiculty is in the form of the sternum. It must be remembered that the indiA-idual was young, and the bone, being slow of development, is subject to considerable variation in form during growth, and also, when fully grown, to great individual diversities of form. It scarcely seems advisable, therefore, on account of this one specimen to modify the generic diagnosis as regards this bone, though such a course might be necessary if a very small oval, transverselj^ elongated sternum were found characteristic of the adult animals belonging to the species. I think that there can bo no question that this character, together 7. SIBBALDIUS. 10!) with the additional two caudal vertebne, the wide maxillaries, the more elongated metacarpals, and the slight dift'erences in the form of the cervical vertebrae and the ribs, are sufficient to establish a well-marked species ; and, unless it can be identified with any that has been previouslj' described, I would suggest the name of latirosfris as an appropriate designation." — Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 411-414. B. Vertehrte 55. The first rib double-headed. 7. SIBBALDIUS. The pectoral fins moderate. The second cervical vertebra with a broad elongated lateral process, perforated at the base. The first and second ribs double-headed. Lower jaw compressed, high, flat on the sides, with a conical coronoid process. Vertebrae 55 or 56. Ribs 13 . 13 or 14 . 14. Balsenoptera, sp., Gray. Pterobalfeua, sp., Eschricht, Van Bcneden. Sibbaldus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 223 ; Ann. 8f Maq. N. H. 1864, xiv. 352. Sibbaldius, Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 392. Pectoral fin one-eighth of the entire length; and the dorsal fin, '' opposite the opening of the vent," nearly three-fourths of the entire length from the nose. Skull very broad. Maxillary bones very broad, gradually tapering, with nearly straight outer edges. The intermaxillaries moderate, linear. The frontal bones broad, band- like, with a wide sinuous edge over the orbits. Nasal bones small. The lower jaw slightly arched, compressed, with a conical ramus near the condyle. The lateral process of the second cervical vertebra expanded, with a basal perforation (Rudolphi, Berl. Trans. 1822, t. 1. f..2). Tympanic bone oblong, ventricose (see Dubar, t. 4. f, 1 ; Rudolphi, t. 3. f. G). The lateral processes of the second to the sixth cervical vertebrae separate, elongate. The arm-bones strong, the forearm-bones nearly double the length of the humerus. The sca- pula broad, with a large, well-developed coracoid process in front. The hand with four rather short fingers ; the second and third equal and longest ; the inner or fourth rather shorter than the first. Phalanges 4.5.5.3. Vertebne 54. Ribs 13 or 14. The first rib slender, with a process on the side near the condyle, as if the rib was divided into two somewhat similar lobes above (Rudolphi, t. 5. f. 6). According to Diibar, the first rib is articulated to the first and second dorsal vertebrae. The under jaw less curved ; but the great character is that the front rib is split into two separate parts near the condyle, or double- headed as Dubar calls it. The tympanic bones are short, oblong, swollen (figured in situ in the skull, Rudolphi, I. e. t. 3. f. 6). " Total number of vertebra? 56-58. Ribs 14 pairs. Orbital pro- cess of frontal bone nearly as broad at outer end as at the base. Nasal bones elongate, narrow, flat, or very slightly hollowed on the sides of the upper surface, obliquely truncated at the anterior end 170 BAL^NOPTERID^. (fig. 13, e, p. 111). Lacrymal bones thickened and rounded at the outer end. Lower jaw with a comparatively slight curve, and a low, obtusely triangular coronoid process. Neural arches of the cer'vdcal vertebi'ae high, and their spines well developed. Transverse process of atlas arising from upper two-thirds of side of the body, short, and deep from above downwards (fig. 41, p. 181 ; fig. 42, p. 182). On the hinder border of the under surface a median pointed triangular process, directed backwards and articulating with the axis. Upper and lower transverse processes of the second to the sixth vertebrae inclusive well developed, broad, and flat (united at their ends in the adult, except the sixth ?). Lower process of the sixth short, broad, and much twisted on itself. Head of the first rib bifurcated into an anterior and posterior division, articulating with the extremities of the transverse processes of the seventh cervical and fii-st dorsal vertebrae respectively. Second, third, and fourth ribs with short capitular pro- cesses. Sternum very small, short,and broad, somewhat lozenge-shaped (fig. 12, 6, p. 110). Stylohyals very broad and flat (fig. 48, p. 184). " Type species, S. latkeps, Gray r— Flower, P.Z.S. 1864, 392, 393. Flo-. 37 Sibbaldius laticops (from Rudolphi). Cuv. t. 26. f. 6. Professor Schlegel seems to think that the bifurcation of the first rib is a mark of youth, for he observes, " It appears that in old specimens of the Bahmoptera Physalns this bifurcation is grown to one solid mass This singular character has often induced me to believe that the first rib, as it is called, is only the horns of the os hyoides." — Letter, 24th Auguf^t 1864. I may observe, in reply, that the full-grown specimen described as the " Ostend Whale " had the bifurcation well developed. * Dorsal jftn compressed, falcate, two-thirds of the entire length from the nose, liibs 13 . 13. First rib shm-t, dilated at the sternal end. Sternum with an elongate, narrow posterior lobe. Rudolphius. 1. Sibbaldius laticeps. Black, beneath white. Upper jaws wide, in the skuU only twice as long as the width of their base in front of the orbits ; the lower 7. SIBBALDIUS. 171 jaws slightly curved and scarcely wider than the edge of the upper ones. Pectoral fin one-eighth of the entire length, and rather more than one-third, and the dorsal nearly three-fourths, from the nose. The length was 31 feet 1 inch, from nose to the eye 2 feet 9 inches, to blower 3 feet 11 inches, to pectoral 3 feet 6| inches, to the front of the dorsal 19 feet 2 inches, to the vent 21 feet. Balfena rostrata, Rtidolphi, Bed. Abhandl. 1820, t. 1 Tnot Hunter) ; Brnndt i^f Ratzeb. Med. Zool. i. 119. t. 15. f. 3, t. 16. f. 12 ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. Rorqual du Nord, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 5G4. t. 26. f. 6 (copied from BudolpJii). BalfBnoptera laticeps, Gray, Zool. E. 8f T. (from Rudolphi) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 37. Balsena borealis (part.), Fischer, Syn. 524 (from Cuvier). Balsena Physalus (part.), ISiihson, Scand. Fauna, 635. Pterobalsena Boops (part.), Eschricht, K. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. 1849, 130, 131. Baljenoptera borealis (part.), Rapp, Cetac. 51. Inhab. North Sea. Holstein, 1819 (EudoJpJd) ; skeleton in Mus. Berlin, 31 feet long. Zuyder Zee, 1816, skeleton in Mus. Leyden. Fig. 38. First rib of Sibhaldius laticeps. (From Rudolphi.) The blade-bones with an elongated coracoid process, bent up to- wards the upper edge of the bone, and oidy a very rudimentary acromion ; the upper edge arched ; the ends acute, the hinder one rather produced. The forearm-bones are slender, rather dilated at each end, more than twice the length of the short thick humerus ; the ulna with a rounded dilatation on the upper end (olecranon). Fingers 4, moderately long ; the two middle longest, subequal, each of seven joints ; the first shorter, of four joints ; and the fourth shorter still, of three joints. — Rudolphi, t. 1. f. 1. Entire length 31 feet 1 inch. Length from nose to front of eye 5 feet 3 inches, to pectoral fin 9 feet, to dorsal fin 19 feet 2 inches, to vent 21 feet ; length of pectoral fin 3 feet 6 inches, breadth of pectoral fin 8 inches. The OS hyoides broader in the middle, the end rather tapering and bent up towards the front, the middle of the hinder edge produced out into broad rounded lobes (see Rudolphi, t. 4. f. 1, 2). The tym- panic bones are short, oblong, swollen ; they are figured in situ in the skull (Rudolphi, I. c. t. 3. f. 6). Dorsal fin two-thirds of the 1 ,'2 li.i.L.l':N'OPTEUlD.E. t'lilirc length from tlie nose. (Length 31 feet, dorsal 19 feet.) Lilljeborg describes the dorsal fin as of the usual size, and the baleen as black. Cuvier copies the figure of the head of this whale as that of the Northern llorqu.al, and points out its distinctions from that which he had received from the Mediterranean. The nasal bones appear much broader than in the small common Finncr, Bahenoptera rostrata. J. B. Fischer, in his ' Synopsis Mammalium,' gives the name of Balcena borealis to the Rorqual da Nord of Cuvier, which is established on the BaJcfna rostrata of Kudolphi. He adds the account of the Ostend Whale to his synonyms, and gives the bifid head of the first rib as one of his specific characters ; but he mentions the Balcena Boops and B. Muscndus of Linne, and B. rostrata of Midler, as pro- bable varieties of this species. M. Van Beneden, who regarded this as the young of the follow- ing, observes that the skeleton in the Berlin Museum, from Holstein, is not quite adult ; and also states that there is a skeleton, not quite adult, in the Leyden Museum, from the Znyder Zee (1816). " A skeleton in the Leyden Museum, marked ' Balamoptera Phy- salus, Vinvisch, Zuider Zee.' This is no. 17 of Eschricht's Hst (Un- tersuchungen liber die Nordischen Wallthiere, Leipzig, 1849), accord- ing to which it was taken in the Zuider Zee, near Monnikendam, Aug. 29th, 1811, its length being 32' Rheinland. The skeleton is perfect, with the exception of the hyoid and peMc bones. The malars, lacrymals, and tympanies are present. The entire length (including the skull, which is 6' 7") is 29' 7"; but the bodies of the vertebraj are placed close together, so that 2 or 3 feet shoidd be added for the intervertebral spaces. The animal was young ; the epiphyses of all the vertebras, including that of the hinder surface of the axis, are separate from the bodies, as well as those of both ends of the humerus, radius, and ulna. The vertebral formula is C. 7, D. 13 or 14, L. 16 or 15, C. 19 = 55; but the last caudal is elongated, and really consists of two bodies anchylosed, with even a minute rudimentary third. The cervical vertebrae exhibit all the cha- racters peculiar to the genus ; but their lateral processes are, as the surface of the bone shows, incomplete at the ends. The atlas has a deep, compressed-from-before-backwards, short transverse process, and a backward-directed, median triangular projection on the under surface of its body for articulation with the axis. The five following vertebrai have each an upper and lower transverse process, but not united together at their ends in any of them — not quite, even in the second. The processes are of tolerably equal length throughout, except the lower one of the sixth vertebra, which is shorter and broad, and twisted on itself so that its flat surface is horizontal at the end. The upper processes are slenderer than the lower, and become more so posteriorly. The spaces between the iipper and lower processes, in vertical height, are in the second 2"-2, in the third 4"-2, in the fourth 4"-2, in the fifth 4"-l, in the sixth 4"-7. The spines are comparatively well developed, especially that of the axis. "There are thirteen pairs of ribs present : but it is probable that 7. SIBBALDICS, 17;^ the posterior pair are wanting. The first has a hljid articuhir head, the cleft extending to the depth of 5 inches. It articulates by this with the transverse processes of the seventh cervical and first dorsal. Its extreme length in a straight line is 'ZV ; its breadth at the middle 2|", at the lower end 41-". The second, tliird, and fourth have short ca^iitular processes, not reaching halfwaj' to the bodies of the ver- tebrce. These processes are absent in all the others. The longest rib (the fifth) is 41" in a straight line, the twelfth is 81", and the thirteenth 30". There are ten chevron bones present. The ster- num is remarkably small for the size of the animal, a transversely elongated lozenge in shape, 4" in antero-posterior and 8" in trans- verse diameter. " The scapula is, as usual in the family, much elongated trans- versely, and has a long acromion process. Its length is 14", its breadth 25". The humerus is 10" long; the radixis 18|", and pro- portionately slender. The hand, artificially articulated, is 18" long ; the second digit has, besides the metacarpal, three bones, the third three bones, the fourth six bones, the fifth three bones. These numbers are probably not correct, as they do not correspond with a natural skeleton of the hand of the same species at Brussels. " The upper surface of the orbital plate of the frontal is almost of a rhomboid form. The malars are very thin ; the outer end of the lacrymals forms a thick, projecting, rounded knob. The nasal bones are almost straight across their anterior ends, slightly longer at the middle, and sloping away at the sides ; their upper surface tolerably flat, but raised to a low ridge in the middle towards the anterior end, and slightly hollowed on each side of this. The dimensions of the cranium are given in the Table at p. 180, compared with those of other specimens of the genus. The inferior maxillaries have low, obtusely triangular coronoid processes. They are articulated too close to the head, and their upper edge rotated too much inwards. This position greatly diminishes their ciu've as seen from above, and causes their extremity to bend downwards. I was much interested in observing this, as it explains away a great peculiarity in the figure of the whale in the Berlin Museum by Rudolphi (Abhandlungen Acad. Berlin, 1822), in which the same mode of articulating has caused some misconception as to the character and relation of these bones, the more important to be rectified, as this is the only figure extant of the skull of any member of this genus. " There can be little doubt that this skeleton is identical with the above-mentioned specimen described by Rudolphi ; at least, a careful perusal of his description and figure (for I have not seen the skeleton) leaves this impression on my mind. In habitat, age, size, number of vertebrae and ribs, and all other important osteological characters they agree. There are certainly slight differences in the proportions of the parts of the cranium, but not greater than are found among different individuals of undoubtedly the same species ; and it is possible that even these may arise from inaccuracies on the part of the artist. Some of the evidence also is wanting to make the comparison complete ; for instance, the sternum from the Berlin 1 74 BAL^ENOPTEETDiK. specimen, and the hyoids from the one at Lej^den. In assigning only five vertebrae to the cervical region, Rudolphi is obviously in error, being probably misled by the mode in which the skeleton was articulated. He states that the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae have all (that is, the first five) very large holes. If this is strictly correct (that is, if the holes are completely surrounded by bone), it indicates a more advanced state of ossification than in the Leyden specimen — a circumstance, of which the pecvdiaritj is some- what diminished by the fact that the skeleton of a whale of the same species, and of almost exactly the same size, in the Brussels Museum is in a condition intermediate between the two, the processes of the second and third vertebrae being completely united, but not those of the fourth and fifth. In calling his specimen Balcena rostrata, lludolphi was acting upon the idea, then prevalent, of the specific unity of many of the northern Fin-Whales now known to be distinct. Dr. Gray seems to have been the first to point out that it differed from all whales which had been previouslj^ described with anything like definite accuracy, and gave it the name of ' Rudolphi's Finner Whale,' Balcenoptera Jaticeps (Zoology of the Erebus and Terror, 1846); this name therefore has the right of priority for the species." —Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 397-399. In the Brussels Museum " there is a veiy interesting skeleton, almost the exact counterpart in size to that in the Leyden Museum. It Avas obtained by Eschricht from the North Cape. The condition of the epiphyses shows that it is young, they being all non-united both in the vertebral column and long bones ; but the ossification of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae has proceeded further than in that at Leyden. The skeleton is well articulated, and gives now a total length of 31' 8" ; but about 6" must be added for the end of the tail, which is wanting. The dimensions of the skvdl are given in the Table at p. 180. The nasals are narrow, cut off" nearly straight at their anterior ends, shghtly hollowed on each side above. The lacrymals are thickened at their outer edge. The orbital pro- cesses of the frontals broad externally. Lower jaw light, little curved, and with a short triangular coronoid process, *' There are 7 cervical, 14 dorsal, and 32 lumbo-caudal vertebrae present ; about 5 of the latter are absent, which would make a total of 58. The atlas has the usual characteristics of the genus. The transverse process of the axis forms a complete ring, the aperture of which has a length of 2|" and height of 2". The whole process is 5^" long, but is incomplete at the end ; it is 5|" in height at the middle, and the opening is situated much nearer the upper than the lower margin of the process. In the third vertebra also the upper and lower processes are united ; in the fourth, fifth, and sixth they are separate. The lower one of the sixth is shortest, broad, and twisted on itself. In the seventh the inferior process is represented by a small tubercle. "There are 13 ribs present on the right side, and 14 on the left. The fourteenth is very much thinner than the others, twisted back- wards at its lower end, with a very slender head, articulated to the 7. sinB.vi.DiTis. 175 transverse process of the vertebra. The first pair of ribs have double heads ; but the anterior head on both sides is very incompletely deve- loped, and on the right side completely detached from the remainder of the bone ; it has a pointed end below, merely applied to the main part of the rib ; so that if it had been lost in maceration, this rib might have been supposed to be simple. On the left side it is anchy- losed, but very slender. It would be interesting to ascertain, by the examination of younger specimens, whether this anterior head has always a separate centre of ossification, as it is not improbable that this singular double-headed bone is in reality formed by the coales- cence of two originally distinct ribs. The second, third, and fourth ribs have small capitular processes. The stylo-hyals are very flat, but not so broad proportionately as in the Java Whale, being 11" long and 3^" in greatest width. The bones of the fore limbs present the same general characters and proportions as in the Leyden spe- cimen from the Zuyder Zee. The sternum is absent. " This specimen has been previously mentioned in this paper as an example of Sibbaldiits Jatkeps, Gi'ay, presenting some interesting individual deviations from that at Leyden, referable to the develop- ment of the two skeletons not having proceeded pari passu in all parts of the system." — Floiver, P. Z. S. 1864, 417. ** Dorsal fin very s^nall, far behind, and placed on a thick prominence, nibs 14 . 14 ; fiist short, sternal end very broad and deeply notched, Sternwn ivith a broad short hinder lobe. Os hyoides transverse ; sides slender ; hinder edge cut out in the middle. 2. Sibbaldius borealis. The Flat-hack. Sibhaldus borealis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 223 ; Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. 352. Baleine d'Ostende, Van Breda, en letter bock, 1827, 341 ; Dubar, Os- teographie, BrKxelles, 8vo, 1828, t. 1-10; Bernaert, '■^Notice sur la Baleine echouee prl'S d'Ostende,^' Paris, 1829. Baleinoptere d'Ostende, Van dcr Linden, 1828, Bruxelles, 8vo. The Osteud Whale, Guide to the Exhibition at CJiaring Cross, tvith drawings by Scharff. Groat Northern Rorqual, " R. borealis, Lesson,^'' Jardine, Nat. Lib. 125. t. 5 {from Schurf). Balsena borealis (part.), Fischer, Syn. 524 (from Dubar). Bahenoptera Rorqual, Dewhurst, Loudon Mag. N. H. 1832, v. 214. Balfeuoptera gigas, Eschr. Sc Reinh. Nat. Bidrag, af Groenland, 1857 ; Lilljeborg, I. c. 56, 57 ; Malmgren, Arch. Naturg. 1864, 97. Pterobalasna Boops (part.), Eschr. K. Dansk. Vidensk. 1849, 134. Pterobalfena gigas, Van Beneden, Mem, Acad. Roy. Sci. Brux. 1861, xxxii. 37, 463 (not characterized). Femcde : — Balffiuoptera Boops, Yari-ell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 11. Baltenoptera tenuirostris. Sweeting, 3Iag. Nat. Hist. 1840, iv. 342. Inhab. North Sea. " A whale was observed floating dead in the North Sea between Belgium and England," and towed into the harbour of Ostend on the 4th of November 1827. The skeleton was exhibited at Charing Cross, and is now, I beheve, in the United States. I / () BAL^NOPTERID.li. This specimen was 102 feet long, the lower jaw 21| feet long, and the fins 13| feet long. Vertebrae 54. Ribs 14 . 14. The atlas {Duhar, t. 6. f. 1): the second cervical vertebra with large lateral processes, pierced with a large hole ; the third, fourth, and fifth with two lateral processes on each side, which are not formed into a complete ling as in the second ; the fifth oft'ers a rudiment of a spinal apophysis. The first rib double-headed, articidated to the th'st and second dorsal vertebrie. IJones of the ears {Dulxir, t. 5. f . 1 ) ; OS hyoides (t. 5. f. 2); breast-bone (t. 0. f. 4) not pierced, short and broad, with a broad hinder portion. The vertebral column '61 . Dubar's figures rejiresent the second, third, and fourtli cervical ver- tebra; as with a ring, and the fifth, sixth, and seventh with defiexed upper and straight lower sei)arate lateral processes. Eibs, first (t. 8. f. 1) with two heads, very broad at lower end; second (f. 2) with rather elongate internal process ; fourteenth (f. 3) (juite simple. Pelvic bones (t. 9. f. 1, 2). Shoiddcr-blade short and very broad on the external edge, with a large lobe for the ridge (t. 10). Pectoral fin and bones (t. 11). Pingers four ; the second and third nearly of equal length, and longest ; the fourth or outer shorter, longer than the first or inner. ¥\s. 39. First rib of Sibhaldius borealis. (From Dubar.) The upper jaw narrower and shorter than the lower, so as to be embraced by the lower ; a tuft of horny round filaments or long hairs, united at their roots by a common membrane and divided at the end into small points, at the tip of the snout. Eyes rather high and very near the angle of the mouth. Ear-hole near the eye, but a little further back. Hinder part of the back keeled. Dorsal fin rather less than three-fourths of the entire length from the end of the nose, exactly opposite the vent. Skin polished, black above, white beneath. Length (entire) 25 metres, of mouth 4-8, to pectoral 6'i), to navel 13-7, to front of vagina 18*1, to front of vent 18'1. Length of pec- toral fin 3-1, width of pectoral 0-65. The atlas transverse. The lateral processes thick, elongated, rather above the middle of the side {Duhar, t. 6. f. 1). The os hyoides broad in the middle and gradually tapering at each end, and with a deep notch in the middle of the hinder edge (Dubar) (Scharff^s Jh/mr). Tym])anic bone ob- long, very imperfectly figured as the o,? - T. ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 53; P. Z. S. 1863 ; 1864, 234. Physeter, R(ifin. Anal. Nat. 1815, 60. Tursio, Fleming, Phil. Zool. 211, 1822 (P. microps). Cetus (Ruckcntinne), Oken, Lehrb. Nat. 076. ? (^rthodon, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815 (no char, nor type). Physeteres, Lacep. ; F. Cm: D. S. N lix. 318. Wc only know this genus by the description and figure of Sibbald. 2. PHYSETER. 211 According to Sibbald they produce spermaceti. Cuvier, in his ' History and Examination of the Synonyma of the Cachalots or Sperm Whales ' (Oss. Foss. v. 328-338), regards the description of this animal given by Sibbald as merely a redescription of the Sperm Whale, and finds great fault with Artedi, Bonnaterre, and others for having considered them as separate ; and he regards the second, blunt-toothed specimen as either a BeJj^hmus glohiceps or a D. Tiirsio which had lost its upper teeth ; this error is important, as it vitiates many of his subsequent observations. To have come to these con- clusions he must have overlooked Sibbald's figure and ample details of the first, and the figure of the teeth of the second, or they woidd have at once shown him his error. That he did so is certain ; for when he comes to Schreber's reduced copy of Sibbald's figures of Balcena microcephala (p. 337), he saj's Schreber does not indicate its origin ; but on this copy of Sibbald's figure, which he before regarded as a Sperm Whale, he observes, that " from the form of its lower jaw it most resembles a large dolphin which had lost its upper teeth." Thus, while Cuvier was reducing the numerous species of Sperm Whales that had been made by Bonnaterre, Lacepede, and other compiling French authors, to a single species, he has inadvertently confounded with it the very distinct genus of Black-fish, or Physeter of Artedi, which has a very differently formed head, the top of the head being flattened, with the blowers on the hinder part of its crown, and with a distinct dorsal fin, particulars all well described by Sibbald, a most accurate observer and conscientious recorder, and not badly represented by Bayer. Mr. Bell observes, — " After careful examination of the various ac- counts which have from time to time been given of whales belonging to this family, called Spermaceti Whales, I have found it necessary to adopt an opinion in some measure at variance with those of most previous writers, with regard to the genera and species to which all those accounts and details are to be referred. The conclusion to which I have been led is, first, that the H'ujli-jinned Caclialot is specifically but not generically distinct from the common one, and that therefore the genus Catodon is to be abolished, and the name Physeter retained for both species ; and, secondly, that all the other species which have been distinguished by various naturalists have been founded upon trifling variations or upon vague and insufficient data." — Brit. Quad. 507. Thus, though Mr. Bell differs from Cuvier in regarding them as distinct species, yet he overlooked Sibbald's figures, for he says there is no figure of the High-finned Cachalot in existence, and keeps it in the genus Physeter, which he characterizes as having the " head enormously large, truncated in front," which is quite unlike the depressed roimded head of the High-finned Cachalot ; and he also adopts the mistaken description of the dorsal fin. Eschricht seems to believe that Sibbald described a Killer, or Orca yladiator, under the above name, but I have never heard of an Orca 52 feet long. Some parts of Sibbald's description, and his reference to Johnston's figure, might lead to this error ; but his figures, which exactly agree p2 212 CATODONTIDiE, in proportion with his description, though not referred to in the text, at once set this at rest, the dri^wing being yV of the natural size, that is to say, 6 feet to an inch ; and he observes that his animal is longer and more slender than Willughby's figure of the Sperm Whale. Sibbald describes the comparatively smaU triangular dorsal to be erect like a " mizen mast," which Artedi and Linnasus translate jyinna altissima, and cause Shaw to call it the High-finned Cachalot. Dr. Fleming by mistake calls this species the Spermaceti Whale (Brit. An, 38) ; and he refers to P. macrocepludas (Linn.) as the true Sperm Whale figured by Robertson. Sibbald, in speaking of another specimen, says, *■' spinam dorso longam" as correctly quoted by Artedi and Linnoeus, but used by them in opposition to the altissima of their other species. J. Bayer (Act. Nat. Cur. 1733, 111. 1. t. 1) gives a rather fanciful but very recog^lizable figure of a male specimen of this genus, which was thrown ashore at Nice, on the 10th of Nov, 173G, where it is called Millar, He compared it with Clusius's description of the Spei'm Whale which was stranded on the coast of Holland, and ob- serves that it has a dorsal fin, very small pectorals, and other cha- racters not noticed by Clusius ; and he says it agrees in aU points Avith the whale noticed by Ray (Syn. Pise, 14), which is extracted from Sibbald as above quoted, F. Cuvier, overlooking the reference to Clusius and Ray, and the characters, speaks thus of Bayer's figure, " EUe est en efiet d'un Cachalot ; mais eUe le rend de la maniere la moinsfidele," — Cetac. 267. Duhamel (Peches, iv, t. 9, f, 2) figured a whale from the " River Gabon " in (juinea, with teeth in the lower jaw, a dorsal on the hinder part of the back, and the blowers in the crown, as in this genus ; but the jaws are equal, and the mouth bent up at the angles to the eyes. He says it is called Grampus by the English, This figure is evidently only a copy of the Baleine franclie (Duhamel, ix, t. 1. f. 2), with teeth in the place of the exserted baleen, and has a dorsal fin added. There is an etching, by Van den Velde, of a " Pot Walwesk op Noortwijek op Zee, 28 Dec, 1614," which I think represents this species, Bealc (History of Sperm Whale, 11) observes, "Others of the whale tribe have dorsal fins while they possess the cylindi-ical jaw (like the Sperm Whale), as the Blach-Jisli, but yet spout from the forehead or top of the head, and do not produce spermaceti. It is doubtful if this is not derived from Sibbald, for it can scarcely refer to the Olohiocephalus macro rliynchns, which, according to Bennett, Nunn, and others, is called the Blaclc-fisJi by South-Sea whalers, 1. Physeter Tursio. The Black-Jish. Black. Teeth 11 to 22 on each side, conical, compressed. Head nearly one-fourth, pectoral fin one-thirteenth the entire length ; the length 50 to GO feet. 2. PnY8ETEK. 2VS Physeter Tiirsio, Artecli, Syti. ; Linn. S. N. i. 107 ; Grat/, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 5G ; P. Z. S. 18G3 ; 1864, 234. Physeter ?, Schleyel, Dieren, 90. t. 19. Delphinus Orca, Eschricht. 1. De Baloena macrocepliala qufe tertiam in dorso pinuam sive spinam habet et dentes in maxilla iuferiores arcuatos falciformes. — Sibhald, Phal. t. 1. f. A, B, C ; lieuce Bateua major inferiore tantum maxilla dentata dentibus arcuatis fal- ciformibus pinnam s. spiuam in dorso habet. — Rati Pisces, 15. Cetus tripiunis dentibus arcuatis felciformibus, Brisson, R. A. 229. Physeter microps, Artedi, Si/n. ; Linn. S. JV. i. 107 ; Schrebcr, Sdugeth. t. 339 ; Anderson, Iceland, 248, fig. from Sibbald; l\irton, B. F. 17 ; Fleming, B. A. 38 ; Jemjns, Man. 45 ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 512. Physeter macrocephalus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 331, 334. Tursio microps, Fleming, Phil. Zool. 211, 2. Balsena macrocephala tripinna quae in mandibula inferiore dentes habet minus inflexos et in planimi desinentes. — Sibbald, Phal. t. 2. f. 1, 2, 4, 5 (teeth) ; Rail Pise. 16. Cetus tripinnis dentibus in planum desinentibus, Brisson, R. A. 230. Delphinus globiceps ? or D. Grampus ?, C'uv. Oss. Foss, v. 331, 334. 3. Mular, Bayer, Act. Nat. Cur. 111. t. 1, male; hence Physeter Mular, Bonnat. Cet. 17 ; J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 18, 1828 ( a stuifed foetus high-finned ! ! !). Physeter Orthodon, Lace]}. CH. 236, from Anderson, 246. Delphinus Bayeri, Risso, Eitr. Merid. iii. ; F. Cnv. Cetac. 