0 3 CATALOGUE SEALS AND WHALES BEITISH MUSEUM. JOHN EDWARD GRAY, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., &c. SECOND EDITION. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1866. FEINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. PEEFACE. This Catalogue contains an account of all the specimens of Seals and Cetacea, and their bones, that are contained in the British Museum, and a description of the specimens which are contained in other collections, in order to show what are the species which are desiderata to the Museum Collection. Man}- of the woodcuts are the same as were prepared to illustrate papers published in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' which have been kindly lent by the Council of that Society for the purpose. JOHN EDWARD GRAY. British Museum, Dec. 15, 1865. fz;~^ — n^ I. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Family Phocid^ 1 1. Stenokhynchina 8 1. Lobodon 8 carcinophaga 10 2. Leptonyx 11 Weddellii 12 3. Ommatophoea 13 Rossii 14 4. Stenorhynchus 15 Leptonyx 16 5. Monaclius 17 albiventer 19 tropicalis 20 2. Phocina 20 6. Callocephalus 20 vitiiliniis 20 ? Caspicus 22 ? dimidiatus 22 7. Pagomys 22 foetidus 23 ? Largha 24 8. Pagophilus 25 Groeulandicus 25 9. Ilalicyon 27 Eichardi 30 10. Phoca 31 barbata 31 3. Teichechina 33 11. Halichcsrus 33 Grypiis 34 12. Tricheclius 35 Rosniarus 36 4. Cystophorika 38 13. Momnga 38 elephantina 39 14. Cystophora 40 cristata 41 Antillaruiii 43 5. Ahctocephalina . . 44, 368 15. Callfuhinus 44 uisiuus 44 Page 16. Arctocephalus 47 Monteriensis . . 49, 368 lobatus 50 Californiauus .... 51 nigrescens 52 Delalandii 52 Hookeri 53 Gilliespii 55 Falklandicus 55 cinereus 56 australis 57 17. Otaria 57 leonina 59, 369 Stelleri 60 Order CETACEA 61 Suborder I. Cete 62 Section I. Mysticete 68 Earn. Bal^nid^ 75 1. Balaena 79 Mysticetus 81, 370 Biscayensis 89 marginata 90 gibbosa 90 2. Eubalc-ena 91 australis 91 Sieboldii 96,370 3. Hunterius 98 Temminckii 98 4. Caperea 101 antipodarum . . 101, 371 5. Macleayius 103, 371 Australiensis 105 6. Palseocetus 106 Sedgwickii 106 Earn. Bal^nopterid.*: .... 106 Megaptebina 115 1. Megaptera il7 longimana .... 119, 373 2. Poescopia 125 Lalandii 126, 373 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Puge ? Novse-Zelandise . . 128 r* Bumieisteri 129 Americana 129 Kuzira 130 3. Eschrichtius 131 robustus 133, 373 Physalina 134 4. Benedenia 135 liaoxii 138 5. Physalus 139 antiqiiorum .... 144, 374 Duguidii 158, 374 Patachonicus 374 Sibbaldii ...... 160, 380 ? australis 161 Brasiliensis 162 ? fasciatus 162 Indieus 162 ? Iwasi 163 antarcticus 164 6. Cuvierius 164 latirostris 165,380 Sibbaldii 380 7. Sibbaldius 169 laticeps 170 borealis 175 Sclilegelii 178 ? antarcticus 381 Bal^nopterina 186 8. Balc-enoptera 186, 382 rostrata 188 Swinkoei 382 Section II. Denticete 194 Fani. Catodontidjj: .... 195, 386 Catobontina 386 1. Catodon 196 niacrocephalus . . 202, 387 australis 206 Pacific Sperm Whale 209 South African Sp.W. 209 Indian Sperm Whale 209 South-Sea SpenuW. 210 2. Meganeuron 387 Ki-efftii? 389 PlIYSBTEBINA 390 3. Physeter 210 Tiu-sio 212 4. Kogia 215, 891 breviceps 217, 391 Grayii 218 simus 391 Macleayii 391 5. Euphysetes 386, 392 Grayii 392 Fam. Platanistid^ 220 1. Platauista 221 Gangetica 223 Pago ludi 224 Fam. Inud.^ 226 1. Inia 226 Geotfrojai .... 226, 393 Fam. Delphinid.^ .... 228, 393 Delphinina 231 1. Pontoporia 231 Blainvillii 231 2. Steno , 232 Malayanus 232 roseiventris 233 frontatus 238 compressus .... 234, 394 Capensis 394 lentiginosus 394 Gadamu 394 attenuatus .... 235, 394 ? brevimanus 236 Tucuxi 236, 395 ? pseudodelphis .... 395 ? fluviatilis 237 ? pallidus 237 ? coronatus 238 ? rostratus 238 fuscus 239 3. Delphinus 239, 395 microps 240, 395 longiro.stris 241 stenorhynchus .... 396 Delphis 242, 396 major 396 Moorei 396 Walkeri 397 marginatus 245 Janira 245, 398 punctatus 398 NovK-Zealandias . . 246 albimanus 247 Forsteri 248 Sao 248 Frithii 248 pemiger 249 Clymene 249 Styx 250 Tethyos 251 Euphrosyne 251 Alope... 252,399 fulvifasciatus 252 dubius 253 lateralis 254 4. Tursio 254, 400 Doris 255, 400 Dorcides 400 fraenatus 256 Metis 256, 400 Cymodoce .... 257, 400 ? Guianensis . . 257, 4C0 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vll 10. Pago trimeatue 258, 400 Abusalam 261, 401 Eurynome 261 Entropia 262 Catalania 262 Ileavisidii 263 obscunis 264, 400 compressicaudus . . . . 266 ■. Sotalia 393, 401 Guianensis 401 Lagenorhynchus .... 267 Electra 268 cferuleo-albus 268 Asia 269 acutus 270 clanculus 271 breviceps 271 Thicolea 271 albirostri8 272 leucopleiunis 273 ? Nilssonii 275 lateralis 275 fusiformis 402 Delphinapterus 276 Peronii 276 Pborealis 277 Orca 278 gladiator 279 intermedia 283 Capensis 283 brevirostris 285 Pseudorca 290, 402 crassidens 290 meridionalis 291 Grampus 295 Cuvieri 295 Rissoanus 298 Richardsonii 299 affinis 300 Sakamata 301 Phocajna 301, 402 communis 302 tubercidifera 304 spinipinnis 304 Neomeris 306 Phocajnoides ..... 306 Beluga 306 Catodon 307 Pago Kingii 309 13. Monodon 310 monoceros 311 Fam. Globiocepiialid^. . . . 313 1. Globiocepbalus 313 Svineval 314 affinis 317 intermedius 318 Edwardsii 320 macrorbynchus .... 320 . Indicus 322 Sieboldii 323 Cbinensis 323 2. Spbferocephalus 323 incrassatus 324 Earn. ZiPHiiD^ 326 Hyperoobontina 327 1. Hyperoodon 328 Butzkopf 330 2. Lagenocetus 336 latifrons 339 Epiobontina 340 3. Epiodon 340 Desniarestii 341 4. Petrorbyncbus 342 Capensis 346 Indicus 346 ZiPHIINA. 348 5. Berardius 348 Arnuxii 348 6. Zipbius 348 Sowerbiensis 350 Layardii 353 7. Diopiodon 355 Seclielleusis 355 Suborder II. Sirenia 356 Fam. Manatib^ 356 Manatina 357 1. Manatus 357 austi'alis 358 Senegalensis 360 2. Halicore 360 Dugong 361 Tabernaculi 364 Rytinina 365 3. Rytina 365 gigas 365 Abbitions anb Cohrection.s 367 CATALOGUE SEALS AND WHALES. Family PHOCID^. Cutting-teeth | or | or A or |, conical or truncated ; canines conical, sometimes elongated ; grinders |^ or ||, more or less lobed or plaited. Head rounded ; face more or less produced ; ears, very small, rudimentary, or none external ; eyes large, only slightly convex. Body elongate, hairy, attenuated behind; teats 2 or 4, ventral. Feet short, enveloped in the body ; the fore feet short ; fingers five- clawed ; the hind feet directed backwards, and close together ; toes five-clawed. Tail very short, depressed, sharp-edged on each side. Fera (partim), Linn. S. N. i. 55. Bruta (part.), Linn. S. N. i. 48. Phoca, Linn. S. N. i. 55 ; Penmnt, Syn. Quad. 380 ; Gray, Griffith's A. K. V. 175. Phocadre et Trichecidse, Gray, Lond. Med. JRepos. 1821, 302. Phocidffi et Trichechidffi, Grai/, Ann. Phil. 1825, 340. Phocidfc, Gray, Zoo/. Ereb. fy Terror ; Cat. Seals B. M.\, 1850. Mammiferes a nageoires, Ampliibies, Besm. N. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxiv. 34, 1804. Amphibia, Gray, Lond. Med. Repos. 1821, 302 ; Latr. Fam. R. A. 51, 1830. Phocaceema, Nilsson, Vetensk. Ahad. Handl. 1837, 235 ; lUuyn. Figurer Skand. Fauna, 1840, transl. by Dr. Peters, Wiegm. Arch. vii. 301. (Pinnipedia) Ruderfusse, Illii/er, Prodr. 138, 1811; Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 167, 1845. Les Phoques et les Morses, F. Cm: Diet. Sci. Nat. Ux. 463, 465, 1829 ; Duvernoy, Tab. R. A. Tetrapterygia, J. Brookes, Cafal. Mas. 36, 1828. Ursi (part), Wagler, K. S. Amph. 27, 1830. Cynomorpba (Phoca et Otaria), I^dr. Fam. R. A. 51, 1825. Brocha (Morse), Latr. Fam. R. A. 52, 1825. Phoques, F. Cuv. Dents des Mamm. 113, 1825. Amphibies quadrirtnies, Duve7-no;/, Tab. Am'm. Vert. Quadrupeda Nectopoda sen Plectropnda, G. Fischer, Zoogiiom. 12. Nectopoda, § 2. Pinnipeda (part.), G. Fiseher, Zoognom. 15. Phocidre sen Brachiociontia, J. Brookes, CaUtl. Mvs. .36, 1828. Tricliechidse seu Campodontia, J. Brookes, Catal. Mm. 37, 1828. Otariadse, J. Brookes, Catal. Mus. 37, 1828. Their limbs are short and fiii-hke, supported by the same number of bones as those of other carnivorous mammalia ; the arm and leg bones are much shorter ; the fingers and toes are armed with claws, and are webbed together. They swim with facility, and dive for a long period. On land they scarcely use their limbs in walldng, the fore arms resting inactive on the sides, and the hind feet close together, parallel on the sides of the tail ; they move, by the action of the ventral muscles, in short jumps, or by wriggling themselves alternately from side to side. They have very large, scarcely convex eyes ; the nostrils are closed by their own elasticity, and opened at the will of the animal ; their sense of smell is veiy acute, and the convolutions of the bones and membranes of the nose are much developed. Of all the families of Mammalia the species composing that of the Seals (Phockhe) are the most difficult of determination, partly on account of their great resemblance to one another in external cha- racters, and the changes which they undergo in colour and form during their growth, but more especially on account of the difficulty of observing them in their natural habitations. The labours of M. de Blainville, the two brothers Cuvier, and especially of Professor Nilsson of Lund, have done much to elucidate the characters of the European species and those frequenting the eastern coast of North America; the species found in the North Pacific are only known by the descriptions of Steller, Pallas, and Temminck. Many naturalists have been inchned to consider them as identical mth those found in the southern part of the Pacific Ocean, believing that the species migrate from one half of the world to the other, though we have the testimony of most voyagers that Seals are very rarely found between the equatorial line and 21° north latitude. The Seals of the Southern hemisphere have not been so well studied, from the Avant of sufficient materials. Cuvier, when he wrote the ' Osscmens Fossiles,' possessed only eight skulls, belonging to four species (viz. 1. Fhoca Lc]]tonyx, 2. P. deplumtina, 3. P.pusiUa, 4. P. leonina ?J ; but as several of these had been brought home without the skins, he could only refer them doubtfully to established species. Indeed, almost the only knowledge that we have of the Seals of the Pacific is derived from the observations of Cook, and the Forsters, who accompanied that intrepid navigator as naturalists; and the materials which they brought home were well collated by Pennant in his ' History of Quadrupeds,' a work of very extraordi- nary merit considering the date of its publication. England might then fairly be described as taking, as she should do, the lead in scientific zoology. This period has not been fairly estimated by the modern school of zoologists, who, at the opening of the Continent after the war, appear to have been so dazzled by the brilliant pro- gress made by the Professors ajipointed by Napoleon, that they over- looked the fact that these men were only following in the footsteps of Pennant, Latham, Solander, the Forsters, Fabricius, and others (who were either Englishmen, or had been fostered by the scientific men of this country), as LinuiEus followed in the footsteps of Hay. Besides the particulars given by Cook and Forster in the account of their voyages, Forster communicated to Buffon the figures of two of the species he had observed, accompanied by details of their organization and habits, which were printed in the supplementary volumes of Buffbn's ' Natural History,' and form the most complete and best account we have yet had of the history of these species. Peron and Lesueur, in their record of Baudin's voyage, indicate some Seals found in the South Sea, and give fuUer details of the Sea Elephant, they having been so fortunate as to fall in with some males of that species ; but the Natural History of the voyage was never published, so that we are indebted to Cuvicr (Oss. Foss. v.) for the description of the only Seal they brought home, which appears to have been the Fur Seal of commerce. In the Zoology of Captain Duperrey's ' Yoyage of the Coquille,' a Seal is figm-ed under the name of Fhoca molossina ; but the skull and skin now in the Paris Museum, as Nilsson has correctly observed, are only the young Sea Lion's. In the ' Voyage of the Astrolabe ' two other southern Seals are figured ; one called Otar'm cinerea, Peron, which appears to be the Fur Seal of commerce, and the Otaria ausf rails, which is very like the ArctoeepliaJus lobatiis, described from a skuU in Mr. Brookes's collection many years previously. It is to be regretted that the figures here referred to, especially of the skull, are so bad as to be utterly useless for the determination of the species without comparison of the original specimens. In the French 'Voyage to the South Pole,' fig-ures are given of the Sea Leopard and the common A\Tiite Antarctic Seal, the two most common species found everywhere in these regions on the packed ice ; the latter is named Phoca carcinoplmcia. Mr. W. Hamilton has given an account of the Seals and other mai-ine mammalia, in Sir W. Jardine's ' Naturalist's Library,' which contains a carefully compiled account of these animals, and some original figures from the specimens in the Edinburgh and Liverpool Museums ; but, unfortunately, Mr. StoAvart, the draughtsman, has been more intent on giA-ing them an artistic efi'ect than on attending to their zoological characters. Thus, some which should have no claAvs on their hind feet have large ones, and sometimes one too many for any mammal ; and the toe-membranes of all the Eared Seals or Otaries are represented as haiiy instead of bald. The same author has given an account of the Fm- Seal in the ' Annals of Natural History,' which he considers as different from the Sea Bear of Forster b2 and other South-Sea navigators. According to Dr. Hooker, the Fur Seals of the Falklands rarely exceed 3| or 4 feet in length. Seamen have long divided the Seals, on account of the great dif- ference in their form, into the Earless and Eared Seals. Buifon adopted the division ; and Peron, in his account of Baudin's Voyage (ii. 37), gave the name of Otaria to the Eared Seals. Cuvier and most naturalists have adopted this name. In the 'Medical Ecpository' for 1821, p. 302, I considered the Seals as forming an order, named yl«ip7H'6/«, containing two families : Fhocadce for Phoca and Otaria, and Tricheddce for Tricliecus, Dr. Fleming, in 1822, placed the Otters (Lutra), Sea Otters (En- hydra), Seals (Phoca), Ursine Seals (Otaria), and Wakus (Tricliecus) in a single group, which he called Palmata. — Phil. Zool. ii. 187. Dr. W. Vrolik, in 1822, in his ' Thesis de Phocis,' divides the Seals into five tribes : — I. Phocce sine auriculis : Trihiis prima, P. vitu- lina ; Tribus secunda, P, monachus ; Trihus tertia, P. mitrata ; Trihus quarta, P. proboscidea, II. Otance (Phocce aunculatce) : Trihus qtiinta, P. leonina, &c. In the ' Annals of Philosophy' for 1825, I considered the genera Phoca and Trichecus as each forming a family, and proposed to divide the Seals thus : — I. Grinders many-rooted ; ears none ; nose simple. 1. Stenorhi/nchi7ia,'Pe[agius and Stenorh}mchus. 2. Phocinu, Phoca. — II. Grinders with simple roots, or with divided roots, and with distinct ears. 3. Eidii/drina, Enhydra. 4. Otariina, Otaria and Platyrhynchus. 5. Stemmatopina, Stemmatopus and Macro- rhinus. M. F. Cuvier, in 1825, in the ' Dents des Mammiferes,' 118, di\-ides the Seals into those which have many roots to the grinders, including P. vitidinci; P. Leptomjx, and P. mitrata, and those with simple-, rooted grinders, as P. ursina and P. prohoscidea. In 1829, in the article Zoologie in the ' Diet. Sci. Nat.' lix. 367, he divides them into — 1. Les Phocpies proprement dits, including the genera Callo- cephcdxis, Sfenorhi/ncJms, Pelagius, Stemmatopus, Macrorhinus, Ai-cto- cephcdus, and Phtz/rhi/nchus, and 2. Les Morses, for the genus Tri- chectis. In a paper on the genus, in ' Mem. Mus.' xi. 1827, 208, he proposed to divide them into the following subgenera placed in three sections : — Sect. 1. Grinders similar, double-rooted. — 1. CaUocephcdus (vitu- linus) ; 2. Stenorhynchus (leptonyx) ; 3. Pelagius (monachus). Sect. 2. Grinders simple-rooted ; cutting- teeth -|. — 4. Stemmato- pus (cristatus) ; 5. Macrorhinus (proboscidalis). Sect. 3. Grinders simple-rooted ; cutting-teeth .^.—6. Arctocepilui- lus (ursinus); 7. PJati/rhynchits (leoninus). An abstract of this paper is given in Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 230. Mr. Joshua Brookes, in the Catalogue of his Anatomical and Zoological Museum, 36, 1828, divides the Tetrapterygia, or Seals, into three families: viz. 1. Phocidce or Brachiodontia; 2. Otariadce; and 3. Tricliechida'. or Gampodontia. rHociii.E. 5 Latreille (F;im. Reg. Anim.), in 1S25, proposed to form the Seals into an order, Anijohihia, containing two families: — 1. Cynomorplui , for Phoca and Otaria ■ 2. Brocha, for Trichechus. Wagler (Natiirl. Syst. Amphibicn), in 1830, places the Seals in the order Ursi, and divides them into three genera: — 1. Phoca (mona- chus) ; 2. Rhinophoca (proboscideus) ; 3. Trichecus (rosmarus). Professor Nilsson, in 1837, in a monograph of the species of Seals, proposed to divide them into seven genera, distributed in two sec- tions, thus : — Sect. I. — 1. SfenorJii/nchus (leptonyx) ; 2. Pdagius (monachus) ; 3. Phoca (vitulina). Sect. II. — 4. Hallchcenis (grypus) ; 5. Trichecus (rosmarus) ; 6. Ci/stophora (proboscidea and cristata) ; 7. Otaiia (jubata' and ursina). See Vetcnsk. Akad. Handl. 1837, 235 ; Skand. Fauna, no. 20, 1840. This essay is translated into German by Dr. Peters in Wieg- mann's Arch. vii. 301. In Loiidon's 'Magazine of NaturalHistory' for 1837 (i. 5S3) and in the ' Zoologj- of the Erebus and Terror ' is proposed the arrange- ment which is followed in this Catalogue. 5]^. Turner, in 1848, proposed the following arrangement of the family Phocida' from the study of skulls : — I. AniocephnVnia : 1. Otaria; 2. Arctocephalus. II. Trichecina : 3. Trichecus. III. Phocina : 4. Morunga ; 5. Cystophora ; 6. Hali- choerus ; 7. OmmatojAora ; 8. Lobodon ; 9. Leptonyx ; 10. Steno- rhpichus ; 11. Phoca.— P/-of. Zool Sac. 1848, 88 ; Ann. 3f Mnrj.Nat. Hist. 1848, iii. 422. Synopsis of the Tribes and Gexera. A. Grinders hco-rooted; cars none; toes simple, of fore feet short, of hind feet uneqiml, the outer on each side longest, the middle shortest; the jmlms a?id soles hairy. a- Cuitinf/-teeth A; hind feet nearly clmvlcss ; muffle hnry on the edije and between the nostrils ; fore feet trianyular ; wrist very short. Stenorhj'nchiua. * First, second, and third front npper and the first frotit hirer yrinders sinffle-rooted, the rest two-rooted ; lotcerjaw moderate. 1. LoBODON. Skidl and muzzle elongate ; grinders unequally lobed. ** The front grinders of each jaio sinyle-rooted, the rest two-rooted. t Lower jaw weak, with obtuse angle ; orbits very large. 2. Leptoxyx. Skull broad, depressed behind ; muzzle short, broad ; giinders subconipressed, with a small subcentral conical tubercle and a veiy small posterior one; lower jaw narrow behind, without any hinder angle ; fore feet clawed. 3. Ommatopiioca. Skull broad, depressed behind ; muzzle very short, broad ; orbits very large ; grinders small, compressed, with a central incurved lobe, and a small lobe on each side of it ; fore feet very slightly clawed. 6 PHOCID-E. ft Lower jaw strong, with an acute angle ; orbits moderate. 4. Stenorhynchus.' Skiill aud muzzle elongate ; gTiiidei-s compressed, with three cylindrical elongated lobes, the centre one longest and largest. 5. MoNACHUS. Skull broad, depressed behind ; muzzle short, broad ; orbits large ; grinders small, conical, thick, with a small anterior and posterior lobe; lower jaw broad, with a distinct posterior angle; upper cutting-teeth transversely notched ; palate angularly notched behind. b. Cutting-teeth f ; the first grinder in each jaw single-rooted, the rest tico-rooted; muzzle bald, callous between and above the nostrils, and divided by a central groove ; tvrist rather exserted ; fingers subequal ; claws five, large. Phocina. * Branches of lower jaxv diverging; Imuer edge of lower jaw rounded, simple ; palate angularly arched behind ; angle of lower jaw blunt, sloping behind. G. Callocephalus. Muzzle rather naiTow ; whiskers waved ; toes gTa- dually shorter ; web between the hind toes hairy ; hair subcylindiical ; luider-fur thin. ** Branches of lower jaic diverging; lo^cer edge ofloicerjaw dilated on the inner side. 7. Pagomys. Palate angularly notched behind; angle of lower jaw blunt, sloping behind. 8. Pagophilus. Palate truncated behind; angle of lower jaw acute, erect behind, with a notch above the basal tubercle ; muzzle rather Eroduced ; -v^skers waved ; toes gi-adually sliorter ; web between ind toes baldish ; liair dry, flat, close-pressed, without any imder- fur. *** Branches of Imoerjaw arched on the side and wide apay-t ; lotcer edge produced on the inner side behind the symphysis ; palate arched. 9. Halicyon. Tubercle on inner edge of front part of lower jaw elon- gate, shai-p-edged ; teeth moderate ; angle of lower jaw simple, with a distinct notch above it. 10. Phoca. Tubercle on inner edge of front part of lower jaw bhmt, ruooilose; teeth small; angle of lower jaw with a roimded lobe on inner side above the basal tubercle ; muzzle broad, short ; forehead convex ; whiskers smooth^ simple ; ear-hole large ; fingers unequal, the third longest, second' "anS'Tourth long, the first and fifth shorter, nearly equal. B. Grindei-s with single root (except the tivo hinder grinders of Hali- chcerus). c. Ears xvithaut any co7ich; toes simjjle, of fore feet exseHed, of hind feet large, the inner and outer ones large and long, the three middle ones shorter ; palm and soles hairy, sometimes chaffy and callous from ivear ; muffle hairy to the edge and betioeeti the nostrils. * Muzzle large, truncated, simple ; canines large ; grinders lobed, when old truncated. Trichechina. 11. Halichcebus. Muzzle broad, rounded ; cutting-teeth f ; grinders '—, conical, the two hinder of the upper and hinder one of the lower jaw double-rooted, the rest simple ; canines moderate ; whiskers crenu- lated; muffle hairy; palm and soles hairy; claws 5-5, elongate: 12. Tricheciius. Muzzle very broad, truncated, swollen and convex above ; nmflle, palm, and soles chafFy, callous, with the hair more or less worn oil" in the adult (hairy when young?) ; cutting-teeth a in youth, I in adult ; grinders 4-4, truncated, all single-rooted ; canines of upper jaw very large, exserted. *• Muzzle of the male icith a dilatile appemlage; cutting-teeth | ; gj-inders with a large szvollen root and a small, compressed, simj)le, plaited croion ; miiffle hairy. Cystophorina. 13. MonuNGA. Nose transversely wi-inkled above, exsertile ; muzzle of the skidl broad, truncated in front ; forehead convex ; hinder palatine bone short, transverse ; hair flat, truncated, close-pressed ; whiskers round, rather waved, thick ; front claws obsolete ; crown of grinders finely plaited. 14. Cystophora. Nose of male vnih a large compressed hood extending to the back of the head ; muzzle very broad, hauy ; nostrils large ; muzzle of skull broad, narrowed on each side in front ; forehead flat ; palatine bone broad, square ; hair elongate, cylindrical ; whiskers flatr- waved ; claws 5-5, distinct ; cro^\Ti of grinders strongly wrinkled. d. Ears with a subcyliiidrical distinct external conch; toes of the hind feet snhcqual, short, icith long membranaceous Jlaps at the end; fore feet Jin-like ; palm and soles bald, longitudinally grooved ; nose simple, ivith a rather large callous muffle above and betiveen the nostrils; cutting-teeth f, tipper often bifid; grinders ^. Arctocephalina. 15. Callorhinus. Cutting-teeth subequal ; face of skuU short; fore- head convex, regularly rounded from the end of the nasal bone to the middle of the vertex ; nasal opening small ; palate rather concave, contracted behind, short, nearly reachuig the middle of the zygomatic arch ; lower jaw short, thick, flattened, expanded beneath just in front of the condyle. ■ 16. Akctocephalus. Cutting-teeth subequal ; face of skull elongate ; forehead flattened, and nearly horizontal from the nasal bone to the vertex ; nasal opening large, high ; palate rather narrower behind than in front, rather concave, sliort, not reaching behind the middle of the zygomatic arch ; lower jaw naiTow, with a crest-like ridge behind, beneath, just in front of the condyle. 17. Otaria. Muzzle broad, high in front ; forehead rather convex ; occiput high ; cutting-teeth |, upper and outer one very large, like canines; grinders of adult -with very large roots and small, com- pressed, lobed crown ; palate-bone rather wider behind than in front, long, extending nearly to the articulation of the jaws behind ; lower jaw broad, dilated in front and behind at the angle ; upper jaw elon- gate, and dilate with age. Sect. I. Grinders ^-., tioo-rooted; ears none; toes simple, of the fore feet short, of the kind feet unequal, the outer on each side longest, the middle shortest ; the judms and soles hairy. (See fig. 1.) The skiill has no postorbital process nor alisphenoid canal. The mastoid process is swollen, and seems to form part of the auditory bulla. — Turner. Flo-. 1. Mouachus albiventer. Fore and hind feet. Phoca, Graij, Griffith's A. K. v. 175, 1827. Phoca, Sect. I., F. Cuvier, Mem. Mtis. xi. ; Nilsson, Wiegm. Arch. vii. 306 ; Skand. Fauna, n. xx. Phocidae seu Brachiodontia, /. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 36, 1828. Phoques, les dents ont les racines multiples, I. Cuvier, Dents des Mamm. 116. t. 38, 1825. Phocina (part.). Turner, Proc. Zool Soc. 1848, 88. PhocidiB, § 1, Grai/, Cat. Seals B. M. 5-8. Subfamily 1. STENORHYNCHINA. Cutting-teeth f ; hind feet nearly dawless ; muffle hairij to the edge and between the nostrils ; fore feet triangular ; wrist very short. Stenorhvnchina, Grm/, Ann. Phil. 1825, 340 ; ilag. N. H. i. 583, 1837 ; Zool. Erebus Sf Terror ; Cat. Seals B. M. 5, 8, 1850. * The first, second, and third front upper and the first front lower grimlers single-rooted, the rest tivo-rooted; lower jaw moderate, rather iceak; orbits large. 1. LOBODON. Skiill elongate ; muzzle elongate ; grinders rather compressed, with a large lobe in front, and three lobes behind the larger central one. Head elongate ; ear- conch none externally ; muzzle broad ; nostrils ovate, hairy to the edge ; whiskers rigid, tapering, waved. Skull elongate, rather depressed ; nose broad, rather produced ; orbits 1. LohoDOX. moderate ; the petrose portion of the temporal bone very convex, nearly hemispherical. Cutting- teeth A ; the upper middle ones moderate, with a smaller, rather compressed crown ; the two others large, conical, like the canines ; the lower pair small ; the two middle ones subcylindrical, rather internal, projecting forwards and rounded at the end ; the outer ones rather larger, blimt. Canines ^tj, conical, cuiwed, small, the upper largest. Grinders |^, with large swoUen roots ; the crown triangular, subtrigonal, lobed ; lobes rather recui-ved at the tip, the Fitf. 2. Lobodon carciuopliaga. Skull and hinder grinder. larger lobe with one, or sometimes a second, small lobe in front, and Avitli three lobes behind ; the first upper one smaller, with a single large root, the second, third, and fourth nearly equal, and the fifth smaller and more compressed ; the second and thii-d have the root only divided at the base, the fourth and fifth have the root divided nearly to the crown, and diverging ; the first under is smallest and single-rooted, the rest are all similar, 2-rooted, the third being the largest, and the fifth most compressed in the crown. The symphysis of the lower jaw is very long. The teeth of the j'ouuger animals have a rather broader crown, with rather shorter tubercles, a rugose sm-face with some smaller tubercles on the inner side, near the base of the hinder lobes, but separated from them by a groove. Body tapering behind. The fore limbs moderate, rather elongate, triangular, hairy above and below ; toes 5, tapering, with a narrow, thick, hairy web between them ; claws 5, elongate, acute, subequal. The hind limbs large, broad, triangular, hairy above and below ; the outer toes on each side of the foot very large, broad, rounded at the end ; the three middle ones smaller, narrow, tapering, with a thick hairy web between them ; the central one smaller and shorter ; aU clawless. Tail short, conical, depressed. Fur close-set, rather rigid, directed backwards, soft at the end ; the hairs flat at the base, tapering to a fine point, without any under- fur at the roots. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. 10 pnociDj:. Lobodon, Graj/, Zool. Erebus i^- Terror ; Cat. Seals B. M. 5, 9. Phoca, sp., Humh. Sf Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud (no description). Steuorlijiiclius (part.), Owen, Ann. Sf May. N. H. 1843, xii. 331. Halichoerus, sp., T. Peale. This genus is more nearly allied to StenorJnjnchus than to Phoca, to which the French surgeons have referred it ; but still it differs so much from tliat genus in the conformation of the skull and in the lobing and rooting of the teeth, that it can scarcely he left in it. The latter peculiarity appears to have escaped Prof. Owen's research, as in his generic character of Stenorhynchus he says, " Anterior molars with one root, the rest with two roots," while in this genus the three front upper molars are single-rooted, a character by which it differs from all the other genera in the family. 1. Lobodon carcinophaga. Crah-eat'mg Seal. Head, back, hind feet, and upper part of the tail pale oUve ; fore feet, side of the face, body, and tail beneath yellowish white ; the hinder part of the sides of the body and the base of the hind fins yellow-spotted, spots unequal, often confluent ; whiskers white, the upper ones smaller, dusky. Phoca carcinophaga, Homh. Sf Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, t. (skull, good : not described) ; Pucheran, Voy. d' Urville, t. 10, 10 a. Lobodon carcinophaga, Gray, Zool. Ereh. Sf- Terror, Mammalia, 2. 1. 1, t. 2 (skidl) ; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 32 ; Cat. Seals B. M. 10. Stenorh^Ticlius semdens, Owen, Ann. Sf Mug. N. H. 1843, xii. 331 ; Proc.'Zool. Soc. 1843, 131; Cat. Ost. Mus. Coll. Surg. 641. _Halicha3rus antarctica, T. Peale, U. S. Explor. Exped. 30. t. 5, skull, ^ fig. p. 31, 1848 ; ed. Cassin, 25, 1858, fig. skull, not good. See Stenorhynchus vetus, Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Philad. vi. 377, fig. tooth, said to be found in the greensand of New Jersey. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean, on the packed ice. a. Skull : three-parts grown. Antarctic Seas. Presented by the Lords of the Admii-alty, from the Antarctic Expedition. — SkuU figured ' Zool. Erebus & Terror,' t. b. Skiill : adult. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. c. Skull : adult. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by Lieut. W. Smith, E.N. d. Skull : adult. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by Lieut. W. Smith, R.N. e. Skiill : adult. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by Lieut. W. Smith, R.N.— See Fig. 2, p. 9. f. SkiiU : young. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. (/. Skeleton. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. ?i. Skull. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. The skeleton and skull of this animal are described in detail by Prof. Owen, Cat. OsteoL Mus. CoU. Sui-g. 641. no. 3937. 2. LEPTONTX. 11 *• The first front grinder in each jaw single-rooted, the rest two-rooted. t Lower Jaw weak, luith an obtuse angle behind ; orbits eery large. 2. LEPTONYX. Skull broad, depressed behind ; muzzle short, broad ; grinders subcompresscd, with a small subcentral conical tubercle and a very- small posterior one ; the lower jaw narrow behind, without any hinder angle ; fore feet clawed. Head flattened ; muzzle broad, rather short, rounded ; muffle hauy between and to the edge of the nostrils ; nostrils ovate ; whiskers compressed, slightly waved ; ears, no external conch. Skull slightly depressed, expanded behind ; nose rather short, broad, high above ; orbits rather large ; the petrose portion of the temporal bone convex, hemispherical. Cutting-teeth -i, conical, rather recurved, those of the upper jaw largest ; the middle in each jaw smaller ; the outer upper much larger. Canines pj, large, conical, curved, rather compressed, upper largest. Grinders ?^, moderate, rather far apart, parallel to the edge of the jaw, compressed, with subcentral, conical, prominent tubercle ; the second, third, and fom-th, in the more perfect specimens, Avith a small conical tubercle on the hinder edge, and a sharp-edged ridge round the inner side of the base ; the front grinder in each jaw smaller, and with a single conical root, tlic rest all 2-rooted nearly to the crown. Lower jaw slender, with a short symphysis in front, and narrow, without any angle at the hinder part of the lower edge. FiR-. 3. Loptonj-x Weddellii. Skull, and first and last grinder. Fore feet small, elongate, triangular, hairy above and below, with five graduated, distant, marginal claws : hind feet moderate ; the two marginal toes largest, rounded at the end ; claws small, rudi- m(>ntary, two middle largest. Fur short, adpressed, without any under-fiir : hair slender, tapering, slightly flattened. The skull of this genus resembles in many respects Cuvicr's figure of a skull of Phoca bicolor ; but it difters from it in all the grinders ] 2 rnociD.E. being placed more longitudinally, and in the lower jaw being slender, and without any angle on the hinder part of the lower edge. It is far more nearly allied to that genus than to StenorhyncJius, to which Prof. Owen (Ann. N.H. 1843, xii. 331, 332) has referred it ; observing that his Sfen. serridens (our Lohodon cancrivorci) shows modifications of the molar teeth which would give it a better claim to subgeneric distinction than the Sten. WeddelUi (which, he observed, is the type of the subgenus Lcptonyx of Mr. Gray) has been supposed to possess. Prof. Owen made this remark, and drew up his specific character, without having seen the teeth of this species ; for the skull was not then removed from the skin, and the specimens in the British Museum were stuffed with the mouth nearly closed. This animal is easily known from Btenorhiinclms by the shortness of the wrist and the triangular form of the fore feet, being interme- diate in this respect between that gemis and Ommatophoca. Mr. Swainson, in 1832, applied the name of Le^^toni/.v to a genus of birds, and in 1837 the same name to a second ; but the former had before been named Pteroptochos, and the latter Corijphospiza, so that the name may still be used for the Seal. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. Leptonyx, Grcn/j Mag. N. H. 183G ; Zool. Vvij. Erehis S,- Terror, Mamm. ; Cat. Seals B. M. 6, 14 ; not Swainson. 1. Leptonyx Weddellii. False Sea Leopard. Fulvous, with the front of the back and a line down the back blackish grey ; whiskers brown, tapering. Female and young blackish grey above ; sides with a series of longitudinal yellowish spots. Phoca Leopardina, Jaineson, Weddell, Voy. Smith Pole, i. 22, 24, 134, t. , not good ; Spec. Mus. JEdin. Sea Leopard, or Leopard Seal, Weddell, Vor/. S. Pole, i. 22, 134. Otaria? Weddellii, Lesson, Pull. Sci. Nat. \ai. 343. 438, 1826. StenorhjTicbus Weddellii, Lesson, 3Lunim. 200 ; Owen, Ann. 8/- Mag. N. IL 1843, xii. 333. Leopard Seal, Hamiltmi, Nat. Lihr. 183. t. 12 {from Caid. WeddeWs specimen). Leptonyx Weddellii, Gray, Maq. N. H. 1836 ; Zool. Voy. Erebus Sr Terror, t. 5 (animal), t. 6 (skiill) ; Cat. Seals B. M. 16. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. South Orkney, Weddell. a, h. Skins : adult : stuffed. Santa Cruz. Presented by Capt. Fitzroy, ll.N., 1833. — The specimens described as Leptonyx Weddellii, Gray, Mag. N. H. 1836 ; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 31. N.B. When this species was first described, I thought it was the Leopard Seal of Weddell. I was afterwards induced to believe that I was mistaken, as the name Sea Leopar-d was applied by the whalers to Stenorhynclius Leptonyx ; but it would appear that they used the same name for the two Seals ; and I have convinced myself, by exami- ning the teeth of Weddell's specimen in the Museum of the Univer- sity of Edinburgh, that my first opinion was correct. 3. oiiMAToriTorA. 13 c. Skin : stuffed : small. Antarctic Sea. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. — Specimen described and figured in ' Zool. Erebus and Terror.' tl. Skull. River Santa Cruz, cast coast of Patagonia. Presented by Capt. Fitzroy. Skull of specimen a. e. Skull, lliver Santa Cruz, east coast of Patagonia. Presented by Capt. Fitzroy. Skull of specimen h. f. Skull. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. — The skull figured in ' Zool. Erebus and Terror,' t. g. Skull. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. 3. OMMATOPHOCA. Skull broad, depressed behind ; muzzle very short, broad ; orbits very large ; grinders smaU, compressed, mth a central incurved lobe, and a small lobe on each side of it ; fore feet very slightly clawed. Head short, broad ; ears small, with no internal conch ; muzzle very short, rounded ; muffle hairy between and to the edge of the nostrils : nostrils ovate ; whiskers tapering, conical. Skull depressed, expanded behind ; orbits very large ; nose very short, broad, truncated in front, high behind ; petrose portion of the temporal bone convex. Cutting-teeth ^, small, conical, sharply recurved at the tip. Grinders small, compressed, with a snbcentral, rather large, broad, slightly incurved lobe, having a very small lobe on the inner side of Fig. 4. Oniinatoj)hoca Rossii. Skull and hinder grinders. its front, and a larger conical one in the middle of its hinder edge; the front grinder of each jaw is smaller and thicker, with a single conical root, the rest all with two diverging roots to the crown. 14 ■ pnociDJK. Lower jaw rather slender, with a short symphysis in front, and rather narrow, with a thick rounded edge in the hinder part of the lower edge in the place of the angle. Fore feet moderate, elongate, triangular, hairy above and below ; toes 5-5, tapering, subequal, separated by a thick, narrow, hairy web ; claws two or three, veiy small, rudimentary, horny, acute. Jffind feet large, broad, triangular, hairj' above and below ; the outer toes on each side of the foot very large, broad, rounded at the end ; the middle ones small, narrow, tapering, with a thick hairy web between them ; the central one smaller and shortest ; all clawless. Tail short, conical. Fur very close-set, rather rigid. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. Ommatophoca, Grmj, Zool. Erebus ^- Terror, 3Iamm.\ Cat. Seals B.M, 6, 18. Ommatophora, Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 88, misprint. 1. Ommatophoca Eossii. Boss's Large-eyed Seal. Greenish yellow, with close oblique yellow stripes on the side, pale beneath. Ommatophoca Rossii, Gray, Zool. Erebus Sf Terror, Mamm. t. 7 (animal), t. 8 (skidl and teeth) ; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 31 ; Cat. Seals B. M. 19. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. a. ftkiffod^kin. Antarctic Ocean. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. From the Antarctic Expedition. h. Skull of a. Figured in ' Zool. Erebus & Terror,' t. 8. f. 1, 2 & 4. The first and second grinders of the upper jaw are small, with a single conical root ; on the right side both these teeth are united together in one cavity ; and as there are four other grinders on each side, it would appear as if there were front grinders of two sets. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth of the same jaw have a compressed, single, tapering root, with a deep central groove nearly dividing it into two parts, the groove being deepest and most distinguishable on their outer side. In the lower jaw the front grinder has a double crown, with a thick single root, tapering below, as if formed of two teeth united together by their roots ; the second and tliird grinders have a broad, compressed, single root, divided by a rather deep, central, longitudinal groove on each side ; and the fourth and fifth grinders each have two tapering, nearly parallel roots, Avell separated at the base from each other. In this skuU the palate is rounded behind, and the suture between the two bones is much more nearly in its centre. I do not recollect to have observed such a malforma- tion, or soldering together of the roots of the teeth, in any other Seal. c, d. Skull and skeleton. The skull has the first upper and lower grinder with a single large subcylindi'ical root, tapering to a point beneath, and each of the other grinders has two conical separate roots diverging nearly from the collar. The palate is broad and rather truncated behind, and 4. ST-KNOElITNCnrs. 15 the transverse suture between tlie two bones in the palate is rather nioi'e than two-thirds the distance from the inner edge of the cutting- teeth. e. SkuU. Figured in ' Zool. Erebus & Terror,' t. 8. f. 3, 5. Antarctic Ocean. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. These skulls differ considerably from one another in the form of the palate and in the teeth ; but it is probable that the teeth of the skiUl (A) belonging to the skin (Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. 8. f. 1, 2, 4) are a malformation. ft Loivcrjaiv strong, with an acute angle behind; orbits moderate. 4. STENORHYNCHUS. Skull elongate ; muzzle elongate ; grinders compressed, with three cyHndiical elongate lobes, the centre one longest and largest. Head elongate ; ear-conch none externally ; muzzle broad, elon- gate ; muffle hairy to the edge and between the nostrils ; nostrils acute ; whiskers slightly waved. Face elongate, rather compressed ; nose tapering, rather produced and compressed on each side ; orbits moderate ; the petrose portion of the temporal bone rather convex. Cutting-teeth ^, conical, acute, incurved, granular, and with a cutting-edge on each side in a regiilar row; the two outer larger ; the upper much larger than the lower, and separated from the canines by a broad space. Canines conical, with sharp cutting-edges within and on the sides, the upper largest. Giindcrs '—, with moderate roots, separated from the crown by a narrow groove ; the crown compressed, divided into three elongate lobes, the centre lobe much the largest, longest, and subcylindrical, the anterior and posterior lobes conical ; Fi-. 5. Stenorhynchus Leptonyx. Skull and gi-inders. the bases of the lobes are surroimded by a sharp-edged ridge, with two small, short, conical tubercles on the inner side, the larger one being at the base of the separation of the hinder from the middle lobe : the front grinder in each jaw is rather the thickest, with a 16 PHociDj;. single thick conical root; all the rest have two rather diverging roots, divided nearly to the crown ; the hinder tooth in each jaw is rather the smallest. Sj^mphysis of the lower jaw short. Body tapering behind. The fore limbs moderate, rather elongate ; the toes are rather larger than the wrist, and each furnished with a small nearly terminal claw. The hind limbs arc rather large, of two nearly equal lobes, destitute of any claws ; the three middle toes small, tapering. The fur close-set, short, without any under-fur ; hairs flattened, tapering at the tip to a point. In the young skuU the grinders are well developed, while the cutting-teeth are small and far apart ; the hinder grinders have four lobes where they have only three in the adult. Mr. MacMurtrie, in his translations of Cu-vier, erroneouslj' adds to the generic character in the text of the author, " but with single roots ;" this is repeated in the reprint of the American edition pub- lished by Orr, i. 98. Dr. Knox observes, " Teeth, | . f . t§=32 : the two lower middle incisors peculiar. Vertebras : — cranial, 4 ; cervical, 7 ; dorsal, 14 ; lumbar, 6; sacral, 3; coccygeal, 13=47. " The nostrils opened much after the manner of the Cetacea, in the form of elongated fissures, one inch from the extremity of the snout ; the pelvic exti'cmities very large and far back ; tail extremely short. The skin was hairy. The stomach contained numerous fish- bones, a few feathers (gulls'), and some considerable portions of a pale-green, broad-leaved, marine Fucus ; thousands of a small, hard, round, white worm (parasitical) pervaded all parts of the mtestines. The intestinal tube measured 71 feet 10 inches : caput caecum, 1 inch 9 lines : diameter of smaU intestines, 1 inch ; of large intestines, 1 inch 6 lines. Liver weighed 14 lbs. ; kidneys, 2 lbs. each ; spleen, 1 lb. ; heart, 6 lbs. The arch of the aorta gave oft' an extremely short mnominata, which divided it into a right carotid and subclavian, and left carotid ; the left subclavian came oft" separately. It resembles Tiedemann's third variety, pi. 3 (copy published in Edinburgh)," Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. Stenorh-sTichus (Steuorhynque), F.Cuv. Did. Hist. Nat. xxxix. ; Mem. 3Ius. xi. 190 ; Did. Sci. Nat. fix. 463 (1829) ; Nilsson, Wiet/m. Arch. vii. 307 ; Skand. Fauna ; Gray, Zool. Ereh. Sf Terror, Mamm. ; Cat. Seals B. M. 6, 11. Phoca, sp., Home ; Blainville ; F. Cuv. Dents des Manitn. t. 1. Stenorhynchus Leptonyx. Sea Leopard. Grey, paler beneath, with small black spots on the sides of the neck and body, and with a few smaller white spots on the sides ; upper part of the hinder Hmbs dark, pale-marbled. Phoca Leptonyx, Blainv. Journ. Phys. xei. 288, 1820 ; Desm. Mamm. 247, from Horne's specimen ; Ct/v. Oss. Foss. v. 208. t. 18. f. 2 ; Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 178 ; Blainv. Osteogr. Phoca, 1. 1, & t. 4. f. , skull (Mus. Paris) ; F. C'uvier, Dents des ^lanun. 118. t. 38 a. Seal from New Georgia, Home, Phil. Trans. 1822, 240. t. 29, skull. 5. MONAcnus. 17 Phoque quatrieme, Blaim>, in Desm. Mamm. 243, note; see Cm. Oss. Fans. V. 207. Stenorhynchus Leptonyx, F. Cuv. Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxix. 640. t. 44; Mem. Mi/s. xi. 100.' t. 13. f. 1; Dents des Mumm. 118. t. 38 a; Nihsoii, Wiefjm. Arch. vii. 807; Sluind. Fauna, t. ; Gray, Zool. Erebus Sf Terror, Ma mm. t. 3 (animal), t. 4 (skidl); Cat. Oste'ol. Spec. B. M. 31 ; Cat. Seals B. M. 13 ; Blainv. Osteo(ir. Phoca, t. 5. f. 0 (teetli and slnill) ; Owen, Ann. N. H. 1843, xii. 332. Phoca lloiiipi, Lesson, iJiet. Class. II. N. xiii. 417. Vho(:ii(^ii;\wyhynchii)ljti-pion\x,Blainv.-,Pucheran,Dumontd''UrDille, Zool. t. 9. The Small-nailed Seal, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. 180. 1. 11 (nails too large). Stenorhynchus aux petits ongles, Hombr. Hf Jacq. Voy. a Pole Sad, t. 9. Sea Leopard of the Jfl/alers. Sea Bear of New Zealand, Knox, in letter. ^~. Phoca m-sina, or Sea Bear, I'ollach, Neiu Zealand. ^' Inhab. Antarctic Ocean, ou the packed ice. North shore, Ncw- castlcj N. S. W., 6r. ^c?wie«. Drawn by Angas. a. Skin : adult : stuffed. Antarctic Ocean. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. h. Skin : adult : unstuffed. 0 /; / ;, . . ^ ' c. Skidi. /2IlU^^-^^ ^ -\ d. Skidl. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the '' l'^^^ Lords of the Admii-alty. ^jj SkuU figiu'cd in ' Zool. Erebus & Terror,' t. . f. . ' — ^' e. SkuU. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. /. Skeleton. Port Nicholson, New Zealand. Presented by Dr. ^ Frederick Knox. -^ r/. Skull. Antarctic Seas. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. • h. Skidl and bones of the body. Antarctic Seas. Presented by the J . i/i. Lords of the Admiralty. Skull. Antarctic Seas. The skull of this Seal is described by Prof. Owen in Cat. Ostool. Mus. Coll. Surg. 642. nos. 3938-3941, and in Ann. N. H. 1843, xii. 331, he says the Sea Leopard is distinguished from it " by the spotted ' hide." 5. MONACHUS. Skull broad, depressed behind ; muzzle short, broad ; orbits large ; grinders small, conical, " thick, with a small anterior and posterior lobe;" lower jaw broad, with a distinct posterior angle; "upper cutting-teeth transversely notched;" cutting-teeth |. Inhab. Mediterranean. Monachus, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 187, 1822; Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Ilandl 1837, 235; Gray, Cat. Seals B. M. 17. Pelagios (Pehtge), F. Cuv. Mem. Mus. xi. 193, 196. t. 13, 1827; Gray, Zool. Erebus Sf Terror, Mamm. 3. Pehigius, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 403, 1829 ; Fischer, Si/n. Mamm. 230 ; Wleymann, Arch. vii. 308 ; Nilsson, Vet. Ahad. Handl. 1837, 23.5; Skand. Fauna, xx. t. Heliophoca, Gray, Ann. <^- May. N. II. 18.>4, xiii. ( from yomiii' animal ). Oj/i'^ 18 Monachus albiventer. Skull. From Cuvier, Oss. Foss. Muzzle rather elongate, broad, hairy, with a slight groove between the nostriLs ; whiskers small, quite smooth, flat, tapering. Fore feet short ; fingers gradually shorter to the inner one ; claws 5, flat, truncate. Hiad feet hairy between the toes ; claws very small ; hair short, adpressed, with very little or no under-fur. Skull depressed ; nose rather depressed, rather elongate, longer than the length of the zygomatic arch ; palate angularly notched behind. Cutting-teeth ^, large, notched within, the middle upper much smaller, placed behind the intermediate ones. Canines large, conical, sharp-edged. Grinders 1^, large, croAvded, placed obhquely with regard to the central pala- tine line; crown large, conical, with several small conic rhombic tubercles. Lower jaw angulated in front below, with diverging branches, the lower edge of the branches rounded, simple. The grinders, except the two first in both jaws, are implanted by two roots ; their crown is short, compressed, conical, with a cingOlum strongly developed on their inner side, and developing a small ante- rior and posterior accessory cusp ; the upper jaw is much less deep than in Halkhoerus ; the canines are relatively large, and the nasal bones are much shorter. The feet, palate, and teeth resemble those of the genus Callo- cephahis (C. communis), but the grinders are larger and less deeply lobed ; and it has the smooth whiskers of the restricted genus Phoca (P. harhata). It diff'ers from the latter genus in the depressed form of the skull, the large tubercular grinders, and the angular termina- tion to the palate. As the other subtropical Seal, Phoca troincalis (Gray, Cat. Seals, B. M. 28), from Jamaica, described from an imperfect skin without a skull, has similar small smooth wliiskers, it may very probably, when its skull has been examined, be found to belong to this genus, Avhich will then prove to be a subtropical form of the family. THE PERFORIING I TALKING FIS Now Exhibiting, from 1 1 a.m. till 10 p.m.^ at 191, PICCADILLY. ADMISSION, ONE SHILLING. CHILDREN HALF-PRICE. FASHIONABLE MORNING PERFORMANCES Every Saturday, from 11 till 6 o'clocJc. Admission, HALF- A-CROWN ; Children, One Shilling. AFTER SIX, THE USUAL CHARGE. This amphibious creature was caught with much trouble, and at great personal hazard, by Signor CAVANA and Crew, off the Coast of Africa, on the 5th of May, 1854. It measures 12 feet in length, weighs 8 cwt. and is the only individual of the species hitherto publicly exhibited. In offering this curious animal to public view, the Proprietor begs to inform his visitors that they are not to confound it w-th the Marine Wolf, as it is quite of a dif- ferent species. The female, which he has (he honor to present to the public, obeys the word of command, and executes various pc fonnanccs, which liave caused great admira- tion to the first naturalists of England, France, and Portugal. The creature, notwithstanding its great ferocity, has with difficulty been tamed, and, in a sense, domesticated. Such is its present docility and obedience, that it has left its locality at night in search of its keeper, and has laid down to sleep by his side. It is of enormous bulk, has two rows of teeth, and U covered with fine hair. It only feeds on fish, of which it daily eats the iumiensc quantity of 45 lbs. It is ferocious and dangerous to its enemy, but docile to its keeper, whoso orders and expressions it comprehends, and whose face and hands it kisses. Its intelligence is so acute, that it pronounces several words distinctly. FROBI THE LIVERPOOL CHRONICLE. The Talkihg Fish.— Public incredulity ir. reference to this extraordinarj- specimen of nature hai been entirely dispelleit, and the ininunso number of ladies and gentlemen who have paid a visit to the eBtablishnient in Elliott-street durini^ the past week testify to the remarkable and wonderful character of the creature. It seems daily to advance in sagacity and intelligence, and on each suc- ceeding visit w,' are struck with additioijal proof > of its traotaliility. Amonpst the numerous body who have insp'rted it during the past week we see by the visitors' hook the nrimea of the Earl of Sefton, the flnn. C. B. Molyiicux, the Hon. Frederick Hewey Bathurst, John Bramley-Moore, Esq., ^f.P., Gilbert Henderson, Esq.. Kecordcr of Liverpool, M.ijor Ch.-.mbcrs, Captain Hornby, Knowsley Cottage, Captain II. C Falkncr, Sck.— January TMli, 18.59. Amongst the ladies and pentlemen who have visited the exhibition during the present week, we notice in the visitors' book th-, nanus of Captain T. H, Sullivan, H.M.S. "Hastings"; P. T. Curry, Esq., Coroner; B. Hcywood Jones, Esq., and Family, Lark-hill; the Rev. T. Rigliye Baldwin; Robert de Lambert, Esq , Common Head, Windermere, Kendal; W. H. Maclean, E^q., ic. &c. February Wi, 1R,5!). M o. MoNAcnrs. 19 1. Monachus albiventer. Monk Seal. Phoqiie a ventre blanc, Biiffon, II. N. Supp. vi. t. 44; Cia: R. A. i. 1G(5 ; 0,s6-. Foss. V. 208. 1. 17. f. 1 (skeleton), f. 2, 3, 4, 5 (skuU) ; Loh- stein, Ohs. Anat. Comp. ; Ranzani, Opusc. Scimt. Phoca Monachus, Ilerm. Bed. Ahh. 1779, iv. 1. 12, 13 ; Desm. Mamm. 241. Phoca Hermanni, Lesscm, Diet. Gass. H. N. xiii. Pelagios Monachus, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. K(ct. xxxix. 550 ; Ann. Mus. 1813, XX. 38 ; Mem. Mus. xi. 193. t. 13 (skull) ; Blainv. Osteog. Phoca, t. 5, 7, 8, 9; Owen, Cat. Osteol. Mm. Coll. Surg. 643_.__ I Sco^^<^ Pelagius Monachus, Nikson, Skmul. Fauna ; Wiegm. Arch. viii. ^(ydy . -^ ^(..-^U-i Gray, Zool. Erebus S,- Terror. A"- ' ' "ff Monachus Mediterraneus, Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Ilandl. 1837, 235. u'li,^ Phoca albiventer, i^ofW. £/wic/i. 170. ' ^,7 7 a Phoca bicolor, Shaw, Zool. i. 254. t, 70, 71. %i^LUt ) Phoca leucogaster, Peron. ( '' J Phoca vitulina. Wolf, Ahhild. i. 18. t. 4 (good). Phoque Moine, F. C'uv. Ann. 3Iiis. xx. 38. Pied Seal, Penn. Quad. ii. 173. Heliophoca Atlantica, Gray, Ann. Sj- Mag. N. H. 1854, xiii. 200 ; P. Z. S. 1854. Phoca leporina, Verreaux, not Lepechin. Mediterranean Seal, Shaw, Zool. i. 255. Iiihab. Mediterranean, Algiers. *» Atlantic, Madeira, MacAndrew. \y' In Cumara das Lobos, Funcbal, Knight. Canaries, Isle Lobos? a. Young animal. N. Atlantic, Deserta Grande Island. h. Adult animal. N. Atlantic, Deserta Grande Island. Presented by E. MacAndrew, Esq., F.R.S. Specimens described as Helio- phoca Atlantica. An imperfect sknll of this Seal is described in Cat. Osteol. Coll. Mus. CoU. Surg. 643. The Trustees of the British Museum purchased the dead body of a Seal which had been exhibited in London as the " Talking Fish." The proprietor, an Italian, at first said that it was from the coast of South America, but afterwards admitted that it was from one of the ports on the nortji side of the Mediterranean ; and on examination it proved to be the Monk Seal {Phoca albiventer), the type of the genus Monachus of Fleming and Pehif/ios of F. Cuvier, a genus which was one of the desiderata in the Museum Collection. The comparison of the skuU of this animal with the skuUs of the Seal from Madeira, which I described in the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History' for March 1854, luider the name of Heliophoca Atlantica, has shown that the latter animal is the same as the Medi- terranean Seal. The British Museum has since received from M. Yerrcaux a very good skeleton of a Seal from Algiers, under the name oi Phoca lepo- rina, wliich is evidently the same as the Phoca albiventer of Cu\ier (Oss. Foss. V. t. 17). These facts arc interesting as showing that the Seal which was formerly believed to be confined to the north shore of the Medi- c2 // 20 PHOCID.'E. terraneaii is also found on the southern one and on the islands of the Atlantic— P. i;. /S. 1864. 2. Monachus tropicalis. Jamaica Seal. Grey-brown ; haii- very short, strap-shaped, closely adpressed, black with a slight grey tip ; whiskers short, thick, cylindrical, re- gularly tapering, without any appearance of wave or twist ; fingers gradually shorter. Phoca tropicalis, Gray, Cat. Seals B. M. 28. Inhab. Jamaica. a. Skin, imperfect, without skull. Skin referred to in description of CystojiTiora AntUlarum, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1849, 93. SubfamUy 2. PHOCINA. Cuithig-teeth ^ ; the first front grinder in each jaiu single-rooted, the rest two-rooted; muzzle bald and callous between and above the nostrils, and divided by a central groove; wrist rather exserted ; fingers subequal ; claivs 5'5, large, Phociiia, Graij, Ann. Phil. 1825, 340 ; Mag. Nut. Hist. 1837, i. 583 ; Zool. Erehus ^- Terror, 3 ; Cat. Phocidcs B. 31. 20. Phocaceerna, § 1, Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837 ; Wiegm. Arch. vii. ; Skand. Fauna, t. , 1840. Phoca, Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837 ; Wiegm, Arch. vii. ; Skand, Fauna, xx. 1840. Callocephalus, F. Cuv. Mem. Mus. xi. 1827. 6. CALLOCEPHALUS. Muzzle rather narrow ; whiskers waved ; fingers gradually shorter ; palate angularly notched behind ; hair subcyHndrical ; under-fur thin ; web between the hind toes hairy. The branches of the lower jaw diverging ; the lower edge of the lower jaw rounded, simple, the angle blunt, sloping behind ; grinders large, crowded. (Fig. 7.) Inhab. Northern Ocean. Callocephalus (Callocephale), pt., F. Cuv. Mem, Mus. xi. 182, 1827; Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 463, 1829 ; Fischer, Syn. 230 ; Gray, Zool. Erebus Sf Terror, Mamni. Callocephalus, § *, Cat. Phoc. B. M. 21. Phoca, sp., Linn. ; Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 187; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, xz. 1. Callocephalus vitulinus. Common Seal. Finely sprinkled with blackish and whitish, and with greyish brown and yellowish grey along the back, usually unspotted and blackish ; the underside of the body whitish ; a widish, paler, unspotted ring round each eye, and over each eye a small roundish spot, from which a bristle proceeds. Edge of lower jaw rounded below in front, with a short symphysis. Grinders large, rather crowded and oblique. 6. CALLOCEPHALUS. Fiff. 7. 21 Calloceplialus vitulinus. Skull, griuder, and palate. Phoca vitulina, Linn. ; Nilsson, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837; Skand. Fmina ; Wiegmann, Arch. vii. 31G ; Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 17G ; Blaiiw. Ostiog. Phoca, t. 2, 5, 9 ; Gaimard, Voy. Islande, 1. 11. f. 1, 2 (skull) ; Ball,' Trans. Roy. Irish Acad, xviii. t. 4. f. 11-13, t. 5, t. 6 ; Sketches Brit. Seals, t. 8. f. 23-25 (animal), t. 9. f. 26-32 (anat.). jf^i f^^ \ l ., J /-^ • ^k/- Phoca commuuig, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. i. 5. r, / J ^' Phoca canina, Pallas, Zool. Rosso-Asiat. 114. ' /tf-yttl// Phoca littorea, Thienem. Nat. Bemerk. 61. t. 6, 7, 8 ; Bidl. Sci. Nat. (^/^^^^ V. 216. Phoque commune, var., F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lith. ix. t. ; Mem. Mus. xi. 182. t. 12. f. \a,b,c. Phoca variegata, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, i. 359. Callocephalus vitulinus, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 540 ; Gray, Zool. Erehus 8)- Terror, 3 ; Cat. Osteog. Spec. B. M. 32 ; Cat. Phoc. B. M. 21. Seal, Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 71. t. 48. Common Seal, Parsons, Phil. Tram, xlvii. 120. t. 6 ; Pen7i. Syn. 339 ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 263. Phoca Linnsei, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 414, See Hund, Blumcnb. Ahhild. t. 73. Veau marin, Perrault, Anim. i. 187. t. 97. Phoque commune, Biiffon, H. N. xiii. 333. t. 45 ; Sujjpl. vi. t. 46 ; Cuv. R. A. i. 165 ; Oss. Foss. iv. 278, v. 200; F. Cuvier, Ann. Mm. xvii. 377; 3Iamm. Lith. t. . Var. ? Phoca commvmis octonotata, Kutorqa, Btdl. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosq. 1839, 189. t. 13. f. 1, t. 14. f. 1, 2, 3, t. 15. f. 1, 2 & 5, t. 16. f. 1-4, and t. 18. f. 1-4 (skull). Var. ? Phoca communis undulata, Kuto)r/a, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosg. 1839, 189. t. 13. f. 2, t. 14. f. 4-6, t. 15. f. 3, 4, t. 17, t. 18. f. 2. Var. ? Phoque a fortes moustaches, Mus. Paris ; hde Nilsson, Wieg- mann. Arch. vii. .311. Inbab. North Sea. Caspian Sea. Baikal. Skin : stuffed. Belfast. From Mr. W. Thompson's Collcetion. h, c. Skins : stuffed. d. Skull, (ireenland. From Dr. Moller's Collection. 22 PHOCID^. e. Skeleton : young. Coast of England. From Dr. Mantell's Col- lection. f. SkiiU. Greenland.— (Fig. 7, p. 21.) \j. SkuU. /*. Skull of specimen from coast of Europe. i. Skeleton of specimen from coast of Holland. Presented by the Zoological Society. j. Skeleton. Greenland. From Mr. Warwick's Collection.—" Plioca hispidus or P. annulatus," Warwick. Middle toe of the fore flipper the largest, the others on each side decreasing in length, so that the two outer are half an inch shorter than the middle one ; the hind flipper with the outer toes largest and connected by a thick membrane, containing three of the slender and shoi'ter toes. — Sabine, Rosses Voy. 12. A young Seal became so entirely domesticated and attached to the ship, that it was frequently put into the sea and sufl'ered to swim at perfect liberty, and when tired would return of itself to the boat's side to be taken in. — Sabine, Bosses Voy. 13. Lotverjaw not observed. 2. Callocephalus ? Caspieus. Caspian Seal. Back and sides grey-brown, decorated with irregular, thickish, yellowish rings ; the sides of the mouth gradually of a pale yel- lowish ; hairs of the beard thick, pale. Length 4 feet. Phoca Caspica, Nilsson, Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 1837; Skand. Fmma; Wieyman, Arch. vii. 313. Phoca canina, var. Caspica, Pallas, Zool. Rosso-Asiat. Phoca vitulina /3. Caspia, Gmelin, S. N. ; Fischer, Syn. G75 ; Gray, Griffith's A. K. V. 173. CaUocephalus Caspieus, Gray, Zool. KSfT.S; Cat. Phoc. B. M. 24 Inhab. Caspian Sea. 3. Callocephalus ? dimidiatus. Nonvay Seal. Whiskers waved ; dark grey above ; lips and beneath pure white. Phoca dimidiata, Schlegel, Mus. Leyden. CaUocephalus dimidiatus, Gray, Cat. Phoc. B. M. 24. Inhab. Norway. Mus. Leyden. May be only a particular state of one of the preceding species. 7. PAGOMYS. The branches of the lower jaw diverging ; lower edge of the lower jaw dilated on the inner side, with the angle blunt and sloping be- hind (see fig. 9, c, p. 28) ; the palate angularly notched behind. Inhab. Northern Seas. , Pagomys, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1860. Calloceplialus, § **, part., Gray, Cat. Seals B. M. 23. 7. PAGOMYS. 23 1. Pagomys foetidus. Hinged Seal. Back blackish ; on it, or on its side, there are largish, oval, whitish, thin rings (from 11" to 2" long) ; the circle round the eyes is of one colour ; the hairs of the beard are thin and brown ; the grinders rather far apart, and straight as regards the margin ; fur short, crisp, recurved at the tip ; lower jaw dilated and inflexed beneath in front. Young greenish black (not eyed like the adult), beneath paler. Phoca foetida, Midler, Znol. Dan. Prodr. viii. ; O. Fahr. Fauna Groenl. 13; Fischer, Syn. 577; Gray, Griffitlis A. K. v. 178. /f/^^ ^^^.^ ^ :IS~J ■ Phoca hispida (part.), Erxl, Syst. 589. /a ■ 13 ^- liq. Phoca hispida, O. Fahr. Shrirt. Nat. Selsk. i. 74. t. 12. f. 1 (Ikull). ' Phoca Bothnica, Gmelin, S. N. i. 63. Callocephalua fojtidus et C. hispidus, Gray, Cat. Seals B. M. 23. ? Phoca coucolor, Dekay, N. H. Neio York, 54. ? Phoca equestris, Pallas, Zool. Rosso- Asiat. iii. 40 ; Schrenck,' Aviur- Lande, i. 182. t. 9. f. 1, 2 ( d' ), f. 3 ( J ), uniform-coloured. Phoca fasciata, Shaw, Zool. Phoca annellata, Nihson, Skand. Fauna, i. 362. t. 38 ; Thienem. Nat. Bemcrk. 83. t. 9-12 ; Bidl. Sci.. Nat. v. 261 ; Wieymann, Arch. vii. 312; Gainiard, Voyage Ishnde, t. 11. f. 7; Ball, Sketches Brit. Seals, 1. 11. f. 36 (skull), cop. Thienemann ; liadde, Reisenin Suden von Ost- Sibirien, 1862, i. 296. t. 1-3 (animal, skidl, and other bones). Phoque commime, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithog. iv. t. , cop. Hamilton, Seals, t. 4. Callocephalus discolor, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 545 ; Mem. Mm. xi. 186. Phoca (Callocephalus) hispida, F. Cuvier, Mem. 3Ius. xi. 189. t. 12. f. 3, g, h, i (skuU) ; Gaimard, Voy. Isl. 3Iamm. 1. 11. f. 1, 2 (sluill). Phoca discolor. Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 177. Phoca Frederici, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 416. ? Phoca Schreberi, Lesson, Diet. Cl,ass. H. N. xiii. 414 (part.). Callocephalus hispidus (part.), F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 547. Callocephalus annellatus, Riippell, Verz. 107 ; Gray, Zool. E. cS'- T. 3. ? Ribbon Seal, Penn. Arct. Zool. i. 105. Kuma of the Tugunsen, near Baikal. Nerpa of the Russians. Inhab. North Sea. England, Nilsson. Lake Baikal. . a. Skin: stuffed. J kLt( t«- h. Specimen : stuffed. North Sea. ."^ / ^ c. Skull of specimen 6. \A/hi^teU Ut^cj . d. Specimen: stuffed. North Sea. /^tuc/,- iu oUt\^-ne^ e. SkuU of specimen d. ^£^^ ,^ ^ ^^ Herr Gustav Eadde gives the measurements of three skulls of Phocn -M^ vituJina from the East Sea, one Phoca Caspiea from the Caspian, and four 7'. annellata — three from the East Sea and one from I-ake Baikal (see o]i. cit. p. 301). We have received a Ringed Seal (Pagomys fctiJus) that was born in the Zoological Gardens and died soon after its birth. "■ It was entirely covered with closely-set, well-developed fur of a silver-grey colour, being rather browner on the u])per surface. It is 2 feet 8 inches long, from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail ; the fore paws arc 6, the hinder 8 inches long, and the latter arc 7 inches 24 I'HOCID.E. wide when expanded. The webs of the feet are covered with hair, and the claws are well developed and black. The whiskers are white, well developed, and slightly waved." — Proc. ZooJ. tSoc. 1862, 202. The Seal of the Severn, which Professor Nilsson regarded first as P. annellata and then as P. Gvcenlanclica , Mr. Ball thinks, from its small size and the form of the intermaxillarj" bones, is neither, and that it has yet to be determined. — Ball, Proc. lioi/. Irish Acad. 1836, 19. f. 32-35. 2. Pagomys ? Largha. Larglm Seal. Muffle bald, narrow, with a central groove ; whiskers compressed, waved ; shining ashy white, with numerous scattered, smaU, oval black spots, smaller and closer on the back ; feet brownish ash ; claws long, black ; no under-fur. Young yellow ; back dark grey, from the skin being visible through the pale hair ; hair short, flattened ; web baldish. Var. Spots larger, more equally scattered (Japan). — Skull and teeth like P. oceanica, Temm. Phoca Largha, Pallas, Zool. Rosso- Asiat. i. 113. Phoca nummularis, Temm. Fauna Japon. c. 3. t. ; Schrenck, Aimir- Lancle, i. 180 ; 3Iidclendor-ff', Eeise aussersten l^c. i. 122. Chieu de mer de Detroit de Behiing, Choris, Voy. Pictoresque, t. 8. Callocephalus Largha, Gray, Cat. Phoc. 24. Phoca Chorisii, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 417 ; Fischer, Syn. 24. Phoque tigre, Kraschetmenikotv, Hist. Kamtseh. phoca tigrina, Lesson, Manuel, 550. ? Phoque de Stellar, Kra'chenn. Hist. Kamtseh. 107. Pagomys ? nummularis, P. Z. S. 1864, 31. luhab. North Pacific. Japan, M'^. Leyden. East Shore, Kamt- schatka, Pallas. This species is only known from some skins and three fragments of skulls in the Leyden Museum, which were sent to me for com- parison by the energetic Curator of the Leyden Museum. The fragments of skulls above referred to consist of the face-bone and the lower jaws of three specuuens ; the most perfect specimen has part of the orbit and the upper part of the brain-case attached to it. They are all from very young specimens, of nearly the same age ; and, unfortunately, the most perfect one is without the hinder portion of the palate, so that one cannot make sure that it has the same form of the palatine margin that is found in Pagomys ; but the part of the side of the palate that is present, when compared with the same part in Pagomys, leads one to think it most likely to be of the same form as in that genus. The general form and size of the face, and the form of the teeth, are very similar to those of a skuU of Pagomys foetidus of the same age. It only differs from the latter in the lower jaw being rather shorter and broader, in the grinders being larger, thicker, and rather closer together, in the central lobe of the grinders being consider- ably larger, thicker, and stronger, and in all the lobes of the grinders being more acute. The lower margin of the lower jaw is dilated 8. PAGOPHILUS. 25 in front, just as in Pagomys faikhis ; but the jaws behind the dila- tation diverge more from each other, leaving a wider space between them at the hinder part. The form of the hinder angle of the jaAvs is very similar in the two species. The orbit is rather smaller and more circular ; for in P. fcctidus it is rather oblong, being slightly longer than wide. The forehead appears, as far as one can judge by the fragments, to be flatter and broader, and the nose rather shorter.— (7ra.v, P. Z. S. 1864. The lower jaws short and broad ; the grinders thick, with abroad thick central lobe, and nearly side by side (in the skulls of the young animals). The following measurements show the difference between the two species : — P. fcetkhis. P. nummidaris. in. 12ths. in. 12th3. Length of lower jaw to hinder notch . . 2 11 17 Length of lower jaw to end of dilatation. 1 Sg 1 ^d Length of upper teeth-line 1 3| 1 2 Length of three grinders 0 2| 0 3 Width at outside of hinder notch 19 17 Length of orbit 1 8| 1 5 The Phoca nummularis of Japan has been considered to be iden- tical with Phoca Larr/lia of Pallas, from the east shore of Kamts- chatka, the Phoca Chonsii of Lesson, and the Phoqne tigre of Kras- chennenikow (which has been named Phoca tigrina by Lesson), on the strength of their coming from nearly the same district ; but I am not aware that specimens of any of the latter species exist to verify the union and determine what are the species described under these names. — Grag, P. Z. S. 18G4. 8. PAGOPHILUS. Palate truncated behind ; fingers gradually shorter ; muzzle rather produced ; hair dry, flat, close-pressed, without any under-fur ; web between the hind toes baldish. Lower jaw with the branches diverg- ing, dilated and inflexed beneath in front, so as to close in the front part of the gidlet ; the angle acute, erect behind, with a notch above the basal tubercle ; grinders rather distant. (Fig. 8.) Inhab. Northern Ocean. Callocephalus §, F. Cucier, 3Icm. 3Ius. xi. 1827. Pagophilus ( subgen. of Callocephalus), Grai/, Zool. Erehus i^f Terror, 3. Pagophilus, Cat. Phocidce B. M. 25. 1. Pagophilus Groenlandicus. Harp Seal. Grey or whitish, with large and small black spots ; hairs of the beard waved on the edges ; the cutting-teeth diminish in size ; the grinders separate, straight ; edge of the mouth oblicjue. Length from 4 to 5 feet. 26 ^(cJ^ h Pagophilus GiOBulandicus. Skull. Until six or seven weeks old white, — called White Coats at New- foiintUand ; at one year old they have small spots ; at two years old they have large spots, and the males are called Bed Lampicrs ; at three years old the males and females have the harp-shaped band, and are then called Saddlebacks. — Jukes, Newfoundland. Phoca Grcenlandica, Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prodr. 8 ; O.Fahr. Fauna Granl. 11; Thienemann, Nat.Bemerk. 1. 14-21 ; JBull. Sci. Kat. v. 261. t. 15 & 18, t. 19 (skull) ; F. Cm: Mem. Mus. xi. 186. 1. 12. f. 2 ; Niksmi, Skand. Fauna, i. 370. t. 37 (young) ; Wiegni. Arch. vii. 314 ; Gray, Griffith's A. K. ii. t. 91 c?, t. 92, v. 177 ; Ball, Sketches of British Seals,t. 12. f. 37-39 (skull), Mus. Paris ; Volkmann, Anat. Anim. i. t. 4. f. 1, 8 1 Owen, Cat. Osteal. 3Ius. Coll. Surg. 646. , Phoca oceanica, Lepech. Act. Petroj}. 1777, i. 295. t. 7 &8 ; Fisch. Si/n. 238 ; Hamilton, Seals, t. 7. Callocephalus oceanicus, Lesson, Man. 196. Phoca semilunaris, Bodd. Elench. 170. Phoca dorsata, Pallas, Zool. Rosso-Asiat. 112. Phoca Miillei'i, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 412. Phoca annellata, Gaimard, Voy. Islande, 1. 11. f. 7, 8, 9. Callocephalus Groenlandicus, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 546 ; Mem. Mus. xi. 186. t. 12. f. 2, d, e,f; Rdppell, Vm-z. Senck. Samml. 169. Pagophilus Groenlandicus, Gray, Cat. Phoc. B. M. 25. fig. (skull). PPhoca Albiui, Alexandra, Mem. Torin. 1850, ii. 141. 1. 1-4 (skeleton). Saddleback of Northern Sealers, Wallace, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinh. 1862, 392. Phoque a croissant, Buffon, H. N. Suppl. 325 ; Cuv. R. A. i. 166. Harp Seal, Penn. Quad. ; Griffith's A. K. i. ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 269 ; Hamilton, Seeds, t. 7 ; Jukes, Neiofotvndland. Swart Slide, Eyede, Grcenl. 62, fig. Attarsoak, Crantz, Grcenl. 163. Young. Phoca lagura, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 206 ; Fischer, Syn. 238 ; Blainv. Osteoq. Phoca, t. 9 (? dentition) ; Gaimard, Voy. ' Islande, t. 11. {. 6 (skull) ; Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 177. Callocephalus lagurus, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 546. Phoca albicauda, Desm. Mamm. Supp. 54:1, from Mus. Paris. Phoca Desmarestii, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 416. Phoca Pilayi, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N xiii. 416. Inhab. North Sea. 9. nALicTON. 27 a. Adult : stuffed. North Sea. h-d. Adult: stuffed. e. Skin. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. /-/. Skulls. Greenland. From Dr. MoUcr's Collection. l\ Skeleton. Greenland. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. /, m, n. Skulls. Greenland. From Dr. Moller's Collection. 0. SkuU of a young specimen. Greenland. From Dr. Edward Riip- peU's Collection. — The front of the lower edge of the lower jaw of this young specimen is scarcely dilated. The skeleton and two skulls of this Seal are described in Cat. Osteol. CoU. Mus. Coll. Surg. 646. no. 3961. " Several Harp Seals are now seen in the deep sheltered voe at Balta Sound. " This Seal can scarcely be considered very rare here, but it is said only to occur in bad weather, and certainlj- the present visit forms no exception to the rule, the wind having for some days been blowing heavily from the north-east, accompanied by sleet and snow." — H. L. Saxby, Balta Sound, Shetland, March 14, 1864, 'Zoologist,' 1864, p. 9099. At a brewer's in Spring-grove Lane, Isleworth, there is a stuffed specimen of a Seal that was caught on the 25th of March, 1858, in the river Thames at Isleworth, which appears to be a young specimen of this species ; unfortunately the bones which would have deter- mined the question were destroyed, or at least not kept. " The Ground Seal, which forms the larger part of the prey of the Northern sealers, has the colour and markings like the male Saddle- back, but it is more robust ; it is perhaps Ph. leporina, or the ' Hare of the ^ear'— Wallace, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edhib. 1862, 390. This cannot be, as that has not the mark on the back. M. Gaimard, in his 'Voyage to Iceland and Greenland,' Mammalia, pi. 11, devotes a plate to the skull and teeth of the Seals of Ice- land and Greenland ; but he does not pay any attention to the form of the lower jaw, except incidentally, when representing the teeth of the lower jaw of his P. annellata (t. 11. f. 9). I may obseiwe that this author names on his plates what we call Phoca annellata P. Ms- pida, and what we call P. Groenlamlica P. annellata. — P. Z. S. 1864. 9. HALICYON. The palate of the skuU arched out behind. Cutting-teeth f. Grinders 3 or 5, lobed, compressed. The lower jaw strong, bowed out on the sides, thick in front, and with a low crest on the inner side of the lower edge near the front; the i-amus of the lower jaw erect, with a tiibercular prominence beneath the notch at the angle. (Fig. 9.) Skin &c. unknown. Iiihab. Northern Seas. Halicyon, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 28. In ParjopkUus Groenlandicus and Halicyon Richardi the angle of the lower jaw is far back, and the hinder edge of the ramus ascends 28 rnociD.T:. nearly perpendicularly, with a notch at the hinder end, as shown in /, fig. 9. In Phoca harhata the form of the lower jaw and ramns is nearly similar ; hut instead of a notch near the angle, the inner edge is produced inwards into a rounded lobe (6, fig. 9 ; and see Cat. Seals B. M. p. 27. f. 9). Fig. 9. a. Skull of Halicyon Richardi. b. End of lower jaw of Phoca harbata, to show the dilatations and inflexions of the lobe over the angle. c. End of the lower jaw of Pa(70»i?/s /a>'-• 1^7. 1 C vv4At* ''^ Phoca leporiua, Lepech.Act. Petrop. i. 264. t. 8, 9; O. Fahr. Skrivt. Nat. K'^'' ^^^^ Sdsk. 1. 104 _; Fischer, Si/n. 237; Graj/, GriffitKs A. K. v. 178. u , l1 Y Phoca Lepechinii, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 415. n , , ,; . Callocepbaliis Leporinus, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxix. 545. ii\'^^ "" ? Phoca maxima, Steller, Nov. Comrn. Petrop. ii. 290. Leporine Seal, Penn. Quad. 177. ? Sea Calf, Parsons, Phil. Trans, n. 469. 383. t. 1. f. 1 : cop. Biiffmi, H. N. Sw t. 14. ? Phoca ParsL .ni. Lesson, Diet. Class. H, N. xiii. 414, from ? Long-bodied Seal, Parsom, Phil. Trans, xlvii. 121, cop. (Hali- chojrus ?). ? Grande Phoque, Buffo7i, H. N. xiii. 333. ? Great Seal, Penn. Syn. 341. Inhab. North Sea and Japan, according to Temminck. Skin sold as an article of commerce in Japan. — Temm. a. Skeleton : length 8 feet. North Sea. From Mr. Brandt's Col- lection. h. Skin : adult. North Sea. From Mr. "Warwick's Collection. The Lcichtak, SteUer, Nov. Comm. Petrop. ii. 290 ^^ Phoca Lachtak, Desm. N. Diet. H. N. xxv. 588=P/tocrt nautica, Pallas, Zool. Rosso- Asiat. i. lOS^Phoca barbata, Schrenck, Amiu'-Lande, i. 181 ; Mid- dendorff, Reise aussersten &c. i. 122=Phoca albigena, Pallas, Zougr. Rosso-Asiat. 107 — of Behring's Straits, has been referred to Phoca barbata, but Pallas describes the fingers as sube(]ual and webbed to the end, which scarcely agrees with that animal. The body is ventricose ; the hair very short (5 lines), rigid, silver- grey ; back brown-lettered ; tail very short. The Mara1cu=^ Phoca Ochotensis, Pallas, Zool. Eosso-Asiat. i. 117; Schrenck, Amm'-Lande, i. 181 — with soft fur, and pure white when young, from the North Pacific, also requu-es further examination. 11. lTALICna?RTIS. 33 Sect. II. Grinders g^j or -^ with single root {except the ttvo hinder (/ritiders of Ilaliclioenis). A. Ears, conch none. Toes simjile, of fore feet exserted, of hind feet htrj/e ; the inner and outer ones lim/e, long, the three middle ones smaller ; palm and soles hairy (sometimes chaffy and callmts with ivear). Mvjfle hair;/ to the edge and betiveen the nostrils. Grinders gr^. Phocaceerna, § 2, part., Nilsson, Skand. Fauna; Wiegm. Arch. vii. .317. Phociua, part., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848- «8. SubfamUy 3. TRICHECHINA. Muzzle large, truncated, simple ; canines large; grinders lobed or truncated tuhen old. Cetre, part., Gray, Ann. Phil. 182.5, .346. Trichechina, Grai/, Zool. Erebus Sf Terror, 3. Tricliecina et Pliocina, part., Turner, P. Z. S. 1848, 88. Trichecliida;, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825, .340. Tricliechidre sen Campodontia, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. .37, 1828. Les Morses, F. Cuder, Diet. Sci. Nut. lix. 465 ; Dents des Manim. 233. 11. HALICHffiRUS. Muzzle broad, rounded ; cutting - teeth ^ ; grinders '^, conical, the hinder two upper and one lower double-rooted, rest simple ; canines moderate ; whiskers crenulated ; muffle haiiy, becoming baldish with age ; palm and soles hairy ; claws 5-5, elongate. Palate of skull with a narrow rounded notch behind; lower edge of lower jaw rounded, not dilated or inflexed in front. Ym. 11. Ilalichan-us Gr ypu> . Ivlap mysscn, Ei/ede, Grwnl. 62. Hooded Seal, Penn. Syn. 342 ; Sliaw, Zool. i. 262. Phoca Isidorei, Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1843, 256 ; Echo du Monde Savant 1843, 228. A Seal new to the British shores, W. B. Clarke, Aug. 14, 1847, 4to tigure of Seal, skull, &c. Inhab. North Atlantic. Called Bhuhhr-aose by the Sealers. Hare. 42 PIIOCTD.E. Coast of Europe. lie d'Oleron, Mus. Paris ; Kiver Orwell, SOtli June, 1847, Mus. Ipswich. Very young, grey, without spots when wet. Called Blue-haclcs in NewfouncUaud. a. Skin, stuiFed, of adult male. h. Skin, stuflcd, of adult male. c. Skin, stuffed, of adult female. d. Skin, stuffed, of half-grown young. riioca leucopla, Thienem. Bemerk. t. 13, 1824. Phoca mitrata, Milbert, in Cuv. Oss. Foss. \. 210. a. Skidl of adult. Greenland. Crowns worn ; the roots of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rather enlarged, oblong club-shaped, rather elongate ; the root of the 5th grinder compressed, of the left side simple, of the right partially divided into two short roots continued in grooves on each side. Specimen No. ^ described Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 92. h. The skidl of an adult or aged specimen. Greenland. The crowns plaited ; the roots of all the grinders enlarged and short, club-shaped and simjile, separated from the crown by a narrow collar. Specimen No. \ described P. Z. S. 1849, 92. e. Skull of an aged specimen. Greenland. The crowns plaited and tubercular, the roots of the grinders rather enlarged ; the roots of the 3rd grinder rather comjiressed, simple, with a groove on the outer side of the 4th and 5th grinders, scarcely enlarged, and divided into two distinct diverging roots. Specimen No. 3 described P.Z.IS. 1849, 92. d. Skull, without lower jaw, of nearly adult. Greenland. Want- ing the grinders ; but the cavity for the grinders shows that the 4th grinder on both sides had a short clavate root, with a slight central groove on the outer side, and the 5th grinder on each side had two separate roots. Specimen No. 5 described P. Z. S. 1849, 92. e. Skull of a half-grown animal. Greenland. The crowns of the grinders plaited and tubercular ; the 4th grinder on each side with ovate, short, simple roots, and the 5th grinder with compressed, truncated, simple roots ; the grinders are rather further apart than in the preceding skull. Specimen No. 6 described P. Z. S. 1849, 92. /. Skull of a very young animal. Greenland. The crowns of the grinders are very distinctly plaited; the 4th and 5th grinders of both sides have two distinct roots, and the 3rd grinder has a groove down the middle of the outer side. In all these skulls the grinders are close together, forming a nearly continuous line. Specimen No. 7 described P. Z. S. 1849, 92. rf. Skull of nearly adidt. Greenland. The crowns of the few grinders remaining plaited ; the root of the 4th and 5th grinders of the left side, as shown by the cavities, divided into two roots ; of the 4th grinder of the right side simple, with a slight groove on the outer side ; and of the 5th grinder two-rooted, like the similar grinder on the outer side. Specimen No. 4 described P. Z. S. 1849, 92. The specimen found in the Orwell was uniform dark grey above. 14. CYSTornoRA. 43 darker over the basal parts of the hinder extremities, and yellowish white beneath. 40 inches long. The skull and dentition of this species are described by Prof. Owen in Cat. Osteol. Coll. Mus. Coll. Surg. p. 640. 2. Cystophora Antillarum. West Indian Hooded Seal Skull, face broad. The outer upper cutting-teeth and the canines broad, strongly keeled on each side and longitudinally plaited ^\'ithin. / ■Fur grcy-bro■«^l ; lips and beneath yellow. ^^( Cystophora Antillarum, Grai/, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1849, 93 ; Zool. E. ^- T. t. med. ; Ann. ^- Mn,103, 107. t. 68 (skull) ; Nilsson, Wtegtn. Arch. Ursine Seal, Penn. Hist. Quad. ii. 526, 531. Ours marin, Buffon, Supp. vi. t. 47 ; Cuv. Rh/ne Aniin. i. 107. Sea Eears, Forsfrr, Cook's Second Toy. ii. 203. < •— - Younij. V\wcn miXYii, Pallas, Zool. Posso-Asiat.. 107 ? ^ — . J-i.s(X»*^ A^-v^^^^^ 46 VlIQCITiJE. Pallas described a small Seal from the Kurile Islands (Zool. llosso- Asiat. i. 107), wliicli he regards as the same as Ja ■petite Fhoque of Buffou (P. -pmiUa, Gmclin), under the name of P. nigra. Steller figures and describes a large Seal under the name of Ui-siis marinus (Nov. Comm. Pctrop. ii. 331. t. 15), which is the authority for the Ursine Seal of Pennant (Quad. ii. 526) and Phoca ursina of Schreber, Gmelin, and most succeeding authors. Porster, in Cook's Second Voyage (ii. 203), appears to speak of the same animal under the name of " Sea Bear." No specimen of this species existed in any of the Museums Avhich I visited on the Continent or in England, nor could I find a skull of the genus from the Northern Pacific Ocean ; yet I felt so assured, from Steller's description and the geographical position, that it must be distinct from the Eared Fur-Seals from the Antarctic Ocean and Australia, with which it has been usually confounded, that in the ' Catalogue of Seals in the Collection of the British Museum ' I re- garded it as a distinct species under the name of Arctocejjhalus ursinus, giving an abridgment of Steller's description as its specific character. The name Arcfocephalus ursimis is usually applied to the various species of Eared Fur-Seals found in the different English and Con- tinental Museums. The British Museum has just received from Amsterdam, under the name Otaria leonina, a specimen of the Sea Bear from Behring's Straits, which was obtained from St. Petersburg. It is evidently not an Otaria, but a new genus allied to Arctocephalus, and agrees in all its characters with the Sea Bear, Ursus marinus of Steller, and not with the Sea Lion or Leo marinus of that author, which is called Otaria SteUeri in the catalogues, and was confounded with Otaria honina of the Southern Pacific Ocean by Nilsson and most modern authors. The latter animal is still a desideratum in the British Museum and other European Collections. The skin is 8 feet long, and agrees in aU particulars with SteUer's description of the adult male of the species, and is most distinct in external character and colour from the Fur-Seal (ArctocepJialiis Falhlandicus) of the Falkland Islands and from A. lohatus from Australia. The skuU is equally distinct from the various skulls of all the species of the genus Arctocephalvs (both Fur- and Hair-Seals) which are in the Collection of the British Museum, and is easily known from them by the shortness of the face and the height and convexity of the nose. The skull of this specimen is quite distinct from the skull of the Arctocephahis Gilliespii of California, recently described by Dr. Mac- Bain in the ' Proceedings of the Physical Society of Edinbu^rgh,' under the name of Otaria Gilliespii, from a skull in the Edinburgh Natural History Museum, of which we have a cast in the British Museum : but we are not able to ascertain with certainty whether this is a Fur- or Hair- Seal, though, from the length of the palate, compared with the width of the skull at the hinder grinders, I am induced to believe that it may belong to an animal which has a soft 1(). AUCTOCEPIIALTJS. 47 uiulcr-fur. This proves that the Seals from the clifFerent parts of the west coast of America arc distinct from each other, each specimen ha^■ing• a specific geographical range. 10. ARCTOCEPHALUS. Muzzle rather tapering in front. Cutting-teeth -|, upper nearly square. Grinders |^. Palate of the skull rather narrower behind than in front, short, scarcely reaching to the middle of the zygo- matic arch. Lower jaw-bone narrow, rounded below, without any angle behind. The face and skull rather elongate ; the forehead flattened, and nearly horizontal from the nasal bone to the vertex ; the palate rather concave, contracted behind, short, not reaching beyond the middle of the zygomatic arch; the nose-aperture large, high; the lower jaws moderate, with a crest-liko ridge behind, beneath, just in front of the condyle. The crest-liko process on the hinder part of the under edge of the lower jaw diifers somewhat in shape and development in the different species ; but it nowhere resembles the flat expanded disk found in a similar situation in the lower jaw of the preceding genus. Nose simple, with a rather large callous muffle above and between the nostrils. Whiskers cyUndiical, thick, round, tapering, not waved ; hinder ones largest. Ears with a subcylindrical, distinct, external conch. Fio-. 17. Arctocophalus Ilookeri. Skull, palate, and grinder. The fore feet elongate ; the i)alms bald, longitudinally grooved ; claM-s five, very small, rudimentary, scarcely visible. Hind limbs rather produced ; the legs free. The hind feet elongated ; the soles bald, longitudinally grooved ; the toes subequal, short, webbed, and each furnished with a long memliranaceous expansion, the web and the meml)ranaceous expansion bald. 48 pnociDiE. Ai-ctocephalus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, 358. Arctoceplialus (Aretocephale), F. Cuvier, 3Ihn. Mus. xi. 205. t. 15. f. 1 ; Diet. Set. Nat. lix. 403, 1829 ; Fischer, Si/n. 230 ; Gray, Zool. Erehus 8f Terror ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1848, 88. Otaria, sp., Peron; Xilsson. Dr. J. Miiller (Wiegm. Arch. 1841, p. 333) described two species, Otaria Chilensis, and Arctoceplialus Lamairii from Australia ; but 0. Chilensis is probably 0. leonina, which is the only Eared Seal I have seen from the west coast of South America, and the latter is Arctoceplialus lohatus. In the Leyden Museum (1845) there are four specimens of Fur- Seal, all named Otaria wsina ; they are of a black or dark grey colour, with white tips to the hair and reddish under-fur ; the largest is 4 feet long. One is from the Aleutian Isles, one from New Hol- land, and two from the Creusette Isles. The Hair-Seals in the same museum, and the skuU from Brookes's museum, which I described as Arctoceplialus lohatus, are called 0. Stelleri ; some are said to come from Japan and others from New Holland. In Xing's Narrat. Austral, ii. -414, 1828, I pointed out the dis- tinction between the Fur-Seal of New South Shetland and the Hair- Seal of Australia. The skuU from the cabinet of M. Faujas, which Cuvier figures (Oss. Foss. V. 222. 1. 18. f. 4), is much more hke the skull of an adult Arctoceplialus than of Otaria juhata ; the outer and upper cutting- teeth are scarcely larger than the others. There are ten skulls of this genus in the Paris Museum : — 1 & 2. Adult and half-grown. From the Cape of Good Hope. The palates become narrower behind. The front outer upper cutting- teeth rather large ; grinders large, aU except first and hinder upper with two lobes (see Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 221 . t. 18. f. 5). 3. Old skull, from M. Parzudaki. 4. From Australia, by MM. Quoy and Gaimard. 5. Adult. From Port Jackson. Phoca cinerea. Very little different from the adidt from the Cape of Good Hope. 6 & 7. Imperfect. King George's Sound. MM. Quoy and Gai- mard (Cuv. Oss. Foss. V. 222). 8. Adult. Auckland? The 'Zelce,' 1841. 9 & 10. From America, by M. d'Orbigny. The grinders larger, more acute, and rather further apart. The Eared Seals {Arctocepliali) have been divided into Fur- and Hair- (Eared) Seals by the sealers. A. Hooheri and A. lohatus are called Hair-Seals because they are destitute of any under-fur ; but this appears to be the case only with the older specimens ; for the yoimg of ^. lohatus is said to be cohered with soft fur, which falls off when the nest coat of hair is developed. The under-fm- is well developed in the adult specimens of A. tirsinus and A. Delalandii and the half-grown specimen of A. nigrescens, and entirely absent in the adult A. Hool-eri and half-grown A. lohatus in the Museum Collection. In Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 107, I divided this subgenus into two 1(5. AKCTOCEPIIALUS. 