POR THE, PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ‘ i . 3 ‘ ‘ ‘ 4 4. + St 1 23 CIC EEEY CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIMENS OF 54.407 (42m) MAMMALIA THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH’ MUSEUM. — PART. L.— \. CETACEA.* D See, an ‘ a Ee, Sia LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1850. ae Shy ao i Sey YROVEUIY TANGY PREFACE. THE chief object in preparing the present Synopsis has been, to give at one view a complete Catalogue of all the specimens of Mammalia, and their Osteological remains, at present in the British Museum Collection, and an account of the species known to exist in other collections, but which are at present desiderata in the British Museum, so as to enable travellers, collectors, and others, to assist in com- pleting the National Collection. For this purpose, a short description has been given of all the genera and species at present known to exist in the different museums and private collections, and at the end of each description is added an enumeration, stating the state, age, country, and other pecu- liarities of each specimen of the kind in the Museum Collec- tion; or when the species is not at present in that Collection, the museum, in which it has been observed, is added after the general habitat of the species. The different individuals of each species contained in the British Museum Collection are indicated by the letters a, 6, ec, &e. When the age of the specimen is not stated, it is to be understood that it is full-grown, or nearly so ; when other- iv | PREFACE. wise, its state is marked immediately after the letter by which it is distinguished ; and if the sexes are known, it is stated to be male or female. These particulars are followed by the habitat, which is given as particularly as the materials pos- sessed by the Museum permit. Those specimens which have been presented to the Museum have the name of the donor marked immediately after the habitat. When there is no such indication, the specimens have been either purchased or procured in exchange ; and in this case, whenever the place or person from whence. they have been received gives authenticity to the specimen, or adds anything to their history, they are noted as being from such or such a collection. _ The various synonyma have been given to the different divisions of the class, and to the genera and subgenera and species, and a reference made to the works in which they have been characterized or described. In the adoption of the names for these divisions and for - the names of the genera and species, it has been thought right to use, whenever it was possible, that which was first used for the purpose. As far as regards the specific name, there is comparatively little difficulty in the application of this simple rule; but ordinal, and especially generic names, have been used by different authors in senses so widely dif- ferent, and the groups which they are intended to designate have been so variously extended and restricted, that it is no easy matter to determine, where several names have been used, which of them ought to be preferred. As every original observer will constantly make use of characters which others may have overlooked, or not thought of so much importance as further researches have shown to belong to it, even when a generic name is used, it will of necessity be often employed in a different sense, or with a ~ a: = PREFACE. De | v more restricted, or very rarely a more extended meaning than its original proposer applied to it. If this was not allowed, many new names must be added to the list of genera, which is already so overburdened with synonyma. In those cases where the two sexes of the same species, or any particular individual state or variety belonging to it, have been differently named, the names belonging exclusively to the state or individual described are placed after the refer- ence to the specimens to which they apply. To determine with accuracy the names and synonyma of the species, the various skeletons and other remains of Ce- taceous animals in the museums of the College of Surgeons of London and Edinburgh, of the Zoological