224, frona Bayer. Inhab. North Sea. Scotland (Sibbald), female 1687, male 1689. Nice {Bayer)? Sibbald observes that " the superior part of the body was swelled to a prodigious size. In length it was 52 or 53 feet, its height 12 feet, its girth above 32 feet. Its head was so large that it was (the tail being removed) half the length of the whole body. In form it was oblong-round, somewhat compressed at the upper part ; in- ferior part of rostrum beyond lower jaw 2^ feet, the superior part nearly 5, Lower jaw 10 feet long. The extreme part of the ros- trum was distant 12 feet from the eyes, which were very small for the size of the head, about the size of those of the haddock. A little above the middle of the rostrum is a lobe, which is called the ' lum,' with two entrances covered with one operculum, called the ' flap.' The size of the cranium may be estimated by the fact that four men were seen inside it at one time, extracting the brain, which con- tained several cells or alveoli, like those which bees keep their honey in, and in these were round masses of a white substance, which, upon examination, were proved to be sperm. Some of this substance was also found externally on the head, in some parts to the thickness of 2 feet. In the superior jaw Avere 42 alveoli, hollowed out for receiving the teeth of the lower jaw ; they were of a cartilaginous nature. In the inferior mandible there were 42 teeth, 21 on each side, all of the same form, which was like that of a sickle, round and a little compressed, thicker and more arched in the middle, and gradually becoming thinner, terminating siipcriorly in an acute cone turning inwards ; inferiorly it becomes thinner, and terminates in a more slender root, which is narrower in the middle. Of these teeth 214 CATODONTIB.T':. those in the middle of the jaw are larger and heavier, those external are smaller. One of the larger, 9 inches long, weighed 18| oz., and at the thickest end was of the same length as breadth. The smallest tooth which I got was 7 inches long and 5 in girth. The osseous part of these teeth projected 3 inches beyond the gums, was like polished ivory, smooth and white ; the fang of each tooth was pro- vided with a large cavity, which was so constructed that in the larger teeth there was a cavity 3 inches deep. It had two lateral fins each about 4 feet long, and besides these a long fin on the back. Colour of skin black. The throat was observed to be larger than usual in whales. Only one stomach was found." The male and female seen by Sibbald have been di\'ided into two species, according to the more or less truncated state of the teeth. Mr. Wall thinks the skeleton at Burton Constable must belong to this genus, but the nostrils were at the end of the snout (see Anderson, 257). " A male with acute falciform teeth is described by Sibbald as found at Limekilns in the Forth, in February 1689. It was 52 feet long. The upper jaw projected 2^ feet beyond the lower. Lower jaw 10 feet long, and narrower than the upper towards the extremity. From the snout to the eye 12 feet. In the lower jaw were 42 teeth, 21 on each side, curved and ending in acute points, the largest of which was 9 inches long, and the least 7 inches ; these projected 3 inches above the gums, and contained a large cavity at the root. Swimmers 4 feet long, tail 9 feet broad. Sibbald also mentions a female with flat-tipped teeth, which came ashore in Orkney in 1687. The head was 8 or 9 feet high, the blowhole in front. The tusks were very little bent, and nearly solid externally, or with only a lateral slit or a smaU cavit}'. Some of the teeth were 4 inches long (figures 1-11). The dorsal fin was erect, like a mizen mast ; it jdelded good spermaceti." — Fleming, B. A. 38. Mr. Lowe states that this species frequently comes ashore in Orkney. One was caught at Hoy, 50 feet long. — Lowe, Orkney, 160 ; Fleming, B. A. 39. Mr. Barclay, of Zetland, states that " the Physeter Tursio, or High-finned Cachalot, is frequentl)^ seen on these coasts in summer, and is easily distinguished by the long perpendicular fin on its back " (Bell, Brit. Ouad. 513). Mr. WiUiam Thompson, of Belfast, published a sketch of the fin of this whale as said to be seen by Captain Thomas "Walker of Kelmore, Wexford (see Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, xviii. 310, fig.). ''There were either five or seven of them, two much larger than the rest, and apparently 25 feet long. When I first saw it I thought it was a cot (small flat- bottomed boat) at anchor, her tarred sail made up to the mast ; more then rose, and they crossed in a long file the bows of my boat. They were not more than 3 or 4 yards from me, and the back fin appeared 10 or 12 feet high, and had either before or behind a round white spot on the back ; all the rest of the body was black, like a porpoise. I did not see the head or tail. They went steadily, not rolling like a porpoise." 3. KOGIA. 215 Mr. Couch thinks he has seen this whale " on the coast of Corn- wall. It also occurred in May 1850. The fin was not less than 7 feet high." He further observes, " This species is supposed to be the whale sometimes seen on the Cornish coast sailing rapidly along at a uniform elevation in the water, with its slender but elevated fin above the surface white. The body is lineated below." — Cowh, Corn. Fauna, 7. In the Catalogue of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, the truncated whale's-teeth are called " the teeth of the High-liuned Cachalot, P. Tavsio'V p. 171, n. 1189-1194. And the small jaws of the Sperm Whale are called " the Lesser Cachalot {Physeter Cato- don, Linn.)." See also Physeter sulcatus (Lacep. Mem. Mus. iv. 475), fi'om a Japanese drawing, with the dorsal fin over the pectoral and the jaws grooved. The Black-fish, or Balcena microcephaliis of Sibbald, the Physeter microps, Avhich I thought formerly might be the Ardluk of 0. Fabri- cius, but which Eschricht after much consideration feels assured is the female Delphinus Orca, has entirely escaped the research of Eschricht and all other writers on the Whales of the Korth Seas. The greatest desideratum of zoology is the power of examining some specimens of the genus Physeter, or Black-fish as it is called by the whalers. There is not a bone, nor even a fragment of a bone, nor any part that can be pi'oved to have belonged to a specimen of this gigantic animal to be seen in any museum in Europe. This is the more remarkable as the animal grows to the length of more than 50 feet, and is mentioned under the name of the Black-fish in almost all the Whaling Voyages ; and two specimens of it were examined by Sibbald, having occm'red on the coast of Scotland. The only account which we have of the animal, on which zoologists can place any reliance, is that furnished by Sibbald in his little tractate on Scotch Whales. The Balcena minoribvs in inferiore maxilla tantum dentatis (Sibb. Phal. 24), on which Linnaeus established Physeter Catodon, and Fleming the Catodon Sihhaldii, is evidently a Beluga. 3. KOGIA. Head moderately short, very broad, rounded behind and sub- tetrangular in fi-ont, where the base is broad, and the snout trun- cated, slightly refiexed and marginated at the extremity. The blow- hole single, externally large, situated at the base of the forehead near the middle of the head. Snout turned up at the margin. Pectoral fin broad, truncated, with 5 fingers, first and fifth shortest, second longest, third and fourth gradually shorter. Dorsal fin tri- angular ; front edge rather convex, at an angle of 45° ; hinder edge concave, perpendicular. Caudal triangular, terminal edge sinuated. SkuU broad, triangular ; beak short, broad, flat above ; hinder part very broad, semicircular, and surrounded by a bony ridge formed by the maxillaries. This sperm-cavity is longitudinally divided by a 216 CATODONTID^. bony ridge near the occiput. The lower jaw wide at the condyles, ha\4ng the branches in front united by a short narrow symphysis. Teeth: none in the upper jaw; 13,13 in the lower jaw, conical, curved. Physeter, sp., Blctinv. Ann. Anat. et Phys. ii. 335 ; Lesson, N. Rig. Anim. 201. Kogia, Grmj, Zool. Erehus Sf Terror, 22 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 18. Euphysetes, MacLeay ( WaU), Hist New Sjiertn Whale, 1851,50, 53, t. 2. Fio-. 56. Skull and lower jaw of Koffia breviceps. From De Blainville. " The most important character of the genus Eiipliysetes is the heavy ridge of bone that longitudinally divides the spermaceti-cavity into two unequal parts. There has been nothing like this structure hitherto described among the Cetacea" (Wall, /. c. 47). This cha- racter at once separates it from the skuU of the foetal Catodon, with which some zoologists have been inclined to confound it. 3. KOGIA. 217 " Instead of the pei'pendicular and semicircular wall as in Catodon being formed by the maxillary and doubled on the occiput, forming the back of a great cavity on the summit of the head, we see a cavity, although it is completely formed at the back by the maxillaries, divided as it were into two unequal parts by a ridge of bone, which is twisted towards the right side of the head." — Wall, I. c. 39. 1. Kogia breviceps. The Short-headed Whale. SkuU broad and high, the frontal crest distinct, and the nasal pit deep, rather like that of the Cachalot. Nose short and pointed, rapidly tapering, only 1 inch longer than the breadth of the occipital bone. The lower jaw is very wide apart at the condyles, bent sharply inwards, and united in front by a moderate symphysis, and very narrow but rounded at the end. Teeth 14 or 15, narrow, slender, conical, acute, and rather arched inwardly. Physeter breviceps, Blainv. Ann. Anat. et Phys. 1838, ii. 335. pi. x. (skuU) ; Lesson, N, jR^g. Anim. 201. Kogia breviceps, Gray, Zool. Erehus i^ Terror, 22. Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (Mus. Paris). Described from a single skull in the Paris Museum. Length of the skiill 14 inches 6 lines. Lower jaw 13 inches, separation at the condyles 12 inches, symphysis about two-ninths of the length of the lower jaw. Beak the length of the width at the notch. " Tete osseuse est extremement large et fort elevee (figs. 3 & 4), ay ant les cretes frontales tres remontees et par consequent les fosses nasales fort profondes, un peu comme dans les Cachalots, et se ter- minant tres rapidement par des maxillaires tres courts et pointus, en sorte que la longueur totale est a peine d'un pouce superieure a la lon- gueur occipitale. La machoire inferieure (figs. 1, 2) a necessairement une forme analogue, c'est a dire que tres larges entre les condyles, les deux branches se rapprochent presque aussitot, comme dans un soufflet, pour former une symphyse assez longue et une extremite etroite, mais arrondie a sa termination. II me parait a peu pres certain qu'il n'y avait pas de dents a la machoire superieure ; quant a Finferieure, elle en avait 14 ou 15 de chaque cote, dont toutes ne sent pas restees ; cinq seulement du cote gauche, quatre a droite, etaient encore dans leurs alve'oles: quelques autres y ont cte re- placees : elles sont etroites, greles, coniques, aigues, un peu arquees en dedans, et longues de 6 ou 8 lignes (fig. 5, de grandeur naturelle). " Longueur de la machoire inferieure 13 pouces, ecartement de ses condyles 12 pouces. Longueur du crane 14 pouces et demi. " Une autre particularity qu'offre ce crane consiste dans une ine- galite telle des fosses nasales que la droite est presque a I'etat rudi- mentaire, etant vingt fois peut-etre plus petite que I'autre." — De Blainville, torn. cit. p. 337. 218 CATODONTID-E. 2. Kogia Grayii. Beak of skull much truncated and blunt, shorter than broad (that is, as 14 to 8) at the occipital bone, and shorter than it is wide (that is, as 7 to 9) at the notch. Teeth ^^=20. Euphysetes Grajdi, W. S. MacLeay, ( Wall) Hist. Neio Sperm Whale, 1851, 8vo, p. 37. t. 2 (skeleton). Inhab. Australia. " Head short and very broad, with a low snout, a convex forehead, at the base of which was a large single hlowliole, placed at about the middle of the head (aperture circular? or lunate?) ; the snout turned up with a margin like that of a pig ; roof of the mouth with a series of sockets on each side for receiving the teeth of the under jaw ; under jaw very thin, narrow, subcylindrical, with hollow conical teeth inserted somewhat horizontally, with the points slightly curved upwards, and worn at the tips ; the eyes low down, in front of a very weak pectoral fin. Dorsal fin like that of a Dolphin ; the front edge rather convex and inclined backward at an angle of 45° ; the hinder edge more perpendicular and concave ; it was about 3| inches high, 6 inches long at the base. The caudal fin triangular, hinder edge sinuated, with a small deep central emargination and acute tips. The length was 9 feet, and the tail 2 feet wide. " The skeleton (with the cartilages) is about 8| feet long. The skull is 16| inches long, and not symmetrical. " There is the same want of symmetrj-, the same distortion of the bones, and the same concavity of the upper surface of the head, fonned by the enormous development of the base of the maxillaries, and the same convexity of the roof of the mouthi, as are found in the genus Catodon, and there are some anomalies that render the forma- tion more divergent from that of the Dolphins in the last-named genus. Owing to the great breadth of the vomer, the snout forms from the notches an almost equilateral triangle, with a short, blunt emarginate point instead of the long and sharp one of the genus Catodon. The intermaxillaries barely pass beyond the jjoint of the maxillaries, but, as in the Sperm Whale, the right intermaxillary mounts nearly to the occiput, high above the right nostril, which is, as it were, almost carved out of it. Instead of a perpendicular and semicircular wall formed by the maxillaries, and doubled by the occipital, forming the back of the great cavity on the summit of the head, as in Catodon, in this genus the cavity, although it is completely formed at the back by the maxillaries, chvides as it were into two unequal parts by a ridge of bone, which is twisted towards the left side of the head : this prominent, thick, and sinuated central ridge is formed by the base of the left maxillary and the base of the right intermaxillary, which both meet at the summit of the head. The right intei'maxillary does not join the occipital, but is separated from it by a thin edge of the right maxillary, so that the occipital is doubled in front by the base of the maxillaries above. The left intermaxillary is much shorter than the right one, and moimts no higher than the wall of the left nostril, which it partly forms ; the 3. KOGTA. 219 great width of the left nostril distorts these bones. The vomer, with the side of the intermaxillaries, forms a broad hoUow canal. " The nostrils are in the middle of the upper surface of the head, not perhaps so obliquely as in the genus Catodon, but they are of a much more unequal size, one being more than ten times the size of the other, throwing the nasal bones quite out of their place. The right nasal bone is a very small triangle, at the base of the ethmoid, which forms, with the right intermaxillary, the wall of the small right nostril, and it forms the lower edge of the dividing ridge, and terminates abruptly and perpendicularly above the base of the vomer. The left nasal bone is more than 2 inches long, and somewhat paral- lelogram in shape with the left intermaxillary. The left maxillary and the ethmoid together form the wall of the very large left nostril. " The two massive maxilla) touch each other behind where they are doubled by the occipital, and leave no part of the frontal visible. " The frontal is a heavy quadrilateral bone with concave sides, one of which forms the top of the orbit. A part of the maxilla comes near to the front angle of the orbit, and its posterior wall is formed by part of the zygomatic apophysis of the temporal ; it does not join the postorbital apophysis of the frontal, but leaves it open. The lower part of the orbit has its front side formed of a short, thick, triangular jugal. The fosso-temporalis is pear-shaped. " The roof of the mouth is convex, showing only two small points of the intermaxillaries, one on each side of the line of the vomer, and formed almost entirely of the under side of the enormous maxil- laries. These each have a linear groove running from the front of the snout for the pits for the teeth of the lower jaw. The palatines are small, quadrilateral, the pterygoid very large. " The lower jaw is slight and fragile, with scarcely any condyles. The broad branch nearly as thin as paper, with the side deflexed inwards. The symphysis is short compared with that in Catodon, and boat-shaped and keeled. Teeth 13 . 13, projecting horizontally and curved upwards ; they have single roots. " The OS hyoides like that of Catodon, but the lateral pieces are more rounded, and the anterior apophyses of the middle piece are deficient. The styloidean pieces are subcylindrical, thicker at each extremity. " The larger portion of the labyrinth of the ear-bones has six points, and the other portion, which is spherical in Catodon, is in this genus oval, as in Dolphins. The tympanum resembles the shell of the genus Conus, with a wide longitudinal mouth ; in other respects the ear resembles that of Catodon more than Delphinus. " Vertebrae 52 ; the seven cervical all confluent and soldered to- gether, so as to be very difficult to distinguish one from the other. The atlas and axis are marked out, and have blunt, conical, transverse apophyses. The lower apophyses are evanescent ; the third and fourth are thick, each marked with a short, conical, superior apophysis, distinguished by four lateral holes ; the vestiges of the fifth, sixth, and seventh are as thin as paper, and soldered. Dorsal vertebrae 14, lumbar 9, caudal 21, thirteen with chevron bones attached, and eight 220 PLATANISTID.E. terminal. The ribs are flattish and somewhat angular, 14. 14: the first rib is broad and Hat, and has but one articulating surface to the transverse process of the first dorsal vertebra ; the seven follow- ing pairs have each two articulating surfaces for each consecutive two of the first seven vertebrae ; the next five pairs have only one articulating surface for each rib. The ribs more or less arched. The sternum composed of three pairs of bones, like Catodon australis ? ; the middle pair united ? " The pectoral fin weak. Scapula thin, flat, smooth, with a thin triangular acromion on the outer crest, and a thick, more solid cora- coid apophysis on the inner ridge in the shape of a parallelogram. The humerus compressed, concave behind, with a waved front edge. Ulna distinct, like the radius, both nearly alike, only the ulna is rather the thicker. " The carpal bones 7, viz. two linear transverse bones, and five of a fiat, round, irregular shape ; a small hexagonal one, which is placed between one of the transverse bones and the metacarpal of the thumb. The transverse carpal is subtriangular, and placed at the end of the radius. The other thin transverse bone is trapezoidal, and between the base of the ulna and the two outer carpals. The fore-finger has two large flat carpal bones between the corner of the radius and the metacarpal of the fore-finger. The phalanges appear gradually to diminish towards the points of the digits. The thumb has two, the index finger six, the fourth finger four, and the little finger two (or perhaps three) phalanges. " The pelvis is composed of five bones, the middle ones quadran- gular, each longer than broad ; the outer ones are broad, sub(juad- rangular, thickest in the middle of their inner side, where it is articulated to the former." This work, I am informed by Dr. Kreff't of Sydney, was entirely written by that eminent zoologist and entomologist Mr. W. Sharpe MacLeay. It is only to be regretted that he did not publish it under his own name. " The inhabitants of the island of Selvi, one of the Timor group, are such expert fishermen, that they constantly take the species of whale called Blaclcfish, which are often 20 feet long, and which afford oil inferior only to the Spermaceti, having the same substance in the head as the Sperm Whale. They do not boil the blubber, but expose it to the sun in an inclined situation, with a ditch for the bottom, into which the oil drains." — Moore, Notes on the Indian Archipelago, quoted hy Bhjth. Family 4. PLATANISTID^. Head small, with a long produced beak ; forehead arched. Blower linear, nearly parallel, in a line over the eyes. Pectoral broad, truncated ; fingers 5. Dorsal fin none. Back keeled. Skull with the sides of the maxilla elevated, forming a vaulted cavity over the 1. PLATANISTA. 221 forehead. Teeth in both jaws at first subcylindrical, becoming com- pressed. Platanistidiie, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863. Delphiuidfe Platanistina, Gray, Zool. E. Sf T. 45, 1846; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 61 & 136. 1. PLATANISTA. Head convex ; beak compressed, curved up at the end. Teeth at first subcylindiical, at length compressed. Dorsal none. Eack keeled in the place of the fin, and obliquely truncate behind. Pectoral fan- shaped, truncated. Blowhole single, longitudinal. Fingers 5, four subequal, outer shortest. Scapula with a large acromion process, and without any ridge. — Ciw. Oss. Foss. v. t. 22. figs. 8, 9, 10. Platanista, Plhiy; " C«r/. Geoffroyi, Desm,, which is the type of the genus Inia, has been confounded with this species. There are two skulls in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Cal- cutta, one of an animal taken near the Nicobar Islands, the other from the Eed Sea. — Blyih, Bep. I. c. 11. 4. Steno compressus. The Narrow-hedked DoljpMn. Nose of skull much compressed, attenuated at the tip, three-fifths the entire length, three times and a half as long as its width at the notch. Teeth conical, acute, |-|. Head narrow, and rather com- pressed at the orbit. Delphinus compressus, Gray, Cat. Mainm. B. 31. Steno compressus, Zool, Erebus Sf Terror, 43. t. 27 (skuU) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 129. Inhab. ? a. SkuU. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' pi. 27. b, c. Two skulls. (/. Skull. South Sea. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. 2. 8TEN0. 235 in. Length, entire 20| Length of nose 13 Length of lower jaw 17 Length of symphysis 6i Width of notch 3| Width at orbit 6| The skulls of this species are easily known from the former by being much more slender and more attenuated in front, and by the head, though longer, being 2i inches narrower over the orbit; lower jaw nearly straight below, united for more than one-third its length. It may be the same as I), rostratus, but the teeth are more numerous ; and Cuvier's figure, which he thought might be Breda's species, certainly much better represents a common Indian species than this. In one of the skulls the nose is rather shorter and more depressed. 5. Steno attenuatus. The Slender-heahed DolpMn. Nose of skull three-fifths the entire length, once and a half the length of the skull, twice and three-fourths the length of the width of the notch, slender, tapering in front ; intermaxiUaries forming a long triangular part of the front of the palate ; vomer elongate, in middle of palate. Teeth |-g.. Delphinus attenuatus, Gray, List Mamm. B. 31, 105. Steno attenuatus, Gray, Zool. Ereb. ^ Terror, 43. t. 28 (skull) j Cat, Cetac. B. M. 1850, 130 ; Bhjth, Cat. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 92 ; Asiatic Researches, xii. App. xxvii. ? Inhab. Cape Horn. Sea west of Cape of Good Hope and Bay of Bengal {BliffK). Mus. CoU. Surg. Edinb. a. Skull. Presented by Mrs. Ince. 6. Skull. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' pi. 28. c. SkuU. 9° N. lat. Presented by A. Pearson, Esq. Measurement of the three skulls in the British Museum : — a, b. c. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin. Length, entire 15 9 16 6 15 6 Length of nose 8 9 10 0 9 3 Length of lower jaw 13 3 .... 13 0 Breadth of temples 60 65 61 Breadth of notch 33 33 3 6 Breadth of middle of beak ..16 17 18 Breadth of intermaxiUaries 0 1 0 1 0 1 Delphinus pseudodelphis, Wiegm. Schreb. t. 358 (skull) ; Reichb. Cetac. Anat. t. 18. Teeth A| or ||. " SkuU in Mus. Leyden so named has the form of D. 31 al ay a 7ms, but beak shorter, and teeth shorter and thinner, very Uke those of D. Delj^his. Palate not grooved. Symphysis of lower jaw rather long." May be the same 236 DELPHINID-E, as the Steno attenuatus, but the Museum copy of Schreber does not contain the plate referred to. There is a skull in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta which seems to be that of Steno attemiatus, being probably that mentioned as " a Dolphin found near the Isle of France " (Asiatic Besearches, xii. App. xxvii.). Lower jaw 14 inches. Teeth |-j-. And another lower jaw, "from the high seas," with series of 38 teeth, presented by Mr. C. Harvey (Journ. As. Soc. x. 737). Also two skulls, toothless, wanting the lower jaw, with series of 39 teeth- sockets. Length 15 and 15|^ inches. All these would appear to be the same. — Blyih, I. c. A left ramus of the lower jaw with series of 43 teeth, in the same museum, is vertically much deeper at the symphysis, and un- doubtedly appertains to a distinct species. — Blyth. Captain Jethro Fairweather presented to the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta a skull of a small but not young Steno, which seems to be St. attenuatus, Gray. It was procm'cd not far from the Sand-heads, out of an innumerable herd of them, " as far as the eye could reach in all directions," and was of a palish lead- colour. Not therefore, however, the DelpMnus MaJayanus, yar.phim- beus, which is a much larger species common in the bay. Teeth 39.40 TJ7 .J Major E. C. Tyler has also sent to the same museum a skull taken west of the Cape of Good Hope, which agrees, or very nearly so, with the two heads minus the teeth, and the lower jaw, mentioned before. — Blyth. 6. Steno ? brevimanus. Blackish, rather paler below. Delphinus brevimanus (D. a petit pectoral), Puchvran, Voy. Dumont d' Urville, t. 21. f. 2, t. 23. f . 7 & 8 (skull). Delphinus ? microbracliimii, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M, 1850, 119, from Piichefan. The skull named Dauphin a petit pectoral in the Paris Museum has the palate flat, rather convex behind. Triangle extended rather in front of the teeth-line. Teeth f^. Nose narrowed in front, three-fifths the length, and twice and three-fom'ths the length of the breadth at the notch. Lower jaw slender in front. Nasal rather high and convex. It may be a Steno. Inhab. Banda, Singapore. 7. Steno Tucuxi. Dark blackish or fuscous. Nose of the skidl depressed at the base, convex and attenuated at the tip, rather (one-fifteenth) longer than the length of the head, nearly three times as long as the width at the notch. Frontal triangle elongate, continued considerably in front of the line of the notch. Teeth ^^, slender, conical. Lower 2. STENO. 237 jaw rather slender and slightly bent nj) at the tips. Symphysis rather keeled beneath in front. Steuo Tucuxi, Grai/, Ann. Sf 3Iag. N. H. 1857, xviii. 158. Inhab. The upper parts of the Amazons River, near Santarem {Bates). Called Twuxi. The males are larger. It does not roll over like the Bouko, but comes to the surface to breathe. Male. Female. in. lin. in. lin. Length of the skull 13 0 12 0 Length of the beak 7 3 6 6 Length of teeth-line 6 0 5 9 Length of lower jaw 10 3 9 6 Length of symphysis 2 0 1 3 Width of skull 6 0 5 6 Width of beak at notch 2 (J 2 3 Width of forehead over notch 4 9 4 6 8. Steno ? fluviatilis. Above blackish, a broad band from the eye to the pectoral, and the pectoral fin black. Lower jaw and beneath rosy white, the white bent up so as to form a broad white lobe behind the orbit over the pectoral. Teeth |-|- or -H on each side. Dorsal fin moderate, falcate. Delphinus fluviatilis, Gervais Sf Delille, Btill. de la Soc. Agric. tie VHerault, 1853, 148; Gervais, in Casteln. Voy. Mamm. 92. t. 19, f. 2 ; Hist. Mamm. ii. 522. Buffeo negro, Missionaries of Upper Amazons. Bolo preto of the Brazilians, in Casteln. Hist, du Voy. dans FAmer. du Sud, iv. 460, v. 33. Inhab. Upper part of the River Amazons, near Peru. Probably the same as the former. An imperfect skin with the ends of the beak of the skull in the Paris Museum. The palate of the beak is flat, without any lateral grooves. The teeth are small, acute, and, like those of De^Mnus Delphis, without any internal lobe. 9. Steno ? pallidus. Teeth f|- or |^. Pale yellowish white above, beneath white. Dorsal fin very low. Delphinus pallidus, Gervais, Acad. Set. Montp. 1855 ; Casteln. Voy. Mamm. 94. t. 19. f. 1; Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. xvii. 521 ; Bates, Tra- vels in Brazil. BuiFeo bianco, Missionaries of Upper A^nazons, Casteln. Hist, du Voy, dans VAmer. du Sud, iv. 460. Inhab. River Amazons. May be the same as S. T%ictiAi. 238 DELPHINID^. 10. Steno ? coronatus. Black ; forehead with two concentric yellow circles. Beak very long. Teeth |-i. Dorsal fin very minute. Delphinus coronatus, Freminville, Nov. Bull. Soc. Phil. iii. 56, 78. t. 1. f. 2, fl, B ; Desm. Mamm. 512 ; Graxf, Cat. Cctac. B. M. 132. Delphinorh3Tichus coronatus, Lesson, Man. 405 ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 505. Inhab. Spitzbergen ! " Beak slender, the upper jaw longest. Black, with two yellow concentric circles on the convexity of the forehead. The upper jaw with 15 teeth on each side, the lower with 24, all very acute. The dorsal fin half-crescent-shaped, nearer the tail than the head. The caudal crescent-shaped. The pectoral of a moderate size. Length 36 feet. The skull not known. "Inhab. Spitzbergen, 1806, near lat. 74°. Found in numerous troops {Freminville). It is singular that no other authors have spoken of it." — Cuvier, Oss. Fos.s. v. 278. '*b. Beak scarcely separated from the forehead.'' 11. Steno? rostratus. The Beaked Dolphin. "Forehead gradually shelving to the beak" {Cuv.). The skull with the nose as long as the brain-cavity. Teeth |-|-~ff > rather largo. Black, lower lip and body beneath rosy white, not separated by distinct lines, lower part of the sides black-spotted. Delphinus rostratus, Cuv. Ann. Mus. xix. 9 ; R. A. i. 289 ; F. Cuv. Ma7nm. Lith. t. ; Cetac. 156. t. 10. f. 2 ; Schleyel, Dieren van Nederlaml, 85. t. 11 (not Share). Dauphin de Breda, Cuv. Oss. Foss. 278, 296. v. 400. t. 21. f. 7, 8. Delphinus Bredauensis, " Cuv," ; Fischer, Syn. 505, from Cuvier, Oss. Foss. Delphinus oxyrhynchus, Jardine, Nat. Lib. t. 27, cop, from F. Cuv. Delphinus planiceps, Breda, Verh. Nederl. Hist. 1829, 236. t. 1, 2 ; Schkgel, Abhandl. t. 4. f. 8 (teeth). Steno ? rostratus, Gray, Zool. Erebus Sf Terror, 43 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 131 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 236. Inhab. North Sea. Holland (Breda). Brest {UOrhigny). " M. Blainville, who observed a skull of this species in the museum of Mr. J. Sowerby, says it had 22 teeth in each jaw, and the sym- lihysis two-thirds the entire length " (Desm. Diet. H. N. ix. 16U). If this is not a mistake for one-third, it will at once separate it from the other Stenos, and connect it with Pontojioria, but the figure of the skull in Cuvier and Schlegel resembles that of the genus Steno. The skuUs named D. rostratus in the Paris Museum arc very like the Museum specimens of Steno fr onto tus. The nose is compnessed in front. Teeth |-|— |y. Length, entire, 21|- inches; nose 12J-; symphysis of lower jaw 5^ ; width at preorbital notch 4 inches. I have not been able to find the skull of this animal, Avhich was in Mr. Sowerby 's Museum in Mead Place, Lambeth. 3. DELPHINUS. 239 12. Steno fuscus. The Cuban Steno. Black above and below (in spirits). Head conical, gradually taper- ing into a rather long nose, "without any separating groove, with five black whiskers on each side. Teeth ? Steno fuscus, Gray, Zool. Ereb. 8f Terr. t. 26. f. 1 (foetus and tongue) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 131. Inhab. Cuba ( W. S. MacLeay, Esq.). a. Foetus in spirit ; not in good state. Presented by W. S. Mac- Leay, Esq. ** Beak of the skull longer than the brain-case, more or less depressed. Symphysis of the lower jaw moderate. 