49 sections, separating A. Hookeri from the other species ; but I hud only young or half-grown specimens of the skulls of this species ; and since I have obtained the young skull from California, I am induced to believe the slight convexity of the forehead and the slen- derness of the lower jaw to be dependent on the age of the specimen, and that most probably the forehead of the adult animal becomes flatter and the lower jaw stronger as the animal increases in age. The species of this genus are scattered over the world. A. Monterknsis, A. Calif or ti'mnus, and A. Gilliespii are from Cali- fornia. A. Hool-erl, A. nvjresce^is, and A. FcdMandkus from the Falkland Islands and Cape Horn. A. Delalandii from the Cape of Good Hope. A. lohatus, A. cinereiis, and A. australis from Australia. a. Skull shwt and broad. * Hinder edffe of the palate transversely truncated. jtl/ly^^^ 1 . Arctocephalus Monteriensis. ^ '' Skull broad ; face short ; palate rather concave in front, nearly -fa/ ^ ■ ^'Q. flat behind, the hinder aperture somewhat contracted, with a nearly straight trans vei*se hinder edge. Teeth large ; the lower jaw ...^ .. /^ elongate. ^.Q '' ^ Arctocephalus Monteriensis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1859, 357. t. 72 i . (skidl), p. ?,()0. ' Inhab. California (ilonterey). Called Lobo marina by the Spaniards. a. •' Skull and tongue bones of the Californian Sea Lion (Spanish ^^ /f , V, Lobo niarino), taken near Monterey ; A. S. Taylor, July 1S58." ~T ~~' Presented by J. H. Gumey, Esq., M.P. This skuU is as large as, and very like in external ajipearauce to, ^ the skull of the adult Otaria leonina, or Southern Sea Bear of the xQjc 4 southern part of the west coast of America, which we have in tlye British Museum from the coast of Chili. The skulls of the Lobo marino and Otaria leonina are easily dis- tinguished, and, when they are more closely examined, prove to belong to two different genera. The Californian skull has the short flat palate, contracted behind, of the genus Arrtocephalu.><, and the other the very long deeply concave palate, nearly as Avide liehind as in front, of the genus Otaria. It also has the high nose, with a nearly horizontal facial line over the nose, of the former genus, instead of the low nose shch-ing towards the edge of the upper jaw of the Otaria or Sea Lion of Chili. The adidt skull is more than double the size of the adult skulls of the other species of Arctocep/iali which we have in the Museum Col- lection, and shows the existence of a Seal of very large size in these seas — as large as the Sea Lion of Chili. The skull has been conii)arcd with the skulls oi Arctocephalus De- lalandii, from the Cape, figured in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, t. ^ t. 22. f. 3 (skull). Otaria jubata (part.), Gray, Cat. Osteal. Call. B.M. 33. Young covered with soft fur, which falls off when the next coat of fur is developed. Inhab. N.W. coast of Australia. Houtman's Abrolhos, Mr. Gilbert. xy a-c. Skins of half-grown. Port Essington. y^-^cx-))( /2 (yL/^ ,^ T ^^ ^-CiS^.. f^(4i-^ f -y «'"• ■' '-f NW- Ji- /J c IG. ARCTOCEPHALUS. 51 (I. Jaws of &'Riill/"-half-grown. Houtman's Abrolhos, Australia. From ilr. Oould's Collection. e. Lower jaw, half-grown. Houtman's Abrolhos, Australia. From Mr. Gould's Collection. /. Teeth, very young. Houtman's Abrolhos, Australia. From Mr. Gould's Collection. <7. Teeth, very young. Houtman's Abrolhos, Australia. From Mr. Gould's Collection. *^ h. Stuffed skin of adult. Black ; forehead and crown pale yellowish. N.W. Australia. Presented by His Excellency Sir George Grey, K.C.B. i. Skull of h, adult. Very rugose ; very like adult skull of Otaria leon'ma, but the palate is short and much contracted behind, the teeth more lobed, and with a tubercular ridge below, like the younger skulls. N.W. Australia. Presented by His Excellency Sir George Grey, K.C.B. Professor Owen describes a mutilated skull and jaws of a Sea Bear {ArctocephaJus austrcdis) found eighty miles inland in South Australia, presented to the Museum of the College of Surgeons by Dr. Robson (see Cat. Ost. Coll. Mus. Coll. Surg. p. 647. nos. 3964 & 3965). (Srrct,- *** Hinder v(hje of the palate large, gradually contracting into an angle in front. 3. Arctocephalus Califomianus. Arctocephalus Mouterieusis, junior?, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, 357. " The young animal is bjacki^h, silvered by the short white tips to the short black hairs ; those on the nape and sides of the hinder part of the body hanng longer white tips, making those parts whiter and more silverj'. The under-fur is very abundant, reaching nearly f ^ to the end of the hair. The end of the nose and sides of the face ^^^*^'h<^ arc whitish. The whiskers are elongate, rigid, smooth, and white. "^^^i-Ce^^- The hind feet are elongate, with rather long flaps to the toes. / ""'^y (X^^t^ Inhab. California. '^ ^^ L tV,/if The skull is v^-ry small for the si^ejjf the skin, and I should have doubted its belonging to tlie skin if it were not^accompanied by the following label :— ^. ^U^^iJjLr "yUi/^l) ^S^ fl^rP-,^^ a. " SkuU of the Fur Seal I sent last year. It is very imperfect, from r^v, _ my forgetting where I had put it ; but it must do until acci- ■^ /* 6 * X. O dent throws another in the way ; the other bones were lost. — i A. S. Taghr,:''' Presented by J. H. Gurney, Esq., M.P. / This is the skull of quite a young animal, -mth Mhat I am induced to believe are its milk-teeth, and, like the young skulls of most of the species of this genus, is very unlike the adult form. It also differs from the adidt A. Jlonferiensin in the form of the hinder opening of the palate, which is very large and gradually contracted to an angle in front of the mouth. I am not aware that the form of this part is changed by the age of the specimen. It is not so in the only species with which I have the ojjportunity of comparing it, that is E 2 52 PHOCIDJi. to say, in a series of skiUls of different ages from the young to the adult, of a Seal of the allied genus Otar'ia {0. leonhia). The skin is so like that of Aniocephalus nigresccns, that we were induced to regard it as a second specimen of that species before we re- ceived the skull. But the skull of the original specimen of that Seal shows that the adult animal and skull are not nearly half the size of . j^lJ^^''' the animal and skull of the Lobo marino of Monterey. V v(V^ jj H • ' 4. Arctocephalus nigrescens. < ^'"i Skull broad ; face rather elongate ; palate slightly concave, flat >j_ ^Xf^rxJL^ behind, hinder aperture narrow, with a nearly straight hinder edge. l/-rt I A JL/ji^ Arctocephalus nigrescens, Gray, Zool. Erehtis 8f Terror ^ t. . f. , /2^i.*->uo^^ skuU (inedit.) ; P. Z. S. 1859, 107 & 360. /t O^^-^ Inhah. Falkland Islands ? A. f<^ Flaps of the hinder toes elongate, unequal, of the outer toes on each aide longest. Canines moderate. Pale yellowish. Canines slender, conical. Grinders small, conical, smooth, without any tuhercles at the base ; the two front smaller ; the third and fourth with a single lobe in front ; the fifth with a lobe in front and behind. Whiskers round, very thick, black or whitish, smooth, not waved, hinder largest ; fur brown-gi'ey, sHghtly gi'izzled, pale, nearly white beneath ; hair short, close-pressed, rather slender, flattened, black with whitish tips, the tips becoming larger in the underpart of the sides. Feet reddish or blackish ; front claws small, rutUmentary ; hind claws 5, the second and third largest, the fourth and fifth and then the first smallest ; toes moderate ; membrane of the toes elon- gate, longer than the toes, the outer one broadest and largest, the rest nearly equal. Arctocephalus Hookeri, Grcn/, Voi/. Ereh. Sf Terror, t. ; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. 31. 33; Cat. Seals B. M. 45, fig. 15 (skull) ; P. Z. S. 1859, 107, 360. Hair Seal, Weddell, 141 ? Inhab. Falkland Islands and Cape Horn, _ . fij-^ ,y t/f a. Skin, stuffed. Falkland Islands, ^fcli* i*^ ^'^f^G^*'^^^ i^h. Skin, stuffed, with teeth. Falkland Islands. - "" ^ '"^ " ^i c. Skeleton, full-gTown. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Expedition./ Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. Skull figured in ' Zool. Voy. Erebus &, Terror,' t. d. Skeleton, Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. e. Skull, imperfect. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. /. Skull, imperfect, Antarctic Expedition, Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty, g. Skull. South Sea. Mr. Warwick's Collection. The skulls of four half-grown specimens are all very unifonn in their characters. There is in the Museum a skull of a veiy young Seal which appeai-s to belong to the same species. In three of the skulls the outer upper cutting-teeth are very large and acute, more tlian half the size of the canines, and lilie them in form. In one skull (perhaps of a female?) the upper outer canines are much smaller and more slender, not half the size of the same tooth in the other skulls of the same size, and the canines themselves are also much more slender ; the front of the palate is also more concave.— G^my, P. Z. S. 1859, 107. The sktill of A. Hookeri, in the concavity and comparative greater width of the palate behind, and in the form of the hinder palatine opening, most resembles that of the genus Otaria ; but it is very distinct from the skulls of that genus. The Eared Seal (Pennant, Quad. 268 ; PJioca flavescens, Shaw, Zool. i. 260. t. 73 ; Otaria flavescens, Desm. Mamm. 2,52 ; Gray, Griffith's A. K, v. 183), 22 inches long, may be a young specimen of IG. ARCTOCEPHALTJS. 55 this species, but it is not stated if this Seal has under-fur or not. The young of Otaria Forsteri of the size mentioned is blackish. '/ ** Hindef edge of the palate contracted, ovate. 7. Arctocephalus Gilliespii. Skull elongate, narrow ; the face much elongated ; palate slightly concave, front edge of the hinder aperture ovate ; lower jaw elongate, strong. Otaria Gilliespii, Machain, Hep. Phi/s. Soc. Edmb. 1858. Arctocephalus Gilliespii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, 107. t. 8^ & p. 360. . . ^^ " Inhab. California. -J /s^^if/U^^ ^^^ %^ Z*-*^*^ A cast of the original skull described by Dr. Macbain, now in the ^-/f' Museum of the College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, was sent to the British Museum, from which the figure in P. Z. S. 1859, pi. 70, was taken. The species is at once known by the length of the face : in all the skulls we have of the genus, a line drawn across the palate at the front edge of the zygomatic arch leaves one-thii'd of the palate behind the line, and two- thirds in front of it ; while in this species it leaves only one-foui'th behind, and very nearly three-fourths in front of the line. The skull has only four grinders on each side in the upper jaw, but one has evidently fallen out in front of the series and one be- hind ; and the fifth grinder of the complete series, which is usually in a line with the front edge of the zygomatic opening, is in this species rather in front of it. The following are the measurements of the different skuUs in inches and eighths : — >' 1 ^■1 1 1 .1 a 1 13 a s o II §•6. S-3 ^. g. *:= ^ s ■£ "rf ^ ° s Z £ 5; C f-^ S > V "* fc* ^ tt o ■^ •^ 11 6 "5 8 0 '^ '^ TV Extreme length along base of skull fl 4 14 0 10 0 11 « 10 4 13 2 8 4 4 0 7 6 11 0 4 6 6 0 4 0 5 2 5 2 3 I 9 0 4 6 6 2 6 6 8 6 6 0 8 0 7 4 5 0 10 4 5 4 Breadth of face at ear-bones 5 0 9 0 4 4 6 2 4 6 6 2 7 0 3 4 8 4 4 2 Breadth at lygomatic arch 5 6 9 0 4 4 6 4 3 b 5 4 6 6 4 2 9 0 4 6 5 0 8 2 5 ti 6 0 5 2 5 6 6 6 4 2 9 0 4 6 •** Skull not known. 8. Arctocephalus FalMandicus. Grey, under-fur red ; young blackish. Length 4 feet. Sea Beai', Forster, Tot/, i. 174, ii. 528. Fur Seal, Clai/ton, Phil. Trans. Ixvi. 102; Weddell, Voij. 23, 134, 13 ^^^\JL\ CjU^ J rJ-v-' ¥; ,1^' 56 I'HOOTDiE. Ursine Seal (part.), Pi'tm. Quad. ii. 527. Ours marin, Ihiffon, II. N. Supp. vi. 336. t. 47. Otaria Forsteri, Lesson, Diet. Claris. H. N. xiii. 421. Phoca Foi-steri, Fkcher, Si/n. 232. Falkland Isle Seal, Penii. Quad. i. 275, ii, 521 (from Roy. Soc). Phoca Falklandica, Shcnv, Zool. i. 256 ; Gray, in King^s Nnrrat. Aus- tralia, ii. 414; Griffith's A. K. v. 183. Otaria Falklandica, JDesm. Mamm. 252 ; Fischer, Syn. 233. Otaria Shawii, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 424. Seal or Sea Bear of Forster, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. 261. t. 22. Otaria Falklandica. (Fur Seal of commerce), Ilannlton, Nat. Lib. t. 25; Ann. N. H. 1830, ii. 81. t. 4. Otaria Guerini, Qmvy et Gaini. Voy. Uran. 71. Plat_\Thiniis Uraniae, Lesson, Man. 204. Yoiiny. Blackish ? Otaria HauvilHi, Lesson, Diet. Class. H. N. xiii. 425 — and Phoca Ilauvillii, Fischer, Syn. 243, both from Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 220. Sea Bear, in Brit. Mus., Hamilton, Nat. Lib. 266. t. 23. Phoca pusilla (adult?), Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 220. 1. 18. f. 5 (skull). Var.? Otaria tlrsina, var., Mns. Jjcyden. ? Phoca porcina, Jlolina, Sayg, 260; Shaw, Zool. i. 260; Fischer, Syn. 234. Porcine Seal, Penn. Syn. 178. Otaria porcina, Desm. N. Diet. H. N. xxiv, 602^ Otaria Molinasi, Lesson, Didr-Cl'OSs.H. iVT xiii. 4S5. ? Otaria Chilensis, J. Miiller, Wieym. Arch. 1841, 333 (skull only). POtariae UUose, Tschudi, Mamm. Consp. Peruana; Fauna Pei-tiana, Mamm. t. . ? Long-necked Seal, Grew, Mm. 95 ; Parsons, Phil. Trans, xlvii. t. 6 ; Penn. Quad. ii. 521. Phoca longicollis, Shaiv, Zool. i. 2.56. Phoca Weddellii, var., Fischer, Syn. 240. ? Otaria coronata, Blainv. in Desm. Mamm. 251; Gray, Griffith's A. K. V. 182. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. Falkland Islands, Cooh. New Georgia, Cool: South Orkney and South Shetland, Weihlell. ? Chili, Molina. l/i a. Skin of adult, female, without skull. h. Skin of young with the under-fur grey. Falkland Islands. jl^-J (" The adult is 5 feet long, and its skin worth 15 doUars.") ^ Presented by Sir John Richardson, M.D. 9. Arctocephalus cinereus. Grey ; hair of neck rough, elongate, yellowish ; hairs yellowish - <>" (^ white and blackish ; under-fur red. Length 7 feet. \A'7'^^y^ fjmf*- '"*^ Phoque a criniere, Cuvier, R. A. i. 167. ^-£5-^ Phoca leonina, Blainv. Osteog. Phoca, t. G (skull) & t. 9 (dentition) ; Molina, Sar/y. 282-341. Otaria leonina, Peron, Voy. ii. 65. ^ Phoca Pyronii, Blainv. in Desm. 3famm. 240. /ic,^ Cl^^^ *^ Otaria Ciiilensi.s, Midh-r, Wieym. Arch. 1841, 334. -, J^/ Mirounga Byronii, Gray, Griffith's A. K. v. 181. / /^.f- } Cc^ ^ Sea Lion, Island of Tiuian, Byron in Mas. Coll. Surg. 2i tXxr6^— /-^J^^^ Otaria, sp., Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 223. - Tj" Platyrhynchus (leouinus), F.Cuv. Mem. Mus. xi. 208. t. 15. f. 2 (adult }ly/y>^^ J-. skull j ; /. Brookes, 3Ius. Cat. 37. /^/ f Z^ / Otaria platjThynchus, Midler, Wiegm. Arch. 1841, vii. 333. " ~ Otaria molossina, Lesson, Voy. Coq. 109. t. 3 (young), Jidc skull Mus. Paris. .... A cfl/^yT^'^ Phoca molossina, Lesson, Bull. Sci. Nat. viii. 96. ^ Lesson's Otary, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. t. 24, from Lesson. U^l^^^ ' /(. Platyrhynchus molossiniis, Lesson, 3£an. 203. ^, / ^*-^ Sea lion of Pernetty, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. t. 19, from Fdinh. Mus, Sea Bear of the British Museum, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. t. 23 ? yf Inhab. Southern Pacific Ocean. Patagonia. (UXa,^-^^ ^^<^ /^'T"l cUM- a. Skin of adult, stviffed. West coast of S. America. Vera Cruz. " ^^^y^ Presented by Captain Fitzroy, R.N. ^ / h. Front of lo-«'cr jaw of (7. West coa.st of S. America. Vera Cruz. /fU/ry^-* — {^^ Presented by Captain Fitzroy, R.jS". . ' c. Skull of half- grown. West coast of S. America. Chili? From Mr. Bridges' Collection. d. Skull, young. W. coast of S. America. Presented by Sir John Richardson, M.D. The skull of the Sea Lion brought from Tinian Island by Com- modore P.yron in 1769 is now in the Museum of the CoUege of Sur- geons.— See Cat. Oi^t. Coll. Mus. Coll. Surg. p. 64S. no. 3966, where several skulls of this Seal are described by Professor Owen. PlatjThjTichus Cranife, Lesson, 3ian. 204? '"^^ ii />/ Otaria Guerini, Qmo// i^- Gf/('w). Zoo/. Uran. 71? //'vi / Sea Lion of For.ster, Hamilton, Nat. Lib. 1. 18. ( itlA^ti ;^.vuv) J kUi ^XAV A^<^ "^ tuo^- y./^- / (;. iJ^- ///^, 60 fHOCIDJE. / <. . 2. Otaria Stelleri. Northern Sea Bear. Reddish ; females tawn}\ Leo mariniis, Steller, Nov. Comm. Petrop. ii. 360. Phoca ,iubata, Gmd. S. N. i. 63 (part.)- Otaria jubata, Pcroii et Lcsucur, Vol/, ii. 40 (not Desm.). , , [Leonine Seal (part.), Peiin. Quad. ii. 534. Jf^ Ithoca Stelleri, Fischer, St/n. 231. Otaria Stelleri, Lesson, D. C. II. N. xiii. 420 ; J. Miillcr, Wieqni. Arch. vii. 330, 333. Otaria Californiana, Lesson, D. C. H. N. xiii. 420, from Lion marin de la Californie, Chloris, Voij. Pitt. t. 11. Phoca Californiana, Fischer, St/n. Mamvi. 231. Otaria jubata (part.), Nilsson, Vet. Ahad. Ilandl.; Skand. Fauna; lf'ie(/ni. Arch. vii. 381. Inhab. Northern Pacific Ocean. I do not believe that there is a .specimen of this species in any museum, nor any remains of it. The specimen sent from St. Peters- burg under the name of Otaria leonina was the Ursus mariniis of Steller, and is, lilce the genus which I have called CaUorhinus, more allied to ArctoccpJudas than to Otaria. Yet I have such faith in the accuracy of Steller that I have decided to retain it in the list, and hope some day to receive a specimen with its bones, or at least its .skull. 61 Order CETACEA. Teeth all similar, conical ; or dissimilar, ridged ; sometimes not developed. Palate often furnished with transverse plates of baleen or whale- bone. Body fish-shaped, nearly bald, ending in a horizontal tail. Front limbs short, fin-shaped. Mammalia, Cete, Linn. Si/st. Nat. ed. 12. i. 27 ; Link, Beytr. 1795 ; Demn. N. I). H. X. xxiv. 35, 1804 ; Fischer, Syn. 1828 ; Eichivald, Zool. Spec. iii. 337 ; Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825. Ceti, Wayler, Amph. 1830. Les Cetaces, Cimer, Tab. Ehm. 1798 ; R. A. i. 271, 1817, ed. 2. i. 281 ; F. Ctivier, 1829. Cetaceis, Brisson, R. A. 217, 17G£; Gray, Med. Rep. xv. 309, 1821. M. a iiag-eoires (pars), Desm. N. D. H. N. xxiv. 32, 1804. Natantia, Il/iycr, Proclr. 139, 1811. M. pinnata et pinnipedia (pars), Storr, Prodr. Mamm. 1780. Bipedes, Latr. Fain. Nat. 64, 1825. Sirenia et Cete, Selys-Lonychamps, 1842. Cetacea et Amphibia (pars), Rajin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815. Cete, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 1. Cetacea, R. Kno.r, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. 1858, iii. 63 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 195 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863 ; Ami. <§r Mag. Nat. Hist. 1864, xiv. 345. ' ^ ^ Synopsis of the Families. !>uborder I. Skin smooth, bald. Teats 2, inguinal. Limbs claicless ; fore limbs Jin-shaped ; hinder united, fonning a forked horizontal tail. Nostrils enlarged into bloivers. Cumivorou-s. Cete. Section I. Mysticete. Teeth rudimentary : they nerer cut the f/ians. Palate furnished with transrei'se friuycil horny phites (f Ixdeen or whalebone. Head large, depresffcd. Nostrils separate, longitudinal. Gullet very contracted. Tympanic hone single, large, cochleate, at- tached to an expanded periotic bone which forms part of the skull. 1. Bai./ENid.e. Dorsal fin none. Belly smooth. Baleen elongate, slender. ^*ertebrfe of neck anchylosed. Pectoral fin broad, truncated at the end ; fingers 5. TjTiipanic bone rhombic. ^Maxillary bones narrow. 2. Bal.'enoptkhid.^. Dorsal fin distinct Belly longitudinally plaited. Baleen short, broad. Maxillnrv bones broad. Pectoral fin lanceolate ; fiugere 4. \'ertebrte of neck free. Tympanic bone oblong or ovate. ^ Y>i' w 62 CETACEA. Section II. Denticete. Teeth well cleveloped in one or both Jaws, some- times dcviduous. Pcdate a-ithtmt Ixdcen. Head large or moderate; tympanic bones 2, suhsimilar, united, free in a cavity in the base of the shall. A. JVostrils longitudinal, parallel or diverging, covered with a valve, one often larger and more developed. Pectoral , broad, truncated; fingers 5. 3. Catodontid^. Head bliuit ; back of tlie skiiU concave. Teeth only in the lower jaw, fitting into pits in the upper. 4. Platanistid^. Head longly beaked ; back of the skull covered with the reflected edge of the niaxillaries. Teeth in both jaws compressed. B. Nostrils united into a single transverse or crescent-shaped blower. Teeth in both Jaws, often deciduous. Pectoral fin lanceolate. 5. Inhd^. Head beaked. Teeth rugiilose, crowns with an internal process. Back without any fin, keeled behind. 6. Delphinid^. Head beaked. Teeth simple, cylindrical, conical, smooth, in the whole length of both jaws, sometimes deciduous. Back rounded. Dorsal fin falcate, rarely wanting. Pectoral fin moderate^ on the upper part of the side of the body ; fingers 4- or 5-jointed. 7. GlobiocephalidvE. Head ventricose. Teeth cylindrical, simple, in the front of both jaws. Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin low down on the sides of the body ; fingers elongate, many-jointed. 8. HTFEB^fe©?fTH>vi:. Head beaked. Teeth few, cylindrical or com- pressed in the front or side of the lower jaw only. Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin low down on the sides of the body; fingers 4- or 5- jointed. Suborder II. Shhi rather hairy ; tchiskers rigid. Limbs claiced. Teats 2, pectoral. Nostrils 2, apical. Herbivorous. Sirenia. 9. Manatid^. Grinders none, or flat-crowned. Front of jaws covered with horn. Suborder I. CETE. Skin smooth, without hair. Limbs clawless ; fore limbs fin-hke ; hinder caudal, horizontal, forked or rounded. Teats 2, inguinal. Nostrils enlarged and close together, called blowers. Carnivorous. Teeth conical, all similar, often not developed, and absorbed. Palate often furnished with transverse pendent homy plates of baleen or whalebone ; fringed on the edge. Cete, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Selys-Longchamps, 1842; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 5. Cetacea, Blumenbach ; Dumeril, Z. A. 1806 ; Lilljeborg, Of vers. 2. Cetacefe camivorse, Gray, Med. Rep. xv. 309, 1821. (Soufllem's) Hydi'aula, Latr. Fam. Nat. 1825, 05. Natantia, Cete, Illiger, Prodr. 141, 1811. Cete /3, Fi.'^cher, Syn. 1828. Mammalia pinnata, Storr, Prodr. Mamm. 1780. CETACEA. 63 C^taci^s, Cuv. Tah. Eletn. 1798; Duvernoy, Tub. Atiim. Vert. Spiracules, J. Brookes, Cat. Mm. 38, 1828. BaliEiiidfe, RiippeU, Verz. Sotck. Samml. 186, 1845. Cetacea vera sen Camivora, Oiven, Cat. Mas. Coll. Surg. ii. 439. Dr. Peters objects to the tail being considered the representative of the hind feet of the Whale. He observes : " Prof. Reinhardt dis- covered only a rucUnient of a femur in Balania Mysticetus, all other [whales] ha\-iug the pelvis without the vestiges of Umbs. You know very well that the horizontal taU-fui is only an expansion of the soft parts. How did this expression escape you ? " — Letter, 2-4th Nov. 18G4. I am stiU not convinced that the tail docs not represent the hind members, at least analogically if not actually. Belon and Rondelet appear to have known the Dolphin {Delphinus Delphis), the 'Oudre' {D. Tursio), and the Phocteua (P. vulgaris); but their account of the Spermaceti \\Tiale is very indistinct. Clusius, in 1(505, first described and figured the Sperm Whale in a recognizable manner, from two specimens thrown on the coast of Holland in 1598 and 1601 ; and Johnston (t. 41 & 42) well figures one of these specimens. In 1071, Martens, in his 'Voyage to Spitzbergen,' gave a descrip- tion and figiire of the "WTialebone Whale, the " Pin-fish " (Balceno- ptera Physalus), the Weise Fish {Beluga Catodon), and the Butzkopt (Orca Gladiator) ; and his figiu'es of the first and second have been the chief authorities for these animals until this time. In 1692, Sibbald published a small quarto pamphlet, with three plates, describing the Whales which had come under his observation. He divides them into three groups : — I. The Small "WHiales with teeth in both jaws, of which he notices three — the Orca (0. Gladiator), the Beluga, and one from hearsay, which from its size was probably a Poi'poise (Phoccena vulgaris). II. The larger Whales with teeth in the lower jaw: — 1. the Sperm Whale; and 2. the Black Pish. And III. The Whalebone Whales, of which he describes three speci- mens. The arrangement he proposed is the one used in tliis Catalogue ; and his work forms the groundwork of all that was known on the larger Cetacea up to the Liunean time : but Artedi and Linnteus committed the mistake of regarding individual peculiarities resulting from accidental circumstances as specific distinctions, so that three of their species have to be reduced to synonyma. [There is a later edition, edited by Pennant, which appeared in Edinburgh in 1773.] In 1725, Dudley, in the 'Philosophical Transactions' (No. 387), describes all the AYhalcs now recognized by the whalers, except the Black-fish: viz., 1. the Eight or Whalebone AMiale ; 2. the Scrag \\Tiale ; 3. the Fin-back Whale; 4. Bunch or Humpback Whale; and 5. the Spermaceti ^Miale. Cuvicr, in liis historical account, scarcely sufiiciently estimates either Sibbald's or Dudley's contri- bution. Bonnaterre, and after him Lacepode, in their Catalogues, collected together A\'ith great industry all the materials they could find, in 64 CETACEA. every work that came in their way ; hence they (the latter especially) formed a number of species on most insuiRcient authority : for ex- ample, they made a genus on the otherwise good figure of the Sperm Whale figured by Anderson, becaiise the artist had placed the spout on the hinder part of the head ; and a division of a genus for the Fin-fish of Martens, because he did not notice in his description or figure the fold on the belly. Yet the characters given by Lacepede, and genera formed by him, have been used in our latest works, some even in Cuvier's last edition of the 'Animal Kingdom' ; and many of these species still encumber out Catalogues. Cuvier, dissatisfied with this state of things, in his ' Ossemens Fossiles,' examined the various documents and consulted the autho- rities which had been used by Lacepede ; but he appears to have undertaken the work with a predisposition to reduce to the smallest number the species which his predecessor had described. Thus, he concludes that there are only eleven species of Dolphins, one Nar- whal, one Hyperoodon, one Cachalot or Sperm Whale ; and he appears to think there are only two Whalebone Whales — the llight WTiale and the Finner. To make this reduction : first, he believes that the Humpbacked Whale of Dudley is onlj- a whale that has lost its fin, not recognizing that the Oajoe Rorqual, which he afterwards described from the fine skeleton now shown in the inner court of the Paris Museum, is one of this kind ; secondly, that the Black-fish and the Sperm Whale are the same species — an error which must have arisen from his not having observed that Sibbald had figured the former, for he accuses Sibbald of twice describing the Sperm Whale ; and when he comes to Schreber's copy of Sibbald's figure, he thinks the fig-ure represents a Dolphin which had lost its upper teeth, overlook- ing the peculiar form and posterior position of the dorsal fin, and the shape of the head, which is unlike that of any known Dolphin. This mistake is important, as it vitiates the greater part of Cuvier's criticism on the writings of Sibbald, Artedi and others, on these animals. Unfortunately these views have been verj^ generally adopted without re-examination. But, in making these remarks, it is not with the least desire to underrate the great obligation we owe to Cuvier for the papers above referred to ; for it is to him that we are indebted for having placed the examination of the Whales on its right footing, and for directing oiu- inquiries into the only safe course on these animals, which only fall in our way at distant periods, and generally under very disadvantageous circumstances for accurate examination and study. In 1828, Mr. F. J. Knox, the Consci-vator of the Museum of the Old Surgeons' Hall in Edinburgh, published a Catalogue of the Ana- tomical Preparations of the Whale, in which he gives many interest- ing details of the anatomy of the Balcmu maxima and B. 7ninima, which had been stranded near Edinburgh, of the foetus of B. Mysti- cetus from Greenland, and of DelpMaus Tursio (D. leucopleurus), D. Delphis, Phocnnn communis, tSoosoo Gangeticus, and Halicore Indi- eus ; but the paper has been very generally neglected or overlooked. In 1858, Dr. E. Xnox published " Contributions to the Anatomy CKTACEA. 65 and Natural History of the Cetacca " in the Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. iii. p. (i'S. M. F. Cuvier's 'Cetaccs' (Paris, 1836) is little more than an ex- pansion of his brother's essays, with a comiiiled account of the species ; but he has consulted with greater attention the works of Sibbald and Dudley, and has some doubts about the finned Cachalots being the same as the S2)e}-m. Whale (p. 475), but at length gives up the subject. He has foiuid out that the Uumphacked Whale is evidently a Rorqual (p. 305), but does not record it as a species, nor recognize it as the Cape Rorqual, nor as Dr. Johnston's Whale ; the latter he incorrectly considers the same as Balana Fhijsalus. He combines together as one species Quoy's short-finned Rorqual of the Falkland Islands with Lalande's long-finned Whale of the Cape (ji. 352). He is in great doubt about the hump of the Cachalots (p. 279); his remarks on that subject and on the Cachalots of Sibbald show how dangerous it is for a naturalist to speculate beyoud the facts before him. Sir William Jardine's Whales, in the ' Naturalist's Library,' is chieflj' an abridgement of M. Lesson's compilation, with some ex- tracts from Knox and other English writers on the subject. Eschricht, in his 'Nordischcn WaUthiere,'p. 7, di^-ides the Cetacca into four groups, according to their food, thus : — 1. SarkophcKjen : Orca. 2. Teuthophagen : Physeter, EhjTichocete (Hyperoodontina, Grail), Monodon, Beluga, Globiceps. 3. Ichthi/op)haf/eu : Phocaena, Delphinus, Platanista, and Ogmo- balasna, Eschricht, = Balffinoj^tera. 4. Pteropodojihar/en : Leiobalasna, Eschricht, = Batena. He further proposes to separate these groups into Zahnwalle (or Tooth-whales ), which includes all the genera in the first three groups, except Ogmobald'iia ; this genus he places with Leiohalcena in the second gToup, which he calls Bartenwcdle, which is synonymoiis with Bala'na of Linne. Eschricht, in the ' Danish Transactions,' has published several most interesting papers on the anatomy and development of the Whales of the North Sea, especially of the Fin-Avhale {Bcdcvnoptera rostrata), the Naebhval {Hjiperooilon), and the Nordhval (Bcdmia Mysticetus), and with Professor J. Eeinhardt he has published a complete treatise on the osteology of the latter species. Dr. Ludovicus Ileichenbach, in his ' SjTiopsis MammaHum Iconibus illustrata ' (8vo, Leipsic, 1855), di\-ides the Whales into four families and seven genera, thus : — I. Bala;nina. 1. Balcena. II. Narwalina. 2. Monodon. III. Delphinina. 3. Physeter; 4. Delphinus. IV. Ma- natina. 5. Rytina ; (J. Hulicore ; 7. Manatus. Mr. Edward Wakefield has given a very good chronological history of Whales and Whaling in Simmonds's ' Colonial Magazine ' for July 1844, p. Ill ; he quotes the ' Histoire genci-ale des Peches ancienncs et modcrnes,' by S. B. Noel (vol. i. 1815), the rest of the work remaining in MS. in the libraiT of the late Baron Cuvicr. 66 CETACEA. The British species are no better known ; for in Fleming's excel- lent work they are left in nearly the same state as when Linnajus published his tweKth edition of the ' Systema Naturae '; and Mr. Bell's account and figiu'cs are chiefly derived fi'om preceding authors. In the former edition of this Catalogue I was led to take three or four species from the list of British species ; I determined the specific identity of one hitherto neglected, and added two or three species for the first time to our fauna. In the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History ' for 1846, vol. xvii. p. 82, I gave a list of British Cetacea, raising the number to seventeen, and added Lagenorhynchus albirostris and Grampus Cuvieri to the previous list. In the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society ' for 1864, p. 195, I published a paper '• On the Cetacea which have been observed in the Seas surrounding the British Islands," in which I describe thirty species belonging to twenty genera. Fleming only indicates as British sixteen species of Cetacea, which Jenyns and BeU had reduced in their works to fourteen species of the Order. The size of the head, compared with that of the body, varies greatly according to the age of the specimen. In the newly-born whale the head is small ; and it enlarges regularly, but at a more rapid rate than the body, as the whale increases in size. In the Greenland Whale the adult head is two-fifths of the length of the body. The species of the different families have a very great similarity when examined externally, and, as a whole, the best character for the genera and species is to be obtained from the examination of the skeleton, and especially of the skull, cervical vertebrae, and the bones of the fore hmbs. But here, as in other vertebrate animals, it requires great care to observe the external characters of the animal and the peculiarities of its osteology, so that the outer form, colour, &c. may be known, at the same time as the osteological characters, and that the variations of either the skeleton or the outer appearance may be corrected by the double comparison. We have until lately been chiefly indebted to Sibbald, John Hunter, and Dr. Knox for the anatomy of the larger whales. More recently Eschricht has given an excellent memoir on the Eight Whale, and on the long-armed and smaller Finner "V^Tiale, the account of the latter being chiefly derived from dissection of the foetal or newly-born specimen. No series of animals are more difficult to observe and describe than the large Whales and Dolphins. They are only seen at distant periods, and generally either isolated or each kind and age in the same school or herd. They are only seen ahve at a distance from the observer, and generally in rapid motion and under unfavourable circumstances for study. They are unwieldy to collect and compare. It is almost impossible to preserve their skin, it being very thin and apt to crack and curl up ; and when preserved, they are difiicult to keep without deterioration, on account of the fat and salt they contain, and the odour they emit, especially in damp weather. For this CETACKA. 67 reason, in the Paris and some other museums, they have prepared a series of plaster models to illustrate the genera. When the larger kinds are cast ashore, they are seized by the lord of the manor or some other person and sold for their blubber, and their bones are often sold for manure ; or, from some difSculty respecting the ownership, they are left to rot on the beach, as was the ease with the skeleton of the Sperm "Whale cast ashore at Whit- stable, Kent, and prepared by Mr. Gould for the Zoological Society in 1829. The putrefying of the flesh and the preparing of the oil render a stranded wliale l)j- no means a desirable neighbour ; so that it is not to be wondered at that they are usually got rid of as soon as pos- sible, and that the naturalist has seldom the opportunity of exami- ning them even in England, where the means of travelling are easy and rapid. Keceutly a new difficulty has arisen: agriculturists have found that they are good manure, and as soon as any of them, especially of the smaller kinds, are caught or thrown ashore, they are carried inland and buried, as was the case with a school of BelpJiinus Orca lately taken near Bridgewater. Yet they are objects 'of general interest; and when they are cast ashore near populous places they are often shown for a time, and the smaller species ai'e sometimes even earned far inland and exhibited ; and the only chance that the zoologist has of examining fresh speci- mens of these animals is to watch for their occurrence and hasten to see them while they are in a more or less complete state. I am bj* no means convinced that all the species in the following Synopsis are distinct. It is rather to be regarded as a collection of the accounts of the Whales of diff'erent localities, derived from the specimens and other materials at present at our command ; and I have endeavoured to select from these soiu'ces what appeared to afford the best characters for defining them, so as to furnish to those naturalists who might enjoy the opportunity of observing the animals, a short abstract of what has been observed with regard to them, and a reference to where they may find a more detailed account of each kind. I have been induced to adopt this course, as whenever I have had the opportunity of examining and comparing the pro- portions of the allied species from distant seas, and of comparing their bones, they have invariably proved to be distinct, which leads me to believe that many of the other species from diffei'ent seas, which have been regarded as the same, will be found to be distinct, though representatives of those found in other seas. f2 68 Section I. MYSTICETE. Teeth rudimndanj ; they never cut the jaws, and are absorbed. Palate fumislied with transverse frinyed horny plates of baleen or tohalebone, fm-minf/ a '^screening-apparatus." Head large, depressed. Bloioers far back, longitudinal, each covered with a valve. Spout double. Eyes small, near angle of the mouth. Gullet very contracted. Tympanic bones large, conch-like, attached to an expanded periotic bone, 7vliich forms part of the skull. Lacrymal and malar bones thin, small. Living on mollusca and fisli. Balasna, Cui\ Tab. Mem. 1798 ; Lesson, N. Tab. Reg. Anim. 201. Eala3nada3, Grai/, Lond. Med. Repos. xv. 310. Les Baleines, F. Cuv. 1829. Cete, Illiger, Prodr. 141, 1811. Cetacea edentula, Rrisson, R. A. 218. Edentes abnormaux, Blainr. 1816. Cete hydr£eoolossi, § B, JVagler, N. S. Amph. 3-3, 1830. Cetaces, Lesson, N. Tab. Rig. Anim. 197, 1842. Cetacea, Rajin. Anal. Nat. 00, 1815. Ruderer Wale, Oken, Lehrb. Nat. G61, 1815. Balenidia, Rajin. Anal. Nat. 61, 1815. BaliBnidaj, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1828 ; Zool. Erebus if Terror, 15 ; Cat. 3Iamm. B. M. ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 5, 1850 ; Selys-Longchamps, 1842. Vermivora, Lesson, N. Tub. Reg. Anim. 201. Bale, Oken, Lehrb. Ncdurg. 603, 1815. Les Baleines (Baleniens), Geoff. Leqons, Mamm. 67, 1835 ; Duvernoy, Ann. Sci. Nat. 22, 1851. . Bartenwalle, Eschricht, Nord. Wallthiere, 7, 1849. (Baleen Whale) Balsenidse, Owen, Cat. Osteol. 3Ius. Coll. Surg. ii. 439. JBalsenidre, "J. Gray," Bardhwalar, Lilljeborg, Ofversigt, 39, 1862. Balseuoidea sen Mysticete, Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 388. ■" Teeth never functionally developed, but always disapijearing be- fore the close of the intra-uterine life. Upper jaw provided with plates of baleen. Sternum composed of a single jiicee, generally broader than long, and connected only with the first rib. No costal sternal bones ; all the ribs at their upper extremity articulating only with the transverse processes of the vertebrae ; their capitular processes when developed rudimentary, and not forming true articulations with the bodies of the vertebra?. Hami of the mandibles curved, their anterior ends meeting at an angle and connected by fibrous tissue, without any true symphysis. Skull symmetrical. Maxilla produced in front of, but not over, the orbital process of the frontal. Nasal bones well developed, spnmetrical. Lacrymal bones distinct from the ]vigal."— Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 388. M. Geoffrey observed rudimentary teeth in the lower jaw of a foetal whale. — Ann. du Mus. x. 365. Eschricht figures them in the foetal jaw of a Mec/aptera. — Danish Transactions, 1843, xi. t. 3. The substance called Whalebone is of the same nature as horn ; it is wholly composed of animal substance, and extremely elastic. — Hunter, Phil. Trans. 1787. It is called /f/HOii by the French. The Scotch even at the time of Sibbald caUed it baleen, probably from the French. — Fleming, Wern. Trans. 203. The baleen or whalebone has generally been considered as the CETACEA. 69 ^ecth of the Whale ; but this must be a mistake, for Mr. F. J. Knox observes — " In the foetal B. Mi/nticetus sixty to seventy dental pulps were found on each side of each jaw, making the whole number amount to from 260 to 300. The preparation (n. 5f3) exhibits a portion of this gum with twelve pulps : had those pulps been con- fined to the upper jaw and corresponded to the number of baleen plates, it would have formed a strong analogy between the baleen and teeth ; but the number of baleen plates in the Whale greatly exceeds the nimiber of dental pidps, and the lower jaw, which con- tained an equal number of pulps Avith the upper, has neither teeth nor baleen in the adult whale. Their presence therefore in the foetal 2Ii/sticetus foniis one of the most beautiful illustrations of the unity of organization in the animal economy. The teeth in the Balcena never c\it the gum, but become gradually reabsorbed into the system ; the verj' cavitj' in which the germs were lodged disappears ; whilst, to suit the purposes of luxture, the integumentary system furnishes the baleen, which is evidently a modified form of hair and cuticle." — Kno.r, Cat. Prep. Whale, 22. Professor Eschricht also has shown that the foetus oi Megapteva Boops (Danish Trans. 1845, xi. t. 4) has numerous teeth on the edge of the jaw, though they are never developed. I am inclined to regard the baleen as a peculiar de- velopment of hair in the palates of these animals, and somewhat ana- logous to the hair found in the palates of the genus Lepus. (See alsa Rousseau, liev. Zool. 1856, 193, 257, 305, 353 ; liav'm, Ann. Sci. Nat, 1836, 266 ; and Mener, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. N. 0. 1855, xxv. 449.) From the examination I have been able to make of the baleen of Balcenoptera rostrata, and of different masses of small blades of Balcena australis, it would appear as if there were, at least in these two species, two or more series of baleen on each side of the palate ; the external scries being formed of large triangular blades placed at a certain distance apart ; and the internal, in BaJanioptera rostrata, composed of smaller, much thinner, triangular pieces, placed much closer together, and forming a very dense screening-apparatus ; and in Balcena australis the inner series is formed of numerous separate narrow strips of whalebone, each ending in a ■ pencil of hairs, which vary in size from that of small twine to that of tape half an inch wide ; these are placed behind the others, and gradually increase in size from the innermost to the broad external series. They are early deciduous, and the groove in which they are placed becomes filled up and solid. Mr. Knox (Cat. Prep. Whale) gives the best accoimt of the de- velopment, position, and distinction between the baleen of the WTiales of the North Sea which has come under my observation, and it agrees with the observations I had made on the subject before I could pro- cure his pamphlet. In Bnlcrn't maximim, Knox {Phiisalus antirp(orurn), 314 external or labial xilates (baleen) were counted on each side ; towards each extremity tlicsc plates degenerate into bristles, and admit of being counted with difficulty. Towards the mesial line the baleen as a mass diminishes gradually in depth, giving the whole palatine surface 70 CETACEA. an elegant arched form. The 314 external or labial plates do not extend to the whole extent in a transverse direction, but a system of numerous small and narrow plates succeeds the external ones. For each external jjlate, twelve (internal) smaller ones could be easily counted ; so that the number of plates which could be counted, and not including the bristly terminations towards the snout, phai-jnix, and mesial line, stand thus : external or labial plates, 314 ; internal small plates, corresponding to each external one, 12 : total number of baleen plates, 3768. The longest plate of baleen is placed about the centre of each of the sides, and measured 26 inches in length and 15 in breadth. The substance when recent is highly elastic and very heavy ; the whole weighed nearly two tons. In Balcena minimus, Knox (Balcenoptera rostrata), 307 external or labial plates (baleen) can be counted on each side ; towards each extremity these plates degenerate into fine bristles, which were not comited. The plates hang perfectly parallel with each other, and from their closeness and fringed lingual aspect, must act as a very perfect filter in collecting the minute molluscous animals, and at the same time enable the whale to eject the water. The baleen or whalebone afi'ords good characters for the separation of this family into sections. It is short or long accordiag to the species of Whale, being modified entirely by the more or less arched form of the upper jaw. Mr. Knox first pointed out this curious and important fact. The usual conclusion come to by all persons was, that the size of the whale corresponded to the length of the bone or baleen. Now this is only good with regard to one species of Whale, and not at all to the whole group of Whalebone Whales. — Kno.v, Cat. Prej}. Whale, 8. The whalebone of the smooth -bodied Whales without any back-fins (Balcena) is elongate, much longer than broad at the base, and gra- dually attenuated, and edged with a fringe of equal, lengthened, fine, soft bristles. The baleen is internally formed of a thin layer of fibres, covered on each side with a thick coat of ' enamel' ; when dry and out of the mouth, the blades are flat. The whalebone of the plaited-beUied Whale with a bunch {Mega- ptera) or a dorsal fin {BaJanoptera) is short, broad, triangular, not much longer than broad at the base, and rapidly attenuated, and is edged with a series (sometimes rather crowded) of elongate, rigid, imequal bristle-like fibres, which become much thicker and more rigid near and at the tip. The baleen is internally formed of a more or less thick layer of thick fibres, covered on each side with a thin layer of enamel, and when dry and out of the palate they are curled up and somewhat spirally twisted. The thickness of the plate of baleen depends on the number of bristles. In the baleen oi BaJcna maximus there are 506 bristles in the thickness of the plate, and by a rude enumeration there appeared to be at least 130 bristles in each inch. The whole breadth of the plate being 5^ inches, gives us 747 bristles entering into its compo- sition. These bristles are matted together to the extent of 1 1 inches on the external and 5 inches on the internal margins, by a substance CETACEA. 71 like minute laminas or scales, and which may be seen by the aid of a microscope to invest the free bristles at the fringed extremity of the plate. We have often observed the facility with which some baleen can be split up, and were struck with the fact that the baleen of Balcena maximus would not split. The removal of the external lamina in the plate under description shows the cause of this : about G| inches from the root of the plate, many of the bristles have deviated from their direct parallel inclination, and become intimately twisted and interwoven -with each other. It has been attempted to prove the age of the Mliale from an examination of the baleen, in the same manner as we judge of the age of cattle by certain aniuilated markings on the horns. On the plate before us we can chstinctly perceive numerous transverse lines crossing the coui-se of the bristles at right angles. If these transverse lines indicate a periodical check to the growth of the baleen, then the age of the Bakena maximus would be 800 to 'JOO years old, that being the number of transverse lines on the longest plate of baleen. — Knox, Cat. Prep. Whale, 9. The baleen of the Balance is alone designated Whalebone (or rather Whale-fin, as it is usually called) in commerce. The baleen of the other genera of this family is called Finner-fin or Humpback-fin. The wholesale dealers in baleen, in the ' London Directory,' are called Whale-fin Merchants, and whalebone occurs under the name of Whale-fin in the ' Price-current.' In the ' London New Price- current' for 1843, the South Sea Whale-fin varied during that year from 200/. to 305?. per ton ; and there is no price named for Green- land Whale-fin. (See Maccull. Comm. Diet. i. 1344.) The baleen was formerly tliought to be the tail of the animal. (See Blackstone, Comment, i. 233, quoted by MaccuUoch, Comm. Diet. i. 1344.) The skulls of the different genera differ considerably in external form, from being nearly as wide as the lower jaw, as in Sihbaldhis, to being very narrow so as only to foim a narrow central arch, as in Balcena. The genera may be thus arranged according to the width of the skull : — 1. Sibbalclius ; 2. Balcenojitera ; 3. Megaptera ; 4. Phi/salus; 5. Eubalcena ; Q. Bcdcena. The Avidth chiefly depends on the lateral expansion of the maxilla. In Balcena it is band-like ; and in Sibbahlius very broad, being more than twice as wide as the intermaxillary bones. The food of the "Whale is stiU a much-disputed point. It is now generally admitted that the 3I)/sticetus lives only on small Medusae, shrimps, itc, but that the other species of Whalebone Whale devoiir inconceivable quantities of fish ; for instance, M. Desmouhns states that " 600 f/reat vo<«w. Mamin. 527, 798; Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 160; Camper, CMuc. t. 4, 5, 6 (skull of voung) ; Fischer, Syn. 521 ; Volkmann, Anat. Anim. Tab. 1831, t. 9. f' 5 (skull, fcvtus ?) ; Bell, B. Quad. 514, fig. ; Kilsson, iSIiand. Fiinia, 642; Tiirton.B. Fauna, 15; Fleming, B. A. 33 ; Jcni/ns, Man. 46; Grai/, Zool. Erelms S,- Terror, 15. 47."t. 1. f. 4 (baleen); Cat. Mamm. B. M. 104; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 12: Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 200 ; Lilljehonj, Ofvers. 107. 82 BALiENID^. Baloena Mysticotiis, Lesson, iV. i?<'> ^e*^ '? '*/^"^^^ The Right AMiale of the Bay of Biscay {B. Biscayensis) is regarded P j as a different species by Eschricht and Van Bcneden. — dray, F.Z.S. A*^V 1864, 200. « (y-J-^ Cuvier observes that the Right Whale was formerly taken in the *1_---t^ — ' Gulf of Gascony, but that now it is only found on the shores of^ /■, y.1- Greenland, Iceland, and Spitzbergen. (See Cuv. Oss. Foss. ed. 4. vii. hL.^/ 252 ; also Eschr. & Reinh. Nord. Hvaler, p. 479, note.) jjh-^^-^^ " MM. Eschricht and Reinhardt (Om Nordhvalen) have conclu- , sively proved that the habitat of B. Jlysficetas is, and always has been, ^t^^"^'' exclusively confined to the Polar Seas, and therefore that it has no ^ claim to a place in the European fauna. The Right ^\"hale of the »< , ^ .' North Atlantic, formerly chased by the Basque whalers, belongs to this section (Euhalcena) of the family." — Floiver, P. Z. S. 1864, 391. M. Eschricht obsei-ves, " Le squolette de Pampelune m'occupe tout plein, m'ecrit-il a la date du 18«inai dernier. C'est tout ce qu'il y a de plus curieux. II est presque monte, et I'enorme difference avec le Mysticetus depasse tout ce que j'en avals juge lors de mon sejour a Pampelune. Figiirez-vous, ajoute-t-il, qu'il n'estpas plus developpe que le squelette d"uu Mysticetus de peine un an, I'ossification des vertebres n'est pas encore avancce jusqu'aux apophyses transverses, et les arcs qui no sont pas memo unis des deux cotes sent encore separos du corps et cepcndant la colonne vertebrale a la largexir du Mysticetus de trois ans et domi." (See also Eschricht " Sur le De- voloppement du questionnaire relative aux Cetaces," Actes de la Soc. Linn, do Bordeaux, xxii. livr. 4.) This theory appears to require further examination. Icebergs are annually carried out from the Arctic Seas to the North Atlantic, and it is probable that Right Whales may sometimes accompany them. I have not been able to find any details of the skeleton at Pam- peluna, so that I have no authority for placing B. Biscayensis in a difPerent genus from B. Mysticetus. 90 BALiENID^. 3. Balsena marginata. The Western Australian Whale. The baleen very long, slender (nearly eight times as long as wide at the base), pure wliite, thin, ^\ith a rather broad black edge on the enter or straight side. Balrena marginata, Gray, Zool. E. Sf T. 48. t. 1. f. 1 (baleen) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 14; P. Z. S. 1864, 200. Inhab. Western Australia. a, b, c. Three plates of baleen. Length 20 inches ; width at the base 2 inches 6 lines. Western Australia. Presented by J. Warwick, Esq. — The specimens figui-ed in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' tab. 1. fig. 1. This species is only known from three laminte of baleen. It is much smaller aud broader, compared with its width at the base, than, and is differently coloured from, the baleen of any of the other species. This is undoubtedly a very distinct species. The baleen is of nearly the same structure as that of the Greenland Whale ; but we do not know what may be the form of the first ribs, or of the bones of the other parts of the skeleton. iA 0 iJf'^ '^* ^ Balsena gibbosa. The Scrag Whale. (I ■ " A Scracj Whale. Is near akin to the Fin-hach, but instead of a fin upon its back, the ridge of the after-part of its back is scragged " '^' with half-a-dozen knobs or knuckles. He is nearest the llight Whale /'-^w do*-*^ (-^' Mystketus) in figure and quantity of oU. His bone (whalebone) , ^^ is^whtteribut won't spht." — Dudleij. " A Scrag Whale," Diulley, Phil. tTrans. xxxiii. 259 ; a^ul Whalers. Balaena gibbosa, Erxi. Syst. 610 (from Dudley) ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 225 ; JBonnat. Cet. 5 ; Lacep. Cit. 113 ; Virey, Nouv. Diet. H. N. ill. 185 ; Gerard, Diet. Set. Nat. iii. 440 ; Desm. Mamm. 528 ; Fischer, Syn. 523 ; Grarj, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 18. ^ Balffina gibbis vel nodis sex, B. macra, Klein, MSS. Pise. ii. 15. **^»- Balfena bipennis sex in dorso gibbis, Brisson, R. Aniin. 351. ' Knotenfish oder Issaohhei^sh, Anders. Isl. 225-, ■Orantz, Gronland, 146. Bunched Mysticete, Shaio, Zool. ii. 495. Inhab. Atlantic Ocean. Dudley's account is copied by Anderson, Crantz, and all succeeding authors. Cuvier thought the Scrag Whale {B. gihhosa) was only a Rorqual (Oss. Foss. V. 267) which had been mutilated ; but I suspect, from Dudley's account of the form, that it must be a Balana, probably well known formerly. Indeed Beale (Hist. Sperm Whale) speaks of it as recognized by the whalers now. " Scrags" is the whalers' name for young specimens of the Eight W'hale. (See Dieifenbach, New Zealand, i. 45.) Bonnaterre and all succeeding authors have referred to this genus the Iluniphacled Whale of Dudley, not understanding his descrip- tion of the belly being " reeved," that is, plaited ; they caU it Balcena nodosa. 2. EUBAUENA. 91 3. Head long ; of adtdt, about one-fourth the entire length. Baleen elongate, broad at the base, with several series of rigid central Jihres, forming a rigid fringe. Enamel thin. 2. EUBAL^NA. Hibs 15 . 15 ; first like the others, single-headed. T5'rapanic bone rhombic, nearly like that of BaJcvna. Head large ; of adult, about one-fourth the entire length. Vertebras 52. Eubalaeua, Graii, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 201 ; Ann. S; 3fag. K H. 1864, xiv. 348. Skull broad and depressed behind. The frontal bones broad, band- like, transverse (see Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. p. 375. t. 25. f. 1-4 of young, and f. 5-8 of adult animal). Tympanic bone rhombic, large ; aper- ture oblong, only slightly contracted at the upper end, about two- thirds the length of the bone. 15aleen thick, rather brittle ; enamel thin ; internal fibres numerous, thick, in several layers, rather inter- twined, forming a thick rigid fringe. Cervical vertebrae all imited by the neural apophyses into a single crest (Cuv. op. cit. t. 26. f. 13). Fio-. 6. Eubaltena Capensia, jun. Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 25. f. 2. ^V^'H*^ liibs 15 . 15, all simple-headed, the last four pairs not reaching the vertebne. Stenium oblong (Cuv. t. 26. f. 11). Blade-bone flat, rather broader on the upper edge than high, with a prominent acro- mion (Cuv. t. 26. f. 7). Arm-bones short ; forearm-bones very short, scarcely longer than the humerus. Fingers 5, short, the middle longest, the second, first, and fifth successively shorter (Cuv. t. 26. f. 23). Os hyoides (see Cuv. t. 26. f. 14). Cuvier observes that the skulls of B. Mtjst'tcetus and B. auMralis differ more from one another than the skulls of the species of Korcjuals ^ (Oss. Foss. V. 375). ^^^^^^ t /. 2 1. Eiibalaena australis. The Cape Whale. Uniform black. Skull convex. The nose of the skull high, straight, and rather suddenly l)ent down in front ; the nose and the 92 BAL^ENIDiE. intermaxillary bones contract in the middle, and then continue of the same "width in front. The hinder part of the jaw-bones is nearly- perpendicular, and the temporal bones are broad and erect.-^C«y. Oss. Foss. V. t. 25. f. 5-7. The foetal skull is shorter, lower, and the hinder part of the jaw- bone is more slanting. — Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 25. f. 1-3. Cervical vertebrae all (1-7) anchylosed by the neural arches into one crest. — Ouv. Oss. Fuss. v. 378. The baleen is about 6 feet long, elongate triangular, rather rapidly tapering to a fine point. The internal fibres are rather coarse, but much finer than in B. Japonica. Balaena australis, Desmotdins, Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 161. t. 140. f. 3 (foetus) ; Gray, Cat. 3Iamm. B. M. 104; Zool. Ereh. Sf Terror, 15, 48. t. 1. f. 3 (baleen). Eubalsena australis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1 864, 202. Baleiue du Cap, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 368. t. 25. f. 1-4 (skull of foetus), f. 5-8 (skull of adult), t. 26. f. 7, 11, 13, 23, t. 27. f. 10, 15 (ear- boues), 24. Balfena antarctica, Owen, Brit. Foss. Marnm. (not Gray). The Cape Whale, or Eight Whale of South-Sea Whalers, Bennett, Narr. Whaliny Voyage, ii. 229. Southern Whalebone Whale, Nunn, Narrat. Favourite, 181. fig. ? Common Black Whale, Ross, Antarctic Voy. i. 169, ii. 327 ? Inhab. Sea near the Cape of Good Hope, Delalande. Skeleton and fcetus, Mus. Paris. a. Bone of foreann. Capo of Good Hope. h, c. Two plates of " South-Sea whalebone." Pacific Ocean? Pre- sented by Messrs. Smith and Simmonds. — The specimens figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' p. 48. tab. 1. fig. 3. tin if.ifC'-^'^^^ d, e. Two plates of whalebone. Pacific Ocean? tihi-U^ ^ f. Sku^Jn(jfc*. 94 bal.t;nid.e. In False Bay they carry on the fishery from the shore, and dui'ing the time Mr. War\vick was there, only one bnll out of sixty speci- mens was killed, the females coming into the bay to bring forth their young. He skinned one -which was siipposed to be not more than eight or ten days old ; it was 20 feet long. The females with their calves approach the shores of the Cape about the month of June. The female whales, at the end of the period of gestation, seem to %-isit the bights and inlets of the country which are next to theii' feeding-grounds. The same is the case round Van Diemen's Land and New Zealand. " If 13 feet be the size of the calf in the Northern seas at the period of birth, as stated by Mr. Seoresby, it will be found to be much inferior to what is observed in the South Sea, for I have myself seen more than one extracted from the uterus which had attained the length of 19 feet." — A. Smith, South Afr. Quart. Journ. p. 130. The baleen of this animal is sometimes called the "VYhale-fin of the " Blackfish," the name that has been applied to the Physeter Microps and to an Orca. There are sometimes imported with the baleen a few yellowish- white "fins," which seldom exceed 2 feet iu length; in these, the fibres as well as the enamel are white ; they are not so transparent as the pale variety of the Greenland fins before referred to ; they have the same coarse texture, and are brittle like the black southern specimens ; and as they do not take so good a polish, they cannot be used for making shavings for plaiting, &c. There has lately been brought by the South-Sea ships several hundredweights of a very small kind of whalebone, which is im- planted in the remains of the palate, in three or four series, gradually diminishing iu size towards the iianermost series ; each piece is linear, compressed, from ^ to ■!• of an inch wide, rounded on the edge, vai-ying from 5 to 8 inches in length, and ending in a tuft of black haif-like fibres. In texture, colour, and external appearance it exactly agrees with the baleen of the Southern Whales, and I suspect it must form the inner part of the " screening-apparatus " of that animal ; and if that be the case, the existence of these separate i^ieces near the middle of the roof of the moi;th wiU form a very peculiar character in this kind of whale. I am further strengthened in this belief by perceiving amongst some short pieces of " Southern Whale-fin," pro- bably forming the end part of a " side," at the inner, or shorter, or palatine edge of each blade, two or three small, separate linear pro- cesses of whalebone ending in a parcel of bail's, similar to the jiieces above described, but of a smaller size and rather more wavy. Seoresby, who gives a very detailed account of the position of the baleen in Greenland "'ATiales (Arct. Reg. i. 457 and ii. 415), does not mention anything of the kind in that animal ; but it is described as occurring in the Fin-back by Mr. F. J. Knox (see Cat. Anat. Prep. WTiale, 7. u. 5). The Black WTiale or Eight "V\Tiale is the one chased on the coast of New Holland. During the winter season many boats are sent out from the coast. 2. EUBAL^XA. 95 " The whale feeling herself covered and uncomfortable from barnacles on her skin, strikes in from the mouth of the river (Murray), and there plays and gambols for hom's just outside or among the breakers. Having roUed the barnacles off in the fresh water, she takes to sea. It is the knowledge that the fresh water kills the barnacles that brings her in. "WTienever it was practicable, my whalers, as well as those of the opposition fishery, were glad to take advantage of this peculiarity of the fish." — Cadell, Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soc. 1855, 179. This is most probably distinct from Euhalcena australis (BaJcena aiistralls, Voy. Pole Sud). Captain 8ganzin (Mem. de la Soc. du Mus. H. N. de Strasbourg, iii. 2) states that Tuhkinelln Balamarum is found on the large whales which are taken accidentally on the coast of Madagascar, but never on the young whales which are caught in the Canal of St. Maria. The latter have rarely some specimens of the Coronula Diadema attached to them. The old whales which are stranded on the shores of St. Maria, on the contraiy, are often covered with large numbers of the Coronula Balamaris. Mr. Holdsworth has presented to the British Museum a specimen which had been received from an American whaler, as " the Bonnet of Balcemi Mi/sticetus, obtained at the Sandwich Islands." 4. A ^'-^.. y^ <^uyi /I/.. V" Fiff. 7. ^^ The specimen is oblong, 11 inches long, and 8 inches wide, very irregular in outline, ^vith a very rotxgh pitted surface, four of the pits being much larger than the rest, and dividing the surface into six prominences. The whole substance seems to be formed of irregular horny layers placed one under the other, the lowest layer being the one last formed ; and each of these layers is more or less crumpled and phcated on the surface, giAnng the irregular appearance to the mass. The lower layer is attached to the skin of the whale, a part of the skin being attached to the inner surface of the mass or " bonnet," as it is called. On showing the specimen to a foreign zoologist, he stated that it was" an excrescence on the skin of a whale, formed bv the adiiesion 96 BALiENIDiE, of the barnacles called Coronula, and that the irregularities on the surface of the bonnet were caused by the attachment and wearing action of these animals. This is quite a mistake : the Coromdce sink themselves into the epidermis of the whale, as is also the case with the genus Tuh'mnella. I have seen numerous specimens of both these animals in situ, and the skin roiind the cirripedes is scarcely altered in structure, and offers no resemblance to the horny excrescence called the bonnet. Any one who examines the bonnet will find that the plate of horn of which it is formed is plicated and folded when deposited ; and this explains the irregularity of the general form of the body. The zoologist referred to has since said that he behoves it is caused by the irritation of the whale-louse, and that the irregularities on the surface are caused by them. This may perhaps have arisen from the surface of the specimen being covered with whale-hce when it was first procured from the whaler ; but this may be only because the hollow on the surface forms a good hiding for them ; and I think the supposition that they are the origin of the wart or horn requires further observation. Mr. Holdsworth has since sent to the Museum a much smaller specimen, also obtained at the Sandwich Islands, which is oblong, elongate, and more symmetrical ; but the upper surface is not so eveiily channelled. It is 6 inches long and 2^ wide. It is spoken of by the whalers as a wart on the tip of the nose, and is commonly called the " Whale's bonnet." I do not recollect observing any account of this " honnet," or giant corn, or rudimentary frontal horn, as it may be regarded, in any account of the Eight Whale, nor in that of the Spermaceti Whale. I have specially searched for it again in works by persons who have seen these whales alive, but without success. It has been suggested by Mr. Holdsworth that the bonnet may be a natural development, and possibly characteristic of the species ; he thinks that the "pale prominence" on the nose oi Balcenct ant- arctica, as figured in ' Fauna Japonica,' pis. 28 & 29, may be intended to represent it. In the description this part is only described as " une forte preeminence teinte de blanc." In the excellent drawing of the male whale from the coast of New Zealand, which I figured iinder the name of Balama antipo- danim, in Dieffenbach's ' New Zealand,' vol. ii. 1. 1, there is a rough roundish prominence on the front of the lower jaw, as well as on the front of the upper one. I behove that a prominence of the kind is to be observed in all the species of the genus Balama, although I have nevei^seen them described as hard and horny ; but that is no reason v^ this may not be the case. — Gray, Proc. Zool. >Soc. 1864. 2. Eubalaena Sieboldii. The Japan Whale. Black ; the middle of the belly to the vent, and a spot on the chin and over the eye, white ; the nose with a rounded prominence in 2. KUIUL.ilNA. 97 front. The head is two-fifths of the entire length ; the pectoral fin large, pointed. — Temm. Iklrena Sieboldii, Gray, Ann. S,- Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. .349. BaL-ena australis, Temm. Fauna Japan, t. 28 & 29 Balffiiia Japonica, r;/-«y, Zool. E. ^- T. 15, 47. t. l.'f. 2 Hjaleen) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 18o0, 17. \ ^ > PBaljena Japonica, Lacep.Mcm.Mm. iv.473 ; Desm.Mamm. 528, 802 • Fi-^chei; 8;/n. 522. ? Balrena lun'ulata, Lacep. Mem. Mm. iv. 475 ; Desm. 3famm. 528, 803 : rt^scncr, Si/n. 522. Inhab. Japan, visiting the coast periodicaUy. The head is often covered with barnacles (cirripedes). This species is only described and figured from a model, made in porcolain-clay by a Japanese, under tlie inspection of a Japanese whaler and M. Siobold ; but no remains of the animal were brought to Europe ; so that we do not know whether it is a Euhahena or a Hunterius, or if it may not be an entirely new form. B. Japonica and B. humJata, Lacep., are from Chinese drawin"-s They differ in colour from Temminck's figure. " Var. ? 1. North-west ^Y]lnle, Bulcena Japonka ?, Gray, Zool S'''i''^?-n*'V^'' ^^- *• ^*- ^- - C^^il^en). Yar. 1. Gray, Cat. Cetac! B. M. looO, 1 1 . a, h. Two plates of " North-west Coast Whalebone." North-west coast of America. Pre^sented by Messrs. Smith and Simmonds.— The specimens figured in the 'Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' p. 47. tab. 1. fig. 2. j^tf-t^u-t^x^ /:dtJi~^nLAJt^&.^fKJt-t^ /^ c, rocesses very wide, occupying nearly the whole side-edge of the body of the vertebra. Catodoutidae. Catodon. The form of the atlas at once distinguishes this genus from Cato- don, or the Sperm Whale. In that genus the atlas is oblong, trans- verse ; the lateral processes occupy the entire side of the body of the bone, and are truncated at the end ; the lower edge is gradually curved from the centre to the end of the lateral processes ; the upper edge is rather shorter, the middle part over the neural arch being only slightly raised and keeled, and scarcely higher than the upper outer edge of the lateral processes. I have named this genus after Mr. MacLeay, the former Secretary of the Linnean Society, and his son Williain Sharp MacLeaj', two naturahsts who have done so much for science ; and to the latter 5. MACLEAYIUS. 105 evci^- student of Whales iimst be indebted for his work ou the South - Soa Speriu Whale and the very extraordinury Euiihijsctcs Grcujii. Yi'x. 10. Macleayias AmtruUeusis. Front view of atlas and cervical vertebrae. Fio-. 11. Mmlvaiiim Aintt'ralwiisis. Oblique view of the second to the seventh cervical vertebrte. ion BALiENOrXERID^. I have ventured to make these fragments of an animal (as they may be called) into a genus ; for I think we can only study the gigantic whales as we study fossils, from the parts which are pre- served to us. It is to be hoped that at some future time more perfect skeletons will be collected and preserved, and then the description of the genus will be filled up. 6. PAL.ffiOCETUS. Atlas free. The second cervical vertebra with a prominent rounded lateral process with a small basal perforation. The third to fifth cervical with . Piileocetus, Seelcy, Geol. Journ. I860. This genus, in the form of the lateral process of the atlas or second cervical vertebra, has some resemblance to the Finner Whales {Ba- Imnopteridai). It is probable that when it is better known it will form a family (Fcdceocefidce), to be placed between Bcdcenklte and Balcenopteridce. — See also Professor Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. pp. xv ife 520 ; Pcdmntology, p. 355. 1. Palseocetus Sedgwickii. Paleocetus Sedgwackii, Seelei/, Geol. Journ. 1865, tab. f. 1, 2. Fossil in the Crag. The cervical vertebra, Woodward tan Museimi, Camhridge. Family 2. BAL^NOPTERID^. Dorsal fin distinct. Belly longitudinally plaited. Baleen short and broad, triangular, twisted. MaxUlary bones broad, expanded, sharp-edged. Tympanic bone oblong or ovate. Frontal bone flat, expanded, broad over the orbit ; orbit large. Pectoral fin lanceolate ; fingers 4. Vertebrae of neck free, or some rarely arichylosed. Sca- pula broader than high, with or without a coracoid. The lateral process of the axis or second cervical vertebra produced, ring-like, with a basal perforation. The ring is not completely ossified until adult age, so that the skeleton sometimes presents two short pro- cesses more or less encircling a basal aperture. Balfenoptera, Lacep. Cetac. Mysticetus, Wagler, Syst. Amph. Rorqualus, F. Cuvier, Cetac. BalffinidiB (b.). Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. P^inne-fiscli, Balrenoptera, Schler/cl, AbJiandl. 1841, .38. Balffinopteridaj, Gray, P. Z. S. 18(!4 ; Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. 18G4, xiv. " The head less than one-fourth of the total length of the body. A dorsal fin. Skin of the under surface of the throat and chest pro- vided with numerous parallel longitudinal furrows. The bones of the cranium very slightly arched. The rostrum broad at the base, gradually tapering, depressed. The orbital processes of the frontal moderately prolonged, broad, and flat on the upper surface. Tym- panic bones elongated, ovoid. The coronoid process of the lower jaw liAL^NOPTERID.i:. 107 more or less developed. Baleen-plates short. Cervical vertebra; usually all free. Hand narrow and tetradactylous." — Floiver, P.Z. >S. l.S(i4, ;3iJl. The anatomy of these animals, and especially a description of their bones, has been given bj' Albers, Anat. Comp. 1. 1 ; Camper, Cetaces, t. 11 & 12; lludolphi, licrl. Abhandl. LS20, t. 1-4; Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 504. t. 2(3. f. 5; llaviu, Ann. Sei. Nat. 1841, 337; and by Yan Breda, Van der Linden, and J. Dubar, in separate pamphlets on the specimen cast ashore at Ostend, which was exhibited in London some years ago ; and the anatomy of Megcqjtera and Bakenoptera has been given in detail by Eschricht, who has carefully examined fu3tal specimens of these whales. Cu\'ier (Oss. Foss. v. 2G4) figures the skull of a specimen described by Laccpede, from the Mediterranean, under the name of Rorqual cle la Mediferranee (t. 20. f. 5), and he gives a copy of the head of the skeleton of Balcena rostrata of Rudolphi (Berlin. Abhandl. 1820, t. 1, 2, 3, 4), Tinder the name of liorqual (hi Nord (Oss. Foss. v. t. 26. f. 6). Polach (New Zealand, ii. 407) describes these whales as ha\dng three fins on the back ; this is probably only a false translation of Kay's B. tripennis, referring to its having a dorsal as well as two pectoral fins. 0. Fabricius (Fauna Grccnlandica, 30) describes B. Boops with the blower on a common tubercle, and covered by a common valve ! From the study of Professor Eschricht's paper, and from personal communication with him, and from the examination of the several skeletons of this genus, in difterent collections, I am satisfied that there are several distinct species. The proportions given by the tables quoted in the previous edition of this Catalogue, and the measurement of other specimens (all of which I drew from scale on paper), have shown that they were permanent, and to be considered as specific or generic distinctions rather than variations in the growth of the same species. These dis- tinctions were further confirmed by the examination of the skeletons ; for it was found that the bones of the neck of the small species (which had been considered to be the young of the larger ones) were anchylosed together, while those of the larger ones were free ; and it also showed that the form of the lateral process of the nuchal vertebra was the stime in specimens of different sizes from the same locality, proving that the stracture of these bones depended on the mobility of the neck of the difterent species, fitting it for their ditferent habit and manner of life, indicated by the size of the fins and other external characters. It is only necessary to refer to Dr. Jacob's very interesting paper in the * Dublin Journal of Science' for 1825, p. 332, where he at- tempts to prove that all the Finner Whales found in the North Sea are of one species. To show how dangerous it is to reason on such subjects, his arguments arc scattered to the wind directly a reference and comparison is made to specimens. The examination and comparison of the skeleton, after making every allowance for 108 BAL^NOl'TERID.!!:. changes which may take place in the development of the bones during growth and the variations that may occur in individuals of the same species, show that the species of Finner Whales which inhabit the northern hemisphere are niiich more numerous than was formerly suspected ; and it is probably the same with those that inhabit the southern half of the globe. Professor Eschricht, in 1846, had so little confidence in the number of species of Whales inhabiting the North Sea, that he considered that he had made an advance when he thought it was proved that there were at least three different species having their abode in the North Sea (4th Mem. p. 157). Cuvier, in his essay in the ' Ossemens Fossiles,' admits three kinds of Finner ; each of them now forms the type of a genus : llorqual du Cdi'^=^Megaptera ; Eorqual de la Meditcrranee = P%AYf?«s; Eorqual du 'NoTd=SibhaIdius and Balcenoptera. Van Beneden, in 1861, progresses one step fiu'ther ; he admits four — that is, separates the Rorqual du Nord into two species : thus, — 1. Pterobahena minor= Balcenoptera ; 2. Pterohalcena commimis^^Plujsalus (and perhaps Benedenia); 3. P. c/igas=Slbbal(Uus; 4. Kypliobcdcma longhnana = Megaptera. (See Nouv. Mem. Acad. Hoy. Brus. 1861, xxxii. 38.) The whalers recognize three kinds: — 1. The Humpback {Mega- pterina) ; 2. The Finner (Phi/salina) ; 3. The Beaked Whales (Bidcenopterina), considered in this Catalogue as tribes. " Sometimes chase is given to the Finback and the Humpback Whales, but these are seldom caught, not only on account of their superior cunning, greater wildness and celerity — by means of which they are enabled to run out the longest line- — -but also because giving less oil than the Black "WTiales they are not so frequently pursued." — Dieffenbacli, Neiu Zealand, i. 42. It is possible, indeed not improbable, that the lateral processes of the cervical vertebrje of all the Finner Whales are more or less ring- like in the cartilaginous state, and that the different form of the processes seen in the prepared skeletons may depend on the extent to which the cartilage becomes ossified. If this is the case, the ex- tent to which the cartilage does become ossified seems to be different in the various species, and therefore offers a good character by which to determine them. In some species the ring is entirely ossified, while in others a large, and in others, again, only a small part of the base of the lateral processes becomes bony. In species which have a great part of the processes ossified, sometimes the two processes unite into a ring on one side of the vertebra, and the processes keep separate on the other. Yet, as far as I have been able to examine the subject, the extent to which the processes become ossified seems to be a good character of the species — of course liable to a certain extent of variation, as all characters are. Some authors even seem to believe that the lateral processes of the cei-vical vertebras are liable to great variation in this respect during the age and decadence of the animal. Yet the special form of the lateral bones which form the more or less perfect rings, the comparative thickness of the upper and lower processes with respect to each other, and their thickness DAL.TCXOl'TERTD.E. 109 as compared with that of the processes of the same vertebrae in other .species, seem to afford most excellent specific characters, and such as do not appear to vary, so far as I have as yet examined them, in the different ages of tlie same kind of Whale. These characters have shown that we have several kinds of Finner \'\Tiales inhabiting our shores ; and I have little doubt that when the skeletons of the whales that inhabit other seas have been similarly examined and compared, there will be foiind to be many more species of these animals than has hitherto been supposed. Indeed this is proved to be the case when we examine and compare the baleen, the car- bones, and other remains brought from different localities. " It will help much in determining specific identity of new or little- known species, if we can show, among those that are well known, what is the usual amount, and what the limit, of variation in size ; for we may assume that it is at least probable that the same laws govern the different members of a group so well defined as the Wliales. No species of Baltenoid Cetacean is so well determined as the Northern Right Whale (BaJcena Mi/.sticetirs), and of none are we able to adduce any approach to the number of instances of the size that various individuals of the species have attained. A slceleton in a late stage of the adolescent period in the Museum at Brussels measures a Httle over 50' in length ; and Scoresby, as is well known, states that out of 322 examples examined by him, not one exceeded (50' in length ; indeed the largest measured was 5S', being one of the longest, to appearance, that he ever saw. The adult animals must then have a tolerably limited range of variation, within a few feet of either side of 55'. Again, the common and well-marked species Balcemj^tera rosti-ata, the dwarf of the family, is still in the adolescent stage at 25' long, and there is no instance recorded in which it exceeded 31'. The adult Humpbacked Whale {Megciptera Jongimana) appears to range within 45' and 50' in length. In the common Fin-Wliale {PJn/saJus antiquorum) we have evidence of variation at an adult age, and in the same (male) sex, of from GO' (Ilosherville Gardens) to nearly 70' (Alexandi-a Park and Antwerp Zoological Gardens). It is possible that this species may sometimes attain a few feet longer, but all the cases in which this is stated re- quire fresh investigation. The alleged length of a whale in the flesh is rarely to be depended on, and even the given measurements of skeletons arc often inaccurate, as much depends upon the method of articulation. Size being in the popular mind a point of ^-ital import- ance in a whale, the tendency to exaggerate this quality is a con- stant obstacle to exact investigation. We may conclude, then, that all the evidence at present available tends to prove that the idea which some naturalists entertain, that whales have no definite limit to their growth, is incorrect, and that, as in other mammals, there is an average size to which each species attains, subject to individual differences within a moderate range." — Flower, P. Z.S. 1864, 387. " The num])er of vertebrae and number of ribs have been supposed to be subject to considerable individual variation, partly in conse- quence of several distinct species having been confounded^ and partly 110 BAL^NOPTERID.E. from the loose way in which these bones have been counted from defective or badly articulated skeletons ; but, in fact, subject to the exceptional circumstances about to be mentioned, they are quite as constant among the Cetacea as among other Mammalia, and are therefore characters of the highest importance in determining species. Every example of Bahenoptcra rosfmta that I have examined in museujns, or found recorded, has eleven pairs of ribs, and a total number of vertebrae amounting to 48 or 50. In like manner skele- tons of Phi/salus antiquorum, when complete, appear always to have 15 pairs of ribs and 61 or 62 vertebrse ; Megaptera longimana has 14 paii's of ribs and 53 vertebrae ; Balcena Mysticetus 12-13 pairs of ribs and 54 vertebrae. It frequently happens that the last pair of ribs only attain a rudimentary condition, and, their heads not arti- culating with the vertebrse, they are lost in preparing the skeleton. This condition of the last (15th) pair of ribs is weU seen in the ske- leton of Physalus antiquorum in the Alexandra Park, prepared by Mr. Gerrard, jim. ; they measure, the one 19|" in length, the other 27", and taper to a point at their upper extremity, being suspended in the position they originally occupied, far removed from the ver- tebral column. A smaU rudimentary additional rib, or pair of ribs, attached to the first lumbar vertebra, is sometimes developed ; but a fully formed pair of ribs above the normal number is, I believe, never met with. Fiu. 12. Sternal bones of Fin- Whales of different genera, Jjfth nat. size. a. Physalus antiquorum. Alexandra Park. b. SibbuliUus Schlegelii. Mus. Leyden. c. Baleenoptera rostraia. Mus. Roy. Coll. Surg. Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 393. BAL.ENOPTERID.?!. Ill " As to the number of vertebra?, a small amount of latitude may usually be allowed on account of the diiRculties connected with the terminal bones of the tail. Very often in specimens in museums several of these are wanting, owing to carelessness in preparing the skeleton ; and, by a less excusable carelessness, the circumstance may not be noted in published accounts of the number of vertebra pos- sessed by the specimen. But even if all are present, slight discre- pancies in enumeration readily occur. In early periods of life, the last vertebra, although certainly formed in cartilage, is not ossified, and the penultimate has so much the appearance afterwards assumed by the last, as frequently to be taken for it ; or, again, later in Ufe two or even three of the terminal vertebral elements grow together so as to form a single osseous mass, which is counted as one or several bones according to the discretion of the observer. Therefore, even in well-described skeletons, a discrepancy of one or two in the given number of caudal vertebrae is of no great consequence ; but there is no evidence to prove the occurrence of any greater variation in any given species,"— i^/ower, P. Z. S. 18G4, 388. I Upper surface of nasal bones of ^^^lales of different genera, ^^i\\ nat. size. a. Balmia 3Iysticetm. Mus. Roy. Coll. Surg. h. Huntirim. Mus. Leyden. c. Alet/fiptera loiit/imciiia. Mus. Brussels. (I. Fhj/sdiiis antiqiiontm. Mus. Roy. Coll. Surg. e. SibbukUiis SchlvyeUi. Mus. Leyden. /. BaUenoptera rostrata. Mus. Roy. CoU. Surg. Flower, P. Z. S. 18G4, 390. 112 BAL.T!NOrTERTI)J<',. Ciiviei' (Oss. Fos. v.) determined by the form of the head three lands of Finncr Whale, but he was doubtful if they might not be varieties of age of the same species. These kinds are the types of three genera : viz. Rorqual du Cap = Megaptera, E-orqual de la Mediterranee = Phi/solus, Rorqual du Nord = Sihbaldius. " In the fii'st three columns of the fallowing Table are given the actual length of the cranium, greatest breadth (at the squamosals behind the orbit), and breadth across the middle of the beak, in inches ; and in the last two, the proportionate breadth of the skull and beak to the total length, the latter being reckoned at 100. Length ot cranium. Breadth of cranium. Breadth of beak. Proportion to length. Breadth of skull. Breadth of beak. Ph/snlus an Hqiwrum. 184 179 1S6 168 126 111 118 256 116 79 80 78 63 65 48 96 78 86 75 60 56 60 118 57 40 38 30 34 35 24 33 32 36 34i 26 '>2r' 32 22 16 15 18 13 15 52 44 46 45 48 50 51 46 49 51 48 46 54 54 50 18 18 19 20 21 20 27 19 20 19 22 21 23 20 Adult. Rosherville Gardens Young. Mus. R. Coll. Surg Cuvierma lafirostrh. Utrecht (Mus. Lidth de Jeude) . . . SihhuMlus horcalis. Adult. Ostend. (Approximation | from Dubar's measurements.). . J S/Ma/dius laticeps. Adolescent. From Java, in Ley- "1 den Mus J Sihhaldiiis SMcgdii. Yoimg. Berlin. (Approximation | from Eudolplii's figure.) J Bala-no-ptera rostrcvta. Adolescent. Mus. R. Co'l. Surg.... Young. Mus. R. Coll. Surg " It is seen by this that the individual differences among specimens oiPhysalus and Sihbaldius are considerable, the proportionate breadth of skull ranging in the first case between 44 and 52, and of the beak between 18 and 21, and in the second genus between 4G and 51, and 19 and 22 ; and these differences do not seem at all to be regu- lated by age. A slight allowance must certainly be made for errors arising from the difficulty of measuring straight lines with exactness, especially single-handed, upon these large irregular objects. On the whole, however, the specimens of Sibhaldius have no advantage on the score of breadth. The examples of Balcvnoptera ro.'^frafa are slightly bi-oader than the others in proportion to their length. " Van Bcneden is of opinion that this specimen, as well as that at Berlin, is referable to the same species as the very large female Whale taken near Ostend in 1827, the skeleton of which was exhi- BALJiNOPTERIDiE. 113 bitod some years ago at Charing Cross ; and as this animal was 87 feet in length (larger than the ordinary size attained by the common Fin-Whale), he has given it the specific name oi :NOrTEKID.K. J ^ rj genus or species any bone that might be shown to him belongs, even It It were only a phalange or a rib. The ear-bones of each genus, as fur as I have been able to examine, seem to aftord very good characters ; but, unfortunately, they are otten sent to the Museum separate from the skull and other bones of the animal to which they belong. Skeletons of whales are sliown hi museums and gardens, without any large and expensive building; indeed sHght special buildings are best permitting more ventilation. In Paris, the whale's skeleton IS exliibited under a glass roof in the quadrangle of the Museum ; at Antwerp it is shown m a buikUng formed of galvanized iron • and tney are shown in a similar manner at Edinburgh, the Isle of Wight and other locahties. "^fe^^w I. Dorsal Jin low broad. Tectoraljin very lorn,, tcith 4 very long fingers tuZ'V fT"; ^^'■''^'■ff^ ^'-eO. Cervical vertebrc/ofteu an. lteron Boops, llschricht. 120 BALJiN.OPTERID.'E. ^^' b. Skull of tidult. Greenland. Professor Eschriclit's Collection. c. Baleen of skull 6. Greenland. Professor Esehricht's Collection. X Skeleton. Greenland. Professor Eschricht's Collection, The cervical vertebrae are all free. The second cervical vertebra has two very large, thick, converging lateral processes, as long as half the diameter of the body of the vertebra ; the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh have elongated slender superior lateral pro- cesses which bend rather downwards, and the sixth and seventh rather forwards ; the fourth and fifth have a very short rudimentary inferior lateral process, which is smaller on the left side ; the other vertebrae are without any. The upper part or the spinous process of the second vertebra is very large and convex, covering this part of the next vertebra. — Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, 92. Fio-. 15. Atlas vertebra of Megaptera hnf/imana. Extreme width 20 inches ; height 13 inches. Var. 1. The cervical vertebrae are aU free. The second cei-vical is very thick ; the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh are thicker and of nearly equal thickness, the seventh being rather the thickest. The upper lateral processes are developed and nearly equal in all of them, those of the third and fourth being directed backwards, the fifth straight out, and those of the sixth and seventh directed backwards at the end. The lower lateral processes are generally wanting ; the fourth and fifth vertebrae have a rudimentary process on each side ; the processes are of very unequal length on the two sides of the same vertebra, the largest being not more than an inch and a half long, and the rest mere roitnded tubercles. The breast- bone is iiTCgular subrhombic, with a large central perforation. 1. MEGArTEIU. 1:^1 In a second imperfect skeleton in the British Museum, which had been mounted, the cervicals are all free. Fourth cervical like that in the Greenland specimen ; but it has elongated, simple, straight lower lateral processes on each side. Seventh like that bone in the Greenland siieeimen, without any lower lateral process. Fio-. 10. oh^'li.W'i 'C Second cer\'ical vertebra of Megaptcra lom/iiiKUKt. Fis:. 17. I Fifth cervical vertebra of Mcc/dptcva hnigimaiKi. 122 BALiENOPTERIDJE. Sternum rhombic, without any central perforation. The tympanic bone is oblong, ventricose, smooth, very solid, with a rough depres- sion on the convex outer side. It is very like that of the genus Physalus, but shorter, more ventricose, and more solid. Flo-. 18. Top of the first and second ribs of Mecjuptera Imxjimana. Var. 2. MooREi. The second and third cervical vertebra; very thin, anchylosed together by the body and neural arch. The body of the cervical vertebrse oblong, transverse, much wider than high. The neural {irch rather slender, with a subcircular oblong cavity, which is fully two-thirds as high as wide. Inhab. Estuarj- of the Dee (1863, TJws. Moore). Skeleton in the Free Museum, Liverpool ; a young female 31 feet long. The atlas is very thick ; the second cervical nearly as thick as the atlas, with the upper and lower lateral pi'ocesses separate, short ; the fifth, sixth, and seventh eei-vicals all similar to the third and fourth ; the fifth thin, and the seventh the thickest. The second cervical vertebra has two short broad thick processes, with a rounded interrupted perforation between them ; the third and fourth have a thin long shelving-down upper, and a short straight lower process ; the fifth, sixth, and seventh are similar, but have only an upper lateral process ; the fifth is the thinnest, and the seventh the thickest. The arms were 10 feet long ; the cartUage between the bones of the arms and the fingers is nearly half as long as the arm-bones ; there are four bones immersed in it, small, variously shaped and sized ; the cartilage between the elongated finger-bones is nearly half as long as the phalanges ; the phalanges nearly all of the same oblong shape, and subsymmetrical in form. The bones of the skull are so fragile as scarcely to bear their ovra weight. Moore, in the lithographic ' Naturalist's Scrap-Book ' (printed in Liverpool) for July 17, 1863, observes, " It yielded no oQ ; the blub- ber was like a cow's udder, as exposed in the market for sale in Liverpool. Length 31 feet 4 inches. Bought by a manufacturer of oil and grease, who made nothing of it." " All black ; beUy mot- tled and streaked with white ; pectoral fins milk-white, with a black 1. MEGAPTERA. 