Society, and of the different local museums, especially those of Haslar, Nor- wich, Bristol, Liverpool, &c., and the various continental museums of Paris, Leyden, Berlin, Vienna, and Frankfort, have been personally examined, and in many cases the spe- cimens contained in those museums have been sent to the Museum, so that they could be actually compared with the specimens in the Museum Collection. JoHN Epwarp Gray. June 1, 1850. He Say UT) Os a 7) TORY ANG "5c 'n cis scns'sp.cduiwapeckcadecsdecass .cnaas 131 2. Southern Atlantic. Balena australis. Cape of Good Hope............... 15 Megaptera Poeskop. Cape of Good Hope ......... 29 Physalus Brasiliensis. Bahia.................:seceeeees 43 —— australis. Falkland Islands ...............-++.0. 43 = Catodon macrocephalus .. ......00......- 6 esmenaageeaeee 52 polycyphus. Malacea . giucipccxase>-sssarenceeute 52 Lagenorhynchus clanculus .............sccceseceseoses 102 Seem ThICOIED |... ina. sasucttonseise 0d eeeannepeesmmeeeele 103 Delphinapterus Peronii ....c..c.cecessceeseceonceccceses 103 Delphinus Eutropia.....:.......-pessesssegn«s04ensepaneen 112 Novae Zealandiz.......00...-..ccescresnaapesrsaneny 123 —— FOrsterl ..........cccccccesconece Seed sunsenseseunmel 124 Sao. Madagascar ......ccccsrecsssccocseee wehnenne 125 LONGILOStTIS .0.000..2.reeeeecnccececresesoccescscoess 125 Meno WIA VATA 0s cnn nee tne gnarteraneaerenaeaseneee 128 FOMEATUS Vi. sce sn cks acne Ceeennctececsssesrccasenseps 128 BURCH UACUS * ic). .cpces sci onussaeteasgess=aleeameneee 130 Inia Geoffroyii. River Mox0S ...,.....c00,..eeessseee 135 .. Platanista Gangetica. River Ganges............++++0 137 ninhicore Dugong ...:5.....cececepackevesysnosgeerenenaneeee 142 ——— Tabernaculi.s....ccccseserscsecesecersreeeeeastetans 143 —— australis .......00. ns age png oh gpbep anne desea 143 xi EXPLANATION OF PLATES.. PO N.B. The dark back ground to the skull represents the shape of the head of the animal. PLATE I. FAMILIES. 1. Balena—Balenide. 2. Catodon—Catodontide. 3. Delphinus—Delphinide. 4. Halicore—Manatide. PLATE II. . Baleena mysticetus, 12. . Baleenoptera rostrata, 32. . Catodon macrocephalus, 49. . Physeter Tursio, 56, from Sibbald. POD PLATE III. DELPHINID2. 1. Hyperoodon latifrons, 69. 2. Ziphius Sowerbiensis, 71. 3. Delphinorhynchus micropterus, 73. PLATE IV. DELPHINIDA. 1. Beluga Kingii, 77. 2. Neomeris phocenoides, 80. 3. Phocena communis, 81. PLATE V. DELPHINID. 1. Grampus Cuvieri, 83. 2. Globiocephalus Svineval, 87. 8. Orca Capensis, 95. xl EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE VI. DELPHINID. 1. Monodon monoceros, 75. 2. Lagenorhynchus albirostris, 99. 3. Delphinus Delphis, 120. PLATE VII. DELPHINIDZ. . Steno frontatus, 128. . Platanista Gangetica, 137. - Inia Geoffroyii, 135. - Pontoporia Blainvillii, 134. m OO DS PLATE VIII. MANATID&. 1. Halicore Dugung, 142. 2. Rytina gigas, 144. The lower jaw is unknown. 3. Manatus Americanus, 140. | LBALANA. 2.CATODON. 4.DELPHINUS 2" 4. HALICORE. y Sy ‘f? Wing, del et Lith. vy & Gear ee, iatucgraphess 54 Harmen Garden. ns x. STI M. Wit] 4a pp Trap.cer) LoyRy 9G‘ fa yrypcke Worry y j adac a) R pTo, Il Id DE 14 i 7 Wal Wal] 4! | a SF Ge Oe es QGTTICA ONTFOMERT ZPHOCENA BRL U Pej eries OME RIs oO Pp 1 \ Fatal + bd —_ g e, Lith hers, 54 Hatton Cat W Wang del et hth ord & George, Lithographers, 54 Hatton Carden ey 54: Hatton Garden Lithographers : George ae a iia <° Sk re ing, del. et ith MONODON ie Wan F, W171 LAGENORHYNCHUS DET DUTINTTIS bbe Se Poe yo Rk Ford & George fing, Gel. ex Lith. 2 ANISTA A? ok: \ \ N y N \ N S = George, Lathographers | & Ford ith ata WWing 22. Mp : | « ; * ° = m a £ Y - : a * : | i CATALOGUE OF Ck TA 6 RA. Order III. CETE. Teeth all similar, conical; sometimes not developed. Palate often furnished with transverse plates of baleen or whalebone. Body fish-shaped, nearly bald. Limbs short, fin-shaped. Hinder pair forming a horizontal tail. Mammalia, Cete, Linn. S. Nat. ed. 12.1.27; Link, Beytr. 1795; Desm. N. D. H. N. xxiv. 35, 1804; Fischer, Syn. 1828; Eich- wald, Zool. Spec.rii. 337; Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825. Ceti, Wagler, Amph. 1830. Les Cétacés, Cuvier, Tab. Elem. 1798; Cuvier, R. A. i. 271, 1817, ed. 2.1. 