3. DELPHINUS. Head longly beaked. Forehead rounded. Nose produced, bald. Dorsal fin falcate, in the middle of the back. Skull with the hinder wings of maxilla horizontal, sometimes thickened on the edge over the orbit. Nose elongate, light, much longer than the head, tapering, depressed in front, broader than high, convex, roundish above, and slightly concave in front of the blowers, nearly parallel on the sides and rounded in front. Teeth A§ to |-2., small, conical, extending the greater part of the length of the jaw. Delphinus, Gray, Spic. Zool. i. 1828 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 105 ; P. Z. S. 1863 ; 1864, 236; Zool. Ereb. Sf Terr. 36, 1847; Waglcr, N. S. Amph. 35. Delphinus (pars), Linn. ; Illiger, 143, 1811. Most maritime persons call these animals Bottle-noses, Bottle- heads, Flounder-heads, sometimes adding Whale to the name. Thej' generally confine the name of Dolphin (most used by landsmen) to the Scomberoid fish {Gorriphaina), which changes colour in dying. In the British Museum there is a foetus, apparently belonging to the Delphinus Delphis, figured in the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' t. 26, with its tongue in detail ; it formed part of the collec- tion of Sir Hans Sloane. It differs from the foetus of Lagenorhynchus aciitus in the nose being more produced (nearly one-third the length of the distance from the end of the nose to the eye) ; it has seven black rigid bristles on each side ; the two front, rather the largest, are on the side of the upper part of the nose, the five hinder forming a descending line nearly parallel to the groove which separates the beak. The tongue is convex on the sides, with a rather narrow flat space on the hinder part, separated from the under sides by a sharp entire edge ; the front is rather dilated, sharp-edged, and obscurely crenated. a. Skull round. Triangle not reaching to the teeth-line. Palate convex, with a very concave line on the hinder part of each side. Beak tivice as long as the head. Teeth f ^. No. 1. h. Skidl rouiulish. Triangle just to the teeth-line. Palate with a deej) groove on each side and a high central ridge behind. 240 DELPniNID^. * Beak of skull twice as Imu/ as the brain-carih/. Teeth ^|-fg^. No. 2. ** Beak moderate, once and a Judf the lemjtli of the hrain-cavity. Teeth 4 s Q.. 5 0 TVo ;} 4 6"' « U ■ ^^^- '• C. Skull flattened behind, Trianc/Ie to the teeth-line. Palate flat, not (jroored an the side. No. 4. a. Skull round. Triangle not reaching to the teeth-line. Palate conve.r, tvith a very concave line on the hinder jMrt of each side. Beak ticice as long as head. Teeth ||. 1. Delphinus microps. The Small-headed Dolphin. Skull small, subglobular. Palate convex. Nose very long, slender, twice as long as the length of the brain-cavity, nearly four times as long as broad at the notch ; intermaxillaries convex above, with a broad cavity between them in front, rather contracted in front of the blowers. Teeth ^|. Maxillaries very spongy. The triangle in front of the blowers short, not nearly reaching to the line of the hinder tooth. Palate with a prominent ridge extending along its hinder two-thirds. Delphinus microps, Gray, Zool. Erebus ^- Terror, 42. t. 25 (skull) ; Cat, Cetac. B, M. 1850, 126. Inhab. Coast of Brazils (Dr. Dickie), Near mouth of Eio de la Plata, Mus. Buenos Ayres (Burmeister). a. Skull ? Prom the Haslar Hospital. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' tab. 25. p. 42. b. SkuU, larger ; the skull behind the frontal longer, slightly com- pressed. Teeth |-|- on each side. Length, entire, 18 inches ; tooth-Une 10|, beak 12, lower jaw 15| ; width at orbit 0|, at notch 3, middle of beak 1|. This skull chiefly diff'ers from the type skull of D. microjJS in the back of the skull being much less convex, and in its being of a rather larger size : can this depend on the sex of the specimen ? Dimensions of five skulls, in inches : the 1st is in the Norwich Museum ; the 2nd, in the British Museum ; the 3rd, in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons ; the 4th, in Dr. Dickie's collection ; the 5th, in the Edinburgh College, n. 164. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. in. in. in. in. in. Length, entire 17| 15| 15 18 16| Length of nose 9| 11 10| Length of teeth-line . . 8 8| Length of lower jaw 14| 13 12| Width at notch 2JL 2| 4 3 Width at orbits . . 5| 6 Width of middle of beak .... 2^ 2-^ i| 2^ Width of intermaxillaries .... 8 9 . . 2 Var. 1. Skull in Mus. Coll. Surg. Edin. n. 164. Barclay Collec- tion. Head smaller, and the nose rather shorter, onlj' once and three- 3. DELPniNUS. 2-1:1 fourths the length of the brain-cavity, but quite as long as compared with the width of the notch. Length, entire, 16|^ inches, of beak 10^ inches ; width at notch 3 inches ; triangle to the teeth-lino rugose. Nose-groove open in front. Teeth j^, small, curved. This skull resembles Schlegel's figure of the skull of D. longirostns in general form, but the beak is rather more slender, and the orbits more obliquely tnincated in front. b. Skull roundish. Triangle j\tst to the teeth-line. Palate with a deep groove on each side and a high central ridge behind. * £eak of skull twice as long as the brain-cavity. Teeth ||— f g^. 2. Delphinus longirostris. The Cape Dolphin. Black. Dorsal fin largo, high. Teeth i^-U. Nose three-fifths the entire length. Skull nearly thrice and a half the length of its breadth at the notch. Delphis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 237. Delphiuus longirostris, Gray, Spic. Zool. 1 ; Brookes, Cat. Mus. 39, 1828 ; Ciiv. R. A. i. 288, from Dussumier, MSS. ; Schlegel, Abhandl. t. 1, 2, & 4. f. 1, from skidl of Bi'ookes; Faun. Japon. t. 24 ; Graif, List Mamm. B. M. 105 ; Zool. Ereb. 8,- Terr. 42 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 18o0, 25 ; Puclwran, Rev. 8f Mag. Zool. 1856, 315. Delphiuus Capensis, Gray, Spic. Zool. ii. t. 2. f. 1 ; not Cuv. nor Rapp, Inhab. Southern Ocean. Cape of Good Hope (Gray). Japan and Ceylon {Schlegel). Malabar (Diussuniier). a. Stufi'od specimen. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Trustees of the lloyal College of Surgeons. The specimen figured and described in ' Spic. Zool.' and ' Zool. Erebus and Terror.' in. Length, entire 81 Length of beak 7 Length to angle of mouth 13 Length to blowers 7^ Length to dorsal fin 38 Length to pectoral fin 21 Length of dorsal 12 Length of pectoral 13 Breadth of pectoral 5 Breadth of tail 26 Circumference 42 The figure in the ' Fauna Japonica ' is from a drawing by a Japanese artist, made under Mr. Burger's direction. The skull named D. hngirostris in the Paris Museum (n. 4), from Malabar, brought by M. Dussumier, 1827, has the palate with a deep groove on each side of a central ridge in the hinder half, slightly keeled behind near the blower ; beak long, tapering ; nasal convex, rounded. Teeth |^, small, slightly curved ; triangle exactly to the teeth-line. 242 DELrniNiDiE. in. liii. Skull: Length 2 0 Length of beak 13 9 Width at notch 3 2 Width of middle of bctik 1 7 ** Beak moderate, mice and a half the lenyth of the hrain-cavity. Teeth A|-||. 3. Delphinus Delphis. The Dolphin. Black, sides grey, beneath white ; the dorsal moderate. Teeth ^| (|^|, ScMegel). Nose of skull half as long again as the length of the brain-cavity. Delphinus vulgaris, Lacejo. Cct. 2o0. t. 14 (skuU). Delphinus antiquorum, Rai/, Willuqhh. Pi.sc. t. A 1. f. 1. Delphinus Delphis, LinN. S. N. i. 108 ; Hunter, Phil. Trans. 1787, 373, 618 ; Bonnat. Cct. 20. t. 10. f. 2 ; Schreb. Siiuqeth. t. 343 ; Dei^m. Mamm. 514 ; F. Ciiv. Cet. 123 ; 3Iam. Lith. t. '; Jurdines Whales, t. 23, cop. BelTs Brit. Quml. 403. hg. ; Schleyel, Ahhandl. i. 20. t. 4. f. 2 (teeth) ; Curier, Oss. Fuss. v. 275, 303. t. 21. f. 9, 10 ; Grai/, Zool. Erch. 4- Terror, 40. t. 2(5 (tongue and fcetus) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 120; P. Z. S. 1864, 237 ; Schleyel, Dieren, 82. t. 10; Turtun, B. Fauna, 17; Jenyns, 3Ian. 40; Flcniiny, B. A. 35; Bell, Brit. Quad. 463. fig. ; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 591 ; Mcdmyren, Arch. Natury. 1864, 88. Delphinus, Plitiy, H. N. ix. c. 7, 8 ; Bellon, Aquat. 7. fig. ; Rondel. Pise. 459. fig.; Aldrov. Pise. 704. fig. ; Willuyhh. Pise. 28. t. A 1. f. 1 ; Xlein, 3Iisc. Pise. ii. 24. t. 3. f. a. Dolphin, Shaw, Zool. ii. 507. t. 229 ; Borlase, Cormvall, 264. t. 27. f. 1. Dauphin ordinaire, Cuv. R. A. i. 278. Anat. Cuvicr, Oss. Foss. v. t. 21. f. 9, 10 ; Loeep. t. 14 ; Volkmann, Anat. Anim, Tab. 1831, t. 9. f. 2, 3, 4 (skull) ; Spix, Cephaloy. t. 8. f. 8 (skull) ; Rapp, Cetac. t. 1 (skeleton). Inhab. North Sea. Atlantic Ocean. Mediterranean. a, h, c. Stuffed specimens. English coast. Presented by Messrs. J. and C. Grove. ? a. Skull, large. h. Skull, smaller. Australia. Presented by A. Cunningham, Esq. c. Skull. St. Helena. Presented by A. Pearson, Esq. d. Skull. Presented by J. J. Bennett, Esq., F.R.S. e-p. Twelve skulls. q. Skeleton. English coast. The most prominent difference between the specimens is in the width of the upper jaw in front of the notch, just over the com- mencement of the teeth-series ; but there does not occur any other character in connexion with it. There is also a slight difference in the form of the palate : in «, the central ridge is narrow and rounded above behind ; in b it is broad, flat, sharp-edged, and very deeply concave on the sides, under the edges, but the different specimens vary in this particular. In d and g, the hinder part of the palate. 3. DELPHINUS. 243 near the entrance of the inner nostrils, is sharply keeled ; and in a the two ridges are ronnded. I am by no means certain that, with a larger series of skulls in a perfect condition, and with the animals they belonged to, it might not result that there are more than one species amongst these skulls. In all these skulls the intermaxillaries are seen below, forming a slender, elongated, triangular sjiace in the froiit of the palate, and in some the vomer is also more or less seen in the middle of the palate ; but the absence or presence of this bone in the palate is of very little consequence, as a character, in this kind. Measurements of different skulls in the British Museum. particular localities are unknown. The Delphinus Delphis. Length, entire. Length of nose. Breadth at notch. Breadth at the commencement of teeth. Length of nose as compared to width at notch. Numbi^r of teeth. a in. lin. 19 0 18 0 18 3 17 0 17 0 17 "b 17 0 18 0 17 6 16 6 17 6 18 0 in. lin. 12 0 11 4 11 3 10 0 10 6 ii'"'b 10 6 11 C 10 6 10 3 11 6 11 0 in. lin. 3 10 3 10 3 8 3 4 3 6 3"'5 3 9 3 8 3 6 3 6 3 7 3 7i in. lin. 2 9 2 9 2 3 2 2 2" 2 2 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 in. f 3 3" r 3 3 4.5 43 4.'j 4(5 40 45 46 50 48 40 48 43 /) c d e / Cf 'h i k I m 71 Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 303) described the cervical vertebrae as fused into a single piece, yet in Anat. Comp. i. 105 he states that in the Dolpliins the atlas and axis only are united, the other cervical ver- tebrae remaining separate, though extremely thin. Lesson (Get. p. 226) describes the first six as quite thin in the D. Deljihis, and the last as somewhat thick. Dr. Jackson, who points out these discrepancies, described the dolphin he examined as having the first and second cervicals scarcely moveable upon each other, and the other five smaller and rather more moveable. — Bost. Journ. N. II.\. 155. The vertebrae are thus enumerated : — 1. Cuvier, Anat. Comp. i. 103 14 dorsal, 52 posterior. 2. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 303 13 „ 47 „ 3. Lesson, Cet. 22Q 13 „ 52 „ 4. Jardine, Cetacea 12 „ 52 „ 5. ? Jackson, Bost. Journ. N. H. v. 154 .... 14 „ 55 „ Dr. Jackson gives the following description of an American speci- men:— " Dusky black on the back, white on the belly, and lead-coloured on the sides ; a dusky line from 1 to 2 inches in width commenced a little above the eye and passing along the sides was lost in the r2 244 delpiiimid.t:. lead-colovir within 18 or 20 inches of the tail, and another much less distinct ran parallel to this. Length 7^ feet. Forehead convex, divided from the snout by a furrow. Foetus 38 inches ; back dark bluish grey ; belly nearly salmon colour ; no longitudinal stripes as in the mother, but some very indistinct broad transverse stripes were seen towards the back. Teeth had not yet appeared. Cervical ver- tebrae 7, dorsal 14, posterior to these 55 ; the first and second cer- vicals large and scarcely moveable upon each other, the other five were much smaller and rather more moveable." Dolphin, Jackson, Host. Juurn. N. H. v. 153, 1845. Inhab. Atlantic Ocean, North America. " Whales, diff'ering in no appreciable respect from the common dolphin of the British coast, came round us in the high seas of every region of the globe during the voyage. It is widely open to question whether the dolphins of so many distinct climates are not also dis- tinct species, but as long as we are to be guided by general resem- blance and are deficient in oi^portunities of comparing individuals, we must be content to regard them as identical. The contents of the stomach were fish, cuttle-fish, or shrimps. The food contained in the first compartment of the stomach had seldom undergone any change, in the second its digestion had advanced, while in the third and fourth cavities it was reduced to a well-assimilated pulp." — ■ Bennett, Whaling Voi/age, 238. Professor Rapp (Cetac. t. 4) has described and figured the skeleton. The scapula with a broad dilated coracoid process, and a broad dilatation on the front edge of the condyle. Fingers 5, short ; the fourth longest ; the third rather short, the fifth shorter ; the first very short, shorter than the second. The spinal processes of the dorsal vertebrae with a distinct subbasal antciior process ; the caudal vertebrae with a similar process on the hinder part of the spinal pro- cess ; but the greater part of the lumbar vertebrae are without them ; the lateral process of the lumbar vertebrae slender. The skeleton is also described by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 303), and some bones figured (t. 24) ; and by Professor Owen (Cat. Ostcol. Series Mus. Coll. Surg. p. 451. n. 2489). Dr. Jackson gives an account of a dissection of a foetal dolphin taken at Lynn, United States ; it was 38 inches long, and the mother 7^ feet. Sometimes seen in the fishmongers' shojjs in London, having been brouglit to Billingsgate for sale ; but their particular habitat is not to be procured, or if one is obtained it is not to be depended on with any confidence, as the animal has generally passed through more than one dealer's hands. There are three specimens in the British Museum, procured at Billingsgate, presented by Messrs. J. & C. Grove. Mr. Couch says, "They come on the Cornish coast in considerable numbers, more especially when the pilchards and mackerel abound ; and not imfrequently are taken in the drift-nets, in the meshes of which they become entangled by the teeth. In the month of Sep- tember 1845, eight or ten in a day were brought on shore in Mount's Bay for many days in succession." — Cornish Whales, p. 3ii. 3. DELPHINUS. 245 According to 0. Fabricius, it is not nncommou as far north as Greenland. M. Gervais states that the species is stationary on the coast of the Mediterranean.— Cowp^s RenduSi 28 Nov. 1864, 876 ; Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1865, 76. Consult also DeJpJwius DelpJiis, A. Smith, African Zoology, 125, from the west coast of Africa. 4. Delphinus marginatus. Above black, paler on the head and sides to the middle of the genital region; throat, chest, and abdomen white ; edge of the jaws blackish, end black, with a dark band just below the edge of the white on the side, which is rather wider near the vent, Avith two streaks from the eye to the base of the pectoral, and a streak on the under side bent down behind the base of the pectoral. Beak slender. Teeth jg-^, larger than those of D. Delphis. Delphinus marginatus, Duvernoif, in PacheraHj Rev. ^ Mag. de Zool. 1856, 346. t. 25 ; Desjnarest, Ency. cVHist. Nat. Mairwu v. 284. t. 29. f. 1 ; Arch. Naturg. 1857, 26. Inhab. Dieppe : two specimens in Mus. Paris. See also a. Delphinus Algeriensis, ZocAe, iJey. 8f Mag. Zool. 1860, t. 22. f. 1 ; Arch. Naturg. 1861, 113. Beak thick. Sides with a narrow streak from the eyes to the tail, curved down over the end of the pectoral. Teeth ^-^. Inhab. Mediterranean ; coast of Algiers. b. Delphinus MediteiTaneus, Loche, Rev. ^ Mag. Zool. 1860, 475. t. 22. f. 2 ; Arch. Naturg. 1861, 113. Beak slender. Sides with a streak from the eyes nearly to the tail, which is curved down nearly over the base of the pectoral fin. Teeth ^-^ xeetn ^^ g^. Inhab. Mediterranean. 5. Delphinus Janira. The Janira. Skull roundish ; nose depressed, half as long again as the head > triangle rather in front of the tooth-line ; intermaxillaries very con- vex behind, with a wide groove between, above in front ; palate with very wide, deep grooves on each side, extending two-thirds of the length, centre ridge flattened in the middle, the intermaxillaries forming a long triangle in front. Teeth |^. Delphinapterus Peronii, Mus. Bristol Institution. Delphinus Janira, Grag, Zool. E. Sf T. 41. t. 23 (skidl) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 123. Inhab. Newfoundland. Skull. Presented to the Bristol Institu- tion by G. Thorne, Esq. 24G • DELPniNID^. in. lin. Skull : Length, entire 17 10 Length of head 6 1 Length of nose 11 9 Length of lower jaw 12 6 Width at orbit 7 8 Width at notch 4 3 Width at middle of beak 2 5 This skull differs from that of D. Deljpliis of the Atlantic in the beak being much shorter and narrower. 6. Delphinus Novae Zealandise. The New Zealand Doljphin. Teeth ^'^. Body elongated, rounded in front. Nose cylindrical, rather flattened above. Black-brown, edge of the upper jaw and beneath dull white, a yellow band from the eye along the side to below the dorsal ; tail slate-colour ; pectoral and dorsal duU white, the latter dark-edged. Skull ? Delphinus Novse Zealandife, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Astrol. 49. t. 28 ; Gray, Zool. E. 8f T. 41; Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 123. Inhab. New Zealand, near Cape Gable, and Bay of Talago. rt. Skull, from Antarctic Expedition. Length 14 inches, of nose 8 inches, lower jaw 12 inches, width in middle of beak 1 inch 9 lines. Is very Hke figure of skuU of D. Janira. b. Skeleton. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. Form elongate, rounded in front, with a cylindrical beak, flattened above and pointed. The lower jaw projects beyond the upper. The forehead is gradually rounded, and forms on the middle of the beak a well-marked prominent ridge. The sides are weU rounded. The lobes of the tail are flattened, with a compressed keel between their base and the dorsal fin. The dorsal large, triangular, rounded at the tip ; the caudal is small, nicked, and cordate in the middle ; the pec- toral moderate, falciform. Above black-brown, like polished leather ; the belly, and the edge of the upper jaw and the whole of the lower duU white. A broad yellow band commences at the eye, narrows on the sides, and ends below the dorsal. The tail slate-colour. The pectorals are lead-white, like the middle of the dorsal, with black edges. A black line from the upper part of the head, enlarging, and enclosing the eye, which is bordered above and below with a white line. The eye large, black. The lower jaw with small lings of pores, and the body with small plates of regularly twisted white stria?. Teeth small and pointed, ^^'--^^ = 1S0. Length 5 feet 10 inches, circumference 2 feet 11 inches, length from muzzle to blower 1 foot 1 inch, to eye 1 foot, to dorsal 2 feet 8g inches, to base of pectoral 1 foot 5 inches, of hips 10| inches, from middle of dorsal to tail 2 feet 5 inches, from vent to caudal 1 foot 1 inch, length of pectoral 9 inches. 3. DELPHINUS. 247 The following is probably the same : — Dauphin a bande fauve, Voy. Pole Sud, t. 21. f. 1, t. 23, f. 1, 2 (not described). Skull (in the figure) rather suddenly contracted behind ; nose seven- elevenths of the entire length of the skull, and twice and three-fourths the breadth at the notch ; intermaxiUaries convex. Teeth Al. SkuU so named in Mus. Paris has a deep groove on each side the palate, and the triangle to the teeth-line. Inhab, Van Diemen's Land. 7. DelpMnus albimanus. Snout, head, back, tail, and dorsal fin blue-black ; belly and pec- toral fin white ; sides pale tawny ; eyes small, brown, and surrounded with a black ring, which joins the black of the snout ; body between the dorsal fin and tail very much compressed. Teeth ^". " ^^. Delphinus albimanus, Peale, Zool. JExjjI. Uxpecl. Mamm. 33 (ed. 1, 1848) ; Cassiii, U. S. Expl Exped. Mamm. 29. t. 6. f. 1. Inhab. Coast of Chili. " Total length 6 feet 6 inches, snout 5| inches ; dorsal fin, mea- sured along the front edge, 9^ inches ; tail 6 inches long, 4 inches wide ; from the end of the snout to the eye 12 inches ; body 6 inches ; above the tail, when most compressed, 1^ inch wide ; circumference in front of dorsal fin 40^ inches. Weight estimated to be 150 pounds. " The specimen was a female. Its uterus contained a single foetus, which was a male, of a reddish flesh -colour, and about 9 inches long. The stomach contained fragments of cephalopod moUusca only. It was harpooned from the bows of the IJ. S. ship ' Peacock,' on the coast of Chili, latitude 27° 16' S., and longitude 75° 30' W., on the 12th of June." " This species was captured by the Expedition on the coast of Chili. Its locality therefore is widely different from that of the species of which we have cited the name provisionally and inquiringly as a synonym, and which, as its name implies, is from the coast of New Zealand. "We are, however, inclined to suspect that they are identical, on grounds which will be apparent on comparison of our plate with that in the Zoological Atlas of the ' Voyage of the Astrolabe,' Mam- miferes, pi. 28. figs. 1 & 2, or in Schreber's Siiugethiere, pi. 357. The small circular openings on the throat of I). Novce Zelandicp, repre- sented in the plate of the 'Voy. Astrolabe,' just cited, and par- ticularly in fig. 2, and called " pores," by Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard, we regard as very probably the work of a parasitic animal infesting it. The fact that these orifices are placed with entire irregularity is, in our opinion, fatal to the supposition that they are a character of the animal. Their absence in the present species is probably a con- sideration of no moment in the question of identity. The dentition of the two species is stated by their describers as exactly the same." 248 DELPHINID^. 8. Delphinns Forsteri. Forsters Dolphin. Greenish brown or rust-coloured, beneath white ; a small white spot on the disk of the dorsal and pectoral fin. Teeth ^f =176, acute, erect, conical, incurved. Skull ? Delphinus Delphis, Forster, Descript. Anitn. 280; Icon. ined. JBrit. Mm. t. 31. Delphinus Forsteri, Gray,Zool. Ereb. (^ Terror, 42. t. 24 (from Forster) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 124. Inhab. Pacific Ocean, between New Caledonia and Norfolk Island {Forster, 1774). *' Body straight, round, thickest behind ; the pectoral fin tapering at both ends ; head rounded, shehdng in front, beaked ; beak straight, pointed, cylindrical, depressed, attenuated and blunt at the tip ; upper jaw shorter, both blunt, toothed ; eyes small, lateral, oblong, nearly in the middle of the side, near the gape of the mouth ; a small hole (the ears) above and behind the eyes ; blower single, between the eyes in crown, lunate ; a linear abdominal sHt a Uttle behind and beneath the dorsal fin, the front part the vulva, the hinder the vent ; teats 2, one on each side the viilva, with a nipple the size of a pea ; tail compressed on the sides, keeled above and below, and attenuated towards the tip ; pectoral fin lanceolate, scarcely as long as the beak ; dorsal fin in the middle of the back, nearly three-sided, falcate behind, as long as the beak; tail horizontal, two-lobed, each lobe oblong, lateral, subfalcate. " Gregarious, swimming very rapidly around the ships and boats. " Length 6 feet from nose to tail." — Forster. This species resembles, in the distribution of its colouring, the Dauphin a bande fauve (Voy. Pole Sud), but the band on the side is whitish, not fulvous. 9. Delphinus Sao. The Sao. Skull : beak elongate, shelving on the sides, with central cartilage near half its length in front ; triangle to the teeth-line ; teeth I ^ -| |-, small, cylindrical, hooked ; palate flat in front, with a broad groove extending nearly half its length behind ; intermaxillaries and palatine distinct, former broad in front ; lower jaw slender, shelving, and flat-sided in front. Length 17 inches, teeth-hne 8| inches, beak 10| inches, width at notch 3^. Delphinus Sao, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 125. Inhab. Madagascar (Dussumier, 1838). SkuU, Mus. Paris. 10. Delphinus Frithii. Delphinus Frithii, Blyth, Rep. Asiatic Soc. Calnitta, 12; Jmim. A. S. B. xxviii. 192'; Cat. Mns. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 91. Inhab. " Procured during a voyage from England to India '' {B. W. G. Frith, Esq., Journ. Asiatic Soc. xvi. 386). Skull in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, presented by Mr. Frith, and probably an undescribed species, with a general 3. DELPHIKUS. 249 resemblance to that of Delphinus DelpMs. The intermaxillaries, united as far as the middle of the rostrum, are vaulted, so that the section of their united middle portion forms a complete semicircle, arising abruptly from the maxillaries, and being there only as broad as the exposed portion of each maxillary : probably a distinctive specific character. Teeth g^^- 11. Delphinus pemiger. Delphinus pemiger, Elliot, Joiirn. Asiatic Soc. xvii. 250, xxviii. 491 ; Blyth, Rep.Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, 11; Cat. 3Ius. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 91. Teeth large. Inhab. Bay of Bengal. A stuffed specimen of this small Cetal is in the Museum of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta. Presented by the Hon. "Walter EUiot of the Madras Civil Sei^ice, 1848. " This species is distinct from any of those described by Dr. Gray, and having the teeth proportionally large." — Blyth. c. Skull flattened behind. Triangle to the teeth- line. Palate fl^t, not grooved on the side. Clyuiene. 12. Delphinus Clymene. Skull rather depressed, the hinder part slightly convex ; nose rather depressed, shelving on the sides ; intermaxillaries convex, with an elongated groove between them in front, three-fifths the entire length, twice and a half the length of the width at the notch ; the triangular impression in front of the blower rather elongate, produced a little beyond the line of the hinder tooth, rugose in front, with oblique grooves on each side. Teeth ^, small, slightly incurved, acute, six in an inch. Clymene, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 237. Delphinus Clvmene, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 35 ; Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 115. Delphinus Metis (No. 2), Gray, Zool. Erebus t^ Terror, 39 (not No. 1, nor figure). Inhab. ? in. lin. Skull : Length, entire 15 7 Length of head 6 3 Length of nose 9 4 Length of teeth-line 7 4 Width of temple 6 10 "Width at nostril 3 7 Width at middle of beak 2 2 Width of intermaxillaries .... 1 0 This species is like the D. Doris in size, but the skuU behind the frontal ridge is much flatter and gradually shelving to the foramen nuicjniun, and the beak is more depressed. 250 DELPniNIDJE. Var, In the Museum of the Bristol Institution there is an imi^er- foct skull, apparently of this species, which differs in the nose being about three-quarters of an inch shorter, and rather narrower. It has 36 teeth in the upper jaw. in. lin. Skull : Length of nose 8 7 Width at notch 3 8 Width at middle of nose 2 0 A lower jaw is fitted to it, which has no teeth and a short gonyx, but it is doubtful if it belongs to the same animal ; its length is 12^ inches, symphysis 1| inch. A second skull in the same collection is very similar, and has If teeth. in. lin. Skull : Length, entire 15 0 Length of nose 9 0 Width at notch 3 4 Width at middle of nose 110 This skuU only differs from the former in the lower jaw being- slenderer and united by a longer symphysis in front. Lower jaw 1 2| inches long ; symphysis 2 inches. These are probably indications of two other species. The hinder part of the skull of the latter is also rather more convex than the same part in D. Phernsa. In the description of this species in the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' D. Metis is mentioned in three places instead of D. Doris. 13. Delphinus Styx. The Stijx. Skull roundish, flattened behind ; nose depressed, convex in the middle, shelving on each side, longer than the head, five-ninths the entire length, nearly twice and a half as long as the width at the notch ; the triangular impression just to the line of the hindermost teeth. Teeth ^|, slender, subcylindi'ical, acute, about five in an inch ; palate nearly flat ; lower jaw rather produced and rounded in front. Delphinus Styx, Grai/, Zool. K S,- T. 40. t. 21 (skuU) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 117. Inhab. W. Africa {Caxot. W. T. W. Oivcn, B.N.). Skull in Mus. United Service Institution : — . ,. m. hn. Length, entire 18 0 Length of nose 10 3 Length of lower jaw 14 9 Width at the notch 4 6 Width at the orbit 8 6 Teeth 4| This species is very like D. Enphrosyne, but is somewhat smaller and the beak rather shorter : it may prove to be only a variety. 3. DELPUINUS, 251 14. Delphinus Tethyos. Delphinus Tethyos, Gerimis, Btdl. Soc. HeratiU, 1853, 140. t. 1. f. 14 (skiill) ; Bull. Soc. Phlloin. Extr. Proc. Verb. 1853, 23; L' Institute, 1853, xxi. no. 1001. 85 ; Bull. Sci. Nat. 1853, xx. 289. Orca Tethyos, Gerard, Cat. Osteal. Mamm. B. M. 155, Inhab. Mediterranean; Department of Herault (Gervais). Two specimens of DeJjjhinus Tethyos have been taken, one at the month of the Orb Heranlt in 1852, and the other in the vicinity of Port Vendres, Pyrenees Orientales, of which the skull is in the col- lection of Dr. Pinchenat (Gervais, Comptes Rendus, 28th Nov. 1864, 876 ; Ann, & Mag. N. H. 1865, 76). The groove on the side of the palate does not exist in D. Tethyos. 15. Delphinus Euphrosyne. The Euphrosyne. Skull round, flattened behind ; nose broad and tapering in front, depressed, flat at the base, shelving on the sides and rounded in the middle above, about half as long again as the head, or three-fifths the entire length, and twice and a half the length of the width at the notch. Teeth i|, slender, elongate, shghtly curved, acute. The intermaxillaries are convex and rounded above, with a wide groove between them for half their length in front. Delphinus Euphrosyne, Gray, Cat. Ost. Sj)ec. B. M. 147 ; Zool. Ereb. 8f Terror, 40. t. 22 (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 117; Nilssm, Skand. Fauna, i. 595. Delphinus Styx (pars). Gray, Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 38. Delpliinus HolboUii, Eschricht, Naturf. mot i Kopenli. 