123 blotch here and there. Baleen very closely packed together, thirty- eight blades in a foot ; the largest blade was nearly 2 feet long." " Female : length 31 feet 4 inches, of gape 8 feet, from snout to eye S feet, of eye 15 inches, from snout to base of ijcetoral 11 feet, of pec- toral lU feet ; extreme width of tail 11 feet, from snout to beginning of hump 18 feet, of hump 3 feet 3 inches, from snout to cloaca 21 feet.'' " Stomach contained shrimps." Eschricht figures a new-born specimen of this species, from Green- land, which was 35 inches long ; it has several seiies of bristles on the lips, parallel with the gape (see K. Dansk. Yid. Selsk. xi. t. 3. f. 1, and the teeth as seen in the jaws, t. 4). " There is a nearly complete skeleton of a young animal, obtained from Greenland through Eschricht, in the Leydeu Museum. It is 28' 7" long, of which the skuU is 7' 7". There are but thirteen ribs present." — Flower, P. Z. IS. 1864, 397. In the Museum at Louvaine is a " complete skeleton of young, 32' 2' long, of which the head is 8' 6". Vertebra) : C. 7, D. 14, L. and C. 31 = 52. Ribs 14 pairs. Sternum with a very deep notch in the middle of the upper border. Upper and lower transverse pro- cesses of the axis more open at the ends than in the Brussels speci- men. Upper processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth slender, almost straight, and of nearly equal length ; lower processes much shorter, and gradually diminishing from the third to the sixth ; absent in the seventh."— i^/o »•(';-, P.Z.S. 18(i4, 418. There is " a very fine and complete skeleton, 46' long, of a nearly adult individual in the Brussels Museum. The vertebral formula is C 7, U. 14, L. 11, C. 21=53. llibs 14 pairs. The enormous size of the fins is grandly displayed in this specimen ; they measure 12' from the head of the humerus to the tip of the phalanges. The cervical vertebra) are all free ; the second to the fifth have the upper and lower transverse processes separate in all, but not complete at the ends. Those of the second are short, thick, and convergent, but stUl with a wide interval between their ends ; this, according to Eschricht, is completed in the living animal by cartilage, which may in old age become ossified ; but the tendency to it is certainly less than in the BaJivnopterldce. According to the same excellent authority, the pro- cesses of the succeeding vertebra) are not continued in cartilage so far as to meet ; so that we could never expect to find osseous rings on them. In the Brussels specimen the upper processes increase, and the lower ones decrease in length, from the third to the fifth. There is no inferior process on the sixth or seventh." — Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 416. Dr. Johnston's description chiefly differs from Rudolphi's in both lips having a row of tubercles, and in the dorsal lieing said to be a small obscure protuberance ; but the animal was lying on its back, sunk in the sand. Rudolphi (Berl. Abhandl. 1829, t. 1, 4) figures the bones of this species, with enlarged details of the skull. Thej' nearly resemble the skull of the Caj)e Eor(|ual of Cuvier in fonu, but the nasal boiu^s are broad, and nearly of the same width from the front of the blow- 124 BAL.ENOPTEEID^. holes to near the tip, where they gradually taper ; the temporal bones appear more quaclrangnlar. The skeleton is iu the Berhu Museum. It was taken in the Elbe, 1822. According to Professor Eschricht, this is the most common whale iu the Greenland seas. In the ' Danish Transactions ' he has given a figure of this species, and a very detailed account of its anatomy and develoj^ment, chiefly founded on the examination of the fcetus. He observes, " This animal is always infested with Biadona Bahe- nanmt, and with a species of Of ion, which he regards as new, while the Cirripedes are never found on any species of Balcenoptera. On the other hand, the Tuhlcinella, Coronida Balcvnaris, and Otions are often found on the Balcvna Mijsticetus or Right Whale of the Southern Seas " (see Eschricht, 144). The following descriptions must be referred to this species with doubt, as both agree with true Bcdcenopterce in the position of the genital organs and vent compared with the dorsal fin, and Eabricius especially says the pectoral fin is composed of five fingers. Ascanius (Icon. Rer. Nat. iii. t. 26) gives a figure of a female Eorqual with a plaited belly, 66 feet long, from the North Sea, which he thought might be B. musculus of Linnaeus (it is not well copied by Bonnaterre, E. M. t. 3. f. 1, and Schreber, t. 335) ; it has a large pectoral fin, about two-ninths the length of the body ; but the di'awing is not so good as the others in the work, and the fin is so awkwardly applied to the body, that perhaps its size may depend on the incompetence of the artist. The dorsal fin, which is only indicated as if doubtfid in the original figure, is continued to the tail, but in Bonnaterre's copy it is represented as of equal authority with the other part. 0. Eabricius (Faun. Groenl. 37), five years after, described a Balcenoptera under the name of B. Boops, Linn., which appears to differ from B. Phi/snhis, for he says — " Pinna} pcctorales magnae, obovato-oblongae, margine postica Integra, regione cubiti parum fractse, antica autem rotundato-crenatae." And, he continues, "Ante nares in vertice capitis tres ordines convexitatum circularium, huic forsitan peculiare quid,'' — " Pinna dorsalis compressa, basi latior, apice acutiuscula, antice sursiim repanda, posticc fere perpendicu- laris," and " Corpus pone pinnam dorsalem incipit carina acuta in pinnam caudalem usque pergcns." Rudolphi, and after him Schlegel, refer B. Boops, 0. Eabricius, to this species ; and Professor Eschricht has no doubt that BaLvna Boops of 0. Eabricius is intended for this species, as it is called Keporl-al- by the Greenlanders. If this be the case-, Fabricius's de- scription of the form and position of the dorsal tui and the position of the sexual organs is not correct. Brandt, in the list of Altaian animals (Voy. Alt. Orient. 1845, 4to), has adopted this opinion, and formed a section for Balcfnoptera longimana, which he calls Boops, merely characterized as " Pectoral elongate." Schlegel refers the Rorqiialus 7ninor of Knox to this species, pro- bably misled by the inaccurate figures of this species in Jardine's 2. POEScoriA. 125 Nat. Lib. vi. t. 6. He points out that lludolphi and M. ¥. Cuvicr, in their description of B. lonf/lmnna, have confounded the figure of Baleine du Cap an(\. liorqual du Cap, of Cuvier's ' Ossemens Fossiles,' together. — Faun. Japon. 21, note. Gervais (Zool. et Paleont. Franc;, t. 38. f. 7) figures some tympanic bones under the name of liorqiudus de Bayonne. They are verj' like those of Meijaptera longimana, and are larger than those of Balcv- noptera rostrata. 2. POESCOPIA. Blade-bone with a small coracoid process. Body of the cervical vertebraj nearly square, with the angles rounded. Inhab. South Sea. Megaptera, § Poescopia, Grai/,Proc. Zool. Sac. 18(i4, 207 ; An». ^- Ma//. N. H. 1864, xiv. 350. Fisr. 10. The fifth cer\'ical vertebra of Megaptera Lalaiiclii. Ribs 14 ; the second, third, and fourth attached to the vertebra;, the rest to the processes. Vertebrae 52. — Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 382. The humerus very short ; forearm-bones nearly twice as long as the humerus ; fingers 4, very long, the second longest, twice as long as the lower arm -bone. Phalanges 3.8.8.4, the third finger nearly as long as the second, the first and fourth much shorter, not half as long a-s the first, thicker.— C'»v. Oss. Foss. vi. t. 26. f. 22. According to Cuvier, it differs from the (ireenland Megaptera in the following particulars : — 126 BAL.ENOPTEUrD^. Axis vertebra distinct (Cuv. t. 2G. f. 19) ; second and tliu-d cer- vicals united by spinous apophyses (t. 2G. f. 20) ; the fourth (t. 26. f. 21 ), hfth, sixth, and seventh free. Blade-bone short, much broader than high, with a small acromion (Cuv. t. 26. f. 9). Humerus short, thick ; the forearm-bones elongated ; hand very long ; fingers four, very long, the two middle much the longest (Cuv. t. 26. f. 22). Pelvis crescent-shaped (Cuv. t. 2(;. f. 24). The cervical vertebraB which are in the British Museum (see fig. 19), received dii'ect from the Cape, present several very important charac- ters, especially the square foi-m of the bodies of the vertebrae, which afford most striking specific distinctions ; but perhaps Professor Eschricht may not have been able to examine the form of this part, as the skeleton in the Paris Museum is articulated, and the articular surfaces of the cervical vertebrae are not shown. Professor Eschricht, who seems to have formed a theory that the number of species of Whales was very limited, states that he could not find any distinction in the skeleton of the Cape specimen in the Paris Museum to separate it as a species from the Greenland ex- amples. I cannot make any observation as regards the Paris ske- leton ; but it is said to have been brought by Delalande from the Cape, and is probably from those seas. M. Van Benedcn, in his " lieseurches on the Cetacea of Belgium," also regards the Cape species as the same as the Greenland one (see Nouv. Mem. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, xxxii. 38, 1861). He now con- siders them as distinct, and is about to publish a description of the Paris skeleton. 1. Poescopia Lalandii. The Cape Hmnphach. Blade-bone with a very small coracoid process (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 29. f. 9). Dorsal nearly over the end of the pectoral. Inter- maxillary narrowed and contracted in front. Temporal bone broad, triangular. " Second and third cervical vertebra; united by the upper part of their bod)-." — Cuvier. Rorqual du Cap, Cm: Oss. Foss. v. 370. t. 26. f. 1-4 (skull), t. 26. f.l9- 21 (verteb.), f. 9 (blade-bone), f. 22 (fins), f. 24 ( pelvis ),t. 2-5. f. 1-5 (tongue-bone) : all from Delalande' s specimen. Bahena Poeskop, Desmoitli'ns. Baljena Bala3uoptera Poeskop, Desmoulins, Diet. Class. It. N. ii. Itil, from Delalande s MSS. Balaiua Lalandii, Fischer, Syn. 525, from Cuvier. Balffiuoptera Capensis, Smith, S. African Quart. Joiirn. 1.30. Megaptera Poeskop, Gray, Zool. E. 'S^ T. 17 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 29. Rorqual noueux, Voy. Pole Sud, t. 24 (fem. not described). Balajnoptera leucopteron, Lesson, N. Tab. Hey. Anim. 202. Humpbacked Whales, Hoss, Antarctic Voy. i! 161, 191(?); Mitchell, Trav. Amtr. ii. 241 (?) ; JBeale, H. Sperm W. 12, 30 (?). Megaptera Poescopia Lalandii, Gray, Froc. ^ool. Soc. 1804, 207; Ann. i^ May. N. H. 1864, xiv. 350. Inhab. Cape of Good Hope {Delalande) ; called Poeslcop. Skeleton, Mus. Paris. 1 ^ V « ^^ — - [ii^^ .. a - 2. PoEscopiA. 127 «. Cervical vertebrae. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased. The two are united on one side and free on the other. Anterior with short lower lateral process, sixth and seventh withoiit any lower lateral process. " Head depressed, slightly convex above, with a small projection on each side of spiracle ; the apex of the upper jaw acutely rounded ; lower jaw much longer and broader than the upper jaw, and with three or four subglobular elevations on each side near tip. Back slightly arched, with a carinated and slightly elevated hunch towards the tail, highest about its middle, whence it slants off to each extremity ; hinder part of the body carinated above and below. Throat and breast strongly marked with elevated longitudinal rugaa, with deep corresponding furrows between them. Eyes a little above the angle of the mouth ; the opening of the spiracles rather in front of them. LaminiE of whalebone 300 on each side, of a bluish colour, and margined on the inner side with stiff horny bristles. " Back and sides black ; beUy dull white, with some irregular black spots. Pectoral fin narrow, both its anterior and posterior edges irregularly notched ; upper surface black, under surface pure white. Hinder edge of tail fin nearly square, with a slight notch at its middle, opposite the back-bone, on each side of which it is slightly convex, towards points a little concave. " Length from tip of lower jaw to hinder margin of tail fin 34| feet, from tip of lower jaw to angle of mouth 7-i feet, from tip of upper jaw to angle of mouth 6 feet, from angle of mouth to base of pectoral fin y feet ; -width of pectoral at base 2 feet, near point 1 foot ; width of tail from tip to tip 9 feet. Length of whalebone near angle of mouth 1 foot. " Inhab. the seas about the Cape of Good Hojie. The IlianphacJc of the whalefishers. " The only specimen of the species which I have had an oppor- tunity of examining had lost the skin of the hinder portion of the back before I saw it, so that I am unable to describe the hunch from my own observation. Those who have been in the habit of seeing and killing this species all agree as to the character of the hunch, and from what I have myself observed at a distance through a tele- scope, I sliould feel inclined to regard their description as correct. They unite in asserting that there is nothing of the appearance of a regular fin ; and all that I could distinguish, from watching the animal when in motion, and partly above the surface of the water, was a sort of semilunar elevation towards the tail and somewhat above the line of the back." — A. >SniiiJi, African Quart. Journ. p. 131. Delalande's account was published by Desnioidins, who merely gives the following particulars, except -SN'hat appears to be common to the genus. He says, " it has a boss on the occiput, and its dorsal is nearly over the pectoral;" in the Em-opean and Bermudean figures it is over the end of these fins. Cuvier's figures of the adult skuU differ from Eudolphi's figure of M. hncjimana in the intermaxillaries being narrower and contracted in front of the blowers, and then rather widened again aiul linear, 128 BAL-liNOrTEEID-E. and the temporal bono is broader and more triangular — -which made me believe it to be a distinct species before I obtained the cervical vertebrte. M. Desmoidins, in describing this species, pointed out the most important character of the genus, viz. the length of the pectoral. The following species are j^robably Megapterhup, but they are too imperfectly known to determine to what genus they belong. 1. Megaptera Novae-Zelandise. The tympanic bones very like those of M. longimana, but shorter and more swollen, and the pcriotic bone broad and expanded ; the rest of the skeleton, unfortunately, is miknown. Megaptera Nova?-Zelandia^, Grai/, Proc. ZooJ. Sue. 1864, 2s repre- ^* * '**■*" sented as lower, and the tail wider. This is doubtless the whale -J ^^-^ described in I'hil. Trans, i. 11 and 132, where an account is given of ^3^ i^ lats- the method of taking it. It is described thus : — " Length of adult -\, ' 88 feet ; the pectoral 26 feet (rather less than one-third of the entire ^''"' ^ ^-^^ length), and the tail 23 feet broad. There are great bends (plaits) dt^m^^fuT' undeineath from nose to the navel ; a fin on the back, paved ■with - >— fat like the caul of a hog ; sharp, like the ridge of a house, behind ; ^^'-''^ ^" ' ^ head pretty blutf, full of bumps on both sides; back black, belly Iv'^ouy]- white, and dorsal fin ])ehind." /■_ ^ j 2 U.- '• Upon their fins and tail they have a store of clams or barnacles, ^7 . , upon Avhich he said rock- weeds and sea-tangle did grow a hand long. VC{.n/-t-Cr^t 130 BALJiNoPrEIUDJi. " They fod much upon grass (Zostera) growing at the bottom of the sea : in their great bag of maw he found two or three hogsheads of a greenish grassy matter." — Phil. Trans, i. 13. Baleen from Bermuda, called Bennuda finner, is extensively im- ported ; it is similar to the baleen of the Grey Finner. 4. Megaptera Kuzira. The Kuzira. Dorsal small, and behind the middle of the back ; the pectoral fin rather short, and less than one-fourth the entire length of the body ; the nose and side of the throat have round warts ; belly plaited. Balffina antarctica, Tentm. Faun. Jajion. 27. Bala3noptera antarctica, 'Temm. Faun. Japan, t. 30 (not t. 23). Megaptera antarctica, Gray, Zool. Freb. if Terror, 17 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 30. ? Balfenoptera lougimana, Schrenck, Amur-Lunde, 192. Inhab. Japan. ? Amur-Land. Skull in Mus. Leyden, Jide Van Beneden. The figure in the ' Fauna Japonica ' is from a drawing brought home by M. Siebold, not accompanied by remains. M. Siebold ob- serves that the Japanese distinguish three varieties : — 1. Sato Kuzira. Black; nose more elongate and rounded, and the pectoral long ; the belly and lower face of the pectoral are grey, with ■white rays. 2. Nagusu Kuzira. Paler ; nose more pointed ; the bellj'' has ten plaits. In both, the lower jaw is larger than the upper. 3. Noso Kuzira. Distinguished from the first because the back and fins are white -spotted. — Faun. Jap. 24. Chamisso figures a species of this genus from the Aleutian seas, under the name of AUomoch or Aliama ; when young, Aliamaga dach (N. Acta Nat. Cur. xii. 258. t. 18. f. 5 ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 527. n. 4), from a wooden model made by the Aleutians : and Pallas (Zool. Eosso-Asiat. i. 288) calls it Bahena Allamaclc. The pectoral fins are long ; they, and the underside of the tail are white. Pallas, under the name oi. B. Boops'l (Zool. Kosso-Asiat. i. 291), describes a whale which appears to belong to this genus, found at Behring's Straits by Steller, when he was shipwrecked. The head was i, the pectoral fin i, the entire length, and the vent -^^j from the head, as shown by the following measurements : — length, 50 feet ; head, 12 feet ; pectoral fin, 10 feet long and 5 feet wide ; tail, 16 feet wide, and the vent 35 feet from the head. If these measurements are correct, the pectoral fin is shorter and much wider than it generally is in this genus. The position of the dorsal fin is not noted. In the Zoologia Rosso-Asiat. 293, Pallas described a whale under the name of B. musculus, observed by Merle at Kamtschatka. It was long and slender, ash-brown, white-clouded above, snow-white beneath, and spotted on the sides. It was 22 feet 6 inches long ; the dorsal was 6 feet from the tail, and 1 foot 11 inches high ; behind the fin the back was two-keeled ; the pectoral fin was rounded at the 3. KSCHKICHTIUS. 131 end, and 10 feet 7 inches distant from the tip of the beak, 4 feet 2 inches long, and 1 foot 2 inches wide : behind the vent, 7 feet before the tail, and 3 feet from the vent, is a kind of white fin, and the genital organs are 1 foot 3 inches before the vent. If this de- scription and these measurements are correct, it must be a most distinct species, if not a peculiar genus : the pectoral fins are nearly in the middle of the body ; and I know of no whale with a fin behind the vent beneath, and with the genital organs nearly under the pectorals. The pectoral is almost one-fifth of the entire length. Schrcnck (Amur-Lande, i. 192) mentions a whale called Keng, which he refers to " Balcenoptera longhnana, Eudolphi," as inhabit- ing the south coast of the Ochotskian seas. Forster, in ' Cook's Voyage,' appears to have met with a species of this genus between Terra del Fuego and Staten Island. He says, " These huge animals laj- on their backs, and with their long pectoral fins beat the surface of the sea, which caused a great noise, equal to the explosion of a swivel." Lesson (Tab. Reg. Anim. 202) gives the name of B. hucoptcron to the " Humpback of the whalers in the high southern latitudes." Mitchell (Travels in Australia, ii. 241) speaks of a Hunchbacked Whale which inhabits Portland Bay, Australia Felix. This genus is also found in the seas of Java, for there is an im- perfect skull, brought from that country by Professor E,einhardt, in the Leyden Museum. — F. Japan. 24. In the Museum of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta, there are portions of a "Whale skeleton, presented by Mr. Swinton, as recorded in the * Gleanings of Science,' ii. 70. They consist of a nearly perfect skidl, a rib, an injured scapula, and 34 vertebrae. Mr. Blyth thinks this species agrees -vidth the Rorqual dii Cap (Cuv. Oss. Foss. viii. 276. t. 227. f. 1, 4). A Meyapteron, according to Gray (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847 ; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1847, 2^2).— Bhjth's Reports. The Rorqual noueux, Hombr. & Jacq. Zool. Dumont d'UrviUe, t. 24 (^Balcenoptera Astrolahia', Pucheran, Mag. Zool. 1854, and Arch. Na- turg. 1855, 42), is probably a Humpback Whale. 3. ESCHRICHTIUS. Dorsal fin ? Pectoral fin ? The lower jaw-bone rather compressed, with a very low, slightly developed coronoid process. Cervical vertebrifi free ; the second ?, the third, fourth, and sixth with the lateral processes elongate, and separate at the end ; body small, thick, solid : the canal of the spinal marrow very wide, trigonal, and nearly as wide as the body of the vertebra, almost as high as wide, with rounded angles. The blade-bone broader than high, with an arched upper edge, and with a strongly developed acromion and coracoid process. Breast-bone trigonal, rather longer than wide ; front part arched out on the front edge, truncated at the sides ; the hinder part at first suddenly tapering for half its length, then gradually tapering to a point behind. Yertebrse 60. Ribs 15.15; the first rib simple-headed ; the first, second, and third K 2 132 BAL^NOPTERID^. Avith a compressed slender process below the condyle. Tlie humerus short, thick ; the forearm-bones broad, compressed, rather longer (about oue-thii-d) than the humerus. Fiff. 21. Third cervical vertebra, lower jaw, blade- and breast-bone oi JSschnchtnis robustus. (From di'awings by Professor Lilljeborg.) Professor Lilljeborg refers these bones to the genus Bala'noijtera, because the blade-bone has a well- developed acromion and coracoid process as in that genus, and because they are not developed in Megajotera longhnana ; but the acromion is partially developed on the blade-bone of M. LaJandii from the Cape, and there is no reason why it may not be more developed in another species allied to it. He says, "it is distinguished from B. longimana by the strongly developed acromion and coracoid process on the blade-bone." I am induced to refer it to 3Iegcq)terina on account of the form of 3. ESCHRICHTIUS. 133 the canal of the spinal marrow of the cervical vertebroe, and the want of development of the ramus of the lower jaw. The ribs and the blade-bone are more like Phijsalus than Mega~ ptera. This combination of characters induces me to think it should form a genus by itself. These observations are founded on some drawings of the bones of the trj)pical specimen which Professor Lilljeborg has kindly sent to me. 1. Eschrichtius robustus. The Grdso Whale. Bal?enoptera robusta, Lilljeborg, Foredag Kiobenh. 1860, t. Gil. f. 1, 2 ; Skancl. Hvalartade, 77. Megaptera ? Eschrichtius robustus, Gray, Ann. ^- Mag. N. II. 1865. Eschnchtius robustus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865. Inhab. North Sea. The British Channel ; Babbicombe Bay, Tor- bay, Devonshire {Mr. Pengelly, 24th Nov. 1861). a. Cast of the fifth cervical vertebra, from a specimen cast ashore at Babbicombe Bay, Devonshire, 1861, Presented by Mr. Pen- gelly, 1864. The Danish skeleton was discovered buried from 2 to 4 feet below the surface, about 840 feet fi'om the beach, and about 12 to 15 feet above the surface of the sea. It is imperfect, having only the first, third, fourth, and sixth cervical vertebrae, a right scapula, a left humerus, the right lower arm-bones, six carpal, four metacarpal, and four phalangeal bones. Approximate length 45 or 50 feet ; length of under jaw 8' 2" ; breadth of atlas 1' 5|" ; thickness of body of third cervical 21, breadth of body 8f inches, width of including transverse processes 2 feet; length of breast-bone 1\\ inches, breadth 1 foot ; length of shoulder-blade 2' 8|", mdth 3' 6|" ; length of humerus 1' 9|", width 11 1" ; length of radius 2' 3", breadth in middle 7" ; length of ulna 2' 2|", breadth in middle 4". Woi-u cervical vertebra. Devonshire. The bod}* of tlie fourth or fifth cervical vertebra of this whale was cast on the shore of Babbicombe Bay on the 24th of November, 134 BAL^NOPTERTlliE. 1861. It is very thick, and of nearly uniform thickness ; front and hinder articulations nearly flat ; the sides nearly straight, the lower side being the widest or most arched out. The upper and lower lateral processes are very strong, the upper one subtrigonal, and bent down nearly on a level with the articulating surface of the centrum ; the under one rather compressed above, broader, rather flattened on the lower edge. Width of the body 7\, height 6 inches ; the upper process 3-|, and the lower 4^ inches ; but they are e\ddently broken, and the ends worn. II. Dorsal jin high, compressed, falcate, about three-fourths of the entire length from the nose. Pectoral fn moderate, with 4 short fingers of not more than 6 phalanges. Vertehrm .58 or G4. Comical ver- tehrce not anchylosed ; body oblong, tramverse ; neural canal oblong, transverse, broad and low. Bibs 14 to 16, first with an internal compressed process. Lower jain ivith a conical coronoid process. Physalina, or Finner Whales. Physalina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 211. Balfena tripennis, Sibhcdd, Phal. 1692. Balenapterus, sp., Lacep. Balenopterus, sp., Lacep. ; F. Cuv. D. S. iV. Ixi. 518. Balajnoptera, sp., Lacep. Cet. Balsenoptera, Sect. 2 & 3, Gray, Zool. Ereb. c^- Terror, App. 50, 1846. Pterobalaena (pars), Eschricht, Nord. Wallthiere, 1849. (Catoptera w) Getoptera, Rafin. Anal. Nat. i. 219, 1815. Mysticetus, sp., Wagler, N. S. Amph. 33. Balsena, sp., Linn.; Illiger, Prodr. 142, 1811. Physalis, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 1828. Phvsalus, Lacep. Cet. ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 90 ; Cat. Cetac. 1850, 34 ; Brandt. Physelus, Rqfin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815. . True Finner.?', Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. 351. " Orbital process of frontal nearly as broad at the outer extremity as the base, or somewhat narrowed. Scapula low, broad, with a long acromion and coracoid process. Metacarpus and phalanges of moderate dimensions. " Van Beneden (" Faune Littorale de Belgique," Acad. Roy. Belg. 1860, xxxii.) has recognized the distinctive characters of three species belonging to this group, which he calls Pferobcdcena communis, P. gigns, and P. minor. Dr. Gray (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 215) con- stitutes these three species as the types of distinct genera, which he has named Physalus, Sihhaldius, and Balcenojjtera ; he also makes a fourth genus, Beneclenia. Although I am as little disposed as any one to multiply generic names (a tendency of modern times of which we are all apt to complain), t cannot help admitting that, if the genera of Whales are to be at all equivalent in value to those now generally received in other groups of mammals, the first three of these are perfectly valid. Of the genus Benedenia I speak with more hesitation, as it is constituted onlj' upon the examination of a very young individual, which I confess I am unable to distinguish from a Physcdns. As the diagnostic characters given by Dr. Gray BENEUEMA. 136 are brief, and limited to certain parts of the organization, I may be permitted perhaps to give more detailed characters taken from the skeleton generallj', which will, I think, fully confirm his views as far as these genera are concerned. Into those characters, taken from the external form, position of dorsal fin, or from the visceral anatomy, it is not my purpose to enter at present." — Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 391. A. Vertehrce 60 to 64. Thejirst rib single-headed. 4. BENEDENIA. The maxilla gradually and regularly tapering in front, with a straight outer edge. Second cervical vertebra with two short trun- cated lateral processes ; first rib simple-headed, with a compressed internal process. Neural arch of cervical vertebrae oblong, trans- verse, broad and low, not more than two-thirds the width of the body of the vertebrfe ; coracoid process distinct, high behind. Pliysalus, § Rorqualus, Gray, Cat. Cet. Benedenia, Grarj, P. Z. S. 18G4, 211 ; Ami. S/- Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. 351. Pectoral fins moderate ; dorsal fin falcate. Skull rather broad ; maxillae broad, with nearly straight outer margins. The second cervical vertebra with two separate, broad, strong, nearly equal- sized lateral processes, which are rather expanded and truncated at the tip (as in Megnptera). The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae with elongated slender upper and lower lateral processes, which are attenuated and separated at the end (not forming rings). The bodies of the cervical vertebrae oblong, transverse ; the canal of the neural arch low, oblong, transverse, much ^vider than high. The scapula short, broad, with a strong, well-marked coracoid process. Vertebrae 60. Ribs 15, all simple ; the front ones compressed and dilated at the end ; the first with a bi'oad rounded lobe on the inner side ; the second with an elongate, slender, rounded intenial process. Fisr. 23. Benedenia. Brit. Mus. This genus is only described from the skeleton of a young speci- men ; it combines the characters of Mecjaptera and P'hysalus. Its second cervical vertebra has the form of that of Mcgaptera ; and it has the low neural arch and the oblong transverse canal for the spinal marrow, the blade-bone with the strong anterior process, the same kind of front ribs, and the short pectoral fins of the genus Physalus. 136 B AL.5:N0 PTERI D^ . It has been suggested to me by a comparative anatomist of con- siderable experience that perhaps the lateral processes of the cervical vertebrae of this whale miglit be lengthened in the adult, and the end of the upper and lower processes united into a broad expanded plate as in the genus PJii/salus. In the skeleton of the small foetus of Balcenoptera, only 9 inches long, figured by Eschricht in the ' Royal Danish Transactions ' for 1846, t. 14. f. 2, the lateral processes of the second vertebra are very nearly of the same shape as in the adult, forming a broad expansion, with a perforation at its base. The cer%'ical and other vertebra) of this foetus seemed to agree, in all details of form, with the same bones in the adult. I do not deny that the lateral process of the first corneal vertebra may not be continued in cartilage, and be of the same form as that of the genus Pluisalus ; but at any rate we have no proof, if this be the case, that the cartilage at the end ever becomes ossified in this genus any more than in the genus Megaptera, both genera agreeing in the eqiiality of the thickness and strength and shortness of the lateral processes. Fig. 24. Second cervical vertebra of Benedenia Knoxii. Extreme width 19 inches; height 10 inches. The genera Megaptera and Benedenia have separate, short upper and lower lateral processes, which are rather dilated and truncated at the end, having an interriipted circular perforation between their inner bases. It has been suggested that, in the latter genus at least, the separated processes may be only the imperfectly developed state of the broad lateral process of the genus Pligsalus, the end that is wanting in the skeleton probably existing in the living animal in the state of cartilage. Bnt if this should be the case (which I much doubt), the form of the margin of the perforation and the per- foration itself must undergo great change during the ossification of 4. BENEDENIA. 137 the end of the process for there to be any resemblance between the lateral processes of these genera and that of the genus PJii/sahis. From what I have observed, I believe that no such change takes place, and that the form of the processes and the situation of the perforations aftbrd good characters for the separation of the species into groups and the siiecies from each other. Fiff. 25. Fifth cervical vertebra of Benedenia E71 Fig. 2G. First aud second ribs of Bencih-iiia Enoxii. 138 BAL^NOPTERIDJE. 1. Benedeuia Kuoxii. Balaenoptera antiquorum, junior, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Spec. 142. Physalus (Rorqualus) Boops, Graij, P. Z. S. 1847, 91 ; Cat. Cetac. 41, 1850. Benedenia I^oxii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 212. f. 8, 8 a, 8 b. The lower jaw with a distinct, low, long impression ; coronoid process as high as half the height of the lower jaw-bone. Cervical vertebrae all free ; the upper lateral processes bent down ; the lower ones ascendant at the end, with a more or less acute angle on the lower edge near the base. The second cervical vertebra moderately thick ; the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh rather thin, and all nearly of the same thickness. The upper lateral processes of the third and fourth very slightly bent back at the end ; of the fifth similar, but nearly straight ; of the sixth and seventh broader and stronger to the end, and rather bent forwards towards the head at the end. The lower lateral processes of the third, fourth, and fifth vertebrae compressed, high, nearly similar, and nearly equally strong, with an obscure angular prominence on the lower edge near the base ; of the sixth vertebra not so long, high, and compressed at the base, tapering at the end, and with a decided angular projection on the lower edge, where the end bends up. The seventh vertebra without any lower lateral process on either side. The breast-bone broad above, with an arched upper edge, narrow and rather produced below, with concave sides, and without any central perforation. The front (fii-st, second, and third) ribs thin, compressed, dilated at the end ; the first with a short, broad, rounded, the second with a larger, slender, produced process on the inner side. The skull is 108 inches long and 54 broad at the broadest part of the brain-case, 34 at the base, and 25 in the middle of the upper jaw. The lower jaw is 118 inches long. a. Skeleton of animal taken on the coast of Wales and towed into Liverpool in 1846. The length is 38 feet ; the head is 9 feet long ; the vertebrae are 60 in number, and there are 15 pairs of simple ribs. The specimen here described was mentioned in the papers of the day as a Spermaceti Whale ! This whale, or some of the same genus, has also probably been caught on the coasts of France and Spain. M. Van Beneden, having met with skeletons of whales, one at Bayonne and the other at Abbeville, which he considered the young of Physalus nntiquorum, observes that, in both, the two apophyses of the axis were not yet imited ; the ribs, he observes, are wanting (Nouv. Mem. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, xxii. 37). I am aware that Eschricht and Eeinhardt (Essay on the Northern Whale) seem to doubt the distinctness of this species. Unfortunately I do not understand Danish suificiently to quite make out what is their objection ; but I feel that, excellent as is their essay on the animal which they describe, some part of their argument would be much modified if they had been able to examine a larger collection O. PHYSALUS. 139 of skeletons from different localities, and if they could have examined those in other museums and from other localities more in detail ; but they give their opinions on specimens which they have not seen, and, like many other Continental naturalists, without making suffi- cient allowance for the very large extent of the collection in England, or considering that the species here described are not separated until after careful consideration and comparison. There is an inclination in many of the Continental naturalists to believe that all the species they do not possess are the same as, or only slight variations of, those they have — an idea that is a fertile source of confusion and error in reasoning. This theory of the limited number of species of AVhales greatly detracts from the value of M. Eschricht's observations on the anatomy of Whales, in his papers in the ' Danish Transactions' ; for he constantly speaks of variations which would only be true if they were found in the same kind of Whales, but are peculiarities and important differences when they are found in different species or kinds of animals. 5. PHYSALUS. Pectoral fin moderate. Dorsal fin falcate, three-fourths the entire length from nose. Cervical vertebrae all free ; the second with a broad, expanded lateral process, with a large perforation in the upper part of its base. Neural canal of cervical vertebrae oblong, transverse, broad and low, not more than three-fourths of the width of the body of the vertebrae. Tympanic bone oblong, elongate. Yertebrfe 60 or 64. Eibs 14 to 16. First rib simple, compressed, not divided ; head with a compressed internal pi'ocess near the condyle. Lower jaw thick, convex on the sides, with a conical coronoid process. Physalus, Lacep. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, 88 ; Cat. Cetac. 34, 1850 ; P. Z. S. 1864, 215 Physahs, Fleming, B. A. 1828. Physelus, Pufin. Baloena tripennis. Pay ( Razorback). Balrenoptenis, sp., Lacep. BaliBnoptera, sp., Lacep. Pterobala^na, sp., Esclir. OgmobalKna, Eschr. WalUhiere, 1 , 1849. The head elongate, flattened, aboiit one-eighth the whole length. The eye is near the angle of the mouth, and the blowers lunate, covered by a valve and separated bj' a longitudinal groove. The throat and chest with deep longitudinal folds and very dilatile. The dorsal fin compressed, falcate, three-fourths the length of the body from the nose, behind the line over the orifice of generation. The pectoral moderate, about one-eighth the length of the body, one- fourth the length of the body from the nose, of four fingers. The vent \mder the front of the dorsal fin. Male organs two-fifths from the chin, in front of line of dorsal ; female near vent. Vertebra? 60-64 ; cervical vertebrae all separate and free. The skull is broad, depressed ; nose broad, gradually tapering, with straight sides, with a narrow interorbital space (Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 373. t. 26). Maxilla 140 IiAL.ENOPTERID.E. and intermaxilla narrower than in Mer/ajitem (see Eschr. & Reinh. Nordhv. t. 3. f. 3). The baleen is short, broad, triangular, rather longer than broad at the base, and edged with a series of elongate, unequal, bristle-like fibres, which become much thicker and more rigid near the ujiper tip. It is internally formed of one or two crowded layers of thick tubular iibrcs, covered on each side with a thin coat of enamel, which becomes thinner and thinner near the edge, where the fibres are free ; always twisted. Fio'. 27. Physalus antiquorum. Eschr. Nordhv. t. 3. f. 3. Tm. 28. Physalus antiquorum. Cuv. Oss. Foss, t. 26. f. 3. " Total number of vertebrae 61-64. Ribs 15 (or 16) pairs. Orbital process of frontal bone considerably narrowed at its outer end. Nasal bones short, broad, deeply hollowed on their sujjerior surface and anterior border. Rami of the lower jaw massive, with a very con- siderable curve, and a high, pointed, curved coronoid process. Neural arches of the cervical vertebrae low ; spinous processes very slightly 5. PHYSVLUS. 141 developed. Transverse process of the atlas arising from the upper half of the side of the body, long, tapering, conical, pointed dii'ectly outwards. Upper and lower transverse jDrocesses, from the second to the sixth vertebra;, well developed, broad, flat (and united at the ends in the adidt, forming comjjlcte rings?). Head of the first rib simple, articulating with the transverse i^rocess of the first dorsal vertebra. Second, third, and sometimes the foui'th ribs with capi- tular processes, reaching nearly to the bodies of the vertebra?. Sternum broader than long, in the form of a short broad cross, of Avhich the posterior arm is very narrow ; it might perhaps be com- pared to the herakhc trefoil ; it is subject, however, to considerable individual modifications." — Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 392. The upper maxillary bone is rather broad, gradually tapering, with a straight outer edge ; the intermaxillaries are moderate, and the nasal very smaU. The frontal bone is broad and short, suddenly narrowed on the outer side, and truncated over the orbit. The lower jaw slender, arched, with a distinct elevated ramus near the base (see Eschr. & Reinh. p. 544). The atlas vertebra with a sub- circular body ; the lateral processes cylindrical and near the middle of the side. The second cervical vertebra has a broad, more or less elongated lateral process, which is pierced near the base with an oblong perforation : the upper margin of the perforation is narrow, and the lower edge much broader. The other cervical vertebra? have two lateral processes, which are often united at the ends into a more or less broad ring. The body of the cervical vertebras is ob- long, transverse, broader than high. The neural arch is long, with an oblong transverse canal for the spinal marrow, which is much broader than it is high. The front ribs compressed, thin, with a broad, more or less elongated expansion on the inner edge near the condyle. The scapula high, with a broad coracoid process near the joint. The baleen forms three or four concentric lines on the palate, the rows forming transverse lines. The plates of the inner rows are short, of the outer elongate triangular ; they are all fiinged on the inner obhque side. (See Ravin, Ann. Sci. Nat. v. 270. t. 11. f. 5-10 ; see also Rosenthal, Abhandl. K. Acad. Berlin, 1827, 127.) The shape of the lateral process of the second cervical vertebra seems to be a good character of the genus. The perforation at the base of it is rather above the middle of the base of the process, so that the upper margin is narrower than the lower. In the genus Bahpnoptera it is nearly in the centre of the base. " The first pair of ribs is not articulated to the first dorsal vertebra, nor to any vertebra whatever ; the head of it is buried in a mass of ligament which connects all the upper lateral processes of the cer- vical and the first dorsal vertebra together. " No articulating surface exists in these processes on the first dorsal vertebra. The articulating surfaces are well marked on all the other dorsal vertebne. This shows the use of the lateral apophyses and their great develo])ment in some species." — Jltddh', P. Z. tS. 185(i. 197. '• In a glassy sea near Wick, a Finner ru.shed round us in every 142 BAL-i;NOPTEHIDJE. direction, with its upper jaw above the water, blowing with great violence and noise, and diving sometimes tranquilly, sometimes in a seething wave created by its hn and tail. It was evidently feeding on herrings, as every now and then it would rush headlong into por- tions of the sea where the smooth surface was broken by the shoals of fish. The blowholes were at times flat and unprojecting, at others boldly prominent, the animal evidently having the power of raising or depressing these organs. The Ein-whalcs of Orkney and Caithness every season are observed in pursuit of herrings." — Heddle, P. Z. S. 1856. These animals are often called Mazor -backs and Piked Whales by the sailors. The baleen or fin of the Finners is only used to split into false bristles, but for this purpose they are inferior to the Southern or lowest kind of baleen of the Balcence. Martens (Spitz. 125. t. 2. f. c) figures a whale, under the name of Fin-Jish, which agrees in all points with this group ; biit, as there are no folds on the belly in the figure, Ray, and after him Brisson and Linnaeus, established for it a species under the name of Balixna Phy- salus (S. N. i. 186). As, however, the name Fin-fish, used by Mar- tens, is the one now given by the Greenland whalers to these fin-backed whales with plaited bellies, and a^ Martens does not mention the colour, nor say a word about the belly, and as Scoresby says, from report, that the skin of the Fin-fish is smooth, "except about the sides of the thorax, where longitudinal rugae or sulci occur," I think there can be little doubt that this whale was only a common Tinner, and that the absence of the plaits arose from a mistake of the artist. This renders the existence of the section which Lacepede calls Rorquals a ventre lisse, and which Dr. Fleming transformed into a genus under the name of Phi/salis, very doubtful. Lacepede referred to the smooth-belhed Rorquals the " Hunch- back " of Dudley, who distinctly says the belly is " reeved " ; but Lacepede did not understand that word to be synonymous with plaited. Sibbald (Phalaenologia Nova, 1692) figures two specimens of Fin- ners, caught on the coast of Scotland. Ray (Hist. Piscium, 17) noticed these specimens. Brisson and Linnaeus regarded them as separate species. Linnaeus designated the one with the skin under the throat dilated, probably by the gas in the abdominal cavity, B. muscuhis, and the other with this part contracted and flat, B. Boops. I proved, by the examination of the specimen we have in the British Museum, when alive, and M. Ravin observes (Ann. Sci. Nat. v. 275), that this skin is very dilatable ; so that these characters appear to depend on the manner in which the specimen might lie when drawn, and the quantity of gas which might have been produced by the decomposition of the interior. These species have been retained by Turton, Fleming, Jenyns, and other authors who have compiled works on the British fauna, except Bell, who cut the Gordian knot by uniting them and the Bala'na rosfrafa of Hunter into a single species ! The author who appears to have best understood the I 5. puvsAi.us. 143 British species is Mr. F. J. Knox, who took some pains to examine these animals and their anatomy. For the purpose of convenient comparison the bones of these large animals (indeed of all animals) are best kept separate. I believe that it is having them separate that has enabled me to determine some of the species here mentioned which had before been overlooked, — a single specimen of each family or genus being mounted to show the general form of the animal and the position the bones naturally bear to each other. Ray calls these whales Balcrna tripennis, thus separating them from those which have no dorsal fin ; but Polach misunderstood him, and says they have three fins on their back. Mr. F. J. Knox, having purchased a whale 84 feet long, which was stranded near North Berwick on the 5th of October, 1831, and another 10 feet long, taken in the stake nets at Queensferr)^ Firth of Forth, in February 1834, determined by anatomical differences that they were distinct species, in a ' Catalogue of Anatomical Pre- parations illustrative of the TVTiale,' by F. J. Knox, Conservator of the Museum in Old vSurgeons' Hall, 8vo, Edinburgh, 1838. He dis- tinguished the former by the name of BaJcena maximus horectlis, and the latter as Balcena minimus horealis. As no description of the coloui- of the animal, or any account of the nuchal vertebrae, is given, it is impossible, from his account, to determine the species of the former ; but the catalogue contains some most interesting particulars relative to the anatomy of these animals. Fortunately the skeleton of the larger whale was purchased by the Town Council of Edinburgh, and was exhibited in the Zoological Gardens of that city. As far as it was possible to examine it at the height at which it was suspended, it appeared to be a Phi/scdus ; and the same as, or very nearly allied to, the species described in this Catalogue under the name of P. antiquorum. This skeleton was last year moved to tlie New Museum, but the walls would not support the weight, and they have to be rebuilt. The B. miuimus horealis appears to be a young specimen of the B. rost)-ata or Pike Whale of Hunter. Mr. F. J. Knox's drawing of this specimen, as suspended, in the act of swimming, is represented in Jardine's ' Naturalist's Library.' This was the first time that the Northern Fiiwers had been sepa- rated on an actual examination and comparison of specimens. I5ut the pamphlet in which these observations were published being a mere guide to the exhibition, has been overlooked, and I could only procure a copy after great trouble, and from the family of the author. ij. t-'>-n 144 BALJENOPTERID^. * The upper and lower lateral processes of the third, fourth, Jiff h, and sixth duJ cervical vm-tebrcB elongate, united, formimj a ring ; the bodies of the cer- viJC^ ^ vical vertebra oblong, transverse, much wider than high, the upper and ' ■ lower edge nearly straight; the lateral process of the second cervical elcngated. Ribs 14 . 14. 1. Physalus antiquorum. Tlie Razorhack. Slate-grey, beneath whitish. Baleen slate-coloured ; under edge blackish, inner edge pale streaked. Razorhack of the whalers. " B. Physalus, Linn. B. Gibbar, Lacepr — Scoresby, Arct. Reg. i. 479. f Balsena maximus borealis, Knox, Cat. Prep. l-iHiale. I Great Northern Rorqual {Knox), Jardine, Nat. Lib. t. 6 (skeleton). (r—Fhysalus antiquonmi, Graf/, P. Z. S. 1847, 96 ; Cat. Cetac. 38 ; P. Z. S. \ 1864, 216. f. 9-12 ; Hecldle, P. Z. S. 1855, 195, fig. verteb. bad. Rorqual de la Mediterranee, Lacep. t. 5. f. 1; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 370. t. 26. f. 5. Baleena, Shaw, Zool. 3Iisc. t. 720, from Lacep. t. 5. f. 1. Balnena antiquorum, Fischer, Syn. 525 (from Cuvier). BalaBHoptera antiquorum, Gray, Zool. E. Sf T. 50. Bahena Physalus, Turton, B. F. 15; Jenyns,Man. 47; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 636. Balsenoptera Boops (part.), Fleming, B. A. 31 ; Jenyns, Man. 47. Balsena musculus, Turton, B. F. 16 ; Jenyns, Man. 47 ; Mahngren, Arch. Nat. 1864, 97. Balsenoptera musculus, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 30 ; F. Cuv. Cetac. 335 ; Fschr. SfReinh. Om Nordhv. t. 3. f. 2 (skull), t. 4. f. 6; Lilljeborg, I. c. 42 ; Mahngren, Arch. Nat. 1864, 94. Balsenoptera acuto-rostrata, Scoresby, Arct. Reg. i. 485. t. 13. f. 2. Balsenoptera Boops, Bell, B. Quad. 520. f. 1. Balsenoptera Physalus, Schleg. de Diere^i, 101. t. 20. Rorqualus antiquorum, Gervai's, Compt. Rend. 1864, 676. Balajna Physalus, O. Fabr. Faun. GrwnL 35. Physalus vulgaris, Fleming, Brit. Aifiin. 32. Balsenoptera Gibbar, Scoresby, Arct. Reg. i. 478. Balsenoptera arctica, Schleg. Abhandl. 10. t. 9. Balsenoptera borealis (part.), Rapp, Cetac. 51. Pterobalsena communis, Eschricht, Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Brux. ser. 1. 1857, i. 393 ; Bull. Acad. Belg. xxii. 464 ; Nouv. Mem. Acad. Brux. xxxii. (1861) 37 ; Arch. Naturg. 1858, 67. Baleine de Sainte Cyprien, Companyo, Mein. 4to, 1830 ; Carcassonne 8j- Parities, Mem. ; F. Cuv. Cetac. 337. The following may probably belong to this species : — 1. Balsena tripennis quse rostrum acutum habet, Sibbald, Phalamol. 29. t. 1. f. D, E, cop. Bonnat. Cet. E. M. t. 3. f. 2; Schreb. t. 354.— Nov. 17, 1690, 0. S. (46 feet long). Pike-headed Whale, Penn. B. Zool. iii. 40. Balsena Boops, Linn. S. N. i. 106. Balasna borealis, var. Boops, Fischer, Syn. 524. Balsenoptera Jubartes, Lacep. Cet. 120. t. 4. f. 1. Jupiter- tish, Anderson, Isl 220. Pike-headed Mysticete, Shato, Zool. ii. 492. t. 227. 2. Balsena tripennis quae maxillam inferiorem rotundam &c., Sibbald, Phalcenol. 33. t. 3 ; (edit. 1792) 78. t. 3, cop. Botmat. Cet. E. M. t. 3. f. 1. Round-lipped Whale, Pennant, Quad. iii. 42. 5. PHYSALUS. 145 Balfcna musculus, Linn. 8. N. i. 100. I5alpena borealis niiisculus, Fischer, Sijn. 524. l^alsenoptera Korqual, Lacep. Cet. 12(3. t. 1. f, 3. Under-jawed Mysticete, S/iaw, Zool. ii. 495. 3. Fiuno Fische, Eyede, Gra-nl. 48, fig. 4. Fin-fisch, 3IaH'. Spitzb. 125. t. Q. f. c, cop. Fin-backed Mysticete, Shmu, Zool. ii. t. 227 ; Enc. Meth. t. 2. f. 2. Bala3na Pliysalus, Linn. S. N. i. 106 ; Schreb. Sduyeth. t. 333, from 3Iar- tens, t. 5. f. 2. Balffina Gibbar, Des7n. 3Limm. 528. Balaenoptera Gibbar, Lacep. Cct. 114. t. 1. f. 3, from Martens. BalrBna edentula, &c., Rai/, Si/n. 5. Fiu Whale, Nei/l, JFern. Trans, i. (1811) 261 (c? 43 feet long). 0. Balajna sulcata, Walker, MSS. ? ; Neill, Went. Trans, i. 212 (41 feet long, Biu'ntisland, lOtli June 1701). 7. BalfBna sulcata arctica, Schler/el, Verhand. Nederl. Ins. i. 1828, 1. 1, 2 ; Ahhandl. t. G. f. 1, 2. 8. Balpenoptera arctica, Schlegel, Abhandl, ii. 10. t. 9 (length 40^ feet). 9. Balasnoptera sulcata, Jacob, Dublin Journ. Sci. 1825, 333. Inhab. North Sea ; North Berwick, 1831 {P. J. Knox) ; skeleton at Zoological Gardens, Edinburgh. Coast of Hampshire, 1842 ; ske- leton at Black Gang Chine. Plymouth, 1831 ; skeleton in Bi'itish Museum. The Hope lleach, near Gravesend, 1858 or 1859 ? ; ske- leton at Rosherville Gardens, 1864. AUoa, Frith of Forth (Neill), male. Burntisland, 10th June, 1862 ( Walker). Eiyi»©ttth, 1863 (Gerrard) ; skeleton in Alexandra Park, a. Two plates of baleen. Needles, coast of Hampshire. From the skeleton at Black Gang Chine. h. Several plates of baleen united together. Greenland. From Mr. Midler's collection. c. Skeleton, 74|- feet long. Plymouth. . Fio-. 29. Atlas vertebra of Plty-mlus uidi(p(.orum, from Devonsliiro. Extreme width 2G inches ; height 13 inches. In the normal state of the cervical vertebnt of this species, both the upper and lower lateral processes of all of them are developed -fr^v^ 146 DAL^NOPTERIDiE. and united into rings. This is the case in the skeleton in the British Museum, and in that, from the Thames, in llosherville Gardens. But this is subject to some variation : in the specimen from BljTnouth, prepared by Messrs. Gerrard, now in Alexandra Park, the lower processes of the sixth and seventh cervical vertebraj are abortive — in the sixth they are rediiced to small tubercles, and are entirely wanting in the seventh. Fi?. .30. *^ Second cervical vertebra of Physalits atiiiquortim, from De i uuaMi«, Extreme width 43 inches; height 13^ inches. /■';.>; Width of articular surface 10 inches ; height 8 inches. Fig. 31. Fiflh cervical vertebra of Physalus mitiquonnu, from Extreme width 351 inches ; height 10| inches. Width of articular siurface 12 inches : hein-ht 7^ inches. The different English skeletons of this whale which I have ex- amined and which are adult, or at least nearly of the same size (that is, from 70 to 80 feet long), exhibit considerable variation in the form and in the size of the perforation, and in the development of the rings of the lateral processes of the hinder cervical vertebrae, showing that there are several species, or, what is more probable, that their bones are liable to a considerable amount of variation. The British Museum specimen was found floating on the sea in a 5. pnvsALrs. 14; decomposed state, on the 2nd of October 1S31, in riymouth Sound and IS said to hav(^ been 1()2 feet long and 75 feet in circumference ; hut most hkely the abdominal cavity was distended by the internal decomposition. It formerly travelled the country, curiously mounted in three caravans, the &-st containino- the head, the second the thorax, and the third the middle of the tail ; when placed one after the other so as to exhibit the parts of the skeleton in their proper situation, the ends of the caravans were removed, and the cervical vertebrae, the lumbar vertebra?, and the caudal vertebra) were suspended in their proper situation between or beyond the caravans. The proprietor had placed a blade of Greenland whalebone {Balana M>istketus) on one side, and several blades of South-Sea whalebone {iiahvna mis- trahs) on the other side of the upper jaw, in the place of the true baleen of BaJcenoptera. Fi-. 32. Tympanic bones of Physulus untiquorum, from t4ftEnnsh]>. /^^ The cervical vertebrae are aU free and separate ; the second wnth a broad lateral expansion, pierced at the base ; the third, fourth fifth, and sixth with rings, the ring of the third being the broadest • the seventh with only a superior lateral process, without a small tubercular rudiment of a lower process ; the lateral processes of the second and third cervical bent backwards, of the fourth straio-ht and of the fifth and sixth bent forwards. The hinder vertebra? lar<-e and heavy. Caudal vertebra; M'ithout chevrons 7, ^Wth chevrons 10 lumbar 17, dorsal 13, and cervical 7=54. The sternum is sinuous • but the front edge is tnmcated, on a line with the ^videst part ; it is 148 bal.5:nopteridje. 18 inches wide and 141 inches long. The transverse apophyses are as broad as the body of tho vertebra, and the latter is oblong, half as broad again as high. The lateral processes of the cervical ver- tebrae are much longer than the width of the body of the vertebra3 ; the lateral process of the second cervical has a small, nearly central perforation, and this perforation gradually becomes larger on each succeeding vertebra, until it nearly occupies the whole disk of the lateral process in the sixth ; the seventh being formed with only a narrow elongated process from the upper edge, the lower process being reduced into the form of a small tubercle. The ribs are simple. The lumbar vertebrae are thick and large ; both these cha- racters must render this Finner much more powerful and active in the water than any of its allies. The lower jaw is 17 feet long; the blade-bone 32 inches by 51. The upper arm -bone is 20 inches long by IO5 wide ; the lower arm-bone 31 inches long. The chest- bone is 28 inches wide and 18 inches long. The lumbar vertebras are 1 1 inches long and 14 inches wide ; the first rib 59 inches long and 10| inches wide at the sternal end. There is a nearly perfect skeleton of this species (which I some years ago visited in company with Professor Eschricht) exhibited at Black Gang Chine, in the Isle of Wight, which was caught in April 1842, near the Needles. When first found, it was dark grey above and whitish beneath. Tho baleen is slate-coloured, with white streaks on the near or inner side ; nearly black and with a few darker streaks near the outer or straight side. It was 75 feet long. The skull is 16 feet 7 inches long, 5 feet wide at the notch, and the edge of the beak from the notch is 12 feet long ; the lower jaw 16 feet 9 inches ; the upper arm-bone 2 feet, and the larger forearm-bone 33 inches long. In this skeleton the scapula and the chest-bones are wrongly placed, and the bones of the carpus and finger. The lower processes of the vertebrae, as well as some of the smaller parts of the head, are deficient. There are 7 cervical vertebrae ; the second very broad, with a very large lateral process, on each side pierced with a hole near the body ; and the three following have a ring-like lateral process. There are 14 thoracic vertebrae. The ribs are long ; the first simple, shortish and broadish, the rest almost of equal size and length, the last being very nearly as long as the others. The lumbar vertebrae are 15, with considerably thicker bodies than the others. Caudal vertebra) 18, exclusive of those contained in the fin of the tail, which is preserved entire. The skeleton at Rosherville is said to be 70 feet long, and was taken in the Hope Eeach in 1858 or 1859. The lateral process of the second cervical is large, elongate, produced, obliquely truncated at the upper edge ; the perforation is moderate, not half the length of the process, on a line with the lower edge of the opening. The lateral processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae are narrow, ring-like, thin, with a large central cavity ; the seventh, like the dorsal, has only an upper lateral process. Lower jaw 13 feet long ; paddle 14 feet. 5. i-HYSVLrs. 149 In the skeleton from Plymouth, prepared by Mr. Gcrrard, now in the Alexandra I'ark, the lateral processes of the second cervical are large, pi'oduced, obliquely truncated, with a moderate-sized oblong perforation, not half the length of the process, on a line with it, and not more than one-third of the length of the lower edge ; of the third, fourth, and fifth vertebrso ring-like, not quite so long as those of the second vertebra, slender, thin, and weak ; the processes of the fifth vertebra are the thickest and strongest, especially below ; the sixth has upper processes only, which ai'e very thin and slight ; in the seventh they are like the sixth, but much thicker and larger, and bent back so that the two processes are close together at the tipper edge ; the sixth vertebra has small short tubercles in the place of the lower lateral process ; none are present in the seventh vertebra. The bodies of the second and third cervical vertebrae are oblong, transvei'se, much broader than high. The OS hyoides elongate, transverse, broad in the middle, more or less tapering at each end, with a deep wide notch in the middle of the front edge, which has an elongate thick cylindrical process on each side of it, and a slightly rounded scollop in the middle of the hinder edge, with a slight prominence at each end of it. The forearm-bone half as long again as the humerus. The breast-bone is stibtrifoliate, the upper part very broad, subtri- gonal, with a slight broad notch in the middle of the upper sides, and the hinder part more or less produced into a kind of broad flat stem. The shoulder-blade -ndth a large coracoid and acromion process ; the upper edge arched, angle acute at each end, hinder end produced. The skeleton of a specimen, taken at Margate in 1850, was ex- hibited at Shoreditch in 1864. It was not quite adult, and not in a good condition. Dr. P. Neill describes a male Fin-"Wliale stranded near AUoa in the Frith of Forth, on the 23rd October 1803, It was 43 feet long. The dorsal fin, called a pike by the whalers, was placed far down the back, about 1 2 feet from the end of the tail, and nearly over the vent. The lower jaw rather the longest, 14 feet long, and somewhat wider than the upper. The tail was 10 feet wide. The blubber was 2 inches thick, firm in texture, not unlike the fat of pork. The baleen dirty bluish. ISibbald's specimen came ashore near Bui'ntisland, 17th Nov. 1G90, 0. S. ; it Avas 4(J feet long. Dr. Walker mentions one from near Burntisland, 10th June 17G1, 46 feet long (see Neill, Mem. Wern. Soc. i. 201). This species seems to be not uncommon, and most usuallj' comes to the Cornish coast in the winter. A female was found dead at sea, and towed into Plj-mouth, 27th Sept. 1831. Length 79 feet {Cowli). Gullet found 'filled with a large (juantity of pilchards, by which it was supposed to have been choked, fc^aid to have visited the coast before. Plymouth, 1831, Dr. Moore (Loudon's Mag. N. H. i. n. s.). It had frequented the Cornish coast a long time previously in pursuit 150 BAL^NOPTEEIDiE. of young herrings, multitudes of which it was seen to devour. — CoiiA:h, Cornish Fauna, 9. Several specimens of this enormous species are seen on the Cornish coast every year, feeding on the smaller gregarious fishes. — Couch, Cornish Fauna. Mr. Hcddle observes, " The pectorals (of this and the Laman Whale) measured fi-om tip to head of humerus exactly -^ths of the length of the body. The head of each bears very nearly the same proportion to the whole length. The cervical bones were so alike that one drawing would do for either, except with some veiy minor differences. In the Laman Whale the upper and lower transverse processes of the fifth cervical vertebra are united, and the lower process of the sixth is short, whereas in the Copinshay Whale the transverse processes of the fifth are not united, and the lower process of the sixth is as long as those of the third, fourth, and fifth." The comparative union and disunion of the processes of the second vertebra, the comparative length of the processes as regards the body of the vertebrie, and the form of the angular apcrtiire of the ring appear to constitute the best characters for the separation of the species. " The Orkney Whales seem to resemble P. Boops of the Museum Catalogue in some respects, but then the processes are longer, and the wing of the second cervical vertebra in the Orkney Whales, with its perforation, is very different from the short development of the second cei-vical in P. Boops, In P. antiquonini the processes i-ise from the plane of the body of the vertebrae ; in the Laman and Copinshay Whale they fall (see figs. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 195, 196). In fact, in some points the Orkney Whales seem to connect the characters of the two sections of Dr. Gray's genus Physalus, resem- bling, however, P. Boops more than P. antiquorum. The coloiu'S of the whale were identical with those of the Laman M'hale. The under jaw is wider. The length from the tip of the under jaw to the notch in the tail is 45| feet, from tip of upper jaw to eye S^ feet, to anterior pectoral 15 feet, tip of lower jaw to penis 28 feet, to anus 31 1 feet, length of pectoral to anterior junction 4| feet, length of cranium 10 j feet. "The epidermis was j^^th of an inch thick, easily torn, and finelj' striated, except on the fins, tail, jaws, lips, itc. AYhere black, the pigment was easily removed by washing, and from the inner surface was readily communicated to the fingers. " Where, the body was black, the furrows and their interspaces were black also, being covered with skin of the same texture as the body. Where the black of the body began to ivash off into the white of the lower parts, the furrows were black and the interspaces pure white. On the lower surface, where the colour was white, the plicffi when separated were lined witli a rosy epidermis. Vertebrae 62 : viz. cervical 7, dorsal 15, lumbar and caudal 40 ; the last not larger than a walnut, and partly cartilaginous. The last six di- minished in circumference very rapidly. Ribs 15 . 15 ; the first pair simple, the second, third, and fourth with necks directed for- 5. pnrsALrs, 151 wards, but not rcacliiiig the bodies of the vcrtebi'oe, the rest simple. The greatest length of the cranium was 11^ feet, the greatest length of the lower maxilla 11^ feet, from the tip of the pectoral to the head of the humerus 6^- feet. The colour of the back of the head and of the sides to a line passing from the tail beneath the pectoral, black. The jaws, and under and upper sides of both pectorals and tail, black. The black ivashed off at the sides into a brilliant white, of which colour were all the other parts, except the hollows between the folds. Scattered irregularly over the back were greyish spots, three or four in a square foot, resembling the appearance produced by touching the skin with a slightly whitened finger. The polished surface gave the whole body a greyish appearance, and it was said to be greij. " The baleen towards the snout gradually gave place to narrower plates, three or four occuppng the place of one. This change com- menced from the inside. At the snout the plates were still more broken uj), and there assumed the appearance of small, slightly com- pressed rods of baleen, of the thickness of a crow-quill, each tipped with a tuft of long white bristles. The baleen completed the circuit of the snout at a distance of 4 inches within the upper hp. At the snout, the base of the baleen was 1 inch in width, gradually in- creasing until, where the largest plates were inserted, it attained the breadth of 9 inches, whence it decreased to a rounded point at the interior angles of the mouth. Here the baleen entirely resolved itself into white hair, which took its rise from the gums, Avithout the intervention of the quill -like rods of the anterior extremity. " The gum (or cheese of the whalefishers) was from 2 to 4 inches thick, and between the bones of the jaw intervened a callous bed of muscular substance. " The tongiie tlesh-coloured above, and beneath leaden grey, without distinct edges, of a very loose tissue. " The throat easily admitted the closed hand. " The trunk only separated from the head by a very slight depres- sion behind the spiracles, the upper edge forming a beautifid and even curve from head to tail, with the exception of the protuberance of the dorsal fin. " The expansion of the tail continued 2 or 3 feet along the side of the trunk. gi\-ing, with the dorsal and ventral keels, a rhomboidal form to that part of the animal. These keels consist entirely of fatty tendinous substance, permeated through their entire length by strong round tendons an inch in diameter, and when these were removed the parts became round like the rest of the trunk. " A female : lengtli from point of lower jaw to notch in tail 50 feet, girth beneath the pectorals 2;?| feet, point of lower jaw to umbilicus 24i feet, to termination of the plicoB 26 feet, to reproductive organ 30 "feet. " The external ear in a shallow groove, with small aperture the size of a quill. " The blowholes (see P. Z. S. 1850, t. 45. f. 1, 2, 3) in a hollow on the summit of a low rounded eminence, immediately in front of a 152 BAl^NOPTERID^. depression directly over the eyes, with a shallow groove between them, and with a ridge in front gradually disappearing ere it reaches the snout. The sides of the blowholes elastic, opening laterally. The nares, each 4 inches in horizontal diameter, protected above and at the sides by cartilaginous arches, which extend nearly to the surface of the spiracles behind. The whole lining of the spiracles, breathing- canals, and bronchial cavities was of a deep black. The septum between the nares membranous. " The eyes on bony prominences which projected outwards and downwards ; about 4 inches long. The conjunctiva whitish, the iris very dark brown, the crystalline lens two-thirds of an inch in dia- meter. "The lower jaw covered for nearly half its depth by strong firm lips, turned uiwai'ds above. The jaw nowhere projected much over the folds on the throat, and beneath the eye passed imperceptibly into the general surface. The lower jaw fitted accurately into hollows in the upper. The baleen extended from within 4 inches of the snout to the angles of the mouth. The plates in the middle of the series largest. The back of the mouth and the throat thinly covered with soft white hair, inserted on the wrinkled skin. " An ideal section of both jaws, partially opening, showing the palatine ridge, the projecting baleen, and the overlapping under-lips, with the tongue in the distended pouch, is represented in P. Z. S. 1856, t. 45. f. 6." '■' The broad mng of the second cervical of the Nijhster Whale was perforated by a hole as in the Copinshay and Laman Whales, and the vertebrae appeared to correspond with theirs. The external characters and coloui" also corresponded. The length was 65 to 68 feet, the pectoral from the head of the humerus nearly 8 feet, the cranium 15 feet long. The blubber or speck was 8 or 10 inches thick. They are not P. Boops, for three out of the four specimens captured, all of which were examined, agreed with each other, and differed from P. Boops in the upper and lower lateral processes of the second cervical vertebra being united, leaving a subcontral ioia,- men:'—IIecldle, P. Z. S. 1856, 187-198. Mr. F. J. Knox, imder the name of Balcena maximus borealis, Knox (Cat. Prep. Whale, p. 5, and Edin. New Phil. Joum. 1833, 181), notices a specimen of a whale found off North Berwick which was 80 feet long, the head 23 feet, and the tail 20 feet wide from tip to tij). He describes it as having 13 dorsal and 43 lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrsB (Edin. N. Phil. Journ. 1834, 198). The skeleton of this whale, purchased by the Town Council, was in the Zoological Gardens, Echnbm-gh, and is figured in Jardine's 'Naturalist's Li- brary,' vi. t. 5. It was last year removed to the New Museum in Edinburgh, but on suspending it from the roof, the walls yielded to the weight, and it had to be removed. The baleen is black ? Cervical vertebrae separate. Second lateral process very large ; third, fourth, and fifth large, ringed ; sixth very imperfect, upper process elongate, bent down, lower short, rather depressed ; seventh upper process elongate, lower wanting. The 5. rnrsALUs. 153 third and fourth ccrvicals thinnest and of nearly equal thickness, fifth rather thicker, sixth thicker still, seventh thickest, and the thoracic vertebrae becoming gradually thicker. Ribs 15 . 15, first narrower at the vertebral end, second, third, and fourth dilated and produced on the inner side of the vertebral end, rest simple. Chest- bones in three series : first simple, second larger with processes, third cordate, with the first pair of ribs on the hinder end. VertebriB : 10 caudal, 15 with chevron, 17 Imnbar, 15 thoracic, 7 cervical. A dead specimen occurred in the Channel, near Brighton, 63 feet long, 29th December 1830. The baleen was called the gills by the fishermen at Brighton. — Mantell, Mag. N. H. iv. 163. At Overstrand, Norfolk, March 1822 ; length 57 feet, pectoral 6^ feet. And at Cromer, autumn 1822. M. Van Beneden described the skeleton of a whale found by the fishermen near the Isle Urk on the 23rd November 1851, and floated to the Isle Vlieland, which is now mounted in the Gardens at Antwerp. " It is a male, 22 metres long and 12 metres in circumference, and the head 5| metres. The head and back bluish grey ; the belly white. The dorsal was half a metre long, and 3 metres from the tail. " The skeleton is 21 metres long. The baleen black, white on the inner side, the front plates all white. Skull like that described by Eudolphi (■?). Cervical vertebrae 7, all free, of the same thickness (not complete) ; the second with enormous transverse apophyses, 40 centimetres wide, with a perforation 18 centimetres in diameter. The^third, fourth, fifth, and sixth with a circle; in the fourth to the seventh the apophyses diminish consecutively in length ; in the seventh the circle is incomplete. " The vertebrae 61. The dorsal 14 or 15 ; the body of the first very thin, like the cervical, gradually becoming thicker. The lumbar vertebra) 15, very large and strong, with 17 chevron bones. The ribs 1 4, or perhaps 15 pairs ; the first simple, without any appearance of ossification. The sternum triangular, short in front, and subtri- foliate, without any hole. No lacrymal bone." Esehricht has observed that the number of vertebrae in whalea varies according to the species, but is fixed in each, there being the same number in the foetus as in the adult. " In the Zoological Gardens at Antwerp is a very fine articulated skeleton of a male {Physalus ctntiqnonim, Gray). The specimen has already been the subject of a paper by Professor Van Beneden, en- titled " Sm- une Baleine prise pres de Pile Vlieland, et dont le sque- lette est monte au Jardin Royal de Zoologie d'Anvers " (Bull. Acad. Brujcelles, 2'" ser. tome i. 1857, p. 390). " The skeleton is complete, with the exception of one of the pelvic bones, the tym])anic bones, the last pair of ribs (probably), and one or two caudal vertebrae. As at present mounted, the interver- tebral spaces appear to me too wide, especially in the cervical and caudal regions ; and yet the skeleton measures in a straight line but 67' 6", viz. 15' 4" for tbe skull and 52' 2" for the vertebral column. The length of tlie animal is given by Van Beneden at 22 metres, or 154 BALiENOPTEEIDiE. 72' 1". It exhibits all the signs of adult though not extreme age. All the cpijjhysi's of the vertebrae are completely joined, as well as those of the humerus and the upper end of the radius and ulna. Those of the lower end of the last two bones are partially united. The ujipcr border of the scapula is still incomplete towards the two extremities. The number of vertebrae is sixty-one, the last being modelled in wood ; but from the character of the sixtieth I should say that there ought to be two behind it. Seven are cervical and fifteen dorsal, and, according to Van Beneden, fourteen or fifteen lumbar, though the place of attachment of the first chevron bone in the skeleton indicates but thirteen as belonging to this series. The characters of the atlas and the other cervical vertebra3 are quite typical of the species ; the upper and lower transverse processes, from the second to the sixth inclusive, are united to form complete rings. The breadth of the atlas is 25" ; of the axis 44" ; of the third 37". The aperture in the base of the gi-eat wing-like lateral process of the axis is 6j" long and 3" deep. The inferior process of the seventh is represented by a tubercle. " The cranium and lower jaw present little worthy of special notice, except that the articular processes of the squamosals are unusually developed laterally, giving great breadth to the posterior part of the head. The dimensions are given at p. 166. A circumstance that I have not observed in any other WTialebone Whale is that a consider- able mass of bone of irregular form projects forwards from below the nasal bones in the trough of the vomer, to the extent of about two feet, only attached posteriorly. This is evidently an ossification developed in the ethmoidal cartilage. " There are fourteen pairs of ribs present ; but as the fourteenth has not the characters usually met with in the last rib, and as the fifteenth vertebra has the end of the transverse process thickened and showdng traces of an articular surface, it is most probable, as Van Beneden supposes, that the fifteenth pair has been lost, and therefore that the skeleton, if complete, would present no exception to the normal number. The first rib is simple, 51" in extreme length, and 13f " in breadth at its lower end. The second and third have capitular processes which reach nearly to the bodies of the vertebraj ; that of the second is rather the longest. There are corresponding rough tuberosities on the sides of the bodies of the first and second dorsal vertebrae. The neck becomes rudimentary in the fourth, and obso- lete in the fifth and all succeeding ribs. '• The sternum is tiifoliate, differing from the one figured at p. 110 chiefiy in having the posterior process shorter, broader at the base, and more tapering to the point. Its extreme length is 19", and breadth 24". The hyoid has the usual shape ; its extreme breadth is 38", and length 14". The stylo-hyals are 19" in length, and 5|" in greatest breadth. " One pelvic bone is present, suspended on the left side ; the other is modelled in wood. It is 15" long and 3" in greatest breadth, simple, straight, mucli compressed, sliglitly twisted on itself, broader geuerally at one end than the other, but poiuted at both extremities. 5. PHYSALUS. 155 One edge is smooth and rounded, but furrowed by a deep linear groove ; tlic other is irrcgidarly tuberculated and spiculated. This form is quite dilt'erent from that of the pelvic bones of the specimen in the Alexandra Park, where they are each I85" long, gently cui'ved, flattened, quite smooth along the edges, and with a prominent angular projection from near the middle of the convex border. " The scapula is 31" in height and 51" in breadth; the acromion is 12" long ; the coracoid 5^". The humerus 19" long, 9" in greatest diameter, and 20^" in girth at the middle. The radius is 32" long, 7^" in breadth at the upper and 9" at the lower end. The ulna 36" in extreme length, from the end of the olecranon, 30" from the middle of its surface for articulating with the humerus, 10" in breadth aljove and G^" below. There are six ossifications in each carpus. The phalanges appear complete. It should be stated that the latter are not very exact, as the ends of the bones are more or less con- cealed by the composition which replaces the cartilage. The baleen is present in both sides. The largest plates measure about 28" in length. " The recent discovery of a large number of fossil remains of Ceta- ceans in the excavations occasioned by the fortification of the city of Antwerp has given a great impulse to the study of the osteology of the existing members of the order in Belgium, and, chiefly by the exertions of Professor Van Beneden of Louvain, a very fine collection has been brought together, in great part obtained from the Northern seas, through the cooperation of the late Professor Eschricht of Copenhagen. Many of the specimens enrich the admirable anato- mical collection of the University of Louvain ; but most of the lai-ger ones have passed from the hands of Van Beneden to the lloyal Museum of Natural History at Brussels, where they are arranged and displayed to great advantage, under the able direction of M. Du Bus."— Flower, F. Z. S. 1804, 414-41G. " In December 1841 a male Fin-Whale about 40 feet long was stranded at Katwijk-aan-Zee, about six miles from Leyden. Dr. Schlegel gave a figure and desci'iption of its external characters, with some notes on its anatomy, in the second part of his ' Ab- handlimgen.' The skeleton passed into the hands of a person at Schcveningen, at which place it was for some time exhibited. It has been transferred to the Leyden Museum. " The skeleton was evidently that of a very young individual of the genus Fhijsnlus, agreeing in every particular, as far as I could ascer- tain, with F. antiquorum. The bones were sjiongy, and the epi- physes on the limb-bones and vertebrsc all non-united, even that on the hinder surface of the axis. The skull was about 9 feet long ; the nasals were deeply excavated ; the orbital process of the frontals nari'owed at the extremity. The lower jaw had a considerable cuiTc and a long coronoid process. As mentioned by Schlegel, the verte- bral f(n-mula was C. 7, D. 15, L. 14, C. 24=00. The form of the atlas and of the bodies of the cervical vertebrai were as in FJujsalus generally ; the transverse processes were not developed, being in fact mere stumps. The upper and lower processes were not united even 156 BALiENOPTERID^. in the axis. The lower process of the fifth very short. Ribs 15 pairs ; the first Avith a simple head. Sternum small, undeveloped, with two broad lateral lobes at the anterior part, and a deep notch between them on the front border, prolonged posteriorly into a handle-like process; its entire length was 9", its breadth 10". Scapula 20" in height, and 32" in breadth. Humerus 14" long, lladius 22" long." — Floiver, P. Z. S. 1864, 409. " A fine cranium from the Jutland coast, in the Louvain Museum, about 15' in length. It is rather narrow posteriorly in proportion to its length ; and the nasal bones, though of the general form cha- racteristic of the genus, are very narrow, and pointed at their hinder ends."— Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 418. " A skull of a young specimen in the Leyden Museum, agreeing in all its characters with P. antlquorum, Gray; marked ' Balcenoptera PJiysalus, Mer Sept.' Its length, from the condyles to the tip of the beak in a straight Hne, is 10' Q"."— Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 397. Pallas, under the name of B. Pht/salus (Zool. Rosso-Asiat. 290), described a specimen of this genus found in the North Sea in 1740. It was 84 feet long ; the pectoral 9, the head 22 feet long, and the tail 14 feet wide. He describes the skin as brown. The young male, 42 feet long, caught near the mouth of the Somme, on the coast of France, described and figured by Ravin (Ann. Sci. Nat. X. 206. t. 11, XV. 337. t. 9), under the name of Bahcnoptera rostrata, from the form of the skull, seems to be a species of the genus Phi/salus, probably P. antiquorum ; but the details of the ske- leton have not been given. The tympanic bones are drawn of a very small size (?. c. t. 9. f. 2 r, 3 r). It is described : — " Black above, beneath white. Pectoral black. Dorsal and caudal with white scar on the edge. Baleen of the fii-st part of the series white ; of the rest blackish blue, the colour changing suddenly from one to the other. " Inhab. coast of France, Somme (Pavi^i)." M. Ravin (Ann. Sci. Nat. n. s. xv. t. 9) figures the skull ; but although it resembles generally Cuvier's figui'e above quoted, it is shorter and broader in proportion, being only twice the length of the width of the jaws in front of the orbit. Lacepede (Cetac. t. 5, 7) describes and figures a whale, stranded near the Isle of Marguerite on 20th March 1797. It is described as 60 feet long ; distance from nose to pectoral 14^, thence to dorsal 10|^, and from dorsal to caudal 8|-. But there must be some mistake, as this accounts for only 34 feet. The pectorals are 5 feet long (that is, only one-twelfth of the total length), and all black. Cuvier figured the skull of this whale (Oss. Foss. t. 26. f. 5), and founded on it his Rorqual de la Mediterranee. M. F. Cuvier (Cetac. 334) regarded this as the type of his Balcena muscnlus. The skull and some of the bones are at Paris (see Gervais, sur la Baleine de la Mediterranee, 8vo, 1862, Montpehier) . M. Companyo describes a male whale cast ashore near St. Cyprien. The entire length was '82 feet, of the head 16 feet ; and the pectoral was 13 feet long. Vertebra) 61, viz. cervical 7, dorsal 14, lumbar 5. riTTSAius. 157 15, caudal about 25. It was dark grey, with the throat and sides of the pectoral white ; the belly blue, white-banded ; the pectoral greyish, il. F. Cuvier refers this to the B. musndus, or Mediter- ranean Rorqual. The skeleton was at Lyons in 1835. M. Van Beneden (Ann. Sci. Nat. n. s. vi. 159) says the tympanic bones brought from Iceland by M. Quoy belonged to the B. musculus of CuATier {P. antiquorum). Lesson records a young female taken at He d'Oleron, 54 feet long, 10th March, 1827. There is a skeleton in the Zoological Gardens, Antwerp (see Bull. Acad. Roy. Brux. xxiv. 3). A skeleton not mounted, Museum Paris. And a skeleton, Museum Louvain, 1836, GO feet long ; Holland, 1836. Professor Eschricht has two heads of this species at Copenhagen, from Greenland. There are a head and some vertebrae at Paris, and some vertebrffi at Berlin. M. Van Beneden observes that the Rorqual de la Mediterranee of Cuvier is the Mystketos of Aristotle and the Musculus of Pliny. It is the only whale that has as yet been observed in the Mediterranean. It may be doubtful if the Mediterranean whale is the same as the one from the Atlantic Ocean here described. Cuvier described the species from the head of a specimen, now in the Paris Museum, which was cast ashore on the Isle of Marguerite on the 20th of March 1797. M. Van Beneden says it is the same as his Pterobalana communis, but at the same time he observes that the skull of the specimen from Antwerp which he describes has " la plus grande rcssemblance avec cette qui a ete decritc par Rudolphi, et qui se trouve au Museum de Berlin ; elle offre exactement les memes proportions." Now, Pro- fessor Rudolphi's specimen is the tj'pc of M. Cuvier's Rorqual du Nord, which is separated from the Mediterranean Rorqual on account of the very great difference in the form and proportions of the head. However, the Antwerp specimen has the simple first ribs of the ti-ue FJujscdus, and I suspect that in comparing the skull with the Berlin skull some characters must have been overlooked. " It is seen from time to time on the French coasts, especially those of the Pyrenees orientales and the Var. In 1862 a female, with her young, remained for more than a month chiefly in the small bays of Paulilles, Port-Vendres, and Collioure. This was perhaps the cetacean which, some months later, ran ashore at the rock of Borro, on the Spanish coast, and was towed to Llanza, where M. Gervais saw it." This species is found in the Mediterranean. M. Gervais observes that " such Cetaceans rarely run aground on the sandy shores of Languedoc and La Camargue ; but the great whale with a chan- nelled belly, mentioned by Dalcchamp as having come ashore in his time near Montpcllier, must be regarded as a Rorqual, and the jaws of this species preserved at Frontignan have probably a similar origin. "There is a skeleton of a whale 17 feet long in the museum of Perpignan. The large whale taken at St. Cyprien has been de- 158 EALyENOPTERTD.E. scribed by Farincs and Carcassonne as Bahvnopfera Arar/oiis. That at St. Tropez, in 18:33 ; those of the lie Sainte Marguerite, one in 1797, described by Lacepedc and Cuvicr, and the other in 1864 ; and two or three others taken near Toulon, of which the skull or the entire skeleton have been preserved." — Comptes Bend us, 28 Nov. 1864, 870 ; Ann. ^- Ma(j. N. H. 1805, xv. 77. Albers (Icon. Anat. 1822, t. 1) figures, under the name of Balcena Boops, the skeleton of a whale cast ashore at Vegisack, near Bremen, in 1009. The length was 29 feet ; length of pectoral fin 3, width of tail 9 feet. Camper (Cetac. 74. t. 11, 12) figures the skull of this specimen. Cuvier says he compared this skull with the one from lie St. Marguerite, figured by Lacepede, and could see no difference between them. Albers's figures would lead to the idea that the lower jaw was scarcely wider than the upper ; this is corrected by Camper. Professor Eschricht considers Albers's specimen the same as Hunter's B. rostrata ; but it agrees with the whales of this genus in having 34 and 35 lumbar and caudal vertebrae. * The U2)per and lower lateral processes of the third, fourth, Jifth, and sixth cervical vertebrce elongate, slender, free at the ends; the upper one heni doivn ; the lateral process of the second cervical large, truncated. Body of the cervical vertebrce oblong, ovate, not much broader than high; the upper edge concave ; the lower very slightly conve.v. Ribs 15 . 15. 2. Physalus Duguidii. The Orkney Whale (Physalus Duguidii), Heddle, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 187, Mmmn. t. 4A & 45, anat. d' & 2 ; Arch. Naturq. 1858, 56. Physalus Duguidii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 221. f. 13, 14, 15 ; Ami. ^■ Mag. N. H. 1864, 352, Inhab. Orkney (Heddle). Fie-. .S8. .'>*!W,5 ^^ Atlas of Physalus Duguidii. Extreme width 21 inches; height I25 inches. 5. PnYSAT.TTS. 159 Cervical and part of dorsal vertcbrrc and the baleen in the British Museum. Le!i{2;th 50 feet. I'hc ujiper lateral processes of the third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebrae are very slender and bent down, with two slight angular ridges on the outer edge ; the lower processes are much thicker and bent up at the end, with a broad flat lower edge near the base, which forms an angle at the end. The bodies of the cervical vertebrae are roundish oblong, rather wider below than above, aboiit one-fourth the width wider than they are high. The form of the body and the slenderness and form of the lateral processes of the cervical vertebra; seem to separate this species from P. anfiquot-imi, as well as the separate form of the lateral processes. In the Plymouth specimen of the latter in the Museum, the bodies of the cervical vertebra) are oblong, transverse, being one-third the width broader than high. Fiu-. .34. Second cervical vertebra of Physalus Dvguidii. Extreme length, measiu'ed by a cord, 25^ inches ;_ height 12 inches. Articulating surface : height 7 inches ; width 11 inches. Fiff. 35. Fifth cervical vertebra of Vhymlus Dugtddii. 160 I!AL/'EN0PTERID.T5. The short baleen forms the front part of the series, in which the layer in the middle is dark slate-coloured, and the intermediate- sized blades are more or less slate-coloured on the outer and white on the inner side. The breast-bone is lozenge-shaped, with a large central perforation. Mr. Heddle gives a long account of this species in his paper in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society' above referred to. The upper and lower lateral processes of the third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebra short, strcmg, separate, directed laterally ; the lateral process of the second cervical short, truncated. liibs 16 . 16, 3. Physalus Sibbaldii. Physalus (Rorqualus) Sibbaldii, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1847, 92; Cat. Cetac. 42 ; P. Z. S. 1864, 223. fig. 15 a ; Ann. i^- Mar/. N. If. 1864, xiv. 332. Inhab. North Sea, ascending rivers ; in the Humber, Yorkshire. Skeleton in Museum of the Hull Koyal Institution and Literary and Philosophical Society. Length 50 feet. The skeleton in the HuU Philosophical Society's Museum is 47 feet long, and evidently of a young animal ; the arm or paddle is rather more than 6 feet long. The baleen is all black. The lower jaw strong, with a conical, large, well-developed ramus. Vertebra 64 : cervical 7, dorsal 10, lumbar and caudal 41, Breast-bone wanting. The cervical vertebrae are all separate ; the second cervical vertebra has a broad lateral expansion, and is oblong, obliquely truncated from the wide upper to the narrow lower edge, and with a small oblong subcentral perforation near the base ; the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical vertebra3 have a straight, rather elongate lateral process, which projects straight out from the body of the vertebra, and the upper and lower ones are of nearly equal length. The ribs 16 . 