281; F. Cuvier, 1829. Cetacee, Brisson: R.A.217,1762; Gray, Med. Rep. xv. 309, 1821. M. a nageoires, pars, Desm. N. D. H. N. xxiv. 32, 1804. Natantia, I/liger, Prod. 139, 1811. M. pinnata and pinnipedia, pars, Storr. Prod. Mam. 1780. | Bipedes, Latr. Fam. Nat. 64, 1825. _ Sirenia and Cete, Selys Longchamps, 1842. Hydromastologie ou Cétologie, Lesson, Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim. 197, 1842. Fischsucke (Schucher), Oken, Lehrb. Naturg. 661, 1815. Cetacea and Amphibia, pars, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815. Belon and Rondelet appear to have known the Dolphin (Del- phinus Delphis), the ‘Ondre’ (D. Tursio), and the Phocena (P. vulgaris) ; but their account of the Spermaceti Whale is very indistinct. _ Clusius, in 1605, first described and figured the Sperm Whale A 2 CETACEA. in a recognizable manner, from two specimens thrown on the — coast of Holland in 1598 and 1601; and Johnston (t. 41 & 42) — well figures one of these specimens. ; . | In 1671, Martens, in his ‘ Voyage to Spitzbergen,” gave a de- — scription and figure of the Whalebone Whale, the “ Fin Fish” — (Balenoptera Physalus), the Weise Fish (Beluga Catodon), and — of the Botzkopt (Orca Gladiator) ; and his figures of the firstand — second have been the chief authorities for these animals until this — time. In 1692, Sibbald published a small quarto pamphlet, with three — plates, describing the Whales which had come under his observa- tion. He divides them into three groups :—I. The small Whales with teeth in both jaws, of which he notices three :—the Orca (O. Gladiator), the Beluga, and one from hear-say, which from — its size was probably a Porpesse (Phocena vulgaris). Il. The larger Whales with teeth in the lower jaw :—1. the Sperm Whale; — and 2. the Black-fish. And III. The Whalebone Whales, of : which he describes three specimens. The arrangement he pro- posed is the one used in this paper; and his work forms the — groundwork of all that was known on the larger Cetacea up to — the Linnzan time: but Artedi and Linneus committed the mis- take of regarding individual peculiarities resulting from accidental circumstances as specific distinctions, so that three of their spe- cies have to be reduced to synonyma. [There is a later edition, edited by Pennant, which appeared in Edinburgh in 1773. ] In1725, Dudley, in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ (No. 387), describes all the Whales now recognized by-the whalers, except the Black-fish ; viz. 1. The Right or Whalebone Whale. 2, The Serag Whale. 3. The Fin-back Whale. 4. Bunch or Hump- back Whale. And 5. The Spermaceti Whale. Cuvier, in his — historical account, scarcely sufficiently estimates either Sibbald’s — or Dudley’s contribution. Bonnaterre, and after him Lacepéde, in their Catalogues, col- lected together with great industry all the materials they could find, in every work that came in their way ; hence they, the latter — especially, formed a number of species on most insufficient au-— thority: for example, they made a genus on the otherwise good © figure of the Sperm Whale figured by Anderson, because the artist — had placed the spout on the hinder part of the head; and a divi- sion of a genus for the Fin-fish of Martens, because he did not notice in his description or figure the fold on the belly. Yet the characters given by Lacepéde, and genera formed by him, have been used in our latest works, some even in Cuvier’s last edition of the ‘Animal Kingdom’; and many of these species still en- cumber our Catalogues. Nae Cuvier, dissatisfied with this state of things, in his ‘ Ossemens > CETACEA. 