1847, fide Nilsson. Delphinus Delphis, Cat. Mus. Coll. Sury. 161. n. 1117. Inhab. North Sea. Coast of England. South Atlantic. Near mouth of Rio de la Plata, Mus. Euenos Ayres {Burmeister). Skull, Mus. Norwich : — jjj_ Ijjj^ Length, entire 18 6 Length of head 7 4 Length of nose 11 3 Length of lower jaw 16 0 Length of temple 9 6 Width at notch 4 6 Width at midcUe of beak 2 4 Width at temples 8 3 a. Skull, imperfect behind. Specimen figured in ' Zool. Erebus and Terror,' t. ined. This skull only difl^ers from the one at Norwich in being rather smaller in all its dimensions. . ,. Length, entire 17 6 Length of nose 10 3 Length of lower jaw 14 3 Width at notch 4 3 Width at orbit 7 6 Teeth AA-^ 252 DELI-niNIDiE. This and the former species are very like D. Chjmene, but are broader and more depressed ; the intermaxillaries are more convex, especially behind, and form a regular defined front edge to the triangle, vehich is rough in front, and marked with obhque cross grooves, while in D. Clymene the triangle is furnished with an acute, raised margin on each side in front. A skull in Mus. Coll, Surgeons {Delplumis Delphls, Cat. Mus. Coll. Surg. 161. n. 1117), with the palate convex, not grooved on the side ; intermaxillary and vomer forming part of the palatq ; teetli ^f 5 obtained from the Leverian Museum in 180(i, may be another variety. iu. lin. Skull : Length, entire 16 0 Length of nose 10 0 Length of lower jaw 13 3 Width at notch 3 6 Professor Nilsson thinks that D. Doris (Gray), T). pseudodetjiMs (Schlegel, Abhandl. i. 22), and D. duhius (Cuvier, Mus. Paris), all probably belong to this species. — Shand. Fauna, i. 598. There is a skull from the Bay of Bengal in the Museum at Cal- cutta, which Mr. Blyth has named Delphinus Eurynome, Gray (Blyth, Cat. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 90). Inhab. Bay of Bengal. Professor Burmeister informs me that he has a skull of this species, in the Museum of Buenos Ayres, taken at the mouth of the Kio de la Plata. I think it very probable that when the skulls from India, the North Sea, and La Plata are compared, they may prove to be distinct ; or there may be some confusion in the habitats. 16. Delphinus Alope. The Alope. Skidl moderate ; beak elongate, depressed, once and three-quarters the length of the brain-cavity, rather more than three times the width at the notch ; intermaxillaries convex, rounded, with a very narrow cavity between them ; maxillaries spongy, shelving ; triangle elongate, reaching just beyond the tooth-line, rugose. Teeth very slender, -^-l ; palate rather convex; lower jaw slender; gonyx keeled, short. Delphinus Alope, Gray, Zool. Erehis 8,- Terror, t. ined. : Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 118. Hah. ? a. SkuU ? Mr. Warwick's Collection. Skull: length, entire, 16| inches; of nose, 10| inches; skull, 6 inches ; width at orbit, 6 inches ; at notch, 3| inches ; at middle of beak, 2 inches. 17. Delphinus fulvifasciatus. Blackish ; side of back fulvous ; throat and beneath white ; beak, orbit, streak from angle of mouth to pectoral fin, and pectoral fin 3. DELPHINUS. 253 blackish. Beak of skull more than half as long again as the brain- cavity. Teeth g^. Delpliinus fulvifaseiatus, Pucheran, Vou. Dumont cT Urvil/e, Mamm. t. 21. f. 1, t. 28. f. 1, 2 (skull). Inhab. Van Diemen's Land. 18. Delphinus dubius. Beak of skull depressed, like D. DeJphis, but rather shorter ; the teeth small and sharp, |-|, thin, pointed. Delphinus dubius, Ciiv. R. A. i. 288; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. ; Cetac. 154 ; Ann. Mus. xix. 14 ; Grmj, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 110. I found three skulls under this name in the Paris Museum. 1. "D. dubius, Cuv. n. 10." (Mus. Paris.) Skull: length (in inches and lines) 15-3, of beak 10-0, width at notch 2-9, at middle of beak 1-7 ; teeth ^ or \^ ; palate flat, rather convex ; lower jaw flat, obliquely in front and keeled in front beneath. 2. "D. dubius, Cuv. n. 2." (Mus. Paris.) Skull : length 16-6, of beak lOU, of teeth-line 8-6, width at notch 3-8, at middle of beak l-7g ; teeth |^ or '^^ , small, hooked ; palate flat, rather convex ; beak tapering in front, reflexed before the notch ; intermaxillaries rather convex ; triangle extending rather in front of the teeth-line, rugose in front. 3. "D. dubius, Cuv. n. 7." (Mus. Paris.) Skull, from the Cape de Verd : length 16-0, of beak 9-4, of teeth- line 7-6, width at notch 3-7|, at middle of beak 1-4 ; teeth |-^-f| ; triangle scarcely extended in front of the teeth-line ; palate flat ; lower jaw oblique, compressed and flat on the sides, rather turned up at the tip ; intermaxillaries convex behind ; nose tapering in front. This last is perhaps B. frontalis (Dussum. Cuv. E. A. i. 288 ; Pucheran, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1856, 449). *' Black, belly white, with a lead-coloured band from angle of mouth to pectoral. " Inhab. Cape Verd." M. Pucheran observes, from the examination of the bones, that he believes that D. frontalis differs more from D. dubius than from D. frcenatus. In the skulls of all the three specimens the palate is flat ; but in D. frontalis the beak is longer than in D. dubius, and the anterior groove of the intermaxillaries is more open and more pro- minent. The skidl of D. frcenatus resembles that of J), dubius in the length of the beak. (See Z. c. pp. 459, 4G0.) Delphinus duhius. — This skull differs from that of D. Delphis, as Cuvier has obsex'ved, by the appearaiicc of the vomer in a longitu- dinal space on the palate between the maxillaries and premaxillarics. The palatal prominence formed by the palatine bone is broader and shorter, and the grooves on each side are shallower and much 254 DELPHINID2E. shorter, not extending forward beyond the last four alveoli. The cranium is more convex behind, es2)ecially in the vertebral direction, than in the D. DelpMs, and the supraoccipital ridge bends forwards towards the rudimental nasal bones. Alveoli in number 2494: i^; = 160; in number 2495: |i^J=102." (202?) Delphinus plumheus. — The adult specimen of D. plumheus, figured by F. Cuvier (Mamm. Lithog.), is in the Paris Museum. M. Puche- ran describes it at length. M. Puchcran (llev. & Mag. de Zoologie, 1856, pp. 148 & 315) gives some additional particulars of the specimen received from M. Dus- sumier in the Paris Museum, on which this species was originally described, and corrects some part of the description of M. F. Cuvier. He describes it thus: — ^' DeJphimis plumheus, Duss. Adulte. Taille grande ; couleur de cors gris plombe ; extremite et dessous de la machoire inferieure blanchatre ; nageoire dorsale pen elevee mais allongee ; nageoire, pectoral et caudal bien etalees et bien develoj^pcs ; formule dentaire 30 331.34 37 ; jeune bord de la machoire supcrieure et dessous du corps jusqu'a la moitie de la queue de couleur blanchatre. " Hab. Cote de Malabar." The Delphinus plumheus, although very common on the Malabar coast and Penang, and rather heavy in its movements, is rarely caj)- tured, except by chance in fishing-stakes. It is called Parampuan Laut by the Malays of the Peninsula. " The stomach of a single young specimen observed contained remains of small fish, apparently Clupea and Ohiphisodon caelestmus, Cuvier." — Cantor, Malaij Mammalia, Jouni, Asiat. Soc. xv. 19. Delphinus lateralis. Delphinus lateralis, J. Peak, U. S. Expl. Exped. 35 (t. 8. f. 1. ined.) ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 133. Snout small ; body thick, but much compressed behind the dorsal ; light purplish grey beneath, while a dark lateral line edged with spots separates the colours of the upper and under parts of the body ; a separate line, paler in colour, branches from the lateral line opposite the pectoral fin and passes downwards and backwards ; another connects the eye and pectoral fin; fins and snout black. Teeth Ai, A|=164. Length 90 inches. Inhab. Pacific Ocean, lat. 13° 58' N., long. 101° 22' W. 4. TURSIO. Head shortly beaked ; forehead convex. Nose short, bald. JJorsal fin falcate, near the middle of the back. Skull with the hinder wing of the maxilla horizontal, somewhat thickened over the orbit edge. Nose of skull moderate, scarcely produced, depressed, scarcclj- or not so long as the brain-cavity. Triangle on hinder part of the beak, elongate, produced before the teeth -line. Teeth || to \^, 4. TtJRsio. 255 small, conical, extending the greater part of the length of the jaws. Palate flat. Grampus, sp., Gray, Spk. Zool. 2, 1828. Delphinus § a (Tiirsio), Grai/, Zool. Ereb. Sf Terr. 36, 1817; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 105, 1850 ; P. Z. S. 1863 ; 1864, 236. Cephalorliyiichus, F. Cuvier, Cetac. Delphinus § Cephalorhynchus, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 106. Tursiops, Gervais, Mamm. 323. I. Beak short. Rostrum of shidl expanded over the orbits, thick, conical, convex above, half as long as the head. a. nostrum of skull slender, sidjcylhidrical, Nos. 1, 2. b. Rostrum of skull rather thick, conical, evenly tapering. Nos. 3, 4. c. Rostrum of skidl rather thick, and rather sioollen on the sides. 6, 6, 7, 8. II. Beak shoH. Rostrum of skull very broad, half as long as the head, shelving on the side. Skull shelving over the orbits. Eutrope. III. Beak scarcely jjroduced. Rostrum of skull rather dejjressed, scarcely longer than the brain-cavity, convex. Skull expanded over the orbit, leetn 54-3 q-. I. Beak short. Rostrum of skull thick, conical, convex above, half as long as the head. Tiu-sio. Tursio, Gray, Zool. Ereb. ^- Terr. 37 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 109. Cetus, sp., Brisson. a. Rostrum of skull slender, mbcylindrical. Teeth |-|-H • 1. Tursio Doris. The Doris. Skull roundish ; rostrum depressed, foiu'-sevenths of the entire length, and twice and one-third the length of the width at the notch, concave hehind, rounded on the sides, convex in the middle of the central ridge, flattened in front ; intermaxillaries convex, especially in the middle of their length, with a groove between them in front ; an irregular impression in front of the blower, rather elongate, extend- ing a little before the line of the hinder teeth. Teeth |-| or |^, slender, conical, incurved, acute ; lower jaw slender, very obliquely truncated ; palate rather convex in front, tapering, shortly grooved behind. Delphinus Doris, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 36 ; Zool. Erebus ^- Terror, 39. t. 20 (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 114. Inhab. ? a. Skull ? The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' t. 20. .^ y^^ Skull : Length, entire 17 4 Length of head 7 3 Length of nose 10 1 Length of teeth-line 9 2 Width at temples 7 9 Width at nostrils 4 4 Width at middle of beak 2 4 Width at intermaxillaries 1 1 256 DELPHINIDJE. h. Skull. From Haslar Hospital. c. Skull. This species, in the slendcriiesa and length of the beak and number of teeth, forms the passage between this and the next section. In the Ipswich Museum there is a skull of a species allied to this, if not the same. The beak is twice and a half as long as wide at the notch ; intermaxillaries convex, solid, with an elongate lanceolate space in front ; triangle elongated, about one-third before the end of the tooth-line, rugulose ; lower jaw slender in front, slightly trun- cated ; back of the head convex, rounded ; palate flat, rather concave in the middle of the front part. Teeth |-|. in. lin. Length, entire 16 0 Length of lower jaw 13 3 Length of beak 9 3 Width at notch 3 6 Width at orbits 7 9 2. Tursio fraenatus. TJie Bridled Dolphin. Blackish, paler on the sides, the belly white, end of tail black beneath ; head black ; sides ashy, with a dark band from the angle of the mouth under the eye. Delphinus frenatus, F. Cuv. Miimm. Lith. t. ; Cetac. 158. t. 1. from Dussumiers description and draioim/ ; Puchernn, Rev. Sf Mag. Zvol. 1856, 449; Gra;/, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 115. Inhab. Cape de Verd. Skull in the Paris Museum, from Cape de Verd, sent by Dus- sumier. Length 18 inches, of beak 8-3, width at notch 3-5, of middle of beak 1-11. Teeth ^, rather larger than in D. dubiiis ; palate smooth ; intermaxillaries large, expanded ; nasal convex be- neath ; triangle rather extended in front of the teeth-line, rugose, and rather more so than in D. dubius. Tliere is a second skidl marked D. fre^iatus, No. 2 ; width at notch 3*7 ; teeth |4 or ff ; palate flat ; nasal very convex, especially behind ; triangle extending rather in front of the teeth-line, very rugose ; jaws rather strongly reflexed in front of the notch. b. Rostrum of skull rather thick, conical, evenly tapering. 3. Tursio Metis. The Metis. Skull globular ; back of blower tubercular ; rostrum thick, conical, regularly tapering, upper part convex, longer than the head and more than twice as long as the width at the notch ; intermaxillaries con- vex, more than half the width at the beak. Teeth |^, conical, acute, curved. Delphinus Metis, Gray, Cat. Osteal. B. M. 36 ; Zool. Urebus f^- Terror, .".8. t. 18 (skull); Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 113. Inhab. ? 4. TURsio. 257 n. Skull. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror-' in. lin. SkuU: Length, entire 21 0 Length of nose 11 9 Length of lower jaw 17 0 Breadth at orbit 9 6 Breadth at notch 5 0 Breadth at middle of beak 3 0 This skull is like that of D. Euplirosyne, but differs in the nose being rather shorter compared with the length of the head, more tapering, and the teeth rather larger. It differs from Ddphhms Tursio's in the nose being much shorter and more conical and acute. 4. Tursio Cymodoce. The Cymodoce. Skull roundish ; rostrum broad, rounded above, broad at the base, gradually tapering in front and convex on the sides, one-twelfth longer than the head — or more than half the entire length, and more than twice as long as the width at the notch ; the triangular impres- sion in front of the blowers elongate, extended beyond the line of the hinder teeth. Teeth ff, moderate, conical, slightly incurved, acute, more than three in one inch ; lower jaw regularly converging, straight on the sides, the front obliquely truncated, and the gonyx slightly produced. Delpliinus Cymodoce, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 35 ; Zool. Erehus 8f Terror, 38. t. 19; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 113. Inhab. ? a. Skull ? The specimen figured in the < Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' 1. 19. j^_ ^^^ SkuU : Length, entire 18 6 Length of head , . 8 6 Length of nose 10 0 Length of teeth-line 7 9 Length of lower jaw 15 0 Width of temple 8 6 Width of notch 4 9 Width at middle of nose 2 8 Width of intermaxillary 1 7 This skull is very like D. Metis, but much smaller, and the beak more conical. C. Beak of skull rather thick, and rather swollen on the sides. Teeth f^— ff . 5. Tursio? Guianensis. The Guiana Dolphin. Tppth M. 2^ or ifi- Mi Delpliinus Guianensis, Van Beneden, M4m. Acad. Roy. Brux, 1862, x\d. t. Inhab. British Guiana (Van Beneden). From Mus. Stutgardt. 258 DELPniNID.'K. 6. Tursio truncatus. Bottlenose Dolphin. Black, whitish beneath. Teeth |i, truncated when old ; skull- nose five-ninths of the entire length; intermaxillaries very convex, forming a strong rib on each side above ; intermaxilla and vomer forming part of the palate, Delphinus Tursio, O. Fair. Fauna Grcenl. 49 ; Wriqht, Mag. N. H. ii. 609, 1838; Bonnat. Cetac. 21. t. 11. f. 1 ; Schreh. Sauf/eth. t. 344 : Desm. Mamm. 514 ; Fischer, Si/n. 508 ; Gray, Zool. Erehus ^' Terror, 37. 1. 10 (animal) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 109 ; P. Z. S. 1804 ; W. B. Clark, Ann. ^' Macj. N. H. ; Van Beneden, Nottv. Mem. Acad. Boi/. Brux. xxxii. 32 ; Schlef/el, dc Bieren, 8(). 1. 12 (var. obtusus, t. 13) ; Ileminci, Brit. Anim. 35 ; Jenyns, Man. 41 ; Bell^ Brit. Quad. 469. fig., 472. fig. ; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 602. Tursio truncatus, Bottle-nose Wliale, Gray, List 3Iam. B. M, 104. Tursiops Tursio, Gervais, Com^jtes Bcndus, 1864, 876. Delpliinus Orca, Gerard, Diet. Sci. Nat. 75. Delphinus Nesarnak,Zrtce/>. Cet. 307 ; Desm.Manmi. 515, from O. Fab. Delphinus truncatus, Mmitagu, Wern. Trans, iii. t. 5. f. 3 (skull), cop. Bell, Brit. Quad. 472, fig. Bottle-nose, Hunter, Phil. Trans. Ixxx^di. t. 18, cop. Bomuit. Cetol. t. 11. f. 1, and Bell, Brit. Quad. 469, 1787, fig. L'Orque (Orca), Bellon, Aquat. f. 6. tab. at p. 18. Dauphin vulgaire. Camper, Cetac. t. 35-40 (skull). Grand Dauphin, ou Souffieur, Cuvier, R. A. i. 278. Anat. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 277. t. 21. f. 3, 4, t. 23. f. 18, 22, 23, 29; Camper, Cetac. t. 35-40 ; Mont. Wern. Trans, iii. t. 5. Var. ? Uniform deep black. Delphinus Tursio, Schlegel, Abhandl. t. 5. f. 1, 2, t. 4. f. 9. Black : a blotch over the pectoral and over the vent. Var. ? Delphinus Tursio, Sundevall, CEfv. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. 1861, 385, t. 7. Inhab. Mediterranean and North Sea. Coast of south of Ireland, Nov. 1828 {R. Templeton). Mouth of the Thames, Nore, June 1828 (Howship) ; skull, Mus. CoU. Surg. no. 1125. OrweU, May 10, 1849. Devonshire, River Dart {Montagu) ; skull Brit. Mus. Firth of Forth ; skeleton, Mus. University, Edinburgh ; skeleton in Sur- geons' Hall, Edinburgh, teeth acute. Holland ; skeleton, Leyden. North coast of France ; skeleton at Paris. Belgium ; skeleton, Ghent. Denmark ; skeleton, Mus. Copenhagen. a. Skull and teeth. h. Skull : bad state. From Dr. Mantell's Collection. In the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' tab. 10, is a copy of a most accurate drawing, by Mr. E.. Templeton, of a specimen caught on the south coast of Ireland, in November 1828. The following are its measurements : — ft in lin Length, entire 8 1 3 Length from snout to the eyes 1 0 0 Length to the oar 1 2 5 Length to the base of the pectoral . . 1 6 9 Length to the end of the pectoral .... 2 G 7 in. liii. 2 5 2 5 3 0 6 3 0 0 6 0 1 3 4. TTjRsio. 259 ft. Length to the front of the dorsal .... 3 Length to the end of the dorsal 4 Length to the genital organ 5 Length to the vent 5 Length to base of tail 7 Length to end of middle of tail 7 Length to end of tail-fin 8 There is some difficulty abont the colour of this species, which may arise from two being confounded under one name. Bonnaterre, Montagu, and Wright describe it as black above and whitish be- neath ; 0. Fabricius as all blackish, the belly a little whiter, and the young paler ; Schlegel figures it of a uniform deep black. The following are the measurements of five skulls, the first being Montagu's specimen in the British Museum, and four in the College of Surgeons ; the fourth is No. 1126, and the fifth No. 1125 of the College Catalogue : — 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. in. in. in. in. in. Length, entire 21| 21 21 21 22 Length of nose 11| 12 12 11| 12 Length of teeth-line 9| 10 10 10| Length of lower jaw 18| 18| .. 18 Width at notch 5| 5 5| 5| 5| Width at orbits 10^ . . 10^ 10^ 9^ Width at middle of beak 3| 4^ In the skull of Montagu's specimen, in the British Museum, the fourth and tenth teeth from the front on each side ajjpear, from the hole, to have been larger than the rest. We have a second imperfect skull of the same measurement. The skull of the skeleton presented by Mr. Howship, in Mus. CoU. Surg. (n. 1125), taken below the Nore, in Jime 1828, has the teeth |-|, the two hinder upper without any opposite them ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth upper are largest, the middle lower are trun- cated ; the lower jaw obHquely truncated, with a rather prominent gonyx. The elongated intermaxiUaries and the vomer are ^asible in the palate. In the old skuUs the intermaxiUaries are one-half width above, and the sides of the maxillaries are shelving. In skull n. 1126 (Mus. CoU. Surg.) the teeth are very obHque and truncated at the end. In all the skulls I have seen of this species the teeth are more or less worn down, but Mr. Bell says he has two skulls in which they are acute (Brit. Quad. 472). M. F. Cuvier (Cetac. 223) complains of Montagu's figure of the skidl of D. truncatus ; he does not recog- nize in it the D. Tursio, but thinks it most resembles D. Delphis ! hence the origin of his complaint. A stufted specimen and skeleton, in the Edinburgh University Museum, from the Firth of Forth, have all the teeth truncated and s2 260 DELPniNID^. flat. A skeleton in the Surgeons' Hall of Edinburgh, from the same locality, has them all acute. The latter is named D. Delpliis. The atlas (or first) and second cervical vertebra) united by the body and lateral processes ; the third to the seventh cervical vertebra; free. A specimen with teetli |^, largo, conical, acute, was taken in the Eiver OrweU, May 10, 1849. Mr. Charles D. Meigs described the foetus of Delphinns Nesarnal-, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad, i. 267; see Arch. Naturg. 1832, (54. Col. Montagu described an old specimen, taken on the 3rd of July 1814, in Duncannon Pool near Htoke Gabriel, about five miles up the river Dart, as D. truncatus (Worn. Trans, iii. 75. t. 3). It was 12 feet long. The skull, which came into Montagu's possession, is now in the British Museum. First described as British by John Hunter, under the name of the Bottle-nose \\Tiale, in the ' Phil. Trans.' for 1787, t. 18. It was caught on the sea-coast near Berkley, and the skeleton is now in the Museum of the College of Surgeons. Mr. Jenyns mentions one observed by Mr. Gilbertson in the river at Preston in Lancashire (Manual, p. 41). The skeleton of this species is described by Professor Owen from a female specimen taken at the Nore, June 1828, in company with a male. " It survived many hours after having been dragged out of the water, during which time it emitted a sound not unlike the bellowing of a calf.'' — Gat. Osteol. Series Coll. Surg. p. 449. n. 2483. Professor Owen observes that Cuvier assigns to Delph'nms Tursio from 42 to 46 teeth in each jaw ; so that the teeth seem to vary from 40 to 50 in each jaw. In a second skull in the same collection (no. 2484) " a greater por- tion of the crown is worn away in all except the last two or three, and a large proportion of the unenamelled fang is exposed, upon which their more obHque position and larger proportionate size appear to depend" (p. 451). In the same collection (no. 2485) is "the skull of an apparently aged specimen, with a disease of the jaws; all the teeth are lost, and the sockets are obliterated, except at the anterior part of the alveolar tracts, where they are very shallow." The axis and atlas coalesced (nos. 2483, 2488). " The cervical vertebra; are very thin, and separate. Vertebra; 41, of which 13 are dorsal. First bone of the sternum not pierced, with blunt lateral angles. Bladebone with the acromion larger and more rectilinear with the spine than in D. Delphis.''''— Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 305. " This species is not so beautifully marked -svith lines as the D. Delphis. The snout is much shorter, the upper jaw not so long as the lower. The dorsal fin smaller and more posterior, as I noticed in a specimen inspected at Plymouth. The eye appears small, and is placed more directly over the angle of the mouth ; the teeth smaU, conical, 23 on each side." — Couch, Cornish Whales, 39. Tursiops Tursio is not so rare as Grampus liissoanus, but far less common than Delphinus Delphis. M. Gervais has specimens taken in the Gulf of Lyons, especially at Cette and La Nouvclle, and at 4. Tuiisio, 261 Gruissau in the Mediterranean. — Gervais, Gomptes Eenclus, 28 Nov. 1864, 876 ; Ann. 6f Mag. N. H. 1865, xv. 76. 7. Tursio Abusalam. The Abnsalam. Black, below white, with small dark spots ; teeth f |— g-g-- Nose of skull in length about five-ninths of total, twice and a half its width at the notch. Intermaxillary bones very convex, forming a strong ridge on each side. Lower jaw tapering in front. Delpliimis abusalam, Riipp. 3Ius. Senck. 1842, t. 12. f. 1, 2, 3 ; Grayf Zool. Erebus Sf Terror, 88 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M, 1850, 111. Tursiops aduucus, Gervais, Mamm. 323. Inhab. Red Sea. Only known from Dr. Riippell's description and figure. It has been said to be the same as D. Tursio, but it appears to be different. Delpliinus adimeus, Hempr. & Ehrenb. Sym. Phys. ii. (Beak de- pressed, elongate ; teeth -§4, conical, strong. Inhab. Island of Bel- hosse), is perhaps the same as the former. 8. Tursio Eurynome. The Eurynome. Skull roundish ; nose thick, broad, rounded above ; intermaxil- laries rather convex, one-half as wide as maxillaries ; nose one-third longer than the length of the head (or contained four times and one-seventh in the entire length), twice and one-third the width at the notch ; hinder edge of blower largely tubercular ; teeth |4, moderate, cyKndrical, rather curved, acute. Delphinus Eurynome, Gray, Cat. Ost. B. M. 143 ; Zool Ereb. Sf Terr. 38. t. 17 (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 112 ; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Sac. Beng. 1860, 202. Inhab. Bay of Bengal {Blyth). a. Skull. FigTired in ' Voy. Erebus and Terror,' t. 17. in. liu. Skull : Length, entire 22 0 Length of head 9 1 Length of nose 12 3 Length of teeth-line 10 0 Length of lower jaw 18 0 Width at temples 11 0 Width at notch 5 4 Width at middle of beak 3 6 The skull of this species is most like D. Tursio ; but the nose is one-fourth longer than the length of the head, slenderer, and more rounded, and the teeth smaller. 262 DEIPHINID^. n. Beak short ; of skull very broad, shelvimj on the sides. 31axilla shelving orer the orbits. Teeth |A or |^. Eutropia. Eutropia, Grai/, P. Z. S. 18G2, 145. 9. Tursio Eutropia, The Eutropia. Nose of skull rather longer than the length of the brain-cavity, slightly dilated on the sides before the notch, very convex and rounded above. Triangle elongate, produced in front of the teeth-line, concave on the sides and strongly keeled in the centre behind ; hinder edge of blowhole prominent. Intermaxillaries wide, convex above, leaving a broad open space in front. Lower jaw thick, blunt, and produced beyond the upper in front. Skull compressed behind. Palate con- cave in front, convex in the centre behind, and keeled on each side. Teeth |-|, slender, cylindrical, conical at the top. The frontal ridge half the distance between the notch on the convexity of the condyles. Condyles large, oblique. Foramen magnum wider than high. Delphinus Eutropia, GrriT/, P. Z. S. 1849, 1 ; Ami. ^- May. N. H. v. 1850, 48 ; Zool. Erehis &■ Terror, t. 34, ined. (skull) ; Cut. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 111. a. Skull. Pacific Ocean. Chili. From Dr. Dickie's Collection. in. lin. Skull : Length, entire 15 0 Length from notch 0 10 Length of beak 7 10 Length of teeth-line 6 10 Length of lower jaw 11 11 Width at notch 3 6 Width at orbit 6 5 Width at middle of beak 2 10 Width, middle intermaxillaries 1 3 Width of condyle above 3 3 Height of each condyle 1 3 10. Tursio Catalania. Delphinus Catalania, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, 144. Inhab. North-west coast of Australia, Cape MelviUe. a, h. Skulls. Collected by Mr. John Macgniivra3\ These skulls were accompanied by the following notes : — " The larger of the two skulls belonged to an individual killed off Cape Melville (within the Great Barrier lieefs), north-cast coast of Australia, Sept. 5, 1860. It was a female, 7| feet in length ; and from it were taken two foetuses, each 10 inches in length. The adult was of a very light lead- colour above and on the sides, gradually passing into the dirty leaden Avhite of the lower parts, which were covered (as also the tlipj)erK) with longitudinally elongated blotches of dark lead-colour. 4. TTjRsio. 2G3 " The smaller of the two skulls represents another Porpoise of the same species, harpooned oft' Cape Flattery, on the north-east coast of Australia, Oct. 9, 1860. It was considerably smaller than the first one, being only 6| feet in length. It was a, female. The colour was exactly lead-colour, fading into whitish on the lower parts between the anus and the snout. The sides were marked with small oblong spots of the same colour as the back. Measurements when recent : — " Total length, snout to centre of tail, 6 feet 9 inches. " Snout to base of dorsal, 3 feet ; length of anterior border of dorsal 13 inches ; height of dorsal 8 inches ; width of dorsal 12 inches ; from posterior border of dorsal to tip of tail, 2 feet 8 inches. " Swimming-paws (midway between snout and dorsal) 13 inches long, and 5^ inches broad ; from their base to end of snout 13 inches. " Tail 22 inches across from tip to tip. " Anus 2 feet 2 inches in front of tail (centre of tip). " Eye |ths of an inch in diameter, situated 1| inch behind angle of mouth, and 12 inches from tip of upper jaw. *' Lower jaw projecting 1 inch beyond the upper. " This porpoise was occasionally seen, in small droves of from three to six, along the north-east coast of Australia, within the reefs. Two other species also were seen, but we could not fasten." The two skulls slightly differ in shape and size. No. 1 is 17 inches long ; the beak to the notch is 10 inches, and the upper teeth-bone 8| inches long ; the front lower teeth are worn away and truncated, like the teeth of the common Delphinus Tursio, which was described as D. irunadus by Montagu. There are twenty- seven teeth on each side in the upper, and twenty-five teeth on each side in the lower jaw. No. 2 is 17 inches long; the beak 9|, and the upper teeth-bone 8 inches long. The teeth, twenty-four above (perhaps one on each side is deficient, as the end of the jaw is very tender), twenty-thi-ee or twenty-four below. The front lower teeth are slightly truncated ; but this skull chiefly diff'ers from No. 1 in being rather more convex and rather narrower, especially in the hinder part, from the middle of its length. The skull is smaller in size, and has a much smaller brain-cavity than D. Cymodoce (Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. 19) and D. Metis (Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. 18) ; and the beak is not so tapering as in these species, while the teeth are rather more numerous. It is equally distinct from Delphinus Eurynome (Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror, 1. 17), believed to be from the North Sea. III. Beak scarcely jyroduced. Nose of skull rather depressed, scarcely longer than the brain-cavity. Teeth f^-^g. Cephalorhyuchus. Cephalorhyncluis, F. Cuvier, Cetac.; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B.M. 1850,106. Grampus (pars), Gray, Spic. Zool. 2, 1828. 11. Tursio Heavisidii. The Hastated Dolphin. Black, with a white streak and two diverging lines beneath; 264 DELPHINID.E. teeth 14 ; nose of skull nearly half the length of head ; lower jaw truncated in front. Delphinus (Grampus) Heavisidii, Gray, Spic. Zool. 2. t. 2. f. 6, 1828 ; Schkf/el, Abh. t. 3. f. 1-4, t. 4. f. G ; A. Smith, South African Quart. Journ. 125. D. Capensis, Dussumier, MS. ; Cuv. R. A. i. 288 ; Rajip, Cetac. 31. t. 2 (not Gray). D. Dussuniieri, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. G56. D. Cephalorhynchus, F. Cuv. Cetac. 158. Marsouin du Cap, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. 3. D. hastatus, F. Cuv. Cetac. 161; Happ, Get. 37 a, b, Mus. Stutt., t. 3 «, 6. Phocsena Homei, A. Smith, Zool. Journ. xvi. 441; Bull. Sci. Nat. xviii. 276. D. tridens, A. Siniih, MS. Delphinus Homei, Fischer, Syn. 3Iamm. 656. Grampus Heavisidii, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 134. D. Phocsenoides, Fischer, Syn. 657. D. Cephalorliynchus Heavisidii, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 107. Phocsena Capensis, Pucheran, Rev. (^- May. Zool. 1856, 449. Inhab. South Sea, Cape of Good Hope, gregarious {A. Smith) ; called Tonine by the Cape colonists. «. Stuffed skin. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Council of the College of Surgeons. The specimen described and figured by Gray, Quoy, and A. Smith. M. Quoy's description and figure, on which F. Cuvier founded D. hastatns, are from the specimen originally described by me, and now transferred from the College of Sxirgeons to the British Museum. There is a skull, marked D. Cephahrhynchus, in the Paris Museum. Beak flat ; palate flat, rather concave behind ; teeth rather blunt, ^ ; orbits rather shehdng ; symphysis of the lower jaw verj' short, rather keeled below. Length 11|, beak 4|, width at notch 2| inches. 12. Tursio obscurus. Duslcrj Dol])hin. Black, with oblique diverging streaks on the side, and beneath whitish ; teeth ^^-f^- ; nose of skull about five-ninths of its length, and nearly tmce and a half the length of its width at the notch ; lower jaw truncated in front. Delphinus (Grampus) obscurus, Gray, Spic. Zool. ii. t. 2. f. 2, 3 ; Zool. E. Sf T. 37. t. 16 (skull) ; A. Smith, S. Afr. Quaii,. Journ. 