16, all simple. The end of the first rib, near the ver- tebra, has a single head ; and the head of the first and second rib is compressed laterally, and with a slender internal process. The articulating surfaces of the cervical vertebrae are oblong, transverse, much broader than high. Fi^. 36. Second and fifth cervical vertebras of Physalus Sibbaldii. (From a sketch by Mr. Harrison, of Hull.) 5. I'HYSALUS. lUl " The form of the head is much like that of Ravin's figure of the skull of P. antiquorum. It is 10 feet 10 inches long, 4 feet 8 inches wide at the orbits, and 2 feet 9 inches wide at the base of the beak. The lower jaw is 9 feet 8 inches long without allowing for the curves.'" — It. Harrison. Finner Whales that have been onli/ imperfectly noticed. 1. Physalus ? australis. Tlie Southern Finner. Bahena Quoyii, Fischer, Si/n. 52(3. Hal.pna rostrata australis, Desmoulins, Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 166. Biihcnoptera australis, Gray, Zool. E. 3f T. 51. Bahenoptera australis. Southern Rorqual or Finback, Nimn. Narrat. Favourite, 183, fig. Phjsalus ? australis. Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 44. Inhab. Falkland Islands ( Qiioy). Desmoulins (Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 164), under the name of Balcena rostrata australis, describes a whale seen by M. Quoy on the shores of the Falkland Islands, which he saj-s was exactly like B. Physalus. It was 55 feet long, and the pectoral fin 6 feet 3 inches — that is. about one-eighth of the entire leiigth, the same as in Bahenoptera Physalus ; but he says the dorsal fin was over the male organ — a character which, as fai- as I know, is jjeculiar to the Humjiback Whale {Meyaptera) — thus presenting a combination of characters which, if correct, -wall not only prove it to be a distinct species, but one forming a section by itself. Lesson (Tab. Regno Anim. i. 202) gives the name oi Bala^iopteia australis to the " Fin-back of the whalers of the South Sea." It is most probably intended for this species, as Falkland Islands is given for the habitat; but it may be Meyaptera PoesX-op, or perhaps a confusion of the two. '• The Fin-backed Whale of Desolation, near Kerguelen's Land, is about 'M feet long. The whalebone short. The dorsal fin is arched backwards, nearly over the pectoral, or, some fishermen say, a little behind the middle of the back. The upper surface is black, lighter beneath. The spout is single, much higlier than that of the Right Whale (Bakrna) in the same latitude.'' — Kunns Narrative. The figures, after the drawings of the whalers, represent the body only as ratlier more than three times the length of the head. " From the description I have received of the Fin-fish (Bahmo- ptera liorqual), which often appears in the bays of both the western and eastern coasts of Africa, I feel disposed to regard it as the liorqual. It may, however, prove to be a ditterent species when those who can note its characters shall have an opportunity of ex- amining a dead specimen. It is here rarely attacked by the fishers, being considered dangerous, and of little value from its yielding but a small i)ropurtion of oil. About twelve years ago one was killed in Table Bay whicli measuied 95 feet." — A. Smith, African Quart Journ. 130. -^ 162 BALT.XOrTEEIDJE. 2. Physalus Brasilieusis. Balsenoptem Brasiliensis, Gniy, Zool. E. &• T. 51 ; Cat. Od. Spec. Apji. 142. Physalus Brasilieusis, Grai/, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 43. I have also received from Mr. Smith specimens of what is called in trade Bahia Finner. This baleen is black ; the fibres on the edge of the larger flakes are piu'plish brovrn, and of the smaller or terminal ones paler brown. They are 35 inches long by Hi inches wide; and the smaller, 10 inches long and 4 inches vride at the base. This is so different in appearance from the other baleen of this genus that I propose to call it Bahenoj^item Brasiliensis. a. Three plates of baleen, "Bahia Finner.'' Bahia. 3. Physalus ? fasciatus. The Peruvian Finner. " Lower jaw scarcely longer than the upper; head and back ash- brown ; belly whitish ; tips of fins and a streak from the eye to the middle of the body white. Length 38 feet." — Tschudi. Balaenoptera, n. s., Tschudi, Mamm. Coiisp. Peruana, 13. Balffinoptera Tschudi, Heich. Cetac. 33 ; Wiegm. Arch. 1844, 255. Pliysalus fasciatus, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 42. Inhab. coast of Pern. 4. Physalus Indicus. " Lower jaw remarkably slender." Balccnoptera Indica, Great Rorqual of the Indiau Ocean, Bli/th, Jimrn. A. S. xxi. 358, xxii. 414 ; Bep. Asiatic Society Calcutta, xxviii. 5 ; Friend of Lidia, 1842, Sejit. lo. Balaenoptera, sp., Heitylin, in Sitzmiysber. d. Math.-natunv. Acad. d. Wissensch. zu Wien, 1851, vii. 449. Physalus, sp., Flotrer, P. Z. S. 1864, 408, note. Inhab. Eed Sea. Mr. Blyth records the following : — 1. Chittagong coast, 15th August 1842, 90 feet long and 42 feet in diameter. 2. Ai-akan coast, 84 feet long. Lower jaw remarkably slender, the coronoid process well developed. Length 21 feet, liadius 38| inches long. 3. A large jaw-bone of a ^Tiale (Asiat. Kes. xv. Append.p. xxsiv). 4. Yertebra and cranium of a WTiale {Asiat. lies. xvii. 624, and Glean, of Science, ii. 71). 5. A skuU and lower jaw, 10 feet long, from Ai'akan. In the Museum of the Calcutta Medical College. 'WTiales seem to have been not unfrequently stranded on the coast of Mekran. Thus Xearchus, the commander of Alexander's fleet from the Indus to the Persian Gidf, b.c. 327, described the Ichtlujopluigi of that woodless region as using the bones of whales for building- purposes (see Vincent's Voyage of Nearchus, p. 267-269, quoted by Blyth). " Whales are very rarely seen " in Ceylon ; " a dead one is occa- 5. rHYSALTJS. 163 sionully stranded. The skeleton of one cast ashore some twenty years ago at Mount Laraiia is still in the museum at Colombo." — KeJaart, Prod. Faunce Zei/hnicce, 1852. " Whales are frequently captured 'within sight of Colombo." — Tenncnfs Ceylon. " Whales are very common on the coast of >\lipi, South Malabar. American ships, and occasionally Swedish ones, call at Cochin for stores during their cruises for them, but no English whalers ever come here tliat I have heard of. One [whale], said to be 100 feet long, was stranded on the coast. I saw some of the vertebrae and ribs about three years ago. Last year another, 90 feet long, got among the reefs in Quilon, and was murdered by some hundreds of natives with guns, spears, axes, &c., and was cut up and eaten, salted and dried as well as fresh. The Roman Catholic fishermen of the coast pronounced it ' fii'st chop beef.' " The Maldives and Seychelles are said to be the headquarters of the whalers who seek for those whales. I am soriy I never noticed the jaw-bones sufficiently, for I saw them on the beach." — liev. H. Balcer, of Alipi, S. Malabar, quoted hij Blyth, 5. Physalus ? Iwasi. The Jai>an Finner. Black ; side white-spotted ; belly white. Balrenoptera arctica, Schlc(/el, Faun. Japan. 26. IMiysalus ? Iwasi, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 42. Bala>na sulcata antarctica, Sc/ileycl, Abh. 43 ; Faun. Japvn. Mamm. t. 30. Inhab. Japan. A species of tliis genus is known in Japan under the name of Iwasi Kuzira. It is very rare. One was cast ashore in 1760 at Kii, which was about 25 feet long ; black, belly whitish, sides white-spotted. They distinguish it from the other whales by the head being smaller, narrower, and more pointed, and the pectoral shorter. It was driven ashore by the SaJcauata (Grampus). Xo remains of this species were brought home by M. Siebold. Temminck (Fauna Japonica) regards it as identical with the Northern species. It is very desirable that the bones of the Japan and Northern specimens should be accm-ately compared. It may be observed that several animals, the Mole and the Badger for example, were formerly said to lie like the European species, but recent research has shown that they are thstiuct, and they are now so considered in the ' Fauna Japonica.' The following species are described by Lacepede from Chinese drawings (see Mem.Mus.iv. 473): — Balanioj^tcra piinctuluta , B.niyra, B. ccerah'scen.'t, and B. macidata. " Ilazorbacks occur in the Strait of Formosa. Some Americans fitted out lorchas for their capture, and erected boiling-houses at "(Swatow, but they said they yielded too little oil to compensate for the trouble ami lisk incurred in their captiu-e, as they arc dangerous creatures to meddle with. They have very large flat heads and '^^ smooth backs. Seldom a year passes but one is stranded some- M 2 164 nAL.EXOI'TEEIDj;. whero in the vicinage of Swatow." — SwitiJioc, Proc. Asiatic Sue. Bcnrjal, 1863. 6. Physalus antarcticus, Balsenoptera autarctica, Orai/, Zoo!. E. ^- T. 51. Physalus aiitavcticus, (Jraj/, Cat. Cetuc. />'. 31. 1850, 43. There has been imported from Now Zealand a quantity of fiuner- fins. or baleen, which are all yellowish white ; this doubtless indicates a different species. The Finner Whales also inhabit the Columbian shores. Lewis and Clarke mention the skeleton of a liorqual found near the Columbia River, 105 feet long. — Travels, 422. Chamisso, in his accounts of the wooden models of whales which were made by the Aleutians, of the species found in their seas, which he deposited in the Berlin Museum, and described and figured in the N. Acta Nat. Cur. xii. 212, figures three kinds of this genus : viz. Ahugulich, t. 16. f. 2; Mangidach, t. 16. f. 3; and AgamaclitscMeh, t. 18. f. 4, the B. Agamacliscliil\ Pallas, Zool. Kosso-Asiat. i. t. a. If reliance is to be placed on the wooden models made by the Aleutians, which have been described and figured by Chamisso — and many of them are not bad representations of known genera — there is a genus found at Kamtschatka which has not yet been described. It is called Balmia J'schiehagJuk by Pallas (Zool. Rosso-Asiat. i. 289 ; Nov. Act. Nat. Cm-, xii. 259. t. 19. f. 6). It has no dorsal fin, and a smooth belly and chest ; the upper and lower part of the under portion of the body are slightly keeled ; the head rounded, like Balce- noptera, witli the blower on the hinder part of the crown. The lower side of the tail and the pectoral are white. 6. CUVIERIUS. The rostrum of the skull very broad, continued as far as the middle with very little diminution of width, and then rounded; outer margin much more convex in the front half. Maxillary bones broad as in Megaptera. The atlas with short, thick, rounded lateral processes growing straight out of the upper half of the sides of the body. The axis with two short broad lateral processes which do not completely unite, having a regular oval ])asal aperture. The cervical vertebrae with oblong rounded bodies, with upper and lower lateral processes which are not united into a ring. The neural canal trans- versely oblong, flattened above. Vertebrte 64. Ribs 15 . 15 ; head of first undivided ; the second and third each with a weU-developed capitular process, which is longest and most slender in the third. Sternum irregularly oval, notched in front. The scapula with a dis- tinct acromion and coracoid. The humerus moderate. The radius and ulna much longer than the humerus. Phalanges long. This genus is intermediate between Phgsalus and Sibbaldius ; it has the broad rostrum of the latter and the vertebra and ribs of the former, and a peculiar sternum. 0. CUVIERIUS. 1 . Cuvierius latirostris, Physalus latirostris, Flower, Vroc. Zool. Soc. 18G4, 410-414. ^^^ /-/JU^ Inhab North Sea. Skeleton of young specimen in the museinU ot the late Pi-ofessor Lidth de Jeude, at Utrecht. " Tn the collection of the late Professor Lidth de Jeudc, at Utrecht, ^ a fine skeleton of a Fin-Whale. It was obtained on the coast of JL^J^ a^v.^ Holland. It was from a young animal. The epiphyses were de- C>C ^^^ tached from both ends of the bodies of all the vertebra between the '^^'^'^^^ axis and the last t^vo or three of the tail; aLso from both ends of y-/ ^^/^^ the humerus and bones of the forearm. The exocci],ital, parietal, /^^^^f-"^ and squamosal bones were non-united; and moreover the processes A^^-^^^ ot the vertebras Mere imperfectly ossified, as shown by the condition ■ of their enrk, and their shortness compared with the large size of the bodies of the bones. It was more advanced, however, than the specimen examined at the Hague. " The length of the cranium is t>' ] 0" ; of the vertebral column, the bones being placed close together, without the epiphyses 31' 2"- to this must be added at least o feet for the thickness of the epiphyses and the intervertebral spaces ; so tliat the whole animal could not have been imich short of 50 feet in length. The number of vertebraj IS L. /, D. lo, remainder (of which 15 or 16 are lumbar) 4'>=(J4 ihe column is quite complete, and ends, not in an elongated bone composed ot two or three centrums anchylosed, but in a small flat circu ar, disk-like bone half an i.uh in diameter. The penultimate vertebra is simple, short, rounded at the edges, and about an inch in diameter. The one before this is much larger in every direction increasing rapidly at its anterior end. ' ' " The cranium presents many of the characters Ijefore attributed to the genus F/it/salus, but with some peculiarities that I have not met with in any other specimen. The most remarkable of these is the great width of the rostrum, whicli, instead of gradually and steadily contracting from the base to the apex, as in P. antlquornm and the members 0 the genera Sihh„M!us and BaUm^jfcm, continues as far as the middle with very little diminution of width, so that the outer border is much more strongly convex in the anfeiior half. This is occasioned by the width of the maxillary bone, which more resembles that oi Megaptera hnr/hwnia. The great difference of the proi)or- tional breadth of the beak to the length of the cranium in this specimen, as compared with other Fin-Whales, is seen in the Table at p. 112 and m the Table of dimensions below. I may mention also that the breadth of the palatine surface of the maxillary, measured m a straight line, at the middle of the beak, is IG", whereas in the cranium of a ('ommon Fin-^Miale (P. antlquonnn) in the Museum ot the Koyal C olh-e of Surgeons, of almost the same length (viz 9 3 ) it is but 11 1". The na^al bones arc very broad and .short raised to a ridge in the middle line, and hollowed on each side on the upper surface and anterior border, though to a less extent than in the common species. The orl)ital plate of the frontal resembles in Its general form that of P/ii/sulus antiquorun,, but is rather less 16G BAL^.N0PTEEIM5. narrowed externally. The lower jaw is massive, has a high, pointed coronoid process, and a considerable but not excessive curve. "Dimensions {in inches) of Skulls of different examples 0/ Physalus antiquorum and of the specimen at Utrecht. Length of skull in a straight line Breadth of condyles Breadth of exoccipitals Breadth of squamosals (greatest breadth 1 of skull)..' J Length of supraoccipital Length of articular process of squamosal . . . Orbital process of frontal, length Orbital process of frontal, breadth at base 1 (from curved border of maxillary to I hinder edge of orbital process of frontal) J Orbital process of frontal, breadth at upper 1 surface of outer end _( Nasals, length Nasals, breadth of the two, at posterior end Nasals, breadth of the two, at anterior end Length of beak (from cvu-ved border of 1 maxillary to tip of beak) J Length of maxillary Projection of maxillary beyond premaxillary Breadth of masillaries at hinder end , Breadth of maxillaries across orbital pi'o- cesses (following curve) Breadth of beak at base (all the measure- ments across the beak include the curve of the upper surface) Breadth of beak at one-quarter of its length from base J Breadth of maxillary at the same point Breadth of premaxillary at same point Breadth of beak at middle Breadth of maxillary at middle Breadth of premaxillary at middle Breadth of beak at three-quarters of its 1 length from base J Breadth of maxillary at same point Breadth of premaxillary at same point Length of lower jaw in a straight line Height at coronoid process Height at middle Amount of curve (greatest distance of the 1 inner surface of the jaw from a straight I line drawn between the extremities) ... J -S., 118 184 15 12 36 56 60 41 36 32 34 18 8^ 6 n 133 145 9 17 89 186 14 55 86 m 34 30 32 17 7 11 132 142^ 10^ 17' 179 12 54 78 38 35 29 35 56 54 55 126 14i 39 60 26 25 18 12^ 3 9 119 137 8 15 84 45 45 11 13i 6 33 94 18^ 5 180 21 14i 5 36 10 6 23 21 38 111 lU 38 56 26 24 19 21 124 7 3 6 75 87 i'3 67 39 30 10 3i 22i 7i 3 13 3 24 112 15 n 15 Floiver, P. Z. 8. 1864, 411. " In all the characters by which the atlas of Physalus differs from that of Sibhaldivs, the present specimen agrees with the former. C). CUVIERIUS. 167 The transverse processes arc short, thick, and rounded, growing straight ont of the upper half of the sides of the body of the bone, bitt, as said before, incomplete at their ends. It measures 14|" in height, and 23" in extreme width ; IG" across the articular surface for the skull, each facet being 12|" in height and G" in width ; at their lower end these do not meet by a space of 2". The neural canal is 10" in height, 5^" wide at the upper end, contracts rather above its middle to 3;^", then expands somewhat again. The body of the axis measures IG" across and 7|" in depth; with the processes, it is 24|" wide and 1G|" high ; the neural canal is 6|" wide by 5|" high. The upper and lower transverse processes do not completely unite, although thej" approach on one side within half an inch, on the other not quite so much ; their extremities, however, are not ossified. The opening between them is regularly oval, 4|" long and 3;^" wide. " The bocUes of the remaining cervical vertebrce are rounded ob- longs, theij- arches are low, and theLr spines little developed ; the neural canals transversely elongated, and flattened above ; from the third to the sixth, each has an upper and lower transverse process, the upper ones rising somewhat from the body of the vertebras, before taking their outward and downward course, very thin, especially at their concave margin, gradually and very slightly decreasing in length. The lower processes somewhat shorter, and considerably broader, though thin ; with a tuberosity on their vtnder edge near the base ; decreasing regularlj- in length, that of the sixth vertebra being notably shorter than the others. In the seventh vertebra the upper process is ^vider than in the others, and the lower one is reduced to a mere tubercle. '•' Dimensions of the Cervical Vertebrte (in inches). Extreme height. Extreme width. 23 22 22 2H 22 Height of body. Width of body. Height of neural canal. Width of neural canal. Third 14 Fourth 14 Fifth 14J^ Sixth 15 Seventh 15^ 8 8i 8^ 8^ 13 12 Hi 4 4 H 3i 64 . 7i " There are 15 pairs of ribs. The first has an undi\-ided head. The tuberosity is prominent but narrow, and a thin crest extends from it for some chstance along the convex border of the rib. The greatest length in a straight Line is 34" ; the breadth at the middle 3", at the lower end 6". The second and third ribs have both well-developed capitular processes extending towards the bodies of the vertebrae, longer and more slender in the third. In the fourth this process is nearly obsolete, and absent in all the succeeding ones. There are rough surfaces on the infero-latcral portions of the hinder edges of the bodies of the first and second dorsal vertebras, to which those processes of the ribs were connected, probably by the intervention of a strong ligament. The length of the second rib is 49" ; of the third 59". 168 BAL^NOPTERID^. " A bone which, from its general appearance, texture, and surface, I presume mxist be the sternum, especially as there was no other which could have represented this portion of the skeleton, presents most anomalous characters. It is very flat on both surfaces, a little more than 1" in thickness, of an irregularly oval form, being larger on one side than the other, and slightly produced at Avhat I suppose would be the posterior border, and notched in the anterior. It is only 5f " in its greatest diameter (transverse), and 4" in the other direction. Certainly the condition of the edges gave evidence of a bone incom- pletely ossified ; but its very small size, especially in the antero- posterior direction, for a Phi/salus of the dimensions of the one under examination, is very remarkable. " The body of the hyoid I was unable to find ; but the stylo-hyals are slightly curved, compressed, with a thick convex border, and a thinner concave border, rather larger at one end than the other ; 14" in length, 4:j" in greatest width, and 2" in thickness ; presenting, in fact, the usual form seen in the genus Physcilus. The scapula and arm-bones had also the ordinary form ; the former is 21" in height, and 35|" in breadth ; the acromion 7|" long, and 3^" in breadth ; the coracoid 2|" long ; the glenoid fossa 10|" by 7". The humerus is 17" long, 7| ' in longest diameter, and 20" in circumference at the middle. The radius is 27" long, 6" in breadth at the upper end, 4^" at the middle and 7|" below, and 3" thick at the middle. The ulna is 25" long, 7" across at the top, Sg" at the middle (and 2" in thickness), and 5|" at the lower end. The circumference of the two bones together at their middle is 20|-". The metacarpal bones are long for the size of the animal, being respectively, beginning at the radial side, 6", 8", 6|", and 4^" ; whereas the same bones in the adult Common Fin-Whale in the Antwerp Zoological Gardens are 4|", 6", 6", and 4|" ; and in the specimen in the Alexandra Park 4|-", 6", 5", 3f". The phalanges are long, and rather different in number from those in the specimens of the Common Fin-Whale which I have examined, being 4, 5, 5, and 3 in the several digits, com- mencing on the radial side with No. II. In the Antwerp Phy solus they are 2, 7, 6, and 3. But, as in both cases they have been arti- ficially articulated, much importance cannot be attached to these numbers. " This skeleton differs in some respects from any other that I have seen, nor can I identify it with any published description sufficiently detailed for exact comparison. That it belongs to the genus Physalus as above defined there is little question. The only difficulty is in the form of the sternum. It must be remembered that the indi^ndual was young, and the bone, being slow of development, is subject to considerable variation in form during growth, and also, when fuUy grown, to great individual diversities of form. It scarcely seems advisable, therefore, on account of this one specimen to modify the generic diagnosis as regards this bone, though such a course might be necessary if a very small oval, transversely elongated sternum were found characteristic of the adult animals belonging to the species. I think that there can be no question that this character, together /. SIUIiAI.DlU.S. IQ(). with the additional two caudal vertebras, the wide luaxillaries, the more elongated metacarpals, and the sliglit differences in tlie form of the cei-vical vertebrue and the ribs, are sufficient to establish a well-marked species ; and, unless it can be identified with any that has been previously described, I would suggest the name of lafi'rostris as an appropriate designation.'' — Flower, P. Z. S. 1864 411-414 B. T ertcbrce^ii. Thejirst rib douhle-headed. J'J ■ 7. SIBBALDIUS. The pectoral fins moderate. The sectmd cerncal vertebra with a broad elongated lateral process, perforated at the base. The first and second ribs double-headed. Lower jaw compressed, high, flat on the sides, with a conical coronoid process. Yertebrfe 55 or 56 Ribs 13 . 13 or 14 . 14. Balrenoptera, sp., Gt-ui/. Pterobalsena, sp., Esciirtcht, Van Benedon. 7 Sibbaldus, arm/, Proc. Zool. 600. 1864, 223; Ann. &• Man. N. H. 1864, xiv. .'v')2. Sibbaldiiis, Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 392. Pectoral fin one-eighth of the entii-e length ; and the dorsal fin " opposite the opening of the vent," nearly three-fourths of the entire length from the nose. SkuU very broad. Maxillary bones verv broad, graduaUy tapering, with nearly sti-aight outer edges. The intermaxillaries moderate, linear. The frontal bones broad, band- like, with a wide sinuous edge over the orbits. Kasal bones small. The lower jaw slightly arched, compressed, with a conical ramus near the condyle. The lateral process of the second cervical vertebra expanded, with a basal perforation (Rudolphi, Berl. Trans. 1822, t. 1. f. 2). Tympanic bone oblong, ventricose (see Dubar, t. 4. f. l\ Rudolphi, t. 3. f. 6). The lateral processes of the second to the sixtli cervical vertebrae separate, elongate. The arm -bones* strong the forearm-bones nearly double the length of the humerus. The sca- pula broad, with a large, well-develoiied coracoid process in front The hand with four rather short fingers ; the second and third equal and longest : the inner or fourth rather shorter than the first Phaknges 4.5.5. 3. Vertebra? 54. Ribs 13 or 14. The first rib slender, with a process on the side near the condyle, as if the rib was divided into two somewhat similar lobes above (Rudolphi, t 5 f. 6). According to Dubar, the first rib is articulated to the first and second dorsnl vertcbra\ The under jaw less curved; but the great character is that the front rib is split into two separate parts near the coiidvle, or double- headed as Dubar calls it. The tvmpanic bones are "short, oblono- swollen (figured tn situ in the skull, Rudolphi, /. c. t. 3. f. 6). '" ^q " Total nuni])er of vertebra) Jfc»-58. JUbs 14 pairs. Orl)ital i)ro- ^^v cess of frontal bone nearly a^)/oM\ at out(>r end as at the base Xasal bones elongate, narrow, flat, or verv sli-litlv hollowed on the sides of the upper surface, obliquely truncated at" the anterior end 170 BALiENOPTERID.^. (fig. 13, «, p. 111). Lacrymal bones thickened and I'ounded at the outer end. Lower jaw with a comjmratively slight curve, and a low, obtusely triangular coronoid process. Nem-al arches of the cervical vertebrae high, and their spines well developed. Transverse process of atlas arising from upper two-thirds of side of the body, short, and deep from above downwards (fig. 41, p. 181 ; fig. 42, p. 182). On the hinder border of the under surface a median pointed triangular process, directed backwards and articulating with the axis. Upper and lower transverse processes of the second to the sixth vertebrae inclusive well developed, broad, and flat (united at their ends in the adult, except the sixth ?). Lower process of the sixth short, broad, and much twisted on itself. Head of the first rib bifurcated into an anterior and posterior division, articulating with the extremities of the transverse processes of the seventh cervical and first dorsal vertebra} respectively. Second, third, and fourth ribs with short capitular pro- cesses. Sternum verysmall, short,and broad, somewhat lozenge-shaped (fig. 12, b, p. 110). Stylohyals very broad and flat (fig. 48, p.l84). " Type species, aS^. laticeps, Graj':'—FJo2i'er, P.Z.S. 1864, 392, 393. J,/. ^././,,.M^ "-'*'• ^■""" SibbakJius laticeps (from Rudolphi) t. 26. f. (j. Professor Schlegel seems to think that the bifurcation of the fii'st rib is a mark of youth, for he observes, " It appears that in old specimens of the BaJanoptefa PJu/sahis this bifurcation is grown to one solid mass This singular character has often induced me to beheve tliat the first rib, as it is called, is only the horns of the os hyoides." — Letter, 24^/t A^gmt 1864. I may observe, in reply, that the full-grown specimen described as the " Ostend "VMiale" had the bifurcation Avell developed. * Dorsal Jin compressed, fulcate, two-thirds of the entire length from the nose. Hibs 13 . 13. First rib short, dilated at the sternal end. Sternum with an elongate, narrow posterior lobe. Rudolphius. 1 . Sibbaldius laticeps. Black, beneath white. Upper jaws wide, in the skull only twice as long as the ■^'idth of their base in front of the orbits ; the lower / . SIBBALDirS. 171 jaws slightly curved and scarcely wider than the edge of the upper ones. Pectoral fin one-eighth of the entire length, and rather more than one-third, and the dorsal nearly three-fourths, from the nose. The length was 31 feet 1 inch, from nose to the eye 2 feet 9 inches, to blower 3 feet 11 inches, to pectoral 3 feet 6| inches, to the front of the dorsal 19 feet 2 inches, to the vent 21 feet. Balc-ena rostrata, Euclolphi, Bcrl Abhrnxll. 1820, t. 1 ("not Huutm-) ; Brandt <^- Rutzeh. Med. Zool. i. 119. t. 15. f. 3, t. 16. f. 12 : Graii Cat Cetac. B. M. ' •' Rorqual du Nord, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 564. t. 26. f. 6 (copied fi-om Budolphi). ^ ^ Balrenoptera laticeps, Grmj, Zool. E. <^- T. (from Budolphi); Cat. Cetac. B. M. 37. BaL-ena horealis (part.), Fischer, Sipi. 524 (from Cuvier). Bah-ena Pbysalus (part.), Kilsson, 'Scand. Faiom, 635. Pterobalwna Boops (part.), Eschricht, K. Damk. Vid. Sehk. 1840, Balajuoptera borealis (part.), Bapp, Cetac. 51. fiJ'Ou-th^*^ ^^''^cT Inhab. North Sea. Holstcin, 1819 (liudolpld): skeleton in Mus! " Berlin, 31 feet long. Zuyder Zee, 1816, skeleton in Mus. Leyden. Fio-. C:rrtedly the same species; and it is possible that even these may arise from inaccuracies on the part of the artist. Sume of the evidence also is wanting to make the comparison complete ; for instance, the sternum from the Berlin 174 BALJENOPTEETDJ!:. specimen, and the hyoids from the one at Leyden. In assigning only five vertebrae to the cervical region, Rudolphi is obviously in error, being probably misled by the mode in which the skeleton was articulated. He states that the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae have all (that is, the first five) very large holes. If this is strictly correct (that is,. if the holes are completely surrounded by bone), it indicates a more advanced state of ossification than in the Leyden specimen — a cii'cumstance, of which the peculiarity is some- what diminished by the fact that the skeleton of a whale of the same species, and of almost exactly the same size, in the Brussels Museum is in a condition intermediate between the two, the processes of the second and third vertebrae being completely united, but not those of the fourth and fifth. In calling his specimen Baliena rostrata, lludolphi was acting upon the idea, then prevalent, of the specific unity of many of the northern Fia-Whales now kno-mi to be distinct. Dr. Gray seems to have been the first to point out that it difi'ered from all whales which had been previously described with anything like definite accuracy, and gave it the name of ' Eudolphi's Finner Whale,' Balcenoptera laticeps (Zoology of the Erebus and Terror, 1846); this name therefore has the right of priority for the species." —Flotver, P. Z. S. 1864, 397-399. In the Brussels Museiun " there is a veiy interesting skeleton, almost the exact counterpart in size to that in the Leyden Museum. It was obtained by Eschricht from the North Cape. The condition of the epiphyses shows that it is young, they being all non-united both in the "vertebral column and long bones ; but the ossification of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrte has proceeded further tlian in that at Leyden. The skeleton is well articidated, and gives now a total length of 31' 8" ; but about G" must be added for the end of the tail, which is wanting. The dimensions of the skull are given in the Table at p. 180. The nasals are narrow, cut off" nearly straight at their anterior ends, shghtly hollowed on each side above. The lacrymals are thickened at their outer edge. The orbital pro- cesses of the frontals broad externally. Lower jaw light, little curved, and with a short triangiilar coronoid process. " There are 7 cervical, 14 dorsal, and 32 lambo-caudal vertebrse present ; about 5 of the latter are absent, which would make a total of 58. The atlas has the usual characteristics of the genus. The transverse process of the axis forms a complete ring, the aperture of which has a length of 2|" and height of 2". The whole process is 5|" long, but is incomplete at the end; it is 5|" in height at the middle, and the opening is situated much nearer the upper than the lower margin of the process. In the third vertebra also the upper and lower processes are united ; in the fourth, fifth, and sixth they are separate. The lower one of the sixth is shortest, broad, and twisted on itself. In the seventh the inferior process is represented by a small tubercle. " There are 13 ribs present on the right side, and 14 on the left. The fourteenth is very much thinner than the others, twisted back- wards at its lower end, with a very slender head, articulated to the i? /u^^..^^ ^ y^i.<^^^^ /^^jL_^ /^/g ayC€y a^a^^^ cZ-x"^^. v^^^s^^- J /Pt~t^-C-xJ t/ ^ t/ 2. Sibbaldius borealis. The Flat-haclc. Sibl)aldus borealis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1804, 223 ; Ann. ^- 3Iag. K. H. im4:, xiv. 352. Ealeine d'Ostende, Tan Breda, en letter bock, 1827, 341 ; Dubar, Os- teoyr(q)hie, Bruxelles, 8vo, 1828, t. 1-10; Bernaert, ^' Notice sur lit Bideine echouee pri'S (FOstende,'' Paris, 1829. Bak'inoptere d'Ostende, Van drr Linden, 1828, Bruxelles, 8vo. The 0.*itend AMiale, Guide to the P.thibition at Charing Cross, trith drairinys by Scharff. Great Northern Ilorrpial, " R. borealis, Lesson," Jardine, Nat. Lib. 125. t. 5 (from Scharff'). Balajua borealis (part.), Fischer, Syn. 524 (from Dubar). BaLenoptera Rorqual, T)eu-hur.st, Loudon Xhiy. X. II. 1832, v. 214. Babeiuiptera giga<, Exehr. A'- Peinh. Nd.Bidray, af Groeidand, 1857; LiUjrbory, I. c. 5(), 57 ; Malmyren, Arch. Natury. ISIjl, !J7. I'terobaLxna Boops (part.), Eschr. K. Dansk. Vi'densk. 1840, 134. Pterobalwna gigas. Van Beneden, Mem. Acad. Poy. Sci. Brux. 1861, xxxii. 37, 463 (not chai-acterized). Female : — Balicnoptera Boops, Yarrell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 11. Balajnoptera teniiirostris. Sweeting, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, iv. 342. Inhab. Xorth Sea. " A whale was observed floating dead in the Jsorth Sea between Belgium and Kugland," and towed into the harbour of Ostend on the 4th of November 1S27. The skeleton was exhibited at Charing Cross, and is now, 1 believe, in the United States. / / /t 17fi bal^knopteridj:. This specimen was 102 feet long, tbe lower jaw 21| feet long, and the tins 13^ feet long. Vertebrae 54. Eibs 14 . 14. The atlas (JJuJiar, t. 6. f. 1) : the second cervical vertebra with large lateral j)rocesses, pierced with a large hole ; the third, fonrth, and fifth with two lateral processes on each side, which are not formed into a complete ring as in the second ; the fifth oft'ers a riidiment of a spinal apophysis. The first rib double-headed, articidated to the first and second dorsal vertebrte. Bones of the cars {Uubar, t. 5. f. 1 ) ; OS hyoidcs (t. 5. f. 2); breast-bone (t. 6. f. 4) not pierced, short and broad, with a broad hinder portion. The vertebral column 37. Dubar's figm-es represent the second, third, and fourth cervical ver- tebrae as with a ring, and the fifth, sixth, and seventh with deflexed upper and straight lower separate lateral processes. Ribs, first (t. 8. f. 1) with two heads, veiy broad at lower end; second (f. 2) with rather elongate internal process ; fourteenth (f. 3) quite simple. Pelvic bones (t. 9. f. 1, 2). Shoidder-blade short and very broad on the external edge, with a large lobe for the I'idge (t. 1(1). Pectoral fin and bones (t. 11). Fingers four ; the second and third nearly of equal length, and longest ; the fourth or outer shorter, longer than the first or inner. Fig-, 39. First rib of Sibbaldius borealis. (From Dubar.) The upper jaw narrower and shorter than the lower, so as to be embraced by the lower ; a txift of horny round filaments or long hairs, united at their roots by a common membrane and divided at the end into small points, at the tip of the snout. Eyes rather high and very near the angle of the mouth. Ear-hole near the eye, but a little further back. Hinder part of the back keeled. Dorsal fin rather less than three-fourths of the entire length from the end of the nose, exactly opposite the vent. Skin polished, black above, white beneath. Length (entire) 25 metres, of mouth 4'8, to pectoral 6-9, to navel 13-7, to front of vagina 18-1 , to front of vent 18-1. Length of pec- toral fin 3-1, width of pectoral 0-65. The atlas transverse. The lateral processes thick, elongated, rather above the middle of the side {DuJxir, t. G. f. 1). The os hyoides broad in the middle and graduallj- tapering at each end, and with a deep notch in the middle of the hinder edge (Duhar) (Scharff's Jltjure). Tj^mpauic bone ob- long, very impcrfccth' figured as the os du rocher (t. 5. f. 1). The 7. SIBBALDltJS. 177 sternum : upper part broad, thrce-lobed, with a linear elongate hinder lobe {Dnhar, t. ). (In 8charft"s figure it is represented as shield- like, with four nearly square rounded lobes.) The first rib is tri- gonal, rather short, curved, and very broad, and with a rather deep notch at the sternal end (as broad as one-third the length of the outer edge). (JJubcn; t. 8. f.l (8 feet long).) The second rib slender, subcyhndi'ical, with a rather long subcylindrical process on the inside, just below the condyle (Dubai', t. 8. f. 2). The last rib slender, subcylindrical (Dubai; t. 8. f. 3). The blade-bone with a large coracoid process and acromion, the former broad, fiat, rather bent up at the end (Dubar, t. 10). The humerus very short and thick, not longer than broad. The radius and ulna nearly twice as long as the humerus, the ulna with a long flat olecranon process. The fingers 4, slender, tapering ; the second and third longest and nearlj^ equally long, of 7 joints ; the fourth shorter, of 5 ; the first shortest, of 4 joints, nearly half the length of the second (Dubar, 1. 11). Lilljeborg describes the " dorsal fin as very small, situated far be- hind and placed on a thick prominence " (I. c. p. 57), and, according to Dubar's measurement, it was three-fourths the length from the nose. "From the calculations made by M. le Baron Cuvier and the Professor of the Jardin du Roi, this enormous cetaceous animal must have lived nine or ten centuries," — H. Mather's account of the Osterul Whale, 1831, 8vo. Mr. YarreU (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1810, p. 11) notices a female of this genus under the name of " Balceiioptera Boops." It was stranded at Charmouth, Dorsetshire, on Feb. 5, 1840. It had no warts about the lips ; back black ; underside white ; pupil oval, with- out any eyelashes. Length 41 feet. Pectoral fin 5^ feet long, base 10|^ feet from tip of nose, and 1^ foot wide. Dorsal small, conical, 11 feet in advance of the tail. Skeleton 40 feet long, head 10 feet. Vertebrai 60, viz. 7 cei-vical, 15 dorsal, 16 lumbar, 15 caudal, and with 7 caudal bones. Ribs 14/14 ; the fu'st double-headed, and at- tached to the first two vertebra; ; each of the other ribs is attached to a single vertebra, and has a single head. The dorsal vertebrte ex- ceed the ribs by one. " The subcutaneous layers of fat varied in thickness from 3 to 5 inches." " In other details the skeleton agreed with Dewhixrst's description of the ' Ostend Whale.' " " Head, back, tail, and outside of the pectoral fins black ; inside of the pectoral fins, throat, breast, and belly beautiful white ; inside of the under jaw black ; tongue, palate, and the spaces intervening between the reefs on the beUy pink. The under jaw the widest, and projecting 9 inches beyond the upper one ; end of both jaws rounded. The muzzle longer and more attenuated than in Balmia. The spi- racles longitudinal, Ukc slits or fissures, nearly meeting in front, and gradually diverging behind to a distance of about 3 inches. Ealeen bluish black and yellowish white. Female 42 feet long, weighing 25 tons. Blubber varied in thickness from 3 to 5 inches ; yielded three hogsheads of oil." — Siveetinr/, Mat/. Nat. Hist. 1S40, p. 342. The accounts in the ' Mag. of Nat. Hist.' and in the ' Proc. Zool. 178 BALSNOPTERID^, Soc' 1840, p. 11, arc evidently from the same animal, but there are some discrepancies between them. Mr. Sweeting saj's, breadth 21 feet ; Mr. YarrcU says, girth 21 feet. Mr. Sweeting, total weight 25 tons ; Mr. Yarrell, probable weight between 20 and 25 tons. Mr. Sweeting, length of skeleton 41, and head 11 feet ; Mr. Yarrell, 40, and head 10 feet. Mr. Sweeting says, " For the discrepancy as to the number of vertebrae, &c., I am of opinion that this species has not been described before, and I have proposed for it the name BaJcnnoptera tenuirostris " (Mag. Nat. Hist. 24th March, 1840, 342). The skeleton here described was sold, about sixteen years ago (1859), for five pounds, to Mr. Freane, and it was stated to have been sent to London as a present to the British Museum, but it has never been received, and I cannot find any further account of it ; probably it was sold for manure. B. tenuirostris is the earliest name given specially to this species, but it cannot be used for a whale with a broad nose or beak. This is most likely the same as the " Ostend Whale," or a nearly allied species. The dorsal fin . is described as small, conical, and three-fourths the length from the nose. *** Dorsal fin unknown. First rib elongate, dilated at sternal end. 3. Sibbaldius Schlegelii. Balsenoptera Physalus, from Java, ScJdegel, Mns, Leyden. Balaenoptera Schlegelii, Flower, MS. "Megaptera (from Java)," Van Beneden, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 208. Balaenoptera longimana, Schlegel, Miis. Letjden. Sibbaldiis Schlegelii, Gray, Ann. (^- Maq. N. H. 1864, xiv. 352. Sibbaldius Schlegelii, Floiver, P. Z. S. 1864, 408, 419. Inhab. Java. Skeleton, Mus. Leyden (young); skull, Mus. Leyden. Fig. 40. First rib of Sibbaldius Schlegelii ?, in Mus. Roy. Coll. Surgeons. There is the first rib of a whale of this genus in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, which, if it is not this, would seem to in- dicate a fourth species.' The origin of the specimen is imknown. /. SlBHALDirs. 179 +1, " V',"" J^^'J'^lf" Museum during the present year (18fi4) has received the skeleton of a Fin-Whale taken on the north-west coast of the island ot Java I he hands, from the carpus downwards, the pelvic bones, and some ot the terminal caudal vertebra3 are wanting, also the lacr^-mals and inaLars from tlie skull ; in other respects the skeleton is complete. XNot being yet articulated, the separate bones could be examined with great lacihty. _ Both epiphyses are anchylosed to the bodies of tne hrst three cervical vertebra;; the anterior epiphyses only are united on the fourth and fifth. From this, as far as the ninth caudal inclusive, they are detached ; on the tenth caudal the hinder, and on the succeeding ones both epiphyses are firmly united. On the humerus the upper epiphysis is partly, and the lower one completely, umted to the shaft, all traces of the original separation of the latter having disappeared. The upper epiphyses of the radius and uMa are m the same conthtion; but those at the lower end are separate. 1 he transverse processes of the cervical vcrtebrte show, from the condition of their terminal surfaces, that they are not quite complete, ine upper edge of the scapula appears completely ossified in the mickUe, but must have been cartUaginous towards the two extremities. Ihese conditions taken together show that the animal was in the adolescent stage, and had probably attained very nearly its fuU size. The skull IS 9 8_ long in a straight line; the vertebra;, placed c ose toge^ther and without their epiphyses, measured 30"; so that, allowing for the epiphyses, intervertebral spaces, and the end of the tau, the animal could not have been less than 45 feet long " The number of vertebra; present is 54 ■ and 3, or probably 4 of me caudal are wanting, raising the total number to 57 or 58 Of these, 7 are cervical, 14 dorsal, and about 13 or 14 lumbar; but the articular surfaces for the anterior chevron bones not bein- weU marked, I could not be certain where the tail should be considered to begin. There are fourteen pairs of ribs. " The skull presents the general chai-acters of the genus SMaldhis. Ihe only important difterence that I could find between it and the ■ specimen from the coast of Holland is in the foi-m of the orbital process of the frontal bone, which is narrower at its outer end ' " approaching more to the form characteristic of Physalus, althouo-h by no means so narrow as in this. The nasals (fig. 13, e, p. Ill) are Ion- and narrow, nearly flat on their upper surface, and shghtly shelving do^-n wards from the midcUe Une. Their anterior border is rathe? less produced near the middle line than at the sides— the reverse in this respect to the Zuyder Zee specimen. The tympanic bones are 4 -b long 3 -5 in greatest breadth, and 2"-5 thick. Their fonu is seen in the annexed woodcut (fig. 47). The lower jaw has a veix slight cur^■e and a low coronoid process, the highest part of which is 20 trom the hinder end of the bone. It is triangular in form rounded at the apex, with a base about 4" in breadth, and rism- about 2\ in height. The principal dimensions of the skull in inches are given in the foUowing Table, compared with those of the skulls of the two other specimens of the genus mentioned in this notice. n2 180 BAL^NOPTERIB^. 2 Length of skull in a straight line Breadth of condyles Breadth of exoccipitals Breadth of squamosals (greatest breadth of skull) Lengtli of supraoccipital Length of articular process of squamosal Orbital process of frontal, length Orbital process of frontal, breadth at base Orbital process of frontal, breadth at outer end Nasals, length Nasals, breadth of the two, at posterior end Nasals, breadth of the two, at anterior end Length of beak, from middle of cvu-ved border of maxil- "I lary to the tip of premaxilliry j Length of maxillary Projection of premaxillary beyond maxillary Greatest width of nasal aperture Breadth of niaxillaries at posterior end Breadth of maxillaries across orbital processes (foUow- "1 ing the curve) J Breadth of beak at base (following the curve) Breadth of beak at middle (following the em've) Breadth of maxillary at same point Breadth of premaxillary at same point Length of lower jaw in a straight line Height at coronoid process Height at middle ^ Amount of curve (greatest distance of the inner surface 1 of the jaw from a straight line drawn between the ex- V tremities) J 116 10^ 41 67 29* 22" 22 24^ 15 lOi 2" 6 82 90 6 10 11 63 42 22 1 "e^ 4 117 14 9* 8^ 79 10 26 40 21i 15 13 16 12 Gi 2i 4 53 57 5 6^ 9 43 30 16 4 3 78i 9" n 6 80 9 27 38 21 16 13 15 11 3 4 50 65 3 43 30 15 4 2i 76 9 " The atlas presents the characteristic features of this bone in other members of the genus in a very marked degree. The transverse process is particularly deep from above downwards, and much twisted. The spinal canal is contracted in the middle ; the articular surfaces for the axis are not confluent at their lower margins, but between them is a distinct, oval, transversely elongated facet, and another smaller round one is situated on the upper surface of a pointed triangular projection from the hinder border of the inferior surface of the bone, which runs under the body of the axis. There are thus four distinct articular sxirfaces in connexion with the second vertebra. The extreme width of the bone is 16|" ; the length of the inferior sivrfacc of the body 4"-4, including the triangular process, which is l"-5. The other dimensions are shown in the sketches (figs. 41 & 42). " The axis (fig. 43) has the usual form of this bone in the Fin- Whales. The odontoid process is represented by a sHght rounded elevation, with a depression in the centre ; and besides the two large lateral articular surfaces for the atlas, there are two small median facets, one on the lower part of the anterior and one on the inferior surface, corresponding to those above described in the first vertebra. 7. SIBBALDIUS. 181 The neural arch is high and massive, and the spine well developed. The lateral processes are large wing-like plates, directed somewhat backwards, with a regularly oval perforation rather above the middle of their base. The dimensions are given in the figure, which is drawn to scale, regardless of perspective. Fig. 41. Atlas ; anterior surface. " The third, fourth, and fifth vertebra) much resemble each other ; they have rounded oblong bodies, high triangular neural canals, spines gradually increasing in length, and well-developed upper and lower transverse processes completelj- united together at the ends, leaving large oval spaces between them. In the sixth the transverse processes do not meet by the space of 3 inches ; and I doubt if they ever would meet in the process of growth, on account of the different planes of their ends. The upper one is long, with its flat surface almost vertical ; the lower one, short and broad, with a stout conical tuberosity projecting forwards and downwards from its base, turns so completely on itself that its broad terminal end is directed hori- zontally ; it is, moreover, very nearly complete. The peculiar form of this process is highly characteristic of all the specimens I have examined of the genus SilihahUus, though it is best marked in the one under consideration, being the most mature. It should be men- tioned that, when the series is placed together, a gradual apjiroach to its form is seen in the lower processes of the antecedent vertebrae. The seventh cerN^cal vertebra lias no trace of an inferior transverse process. The thicknesses of the under surface of the bodies of the liist five cervical vertebra), and of the first two dorsal (without the epiphyses), are respectively 1-5, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2, '2-2o, and 2-5 inches. The width of the first dorsal vertebra across the transverse processes is exactly the same as that of the last cer^•ical, 23" ; the second is 3" less. The transverse processes of the posterior dorsal and of the lumbar vertebra; arc very broad in the antero-posterior direction. 182 BALiENOrTEEIDiE. and the spines are high. In the second lumbar vertebra, which is the largest, the extreme width is 40" and the height 29". Fig. 42. Atlas ; imder smface. Fig. 43. Axis ; anterior sm-face. " The ribs generally are slender, the first much shorter, broader, and flatter than any of the others. The vertebral end of this is split to the depth of about G" into two flat broad plates, of which the anterior is slightly the longer ; this brings their articular sur- faces, when the rib is placed in its natural position (i. e. somewhat sloping backwards), exactly on a level, and proves that they must have articulated with the equal transverse processes of the seventh cervical and first dorsal vertebrae, and not with those of the latter and the second dorsal vertebra, which is 1^ inch shorter. This rib is 32\" in length in a straight line, 4^" wide at the middle, and 8" at the lower end ; in thickness at the middle it is l"-2. Its general form closely resembles the figure given by Dr. Gray (P. Z. S. 1864, p. 224) from a specimen in the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons, but it is rather broader in proportion to the length. The second, third, and foui-th ribs have large articular heads and only /. SIIiliALDIUS. 183 Fisr. 4G Fig. 44. Fifth cervical vertebra ; anterior siu-face. Tig. 45. Sixth cervical vertebra ; anterior surface. Fii(/thfrom the nose, rectoral moderate, icith 4 short fitif/ers, of 4 or Q Joints. Veiiebrce 50. Cervical vertebra sometimes auchy- losed. Neural canal hroad, trif/omd, broader than high. Hibs 11 .11. Balfeuopteiina, or Beaked Whales. 8, BAL^NOPTERA. Balsenoptera, Sect. 1 (Balseiioptera), Grai/, Zool. Ereh. Sf Terr. 50. BaL-enoptera, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, 89 ; Cat. Ce.tac. B. 31. 1850, 31 ; P. Z. S. 1864, 226; Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1864, xiv. 352; Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, 393. Balpenoptera (pars), Lacepede, Ceiac. Pterobalfena (pars), Eschricht, Nord. Wcdlthiere, 1849, fol. Balfena (pars), Li)in. ; Mi'iUer, Zool. Dan. ; Illiger, Prodr. 242. Rorqualus, sp., Dekay ; F. Cuvier, Cetac. 321. Balfeua minimus, Knox, Cat. Whale, 14. Head elongate, flattened, throat and chest with deep longitudinal folds and very dilatile. The dorsal fins compressed, falcate, two- thii'ds the length of the body from the nose and behind the line above the orifices of generation. The pectoral fins moderate, one- eighth the length of the body, one-third the length of the body from the head, with 4 short fingers of few joints. The humerus short, thick. The radius nearly twice as long as the humerus. Lower jaw-bone moderate, with a distinct high conical coronoid process. Vertebrte 50 ; last very small. The first paii' of ribs undivided near the condyle. The lateral process of the second cervical vertebra elongate, pierced at the base ; of the thii'd, fourth, and fifth cervical elongate, slender, separate ; the lower with an angular bend below. The front ribs simple, thick, with only a slight swelling on the inner edge near the condyle. Tympanic bones obovate, short, ventricose. The lateral process of the second cervical vertebra expanded, broad, with a large ovate perforation in the middle of its base, the U2)i:)er and lower margins being broad and of nearly equal width, the upper being, if anything, rather the broader of the two, very unlike the lateral process of the same bone in PhysaJus. The neural arch high, acute, with a rather high subcircular canal for the spinal marrow. The bod}"- of the atlas vertebra oblong, transverse, with a subcylin- diieal lateral process produced from the middle of the side. " Total number of vertebrte 48-50. Eibs 11 pairs. Orbital pro- cess of frontal almost as broad at the outer end as the base. Nasal bones rather narrow and elongate, truncated at their anterior ends, 8. BALiENOPTEEA. 187 convex on the upper surface in both directions (fig. 13,/, p. 111). Kami of lower jaw much curved, and with a high pointed coronoid process. Cersical vertebrae usuall}- separate ; but this family character not unfrequently departed from by the union of the second and tliird, or the third and fourth, by their arches. Neural arches high ; spines moderately developed. Transverse process of atlas arising from the middle of the body, elongated, tapering, du-ected outwards and slightly upwards. Upper and lower transverse processes of axis and succeed- ing vertebrce, to the sixth inclusive, well developed. Those of the axis broad, tlat, and in the adult united at their extremity ; those of the other vertebrae slender, and never united at their extremity, except occasionally in the sixth and more rarely in the fifth vertebra. Head of the first rib simple ; capitular processes scarcely developed upon any of the ribs. Sternum longer than broad, having the form of an elongated cross (fig. 12, c, p.llO)."— i^Zou'f/-, P. Z. S. 1864, 394. The lateral processes of the cervical vertebrae are generally free and tapering at the tip ; but some of them are sometimes united, forming a ring. Eschricht described those of the fifth and sixth vertebrae as sometimes united. In the specimen in the Royal CoUege of Surgeons the lateral processes of the sixth ceiwical vertebra are united on one side and free on the other. In all these cases the form of the processes is not altered ; the end is only elongated and united. The cervical vertebrae are some- times quite free, as is the case with Hunter's specimen in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. The second and third vertebrae are often united by more or less of the surface of the neural arches ; and this seems to be the normal state. In the specimens from Cro- mer, lately acquii-ed by tbe Royal CoUege of Surgeons, the third and foiu-th cervical vertebrae are united by the neiu-al arches, and the second and third free. The elongated processes on the end of the front ribs have two muscles attached to them, one arising from each of the two neigh- bouring vertebrae. Eschricht, in his essay above cited, figured a foetus and a new-born specimen, which was 34 inches long, and gave the anatomy of it, with details of its skeleton (see Eschr. K. D. Vid. Selsk. lS4f), fig. p. 309). They have a single series of bristles parallel with the lips (see K. Dansk. Yid. Selsk. xi. t. 1 & 2). Tj^mpanic bones oblong, swollen, rounded above and below and at each end. They are figured in situ in the skull by Eschricht in the ' Danish Transactions,' vol. xii. t. 11. f. 2 f/ in the foetus, t. 9. f. 2 & 4r/, & t. 10. f. 2[/, in the more adult state. In the ' Royal Danish Transactions' for 1846, Eschricht gives a detailed comparison of the bones of the head of a fa-tal specimen (one 6^ feet) and one 34 feet long (see t. 9-11), and the details of the skeleton of a foetus 9 inches long (t. 14). The form of the cer- vical and other vertebrae of the skeleton seems to be nearh* identical with that of those of the adult animal. The lateral processes of the second cervical process, for example, are united into a broad expanded blade, with a perforation near the bodj' of the vertebra, wliich is so characteristic of the genus. 188 BAL^JfOPTEEID^. Eschricht figured the cranium of a B. rostrata from a foetus 9 inches long, an older foetus Gi feet long, and an older specimen 31 feet long (t. 9, t. 10, 1. 11, & t. 14), which show how much more rapidly the rostrum elongates in comparison with the size of the brain-case, the very unequal manner in which the bones enlarge as compared with each other, and how they anchylose, especially the very large size of the tympanic bones in the smallest foetus com- pared wdth these bones in the older specimen, and how they enlarge laterally and become more transverse and less oblique as the animal increases in size. In the foetal state the forearm-bones are slender and nearly t-nace as long as the humerus ; the longest fingers are almost as long as the forearm-bones ; the second and third and the first and fourth fingers are nearly equal in length ; the first finger has three, the second and third six or seven, and the fourth four phalanges. — Eschricht, Wallthiere, t, 7. f. d, D. 1. Balaenoptera rostrata. The Pil-e Whale. Black, beneath reddish white. Pectoral fin white near the base above. Bala3na rostrata, Midler, Prodr. ; O. Fahr. Faun. Grcenl. 40 ; Hunter, Phil. Tram. Ixxvii. t. 20-23, cop. E. M.t.4:; Turton, B. 1 auna, 16 ; Nilsson, Scand. Fauna, 632. Korqualus rostratus, Dekai/, Zool. New York Mus. 730, t. 30. f. 1. Balfena musculus (pars), Flem. B. A. 30 ; Jenyns, 3Ian. 47. Baltena Boops (pars), Flem. B. A. 31. Balaenoptera acuto-rostrata, Lacep. Cetac. ; Scoresby, Arct. Reg. i, 485. 1. 13. f. 2. Balcenoptera acuto-rostrata, Lesson, N. T. B. A. 202. Balaenoptera microcephala, Brandt, 3ISS. Balaena minimus borealis, Fjiox, Cat. Whale, 14. llorqualus minor, Knox, Jardine, Nat. Lib. 142. t. 7 ; Gaimard, Voy. Islande, Mamm. t. 13 (skuU), t. 14 (skull). Balaena borealis rostrata, Fischer, Syn. s. 25. Balaena Boops, Albers, Icon. Anat. 1822, t. 1 ; Catnper, Cetac. 74. t. 11, 12 ; Cat. Coll. Surg. 171. n. 1194, Ifimter's sjjec. ? ; Giesecke, Edinb. Encyclop. Balaenoptera Boops, Fin -backed Whale, Neicman, Zoohqist, i. 33, fig. ; Fleming, B. A. 31 ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 520. fig. p. 521,' from Hunter. Rorquahis Boops, F. Cuv. Cetac. 321. t. 20. Balaenoptera Pliysalus, Gray, Zool. E. S,- T. 18. Vaagehval, Eschricht, K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. xi. 1. 1, 2, and p. 286-299 (fetus and anat.). Balajnoptera rostrata. Gray, Zool. Ereb. ^- Terror, 50. t. 2 (skull), t. 1. f. 3 (baleen) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 90 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 32; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 227 ; Floicer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864 (anat.). Pterobalaena minor, Eschricht, Nord. Wallthiere, 59, 1849 ; Van Beneden, Mhn. Acad. Roy. Bru.velles, xxxii. 36 ; Couch, Rep. Nat. Hist. Soc. Penzance, 1851 ; LilJjeborg, I. c. ; Mahngren, Arch. Nattirg. 1864. Pterobalfena minor et prostrata. Van Beneden, I. c. 463. Inhab. North Sea. Ascending the mouths of rivers. New York Bay (2>f^-«7/). Yalognes, France (CrVo^Vo^). Greenland. Norway. 8. BALiENOPTER.V. 189 ,Vv''w ^'^< Stuffed specimen : yoiuig. Thames at Deptford. Stuffed specimen : very young. Greenland. * Plates of baleen from a. Thames at Deptford. Figured in 'Zool. Erebus and Terror,' t. 1. f. 3. Skeleton. South Greenland. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. ^ ' f;™ /in I' Fi Atlas vertebra of lialanoptcra rostrata. Extreme \vidth 9 inches; height 91 inches. ^d- i'f-- ^'^ Fiff. 50. Second and third cervical vertebrae of Bal(pnopter«W, Robertson). Greenland V/-7 '^'** ^«:)-j;°^ England, nine mouths of the year (Dudleu, riul. Irons. 1. 132), -i \ j> a. Skull. North Sea. Length, entire I79 j^ches. Length of beak 127 Width at notch (37 Width at middle of beak 52 '' The beak is not quite twice the length of the breadth at the notch and more than two-thirds the length of the entire head. This specimen is figured, Cuv. Oss. Poss. v. 6. 24. f. 1-5. /'. Lower jaw. Indian Seas. Presented by Colonel Cobb. e. Lower jaw of young. d. Lower jaw bent and distorted in front. b. c. d. _ in. in. in. Entire length 157 92 51 Length of teeth -groove .... . . 29 Length of symphysis ... . 85 44 21 ^ Teeth on each side 23 21 19^ Width at condyle . . 31 The lower jaw appears to increase in length in front, for in the older spe^cimeus the symphysis is more, and in tlie younger ones less than half the entire length of the jaw. ' e, f. Teeth, various. ij. Section of a tooth. The Spermaceti A\Tiale frequently comes ashore in Orkney • one was caught at Hoy, 50 feet long (" Lowe," Plem. B. A. 29) A male, 52 feet long, with a dorsal fin, was found at Limekilns in the Forth, m Feb. 1689, and described by Sibbald (Phal. 33 t 1)' After a hard gale of wind northerly, no less than twelve male whales, which undoubtedly came out of the Northern Ocean were towed and dnvcn on shore, all dead and in a high state of putrefac- tion, exceptmg one ; six were found upon the coast of Kent, two on the coast of HoUand. One at the Hope Point, in the Pivcr Thames was the only one seen alive ; he ran aground and smothered himself in the mud, and was afterwards made a show of in the Greenland Docks. {Letter from Waldenvick, on the eoast of Suffolk, 7th March 1/88, m Sir Joseph Banks's copy of Phil. Trans, in B. M Hbrarv ) Whitstable, Kent, Feb. 16, 1829. A male, 62 feet long and 16 l^et high. " It was purchased by Messrs. Enderby and Sturo-e Avho erected coppers on the beach and coUected the oil. They iirescntcd the skeleton, which had been prepai-ed by Mr. J. Gould to the 204 CATODONTID^. Museum of the Zoological Society. The government having put in a claim to the ' royal fish,' the whole proceeds of it were under arrest, and the bones are now whitening on the shore." — P. Hunter and H. Woods, Mag. Nat. Hist. May 1829, ii. 197. The skeleton of an adidt male, 56 feet long, at Burton Constable (Turnstall in Holderness, Yorkshire, 1825), was articulated by Mr. Wallis (see Beale, 73). This specimen was cast on the coast of Holderness, and claimed hy Mr. Constable as Lord of Holderness, and sent to Burton Constable (Thomas Thompson, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1829, ii. 477). The skeleton is 49 feet 7 inches long ; cranium 18 feet i inch ; lower jaw 16 feet 10 inches. Teeth 24 . 24. Ribs 10 . 10, nearly circidar ; the first with one, the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth mth two articulating surfaces, each arti- culated to two vertebrse. Cervical vertebrae 2— that is, atlas and another united ; dorsal, vertebrae 10 ; lumbar and caudal 32 : = 44. Pelvis two flat bones ; sternum of three bones ; clavicles none ; blade-bone flat, without any sijine, but with two projecting coracoid processes near the articulation ; bones of pectoral fins 4 feet 4 inches long ; carpus of seven loose square bones ; the phalanges five, the three middle ones each of four and the two outer each of three bones. The OS hyoides 2\ feet long. — Beale. This is the skeleton from the coast of Yorkshire described by Dr. Anderson in Cambridge Phil. Soc. Trans. 1825, ii. 1. 12, 13, 14, but it is said to be 58| feet long, teeth 24 . 24. " In July 1835 a whale came alongside of his boat, and sometimes at no greater distance than a fathom. It was between 30 and 40 feet long, but he could not well distinguish the hinder part of his body. The body very thick and solid, with a fin on the tail of an extraordi- nary shape, appearing like a hump, not high, and almost two fathoms long, jsvith the upper portion in a waved form as of sejiarate humps, and tapering behind into the general shape, where the body became more slender." — Couch, Whale on the Coast of Connvall, 32. This is probably the whale Mr. Couch in his former list referred to Physeter poli/cysttis. Ireland, north and north-west coast {Mohjnecmx, Phil. Trans. 1795, xix. 508); Youghal (Smith); Dublin, 1766 {Etitty). Sandy Side Bay, Thirso, August 1863, skeleton presented to the British Museum ; supposed to have been brought by the Gulf-stream ; was decayed when discovered. Duhamel (Peches, iv. t. 15. f. 63) figures a male Cachalot, 48 feet long, taken near Bayonne. He erroneously represents it as having a long high fim between the vent and the tail, like the anal fin of fish. " A true Cachalot was taken in 1856 by the fishermen of St. Na- zaire, in the Mediterranean, and a considerable portion of its lower jaw is preserved in the collection of the Marist Fathers, at La Seyne, near Toulon." — Gervais, Comptes Rendus, 28th Nov. 1864, 876 ; Ann. 6f Mag. JSf. H. 1865, 75. Skeleton mounted in the Court of the Cabinet of Comparative Ana- tomy at Paris (Blainville, Ann. Fr. et Etrang. d'Anat. et de Phys. ii. 326), which is said to have been purchased in London. 1. CATODON. 205 See Dauphm de Berlin, Duham. Puchcs, ii. 1041. t. 10. f. 5, and Deljili. Bert'mi, Desm. Mamm. 510, 768 ; Fischer, Syn. 509. Is it a young Fhi/seter ? — Fischer, M. H. de Blaimille, in his ' Systeme du Rcgne Animal,' ex- tracted in the ' Annalcs Fr. et Etr. d' Anatomic et de Physiologic,' ii. p. 235, states that the jaws with teeth in the Paris Museum seem to show two or three distinct forms. The first, a head, stranded at Audierne, on the coast of Brittany, in 1784, has the lower line of the lower jaw in the form of a hoat. Teeth 25 on each side ; 18 to the symphysis. In two other jaws of this variety, one has 20 and the other 27 teeth. The second form has the lower jaw much less curved, nearly straight, the sjniiphysis reaching to the twentieth tooth. Teeth all long, straight. It was obtained at Cape Horn by M. Daubre, and is figured in Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 340. t. 24. f. 8. There is a second jaw of this variety figured in Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 24. f. 9 (?). The third form is a jaw intermediate between the two former. The symphysis ends between the twentieth and twenty-first teeth. The teeth are 25 on each side. Camper (Cetac. t. 17, 20-22, from the church of Scherclinge, 1. 18, 19, 27, Mus. Paris) figured the skuU of this whale. He represents the nose of the skull as nearly twice and a half as long as the width at the notch. " Sperm "WTiales were frequently hunted off the shores of the Antilles. Moreau de St.-Meri, in his ' History and Description of the old French Colony of St. Domingo,' relates that in his time (1785, in the months of March, April, and May) as many as twenty- five vessels from the North American States could be seen off the coast of Sale Trou, near Jacmel, fishing for the Cachalot WJiale, and, he adds, for SouJJleurs {Balcenoptera), and that this fishery was pursued with equal spirit and success within the gulf to the west of the colony, that is, within the Bight in which I saw the Cachalot beach. The whalefishers resorted to Turk Island to boil their oil." — Gosse, Nat. in Jamaica, 353. Dr. J. B. S. Jackson gives the dissection of a very young Sperm Whale taken near Boston, U. S., on 29th March 1842, which was 16 feet long ; the hump, which was 9 feet from the tip of the nose, formed a very obtuse angle, and was ill defined, there being also be- tween it and the caudal two or three quite small finlets. The outer surface was everj^where quite black, remarkably smooth, and elastic like India rubber. — Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. 1845, v. 138. t. 16. f. 1 (the stomach). The blowholes are situated on the top of the head, at the vciy extremity, and rather towards the left side ; they are of the form of an italic/, as observed by Anderson, Beale, and Jackson. F. Cuvier says they are semicircular (p. 288), and they are longitudinal, and not transverse as stated by Hunter. Roof of the mouth smooth, high-coloured, hoUowed as if to receive the lower jaw, which is quite narrow in front. — Jackson, 1. c. 140; Wyman, I. c. t. 14 (stomach). 206 CATOBONTID.^. Dr. Jackson gives a comparison of the measurements and teeth of nine lower jaws of the Sperm Whale, taken on the coast of North America, which he had examined. — Boston Journ. N.H. 1845, v. 152. 1. Length 16| feet. Teeth 25 .24, moveable, rather ii-regular. 2. Length 15^ feet. Teeth 25 . 27, opposite in front, behind irregular, hinder smallest and worn. Width at condyles 5|. 3. Length 8| feet. Teeth 20 . 20, regulaiij opposite, and very little worn, the front largest, middle most slender, hinder smallest. Width at condyles 3f . 4. Length 7f feet. Teeth 26 . 23. 5. Length 5f feet. Teeth 23 . 22, but connected in animal 18 feet long. Width at condyles 2|. 6. Length 5^- feet. Teeth 25 . 24, all pointed, and some hardly cut the jaw. Cranium 6| feet long ; the petrose portion instead of being free, as usual in the Cetaceans, is as closely connected with the base of the skuU as any other bone. Width at condyles 5^. 7. Length 15| feet. Teeth 26 . 25. Width at condyles 5yL- 8. Length 7^ feet. Teeth 24 . 24. Width at condyles 3|. 9. Length 8^ feet. Teeth 23 . 23. Width at condyles 4^. A very young Spermaceti Whale, taken near New Bedford, Massa- chusetts, 29th March 1842, weighed 3053 lbs. Entire length 16 feet, to rudimentary dorsal 9 feet, to anterior fin 4 feet, to vent 10^ feet, to eye 3^ feet, to angle of mouth 2^ feet. Circumference 9 feet. Teeth of lower jaw not yet cut. The young is quite black, remarkably smooth and elastic, like India rubber ; from a line with the anterior extremity of the head to the top of the tail 16 feet, to the rudimentary dorsal fin 9 feet, to the anterior fin about 4 feet, to the vent 10 feet 2 inches, to the eyes 3 feet 2 inches, to the external orifice of ears (which was about the size of a goose-quill) 3 feet 8 inches, to the angle of the mouth 2 feet 10 inches ; vertical diameter of the head, just in front of the opening of the mouth, 2 feet 10 inches, of the largest part of the body 3 feet ; anterior fin 18 inches long and 9 inches wide. The dorsal fin or hump forms a very obtuse angle, and is ill-defined, being ab.out 10 inches in length and 2 or 3 inches in height ; there beinr/ also between it and the caudal two or three quite small Jinlets. Span of tail 1 foot 7 inches, and 4 inches wide midway. Lower jaw to angle of mouth 1 foot 8 inches ; right eye 1 1 inch long. Circum- ference of the body 9 feet. — Jackson, Boston Journ. N. H. v. 139. 2. Catodon austraUs. The Australian Sperm Whale. . Vertebrae 49. Cervical atlas free, rest very thin and anchylosed together. Catodon australis, W. S. MacLeay, New S^jerm Whale, set iip by W. S. Wall, 8vo, 1. 1 (skeleton), 1851. Sperm Wliale, Bcale. Inhab. South Seas. " The head is very thick and blunt in front, and is about one-third of the whole length of the animal ; at its junction with the body is 1. CATODON. 20'; a large protuberance on the back, called the 'hunch of the nech' ; immediately behind this, or the shoulders, is the thickest part of the bodj^ which from this point gradually tapers off to the tail ; but it does not become much smaller for about another third of the whole length, when the 'small' or tail commences; and at this point on the back is a large prominence of a pyramidal form, called the hump, from which a series of small processes run halfway down the smaU or tail, constituting what is called the rklfje ; the body then contracts so much as to become not thicker than a man's body, and terminates in the flukes or tail. The two flukes constitute a large triangular fin. The chest and belly are narrower than the broadest part of the back, and taper off evenly and beautifidly towards the tail, giving a clear run. The depth of the head and body is in all parts, except the tail, greater than the width ; the head, viewed in front, presents a broad, somewhat flattened surface, rounded and contracted above, considerably expanded on the sides, and gradually contracted below, so as in some degree to attain a resemblance to the cutwater of a ship. At the angle formed by the anterior and superior surface on the left side is placed the single blowhole or nostril, which in the dead animal is a slit or fissure in the form of an S, extending hori- zontally. In the right side of the nose and upper surface of the head is a large, almost triangular-sha]ied cavity, called the case, which is lined with a beautiful glistening membrane, and covered by a thick layer of muscular fibres and small tendons running in various direc- tions, finally united by common integuments. This cavity is for the purpose of secreting and containing an oily fluid, which is, after death, converted into a granulated substance of a yellowish colour — the spermaceti. Fiff. 55. Atlin of Caivilon (iiitfialis, '^ilacJjCuy. From the Museum at S3-dncy. " Beneath the case and nostril, and projecting beyond the lower jaw, is a thick mass of elastic substance — the junk, which is formed 208 CATODONTID^. of a dense cellular tissue, strengthened by nuraei'ous strong tendi- nous fibres, and permeated with very fine oil and spermaceti. " The mouth extends nearly the whole length of the head ; both jaws, but especially the lower, are in front contracted to a very narrow point ; and when the mouth is closed, the lower jaw is received within a sort of cartilaginous lip or projection of the upper one — but prin- cipally in front ; for further back at the sides and towards the angles of the mouth both jaws are furnished with well-developed lips. In the lower jaw are forty-two large conical teeth; in the upper are no teeth, but depressions corresponding to and for the reception of the ends of the teeth in the lower jaw. Sometimes a few rudimentary teeth may be found in the upper jaw, never projecting beyond the gum, and upon which those in the lower jaw strike when the mouth is closed. The tongue is small, white ; the throat capacious, very unlike the contracted gullet of the Eight A\Tiale. Mouth lined with a pearly-white membrane, continuous at the lip, which is bordered with the black external skin. Eyes small, with eyelids, the lower one most moveable, placed a little behind and above the angle of the gape, at the widest part of the head. Ears very small, without any external appendage, a short distance behind the eyes. The swim- ming-paws or fins are placed behind, not far from the angle of the mouth ; they are not much used as organs of progression, but as giving direction and balancing the body in sinking suddenly, and occasionally in supporting their young. " The full-grown male of the largest size is about as follows : — entire length 84 feet ; depth of head 8 or 9 feet ; breadth 5 or 6 feet ; depth of body seldom exceeds 12 or 14 feet, so that the circumference rarely exceeds 36 feet ; the fins about 6 feet long, and 3 feet broad ; the tail or flukes 12 or 14 feet wide."- — Becde. Vertebrae 49. Cervical 7, the first free, the other six much com- pressed, and anchylosed together ; dorsal 10, having the vertical spinous processes inclined backward, and increasing in length from the fii-st to the last. The ribs 10 . 10 : the first, ninth, and tenth pairs have only one articulating surface to their proper vertebrae ; the second, third, and fourth have two articulating surfaces; and the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth have three. The ribs on the left side larger in dimension than the corresponding ones on the left. Sternum triangular, composed of three pairs of bones, the upper pair larger, oblong, elongate, the second and third pairs smaller, nar- rower behind (MacLeay, t. 1. f. 2). Humerus very short and tliick, nearly haK the length of the scapula ; it expands very much at its carpal end. The radius and the uhia both constricted in the middle, and of much the same form, except that the globular olecranon process of the latter gives a peculiar character to this last by its being very prominent as it turns towards the thumb. The bones of the carpus not articulated together, but imbedded in a mass of cartilage. Carpal bones 6 ; five rounded, irregular, placed in a transverse row, one opposite each finger ; the sixth thin, laminar, transverse. Metacarpal bones much compressed, and scarcely to be distinguished from the phalangeal. 1. CATODON. 209 Pelvis composed of three pieces, a middle and two slender ones, which are articulated one on each side of the former (Wall, 1. 1. f. 4), the middle bone being composed of two arched pieces. It is clear from Wall's description of the skeleton of the Sperm Whale which lives on the coast of New Holland that it is quite distinct from the Northern one described by Beale and Cuvier. Mr. Wall says " there were no vestiges of any alveoles in the skull of a very young Sperm discovered on the beach near Botany (Bay) ; " he suspects " that Mr. Bennett must have mistaken some kind of Dolphin for a young Cachalot." Very unlikely, when we consider that Dr. Bennett was a surgeon on board a whaler. John Hunter states that there is only a single tube or canal from the commencement for both nostrils. In some Dolphins there is said to be a dividing membrane. Species ivanting further examination. The Pacific Sperm Whale. Sperm Whale, Cohiet, Voyage, 80. f. 9 ; Beale, N. H. Sperm Whale, 22. f. 1-14. Physeter macrocephalus, Bramlt ^ Ratzeburg, Med. Zool. t. 14. f. 3, from Col net. Spermaceti Whale, Nunn, Narrat. Favourite, 40, 58 (fig. not good), 175 ; Fauna Japoitica ? Catodon Colneti, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 52. Inhab. North Pacific. Japan. South Seas {Nunn). " Equatorial oceans " (Lesson). The South African Sperm Whale. Catodon macrocephalus, A. Smith, African Zool. 127. Inhab. Mozambique Channel and South-east coast of Africa (A. Smith). The Indian Sperm Whale. Catodon macrocephalus, Blyth, Cat. Mus. A. S. 93. Inhab. Ocean ; occasionally hunted at the entrance of the Bay of Bengal, within sight of Ceylon. Whales visit the Straits of Namoa regularly eveiy May. They are mostly cows, and are usually accompanied by their calves, some 20 or 30 feet long. Some of the adults attain the length of 70 feet. At night they make a loud puihng noise resembling the sound pro- duced by the piston of a steam-engine. At daytime they are seen putting their long heads ovit of the water and opening their immense jaws. Lacepede describes a whale, figured in some CTiinese drawings, under the name of Phi/seter sulcafxs, in Mem. Mus. iv. 474. 210 CATODONTID^. The South-Sea Sperm Whale. Physeter polycvphus, Qnoi/ ii- Gaim. Zool. JJran. Mamm. t. 12, cop. itcicheiih. Ci'iac. 5. t. 5. f. 13. Physeter aiistralis asiaticus, Desmoulins, Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 618 ; Fischer, Si/n. 518, from Quoy. Catodon polyscj'plius, Lesson, Mamm. 422. Cachalot, or Sperm Whale, Bennett, ^Vhalimj Voyage, ii. 153, fig. Inhab. Molucca. Only described and figured from a drawing by an English sea captain. The humps on the hinder part of the back, from which MM. Quoy and Gaimard name the^ Molucca Sperm Whale, do not appear, by the account of Dr. Jackson and Mr. Couch, to be a peculiarity of that animal. Under the name Physeter ijolycyphus, the Humped Bloiver, Mr. Couch, in his ' Cornish Fauna,' obseiTes : — " A specimen like the figure of the above in Gaimard, ran itself on shore in pursuit of small fish several j^ears since ; another was seen and minutely de- scribed to me by an intelligent fisherman ; but it would appear that the number of humps on the back is variable. It is probably the Bcdcena monstrosa, Euysch, Theat. Anim. i. t. 41." — Couch, Cornish Fauna, 9. It is curious that the same form should be observed in the Northern and Southern oceans. " The Si^ermaceti Whale is not uncommon in the latitudes of New Zealand, and often falls a prey to the whale ships which cmise in the open sea ; but it does not approach the shallow coast or inlets, as its habits are diflerent from those of the Black Whale. One driven on shore at Te-awa-iti gave about 2 tuns of oQ." — Dieffenbach, New Zealand, i. 42. n. Headdejn'essed, broad, rounded iti front. Blower on the hack of the forehead. Dorsalfn cotnpressed, falcate. 2. PHYSETER. "Head rounded, very large, in the adult about one-fourth the entire length of animal, oblong, rather compressed ; eyes small, on the sides behind the blower, convex above; upper jaw longest; the blowers on the middle of the top of the head, separate, covered with one flap ; pectoral fin moderate, triangular ? ; dorsal fin high, falcate ; teeth conical, compressed ; the male organ under the firout edge of the dorsal, and the vent nearly under its hinder edge." — Sihbald. Physeter, sp., Linn.; Artedi; Illiger, Prodr. 14.3, 1811; Gratf, Zool. E. Sf T. ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 5-3 ; P. Z. S. 1863 ; 1864, 234. ' Physeter, Rajin. Anal. Nat. 1815, 60. Tursio, Fleming, Phil. Zool. 211, 1822 (P. microps). Cetus (Ruckenfinne), Oken, Lehrh. Nat. 676. ? Orthodon, Rajin. Anal. Nut. 60, 1815 (no char, nor tj'pe). Physeteres, Lacep. ; F. Cur. D. S. N. lix. 318. We only know this genus by the description and figure of Sibbald. 2. rnrsETEK. 211 According to Sibbcold they produce spermaceti. Cuvier, in his * History and Examination of the Synonyma of the Cachalots or Sperm Whales ' (Oss. Foss. v. 328-338), regards the description of this animal given by Sibbald as merely a redescription of the Sperm Whale, and finds great faalt mth Artedi, Bonnaterre, and others for having considered them as separate ; and he regards the second, blunt-toothed specimen as eitlier a Dclphinus fjlobiceps or a D. Tursio which had lost its upper teeth ; this error is important, as it \itiate8 many of his subsequent observations. To have come to these con- clusions he must have overlooked Sibbald's figure and ample details of the first, and the figure of the teeth of the second, or they woidd have at once shown him his error. That he did so is certain ; for when he comes to Schreber's reduced copy of Sibbald's figures of Baliena microcephala (p. 337), he says Schrcber does not indicate its origin ; but on this copy of Sibbald's figure, which he before regarded as a Sperm Whale, he observes, that '* from the form of its lower jaw it most resembles a large dolphin which had lost its upper teeth." Thus, whUe Cuvier was reducing tlie numerous species of Sperm Whales that had been made by Bonnaterre, Lacepede, and other compiling French authors, to a single species, he has inadvertently confounded with it the verj- distinct genus of Elack-fish, or Physeter of Artedi, which has a very differently fonned head, the top of the head being flattened, with the blowers on the hinder part of its crown, and with a distinct dorsal fin, particulars all well described by Sibbald, a most accurate observer and conscientious recorder, and not badly represented by Bayer. Mr. BeU observes, — *' After careful examination of the various ac- coimts whicli have from time to time been given of whales belonging to this family, called Spermaceti Whales, I have found it necessary to adopt an opinion in some measiu'e at variance with those of most previous writers, with regard to the genera and species to which all those accounts and details are to be refen'cd. The conclusion to which I have been led. is, first, that the High-finned Cachalot is specifically but not generically distinct from the common one, and that therefore the genus Catodon is to be abolished, and the name Physeter retained for both species ; and, secondly, that all the other species which have been distinguished by various naturalists have been founded upon trifling variations or upon vague and insufficient datii." — Brit. Quad. .507. Thus, though Mr. Bell differs from Cuner in regarding them as distinct species, yet ho overlooked Sibbald's figm-es, for he says there is no figure of the High-finnecl Cachalot in existence, and keeps it in the genus Phi/seter, which he characterizes as having the " head enormously large, tnmcated in front," which is quite unlike the depressed rounded head of the High-finned Cachalot ; and he also adopts the mistaken description of the dorsal fin. Eschiicht seems to believe that Sibbald described a Killer, or Orca (jladialor, under the above name, but I liave never heard of an Orca 52 feet long. Some parts of Sibbald's description, and his reference to Johnston's figure, might lead to this error ; but his figures, wliich exactly agree r 2 /^. A^.,-' - ■'.'- ' - .-r \// . 7^ 212 CATODONTID^. in proportion ■with his description, though not referred to in the text, at once set this at rest, the divawing being yL of the natural size, that is to say, 6 feet to an inch ; and he observes that his animal is longer and more slender than WiUughby's figure of the Spei-m Whale. Sibbald describes the comparatively small triangular dorsal to be erect like a " mizen mast," which Artedi and Linnaeus translate pinna altissima, and cause Shaw to call it the High-finned Cachalot. Dr. Fleming by mistake calls this species the Spermaceti Whale (Brit. An. 38) ; and he refers to P. mucrocepTialus (Linn.) as the true Sperm Whale figured by Eobertson. Sibbald, in speaking of another specimen, says, " spinam dorso loiigam," as correctly quoted by Artedi and Linnseus, but used by them in 02)position to the altissima of their other species. J. Bayer (Act. Nat. Cm-. 1733, 111. 1. t. 1) gives a rather fanciful but vezy recognizable figure of a male specimen of this genus, which was thrown ashore at Nice, on the 10th of Nov. 1736, where it is called Muls, ^^■hlch I thought formerly might be the Ardluh of 0 Fabri- cms, but wluch Esehricht after much consideration feels assured is the female Delphinus Orca, has entirely escaped the research of Jischncht and all other writers on the Whales of the North Seas. The greatest desideratum of zoology is the power of examinino- some specimens of the genus Ph>,seter, or Black-fish as it is called by the whalers. There is not a bone, nor even a fragment of a bone nor any part that can be proved to have belonged to a specimen of this gigantic animal to be seen in any museum in Europe This is the more remarkable as the animal grows to the length of more than 1, if^'.x'iu*^,'^ mentioned under the name of the Black-fish in almost aU the W haling \ oyages ; and two specimens of it were examined by Sibbald, having occui-red on the coast of Scotland. The only account which we have of the animal, on which zoologists can i)lace any reliance is that fm-nished by Sibbald in his littic tractate on Scotch \\Tiales. J^^^ J^"^^'^'^' ■niinoribus in inferiore maxilla tanfmn dentafis (Sibb. Phal. 24), on which Linnaeus established Phi/sefer Catodon, and Fleming the Catodon Sibhaldii, is evidently a Belufja. 3. KOGIA. Head moderately short, very broad, rounded behind and sub- tctrangular in front, where the base is broad, and the snout trun- cated, slightly reflcxcd and niarginated at the extremity. The blow- hole single, externally large, .situated at the base of the foreliead near the middle of the head. Snout turned up at tlie margin. Pectoral fin broad, truncated, with 5 fingi-rs, first and fifth shortest, second longest, third and fourtli gradually shorter. Dorsal fin tri- angular; front edge rather convex, at an angle of 45° ; hinder edge concave, perpendicular. Caudal tnangular, terminal edge sinuat«I. Skull broad, triangular; beak short, I)road, fiat above; hinder part very broad, semicircular, and surrounded by a bony ridge formed by the maxillaries. This sperm-cavitj- is longitudinally divided by a 210 CATOBONTID^, bony ridge near the occiput. The lower jaw wide at the condyles, having the branches in front united by a short narrow symphysis. Teeth: none in the upper jaw; 13.13 in the lower jaw, conical, curved. Physeter, sp., Blainv. Ann. Atiat. et Phys. ii. 335 ; Lesson, N. Reg. Anim. 201. Kogia, Gray, Zool. Erehus Sf Terror, 22; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 18. Euphysetes, MacLeay ( Wall), Hist. New Sperm Whale, 1851, 50, 63, t. 2. Fig'. 56. Skull and lower jaw of Kogia breviceps. From De Blainville. " The most important character of the genus Euphysetes is the heavy ridge of bone that longitudinally divides the spermaceti-cavity into two unequal parts. There has been nothing like this structure hitherto described among the Cetacea" ("Wall, I. c. 47). This cha- racter at once separates it from the skuU of the foetal Catodon, with which some zoologists have been inclined to confound it. 3. KOGIA. 217 " Instead of the perpendicular and semicircular wall as in Catodon being formed by the maxillary and doubled on the occiput, forming the back of a great cavity on the summit of the head, we see a cavity, although it is completely formed at the back by the raaxillaries, divided as it were into two unequal parts by a lidge of bone, which is twisted towards the right side of the head." — Wall, I.e. 39. 1. Kogia breviceps. The Short-headed Whale. Skull broad and high, the frontal crest distinct, and the nasal pit deep, rather like that of the Cachalot. Nose short and pointed, rapidly tapering, only 1 inch longer than the breadth of the occipital bone. The lower jaw is very wide apart at the condyles, bent sharply inwards, and united in front by a moderate symphysis, and very narrow but rounded at the end. Teeth 14 or 15, narrow, slejider, conical, acute, and rather arched inwardly. Physeter breviceps, Blainv. Ann. Anat. et Phys. 1838, ii. 335. pi. x. (skull) ; Lesson, N. R^g. Anhn. 201. Kogia breviceps, Gray, Zool. JErebus ^- Terror, 22. Tnhab. Cape of Good Hope (Mus. Paris). Described from a single skull in the Paris Museum. Length of the skull 14 inches 6 lines. Lower jaw 13 inches, separation at the condyles 12 inches, symphysis about two-ninths of the length of the lower jaw. Beak the length of the width at the notch. " Tete osseuse est extremement large et fort elevee (figs. 3 & 4), ay ant les crctcs frontales tres remontdes et par conse'quent les fosses nasales fort profondcs, un peu comme dans les Cachalots, et se ter- minant tres rapidcmcnt par des maxillaires tres courts et pointus, en sorte que la longueur totale est a peine d'un pouce superieure a la lon- gueur occipitale. Lamachoire inferieure (figs. 1, 2) a necessairement une forme analogue, c'est a dire que tres larges entre les condyles, les deux branches se rapprochent presque aussitot, comme dans un soufflet, pour former une symphyse assez longue et une extremite etroite, mais arrondie a sa teiinination. II me parait a peu pres certain qu'il n'y avait pas de dents a la machoire superieure ; quant a I'inferieure, elle en avait 14 ou 15 de chaque cote, dont toutes ne sont pas restccs ; cinq seulement du cote gauche, quatre a droite, etaient encore dans leurs alveoles : quclqucs autrcs y ont ete re- placees : eUes sont etroites, greles, coniqucs, aigues, un peu arquees en dedans, et longues de 6 ou 8 lignes (fig. 5, dc grandeur naturelle). " Longueur de la machoire inferieure 13 pouccs, ccartement dc ses condyles 12 pouccs. Longueur du crane 14 pouces et demi. " Une autre particularitc qu'ofire ce crane consiste dans imc inc- galite telle des fosses nasales que la droite est presque a Tetat rudi- mcntaire, etant vingt fois peut-etre plus petite que Tautre." — De Blainville, tom. cit. p. 337. 