3 Fossiles,’ examined the various documents and consulted the authorities which had been used by Lacepéde; but he appears to have undertaken the work with‘a predisposition to reduce the number of species, which his predecessor had described, to the smallest number. Thus, he concludes that there are only eleven species of Dolphins, one Narwhal, one Hyperoodon, one Cachalot or Sperm Whale; and he appears to think there are only two . Whalebone Whales—the Right Whale and the Finner. To make this reduction: first, he believes that the Hump-backed Whale of Dudley is only a whale that has lost its fin, not recognizing that the Cape Rorqual, which he afterwards described from the fine skeleton now shown in the inner court of the Paris Museum, is one of this kind; secondly, that the Black-fish and the Sperm Whale are the same species; an error which must have arisen from his not having observed that Sibbald had figured the former, for he accuses Sibbald of twice describing the Sperm Whale; and when he came to Schreiber’s copy of Sibbald’s figure, he thinks the figure represents a Dolphin which had lost its upper teeth, overlooking the peculiar form and posterior position of the dorsal fin, and the shape of the head, which is unlike that of any known Dolphin. This mistake is important, as it vitiates the greater part of Cuvier’s criticism on the writings of Sibbald, Artedi ‘and others, on these animals. Unfortunately these views have been very generally adopted without re-examination. But, in making these remarks, it is not with the least desire to underrate the great obligation we owe to Cuvier for the papers above referred to; for it is to him that we are indebted for having placed the exa- mination of the Whales on its mght footing, ‘and for directing our inquiries into the only safe course on these animals, which only fajl in our way at distant periods, and generally under very disadvantageous circumstances for accurate examination and study. Tn 1828, Mr. F. J. Knox, the Conservator of the Museum of the Old Surgeons’ Hall in Edinburgh, published a Catalogue of the Anatomical preparations of the Whale, in which he gives many ‘interesting details on the anatomy of the Balena maaimus and B. minimus, which had been stranded near Edinburgh, of the foetus of B. mysticetus from Greeniand, and of Delphinus Tursio (D. leu- _ copleurus), D. Delphis and Phocena communis, Soosoo gangeticus, and Halicore Indicus; but the paper has been very generally neglected or overlooked. - M.F. Cuvier’s ‘ Cetacea’ (Paris, 1836) is little more than an ieepansion of his brother’s essays, with a compiled account of the _ species ; but he has consulted with greater attention the works of "Sibbald and Dudley, has some doubts about the finned Cachalots - being the same as the Sperm Whale (p. 475), but at length gives 2 ; A 4 CETACEA. up the subject. He has found out that the Hump-backed Whale — is evidently a Rorqual (p. 305), but does not record it as a spe- cies, nor recognise it as the Cape Rorqual, nor as Dr. Johnston’s Whale; the latter he incorrectly considers the same as B. Phy- salus. He combines together as one species Quoy’s short-finned Rorqual of the Falkland Islands with Lalande’s long-finned Whale of the Cape (p. 352). He is in great doubt about the hump of the Cachalots (p. 279); his remarks on that subject and on the Cachalots of Sibbald, show how dangerous it is for a na- turalist to speculate beyond the facts before him. Sir William Jardine’s WHALEs in the ‘ Naturalists’ Library’ is chiefly an abridgement of M. Lesson’s miserable compilation, with some extracts from Knox and other English writers on the subject. . Nor are the British species better known; for in Fleming’s excellent work they are left nearly in the same state they were in when Linneus published his twelfth edition of the ‘ Systema Nature’; and Mr. Bell’s account and figures are chiefly derived from preceding authors: this revision, though not undertaken with any view to this subject, has taken three or four species from our list, and determined the specific identity of one hitherto neglected, and added two or three species for the first time to our Fauna. I am by no means convinced that all the species in the follow- — ing Synopsis are distinct. It is rather to be regarded as a col- lection of the accounts of the Whales of different localities, de- rived from the specimens and other materials at present at our command; and I have endeavoured to select from these sources what appeared to afford the best characters for definmg them, so as to furnish to those naturalists who might enjoy the oppor- — tunity of observing the animals, a short abstract of what has been observed with regard