125. Delphinus obscurus, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 056; Cassin, U. S. Expl. Expecl. 27. t. 5. f. 1. D. cruciger, Qtwy Sf Gaim. Voy. Uran. 1. 12. f. .3, 4 (from auimal in ocean), 1824; Fischer, Syn.^Mamm. 507. D. bivittatus, I)' Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Mamm. t. 21 (animal and skull) ; Lesson, Bull. Sci. Nat. vii. 373 ; Zool. Coq. 178. t. 9. f. 3, 1826; Fischer, Sy7i. Manun. 510. ? Delphinus albigena, Quoy Sf Gai^n. ; Lesson, Kouv. Tab. R. An. 198. D. superciliosus, Schleyel, Abh. 22. 1. 1, 2. f. 3, t. 4. f. 4 (skull); Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 510. Phocsena superciliosa ?, Lesson, 3Iamm. 415. 4. TURsio. 265 D. Fitzroyii, Watcrhouse, Zool. BeagJe, t. 10 (jun.). D. obscuruS; var., Quoy, Voy. Astrol. 151. t. 28. Dauphin a museau court, Voy. Pole Sud, t. 22. f. 1. ?D. superciliosus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 9. f. 2 ?? ; F. Cm: Cctac. 149 ? D. Cephalorhynchus obscurus, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 107. Phocfena australis, Peak, Zool. Expl. JExped, Mamm. 33, 1848. Inhab. Southern Ocean, Cape (Heaviside). a, h. Skulls. Cape of Good Hope ? c. Stuffed skin. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Council of the College . of Surgeons. The specimen described and figured in Gray's ' Spicil. Zool.' », . Skull : Length, entire 15 0 Length of nose 8 0 Length of lower jaw 12 0 Width at orbits 6 6 Width at notch 3 9 Width at middle of beak 3 0 Body : Length, entire 5 1 Length to dorsal fin 2 1 Width of tail 1 2 The skull of this species is intermediate in form between the LoAjenorhijnclius and Delpliinus. . M. Garnot's description of D. hivittatus, as given by F. Cuvier, is very short, but it appears to fit this species. The skull, marked Dauphin a museau court, in the Paris Museum, has teeth f^ ; triangle extends much in front of the tooth-line ; nasal grooves wide in front ; length 14|, beak 8, width at notch 3| inches. It is evidently this sjiecies. There is a skull, named D. hivittatus, D'Orbigny, 1830, in the Paris Museum (beak quite flat above ; triangle to near the middle of the beak ; length of skidl 14, of beak 7, width at notch 4 inches), which appears to be only a variety of this species. This is probably the skuU of the specimen and skull figured as D. cruciger (D'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid. Mamm. t. 21), which is represented as black, the underside from back of chin, and streak on iipper part of the side from the eyes to the base of the tail white. Teeth ? The DeJphinus ohscurus, var. (Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol. i. 151. t. 28) is described from a specimen prepared by M. Jules Verreaux, belonging to the Museum of Cape To"mi. He prepared the specimen I described ; indeed it is probably the same example. Pliocfena australis, J. Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped. 33. t. 6. f. 2. Snout black ; fins (all) dark slate-colour ; sides paler or grey ; a white lateral line commences opposite the posterior edge of the dorsal iin, and reaches the tail ; beneath white, which joins the grey of the side by an undulated line. Teeth |-J-f^=1^0, Length 84, pec- toral fin 16 inches. Inhab. South Atlantic Ocean ; coast of Patagonia. Is perhaps the same species. 2(JG DELPHINID-E. 13. Tursio compressicaudus. The Compressed-tailed Dolphin. Teeth If, small, conical, hooked ; head coloured ; belly whitish ; pectoral short ; upper jaw longest ; nose short ; base of the tail com- pressed on each side. Phocsena compressicauda, Lesson, Cetac. 199 ; F, Cuv. Cetac. 18G (from Garnot, MIS.). Delphinus compressicauda, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M, 1850, 109. Inhab. lat. 4° S., long. 26° E. of Paris. ^^ .^^^ Animal : Length to pectoral 1 8 Exjianse of tail 1 7 The foUowing species of this family require further examination : — 1. D. velox, Ihcssum. ; Cuv. E. A. i. 288 ; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. ; Cetac. 154 ; Puckeran, Rev. i^- Mag. Zuul. 1856, 362. Teeth |-L ; nose rather more elongated. — Cuvier. Teeth f | ; grej^ lips and lower jaw whitish. — F. Cuv. Inhab. Ceylon. Skull : Mus. Paris (Pucheran). 2. Delphinus Boryi, Desm. Mamm. 515 ; Desmoulin, Diet. Class. H. N. 1. 141. f. 25 Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 132. Inhab. Madagascar. (Coast of New Holland ?) 3. Delphinus loriger, Schreh. Siiugeth. t.362?; Wieymami', Reichh.Naturg. Cetac. 12, 41. t. 16. f. 51 ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 120. Lead-coloured ; middle of sides, chest, and belly white ; rather flexuous line from orbit to the lumbar region lead-coloured. Inhab. — ? 4. Delphinus Pemettyi, Desm. Mamm, 543; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 132. D. Pernettensis, Blainv. ; Desm. N. D. II. N. ix. 154. D. Delpliis, var. a, Bonnat. Cetol. 21. Delphinorhynchus Perncttji, Lesson, Man. 406, from Dauphin, Pernett. Voy. 99. t. 2. f. 1. Inhab. ? 5. D. Chinensis, Desm., from OsbecJc, Voy. ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 132. Shining white. Inhab. Chinese seas. 0. Delphinus hamatus, Ehrenh.; Reichb. Cetac. No. \,Anat. t. 21; Graif, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 131. Beak once and a half the length of the skull, twice and a half the width at the notch ; teeth |A. 7. Delphinus Chamissonis, Wiecpn. ; Schreb. Sujyp. i. 359 ; Reichb. Cetac. 126. m. t. 22. f. 64, 65 ; Grai/, Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 131. Delpliimis albirostratus, /. Pc'ale, U. S. Expl. Exjied. 34 (t. 6. f, 2. iued.) ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 133. Elongate, dorsal fin nearer the head, dark blue-grey ; fins and 5. LAGENORnYNCmjS. 267 back nearly black ; a dark line connects the corner of the mouth with the pectoral fin ; front and sides dark grey, covered with small vei-niicular white spots ; end of the snout white, commissure of the lips pale yellow. Inhab. Pacific Ocean, lat. 2° 47' S., long. 174° 13' W., 22 Aug. 8. ? D. Bertini, Desm. Mamm. 516, froin Dauphin de Bertin, Dtiham. Pech. ii. 41. 1. 10. f. 3 ; Graij, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 132. Cachalot, junior, Blainv. Beak distinct; lower jaw toothless. Inhab. ? The following species have been named and figvired by the sight caught of them when swimming ! (see Gray, Cat. Cetac. ^. M. 1850, 133) :— D. albigenas, Quoy, I. c. t. 11. f. 2. D. rhinoceros, Quoy, I. c. 1. 11. f. 1, both from New Holland. D. lunatus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 9. f. 4, Tmienas of the Chilians, from Chili. D. leucocephalus, D. minimus, et D. maculatus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. i. 183. The following species have been named only from figures or very slight descriptions : — D. Senedetta, D. Conunersonii, D. niger, et D. Pemettii, Lacep. D. Epidon et D. Mongitori, Rajinesque. The Porpoises come up the backwaters of the coast of South Mala- bar, in March, when they are salt, but the Susu I do not think is known her^.—liev. H. Bal-er of AUjii, South Malabar; and Blytli. Lacepede described from a Chinese drawing (Mem. Mus. iv. 475) DeJphinus niger, black, with white edges to the lips and fins. Mr. Couch had been informed that a dolphin with two dorsal fins had been observed in April 1857, on the coast of Cornwall. (See Couch, ' "Whales of Cornwall,' p. 40.) 5. LAGENORHYNCHUS. Head convex, gradually sloping into the beak in front. Beak short, tapering in front. Lower jaw longest. Body elongate, taper- ing behind, largest at the pectoral fins. Pectoral fins far back, elongate and slightly falcate. Dorsal fin high, falcate, behind the middle of the back. The back with a low, roimded, fin-like ridge near the tail. Tail-lobes narrow, elongate. Skull depressed, the hinder ends of the maxillary bones expanded, horizontal, and thick- ened on the edge ; crown shelving. The beak is short, broad, flat above and narrowed in front, and scarcely longer than the length of the brain-ca\ity. The triangle in front of the blowers is flat, elon- gate, and reaches beyond the middle of the nose of the skull, and the intermaxillaries are separated by a deep groove filled with cartilage. Lagenorhyuchus, Gray, Zool. Erebus i^- Terror, 34, 1846 ; Cat. Cetac, B. M. 1850, 97 ; P. Z. S. 1863 ; 1864, 238. Grampus (pars), Gray, Spic. Zool. 2, 1828. Delphinus, sp., Briyhtwell, Ann. 1^- May. N. H. 1846, 2G8 DELPHINID^. This genus is easily known from Delph'mus by the lowness of the forehead, the short and depressed form of the beak, the posterior position of the dorsal fin, the body being attenuated behind, and by the breadth and flat, expanded form of the nose of the skull. The OS hyoides of L. leucoplewus is large and broad. ia. Beak elongate. Rostnim of skull lotif/er than the length of the brain- case. Teeth-line some distance from the notch. Electra. b. Beak ynoderate, Bostrum of skull only as long as the brain-case. Teeth not quite to the notch. C. Beak verg short. Bostrum of skull onlg as long as the brain-case. Teeth nearly to the notcli. a. Bostrum of skull longer than the length of the brain-case. Teeth-line some distance from the notch. Electra. 1. Lagenorhynchus Electra. The Electra. Skull rather depressed; nose flattened above, expanded and re- flexed on the side behind, rather shelving in front, sides rather contracted in the middle, rather longer than the head, and once and three-quarters the length of the width at the notch ; intermaxillary broad, flattened, nearly two-thirds of the width, with a large, wide groove for the greater part of its length ; triangle flat, rather con- cave behind, with a lozenge-shaped, rather raised, rugose space in the front half; teeth f-j, rather small, cylindi-ical, conical, slightly curved, acute, four in an inch ; the lower jaw regularly converging, straight on the sides in front, rather swollen behind, and shortly obliquely truncated in 'front, the gonyx rather produced. Lagenorhynchus Electra, Gray, Zool. Erebus Sj Terror, 35. 1. 13 (skuU); Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 100. Inhab. ? a. Skull ? Purchased. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror.' SkuU : length, entire, 17| inches ; of head, 8^ ; of nose, 9| ; of teeth-line, 7 ; of lower jaw, 14| ; width of temple, 1Q\ inches ; at notch, bh ; at middle of beak, 4 ; of intermaxillarj^, 2|. This skull is very like the former, but it is considerably larger, the nose is longer in proportion, and the head is much more depressed in the middle and spread out at the sides. 2. Lagenorhynchus caeruleo-albus. Teeth j^ ; white, back bluish, with oblique streaks on the sides, belly white. Delphinus cferuleo-albus, Mvi/cn, Act. Nat. Cur. xvi. 609. t. 43. f. 2 ; Gray, Zool. E. <^'- T. 42 ; Bcichcnb. Cetac. Anut. t. 19 (skull^). Lagenorhynchus cfBruleo-albus, Grai/, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 100; Cassin, U. S. Expl. Exped. 31. t. 6.'f. 2. Uelphinus albirostratus, I'ecde, Zool. Expl. Exped. Mamm. 38, ed.l, 1848, Inhab. East coast of South America, llio de la Plata. Length 5 feet G inches. Skeleton in Anat. Mus. Berlin. 5. LAGENOunYNcnus, 269 Skull : beak one-fourth longer than the length of the brain-cavity, and rather longer than double the width of the skull at the notch ; teeth to the notch (see fig. Eeichenb.). Cassin, I.e., describes, " Teeth ^^-^=160. Fonn elongate, the dorsal fin being nearest the head ; colour dark blue-grey, the fins and back nearly black ; a dark Line connects the corners of the mouth Avith the pectoral fins ; front and sides dark grey, covered with small vermicular white spots ; end of the snout white ; commissure of the lips pale yellow. " Total length 6 feet 7 inches, perpendicular diameter at the dorsal fin 13 inches." " Inhab. Pacific Ocean." " Though Mr. Peale's figures, from which those in the plate of the Atlas to this volume have been prepared, diff'er in some measiu'e from the figures of D. ccerideo-nlhus, in the distribution of the light and dark colours, we have no doubt of the identity of the present animal with that species. The figures of the latter to which we more espe- cially aUude are that of its fii'st describer in ' Nova Acta Physico- medica Academite Cajsara) Leopoldino-Carolinte Naturae Curiosorum,' xvi. pi. 43. fig. 2, and those in Schreber's ' Siiugethiere,' pi. 363, and in lleichenbach's ' Cetaceans,' pi. 14. fig. 43. " Taken in the Pacific Ocean, latitude 2° 47' 5" S., longitude 174° 13' W. of Greenwich, on the 22nd of August. " We find no specimen in the collection of the Expedition." 3. Lagenorhynchus Asia. The Asia. Skull : nose rather depressed, broad, flattened, rather contracted in the middle of each side ; triangle concave, with a slightly raised, flat, rugose space in the front half; teeth |-|, small. Lagenorhvnclius Asia, Gray, Zool. Ereb. 8)- Terror, 1. 14 (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 101. Inhab. ? a. Skull (teeth wanting). The specimen figui-ed in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' t. 14. The skull, which is without teeth, very much resembles, in the depressed and expanded form of the brain-cavity and shape of the beak, the skull of L. Electra, but it differs from that in the beak being rather more acute in front and more contracted in the middle of the sides, and in being rather smaller in size. It may be only a variety of that species. It measures as follows : — • Skidl : Length, entire 16| inches. Length of nose 9 „ Length of lower jaw 12| „ Width at orbit 8| „ Width at notch 4| „ Width at middle of beak . . 3^ „ 270 DELPHINrDJi. 4. Lagenorliynchus acutns. EschHcht^s Dolplim. Body ? Teeth |-| ; nose of skull half its length, and nearly twice as long as wide at the notch ; lower jaw obliquely truncated in front. Pliocfena acutus, Gray, in Brookes^s Cat. Mtis. 39, 1828. Delpliinus ( tlrampus ) acutus, Gray, Spic. Zool. 2, 1828 (from a skull) ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 056. Delphinus leucopleurus, var., Nilsson, Skand. Fmma, i. 508. Lagenorhynclius acvitus, Gray, Zool. E. 8f T. 36 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 101 ; P. Z. S. 1864, 239. Delpliinus (Lagenorhynclius) Escliriclitii, Van Beneden, Nouv. Mem. Acad. R. Briix. xxxii. 31. Delpliinus Escliriclitii, Schleyel, Ahliandl. 122. t. 1, t. 2. f. 4, t. 4. f. 5 ; M. Clausen, Dissert, de Layenorhynchis, 4:to, Kilics, 1853 ; Eschricht, Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. 18.52, 12th July. Inhab. North Sea, Faroe Islands (EscJiricJit). Skulls and skeleton in the Leyden Museum : — Length, entii-e, 7 in. 2 lin. ; of skull, 16 lines. This species was first described by me from a skull in Brookes's Museum, from Orkney, which is now at Leyden, and M. Schlcgel has described and figured a skull from a skeleton sent from the Faroe Islands. It differs from the other species of the genus in the nose of the skull being more slender and the teeth more numerous. The teeth-series, as in L. Electra and L. Asia, do not reach to the notch which separates the beak of the skull from the brain-cavity. Professor Eschricht informs me that the animal is very like D. leu- copleiirus, and Professor Nilsson considers them to be the same. The skull in Mr. Brookes's collection was 15 inches long, the head 7, the beak being 8 inches, and it was 4| inches wide at its base ; the teeth small and slender ; the beak long, attenuated, acute, convex on the sides, and flat in the centre above, and with a deep central groove. The teeth ^ . f ^, small, slender. The bones in front of the inner nostrils keeled. The peculiar character of this species is, that there are 82 or 83 vertebrae ; the muzzle is narrower, the shoulder-blade narrower, a phalange to the thumb, the atlas and axis are anchylosed to the third and fourth cervical vertebrae by the spinous apophysis, and the sixth cervical alone has an inferior transverse process. Teeth ^5^- — Van Beneden, I. e. .31. Delpliinus EscJiHchtil (Schlegel, Abh. 23. t. 1, t. 2. f. 4, t. 4. f. 5) is described from a skeleton from the Faroe Islands. Length 7 feet 4 inches. Teeth |f . A male was thrown ashore on the 20th December, 1863, at Flushing, now stuffed in the Museum at Ghent. Vertebrae 80 : cervical 7, dorsal 15, lumbar 19, caudal 39. The first and second are soldered by their bodies and spinous apophyses ; the third and fourth only by the spinous processes ; the fifth, sixth, and seventh arc free ; the sixth has two irregular processes on the lower part of the sides, which are directed forwards. Teeth 7^., ' g.,, visible. In the iipper jaw five were hidden in the membrane, one or two of 5. LAGENORIITNCnuS. 271 which, were in the interaiaxillary, and in the lower jaw there were four or five hidden (see Poelman, J3ull. Acad. Hoy. Belg. xvii, G08, t.). Length 237 millim. Black, lower part of the beak and the body to the reijrodnctive organs shining white ; a white band forms a line under the dorsal to the base of the tail ; above yellow, beneath white. 5. Lagenorhynclms clauculus. Skull wide and rather high behind. Beak flat ; outline wide at the base, rapidly tapering and acute in front, but rather convex on the sides, these being slightly rounded ; the hinder edge near the notch only slightly turned up and rounded. Triangle to near the middle of the beak. Lower jaw high behind. Teeth ^f, small, cylindrical, curved, rather acute at the tip ; the lower front one very small. In- termaxillaries broad, hard. Lagenorliynclius clanculus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 2 ; Ann. Sf May. N. H. 1849, v. 48 ; Zool. Erehtis Sf Terror, t. 35, ined. (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 102. a. Skull. Pacific Ocean. From Dr. Dickie's Collection. Length, entire 14^ inches. Length of beak 1\ „ Length of skull 7j ,, Length of teeth-line 6y „ Length of lower jaw 11| „ Length of symphysis, lower jaw Ij „ Width at notch 4^ „ Width at orbit 7|- „ Width at middle of beak 2|- „ Width of intermaxillary in middle .... Ig ,, Width of condyles above 2| „ Very peculiar for the elongation and reflexion of the beak before the notch, and the regular bevelling of the sides of the beak. 6. Lagenorhynchus breviceps. Blackish ; under part white ; pectoral fin dusky. Delphinus breviceps, Pucheran, Voy. Dumont cV UrviUe, t. 22. f. 1. Beak very shoi't ; snout produced. Beak of skull depressed, only slightly longer than the length of the brain-cavity. Teeth gg^* Inhab. Rio de la Plata. 7. Lagenorhynchus Thicolea. Skull rather narrow behind. Beak elongate, about one-fifth longer than the length of the head, rather dilated and concave above be- hind, with the side edges in front of the notch elongate, keeled, and turned up ; the middle of the beak flat, with flat shelving sides, the shelving part being broader and forming a shght keel in front. In- termaxiUaries flat, gradually tapering. Triangle to near middle of 2/2 DKLPHTNID.E. the beak, concave on the sides, and keeled in the middle behind. Teeth A [J?, very slender, curved, elongate, conical, tapering, acute; the front one very small. Lagenorliynclius Tliieolea, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849 ; Ann. ^ Ma//, A": H. 1849, V. 48 ; Zool. Erebus ^- Terror, t. 36, ined. (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 103. Inhab. West coast of North America. a. Skull : imperfect behind. From Dr. Dickie's Collection. in. lin. Length of skull, entire 14 6 ? (end of nose injured). Length of beak 8 4 Length of teeth-line 7 0 Length of lower jaw 12 3 (entire). Width at orbits 7 0 Width at notch 3 11 Width at middle of beak 2 2 Width of intermaxillary at middle . . 12 Width of condyles 3 0 b. Beak moderate. Rostrum of skull only as long as the hrain-case. Teeth not quite to the notch. 8. Lagenorhynchus albirostris. WhUe-hmhed Bottlenose. Upper part and sides very rich deep velvet-black. External cuticle soft and silky, so thin and delicate as to be easily rubbed off. Nose, a well-defined line above upper jaw, and the whole under jaw and belly cream-colour, varied with chalky white ; fins and tail black. Teeth ^, small, curved. Jaws moderately elongate, lower rather the longest. Blowhole horseshoe-shaped and convex towards the head. Nose of skull as long as the brain-ease, gradually and evenly tapering to a rather rounded point in front, the edge rather reflexed on each side behind. The triangle in front of the blower convex and swollen on each side behind, smooth in front. Delphinus Tursio, Brightivell, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1846, 21. t. 1 $ . Delphinus albirostris, Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1846 ; 31. Clausen, Dissert, cle Lagenorhynchis, Kilice, 1853. Lagenorhynchus albirostris, Gray, Zool. Erebus ^- Terror, t. 10 (ani- mal, from BrightweWs drawing), t. 11 (skull), 1846. Delphinus pseudotursio, Beiehenb. Cetac. t. 24. f. 7, 6, cop. Brightwell. Delphinus (Lagenorhynchus) albirostris, Van Beneden, Nouv. Mem, Acad. R. Brux. xxxii. t. 1, 2 (animal, skeleton, and viscera). Var. ? Teeth smaller, ^|-^. Beak narrower. Delphinus Ibsenii, Eschricht, TJndersogelser over Hraldyrene 5te Afli. 73; ochd. Ss.fdredrag vid Naturforsk.mdtet.iK/dbenh.l84:7 ; Nilsson, Skand. Fatma, i. 600. Inhab. North Sea, Faroe Islands. Yarmouth, 1846 {Brightwell) ; skeleton in British Museum; skull figured in ' Zool. E. and T.' 11. Ostend, July 1851, female. Winter 1852, female {Van Beneden, I. c. p. 20). 5. LAGENORnYNcnrs. 273 a. Skeleton. Yarmouth. Skull figured in ' Voy. of H.M.S. Ereb. ajid Terr.' tab. 11, j). 35. Mr. Brightwell's specimen. h. Stufted skin of a. Yarmouth. c. Skeleton. England? Mr. Stevens's Collection. Measurements of specimen from Yarmouth : — in. lin. Animal : Length, entire (?) Length of mouth 9 6 Length of nose to eye 13 0 Length to pectorals 20 0 Length of pectoral 15 0 Length to dorsal 41 0 Length of dorsal 11 6 Height of doreal 10 0 Width of tail 22 0 Skull : Length, entire 18 0 Length of nose 8 6 Width at orbit 9 5 Width at notches 5 6 Width of middle of beak 3 6 Width of lower jaw at condyles .. 8 0 Bladebone broader than high, "with long acromion and a promi- nent articulation (t. 11. f. 9). Arm -bones very short ; fingers f6ur, short, outer longest, second rather shorter, third and fourth very short. Ear-bones large (see Van Beneden, I. c. t. 1. f. 7 & 8). Vertebra) 90 or 94. The atlas and axis only anehylosed ; the rest of the cervical vertebrae free. Scapula large. Thumb vsdthout a phalange. Skeleton, Mus. BruxeUes ; Louvain ; at Mus. Copenhagen, Kiel, and Berlin. c. Beak very short. Rostrum of skull only as long as the hrain-cavity. Teeth nearly to the notch, 9. Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus. White-sided Bottlemse. Skull: brain-ca\aty large, high at the top behind the blowhole. Nose nearly as long as the brain-cavity, gradually and regularly tapering on each side. Triangle in front of the blower flattened and concave behind, with a slightly raised, lozenge-shaped space in the front half. Above bluish-black, beneath white, with a large, oblique grey or white longitudinal streak on the hinder part of each side. Teeth |-|, small, acute, curved. Delphinus Tursio, Kiwz, Cat. Prej). IVIiale, 29, 1838 ; Ann. S,- Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. t. 3. Delphinus leucopleurus, Rasch, Nyt Mag. for Xatiirv. 1843, iv. 97 ; Mag. Zool. 1843, 3G9 ; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, i. 598. Delphinus Yhsemi, Escliricht. Jjagenorhynchus leucopleurus, Gray, Zool. Erehus <^- Terror, 34. t. 3 X 274 DELPHINID.E. (foetus), 1. 12 (skull), t. 20. f. 8 (tongue) ; Ann. ^ May. N. II. 1804, t. 3 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1804, 2:58. Inhab. North Sea. Orkney (Knox), 1835. Gulf of Christiania, 1843. a. Skeleton. Greenland. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror.' b. Foetus. North Sea, Faroe Islands. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. c. Skeleton, North Sea. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. The foetus has six bristles on each of the upper lips, the hinder one being rather further from the rest than the others are apart, which are equidistant, and of the same size. The tongue is flat on the top and as wide as the space between the sides of the jaws, with a regular sharp denticulated edge on each side, and with a rather larger, conical, separate tubercle in front. The teeth are not developed through the gums. The nose is nearly one-fifth the length of the distance between the end of the nose and the eye. The hinder part of the back has a rather thick convexity, like a long, low, rounded, second dorsal fin, just before the tail ; the same part of the foetus of Del2)7iimis Del^iMs ? and Steno ? fuscus is very much compressed, and fined off to a very thin knife-like edge. The skuU is at once known from the skull of the L. alhirostris at Norwich, by being smaller and the nose rather narrower, and espe- cially by the hinder part of the intermaxillaries, which form the triangle in front of the blower, being flattened and concave instead of swollen and convex. Length, entire, 16 ; of nose, 8^ ; of lower jaw, 13 inches. Breadth at orbit, 8| ; at notch, 4 ; at middle of beak, 2| inches. Mr. Knox gives the following description and measurements of a female sent from the Orkneys in May 1835 : — It weighed 14 stone. Length along margin, from snout to centre of tail, 77| inches ; cir- cumference, anterior, to dorsal fluke, 3S|^ inches ; length of pectoral extremity free, 10 inches ; breadth from tip to tip of tail, 14 inches ; length from snout to angle of mouth, 9 inches ; greatest possible gape, 3^ inches. Length of cranium, 15 inches ; of spinal column, 55i = 70| inches. AVeight of skeleton, 1^ lb. Teeth fa . f^=120. Vertebrae 81 ; cervical 7 ; dorsal 15 ; posterior 59. V-shaped bones commencing between the fortieth and forty-first vertebrae. Pelvis rudimentary, consisting of two cylindrical bones ; pelvic extremities not developed. The external opening of the nostrils near the vertex of the head was crescent-shaped, and placed transversely. The dorsal fluke was midway between the snout and tail. The skeleton of this specimen is now in the Museum of the Uni- versity of Edinburgh. The first, second, and third cervical vertebrae are united by the spinous processes, the second and rest are thin. The palate smooth, not grooved. Length of skull, 15| inches ; of nose, 7^ inches; of lower jaw, 10 inches. "Width of slaill, at notch, 8|^ inches ; at orbit, 8 inches ; at middle of beak, 3 inches. Nose of skull twice as long as the width at notch. Intermaxillaries narrowed in front. The skuU has two large foramina on the flat part of the 5. LAGENOKHYNCHUS. 275 temple on each side, instead of the single one in the sknll from Chris tiania. Delphinus Delphis ?, Jackson, Boston Journ. N. H. v. 154. t. " Dusky black on the back, white on the belly, and lead-coloured on the sides ; a dusky line, from 1 to 2 inches in width, commenced a little above the eye, and passing along the sides was lost in the lead-colour within 18 or 20 inches of the tail ; and another, much less distinct, ran parallel to this. " Inhab. Lynn, April 1842. Female, 7,| feet long ; nearly mature. " Foetus 38 inches long. " Teeth not yet developed. '' Vertebrae 70 : viz. cervical 7, dorsal 14, caudal 55. The viscera, &c., described." — Jaclcson, I. c. 155. t. " Shape slender. Jaws projecting, forming a large snout somewhat like the beak of some species of w^ater-birds. Spiracle near the top of the head, about 1 inch in diameter and 13 inches from extremity of snout. Greatest depth of body at origin of dorsal fin, 18 inches. From snout to origin of dorsal fin 39 inches; to the pectoral fin 19| inches ; to eye 12 inches ; to posterior teeth 8 inches. "Width of jaw at the insertion of the posterior teeth 2| inches. Jaws armed with numerous small, conical, incurved teeth, projecting above the jaw from one-fourth to half an inch. Distance between the eyes 9 inches. The eyes, situated low on the side of the head, are black, one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and present an oval appearance from the reflection of the integument forming a sort of eyelid by which the eye may be closed. Pectoral fin : length 4| inches ; height 11 inches. Dorsal fin falciform or lunated : length 10 inches ; height 10 inches. Caudal fin : length of each lobe 6 inches, and height 13 inches ; united they form a beautiful lunated fin." — Dr. Prescot, MS., in letter from Dr. Jaclson, 27th June 1840. See also 1. Lagenoi'hynchus ? Nilssonii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1864, 238. Delphinus obscurus, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna (not Gray), Inhab. North Sea. Nilsson, in the ' Scandinavian Fauna,' records a species under the name of Delphinus ohscurus, and refers it with doubt to the descrip- tion and figure of the skull, and the species under that name, in the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' and equally with doubt to D. su- perciliosm of Schlegel. Both these species are described from the same specimens, which were procured at the Cape of Good Hope, and therefore very unlikely to be of a species found also in the North Sea. Nilsson's species may very likely be found in the British seas ; so T have referred to it to draw zoologists' attention to the descrip- tion. It is the only Swedish species that has not hitherto been observed here. 2. Lagenorhynchus lateralis, Casdn, TJ. S. ExpJor. Exped. 32. t. 7. f. 1. Delphinus laterahs, Peale, Zool. Explor. Exped. Mamm. 35. "Teeth ^^^ = 164? Form thick: snout small; body much 41 . 41 " t2 276 DELPHINIDiE. compressed behind the dorsal fin. Colour light purplish grey ; be- neath white ; a dark lateral line, edged with spots, separates the colours of the i;pper and under parts of the body ; a separate line, paler in colour, branches from the lateral line opposite the pectoral fins, and passes downwards and backwards ; another connects the eyes and pectoral fins ; snout black ; fins black. Total length 7 feet 6 inches." " Caught, on the 13th of September, in the Pacific Ocean, latitude 13° 58' N., longitude 161° 22' W." " This is the description of Mr. Peale, to which we can add nothing. We find no specimen in the collection of the Expedition ; but, from the figure and description as above cited, this species does not appear to intimately resemble any other. From the latitude and longitude given, it ap])ears to have been captured at sea, some degrees south of the Sandwich Islands." — Cassin, L c. 6. DELPHINAPTERUS. Head rather convex, shelving towards the nose. Wose rather produced, obscurely divided from the forehead. Dorsal fin none. Back rounded. Pectoral oblong, rather slender. Skull moderate ; beak broad, dei^resscd, tapering, rounded above ; the triangle be- fore the blowers elongate, extending nearly to the middle of the beak. Palate flat. Teeth conical, tapering, acute, curved. Symphysis of the lower jaw short. The bladebone very broad, nearly semicircular, with a very distinct spinal ridge and a very large acromion and coracoid apophysis (see Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 307. t. 24. f. 20). (Very different from I)el2)hinus.) Delphinapterus, Gray, Zool. Ereh. Sf Terror, 35 ; Cat. Cetac. li. M. 1850, 103. Tursio (pars), Wagler, N. S. Amph. 34. Delphinus, sp., Lacep. Delphinapterus, sp., Blainville (not Lacep.) ; Lessoti, Votj. Leucoramphus, Lilljeborg. 1. Delphinapterus Peronii. Per on' s Doljjhin. Black ; beak, pectoral fins, and under part of body white, -li Delphinus Peronii, Lacep. Cet. 517, 1804; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 287, 295, 307, t. 21. f. 5, 6, & f. 20; F. Ctw. Cetac. 104; L>'Orb. Vmj. Amer. Merid. Mamm. t. 21. f. 5. Leucoramphus Peronii, Lilljehorf/. Delphinus leucoramphus, Brookes, Cat. 3fus. 39, 1828. Delphinapterus leucorhamphus, Peron, Voy. i. 217. t. 1; Owen, Cat. Osteol. Mas. Coll. Surf/. 454. n. 2503 (skeleton). Delphinapterus Peronii, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 9. f. 1 (bad), cop. F. Cut: Cetac. 104. t. ; Jardine, N. Lib. t. ; Gray, Zool. Erebtis 1^- Terror, t. 15. f. 4 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 103 ; 'Cas.mi, U. S. Expl. Exped. 