218 CATOBONTID^. 2. Kogia Grayii, Beak of skull much truncated and blunt, shorter than broad (that is, as 14 to 8) at the occipital bone, and shorter than it is wide (that is, as 7 to 9) at the notch. Teeth j^^=2G. Eupliysetes Gra'S'ii, W. S. MacLeay, ( Wall) Hist. Neiv Sperm Whale, 1851, 8vo, p. 37. t. 2 (skeleton). Inhab. Australia. " Head short and very broad, with a low snout, a convex forehead, at the base of which was a large single blou'hole, placed at about the middle of the head (aperture circular ? or lunate ?) ; the snout turned up with a margin like that of a pig ; roof of the mouth with a series of sockets on each side for receiving the teeth of the under jaw ; under jaw very thin, narrow, subcylindrical, with hollow conical teeth inserted somewhat horizontally, with the points slightly curved upwards, and worn at the tips ; the ej'es low down, in front of a very weak pectoral fin. Dorsal fin like that of a Dolphin ;. the front edge rather convex and inclined backward at an angle of 45° ; the hinder edge more perpencUcular and concave ; it was about 3| inches high, 6 inches long at the base. The caudal fin triangular, hinder edge sinuated, with a small deep central emargination and acute tips. The length was 9 feet, and the tail 2 feet wide. " The skeleton (with the cartilages) is about 8| feet long. The skull is 16| inches long, and not symmetrical. " There is the same want of sjTumetry, the same distortion of the bones, and the same concavity of the upper surface of the head, foiTued by the enormous development of the base of the maxillaries, and the same convexity of the roof of the mouth, as are found in the genus Catodon, and there are some anomalies that render the forma- tion more divergent from that of the Dolphins in the last-named genus. Owing to the great breadth of the vomer, the snout forms from the notches an almost equilateral triangle, with a short, blunt emarginate point instead of the long and sharp one of the genus Catodon. The intermaxillaries barely pass beyond the point of the maxillaries, but, as in the Sperm Whale, the right intermaxillary mounts nearly to the occiput, high above the right nostril, which is, as it were, almost carved out of it. Instead of a perpendicular and semicircular wall formed by the maxillaries, and doubled by the occipital, forming the back of the great ca\dty on the summit of the head, as in Catodon, in this genus the cavitj', although it is completely formed at the back by the maxillaries, divides as it were into two unequal parts by a ridge of bone, which is twisted towards the left side of the head : this prominent, thick, and sinuated central ridge is formed by the base of the left maxillary and the base of the right intermaxUlary, which both meet at the summit of the head. The right intermaxillary does not join the occipital, but is separated from it by a thin edge of the right maxillarj', so that the occipital is doubled in front by the base of the maxillaries above. The left intermaxillary is much shorter than the right one, and mounts no higher than the wall of the left nostril, which it partly forms ; the 3. KOGIA. 219 great width of the left nostril distorts these hones. The vomer, with the side of the intermaxillarios, forms a broad hollow canal. " The nostrils are in the middle of the upper surface of the head, not perhaps so obliquely as in the genus Catodon, but they are of a much more unequal size, one being more than ten times the size of the other, throwing the nasal bones quite out of theii- place. The right nasal bone is a very small triangle, at the base of the ethmoid, which forms, with tlie right intermaxillary, the wall of the small right nostril, and it forms the lower edge of the dividing ridge, and terminates abruptly and jierpendicularly above the base of the vomer. The left nasal bone is more than 2 inches long, and somewhat paral- lelogram in shape with the left intermaxillary. The left maxillai'v and the ethmoid together form the wall of the very large left nostril. " The two massive maxilhie touch each other behind where they are doubled by the occipital, and leave no part of the frontal visible. "' The front;d is a heavj- quadrilateral bone with concave sides, one of which forms the top of the orbit. A part of the maxilla comes near to the front angle of the orbit, and its posterior wall is formed by part of the zygomatic apophysis of the temporal ; it docs not join the postorbital apophysis of the frontal, but leaves it open. The lower part of the orbit has its front side formed of a short, thick, triangular jugal. The fosso-temporalis is pear-shaped. " The roof of the mouth is convex, showing only two small points of the intermaxillaries, one on each side of the line of the vomer, and formed almost entirely of the under side of the enormous maxil- laries. These each have a linear groove rimning from the front of the snout for the pits for the teeth of the lower jaw. The palatines are small, quadrilateral, the pterygoid very large. " The lower jaw is slight and fragile, with scarcely any condyles. The broad branch nearly as thin as paper, with the side deflexed inwards. The s3-mphysis is short compared with that in Catodon, and boat-shaped and keeled. Teeth 13 . 13, projecting horizontally ^nd curved upwards ; they have single roots. " The OS hyoides like that of Catodon, but the lateral pieces are more rounded, and the anterior apophyses of the middle piece are deficient. The styloidean pieces are subcylindrical, thicker at each extremity. " The larger portion of the labyrinth of the ear-bones has six points, and the other portion, which is spherical in Catodon, is in this genus oval, as in Dolphins. The tympanum resembles the shell of the genus Comts, with a wide longitudinal mouth ; in other respects the ear resembles that of Catodon more than Ddj^Jtinus. " Vertebrae 52 -, the seven cervical all confluent and soldered to- gether, so as to be very difficult to distinguish one from the other. The atlas and axis are marked out, and have blunt, conical, transverse apophyses. The lower apophyses are evanescent ; the thii-d and foiu-th are thick, each marked with a short, conical, superior apophysis, distinguished by four lateral holes ; the vestiges of the fifth, sixth, and seventh are as thin as paper, and soldered. Dorsal vertebrae 14, lumbar 9, caudal 21, thirteen with chevron bones attached, and eight 220 platanistidjE. terminal. The ribs are tlattish and somewhat angular, 14 . 14 : the first rib is broad and flat, and has but one articulating surface to the transverse process of the first dorsal vertebra ; the seven follow- ing pairs have each two articulating surfaces for each consecutive two of the first seven vertebrae ; the next five pairs have only one articulating surface for each rib. The ribs more or less arched. The sternum composed of three pairs of bones, like Catodon australis? ; the middle pair united ? " The pectoral fin weak. Scapula thin, flat, smooth, with a thin triangular acromion on the outer crest, and a thick, more solid cora- coid apophysis on the inner ridge in the shape of a parallelogram. The humerus compressed, concave behind, with a waved front edge. Ulna distinct, like the radius, both nearly alike, only the ulna is rather the thicker. " The carpal bones 7, viz. two linear transverse bones, and five of a flat, round, irregular shape ; a small hexagonal one, which is placed between one of the transverse bones and the metacarpal of the thumb. The transverse carpal is subtiiangular, and placed at the end of the radius. The other thin transverse bone is trapezoidal, and between the base of the uJna and the two outer carpals. The fore-finger has two large flat carpal bones between the comer of the radius and the metacarpal of the fore-finger. The phalanges appear gradually to diminish towards the points of the digits. The thumb has two, the index finger six, the fourth finger four, and the little finger two (or perhaps three) phalanges. " The ^ivis is composed of five bones, the middle ones quadran- gular, each longer than broad ; the outer ones are broad, subquad- rangular, thickest in the middle of their inner side, where it is articulated to the former." This work, I am informed by Dr. Krefl't of Sydney, was entirely written by that eminent zoologist and entomologist Mr. W. Sharpe MacLeay. It is only to be regretted that he did not publish it under his own name. " The inhabitants of the island of Selvi, one of the Timor group, are such expert fishermen, that they constantly take the species of whale called BlacJc/lsh, which are often 20 feet long, and which afford oil inferior only to the Spermaceti, having the same substance in the head as the Sperm Whale. They do not boil the blubber, but expose it to the sun in an inclined situation, with a ditch for the bottom, into which the oil drains." — Moore, Notes on the Indian Archipelago, quoted hy Blyth. FamUy 4. PLATANISTIDiE. Head small, with a long produced beak ; forehead arched. Blower linear, nearly parallel, in a line over the eyes. Pectoral broad, truncated ; fingers 5. Dorsal fin none. Back keeled. Skull with the sides of the maxiUa elevated, forming a vaulted cavity over the 1. PLATANISTA. 221 forehead. Teeth in both jaws at first subcylindrical, becoming com- pressed. Platanistidw, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863. Delphinidse Platanistina, Gray, Zool. E. ^- T. 45, 1846 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 61 & 136. 1. PLATANISTA. Head convex ; beak compressed, curved up at the end. Teeth at first subcylindrical, at length compressed. Dorsal none. Back keeled in the place of the fin, and obliquely truncate behind. Pectoral fan- shaped, truncated. Blowhole single, longitudinal. Fingers 5, four subequal, outer shortest. Scapula with a large acromion process, and without any ridge. — Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 22. figs. 8, 9, 10. Platanista, Pliny ; " Cuvier, 1829, '^ fide Lesson, Tab. P^y. Ani7n. 198 ; fr^^-^^~p /J99'l Wagler, N. S. Amph. 35, 1830; Gray, Illust. Lid. Zool.; Zool. E. '/jt^i:^^ ^'^ ■" 4- r. 45 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863. ^ _ A^^^^t^Jfejfei^rM^l^^^^-^ Platanistina, Gray, Zool. Ereb. ^ Terr, (misprint). ' /A^92^ Susu, Lesson, CEuvr. Buffon, i. 215, 1828 ; Tab. Reg. Anim. 198. -^ — — ' Delphinorbynchus, sp.. Lesson. Delphinus, sp., Lebeck. The eyes extraordinarily small in diameter, only 1^ line. It may be called a Blind Whale, for the perforations for the optic nerve in the skudl are only rudimentary. The ear situated considerably above the eye. The spiracle is a simple longitudinal fissure, measuring 1 inch 9 1 lines, its anterior end exactly in a vertical line above the eye ; it is a perfectly straight longitudinal slit, without the faint double curve of an S attributed to it by Lebeck and Eoxburgh. Female sexual organs about 2 inches long, showing nothing remark- able in form, nor in the furrows in which the papillae are situated. The tongue exceedingly short, adnate in its whole circumference, and reaching only as far as the point where the jaw contracts itself into a narrow rostrum. The body enveloped in a thick layer of fat, measuring 1| inch in thickness. Colour of the back dark lead- grey ; under the belly somewhat lighter, though not much. — Eschricht, Ann. o are rather distant, the front rather longer than the others. In the middle-age specimens, as that figured by Homo (Phil. Trans. ISIh! t. I J, t. -0), tlio roots of the teeth are compressed and hollow but 1.1 the more aged animal they are much lengthened, solid, st'roni 1. Platanista Gangetica. The Svsu. Blackish-red colour, rather paler beneath. searches, vii. 1/0. t. o, 1811 ; Desni. Mamm. ,513 ; Fischer Sun 'iOa ■ oc/ilrffr/, Ahhandl. 28. i. o lu , Delphinorlnnchus Gangeticus, imow, ilf««. 40G (from lifel Pla^am,^a Uan-^etica, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t. ) zZ T&. T 45 • Cat Mamm. B.M. ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 18.50, 137 ; >. CW CHac'^2 ■ Blake, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bern,. I860, 449- Bldh T?2^ ^f<}c/oJ, 12; Asiatic Besearehes,xii. Append xxvixvXmU.J" ••"'• ^''• 11. 1851 ; A>m. ^- Mag. N. H. 1852, 1(51. t. 46. "^ "'• t-riit^^^^r^^r"™^'"- ^'^^- ^- ^«^- -• 1-^3 (from Platanista, Lesson. Susu, ffi-^uv. ^^^o«, i. 215. t. 3. f 3, 1828 Platanista, />//«. Hist. Nat. ix. eh. 15 ^'iiy '^^ ^''"°'' ^"'■'■''■^ ^*^- ^'''- ^- '• 22- i- 8, 10 (from spec. (t. Stuffed specimen. India. Ganges. b. Stuffed specimen : younger. India, Ganges. lS;e, Esq '"' '''"''"^- ^"^^^- ^"^'^"t^d by Gifson V are pregnant. I he embryo before birth is 14 or 15 inches Ion- " There are three stuffed specimens (an adult male, a youno- and old femde) and two skulls (male and female) in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, and a fine scries of skcleto,?. t Ih. Museum of the Calcutta Medical ColIege."_i?7v/7! '^^'^'*«"' ^^ ^^^ " The >'Si(^n abounds in the river Houglv • it "is extrempK- .1,-ffl u to procure, at least in the ncinity of dalnt^lTZti:^^^^^ taken the captors saw off the rostrum '—B7,/th -In wluvt I believe to be the skull of an ad.dt male the svm Physis ot the lower jaw measures 17 inches, in the adidt female onty 224 PLATANISTID^. 12 inches ; the rostrum heing thus 5 inches longer in the former." — Bhjth. " The Susu ascends very high up the rivers, if not quite to the foot of the mountains. Hardwicke's drawing was ' made from a living specimen 1000 miles above Calcutta.' Major Tyler has seen them forty miles up the Jumna, and also at Rajghal Mundi in the Dehra Dhoon. In the Indus and Sutlej near Ludiana, but these were doubtless the species (Platanista Indi) proper to the Indus and its tributaries. " The Gangetic Susu is common throughout the vaUey of Assam, in the Brahmaputra and its tributaries. I have been assured that no such animal exists in the Irawadi and other Burmese waters. It is migratory, as it occurs towards the Gangetic outlet only in the cold season, as remarked by Dr. Cantor ; but at what particular season it is observed in the upper provinces I have been unable to ascertain." — Blyth. " There are 28 or 29 teeth in each side of each jaw. They do not alternate in a quite regular manner. The length and form of the teeth vary much, though not by sudden transitions. The anterior are of considerable length, as much as 9 lines, pointed, and so com- pressed and curved that they have an anterior and posterior surface, the anterior margin convex and the posterior concave ; towards the middle of the jaw they gradually become shorter and cone-shaped, so that the 19th lower and the 21st upper pair only project above the gum like little knobs 1 line high with broad bases : in proportion as they become shorter they recede from each other." — Reinhardt, Ann. J- Mag. N. H. 1852, 174. "Anteriorly, the lower teeth are seen to embrace as it were the upper jaw, leaving a deep furrow on the outer side of the opposed gum. Midway in the jaws the apices of the teeth meet the corre- sponding gum close to the outside of their own teeth," — See Illust. Ind. Zool. t. Professor Reinhardt says, " the figure in the ' Indian Zoology ' is most imsuccessfid," yet his translator fairly states that it is from " a living specimen," while Eschricht only saw " a young specimen that had been preserved in spirits !" — Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1852, 167 & note, 2. Platanista Indi. The Indus Susu. Platanista Indi, Blyth, Rep. Asiat. Soc. 13 ; Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxviii. 493 ; Cat. Mas. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 92. Platanista Gangetica, var. minor, Owen, Cat. Osteol. Mm. Coll. Surg. 449. no. 2481. Inhab. Indus, Dr. David Wallich (Mus. CoU. Surg.), Sir Alexander Burns, Major Tytler. '■ The skull from the Indus, presented by Sir A. Burns, is of a con- spicuously new species. The maxillary crests are wanting in this specimen. The skull is larger and much more robust than that of P. Oangetica, with the same number of teeth, which are more than tM'ice as short, being much ground down bv attiition. Length of the 1. PLATANISTA. 225 skull 20^ inches. Greatest width at zygomata 9|- inches. Depth of the two jaws with teeth in situ, measured in the middle of their height, 8^ inches (in F. Gangetica barely \\ inch). Length of sym- physis of lower jaw 11 inches. Depth of zygomatic arch 2\ inches. "A coloured figure, probably the identical individual that furnished the skull above described, occurs among the Burns' drawings. The rostrum is represented as short in proportion to the length of the animal, and the neck to be more contracted than in the Gangetic species, which may be an error of the draughtsman. Colour also much paler, the lower parts dull albescent, abruptly defined in a line from the gape to the tail-flukes. Evidently a female. The male should have a longer rostrum. Length 7 feet by l^ in depth. Dorsal rudimentarj- as in P. Gangetica^ — Dlyth. See Keinhardt's paper in * Ann. Nat. Hist.' 1852, pp. 162, 279, & 291, where the Susu of the Indus is referred to as a peculiar species. —Bhjth. The skuU brought from the Indus by Dr. David WaUich, in the Museum of the Royal CoUego of Surgeons, n. 2481, named P. Gan- getica, var. minor, is of " smaller size, the total length not exceeding 12 inches, and the anterior teeth being much longer and more slender and acute. These differences may depend on the immaturity of the indi\'idual, but all the parts of the occiput have coalesced, and none of the sutural unions manifest any mark of immaturity. There are 21 teeth on the left side of the upper jaw, and 19 teeth on the right side, but the alveolar grooves extend further back, indicating the former existence of teeth or germs of teeth which have been lost. There are 20 teeth on each side of the lower jaw, behind which is a short extent of an empty alveolar groove. The teeth are placed close together; the anterior ones in the lower jaw are an inch in length, slender, and sharp-pointed, with the points slightly incurved and projecting outside those of the upper jaw ; but the chief parts of the crowns of both the upper and under teeth fit into the interspaces of those of the opposite jaw when the mouth is closed. The teeth progressively diminish in length, without de- crease of basal breadth, as they are placed further back.'" — Owen, I. c. pp. 448 5(- Terror ; Cut. Cetacea B. M. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 18G4, 235 ; Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. 18G3. Delphinidae et Monodoutidse, Gray, L. Med. Rep. xv. 310, 1821. Cete (pars), Illiger. Delphiuidffi, Delphiniua et Mouodontina, Selgs-Longchamps, 1842. T.es Cetacds piscivores et les Narwals, F. Cm. D. S. N. 1829. Zahnwale (pars), Okeii, Lehrb. Naturg. G72, 1815. Delpbinidffi sen Mastrogastora, J. Brookes, Cat. Mm. 39, 1828. Trachynichidfe sen .Macro Jmitea, /. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 40, 1828. - Delnhiniers. GcoiF. Lecons Mamnud Ift:^'^ «ft ^ty^/UwM./ L^(y/7gi^i^ A-JOJ^^^U^.X &^ft^y^7^ DELPniNID-S. 229 the sides at nearly equal distances, the hinder ribs closer together at the hinder end. Diodonea et Delphina (pars), Rafin. Anal. Nat. 1815, 60. Cete, Carnivora (pars), Lesson, N. Hiff. Anim. 197. Hydraula, Ch. Bonap. Reg. Anim. Delpbinusidea}, Lesson, N. Rcy. Anim. 197. Delphinus, Linn.; llliger, Prodr. 143, 1811. Delphiims et Mouodon, Cue. Tab. Elem. 1798. Delpliinidie (pavs),6rV'«y [Delphiuidte, sect. Delphinina et Phocenina], Ann. Phil. 1828; Sp'ic. Zool. i. 1828; Cat. Mamtn. B. M, 104; Zool. Erebus 8,- Terror ; Cat. Cetacea B. M. ; Proc. Zool. Sac. 1864, 235 ; Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. 1863. Delphinidae et Monodontidse, Gray, L. Med. Rep. xv. 310, 1821. Cote (pars), llliger. Delphmidie, Delphinina et Monodontina, Selgs-Longcha?nps, 1842. Les Cotact?s piscivores et les Narwals, F. Cm. U. i>. N. 1829. Zahuwale (pars), Oken, Lelirb. Naturg. 672, 1815. Delpliinidaj seu Mastrogastera, J. Brookes, Cat. Mm. 39, 1828. Trachjaiichidaj seu Macrodontea, J. Brookes, Cat. Mtis. 40, 1828. Uelphiniers, Geoff. Legons Mammal. 1835, 66. This family is easily known from the Toothed Whales or Catodon- tiihe by the smaller and more proportionate head; and in those species which have lost their upper teeth at an early age, by there being no regular series of pits in the gum of the upper jaw for the reception of the teeth of the lower one ; and also by the upper part of the skull not being deeply concave, and surrounded on the sides and behind by a high ridge. These animals when fii-st born are large compared with the size of the parents ; according to Dr. Knox, the foetus of the porpoise is half the length, that is, one-foui'th the size of the parent, before it is bom (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. ii. 208) ; and they appear to attain their full size very rapidly, which may account for the very slight difference to be observed in the size of the skull, and the great uniformity in the number, and in the space which the series of teeth occupy upon the edge of the jaws in the different specimens of the same species. Hunter thought the exact number of teeth in any species was un- certain : observing the teeth in the middle of each scries were the largest and the most firmly fixed, he states his belief that " the jaAVs increase posteriori}* and decay at the symphysis, and while the growth is going on, there is a constant succession of new teeth, by which means the new-formed teeth are proportioned to the jaw."' — Phil. Trans. 17S8, 398. Dr. Flemiiig, from the examination of the jaws of two porpoises of different ages, thinks " tlie jaws lengthen at the symphysis and at the base;" and that "the new teeth formed at these places are the smallest, and that there is no absorption." — Phil. Zool. ii. 208. This may be the case with the specimens before they arrive at their fidl size ; but no skidl of tliis kind has fallen under my observation : and as far as my experience will cany me, the numbers, size, and disposition of the tcetli furnish the most import- ant characters for the determination of the species and the definition of genera. M. F. Cuvier's remarks (Cetac. 103, 104) on the teeth as 230 DELPHINID^. the characters of genera are not consistent with my observations, for they appear quite as characteristic of the different genera as those of other orders of Mammalia, though they do not present so many different forms. At the same time, it is true that compilers like Lesson, who appear not to have examined a single skull, have made many genera, founded on very slight characters, and brought together species that have very little relation to each other. Por the purpose uf more distinctly defining the species, it has been found necessary to divide them into several groups, so as to arrange them ill what appears to be a more natural series, and circumscribe the genera. Synopsis or the Geneea. A. Head more or less beaked; beak of the sktdl sJender, as long as or longer than the brain-cavity; triangle in front of blowers Jiat. Tlie lateral wings of the maxilla expanded, horizontal. Bottle-noses, * Beak of skull coinpressed. Symjihysis of Ivwerjaw elongate. Dorsal Jin distinct, 1. PoNTOPOBiA. Beak of skull high, compressed. Symphysis of lower jaw very long. 2. Steno. Beak of skull rather compressed, higher than broad. Sym- physis of lower jaw long. ** Beak of skull more or less depressed. Symphysis of lower ja^o moderate. 3. DELPHiNrs. Dorsal distinct, medial. Beak of skull elongate. Tri- angle short, rather depressed, convex above. Crown convex. 4. TuESio. Dorsal distinct, medial. Beak of skull short, depressed. Triangle elongate. Crown convex. 5. LAGENOBHYNCHrs. Dorsal distinct. Beak of skull depressed, ex- panded. Crown shelving in front. 6. Delphinapterus. Dorsal none. B. Head rounded in front, scarcely beaked; beak of the skull depressed, broad, scarcely so long as the brain-cavity, * Lateral icings of the maxilla horizontal, produced over the orbits. Dorsal distinct. Teeth conical. 7. Obca. Triangle in front of blowers flat or concave. Teeth large, acute, permanent. Intermaxillaries moderately wide. Pectoral broad, short. 8. Pseudorca. Triangleinfront of the blowers flat. Teeth large, acute, permanent. Intermaxillaries moderately wide. Pectoral small, ovate. 9. Geampus. Triangleinfront of blowers swollen, convex. Upper teeth early deciduous. Intermaxillaries broad. ** Lateral icings of the maxilla shelving doicn over the orbit. Triangle in front of the blower convex. t Teeth permanent, compressed, sharp-edged. 10. Pnoc^NA. Dorsal fin distinct 11. Neomeris. Dorsal fin none. 1. PONXOPORIA. 231 tt Teeth early deciduous, conical. Dorsal none. 12. Beluga Teeth in both jaws, early deciduous. Male without any norn-liko tooth. -^ 13. MoNODON. Teeth very early deciduous. Male with a proiectino- spiral tusk in the upper jaw. ° A. mad more or less beaked: beak of the skull slender, as long as or lonqer than the brain-cavity. The lateral xvinys of the maxilla cvpanded, honzonta. Trmmjle m front of the blowers fiat or concave. Delphi- nuia. iJottle-uoses. * ^"^l^ f '^"•' *^"^ f'^'^'-''" ^^'"'^ ^^'^ brain-case, compressed. Si/mph/sis of the lower jaw elongate. Dorsal fin distinct. J x J J 1. PONXOPORIA. Head with a very long, slender beak. Elowhole transverse, on the crown. Dorsal fin high, _falcatG, central ; pectoral fins rather elon- /^ gate, sublimate. SkuTTl^SiniSish ; beak very long, compressed, with ^^^O/^^ a strong groove on each side above ; side of the maxiUa rather ele- "^ vated; the edges form a ridge on the side of the upper surface of the bram-cavity; eyebrow with a long cylindi-ical crest; lower iaw compressed with a deep groove on each side ; symphysis very long. Teeth small, subcylmdrieal, smooth, rather hooked, acute. ^*ractoS' ^^'■'''''*'' -^'^'■*- '^"y- ^"'^'- ^^'''<^- 31- t. 23 (not cha- l8UJ 1. PontoporiaBlainvillii. The Pontoporia. SkuU, with the tubercles behind the blowholes, broad sKo-htlv convex; eyebrows with a strong, longitudinal crest; uiper%nd lower jaw with a deep, weU-defined ridge on each side. Teeth ^l small, conical, hooked, smooth ; symphysis more than half the length 01 the lower jaw. ° Delphinus Blainvillii, Freminville, Mm. Paris 3S!x£,'isr '"''''^' ^'^' '''■' ""'"■ ^'^^- ^*-- 18^' D. (Stenodelphis) BlainviUei, Gervais ^- D'Orb. Voy. Amer Merid Mamm. 31. t. 23 (skull) ; Reichb. Cetac. 128. 70. t 24 T78 cftac'p Af'm^'' '^''"^' ^''"^' ^' ^' ^" ^- *• ^'^ ^'^'"^^'' <^«'- Inhab. Monte Video. Skull, Miis. Paris {M. Freniinville). M. Fromin^^Uo described the Dolphin belonging to the skull as white, with a black dorsal band, and 4 foot long. Length of skull 22 g' Length of beak g y Length of S}-mphysis 5 9 Length of teeth-line ' 5 4 M. d'Orbigny believes the dolphin he observed near the mouth of 232 DELPHINID^. the La Plata, of which the following is a description, is probably the same as /S<«*Of?e7/)7u's Blainvilhi; it is figured Voy. Amer. Merid. t. 23. The skiill of this animal was not examined nor preserved. It was blackish, pale beneath, with a white streak along each side from behind the blower, where it is broadest and gradually becoming narrower behind, not quite reaching to the tail. According to Desmarest, Freminville saw a dolphin on the coast of Brazil which was 15 feet long, with a very convex forehead ; ashy, with a white streak on eacJi side of the head, on the back, throat, and belly. 2. STENO. Head convex. Forehead convex. Beak moderate, tapering. Body elongate, fusiform. Pectoral fin moderate, ovate, falcate. Dorsal falcate, in the middle of the back. SkuU round, subglobular. Fore- head erect. Beak elongate, compressed, higher than broad, tapering in front, convex above. Triangle elongate, deej), produced rather beyond the teeth-line. Palate convex, not grooved on the side. Lower jaw elongate, compressed in front ; symphysis elongate, about one-fourth the length. Steuo, Grmj, Zool. Erebm 8f Terror, 43, 1847 ; Cat Cetac. B. M. 1850, 127 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 236. This genus is at once known from Layenorhipichtis and DelpMnus by the length, compression, and tapering form of the beak of the skuU. The foetus of Steno ftiscus is very peculiar for the elongated taper- ing head ; the pectoral fins are rather large, strongly falcate ; the dorsal rather beyond the middle of the back. Its tongue is flat on the top, and nearly as broad as the space between the sides of the jaws ; it is entire on the edges of the sides, and slightly dilated in front, crenulated on the edge, and with a larger flat lobe in the middle of the tip. (See ' Zool. Erebus and Terror,' t. 26. f. 1, a, h, c.) a. Beak separated from the forehead by a cross groove. b. Beak scarcely separated from the forehead. a. Beak separated frmn the forehead by a cross groove. 1. Steno Malayanus. The Malay Dolphin. Grey-ash above and below. Nose of skull about three-fifths of the entire length. Teeth |f . Delphinus Malayanus, Lesson, Vot/. Coq. t. 9. f. 5 ; Jfist. Cetac. 152 ; Schlegel, Abh. i. t. 1, 2. f. 2, t. 4. f. 3 (skull and teeth). D. Capensis, Rapp, Cetac. t. 2. f, 1 (not Gray nor Cuv.). D. Rappii, Reichb. Cetac. iii. 48. t. 18. f. 5, 7. D. plumbeus, Cuv. R. A. i. 288 ; F. Cuv. Cetac. 151 ; Mamtn. Lithog, t. ; Pucheran, Rev. 8,- Maq. Zool. 1856, 145. Stono Malayanus, Gray, Zool. Ereb.Sf Terror,'^; Cat. Cetac. B.M. 127. Inhab. Indian Ocean. 2. 8TEN0. 233 ft. in. Length of animal, entire 5 11 Length of pectoral 1 1 Width of tail 1 11 There is a skull in the Paris Museum marked " D. plambeus, Mala- bar, Dussumier." It measures as follows : Length 22 inches, beak 13|, teeth-line 12, width at notch 4^, symphysis of the lower jaw 5| inches ; teeth j| | - ij ^ , large ; beak elongated, higher than wide, com- pressed in front; triangle extending rather before the teeth-lines. In the Anatomical Museum of the Jardin des Plantes is a skull of a foetal specimen of this species, from Malabar, which is 12 inches long, with the beak 8i inches long, and 2| in. wide at the notch. The symphysis of the lower jaw is 2\ inches long. The bones are not united. The upper teeth are 36 ; they are as large as those of the adult skull, and all enclosed in a cartilage and very close together. From this skull it is evident that these animals are born with the fiUl number of teeth, which only elongate as they gradually develope. 2. Steno roseiventris. Greyish black above, under half rosy white ; orbit, streak from eye to the pectoral, and pectoral fin dusky. Beak elongate, slender. Beak of skull very long, half as long again as the brain-cavity. Teeth A^-f|. Delphinus roseiventris, Pucfieran, Voy, Dumont d' UrviUe, t. 22. f. 2, t. 23. f. 3, 4 (skull). Inhab. Molucca. The skull of a Dauphin d, ventre roux from Molucca, in the Paris Museum, has the nose very slender, attenuated. Palatal bone and intermaxiUaries distinctly seen below ; intermaxillaries very convex, dense ; lower jaw very compressed in front ; palate flat, rather con- vex on each side behind, very spongy. 3. Steno frontatus. The Fronted Dolphin. Nose of skiill about three-fifths of its entire length, three times as long as its width at the notch, rather compressed, rounded in front. Lower jaw subangular and bent up at the end, united about one-third of its length. Teeth f x~M' often rather rugose. Skin rough, back greyish black, belly dirty white. Female 9 feet long. — Dr. DicHe. Delphinus frontatus, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 21. f. 7, 8, t. 22. f. 8; li. A. i. 288 ; Grcn/, List Mamm. B. M. 105 ; Owm, Cat. Osteal. Coll. Mm. Coll. Snrg. i'i. 4.53. D. Reinwardtii, Schlegel, Abh. i. 21. t. 2. f. 3, 4, t. 4. f. 7 (skull and teeth). Steno frontatus, Gray, 7ah,1. Erehm ii,- Terror, 43 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 128 ; Bhjth, Cat. Mas. Asiatic Sac. Bengal, 01. Inhab. Indian Ocean. Bay of Bengal {Capt. Leivis, 1846). Hod Sea {J. Owen, Esq., 1844). Pacific. 234 DELPHINID^. a. Part of the upper jaw, teeth large. b. Bones of the ear. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. c. d, e. Three skulls. Dimensions of skull (No. 1) in the British Museum ; No. 2, of skuU of female in Dr. Dickie's Collection : — No. 1. No. 2. in. lin. in. lin. Length, entire 20 6 22 0 Length of nose 12 0 13 5 Length of teeth-line 10 0 11 0 Width at notch 3 10 Width at orbit 7 9 7 9 Width of middle of beak 2 0 2 0 Length of lower jaw 17 0 18 0 Length of symphysis 5 6 6 0 Var. 1. Lower jaw rather straighter below and rather wider be- hind ; teeth |-|-. Var. 2. Nose much compressed on the side and depressed above, rather larger, rather more than three times as long as wide at the notch ; teeth |-|. Var. 3. Tooth-series rather longer, 10" 6'" ; teeth |^ ; lower jaw like Var. 1. Dr. Dickie's skull has teeth |^ ; the two front of lower jaw are small, and separated from the rest. A foetus extracted from the womb of Dr. Dickie's specimen had the tail convex at the end and emarginate. D. Geoffroyi, Desm., which is the type of the genus Inia, has been confounded with this species. There are two skulls in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Cal- cutta, one of an animal taken near the Nicobar Islands, the other from the Red Sea. — Blyth, Eep. I.e. 11. 4. Steno compressus. The Narrow-beaked Dolphin. Nose of skull much compressed, attenuated at the tip, three-fifths the entire length, three times and a half as long as its width at the notch. Teeth conical, acute, |^. Head narrow, and rather com- pressed at the orbit. Delphinus compressus, Gray, Cat. Manun. B. M. Steno compressus, Zool. Urebus Sf Terror, 43. t. 27 (skidl) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 129. Inhab. ? a. SkuU. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' pi. 27. b, c. Two skuUs. d. SkuU. South Sea. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. 2. 8TEN0. 235 in. Length, entire 20j Length of nose 13 Length of lower jaw 17 Length of symphysis 6| Width of notch 3| Width at orbit 6| The skulls of this species are easUy known from the former by being much more slender and more attenuated in front, and by the head, though longer, being 2| inches naiTower over the orbit ; lower jaw nearly straight below, imited for more than one-thii-d its length. It may be the same as D. rostratus, but the teeth are more numerous ; and Cuvier's figure, which he thought might be Breda's species, certainly much better represents a common Indian species than this. In one of the skulls the nose is rather shorter and more depressed. 5. Steno attenuatus. TJie Slender-heahed Dolphin. Nose of skuU three-fifths the entire length, once and a half the length of the skuU, twice and three-fourths the length of the width of the notch, slender, tapering in front ; intermaxillaries forming a long triangular part of the front of the palate ; vomer elongate, in middle of palate. Teeth Ao, Delphmus attenuatus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 105. Steno attenuatus, Gray, Zool. Ereh. ^- Terror, 43. t. 28 (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 130 ; BJyth, Cat. 3Ius. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 92 ; Asiatic Researches, xii. App. xxvii. ? Inhab. Cape Horn, Sea west of Cape of Good Hope and Bay of Bengal (Bhjfh). Mus. CoU. Surg. Edinb. fl. SkuU. Presented by Mrs. Ince. b. SkuU. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' pi. 28. c. SkuU. 9° N. lat. Presented by A. Pearson, Esq. Measurement of the three skulls in the British Museum : — fl. b. c. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin. Length, entire 15 9 16 6 15 6 Length of nose 8 9 10 0 9 3 Length of lower jaw 13 3 .... 13 0 Breadth of temples 60 65 61 Breadth of notch 33 33 3 6 Breadth of midcUe of beak ..16 17 18 Breadth of intermaxiUaries 0 1 0 1 0 1 Delphinus pseiulodelphis, Wicgm. Schreb. t. 358 (skuU) ; Eeichb. Cetac. Anat. t. 18. Teeth ff or ^. " SkuU in Mus. Leydcn so named has the form of D. Mahn/nmts, but beak shorter, and teeth shorter and thinner, very like those of D. Delphis. Palate not grooved. Symphysis of lower jaw rather long.'' May be the same 236 DKLPHIUID^. as the Steno attenuatus, but the Museum copy of Schreber does not contain the plate referred to. There is a skull in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta which seems to be that of Steno attenuatus, being probably that mentioned as " a Dolphin foimd near the Isle of France " (Asiatic Researches, xii. App. xxvii.). Lower jaw 14 inches. Teeth ^. And another lower jaw, " from the high seas," with series of 38 teeth, presented by Mr. C. Harvey (Joum. As. Soc. s. 737). Also two skulls, toothless, wanting the lower jaw, with series of 39 teeth- sockets. Length 15 and Ib^ inches. AU these would appear to be the same. — Dlytli, V. c. A left ramus of the lower jaw with series of 43 teeth, in the same museum, is vertically much deeper at the symphysis, and un- doubtedly appertains to a distinct species. — Blyth. Captain Jethro Fairweather presented to the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta a skull of a small but not young Steno, which seems to be St. attenuatus, Gray. It was procured not far from the Sand-heads, out of an innumerable herd of them, " as far as the eye could reach in aU directions," and was of a palish lead- colour. Not therefore, however, the DelpMnvs Malayanus, var. plum- heus, which is a much larger species common in the bay. Teeth 39 . 40 T>1 j7 4nTy— %<'^- Major R. C. Tyler has also sent to the same museum a skuU taken west of the Cape of Good Hope, which agrees, or very nearly so, with the two heads minus the teeth, and the lower jaw, mentioned before. — Blyth. 6. Steno? brevimanns. Blackish, rather paler below. Delphinus brevimanns (D. a petit pectoral), Piicheran, Voy. Dumont (fVrville, t. 21. f. 2, t. 23. f . 7 & 8 (skull). Delphinus ? microbrachium, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B, M. 1850, 119, from Piicheran. The skull named DaujjJiin a petit pectoral in the Paris Museum has the palate flat, rather convex behind. Triangle extended rather in front of the teeth-Kne. Teeth l^. Nose narrowed in front, three-fifths the length, and twice and three-fourths the length of the breadth at the notch. Lower jaw slender in front. Nasal rather high and convex. It may be a Steno. Inhab. Banda, Singapore. 7. Steno Tncuxi. Dark blackish or fuscous. Nose of the skull depressed at the base, convex and attenuated at the tip, rather (one-fifteenth) longer than the length of the head, nearly three times as long as the width at the notch. Frontal triangle elongate, continued considerably iu front of the line of the notch. Teeth ^^, slender, conical. Lower 1 '1; ^^^^ .....u^ 2. gTENo. 237 jaw rather slender and slightly bent up at the tips. Symphysis rather keeled beneath in front. Steno Tucuxi, Gray, Ann. S( Mag. N. H. 1857, xviii. 158. Inhab. The upper parts of the Amazons River, near Santarem (^Bates). Called Tucu.vi. The males are larger. It does not roll over like the Boulco, but comes to the surface to breathe. Male. Female. in. lin. in. lin. Length of the skull 13 0 12 0 Length of the beak 7 3 6 6 Length of teeth-line 6 0 5 9 Length of lower jaw 10 3 9 6 Length of symphysis 2 0 1 3 Width of skull 6 0 5 6 Width of beak at notch 2 6 2 3 Width of forehead over notch 4 9 4 6 8. Steno ? fluviatilis. Above blackish, a broad band from the eye to the pectoral, and the pectoral fin black. Lower jaw and beneath rosy white, the white bent up so as to form a broad white lobe behind the orbit over the pectoral. Teeth If or |-| on each side. Dorsal fin moderate, falcate. Delphiniis fluviatilis, Gervais <§• Delille, BulL de la Soc. Agric. de PHerault, 1853, 148; Gervais, in Casteln. Voy. Mamm. 92. t. 19. f. 2 ; Hist. Mamm. ii. 522. Bufteo negro, Missionaries of Upper Amazons. Bole preto of the Brazilians, in Casteln. Hist, du Voy. dans TAmer. du :Sud, iv'. 460, v. 3.3. Inhab. Upper part of the River Amazons, near Peru. Probably the same as the former. An imperfect skin with the ends of the beak of the skidl in the Paris Mnscum. The palate of the beak is flat, without any lateral grooves. The teeth are small, acute, and, like those of DeJphinus Delphis, without any internal lobe. 9. Steno ? pallidas. Teeth fi or f§. Pale yellowish white above, beneath white. .^/.y Dorsal fin very low. . tlta.^ Delphinus pallidus, Gervais, Acad. iSrt. Mmitp. 1855 ; Casteln. Vor/. U a lU da Mamm. 94. t. 19. f. 1 ; Ann. if Mag. N. H. xvii. 521 ; Bates, Tra- ' l^^Qy^C^ vels in Brazil. i / r i ' Bufleo bianco, Missionaries of Upper Amazons, Casteln. Hist, du Voy. iV/.t <-/•/"• ^''^ dans I'Amer. du SmI, iv. 400. F ' i if Inhab. River Amazons. May be the same as-jS. TtteitA^T- '/ ,, , ' ' 238 UELPHINID^. 10. Steno ? coronatus. Black ; forehead with two concentric yellow circles. Beak very long. Teeth #A. Dorsal fin very minute. Delphinus coronatus, Freminville, Nov. Bull. Soc. Phil. iii. 56, 78. t. 1. f. 2,«, B; Desm. Mamm. 512; Grmj, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 132. DelpliinorhjTichus coronatus, Lesson, Man. 405; Fischer, Sun. Mamm. 505. Inhab. Spitzbergen ! " Beak slender, the upper jaw longest. Black, with two yeUow concentric circles on the convexity of the forehead. The upper jaw with 15 teeth on each side, the lower with 24, all very acute. The dorsal fin haLf-crescent-shaped, nearer the tail than the head. The caudal crescent-shaped. The pectoral of a moderate size. Length 36 feet. The skuU not known. " Inhab. Sjjitzbergen, 1806, near lat. 74°. Found in numerous troops (Freminville). It is singular that no other authors have spoken of it." — Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 278. "b. Beak scarcely separated from the forehead." 11. Steno? rostratus. The Beaked Dolphin. "Forehead gradually shelving to the beak" {Guv.). The skull with the nose as long as the brain-ca\'ity. Teeth f-f-|-|, rather large. Black, lower lip and body beneath rosy white, not separated by distinct lines, lower part of the sides black-spotted. Delphinus rostratus, Cuv. Ann. Mm. xix. 9 ; B. A. i. 289 ; F. Ciiv. Mamm. Lith. t. ; Cetac. 156. t. 10. f. 2 ; Schkgel, Dieren van Nederland, 85. t. 11 (not Shaw). Dauphin de Breda, Cuv. Oss. Foss. 278, 296. v. 400. t. 21. f. 7, 8. Delphinus Bredanensis, " Cuv." ; Fischer, Syn. 505, from Cuvier, Oss. Foss. Delpliinus oxp-hjTichus, Jardine, Nat. Lib. t. 27, cop. from F. Cuv. Delphinus planiceps, Breda, Verh. Nederl. Hist. 1829, 236. t. 1, 2 ; Schlegel, Ahhandl. t. 4. f. 8 (teeth). Steno ? rostratus, Gray, Zool. Erebus ^ Terror, 43 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 131 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 236. Inhab. North Sea. Holland {Breda). Brest {D'' Orhigny). " M. Blainville, who observed a skull of this species in the museum of Mr. J. Sowerby, says it had 22 teeth in each jaw, and the sym- physis two-thirds the entire length" (Desm. Diet. H. N. ix. 160). If this is not a mistake for one-third, it will at once separate it from the other Stenos, and connect it with Pontoporia, but the figure of the skull in Cuvier and Schlegel resembles that of the genus Steno. The skulls named D. 7-osfratus in the Paris Museum are verj' like the Museum specimens of Steno frontatus. The nose is compressed in front. Teeth l^-fy- Length, entire, 21|- inches; nose 12J-; symphysis of lower jaw b\ ; width at preorbital notch 4 inches. I have not been able to find the skuU of this animal, which was in Mr. Sowerby's Museum in Mead Place, Lambeth. 3. DELPHINUS. 239 12. Steno fuscus. The Cuban Steno. Black above and below (in spirits). Head conical, gradually taper- ing into a rather long nose, without any separating groove, with five black whiskers on each side. Teeth ? Steno fuscus, Grai/, Zool. Erch. Sf Terr. t. 26. f. 1 (foetus and tongue) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 131. Inhab. Cuba (IF. S. MacLemj, Esq.). a. Foetus in spirit ; not in good state. Presented by "W. S. Mac- Leay, Esq. ** Beak of the skull longer than the brain-case, more or less depressed. Symphi/sis of the lower Jaw moderate. 3. DELPHINUS. Head longly beaked. Forehead rounded. Nose produced, bald. Dorsal fin falcate, in the middle of the back. Skull with the hinder wings of maxilla horizontal, sometimes thickened on the edge over the orbit. Nose elongate, light, much longer than the head, tapeiing, depressed in front, broader than high, convex, roundish above, and shghtlj' concave in front of the blowers, nearly parallel on the sides and rounded in front. Teeth ^ to |-2-, small, conical, extending the greater part of the length of the jaw. Delphinus, Gray, Spic. ZooCi. 1828; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 105; P. Z. S. 1863 ; 1864, 236; Zool. JSreb. (§• Terr. 36, 1847; Wagler, K S. Amph. 35. Delphinus (pars), Linti. ; Uliyer, 143, 1811. Most maritime persons call these animals Bottle-noses, Bottle- heads, Flounder-heads, sometimes adding Whale to the name. They generally confine the name of Dolphin (most used by landsmen) to the Scomberoid fish {Coryphami), which changes colour in dying. In the British Museum there is a foetus, apparently belonging to the Delphinus Delphis, figured in the 'Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' t. 26, with its tongue in detail ; it formed part of the collec- tion of Sir Hans Sloane. It differs from the foetus of Lagenorhi/nchus ncutus in the nose being more produced (nearly one-third the length of the distance from the end of the nose to the eye) ; it has seven black rigid bristles on each side ; the two front, rather the largest, are on the side of the upper part of the nose, the five hinder forming a descending line nearly parallel to the groove which separates the beak. The tongue is convex on the sides, ■with a rather narrow fiat space on the hinder part, separated from the under sides by a sharp entire edge ; the front is rather dilated, sharp-edged, and obscurely crenated. a. Skull round. Trianf/le not rrarhinf/ to the teeth-line. Palate confejr, with a vvnj rnnravc line on the hinder part of each side. Beak twice as lonf/ a.'i the head. Teeth j|^. No. 1. b. Skull romuli.th. Triangle just to the teeth-line. Palate with a deep groore on each side and a high central ridge behind. 240 DELPHINID^. • Beak of skull twice as long as the brain-cavity. Teeth ||-f J. No. 2. •* Beak 7nnderate, once and a half the leyigth of the brain-cainty. Teeth iforfa. No. 3. C. Skull flattened behind. Triangle to the teeth-line. Palate flat, not grooved on the side. No. 4. a. Skidl round. Triangle not reacJiing to the teeth-line. Palate convex, with a very concave litie on the hinder part of each side. Beak twice as long as head. Teeth |^. 1. Delphinns microps. The Small-headed Dolphin. Skull small, subglobular. Palate convex. Nose very long, slender, twice as long as the length of the brain-cavity, nearly four times as long as broad at the notch ; intermaxillaries convex above, with a broad cavity between them in front, rather contracted in front of the blowers. Teeth ^|. Maxillaries very spongy. The triangle in front of the blowers short, not nearly reaching to the line of the hinder tooth. Palate with a prominent ridge extending along its hinder two-thirds. Delphinus microps, Gray, Zool, Erebus ^ Terror, 42. t. 25 (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 126. Inhab. Coast of Brazils {Dr. Dicki^. Near mouth of Kio de la Plata, Mus. Buenos Ayres {Burmeist^. a. Skull ? From the Haslar Hospital. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' tab. 25. p. 42. h. Skull, larger ; the skull behind the frontal longer, slightly com- pressed. Teeth if on each side. Length, entire, 18 inches ; tooth-line 10|, beak 12, lower jaw 15| ; width at orbit 6|, at notch 3, middle of beak 1|. This skull chiefly differs from the type skuU of D. microps in the back of the skull being much less convex, and in its being of a rather larger size : can this depend on the sex of the specimen ? Dimensions of five skulls, in inches: the 1st is in the Norwich Museum ; the 2nd, in the British Museum ; the 3rd, in the Museum of the Koyal College of Surgeons ; the 4th, in Dr. Dickie's collection ; the 5th, in the Edinburgh College, n. 164. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. in. in. in. in. in. Length, entire 17| 15^ 15 18 in| Length of nose ^ 11 10^ Length of teeth-line . . 8 8| Length of lower jaw 14| 13 12^ Width at notch 2^^ 2| 4 3 Width at orbits . . 5| 6 Width of middle of beak .... 2\ 2-^ 1| 2^ Width of intermaxillaries .... 8 9 . . 2 Var. 1. Skull in Mus. Coll. Surg. Edin. n. 164. Barclay Collec- tion. Head smaller, and the nose rather shorter, only once and three- 3. DELPHINCS. 241 fourths the length of the brain-cavity, hut quite as long as compared with the width of the notch. Length, entire, 16^ inches, of beak 10|- inches ; width at notch 3 inches ; triangle to the teeth-line rugose. Nose-groove open in front. Teeth j-g-, small, curved. This skull resembles Schlegcl's figure of the skull of D. longirostns in general form, but the beak is rather more slender, and the orbits more obliquely truncated in front. b. Skidl roundish. Triangle just to the teeth-line. Palate toith a deep groove on each side atul a high central ridge behind. • Beak of skull twice as long as tlie brain-cavity. Teeth ||— ff. 2. Delphinus longirostris. The Cape Dolphin. Black. Dorsal fin large, high. Teeth f f-f§. Nose three-fifths the entire length. SkuU nearly thrice and a half the length of its breadth at the notch. Delphis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 237. Delpliinus longirostris, Gray, Spic. Zool. 1 ; Brookes, Cat. Mits. 39, 1828; Cuv. R. A. i. 288, h-om. Dussumier, MSS.\ Schlegel, Ahhandl. t. 1, 2, & 4. f. 1, from skull of Brookes; Faun. Japon. t. 24; Grai/, List Mamm. B. M. 105 ; Zod. Ereb. 8; Terr. 42; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 18o0, 25 ; Puclieran, Rev. 8f Mag. Zool. 1856, 315. Delphinus Capensis, Gray, Spic. Zool. ii. t. 2. f. 1 ; not Cuv. nor Raj)j). Inhab. Southern Ocean. Cape of Good Hope (Gray). Japan and Ceylon {Schlcffel). Malabar {DiLssuniier), a. Stuffed specimen. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Trustees of the Royal College of Surgeons. The specimen figured and described in ' Spic. Zool.' and ' Zool. Erebus and Terror.' in. Length, entire 81 Length of beak 7 Length to angle of mouth 13 Length to blowers 7^ Length to dorsal fin 38 Length to pectoral fin 21 Length of dorsal 12 Length of pectoral 13 Breadth of pectoral 5 Breadth of tail 26 Circumference 42 The figure in the ' Fauna Japonica ' is from a drawing by a Japanese artist, made under Mr. Burger's direction. The skull named D.'lonr/irostris in the Pans Museum (n. 4), from Malabar, brought by M. Dussumicr, 1827, has the palate with a deep groove on each side of a central ridge in the hinder half, slightly- keeled behind near the blower ; beak long, tapering ; nasal convex, rounded. Teeth 4f , small, slightly curved ; triangle exactly to the teeth-line. 342- DELPHINIDJE. in. lin. Skull : Length 2 0 Length of beak 13 9 Width at notch 3 2 Width of middle of beak 1 7 * * Bvak moderate, once and a half the lemjth of the brain-cavity. Teeth if-M- 3. Delphinus Delphis. The Dolpliin. Black, sides grey, beneath white ; the dorsal moderate. Teeth || (i|, Schlegel) . Nose of skuU half as long again as the length of the brain-cavaty. Delphinus vulgaris, Lacep. Cet. 250. t. 14 (skull). Delphinus antiquorum, Ray, Wilhi(/hh. Pise. t. A 1. f. 1. Delphinus Delphis, Linn. S. N. i. 108 ; Himtei; Phil. Trans. 1787, .373, 618; Bonmit. Cet. 20. t. 10. f. 2; Schreb. Stiuyeth. t. .343; Desm. Mamm. 514 ; F. Cm: Cet. 123 ; Mam. Lith. t. ; Jurdine's Whales, t. 23, cop. Pell's Brit. Qmd. 463. tig-. ; Sehlegel, Abhandl. i. 20. t. 4. f. 2 (teeth) ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 275, 303. t. 21. f. 9, 10 ; Grai/, Zool. Ereb. S, Terror, 40. t. 26 (tongue and fcetus) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 120; P. Z. S. 1864, 237 ; Sehlegel, Dieren, 82. t. 10; Turton, B. Fauna, 17; Jeni/ns, 3Ian. 40; Fleming, B. A. 35; Bell, Brit. Quad. 463. tig. ; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 591 ; Malmgren, Arch. Natnrg. 1864, 88. Delphinus, Pliny, H. N. ix. c. 7, 8 ; Bellon, Aquat. 7. fig. ; Rondel. Pise. 459. fig. ; Aldrov. Pise. 704. fig. ; Willughb. Pise. 28. t. A 1. f. 1 ; Klein, Ilisc. Pise. ii. 24. t. 3. f. a. Dolphin, SJiaia, Zool. ii. 507. t. 229; Borlase, Conmali, 264. t, 27. f. 1. Dauphin ordinaire, Cuv. R. A. i. 278. An.\t. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. t. 21. f. 9, 10; Laeep. t. 14; Yolkmann, Anat. Anim. Tab. 1831, t. 9. f. 2, 3, 4 (skull) ; Sjjir, Cephalog. t. 8. f, 8 (skull) ; Rai)p, Cetac. t. 1 (skeleton). Inhab. North Sea. Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean, a. h, c. Stuffed specimens. English coast. Presented by Messrs, J. and C. Grove. ? a. Skull, large. b. Skull, smaller. Australia. Presented by A. Cunningham, Esq. c. Skull, St. Helena. Presented by A. Pearson, Esq. d. Skull. Presented by J. J. Bennett, Esq., F.R.S, e-p. Twelve skulls. q. Skeleton, English coast. The most prominent difference between the specimens is in the ■width of the upper jaw in front of the notch, just over the com- mencement of the teeth-series ; but there does not occur any other character in connexion with it. There is also a slight difference in the form of the palate : in a, the central ridge is narrow and rounded above behind ; in 6 it is broad, flat, sharp-edged, and very deeply concave on the sides, under the edges, but the different specimens vary in this particular. In d and g, the hinder part of the palate, DELPHIXUS. 243 near the entrance of the inner iiostiils, is sharply keeled ; and in a the two ridges are rounded. I am by no means certain that, with a larger series of skulls in a perfect condition, and with the animals they belonged to, it might not result that there are more than one species amongst these skulls. In aU these skulls the intermaxillarics arc seen below, fomiing a slender, elongated, triangular space in the front of the palate, and in some the vomer is also more or less seen in the middle of the palate ; but the absence or presence of this bone in the palate is of very little consequence, as a character, in this Idud. Measurements of different skulls in the British Museum, particular locaUties are unknown. The Delphinua Delphis. h c d e f I i k I Length, Length of Breadth entire. nose. at notch. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin. 19 0 12 0 3 10 18 0 11 4 3 10 18 3 11 3 3 8 17 0 10 0 3 4 17 0 10 6 3 6 17 "b li" b 3""'5 17 0 10 6 3 9 18 0 11 G 3 8 17 6 10 G 3 G 16 6 10 3 3 6 17 6 11 G 3 7 18 0 11 0 3 n Breadth at the Length of nose ijf^mber commencement as compared to Lf t-ggi-j, width at notch, i in. lin. 2 9 2 9 2 3 2 2 2 9 i* 45 43 f 4o 4« 4G 3 45 O.I 46 3 50 3 48 f 46 48 3 43 Cu^ier (Oss. Foss. v. 303) described the cervical vertebrae as fused into a single piece, yet in Anat. Comp. i. 105 he states that in the Dolphins the atlas and axis only are united, the other cervical ver- tebra; remaining separate, though extremely thin. Lesson (Get. p. 22G) describes the first six as quite thin in the D. Delpliis, and the last as somewhat thick. Dr. Jackson, who points out these discrepancies, described the dolphin he examined as ha\ing the first and second cei-vicals scarcely moveable upon each other, and the other five smaller and rather more moveable. — Bost. Journ. N. If. v. 155. The vertebrae are thiis enumerated : — 1. Ciwier, Anat. Comp. i. 103 14 dorsal, 52 posterior. 2. Ctivier, 0.s.«. Foss. v. 303 l:j „ 47 „ 3. Lc-ison, CVt.220 1.$ „ 52 „ 4. Jardine, Cetacen 12 „ 52 „ 5. ? Jackson, Bost. Journ. N. II. v. 154 .... 14 „ 55 „ Dr. Jackson gives the following description of an American speci- men : — " Dusky black on the back, white on the belly, and lead-coloured on the sides ; a dusky line from 1 to 2 inches in width commenced a little above the C5"e and passing along the sides was lost in the e2 244 DELPHINID.E. lead-colour within 18 or 20 inches of the tail, and another much less distinct ran parallel to this. Length 7| feet. Forehead convex, divided from the snout by a furrow. Fcetus 38 inches ; back dark bluish grey ; belly nearly salmon colour ; no longitudinal stripes as in the mother, but some very indistinct broad transverse stripes were seen towards the back. Teeth had not yet appeared. Cervical ver- tebrae 7, dorsal 14, posterior to these 55 ; the first and second cer- vicals large and scarcely moveable upon each other, the other five were much smaller and rather more moveable." Dolphin, Jackson, Bost. Journ. N. H. v. 153, 1845. Inhab. Atlantic Ocean, North America. " Whales, diifering in no appreciable respect from the common dolphin of the British coast, came round us in the high seas of every region of the globe during the voyage. It is widely open to question whether the dolphins of so many distinct climates are not also dis- tinct species, but as long as we are to be guided by general resem- blance and are deficient in opportunities of comparing individuals, we must be content to regard them as identical. The contents of the stomach were fish, cuttle-fish, or shrimps. The food contained in the first compartment of the stomach had seldom undergone any change, in the second its digestion had advanced, while in the third and fourth cavities it was reduced to a weU-assimilated pulp." — Bennett, Whaling Voyage, 238. Professor Rapp (Cetac. t. 4) has described and figured the skeleton. The scapula with a broad dilated coracoid process, and a broad dilatation on the front edge of the condyle. Fingers 5, short ; the fourth longest ; the third rather short, the fifth shorter ; the first very short, shorter than the second. The spinal processes of the dorsal vertebrae with a distinct subbasal anterior process ; the caudal vertebrae with a similar process on the hinder part of the spinal pro- cess ; but the greater part of the lumbar vertebrae are without them ; the lateral process of the lumbar vertebrae slender. The skeleton is also described by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 303), and some bones figured (t. 24) ; and by Professor Owen (Cat. Osteol. Series Mus. Coil. Surg. p. 451. n. 2489). Dr. Jackson gives an accoimt of a dissection of a foetal dolphin taken at Lynn, United States ; it was 38 inches long, and the mother 7i feet. Sometimes seen in the fishmongers' shops in London, having been brought to BiUingsgate for sale ; but their particular habitat is not to be procured, or if one is obtained it is not to be depended on with any confidence, as the animal has generally passed through more th;in one dealer's hands. There are three specimens in the British Museum, procured at Billingsgate, presented by Messrs. J. & C. Grove. Mr. Couch says, " They come on the Cornish coast in considerable numbers, more especially when the pilchards and mackerel abound ; and not unfrequently are taken in the drift-nets, in the meshes of which they become entangled by the teeth. In the month of Sep- tember 1845, eight or ten in a day were brought on shore in Mount's Bay for many days in succession." — Cornish Whales, p. 39. 3. DELPHINUS. 245 According to 0. Fabricius, it is not uncommon as far north as Greenland. M. Uervais states that the species is stationary on the coast of the Mediterranean. — Comptes liendus, 28 Nov. 1864, 876 ; Ann. ^Mag. N. H. 1865, 76. Consult also DeJphinus Delphis, A. Smith, African Zoology, 125, from the west coast of Africa. 4. Delphinus marg^atus. Above black, paler on the head and sides to the middle of the genital region ; throat, chest, and abdomen white ; edge of the jaws blackish, end black, with a dark band just below the edge of the white on the side, which is rather wider near the vent, with two streaks from the eye to the base of the pectoral, and a streak on the under side bent down behind the base of the pectoral. Beak slender. Teeth j|^, larger than those of D. Delphis. Delphinus marginatus, Duvernoif, in Pucheran, Rev. ^- Mag. de Zool. 1856, 346. t. 25 ; Desmared, Eticy. cFHist. Nat. Mamm. v. 284. t. 29. f. 1 ; Arch. Katw-g. 1857, 26. Inhab. Dieppe : two specimens in Mus. Paris. See also a. Delphinus Algeriensis, Zoc/ic, iiey. Sf Mag. Zool. 1860, t. 22. f. 1 ; Arch. Naturg. 1861, 113. Beak thick. Sides with a narrow streak from the eyes to the tail, curved down over the end of the pectoral. Teeth ^ ' ^^. Inhab. Mediterranean ; coast of Algiers. h. Delphinus Mediterraneus, Loche, Rev. 4- Mag. Zool. 1860, 475. t. 22. f. 2 ; Arch. Naturg. 1861, 113. Beak slender. Sides with a streak from the eyes nearly to the tail, which is curved down nearly over the base of the pectoral fin. 41.41 41. a9" Inhab. Mediterranean. 'l^'^^t^ 41.39 5. Delphinus Janira. The Janira. Skull roundish ; nose depressed, half as long again as the head •, triangle rather in front of the tooth-line ; intermaxillaries very con- vex behind, with a wide groove between, above in front ; palate with ver)- wide, deep grooves on each side, extending two-thirds of the length, centre ridge flattened in the middle, the intermaxillaries forming a long triangle in front. Teeth H- Delphinapteru.'* Peronii, Mus. Bristol Institution. Delphiiui.-* Janira, Grag, Zool. E. ^- T. 41. t. 23 (skull) ; Cat. Cvtac. B. M. 1850, 123. Inhab. Newfoundland. Skull. Presented to the Bristol Institu- tion by G. Thornc, Esq. 240 DELPHINID.!;. in. lin. Skull : Length, entire 17 10 Length of head 6 1 Length of nose 11 9 Length of lower jaw 12 6 Width at orbit 7 8 Width at notch 4 3 Width at middle of beak 2 5 This skull differs from that of D. Delphis of the Atlantic in the beak being much shorter and narrower. 6. Delphinus Novae Zealandise. The New Zealand Dolphin. Teeth ^'^. Body elongated, rounded in front. Nose cylindrical, rather flattened above. Black-brown, edge of the upper jaw and beneath dull white, a yellow band from the eye along the side to below the dorsal ; tail slate-colour ; pectoral and dorsal dull white, the latter dark-edged. SkuU ? Delphinus Novae Zealandiae, Quoy et Gaim. Toy. Astrol, 49. t. 28 ; Gray, Zool. E. ^ T. 41 ; Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 123. Inhab. New Zealand, near Cape Gable, and Bay of Talago. a. Skull, from Antarctic Expedition. Length 14 inches, of nose 8 inches, lower jaw 12 inches, width in middle of beak 1 inch 9 lines. Is very like figure of skuU of D. Janira. h. Skeleton. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Expedition. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty. Form elongate, rounded in front, with a cylindrical beak, flattened above and pointed. The lower jaw projects beyond the upper. The forehead is gradually rounded, and forms on the middle of the beak a well-marked prominent ridge. The sides are well rounded. The lobes of the tail are flattened, with a compressed keel between their base and the dorsal fin. The dorsal large, triang-ular, rounded at the tip ; the caudal is small, nicked, and cordate in the middle ; the pec- toral moderate, falciform. Above black-bi'own, like polished leather ; the beUy, and the edge of the upper jaw and the whole of the lower dull white. A broad yellow band commences at the eye, narrows on the sides, and encls below the dorsal. The tail slate-colour. The pectorals are lead-white, like the middle of the dorsal, with black edges. A black line from the upper part of the head, enlarging, and enclosing the eye, which is bordered above and below with a white line. The eye large, black. The lower jaw with small rings of pores, and the body with small plates of regularly twisted white strice. Teeth small and pointed, ^.^=180. Length 5 feet 10 inches, circumference 2 feet 11 inches, length from muzzle to blower 1 foot 1 inch, to eye 1 foot, to dorsal 2 feet y| inches, to base of pectoral 1 foot 5 inches, of hips 10^ inches, from middle of dorsal to tail 2 feet 5 inches, from vent to caudal 1 foot 1 inch, length of pectoral 9 inches. 3. DELPHINUB. 247 Tlic following is probably the same : — Dauphin a bande fauve, Voy. Pole Sud, t. 21. f. 1, t. 23. f. 1, 2 (not described). Skull (in the figure) rather suddenly contracted behind; nose seven- elevenths of the entire length of the skull, and twice and three-fourths the breadth at the notch ; intermaxillaries convex. Teeth Ai. SkuU so named in Mus. Paris has a deep groove on each side the palate, and the triangle to the teeth-line, Inhab. Van Diemen's Land. 7. Delphinus albimanus. Snout, head, back, tail, and dorsal fin blue -black ; belly and pec- toral fin white ; sides pale tawny ; eyes small, brown, and surrounded with a black ring, which joins the black of the snout ; body between the dorsal fin and tail very much compressed. Teeth ^r^- Delphinus albimanus, Peale, Zool. Exj)!. Expcd. Mamm. 33 (ed. 1, 18-18); Camn, U. S. Ej^pl. Exped. Mmnm. 29. t. 6. f. 1. Inhab. Coast of Chili. " Total length 6 feet 6 inches, snout 5| inches ; dorsal fin, mea- sured along the front edge, 9| inches ; tail 6 inches long, 4 inches wide ; from the end of the snout to the eye 12 inches ; body 6 inches ; above the tail, when most compressed, 1 1 inch wide ; circumference in front of dorsal fin 40^ inches. Weight estimated to be 150 pounds. " The specimen was a female. Its uterus contained a single foetus, which was a male, of a reddish flesh-colour, and about 9 inches long. The stomach contained fragments of cephalopod mollusca only. It was harpooned from the bows of the U. S. ship ' Peacock,' on the coast of Chili, latitude 27° IG' S., and longitude 75° 30' W., on the 12th of June." " This species was captured by the Expedition on the coast of Chili. Its locality therefore is widely different from that of the species of which we have cited the name provisionally and inquiringly as a synonym, and Avhich, as its name implies, is from the coast of New Zealand. We are, however, inclined to suspect that they are identical, on grounds which will be ai)parent on comjiarison of our plate with that in the Zoological Atlas of the ' Voyage of the Astrolabe,' Mam- miferes, pi. 28. figs. 1 & 2, or in 8chreber's Siiugcthiere, pi. 357. The small circular openings on the throat of I). Nova' Zclandkv, repre- sented in the plate of the ' \oy. Astrolabe,' just cited, and par- ticularly in fig. 2, and called "pores," by Messrs. (iuoy and Gaimard, we regard as very probably the work of a parasitic animal infesting it. The fact that tliese orifices are placed with entire irregularity is, in our opinion, fatal to the supposition that they are a character of the animal. Their absence in the present species is probably a con- sideration of no moment in the (lucstion of identity. The dentition of the two species is stated by their describers as exactly the same." 248 DELPHIMID^. 8. Delphinus Forsteri. Forsters Doljilim. Greenish brown or rust- coloured, beneath Avhite ; a small white spot on the disk of the dorsal and pectoral hu. Teeth -iA=:176, acute, erect, conical, incur\-ed. Skull — — ? Delphinus Delphis, Forster, Descript. Aniin. 280; Icon. ined. Brit. Mu^. t. 31. Delphinus Forsteri, Grai/, Zool. Ereh. l^- Terror, 42. t. 24 (from Forster) ; Cat. Cetac. £. M. 1850, 124. Inhab. Pacific Ocean, between New Caledonia and Norfolk Island (^Forster, 1774). " Body straight, round, thickest behind ; the pectoral fin tapering at both ends ; head rounded, shelving in front, beaked ; beak straight, pointed, cyliudrical, depressed, attenuated and blunt at the tip ; upper jaw shorter, both blunt, toothed ; eyes small, lateral, oblong, nearly in the middle of the side, near the gape of the mouth ; a small hole (the ears) above and behind the eyes ; blower single, between the eyes in crown, lunate ; a linear abdominal slit a little behind and beneath the dorsal fin, the fi'ont part the vulva, the hinder the vent ; teats 2, one on each side the vulva, with a nipple the size of a pea ; tail compressed on the sides, keeled above and below, and attenuated towards the tip ; pectoral fin lanceolate, scarcely as long as the beak ; dorsal fin in the middle of the back, nearly three-sided, falcate behind, as long as the beak ; tail horizontal, two-lobed, each lobe oblong, lateral, subfalcate. " Gregarious, swimming very rapidly around the ships and boats. " Length 6 feet from nose to tail." — Forster. This species resembles, in the distribution of its colouring, the Dmiphin a hande fauve (Voy. Pole Sud), but the band on the side is whitish, not fulvous. i 9. Delphinus Sao. The Sao. Skull : beak elongate, shelving on the sides, with central cartilage near half its length in front ; triangle to the teeth-line ; teeth |-3_5^, small, cylindrical, hooked ; palate flat in front, with a broad groove extending nearly half its length behind ; intermaxillaries and palatine distinct, former broad in front; lower jaw slender, shelving, and flat-sided in front. Length 17 inches, teeth-hne 8| inches, beak 10| inches, width at notch 3-j^. Delphinus Sao, Grai/, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 125. Inhab. Madagascar (Dussumier, 1838). SkuU, Mus. Paris. 10. Delphinus Frithii. Delphinus Frithii, Blyth, Rep. Asiatic Soc, Calcutta, 12 ; Journ. A. S. B. xxviii. 192 ; Cat. Mm. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 91. Inhab. "Procured during a voyage from England to India" {R. W. G. Frith, Esq., Jonrn. Asiatic Soc. xvi. 386). Skull in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, presented by Mr. Frith, and probably an undescribed species, with a general 3. DELPniNUS. 249 Tesoniblance to that of Delph'tnus Delphls. The intermaxillaries, united as far as the middle of the rostrum, are vaulted, so that the section of their united middle portion forms a complete semicircle, arising abruptly from the maxillaries, and being there only as broad as the exposed portion of each maxillary: probably a distinctive specific character. Teeth 52.55 50 . 50* 11. Delphinus pemiger. Delpliinus pemiger, Elliot, Journ. Asicdic Soc. xvii. 250, xxviii. 491 ; Blyth, Rvp.Asiat. Soc. Cttlcutta, 11; Cat. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 91. Tectli largo. Inhab. Bay of Bengal. A stuffed specimen of this small Cetal is in the Museum of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta. Presented by the Hon. "Walter Elliot of the Madras Civil Service, 1848. " This species is distinct from any of those described by Dr. Gray, and having the teeth proportionally large." — BhjtTi. C. Skull flattened behind, Triamjle to the teeth- line. Palate flat, not grooved on the side. Clymene. 12. Delphinus Clymene. OL^Y^syOy^ C( 3. DELPniNus. 249 TesoniUance to that of Deljihhuts Delphls. The intermaxillarics, united as far as the middle of the rostrum, are vaulted, so that the section of their united middle portion forms a complete semicircle, arising abruptly from the maxillaries, and being there only as broad as the exposed portion of each maxillary : probably a distinctive specific character. 11. Selphinns pemiger. Delphinus pemiger, Elliot, Journ. Asiatic Soc. xvii. 250, xxviii. 491 ; Bhjth, Rep. Asiut. Soc. Calcutta, 11; Cat. 3Ius. Asiat. Sue. Bengal, 91. Teeth large. Inhab. Bay of Bengal. A stuffed specimen of this small Cetal is in the Museum of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta. Presented by the Hon. Walter Elliot of the iladras Civil Service, 1848. " This species is distinct from any of those described by Dr. Gray, and having the teeth proportionally large." — Bhjth. C. Skull flattened behind. TrianffU to the teeth-line. Palate flat, not grooved on the side. Clymene. 12. Delphinus Clymene. Skidl rather depressed, the hinder part slightly convex ; nose rather depressed, shelving on the sides ; intermaxillaries convex, ■with an elongated groove between them in front, three-fifths the entire length, twice and a half the length of the wddth at the notch ; the triangular impression in front of the blower rather elongate, produced a little beyond the line of the hinder tooth, rugose in front, with oblique grooves on each side. Teeth Ag., small, slightly incurved, acute, six in an inch. Clymene, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 237. Delphinus Clvmene, Grag, Cat. Osteol. Spec. £.31. 35: Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 115. Delphinus Metis (No. 2), Grag, Zoul. Urdus t^- Terror, 39 (not No. 1, nor figm-e). Inhab. ? in. lin. Skull : Length, entire 15 7 Length of head 6 3 Length of nose . 9 4 Length of teeth -Une 7 4 Width of temple 6 10 Width at nosti-il 3 7 Width at middle of beak 2 2 Width of intermaxillaries .... 1 0 This species is like the D. Dori.i in size, but the skull behind the frontal ridgo is much flatter and gradually shelving to the foramen magnum, and the beak is more depressed. 250 DELPniNIDJE. Var. In the Museum of the Bristol Institution there is an imper- fect skull, apparently of this species, which differs in the nose being about three-quarters of an inch shorter, and rather narrower. It has 36 teeth in the upper jaw. in. lin. Skull : Length of nose 8 7 Width at notch 3 8 "Width at middle of nose 2 0 A lower jaw is fitted to it, which has no teeth and a short gonyx, but it is doubtful if it belongs to the same animal ; its length is 12| inches, symphysis Ig inch. A second skull in the same collection is very similar, and has M teeth. in. lin. Skull : Length, entire 15 0 Length of nose 9 0 Width at notch 3 4 Width at middle of nose 110 This skull only diflPers from the former in the lower jaw being slenderer and united by a longer symphysis in front. Lower jaw 1 2^ inches long ; symphysis 2 inches. These are probably indications of two other species. The hinder part of the skull of the latter is also rather more convex than the same part in D. Plierma. In the description of this species in the * Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' D. Metis is mentioned in three places instead of D. Dons. 13. Delphinus Styx. The Styx. Skull roundish, flattened behind ; nose depressed, convex in the middle, shelving on each side, longer than the head, five-ninths the entire length, nearly twice and a half as long as the width at the notch ; the triangular impression just to the line of the hindermost teeth. Teeth ^, slender, subcyHndrical, acute, about five in an inch ; palate nearly flat ; lower jaw rather produced and roiinded in front. Delphinus Styx, Gray, Zool. E. 8f T. 40. t. 21 (skuU) ; Cut. Cetac. B.M. 1850, 117. Inhab. W. Africa {Capt. W. T. W. Oiven, B.N.). Skull in Mus. United Service Institution : — . ,. Length, entire 18 0 Length of nose 10 3 Length of lower jaw 14 9 Width at the notch 4 6 Width at the orbit 8 6 Teeth || This species is very like D. Euphrosyne, but is somewhat smaller and the beak rather shorter ; it may prove to be only a variety. 3. DELrniNus. 251 14. Delphinus Tethyos. Delpliinus Tcthvos, Gcrvais, Bull. Soc. Hermtlt, 185:3, 140. t. 1. f. 14 (skull) ; Bull. Sue. Philom. Extr. Proc. Verb. 1853, 23 ; L'Lisiitute, 1853, xxi. no. 1001. 85 ; Bull. Sci. Nat. 1853, xx. 289. Orca Tethyos, Gerard, Cat. Osteol. Mamm. B. M. 155. Inhab. ilcditeiTanean ; Department of Herault (Gervais). T\yo specimens of Deljihinus Tetliyos have been taken, one at the mouth of the Orb Herault in 1852, and the other in the vicinity of Port Vendres, Pyrenees Oricntales, of which the skull is in the col- lection of Dr. Pinchenat (Gervais, Comptes Eendus, 28th Nov. 1864, 87(5 ; Ann. & Mag. N. 11. 1865, 76). The groove on the side of the palate does not exist in D. Tethyos. 15. Delphinus Euphros3m.e. Tlie Eujihrosrjne. SkuU round, flattened beliLnd ; nose broad and tapering in front, depressed, flat at the base, shelving on the sides and rounded in the middle above, about half as long again as the head, or three-fifths the entire length, and twice and a half the length of the -width at the notch. Teeth AA^ slender, elongate, shghtly curved, acute. The iutermaxillarics are convex and rounded above, with a wide groove between them for half their length in front. Delphinus Euphrosyne, Gray, Cat. Ost. Spec. B. M. 147 ; Zool. Ereb. Sf Terror, 40. t. 22 (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 117; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, i. 595. Delpliinus Styx (pars), Gray, Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. 31. 38. Delphinus Ilolbollii, Eschricht, Naturf. mot i Kcipenh. 1847, fide Nil^sm. Delphinus Delphis, Cat. Mus. Coll. Surg. 161. n. 1117, Inhab. North Sea. Coast of England. South Atlantic. Near mouth of Eio de la Plata, Mus. Buenos Ayres {Burmeister). Skull, ilus. Norwich : — jj^ ^ya Length, entire 18 6 Length of head . 7 4 Length of nose 11 3 Length of lower jaw 16 0 Length of temple 9 6 Width at notch 4 6 AVidth at middle of beak 2 4 Width at temples 8 3 a. SkuU, imperfect behind. Specimen figured in ' Zool. Ei'cbus and j^ Terror,' t. ined. - i' y'^ ^""-^-j-ip This skull only differs from the one at Norwich in being rather V"^/^ smaller in all its dimensions. . ,. in. Im. Length, entire 17 (! Length of nose 10 3 Length of lower jaAV 14 3 Width at notch 4 3 Width at orbit 7 6 Teeth 44-44 fM 252 DELPnixiD^. This and the former species are very like D. Ch/mene, but are broader and more depressed ; the intermaxillaries are more convex, especially behind, and form a regular defined front edge to the triangle, which is rough in front, and marked with obUque cross grooves, while in D. Ch/mene the triangle is furnished with an acute, raised margin on each side in front. A skull in Mus. Coll. Surgeons {Delphinus Delphis, Cat. Mus. Coll. Surg. 161. n. 1117), with the palate convex, not grooved on the side ; intermaxillary and vomer forming part of the palate ; teeth ^ ; obtained from the Leverian Museum in 18U6, may be another variety. in. lin. Skull : length, entire 16 0 Length of nose 10 0 Length of lower jaw 13 3 Width at notch 3 6 Professor Nilsson thinks that D. Doris (Gray), D. pseudocMiMs (Schlcgel, Abhandl. i. 22), and D. duhius (Cuvier, Mus. Paris), all probably belong to this species. — Skand. Fauna, i. 598. There is a skull from the Bay of Bengal in the Museum at Cal- cutta, which Mr. Blyth has named DelpMnus Eurynome, Gray (Blyth, Cat. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 90). Inhab. Bay of Bengal. Professor Burmeister informs me that he has a skull of this species, in the Museum of Buenos Ayres, taken at the mouth of the Bio de la Plata. I think it very probable that when the skulls from India, the North Sea, and La Plata are compared, they may prove to be distinct ; or there may be some confusion in the habitats. 16. Delphinus Alope. The Alope. Skull moderate ; beak elongate, depressed, once and three-quarters the length of the brain-cavity, rather more than three times the width at the notch ; intermaxillaries convex, rounded, with a very narrow cavity between them ; maxillaries spongy, shelving ; triangle elongate, reaching just beyond the tooth-line, rugose. Teeth very slender, ^ ; palate rather convex ; lower jaw slender ; gonyx keeled, short. Delphinus Alope, Gray, Zool. Erebus ^ Terror, t. ined. ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 118. Hab. ? fl. SkuU ? Mr. Warwick's Collection. Skidl: length, entire, 16| inches; of nose, 10| inches; skuU, 6 inches ; width at orbit, 6 inches ; at notch, 3| inches ; at middle of beak, 2 inches. 17. Delphinus fulvifasciatus. Blackish ; side of back fulvous ; throat and beneath white ; beak, orbit, streak from angle of mouth to pectoral fin, and pectoral fin 3. DELrniNus, 253 blackish. Beak of skull more than half as long again as the brain- ca^'ity. Teeth 1[^. Delpliinus fulvifascirttu.s, Pticheran, Voy. Dumont (FUrville, Mamm. t. 21. f. 1, t. 2.3. f. 1, 2 (skull). Inhab. Van Diemen's Land. 18. Lelphinus dubius. Beak of skull depressed, like D. Ddphis, but rather shorter ; the teeth small and sharp, |^, thin, pointed. Delphinus dubius, Cuv. R. A. i. 288 ; F. Cur. Mamm. Lith. t. ; Cetac. 154 ; Ann. Mus. xix. 14 ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 110. I found three skulls under this name in the Paris Museum. 1. " D. dubius, Cuv. n. 10," (Mus. Paris.) Skull : length (in inches and lines) 15-3, of beak 10-0, width at notch 2-9, at middle of beak 1'7 ; teeth ^4 or A|^ ; palate flat, rather convex ; lower jaw flat, obliquely in front and keeled in front beneath. 2. "D. dubius, Cuv. n. 2." (Mus. Paris.) Skull : length 16-6, of beak 10-U, of teeth-line 8-6, width at notch 3-8, at middle of beak l"7g ; teeth f^ or ^-^ , small, hooked ; palate flat, rather convex ; beak tapering in front, reflexed before the notch ; intermaxiUaries rather convex; triangle extending rather in front of the teeth-line, rugose in front. 3. " D. dubius, Cuv. n. 7." (Mus. Paris.) Skull, from the Cape de Verd: length 16-0, of beak 9-4, of teeth- line 7*6, width at notch 3-7|, at middle of beak 1-4 ; teeth f-i-ij-^ ; triangle scarcely extended in front of the teeth-line ; palate tlat ; lower jaw oblique, compressed and flat on the sides, rather turned up at the tip ; intermaxiUaries convex behind ; nose tapering in front. This last is perhaps D. frontalis (Dussum. Cuv. It. A. i. 288 ; Pucheran, Bev. & Mag. Zool. 1856, 449). " Black, belly white, with a lead-coloured band from angle of mouth to pectoral. " Inhab. Cape Verd." M. Pucheran observes, from the examination of the bones, that he believes that D. frontalis differs more from D. dubius than from D. fnenatus. In the skulls of all the three specimens tlie palate is flat ; but in D. frontalis the beak is longer than in D. dubius, and the anterior groove of the intermaxiUaries is more open and more ])ro- mineut. The skidl of D. fnvnatus resembles that of B. dubius in the length of the beak. (See I. c. pp. 4-59, 4(50.) Delphinus dubius. — This skull differs from that of D. Delplris, as Cuvuer has observed, b}- the appearance of the vomer in a longitu- dinal space on the palate between the maxillaries and preniaxiUaries. The palatal pronjinence formed l)y the palatine bone is broader and shorter, and the grooves on each side are shallower and much 254 DELPHINIBiE. sliorter, not extending forward beyond the last four alveoli. The cranium is more convex behind, especially in the vertebral direction, than in the D. Delphis, and the supraoccii^ital ridge bends forsvards towards the rudimental nasal bones. Alveoli in number 2494 : §^=160; in number 2495 : ?Hrl= 102." (202?) 40 . 40 ' oO . oO ^ ^ Delphinus plumheus. — The adult specimen of D. pJumheus, figured by F. Cuvier (Mamm. Lithog.), is in the Paris Museum. M. Puche- ran describes it at length. M. Pucheran (Eev. & Mag. de Zoologie, 1856, pp. 1 48 & 315) gives some additional particulars of the specimen received from M. Dus- suniier in the Paris Museum, on which this species was originally described, and corrects some part of the description of M. F. Cuvier. He describes it thus: — ^^ Delphinus plumheus, Duss. Adidte. Taille grande ; couleui" de cors gris plombe ; extremite et dessous de la machou'e inferiem'e blanchatre ; nageoii-e dorsale peu elevee mais allougee ; nageoix-e, pectoral et caudal bien etalees ot bien developpes ; formule dentaire 39 ^-^.-^^ 3- ; jeune bord de la machoire superieure et dessous du corps jusqu'a la moitie de la queue de couleur blanchatre. " Hab. Cote de Malabar." The Delphinus ptlumheus, although very common on the Malabar coast and Penang, and rather heavy in its movements, is rarely cap- tured, except by chance in fishing-stakes. It is called Pammpuan Laid by the Malays of the Peninsula. " The stomach of a single young specimen observed contained remains of small fish, apparently Clupea and Gliiphisodon ccelestimis, Cuvier." — Cantor, Malay Mammalia, Journ. Asiat. Soc. xv. 19. Delphinus lateralis. Delphinus lateralis, J. Peale, U. S. Expl. Exjied. 3.5 (t. 8. f. 1. iued.) ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 133. Snout smaU ; body thick, but much compressed behind the dorsal ; light purpUsh grey beneath, while a dark lateral line edged with spots separates the colours of the upper and under parts of the body ; a separate line, paler in colour, branches from the lateral line opposite the pectoral fin and passes downwards and backwards ; another connects the eye and pectoral fin ; fins and snout black. Teeth ||, 11=164. Length 90 inches. Inhab. Pacific Ocean, lat. 13° 58' N., long. 161° 22' W. 4. TURSIO. Head shortly beaked ; forehead convex. Nose short, bald. Dorsal fin falcate, near the middle of the back. SkuU vrith the hinder wing of the maxiUa horizontal, somewhat thickened over the orbit edge. Nose of skull moderate, scarcely produced, depressed, scarcely or not so long as the brain-cavity. Triangle on hinder part of the beak, elongate, produced before the teeth-line. Teeth fi to f^, 4. TT7RSI0. 255 small, conical, extending the greater part of the length of the jaws. Palate flat. (jraiiipus, sp., Graji, Spic. Zool. 2, 1828. Delpliinus § a (Tiirsio), Grai/, Zool. Ereb. df Ten: 3G, 1817; Cat. Cetac, li. M. 105, ISrjO ; P. Z. S. 1803 ; 18G4, 236. Cephalorliyiichus, F. Cuvier, Cetac. Delphinus § Cephalorliyiichus, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. lOG. Tursiops, Gervais, 3Iamm. 323. I. Beak short. Rostrum of sI'kU expanded over the orbits, thick, conical, convex above, half as long as the head. a. Bostram of skull slender, subcijlindrical. Nos. 1, 2. b. Rostrum of skull rather thick, conical, evenly tapering. Nos. 3, 4. c. Rostrum of skull rather thick, and rather swollen on the sides. 5, 6, 7, 8. II. Beak short. Rostrum of skull very broad, half as long as the head, shelving on the side. Skull shelving over the orbits. Eutrope. III. Beak scarcely produced. Rostrum of skull rather depressed, scarcely longer than the brain-cavity, convex. Skull expanded over the orbit, leeth, 2 4 3 0^' I. Beak short. Rostrum of skull thick, conical, convex above, half as long as the head. TiU'sio. Tui-sio, Gray, Zool. Ereb. t^ Terr. 37 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 109. Cetus, sp., Brisson. a. Rostrum of skull slender, subcylindrical. Teeth ff-j|. 1. Tursio Doris. The Doris. Skull roundish ; rostrum depressed, four-sevenths of the entire length, and twice and one-third the length of the width at the notch, concave behind, rounded on the sides, convex in the middle of the central ridge, flattened in front ; intermaxillaries convex, especially in the middle of their length, with a groove between them in front ; an irregular impression in front of the blower, rather elongate, extend- ing a little before the line of the hinder teeth. Teeth |4 or ^, slender, conical, incurved, acute ; lower jaw slender, very obliquely tinmcated ; palate rather convex in front, tapering, shortly grooved behind. Delphinus Doris, Gray, Cat. Osteal. B. M. 3G ; Zool. Erebus 4' Terror, 39. t. 20 (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 114. Inhab. ? a. Skull ? The speoimeu figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' t.L^O. .^^ j.^ Skull : Length, entire 17 4 Length of head 7 3 Length of nose 10 1 Length of teeth-line 9 2 "Width at temples 7 9 "Width at noNtiils 4 4 Width at middle of beak 2 4 Width at intermaxillaries 1 1 256 DELPHINID^E. h. Skull. From Haslar Hospital. . c. SkuU. This species, in the slenderness and length of the beak and number of teeth, forms the passage between this and the next section. In the Ipswich Museum there is a skull of a species allied to this, if not the same. The beak is twice and a half as long as wide at the notch; intermaxillaries convex, solid, with an elongate lanceolate space in front ; triangle elongated, about one-third before the end of the tooth-line, mgulose; lower jaw slender in front, slightly trun- cated ; back of the head convex, rounded ; palate flat, rather concave in the middle of the front part. Teeth |^. in. lin. Length, entire 16 0 Length of lower jaw 13 3 Length of beak 9 3 Width at notch 3 6 Width at orbits 7 9 2. Tursio frsenatus. The Bridled Dolphin. Blackish, paler on the sides, the belly white, end of tail black beneath ; head black ; sides ashy, with a dark band fi-om the angle of the mouth under the eye. Delphinus frenatus, JP. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. ; Cetac. 158. t. 1. from ^ussumier's description and drawing; Pucheran, Rev. Sf Mag. Zool. 1856, 449; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 115. Inhab. Cape de Yerd. Skull in the Paris Museum, from Cape de Verd, sent by Dus- sumier. Length 18 inches, of beak 8-3, width at notch 3'.5, of middle of beak 1-11. Teeth |^, rather larger than in D. duhius ; palate smooth ; intennaxillaries large, expanded ; nasal convex be- neath ; triangle rather extended in front of the teeth-line, rugose, and rather more so than in D. duhius. There is a second skull marked D. frenatns, No. 2 ; width at notch 3-7 ; teeth |-| or ||^ ; palate flat ; nasal very convex, especially behind ; triangle extending rather in front of the teeth-line, very rugose; jaws rather strongly reflexed in front of the notch. b. nostrum of skull rather thick, conical, evenly tapering. 3. Tursio Metis. The Metis. Skull globular ; back of blower tubercular; rostrum thick, conical, regularly tapering, upper part convex, longer than the head and more than twice as long as the width at the notch ; intermaxillaries con- vex, more than half the width at the beak. Teeth |^, conical, acute, curved. Delphinus Metis, Gray, Cat. Osteal. B. M. .36 ; 7,ool. Erebus 8f Terror, .38. t. 18 (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 113. Inhab. ? 4. TURsio. 257 a. Skull. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror.' - ,. in. lin. Skull : Length, entire 21 0 Length of nose 11 9 Length of lower jaw 17 0 Breadth at orbit 9 6 Breadth at notch 5 0 Breadth at middle of beak 3 0 This skull is like that of D. Euphrosyne, but differs in the nose being rather shorter compared with the length of the head, more tapering, and the teeth rather larger. It differs from Delph'mus Tursio's in the nose being much shorter and more conical and acute. 4. Tursio Cjrniodoce. The Cymodoce. Skull roundish ; rostrum broad, rounded above, broad at the base, gradually tapering in front and convex on the sides, one-twelfth longer than the head — or more than half the entire length, and more than twice as long as the width at the notch ; the triangular impres- sion in front of the blowers elongate, extended beyond the line of the hinder teeth. Teeth |-|, moderate, conical, slightly incurved, acute, more than three in one inch ; lower jaw regiilarly converging, straight on the sides, the front obliquely truncated, and the gonyx slightly produced. Dehihinus Cpnodoce, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 35 ; Zool. Erebus Sf Terror, .38. t. 19 ; Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 113. Inhab. ? a. Skull ? The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' t. 19. . ,. ' m. Im. Skull : Length, entire 18 6 Length of head 8 6 Length of nose 10 0 Length of teeth-line 7 9 Length of lower jaw 15 0 Width of temple 8 6 Width of notch 4 9 Width at middle of nose 2 8 Width of intermaxillaiy 1 7 This skull is very like D. Metis, but much smaller, and the beak more conical. c. Beak of skidl rather thick, and rather swollen on the sides. Teeth ^^-^. 5. Tursio? Guianensis. The Giiiana Dolphin. Teeth ^ 2^ or ^P- '^l Delphinus Guianensis, Van Bencden, Mem. Acad. Roy. Brux. 1862, x\'i. t. Inhab. British Guiana (Ffoi Beneden). From Mus. Stutgardt. s ^^^^^ DELPHINID,T5. 'J/p^ 6. Tursio truncatus. Botthnose Dolphin. /\, / Black, whitish beneath. Teeth |i, truncated when old ; skull- f"^ nose five-ninths of the entire length ; intermaxillaries very convex, ' I /il' forming a strong rib on each side above ; intermaxiUa and vomer i/*'' / forming part of the palate. h ^ ^ f'^~' Delphinus Tursio, O. Fahr. Fauna Gra-nl. 49 ; Wn'f/Jd, 3Iar/. N. II. ii. .. , ^ . 609, 1838; Bonnat. Cetac. 21. t. 11. f. 1; Schrch. Sanr/kh. t. 344; JlinA-otli] / 1*^ 1^ <•" Desm. Mamm. 514 ; Fischer, Si/n. 508 ; Grai/, Zool. Erchus, 8f Terror, ' 37. 1. 10 (animal) ; Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 109 ; P. Z. S. 1864 ; IF. B. Clark, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. ; Van Beneden, Nouv. Mem. Acad. Roy. Brux. xxxii. 32 ; Schlegel, de Diei-en, 86. 1. 12 (var. obtusus, t. 13) ; Fleming, Brit. Anim. 35 ; Jenyns, Man. 41 ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 469. fig., 472. fig. ; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 602. Tursio truncatus. Bottle-nose AN'liale, Oray, List Mam. B. 31. 104. Tursiops Tm'sio, Gervais, Comptcs Bcndus, 1864, 876. Delphinus Orca, Gerard, Diet. Sci. Nat. 75. Delphinus Nesaruak, Z«ce/;. Cet. 307; Desm.Mainm. 515, from O. Fah. Delphinus truncatus, Montagu, Wern. Trans, iii. t. 5. f. 3 (skull), cop. Bell, Brit. Quad. 472, fig. Bottle-nose, Hunter, Phil. Trans. Ixxxvii. t. 18, cop. Bomuit. Cetol. t. 11. f. 1, and Bell, Brit. Quad. 469, 1787, fig. L'Orque (Orca), Bellon, Aqiiat. f. 6. tab. at p. 18. Dauphin vulgaire, Camper, Cetac. t. 35-40 (skull). Grand Dauphin, ou Souffiem-, Cuvier, B. A. i. 278. Anat. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 277. t. 21. f. 3, 4, t. 23. f. 18, 22, 2.3, 29 ; Cam2)er, Cetac. t. 35-40 ; Mont. Wern. Trans, iii. t. 5. Var. ? Uniform deep black. Delphinus Tursio, Schlegel, Ahhandl. i. 5. f. 1, 2, t. 4. f. 9. Black : a blotch over the pectoral and over the vent. Var. ? Delphinus Tursio, Sundevall, (Efv. Kongl, Vetensk. Akad. 1861, 385, t, 7. Inhab. Mediterranean and North Sea. Coast of south of Ireland, Nov. 1828 (R. Templeton). Mouth of the Thames, Nore, June 1828 (Howship) ; skull, Mus. CoU. Surg. no. 112.5. OrweU, May 10, 1849. Devonshire, Elver Dart (3Iontagti) ; skull Brit. Mus. Firth of Forth ; skeleton, Mus. University, Edinburgh ; skeleton in Sur- geons' Hall, Edinburgh, teeth acute. Holland ; skeleton, Lcyden, North coast of France ; skeleton at Paris. Belgium ; skeleton, Ghent. Denmark ; skeleton, Mus. Copenhagen. a. Skull and teeth. b. Skull : bad state. From Dr. Mantell's Collection. In the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' tab. 10, is a copy of a most accurate drawing, by Mr. R. Templeton, of a specimen caught on the south coast of Ireland, in November 1828. The following are its measurements : — „, . ,. it. m. Im. Length, entire 8 1 3 Length from snout to the eyes 10 0 i Length to the ear 1 2 5 I Length to the base of the pectoral ..169 v Length to the end of the pectoral .... 2 6 7 .( In — ' /tir: 4. TUESIO. 259 ft.- Length to the front of the dorsal .... 3 Length to the end of the dorsal 4 Length to the genital organ 5 Length to the vent 5 Length to base of tail 7 Length to end of middle of tail 7 Length to end of tail-fin 8 in. liii. 2 5 3 0 6 3 0 0 6 0 1 3 There is some difficulty about the colour of this species, which may arise from two being confounded under one name, Bounaterre, Montagu, and Wright describe it as black above and whitish be- neath ; 0. Fabricius as all blackish, the belly a little whiter, and the young paler ; Schlegel figures it of a uniform deep black. The following are the measurements of five skulls, the first being Montagu's specimen in the British Museum, and four in the College of Surgeons; the fourth is No. 1126, and the fifth No. 1125 of the College Catalogue : — ■ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. in. in. in. in. in. Length, entire 21| 21 21 21 22 Length of nose 11| 12 12 11| 12 Length of teeth-line 9| 10 10 10| Length of lower jaw 18| 18| .. 18 Width at notch 5| 5 5| 5| 5| Width at orbits 10^ . . 10| 10| 9^ Width at middle of beak 'di U In the skull of Montagu's specimen, in the British Museum, the fourth and tenth teeth from the front on each side appear, from the hole, to have been larger than the rest. We have a second imperfect skull of the same measurement. The skull of the skeleton presented by Mr. Howship, in Mus. Coll. Surg. (n. 1125), taken below the Nore, in June 1828, has the teeth |-|, the two hinder upper without any opposite them ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth upper are largest, the middle lower are trun- cated ; the lower jaw obUqucly truncated, with a rather prominent gonyx. The elongated intormaxillaries and the vomer are visible in the palate. In the old skulls the intermaxillaries are one-half width above, and the sides of the maxillaries are shelving. In skull n. 1126 (Mus. CoU. Surg.) the teeth are very oblique and truncated at the end. In all the skulls I have seen of this species the teeth are more or less worn down, but ilr. Bell says he has two skulls in which they arc acute (Brit. Quad. 472). M. F. Cuvicr (Cctac. 223) complains of Montagu's figure of the skidl of D. fruncatus ; he does not recog- nize in it the D. Tiirsio, but thinks it most resembles D. Del phis ! hence the origin of his complaint. A stufl'ed specimen and skeleton, in the Edinburgh University Museum, from the Firth of Forth, have all the teeth truncated and ^t^-^ 260 DELPHINID^. flat. A skeleton in the Surgeons' Hall of Edinburgh, from the same locality, has them all acute. The latter is named D. Delphis. The atlas (or first) and second cervical vertebrae united by the body and lateral processes ; the third to the seventh cervical vertebrae free. A specimen with teeth %\, large, conical, acute, was taken in the Eivcr OrvveU, May 10, 1849. Mr. Charles D. Meigs described the foetus of Delphinus Nesarnalc, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. i. 267 ; see Arch. Naturg. 1832, 64. Col. Montagu described an old specimen, taken on the 3rd of July 1814, in Duncannon Pool near Stoke Gabriel, about five mUes up the river Dart, as D. truncatus (Wern. Trans, iii. 75. t. 3). It was 12 feet long. The skull, which came into Montagu's possession, is now in the British Museum. Pirst described as British by John Hunter, under the name of the Bottle-nose ^VTiale, in the ' Phil. Trans.' for 1787, t. 18. It was caught on the sea-coast near Berkley, and the skeleton is now in the Museum of the College of Surgeons. Mr. Jenyns mentions one observed by Mr. Gilbertson in the river at Preston in Lancashii-e (Manual, p. 41). The skeleton of this species is described by Professor Owen from a female specimen taken at the Nore, June 1828, in company with a male. " It survived many hours after having been dragged out of the water, during which time it emitted a sound not unlike the bellowing of a calf." — Cat. Osteol. Series Coll. Surg. p. 449. n. 2483. Professor Owen observes that Cuvier assigns to Delphinus Tursio from 42 to 46 teeth in each jaw ; so that the teeth seem to vary from 40 to 50 in each jaw. In a second skull in the same collection (no. 2484) " a greater por- tion of the crown is worn away in all except the last two or three, and a large proportion of the unenameUed fang is exposed, upon which their more oblique position and larger proportionate size appear to depend" (p. 451). In the same collection (no. 2485) is " the skuU of an apparently aged specimen, with a disease of the jaws ; all the teeth are lost, and the sockets are obliterated, except at the anterior part of the alveolar tracts, where they are very shallow." The axis and atlas coalesced (nos. 2483, 2488). " The cervical vertebrae are very thin, and separate. Vertebrae 41, of which 13 are dorsal. First bone of the sternum not pierced, with blunt lateral angles. Bladebone with the acromion larger and more rectilinear with the spine than in B. Delphis.''' — Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 305. " This species is not so beautifully marked with lines as the D. Delphis, The snout is much shorter, the upper jaw not so long as the lower. The dorsal fin smaller cmd more posterior, as I noticed in a specimen inspected at Plymouth. The eye appears small, and is placed more directly over the angle of the mouth ; the teeth small, conical, 23 on each side." — Couch, Cornish Whales, 39. Tursiops Tursio is not so rare as Grampus Hissoanus, but far less common than Delphinus Delphis. M. Gervais has specimens taken in the Gulf of Lyons, especially at Cette and La NouveUe, and at 4. xuRsio. 261 , Gruissau in the Mediterranean. — Gervais, Comptes Eemlits, 28 Nov. 18G4, 876 ; A^iii. 6f Mag. N. H. 1865, xv. 76. 7. Txirsio Abusalam. The Ahnsalam. Black, belo-w wliite, with small dark spots ; teeth |-f— |^. Nose of skull in length about five-ninths of total, twice and a haK its width at the notch. Intermaxillary bones very convex, forming a strong ridge on each side. Lower jaw tapering in front. Delpliinus abusalam, Eiq)p. 3Ius. Smick. 1842, t. 12. f. 1, 2, 3 ; Gray, Zoul. Erehm ^- Terror, 38 ; Cat. Cctac. B. M, 1850, 111. Tm-siops aduncus, Gervais, Mamm. 323^__^ Inhab. Eed Sea. Only known from Dr. Riippell's description and figure. It has ^ /)// ffL been said to be the same as JJ. Tursio, but it ajjpears to be different. , ^ Delpliinus aduncxis, Hempr. & Ehrenb. Sym. Phys. ii. (Beak de- h ?(^ /, ^ ^ pressed, elongate ; teeth f4, conical, strong. Inhab. Island of Bel- hosse), is perhaps the same as the former. 8. Tursio Eurynome. The Enrynome. SkuU roundish ; nose thick, broad, rounded above ; intermaxil- larics rather convex, one-half as wide as maxillaries ; nose one-third longer than the length of the head (or contained four times and one-seventh in the entire length), twice and one-third the width at the notch ; hinder edge of blower largely tubercular ; teeth |^, moderate, cylindrical, rather curved, acute. Delpliinus Eurynome, Grai/, Cat. Ost. B. M. 143 ; Znol. JEreb. ii' Terr, 38. t. 17 (skull) ; Cat. C'etac. B. M. 1850, 112 ; Bhjth, Jmtrn. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1800, 202. Inhab. Bay of Bengal {Blyth). a. Skull. Figured in ' Voy. Erebus arid Terror,' t. 17. in. lin. Skull : Length, entire 22 0 Length of head 9 1 Length of nose 12 3 Length of teeth-line 10 0 Length of lower jaw IS 0 "Width at temples 11 0 Width at notch 5 4 Width at middle of beak 3 6 The skull of this species is most like D. Tursio ; but the nose is one-fourth longer than the length of the head, slenderer, and more rounded, and the teeth smaller. 262 BELPHINID^. U. Beak short; of skull very broad, shelving on the sides. 31axilla shelving over the orbits. Teeth |A or |4. Eutropia. Eutropia, Grag, P. Z. S. 1862, 145. 9. Tursio Eutropia. The Eutropia. Nose of skull rather longer than the length of the brain-cavity, slightly dilated on the sides before the notch, very convex and roimded above. Triangle elongate, produced in front of the teeth-line, concave on the sides and strongly keeled in the centre behind ; hinder edge of blowhole prominent. Intermaxillaries wide, convex above, leaving a broad open space in front. Lower jaw thick, blunt, and produced beyond the upper in front. Skvill compressed behind. Palate con- cave in fi'ont, convex in the centre behind, and keeled on each side. Teeth |-A, slender, cylindrical, conical at the top. The frontal ridge half the distance between the notch on the convexity of the condyles. Condyles large, oblique. Poramen magnum wider than high. Delphinus Eutropia, Grag, P. Z. S. 1849, 1 ; Ann. ^ 3Iag. K H. v. 1850, 48 ; Zoot Erebus &■ Terror, t. 34, ined. (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 111. a. SkuU. Pacific Ocean. Chili. From Dr. Dickie's Collection. in. lin. SkuH : Length, entire 15 0 Length from notch 6 10 Length of beak 7 10 Length of teeth-line 6 10 Length of lower jaw 11 11 Width at notch 3 6 Width at orbit 6 5 Width at middle of beak 2 10 Width, middle intermaxillaries 1 3 Width of condyle above 3 3 Height of each condyle 1 3 10. Tnrsio Catalania. Delphinus Catalania, Grag, P. Z. S. 1862, 144. Inhab. North-west coast of Australia, Cape MelviUe. a, h. Skulls. Collected by Mr. John Macgillivi'ay. These skulls were accompanied by the following notes : — " Tlie larger of tlie two skuJls belonged to an individual kUlcd oft' Cape Melville (within the Great Barrier Reefs), north-east coast of Australia, Sept. 5, 1860. It was a female, 7^ feet in leng-th ; and from it were taken two foetuses, each 10 inches in length. The adult was of a very Ught lead-colour above and on the sides, gradually passing into the dirty leaden white of the lower parts, wliich were covered (as also the flippers) with longitudinally elongated blotches of dark lead-colour. 4. TURSio. 263 " The smaller of the hvo skulls represents another Poi-poise of the same species, harpooned off' Cape Flatterj^ on the north-east coast of Australia, Oct. 9, 18G0. It was considerably smaller than the first one, being only G| feet in length. It was a female. The coloiu- Avas exacthf lead-colour, fading into -whitish on the lower parts between the anus and the snout. The sides were marked with small oblong spots of the same colour as the back. Measurements when recent : — " Total length, snout to centre of tail, G feet 9 inches. " Snout to base of dorsal, 3 feet ; length of anterior border of dorsal 13 inches; height of dorsal 8 inches; width of dorsal 12 inches; from posterior border of dorsal to tip of tail, 2 feet 8 inches. " Swimming-paws (midway between snout and dorsal) 13 inches long, and 5| inches broad ; from theii- base to end of snout 13 inches. "Tail 22 inches across from tip to tij). " Anus 2 feet 2 inches in front of tail (centre of tip). " Eye |ths of an inch in diameter, situated 1| inch behind angle of mouth, and 12 inches from tip of upper jaw. " Lower jaw projecting 1 inch beyond the upper. " This porpoise was occasionally seen, in small di'oves of from three to six, along the north-east coast of Australia, within the reefs. Two other species also were seen, but we could not fasten." The two skulls slightly differ in shape and size. No. 1 is 17 inches long; the beak to the notch is 10 inches, and the upper teeth-bone 8| inches long ; the front lower teeth are worn away and truncated, like the teeth of the common Delpliinus Tursio, which was described as D. truncatus by Montagu. There are twenty- seven teeth on each side in the upper, and twenty-five teeth on each side in the lower jaw. No. 2 is 17 inches long; the beak 9|, and the upper teeth-bone 8 inches long. The teeth, twenty-four above (perhaps one on each side is deficient, as the end of the jaw is very tender), twenty-three or twenty-four below. The front lower teeth are slightly truncated ; but this skull chiefiy differs from No. 1 in being rather more convex and rather narrower, especially in the hinder part, from the middle of its length. The skull is smaller in size, and has a much smaller brain-cavity than D. Gtjmodoce (Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. 19) and D. Metis (Gray, Zool. Erebus &. Terror, t. 18) ; and the beak is not so tapering as in these species, while the teeth are rather more numerous. It is equally distinct from Delphinus Eurijnome (Gray, Zool. Erebus «fe Terror, 1. 17), believed to be from the North Sea. in. Beak scarcely produced. Nose of skull rather depressed, scarcely lonyer than the brain-cavity. Teeth f j-f^. Cephalorhynchus. Cephalorh-^-nchus, F. Cuvier, Cetac.; Gray, Cat. Cctac. B.M. 1850,106. Grampus (pars), Gray, Sj>ic. Zool. 2, 1828. 11. Tursio Heavisidii. The Hastatcd Dolphin. l/fj.. f-ol- A ^^ Black, \\ith a white streak aud two diverging Hnes beneath; /• ^' 264 DELPHINID^E. teeth |-| ; noso of skull nearly half the length of head ; lower jaw truncated in front. Delphinus (Grampus) Heavisidii, Graxj, Spic. Zool. 2. t. 2. f. 6, 1828 ; Schlegel, Ahh. t. 3. f. 1-4, t. 4. f. 6 ; A. Smith, South African Quart. Joiirti. 125. D. Capensis, J>mswnier, MS. ; Cuv. R. A. i. 288; Rapp, Cetac. 31. t. 2 (not Gray). D. Dussuniieri, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 656. D. Cephalorhynclius, F. Cuv. Cetac. 158. Marsouin du Cap, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. 3. J), hastatus, F. Cuv. Cetac. 161 ; Rapp, Cet. 37 a, b, Mus. Stutt., t. 3a,b. Phocaena Homei, A. Smith, Zool. Journ. xvi. 441; Bull. Set. Nat. xviii. 276. D. tridens, A. Smith, MS. Delphinus Homei, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 656. Grampus Heavisidii, Gray, Cat. Matnm. B. M. 134. D. Phocrenoides, Fischer, iSyn. 657. 1). Cephalorhyncbus Heavisidii, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 107. Phocaena Capensis, Puckeran, Rev. ^ Mag. Zool. 1856, 449. Inhab. South Sea, Cape of Good Hope, gregarious {A. Smith) ; called Tonine by the Cape colonists. a. Stuffed skin. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Council of the College of Surgeons. The specimen described and figured by Gray, Qnoy, and A. Smith. M. Quoy's description and figure, on which F. Cuvier founded D. hastatus, are from the specimen originally described by me, and now transferred from the CoUege of Surgeons to the British Museum, There is a skull, marked B. Cephalorhynchus, in the Paris Museum. Beak flat ; palate flat, rather concave behind ; teeth rather blunt, ^ ; orbits rather shelving ; symphysis of the lower jaw very short, rather keeled below. Length 11 1, beak 4|, width at notch 2^ inches. 12. Tursio obscurus. Dush/ Dolphin. Black, with oblique diverging streaks on the side, and beneath whitish ; teeth |^— S-f ; nose of skull about five-ninths of its length, and neaady twice and a half the length of its width at the notch ; lower jaw truncated in front. Delphinus (Grampus) obscurus, Grat/, Sjn'c. Zool. ii. t. 2. f. 2, 3 ; Zool, E. 8f T. 37. t. 16 (skull) ; A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. 125. Delphinus obscurus, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 656; Cassin, U. S. Expl. Expcd. 27. t. 5. £ 1. D. cruciger, Quay Sf Gaim. Voy. Uran. 1. 12. f. 3, 4 (from animal in ocean), 1824; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 507. D. bivittatus, I)' Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Manwi. t. 21 (animal and skull) ; Lesson, Bull. Sci. Nat. vii. 373 ; Zool. Coq. 178. t. 9. f. 3, 1826; Fischer, Sy7i. Mamm. 510. ? Delphinus albigena, Quoy 8f Gaim. ; Lesson, Nouv. Tab. R. An. 198. D. superciliosus, Schlegel, Abh. 22. 1. 1, 2. f. 3, t. 4. f. 4 (skidl); Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 510. Phocaena superciliosa ?, Lesson, Manwi. 415. 4. TUKSio. 2(35 1). Fitzroyii, Wuterhottse, Zool. Beagle, t. 10 (jun.J. D. obscurus, var., Quoy, Voy. Astrol. 151. t. 28. Dauphin a museau court, Voy. Pole Sud, t. 22. f. 1. ?D. superciliosus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 9. f. 2??; F. Cuv. Cetac. 149? U. CephalorhjTicluis obscurus, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 107. Phocrena australis, Peak, Zool. Expl. E.vped. Mamm. 33, 1848. Inhab. Southci'n Ocean, Cape (Heaviside), a, b. Skulls. Cape of Good Hope ? c. Stuffed skin. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Council of the College of Surgeons. The specimen described and figured in Gray's ' Spicil. Zool.' „, . SkuU : Length, entire 15 0 Length of nose 8 0 Length of lower jaw 12 0 Width at orbits 6 G Width at notch 3 9 Width at middle of beak 3 0 Body : Length, entire 5 1 Length to dorsal fin 2 1 Width of tail 1 2 The skull of this species is intermediate in form between the Ldijcnorhynchus and Delplunus. M. Garnet's description of D. bivittatus, as given by F. Cuvier, is very short, but it ai)pears to fit this species. The skull, marked Dauphin a museau court, in the Paris Museum, has teeth _|^ ; triangle extends much in front of the tooth-line ; nasal grooves wide in front ; length 14|, beak 8, width at notch 3| inches. It is evidently this species. There is a skull, named D. hivittatus, D'Orbigny, 1830, in the Paris Museum (beak (juite flat above ; triangle to near the middle of the beak ; length of skull 14, of beak 7, width at notch 4 inches), which appears to be only a variety of this species. This is probably the skull of the specimen and skull figured as D. cruc'iger (D'Orbigny, Voy. Amcr. Mcrid. Mamm. t. 21), which is represented as black, the underside from back of chin, and streak on upper part of the side from the eyes to the base of the tail white. Teeth ? The Delph'uw^ ohscurus, var. (Quoy & Gaim. Voj'. Astrol. i. 151. t. 28) is described from a specimen prepared by M. Jules Verreaux, belonging to the Museum of Cape Town. He prepared the specimen I described ; indeed it is probably the same example. Phocreua australis, J. Peale, U. S. Expl. Expcd. 33. t. G. f. 2. Snout black ; fins (all) dark slate-colour ; sides paler or grey ; a white lateral line commences opposite the jjosterior edge of the dorsal fin, and reaches the tail ; beneath M'hite, which joins the grey of the side by an undulated line. Teeth |-^-|-^=120. Length 84, pec- toral fin 10 inches. Inhab. South Atlantic Ocean ; coast of Patagonia. Is perhaps the same species. ^t^J^ 2(56 DELPniNiDJ:. 13. Tursio compressicaudus. The Compressed-tailed Dolphin. Teeth A^, small, conical, hooked ; head coloured ; belly whitish ; pectoral short ; upper jaw longest; nose short; base of the tail com- pressed on each side. Phocfena compressicauda, Lesson, Cetac. 199 ; F. Cuv. Cetac. 186 (from Gnrnot, MS.). Delphiuus compressicauda, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 109. Inhab. lat. 4° S., long. 26° E. of Paris. ^^ j^^ Animal : Length to pectoral 1 8 Expanse of tail 1 7 The following species of this family require further examination : — 1. D. velox, Dussinn. ; Cuv. R. A. i. 288 ; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. ; Cetac. 154 ; Fucheran, Rev. >§• Mag. Zool. 1856, 362. Teeth ^; nose rather more elongated. — Cuvier. Teeth |^| ; grey, lips and lower jaw whitish. — F. Cuv. Inhab. Ceylon. Skull : Mus. Paris (PitcTieran). 2. Delphinus Boryi, Desm. Mamm. 515 ; Desmotdin, Diet. Class. H, N. 1. 141. f. 2 ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 132. Inhab. Madagascar. (Coast of New Holland ?) 3. Delphiuus longer, Sclireh. Siiugeth. t.362?; Wiee/mann; FeicJih.Naturg, Cetac. 12, 41. 1. 16. f. 51 ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 120. Lead-coloured ; middle of sides, chest, and belly white ; rather flexuous line from orbit to the lumbar region lead-coloiu-ed. Inhab. ? 4. Delphiuus Pernettyi, Desm. 3Iamm. 543; Gr-aij, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 132. D. Pemettensis, Blainv. ; Desm. N. D. H. N. vs.. 154. D. Delpbis, var. a, Bonnat. Cetol. 21. Delphinorliynchus Peruettyi, Lessoti, Man. 406, from Dauphiu, Fernett. Vvy. 99. t. 2. f. 1. _ Inhab. ? 5. D. C^inensis, Desm., from Osbeck, Voy. ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 132. / Shining white. ' , ^n c ^wa Inhab. Chinese seas. /i/H^ '"^WjJkAlX^ T^aAkA^ t/*- J^ry 6. Delphiuus hamatus, Ehrenh.; Reiehh. Cetac. No. 1, Anat. t. 21; Grai/, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 131. Beak once and a half the length of the skull, twice and a half the width at the notch ; teeth |4-. 7. Delphiuus Chaniissonis, Wieqm. ; Scltreb. Sujyp. t. 359 ; Reiehh. Cetac. 126. 66. t. 22. f. 64, 65 ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 131. Delphiuus albirostratus, J. Feale, U. 8. Expl. Exped. 34 (t. 6. f. 2. ined.) ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 133. Elongate, dorsal fin nearer the head, dark blue-grey; fius and O. LAGENORnYNCnUS. ^07 back nearly black ; a dark line connects the corner of the mouth ■\ntli the pectoral fin ; front and sides dark grey, covered with small vemiiciilar white spots ; end of the snout white, commissure of the lips p;ile yellow. Inhab. Pacific Ocean, lat. 2° 47' S., long. 174° 13' W., 22 Aug. 8. ? D. Bertini, Desm. Mamm. 516, from Dauphin de Bertui, Duhum. Peck. ii._41. t. 10. f. 3 ; Gray, Cut. Cctac. £. M. 132. Cachalot, jimior, Blainv. Beak distinct ; lower jaw toothless. Inhab. ? The following species have been named and figured by the sight caught of them when swimming ! (see Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 133) :— D. albigenas, Quay, I. c. t. 11. f. 2. D. rliiuoceros, Qi(oy, I. c. 1. 11. f. 1, both from New Holland. D. limatus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 9. f. 4, Timenas of the Chilians, from Chili. D. leucocephalus, D. minimus, et D. macidatus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. i. 183. The following species have been named only from figures or very slight descriptions : — D. Senedetta, D. Commersonii, D. niger, et D. Pemettii, Lacep. U. Epidon et 1). Mongitori, Rajinesque. The Porpoises come up the backwaters of the coast of South Mala- bar, in March, when they are salt, but the Susu I do not think is known here. — Itev.H. Baher of AJi/ti, South Malahar; and Bh/th. Lacepcde described from a Chinese drawing (Mem. Mus. iv. 475) Ddphinus nitjcr, black, with white edges to the lips and fins. Mr. Couch had been informed that a dolphin with two doi'sal fins had been observed in April 1857, on the coast of Cornwall. (See Couch, ' AVhales of Cornwall,' p. 40.) 5. LAGENORHYNCHUS. Head convex, gradually slojung into the beak in front. Beak short, tapering in front. Lower jaw longest. Body elongate, taper- ing behind, largest at the pectoral fins. Pectoral fins far back, elongate and slightly falcate. Dors^ fin high, falcate, beliind the middle of the back. The bilck* with a' low, roimded, fin-like ridge near the tail. Tail-lobes narrow, elongate. SkuU depressed, the hinder ends of the maxillaiy bones cxi)aiulcd, horizontal, and thick- ened on the edge ; crown shelving. The beak is short, broad, fiat above and narrowed in front, and scarcely longer than the length of the brain-ca\-ity. The triangle in front of the blowers is fiat, elon- gate, and reaches beyond the middle of the nose of the skuU, and the intermaxiUaries are separated by a deep groove filled with cartilage. Lagonoilivncluis, Grai/. Zool. Eirhus ^- Terror, Ql, 1846; Cat. Cetac. B. M. IhoO, 97; R Z. S. 1S()3; 1864, 2:38. (J ram pus (pars), Gray, Spie. Zool. 2, 1828. Delphmus, sp., Brighttcell, Ann. <^- May. N. H. 1846. 2G8 DELPHINIDiE. ("OZXS^ This genus is easily known from Ddphhms 1^ the lowness of the forehead, the short and depressed form of the beak, the posterior position of the dorsal fin, the body being attenuated behind, and by the breadth and flat, expanded form of the nose of the skull. The OS hyoides of L. leucopleurus is large and broad. a. Beak elongate. Rostrum of skull longer than the length of the brain- case. Teeth-line some distance from the notch. Electra. b. Beak moderate. Rostrmn of skidl only as long as the brain-case. Teeth not qtiite to the notch. c. Beak very short. Rostnmi of skull only as long as the brain-case. Teeth nearly to the 7iotch. a. Rostrum of skull longer than the length of the brain-case. Teeth-line some distance from the notch. Electra. 1. Lagenorhynchus Electra. The Electra. Skull rather depressed; nose flattened above, expanded and re- flexed on the side behind, rather shelving in front, sides rather contracted in the middle, rather longer than the head, and once and three-quarters the length of the width at the notch ; intermaxillary broad, flattened, nearly two-thirds of the width, with a large, wide groove for the greater part of its length ; triangle flat, rather con- cave behind, with a lozenge-shaped, rather raised, rugose space in the front half; teeth |^, rather small, cylindrical, conical, slightly curved, acute, four in an inch ; the lower jaw regularly converging, straight on the sides in front, rather swollen behind, and shortly obliquely truncated in front, the gonj-x rather produced. Lagenorhynchus Electra, Gray, Zoul. Erebus ^ Terror, 35. 1. 13 (skull); Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 100. Inhab. ? a. Skull ? Purchased. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror.' Skidl: length, entire, 17| inches; of head, 8^; of nose, 9| ; of teeth-line, 7 ; of lower jaw, 14| ; width of temple, lOj inches ; at notch, 5i ; at middle of beak, 4 ; of intermaxillary, 2|. This skull is very like the former, but it is considerably larger, the nose is longer in proportion, and the head is much more depressed in the middle and spread out at the sides. 2. Lagenorhynchus caeruleo-albus. Teeth f^ ; white, back bluish, with oblique streaks on the sides, beUy white. Delphinus caeruleo-albus, Meyen, Act. Nat. Cur. xvi. 609. t. 43. f. 2 ; Chray, Zool. E. ^- T. 42 ; Reichenb. Cetac. Atiat. 1. 19 (skull). Lagenorhynchus cseruleo-albus. Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 100 ; Ccmin, U. S. Expl. Exped. 31. t. 6. f. 2. Delphinus albirostratus, Peale,Zool.Expl. Exped. Mamm. 38, ed.l, 1848. Inhab. East coast of South America, Itio de la Plata. Length 5 feet 6 inches. Skeleton in Anat. Mus. Berlin. 5. L.voENORnYNcntrs. 269 Skull : beak one-fourth longer than the length of the brain-cavitj-, and rather longer than double the ^^^dth of the skull at the notch ; teeth to the notch (see fig, Keichenb.). Cassin, I.e., describes, " Teeth ^^jJ^=i(30. Form elongate, the dorsal fin being nearest the head ; colour dark blue-grey, the fins and back nearly black ; a dark line connects the corners of the mouth with the pectoral fins ; front and sides dark grey, covered with small vermicular white spots ; end of the snout white ; commissure of the lips pale yellow. " Total length 6 feet 7 inches, perpendicular diameter at the dorsal fin i;3 inches." *' Inhab. Pacific Ocean." " Though Mr. Peale's figures, from which those in the plate of the Atlas to this volume have been prepared, differ in some measure from the figures of D. ccernho-alhus, in the distribution of the light and dark coloiu's, we have no doubt of the identity of the present animal with that species. The figures of the latter to which we more espe- cially allude are that of its fh-st describer in ' Nova Acta Physico- medica Academic Cffisarte Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum,' xvi. pi, 43. fig. 2, and those in Schreber's ' Saugethiere,' pi. 36.3, and in Eeichenbach's ' Cetaceans,' pi. 14. fig. 43. " Taken in the Pacific Ocean, latitude 2° 47' 5" S., longitude 174° 13' W. of Greenwich, on the 22nd of August, " We find no specimen in the collection of the Expedition." 3, Lagenorhynchus Asia. Tlie Asia. if fi-i"- Skull : nose rather depressed, broad, flattened, rather contracted -? / in the middle of each side ; triangle concave, with a slightly raised, f J/. /. /• flat, rugose space in the front half ; teeth |-i, small, ^ Lagenorhynchus Asia, Gray, Zool. Ereb. Sf Terror, t, 14 (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 101. Inhab. ? a. SIcuH (teeth wanting). The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' t. 14. The skiill, which is without teeth, very much resembles, in the depressed and expanded form of the brain-cavity and shape of the beak, the skuU of L. Electra, but it (hffers from that in the beak being rather more acute in front and more contracted in the middle of the sides, and in being rather smaller in size. It may be only a variety of that species. It measures as follows : — Skull : Length, entire 16| inches. Length of nose 9 „ Length of lower jaw 12| „ Width at orbit . 8| „ Width at notcli 4| „ Width at middle of beak . . 34 „ / ^y^. U /?'//. ^/•/^•-. 270 BELPHINID.t;. 4. Lagenorhynchus acutus. Esclinclifs Dolphin. Body ? Teeth |-f^ ; uose of skull half its length, and nearly twice as long as wide at the notch ; lower jaw obliquely truncated in front. Phocfena acutus, Gray, in Broohes's Cat. Mus. 39, 1828. Delphinus (Crrampus) acutus, Gray, Spic. Zool. 2, 1828 (from a skull) ; Fischer, Syn. 3Iamm. 656. Delplimus leucopleurus, var., Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, i. 598. Lagenorhyuclius acutus, Gray, Zool. F. ^ T. 3Q; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 101 ; P. Z. S. 1864, 2.39. Delphiuus (LageuorhjTichus) Eschriclitii, Van Beneden, Nouv. Mem. Acad. R. Brux. xxxii. 31. Delphinus Eschrichtii, Schlegel, Abhandl. 122. 1. 1, t. 2. f. 4, t. 4. f. 5 ; M. Chmsen, Dissert, de Lage)iorhyncMs, 4:to, Kilice, 1853 ; Fschricht, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 1852, 12th July. Inhab. North Sea, Faroe Islands {Eschrkht). Skulls and skeleton in the Leydcn Museum : — Length, entire, 7 in. 2 lin. ; of skull, 16 lines. This species was first described by me from a skull in Brookes's Museum, from Orkney, which is now at Leyden, and M. Schlegel has described and figured a skull from a skeleton sent from the Paroe Islands. It differs from the other species of the genus in the nose of the skull being more slender and the teeth more numerous. The teeth-scries, as in L. Electra and L. Asia, do not reach to the notch which separates the beak of the skull from the brain-cavity. Professor Eschricht informs mo that the animal is very like D. leu- copleurus, and Professor Nilsson considers them to be the same. The skull in Mr. Brookes's collection was 15 inches long, the head 7, the beak being 8 inches, and it was 4g inches wide at its base ; the teeth small and slender ; the beak long, attenuated, acute, convex on the sides, and flat in the centre above, and with a deep central groove. The teeth |^ . -If, smaU, slender. The bones in front of the inner nostrils keeled. The peculiar character of this species is, that there are 82 or 83 vertebrae ; the muzzle is narrower, the shoulder-blade narrower, a phalange to the thumb, the atlas and axis are anehylosed to the third and fourth cervical vertebra; by the spinous apophysis, and the sixth cervical alone has an inferior ti'ansverse process. Teeth ^q^. — Van Beneden, I.e. 31. Delphinus EsehicJitii (Schlegel, Abh. 23. t. 1, t. 2. f. 4, t. 4. f. 5) is described from a skeleton from the Faroe Islands. Length 7 feet 4 inches. Teeth ||-. A male was thrown ashore on the 20th December, 1863, at Flushing, now stuffed in the Museum at Ghent. Vertebra; 80 : cervical 7, dorsal 15, lumbar 19, caudal 39. The fii-st and second are soldered by their bodies and spinous apophyses ; the third and fourth only by the spinous processes ; the fifth, sixth, and seventh are free ; the sixth has two irregular processes on the lower part of the sides, which are directed forwards. Teeth ^3^' visible. In the upper jaw five were hidden in the membrane, one or two of 5. LAGENORIITNCnUS. 271 which were in the inteiinaxillary, and in the lower jaw there were four or five hidden (sec Poehnan, IJull. Acad. Hoy. 15elg. xA-ii. 608, t.). Length 237 millim. Black, lower part of the beak and the body to the reproductive organs shining white ; a white band forms a line under the dorsal to the base of the tail ; above yellow, beneath Avhite. 5. Lagenorhynchus clanculus. Skull wide and rather high behind. Beak flat ; outline wide at the base, rapidly tapering and acute in front, but rather convex on the sides, these being slightly rounded ; the hinder edge near the notch only slightly turned up and rounded. Triangle to near the middle of the beak. Lower jaw high behind. Teeth ^, small, cylindrical, curved, rather acute at the tip ; the lower front one veiy small. In- termaxillaries broad, hard. Lagenorhynchus clanculus, Grat/, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 2 ; Ann. S)- Mm/. N. H. 1849, v. 48 ; ZooLErehus S, Terror, t. 35, ined. (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 102. a. Skull. Pacific Ocean. From Dr. Dickie's Collection. Length, entire l-ij inches. Length of beak 7^ „ Length of skull 7| „ Length of teeth-line 6^ „ Length of lower jaw 11| ,, Length of sj'mphysis, lower jaw Ij „ "Width at notch 4^ „ Width at orbit 7|- „ Width at middle of beak 2^ ,, Width of intermaxillary in middle .... Ij ,, Width of condyles above 2| ,, Very peculiar for the elongation and reflexion of the beak before the notch, and the regular bevelling of the sides of the beak. 6. Lagenorhynchus breviceps. Blackish ; luider part white ; pectoral fin dusky. Delphinus breviceps, Pitcheran, Voij. Dinnont (VUrviUc, t. 22. f. 1. r. -^ o f- . L Beak verj- short ; snout produced. Beak of skuU depressed, only slightly longer than the length of the brain-ca\-ity. Teeth ^-^- Inhab. Rio de la Plata. 7. Lagenorhynchus Thicolea. SkuU rather narrow behind. Beak elongate, about one-fifth longer than the length of the head, rather dilated and concave above be- hind, with the side edges in front of the notch elongate, keeled, and turned up ; the middle of the beak flat, with flat shelving sides, the shcl\-ing part being broader and forming a slight keel in front. In- termaxillaries flat, gradually tapering. Triangle to near middle of hi ^^^- 272 DELPHTNID^E. the beak, concave on the sides, and keeled in the middle behind. Teeth A}} ?, very slender, curved, elongate, conical, tapering, acute ; the front one very small. Lagenorhynclms Thicolea, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849 ; An». ^- May. N. H. 1849, V. 48 ; Zool. Erehm ^- Terror, t. 36, ined. (skull) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 103. Inhab. West coast of North America. a. Skull : imperfect behind. From Dr. Dickie's Collection. in. lin. Length of skull, entire 14 6 ? (end of nose injured). Length of beak 8 4 Length of teeth-line 7 0 Length of lower jaw 12 3 (entire). Width at orbits 7 0 Width at notch 3 11 Width at middle of beak 2 2 Width of intermaxillary at middle .^ . 12 Width of condyles 3 0 I • \ b. Beak moderate. Rostrum of skull only as long as the brain-case. . ') Teeth not quite to the 7iotch. \ ^i) ' 8. Lagenorhynchus albirostris. White-beaked Bottlenose. \ /f ' Upper part and sides very rich deep velvet-black. External cuticle soft and silky, so thin and delicate as to be easily rubbed off. Nose, a weU-defined line above upper jaw, and the whole under jaw and belly cream-colour, varied with chalky white ; fins and tail black. Teeth |^, small, curved. Jaws moderately elongate, lower rather the longest. Blowhole horseshoe-shaped and convex towards the head. Nose of skull as long as the brain-case, gradually and evenly tapering to a rather rounded point in front, the edge rather reflexed on each side behind. The triangle in front of the blower convex and swollen on each side behind, smooth in front. Delphinus Tm-sio, Brif/htiveU, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1846, 21. t. 1 $. Delphiniis albirostris, Gray, Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. 1846 ; M. Clausen, Dissei't. de LagenorhyncMs, Kilice, 1853. LagenorhjTichus albirostris, Gray, Zool. Erebus ^ Terror, t. 10 (ani- mal, from BrightwelVs drawing), t. 11 (skull), 1846. Delphinus pseudotursio, Reichenb. Cetac. t. 24. f. 7, 6, cop. Brightwell. Delphinus (Lagenorhjuchus) albirostris, Van Beneden, Xouv. Metn. Acad. R. Brtu: xxxii. 1. 1, 2 (animal, skeleton, and viscera). Var. ? Teeth smaller, ||^. Beak narrower. Delphinus Tbsenii, Eschricht, Undersogelser over Hvaldyrene bte Afh. 73; uchd. Ss.foredrag rid Katurforsk.7ndtet.iKpbenh.l84:7 ; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, i. 600. Inhab. North Sea, Faroe Islands. Yarmouth, 1846 {Brightwell) ; skeleton in British Museum ; skull figured in ' Zool. E. and T.' 11. Ostend, July 1851, female. Winter 1852, female {Van Beneden, I. c. p. 20). i, O. LAGEXOHHYNCnUS. 273 a. Skeleton. Yarmouth. Skull figured in ' Voy. of H.M.S. Ereb. and Terr.' tab. 11, p. 35. Mr. Brightwell's specimen. h. Stuffed sldu of a. Yarmouth. c. Skeleton. England? Mr. Stevens's Collection. Measurements of specimen from Yarmouth : — in. lin. Animal : Length, entire (?) Length of mouth 9 6 Length of nose to eye 13 0 Length to pectorals 20 0 Length of pectoral 15 0 Length to dorsal 41 0 Length of dorsal 11 6 Height ol doraal 10 0 Width of tail 22 0 Skiill : Length, entire 18 0 Length of nose 8 6 Width at orbit 9 5 AVidth at notches 5 6 Width of middle of beak 3 6 Width of lower jaw at condyles ..8 0 Bladebone broader than high, with long acromion and a promi- nent articulation (t. 11. f. 9). Arm-bones very short ; fingers four, short, outer longest, second rather shorter, tliird and fourth very short. Ear-bones large (see Van Beneden, I. c. t. 1. f. 7 & 8). Vertebra; 90 or 94. The atlas and axis only anchylosed ; the rest of the cei-vical vertebrae free. Scapula large. Thumb without a phalange. Skeleton, Mus. Bruxelles ; Louvain ; at Mus. Copenhagen, Kiel, and Berlin. c. Beak very short. Rostrum of skull oyily as long as the brain-cavity. Teeth nearlu to the notch. , ^ , 9. Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus. Whte-suled Bottlenose. -t-JD. Skull: brain-ca-saty large, high at the top behind the blowhole. /■ ^ Nose nearly as long as the brain-cavity, gradually and regularly tapering on each side. Triangle in front of the blower flattened and concave behind, -with a slightly raised, lozenge-shaped space in the front half. Above bluish-black, beneath white, ^nth a large, oblique grey or white longitudinal streak on the hinder part of each side. Teeth |-|, small, acute, curved. Delpliinus Tiirsio, Knox, Cat. Prep, llltale, 29, 1838 ; Ann. ^- Mag. X. II. 18{!4, xiv. t. 3. Delphinus leucopleurus, Jia.'tch, Nyt Mag. for Xatiirv. 1843, iv. 97 ; Mag. Zool. 184-"?, 3(i!); Xikson, Skand. Fauna, i. 598. Delphinus Ibsenii, Eschricht. Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus, Gray, Zool. Erebu.^ Sf Terror, 34. t. 3 T 274 DELPHINID.E. (fcetus), 1. 12 (skull), t. 26. f. 3 (tongue) ; Ann. Sf May. N. H. 1864, t. 3 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 238. Inhab. North Sea. Orkney (Knox), 1835. Gulf of Christiania, 1843. a. Skeleton. Greenland. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror.' b. Foetus. North Sea, Faroe Islands. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. c> Skeleton. — NM»th-Sea:; — From M^v^Ji^ftftdtVCqitectioiTr' The foetus has six bristles on each of the upper lips, the hind(>r one being rather further from the rest than the others are apart, which are equidistant, and of the same size. The tongue is flat on the top and as wide as the space between the sides of the jaws, with a regular sharp denticulated edge on each side, and with a rather larger, conical, separate tubercle in front. The teeth are not developed through the gums. The nose is nearly one-fifth the length of the distance between the end of the nose and the eye. The hinder part of the back has a rather thick convexity, like a long, low, rounded, second dorsal fin, just before the tail ; the same part of the foetus of Delphlnus Delpliis ? and Steno ? fuscws is very much compressed, and fined off to a very thin knife-like edge. The skull is at once known from the skidl of the L. alhirostris at Norwich, by being smaller and the nose rather narrower, and espe- cially by the hinder part of the intcrmaxiUaries, which form the triangle in front of the blower, being flattened and concave instead of swollen and convex. Length, entire, 16; of nose, 8|- ; of lower jaw, 13 inches. Breadth at orbit, 8:j ; at notch, 4 ; at middle of beak, 2| inches, Mr. Knox gives the following description and measurements of a female sent from the Orkneys in May 1835 : — It weighed 14 stone. Length along margin, from snout to centre of tail, 77^ inches ; cir- cumference, anterior, to dorsal fluke, 38^ inches ; length of pectoral extremity free, 10 inches ; breadth from tip to tip of tail, 14 inches ; length from snout to angle of mouth, 9 inches ; greatest possible gape, 3|- inches. Length of cranium, 15 inches ; of spinal column, 55i==70^ inches. \Yeight of skeleton, 7} lb. Teeth fg- . f^=120. Vertebrae 81 : cervical 7 ; dorsal 15 ; posterior 59. V-shaped bones commencing between the fortieth and forty-first vertebrae. Pelvis rudimentary, consisting of two cylindrical bones ; pelvic extremities not developed. The external opening of the nostrils near the vertex of the head was crescent-shaped, and placed transversely. The dorsal fluke was midway between the snout and tail. The skeleton of this specimen is now in the Museum of the Uni- versity of Edinburgh. The first, second, and third cervical vertebrae are united by the spinous processes, the second and rest are thin. The palate smooth, not grooved. Length of skull, 15| inches ; of nose, 7|- inches ; of lower jaw, 10 inches. Width of skuU, at notch, Sf inches ; at orbit, 8 inches ; at middle of beak, 3 inches. Nose of skull twice as long as the width at notch. IntcrmaxiUaries narrowed in front. The skuU has two large foramina on the flat part of the 5. LAGENORIIYNCHTJS. 275 temple on each side, instead of the single one in tlie sknll from Christiauia. Delpliinus Delphis ?, Jackson, Boston Jonrn. N. H. v. 154. t. " Dusky hlack on the back, white on the belly, and lead-coloured on the sides ; a dusky line, from 1 to 2 inches in ^^ddth, commenced a little above the eye, and passing along the sides was lost in the lead-colour within 18 or 20 inches of the tail ; and another, much less distinct, ran parallel to this. " Inhab. Lynn, April 1842. Female, 7^ feet long ; nearly matiire. " Foetus 38 inches long. " Teeth not yet developed. " Vertebras 7G : viz. cervical 7, dorsal 14, caudal 55. The viscera, &c., described." — Jackson, I. c. 155. t. " Shape slender. Jaws projecting, forming a large snout somewhat like the beak of some species of water-birds. Spiracle near the top of the head, about 1 inch in diameter and 13 inches from extremity of snout. Greatest depth of body at origin of dorsal fin, 18 inches. From snout to origin of dorsal fin 39 inches ; to the pectoral fin 19| inches ; to ej'e 12 inches ; to posterior teeth 8 inches. Width of jaw at the insertion of the posterior teeth 2| inches. Jaws armed with numerous small, conical, incurved teeth, projecting above the jaw from one-fourth to half an inch. Distance between the eyes 9 inches. The eyes, situated low on the side of the head, are black, one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and present an oval appearance from the reflection of the integument forming a sort of eyelid by which the eye may be closed. Pectoral fin : length 4| inches ; height 11 inches. Dorsal fin falciform or lunated : length 10 inches ; height 10 inches. Caudal fin : length of each lobe 6 inches, and height 13 inches ; united they form a beautiful lunated fin." — Dr. Prescot, MS., in letter from Dr. Jaclson, 27th June 1840. See also 1. Lagenorhynchus ? Nilssonii, Grai/, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 238. Delpliinus obsciuus, Nilsson, Skriinl. Favna (not Gray). Inhab. North Sea. Nilsson, in the ' Scandinavian Fauna,' records a species under the name of Delphimis ohscurus, and refers it with doubt to the descrip- tion and figure of the skull, and the species under that name, in the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' and equally with doubt to D. su- perciliosas of Schlegel. Both these species are described from the same specimens, which were procm-ed at the Cape of Good Hope, and therefore very unlikely to be of a species found also in the North Sea. Nilsson's species may very likely be found in the British seas ; so T have referred to it to draw zoologists' attention to the descrip- tion. It is the oidy Swedish species that has not hitherto been observed here. 2. Lagenorhynchus lateralis, Ca^xin, U. S. Exptor. Exped. 82. t. 7. f. 1. Delpliinus latcraUs, Peak, Zool. Erplor. Exped. Mamm. ■ib. "Teeth ^[^1 = 164? Form thick; snout small; body much ■11.41 t2 276 DELPHINID^. coini)ressed behind the dorsal tin. Colour light pm-plish grey ; be- neath white ; a dark lateral line, edged with spots, separates the colours of the upper and under parts of the body ; a separate line, paler in colour, branches from the lateral line opposite the pectoral fins, and passes downwards and backwards ; another connects the eyes and pectoral fins ; snout black ; fins black. Total length 7 feet 6 inches." " Caught, on the 13th of September, in the Pacific Ocean, latitude 13° 58' N., longitude 161° 22' W." " This is the description of Mr. Pcale, to which we can add nothing. We find no specimen in the collection of the Expedition ; but, from the figure and description as above cited, this species does not appear to intimately resemble any other. From the latitude and longitude given, it ap])ears to have been captured at sea, some degrees south of the Sandwich Islands." — Cass in, I. c. 6. DELPHINAPTERUS. Head rather convex, shel\-ing towards the nose. Nose rather prodiiced, obscurely divided from the forehead. Dorsal fin none. Back rounded. Pectoral oblong, rather slender. Skull moderate ; beak broad, depressed, tapering, rounded above ; the triangle be- fore the blowers elongate, extending nearly to the middle of the beak. Palate flat. Teeth conical, tapering, acute, curved. Symphysis of the lower jaw short. The bladebone very broad, nearly semicircular, with a very distinct spinal ridge and a very large acromion and coracoid apophysis (see Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 307. t. 24. f. 20). (Very different from I)el2)Jiinus.) Delphinapterus, Gray, Zool. Ereh. Sf Terror, 35 ; Cat. Cetuc. B. M. 1850, 103. Tursio (pars), Wagler, N. S. Amph. 34. Delphinus, sp., Lacep. Delpliinapterus, sp., Blainville (not Lacep.) ; Lvssan, Voy. Leiicoramphus, Lilljcborg. 1. Delphinapterus Peronii. Per on' s Dolphin. Black ; beak, pectoral fins, and under part of body white. Teeth ff-l^. Delphinus Peronii, Lacep. Cet. 517, 1804; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 287. 295, 307, t. 21. f. 5, 6, & f. 20; F. Ciw. Cetac. 104; D'Orh. Voy. Amir. Merid. Mamm. t. 21. f. 5. Leucoramphus Peronii, Lilljehorg. Delphinus leucoramphus, Brookes, Cat. Mas. 39, 1828. Delphinapterus leucorhamphus, Peron, Voy. i. 217. t. 1; Oiceii, Cat. Osteol. Mus. Coll. Sury. 454. n. 2503 (skeleton). Delphinapterus Peronii, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 9. f. 1 (had), cop. F. Cm: Cetac. 164. t. ; Jardine, N. Lib. t. ; Gray, Zool. Erebus S; Terror, t. 15. f. 4 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 103 ; 'Cassin, U. S. Expl. Exped. 33; Schlegel, Abhandl. 24; Bosseau, Mag. Zool. 185G, 204. 6. DELPHINAPTERUS. 277 Daiipliin du P^ron, Ciiv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 21. f. 5, 0 (skull). 1). bifolor, StepJienson, MS. Icon. ined. ; Gray, Zool. Ereb. S^ Terr. 36. t. 15. f. 1-3, from Stophemons drawirif/, t, 15. f. 4, fi-oni Lesson. Delphinus Peronii, or liight-Whale Porpoise of the Whalers, Bennett, Narrat. Whaling Vol/, ii. 235. fifj. Inhab. Higher Southern latitudes. Brazil Bank. Lat. 40° S. to 54° 8., long. 50° W. {Bennett). NeAV Guinea {Qaoy). West coast of South America, lat. 50° 35' (Pickerinr/). Skull, from Peron, in Miis. Paris. Length 18;^, of beak 10, of teeth-line S|, of lower jaw 14^ inches. Width at orbit 9, at notch 4|, at middle of beak 2| inches. Teeth -i-^, small, slender, six in an inch. Beak broad, depressed, rather tapering in front ; the sides spongy ; the centre hollow, filled with cartilage, broader in front, flattened behind. Triangle extending nearly to the middle of the length of the beak. Orbits rather shelving above, and slightly thickened on the edge. Palate flat in front, rather convex behind, without any groove on the sides. Lower jaw gradually tapering, angularly shelving, and flat on the sides in front. Symphysis short, not 2 inches. A second skull, in Mus. Paris, brought by M. Housard in 1822, is rather more depressed in the middle in front, and with the triangle reaching near to the middle of the beak. Teeth ff. Length, entire, 17'6 ; of beak 9-() ; of lower jaw 14-6 inches. Width at notch 4-3 ; at middle of the beak 2-6 inches. Orbits rather shehang above, and slightly thickened on the edge. Cu\-ier justly observes that the beak of Lesson's figures (Voy. Coq. t. 9) is too pointed. Lesson also represents the black as only occu- pying the upper part of the back, as represented in fig. 4 of the plate t. 15 of the 'Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' copied from his plate. M. d'Orbigny and Bennett represent the black as down to the base of the fins, and the hinder edge of the fin as black. In the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' t. 15, is given a new figure of the species, copied from a ckawing, one-twelfth the natural length, communicated by W. AVilson Saunders, Esq., of Lloyd's, which was made by Dr. Stephenson, during the voyage of the ship ' Glenam,' Captain Guy, in lat. 40° 48' S., long. 142° W., Jan. 12, 1844. They live in large shoals ; the flesh is esteemed a delicacy. — Bennett, ii. 237. The skeleton referred to tliis species in the Museum of tlic College of Surgeons (sec Osteol. Cat. 454, n. 2503) is the body of a Fhocania with the head of a Dilphlntt.t, like D. DelpJiis. 2. Delphinapterus ? borealis. Dclpliinaptprus bnronlis, Peale, Zool. Kvphr. Exped. 38, ed. 1, 1848; (Ira;/, Cat. Cctac. Ii. M. 105, 1850. Delphiiuis borealis, Cassin, U. S. Explor. Exped. 30. t. 7. f. 2. " Form elongate ; snout slightly produced. Black, with a white lanceolate spot on the breast, which is extended in a narrow line to the tail. Length 4 feet. Teeth ? •• Inhab. North Pacific Ocean. 278 DELPHINID.E. " Having no specimens for examination, we cite Mr. Peale's de- scription of this interesting species. From his figures, however, to be found in the Atlas to the volume above cited, it appears to us probable that it does not belong to the genus Del])hinapterus, or to the group of which Z). Peronii is the type. In colour and general appearance this species appears to resemble D. hastatns, F. Cuvier (Schreber, Siiugethiere, vii. pi. 351 ; Reichenbach, Cetaceans, pi. 10. figs. 29 & 30), not^\4thstanding that it has no dorsal fin. It may be the young of a species of Beluga. From Delplunus Tiastatus the present species appears to differ essentially in size, and it is without the large hastate spot on the abdomen which characterizes that animal, and it does not belong to the same generic group. To this species Mr. Peale aUudes as follows : — " While in the water it appears to be entirely black, the white line being invisible. It is remarkably quick and lively in its motions, frequently leaping entirely out of the water, and, from its not having a dorsal fin, is sometimes mistaken for a seal. " Specimens were taken in the North Pacific Ocean, latitude 46° 6' 50", longitude 134° 5' W. from Greenwich. Great quantities of a species oiAnatifa were floating on the surface of the sea, on which they were probably feeding. Two, which had been struck and badly wounded with the harpoon, escaped, but the othei'S did not leave the ship as the Delpldni usually do when one of their number is wounded." " From the latitude and longitude given by Mr. Peale, it will be found that the land nearest to the point at which the animal was obtained is the coast of Oregon. It is therefore to be regarded with additional interest as entitled to admission into the fauna of the United States."- — Cassin, I. c. This species appears to resemble DelpMnaptenis only in the absence of the dorsal fin, in which respect it also resembles Behiga, of which it is probably a species. B. Head rounded in front, scarcely beaked. Tlie heak of the skull broad, depi'essed, scarcely so long as the brain-camty. * Lateral wings of the maxilla horizontal, produced over the orbits. Dorsal distinct. Teeth conical. Megalodontia, J. Brookes, Cat. Mtis. 40, 1828. fyf^ (f e/- f- L^J a. Brain-case depressed, broad. Teeth large, strong, conical. Orca. 1. Orca gladiator. The Killer. Black ; circumscribed spot behind eye, spot on belly and under- side of tail white. Nose of skull nearly twice as long as the width of the notch. Teeth \\, large, conical, slightly hooked. Biila^nre minores m utraque maxilla dentatis qu. Orcfe vocantur, Sibhdd, Thai 6. t. 2. f. ■■', (tooth). Delphiuus Orca, Linn. Mant. Plant, ii. 523; S. N. i. 108; Schreb. Sduf/eth. t. 340 ; Fischer, Si/n. Mamm. 511 ; Maq. Nat. Hist. iv. 329. fig. 2 ; Schleyel, De Dieren, 87. t. 14 (good) ; Abhandl. ii. 33. t. 7, 8 (trom life) ; Sundevall, (Efv. K. Veten. Akad. 1861, 386. t. 8 ? ; Cuv. Oss. Foss. V. 281; Tarton, B. F. 17; Flemim/, B. A. 34; Jenym, Man. 42 ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 477. fig. (bad) ; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 603 ; Gerrais, Zool. et Paleunt. Franc, t. 37. f. 3, 4. Grampus, Hunter, Phil. Trans. 1787, t. 16 (skull in Mus. CoU. Surg. n. 2515), cop. Bell, Brit. Anim. fig. ; Bonnat. Cetac. t. 12. f. 1; Shatv, Zool. ii. 513. t. 232, lower fig. Cachalot d' Anderson, Dnhamel. Dt'lphinus Duliamolii, Laccp. Cetac. 314. t. 9. f. 1 (good). I'liocteua Orca, TJ'ar/ler, A. S. Amph. 34. Delphinus gladiator, Bonnat. Cet. 23 ; ? Lacep. Cetac. 302. t. 5. f. 3. Delphiuus Grampus, Desni. N. Diet. H. N. ix. 168 ; Mamm. 517, from Hunter. Del]ihinus Grampus (The Large Grampus), Owen, Cat. 3Ius. Coll. Sury. n. 1136. Grampus Orca, Gray, in Brookes' s Cat. Mas. 40, 1828; Lilljeborg, Skand. Hvaldjur, 15. Phocsena gladiator, Les.%on, Man. 414. l*lioca3na Grampus, Lesson, Man. 415. Orca gladiator, Sundevall, K. Yet. Akad. Ofvers. 1861, 391 ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 93; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864,244; Malmgren, Arch. Naturg. 1864, 90. Grampus gladiator, Lilljeborg, Skand. Hraldyr, 15. Stour wagn, at Finmark. Orca, Rondel. Pise. 483. fig. ; Gesner, Aquat. 748, fig. from Rondel. ? Agluck, Pallas, Zool. Ro)>so-Asiut. 305. ? Aguluch, Chamisso, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xii. 262. t. 20. f. 9 ? Anat. Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 22. f. 3, 4; R. A. i. 289 (skull): Jacob, Dublin Phil. Journ. 1825, t. 2. f. 3 (very small and bad skidl) ; Gerrais, Zool. et Paleont. Fraiu;. t. 37. f 3, 4 (skull, from Cette). Inhab. North Sea. a. Skull. Coast of Essex. From Mr. Cross's Collection. b. Skeleton 20 feet long. From Wej-mouth. Presented by R. Pcarcc, Esq. c. Skull. From Mr. Turner's Collection. There is a skull in Mr. Pell's museum, from a male 19 feet long, taken in Lynn Harbour, Nov. 1830. The animal was described in //■ 280 DELPUIXID^. Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. v. The following are the measurements of this specimen : — fl;_ jn_ Length along cui've 21 3 Length, straight 19 0 Length to dorsal fin 8 2 Length to pectoral fin 4 0 Height of dorsal 4 0 Height to dorsal 13 1 Length of dorsal 2 4 Length of pectoral 4 0 Breadth of pectoral 2 8 The following are the measurements of two skulls — No. 1 the specimen a, from Essex, in the British Museum, and No. 2 the spe- cimen numbered 1136 in the Museum of the College of Surgeons :— No. 1. No. 2. in. in. Skull : Length, entire 33 41^ Length of nose 19| 22| Length of teeth-line 14| 20 Length of lower jaw 27| 35 Breadth at notch 10| 14 Breadth at orbit 18 Breadth at temple 18 Breadth at middle of beak .... 9^ Breadth of intermaxillary .... Breadth in front ... 4 6 Breadth in middle 3| 3| The skull, n. 1136 (see Owen, n. 2512) of the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons, called the Large Grampus {D. Grampus in the Catalogue), is of most colossal size. It formed part of the Hvmterian collection, and is probably the skull of the large speci- men, 31 feet long, kiUed at Greenwich in 1793. — Bunls, in Lacejiede. It has teeth ||, Tery large, nearly to the notch. IntermaxiUaiy rather dilated, broader over the front of the nose. The rest of the skeleton has been lately mounted and exhibited in the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons. " The skeleton from Ostcnd in the Louvain Museum : — Vertebra; 50 or 51, viz. 7 cer\'ical, 11 dorsal, 10 lumbar, and 22 or 23 caudal. Ribs 11.11. The sternum formed of three bones, the first largest and longest, the last short and broad. The first ribs on the front outer edge of the first, the second on the suture between the first and second, the tliird on the suture between the second and third, the three others on the outer hinder edge of the last bone.'' — Flower, P. Z. S. 1864. The pelvic bones are elongate, subcylindrical, slightly curved. In the Firth of Tay it goes up as far as the salt water reaches, almost every tide at flood, during the months of July and August, in pursuit of salmon, of which it devours immense niunbers. "The species is gregarious, and moves rapidly forward in the water. f) , I . /7 . '? , 7. OKCA. 281 When it comes to the siirfacc to respire it remains, like the porpoise, but for an instant, and then dives, describing however in its course a mucli ■v\'ider arch." — Flem. B. A. 34. Lilljeborg has two species : one he calls " Grampus c/ladiator, Lacopede," which he describes as having twelve pairs of ribs, a white spot on the neck, and a very high dorsal fin ; and the other, " G. Orca, Schlegel," with only eleven pairs of ribs, no white spot on the neck, and a moderately high dorsjil fin. The former is evidently tlie Orca i/ladiator of the English zoologists ; the other is probably a distinct species ; but it cannot be the DelpTunus Orca of 8chlegel ( Abliandlungen, ii. p. 2. t. 7 tt 8), as that species has a distinct white spot on the side of the neck and a high dorsal fin, and well repre- sents the D. Orca of our coast, and the skeletons of the English specimens wliich I have been able to examine have only eleven pairs of ril)s. The accuracy of the following habitats has been authenticated by the examination of the specimens or bones : — Greenwich {Hunter) ; skull Mus. CoU. Surg. n. 2515. Coast of Essex ; skuU in British Museum. "Weymouth {li. Pcarce) ; skeleton in British Museum. \jyi\n Harbour, 19th Nov. 1830; skuU in Mr. Bell's museum (see Loudon's Mag. N. Hist. iv. 329, figure far too short). A school of ten in the Pan-ett, near Bridgewater, 24th March 1 864 {J. Clarl), varjing from 1 1 to 22 feet long. Young specimen in the Thames at Gi'cenwich, 1793 {Banhs, in Pennant), length 31 feet; skeleton in British Museum and Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. Ostcnd, adult male, and female of two years ; adult skeleton, Mus. Louvain. Holland, 1841, 16 feet long; skeleton, Mus. Leydcn. The Orca (jladlator has been twice captured in the Mechterranean. One Avas taken about tweiity years ago at Cette ; its dental formula was |i-: another came ashore at Elne, Pyrenees orientales, in 1857, but the fragment of the lower jaw, which is preserved, contains ten teeth, so that M. Gervais does not feel sure of its being the same species as the Cette specimen. It is also impossible to say whether it may be identical with the DcJphinus Feres. — Gervais, Ann. 4'' Alag. M. 11. 1865, XV. 75. M. Gervais, in the ' Zool. et Paloont. Fran^.,' figures the skull of D. Orca from Cette. I)elj>hinus Orca (Linn. S. Nat. i. 108) is evidently fi-om Orca, Belon, Poiss. 18, liund. Pise. 433, fig., copied by Gesner, Aquat. 748. In the 'Mantissa,' ii. 523, the reference to the Schwerdtjische of Ander- son and some other whalers is added, and probably from them is taken the following note: — '' Bellum gerit cimi Plioeis, quas ope gladii dorsalis e lapidibus detrudit ; Balamarum Phocarunnjue ty- rannus, quas turmatim adgreditur. Pinna doi-salis est spina ensi- forniis, sexpedalis, cute vestita, basi latior." (Mant. ii. 523.) Bon- naterre gave the name of Ddjihintis (jladiator to Anderson's figure, which represents the dorsal fin as situated near tlie nape. Cuvier believed that the Orca of the ancients was probably a Cachalot, and tliat the Killer is the Aries marinas of Pliny, YEhan, and the Latins, M-ho comi)ared the wliite streak behind the eye to a horn. Desmarest (Mamra. 515) confines the name Defphinus Orca 282 DELPHINIDiE. to the animal intended hj the ancients,. and characterizes it, "Musean conforme conime celiii du Danphin volgaire, dents larges et crenclees sur lenrs bords" — being a translation of Artedi (Oen. Piscium, 76, 3), " D. rostro sursum repaudo, dentibus latis serratis." 0. Fabricius observes that he never saw D. Orca ; but Professor Eschricht believes the Phifseter microps of 0. Fabricins to be the Killer, or D. Orca of Linnajus (Dan. Trans, xii.). Fabricius says, " The Aklluih has in the lower jaw 22 teeth, 11 on each side, arched, falciform, hollow internally as far as the point, projecting scarcely a thii'd jjart (and this visible part is enamelled, compressed-conical, with the point sharp, curved inwardly and at the same time verging a Httle backwards ; but the concealed part broader and having two parts, compressed anteriorly and posteriorly, and, especially on the side nearest the throat, channelled) ; of the length of a finger, and 1| inch broad ; the middle ones larger, the anterior and posterior smaller. Beak rather obtuse. Beside the pectoral fins, it has a long, erect dorsal fin. In size it is to be regarded as amongst the smaller whales. Skin glabrous, black ; the fat thick, but little oily ; flesh red." — Fabricius, Faun. Groenl. Of the AidluiTc wonderful stories are told : the following is not the most extraordinary : — " Where these appear, all the seals disappear, else they make desperate slaughter among them ; for they have such sagacity and skill in catching them with the mouth and fins, that they are sometimes seen loaded with five at a time, one in the mouth, a couple under each fin, and one under the back fin."— Cranfc, Green- land, i. 116. I formerly thought that the Aklluil- of 0. Fabricius was identical with the Balcnia microcephaJa of Sibbald ; but Professor Eschricht observes that it is most important, in the determination of 0. Fabri- cius's synonyma, to attend to the Greenlanders' names, as they are most accurate cetologists. He states (on the authority of Captain Holboll) " that two of the animals which Fabricius referred to Physcter — viz. 1st, the ' Pernak' (which he called P. Oatoclon), pro- bably, and, 2nd, the ' AicUuik,' called by him P. microps (which Cuvier thought might be D. ghhiceps), certainly — are the Northern Sword-fish, Delpliinus Orca."- — Kong. Dansl-e Afhandl. xi. 136. (See also Eschricht, CEversigt Kong. Vid. Selsk. Forh. 1862, 65.) In his last paper he regards the ArdluJcsoak, or the Large Greenland Orque, as the male, and the AidluiTc as the female of the Delpliinns Orca. — Ann. Sri. Nat. ] 864, 209. Fabricius's description of the ' Aidluik ' will do for Orca gladiator, except that he calls it black, and does not mention the very remark- able white marks of that species, and ho described the lower jaw only as toothed. Now the upper teeth of Orca are not deciduous. It is more probably a Grampns. LiUjeborg describes tw'o species of Orca, one with 11, and the other with 12 ribs ; but they seem to vary in number in the same specimens. Professor Eschricht thinks there are more than one European species of Orca ; but he has not characterized the species, and only gives some rambling notes on their wanting systematic consideration. 7. ORCA. 283 2. Orca intermedia. The Small KiUer. Nose of skull half the entire length. Teeth 1}-, long, conical. Delphimis intermedins, Grai/, Ann. Phil. 1827, .396 (not Harlan). Orca intermedia, Grai/, ZooL E. 8( T. 34. t. 8 (skull) ; Cat. Cvtuc. B.3I. 18.50, 9(5. Clrampus intermedins. Gray. List Mamm. B. M. 104. a. Skull ? The specimen described in the 'Annals of Phil.' and described and iigured in the 'Voyage of the Erebus and Terror.' The following are its measurements : — in. lin. Skull : Length, entire 14 0 Length of nose 7 0 Length of teeth-line 5 G Length of lower jaw 11 0 Breadth at orbit 8 3 Breadth at notch 4 6 Breadth at middle of beak 0 9 This skull, which has all the appearance of being that of a fuU- groAvn animal, is just one quarter the length and breadth of the skidl of the adult common Killer {Orca gladiator). " In the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror," Dr. Gray has figured and described a skull (in the British Museum, locality imknown) under the name of Orca intermedia. This is evidently that of a veiy young individual, probably of one of the above-mentioned large species. At all events the number of the teeth (|-j-) and the form 11....;,.^ fliKt.ini/uijah-i*- *-p~. '" i ' "^ \ uOTtT* i>osc ramer convex on tlie side, rather ta])ering in front. Teeth \%, side upper very large, thick, nearly to the preorbital notch, concave on each side for the reception of the teeth of the opposite jaw ; the front upper small, acute ; front lower large, worn down, rotindcd. Intermaxillaries rather dilated, and broader over the front of the nose, contracted behind. Delphinus globiceps, Owen, Cut. Miis. Coll. Surg. 165. n. 1139; Grant, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1833, 65. Delphinus Orca, Owen, Brit. Foss. 3Iamm. 516; Eydmtx,Mus. Paris. Orca C'apensis, Grai/, Zool. Erebus Sf Terror, 34. t. 9 (skull) ; CaLi ■ Ceiac. B. M. l8o6, 95. _ ^jk qi~X>0^ \ Grampus, Bennett, Whaling Voyage, ii. 239. -^ qJ^' (irampus gladiator, A. Smith, African Zool. 126. ' The Killer (;/'^/i« /f7irt/f-/s/(w*-.' ' 't'' Inhab. Sotithern Ocean. Cape of Good Hope (J/. Vilcte, 1818), Mus. Coll. Surg. n. 1139. Northern Pacific Ocean {Cai>tain Del- vitfe, li.N.). Chili {Eydou.r), Mus. Paris. rt. Skull. Northern Pacific Ocean. Presented by the Zoological 9- C^>^J^-i^''^/-««.'t/tA- 04. ii^l^nri^ 7. ORCA. 283 2. Orca intermedia. The Small Killer. Nose of skull half the entire length. Teeth \\, long, conical. Delphinus intermedius, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1827, 396 (not Harlan). Orca intermedia. Gray, Zool. E. 8( T. 34. t. 8 (skull) ; Cat. Cetuc. B.M. 1850, 90. Cxranipus intermedius, Gray', List Mamni. B. M. 104. a. Skull ? The specimen described in the 'Annals of Phil.' and described and figured in the 'Voyage of the Erebus and Terror.' The following are its measurements : — iu. liu. Skull : Length, entire 14 0 Length of nose 7 0 Length of teeth-line 5 G Length of lower jaw 11 0 Breadth at orbit 8 3 Breadth at notch 4 6 Breadth at middle of beak 0 9 This skull, which has all the appearance of being that of a full- grown animal, is just one quarter the length and breadth of the skull of the adult common Killer (Orca tjlaf/iator). " In the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror," Dr. Gray has figured and described a skull (in the British Museum, locality unknown) under the name of Orca intermedia. This is evidently that of a very young individual, probably of one of the above-mentioned largo species. At all events the number of the teeth (^) and the form of the premaxillarics chstinguish it from the Tasmanian skulls." — Flower, F. Z. S. ISCA. , /, p 3. Orca Capensis. The Cape Killer. /<^ ■ ^' Skull flattish above, rather concave in the middle before the blow- ' hole. Nose rather convex on the side, rather tajiering in front. Teeth \^, side upper very large, thick, nearly to the preorbital notch, concave on each side for the reception of the teeth of the opposite jaw; the front upper small, acute; front lower large, worn down, rounded. Intcrmaxillarics rather dilated, and broader over the front of the nose, contracted behind. Uelpliiiius globiceps, Owen, Cat. 3Itis. Coll. Si(ry. 1G5. n. 11.39 ; Grant, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1833, 65. Dt'lphinus Orca, Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. 516 ; Eydmix, Miis. Paris. Orca Capensis, Gray, Zool. Erebus Sf Terror, 34. t. 9 (skull); Cat., Cctac. B. M. 1850, 95. -^r. ^^ "r <:v- • Grampus, Bennett, Whiiling Voyaye, ii. 239. AJ '^ -^ 7 ' (Trani])us gladiator, A. Uniifh, African Zool. 126. The Killer of the Whale-fiahcrs. Inhab. Southern Ocean. Cape of Good Hope (J/. VUetc, 1818), Mus. Coll. Surg. n. 1139. Northern Pacific Ocean {Captain Del- vitte, R.N.). Chili (Eydou.r), Mus. Paris, rt. Skidl. Northern Pacific Ocean. Presented bv the Zoological { 284 DELPniNID^E. Society of London. The specimen figured in the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' fig. 9. p. 34. The following are the measurements, fii-st, of the specimen n. 1139 in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, and, secondly, of the skull in the British Museum : — • v • v « in. lin. m. Im. Skull : Length, entii-e 37 0 36 6 Length of nose 18 0 18 0 Length of teeth-line. . 14 6 14 6 Length of lower jaw 29 6 29 6 Breadth at notch 12 6 12 0 Breadth at orbit 21 0 21 0 Breadth at temple above 20 0 20 0 Breadth at middle of beak 10 0 10 0 Breadth of intermaxiUaries 3 9 3 6 Breadth in fi-ont 4 6 4 6 Breadth in middle 3 3 3 3 Professor Owen observes, "The skull of the Cape Grampus {Dd- phinibs Orca) is of a somewhat small size, and differs from the pre- ceding specimen (the Orca of the Thames) chiefly in the greater development of the tuberosities and curved ridges on the sides of the superoccipital, and in the less development of the median veitical ridge. The contour of the occiput at this part is straight ; it pre- sents a double sigmoid curve in the Great Grampus (Z>. Orca). The slender nasal processes of the premaxillaries form convex ridges on this skull : they are more flattened in the Great Grampus. There are two small additional teeth at the back of the series, which ma>/ depend upon the present specimen having belonged to a younger individual. The slight diff'erences noticeable in the skull chiefly depend on the muscular attachment, and are of a kind to characterize varieties, not to establish specific distinctions." {I. c. 4-56. no. 21519.) The skull in the Royal College of Surgeons appears to be the one which Professor Owen gives the measurement of as D. Orca, in his account of Phocccna crassiJens in the ' British Fossil Mammalia.' The Grampus of the South Sea whalers is very frequently noticed in the Pacific Ocean, from the equator to 44° N. and 10° S. latitude. They occur in herds, and their appearance is siipposed to indicate the resorts of the Cachalots. Whether this whale is identical with the Grampus (Phoccena Orca) of the North Sea may be fairly questioned ; but should it prove to be so, the geographic range of the latter spe- cies must be indeed extensive. — Bennett, Whalinrj Voyage, ii. 238. Mr. Bennett mentions a KUler which appears in small bands, chiefly in the \dcinity of the equator, of a moderate size, spouts much Uke the Cachalot, and has a tall erect dorsal fin.- — Bennett, I. c. 239. Sii' Andrew Smith has given me the drawing of a species of an Orca, from the Cape of Good Hope, which exactly agrees, in the dis- tribution of the colour, A\'ith the Orcfi gladiator of the British coast. It only differs from Schlegel's beautiful figiu-e of the European Orca in the bands which extend up the hinder part of the sides being rather narrower and with more parallel edges, instead of broad, and 7. oi;cA. 285 curved outvrard on the sides. Tliis similarity of the external colour- in'? in two species of such different geographic distribution, easily explains why they have been considered the same species though they are half the globe apart. The examination of the skeleton, and especially of the skidl, shows that they are quite distinct. It is the same with the species of Ghbiocephalus of the North Sea and of the Southern Ocean. b. Brain-cose Jit'yh, sulu/lobidar. Rostrum very short, narrowed in front. Teeth small, slender. Orcaella. 4. Orca brevirostris. The brain-case subglobular, evenlj- convex above. The rostrum very short, tapering, and subacute in fi'ont, about two-thirds the length of the brain-case to the notch. The maxilla narrow in front, wider in the middle, where it is about as -wide as the intermaxillary on each side. The premaxillary broad, rather convex, solid, sepa- rated bj" a ■wide central groove. The rostral triangle very large, produced much in front of the notch. Palate flat in front. Teeth jl )^, slender, subcylindrical. Pliocsena (Orca) brevirostris, Owen, Zuol. Trans, xf, ined. Inhab. East coast of India, the harbour of Vizagapatam. a. Skull. Presented by Walter Elliot, Esq., of Woolflee. The skull described by Professor Owen. The following description, by Professor Owen, is taken from the skull of a small Cetacean which was cast ashore in a decomposed state in the harbour of Vizagapatam, east coast of India. It belongs to Conner's section of Blunt-headed Dolphins, in which, by the form of the teeth, it is allied to the Phoccna (jhhicejys. Cuv. ; but it indicates, by the shortness of the muzzle and some osteological characters, a nondescript species, for which the name Phocana brevirostris is proposed. "The basioccipital forms the lower fifth of the foramen magnum, inten^ening, for an extent in a straight line of 10|^"', between the lower ends of the occipital condyles ; it is here thick, concave trans- versely, becoming thinner vertically and expanded transversely as it advances to join the basisphenoid, with which it has coalesced. " A sUght median longitudinal obtuse indge divides the back part of the under surface of the basisphenoid into two shallow concavities, from the sides of which the otocranial plates extend, which bend slightly downward to form the lower and inner or mesial wall of the otocrane. "The occipital condyles (2', fig. 57) are narrow, vertically elongated, oval convexities, wider at their lower half, with the mesial margin gently convex, the lateral or outer margin sinuous, through a slight concavity marking off the upper third of the condyle : the length of the condyle in a straight line is 2" 1'", the greatest breadth 1" 12'" : 286 DELPIIINID.E. the upper ends of the condyles are 1" 3'" apart. They are low and sessile. " The foramen magnum is vertically oval, widest above, and notched at the middle of the upper border ; its length, to the end of the notch, is 2", its breadth 1" 3'" ; the breadth across the broadest parts of both condjdes is 2" 9'". Skull of Orca hrevirostris. " The paroccipital (4), an exogenous growth of the exoccipital, forms the back part of the otocraue, towards which it is sinuous or slightly concave, and terminates below in a thick, rough border : this border is divided by a notch from the otocranial plate of the basi- sphenoid; and just within the verge of that notch opens the canal for the ' nervus vagus.' " The superoccipital (3) rises and expands, as in other Delphinidae, into a broad and lofty convex plate, reaching the vertex and there articidating with the jmrietals (7) and interparietal (7*): a low median ridge divides vertically the upper half of the superoccipital. On the inner surface, 1" 6'" above the foramen magnum, a vertical triangidar plate of bone descends into the falx ; it is thickest behind, where its base is grooved transversely by the lateral sinus. " The alisphenoids coalesce with the fore part of the lateral border of the basisphenoid, in advance of the otocrane, of which it forms the anterior wall or boundary : the base of the alisphenoid is notched posteriorly (Yr) for the third, and anteriorly (m) for the second division of the integument ; it expands as it passes outwards, slightly rising to join the parietal (7) and frontal (11), and to overlap the process of the squamosal continued mesiad from the glenoid cavity. The suture between the interparietal (7*) and superoccipital (3) is obliterated, and that with the parietals is partially so. The suture between the parietal and superoccipital remains at its lower half, showing that a narrow strip of the parietal appears on the external surface of the 7. OKCA. 287 cranium, extending backward, between the squamosal(27') and super- occipital (-{) to the exoccipital (2), and slightly expanding at its junction therewith. " The presphenoid is distinct from the basisphenoid, and extends in the form of a compressed rostrum forward, contracting, to be enclosed b_y the posterior sheath-shaped part of the vomer. The orbitosphenoids extend outward, oyerlai)ping the pterygoids, contract where they form the fore part of the foramen laccrum auterius and the optic foramina, beyond which they expand to sup])ort the orbital plate of the frontal. " The frontals ( 1 1 , 11 '), in great part overlapped, as in other Cetacea, by the maxillarics (21), show, at their narrow exposed strip, extending transversely across the summit of the cranium, the persistent frontal suture, half an inch in length : from this suture, the strip curves outward and backward, expanding beyond the interparietal (7*), and then downward and forward, contracting, and again expanding to form the postorbital process (12), which is triangular and three- sided, one facet being a continuation of the exposed strip, a second contributing to the temporal fossa (t), and a third to the orbit (or). " In the temporal fossa (t) the frontal (11) articulates with the parietal (7) and alisphenoid (G), in the orbit with the orbitosphcuoid- and malar ; then arching forward from the postorbital process, the frontal forms the superorbital ridge (11'), and articulates anteriorly by a kind of gomphosis with the malar (26') : it is overlapped here, as on the cranium, by the maxillary (21"). The medial jjarts of the frontals are united posteriorlj- with the interparietal (7*), anteriorly with the nasals (15). " The vomer extends forward to within 1^ inch of the end of the premaxillaries, and, behind these, intervenes upon the bonj' palate between the maxillaries, along a strip of 2 inches extent and 3 lines across the broadest part. This palatal part of the vomer is the lower convexity of the canal formed bj" the spout-shaped bone : the hollow of the canal is exposed at the upper interspace of the pre- maxillaries. Here also is seen, 2 inches behind the fore end of the vomer, the rough, thick, anterior border of the coalesced prefrontals, which contracts as it passes into their upper border, forming the septum of the nostrils, expanding below and behind to form the back wall of the nasal passages. Here a trace of the suture between these foremost neurapophyses of the skull remains. The small, transversely extended, subquadrate nasals (15) intervene between the frontals and prefrontals. " The palatine bones appear in the palate as narrow strips wedged between the maxillaries and pterygoids, and united togetlier beneath the vomer by a longitudinal suture of 3'" in extent : passing out- ward and forward, ;iftcr a brief contraction, they suddenly expand and bend upward to line or form the mesial wall of the orbit, and again contract to articulate with the frontal, at tlu^ superorbital fossa. The mesiid. borders of the palatines articiilate with the vomer and prefrontals ; and, between the pterygoids and the vomer, the pala- tines form the fore part of the lower half of the nasal passages. 288 DELPniNiD^i:. "The orbital plate of the palatine sends off an outer tliin lamina, which terminates by a free margin at the back of the orbit. The palatine plates of the maxillaries unite together for about an inch in front of the palatines, then slightly diverge to give place to the vomer, which, however, does not sink to their level : in advance of the vomer the plates slightly diverge to their anterior ends, giving place to the prcmaxillaries, which form the apex of the muzzle. The rest of the disposition of the maxillaries accords with Cuvier's account in Phoccma ylohiceps. The superorbital plate is divided by a notch from the rostral part of the maxillary, and forms a tuberosity articulated with the underlying malar (26). "The prcmaxillaries (22) accord equally with those in Phoccena glohiceps, save in their shorter proportions concomitantly with those of the maxillaries and of the muzzle. They are perforated near the outer margin, between the posterior and middle third, the canal leading forward and inward : the three perforations in the maxillary, external to the nasal portions of the premaxillarj', are of canals which converge to open in an oblong fossa beneath the foie part of the roof of the orbit. " The pterj'goid is a large, sinuous plate, folded upon itself from within upward, outward, and backward : the thick fore part articu- lates with the palatine, whence it continues the bony roof of the mouth backward for the extent of 1" 8'", with a convex surface, divided from its fellow by a vacancy of 8'" breadth, exposing the presjihenoid and vomer : the inner plate of the pterygoid forms the outer wall of the lower part of the nasal passage, and continues that passage obliquely backwards, as an open canal, beneath the base of the alisphenoid (6), as far as the otocranial plate of the basisphenoid (5'). This posterior production of the pterygoid is three-sided : the inner or narial one is concave ; the outer one is also concave, forming a channel leading upward and forward to the orbit ; the upper facet is sutiiral, and articulates with the basi-, pre-, ali-, and orbito-sjjhe- noids. The anterior external lamina of the pterygoid bends outward and upward to articulate with the corresponding free lamina of the palatine (r), bounding the narrow and deep sinuous fissure between the outer and inner portions of both bones. " The malar (26), as in other Delphinidae, consists of the antorbital and styhform (26) portions. The former is a narrow triangle with the base thick, convex, turned forward, underpropping the fore part of the superorbital plate of the maxillary (21"), and articulating with the same part of the frontal ; the apex extends backward, and is wedged into the roof of the orbit between the frontal and maxillary. The styliform portion (26) is given off by a process extending inward (mesiad), at right angles to the antorbital portion ; and a few lines behind its fore part it suddenly contracts, and extends backward, with a slight upward bend, to the squamosal, articulating by a con- cave, oblique terminal facet to a tubercle at the fore and under part of the zygomatic process of the squamosal (27) ; the length of this part of the malar is 3", its thickness throughout the greater extent is 1^'" by 1'"; its squamosal articulation is 4'" across. The form of f 7. oRCA. 289 the orbit (or), so defined below, is longitudinally oblong, more arched above than below, 2" 2'" in fore-and-aft (Uameter, 1" 2'" in greatest vertical diameter, the chamber communicating, of course, largely with the temporal fossa (m) and the small antorbital fossa {d), external to which is the rough malo-maxillary fossa (e). " The squamosal consists chiefly of its articular or zygomatic part (27), which is deep in proportion to its length, truncate, and three- sided ; the outer side is slightly convex or rather rough, 1" 5'" deep posteriorly ; the inner side is di\'idcd between the articular cavity, rough for sj-udesmosis with the mandible, and the smoother surface internal to it, which extends mesiad in a triangadar depressed form (27') beneath the back part of the alisphenoid (G), but ■^^dthout join- ing it; the upper surface, of an inequilateral shape, contributes a lower wall to the temporal fossa. The squamous portion (t) con- tinued upwards from this facet, is triangular, with a rounded apex, about an inch in height and rather more in breadth ; it is applied against the alisphenoid and parietal : the rough posterior tract (8) articidating with the parietal (7') and exoccipital (2), and contributing to the outer wall of the otoci'ane, I consider to be the ' mastoid,' confluent \\"ith the squamosal, and forming the bone which should be termed ' squamo-mastoid ' (27-8, fig. 57). The mastoid part (8) terminates below in a rough, flattened, triangular sui'face, 5" 7'" in diameter, which is divided from the zygomatic or articular process of the squamosal (27') by a deep fissure. On the inner side of the base or back part of the mastoid, in the line of its suture with the parietal, is the (stylomastoid ?) fossa, &c. : the squamosal forms no part of the inner or proper wall of the cranial cavity. " The glenoid or mandibular-articular surface is longitudinally oblong, 1" 5'", by 8'" in diameter, moderately concave, least so trans- versely, and looking inward, downward, and with a slight inclination forward. " The mandible (29-32, fig. 57) oS'ers no notable peculiarity, save that which relates to shortness in proportion to the entire skull, con- currently with the same specific character of the upper jaw. The depth of the ramus at the coracoid process is relatively as great as in the longer-jawed species, and consequently bears a greater ratio to the length of the entire ramus ; this in the present skuU is 7", the greatest vertical extent of the ramus being 2" 6'" : the shallowest part of the ramus is where it supports the teeth (32) ; it deepens a little at the short symphysis. There are fourteen alveoli, approxi- mated in a common groove, in each mandible, extending along 3" 3'" from the symphysis. The corresponding groove of the upper jaw shows seventeen alveoli, along an extent of 3" 6'". The deeper part of the alveolus is distinct for the anterior teeth ; but as they recede the sockets are indicated by depressions merely in the common groove. The teeth are slender cones." See also 1. ? Dolpliinus Feres, Bonnat. Cetac. 27; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. lSoO,91. IJlackish ; teeth j-^, large and small, curved, compressed before 290 DELPHINIDJE. and behind ; crown oval, rounded, and divided into two lobes by a groove which extends their whole length, Inhab. Mediterranean : Malta. Length 14 feet. Skull : length 1 foot 10 inches, breadth 1 foot 5 inches ; length of teeth 1 inch, breadth of line \ inch. Cuvier thinks this is probably Orca gladiator. 2. Delphinus Orca, Chamisso, Nov. Act. xii. t. 20. f. 9 ; Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso~ Asiat. i. 285; Tilesms, Isis, 1835, 72G. Inhab. North Pacific : Kamtschatka. 3. Dr. J. E.. Foster mentions DelpMnus Orca as occurring in the Eastern tropical islands. — Descrip. Anim. 210. 8. PSEUDOECA. Head rounded, scarcely beaked. Skull rounded, the hinder wings of the maxilla horizontally spread over the orbits. The beak short, broad, tapering ; intermaxillary broad, coveiing great part (more than half) of the maxilla. The triangle in front of the blowers, concave. Teeth conical, acute, large, occupying the whole edge nearly to the notch. Dorsal fin moderate, in the middle of the back. Pectoral small, ovate. Black, rather paler below. Pseudorca, ReinJiardt, Overs. K. D. Vid. 1862 ; Flotoer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865. Orca, sp., Gray, Cat. Cetac. 1851, 95. Phocsena, sp., Oive)i, Brit. Foss. Matnm. 1. Pseudorca crassidens. The LincolnsMre Killer. Intermaxillaries rugose in front. Teeth \^, large, conical, rather acute (all but the front lower false), extending nearly to the pre- orbital notch. Lower jaw very depressed, and broad in front at the symphysis. Phocjsna crassidens, Oicen, Bnt. Fossil Mamm. 516. f. 21-3, 214, 216 (skull and united cei-vical vertebrse). Orca crassidens, Gray, Zool. Frebas ^- Terror, 33 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 95. Pseudorca crassidens, Reinhardt, Overs. K. D. Vid. Selsk. ForJiand. i. 1862, 104. f. 1, 2, 3. Inhab. North Sea, in shoals (Beinliardt). Fens of Lincolnshire: fossil skull in Mus. Stamford (now in Mus. Cambridge), of the fol- lowing measurements : — jjj_ jjjj_ SkuU: Length, entire 23 or 24 o' Length of nose 12 6 Length of teeth-line 10 0 Length of lower jaw 21 0 Breadth at notch 8 6 Breadth at middle of beak 8 0 Breadth of intermaxillaries 5 6 In the figure the length of the beak is once and a half the breadth of the base at the notch, and exactly the length of the skull. 8. PSEUBURCA. 291 The bladebone a nearlj- equilateral triangle, with an arched upper edge ; a large coracoid and acromion process, which are narrow at the base and dilated at the end. Ribs 10 . 10. The humerus short, subtrigonal, broad at the distal end. The ulna thick, compressed, nearly twice as long as the humerus, the ulna rather produced at the upper outer edge. Metacarpi 5, subtriangular; fingers 5, taper- ing : the second longest, of seven joints ; the third very little shorter, of six joints ; the fourth very short and thick, of three short joints ; the fifth very short and thick, of two joints ; and the first shorter still and more slender, of a single joint (see Reinhardt, 1-12, fig. 3, one-third size). Cervical vertebras anchylosed (see Owen, Brit. Fossil Mammalia, fig. 214. p. 520, and side view of skull, f. 213, and palate, f. 216). Dr. Reinhardt states that in one specimen there were all the seven, and in the other only six, cervical vertebrae united, while in a third there were only five, including the first ; and he believes that this is dependent on age. The lateral process of the atlas is strongly developed. hf ^^^- 2. Pseudorca meridionalis. The Tasmanian Bladcjish. , / i^^ Colour, black on the back and sides, lighter below. Males much / larger than the females. Head obtuse, after the fashion of the Sperm Whale. Pectoral fins small; dorsal fin hook-shaped, and situated about two-thirds along the body towards the tail. Teeth tq-^, verj' large, rather compressed on the sides. N"ose of skull broad, tapering, rounded above. Lower jaw broad, and flat at the symphysis. Orca (Pseudorca ?) meridionalis, W. Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18G4, f. 1 & 2 (skidl). Blackfish, Van Diemoi's Land whalers. Inhab. Van Diemen's Land : Hobart Town ; called with other whales Blackfish (IF. L. Crowther). Two skulls, Mus. CoU. Surg. " To find distinctive characters to separate the present species from 0. crassldens is a matter of greater difficulty. I speak of the animal now existing in the northern seas, which Reinhardt has fuUj- de- scribed in an illustrated memoir in the Danish language, and which he believes to be identical with the Lincolnshire specimen. " The beak is much more pointed at the extremity, and the pre- maxillaries are of different form. In Pseudorca crassldens they are of nearly equal breadth from one end to the other, their outer margins being almost parallel ; in the Tasmanian skulls they are contracted at the root of the beak, and then gradually expand to about the middle, beyond which they slowly diminish in l)roadth to the point. An examination of the skulls placed side by side might possibly reveal other difltrcntiating characters; but I think that these are sufficient, together with the great improbability of the same species being found in such widely different regions, to justify my regarding the small Grampus from Tasmania, however familiar r 2 292 DELPHiyiDJ3. to the inhabitants of that country, as a species new to zoological literature, and imposing upon it the name of Orca {Pseudorca-?} meridionalis. Fio-. 