to them, and of referrmg them to where they could find a more detailed account of each kind. I have been induced to adopt this course, as wherever I have had the opportunity of examining and comparing the proportions of the — allied species of distant seas, and of comparing their bones, they ~ have invariably proved distinct, which leads me to believe that — many of the other species of different countries, which have been regarded as the same, will be found to be distinct, though repre- — sentatives of those found in other seas. Synopsis oF FAMILIES. Suborder I. Skin smooth, bald. Teats 2, inguinal. Limbs claw- less ; fore-limbs fin-shaped ; hinder united, forming a forked — horizontal tail. Teats inguinal. Nostrils enlarged into blowers. Carnivorous. CETE. ae i zi t o ‘ CETACEA. ' 5 1. Batznipz. Nostrils 2, separate, longitudinal. Palate with baleen. Jaws toothless. Head very large. i 2. PHyYSETERIDZ. Nostrils 2, separate, longitudinal. Palate smooth. Lower jaw toothed. Head very large. _ 3. DELPHINIDa. Nosirils united, lunate, transverse. Palate smooth. Jaws toothed; rarely deciduous. Head moderate. Suborder II. Skin rather hairy ; whiskers rigid. Limbs clawed. Teats 2, pectoral. WNostrils 2, apical. Herbivorous. S1- RENIA. 4. ManatTip#. Grinders none, or flat-crowned. Front of jaws covered with horn. Suborder I. CETE. Skin smooth, without hair. Limbs clawless; fore fin-like; hinder caudal, horizontal, forked. Teats 2, mguinal. Nostrils enlarged and close together, called blowers. Carnivorous. Teeth conical, all similar, often not deveioped, and absorbed. Palate often furnished with transverse, pendent, horny plates of baleen or whalebone; fringed on the edge. _ Syn. Cete, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Selys Longchamps, 1842. Cetacea, Dum. Z. A. 1806. Cetacez carnivore, Gray, Med. Rep. xv. 309, 1821. -(Souffleurs) Hydraula, Latr. Fam. Nat. 1825, 65. _ Natantia Cete, Iiliger, Prod. 141, 1811. - Cete 8, Fischer, Syn. 1828. M. pinnata, Storr. Prod. Mam. 1780. Cetaces, Cuv. Tab. Elem. 1798. Fam. 1. BALZNIDE. WHALEBONE WHALES. Head very large, one-third the size of the body. Jaws of young with rudimentary teeth, which are never developed; of adult toothless. Palate with crowded, transverse, triangular, _ pendent, horny plates (whalebone or baleen), with a fibrous mner edge, forming “‘a screening apparatus.’ Head large, shelving in front. Blowers far back, longitudinal, separate, each covered with a valve. Spout double. Gullet small. Eyes small, near angle of the mouth. Balena and Physeter, Linn. ; Cuv. Tab. Elem. 1798. Balenade and Physeteride, Gray, Lond. Med. Rep. xv. 310. Les Cachalots and Les Baleines, F. Cuv. 1829. _ Cete, Illiger, Prod. 141, 1811. Cetacea edentula and C. dentata, Brisson, R. A. 218, 225. _ Edentes abormaux, Blainv. 1816. 6 CETACEA. / Physeteridze, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1828; Selys Longchamps, 1842. Cete hydrzoglossi § B, Wagler, N. S. amp. 33, 1830. Cetaces, Lesson, N. Tab. Reg. Anim. 197, 1842. Cetacea, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815. Ruderer Wale, Oken, Lehrb. Nat. 661, 1815. Balenidia, Rafinesg. Anal. Nat. 61, 1815. : Balenide, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1828; Zool. Erebus and Terror,15; Cat. Mam. B.M.; Selys Longchamps, 1842. Vermivora, Lesson, N. Tab. Reg. Anim. 291. Baloena, Lesson, N. Tab. Reg. Anim. 201. Bale, Oken, Lehrb. Naturg. 663, 1815. 4 The Baleen or Whalebone has generally been considered as the | teeth of the whale; but this must be a mistake, for Mr. Knox — observes—“ In the foetal B. Mysticetus sixty to seventy dental — pulps were found on each side of each jaw, making the whole — number amount to from 260 to 300. The preparation (n. 56) | exhibits a portion of this gum with twelve pulps; had these pulps been confined to the upper jaw and corresponded to the number of baleen plates, it would have formed a strong analogy between — the baleen and teeth; but the number of baleen plates in the ~ whale greatly exceeds the number of dental pulps, and the lower jaw, which contained an equal number of pulps with the upper, has neither teeth nor baleen im the adult whale. Their presence — therefore in the foetal Mysticetus forms one of the most beautiful : illustrations of the unity of organization in the animal ceconomy. — The teeth in the Balena never cut the gum, but become gradually reabsorbed into the system; the very cavity in which the germs were lodged disappear; whilst to suit the purposes of nature, — the integumentary system furnishes the baleen, which is evidently © a modified form of hair and cuticle.”’