33 ; Scldeyel, Abhandl. 24 ; Rosseau, May. Zool. 1850, 204. 6. DELPHIXAPXEKUS. 277 Dauphin de P^ron, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 21. f. 5, 6 (skull). D. bicolor, Ste])henso>i, MS. icon. ined. ; Gray, Zool. Ereb. Sf Terr. 36. t. 15. f. 1-3, from Stephenson'' s drawing, t. 15. f. 4, from Lesson. Delpliinus Peronii, or Right-Whale Porpoise of the Whalers, Bennett, Narrat. Whaling Voy. ii. 235. fig. Inhab. Highei' Southern latitudes. Brazil Bank. Lat. 40° S. to 54° S., long. 50° W. {Bennett). IS'ew Guinea (Quoy). West coast of South America, lat. 50° 35' (Pickering). Skull, from Peron, in Mus. Paris. Length 18^, of beak 10, of teeth-line 8|, of lower jaw 14| inches. Width at orbit 9, at notch 4|, at middle of beak 2| inches. Teeth -i^, small, slender, six in an inch. Beak broad, depressed, rather tapering in front ; the sides spongy ; the centre hollow, filled with cartilage, broader in front, flattened beliind. Triangle extending nearly to the middle of the length of the beak. Orbits rather shelving above, and slightly thickened on the edge. Palate flat in front, rather convex behind, without any groove on the sides. Lower jaw gradually tapering, angularly shelving, and flat on the sides in front. Symphysis short, not 2 inches. A second skuU, in Mus. Paris, brought by M. Housard in 1822, is rather more depressed in the middle in front, and with the triangle reaching near to the middle of the beak. Teeth ||-. Length, entire, 17-6 ; of beak 9-6 ; of lower jaw 14-6 inches. Width at notch 4-3 ; at middle of the beak 2-6 inches. Orbits rather shelving above, and slightly thickened on the edge. Cuvier justly observes that the beak of Lesson's figures (Voy. Coq. t. 9) is too pointed. Lesson also represents the black as only occu- pying the upper part of the back, as represented in fig. 4 of the plate t. 15 of the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' copied from his plate. M. d'Orbigny and Bennett represent the black as down to the base of the fins, and the hinder edge of the fin as black. In the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' t. 15, is given a new figure of the species, copied from a drawing, one-twelfth the natural length, communicated by W.Wilson Saunders, Esq., of Lloyd's, which was made by Dr. Stephenson, during the voyage of the ship ' Glenarn,' Captain Guy, in lat. 40° 48' S., long. 142° W., Jan. 12, 1844. The)^ live in large shoals ; the flesh is esteemed a delicacy. — Bennett, ii. 237. The skeleton referred to this species in the Museum of the College of Surgeons (see Osteol. Cat. 454, n. 2503) is the body of a Phoccena with the head of a Deljihinus, like D. Delj^his. 2. Delphinapterus ? borealis. Delphinapterus borealis, Peale, Zool. Explor. Ex2}ed. 38, ed. 1, 1848 ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 105, 1850. Delphinus borealis, Cassin, U. S. Explor. Exped. 30. t. 7. f. 2. " Form elongate ; snout slightly produced. Black, with a white lanceolate spot on the breast, which is extended in a narrow line to the tail. Length 4 feet. Teeth ? " Inhab. North Pacific Ocean. 278 DELPHINID^. *' Having no specimens for examination, we cite Mr. Peale's de- scription of this interesting species. From his figures, however, to be found in the Atlas to the volume above cited, it appears to us probable that it does not belong to the genus Belpliinapterus, or to the group of which D. Peronii is the type. In colour and general appearance this species appears to resemble Z>. hastatus, F. Cuvier (Schreber, Sjiugethiere, vii. pi. 351 ; Reichenbach, Cetaceans, pi. 10. figs. 29 & 30), notwithstanding that it has no dorsal fin. It may be the young of a species of Beluga. From DelpMnus hastatus the present species appears to differ essentially in size, and it is without the large hastate spot on the abdomen which characterizes that animal, and it does not belong to the same generic group. To this species Mr. Peale alludes as follows : — " While in the water it appears to be entirely black, the white line being invisible. It is remarkably quick and lively in its motions, frequently leaping entirely out of the water, and, from its not having a dorsal fin, is sometimes mistaken for a seal. *' Specimens were taken in the North Pacific Ocean, latitude 46° 6' 50", longitude 134° 5' W. from Greenwich. Great quantities of a species of Anot if a were floating on the surface of the sea, on which they were probably feeding. Two, which had been struck and badly wounded with the harpoon, escaped, but the othei-s did not leave the ship as the Delphini usually do when one of their number is wounded." " From the latitude and longitude given by Mr, Peale, it wiU be found that the land nearest to the point at which the animal was obtained is the coast of Oregon. It is therefore to be regarded with additional interest as entitled to admission into the fauna of the United States." — Cassin, 1. c. This species appears to resemble Delphinapterus only in the absence of the dorsal fin, in which respect it also resembles Beluga, of which it is probably a species. B. Head rounded in front, scarcely beaked. The beak of the skidl broad, dcjiressed, scarcely so long as the brain-cavity. * Latered tvings of the maxilla horizontal, 2rroduced over the orbits. Dorsal distinct. Teeth conical. 7. ORCA. Head rounded, scarcely beaked. Skull rounded ; the hinder wing of the maxilla horizontally spread over the orbits ; beak short ; the intermaxillaries about half the width of the jaw-bones ; forehead flattened. Triangle in front of blowers slightly concave. Palate convex. Teeth conical, acute, large, occupying the whole edge nearly to the notch, permanent. Dorsal fin high, falcate, in the middle of the back. Pectoral broad, ovate. Black, with white streaks beneath. Orca, Rondel. Pise. ; Grai/, Zool. Ereh. 8f Terr. 33, 1846; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 92; Proc^ Zool. Soc. 1864, 244. 7. ORCA. 279 Phocsena, sp., Waaler, N. S. Amph. 34. Grampus, sp., Gray, in Brookes's Cat. 40, 1828. Delphiuus, sp., Linn. ; Illiger, Prodi: 143, 1811. Grampus (pars), Gray, Sjnc. Zool. 2, 1828. Megalodontia, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 40, 1828. a. Brain-case depressed, hroad. Teeth large, strong, conical. Orca. 1. Orca gladiator. The Killer. Black ; circumscribed spot behind eye, spot on belly and under- side of tail white.. Nose of skull nearly twice as long as the width of the notch. Teeth -j-|, large, conical, slightly hooked. BaliTjnag minores in utraque maxiUa dentatis qu. Orcse vocantur, Sibhald, Phal. 6. t. 2. f. 3 (tooth). Delphiuus Orca, Linn. Mant. Plant, ii. 523; S. N. i. 108; Schreh. Siiiigeth. t. 340; Fischer, Srjn. Mamm. 511 ; Mag. Nat. Hist. iv. 329. fig. 2 ; Schlegel, Be Dieren, 87. t. 14 (good) ; Abhandl. ii. 33. t. 7, 8 (from life) ; Sundevall, (Efv. K. Veten. Akad. 1861, 386. t. 8 ? ; Cav. Oss. Foss. V. 281; Turton, B. F. 17; Fleming, B. A.2,^\ Jenyns, Man. 42 ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 477. fig. (bad) ; Nilsson, Ska?id. Fauna, 603 ; Gervais, Zool. et Paleont. Fraiu;. t. 37. f. 3, 4. Grampus, Hunter, Phil. Trails. 1787, t. 16 (skull in Mus. CoU. Surg. n. 2515), cop. Bell, Brit. Anim. fig. ; Bonnat. CUac. t. 12. f. 1; Shaw, Zool. ii. 513. t. 232, lower fig. Cachalot d' Anderson, Duhamel. Delphiuus Duhamelii, Lacep. Cetac. 314. t. 9. f. 1 (good). Phocfena Orca, Wax/ler, N. S. Amph. 34. Delphiuus gladiator, Bonnat. Cet. 23 ; ? Lacep. CMac. 302. t. 5. f. 3. Delphiuus Grampus, Desm. N. Diet. H. N. ix. 168 ; 3famm. 617, from Hunter. Delphiuus Grampus (The Large Grampus), Oiven, Cat, Mus. Coll. Surg. n. 1136. Grampus Orca, Gray, in Brookes's Cat. Mus. 40, 1828; Lilljehorg, Skand. Hvaldjur, 15. Phocjena gladiator, Lesson, Man. 414. Phocfena Grampus, Lesson, Man. 415. Orca gladiator, Sundevall, K. Vet. Akad. Of vers. 1861, 391 ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 93 ; Proc. Zool. Sac. 1864, 244 ; Malmgren, Arch. Naturg. 1864, 90. Grampus gladiator, Lilljehorg, Skand. Hvaldyr, 15. Stour wagn, at Finmark. Orca, Rondel. Pise. 483. fig. ; Gesner, Aquat. 748, fig. from Rondel. ? Agluck, Pallas, Zool. Rosso- Asiat. 305. ? Aguluch, Chamisso, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xii. 262. t. 20. f. 9 ? Anat. Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 22. f. 3, 4; R. A. i. 289 (skull) ; Jacob, Dublin Phil. Journ. 1825, t. 2. f. 3 (very small and bad skull) ; Gervais, Zool. et Paleont. Frang. t. 37. f. 3, 4 (skull, from Cette). Inhab. North Sea. a. Skull. Coast of Essex. From Mr. Cross's Collection. b. Skeletcm 20 feet long. From Weymouth. Presented by R. Pearce, Esq. c. Skull. From Mr. Turner's Collection. There is a skull in Mr. Bell's museum, from a male 19 feet long, taken in Lynn Harbour, Nov. 1830. The animal was described in 280 DELruiNTn^E. Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. v. The following are the measurements of this specimen : — ft, jn. Length along curve 21 3 Length, straight 19 0 Length to dorsal fin 8 2 Length to pectoral fin 4 0 Height of dorsal 4 0 Height to dorsal 13 1 Length of dorsal 2 4 Length of pectoral 4 0 Breadth of pectoral 2 8 The following are the measurements of two skulls — No. 1 the specimen a, from Essex, in the British Museum, and No. 2 the spe- cimen numbered 1136 in the Museum of the College of Surgeons : — No. 1. No. 2. in. iu. Skull : Length, entire 33 41 ^ Length of nose 19i 22^ Length of teeth-line 14| 20 Length of lower jaw 21 \ 35 Breadth at notch 10| 14 Breadth at orbit 18 Breadth at temple 18 Breadth at middle of beak .... 9| Breadth of intermaxillary .... Breadth in front 4 6 Breadth in middle 3| 3| The skull, n. 1136 (see Owen, n. 2512) of the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons, called the Large Grampus {D. Grampus in the Catalogue), is of most colossal size. It formed part of the Hunterian collection, and is probably the skuU of the large speci- men, 31 feet long, killed at Greenwich in 1793. — Bends, in Lucejikle. It has teeth ||, very large, nearly to the notch. Intermaxillary rather dilated, broader over the front of the nose. The rest of the skeleton has been lately mounted and exhibited in the Museum of the lloyal College of Surgeons. " The skeleton from Gstend in the Louvain Museum : — Vertebrae 50 or 51, viz. 7 cervical, 11 dorsal, 10 lumbar, and 22 or 23 caudal. Ribs 11 . 11. The sternum formed of three bones, the first largest and longest, the last short and broad. The first ribs on the front outer edge of the first, the second on the suture between the first and second, the third on the suture between the second and third, the three others on the outer hinder edge of the last bone." — Flower, P. Z. S. 1864. The pelvic bones are elongate, subcylindrical, slightly curved. In the Firth of Tay it goes up as far as the salt water reaches, almost every tide at flood, during the months of July and August, in pursuit of salmon, of which it devours immense mmibers. "The species is gregarious, and moves rapidly foi'ward in the water. 7. OKCA. 281 When it comes to the surface to respire it remains, like the porpoise, but for an instant, and then dives, describing however in its course a much wider arch." — Flem. B. A. 34. Lilljeborg has two species : one he calls " Grampus gladiator, Lacepede," which he describes as having twelve pairs of ribs, a white spot on the neck, and a very high dorsal fin ; and the other, " O. Orca, Schlegel," Avith only eleven pairs of ribs, no white spot on the neck, and a moderately high dorsal fin. The former is evidently the Orca gladiator of the Enghsh zoologists ; the other is probably a distinct species ; but it cannot be the Delphinus Orca of Schlegel (Abhandlungen, ii. p. 2. t. 7 & 8), as that species has a distinct white spot on the side of the neck and a high dorsal fin, and well repre- sents the D. Oral of our coast, and the skeletons of the English specimens which I have been able to examine have only eleven pairs of ribs. The accuracy of the following habitats has been authenticated by the examination of the specimens or bones : — Greenwich (Hunter) ; skull Mus. Coll. Surg. n. 2515. Coast of Essex ; skull in British Museum. Weymouth (M. Fearce) ; skeleton in British Museum. Lynn Harbour, 19th Nov. 1830 ; skull in Mr. Bell's museum (see Loudon's Mag. N. Hist. iv. 329, figure far too short). A school of ten in the Barrett, near Bridgewater, 24th March 18G4 (J. CJarl-), varying from 1 1 to 22 feet long. Young specimen in the Thames at Greenwich, 1793 {Banls, in Pennant), length 31 feet; skeleton in British Museum and Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. Ostend, adult male, and female of two years ; adult skeleton, Mus. Louvain. Holland, 1841, 16 feet long; skeleton, Mus. Leyden. The Orca gladiator has been twice captured in the Mediterranean. One was taken about twenty years ago at Cette ; its dental formula was \^ : another came ashore at Elne, Byrenees orientales, in 1857, but the fragment of the lower jaw, which is preserved, contains ten teeth, so that M. Gervais does not feel sure of its being the same species as the Cette specimen. It is also impossible to say Avhether it may be identical Avith the Delphinus Feres. — Gervais, Ann. <^- Mag. N. H. 1865, XV. 75. M. Gervais, in the ' Zool. et Baleont. Frang.,' figures the skull of D. Orca from Cette. Delphinus Orca (Linn. S. Nat. i. 108) is CAddently from Orca, Belon, Boiss. 18, Bond. Bisc. 433, fig., copied by Gesner, Aquat. 748. In the 'Mantissa,' ii. 523, the reference to the Schwerdtjische of Ander- son and some other whalers is added, and probably from them is taken the foUoAving note : — " Bellum gerit cum Bhocis, quas ojic gladii dorsalis e lapidibus dctrudit ; Balasnarum Bhocarumque ty- rannus, quas turmatim adgreditur. Binna dorsalis est spina cnsi- formis, sexpedalis, cute vestita, basi latior." {Mant. ii. 523.) Bon- naterre gave the name of Delphinus gladiator to Anderson's figure, which represents the dorsal fin as situated near the nape. Cuvier believed that the Orca of the ancients Avas probably a Cachalot, and that the Killer is the Aries marinus of Bliny, ^lian, and the Latins, who compared the white streak behind the ej-e to a horn. Desmarest (Mamm. 515) confines the name Delphinus Orca 282 DELPHINIDiE, to the animal intended by the ancients, and characterizes it, ''Mnseau conforme comnie celui du Dauj^hin viilgairc, dents larges et crenelees sur lenrs bords" — being a translation of Artedi (Gen. Piscium, 76, 3), " D, rostro sursum rcpando, dentibus latis seiTutis." 0. Fabricius observes that he never saw D. Orca ; but Professor Eschricht believes the Plujseter microps of 0. Fabricius to be the Killer, or D. Orca of Linnaeus (Dan. Trans, xii.). Fabricius says, " The AkllmTc\\as in the lower jaw 22 teeth, 11 on each side, arched, falciform, hollow internally as far as the point, projecting scarcely a third part (and this visible part is enamelled, com jjressed- conical, with the point shai-p, curved inwardly and at the same time verging a little backwards ; but the concealed part broader and having two parts, compressed anteriorly and posteriorly, and, especially on the side nearest the throat, channelled) ; of the length of a linger, and Ij inch broad; the middle ones larger, the anterior and posterior smaller. Beak rather obtuse. Beside the pectoral fins, it has a long, erect dorsal fin. In size it is to be regarded as amongst the smaller whales. Skin glabrous, black ; the fat thick, but little oily ; flesh red."- — Fabricius, Faun. Grcenl. Of the AidluiTc wonderful stories are told : the following is not the most extraordinarj' : — " Where these appear, all the seals disappear, else they make desperate slaughter among them ; for they have such sagacity aiid skill in catching them with the mouth and fins, that they are sometimes seen loaded with five at a time, one in the mouth, a couple under each fin, and one under the back fin." — Crantz, Green- land, i. 116. I formerly thought that the Akllmh of 0. Fabricius was identical with the BaJama microcepliala of Sibbald ; but Professor Eschricht observes that it is most important, in the determination of 0. Fabri- cius's synonyma, to attend to the Grcenlanders' names, as they are most accurate cetohgists. He states (on the authority of Captain Holboll) " that two of the animals which Fabricius refei'red to Physeter — viz. 1st, the ' Pernak' (which he called P, Catodon), pro- bably, and, 2nd, the ' Aidluik,' called by him P. microps (which Cuvier thought might be D. ghhiceps), certainly — are the Northern Sword-fish, Delp>liinus Orca." — Kong. Danshe Afhandl. xi. 136. (See also Eschricht, (Eversigt Kong. Vid. Sclsk. Forh. 1862, 65.) In his last paper he regards the Ardluhsoah, or the Large Greenland Orqiie, as the male, and the AidJuik as the female of the Delpliinus Orca. — Ann. Sd. Nat. 1 864, 209. Fabricius's description of the 'Aidluik' wdll do for Orca gladiator, except that he calls it black, and does not mention the very remark- able white marks of that species, and he described the lower jaw only as toothed. Now the upper teeth of Orca are not deciduous. It is more probably a Grampus. Lilljeborg describes two species of Orca, one with 11, and the other with 12 ribs ; but they seem to vary in number in the same specimens. Professor Eschricht thinks there are more than one European species of Orca ; but he has not characterized the species, and onlj" gives some rambling notes on their wanting systematic consideration. 7. ORCA. 283 2. Orca intermedia. The Small Killer. Nose of skull half the entire length. Teeth \\-, long, conical. Delphiuus intermedius, Gray, Ami. Phil. 1827, 396 (not Harhm). Orca intermedia. Gray, Zool. E. 8{ T. 34. t. 8 (skull) 5 Cat. Cetac. B.M. 18.50, 96, Grampus intermedius. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 104. a. Skull ? The specimen described in the 'Annals of Phil.' and desci'ibed and figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror.' The following are its measurements : — iu. liu. Skull : Length, entire 14 0 Length of nose 7 0 Length of teeth-line 5 6 Length of lower jaw 11 0 Breadth at orbit 8 3 Breadth at notch 4 6 Breadth at middle of beak 0 9 This skull, which has all the appearance of being that of a full- grown animal, is just one quarter the length and breadth of the skull of the adult common Killer {Orca gladiator). " In the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror," Dr. Gray has figured and desciibed a skull (in the British Museum, locality unknown) under the name of Orca intermedia. This is evidently that of a very young individual, probably of one of the above-mentioned large siJecies. At all events the number of the teeth (j-j-) and the form of the premaxillaries distinguish it from the Tasmanian skulls." — Floiver, P. Z. S. 1864. 3. Orca Capensis. The Cajje Killer. Skull flattish above, rather concave in the middle before the blow- hole. Nose rather convex on the side, rather tapering in front. Teeth ^, side upper very large, thick, nearly to the preorbital notch, concave on each side for the reception of the teeth of the opposite jaw ; the front upper small, acute ; front lower large, worn down, rounded. Intermaxillaries rather dilated, and broader over the front of the nose, contracted behind. Delphinus globiceps, Oioen, Cat. 3Ius. Coll. Surg. 165. n. 1139 ; Grant, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, 65. Delphinus Orca, Oiccn, Brit. Foss. Mamm. 516; Eydoux, Mns. Parts. Orca Capensis, Gray, Zool. Erebus ^ Terror, 34. t. 9 (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 95. Grampus, Bennett, Whaling Voyage, ii. 239. Grampus gladiator, A. ISmith, African Zool. 126. The Killer of the IMmle-Jishers. Inhab. Southern Ocean. Cape of Good Hope (i/. Vilete, 1818), Mns. Coll. Sui'g. n. 1139. Northern Pacific Ocean {Captain Del- vitte, R.N.). Chili {Eydoux), Mns. Paris. a. Skull. Northern Pacific Ocean. Pi-esented by the Zoological 284 DELPHINID^lC. Society of London. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and TeiTor/ fig. 9. p. 34. The following are the measurements, first, of the specimen n. 1139 in the Museum of the Royal CoUege of Surgeons, and, secondly, of the skull in the British Museum : — ^^ ^j^^ jj^ jjj^ Skull : Length, entire 37 0 30 G Length of nose 18 0 18 0 Length of teeth-line 14 6 14 6 Length of lower jaw 29 6 29 6 Breadth at notch 12 6 12 0 Breadth at orbit 21 0 21 0 Breadth at temple above 20 0 20 0 Breadth at middle of beak 10 0 10 0 Breadth of intermaxillaries 3 9 3 6 Breadth in front 4 6 4 G Breadth in middle 3 3 3 3 Professor Owen observes, " The skull of the Cape Grampus (Del- lihinus Orca) is of a somewhat small size, and differs from the pre- ceding specimen (the Orca of the Thames) chiefly in the greater development of the tuberosities and curved ridges on the sides of the superoccipital, and in the less development of the median vertical ridge. The contour of the occiput at this part is straight; it pre- sents a double sigmoid curve in the Great Grampus {D. Orca). The slender nasal processes of the premaxillaries form convex ridges on this skull : they are more flattened in the Great Grampus. There are two small additional teeth at the back of the series, which may depend upon the present specimen having belonged to a younger individual. The slight differences noticeable in the skull chiefly depend on the muscular attachment, and are of a kind to characterize varieties, not to establish specific distinctions." (?. c. 450. no. 21519.) The skull in the Royal College of Surgeons appears to be the one which Professor Owen gives the measurement of as D. Orca, in his account of Phocana crassidens in the ' British Fossil Mammalia.' The Grampus of the South Sea Avhalers is veiy frequently noticed in the Pacific Ocean, from the equator to 44° N. and 10° S. latitude. They occur in herds, and their appearance is supposed to indicate the resorts of the Cachalots. Whether this whale is identical with the Grampus (Phocama Orca) of the North Sea may be fairly questioned ; but should it prove to be so, the geographic range of the latter spe- cies must be indeed extensive. — Bennett, WhaVimj Voi/ar/e, ii. 238. Mr. Bennett mentions a KiUer Avhich appears in small bands, chiefly in the vicinity of the equator, of a moderate size, spouts much like the Cachalot, and has a tall erect dorsal fin. — Bennett, I. c. 239. Sir Andrew Smith has given me the drawing of a species of an Orca, from the Cape of Good Hope, which exactly agrees, in the dis- tri])ution of the colour, with the Orca f/]((diator of the British coast. It only differs from Schlegel's beautiful figure of the European Orca in the bands which extend up the hinder part of the sides being rather narrower and \vith more parallel edges, instead of broad, and 7. ORCA. 285 curved outward on the sides. This similarity of the external colour- ing in two species of such different geographic distribution, easily explains why they have been considered the same species though they are half the globe apart. The examination of the skeleton, and especially of the skull, shows that they are quite distinct. It is the same with the species of Glohiocephalus of the North Sea and of the Southern Ocean. b. Braia-case hiyh, suhglohular. Rostntm very short, narrowed infrmit. Teeth small, slender, Orcaella. 4, Orca brevirostris. The brain-case subglobular, evenly convex above. The rostrum very short, tapering, and subacute in front, about two-thirds the length of the brain-case to the notch. The maxilla narrow in fi'ont, wider in the middle, where it is about as wide as the intermaxillary on each side. The premaxillary broad, rather convex, solid, sepa- rated by a wide central groove. The rostral triangle very large, produced much in front of the notch. Palate flat in front. Teeth 11^, slender, subcylindrical. Phocfena (Orca) brevirostris, Oioen, Zool. Trans, v., ined. Inhab. East coast of India, the harbour of Yizagapatam. a. SkuU. Presented by Walter Elliot, Esq., of Woolflee. The skuU described by Professor Owen. The following description, by Professor Owen, is taken from the skull of a small Cetacean which was cast ashore in a decomposed state in the harbour of Vizagapatam, east coast of India. It belongs to Cu\aer's section of Blunt-headed Dolphins, in which, by the form of the teeth, it is allied to the PJioccena (/lohiceps, Cuv. ; but it indicates, by the shortness of the muzzle and some osteological characters, a nondescript species, for which the name Phoccena brevirostris is proposed. " The basioeeipital forms the lower fifth of the foramen magnum, intervening, for an extent in a straight line of 10^'", between the lower ends of the occipital condyles ; it is here thick, concave trans- versely, becoming thinner vertically and expanded transversely as it advances to join the basisphenoid, with which it has coalesced. " A slight median longitudinal obtuse ridge divides the back part of the under surface of the basisphenoid into two shallow concavities, from the sides of which the otocranial plates extend, which bend shghtly downward to form the lower and inner or mesial wall of the otocrane. "The occipital condyles (2', fig. 57) are narrow, vertically elongated, oval convexities, wider at their lower half, with the mesial margin gently convex, the lateral or outer margin sinuous, through a slight concavity marking off the upper third of the condyle : the length of the condyle in a straight line is 2" 1'", the greatest breadth 1" 12'" : 28G DKLPIIINID.E. the upper ends of the condyles are 1" '3'" apart. They are low and sessile. " The foramen magnum is vertically oval, widest above, and notched at the middle of the upper border ; its length, to the end of the notch, is 2", its breadth 1" 3'" ; the breadth across the broadest parts of both condyles is 2" 9'". Fiff. 57. Skull of Orca brevirostris. " The paroccipital (4), an exogenous growth of the exoccipital, forms the back part of the otocrane, towards which it is sinuous or slightly concave, and terminates below in a thick, rough border : this border is divided by a notch from the otocranial plate of the basi- sphenoid ; and just within the verge of that notch opens the canal for the ' nervus vagus.' " The superoccipital (3) rises and expands, as in other Delphinidae, into a broad and lofty convex plate, reaching the vertex and there articulating ^vdth the parietals (7) and intei'jDarietal ( 7*) : a low median ridge divides vertically the upper half of the superoccipital. On the inner surface, 1" 6'" above the foramen magnum, a vertical triangular plate of bone descends into the falx ; it is thickest behind, where its base is grooved transversely by the lateral sinus. " The alisphenoids coalesce with the fore part of the lateral border of the basisphenoid, in advance of the otocrane, of which it forms the anterior wall or boundary : the base of the alisphenoid is notched posteriorly (tr) for the thii-d, and anteriorly (m) for the second division of the integument ; it expands as it passes outwards, slightly rising to join the parietal (7) and frontal (11), and to overlap the process of the squamosal continued mesiad from the glenoid cavity. The suture between the interparietal (7*) and superoccipital (3) is obliterated, and that with the parietals is partially so. The suture between the parietal and superoccipital remains at its lower half, showing that a narrow strip of the parietal appears on the external surface of the 7. ORCA. 287 cranium, extending back-ward, between the squamosal (27') and super- occipital (3) to the exoccipital (2), and slightly expanding at its junction therewith. " The presphenoid is distinct from the basisphenoid, and extends in the form of a compressed rostrum forward, contracting, to be enclosed by the posterior sheath-shaped part of the vomer. The orbitosphenoids extend outward, overlapping the pterygoids, contract where they form the fore part of the foramen laccrum anterius and the optic foramina, beyond which they expand to support the orbital plate of the frontal. "The frontals(ll,ir), in great part overlapped, as in other Cetacea, by the maxillaries (21), show, at their narrow exposed strip, extending transversely across the summit of the cranium, the persistent frontal suture, half an inch in length: from this suture, the strip curves outward and backward, expanding beyond the interparietal (7*), and then downward and forward, contracting, and again expanding to form the postorbital process (12), which is triangular and three- sided, one facet being a continuation of the exposed strip, a second contributing to the temporal fossa (t), and a third to the orbit (or). " In the temporal fossa (t) the frontal (11) articulates with the parietal (7) and alisphenoid ((>), in the orbit with the orbitosphenoid and malar ; then arching forward from the postorbital process, the frontal forms the superorbital ridge (11'), and articulates anteriorly by a kind of gomphosis with the malar (2G') : it is overlapped here, as on the cranium, by the maxiUary (21"), The medial parts of the frontals are united posteriorly with the interparietal (7*), anteriorly with the nasals (15). " The vomer extends forward to within 1^ inch of the end of the premaxillaries, and, behind these, intervenes upon the bony palate between the maxillaries, along a strip of 2 inches extent and 3 lines across the broadest part. This palatal part of the vomer is the lower convexity of the canal formed by the spout-shaped bone : the hollow of the canal is exposed at the upper interspace of the pre- maxillaries. Here also is seen, 2 inches behind the fore end of the vomer, the rough, thick, anterior border of the coalesced prefrontals, which contracts as it passes into their upper border, forming the septum of the nostrils, expanding below and behind to form the back wall of the nasal passages. Here a trace of the suture between these foremost neui'apophyses of the skull remains. The small, transversely extended, subquadrate nasals (15) intervene between the frontals and prefrontals. " The palatine bones appear in the palate as narrow strips wedged between the maxillaries and pterygoids, and imited together beneath the vomer by a longitiidinal suture of 3'" in extent : passing out- ward and forward, after a brief contraction, they suddenly expand and bend upward to line or form the mesial wall of the orbit, and again contract to articulate with the frontal, at the superorbital fossa. The mesial borders of the palatines articiilate with the vomer and prefrontals ; and, between the pterygoids and the vomer, the pala- tines form the fore part of the lower half of the nasal passages. 288 BKLPnrxiDJ:. " The orbital plate of the palatine sends off an outer thin lamina, which terminates by a free mar presents characters which are easily recognized. The Museum of Paris jiossesses two skulls, from specimens taken at Nice by Risso and Laurillard. There is another in the Museum of Marseilles, ob- tained from one of a shoal which came ashore into Carry, Bouches du Ehone, in 1862. — Gervais, Comptes Retidus, 28 Nov. 1864, 876 ; A7in. c^ Mag. N. H. 1865, xv. 76. •* The triangle short, broad. 3, Grampus Richardsonii. Lower jaw straight, regularly diverging, scarcely bulging on the side behind, united by a rather long, wide symphysis in front ; obliquely truncated in front, with a rather prominent, tuberous gonyx. Teeth 4 . 4, rather large, far apart, conical, tapering at the tip, but subcylindrical at the base. Grampus, n. s., Grai/, Zool. Erehus 8f Terror, 31. Grampus Richardsonii, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 85 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865. Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. Kalk's Bay, Simon's Bay {Layard). a. Lower jaw. Presented by the Haslar Hospital Museum. This lower jaw appears to differ from the lower jaw of 0. Cuvieri in being much thicker at the symphysis, very obliquely truncated in front, and rather projecting below. Teeth 4 . 