58. Upper surface of the adult skull {Pseudorca meridionam) ; one-fourth natural size. I 8. rsErDORCA. 293 Fig. 59. Sidi' vii-w of tlio adult sludl (Pscmlorca mcntJioiiah's) : oiie-fourtli natural size. •■ The two sktilLs present considerable individual peculiarities ; but 294 DELPniNID.E. these all arise, I believe, from difference of age. One is perfectly adult ; the suture between the frontal and occipital bones is entirely- obliterated ; the upper ends of the maxiUaries are anchylosed to the frontal ; the teeth, though pointed at the tips, have a polished sur- face, and many of them are worn at the sides by the mutual action upon each other of the upper and lower series. In the other skull the ossification of the sutures is less advanced ; the teeth show no signs of wear, and have a uniform slightly rufous or granulated sur- face. This skull differs from the other, as will be more particularly shown by the measurements, in having the facial portion and all the ridges and outgrowths of the cranium for the attachment of muscles much less developed in proportion to the size of the cerebral cavity. In all essential specific characters they agree. Unless otherwise expressed, the description and comparisons which follow refer to the adult skull. " The principal dimensions of the two skulls in the Royal College of Surgeons are as foUows : — Adult. Young. in in. 23^ 20i H 7 Hi n 14i 12 15 12| 9i 8i 8| 84 13 11 n n ii| 10 7i 6i 5| 5i 4# 3| 5| ^ 24 2 19 16^ 9| 8i ^ 2* 5 4 12i m Length from tip of beak to condyles Internal length of brain-cavity Length of beak (from a line drawn between tlie maxillary "I notches, to the tip) J Length from tip of beak to anterior margin of superior nares. Length of palate (from tip of beak to posterior margin in \ middle line) J Length from tip of beak to hinder edge of posterior tooth ... Height of skiill at vertex Greatest breadth (at zygomatic processes of squamosals) Breadtli of brain-case in parietal region Breadth at supraorbital ridge Breadth of the base of the beak, inside maxillary notch Breadth of tlie middle of the beak Breadtli of the two premaxillai'ies, with their intervening | space at tlie middle of the beak J Width of condyles Foramen magnum, height Foramen magnum, width Lower jaw, entire length of each ramus Lower jaw, from tip to the posterior edge of last tooth Length of symphysis Height of ramus, at coronoid process Width, posteriorly, between outside of articular surfaces . . . " The teeth are nearly circular in section, stout, conical, pointed, incurved, and very slightly recurved. The crowns of the largest measure 1'2 inch in length, and 0-65 inch in diameter at the base. With the exception of the two anterior and the posterior, they are of very nearly cqiTal size throughout. Their number is the same in both skulls, viz. eight on each side above, and ten below ; but though the whole number is the same, I suspect that it is not exactly the corresponding teeth which are in place in both specimens, at all y. GRAMPUS. 295 events as far as the upper jaw is concerned. By comparing tooth with tooth, especially as regards their position in the alveolar margin, the older specimen would appear to have lost the small anterior pair present in the younger one ; while in the latter the posterior pair appear not yet to have teen developed. It must be confessed that our knowledge of the growth and succession of these organs in the Cetacea is at present so imperfect that we ought not to lay much stress upon any trifling variations in their number or character in discriminating species." — Floiver, P. Z. S. 1864. " ' Bladjtsh.'' — This fish is in reality a miniature Sperm Whale in its habits, &c., feeding upon the same food ('squid'), geographi- cally occupying the same localities as the Sperm Whale, following the great equatorial currents so long as they retain their warmth, and met with in the greatest numbers in the southern hemisphere at those points where the equatorial meet the polar currents, eddies being formed in which no doubt the squid collects. I am not aware that the Blackfish preys upon anything but squid ; it is essentially gregarious, countless hordes being met with where food is abundant. Length 12 to 15 feet ; diameter 3 to 4 feet. Weight two to three tons, the former about the average. Oil, the only kind that will mix with sperm." — W. L. Crowther, P. Z. S. 1864. Mr. Flower has since received two skulls of the genus Glohioce- lyhcdus, probablj' two distinct species, under the name of " Blackfish," so that the above description may refer to them. See Flower, P.Z. S. 1865. ^ , T , , 9. GRAMPUS. Head rounded, forehead rather convex. Teeth conical, of upper jaw early deciduous, only in the front half of the lower jaw. Dorsal distinct, low, rather behind the middle of the back. Pectorals ovate, rather elongate. Skull depressed ; intermaxillaries dilated, covering great part of the maxilla above, rather swollen behind in front of the blowers, the hinder ^dng of the maxilla horizontal and rather thickened and bent np over the orbit, and slightly dilated and reflexed just in front of the notch. Grampus (pars), Grai/, Spic. Zool. 2, 1828. Grampus, G'/vn/, ZooL E. Sf T. 30, 1847 ;■ Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 82; P. Z. S. 1864, 245. Cetus, sp. (Aries), Wagler, N. S. Ampli. 33. Phocteua, sp., Wayler, N. S. Amph. 34. * Triangle in front of the blowers elongate, produced in front over the votner. 1. Grampus Cuvieri. Cuviers Grampus. Bluish black ; beneath dirty white, passing into the black on the sides. No.se of the skull broad at the base, narrow in front, and con- 296 DELPHINIDiE. cave on the sides, not quite half the entire length of the skull ; lower jaw with two truncated teeth on each side in front. Phocsena giisea, Lesson, Man. 413 ; Wat/Ier, N. S. Amph. 34. Grampus griseus, Gray, Spic. Zool. 2, 1828. ? Grampus, Hunter, Phil. Trans. 1787, t. 17. PDelphmus ventricosus, Lacep. Cet. 311. t. 15. f. 3; Schreb. Sauffeth. t. 341, both copied from Hunter, t. 17. ? Phocsena ventricosa. Lesson, Man. 415, from Huntei: Delphinus globiceps, var., Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 608. Grampus Cuvieri, Gray, Ann. N. H. 1846; Cat. Osteol. B. 3L 36; Zool. Erebus ^- Terror, 31 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 83, 1850 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864. ' Delphinus griseus, Cuv. B. A. i. 290 ; Ann. Mm. xix. t. 1. f. 1 (not - > ' < . -, good), cop. Schreb. t. 345. i. 1 ; Oss. Foss. v. 284, 306, t. 22. f. 1, 2 ; ' F. Curier, Cetac. 182. t. 12. f. 2 ; Besm. Mamm. 518 ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 512; Gervais, Zool. et Paleont. Frang. 149. t. 37. f 5 (from Brest) ; Sckleyel, Abhandl. 33. Marsouin, Duhamel, Pech. iv. t. 9. f. 5. Inhab. North Sea. Coast of France : Brest, Eochelle (lyOrhigny), 1822. Isle of Wight, Hampshire {Bev. C. Bury), 1845. -^d U — a. Skull. Isle of Wight. Presented by the Eev. C. Bury, The measurements of D'Orbiguy's (first) old and (second) young specimens : — ' "^* '.'". Length, entire 10 0 (7 feet.) Length to blowers 2 6 Length to pectoral fin 3 6 Length of pectorals 3 0 Length of dorsal 5 0? Width of tail Height of dorsal 1 2 Skull : Length, entire 17 6 Length of nose 8 0 Length of teeth-series, lower jaw . . 2 3 Length of lower jaw 12 0 Width at notch 7 0 Width at orbit 11 0 Width at middle of nose 3 10 Width of intermaxillary- 3 3 Height at occiput 9 0 The cervical are earliest anchylosed, as in the Belphinus Belphis. Dorsal vertebrae 12. Ribs 12.12; six of the ribs are articulated between the bodies of the vertebrae. Lumbar and caudal vertebrae 42. The spinous processes are suddenly enlarged at the commencement of the loins ; the articular apophysis of the ninth dorsal ceases to enclose the preceding vertebra. The first finger of 2 joints, the second of 8 joints, the third of 7 joints, the fourth of 2 joints, and the fifth of 1 joint. The first bone of the sternum is not perforated, but the last is rather notched. The bladebone has the outline of D. Tursio and the apophyses of D. BeliMs. — Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 306. ^ PUA.^ t&i^ 9. GRAMPTJS. 297 This species loses its upper teeth at an early period, and preserves only a few of its lower ones. The dorsal fin is lower and further back than in D. Orca.—Cav. 11. A. i. 290. M. F. Cuvier (Cetac. 193) has referred the Marsouhi of Duhamel (Pech. iv. t. 9. f. 5) to D. [/lohice^)s; but M. Duhamel particularly observes that the pectoral aud dorsal were nearly equidistant from the head, and that the underside is paler than the back, golden green, not white, which does not agree \vith D. melas. In both these points it suits better with this species. Fio-. 00. Slmll of Grampus Cuvieri, Cuv. t. 22. f. 1. This species was first described from a skeleton and drawing sent fi'om Brest to Paris. The bad coloiu'ing of the drawing induced M. Cu\aer to call it D. (jriscns ; but it is black and not grey ; so that the first specific name cannot be used, as giving a wrong impression of the animal. M. F. Cuvier regards it as distinct from D. Aries of Risso, which his brother thought was the same. {F. Cuv. Cetac. 184.) " The skull of the Brest specimen has the general characters of D. liissoanus ; the teeth are truncated ; the cervical vertebrae anchy- loscd ; and there are 12 dorsal vertebrte." — Gervais,ZooI. et Paleont. Franr. t. 37. f. 5. In D'Orbigny's specimens the dorsal was injured, and in two of them nearly destroyed. The young, 7 feet long, had eight, conical, acute teeth. The older, two males and one female, 10 feet long, had only six or seven, blunt, carious teeth. The upper jaw longest (4 inches), without anj- indication of teeth, even in the young one, but with a slight groove for the reception of the edge of the lower M. d'Orbigny says that this species has " most affinity in its ^/Vf-W- f. 298 DELPUINIDJi. external form to the Grampua of Hunter, t. 17, which Lacepede called D. ventrlcosus, but diflers essentially in the total absence of teeth in the ujipor, and bj^ the number in the lower jaw." Hunter does not figure any teeth in the ujiper, and only a few in the lower jaw. yi-y 1^. 2. Grampus Rissoanus. Risso's Grampus. i-l\- ' r Bluish white, with irregular, brown-edged, scratch-like lines in aU directions. Females uniform brown, with similar scratches. Lower jaw conical, acute ; teeth on each side in front. DelpLinus Rissoanus, Lata: ; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. t. ; Cetnc. 196. t. 12. f. 1 ; Schlegel, Abhandl. 33 ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 512 ; Desm. Mamm. 519. Delpliinvis de Risso, Cuv. Ann. Mvs. xix. 12. f. 4, cop. Schreh. t. 345. f. 4; Risso, Ann. Miis. H. N. xix. 1. 1, 2 ; Europ. Merid. 23. Delphinua Rissoi (D. Rissoanus), Gervais, Zool. et PaUont. Frang. 149. t. 37. f. 1, 2 (skull, from Nice). Delphinus Aries, Hisso, Cuv. Ann. Mt(s. xix. 12. t. 1. f. 4. Grampus Rissii, Jardine, Nat. Lib. vi. 219. t. 18. Cetus (? ), Wagler, N. Sijst. Amph. 33. Plioc£ena Rissoanus, Lesson, Man. 416. Grampus Rissoanus, Grai/, Zool. Erebus ^ Terror, 31 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 84. Var. 1. Dorsal, pectoral, tail, and hinder part of the body below varied with black. — F. Cuv. 7. c. t. 13. f. 1 (male). Inhab. Nice (Misso, Laiirillard). M. Laurillard observes, the teeth are conical, early deciduous, espe- cially of the upper jaw. He gives the following measurements : — ft. iu. Length, entire 9 0 Length of head 1 6^ Height of dorsal 0 9 Lesson refers this species to the genus GloLiocephalus ; but the position of the dorsal and the form of the pectoral, as well as the description of the teeth, make me believe it rather belongs to this genus. M. Cuvier observes that his B. griscus is only described from a bad drawing of this species ; but M. F. Cuvier, who had a new description, and M. Laurillard, consider them distinct. — Reg. Anim. i. 290 ; F. Cuv. Cetac. 184. In the Paris Museum there is a skull from EocheUe, sent by M. d'Orbigny, and a second from Nice, brought by M. LauriUard, which greatly resemble one another. Gervais observes, " The maxillaries arc visible below. The frontal region is rather flattened. Cervical vertebrsE soldered together; dorsal 12, lumbar 7, caudal 49 = 68. The chevron bones commence at the forty-fifth of the series. Inhab. Nice. Length about 10 feet (3 metres)." G. Cuvier described Grampus Rissoanus, which is very nearly allied to his D. griseus ; but the former lives in the Mediterranean, and the latter on the coast of Brittany. The cranium of this species i y. GRAMPUS. 29it presents characters -which are easily recognized. Tlie Museum of Paris possesses two skulls, from specimens taken at Nice by Kisso and Laurillard. There is another in the Museum of Marseilles, ob- tained from one of a shoal which came ashore into Carry, Bouches du Rhone, in lS(}2.—Gervais, ComjJtes Jiendus, 28 Nov. 1864, 87G ; Ann. cj- JUag. N. 11. 1865, xv. 76. •* The triangle short, broad. 3. Grampus Richardsonii. _ Lower jaw straight, regularly diverging, scarcely bulging on the side behind, united by a rather long, wide symphysis in front; obliquely truncated in tront, with a rather prominent, tuberous gonj-x. Teeth 4 . 4, rather large, far apart, conical, tapering at the tip, but subcyUndrical at the base. Grampus, n. s., Grai/, Zool. En-bus S)- Terror, 31. Grampus Richardsonii, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 85 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865. Inhab. Cape of Good Hope. Kalk's Bay, Simon's Bay (Lai/ard). a. Lower jaw. Presented by the Haslar Hospital Museum. This lower jaw appears to differ from the lower jaw of G. Cuvieri in being much thicker at the symphysis, very obliquely truncated in front, and rather projecting below. Teeth 4 . 4, large, conical, ntther acute and recurved ; the upper edge behind the teeth round, with many minute holes on the edge. It measures as foUows : — inches. Length, entire 16 Length, front truncation 2 Length of teeth-series 2 Width near condyle 4 Width in front . ■. 1 Width at condyle 11^ Mr. Layard has sent me for examination a skull of a Grampvs taken from the shores of Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope, which is contained in the South African Museum. It is a typical Grampus, like G. Rissoanus, with four teeth on each side of the front of the lower jaw. It chiefly differs from G. Rissoanus in the shortness of the triangle in front of the blowers, which is not continued over the vomer. The lower jaw agrees so completely with the lower jaw of G. Rkliardsonii, that I believe it belongs to this species, which was probably received from the Capo. — See Gray, F. Z. S. 1865. The skull in the Cape Museum resembles in most particulars that of Grampus Cuvieri, and may be considered that of a typical spe- cies of the genus. It agrees with Bclwja in the convexity of the triangle in front of the blowers and in the general form ; but it differs from that genus in the elevation of the margins of the maxiUic over the orbits, and on the side of the hinder part of the beak in front of the notch, showing that the genus is intermediate in form 300 BELPniNID-T5. between Behiga and Ona. Gr'tminis and Beluga are peculiar for having teeth only in the front part of the lower jaw, as in Globio- cephalus ; hut the teeth of Gramjnis are permanent, while those of Beluga are early deciduous. The lower jaw from the Cape Seas only differs from the lower jaw of the typical specimen of G. Bichardsonii in being rather more slender in front, just behind the gonyx and the end of the teeth- line, and in the teeth being apparently rather shorter and more slender ; but the bases of the teeth of the typical specimen are entirely exposed, and in the one from the South-African Museum they are still imbedded in the dried gums; so that the difference is more apparent than real. The upper edge of the orbit is raised into a decided marginal ridge. The maxillary bones in front of the notch are rather ex- panded and well bent up on the edge. The triangular space in front of the blowers is convex, evenly rounded, and with a well-marked oblique groove on each side in front. The intermaxillary bones are very broad, with a hard, shining, smooth, rather convex upper surface ; they cover fully two-thirds of the upper part of the hinder portion, and much more, or at least four-fifths, of the front part of the beak. The palate is flat in front and rather convex behind. The upper jaw is rather bent down at the tip, and is destitute of teeth ; but has a submarginal line with a few small pits. The lower jaw has four conical teeth on each side in front, placed over the gonyx. Length of the skull 18, of beak from the notch 10|, of lower jaw 14| inches ; width of the brain-case at the centre of the orbit 11, of beak at the notch 7| inches. The triangle in front of the blowers in the skulls of the European species is much elongated, the slender front part being produced between the intermaxillaries nearly to the end of the beak. (1) G. griseus, of Brest, has only 2 . 2 teeth in the front of the lower jaw (Gervais, I. c. t. 57. f. 5). (2) G. Bissoi, of Nice, has 5 . 5 teeth in the front of the lower jaw (Gervais, Zool. et Paleont. Fran^, t. 57. f. 1, 2). In the Cape species the triangle is shorter and much broader com- pared with its length, the front side-margins being more transverse. (3) G. Ru-hardsonn. In G. Bissoi the outer edges of the intermaxillaries are sinuoiis and rather contracted to nearly the middle of their length. In G. Bich- ardsonii the outer edges are rather slightly arched and bent out ; the bones are widest in the middle of their length ; the nostrils are bent to the left side, the right side of the skull being most developed. 4. Grampus affinis. The teeth are 12.12, small, conical, curved, very acute. Nose rather concave on the sides. Intermaxillaries nearly as wide as the jaws. Lower jaw obliquely truncated in front. Length, entire, 24 k 10. pnoc.isNA. 301 inches, of nose 12, of tooth-line 7, of lower jaw 19. Width at notch 9, of middle of beak ()|, at orbits 15| inches. In the Museum of the College of Surgeons is a skull (no. 1138, Hunterian) apparently belonging to another species of this genus. 5. Grampus Sakamata. The Salcamata. Delphinus Orca, Schli'/, Spic. Zool. 2, 1828. Cetus, sp., If'ai/lcr, N. S. Amph. 33, 1830. Delphinus, sp., Curler. The skuU of the young has no bony tentorium, though in the old specimens it is well marked. — Jucksoii, Bost. Journ. N. H. v. 167. [* 314 GLOBIOCEPHALID.E. The sucking young have no visible teeth ; the adults have teeth in each jaw, but the aged individuals have generally lost them in both. — Flem ing. ( (-\ • a. Body black, with a white line and rays beneath. ^ ij \ h. Body nearly uniform black. , ,■]. \ a. Black, with a white streak beneath. 1. Globiocephalus Svineval. The Pilot Whale. Black, streak from throat to vent (sometimes dilated into a cross band) white ; teeth f | to f|, rarely |f . — Fleming. The upper sur- face of the maxillaries and intermaxillaries rugose in front ; inter- maxillaries form a triangular patch in front of the palate. Second and third cervical vertebrae co-ossiiied. Petit Cachalot, Dauh. Acad. Sci. 1782, t. 1, cop. Bonnat. Cetol. t. Cachalot Svineval, Lacej}. Cet. 216, not si/n. Sibhald. Narwal i^dente, Camper, Cetac. t. 33, 34. Grampus globiceps, Gray, Spic. Zool. 2, 1828. Ca'ing Whale, Neill, Orkney and Shetland, 1836, 221. Delphinus melas, Ti-aill, Nichol. Journ. xxii. 1809, 21. t. ; Ou-en, Cat. Osteol. Mm. Coll. Surg. 4-55 ; Fleming, B. Anim. 341 ; Jettgns, Man. 43 ; Schlegel, Dieren, 92. t. 16. Delphinus cleductor, " Traill,'' Scoresbg, Arct. Reg. i. 496. t. 13. f. 1, 1820, cop. Jardine, Whales, t. 17 ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 483. fig. Delphinus globiceps, Cuv. Ann. Mus. xix. t. 1. f. 2, $ , 1812 (cop. Schreb. t. 345. f. 2, 3) ; Oss. Foss. v. 285. t. 21. f. 11, 13, 297. t. 22. f. 3, 4, 305; Schreb. Sdugeth. t. 345; Blainrille, Journ. Phys. 1817, 74. t. 6 ; Desm. Mamm. 819 ; Fischer, Sgn. Manim. 612 ; Nilss&n, Skand. Fauna, 608 ; Schlegel, Abhandl. 33. Phocsena globiceps, Lesson, Man. 416. Phocajna melas. Couch, Ann. 4- Mag. N. H. 1842, ix. 371. t. 6 ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 483. fig. Delphinus Grampus, Cat. Mus. Coll. Surg. n. 1137. Globiocephalus Svineval, Gray, Zool. Ereb. 4" Terr. 32 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 87. Anat. Daubenton, Mem. Acad. Sci. 1782, t. 4, cop. Lacep. Cet. t. 9. f. 2 ; Bonnat. Cet. t. 6. f. 2. Black Whale, Howling Whale, Social Whale, Bottlehead, Sailors. Inhab. North Sea. a. Skull. Orkneys. Presented by Professor Traill. h. Lower jaw, half-grown ? c. Adult, stuffed. English Coast. Dr. Fleming gives the following measurements : — in. lin. Length of animal, entire 19 6 Length to pectoral 3 6 Length to dorsal 2 3 Width of pectoral 1 6 Width of tan 5 0 Height of dorsal 1 3 Circumference 10 0 j V 1. GLOBIOCEPHAHJS. 315 The following are the measurements of three skulls, in inches and lines ; 1. is in the British Museum, 2. Mus. Coll. Surg. n. 1137, and 3. n. 1138 of the same collection : — 1. 2. 3. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin, SkuU : Length of, entire 28 0 29 0 24 0 Length of nose 15 0 15 0 12 0 Length of teeth-series ..90 86 70 Length of lower jaw .... 19 0 Width at notch 11 6 110 9 0 Width at orbit 19 6 19 6 15 6 Width of intermaxillary 9 0 7 0 Width of middle of nose 9 6 6 6 Height at occiput 15 0 Female suckling, with the young 4 feet 6 inches long in December ( Watson), and 7 feet long in January. Vertebrae 55 : 7 cervical, first free, second and third united by body and partly by lateral process, rest free; 11 dorsal, and 37 posterior. The vertebroe anchylose soon. Dorsal vertebrae 12. Ribs 12 . 12, the first six only attached to the vertebrae. The other vertebrae 37, of which seven are united ; the pelvis bones attached under the seventh, eighth, and ninth caudal. The first bone of the sternum pierced, and in the young deeply notched and with slightly marked lateral angles. The bladebone less ciu'ved near the spine, its front angle more acute, and its acromion shorter and more square than that of D. Delphis. The pectoral is elongate, the articulations of the fingers more numerous — the first of 4, the second, which is the largest, of 12, the third of 9, the fourth of 2, and the fifth of a single joint. They are all terminated by a cartilaginous tip. — Cuv. Oss. Fuss. V. 306. The pelvis bone elongate, subcylindrical, slender, slightly cm-ved, very like that of the adult I). Orca ; in size and form but a little stouter. " ' The Ca'ing Whale.' Though it moves uniformly forward, its motion is slow, and when it comes up to blow it remains several minutes on the surface. It is easily controlled in its motions ; so that a whole herd is frcqucntlj' driven ashore at once. If one individual be wounded and take to the ground, the others will speedily take the same course, whence the origin of the name. Externally it has a single spiracle ; in aged animals some of the teeth are deficient, and in the suckling none are visible. Sand-eels have been found in its stomach."- — Floning, B. A. 34. Very common at the Faroe Islands, and called GrindewaJ. Very many are taken annually on their passage from the Polar Seas to the Atlantic. — Esrhrich t. The Rev. Dr. Barclay observes that the favourite food of the Del- phinus melas seems to be cuttlefish, of which quantities are generally found in the stomach. — Bell, Brit. Quad. 485. " This species goes in herds ; different companies display consider- 316 OLOHrOCErnALIDJE. able variety of appearance. The Leading "Whale is of a very dark colour ; but a •whole herd is sometimes seen of a cream-colour, and single specimens of a light tint are not unfrequent. These cannot be the D. Beluga or White Whale, as the latter is without the dorsal fin." — Couch, Corn. Fauna, 10. Fiff. G2. ^. Upper surface of the skull of Glohlocephalus Srineral. B. M. 1. OLOBIOOEPnALUS. 317 Van Bcnodcn (N. Mora. Acad. Brux. xxxii. 5) states that a female was got at Huyst, in Belgium, Nov. 1859, 20 feet long, with foetus 5 feet long. lie states, the fcetus was coloured exactly like the adult. Eschricht observes that a fcetus only a foot long has the pectoral fins of the shape so characteristic of the genus. The teeth were present, but hud not cut the gums; they were \^, and they are evidently permanent, and not replaced. " Number of alveoli 10 . 10. The upper jaw is less obtusely rounded than in the preceding specimen (no. 2519). The teeth are relatively smaller and more pointed. The outer margin of the sub- orbital arch is flatter, and joins the upper surface at a right angle, being separated from it by a ridge ; in the preceding specimen the outer margin of the orbit is convex, and passes by a gradual curve into the upper siu'face, — the whole upper surface of the beak being formed by the premaxillaries ; in the present specimen the maxil- laries slope down more gradually, aud therefore appear in the upper view of the skull." — Cat. Osteol. Series, p. 456. , ^ • j Var. 1 ? Delphinus globiceps, Sisso, Europ. Mend. iii. t. 1. f. 1 ; ^^-'U^^ F. Cuv. 223. ''^ Black, with a grey band on each side from the throat to the vent ; head large, round, swollen ; jaws equal ; teeth |-|, round, conical, curved. Inhab. Nice (Risso). Is probably the same as D. Svineval, but M. F. Cuvier regards it as distinct. The genua Olohiceps has been recognized by M. Gervais in some Delphinklce of 14 to 17 feet long, of which a shoal of about fifteen ran on shore near Barcares, Pyrenees orientales, in February 1804. Four of these reached M. Gervais, and he compared the skeleton of one of them with different skeletons of G. melas in the Museum of Paris. The only differences that can bo pointed out reside in the cui'vaturc of the incisive bones and in the somewhat more obtuse ap- pearance of the teeth ; but equivalent differences also occur between the specimens of Ghhiceps from other seas, when carefully compared, so as to a certain extent to justify the supposed species which have been admitted in this genus by authors. The Meditei'ranean Globi- ceps thus appears to constitute a new race, if not a new species, like the Cetacea of this genus which live in the ocean, it has a head much infiated and the muzzle short ; and its colour is black, except beneath, where it presents a large median band, commencing in the form of a heart near the throat, and extending to the anus. — Gervais, Comptes Rendus, Nov. 28, 1864 ; Ann. 6f Mag. N. U. 1865, xv. 76. 2. Globiocephalus affinis. Smaller Pilot WJiale. Teeth |4, small, conical, curved, verj' acute ; nose exactly h;ilf as long as the liead, rather tapering, and rather concave on the sides ; 318 GLOBIOCEPHALID^. intermaxillary nearly as wide as the jaw ; lower jaw obliquely trun- cated in front ; palate fiat in front. Delphinus Grampus, Cat. Mus. Coll. Surg. n. 1138; Hunterian Coll. u. 686. Delphinus melas, Owen, British Fossil Mammalia ; Cat. Osteal. Miis. Coll. Surff. n. 2518. Globiocephalus affinis, Gray, Zool. Ereb. ^- Terr. 32 ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 89 ; P. Z. S. 1864," 242. Inhab. North Sea, Mus. Coll. Surg. . ,. Skull : Length, entire 24 0 Length of nose 12 3 Length of teeth-Une 7 0 Length of lower jaw 19 0 Width of nose at notch 9 0 Width of middle of nose 6 6 Width at orbits 15 6 This is probably a young specimen of Ghhiocephalus Svhuval. The skull differs in being rather slenderer in front, and in the inter- maxillary not being rugose in front. In the Catalogue of the Mus. CoU. Surg. 165. n. 1138, it is called " the skull of a small Grampus," Hunterian, and n. 1136, " the skull of a large Grampus," Hunterian. It appears to be the skull which Prof. Owen gives the measurements of, under the name of D. melas, in his account of Phoccena crassidetis, in the work on British Fossil Mammalia. The skuU of the Black Grampus (Delphinus melas), which formed part of the Hunterian Collection in the Museum of the College of Surgeons (see Cat. p. 456, n. 2518), is thus described — "Number of alveoli i|^= 46. The teeth are moderately small, conical, subincurved, decreasing to the two extremes of the series. The fourth to the tenth inclusive are subequal. The symphysis of the lower jaw is subtriangular, and curves from below upwards at its extremity." ' 1 i" '' t ^^ ^' Globiocephalus intermedius, Blacl-Jish. ^ "j4- Teeth |^, several being quite loose. Skin uniform dull slate- 1 ^ colour ; belly with an ill-defined, narrow, clouded white streak ex- ^ ' ' tending from beneath the jaw to about the anus, being much broader and whiter in some parts than in others, and most so beneath the jaw. Delphinus intermedius, Harlan, Journ. Acad. Sci. Philacl. vi. 51. t. 1. Delphinus llarlani, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 656 ; Schins. Globiocephalus melas, Dekay, Zool. New York, t. Phocsena globiceps, Sampson, Silliman Amer. Journ. Sci. iii. 301. fig. Delphinus globiceps, Jackson, Boston Journ. N. H. v. 160. t. 15. f. 1. Globiocephalus Svineval, var. ?, Gray, Zool. Ereh. i^- Terr. 32. Globiocephalus intermedius, Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 88. Blackfish, American Sailors, Neuivied, Voy. Amer. Nord, iii. 232. Anat. Jackson, Boston Journ. N. H. v. 100. t. 15. f. 2 (stomach). Inhab. Coast of North America. 1. GLOBIOCEPHALUS. 319 Weight estimated at 255 lbs. Length, from nose to end of tail, 86 inches, to pectoral fin 20, to dorsal. 30, to blow-hole 9|, to eye 9|, to penis 49, to anus 56 inches ; span of tail 21 ; pectoral fin 5| across the base, 21 inches along the anterior edge, and 6 inches along the posterior ; circumference in front of dorsal fin 46 ; blowhole concave anteriorly and 1 1 inch across from tip to tip ; eyes iths of an inch. Yertebrai 58 ; bodies of six of the cervical co-ossified ; 11 dorsal, and iiostcrior to them were 40. — Jackson, 1. c. It has been thought that the European and American specimens were the same ; but the anatomical descriptions show the following difi'erences : — 1. American. Vertebrte 58 : cervical 7 (bodies of first six co- ossified); dorsal 11 ; posterior 40. — Jaclson, I. c. 166. 2. European. Vertebrae 55 : cervical 7 (bodies of second and third co-ossified); dorsal 11; posterior 37. — Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. Above shining black, side of the abdomen and neck marked with the continuation of the white colour of the abdomen and throat; beneath varied with white. Tail compressed, terminating in a deep constriction before the caudal fin. Coloui* imiform black above, with a white patch beneath the throat, becoming a narrow longitu- dinal stripe on the breast between the fins, and a broad longitudinal band on the abdomen. Teeth about twenty in each jaw, small, prismatic, slightly reflected, and projecting half an inch above the gums. Head blunt, cyHndrical, and anteriorly subglobose. Body sHghtly compressed. Tail strongly compressed, almost carinated, and much constricted just before the caudal fins. Length 16|, girth in largest part 10, length of pectorals 3 feet 11 inches, gape of mouth 9. Pectoral fins one-fourth, dorsal fin one-thirteenth of the total length. " Inhab. New England. A female. " Distinguished from B. Grampus, Hunter, and D. glohkeps, Cuvier, by the caudal constriction, as weU as in its foi-m, propor- tions, and markings. " A specimen harpooned at Craigie's Bridge, 16th June, 1842, looked quite thin. It was a uniform dark slate-colour, except the belly, . where was an ill-defined, narrow, clouded, white streak, extending from beneath the jaw to almost the anus, being much broader in some parts than othei's, and most so beneath the jaw. " Vertebra) 58 ; bodies of the six cer\'ical co-ossified. It was a male, 7 feet long, and weighed about 255 lbs. Teeth ^. — See ana- tomj'." — Jackson, Boston Journal Nat. Hist. 1845, v. 160. t. 15. f. 1. The cranium agreed pretty well with Cuvicr's figure of that of D. globiceps, but not so well as an old cranium in the same museum. The upper surface of the maxillary bones in both specimens was less broad and flatter than he represents them. In the Paris Museum there is a skull of this genus from Guada- loupe, named D. globiceps. The middle of the intermaxillaries is as wide as the maxilla?. Skull : length, entire, 23| inches, of nose 114 ; width at notch 85, at middle of beak S\ inches. 320 GLOBIOCEPHALIDxE. 4. Globiocephalus Edwardsii. " Head large and clumsy, rounded on the upper surface, and ter- minating in front by a short, pointed snout. Teeth jl^. Eyes situated a little above the angle of the mouth. Dorsal fin long, pointed, slightly curved backwards, and situated nearly midway between head and tail. Pectoral fins narrow, pointed; caudal fin deeply and widely notched, opposite termination of vertebral column, Coloiu" black ; sides, throat, and upper part of the body towards the tail black ; belly and sides white. Length, entire, 12^ ; circumference in front of dorsal 6| ; tail, wide, 2| feet. ^^. , ' Phocffina Edwardsii, A. Smith, African Zoology, 127. "^-i " Inhab. Seas about the Cape of Good Hope." ,' ; Sir Andrew Smith observes, " For the description and a drawing of this sj)ecies I am indebted to M. E. Yerreaux, who some time ago had a good opportunity of examining a specimen which had been cast ashore near Slangkop." Sir Andrew Smith has kindly given me this drawing; it is very like Globiocephalus Svineval of the European seas. See also " PJioccena globiceps," A. Smith, African Zool. 126. Inhab. South-east coast of Africa (A. Smith). " I am unable to state the number of teeth, as the specimen I possess is young." — A. Smith, I. e. 127. .^_ _^. ,Jiatia ,K H-^^^l C^H^ = E^4'ur/iL^ Bfilphinus Victorini, 'drill (Svenska Vetensk. Hand. 18G0 ; Arch. Na- t^.^j^'^'Ui^ tn^ \irff. xxvii. 1861, 114) ? ScJiA-t'. A "iT Blow-%ole crescent-shaped. Black above, white below, both colours ' / ' ' being separated by an arched line running from the angle of the 'Ju'i.d^ . mouth to tlie pectoral fin, and thence a2)proaching the median line, jJij^tA^^^ili SO that the lines of both sides are distant from each other only 1 to '^a^f'- /^ 7(4 3 ^ ^^^^ ^^ theVegion of the navel; they are confluent at an acute angle behind toe vent. The lower siu-face of the caudal fin white ; a white stripe, SVeet long and 4 to 5 inches broad, commences a few inches above the eVes. Length 19 feet (Swedish). Inhab. Cape of (^od Hope. Discovered by Victorin ^ , y • ' f b. Black, or 07ily rathm- paler beneath. !^)*^ ' 5. Globiocephalus macrorhynchus. The South-Sea Blachjish. Uniform black. Nose of skull short and broad, rounded in front, nearly as broad in the middle as at the preorbital notch. Teeth subcylindrical, |-. Lower jaw rounded in front. Length 16, rarely 20 feet. Globiocephalus macrorhynchus, Gray, Zool. Ereb. Sf Terrm; 33 ; Cat, Cetac. B. M. 1850, 90. Killer or BlacMsh, J. Bennett, MS. Mus. Coll. Surg. Blackfish of South Sea Whalers (Phocffiua, sp,), Bennett, Whaling Voyage, ii. 233. fig. ] . GLOWOCErUALUS. 321 Blacktisli (Phocrena nigra), Clarke in Nunn, Nurrut. of Wreck of Faconrlte, 184, fig-. (1850, 8vo) Y Bkckfish, Coliu'tt, Vol/. S. Pacific? Inhab. South Seas. a. Skull, imjjcrfect. Presented by Dr. MiUigan. Skull, Mus. Coll. Surg. Presented by J. Bennett, Esij. Called a " Killer or Blackfish" : — iu. liu. Length, entire 24 0 Length of nose 11 0 Length from tip of nose to back of palate. ... 14 (5 Length of teeth-line 5 (5 Length of lower jaw IG G Breadth at preorbital notch 9 G Breadth at middle of nose 9 0 Breadth at temple 17 0 Breadth of intermaxiUarj- G 0 Head thick, square, and short; the snout lilunt and but little prominent. The angles of the hps are curved upwards, giving the physiognomy an innocent smiling expression. Body clumsy, round and broad, and the termination of the trunk in the tail-fin rather abrupt. — Bennett, I. c. 233. Colnett (Toy. S. Pacific) speaks of innumerable shoals of Blackfish on the shores of California. The contents of the stomach were chiefly cuttlefish. The Blackfish roam about the ocean in very large troops (a soU- tarj individual is occasionally seen), are active and watchful, but betray Kttle concern at ships or boats. They appear to inhabit the greater portion of the aqueous globe, uninfluenced by the remoteness or \'icinity of land. We observed examples in many parallels of latitude between the equator and 50° N. and 53° S., in the central part of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as weU as off the coast of California and in the Indian Archipelago. Sperm-whalers often attack this species with their boats in order to obtain a supply of oil for ship consumption ; some risk, however, attends their capture, for when harpooned they will sometimes leap into a boat. A Blackfish of average size wiU produce from 3(>to ,35. gallons of oil, which in its most recent state has a dark colour and an unpleasant odour. — Bennett, 235. It is probable that ilr. Bennett in the above range confounded together under the name of Bhiclcji^ih more than one species. There can be no doubt of this being the case, as ilr. Flower has received skulls of two genera, viz. J'seui/orca meridionalis and two species of GlohiocephaluA, sent as the '• Bhu.-kfish " from a whaler in Australia. I am not sure that the skull described is that of the animal called the " lilackfi.sh ;' ' at least, if it is, there must be more than one genus of whales so called. There is a .^kuU of this species in the ^luseum of the lloval College of Siu-geons, called the skull of the llound-headed Grampus {Del- X 322 GLOBIOCEPIIALID^. phinus globiceps), which was presented by Fred. D. Bennett, Esq., F.Z.S. It is thus described by Professor Owen : — " Number of alveoli g^=30. The skull corresponds closely with that of the Delphinm globiceps of Cuvier, figured in ' Ossemens Fos- siles,' torn. v. part 1. t. 21. f. 11-13. It differs in the closer prox- imity of the occipital condyles to each other below, and the end of the flattened upper jaw is rather more obtusely rounded." In the same collection there is a second skull of the Hound-headed Grampus {^DelpMnus globiceps), wanting the lower jaw, presented by Lieut. Colquhoun. " The Blackfish of Desolation, near Kerguelen's Land, is about 11 feet long. Head longish, with a rounded nose ; both jaws with numerous small teeth. Dorsal fin near the middle of the back, not arched backwards. Body small, entirely black. 8pout not per- ceptible. This whale is often thrown ashore in the bays of the islands. " — Ntimi^s Narrative. 6. Globiocephalus Indicus. Globiocephalus Indicus, Blyth, Journ. Amdic Sac. xix. 425 ; xxi. 3r)8 (1852) ; xxviii. 490. Blackfish of the Bay of Bengal, Bli/th, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beixjal, xix. 426. The "Blackfish" of the seamen of the Bay of Bengal. It is found in the Bay of Bengal, occasionally ascending, in or about July, the Gangetic rivers. There is the skeleton of an adult male and a mounted skeleton of a female from a great shoal, " schule " or " school," which found their way into the salt-water lake near, and the skeleton of a newly-born female, procured in the Calcutta fish- market in 1850, in the Museum at Calcutta. There is in the same musevim a stuffed specimen of a young animal, 6| feet in length, which Avas procured in the Hugli, near Serampore. A shoal of several dozen was seen floundering about in the shallow water and groaning painfully. The natives towed them ashore into the river as they died, ha\-ing no notion of extracting oil from their car- cases. The weather was terrifically hot. — Journ. Asiat. Soc. xix.42(j. Mr. Blyth observes, " The species is well distinguished from Gl. deductor of the Atlantic, of which we have a fine skull of an old animal for comparison. The intermaxillaries of the Indian species are shorter and one-fourth broader, and the teeth are considerably stouter. Coloiu" of the animal uniform leaden black, slightly paler underneath. Length of an adult male 14 feet 2 inches, flippers 2 feet 6 inches in greatest breadth. Length of the dorsal fin 2| feet, and height 11 inches, breadth of the tail-flukes 3 feet, and from vent to cleft of the tail 4 feet 10 inches. Adult female rather small. The skeleton of the female set up in our museum has a series of 49 vertebrae: in addition to the united cervical, there are 11 dorsal or costal, 12 lumbar without the tirticulated V-bones, 16 with the latter, and 10 small caudal within the tail-flukes." Perhaps a Neomeris. 2. SPH^EROCEPn.VLUS. 323 7. Globiocephalus Sieboldii. The Naiso-gota. Delphiuus globiceps, Teinm. Fauna Japan. Mamni. t. 27 (young). Globiocephalus Sieboldii, Grai/, Zool. Ereh. ^- Terror, 32 : Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 90. Anat. Fatina Japan, t. 27 (skull, &c.). Iiihab. Japan. M. Siebold brought with him a figure of a very young specimen, 5 feet 6 inches long, of this species, made by M. Villeneuve, which is copied in the ' Fauna Japonica,' and a complete skeleton. M. Temminck regards it as undoubtedly the same as the European, but yet allows that there are some differences between it and the adult specimen observed on the European shores. The forehead is less swollen, and the pectoral fins are rather larger than in G. Svhieval of Europe. This species is called in Japan Naiso-gota. The Japanese distinguish two other species: — 1. Sibo golo, which is purple, ^\dth a white spot behind the dorsal fin, and the lower jaw furnished ^vith many plaits. 2. Ohanan golo, black, with a larger muzzle and more spacious mouth ; the dorsal one-third from head, back-edge before the middle ; pectoral one-foiu'th from head ; pec- toral one-sixth of the total length ; length of skull 15 inches ; beak 6-9 ; width at notch 4-9. The Delphinus glohkeps (Grant, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1 833, 65), brought by Capt. Delvitte from the North Pacific, which Schlegel thought might be this species, is a species of Orea. 8. Globiocephalus Chinensis. " Globiocephalus, n. s., the Chinese Globiocephalus,'' Blijth, Rep. Astatic Hoc. 11. Globiocephalus Rissii, Anon. Chinese Bepositori/, Jan. 1833, 411. Colour black above, lighter on the belly. Length 9f feet. " Head 18 inches long, and average circumference 3 feet. The dorsal fin tri- angular, and almost immoveable, 15 inches long ; pectoral 14 inches, and all remarkable for their firmness and strength." Inhab. China seas, near Lenchen. A male. (Jan. 1833.) "This species does not spout a jet, though their breathing is dis- tinctl}' heard at a short distance. They swim near the surface, and wc had several opportunities of obser\-ing their habits duiing the voyage. The sailors term them Coivjish." Mr. Blyth says that details of the anatomy are given in the paper in the 'Chinese Itepository' above quoted. 2. SPH^ROCEPHALUS. Palate convex, shelving on the sides. The rostnim of the skuU oblong, nearly of th(> same width for the greater part of the length, and regularly rounded in front. Otherwise like Glohiocephalus. Globiocephalus § Sphferocephalus, Grai/,Prac. Zool. plialii3 iiicva^^satns, Gnni, Pmr. Z(,,>/. Sor. 1801,309; 18G4, 24;i; Arch. Xatun/. 18(52, ir,4". Inhab. ]}ntisli Seas, Bridport {Rev. J. Beecham, 1853). n. Skull : Bridport. Presented by Rev. J. Beecham, 1853. Fi-. 04. (I. Side view ofsliull ol' t>pli(erovcph/ni,i(t^ B. Teeth 2 or 4, m f-ont end of the loicerjair, coincal or cylindrical. Beak of skull simple ; interntaxUlaries enlaryed behind, fonniny a more w less dee2) cavity round the blowers. Epiodoutina. 8. Epiodon. Vomer simple, smallau; intermaxillaries elevated, and forming a moderately deep, well-marked basin round the blowers. 4. Petbohhynchts. Vomer swollen, foiTaing a lai'ge, elongated tubercle between the callous intemiaxillaries ; intemiaxillaries forming a deep basin romid the blowers. C. Teeth in the side of the lower jaw, compressed. Beak of skull simple; interma.ullaries linear, rather swolkn on side of blowers. Ziphiina. 5. BEHAHDirs. Teeth in the front of the side of the lower jaw; lower jaw simple, tapering. 6. ZiPHius. Teeth in the middle of the side of the lower jaw; lower jaw simple, tapering. 7. DioPLODOX. Teeth in the middle of the side of the lower jaw. Lower jaw broad behind, suddenly contracted in front. A. Teeth 2 or 4, in the front end of the lower Jaic, or often hidden in the gums. Beak of skull with a high crest on each side above, formed by the elevation of the ma.rilhiry hones. Eyes close to the gape. Cerviad vertebra all anchylo.T. 24 ; Cat. Cetac. B.yi. 'iP.'iO, ; Froc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 2-39. Diodonea (pars), Rajin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815. IvCs Ileterodontes, Duvernoy, Ann. Sci. Xat. 1851, xv. 23; Arch. Naturg. 1852, 21. 328 1. HYPEROODON. Forehead convex. Blower transverse, slightly convex forward in the middle, and bent back a little at the ends. Gape short, only as long as the short beak. The eyes near and the ears far behind the gape. The crests of the maxillary bones thin and wide apart above. The beak of the skull descending forwards. The hinder edge of the skull as high as the crests. Lower jaw rather ciu-ved. Blade- bone triangular, angles very acute ; the acromion very broad at the end, directed downwards, and the coracoid upwards, the upper edge with a prominence (see Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 318. t. 24. f. 23). The bones of the arm short ; fingers short (Cuv. 318). Cei'vical vertebrae united, all anchylosed together. — 3Ius. Hull; Graves, Edinh. Phil. Journ. 1830, 59. 1. Hyperodon, Bafn. Anal Nat. 60, 1815 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 239. Hyperoodon, Lacep. ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 327. t. 24 ; Gray, Cat. Cdac. P. M. 1850, 61 ; Duvernoi/, Ann. Sci. Nat. xv. 44, 1851 ; Rousseau, Mag. Zool. 1858, 205. Chenodelphinus, EsehricM, Isis, 1844, 805. 2. Uranodon, Pliger, Prodr. 143, 1811. Nodus (sp.) edeutulus, Wagler, N. S. Amph. 34. Orca, Wagler, N. 8. Amph. 34. Anarnacus, Lacep. ; Dumeril, Z. A. ; Pafiv. Anal. Nat. 61, 1815 ; Gray, Zool. Ereb. 8f Terror. Ancylodon, Illic/er, Prodr. 142, 1811 ; 0];en, Lehrh. Nalury. 673, 1815. 3. Hypodon, Ilaldeman. Chenocetus, E-ehrieht, Danish Trans. Cetodiodon, Jacob, Dublin Phil. Journ. Diodon, Lesscni, (Enrr. Buffon, i. 124. Monodon spurius, O. Fain: Heterodon, sp., Desmarest, Mamm. Delphiuus, sj)., Desmarest, Mamm, 4. PDiodypus, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815 (no type or char.). In the British Museum there is the mass of the cervical vertebrae of a young Hyperoodon Butzlcopf. It is unfortunatelj- not in a good condition, the edges being Avorn, and the ujiper lateral processes of the hinder cervical vertebrae being broken off. It agrees in general shape with the cervical vertebrae of Lagenocetus ; but the upper cones formed of the united neural arches are not so high, nor keeled in front ; the principal difference is in the seventh cervical vertebra and its lateral processes and neural arch being as completely united to the other vertebrae as any of the rest, they all seven forming a single bony mass. The canal of the spinal marrow is very large, but otherwise like that of Laejenocctus ; but the hinder part of the canal is higher, being as high as wide above, and its width is rather greater thanjialf the width of the body of the seventh cervical vertebra. According to Voigt and Thompson the ends of the blowers point forward ; Dale, Baussard, Doumet, Bell, and Jenyns describe them as pointing backwards; Desmarest and others assumed the latter as 1. nvPERoonoN. ;^:29 a generic character ; Wcsmael describes the apcrtiirc as transverse, linear, slio-htly convex forward in the middle, and slightly bent back at the ends ; and this exjilains, I suspect, the diiferent account that authors have given of this part, some looldng at the middle, and others at the ends only. Professor Owen, in the ' Catalogue of the Osteological Series in the Iloyal College of Surgeons,' no. 2479, p. 448, has some notes on " the skeleton of the Bident Dolphin, or Bottlenose Whale {Hypero- oilon hidins)," which was taken in the Thames, near London Bridge, in the year 1783, and is described and figured by John Hunter in the ' Philosophical Transactions' for the year 1787, pi. 19. There is in the same collection the front portion of the lower jaw of an immature animal, no. 2480, with the teeth, and showing the sockets of other teeth. The lateral border of each maxillary bone is developed into a broad and lofty vertical crest, and the hinder border of the same bone to the occipital region is developed into an occipital crest (/. c. 448). Mr. Pearson of the Hull Philosophical Society, Mr. Ball of Dublin, and Mr. W. Thompson of Belfast have sent mo various detailed dramngs of the head of the Hyperoodons talcen off the British and Irish coasts, in their possession ; they, the skeleton at Liverpool, and the French skeleton which has latelj' been added to the Anatomical ]\Iuscum of Paris, appear all to belong to one species, and to be the Slime as Hunter's specimens in the Royal College of Surgeons, and the skull figured by Camper and Cuvier. Laccpede called the genus Ht/peroodon, and Illiger Uranodon, because of the teeth on the palate described by Baussard. They have not been observed in other specimens ; and Illiger, in his generic character, by mistake, says the two teeth are in the upper jaw (Gen. 143). Professor Eschricht proposed the name of Cheno- cdus, instead of Ilnperoodon, which is founded on an erroneous description. The name Goose WJiaJe, or its translation, is applied to this animal by the inhabitants of most part of the seas where it inhabits, and it was earlj- described as the Goose-heaked Whale by Pontoppidan (Nat. Hist. Norway, chap. v. 123, 124, fig.). Dr. Jacob calls it Cctodiodon. Professor Eschricht, in the ' Danish Transactions,' has given an account of the histoiy of the genus, and of its anatomy, including some admirable details of its brain. He also shows that there are numerous small teeth in the jaws (see figiu'es at pj). 331-335), besides tlie two large teeth in front. — Danish Acad . Trans, ii. 327,331,332, 3.34, 335 ; Ann. ^- Mag. JV. II. 1852, ix. 283. 0. Fabricius described a whale, under the name of Monndon spu- rius, called by the Greenlanders Anarnah, as haAnng two small, conical, slightly curved, blunt teeth prominent in front of the upper jaw ; the lower jaw toothless. M. Cuvier (Oss. Foss.) regards it as a Ihiperoodon, and he only believed in the existence of one species of the genus, il. F. Cuvier. who misunderstood the descrijition of Chemnitz with respect to the teeth of Bahina ro.Hrata, is inclined to unite it to that species, with which it agrees in being all black, but 330 ziniiiD-E. observes they differ greatly in size (Cetac. 226). It cannot be the yonng Narwhcal, for the back is tinned. Professor Eschricht regards the Anarnak or Monodon spurius, 0. Fab., on which Laccpede formed the genus Anamacus (Cetac. 164), as the common Hi/peroodon, in which Fabricius mistook the lower for the upper jaw. The fat of Hyperoodon is purgative, which Fabricius describes to be a peculiarity of the Amtrnac. Lacepede (Cetac. 164) described it as a genus under the name of Ancn-nacus, and Illiger (Prodr. 142) under that of Ancylodon; and in the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' on the strength of Fa- bricius's usual accuracy, I adopted the views of this natui-aUst ; but Professor Eschricht's observations have induced me to believe that Cuvier and other naturalists were right in considering it a synonym of Hyperoodon. The error of Fabricius is very pardonable, as Desmarest and Lesson have mistaken the upper for the lower jaw in Chemnitz's description (Desm. Mamm. 520 ; Lesson, Mamm. 427 ; Cetac. 120) ; and M. F. Cuvier has not well understood it, as pointed out by M. Wesmael (l. c.) ; and Illiger makes the same mistake with regard to his species. Physeter hidens (Sowerby) has been referred to this genus ; but the form of the head and position of the fins, the teeth, and the form of the skull show it to be a Ziphius. Hyperoodon Butzkopf. The BottMiead. Black, beneath lead -coloured. 1. Bottlebead, or Floimder's Head, Dcdc, Hist. Hanvich, 411. t. 149 (male 18, female 13 feet long), cop., 1730. Beaked Whale, Pmn. Brit. Zool. t., 1769. Delphinus Butzkopf, Bonnat. 25 ; Desm. N. Diet. ix. 176, 1789. 2. Hyperoodon Butzkopf, Lacep. Cetac. 319, from Baussard, Jmirn. Phys. xxxiv. 201. t. ; copied, F. Cuv. Cetac. 241. 1. 17. f. 1, 1. 11. f. 1 ; cop.. Gray, Zool. Erehus Sf Terror, 20. t. 3. f. 1, 2 (animal), f. 4, 5 (skuU) ; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 61 ; P. Z. S. 1860, 424. Delphinus ? edentulus, ScJireh. Sdugeth. t. 347, 1802. Nodus edentulus, Wayler, N. S. Amph. 34, Delphinus bidens, Turton, B. Fauna, 17. D. Hyperoodon, Desm. Mamm.h'i\ ; Thompson ; Fischer, Syn. 515, 1822. Heterodon Hyperoodon, Lesson, 3Ian. 419, 1827. Hyperoodon IBaussardi, F. Cianer; Ihivernoy, Ann. Sei. Nat. xv. 1851. D.' Ilonfloriensis, Desm. ?3. Monodon spurius (Anamak), O. Fabr. Faun. Grcetd. 31 ; Bonnat. Cetol. 11 ; hence Delphinus anamacus, Desm. Mamm. 520. D. ? spurius, Fischer, Syn. 515. Anarnakus Grcenlandicus, Lacep. Cet. 164. Ancylodon spurius, IlUger, Prodr. 142. Heterodon anarnacum, Lesson, Man. 418. 4. Hyperoodon, Lonychamps, Mem. Soc. Linn. Norm. vii. 19. t. 1. 5. Balsena rostrata, Chemnitz, Berlin Besch. iv. 183, 1778 ; hence Delphinus Chemnitzianus, Blainv. in Desm. N. Diet. ix. 175, 1822. Heterodon Chemnitzianuni, Lesson, Man. 418, 1827. 1. nYPKROODOX. 'Ml G. Bottlenose Whale of Bale, Hunter, Phil. Tniiis. 1787, Ixxvii. t. 19: cop. lionnui. Cetac. t. 11. f. .'3, and Bell, Brit. QiiuiJ. 292. f. Delpuiniis Ilunteri, Desni. Mamm. 520, 1822, irom Hunter. D. diodou, Lacep. Catac. 309. t. 13. f. 3; Gerard, Did. S. Xat. vi. 78. D. bidentatus, Bonnat, Cetac. 1. 11. f. 3, 1789; Desin. K. Diet. ix. 175, from Hunter. Hyperoodon bidens, Flem. B. A. 36 ; Jenyns, Man. 44. 7. B. a imiseau pointu. Camper, Cetac. 78. 1. 13-16. Hyperoodon, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 321. t. 24. f. 19, 21, copied from Camper, t. 13. Hyperoodon, " VoigVs Mem. t.," 1801 ; F. Cuv. Cetac. 245 (skull, Kiel ^Bot. Gard.). 8. Cetodiodon Hunteri, Jacob, Dublin Phil. Journ. 1825, t. HjlJeroodon Himteri, Gray, Ann. df Mar/. N. H. 9. Hyperoodon Honfloriensis, Thompson, Ma;/. N. Hist. 1838, ii. 221. H'. bidens, Thompson, Ann. 8j- May. K. Hist. 1854, xiv. 347. 10. H^-peroodon Butskopf, Jacob, Proc. Dublin Assoc. 1, 4 (Belfast, 20^ ft.). 11. Uperodon Butskof, Gerrais, Zool. 4'- Pal. Fran^. t. 38 (skull, good). 12. H. Butzkopf, IF. Thompson, Ann. Sf Mag. N. Hist. 1840, xvii. 150. t. 4. f 1 ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1850, 62 ; P. Z. S. 1862 ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 492, 493, fig. Chenocetus rostratus, Malmgren, Arch. Nat. 1864, 92. 13. H'S'peroodon rostratum, Wesmael, N.Mem. Acad. Roy. Bru.v. 1840, xii. "t. 1, 2 (good) ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 1850, 64. Nebhvalen, Eschricht, K. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. xi. 327, 328, fig. Delphinus Hj'peroodon, Schk-yel, De Dieren, 94 ; Abhandl. 28. /)l^,y--x -'^ *^C, /A Hyperoodon borealis, Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 622, '*■ f ^<-4 • '^ Hyperoodon rostratus, ij7//('io/-y. S^'' /jt *^ ll Inhab. North Sea, ascending rivers: Thames {Hunter); Hnmber ^^^ l^ {Tlwmpmn). Harwich {Bale). *^^^ ^ a. Teeth. Liverpool. ?^ / "• g^^- h, c. SkuUs. Whitstable. ->^^^ c.? spurins. In the pi-evious edition of this Catalogue I regarded the Bottle- head or Flounder's-head of Dale (the Hyperoodon Butzkopf of Lace- pede) as distinct from the Bottlenose Whale of Hunter, the Balana ;132 ZIPIIIID.E. rastrata of Chemnitz, and the Hyperoodon rostratum of Wesmael, because in tlie former, according to the figure, the dorsal fin is more in the middle of the back than in the latter ; but I now feel convinced that this must have originated from an error of the artist. At the same time there are such differences in the descriptions of the animal given by various authors, that I think it not unlikely that there may 1)0 more than one species, but I have not been able to find any spe- cimen to establish the fact. Mr. W. Thompson has given, in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, xvii. 150. t. 4. f. 1, the following description of a recently caught specimen (he calls it H. Butzkopf): — ■ "Blackish lead hue, merely a lighter shade beneath, and not white. Teeth, two on each side, in front loosely covered by the ' gums ; the front pair smaller ; blowers slightly crescentic, pointed directly towards the head, and the eyes on the same vertical plane ; eyes round ; a male : " and the following measurements — ft. in. Length, entire, straight 20 4 Length, entire, over curve 23 4 Length of nose 0 11 Length of gape 1 7 Length to eye 3 1 Length to pectoral fins 5 11 Length of pectoral fins 2 2 Length to dorsal fin 10 9 Length of dorsal at base 1 7 Girth, greatest 11 6 Width of pectorals 0 7 Width of caudal 5 6 Length of dorsal 1 0 The entire skeleton is preserved in the Belfast Museum. The skeleton in Mus. Roy. Institution, Liverpool, has the skull GO inches long, 18 inches from top of crest to palate ; the inter- maxiUarics are convex, and distinctly to be seen to the front of the blowers ; orbital crest erect, scarcely as high as the process at the back of the blowers ; the nuchal vertebrae anchylosed, the first three into one mass, with a long conical lateral process ; the dorsal process of the two hinder separate. Heterodon Dcdei (Lesson) is not from Dale's description of this whale, but from Blaiuville's account of Delphi norhynchus muropterus. Lacepede placed this species as the type of his Hyperoodon, and refers DelpMnus hidentatus to DclpMmis I Dr. Jacob, in his description of Cetodiodon Ennteri (Dublin Phil. Journ. 1825), which was stranded at Killiney, near Dublin, Sept. 1824, observes that there are no teeth in the palate. He believes that the three skulls in DnbHn, viz. of the skeleton in Mus. C'oU. Surg. Dublin, a skuU in Mus. Royal Dublin Society, and a skull in the Museum of the School of Anatomy, Peter's Street, Dublin, belong to one species, similar to that figiu-ed by Cuvier (Oss. Poss.): they I 1. nYi'EuooDON. 333 all have two teeth in tlic lower j.iw, liiddeii in the guras. In the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' t. 3. tigs, -i it 5, is a represen- tation of one of the skulls of this species in the Dublin Museum, from a drawing Idndly communicated by R. Ball, Esq. By the kindness of ilr. S. Stutchbury I was enabled, in the 'Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,' t. 3. f. 1 (animal), f. 2 (tail), f. 3 (blowers), to give a new figure of this sj^ecies, from a drawing- made by ilr. W. H. Bailj- of a specimen taken at Aust Passage, Oct. 1840. The measurements, on the drawing taken at the time, are as follows : — i?. • ft. m. Length, entire, along the back 22 2 Length, entire, in straight line 21 0 Girth on widest part 12 6 Girth of part posterior to vertical fins 11 2 Girth 0%-er the eyes to centre of blowhole .... 8 'J Girth at highest part of head (> (i Girth at base of tail 2 11 Length of upper part of upper jaw 1 1 Length of lower jaw 1 8 Length of upper part of lower jaw 1 9 Length of lower jaw to eye 3 3 Length from tip of lower jaw to anterior part of flipper 5 3 Length of flipper 2 3 Wid'th of flipper 0 8 Length from anterior part of flipper to vent . . 8 0 Length from end of tail to anterior part of dorsal fin 9 8 Length from end of tail to posterior part of dorsal fin 7 0 Breadth of dorsal fin 1 G Length of dorsal fin 1 2 Breadth of tail 6 4 Depth of tail 1 8 Length of orifice of vent 1 8 The skeleton of this specimen is preserved in the Bristol Institution. One stranded upon East Hoyle Bank, 1850; cut up at Hohdakc. The blubber yielded 140 gallons of oil. Stomach contained a great number of the hornj" beaks of some species of cuttle. In this in- stance the beaks were inserted one within another, so as to ride regularlj- imbricated in rows of ten, fifteen, or twenty together. Another captured at the Little iloel, 1852. August 25, 1853, a male was stranded upon East Hoyle Bank : length 21 feet ; from angle of the mouth to the tip of the siiout 20 inches, from tip of snout to the eye 42 inches, e)-e to spiracle 27 inches (I!). The pec- toral fins were 21 inches long and 9 inches broad. Tail or propeller (it) inches broad and 24 inches long. The dorsal fin about 10 or 1 1 feet from tlie tail. The vent to the tail 7 feet G inches. Orifice of urethra to anal opening 22 inches, l^ngtli of tlie snout 15 inches. The 334 ziPHiiDJi. stomacli contained many hundred cuttle-beaks placed one within the other, as in the other specimen. Another specimen, probably his female mate, was seen swimming about the same locality for three weeks, but floundered off. — Byerley. Mr. Thomas Thompson (Mag. Nat. Hist. 1838, ii. 221) describes, under the name oi Hiq^eroodon honfloriensis, a specimen stranded near Hull in 1837 ; it has two strong, robust teeth at the extremity of the lower jaw, cohered and entii'cly concealed by the gums. The skull corresponds in its general form with the fig-ures in Cuvier ; but the rise of the back part of the head is larger in projDortion to the anterior rise than in that figure. The skull measures from the snout to the base of the front rise 9 inches ; thence across the rise to the base of the second rise 1 foot ; thence across the hinder rise to the neck 1 foot 11 inches. The length of the skeleton is 17 feet 6 inches ; vertebrae 39, viz. 7 cervical, 9 dorsal (with ribs), 20 lumbar, and 3 caudal. The skeleton is in the Museum of the HuH Philo- sophical Society. It agrees in all particulars with Hunter's speci- men in the Royal College of Surgeons. Mr. Thompson considers Hunter's and Baussard's cetaceans identical, and Dale's the male of the same species. Mr. Crotch has fm'nished me with the following measurements of ^e female specimen taken at Weston-super-Mare, which was exhi- bited at Bristol : — n, - It. m. Total length 26 0 From posterior origin of dorsal fin to insertion of tail 6 0 Dorsal in width at base 1 11 Dorsal in height 1 5 Tail in diameter 7 0 Tail in depth 2 0 Cloaca to insertion of tail 5 3 Length of cloacal fold 2 0 From antei-ior of cloaca to pectoral 8 6 Length of pectoral 2 0 Height of pectoral 0 9 Height of body at anterior end of dorsal .... 4 0 Height of body at origin of tail 1 4 From gape to muzzle 2 0 Veiiical height of forehead from gape 1 8 Vertical height from insertion of upper jaw . . 0 10 From eye to gape 2 0 From eye to spiracle 2 0 Girth at the dorsal 11 0 From middle of cloaca to middle of navel .... 5 0 From pectoral to pectoral beneath 1 8 M. "Wesmael examined the palate of {]xe female Hyperodon stranded at Borgsluis near Ziercczee, in Holland, and found the surface of it quite smooth and without any appearance of the smaU, hard, acute points mentioned by Baussard. The upper jaw was without any 1. IIYPEROODON. 335 teeth. The lower jaw, on the elevation of the gum, showed two conical teeth, hidden in the gum, free from all attachment. These teeth were hollow from the base to the summit and slightly curved at the end, and the surface was traversed by three irregularly festooned zones and a fourth zone near the tip. The blower was crescent-shaped, concave in front, convex behind, with the tip slightly recurved. The body was entirely shining black, like varnished leather. Yertebraj 46 : cervical 7, soldered together ; 9 dorsal, the first soldered by its bod}- to the cervical; 11 lumbar; 19 caudal. The upper spinose apophysis is partly wanting on the eleventh caudal vertebra, and the transverse apophysis is partly wanting on the eighth. There are 8 chevron bones ; the two branches of the first are not united. The tail is crescent-shaped, without any notch in the centre. Length, entire 6*70 metres. Length to blowers 1-24 metre. Length to eye .*. . 1-06 ,, Length to point of dorsal 4-40 metres. Length of pectoral 0-70 metre. Length to vent 5-17 metres. Breadth of pectoral 1-40 metre. Breadth of face 0-86 „ Circumference 3-76 metres. M. Wesmael obsers-es that five persons have described this animal from personal inspection, viz. Dale, Chemnitz, Hunter, Baussard, and Voigt ; and the principal points on which they difter are the following : — 1. Tlie presence or absence of teeth in the lower jaw. Dale and Yoigi do not mention them ; Chemnitz, Himter, and Baussard indi- cate two. 2. The presence of small, hard, acute points in the palate is men- tioned by Baussard alone. 3. The form of the blower. Dale and Baussard describe it as cres- cent-shaped, with the points directed backwards. Yoigt says it is concave, with the points directed forwards. Chemnitz and Hunter are silent on this point. 4. The colour. Dale, Hunter, Baussard, and Yoigt describe the belly as paler than the back ; and Chemnitz describes the body as entirely black. ko. The niuuber of the vertebrae. The specimen of Hunter, according to M. G. Cuvier, was 21 feet long, and had 45 vertebiw, viz. " 7 cervical (soldered together), 9 dorsal, 12 lumbar, and 17 caudal. Baussabd. Dale. Adult. Young. Female. Male, ft. in. ft. in. ft. ft. Length, entii-e 23 6 12 6 13 18 Length of beak 0 5 Length to blower 4 4 111 336 ZII'UIIUJ5. IJaussard. Adult. Ynuu;^'. ft. in. ft. ill. Length of head 1 4 Length of pectoral 2 0 1 U Length to dorsal fiu 13 6 7 8 Length of dorsal fin 2 0 1 U Length to vent 7 10 Width of pectoral 1 3 0 7 Width of caudal (5 10 ;5 2 Circumference lo 7 8 (» Circumference of head 8 7 Height of dorsal 1 3 0 7 The three Hyperoodons recorded to have occurred on the English coast appeared singly. Two, described hy M. Baussard, taken at Honfieur, consisted of a mother, 23, and her young, 1 2 feet long. Of several captured on 'the Irish coast, they, on two occasions, ap- peared in i^airs. In one of the three instances, two of these whales were secured at the same time. It would therefore appear that the species was not gregarious. — Thompson, Ann. 6f Mug. Nat. Hist. 184G, xvii. A specimen was captured in Ballyholm Bay, near Bangor, county Down, on the Kith September, which was 24 feet long and 18 or 20 feet in girth at the thickest part. The entire iipper surface was blackish grey, the under parts rather paler. The stomach contained the remains of shells and what were called " the feet of fowls," which Mr. Thompson thought might be the beaks of cuttlefish. Dr. Jacob says that the oval cavity into which the oesophagus opened " contained a large quantity of the beaks of cuttlefish, per- haps two quarts." — P. Z. S. 1860. A female ' whale ' and its young was caught near Whitstable, Kent, and was well figured in the ' Illustrated News' for 18th November 18G0, from a drawing by the Ilev. G. Beardsworth, who procured for the museum a complete skeleton of the older and part of the ske- leton of the younger specimen, and also a portion of the food found in the stomach. There was more than a half bushel of the beaks of a cuttlefish, probably of the Octopus or sea-spider, and nothing else. An immense number of Octopi must have been eaten to furnish such a quantity ; for they are small and were packed close, often one within the other. — See Gray, P. Z. S. 18G0, 422. 2. LAGENOCETUS. The crests of the maxillary bones very thick and close together, especially above, where they are flat-topped. The beak of the skuU horizontal. The hinder edge of the skull lower than the tops of the crests. Lower jaw straight. Lagenocetus, Grm/, P. Z. S. 1803, 200 : 1864, 241. Hyperoodon, sp., Gray, Cut. Cetac. 69. '2. L.VOENOCKTUS. 337 Tho cervical vertebra) of Ldgenocetus hiiifrons, as in Hyperoodon, are united into a single mass by the union of the bodies of tho vcr- tebrte, the neural arches, and the latei-al processes. The united neural arches of the first cervicals are produced, and form a large cone nearly as high as the height of the bodies of the vertebrae, which shelves down before and behind to the upper part of the neui'al canal, and on the side to the base of the mass, or tho end of the large lateral process of the second vertebra, the upper part of the sides being marked with the long deep grooves through which the nerves come out. The atlas appears to have no distinct lateral processes, or, what there are, so united to the very large, high, broad, single lateral process of tho second vertebra as not to be distinguished from it, except by the existence of the first groove for the exit of the nerves for the upper parts of the body. The lateral process of the second vertebra is massive, conical, and much produced below, on a level with the lower edge of the articular cavity, giving the mass, when viewed in fi'ont, an irregular triangular shape. The third cervical has a broad, short upper lateral process, which is only free from the mass at the end ; and this projection is the first appearance of a distinct upper lateral process. The lower process is like, but smaller than, the lower process of the second vertebra, and united to the back part of it, making part of the large inferior lateral prominence. The foiu'th and fifth have each an upper lateral process similar to the preceding, but of a much smaller size, being, as well as that of the sixth vertebra, very small — only small bony plates. These ver- tebra) have no distinct or marked inferior lateral process. The seventh cervical, though united to the general mass by the body of the vertebra, is yet well defined from the rest of the mass, and retains the usual form of the separate vertebra; of the animals. The neural arch is of the same form as those of the other cervical vertebras, but much smaller, and not so high ; it is separate from the large conical mass which they constitute, forming a pointed, rather projecting arch at the hinder side of the mass. The upper lateral process is similar in form to the upper lateral process of tlie two or three cei-vical vertebra) tluit precede it ; but it is much larger than these, and bent forwards at the end to unite with the ends of them. The lower lateral process is very thick and large, forming a largo, short tubei'osity on tlie under part of the mass, but quite sejiaratc from it. The articidating surface of this vertebra is oblong, erect, rather higher than wide, -Nnth a deep suture from the centre to the middle of the upper margin. The front of the canal of the spinal marrow is triangular, about as high as wide, with the angles rounded, the upper side being transverse, and the lower ones converging. The hinder part of the canal, on the contrary, is trigonal with the upper sides con- verging, the lower side being rather wider than the height of the z 338 zipniiD,i5. canal, and about two-fifths of the width of the body of the seventh cervical vertebra. Fig. 65. Front view of the cex-vical vertebrae of Lagenocetus latifrmis. Fig. 66. Back view of the cervical vertebra of Lagenocetus latifrom. a. The seventh vertebra. 2. L.VGENOCETrS. 330 Lagenocetus latifrons. Skull larg'o, heavy, solid ; the reflexed part of the maxillary bones very much thickened internally so as nearly to touch each other in front of the blower, much higher than the hinder part of the skull ; lower jaw rather curved up at the tip ; teeth 2, soHd, conical, acute, rather compressed. Ilvperoodon latifrons, Grai/, Zool. Erehts Sf Terror, 27. t. 4 (skull); "!>. Z. S. 1800, 424, 425 ; 'l8Gl, 313. Hyperoodou (adult), Gervais, Zool. et PaUont. Franx;. t. 38. f. G, cop. Ortnj, Zuol. Urih. Sf Terr. Ilj-peroodon Rutzkopf (male), Erichson, Ann. Sr 3Iag. N. H. 1852. Lagenocetus latifrons, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, 241. Inhab. North Sea. Coast of Lancashire ; Orkneys ; Greenland, a. Skull imperfect. Orkneys. From Mr. Warwick's collection. — The skidl figured in ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' t. 4. Length of skull (wanting the end) . . 62 inches. Height of skull behind 42 „ A skull from Greenland, pi-esented by Captain Wareham, is in the Newcastle Museum. Height of occiput 25, of ridge 32 ; length of skuU 1)2, to front of ridge 54, of beak 26 inches. A skeleton with the skuU, from the Firth of Forth, 2i)th October, 1839, is in the College Museum, Edinburgh. The skull is 68 inches long ; the crests very thick, far apart, and erect internally and roimdcd externally. This is the skull of a female, 28| feet long, accompanied by a young male. — See Thompson, Ann. 4" J/o^. N. II. 1846, xvii. 153. A very imperfect skuU of this species in a garden on the borders of Lancaster Bay, taken in Morecomb Bay. " Professor Eschricht considers that Lagenocetiis is foimded on the skull of an adult male of the common species (which he calls Hiipe- roodon Biitzlr)2]f ),'hccaxisc the specimen of the animal with this kind of skull which he received from Faroe was of that sex" (Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, 424) ; " and he exhibits them side by side, as the same animal, in his museum (see Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1852, ix. 281). This is an e\-ident mistake, from mistaking an accidental coincidence for an established fact." — Grai/, Free. Zool. Soc. 1861, 313. '' The foUoAving facts I think will dispel such an idea : — first, I think I can prove that males and females have been seen and presei-ved of biTth species ; and secondl}-, the structure and form of the two skulls is so different, that it is much more likely that they shoidd be referable to two very cUstinct genera than to species of the same genus. " I may state that I have examined four skulls of the Lagenocetus latifrons, and Professor Eschricht has another. " There is a skeleton with the skuU of an adult animal of this species in the College Museimi at Edinbm-gh, which was obtained from the Frith of Forth on the 2'Jth of October, 1839. Mr. William Thompson (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, vol. xvii. p. 153) informs us that this specimen was a female 284 feet long, accompanied bv a z 2 340 ZIPHIIDiE. young male. So there can be little doubt that there are females of Hyperoodon Jatifrons as weU as males. " It appears to be a northern species. As I have seen specimens from Greenland, the Orkneys, and the coast of Lanarkshire, this is the most southern example that has yet occurred to me. It is also probably a much larger species than Hyperoodon rostratum, as the skull from Greenland in the Newcastle Museum is 92 inches long, while the largest skull of U. rostratum that has come imder my ob- servation does not exceed 60 or 65 inches. " It is only necessary to examine the figure of the two skulls of Hyperoodon rostratum and H. Jatifrons in the Plates to the ' Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,' to see how exceedingly diiferent they are from each other, not only in the form of the skull, but also in the form of the lower jaw. The skuU of H. latifrons not only differs from that of H. rostratum in the thickness and solidity of the frontal crest of the maxillary bones, but in the crest being much higher than the hinder part of the skull ; while in all the skulls of //. rostratum I have seen, the crest is of the same height with the frontal ridge. "As regards Hyperoodon rostratum, Mr. Beardsworth states his specimens to be a female and a young female. The specimen which was shot at Weston-super-Mare, Mr. Crotch informs me, is a female. I may also observe that the specimen of this species described by Mr. William Thompson in the Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1846, vol. xvii. p. 150, is said to be a male : its skeleton is now in the Belfast Museum. So there are certainly male and female of this species also known." — Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, 424, 425. M. Gervais (Zool. et Paleont. Fran§. t. 38. f. 6) believes that Layenocetus latifrons is established on the skull of a very aged animal, and he thinks that the crest thickens with age. He does not seem to have observed the form of the hinder part of the skull. He gives a reduced copy of the figure in the ' Zoology of the Erebus and Terror/ instead of figuring a skull in the intermediate state of crest, which would have proved that such a specimen existed and had been seen by him. B. Teeth in front of the lower jaio, cylindrical, fmiform, or conical. Beak of skull conical, TJie intennaxillaries enlarged behind, forming a more or less large canity round the blowers. Epiodontina. 3. EPIODON. Head tapering, lower jaw rather bent up. Dorsal fin falcate, three-fourths of the entire length from the nose. The beak of the sknU depressed, tapering. The vonier forming a sunken groove. Intermaxillaries forming a modeimolyTiTgh basin round the blowers. Upper jaw toothless. The lower jaw elongate, tapering, rather bent up and truncated at the end, with two conical teeth, and with a sunken groove on the edge just behind them. " Cervical vertebrae anchylosed." — Gervais. Ziphius, Duvernoy, Attn. Sci. Nat. xv. 65. Ziphius, sp., Cumer, Oss. Foss.y. 3. EPIODON. 341 Epiodou, Rajinvsque, Precis Somiol. 13 (1814) ; Anal. Nat. (no char.) ; /i^ A ,P/Y'<:'/s6'o??!eo/.13,1814(no character). Delpliiuus Epiodon, Desm. Mamm. 521 ; Fischer, Si/n. 516. Ileterodon Epiodon, Lesson, Man. 420. tT^ipliius cavirostris, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 350. t. 27. f. 3 ; Duvernoy, Ann. t Sci. Nat. 1850, xv. ; Arch. Naturg. 1852, 62 ; Gervais, Ann. Set. Nat. y\f^ _xiv. ; Zool. et Paleont.Frang. t. 38. f. 1 (Heraut), f. 2 (Martigiie), 0 ^ ^ t. 39!f. l-5"(Wd)7"^'----^~-^-^— --~^' " '"' ^~"'° ' \cxr^ "^ Ziphius (l)ioplodon ?) ca"\'irostris, Gervais, Compt. Pendus, xxxi. 510, N fllW-^ 1 xxxii. 358 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. xiv. 5 ; Arch. Naturg. 1852, 34. \^V ' Delpliinus Desmarestii, Risso, Fur. Merid. iii. 24. t. 2. f . 3 ; F. Cuv. V^'''^ Cetac. 159. Ia- V L - Ilvperoodon de Corse, Doumet, Bull. Soc. CuviSr. 1842, 207. 1. 1. f. 2, "^ 1) , , " Delphinus Pliilippii, Cocco, Frichson, Arch. Nat. 1846, J04jL 6. f. 6^_ \ (' ' A . ,. rij'])eroodon Doumetii, Grag, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 68. — *">- ,' \Ji- Hyperoodon Gervaisii, Duvernoy, Ann. Sri. Nat. 1851, xv. 67. '\ TV l']piodon Desmarestii, Bonap. P'aun. Ital. ?; Grag, P. Z. S. 1865. i^" *(" (Diodon) Le Diodon de Desmarest, Lesson, Buffon, i. 124. t. 2. f. 2. j If^N^^ T I Orca (Desmarestii), IVagler, N S. Amph. 34 Ilj'peroodon Desmarestii, Grag, Cat. Cetac. B. 31. 69. Aliama Desmarestii, Grag, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, 242. Hyperoodon, Gervais, Comides Rendus, 1850 (7tli Oct.), xxxi. 510, . >-X-*^ "xxxii. 358. ^^.,^^„^-^T/M. ^ft-rvz^^'rU J~<:,c.^if r^*^^ ■ ^^^^^^ Inhab. Mediterranean. Coast of Frontignan, dcpartcmcnt de 1^6^ I'Herault, May 1850 ^Gervais). Messina {Cocco). Nice (i?/sso).t^^^^^**"' ^^ Sicily (liafuiesqae). //^ ■'^^^ " Steel-grey, with numerous, irregular, white streaks ; beneath ^'"^ white. Body thicker in the niidcUe ; tail slender, long, keeled V*-"- - =•-■ rounded on the bcUy ; head not swollen, ending in a long nose; *" N^/^'TA ^ upper jaw short, toothless, loM'cr much longer, bent up, and Avith ' i-'^ ^ ^ two large conical teeth at the end ; teeth nicked near the tip ; the^ 1 Chj^ \ eyes small, oval ; blowers large, semilunar ; pectoral fins short ; dorsal'/ rather beyond the middle of the back, nearly above the vent ; the caudal fin broad, festooned. Length nearly 16 feet. It differs from ^ D. Diodon of Hunter in the forehead not being swollen, and in the lower jaw being produced and bent up, the jjcctoral being pointed, the dorsal more ol)tuse, and tlie liody being wliite-streaked." Tnhab. 342 zipniiD^. Nice : common, March and September. — Risso, Europ. Mericl. iii. 24. t. 2. f. 3 ; F. Cm. Cetac. 159. " Jaws toothless, but paved with small, long and acute tubercular granulations ; lower jaw with two rather longish, acute, slightly arched and longitudinally grooved teeth in front ; larynx with a kind of funnel at the base of the tongue, like the beak of a duck, or rather of a spoonbill, 5| inches long ; gape small ; beak conical ; eyes small, near middle of head ; blowers lunate, -with the points directed backwards ; pectoral fin 19 inches long, 6| wide ; dorsal nearly 8 inches high, 49| inches from the tail ; the tail is broad, lobes equal." Inhab. Corsica. — Doumet, Bui. Soc. Cuvier. 1842, 207. t. 1. f.2. According to Doumet's description, the dorsal fin of this species must be further back than in any of the Dolphins, and the pave- ment of the jaws is quite peculiar. It agrees with Dale and Baus- sard's descriptions in the form of the blowers, but differs fi'om them in the position of the dorsal fin. This animal is only known by the above account extracted from Eisso. F. Cuvier placed it in the restricted genus Deljihinus. Risso appears more correctly to have com2)ared it with Hyperoodon ; but it differs from that genus in several particulars, especially in the form of the forehead and of the dorsal fin. Lesson (Tab. R. A. 200) forms of this species and the Physeter hidens, Sowerby, the subgenus Diodon ! • _ /\ Ziphhts cavirostris, Cuvier, has long been regarded as fossU. It i^^~~Wv^ reaUy exists in the Mediterranean. The skull described by Cuvier jW V^ yj/-^ (Oss. Foss. v. t. 27. f. 3) was found by the fishennen of the Gulf of y\r Bouc. Others have since been obtained, and each of them has been Y^*- I, L| described as a new species. ,\^- 4. PETEORHYNCHUS. 0^ 1 rx^ ^^ Skull subtrigonal, truncated behind, with a large concavity formed fr,^ by the intermaxiUaries 'round the blowers. Beak of the skull elon- V gate, tapering, conical, higher than broad, with the vomer swollen, callous, forming an elongated, fusiform callosity between the callous intermaxiUaries, which is truncated behind. Lower jaw slender, tapering in fonn, without any teeth, or with two small teeth early deciduous. Petrorhynchus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, 524. The skuU beaked ; the brain-case hemispherical, margined behind and on the sides by the prominent edges of the maxiUas, occipital, and other bones, with a large oblong concavity under the prominent enlarged nasal bones, in front of the deeply seated blowers ; the inner surface of the concavity lined on the sides by the expanded hinder ends of the intermaxiUaries, and edged on the sides by the raised edges of these bones and the inner margins of the hinder parts of the maxUlffi, the confines of the concavitj" being separated from the side margins of the brain-case by a deep impression. The beak ^ ± (7 1 II / \ I' ^ \ ■■ "4t >-'-"*^ \ \ ' "^X '/^ /ru.H^ ^^y^^^ /, ^/ /-^ 4. PETKOlinYNCHUS. 348 elongate, slender, compressed on the sides, fringed on the ui)per part of the sides by the edges of the enlarged callous intermaxillaries, which contain between them a much-enlarged caUons vomer, which tapers in front into the end of the beak, and is truncated behind, tilling up the nan-owed front part of the frontal concavity. The ujjper jaw toothless. The lower jaw slender, produced in front, toothless ; it may have had two teeth in front in the young state, as there are obscure indications of two pits. The skidl is much more like the usual form of the skull of the Delphinoid Whales than that of Catodon or Kogia, and somewhat like that of an Jli/pcroodon without the elevated ridges of the maxillae on the sides of the beak. The peculiarity of the genus is the great development of the inter- maxillaries and the large size and callous state of the upper surface of the vomer. The intermaxillary bones which fringe the upper part of the sides of the beak are thick, hard, and shining, forming with the enlarged vomer the upper part of the beak ; they are expanded behind so as to form the large hemispherical cavity in the crown, with nostrils and blowers at the base of its hinder part. The sides of this cavity are lined internally with the expansion of the intemiaxillaries, which are supported on each outer side by a waU formed by the elevation of the inner edge of the hinder part of the maxilla. The wall of the cavity is separated from the outer margin of the maxilla, which fonns the inner part of the outer edge of the brain-case, by a deep concavity. The upper part of the spermaceti-concavity is arched over by the thickened prominent nasal bones, and by the dilatation of the thick hinder edge of the walls. From the inspection of the drawing bj- Mr. Trimen of this skull, I was incKned to regard it as a new species of Hyperoodon, forming a jieculiar section of the genus, and which I had provisionally named Huperoodon Capensis (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 359) ; but it proved on examination to be an entirely new form, which appears to be in- termediate in structure and form between Hyperoodon and Catodon. It agrees with Catodon and Koijia in having a large concavity on the crown of the skull, to contain the spermaceti or " head-matter," as it is called l)y the whalers, above the blowers, and with dfi/jieroodon in having an elongated beak, with thick prominent nasal bones over the blowers, and in lumng none or onlj- two or foui- deciduous teeth ill the front of the lower jaw. Wliat I believed, in the small drawing made by Mr. Trimen, were the slightly developed lateral expansions of the maxillaries, which are characteristic of the genus Ifi/j>irouSei. Nat. 1851,51. t. (skull); Arch. Natury. 1852, G2. Inhab. New Zealand, Port of Akaroa, 184G. Length 32 feet. Skull in Mus. Paris, length 4 feet. 6. ZIPHIUS. Head contracted behind; nose produced, not separate from the forehead ; eyes moderate ; blowers on crown, lunate ; teeth in the middle of the lower jaw of male, two, large, compressed ; of female two or three, small, subeyhndrical ; throat with two diverging fur- rows ; body elongate; pectoral fins small, low down, oval, tapering; dorsal falcate, behind the middle of the body. Skidl with nose elon- gated, produced, keeled on each side ; skuU-cavity small ; forehead ) 0. Jiipniirs. 349 high ; hinder wing of the maxilla expanded, horizontal ; palate smooth ; lower jaw broad behind, narrowed and bent in front of the lateral teeth. Tympanic bones large, very thick, free edge open and much twisted (see Van Beneden, Mom. Acad. Brux. 8vo, xvi. fig. at p. 41 ; and Dumortier, Mem.). Ziphiiis, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G4, 341. (5' . Ziphius, Cuvicr, Oss. Fuss. v. 350 ; Gray, Zool. Erebus i^- Terror, 27 ; Cat. Cefac. B. 31. 1850, 70 ; P. Z. S. 1804. Diodon (pai-s), Lesson, Tab. R. A. ; Bell, Brit. Quad. 499. Anodon (pars), Lesson, Tab. R. A. Ileterodon (sp.), Lesson, 3Ian. 3Iamm. UelphinorhjTichus (sp.), Gray, Ann. c^ ilafj. N. H. 184G. Physeter (sp.), Soiv. Brit. 3Iisc. 1. Mesiodon, I)uvernoi/, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1851, xv. Diplodon (part), Gervais, Zool. et Paleont. Franq, 2. Nodus (sp.), Waaler, N. S. Amph. 34, 1830. Delpliinorhyuchus, Blainv. ; Raj}}), Cetac, ; Gray, Zool. Ereb. iy Terror ; Cat. Cetue. B. M. 1850, 73. Delphinorhynchus (sp. ), F. Cuvicr, Cetac. 114. Aodon, Lesson. CEiirr. Buffon. Heterodon (sp.), Blainville ; Lesson, Man. DelpMuiis (sp.), ^/awm/fc ; Desm. 3Iamm. M. Dumortier considers the dentation on the skin of the upper jaw to be representative of the homy protuberances on the membrane of the palate oi. HiiperooJon. — 31em. Ac. Brux. xiii. p. 8. The lower jaw of the yoimg female taken at Ostend had no ap- pearance of teeth; but when the lower jawbone was examined it exhibited, near its middle, a large alveolar groove, as if giving origin to some teeth ; the larger specimen found at Havre had rudimentary teeth at the base of the alveolar of the lower jaw, which is placed in the same relative situation as in the Ostend specimen. Cuvier (Begne Auim. cd. 2, 288) says that these animals lose their teeth early. M. Dumortier thinks this is a mistake, and that, on the contrary, the teeth are not cut through the gums until they ac(]uire their full size. The skeleton of the female is described and figured by M. Van Beneden, Mem. Acad. Bruxelles, 8vo, xvi. 1863. The skull (as remarked by M. Cuvier, see Van Beneden) much more resembles that of Bclphinus than Ht/jJeroodon. The animal is at once known from the latter genus by the head not being convex and rounded in front, and by the teeth being in the middle and not at the end of the jaws. Blain\iUo, when he first saw the animal on the coast of France, considered it the same as Dale's Ifi/peroodon, and Y. Cuvier follows him ; but M. Cuvier pointed out, in the ' Begne Animal,' the dif- ference in the form of the skull of the French animal. This genus is very hke l)di)hinorltyncltus, but is easily known by the teeth being in the middle of each side, and the peculiar form of the lower jaw. i[r. Bell, following Lesson in adopting his heterogeneous genus Diodon, has considered Sowerby's whale a distinct genus from 350 ZIPJIUDM. Hiiperoodon, but he observes, " whether tlic generic distinction of the two be correct appears very doubtful." — Brit. Quad. 499. Fig. 71. Skull of Ztphiiis Soiverbiensis, (S . -Back of head cut off. i^\K\ ■^..3 V 6 Teeth of male short, truncated at the end. Ziphius. 1. Ziphius Sowerbiensis. Black, grey beneath. Teeth obliquely truncated at the end. Ziphius Sowerbienses, Graij, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1804, 241 (c? & 5). Physeter bidens, Soioerhy, Brit. Ilisc. t. 1, 1806, and icon ined. in Mus. Brit, (a male). Diodon bidens, Bell, Brit. Quad. 497, fig. cop. Soicerhy. Delphinus Sowerbii, Jardine, Nat. Lib. 1. 12, cop. Sowerbij. Micropteron (male), Eschricht, Ann. 8f Maiji. H. N. 18-52. D. Sowerbiensis, Blainv. in Desni. Nouv. Diet. 11. K. ix. 177. D. Sdwcrljyi, Dcsm. Manim. 521. Dclpliiiiorl'iynchus bidens, Gray, Ann. 8,- May. N. II. 1846. lleterodon 'S(-iworbyi, Lesson, Man. Mamm. 4l9. Ziphius Sowerbiensis, Gray, Zool. Erebus ^ Terror, t. 5. f. 3, 4, from Blainv. draicinq, p. 5.3, of skull. Diodon Sowerbffi'i, Bell, Brit. Quad. 497. Diodon Sowerbi, Jardine, Whales, 192. f. 1.3. Mesodiodon Sowerbyi, Duvcrnoy, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1851, xv. 55. t. 2. f. 22 (skull). Mesoplodon Sowerbiensis, Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Frang. t. 40. f. 1, t. .38. I f. 3 (lower jaw); Van Beneden, Mem. Acad. Brux. xvi. t. 4; Mem. , Acad. Bell/, xxxii. 1800, 34. ,. / / ./ m-\ luK Xx^ IL'^JaAC'^J V'i \. U^ (-. t ) G. zii'iiirs. 351 Dauphin de Dale, Blainv. N. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1825, 139. t. at p. 125, 182G ; F. Citv. Mamm. Lith. t. (bad). ? . 5 . Delphinus Sowerbyensis (female), Eschriclit, Ann. ^- Mag. N.H. 1852. Mesoplodon Sowerbiensis (female), Van Beneden. Nodus Dalei, Waylei; N. S. Amjih. 34, 1830. Delphinorbvuchus micropterus, DumoHier, Mem. Acad. Brux. 1839, xii. t. l-3"'(g-ood) ; F. Cuv. Cetac. 114. t. 9. f. 1 (not good),t. 7 (skull); Ora;/, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 73. Delphinus micropterus, Cuv. Beg. Anim. i. 288. Mesodiodon micropterum, Duvernoy, Ann. Sci. Nat. xv. 1851, t, 3. (head). ')Ue^ Heterodon Dalei, Lesson, Man. Mamm. 419, from Bhinv. Aodon Dalei, Lesson, (Euvr. Biiffon, i. 155. t. 3. f. 1. Dioplodon Sowerbiensis, Gervais, Zool. et Paleont. FraiK^. i. 40. f. 1 (head from Havre). Inhab. Coasts of Europe. North Sea ; Elginshire, 1800 (Brodie) ; Havre, 1825 (Blainv.) ; Ostend, 1835 (Dinnortier). a. Cast of skull from Mr. Sowerby's specimen in the Anatomical Museum, Oxford. Presented by Dr. Acland. Besides the beautiful figure of the male which was thrown ashore on Elginshire in 1800, engraved in Sowerby's ' British Miscellany,' there is a drawing of the head as sent by Mr. Brodie, made by Mr. Sowerby, exhibited by him at one of Sir Joseph Banks's Sun- day-evening parties, and now preserved in the Banksian collection in the British Musum. The skull was preserved in Mr. Sowerby's museum in Mead's Place, Lambeth, and when distributed at his death it was purchased by the Rev. Dr. Buckland, the Dean of West- minster, and sent to the Anatomical Museum in Oxford, whence Dr. xVcland kindly sent it to me for examination. While in Mr. Sowerby's possession, M. de Blainville, when on a visit to England, made a slight sketch of the skull (engraved in ' Zool. Erebus and Terror,' t. 5), and, under the name of B. Soiver- hiensis, gives the following description of it : — " Tete osseusse, la machoii-e superieure est plus courte et infiniment plus etroite que rinfcrieure qui la regoit ; en outre cette machoirc inferieure est armce de chaque cote et au milieu de son bord d'un seul dent tros fort comprimee et dirigee obliquement en arriere. L'orifice de I'event est en croissant dont les comes sont tournees en avant." — Blainv. Desm. Diet. H. N. ix. 177. The above description and Blainvillc's sketch show that it belonged to the genus Zipliius of Cuvier, before only known in the fossil state ; and the examination of the skull has proved the accuracy of these determinations. Before discovering the drawing of the skull, I was induced, from the lateral position of the teeth and small size of the fins, to consider this species the same as the Delpliinorlninchus micropterus of the coast of France and Belgium (see Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846), bcUeving the difference in the size of the teeth (which Mr. James Sowerby's description appears to indicate) to be only a pcciiliarity produced probably by the age of the specimen ; and fiu'ther study has induced me to return to that opinion. 