—Knoz, Cat. Whales, 22. Professor Eschricht has shown also that the foetus of Megaptera Boops (Danish Trans. 1845, xi. t. 4) has numerous teeth on the - edge of the jaw, though they are never developed. I am inclined — to regard the baleen as a peculiar development of hair in the palates of these animals, and somewhat analogous to the hair» found in the palates of the genus Lepus. From the examination I have been able to make of the baleen - of Balenoptera rostrata, and of different masses of small blades of Balena australis, it would appear as if there was, at least in those two species, two series of baleen on each side of the palate ; the external series being formed of large triangular blades placed at a certain distance apart; and the internal, m Balenoptera rostrata, formed of smaller, much thinner, triangular pieces, placed much closer together and forming a very dense screening appa- ratus; and in Balena australis the mner series is formed of nu- CETACEA. ; 7 ‘merous separate narrow strips of whalebone, each ending in a pencil of hairs, which vary in size from that of small twine to that of tape, half an inch wide; these are placed behind the others, and gradually increase in size from the innermost to the bread - external series. The baleen or whalebone affords good characters for the sepa- ration of this family into sections. Mr. Knox (Cat. Prep. Whale) gives the best account of the development, position and distinction between the baleen of the _ Whales of the North Sea which has come under my observation, and it agrees with the observations I had made on thé subject before I could procure his pamphlet. In Balena maximus, Knox (Physalus antiquorum), 314 ex- ternal or labial plates (baleen) were counted on each side ; towards each extremity these plates degenerate into bristles, and admit of being counted with difficulty. Towards the mesial line the baleen __ as a mass diminishes gradually in depth, giving the whole palatine surface an elegant arched form. The 314 external or labial plates do not extend to the whole extent in a transverse direction, but a system of numerous small and narrow plates succeeds the exter- nal ones. For each external plate, twelve (internal) smaller ones could be easily counted ; so that the number of plates which could be counted, and not including the bristly termimations towards the snout, pharynx, and mesial line, stand thus : external or labial plates, 314 ; internal small plates, corresponding to each external one, 12: total number of baleen plates,3768. The longest plate of baleen is placed about the centre of each of the sides, and measured 26 inches in length and 15 in breadth. The substance when recent is highly elastic and very heavy; the whole weighed nearly two tons. It is short or iong according to the species of whale, being modified entirely by the more or less arched form of the upper jaw. Mr. F. Knox first poimted out this curious and important fact. The usual conclusion come to by all persons was, that the size of the whale corresponded to the length of the bone or ba- leen. Now this is only good with regard to one species of whale, and not at all to the whole group of Whalebone Whales.—Knoz, Cat. Prep. Whale, 8. In Balena minimus, Knox (Balenoptera rostrata), 307 external or labial (baleen) plates can be counted on each side; towards _ each extremity these plates degenerate into fine bristles, which were not counted. The plates hang perfectly parallel with each other, and from their closeness and fringed lingual aspect, must act as a very perfect filter in collecting the mimute molluscous animals, and at the same time enable the whale to eject the water. The food of the Whale is still a much-disputed point. 