4, large, conical, rather acute and recurved ; the upper edge behind the teeth round, with many minute holes on the edge. It measm-es as follows : — inches. Length, entii'e 16 Length, front truncation 2 Length of teeth-series 2 Width near condyle 4 Width in front . ." 1 Width at condyle 11| Mr. Layard has sent me for examination a skull of a Grampus taken from the shores of Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope, which is contained in the South African Museum. It is a typical Grampus, like G. Rissoanus, with four teeth on each side of the front of the lower jaw. It chiefly diff'ers from G. Rissoanus in the shortness of the triangle in front of the blowers, which is not continued over the vomer. The lower jaw agrees so completely with the lower jaw of G. Ricliardsonii, that I believe it belongs to this species, which was probably received from the Cape. — See Gray, P. Z. S. 1865. The skull in the Cape Museum resembles in most particulars that of Grampus Cuvieri, and may be considered that of a typical spe- cies of the genus. It agrees with Beluga in the convexity of the triangle in front of the blowers and in the general form ; but it diifers from that genus in the elevation of the margins of the maxillae over the orbits, and on the side of the hinder part of the beak in front of the notch, showing that the genus is intermediate in form 300 UELPUINID.E. between Beluga and Orca. Grampus and Behir/a are peculiai' for having teeth only in the front part of the lower jaw, as in Ghhio- cephalus ; but the teeth of Gramjnis are permanent, while those of Bchiria are early deciduous. The lower jaw from the Cape Beas only differs from the lower jaw of the typical specimen of G. lUchardsonii in being rather more slender in front, just behind the gonyx and the end of the teeth- line, and in the teeth being apparently rather shorter and more slender ; but the bases of the teeth of the typical specimen are entirely exposed, and in the one from the South- African Museum they are still imbedded in the dried gums; so that the difference is more apparent than real. The upper edge of the orbit is raised into a decided marginal ridge. The maxillary bones in front of the notch are rather ex- panded and well bent up on the edge. The triangular space in front of the blowers is convex, evenly rounded, and with a well-marked oblique groove on each side in front. The intermaxillary bones are very broad, with a hard, shining, smooth, rather convex upper surface ; they cover fully two-thirds of the upper part of the hinder portion, and much more, or at least foiir-fifths, of the front part of the beak. The palate is flat in front and rather convex behind. The upper jaw is rather bent down at the tip, and is destitute of teeth ; but has a submarginal line with a few small pits. The lower jaw has four conical teeth on each side in front, placed over the gonyx. Length of the skull 18, of beak from the notch 10|, of lower jaw 14| inches ; width of the brain-case at the centre of the orbit 11, of beak at the notch 7| inches. The triangle in front of the blowers in the skulls of the European species is much elongated, the slender front part being produced between the intermaxiUaries nearly to the end of the beak. (1) G. griseus, of Brest, has only 2 . 2 teeth in the front of the lower jaw (Gervais, I. c. t. 57. f. 5). (2) G. Rissoi, of Nice, has 5 . 5 teeth in the front of the lower jaw (Gervais, Zool. et Pale'ont. Fran^-, t. 57. f. 1, 2). In the Cape species the triangle is shorter and much broader com- pared with its length, the front side-margins being more transverse. (3) G. Rkliardsonii. In G. Rissoi the outer edges of the intermaxiUaries are sinuous and rather contracted to nearly the middle of their length. In G. Ricli- ardsonii the outer edges are rather slightly arched and bent out ; the bones are widest in the middle of their length ; the nostrils are bent to the left side, the right side of the skull being most developed. 4. Grampus affinis. The teeth are 12 . 12, small, conical, curved, very acute. Nose rather concave on the sides. IntermaxiUaries nearly as wide as the jaws. Lower jaw obliquely truncated in front. Length, entire, 24 10. PHOC.ENA. 301 inches, of nose 12, of tooth-line 7, of lower jaw 19. Width at notch 9, of middle of beak 6|, at orbits 15| inches. In the Museum of the College of Surgeons is a skull (no. 1138, Hunterian) apparently belonging to another species of this genus. 5. Grampus Sakamata. The Salcamata. Delphinus Orca, Schlegel, Fauna Japon. 25. Grampus Sakamata, Gray, Zool. Ereb. 8f Terr. 31 ; Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 85. Inhab. Japan. M. Schlegel (Faun. Japon. 25) described a dolphin found on the coast of Japan, and called Sahamata Jcuzira. It is said to have a high dorsal, and to be black, with white spots on the beUy, back, and sides near the pectoral fins ; the eyelids and lips pale pui-ple, the latter often white-spotted. The head is rounded ; the upper jaw pointed and toothless ; the lower short and narrow, and toothed. Schlegel, who refers this species to D. Orca, says the wanting teeth in the upper jaw is a mistake ; but it is probably a Grampus, which often wants them in that jaw. I do not see why one part of the description should be relied on and not the other. ** The lateral wings of the maxilla shelving doion over the orhit. t Teeth permanent, compressed, sharp-edged. 10. PHOC^NA. Dorsal fin in the middle of the body. Skull-nose depressed, broad ; the hinder part of the maxilla slightly shelving downwards over the orbits. The intermaxillaries and vomer form part of the palate. Teeth numerous, spathulate, compressed, extending nearly the whole length of the jaw. PhocEena, Rondel. Pise. 474 ; Grag, Spic. Zool. 2, 1828 ; Zool. Ereh. 8f Terr. 30 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 81, 1850 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 245. Phoctena, sp., Cuvier; F. Cuvier \ Wagler, N. S. Aniph. 34. Delphinus, sp., Linn. ; Illiger, Prod. 143, 1811. The foetus of Phoco'na has two bristles on each side of the nose ; as the animal grows, these bristles fall out, and each leaves a small pit on the side of the nose, which Klein (Hist. Piscium, i. 24) mistook for the nostrils, as has been well observed by Professor Eschricht, 250. When the mouth is closed the upper lip overlaps the under one evenly all round. The part of the under Kp that is covered by the upper one is flat, and shelving inwards. It is of a paler colour than the upper lip and the lower part of the lower one. The cervicals are thin, soldered. Eibs 13 . 13, of which seven are articulated to the borders of the vertebrae. Vertebrae about 40 ; the last very small, incrusted in the tail. The spinous processes com- mence with the sixth lumbar, and do not embrace the caudal vertebra. The bladebone is narrow, and the coracoid is more equal to the acromion than is that of D. Dclphis. The first bone of the sternum 302 DELPHIlflD^. is pierced and without lateral angles. There are only 5 pairs of true ribs. — Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 30G. The skeleton in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, no. 2509. — " All the cervical vertebra? are anchj^losed ; the head of the first rib rests upon their coalesced bodies. There are 56 other vertebrae, twelve of which support moveable ribs, but the thirteenth pair seems to have been lost." — Owen, I. c. p. 455. Professor Kapp (Cetac. t. 5) figures the skeleton of Delphinus Pho- ccena. " The scapula with a broad, dilated coracoid process. Fin- gers five, short; the first longest, the third scarcely shorter, the second shorter, the fourth and fifth very short, the fifth slender. Spinous processes of the dorsal and lumbar vertebrae with a distract Bubcentral anterior process on each side. The lateral processes of the lumbar vertebree short and broad." — Rapp, I. c. Mr. F. Knox gives many details of the anatomy of this species in his ' Catalogue of Preparations relative to Whales,' 1838, p. 32. M. G. Breschet describes and figures the organ of hearing of the Porpoise (Ann. Sci. Nat. 1838, x. 221. t. 5). * Dorsal Jin in middle of hack, without any spines on its upjjer edge. Teeth all compressed, truncated. 1. Phocsena communis. Common Porpoise. Black. Phocaena, Rondel. Pise. 473 ; Gesncr, Aquat. 837. fig. ; Aldrov. Pise. 719. fig. Phocsena Rondeletii, Wilhighh. Pise. 31. t. A 1. f. 2. Tursio Marsouin, Belon, Aquat. 16. fig. Tursio, Plinii H. N. ix. 9. Phocsena communis, Brookes, Cat. Mus. 39 ; Lesson, Man. 413 ; F. Cuv. Cetac. 172 ; Gray, List Mamm. B. 3L 104 ; Spic. Zool. 2, 1828 ; Zool. Erebus Sf Terror, 30 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 81 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 245 ; Mahngren, Arch. Nat. 1864, 90. Delphinus Phocoena, Limi. Faun. Suec. 17 ; S. N. i. 108 ; Schreb. Sdugeth. t. 342 ; Bonnat. Cet. 18. t. 1. t. 10. f. 1 ; Besm. Mamm. 516 ; Fischer, Syn. 510 ; Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 286. t. 21. f. 1, 2 (skull) ; Bell, Brit. Mam. 473,476. fig. ; Rapp, Cetac. t. 5 (skeleton) ; ScMcgel, Abhandl. 31 ; Dieren, 89. t. 15 ; Turton, B. Fauna, 17 ; Fleming, B. A. 33 ; Phil. Zool. ii. 209. t. 1. f. 4 ; Jetiyns, Man. 41 ; Kilsson, Skand. Fauna, 616. Marsouin commun, Cuvier, Menaq. Mus. t. ; Reg. Anim. i. 279. Porpesse, Shaxo, Zool. ii. 504. t. 229, 230, 231 ; Borlase, Cornw. 204. t. 27. f. 2 ; Monro, Phtjs. Fishes, 45. t. 35. Anat. Knox, Cat. Prep. Whales, 1838, 37 ; Rapp, Cetac. t. 5 ; Sibson, Trans. Roy. Soc. 1848 ; Bonnat. Cet. t. ; Lacep. Cet. t. 20. f. 2 (skele- ton) ; Jacob, Dublin Phil. Journ. 1825, t. 2. f. 5. Inhab. North Sea. Near shore, in all seasons, and ascends rivers. Called Marsuins, Herring Hogs, Neessock, Pellock, and Bucker. — Fleming, B. A. 34. a. Thames. Presented by Mr. Leadbeater. h. Skull. From Dr. Mantell's Collection. c, d, e. Stuff'ed. Thames. Presented by Messrs. J. & C. Grove. /. Skeleton. English coast. 10. PHOC^NA. 303 Mr. Knox (Cat. Prep. Whales, p. 32, 1838) gives the particulars of two skeletons of female specimens : — 1. Of a gravid female taken in the Firth of Forth, 56 inches long and 34 inches in circumference. Teeth -||- . ||^. Vertebrae 65 : cervical 7, dorsal and ribs 13, pos- terior 45. V-shaped bones commencing between the thirty-fourth and thirty-fifth vertebrae. Length of base of cranium 11, of spinal column 42 inches=53. Weight of cranium 1 lb. 1 oz., of trunk and extremities 2 lb. 15 oz. = 4 lb. 2. Of a female, 74 inches long, killed in the Thames : has coracoid clavicles. It also differs from the preceding in the following par- ticulars : — There are only twelve ribs on each side (24) ; the vertebrae towards the caudal extremity are much more slender and delicate, while the transverse and spinous processes of the dorsal and lumbar vertebrae are much broader and stronger. The cranium is considerably smaller and narrower ; the elevation of the occipital bone less, but more rounded ; condyles of the occipital bone greatly less. Yet the weight of both skeletons is nearly equal. There are only 64 ver- tebrae, but the last is evidently wanting, and has been lost (Kno.v, p. 32). A foetus was taken from the uterus of the female porpoise whose skeleton, from the Firth of Forth, No. 1, is above referred to ; it measured, from snout to centre of tail, 26 inches ; circumference 16 inches. Its great bulk, considering the size of the parent por- poise (56 inches), is remarkable, and renders the siipposition that the porpoise does not suckle her young extremely probable. — Knox, p. 34, n. 104. In the former edition of this Catalogue I observed, which has now been proved to be the case, " This difference in the skeleton shows the probability of there being two species confounded on our shores, or else that there are great variations in the bones of this animal oven of the same sex." In the figure of the skxiU in Bell's ' British Mammalia,' p. 476, the teeth are represented as conical and acute, instead of broad, truncate, and compressed at the tips. " A porpoise was taken by some fishermen in Cornwall and placed in a pond at a farm, where it lived a month." — Couch. " The Sniffer of the Cornish fishermen. It is sometimes caught in drift-nets ; and I have known it take a bait, though it commonly proves too strong for the Hne. Rarely more than a pair is seen together." — Couch, Cornish Fauna, 4. " The rolling motion of this and some other of the smaller Cetacea is caused by the situation of the nostrils on the anterior part of the top of the head, to breathe through which the body must be placed in a somewhat erect posture, from which to descend it passes through a considerable portion of a circle." — Couch, Cornish Fauna, 10. " The Porpoise enters the Baltic by the Sound in large numbers in the spring, in pursuit of the herrings, and leaves it by the Little Belt in December and January." — Eschricht. " A season seldom passes wdthout their appearance at Greenwich and Deptford, and they occasionally pass much higher up" (C. CoT- lingwoocl, 1858); Battersea ((?ra?/, 1815). 304 DELPniNID.E. * * Dorsal Jin in middle of hack,, ivith a series of spines on its upper edye. Teeth all compressed, truncated. 2. Phocsena tuberculifera. The dorsal fin with a series of spines on the upper portion of the upper edge. Body and upper parts of the pectoral and caudal fins black, chin and beneath whiter. Marsouin, Cauqjer, Planches de Cetaces, t. 45-51. Phocasna communis, Jackson, Boston Journ. N. H. 1845, v. 1G7. t. (anatomy). Phocfena tuberculifera, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, .320. Inhab. Margate. North Sea. Coast of North America : Boston (JacJcson). a. Skin in spirits. Margate. The animal described P. Z. S. 18G5. b. Skeleton of above. When I described this species from a specimen caught at Margate, which lived a few days in the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, I was not aware that it had been noticed by Phny, figured and described by Camper, or that Dr. Jackson had mentioned the tubercles on the dorsal fin in the specimen which he described. Mr. Flower kindly pointed out to me the two references. This explains why Dr. Jackson did not find his anatomy to agree with Cuvier's. They were evidently made on two diff'erent species. It is not flattering to the accuracy of our research that two kinds of porpoises should be found to inhabit the English seas and be overlooked untU now. Camper, at p. 142, observes, " La fausse nageoire est placce sur le milieu du dos, son bord anterieur est arme de petites asjjerites den- telces, qu'on n'observe pas dans le Dauphin vulgaire. Pline en a parlc sons le nom de sjyincc cultellata." Dr. Jackson observes, " Dorsal fin emarginated ; back of the tip and at the upper part anteriorly is exhibited quite a number of small tubercles or dentations." Camper figures the male foetus and the sexual organs of a female foetus. He states that the outer auditory opening was closed in the female and open in the male ; he also says there were two small apertures on one side of the nose and three on the other in the male foetus (I. c. p. 213). Camper figures the female and its anatomy (I. c. tab. 45-49). *** Dorsal Jin rather posterior; hack, in froid of the dorsal Jin, irith a single, and upper edge of the dorsal Jin with three series of ohlong keeled tnherc'les. Frotit teeth rather conical. AcauthodelpJiis. 3. Phocsena spinipinnis. Lead-coloured. Teeth jf . If. Phocsena spinipinnis, Biirmeister, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, 228. f. 1-4. Tnhab. Rio de la Plata, near the mouth. Mus. Buenos Ayres i^Burmeister). 10. pnociENA. 305 A very young specimen. Length from end of nose to nick in the tail 162 centimetres ; circumference in middle, the largest part, 102 centimetres. Uniform black colour. The central series of spines commences in the middle of the back ; nearer the front edge of the dorsal iin it has a series on each side of it ; and on the rounded edge of the fin there is another series on the outer side of the preceding, making five in all. The spines are only elevations of the skin, of an elongated oval form, and each is surrounded by a ridge. Vent surrounded by radiating ridges. Pec- toral fin falcate. Consult Phocfena pectoralis, Peale, Zool. Expl. Exped. Mamm. 32, ed. 1, 1848 (transcribed) — Delphiniis pectoralis, Cassin, U. S. Expl. Exped, Mamm. 28 (1858), t. 5. f. 2— " Colour blue-black, a white spot on each side of the breast in front of the pectoral fins ; a frontal band of light slate-colour extends a short distance behind the eyes ; vent and abdomen light reddish white ; lips margined with reddish white. " Total length 8 feet 8 inches ; greatest diameter 21 inches ; dorsal fin, measured along the front edge, 14 inches ; pectoral fin 16 inches ; tail 25| inches in diameter ; from the end of the snout to the comer of the mouth 11| inches; eye from the end of the snout 13 inches. "Dental formula: ^||;|f=92? " Sixty of these animals were driven on shore by the natives at Hilo Bay, Island of Hawaii, at one time. They were considered dainty food, and yielded a valuable stock of oil. Only one lower jaw was saved as a specimen. It is more rounded than usual at the extremity ; the teeth are stout, project outwards, and are worn nearly even with the gums, showing that our specimen was an old animal, and probably of the maximum size." " This species appears to be related to both D. ohscurus and D.Hea- visidii, Gray, and belongs to the same subgeneric group, if not spe- cifically identical with one or the other. It more strongly resembles the latter ; but we have failed to recognize it as a described species from the lower jaw above aUuded to." What are IPhoccena latirostris (J. Brookes's Cat. 39), IPlioccena Grcujii (J. Brookes's Cat. 39), and Plioccena, n. s. (Macgillivray, Voy. Rattlesnake, i. 48), " not allowed to be killed by the natives of Moreton Bay, Australia" ? Dr. J. R. Foster mentions PJiocrena as being found in the Pacific Ocean (Descr. Anim. 156, 210) ; Cape of Good Hope (I. c. 316). 306 DELPniNIDJi. 11. NEOMERIS. Dorsal fin none. Nose of skull short, rounded at the end, flat, shelving above. Teeth numerous, compressed, nicked, acute, extend- ing nearly the whole length of the jaw. Neomeris, Gray, Zool. Erebus 8f Terror, 30, 1846. Delphinus, sp., Ciivier, R. A. i. 291. Delpliiuapterus, sp., Temm. Fatm. Japon. 7. Neomeris Phoc8enoid.es. The Neomeris. Black. Teeth |f or f a. Length 4 feet. Delphinus Phocsenoides, Dussiimier, MS. ; Cuv. Reg. Anim. i. 291. Delphinus melas, Temm. Faun. Japmi. t. 25, t. 2G (animal, skull, and teeth). ? Globiocephalus Indicus, Blyth, Jmirn. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1860, 449. Delphinapterus melas, Teinm. Faun. Japon. 7. Neomeris Phocaenoides, Gray, Zool. E. 8f T. 30; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 80; Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1856, 545. Anat. Fauna Japon. t. 25 (teeth), t. 26 (bones). Inhab. Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal (Bh/th) ; Japan (Tem7n.). " Cape of Good Hope," and " Malabar" (Dussumier). The figure in the ' Fauna Japonica ' is from a drawing made by a Japanese artist under Burger's inspection. The skull of Deljihinus melas in the Leyden Museum is more swollen and broader than that of Phoccena communis ; the nose is shorter, broader, more rounded at the end, and nearly flat, not shelving above ; teeth \^, larger and stronger ; skull one-sixth the entire length (in Plioccena one-fifth). Nameno-juo, Japan. The short description of the D. PJioccenoides of Cuvier, which Dussumier is said to have discovered at the " Cape of Good Hope," agrees with the figure in the ' Fauna Japonica.' A skull in Mus. Paris, marked " D. Phoccenoides, brought from Malabar by Dussumier in 1837," is broader and shorter than that of Phoccena commtmis; teeth spatulate, rounded, oblique, ^^ ; palatine bones and inter- maxillaries broad, as seen in the roof of the beak. Length of this skull 7, of nose 2|, width at notch 2^ inches. The skulls are much alike, but they may be two species charac- terized by the mimber of the teeth. tt Teeth of upper and loxoerjato conical, deciduous. Dorsal none. 12. BELUGA. Head rounded ; forehead convex ; teeth conical, only in the front half of the jaws, oblique, often truncated, and the upper often deci- duous ; dorsal fin none ; pectoral suboval ; tongue oblong, with a simple, slightly raised edge; skull with the nose and the hinder wing of the maxilla bent down on the orbits, making the forehead very convex ; lower jaw not so wide as the upper, with the condyle low 12. BELXJGA. down below the middle of the hinder edge.- Terror, t. 29. fig. 3. 307 -Gray, Zool. Ereb. Sf Delphinopterus, Lacep. Cct. 243. Delphinapteriis, F. Cuv. D. S. JV. lix. 517, 1829. Beluga, liaji?i. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815 ; Graij, Spic. Zool. 2, 1828 ; Zool. Erehus 8f Terror ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 77 ; Proc. Zool Soc. 1863, 201 ; 1864, 240 ; Lessoti, Man. ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 1837. Delphis, Wa(/ler, N. S. Amph. 34, 1830. Delphinus (pars), Linn. ; Illiger, Prod. 143, 1811. Catodon (pars), Artedi, Gen. 78 ; Fleming, B. A. 29. Cetus (pars), Brisson, R. A. i. 227, 1762. Physeter (pars), Linn, S. N, Cachalot (pars), Lacep. Cet. Phocsena (pars), F, Cuv. Cetac. There is a great similarity in the general form of the skulls of PTioccena, Beluga, and Monoceros ; but, independently of the size and teeth, they differ in the form of the convexity in front of the blower ; in Beluga the front of the blower is flattish, in Monoceros there is a broad, half-oblong convexity, and in Phoccena a squarish tuberosity. The genus Delphinapteriis was formed by Lacepede to contain this animal (which he before described as a Catodon) and the DelpJiinus Senedette, which is probably an imaginary figiire of a Sperm Whale made from description, or perhaps of D. Orca with the dorsal fin left out. It has been applied by Peron, Cuvier, and others to a very different animal. Professor Owen observes, the prefrontal bones are large and coalesce with the vomer, and ascend into view at the back part of the nostrils, where they coalesce with the frontals. The nasal bones are wedged into an interspace between them and the frontals, at the summit of the nasal apertures. — Cat. Osteal. Coll. Surg. 454. n. 2-506. Fig. 61. Skull of Beluga Catodon, Cuv. t. 22. f. 5. 1. Beluga Catodon. The Nortliem Beluga. White ; young black ; the nose of the skull in length nearly one- x2 308 DEipniNiDj;. half tlic entire length, once and a half its width at the anterior notch ; teeth f-f . Bal.iena minor in inferiore maxilla tantum dentata, sine pinna aut spina in dorso, Sihhakl, Phal. 0 ; Rail Syn. Pise. 15. Cetus bipinnis, Brisson, R. A. 3G1. Catodon tistida in rostro, Artedi, Gen. 78 ; Syn. 108. Physeter Catodon, Linti. S. N. 107 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 226 ; Dcsm. Mamin. 525, £i"om Balsena minor, Sibbald, Phal. 9; Tmion, B. Fauna, 16 ; Jenyns, Man. 45. ? Cetus minor, Brisson, B^y. Anim. 361. Beluga leucas. Gray, Spic. Zool 2,1828; Bell, B. Quad.ASS, 491. fig. Physeter macrocephalus, var. ? Catodon, Fischer, Syn. 518. Bala3na albicans, Klein, Miss. Pise. ii. 12. Delpliinus leucas, Pa/las, Reise, iii, 92. t. 79 ; Gmelin, S. N. 1232 ; Desm. Mamtti. 519; Pallas, Zooyr. Rosso- Asiat. t. 32, § ; 3Iem. Wern. Sac. iii. 17, S ; Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 287, 297. t. 22. f. 5, 6 ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 491. fig. ; Schleyel, Abhandl. 34; Oiven, Cat. Osteol. 3It(S. Coll. Surg. ii. 454 ; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 614. Beluga Catodon, Gray, Zool. Erebus 8f Terror, 29. t. ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 77. Catodon Sibbaldii, Fleming, B. A. 29, from Sibbald. Small Catodon, Shaiv, Zool. ii. 501. Round-headed Cachalot, Peim, Beluga borealis, Lesson. Physeter macrocephalus j3, Gmelin, S. N. Delphinapterus Beluga, Lac6p. Cetac. 243 ; Scoresby, Arct. Reg. i. 500, ii. 1. 14. Delphinapterus albicans, Fleming, B. A. 36. Catodon albicans, Lacep. Cetac. 218. Cetus albicans, Brissan, R^g. Anim. 359. Albus Piscis cetaceus, Raii Syn. Pise. 11. Beluga, Shato, Zool. ii. 515. t. 223. Delpbinus albicans, O. Fabr. Faun. Grcenl. 50; Botmat. Cetac. 24; Jenyns, Man. 43. Delphinapterus leucas, Gerard, Diet. Sci. Nat. vi. 65 ; Lilljeborg ; Malmgren, Arch. Nat. 1864, 90 ; Schrenck, Amurlande, i. 190. ? Figure with a beak added : — ? Dauphin blanc du Canada, Duhain. Pech. ii. x. t. 10. Delpbinus Canadensis, Desm. Mamm. 516, from Duhamel. Inia ? Canadensis, Gray, Zool. Erebus 8f Terror, t. 5. f 1, from Duha- meVs draxoing. Osteol. Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 287. t. 22. f 5, 6 (head) ; Jacob, Dublin Phil. Journ. 1825, t. 2. i. 4 (skull, small), Inhab. North Sea ; gregarious, entering largo rivers. Greenland. Scotland (Sibbald). St. Lawrence. a. Skeleton. Length 15 feet. Greenland. h. Skull. Greenland. Length, entire, 20 inches ; of beak 9| ; width at notch 6, at orbit 1| inch. c. Stuffed specimen. Greenland. d. A male specimen, 12| feet long, G feet 8 inches in circumference at the thickest part, called Keela luaJc by the Esquimaux. e. Skull. Eschscholtz Bay, Bchring's Straits. Presented by Captain KeUett, R.N., and Lieut. Wood, Il.N. 12. BELUGA. 309 Length of skull b, entire, 21 inches, of nose 10, of tooth-line 6| ; width at orbit 11|, at notch Q^ inches. Skeleton : length 13 feet ; head 2 feet 2 inches. Vertebra3 50 or 51, viz. cervical 7, dorsal 11, lumbar and caudal 32 or 31 ; ribs 10, sternal ribs 6. The pectoral fins with five fingers, the fourth longest, then the third, then the second, then the first the shortest of aU the five ; the first of three, the second of three, the third of four, the fourth of six, and the last of two, short, thick jihalanges. Ribs affixed to the sternum ; sternum elongate, three times as long as broad in front, narrowed behind. The first four ribs attached at nearly equal distances on the sides, the two hinder ones affixed close together on the hinder outer edge of the contracted back margin. M. Van Beneden observes that he has seen skulls varying from ■g-^ to jQ^-^, and all intermediate combinations ; ^ seem the most fre- quent (Nouv. Mem. Acad. Brux. xxxii. 16). " The "VVhitefish consumes enormous quantities of Sepia loligo, Oadus ceglefinus, and large prawns." — Escliriclit, Ann. 6f Mag. N. H. 1852, ix. 289, communicated by Captain Holboll. Two males were cast ashore on the beach of the Pentland Frith, some miles east of Thurso, in August 1793 {Colonel Murie). A specimen was killed near Stirling in June 1815, and described by Dr. Barclay and Mr. Neil in Worn. Mem. iii. 371. t. 27. It commonly ascends the rivers in Canada ; and Captain Kellett brought a skuU. from Behring's Straits. Schrenck records it in his Zoology of Amurland, 190. Duhamel (tab. 10. f. 4) figured the front half of a Dolphin, 12 feet long, under the name of Dauphin blanc da Canada, which Desmarest has named DelpJiinus Canadensis. M. de Blainville gave me a tracing of the original drawing from which Duhamel engraved his figure (which is copied in the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' t, 5. f. 1). The form of the beak and the absence of a distinct dorsal fin induced me to believe that it might be a species of Inia ; but from inquiries recently made in Canada, I have very little doubt that Duhamel's animal was the Beluga which is common in that country. In the St. Lawrence they rarely exceed 15 feet long. Professor Eschricht observes on this figure, "I shall hardly be considered too bold if I take the figure to represent simply a WJiite- fisli whose short and blunt snout the inexperienced draughtsman had mended a little."— ^nn. Sf Mag. N. H. 1852, ix. 164. Professor Eschricht says that Cuvier's Delphinu^s rostratus was established on this figure of Duhamel ; but M. Cuvier, on the con- trary, says that it was described from the specimen that was formerly in the Lisbon Museum, and thence removed to Paris, which is Inia Geoffroyii.—Bee Ann. Sf Mag, N. H. 1852, ix. 163. 2. Beluga Kingii. The Australian Beluga. Nose of the skull short, not half the entire length, scarcely longer than its width at the notch ; teeth M, small, hooked. Delphiuus (Delphinapterus) Kingii, Grat/, Ann. Phil. 1827, 375 : Fischer, Syn. 514. 310 DELPHIXID.E. Beluga Kingii, Grmj, List Mamm. B. M. 104 ; Zool. JErebiis 4* Tenor, 30. t. 7 (skull;. Inliab. Coast of New Holland {Capt. P. P. King). a. Skull ; length, entire, 13|, of beak 5| inches ; width at notch, 4|, at orbits 8 inches. New Holland. Presented by Capt. P. P. King, R.N. Specimen described, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1827, and Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. 7. This may be the Jacobite, or Tursio corpore argenteo extremitatihus nigricantibus, Commerson, MS. ; Delp>hinus Commersonii, Lacep. 317, from Cape Horn, cited by Cuv. R. A. i. 291 and Oss. Foss. v. 289 ; but the colour of the Australian Beluga has not been recorded. " A large WTiite Porpoise visits Amoy and other southerly harbours from the sea. I have in vain striven to procure specimens." — R. tSwinhoe, Report Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1863. 13. MONODON. Head round, and convex in front. Dorsal fin none. Teeth early deciduous. Lower jaw of adult not so wide as the upper, toothless. Upper jaw in the male (and rarely in the female) with a produced spiral tusk. Cervical vertebrae : first free ; second and third united by spinous process, not by the body, thin ; rest free, thin. Monodon, Artedi, Gen. 78 ; Synon. 108 ; HiU, Anim. 313. t. ; Linn. S. N. ed. 6. 17 ; Schrcb. ; Gray, Zool. E. Sf T. 29 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 75 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 18G4, 24G (uot Stvai7isoti). Tachynices, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 40, 1828. Narwal, Schonev. Ichth. 28. Narvalus, Lacep. Cet, 1G3 ; Dumeril; Rqfin. Anal. Nat. 61, 1815. Ceratodon, Brissoti, R. A. i. 231, 1762; Llliffcr, Prod. 142, 1811; JVae/ler, N. S. Atnph. 34, 1830. Diodon (or Diodonta), Storr, Prod. Mamm. 42, 1780. Monoceros, Charlet. Excrc. Pise. 47. Mouoceros piscis, Willughb. Pise. 42. t. A, f. 2, App. p. 12. Oryx, Okcn, Lehrh. Naturg. 672, 1815. Tachynicidae, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 40, 1828. Right tusk generally not developed. Female generally without tusk, bi;t sometimes has one. — See Linn. Trans, xiii. 620. In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons there are several Hunterian preparations of the skull of this animal, nos. 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, showing the two rudimentary teeth enclosed in the cavity in the female, and the single exserted one in the male skulls. Mr. Knox observes, the female Narwal skulls have two rudimentarj^ teeth in the upper jaw, which are rarely protruded. In the foetus, on each side of the upper jaw, in the usual place, are two hollow teeth, obviously the extremities of the spiral permanent teeth of the male ; they are completely imbedded in the jaw ; and if the animal is a male the left tooth continues to grow, the right after a time fills up, its central cavity containing the pulp disappears, and, after attaining a growth of five or six inches, the jaw clongatee to correspond with 13. MONODON. 311 the growth of the animal and the other tooth, and the abortive tooth remains imbedded in the jaw for life. — Trans. R. >Soc. Edinh. ii. 413. The spike of the female protruded, but shorter than usual in the male. — See Linn, Trans, xiii. 620, and Brown, Proc. Phys. Soc. Edinb. ii. 447. Monodon monoceros. The Narwhal. Black ; when old, whitish-marbled. Monodon monoceros, Lum. Faun. Suec. 2. 16; Syst Nat. i. 105; Schreb. Sdugeth. t. 330; Des7n. Mamm. 523; Fischer, Syn. 516; Scoresh/, Arct. Reg. i. 486, iii. t. 12. f. 1, 2 ; Fleming, Mem. Wern. Soc. i. 146. ficr. ; Gray, Zool. E. ^ T. 29 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 75; P. Z. S. 1864, 247; Roimeau, Mag. Zool. 1856,206 ; Malmgren, Arch. Nat. 1864, 91 ; Sow. Brit. 3fisc. t. ; Turton, B. Fauna, 15 ; Fleming, B. A. 37 ; Jemjm, Man. 43 ; Bell, B. Quad. 500. fig., 505. fig. ; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 619. Sea Unicorn, Sow. Brit. Misc. t. 9. M. imicornu, Linn. Mm. Adolph. i. 52. M. Narwhal, Blumenh. Handb. 