352 zipniiDJi:. In my paper "On the British Cctacca," in the 'Annals of Nat. Hist.' xvii. 82, 1846, I proposed to unite Fhi/seter hklens of Sowerby with Delpliinus micropterus of Cuvier. The French naturahsts have since almost universally come to the same conclusion. The difference in the size of the teeth, which they believe to be sexual, at one time made me revise my first opinion. I now think it probable that they are the same ; at any rate it is a subject that wants further examina- tion, for at present only one male and foiu" females of the two presumed species have been observed by naturalists. — P. Z. S. 1804, 242. The male was found near Brodio House, Elginshire, by James BrocUe, who sent a figure and the skull to Mr. Sowerby, who figured it in the ' British Miscellany' under the above name. It was 16 feet long. Dr. Fleming and Mr. Jenyns have confounded it with the Bottle- head of Dale {Huperoodon hidens) (see Brit. Anim. p. 36, and Manual B. V. A. p. 44). The female caught at Havre on 22nd August, 1828, was about 11 feet long ; it lived two days out of the water, but it could not be prevailed on to eat anything. They oftered it soaked bread and other ahmentary sv;bstances. It emitted a low cavernous sound Like the lowing of a cow. It was a female, and, from the state of the ossification of the bones, evidently a young animal. The teeth had not as yet pierced the gums. When living, the body was brownish lead-colour, with the exception of the belly, which was bluish and ash. The body was fusiform, attenuated at each end, the greatest thickness being behind the pectoral fins, in the middle of the distance between them and the dorsal. The head is much higher than broad, and separated from the body by a sensible contraction ; the fore- head much swollen and narrowed gTadually, and ending in a beak with a flat and rounded tip. The upper jaw is much shorter and narrower than the lower one. The blowers are on the top of the head, in advance of the orbit, transverse, slightly curved, with the ends directed towards the front, and not towards the tail, as in the genus Hyperoodon. The mouth very broad, entirely deprived of teeth. The tongue is adherent to the lower jaw and toothed on the edge ; a similar dentition exists also on the skin of the lower jaw. The eyes large, black, convex, edged with a gelatinous border, in the middle of the side of the head. Earholes very small. The pectoral fin towards the lower part of the chest, oval, elongate, blunt, small. The dorsal fin elevated, falcate, nearly two-thirds of the entire length, lower than the length of its base. Tail triangular, two- lobed, falcate. The female from Ostend (1835) had the head attenuated, con- tracted behind. Nose produced, bald, not separated from the fore- head. Eyes moderate. Lower jaw fitting into a groove in the edge of the upper. Teeth few, small or rudimentary, in middle of lower jaw, not cleveloped till late. Thi-oat with four parallel slits beneath. Body elongate, rather swollen behind. Pectoral fin low down the side, oval, narrow, smaU. Dorsal falcate, behind the middle of the body, about two-thirds from the nose. Blowers on the crown, in a (). ZTniTVs. 353 curved line, with the concavity in front. Tail with two falcate lobes, flat, without any central prominence. Female sexual organs under middle of dorsal. Skull triangular. Forehead very high in front, and swollen behind. Intermaxillaries curved in front. Nose very long, compressed at the hinder end, very narrow, slightly keeled on each side. Hinder wing of the maxiUa expanded horizontally over the orbits. Nasal bones encased in the frontals and intermaxillaries. Temporal pit very small. Palate smooth. Lower jawbones elongate, tapering, slender, nearly straight. The ear-bone is attached by an apophj'sis to the base of the skull. " Vertebra) 38, viz. 6 cervical separate, 10 costal, 11 lumbar, 11 true caudal. Metacarpal bones cartilaginous." — Bumoriier, Mem. Acad. Brux. xiii. t. 10. M. Dumortier found, near the middle of each side of the lower jaw, an alveolus, as if for a tooth. His figure represents the pec- toral as situated at two-ninths of the total length, and the dorsal at five-ninths, from the end of the nose. The following are the mea- surements of the two females that have been described : — Blainv. ? Dum. 5 ft. in. metres. Length, entire 15 0 3-45 Length of head 2 7 (nose) 0-33 Length to blowers 2 3 0-44 Length to pectoral 3 4 0-91 Length of pectoral 1 6 0-30 Length to dorsal 9 1 2-04 Length of dorsal 0 10 0-27 Length to eye . . 0-49 Length to the vulva . . 2-21 Circumference 7 6 2*00 Width of pectoral 0 6 0-12 Width of caudal 3 0 0-68 Height of dorsal Oil 0-27 Breadth of blower 0-10 The only male hitherto observed was thrown ashore on the coast of Elginshire in 1800. It was 16 feet long and 11 feet in circum- ference. A female was caught at Calvados in 1826; its skuU and vertebral column is in the Museum at Caen. Another was taken at the mouth of the Seine in September 1825 ; the skull, which was described by De BlainviUc, is in the Paris Museum. The skeleton of the one taken at Ostend on the 21st of August, 1835, 11 feet long, is in the collection of M. Parct, near that city. *• Teeth (of male) very long, produced, arched, and tnincated, icith a conical 2irocess in front. Dolichodon. 2. Ziphius Layardii. Ziphius Ijayardii, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G5, 3.")8. The entire length of the skull, from condyle to top of rostrum, 3 feet 7 inches ; of the rostrum, from tip to notch, 2 feet 6 inches ; 2 a B54 the width at th© widest part of the brain -case 1 foot fi inches ; the length in a straight line, from the tip of the rostrnm to the crest over the blower, 2 feet 11 inches ; the height of the skull, from the hinder part of the palate to the crest over the blower, 1 foot 2 inches. Fig. 72. a, b. Skull and lower jaw of Ziphius Layardii. from front. c. Teeth of lower jaw, The entire length of the lower jaw 3 feet ; the length from the con- dyle to the hinder edge of the base of the tooth 1 foot 11| inches; the length of the exposed part of the tooth along the anterior edge, &^ inches ; the width, below the teeth, of the side of the lower jaw, measured from the inner part of their base, 3 inches. There is a partial hollow, as if it were the cavity of an old tooth that had fallen out, on the margin of the lower jaw, behind the base of the elongated arched tooth. The skull which I described from the notes of Mr. Layard and the drawing of Mr. Trimen under the name of Ziphius Layardii (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 358) proves on examination, as I decided from the notes and drawing, to be a very distinct species of the genus, allied to Z. microjpterus. The peculiar form of the teeth (which are elongated and arched over the outer surface of the upper jaw, so as to prevent the animal from opening its mouth beyond a very Hmited extent), it has been suggested to me, may be only an individual pecuharity or a malformation. I scarcely think this is the case ; but even if it should be, it will not in the least militate against the distinctness of the species, as the proportion of the beak to the size of the brain-case, and the form of the beak and position and form of the teeth (with a small point near the front edge of the tip), f^M^ /^-^"^' fifi^> h-'^'' I 7. DIOPLOBON. 355 arc sufficient to clearly characterize the species. Unfortunately the lust-mentioned peculiarity is scarcely sufficiently indicated in the figure. The edges of the front lower teeth are absorbed or worn away by the friction of the u})pur jaw against them, the vomer forming a largo fusiform prominence on the upper surface of the base of the beak, in front of the blowers, between the narrowed part of the elongate, slender intermaxillaries, which are enlarged and thickened beliind, forming the outer sides of the blowers. In this respect it agrees with the figure of the skull of Dioplodon SecheUensis from the Indian Seas, given by M. Gervais (Zool. et Paleont. Frang. t. 40. f. 3-6) ; but the vomer is more prominent in the Cape species. The Cape species has the slender, elongated, tapering lower jaws, and a very much longer beak to the skuU, like that of D. micropterus of Havre (Gervais, I. c. t. 49. f. 1). I was informed, in 1864, that two Dolphins which agreed with M. F. Cuvier's description and figure oi Belpliinorhynchus micropterus had been taken on the coast of South Africa, and that the skulls were then in the possession of a surgeon at the Cape. There is also a third skuU, in a scmifossil state, in the colony. 7. DIOPLODON. Lower jaw broad behind, suddenly narrowed in front before the teeth. Teeth in the side of the lower jaw (of male ?), large, com- pressed, considerably behind the back edge of the rather short symphysis. Animal unknown. Dioplodon (part), Gervais, Zool. ct PaUont. Fratiq. Dioplddon, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, 200. Mesiodon (part), Duvernoy, Ami. Sci. Nat. xv. 58. t. 2. f. 4. •» Dioplodon SecheUensis. The Seychclle Ziphius. hJ ^/. /■/^ Ziphius do S^chelles {M. Ic Due, 18-39), Mus. Paris. Ziphius Sechollensis, Gray, Zool. E. *y T. 28. t. 6. f. 1, 2 (lower jaw). Ziphius di'usirostris, Bluinv. Mtts. Paris. / 2- J' Mt'scKUi)dt)n densirostris, Di/vernoy, Ann. Sci, Nat. 1851, xv. 58. t. 2. / f. 4 (not D. densirostris, Desm.). Dioplodon densirostris, Gervais, Zool. et Paleont. Frauq. t. 40. f. 3-6 (skidl) ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, 200. Inhab. Seychelles. Skidl in Mus. Paris. The skuU is very like that of Ziphius, but the nose-bones are thicker, heavier, and higher. The teeth in the middle of the lower jaw, as in the male Z. Soiuerhiensis, but larger and conii)ressed. The hinder part of the lower jaw is very broad, the fi'ont half much nar- rower and bent down in an arched manner. 2 A 2 itnfjil 350 Suborder IT. SIRENIA. Body rather hairy. Muzzle bristly. Nostrils 2, separate, apical, lunate, valvular. Fore limbs arm-like, clawed ; hinder compressed, expanded, taQ-like. Teats 2, pectoral. Teeth of two kinds. Cete II. (pars), Gray, Ann. riiil. 1825. (Natantia) Sirenia, Illiger, Prodr. 139, 1811 ; Brandt, Symh. Sireno- logia, 132, 1846. Sirenia, Ch-ay, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 138 ; P. Z. S. 1864, 247 ; Selys-Long- cJiamps, 1842 ; Schinz, Maimn. 491. Mammiferes amphibies (pars), Cuvier, Tab. Elem. 1798; Dum. Z. Anal. 1806. Mammalia amphibia (pars), Bafin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815. OnguligTades anomaux, Blainv. 1816. Les Cdtaces herbivores, F. Cuv. 1829. Cetacea herbivora, Gray, Bond. Med. Bep. xv. 309, 1821 ; Latr. Fam. Nat. 1825, 64 ; Brandt, Mem. Acad. Petersh. 1833, 103. Cete anomala, Fischer, Sr/n. Mamm. 1828. Ceti hydr£eoglossi, § a, Wagler, N. S. Amph. 32, 1830. Heterodonta, Ilydraula, on Sirenise, Lesson, N. Beg. Anim. 134, 1842. Manatina, Beich. Syn. Mamm. Cetac. 15. Tricheche, Oken, Lehrb. Nat. 684. Pachydermata (part), Agassis, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. iii. 209, 1850 ; Knechiitd, Proc. Amcr. Journ. Agr. and Sci. 1851, 42. GravigTadi'S, lllainriUc, Osteograph. Phytophaga sou ex spiraculis, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 40. Manatida3 sen Mastothoracea, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 40. Amphibies triremes, Duvernoy, Tab. Anim. Verteb. Sirense, Biijjpell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 186, 1845. Quadrupeda, s. Tetrapoda, Nectopoda, et Pinnipeda (part.), G. Fischer, Zoognosia, 15. Fam. 9. MANATID^. Muzzle bristly ; lips single ; front of upper and lower jaws each covered with a hard, horny, porous, corrugated plate. Cutting-teeth 2 or 4 above, large, conical, and exserted, or small, abortive, and early deciduous.' Canine none. Grinders f . f to f . f , tubercular, the front one deciduous. Nostiils 2, separate, lunate, valvular. Eyes s«R«H, ears none. Teats 2, pectoral. Stomach divided into four cells, two of them appendaged. Sirenia, Illiger, Prodr. Mamm. 181. Manatida) et Dugongidaj, Gray, L. Med. Bep. xv. 309, 1821 ; Ann. Phil. 1825. Tricheeus (pars), Cuv. Tab. Elem. 1798. ManatidiB (pars), Selys-Longchamps, 1842. Ilalicoridffi, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825 ; List Mamm. B. M. 106. Sirenia deutigera seu Halicoreaj, et Sirenia edentata seu Rhytinise, Brandt, Symb. Sirenol. 132, 1846. Amphibia tetrapia Odobenia, Amphibia Diopia, Bajm. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815. Sirenise (pars). Lesson, N. Big. Anim. 154. 1. MANATUS. 357 Manatina, Rnchh. Si/ii. Mam. 15. Los Lamantins, Duvcrnoy, Tuh. Anini. Vert. Trichecus (part), Artedi, Gen. Pise. 79 ; Si/n. 109. Halicorea;, Bratult, Mem. Acad. PMersb. 1833, 103. Rytineae, Brandt, I. c. 1833, 103. 4 yUrz^ U.,^JU^ i^c^cX^ U^^rt^^-^ '^/i^-'/ii Oxystomus, G. Fischer, Zoogn. iJJ. f Sii-en, Artedi, Gen. Piscitiin, 81, fi'om SjTene ; BarthoUni Hist. Anat. Rar. Trichecliiis, Artedi. The number of grinders varies according to the age or state of the I ' specimens. "^Tien complete they are f . f ; but the three front on each side are often deciduous ; hence Home (Phil. Trans. 1821, 390) describes them as |^ . ^, and Cuvier as f . |-. Dr. Harlan obseiTos : — " Cuvier estimates the teeth at 30, nine on each side ; in both my specimens they do not exceed 32, eight on each side.'' In the very young skull in the British Museum, which has holes for the rudimentarj- upper cutting or canine teeth, there are only 24, viz. six on each side : and the two hinder on each side must have been hidden in the gums. In the older skulls some have eight and others nine on each side ; but in most of them only six on each side 350 MANATIDiE. Suborder IT. SIRENIA. -r . .i„ T^^j^fi^ Nostrils 2, separate, apical, hi . . ™i ^^/ aWjX V lK>a^\ ^ **-♦-> 'N *^ *>i~A ;, >^ Muzzle bristly ; lips single ; tront oi •.^^^,^^.^ . . covered with a hard, horny, porous, corrugated plate. Cutting-teetn 2 or 4 above, large, conical, and exserted, or small, abortive, and early deciduous.' Canine none. Grinders |- . f to f . f , tubercular, the front one deciduous. Nostiils 2, separate, lunate, valvular. Eyes swjiil, ears none. Teats 2, pectoral. Stomach divided into four cells, two of them appendaged. Sirenia, Uliyer, Prodi: Mcmun. 181. Manatidfc et Dugongidse, Gray, L. Med. Rep. xv. 309, 1821 ; Ann. Phil. 1825. Trichecus (pars), Cuv. Tab. EUm. 1798. Manatidfe (pars), Selys-Longchavips, 1842. Ilalicoridaj, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825 ; List Mamm. B. M. 106. Sirenia dentigera seu Halicoreffi, et Sirenia edentata seu Rhytinise, Brandt, Symb. Sirenol. 132, 1846. Amphibia tetrapia Odobenia, Amphibia Diopia, Rajin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815. Sirenise (pars). Lesson, N. Rbg. Anim. 154. ^ 1. MANATUS. 357 Manatina, Reichb. Syn. Mam. 15. Lea Lamantins, Duver-noy, Tub. Anim. Vert. Trichecus (part), Artedi, Gen. IHsc. 79; Syn. 109. Ilalicoreffi, Brandt, Mini. Acad. PMersb. 1833, 103. Rytineae, Brandt, I. c. 1833, 103. Synopsis of tue G-eneea. ^ ,/^ ^ ^vyt Grinders distinct. Manatina. ', .J.^t/J--^ 1. Manatus, Tail rounded. Grinders f or f , tubercular ; upper cutting-^ ■^ ^ ' ' ' teeth moderate. 2. Halicore. Tail forked. Grinders |, Hat-tipped ; upper cutting-teeth produced, tusk-like. Grinders tione. Rytinina. 3. Rytina. Tail forked. Grinders none. a. Grinders distinct. Manatina. 1. MANATUS. Cutting-teeth 2, very small, rudimentary, early deciduous. Canine none. Grinders | . §, with two or three transverse throe-tubercled ridges. Lips bristly. Back with scattered hairs. Fins with four rudimentary hoof-liJie nails. Toes supported with phalanges. Tail rounded or truncated at the end. Pelvic bones deficient (?). Caecum bifid at the tip. Cervical vertebra3 6, separate, distant. Sirenia deutigera seu Halicorea, Brandt, Sirenohyia, 1847. Manatus, Rondel. Pise. 490; AS'i!o;v, Prudr. 41, 1^80; Cuvier, R. A.; Illiyer, Prodr. 140, 1811 ; Rafin. Anal. Nat. Gl, 1815 ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B.3I. 1.39; P.Z.S. 1857,59; 1864,247; Rousseau, May. Zoul. 1850, 293 ; Schleyel, Abh. 9. Trichechus, sp., Linn. S. N. ed. 6. 39, ed. 10, ed. 12 ; Erxleb. Mam^n. 599. Odobenus (pars), Brisson. Trichecus manatus, Olen, Lehrb. Nat. 687, 1815. ? NemodenniLs, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815. Oxystomus, G. Fischer, Zuoyn. 19. P Siren, Artedi, Gen. Piscium, 81, from Syi-ene ; Bartholini Hist. Anat. Rar. Tricbeclius, Artedi. The number of grinders varies according to the age or state of the | specimens. When complete they are f . | ; but the three front on each side are often deciduous ; hence Home (PhU. Trans. 1821, 390) describes them as -^ . ^, and CuN-ier as f . |-. Dr. Harlan observes : — " Cuvier estimates the teeth at 30, nine on each side ; in both my specimens they do not exceed 32, eight on each side." In the very young skull in the British Museum, which has holes for the rudimentary upper cutting or canine teeth, there are only 24, viz. six on each side : and the two hinder on each side must have been hidden in the gums. In the older skulls some have eight and others nine ou each side ; but in most of them only six on each side 358 MANATID-5:. are perfect, as the anterior one on each side drops out as the new ones are formed behind, and in each of the skulls two hinder on each side are in the process of development. (See also Owen, Cat. Osteol. Mus. CoU. Surg. 478.) All the three skeletons received from Du Chaillu had the cervical vertebra) united in their natui^al situation. There were in each of them only six cervical vertebrte, and not seven, as some authors have stated. 1. Manatus australis. The Manatee. Grey-black. Nasal bones distinct, imbedded in the skuU ; front of lower jaw flat, with a central conical prominence near the lower edge. Gonyx of lower jaw compressed, biiid. Eibs very thick, solid, circular at the sternal end. Manatus, Rondel. Pise. 490 ; Klein, Pise. ii. 32 ; Brisson, P. Anim. 49,352. Kleiner Manati (Manatus minor ?), Zimmermann, Geog. ii. 426, 388. Lamantin, Condani. Voy. 154 ; Buff on, H. N. xiii. 377, 424, t. 57. Manati, Aldrov. 728; Johnston, 223; Charbet, O. Z. 159. Manatlii, Clusie, Diss. Philolog. 8, 9. Manati seu Vacca marina, Pay, Quad. 193 (skeleton). Taurus marinus. Ant. Herrera, Nov. Ord. 12. Manatus borealis, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 29. Mermaid of Shetland Seas, Edinh. Nexv Phil. Journ. vi. 67, 1829 ; Steioart, Elem. N. Hist. i. 125. Trichechus manatus, Linn. S. N. i. 49 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 60 ; Sehreher, Sdugeth. t. 8, cop. Buffoti. Manatus australis, Tilesius, Jahrh. i. 23 ; Ozeretskmcsky, Nov. Act. Petrop. xiii. 375. t. 13; Fischer, Syn. Manini. 601; Peiehh. Syn. Mamm. 16 ; Icon. Cetac. t. 23. f. 72, 73, from Humboldt, Anat. Cetac. t. 27, 28, 29 ; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M. 1860, 139 ; P. Z. S. 1864, 247 ; Ann. Sr Mag. N. H. 1865, 134. Manatus Atlanticus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 40. Manatus (Trichechus manatus) australis, Illiger, Prodr. 110. ]/[*iliJ^ fliiAJ^'- ^^ Manatus Americanus, Dcsm. Mamm. 607 ; N. Diet. N. H. xvii. 262. ir» ^A/J^ U l-tjSl. t. 96; Home, Lectures Comp. Anat. iv. t. 54; Schomburgh, Reisen [\i>h^4- I S^ Brit. Guiana, iii. 786; Castletiau, Peise, 114; Schrcber, Sdugeth. L (Uv^"«^/''^'" t. 378, t. 380. f. 1, 2, t. 381. f. 3; Guerin, Icon. Mamm. t'46; • ' ' ■ Lessoti, Cetac. 63 ; Gosse, Jam. 346 ; Jiiger, Nova Acta Acad. Leoj}.- ^ 1 ^fis l^^ Carol, xxvii. 191; Vrolik, Bijdr. tot der Dierkunde, 185^53. X / A L- Ijt^ * '' Manate de TOr^noque, Humb. ; Wiegm. Arch. 1838, 1. 18. t. 1, 2 J \1 y,k^ (anatomy). ^.I2' ^ u) I Manatus latirostris, Harlan, Journ. Acad. N. S. Philad. 111. 390, -r^ jti^'^ 1824 ; Fauna Amer. 277 ; Fischer, Syn. 502 ; Peichb. Syn. Matmn. 1^.1^ ^ Y.rW 17 ; Icmi. Cetac. t. 23. f. 74 ; Anat. t. 27. f. ; Wagner, in Schreb. r Sdugeth. t. 379. t. 381. f. 2, 5. i'^fj^ltjL *t • Manatus australis (Surinam), Schlegel, Abhandl. t. 5. f. 3 (old), 4, 5, 6 -f"^ W (young). I,,^f (i< K&^^^/^ Lamantin d'Am^rique, Cuvier, Ann. Mus. xiii. 273. 1. 19. f. 1-4 ; Oss. f ^^ _x*^' 1. MANAXUB. 359 Manatus fluviatilis, Illiger ; Wagnei; in Schrcb. Smigcth. t. 279 (head and jaws), cop. Itcichb. Icon. Cetac. t. 2.3. f. 75. Peixe Doi or Vacca mariua, Kidder and Fletcher's Brazils, 555, fig, Anat. Home, Lectures, t. 55 ; Cmier, Oss. Foss, v. t. 19 ; Blainv, Osteogr, t. ; Wiegmann, Arch. 1838, 18. t. 2. Inhab. Tropical America, ^nn'mam {Schlegel). Q¥ua {Ciivier). Guiana, West Indies {Home). Jamaica {Shane). Florida ? Called Manatee, that is, fish ox, by the Negroes at Jamaica {Gosse), Coju- mero in Guiana, Peges huey on the lliver Amazons. a. Foetus, in spirits. Jamaica, Mus. Sloane. b. Skull, South America? Blainv. Osteog. Ail. O. Manatus (latirostris), pi. 111, c. Skidl, Jamaica. From Mr, Gosso's Collection, d. Skeleton. Surinam, From Dr, Kraus. e. Skull. Cuba. Presented by H. Christy, Esq. /. Skull, West Indies, Professor Owen (Cat. Osteol. Mus. Coll. Surg. ii. 464) describes the skeleton and the dentition of a young female. Colour {above) uniform bluish black, rough-grained ; cuticle peel- ing in several places, showing the colour. Brighter and clearer beneath. Umlcrparts slightly paler ; front of muzzle grey. Eyes very small, not nearly so large as a man's ; pupil comparatively large, circular, blue ; iris very narrow, scarcely a line wide, didl greyish white. Flesh delicious-flavoured, without any oihness, something between veal and pork, — Gosse, Jamaica, 344, They are found in considerable numbers about the mouths of rivers near the capes of East Florida, lat. 25°, The Indians kill them with harpoons during the summer months. One Indian has been able to capture ten or twelve during a season. They measure from 8 to 10 feet, and are about the weight of a largo ox, — Burroivs, Journ. Acad. N. S. Philad. iii. 392. They are mentioned in Captain Henderson's account of Honduras, I80d.— Harlan. Feed on a water-plant {pana hrava) that floats on the borders of the streams. From 8 to 17 feet long. — Kidder. The animal mentioned by Stewart and Fleming is most probably the American Manatee, which may, under extraordinary cii'cum- stances, bl brought by the Gulf-stream to the coast of Shetland. I have seen no specimens ; but the size precludes it being the liytina, to which Fleming refers it, " The carcase of one of these animals was, in 17S5, throAvn ashore near Leith : it was much disfigured ; and the fishermen extracted its Uvcr and other parts, from wliich a considerable quantity of oil was obtained." — Stewart, Elem. N. H. i. 125. '• Zethind Mermaid. Animal 3 feet long; upper part rescmbUng a Monkey, ^vith short arms and distinct, not webbed, fingers ; lower part like a fish ; skin smooth, grey, without hairs or scales ; breast pectoral." (Laurence Edmonstonc, in Echnb, Magaz, Sept, 1823, p. 343, copied in Fleming, Brit. Anim, 30.). — Graij, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18G4, 248. 360 MANATID^. 2. Manatus Senegalensis. The Lamantin. Nasal bones none attached to the skull ; frontal bones thick in front; uj^per part of front of lower jaw concave, with two small separate processes in front below. Gonyx of lower jaw convex, rounded. Ribs slender, compressed, high, rather compressed at the sternal end. — See Gray, Ann. 6f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, xv. 134. La Doima, AM. Zucchelli, Joiirnei/ in Congo, 146. Lamantin, Adanson, Voy. Seneg. 143 ; Christol, Ann. Sci. Nat. xv. t. 7. f. 13, 15, 16 (arm-bones). LamentjTi (female), Barbot, Guin. 562. t. 7 (bad). Lamantin du Senegal, Drnib. in Huffon, N. H. xiii. 431 (no figure) ; Cuv. Oss. Foss. V. 254. t. 19. f. 4, 5 (skull); ? Bobert, Compt. Bmd. Acad. Set. 1836, 363. Trichecus Manatus Africanus, Okmi, Lelirb. Nat. 688, 1815. Manatus Senegalensis, Desm. Mamm. 508 ; Lesson, (Euvr. Buffmi, i. 69 ; iV. Beg. Anim. 155 ; Fischer, Syn. 502 ; Schreb. Sauqeth. t. 381 (skull), t. 380. f. 3, 4; F. Cuv. Cete, t. ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 106; Cat. Cetac. B. M. 140; Edin. Journ. Sci. ii. 186; Lesson, Cetac. 69; Hamilton, Jardine, Nat. Lib. viii. 298. 1. 19. f. 2, 3 ; Beichb. Syn. Mamm. 17; Anat. Cetac. t. 28, from Cuvier ; A. Smith, African Zool. 123 ; Oliphant, Bep. Brit. Assoc. Glasgow, 1855, Trans. 116, 1856. Womanfish, Purchas, ii. 1446. Round-tailed Manate, Pe7iti. Quad. ii. 296. ? 102. Manatus nasutus, Perkins, Proc. Boston N. H. S. ii. 198 ; Amer. Journ. Sci. ix. 13. t. ; Wyman, Proc. Boston N. H. S. ii. 192, 1850. Manatus Owenii, iJu Chaillu, Proc. Boston N. H. Soc. 1860 ; Gray, Aim. Sr Mag. N. H. 1861, 64. Manatus Vogelii, O^ven, Proc. Brit. Assoc. 1856, 100 ; Baikie, P. Z. S. 1857, 33. t. 51 (skull); Ann. i^ Mag. N H. 1857, xx. 70; Fdin. Ne%v Phil. Journ. n. s. iv. 1856, 345. Manatus Senegalensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, 59 ; Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1857, XX. 312 ; Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1865, xv. 134. Anat. Cuvier, Ann. Mus. xiii. t. 19. f. 4, 6 ; Oss. Foss. v. 1. 17. f. 2, 3 (? skull); Schreber, Sauqeth. t. 381; Jardine, Nat. Lib. viii. t. 19. f. 2, 3 ; Beichb. Anat. Cet. t. 28 ; Blainv. Osteogr. t. Inhab. West coast of Africa. \iilKv^tel a. Stuffed. West Coast of Africa. Presented by Messrs. Forster, J gg^ f. Smith, and Co. b. Skin. West Africa. c. Skeleton. West Africa. 2. HALICORE. Cutting-teeth ^ ; two inner upper and the four lower deciduous ; the two outer upper conical, elongate, permanent. Canine none. Grinders f . f , truncate, with two lateral grooves. Lips bristly ; fore feet fin -shaped, clawless. Caudal fin lunate, sinuated. Body hairy. Cervical vertebrae 7. Caecum undivided. Pelvic bones distinct. Dugungus, Tiedemann, Zool. i. 554. Odobenus, Bajin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815. Dugong, Lnccp. Halicore, Illiger, Prodr. 140, 1811; Oken, Lehrb. 689, 1818; Schinz, 2. HALICORE. 361 403; Knox, Cat. Prep. JVhale, 35, 1838; /. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 404; Gray, Cat. Cetac. B. M, Rosniariis (pars), Boddaert, Triclieciis (pars), Erxleb. Triclieclius (part), Artedi, Gen. Pise. 80; Syn. 108. I'latystomus, G. Fischer, Zoogn. 19. Cervical vertebrce 7, dorsal 19 (ribs 19), lumbar, sacral, and coccy- geal 30, =56 ; V-shaped bones commencing between the thirty-second and thirty-third vertebrte. Weight of craniimi and lower jaw 7 lbs. Gozs., of bones of trunk 20^^ lbs., of pectoral extremities 31bs.,= 30 lbs. 10 ozs., the weight of an cntu-e male adult human skeleton being only 12 lbs. The bones are extremely dense and of stony hardness ; they contain no mcdidlary ca\'ity, but consist of a texture nearly as close as ivory and capable of being pohshed. — Knox, Cat. Prep. 35, 1838. The tusks and teeth are " composed of two substances, a cortical and a medullary ; the cortical, although holding the situation of enamel, is similar to bone, and possesses none of the qualities of that peculiar substance ; the medullary portion is extremely hard, of a dense texture and homogenous appearance." — Knox, Cat. Prep. 36. " The front portion of the upper and lower jaws is covered in the recent state with a horny covering. The outer surface presents numerous rough-looking elevations, many of them darker around the circumference than in the centre ; these are arranged in rows of seven or eight each, running from each side towards the mesial lino, but with a slight inclination from behind forward. The whole sub- stance is composed of bristles about one-eight of an inch in length, arranged vertically, and agglutinated together by a substance of a homy nature. Since examining the Dugong, now seven years ago, from which the preparations nos. Ill and 112 were prociu-ed, I have been convinced that SteUer was simjjly desciibing a similar substance, no doubt on a larger scale, as the animal is said to reach 26 feet. The substance is neither teeth nor analogous to teeth, and we might with the same propriety describe the rough and semi- horny substance covering the osseous palate of the sheep, cow, &c., as a tooth. As a proof that it is not analogous even to teeth, the surface of the lower jaw contains rudimentaiy teeth imbedded deep in the osseous texture." — Kno.v, Cat. Prep. 37, 1838. Cervical vertebra; 7, all fi-ee ; first and second no lateral process ; third to the seventh thin, with small lateral processes. — Mus. Edinh. 47. Dr. Knox suspects there are two species, one with what Sir E. Home calls the permanent, and the other with what he, erroneously, as Dr. Knox suspects, calls the milk tusks. — Trans. Roij. Sac. Edinh. ii. 395. 1. Halicore Dugong. The Indian Dugong. Halicore australis, Oicen, Jukes s Voi/. H.M.S. Fly, ii. 225. f. 1. t. 27. f. 3. 328. f. 5 ; Mdcr/illirray, Voy. 'Hattlesnake, i. 48. II. (Trichechus) Dugong, Il/ir/cr, Prodr. 140 ; Schreb. Siiuyeth. t. 380. f. 5, 6. t. 382, 383 ; Bi-ivhb. Syn. Mumm. 10 ; Icon. Cetac. t. 22. f. 70, 71, from F. Cuvier et Quay. 362 MANATIDiK. H. Dugiing, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lith. t. ; Gu6rin, Icon. t. 46; Lesson, JV. R. Anim. 154 ; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 503 ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. ; Rousseau, Mag. Zool. 1856, 198 ; Volkmann, Anat. Anim. t. 9. f. 1 (skeleton). H. cetacea, Illiger, Ahhandl. Berl. Akad. 1813. II. Indicus, Des7n. Mamm. 509 ; Schreb. ii. 267 ; Quay et Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 27 ; Oicen, Jukes' s Voy. Fly, ii. 323, 325, 327. H. Indica, Raijp, Cetac. 2Q. t. 1 (foetus, Mus. Zurich) ; A. Smith, South African Zool. 122. Ilalicore Sjren, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 40. Tricliechus Dugong, Gmelin, S. N. i. 60 ; Erxleb. Syst. 599 ; Zimmer- mann, Geoy. ii. 425 ; Voy. Pole Sud, Mamm. t. 20, 21 a, b, c, d. Trichecus Dugong, Pucheran, Voy. Dmnont d' Urville, Mamm. t. 20, 20 a, 20 D, from Banda. Dugungus marinus, Tiedem. Zool. i. 554. Dugungus Indicus, Hamilton, Jard. Nat. Lib. viii. 300. Indian Walrus, Penn. Syn. Quad.SSS; Shaw, Zool. i. 239; Quad. ii. 269. Wliale-tailed Manatee, Pen)i. Quad. ii. 292. Lamantin, Leynate, Voy. Manati, Banks, Pennant Quad. 293 ; Voy. de la Caille, 229. Le Dugong, Renard, Poissons des Ind. i. t. 34. f. 180 ; Bufmi, H. N. xiii. 374. t. 56 (skull) ; Camper, iii. 479. t. 7. f. 2, 4 ; ( 'iiricr, Oss. Foss. V. 252 ; N. Act. Petro2). xiii. 374 ; F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithoq. t. 97. Dugong, Raffles, Linn. Trans. ; Phil. Trans. 1820, 174 ; Home, Phil. Trans. 1820, 144. t. 12, 14, 314. t. 25, 31 ; 1821, 390; CojniJ. Anat. t. 52 (yoimg), t. 53 (skeleton) ; Knox, Edinb. Jottrn. Sci. 1829, i. 157 ; Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. i. 389. 1831 ; Blaifiville, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. 1837, March, 3. fig. (skull) ; Owen, P. Z. S. vi. 28, 1838 ; Christol, An7i. Sci. Nat. xv. t. 7. f. 12, 14, 16 (arm-bones); Bischoff, Midler, Arch, fur Anat. 1847, 1. Dugong des Indes, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Mamm. 143, t. 27 ; Lesson, Cetac. 80. Anat. Dauhenton, Buffon, H. N. xiii. t. 56 (skull) ; Home, Phil. Trans. 1821, t. 20; Pander et Alton, Robben, t. 5; Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 259, t. 20, 1. 19. f. 6, 7 (mutilated) ; Volkmann, Anat. Anim. i. t. 9. f. 1 Blainv. Compt. Rendus, 1837, 3. f. ; Camper, iii. 479. t. 7. f. 2, .3, 4 Owen, Jukes' s Voy. Fly, ii. 323, 325. f. 2, 327. f. 4, 328. f. 6; Reichenb Icon. Cetac. t. 26, 33, 34, 35, 36. Inhab. Indian Ocean. Banda. Mozambique Channel {A. Smith). North-west coast of Australia, called Ymig-un. a. Animal, stuffed. Malacca. h. SkiiU (adult). India. Presented by "Walter Elliot, Esq. c, c. Two upper jaws. North-east coast of New Holland. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq. d, Skull. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq. (lower jaw wanting). e, f. Two skulls. Moreton Bay. Presented by Capt. Stanley, R.N. Voyage of H.M.S. ' Eattlesnake.' (/. SkuU. Darnley Island, Torres Straits. Presented by the Earl of Derby. The skeleton of this animal is fully described by Professor Owen in the ' Descriptive Catalogue of the Osteological Series in the Museum of the College of Surgeons,' p. 459, nos. 2543-2631. After careful study and comparison I have been unable to discover 2. nALTCORE. 363 any external differciieo, or character in the skull and skeleton, by which I can separate the Indian from the Australian Dugong ; the changes in the form of the skull and teeth are common to the speci- mens of the two localities ; therefore I am inclined to believe that the slight changes in the form of the bladobone and teeth which have been observed have arisen from the age or sex of the specimen described. The skulls do not seem to be so liable to vary in form as the skull of the Manatee of America and Africa. Legnate mentions the Dugong as inhabiting the shores of the Mascarin Islands " in great numbers. They attain 20 feet in length, and feed like sheep in three or four fathoms of water, making no attempt at escape when approached. Sometimes they were shot at the end of the musket, sometimes laid hold of and forced on shore. Three or four hundred were met with together, and they were so far fi-om shy that they suiFered themselves to be handled, and the fattest were thus selected. The larger ones were avoided, not only on account of the trouble they gave in the capture, but because the flesh was not so good as that of the smaller and younger ones." — Penwj Cydopcedla, Whales. General Hardvsdcke's figure of the Malay Dugong, which was taken from life, represents the animal as uniform slaty black ; and M. F. Cuvier's figure was a copy of this figure, taken by M. DuvauccUe. In the ' Voyage of the Astrolabe ' the Dugong is figured pale ful- vous, with white lower parts, and with fulvous blotches on the side. This was probably from a dry skin. Sir J. E. Tennant, in his work on Ceylon, gives a woodcut show- ing the mode in which the female carries her young. The Dugong is seldom caught at Singapore. About 8 or 9 feet in length ; but how much larger they grow is not ascertained, as when they exceed that size their superior strength enables them to make their escape. — liaffics, Linn. Trans, xiii. The Dugong is not numerous at Singapore, still less so to the northward, and has but in few instances been observed in Kurla moda, the mouth of the river which foi'ms the northern boundary of the province of Wellcsley. It is called Duyon or Pa7-ampuan Laut by the Malays. — Cantor, Malay Mamm. 60. The Andaman Island is the most northern locality yet ascertained of the Indian Dugong in the Bay of Bengal. It must be scarce there, or the bones would be more frequently found to decorate those rude lairs. They are common in the Gulf of Calpentyn, on the west coast of Ceylon, where the ficsh is held in esteem, and they occur in all the salt-water inlets from that gulf to Adambridge. They are also found, and called " the Seal," on the shore and in the salt-water inlet of the Concan, where they feed on the vegetable matter found on the rocks, and bask and sleep in the morning sun. These are most likely the seals mentioned by Forbes, in his ' Oriental Memoirs,' as abounding in the salt water of Travancore. He described their skin as covered with soft, oily haii', and having short ears. Barchemitz says the males at Moreton Bay are a little larger than 364 MANATID^. the females. They are often more than 20 feet long. They live upon a green grass which grows upon the bank. Peron observes, the sailors were alarmed by a terrific howling, which resembled the roaring of a bull, but much stronger, and seemed to come from the neighboming reeds. And Mr. Fraser, in Captain Stirling's Surveying Voyage, 1826, notices that while attending to the boat on the river, he " distinctly heard the beUowiiig of some huge animal, similar to that of an ox, from an extensive marsh further up the river." The roars were doubtless from the Dugong. Dampier obsei-ved these animals in Australia, but he mistook them for Hippojwtami ; but he only saw a head, half decomposed by digestion, and the tusk doubtless helped to mislead him. Peron mentions the existence of a Dugon on the Australian coast in his ' Voyage of Discovery to Australia,' published in 1807, but he only saw a few teeth collected by the sailors from a half-decomposed specimen. The late Dr. Eobert Tyler presented a skuU and some other bones to the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta. In 1827 he read a paper on the Dugong or Dayoumy, on the bones of four different individuals which he had picked up at Raffles Bay on the north coast of Australia. (See Mem. of Dr. 11. Tyler, Corbyn's Indian Rev. 1838, iii. p. 46, and Blyth, Report Asiatic Soc. 14.) Known to the colonists in Morton Bay as the " Sea-pig." The skin is thick and smooth, with a few hairs scattered on the surface. Bluish on the back, with a white breast and beUy. The adult male does not exceed 18 or 20 feet long. It chiefly feeds on marine vegetables which it finds at the bottom of the inlets m comparatively shallow water, where it is easily captured. The flesh resembles good beef, and is much esteemed. The oil obtained fi'om its fat is peculiarly clear and limpid, and free from any disagreeable smell found in most animal oils. The blacks devour the carcase roasted, after expressing the oil for sale to the colonists. — Abridged from Sklneg's Three Colonies of Australia, 1852, 337. The author of - Ramble at the Antipodes,' 1859, described the flesh of the Dugong, or Yangan of the aborigines, as excellent, having the taste of tender beef, and, when salted, nearly resembling bacon. The Australian Dugong is met ydth. on the north coast of that island continent within the Great Burrow Reef at Swan River on the western side, at Moreton Bay on the eastern, and in Port Essington and Shasta Bay on the north coast. But it may be doubtful if they are all the same species. Professor Owen's H. anstralis is described from the animal found in Port Essington (see Cat. Osteol. Series Mus. CoU. Sui'geons). 2. Halicore Tabernacnli. " Tachas vel Thachiisa, 3Iuscs, in Kiodiis, xxv. 5," Riippell. Halicore tabernaculi, BUpju'll, Mus. Scnckmib. i. Il3. t. 6. II. Dugong, var., Meichb. Si/n. Mamm. 16. 3. RTTINA. 365 II. Ilenipricliii (Nake), JHhrenb. Symb. Phys. ii. H. Lottum, Ehrcnh. Symb. Pliys. i. Inhab. lied Sea. Observed by Dr. Riippell " swimming among the coral banks on the coast of Abyssinia, near the Dalae Island." The fishermen har- pooned a female, which he dissected. It was 1 0 feet long. The Arabs stated that they live in pairs or small families ; that they have feeble voices, feed on ahjce, and that in February and March bloody battles take place between the males, which attain to 18 feet, &c. — Penny Cychpcedia, art. Whales. This is probably the same as the Dugong from India and AvistraUa ; but I have not had the opportunity of comparing the skull and skins as in that species. b. Teeth none. Rytinina. 3. RYTINA. Cutting-teeth, canines, and grinders none. Muzzle blunt, hps double, outer upper bristly. Ears none. Eyes covered with a blinking membrane. Skin covered with a thick, brittle or ea.sily cracking fibrous epidermis. The fore feet with claw-Uke callosities, not supported by phalanges. The tail horizontal, bifid. Teats two, pectoral. Pelvic bones distinct. Stomach simple. Sirenia edentula seu RhytinesE, Bramlt, Symb. Strenol. 1849. Manate seu Vacca marina, Steller, Acad. Petrop. Nov. Comm. ii. 294. 1. 14. Rytina, lUiger, Prodr. 141, 1811 ; Oken, Lehrb. Nat. 685 ; Wugler, 33 ; Beer, Me'm. Acad. Petersb. 1840, 111 ; Sirenohyia, 1849. Rhytina, Brandt, Mem. Acad. Imp. Petersb. vii. 184G ; Symb. Sireno- loyia, 184(3. Rityua, Lesson, Noav. Ebg. Antm. 155, 1842 (misprint). Stellerus, Desm. ; Cavier, P. A. i. 275. Hydrodamalis, Petzms. ? Uystomus, G. Fischer, Zoogn. 19. Nepus, Gutth. Fischer von Tf'aldheim, SteUere, Cuvier, Peg. Anim. Dr. Knox (Cat. Prep. TVTiales, 37, 1838) shows that the substance in the palate which Steller describes, and which has been mistaken for teeth, is only a horny skin of the bent-down portion of the two jaws, common to this animal and the Dugong. This suggestion has been adopted by F. Cuvier (Cetac. 377) and Brandt in his ' Sireno- logia.' The latter figiires them, and exhibits their structure ixnder the microscope. This horny substance bears evidently a considerable analogy to the baleen of the common whale. Eytina gigas. The Morsl-aia Korova. Black. Manate seu Vacca marina, Steller, N. Act. Petrop. ii. 294. Tricbecus Manatus, Midi. Prodr. Z. Dan. Trichecus (Mauatiis) borealis, Gmelin, S. N. i. GO; Oke>i, Lehrb. Nat. 685. ^.M 366 MANATIDJE. Nordische Seekuh (Rytina), Beer, Mem. Acad. Pcteisb. 1840, 111. Manatus gigas, Zimmerm. Geog. ii. 426. M. borealis, Tiksius, Jahrb. i. 23 ; Pallas, Zool. Rosso-Asiat. i. 272. Manatus SteUeri, Ozeretskotvsky, Nov. Act. Ac. Petrop. xiii. t. 13. f. (embryo). Rytina Stelleri, Illigcr, Prodr. 141 ; Besm. N. Diet. H. N. xix. 574 ; Rekhb. Syn. Mamm. 15 ; Icoti. Cetac. t. 22. f. 69, from Steller ; Anat. Cetac. t. 25, from Brandt ; Alex. v. Nordtnann, Beitrage zur Kenntniss cles Knochenbaues der Rhytina Stelleri, Helsingfors 1861, 33 pp. and 5 tab. ; Act. Soc. Set. Fenn. vii. ; Arch. Naiurg. 1862, 153 ; Nordtnann, Paldontologie Siid-Russland\s, Helsingfors 1859-60, 328. Stellerus borealis, Desm. Mamm. 510 ; Lesson, Cetac. 88 ; Jardine, Nat. Lib. viii. 307. Rytina borealis, F. Cuvier, Cetac. 41. Rityna Stelleri, Lesson, N. Reg. Anim. 155. Rhytina borealis, Brandt, Mem. Acad. Petrop. 1846 ; Synib. Sirenolog. 141. t.1-4 (skull), t. 5 (ideal figure); Rousseau, Mag. Zoo/. 1856, 199. Stellere, Ciivier, R. A. i. 275; Oss. Foss. v. 256. Whale-tailed Manate, Penn. Quad. ii. 292. Tnhab. Arctic Ocean. Behring's Straits. Skull (imperfect), Mus. St. Petersb. a, b. Two ribs from Behring's Straits. Received from the Museum of the Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. SteUer, who first discovered the Rytina during Behring's second expedition, in 1741, when ten months were passed upon Behring's Island, the only spot where this remarkable animal is known to have existed in recent times, estimated its numbers as then so large as to be sufficient to feed the whole population of Kamtschatka. But the hunters and adventurers foUowing in SteUer's track along the chain of the Aleutian Islands, who were in the habit of wintering on Behring's Island, and of provisioning their ships with these animals, made such havoc with them that, as we are informed by Sauer, in his narrative of Behring's third expedition, which remained five years in those seas, from 1789 to 1793, they were at that time totally extinct, the last known individual having been killed in 1768. (Beer, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 1840, iii. 53, quoted Nat. Hist. Eev. 1865, 15 ; see also Owen, Palseont. 400.) A skeleton, wanting the hand-bones, some of the caudal vertebrae, and the epiphyses of the shoulderblades, humerus, ulna, and radius, was discovered and dug up by two Aleutians and sent to the National Museum of Helsingfors, where it has been described and figured by Dr. Alexander von Nordmann. According to Nordmann, there are three skeletons of this animal in Russia, — one at the Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, the second at the Museum at Helsingfors, and the third at Moscow. (See BuU. Acad. Roy. Belgique, xiii. 341, 1862.) The Sea-ape, Penn. Qimcl. ii. 301 (Trichecus Hydropithecus, Shaiv, Zool. i. 247 ; Manatus Simia, Illir/er, Ahli. Berl. Alcad. 1813 ; M. ? Hydropithecus, Fischer, Syn. 502, all from Steller), is perhaps another animal of this family, if it is not a Seal ? I 367 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. After Halicyon Richardi (pcigc 30), add : — Halicyon? Californica. A Seal without ears, with large, pale riugs, which are more or less confluent. Inhab. California. This Seal is thus described by Hutching. The Hair Seal (Phoca jubata), Hutching, Scenes of Wotuler and Curi- osity in California, 189, fig. " Inhab. California, near St. Francisco. Tarallone Islands. " There are several kinds of Seal that pay a short ^-isit to the Tarallone Islands at different seasons of the year, one of the most beautiful of which is the Hair Seal of the Pacific (P. jvhata). This Seal, with which the coast of California abounds, is by no means rare, as almost all the coasts in high southern and northern lati- tudes abound Avith it" (p. 189). It has no affinity to the Phoca jvhata of the Systematic Catalogue. Trichecus Rosmarus (p. 36). Add to description of Morse : — The Morse sits with its hind Hmbs bent foi-ward, resting on its fore Hmbs with their ends bent outwards. The animal is repre- sented in the proper attitude in old Danish plates, and in Cook's ' Voyage.' Buflf'on, misled probably by some animal-preserver, repre- sents the body much elongated, and with the hind legs extended backward on the sides of the tail, hke the general run of earless Seals. (See Hist. Nat. xiii. t. 54.) The Morse, which is an earless Seal, in this respect differs from the rest of the groiip, sits in the same manner as the eared Seals of the family Arctocepludina (p. 44), and in this habit seems to form a link between the two grouj^s of Seals. Cystophora AntiUarum (page 43). Seal, IlilVs Jaynaica Almanack, 1843. The Pedro Seal (Phoca Wilkianus), Gosse, Nat. Sojourn in Jamaicaf 307, 308. Inhab. Jamaica. Pedro Kays (WiJlcie, 1846), " Cutting-teeth j, canines j-f^, grinders ^-^=32. The molars are five-lobed, and conical. Bristles numerous, strong, very tlexible, of a 368 ADDITIONS AXD CORRBCTIONS. bluish hue, with transverse bars of grc}\ The colour of the back is an intense and uniform black. The hair is short and stiff, and ex- tremely and curiously close. The palms of the flippers are bare. The fore paw has much more the form of a foot than of a hand, the first finger, answering to the thumb, being the longest. There are nails only on the fore paw, those of the hinder being rudimentary. The eyes are large, black, and full ; the irides crimson, and small." (See Gosse, p. 309.) " The measurements of this specimen were as foUows, in feet and inches : — Total length along the back from the snout to the tail 4' 2", from snout to insertion of fore paw 1' 6", from insertion of fore paw to hind paw 2' 10" ; breadth of back at fore paws 1', from one fore paw to the other 1', from one fore paw to the other extended 2' 6", of head across ears 7", of nose 4|" ; length of fore paw 10", of hind paw 11", of head 9", of tail 3" ; circumference of the body over fore paws 3' 2", at hind paws 1' 6"." " One of the skins obtained by Mr. Wilkie was given to Mr. Gosse, and transferred by him to the British Museum. As the skull was not preserved, the actual identity of the species with the smaller specimen described by Mr. Hill cannot with certainty be established. The length of this skin from nose to tip of the tail is 6 feet 6 inches, circumference at the fore paw 3 feet 4 inches. Length of the fore paw llg, of hind paw 10|, of tail 2 inches." (See Gosse, p. 314.) SubfamUy 5. ARCTOCEPHALINA (page 44). These Seals, unlike those of the former groups, walk about more like other quadrupeds — that is to say, stand on the limbs, and use them (not the muscles of the abdomen) in progression. When walking they raise their body from the ground, resting on their limbs, the front limbs being erect to the wrist, with the hands bent out. When at rest, the hind part of the body is bent under, and the hind limbs are extended in front on the sides of the body. The animals are represented at rest by Dr. Forster, who accom- panied Captain Cook ; and his figures were engraved by Buff'on ; but these figures scarcely prepare one for the great power possessed by these animals. I saw one lately alive at Cremorne Gardens, where it was erroneously called a " Sea-Bear." Mr. Gould, in his ' Mammalia of Australia,' figures the Arctoce- phalus hiatus, probably from a stuff'ed specimen, resting in the same manner as the common earless Seal, with the hind limbs extended out behind on the sides of the tail — an attitude that was never assumed by the Arciocephalus exhibited at Cremorne ; and indeed the articulation of the thigh-bones to the pehds of this animal and the Morse shows that such an attitude cannot easily, if at all, be assumed by them. They have, unlike the earless Seals, a prominent scrotum. Arctocephalus Monteriensis (page 49). The following is probably one of the Californian species of this ABDITI0N3 AND COREECTIONS. 369 genus. Hutching's figure 1 represents the animal in the posture often assumed by the living specimen of the genus shown at Cremorne. Sea Lion of the Turallone Islands, Ilutchiiuj, Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity in California, 187, f. 1 & 2. Inhab. California : St. Francisco. Turallone Islands. " Upon the rock adjacent to the sea repose in easy indifference thousands, yes thousands, of Sea Lions (one species of the Seal), that weigh from one to five thousand pounds each. When we were within a few yards of them the majority took to the water, while two or three of the oldest and largest remained upon the rocks ' standing guard ' over the young calves that were either at play with each other or asleep at their sides. '*' Most of these young Seals are of a dark mauve colour ; but the old ones are of a light and bright brown about the head, and gradu- ally become darker towards the extremities, which are about the same coloiu' as the yoimg calves'. Most of the male and young female Seals leave these islands during the month of November, and generally all go at once, returning in April or May the following spring, while the old females remain here nearly alone throughout the winter, a rather ungaUant proceeding on the part of the males." —Hutching, I c. 189. Otaria leonina (page 59). Buffon figured the Sea Bear and Sea Lion from the drawings of Dr. E.. Forstcr, who accompanied Captain Cook in his voyage round the world. He also gives an account of their habits from Steller and Captain Cook's voyages. In his work the position and form of the ears, the peculiar structure of the feet, the external scrotum, and other particTdars of the structure of the group are noted. Among other particulars of their habits, he states that the females he on their backs on the sand of the shore when they receive the caresses of the males, that an old male heads each herd, which consists of spveral adult females and their young, and that the males fight fiercely among themselves to increase the number of the adult females in their herds. Forster's drawings, copied by Buff'on (Suppl. vi. t. 78), correctly represent the animals when at rest, with their hind feet bent for- ward ; but they do not show the peculiarity (nor is it recorded in his notes) that the animal walks on tlie edge of the palm of the fore fin, with the fingers extended, raising the lower surface of the body from the ground. In this respect the cared Seal agrees ^Wth the Morse as figured by G. A. at Hessel in 1613, and by Captain Cook in his last ' Voyage.' (See Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, 115, 116.) There was exhibited at Cremorne, as a Sea Bear, an eared Seal ; but it was not easy to determine the genus or the species, as it was not possible to examine its teeth and palate. The external colouring most resembled that oi Arctncephalus lohatus from Australia ; but the exhibitors said that it came from Cape Horn : if so, it was probably a small Otaria leonina. Unfortimately little reliance can be placed on 2 B 370 ADDITIONS AND COREECTIONS. the statements of such people, as they seem to delight in making a mystery of the country from which they derived their specimen, pro- bably fearing that some one else may procure one for exhibition. Thus all the specimens of the "Talking Fish," or Monk Seal {Monachus aJhiventer) of the Mediterranean and Madeira, are always said to be brought from South America. Ycry good figures of this animal, in various attitudes, and an amusing account of its manners, are given by the Eev. J. G. Wood in the ' Boys' Own Magazine,' vi. 213, 18G5. Balssua Mysticetus (page 81). There is a beautiful skeleton of an adult female (a full-formed foetus was taken from the womb) in the Museum of the Royal CoUege of Surgeons. Mr. Flower informs me that this skeleton entirely invalidates the late Professor Eschricht's observations on the distinction between the skeleton of the male and female whales ; but it is to be observed that Professor Eschricht never saw the skeleton of the adult female. The figure of the " Bonnet of the Whale," at page 95, is unfortu- nately, as it was also in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' 1864, 170, placed wrong side upwards, the straight upper edge being the one affixed to the skin of the head of the whale, a portion of the skin s^illj adhering to the bonnet. Fig. 73. BalsBna Sieboldii (page 96). Mr. Joseph AUen, of Stoke Newington, has a Japanese work, in two volumes, on whale-fishing in those waters. The first volume contains an account of the way in which whales are caught on the coast of Japan, with plates of the boats, nets, and the manner of boiling out the oil from the blubber and the bones, which they seem to chop up for the purpose. The second contains an account of the anatomy of the Right Whale and the Long-finned Whale, and of the apparatus used in whale-fishing, illustrated with figm-es of the bones, viscera, and of the barrels, knives, and harpoons used in the fishery, the figures of the knives and harpoons being the size of the instru- ments used. ADDITIONS AND COKRECTIONS. 371 Caperea antipodartun (page 101). There is a nearly complete but not articulated skeleton, of a whale taken on the coast of New Zealand, in the court of the Museum of Comparative Anatomy at Paris, which M. Serrcs has named BaJcena australis ; but Professor Lilljeborg observes that " it is an entirely dif- ferent species, and without doubt the Eahalcena antipodarinn of Gray. The bladebonc is of a very distinctive form, and has the rudiment of an acromion. The car-bones are lost." The bladebone, according to the di-awing that il. Lilljeborg sent to me, " is triangular, as wide at the upper end as the length of the bone, and the rudimentary acro- mion is a small protuberance about one-third from the upper edge." — Letter from Professor Lilljeborg, 1865. The beautiful preserved skeleton, with all its whalebone, in the Paris Museum, wliich was prepared by a Captain of the French Navy on the coast of New Zealand, greatly resembles the skeleton of the Cape whale described by Cuvier as B. australis. It has the smaller head, square nasal bones, and simple (not forked) first rib of that animal. In the latter respect it differs entirely from the skeleton of B. australis in the Leyden Museum. — W. Flower s Notes, Oct. 1865. MACLEAYIUS (pages 78 and 103). It appears from further information and additional jAotographs that I have received from Mr. Krefft, that I misunderstood his letter and the photograph ; and the section that I have formed in the family Balcenidce for a genus with a separate atlas, and the observations I have made on it, are all a mistake : the atlas bone is entirely soldered to the rest of the mass, as in other Baleenidce. This is to be regretted ; but still the form of the atlas is so distinct from that of any other known genus of Balcenidce, that I beheve the Australian Right "VSTialo will be a distinct genus, to which the name Macleaijius may be properly applied, and it is no doubt a true Balcenida. Mr. Krefft has sent the two following figures (p. 372) to further illiistrate the mass of cervical vertebra; to which the name Madeayius Australicnsis has been attached. The additional photographs confinn the opinion that the cervical vertebraj are allied to those of the family Bcdcenidce — so much so that, if Mr. Krefft had not sent it to me figui'ed with separate atlas placed in front, I should have believed that the mass was the atlas and cervical vertebra; of a Balcenida agglutinated in a single body, as is usual in that family. This similarity did not strike me so forcibly until I saw these additional views, especially the one that shows the hinder part of the lateral processes of the anterior cervical vertebra of the mass, fig. 74. . In describing from drawings and photographs, one labours under considerable difficulties ; yet such is the extraordinary absence of knowledge on the subject of the larger whales, that it is better they should be noticed and figured until more complete skeletons can be obtained. 2b2 372 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. Species described from photograplis of bones are at any rate much "better established than the many of Dolphins and "WTiales which the French zoologists have described from figures taken when the ani- mals were swimming in the sea at a greater or less distance from the ship, which encumber our catalogiies ; for they are described from tangible natural bodies that can be identified when more per- fect specimens are obtained. " The back view of the mass, the atlas anchylosed to the other cervical. Fit?. 75. "An oblique vii w of the mass, from the same specimen." ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 373 The atlas vertebra (which is represented in front of the mass) is very unlike the atlas of any other known genus, as stated in my former paper : it is characterized by its broad, extended, and trun- cated lateral jiroce^ses arising fi-ora the middle of the sides of the body, and especially by the neural arch being broad, and furnished with a high, sharp keel produced into a spine on the middle of the hinder part of the uj^per edge. The second and third cervical vertebrae have thick, short, blunt upper and lower lateral processes, far apart on the upper and lower parts of the body. The two upper ones are anchylosed together into a mass ; the two lower ones are separated at the end, thick, promi- nent, rounded at the sides, and seem, in the front view (fig. 10), to project under the lateral processes of the first cervical vertebra. The fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh cervicals are thin, and have very thin lanceolate upper lateral processes, which are anchylosed together and are partly fi-eo down the sides of the bodies of these vertebrae. The lower lateral processes are rudimentary, only prominent tubercles. The first and second dorsal, as in Balana, seem to be more or less anchylosed to the cervical vertebrae. The united vertebras have peculiar characters which separate them from the cervical vertebrae of any Balcenida known, so that they indicate a new form of Right Whale. Megaptera longimana, var. Mooeei (page 122). The skeleton of the specimen which was taken in the estuary of the Dee, 18G3, has been mounted, and is exhibited in the Free Museum at Liverpool. Poescopia Lalandii (page 126). Professor Yan Benedeu (Bull. Acad. Royale de Belgique, xviii. 1864) has published an essay to prove that the Cape Humpbacked Wliale is a distinct species from the Greenland Long-armed Whale. He has described and figured some of the peculiarities ; but he has overlooked the fact that the presence of the " bosse" or hump was recognized by the early whalers, and Dudley, in the middle of the last century, called them "Bunch or Humpbacked Whales:" he seems to believe that Professor Eschricht discovered it. It was ex- traordinary that so accurate an observer as my late friend Professor Eschricht did not observe the diflV'rcnce between the skeletons de- scribed and figured by Budolphi and himself and the figui-es of the bones of the Cape Long-armed Whale figured by Cuvier. Eschrichtins robustus (page 133). Eschriclitius robustus, Grmj, P. Z. S. 1805, 42 (figm-e of vertebra). Mr. Pengelly has kindly informed me that a second cervical ver- tebra of tliis whale was picked up, washed asliorc at Babbieombe Bay, eaiiy in June ISGo. 374 ADDITIONS AND COREECTIONS. Physalus antiquorum (page 144). Dr. Murie, in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, 206, gives some details of the anatomy of this species, with figures. A specimen, apparently of this species, was cast ashore on the beach at Pevensey in November 1865. Mr. W. Flower, who went to examine it, informs me " it is 67 feet long ; the baleen is very light- coloured, almost like that of Balcenojjtera rostrata on the inner hairy side, but slate-coloured externally." The cuticle is nearly aU off, and it smells abominably. Professor Lilljeborg informs me there is a stuffed skin and the skeleton of a young common Finner {P. antiqnorum), taken at the mouth of the Seine in 1847, in the Paris Museiim, which is 14 metres (above 40 feet) long. The lateral process of the second cervical ver- tebra in this specimen has the two lobes united so as to form a ring on one side, and the lobes truncated and separate on the other, " as in BenedeniaJ' This form of the second cervical is to be observed in all the young specimens of Physalus ; but that does not prove that Benedenia is a young Physalus. After the remarks on Physalus Duguidii, (at page 160) add : — * The lateral rings of the cervical vertehroi as long as the diameter of the body of the vertebrcp. 1. P. antiquorum, p. 144. 2. P. Duguidii, p. 158. ** Tlie lateral rings of the cervical vertebra shorter than the diameter of the body of the vertebres. 3. Physalus Patachonicus. The neural canal almost half as wide as the diameter of the body of the vertebrae. The lateral processes of the atlas subcentral, sub- cylindiical, blunt. The rings of the second, thii'd, and fourth cervical vertebrae shorter than the diameter of the oblong bodies. The upper lateral processes of the sixth cervical bent down. Physalus Patachonicus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, 190. Balffinoptera Patachonica, Burmeister, P. Z. S. 1865,195; Ann. SfMag, N. H. 18G5, xvi. 59. f. 1-11 (figures of bones). Inhab. Eiver Plata. Museum of Buenos Ayres. — Burmeister. " I now send you di'awings of the Whale in the Buenos Ayres Museum, drawn by myself, and, as I believe, exact to nature. " Fig. 76. The skull. We have two specimens — one complete, the other consisting only of the hinder part, without the jaws. In the former the upper jaws are no longer in position, but separated from the cranium, and therefore little importance can be attached to the width of the opening between the intermaxillary bones in the anterior part of the cleft between them ; it may be somewhat ex- ADDITIONS AND COEEECTIONS. 375 aggerated. All the other parts are entirely exact from nature, and well preserved. Fig. 70. Skull seen from above. " Length of the intermaxillary, 7 feet 2 inches ; length of the maxillary, 7 feet ; length of the mider jaw, 10 feet 2 inches. Breadth of the frontal bones between the orbits, 5 feet ; breadth of the vertex behind, 2 feet 8 inches. Fiff. 77. First corneal vortubra. 376 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. " The baleen is entirely black, without any other colour. "We hav-e two kinds in the Museum — one 5^ feet, and the other 1 foot 8 inches in length. This last only may be from the Bcdimoptera ; the other perhaps from a Balcena, because it is much more slender and more fiinged. " Comparing my drawing (fig. 76) with that of Cuvier from the Cape Bal(m,o])tera (Oss. Foss. pi. 26. fig. 2), you will find that the suture between the frontal bone and the parietal is situated much Fig. 78. Second cervical vertebra. Fig. 79. Fourth cervical vertebra. more towards the external part of the frontal bone, being in my skull exactly in the angle where both bones are united, and therefore not seen from above in my di-awing. Another diifcrencc of the species ADDITIONS AND COKRECTIONS. 377 is indicated by the longitudinal carina in the vertex of the Cape spe- cies, there being no trace of such carina in either of my specimens. " Unfortiniatoly the tympanic bones are 'wanting in both, and I can tell you nothing of them. But the zygomatic bone is preserved, and is of the same form as that figured in Cuvier's work, figs. 1 and 3, but somewhat smaller than the latter figure. " The seven cervical vertebrae are free, separate from each other, and the body of every one has the epiph3'ses on each side, the sjiccimen being that of a young individual. But in the atlas and front side of the axis these epiphyses do not exist. I send you drawings of the first (fig. 77), the second (fig. 78), the fourth (fig. 79), and the sixth (fig. 80) Fig. 80. Sixth cervical vertebra. vertebrae : the third exactly resembles the foui-th ; and the fifth only differs in a small opening in the lateral arc, indicated in my di-awing of the fourth, on the left side. The seventh has no inferior process at all, but a much stronger superior one, of the same form. All the five vertebra after the second are very thin, 2 inches in diameter, — the third being the thinnest of all, and the following ones somewhat thicker ; the seventh is 2^ inches in thickness. " Of costal or dorsal vertebra we have fourteen, very well indicated by the flattened ends of the transverse processes being united with the ribs. The first of these dorsal vertebrae is very thin, 3 inches in diameter ; and the second somewhat thicker, 3| inches ; after these the bodies are much stronger, from G to 8 inches in diameter. The three first dorsal vertebra} have transverse processes more rounded, and directed forward. After the third they are more flat and broad, and directed transversely to the sides. After these fourteen vertebra^ follow twehe others with thinner transverse processes, rounded and 378 ADDITIONS AND COEKECTIONS. sharp at the end, and with bodies of much larger diameter — from 10 to 12 inches. Then follows a strong vertebra, the thirteenth, 12 inches in diameter, with a smaller and shorter transverse process, which seems to me the first caudal ; but as the epiphysis is wanting, there is no attachment for the haemapophysis on its hinder end. In- deed its body is flattened on the under side, not carinated as the body of the antecedent ; which also seems to me to prove that it is the fii-st caudal. Of hsmapophyses we have four in the Museum, of unequal size, the first 5 inches high, the largest 8 inches, and 3 to 4 inches broad between the laminae. " The ribs are not perfect as regards number, but the first seven or eight are preserved. I send you drawings of the upper and lower extremities of the first four (figs. 81-84). Fiff. 81. Fig. 82. Fig. 83. Fig. 84. " The sternum is wanting ; and of the os hyoideum we have only the corpus, of precisely the same form as that figured in Cuvier's Oss. Foss. pi. 25. f. 14. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 379 " Of the pectoral fin we have only the scapula, of which I send yon a drawing (fig. 85) ; both processes are well developed and some- what compressed. Fig. 85. Scapula. " The animal was found some leagues from Euenos Ayres, on the banks of the river Plata, where it came ashore some thirty years ago. It was brought to the gardens of Rosas, at Palermo, where the skeleton was exhibited a long time, tiU, after the fall of the tyrant, it was transferred to the Museum. The parts now deficient were then lost. " I suppose that the species might be the same as that you have indicated in your synopsis as Bulmioptera austraUs, Desmoulins (Voy. Ereb. and Terror, Mamm. p. 20) ; but as I have never seen that animal, I am unable to speak concerning its external appearance. Thei'efore I believe it is better to describe the species in question under a new name, and I propose to you, if you please to accept it, that of Balcenoptera 2>ctt(tchonica." " P.S. — I have told you nothing of the under jaw of Balcenoptera patachonica, because the surface of the bono is much destroyed by long exposure to the air, rain, and sun ; but the hinder part, with the coronoid process, is represented in fig. 86." — Burmeister, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, 191-195. Fiff. 86. 380 AUDITIOXS AND CORRECTIONS, Physalus Sibbaldii (page IGO). Section *** of the genus, and the description oiPhi/salus Sibbaldii, are to be removed, as Jlr. FloAver, who has examined the skeleton at Hull, has determined that it is either the same species as, or very nearly allied to Cuvierius latirostris, p. 165. Cuvierius latirostris (page 165). Change name to Cuvierius Sibbaldii, and add: — Physalus Sibbaldii, Grat/, P. Z. S. 1847, 92 ; Catalogue of Seals and Whales, 160; Flower, P. Z. S. 1865, 472. Mr. Flower, in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' 1865, p. 472, observes that the skeleton on which Dr. Gray established Physalus Sibbaldii, preserved in the museum of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Hull, is quite distinct from the common Fin-Whale (Physalus antiquorum. Gray), and agrees very closely with the skeleton at Utrecht (now in the British Museum) which he described under the name oi Physalus latirostris (P. Z. S. 1864, 410), and states that he proposes to " withdi-aw the specific name of lati- rostris in favour of the prior one given by Dr. Gray." He gives a sketch of the principal characters, showing where the Hull skeleton agrees with and differs from that of Physahis anti- quorum. The Hull and Utrecht skeleton are nearly in the same stage of growth. The general size and proportions of the two specimens very nearly correspond, the Hull one being rather the largest ; it is stated to have the total length of 47 feet, the cranium being 10| feet ; while the Utrecht specimen is about 43 or 44 feet, the skull being 9 feet 10 inches. If full-grown the specimens would probably reach the length of 60 feet, being rather less than that of P. antiquorum. Both skeletons have 64 vertebra3; in P. antiquorum the vertebrae never appear to exceed 62. The foramen in the transverse process of the axis is smaller in the Hull than in the Utrecht specimen — probably only an individiial variation. The rostral portion of the skull is not quite so wide in proportion in the Hull as in the Utrecht specimen ; tlie breadth across the middle of the beak in the latter is to the length of the skull as 27 to 100, in the former as 26 to 100. The actual breadth (measured across the upper surface following the curve) in the HuU specimen is 33 inches, each maxillary being 10 and the premaxillary 5 inches, the space between the latter 6 inches. The nasal bones in both skeletons differ from P. antiquorum in being slightly hollowed on the upper surface at the anterior margins. This character is most strongly marked in the HuU specimen. The stiflo-hyals are thicker, especially near the lower end, in both the skeletons than in the common Fin-Whale. The sternum, which is so remarkable in the Utrecht specimen for its almost rudimentary state, is wanting in the Hull specimen, but may have been overlooked from its small size. The HuU specimen has 16 ribs : if this is the normal niunber in the species, it is a good specific character, as P. antiquorum has never been recorded to have AimiTIONfl AND COUKF.CTIOXS. 381 more than 15. The first rib in both the HuU and Utrecht specimens dift'ers from P. antiquorum in wanting a well-developed capitular process. In the Utrecht specimen this process is present in the second, third, and fourth ribs — longest in the third. In the Hull specimen it is found in the second, third, fourth, fifth, aud sixth ribs, being longest in the third and fourth. In P. antiquorum it is usually longest in the second, and obsolete in the fourth. The phalanges of the digits in both skeletons are articulated arti- ficially, and yet they correspond exactly in number and arrangement, except that the Hull specimen has an additional bone on digit III. The numbers are, II. 4 ; III. 5 (Utrecht), 6 (Hull) ; IV. 5 ; V. 3,— an arrangement somewhat different from that of P. antiquorum. One of the most striking and characteristic differences in this part of the skeleton is the greater length of the metacarpal bones and phalanges, which in both the Hull and Utrecht specimens, not only relatively but even actually, exceed those of the full-grown P. antlquormn of 70 feet in length. The hahen, which is not preserved in the Utrecht specimen, in the Hull specimen is in excellent condition, and shows a striking difference from that of the common Fin- Whale in being of a unifonn deep black, instead of dark oKve-brown or horn-colour variegated towards the ends of the series with patches and stripes of a lighter colour. After description of Sibbaldius Schlegelii, (at page 186) add : — Sibbaldius ? antarcticus. Sibbaldius antarcticus, Bunneister, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1865, Inhab. coast of Buenos Ayres, near the mouth of the river Salado. (Bladebono in Mus. Buenos Ayres.) The bladebone (the only portion of the skeleton saved) flat, nearly one-third of a circle, half as high as broad ; the outer margin is regixlarly curved, with an indication of an obtuse angle on the hinder part of the cii-cumference ; towards the glenoid cavity it becomes much thicker, and has here the thickness of the diameter of the glenoid cavity. The outer surface is somewhat excavated, with the indication of an obtuse radial crest on the beginning of the hinder half. The inner surface is flatter, and has five large and three short, obtuse, radial, elevated lines. The front margin is thin, with the indication of an obtuse angle in the upper half, and under that angle are two descending small spines. The hinder margin is some- what curved to the interior, but more straight in the middle of its course. The acromion is a very large, compressed process, which is some- what broad and rounded at the end, and with two obtuse humps on the under margin near to the base. The upper margin is very short, and continued on the outside of the bladebone as a sharp, prominent crest. The coracoid process is only half the size of the former, and obliquely truncated at the end. The glenoid cavity is a broad ellipse, 382 ABDITIONS ANB CORRECTIONS. 14 inches long and 11 inches mde, but somewhat more curved on the outer than on the inner side. The bladebone is 6 feet broad from before backward, and 3 feet high from the glenoid cavity to the upper margin. The acromion is I foot 7| inches long and 7| iaches broad. The coracoid process is II inches long and 5 inches broad. The acromion is 7 inches broad in the middle, and 9 inches at the end, before the curved margin. Fiff. 87. After generic description of BAL.aENOPTEE,A, (at page 188) add: — Subgenus 1. The lower lateral processes of the third to the seventh cervical vertebree with an angular projection on the lower edges. Fabricia. At the end of remarks on Balaenoptera rostrata, (at p. 194) add : — Subgenus 2. TJie lower lateral processes of the third to the sixth cervical ver- tebree slender, regidarly curved, withoid any prominent angle on the lower edges. Swinhoia. 2. Balaenoptera Swinhoei. Inhab. sea near Formosa. a. Part of the skeleton, viz. : — Upper maxillaiy bone, left side (the upper surface is 6 feet 6 inches, under edge of the same bone 7 feet 8 inches) ; three cervical vertebrae ; eight dorsal vertebrae. ADDITIONS AND C0HKECTI0N8. 383 seven of which are more or less imperfect ; eight ribs, all with simple heads. Mr. Swinhoe has sent to the British Museum part of the head, three corneal vertebraj, the first and seven other dorsal vertebrae, and eight ribs of a largo Finner Whale -which was thrown ashore on the coast of Formosa. The bones are nearly of the size of similar bones of the European Finner {Phijsalus antiqiioritm), which often reaches to the length of 60 or 70 feet, and they most probably belong to an animal nearly of that size. The second and third cervical vertebrae are united, as in the small Finner (BaliPnojytera rostrata) of Europe, while in all the larger Finners which are as yet known these two bones are always free. Fiff. 88. Fisr. 89. Fig. 88. Back view of the second and third cervical vertebrae united by the neural arches. 89. Side view of the same vertebrte. This union of the second and third cervical vertebrae is one of the characters by wliich the genus Balcenoptem is separated from the genus Fhysalus. The front part of the neural canal has the sub- 384 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. circular form of that in the genus Balcenoptera, and not the trans- versely oblong form of the neural canal in Physalus. I am therefore inclined to refer these bones to the genus Balanioptera until we are able to know more of the skeleton and the external form of the animal. Fiff. 90. Fig. 91. Fig. 90. The back view of the sixth or seventh cervical vertebra. 91. Side view of the same vertebra. I am, however, inclined to believe that when the animal and its skeleton are better known it will be found to have some particular characters (as the form of the bodies of the vertebroB), since the lateral processes show some alliance to the genus Physalus. It is to be regretted that the number of the vertebras, the form of the lumbar vertebrte, and the form of the first ribs were not observed ; and they are all required to determine with certainty to what genus the animal ADDITIONS AND COERECTIONS. 385 must horerftcr be referred. It may for the present be designated Balcenoptera Swinfioei, Fig. 92. .<;^ftt Fig. 93. Fig. 92. The back view of the first dorsal vertebra. 93. Side view of the same vertebra. The second and third cervical vertebrae are imited by the anchy- losis of the neural arches. The second cervical vertebra has large, broad, truncated lateral processes with a large, oblong, subcentral 2c 380 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. perforation; the lateral processes are each two-thirds of the trans- verse diameter of the articulating surface of the body of the vertehrse. The neural canal of the second cervical vertebra subcircular, rather less high than broad, and not quite so wide as half the diameter of the front surface of tlie body of it. The third cervical vertebra has a thin, oblong, transverse body, which is broader than high ; the lateral processes are slender, truncated at the end, not so long as the transverse diameter of the body, curved towards each other at the end, but not united so as to form a ring. The neural canal of the third cervical vertebra is oblong transverse, rounded above, as wide as half the transverse diameter of the body of the vertebra, and about one-third broader than high. The rest of the cervical vertebra are free, not anchylosed either by the body or neural arch. The sixth or seventh cervical has a thin body, with slender, nearly straight upper lateral processes, and only a very short tubercle on each side below. The first dorsal vertebra has a veiy high dorsal spine ; a rather small, oblong body, and a strong lateral process on each side above, which is expanded at the end. The eight ribs have simple heads. These bones seem to show an animal three times as large as the Balcenoptera rostrata of Europe. CATODONTID^ (page 195), add :— While the Catalogue has been going through the press much new information respecting these animals has been received, especially the knowledge of the animals of two species oiKogia, showing its affinity to the Plujseter of Sibbald, and of a new genus of Sperm Whale, and the opportunity of examining the skeleton of a Sperm "WTiale from the west of Scotland and of one fi-om Australia. In the place of the Synopsis of the Genera at p. 195, substitute : — I. Head compressed, trtmeated in front. Bloioers in front of the upper paH of the head. Skidl elongate. Dorsal hump rounded. Pectoral Jin short, trimcated. Catodontina. 1. Catodon. The atlas oblong, transverse, nearly twice as broad as high ; the central canal subtrigonal, narrow below. 2. Meganeitron. The atlas subcircular, rather broader than high ; the central canal circidar, in the middle of the body, widened above. II. Head depressed, rounded infro?it. Blowers at the bad; » point out any diiference in words. The teeth are rather more fi numerous, viz. "^ —^^, rather smaller, being six in an inch length of ' , margin. The hinder part of the palate, in front of the inner nasal opening, narrower and very sharply keeled on the sides ; the sides of the narrower and shallower central groove convex, smaller, and the / outer sides of the keels concave and shorter. , ^f\ ^ The bladebone not so much produced behind the ridge, and with an obUque hinder margin, without any truncation at the lower part. The coracoid process is similar, but broader in the middle of its length, the lower edge being nearlj- straight. Length of skidl 1()| inches, of beak 11, of brain-case 6|, of lower jaw \4\ ; width over condyles G inches 7 lines, at notch 3 inches 4 lines, at middle of the beak 1 inch 10 lines. The back fin, snout, the dorsal fin, a wavy streak from base of beak to eye, and upper surface of tail black ; sides of the face and » , body to near the base of the tail gi-ey, with an elongated triangular /Jl V '"' patch beginning below the pectoral fin and extending near to the base of the tail, the broadest part over the vent. Dorsal fin high, as high as long at the base ; tip acute, bent back. Chin and beneath, as high as the base of the pectoral fin, and to the vent, white. Delphinus Walkeri, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, 737. Inhab. South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 35° 38' S., long. 10' E. A female. 398 ADDITIONS AND COEEECTIONS. Length from end of snout to tip of tail 6 feet 7i inches ; the other measurements are nearly the same as in D. Moorei. The skulls show that these species helong to the restricted genus BelpMnus, which has D. Delphis for its type. These have a very deep groove on each side of the palate. Fig. 100. Delphinus IValkeri. Both the figures of the animals belonging to these species have a narrow black streak from the base of the upper part of the beak to the eye ; but the colours of the sides of the animals are differently distributed. There is also a veiy slight difference in the form of the bladebones (and this cannot be sexual, as they were both females), and in the form of the back part of the palate just in front of the hinder entrance to the nostrils. Considering that the colouring of the animals shows that they repre- sent two species, one is stmck with the very small diiference exhibited in the skull by species showing such marked external differences, , and can only conclude by thinking how hasty we have been when we have referred skulls received from very distant parts of the world all to Delphinus Delphis, and said that that sj^ecies had a very wide geographical distribution — more especially when we consider that these two species were obtained, the one in lat. 35° 38' S., long. 10' E., and the other in lat. 34° S., long. 7° 3' W. Delphinus Janira (page 245), add: — a. SkuU. Jamaica. Presented by J. H. Gurney, Esq. Length of skuU 16 inches, of beak 9|- ; width at notch 3|. Teeth 47/, five in an inch length of maxilla. The beak of the skull twice and three-quarters the brr _.dth of the notch in length. After Delphinus Janira, (at page 246) add : — Delphinus punctatus. The beak of the skull once and a half the length of the brain- ca\itj', depressed behind, and gradually tapering and rather slender in front, in length nearly three times the width at the notch. Lower jaw attenuated and slender, and rather bent up in front, without ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 399 any gonyx. Teeth small, slender, ^-^, five in an inch of mai-gin. The palate flat ; the hinder part of the palate in front of the internal nostrils broad, swollen, with a very shallow central groove with rather convex sides, and very oblique, flat, external sides. Length of skull 1.5| inches, of beak 9^, of brain-case 6|, of lower jaw 12f ; width over condyles 6| inches, at notch 3 inches 4 lines, in middle of beak 1 inch S lines. The two bladcbones are rather different in general fonn, one being more truncated behind than the other ; thej- are both truncated in fi'ont, and in both the coracoid process is large, with a short upper, and a long straight lower edge ; one has a long, regularly arched, and the other an equally long, but sinuous upper edge, showing that, considering the bladebone a specific distinction, some allow- ance must be made for occasional variation. The skull is much like some of the skulls I have named Chjmene Boris ; but perhaps I have included several species under that name, as some of the skulls differ in the form of the hind part of the palate. The one hero described differs from all of them in having a more slender and attenuated beak. Dorsal fin high, rather acute at the tip. Black, sides with minute white specks ; the sides of the body above the base of the pectoral to the base of the tail blackish grey, which colour is obliquely ex- tended as a lunate band from behind the vent to the back near the base of the tail. CljTuene punctata, Graij, P. Z. S. 1865, 738. Inhab. North Atlantic Ocean, lat. 16° 40'N., long. 21°W. A female. Length from end of snout to tip of tail H feet, to blowhole 1 foot i inch, to tlie eye 1 foot i inch, to front of dorsnl fin 2 feet 8| inches, to base of pectoral fin 1 foot 3| inches ; length from tip of tail to back fin 2 feet 4|- inches, to vent 1 foot 6-J- inches ; diameter of body behind back fin 1 foot 1^ inch, of snout 4-| inches, of mouth 9|^ inches. Fiff. 101. Delphinm pundatus. Delphinus Alope (page 252), add : — Inhab. Cape Horn. h. SkuU, perfect. Cape Horn. Entire length lfi| inches, of beak 10^ ; width at notch 3^ ; length of beak three times its width at the notch, depressed. Teeth very slender, six in an inch length. 400 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. TURSIO (page 254). Add to generic characters : — Pectoral fin moderate, falcate, pointed at the end; hand same length as the arm ; forearm-bones close together ; carpal bones close together, with only a small quantity of cartilage ; index finger of six phalanges. Tursio Doris (page 255), add :— Inhab. Cape of Good Hope {Layard). Skull in South- African Museum. (See Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, 522.) Tursio Dorcides. SkuU Kke that of T. Doris, but larger, thicker, and stronger; beak thick, solid, shelving on the sides, once and' one -third the length of the brain-case, twice and one-third as long as wide at the notch ; palate flat. Teeth small, slender, jItjI, full five in an inch. Inhab. ? a. SkuU. Tursio Metis (page 256), add : — h. Skull. Teeth two in an inch. Tursio Cymodoce (page 257), add : — h. Skull. Teeth three in an inch. Erase Tursio Guianensis (page 257), as it forms a distinct genus on account of the form of its fins. Tursio truncatus (page 258), add : — The first and second cervical vertebrae united by their bodies and the spinous processes of the neural arch, which is very much elon- gated and keeled above ; the lateral processes of the first broad, short, obliquely compressed ; hinder cervical vertebrae thin. Belphmus brevidens (Gervais, Zool. et Pale'ont. Frang. t. 9. f. 4, 6) is founded on part of the lower jaw of a Dolphin with truncated teeth, like Tursio trxmcatus. Tursio obscurus (page 264), add : — d. Front of the jaws and the pectoral fin. South Pacific. Type of Mr. Waterhouse's D. Fitzroyii. From the Zoological Society's Museum. Teeth ff, just five in an inch. e. Skull, rather imperfect behind. The type of DelpMnus ohscurus of Mr. Waterhouse, in Catalogue of Zoological Society's Museum, no. 530. From the Zoological Society. ADDITIONS ANU CORRECTIONS. 40l Tursio Abusalam (page 2C1), ticld to synonyms: — Delphimis hamatns," Hemp. ^- U/ireiib.," Wie(jmann,inSchreh.S(mgfth. 18. t. 369 (skuU) ; Schleyel, Ahhandl. i. 29. D. Abusalam, War/ner, Schreh. Suppl. \ai. 324. After TURSIO, (at page 2G7) add :— 4*. SOTALIA. Beak depressed, rather longer than the brain-cavity. Palate Hat. Lower jaw rather broad behind ; symphyses short. Teeth slender, conical. Pectoral fin oblicjuely trunciited. Forearm-bones free ; hand shorter than the arm. Carjial bones five, small, surrounded by cartilage. Phalanges of the index finger six, of the middle finger five, and the foui'th finger one. "— - 1. Sotalia Guianensis. Delphinus Guianensis, Van Henedc/i. Tursio Guianensis, Catal. 257. Inhab. British Guiana. Mus. Stuttgart. The skuU differs greatly from that of D. viicrops, with which it has been compared, in the length of the beak and the shortness of the symjihj'sis. " Co dauphin prescntc dans la conformation do son squclette divcrses particularitcs qui lui donncnt un certain interct. La co- lonne vcrtebrale est tres-massive principalement a. -la region caudale ; la nageoire pcctorale est fort-etendue en largcur. La teto a un aspect a part, surtout par la conformation du maxUlairo inferieur," " Vertebrai 55 : thoracic 12, lumbar 14, caudal 22, cervical 7. The first two cervical are united, the five others are free and have long bodies, making a long neck, as in the Platanista:, which have a similar-shaped pectoral. The caudal vertebrae form two distinct series, the first thirteen have large bodies, and are much higher than broad ; the first nine have the upper spinous apophyses well developed ; and the first seven have transverse processes ; the twelve chevron bones are very strong ; the last nine caudal vertebra) are much depressed, and twice as broad as high, llibs 12 . 12 : the first rather the broadest, the first four only have a double articular sur- face, the first five are articulated directly to the sternum. The .sternum is formed of three distinct bones, the front being the largest. The pectoral fin is only rather longer than broad, and is not so long as the arm-bones united ; the bladebone is much extended in form, and has the acromion and coracoid weU developed. The two bones of the forearm are rather longer than the humeiois. The radius is very broad. Carpal bones five, in two rows, the three upper being the largest ; metacarpals five. There is no phalange for the thumb, only one for the little finger, six for the index, and four for the ring finger. " The skull is rounded on aU sides, the falx is ossified, the face is slender, the nasal canal open, the vomer is shown above between the 2 D 402 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. two intermaxillaries. The jaws have 28 . 28 teeth, of which two are in the intermaxillary bones. The teeth are conical, acute, rather far apart. The tympanic bone is two-lobed, as in Ddphinus. The petrous bones are without apophysis. The lower jaw is very high behind and curved, giving it the appearance of a Ziphiics." — Van Beneden. Page 276, add:— 10. Lagenorhjrnchus fusifonnis. Delphinus (Lagenorhynchus) fusiformis, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. ined. Inhab. India. a. SkuU. Presented by Walter Elliot, Esq., of Wolfslee. PSEUDORCA (page 290). Dr. Wagner (Supp. Schreber's Siiugeth. vii. 305) has given the name of Delphinus carhonarius to " the Blackfish of the South-Sea whalers," described and figured in Bennett's ' Narrative of a Whaling Voyage,' ii. 233. fig., copied Wagner, tab. 352. f. 1. PHOC^NA (page 301). At the end of remarks on the genus, add : — Several porpoises caught on the coast of England have been lately examined, and they all have spines or tubercles on the upper edge of the dorsal fin. The specimens without these ajjines or tubercles are desiderata, and one is almost led to the belief that they do not exist ; but it is difiiciilt to prove a negative, and one can hardly beheve, if they are always present, that so many zoologists should have overlooked them. The stuifed specimen in the Museum shows them very indistinctly, if at all ; but then, stuffed specimens are so mauled and rubbed with pumice and other material, that they may have been rubbed off; and they are so covered with varnish that they may have been hidden. So the existence of a porpoise vsdthout spines must be left for future research. The differences discovered by various anatomists seem to show that there must be more than one species included under the name of P. communis, which are very like ex- ternally, but this is probably the case with several Dolphins, Bottle- noses, and Porpoises. Printed by Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London. J