137 ; Abbild. t. 44. M. microcephalus, Desm. Mamin. 789 ; Fleming, Wern. Mem. i. t. M. Audersonianus, Desm. Mamm. 789. Narwaliis Audersonianus, Lacep. Cet. 163 ; Desm. N. D. H. N. 217. N. microcephalus, Lacep. Cet. 163. t. 5. f. 2. N. vulgaris, Lacep. Cet. 142. t. 4. f. 3, from Klein. Narwhal, Klein, Miss. Pise. ii. 18. t. 2. f. c, cop. Lacep. t, 4. f . 8 ; Anderson, Iceland, 225. fig. ; Schlegel, Abhandl. 35 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. V. 311. t. 22. f. 1. Unicom Narwhal, Shaw, Zool. ii. 473. t. 225. Unicornu Marmum, Wern. Mns. 282, 283. Einhorn, 3Iartin, Spitzb. 94. Tachynices megacephalus, J. Brookes, Cat. 3fus. 40, 1828, Narwhale, Jacob, Dublin Phil. Journ. 1825, 70. t. 2. f. 2. NarwaU's Teeth, BeHhold; MiiJler, Arch. f. Anat. v. 386. t. 10. f. 7, 8. OsTEOL. Camper, Cet. t. 29, 31 (skull) ; Albers, Icon. t. 2, 3 ; Home, Lectures Comp. Anat. t. 42. f. 1 ; Cur. Oss. Foss. v. t. 22. f. 7 ; Anton, Osteol. ix. t. 6 ; Jacob, Dublin Phil. Journ. 1825, t. 2. f. 2. Inhab. North Ocean, Scotland. a. The tooth, h. Skeleton. Greenland. c. Skull, female, not in a good state. The following are the measurements, 1st, of a skull in the Royal College of Surgeons, and, 2nd, the female skull (c.) in the British Museum, in inches and lines : — . i . , ' m. 1. m. 1. Skull : Length, entire 21 6 20 6 . Length of nose 9 9 9 3 Width of orbit 14 6 14 0 Width of notch 8 0 7 9 Width of intermaxUlaries ..30 36 The skeleton in Mus. Hull. Cervical vertebrae : first and second separate, large ; rest very thin, separate, rudimentary. Skull ; length, entire, 19 inches, of beak 8 a ; breadth at notch 7 inches. 312 DELPHTNIDJE. The skeleton in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, no. 2521, is thus remarked on by Professor Owen : — " Besides the 7 cervical, which are here anchylosed, there are 5G vertehrse, 12 of which sujiport moveable ribs, and (5 of these join the sternum. The 26th vertebra begins to have hasmapophyses attached to its centrum." — Cat. Osteal. Series, p. 436. In the skull of the female, no. 2522, " the rudimentary tusks, two in number, are exposed in their formative cavities, from which they do not emerge in this sex." In the skull of a large male, no. 2523, the left tusk is developed : the abortive right tusk is dis- played in its alveolus. In no. 2525 it is the left tusk that is abortive. Professor G. Vrolik describes and figures the skull of a Narwhal with two horns. — Bijdmgen tot de Dierh. iii. 21. t. Dr. Fleming gives a description of a male specimen found en- tangled among the rocks at the entrance of the Sound of Weesdale, in Zetland, on the 27th Sept. 1808. " It was 12 feet long. The head is about one-seventh of the total length ; the forehead rose suddenly and then proceeded nearly in a horizontal direction for a few inches, when it became slightly elevated. The fore part of the head is rounded, and when viewed from before resembled that of a bull. The head was separated from the body by a slight depression. The body was thickest a few inches beyond the pectoral fins. There is a slight elevation on the back immediately above the (jenitalla, which continued to within a few inches of the division of the tail. On the belly is a ridge extending from the anus to the tail ; on both sides of the body there were like ridges, similar to those on the back and belly, which give the end of the body a quadrangular form. The mouth pointed in front, the upper hp extending a little beyond the under. The eyes behind the angle of the mouth, nearly under the blowhole, pupil black, iris chestnut, sclerotic coat white. Pectoral fins 30 inches from the snout, 15 inches long and 6 broad. There was one tooth on the left side of the upper jaw, pointing a little downwards ; the tooth was 27 inches long, and base inserted in socket 12 inches. The animal was dusky black, above variegated with still darker not very apparent spots ; the belly white ; the sides with numerous oblong horizontal spots. The skin smooth and glossy. The blubber or spick was about 1| inch thick. There was a mass of fat like a cushion which rested on the forehead, as if calculated to defend the animal from bruises on that part." — Mem. Wcrn. Soc. 1811, i. 139. First recorded as found in Britain by Vuli>ius (Obs. Med. 376. t. 18), near the Island of May (insulam Mayam), in June 1648. One was observed on the 15th of February 1800, near Boston, Lincoln- shire (see Lacopede, Hist. Nat. CV't. 159. t. 5. f. 2, and Mem. Worn, Soc. i. 147; Fleming, B. A. 37). Scoresby gives a very good account of this animal (Arct. ^OQ. i. 1 31). The best figures are those of Scoresby, t. 15 ; then Sowerby, Brit. Misc. ; but this has a second horn erroneously added, which was not in the original drawing. Bonnaterre's figure is far too vcn- GLOBIOCErnALIDJE, 313 tricose ; it has been copied by Lacep. t. 4. f, 3, Blumeubach, t. 44, and others. Duhamel's Pech. iii. t. 26. f. 1, is, on the other hand, too slender, and with too small a head. 1. Nariucdus mkrocephalus, Lacep. t. 5. f. 2, from a drawing of Mr. W. Brand, appears to be only a bad representation of this species, 2. Narwalus Andersonianus, Lacep. Cetac. 103, from Anderson, Iceland, 225, described from the specimen drawn by Mr. Brand, is figured by Lacep. t. 4. f. 2. Female bearing two foetuses. — WJiatton, Linn. Trmis. xv. 620. Family 7. GLOBIOCEPHALID^. Head blunt, very much swollen. Nostrils united into a transverse blower on the crown of the head. Body elongate ; back roimded. Dorsal fin distinct. Pectoral fins falcate, elongate, low down, near together on the chest; fingers five, each formed of many phalanges. Skull short. Nose scarcely so long as the brain-case, broad. In- termaxillary bones very wide, covering the maxilla above ; side of the maxilla expanded horizontally. Teeth conical, in the front of the edge of the maxilla. Delphinida3 Globiocephaliua, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G3, 201 ; 18G4, 243. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. GLOBiocErHALUs. Palate flat. 2. Sph^rocephalus. Palate convex, shelving up ou the sides. 1. GLOBIOCEPHALUS. Head round, forehead very prominent. Teeth conical, large, only in the front half of the jaws ; early deciduous. Upper jaw largest ? Pectoral narrow, linear-ovate, low down. Dorsal falcate, about the middle of the back. Skull flattened, and concave in front of the blower ; rostrum broad, flattened, rugose above ; intermaxillary bones very broad, covering the greater part of the upper surface of the upper jaws ; the hinder wing of the jaw-bone horizontal and bent up at the edge over the orbits, and slightly expanded and reflexcd just in front of the notch. Palate flat, rather concave in the middle. Globiocephalus § 1, Grmj, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, SQ; P. Z. S. 18G1, 331 ; 1863, 201 ; 18G4, 243. Globiocephalus, Lesnon ; Gray, Zool. Erch. 8f Terr. 32, 1846. Globiocephala, Lesson, N. Tiib. P. A. 200, 1842. Pliyseter, sp., Pisso. Grampus (pars), Gray, Spic. Zool. 2, 1828. Cetus, sp., Wagler, N. S. Am2)h. 33, 1830. Delphinus, sp., Curier. The skull of the young has no bony tentorium, though in the old specimens it is weU marked. — Jaclson, Bost. Journ. JS'. II. v. 167. 314 OLOBIOCEPnALID.E. The sucking young have no visible teeth ; the adults have teeth in each jaw, but the aged individuals have generally lost them in both. — Flem imj. a. Body black, with a wliite line and rays beneath. b. Body nearly uniform black. a. Black, unth a white streak beneath. 1. Globiocephalus Svineval. Ilie Pilot Whale. Black, streak from throat to vent (sometimes dilated into a cross band) white ; teeth |f to ||, rarely |f . — Fleming. The upper sur- face of the maxillaries and intermaxillaries rugose in front ; inter- maxillaries form a triangular patch in front of the palate. Second and third cervical vertebra; co-ossified. Petit Cachalot, Daub. Acad. Set. 1782, t. 1, cop. Bonnat. Cetol. t. Cachalot Svineval, Lacep. Cet. 216, not sy7i, Sibbald. Narwal edente, Camper, Cetac. t. 33, 34. Grampus globiceps, Gray, Spic. Zool. 2, 1828. Ca'ing Whale, Neill, Orkney ami Shetland, 1836, 221. Delphinus melas, Traill, Nichol. Journ. xxii. 1809, 21. t. ; Owen, Cat. Osteol. Mas. Coll. Surg. 455 ; Fleming, B. Anim. 341 ; Jenyns, Man. 43 ; Schlegel, Bieren, 92. t. 16. Delphinus deductor, " Traill," Scoreshi/, Arct. Beg. i. 496. t. 13. f. 1, 1820, cop. Jardine, Whales, t. 17 ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 483. fig. Delphinus globiceps, Cuv. Ann. Mus. xix. t. 1. £2, $, 1812 (cop. Schreb. t. 345. f. 2, 3) ; Oss. Foss. v. 285. t. 21. f. 11, 13, 297. t. 22. f. 3, 4, 305; Schreb. Siiugeth. t. 345; Blainville, Journ. Phtjs. 1817, 74. t. 6 ; Desm. Mamm. 819 ; Fischer, Si/n. Mamm. 512 ; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 608 ; Schlegel, Abhandl. 33. Phocsena globiceps. Lesson, Man. 416. Phocajna melas, Coueh, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1842, ix. 371. t. 6 ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 483. iig. Delphinus Grampus, Cat. Mus. Coll. Surg. n. 1137. Globiocephalus Svineval, Gray, Zool. Ereb. 8,- Terr. 32; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 87. Anat. Daubenton, Mem. Acad. Set. 1782, t. 4, cop. Lacep. Cet. t. 9. f. 2 ; Bonnat. Cet. t. 6. f. 2. Black Whale, Howling Whale, Social AMiale, Bottlehead, Sailois. Inhab. North Sea. a. Skull. Orkneys. Presented by Professor Traill. b. Lower jaw, half-grown ? c. Adult, stuffed. English Coast, Dr. Fleming gives the following measurements : — in. lin. Length of animal, entire 19 6 Length to pectoral 3 6 Length to dorsal 2 3 Width of pectoral 1 6 Width of tail 5 0 Height of dorsal 1 3 Circumference 10 0 1. GLOBIOCEPHALTTS. 315 The following are the measurements of three skulls, in inches and lines ; 1. is in the British Museum, 2. Mus. Coll. Surg. n. 1137, and 3. n. 1138 of the same collection : — 1. 2. 3. in. lin. in. lin. in. liu. Skull : Length of, entii-e 28 0 29 0 24 0 Length of nose 15 0 15 0 12 0 Length of teeth-series ..90 86 70 Length of lower jaw .... 190 Width at notch 116 110 9 0 Width at orbit 19 6 19 6 15 6 Width of intermaxillary 9 0 7 0 Width of middle of nose 9 6 6 6 Height at occiput 15 0 Female suckling, with the young 4 feet 6 inches long in December ( Watson), and 7 feet long in January. Yertebrse 55 : 7 cervical, first free, second and third united by body and partly by lateral process, rest free; 11 dorsal, and 37 posterior. The vertebrae anchylose soon. Dorsal vertebrae 12. Ribs 12 . 12, the first six only attached to the vertebrae. The other vertebrae 37, of which seven are united ; the pelvis bones attached under the seventh, eighth, and ninth caudal. The first, bone of the sternum pierced, and in the young deeply notched and with slightly marked lateral angles. The bladebone less curved near the spine, its front angle more acute, and its acromion shorter and more square than that of JD. DeJphis. The pectoral is elongate, the articulations of the fingers more numerous — the first of 4, the second, which is the largest, of 12, the third of 9, the fourth of 2, and the fifth of a single joint. They are aU terminated by a cartilaginous tip. — Cuv. Oss. Foss. V. 306. The pelvis bone elongate, subcylindrical, slender, slightly ciu-ved, very like that of the adult D. Orca ; in size and form but a httle stouter. " ' The Ca'ing Whale.' Though it moves uniformly forward, its motion is slow, and when it comes up to blow it remains several minutes on the surface. It is easily controlled in its motions ; so that a whole herd is frequently driven ashore at once. If one individual be wounded and take to the ground, the others will speedily take the same course, whence the origin of the name. Externally it has a single spiracle ; in aged animals some of the teeth are deficient, and in the suckling none are visible. Sand-eels have been found in its stomach." — Fleming, B. A. 34. Very common at the Faroe Islands, and called Qrindeival. Very many are taken annually on their passage from the Polar Seas to the Atlantic. — Eschricht. The Rev. Dr. Barclay observes that the favourite food of the Del- pliinus melas seems to be cuttlefish, of which quantities are generally found in the stomach. — Bell, Brit. Quad. 485. " This species goes in herds ; different companies display consider- 316 OLOr.IOCEPnALIB.'E. able variety of appearance. The Leading Whale is of a very dark colour ; but a whole herd is sometimes seen of a cream-colour, and single specimens of a liglit tint are not imfrequent. These cannot be the D. Beluga or AVhitc Whale, as the latter is without the dorsal fin." — Couch, Corn. Fauna, 10. Fig. 62. Upper surface of the skull of (ll'ihiocrphdha^ Sriiioval. B. M. 1. OLOBIOCEPnALIJS. 317 Van Benodcn (N. Mem. Acad. Brux. xxxii. 5) states that a female was got at Huyst, in Belgium, Nov. 1859, 20 feet long, with foetus 5 feet long. He states, the foetus was coloured exactly like the adult. Eschricht observes that a foetus only a foot long has the pectoral fins of the shape so characteristic of the genus. The teeth were present, but had not cut the gums ; they were j^, and they are evidently permanent, and not replaced. " Number of alveoli 10 . 10. The upper jaw is less obtusely rounded than in the preceding specimen (no. 2519), The teeth are relatively smaller and more pointed. The outer margin of the sub- orbital arch is flatter, and joins the upper surface at a right angle, being separated from it by a ridge ; in the preceding specimen the outer margin of the orbit is convex, and passes by a gradual curve into the upper surface, — the whole upper surface of the beak being formed by the premaxillaries ; in the present specimen the maxil- laries slope down more gradually, and therefore appear in the upper view of the skull." — Cat. Osteol. Series, p. 456. Var. 1 ? Delphinus globiceps, Misso, Enron. Merid. iii. t. 1, f. 1 ; F. Cm. 223. Black, with a grey band on each side from the throat to the vent j head large, round, swollen ; jaws equal ; teeth |^, round, conical, cxirved. Inhab. Nice (Risso). Is probably the same as D. Svineval, but M. F. Cuvier regards it as distinct. The genus Globiceps has been recognized by M. Gervais in some Delphinidce of 14 to 17 feet long, of which a shoal of about fifteen ran on shore near Barcares, Pyrenees orientales, in February 18G4. Four of these reached M. Gervais, and he compared the skeleton of one of them with dififerent skeletons of G. melas in the Museum of Paris. The only differences that can be pointed out reside in the curvature of the incisive bones and in the somewhat more obtuse ap- pearance of the teeth ; but equivalent differences also occur between the specimens of Globiceps from other seas, when carefully compared, so as to a certain extent to justify the supposed species which have been admitted in this genus by authors. The Mediterranean Globi- ceps thus appears to constitute a new race, if not a new species. Like the Cetacea of this genus which live in the ocean, it has a head much inflated and the muzzle short ; and its colour is black, except beneath, where it presents a large median band, commencing in the form of a heart near the throat, and extending to the anus. — Gervais, Comptes Bendus, Nov. 28, 1864 ; Ann. 6f Mag. N. H. 1865, xv, 76. 2. Globiocephalus affinis. Smaller Pilot Whale. Teeth \^, small, conical, curved, very acute ; nose exactly half as long as the head, rather tapering, and rather concave on the sides ; 318 GLOBIOCEPHALID^. intermaxillary nearly as wide as the jaw ; lower jaw obliquely trun- cated in front ; palate fiat in front. Delphinus Grampus, Cat. Mus. Coll. Surg. n. 1138 j Htmterian Coll. n. 686. Delphinus melas, Owen, British Fossil Mammalia ; Cat. Osteol. Mm. Coll. Surg. n. 2518. Glohiocephalus affinis, Gray, Zool. Ereh. ^- Terr. 32 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 89 ; P. Z. S 1864, 242. Inhab. North Sea. Mus. Coll. Surj?. . ,. ° in. lin. Skull : Length, entire 24 0 Length of nose 12 3 Length of teeth-line 7 0 Length of lower jaw 19 0 Width of nose at notch 9 0 Width of middle of nose 6 6 Width at orbits 15 6 This is probably a young specimen of Glohiocephalus Svineval. The skull differs in being rather slenderer in front, and in the inter- maxillary not being rugose in front. In the Catalogue of the Mus. Coll. Surg. 165. n. 1138, it is called " the skull of a small Grampus," Hunterian, and n. 1136, " the skull of a large Grampus," Hunterian. It appears to be the skull which Prof. Owen gives the measm-ements of, under the name of D. melas, in his account of Phoccena crassidens, in the work on British Fossil Mammalia. The skull of the Black Grampus (Delphinus melas), which formed part of the Hunterian Collection in the Museum of the College of Surgeons (see Cat. p. 456, n. 2518), is thus described — " Number of alveoli |^' |^=46. The teeth are moderately small, conical, subincurved, decreasing to the two extremes of the series. The fourth to the tenth inclusive are subequal. The symphysis of the lower jaw is sub triangular, and curves from below upwards at its extremity." 3. Glohiocephalus intermedius. Blaclcfish. Teeth |-^, several being quite loose. Skin uniform dull slate- colour ; belly with an ill-defined, narrow, clouded white streak ex- tending from beneath the jaw to about the anus, being much broader and whiter in some parts than in others, and most so beneath the jaw. Delphinus intermedins, Harlan, Journ. Acad. Sci. Philad. vi. 51. t. 1. Delphinus Harlani, Fischer, Si/n. Mamm. 656 ; Schinz. Glohiocephalus melas, Dckoy, Zool. Ncio York, t. Phocpena glohiceps, Sampson, Silliman Amer. Journ. Sci. iii. 301. fig. Delphinus glohiceps, JacJcson, Boston Journ. N. H. v. 160. t. 15. f. 1. Glohiocephalus Svineval, var. ?, Gray, Zool. Ereh. 8c Terr. 32. Glohiocephalus intermedius, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 88. Blackfish, American Sailors, Nemcied, Voy. Amer. Xord, iii. 232. Anat. Jaekson, Boston Journ. N. II. v. 160. t. 15. f. 2 (stomach). Inhab. Coast of North Amci'ica. 1. GLOBIOCEPIIALUS. 319 Weight estimated at 255 lbs. Length, from nose to end of tail, 86 inches, to pectoral fin 20, to dorsal 30, to blow-hole 9|, to^ eye 9 1, to penis 49, to anus 56 inches ; span of tail 21 ; pectoral fin 5| across the base, 21 inches along the anterior edge, and 6 inches along the posterior ; circumference in front of dorsal fin 46 ; blowhole concave anteriorly and l^ inch across from tip to tip; eyes ^ths of an inch. Vertebrae 58 ; bodies of six of the cervical co-ossified ; II dorsal, and posterior to them were 40. — Jacl:son, I. c. It has been thought that the European and American specimens were the same ; but the anatomical descriptions show the following differences : — 1. American. Vertebra) 58 : cervical 7 (bodies of first six co- ossified) ; dorsal 11 ; posterior 40. — Jaclcson, I. c. 166. 2. European. Vertebrae 55 : cervical 7 (bodies of second and third co-ossified); dorsal 11; posterior 37. — Guv. Oss. Foss. v. Above shining black, side of the abdomen and neck marked with the continuation of the white colour of the abdomen and throat ; beneath varied with white. Tail compressed, terminating in a deep constriction before the caudal fin. Colour uniform black above, with a white patch beneath the throat, becoming a narrow longitu- dinal stripe on the breast between the fins, and a broad longitudinal band on the abdomen. Teeth about twenty in each jaw, small, prismatic, slightly reflected, and projecting half an inch above the gums. Head blunt, cylindrical, and anteriorly subglobose. Body slightly compressed. Tail strongly compressed, almost carinated, and much constricted just before the caudal fins. Length 16^, girth in largest part 10, length of pectorals 3 feet 11 inches, gape of mouth 9. Pectoral fins one-fourth, dorsal fin one-thirteenth of the total length. " Inhab. New England. A female. " Distinguished from D. Grampus, Hunter, and D. globiceps, Cuvier, by the caudal constriction, as well as in its form, propor- tions, and markings. "A specimen harpooned at Craigie's Bridge, 16th June, 1842, looked quite thin. It was a uniform dark slate -colour, except the belly, where was an iU-defined, narrow, clouded, white streak, extending from beneath the jaw to almost the anus, being much broader in some parts than others, and most so beneath the jaw. " Vertebrae 58 ; bodies of the six cervical co-ossified. It was a male, 7 feet long, and weighed about 255 lbs. Teeth |-^. — See ana- tomy."— Jaclcson, Boston Journal Nat. Hist. 1845, v. 160. t. 15. f. 1. The cranium agreed pretty well with Cuvier's figure of that of D, globiceps, but not so well as an old cranium in the same museum. The upper surface of the maxillary bones in both specimens was less broad and flatter than he represents them. In the Paris Museum there is a skull of this genus from Guada- loupe, named D. globiceps. The middle of the intermaxillaries is as wide as the maxillae. Skull : length, entire, 23 1 inches, of nose II I ; width at notch 8|, at middle of beak 8| inches. 320 GLOBIOCEPnALIDiE. 4. Globiocephalus Edwardsii. " Head large and clumsy, rounded on the upper surface, and ter- minating in front by a short, pointed snout. Teeth M-4|. Eyes situated a little above the angle of the mouth. Dorsal fin long, pointed, slightly curved backwards, and situated nearly midway between head and tail. Pectoral fins nari'ow, pointed; caudal fin deeply and widely notched, opposite termination of vertebral column. Colour black ; sides, throat, and upper part of the body towards the tail black ; belly and sides white. Length, entire, 12^ ; circumference in front of dorsal (3| ; tail, wide, 2| feet. Phocfena Edwardsii, A. Smith, African Zoology, 127. " Inhab. Seas about the Cape of Good Hope." Sir Andrew Smith observes, " For the description and a drawing of this species I am indebted to M. E. Yerreaux, who some time ago had a good opportunity of examining a specimen which had been cast ashore near Slaugkop." Sir Andrew Smith has kindly given me this drawing; it is very like Globiocejphalus Svineval of the European seas. See also " Phoccena gJohiceps," A. Smith, African Zool. 126. Inhab. South-east coast of Africa {A. Smith). " I am unable to state the number of teeth, as the specimen I possess is young." — A. Smith, I. c. 127. What is Delphinus Victorini, Gh-ill (Svenska Vetensk. Hand. 1860 ; Arch, Na- timj. xxvii. 18G1, 114) ? Blow-hole crescent- shaped. Black above, white below, both colours being separated by an arched line running from the angle of the mouth to the pectoral fin, and thence approaching the median line, so that the lines of both sides are distant from each other only 1 to 2 feet in the region of the navel ; they are confluent at an acute angle behind the vent. The lower surface of the caudal fin white ; a white stripe, 3 feet long and 4 to 5 inches broad, commences a few inches above the eyes. Length 19 feet (Swedish). Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. Discovered by Yictorin. b. Black, or only rather paler beneath. 5. Globiocephalus macrorhynchus. Tlie South-Sea BJacl-Jish. Uniform black. Nose of skull short and broad, rounded in front, nearly as broad in the middle as at the preorbital notch. Teeth subcylindrical, -I- Lower jaw rounded in front. Length 16, rarely 20 feet. Globiocephalus macrorhynchus, Gray, Zool. Ereb. ^- Terror, 33 ; Cat. Cctac. B. M. 1850, 90. Killer or Blackfish, /. Bennett, MS. Mus. Coll. Surg. Blackfisli of South Sea Whalers (Phocaina, sp.), Bennett, Whaling Voyage, ii. 233. fig. 1. GLOBIOCEPHALUS. 321 Blackfisli (Phocfena nigra), Clarke in Nunn, Narrat. of Wreck of Favourite, 184, lig. (1850, 8vo) ? Blackfisli, Colnett, Voy. S. Pacijic ? Inhab. South Seas. a. Skull, imperfect. Presented by Dr. Milligan. Skull, Mus, Coll. Surg. Presented by J. Eennett, Esq. Called a "Killer or Blackfish":— in. liu. Length, entire 24 0 Length of nose 11 G Length from tip of nose to back of palate. ... 14 G Length of teeth-line 5 G Length of lower jaw IG G Breadth at preorbital notch 9 G Breadth at middle of nose 9 0 Breadth at temple 17 0 Breadth of intermaxillary G 0 Head thick, square, and short; the snout blunt and but little prominent. The angles of the lips are cui'ved upwards, giving the physiognomy an innocent smiling expression. Body clumsy, round and broad, and the termination of the trunk in the tail-fin rather abrupt. — Bennett, I. c. 233. Colnett (Voy. S. Pacific) sj)eaks of innumerable shoals of Blackfish on the shores of California. The contents of the stomach were chiefly cuttlefish. The Blackfish roam about the ocean in very large troops (a soli- tary individual is occasionally seen), are active and watchful, but betray little concern at ships or boats. They appear to inhabit the greater portion of the aqueous globe, uninfluenced by the remoteness or vicinity of land. We observed examples in many parallels of latitude between the equator and 50° jS". and 53° S., in the central part of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as well as ofi" the coast of California and in the Indian Archipelago. Sperm-whalers often attack this species with their boats in order to obtain a supply of oil for ship consumption ; some risk, however, attends their capture, for when harpooned they will sometimes leap into a boat. A Blackfish of average size wiU produce from 30 to 35 gallons of oil, which in its most recent state has a dark colour and an unpleasant odour. — Bennett, 235. It is probable that Mr. Bennett in the above range confounded together under the name of Blackfish more than one species. There can be no doubt of this being the case, as Mr. Flower has received skulls of two genera, viz. Pseudorca meridionalls and two si)ecies of Globioccphalus, sent as the " Blackfish" from a whaler in Australia. I am not sure that the skull described is that of the animal called the "Blackfish;" at least, if it is, there must be more than one genus of whales so called. There is a skull of this species in the Museum of the Eojal CoUege of Sui'geons, called the skull of the Round-headed Grampus {Del- Y 322 GLOBIOCEPUALID^. phinus glohiceps), which was presunted by Fred. D. Bennett, Esq., P.Z.S. It is thus described by Professor Owen : — " Number of alveoli ^ = 30. The skull corresponds closely with that of the DelpJdnus glohiceps of Cuvier, figured in ' Ossemens Fos- siles,' torn. v. part 1. t. 21. f. 11-13. It differs in the closer pi-ox- imity of the occipital condyles to each other below, and the end of the flattened upper jaw is rather more obtusely rounded." In the same collection there is a second skull of the Round-headed Grampus {Ddph'mns glohiceps), wanting the lower jaw, presented by Lieut. Colquhoun. " The Blackfish of Desolation, near Kerguelen's Land, is about 11 feet long. Head longish, with a rounded nose ; both jaws with numerous small teeth. Dorsal fin near the middle of the back, not arched backwards. Body small, entirely black. Spout not per- ceptible. This whale is often thro^VTl ashore in the bays of the islands." — Nunn's Narrative. 6. Globiocephalus Indicus. Globioceplialus Indicus, Blyth, Journ. Asiatic Soc. xix. 425 ; xxi. 358 (1852) ; xxviii. 490. Blackfish of the Bay of Bengal, Blyth, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Benyal, xix. 426. The " Blackfish " of the seamen of the Baj'- of Bengal. It is found in the Bay of Bengal, occasionally ascending, in or about July, the Gangetic rivers. There is the skeleton of an adult male and a mounted skeleton of a female from a great shoal, " schule " or " school," which found their way into the salt-water lake near, and the skeleton of a newly-born female, procured in the Calcutta fish- market in 1850, in the Museum at Calcutta. There is in the same museum a stuffed specimen of a young animal, 6g feet in length, which was procured in the Hugli, near Serampore. A shoal of several dozen was seen floundering about in the shallow water and groaning jDainfully. The natives towed them ashore into the river as they died, having no notion of extracting oil from their car- cases. The weather was terrifically hot.^ — Journ. Asiat. Soc. xix.42G. Mr. Blyth observes, " The species is well distinguished from Gl. deductor of the Atlantic, of which we have a fine skull of an old animal for comparison. The intermaxillaries of the Indian species are shorter and one-fourth broader, and the teeth are considerably stouter. Colour of the animal uniform leaden black, slightly paler underneath. Length of an adult male 14 feet 2 inches, flippers 2 feet G inches in greatest breadth. Length of the dorsal fin 2| feet, and height 11 inches, breadth of the tail-flukes 3 feet, and from vent to cleft of the tail 4 feet 10 inches. Adult female rather small. The skeleton of the female set up in our museum has a series of 49 vertebra): in addition to the united cervical, there are 11 dorsal or costal, 12 lumbar without the articulated V-bones, 16 with the latter, and 10 small caudal within the tail-flukes." Perhaps a Neomeris. 2, SPH^ROCEPHALUS. 323 7. Globiocephalus Sieboldii. The Naiso-gota. Delphinus globiceps, Temm. Fauna Japon. Mamm. t. 27 (young). Globiocephalus Sieboldii, Gray, Zool. Erch. ^ Terror, 32 ; Cut. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 90. Anat. Faima Japon. t. 27 (skull, &c.). luhab. Japan. M. Siebold brought with him a figiu'e of a very yoimg specimen, 5 feet 6 inches long, of this species, made by M. Villeneuve, which is copied in the ' Eaiiua Japonica,' and a complete skeleton. M. Temminck regards it as undoubtedly the same as the European, but yet allows that there are some differences between it and the adult specimen observed on the European shores. The forehead is less swollen, and the pectoral fins are rather larger than in Q. Svineval of Europe. This species is called in Japan Naiso-gota. The Japanese distinguish two other species : — 1. Sibo golo, which is purple, with a white spot behind the dorsal fin, and the lower jaw furnished with many plaits. 2. Ohanan golo, black, with a larger muzzle and more spacious mouth ; the dorsal one-third from head, back-edge before the middle ; pectoral one-foiu-th from head ; pec- toral one-sixth of the total length ; length of skull 15 inches ; beak 6-9 ; width at notch 4-9. The DelpMnus glohlcei)S (Grant, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1 833, 65), brought by Capt. Delvitte from the North Pacific, which Schlegel thought might be this species, is a species of Orca. 8. Globiocephalus CMnensis. " Globiocephalus, n. s., the Chinese Globiocephalus," Blyth, Rep. Asiatic Soc. 11. Globiocephalus Rissii, Anon. Chinese Repository, Jan. 1833, 411. Colour black above, lighter on the belly. Length 9|^ feet. " Head 18 inches long, and average circumference 3 feet. The dorsal fin tri- angular, and almost immoveable, 15 inches long ; pectoral 14 inches, and all remarkable for their firmness and strength." Inhab. China seas, near Leuchen. A male. (Jan. 1833.) " This species does not spout a jet, though their breathing is dis- tinctly heard at a short distance. They swim near the surface, and we had several opportunities of observing their habits during the voyage. The sailors term them Coivjish.'''' Mr. Blyth says that details of the anatomy are given in the paper in the ' Chinese Repository ' above quoted. 2. SPH.EROCEPHALUS. Palate convex, shelving on the sides. The rostrum of the skiJl oblong, nearly of the same width for the greater part of the length, and regiilarly rounded in front. Otherwise like Globiocephalus. Globiocephalus § Sph?erocephalus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 244. t2 324 GLOIilOCEPUALID,!;. Sphaerocephalus incrassatus. 'rhicJc-paJated Pilot Whale. Teeth '^ or ^" ~ ; the nose of tlie skull attenuated, the sides nearly parallel, and ref^nlarly rounded in front ; the palate very convex, especially in front ; the upper surface of the intermaxillaries rugose in front. Fig. 63. Upper surface of the skull of Sj)Jufro(c2)/i(ih-ay, Zool. Ereh. l^- Terror, 24 ; C