8 CETACEA. It is now generally admitted that the Mysticetus lives only on small Medusz, shrimps, &c., but that the other species of Whale- — bone Whale devour inconceivable quantities of fish ; for instance, — M. Desmoulins states that ‘600 great cod and an immensity — (probably as many thousand) of pilchards have been found in © the stomach of a single Rorqual.”’ Mr. F. Knox, in dissecting the Balena maximus, saw no cavity — in the course of the viscera which could have contained six cod — of ordinary size; that of B. minimus was empty, although the Firth of, Forth, particularly at and above Queensferry, abounds at — all seasons with herrings and other fishes and their fry. The want — of teeth by no means renders it impossible that the Balena with — baleen can live on large fishes ; but the extreme narrowness of the gullet (that of B. maximus barely allowed the passage of the closed — human hand, and that of B. minimus was certainly narrower than that of an ordinary-sized cow), added to the want of teeth and the want of proper authenticated information on the subject, are strong arguments in favour of the hypothesis that they do not.— Knox, Cat. Prep. Whale, 16. The thickness of the plate of baleen depends on the number of — bristles. In the baleen of Balena maximus there are 506 bristles in the thickness of the plate, and by arude enumeration there ap- peared to be at least 130 bristles in each inch. The whole breadth of the plate being 53 inches, gives us 747 bristles entering into its composition. These bristles are matted together to the extent of 11 inches on the external and 5 inches on the internal margins, by a substance like minute lamine or scales, and which may be seen by the aid of a microscope to invest the free bristles at the frmged extremity of the plate. We have often observed the facility with which some baleen can be split up, and were struck with the fact that the baleen of Balena maximus would not split. The re- moval of the external lamina in the plate under description shows _ the cause of this: about 63 inches from the root of the plate, many of the bristles have deviated from their direct parallel mehi- — nation, and become intimately twisted and interwoven with each — other. It has been attempted to prove the age of the Whale from an examination of the baleen, in the same manner as we judge of the age of cattle by certain annulated markings on the horns. On the plate before us we can distinctly perceive nume- rous transverse lines crossing the course of the bristles at right angles. If these transverse lines indicate a periodical check to the growth of the baleen, then the age of the Balena maximus would be 800 to 900 years old, that being the number of trans- verse lines on the longest plate of baleenKnoz, Cat. Prep. Whale, 9. +t The whalebone of the smooth-bodied whales without any back — ti eT CETACEA. 9 ms (Balena) is elongate, much longer than broad at the base, and gradually attenuated, and edged with a fringe of equal, engthened, fine, soft bristles. The baleen is mternally formed | of a thin layer of fibres covered on each side with a thick coat of *enamel’; when dry and out of the mouth, the blades are flat. » The whalebone of the plaited-bellied whale with a bunch (Megaptera) or a dorsal fin (Balenoptera) is short, broad, trian- gular, not much longer than broad at the base, and rapidly atte- -nuated, and is edged with a series (sometimes rather crowded) of elongate, rigid, unequal bristle-like fibres, which become much thicker and more rigid near and at the tip; the baleen is inter- “nally formed of a more or less thick layer of thick fibres, covered ‘on each side with a thin layer of enamel, and when dry and out of the palate they are curled up and somewhat spirally twisted. _ The baleen of the Balene is alone designated W halebone (or ra- ther Whale-fin, as it is usually called) in commerce. The baleen of the other genera of this family is called Finner-fin or Humpback- fin. The wholesale dealers in baleen, in the ‘ London Directory,’ are called Whale-fin Merchants, and whalebone occurs under the “name of Whale-fin in the Price-current. In the ‘London New Price-current’ for 1843, the South Sea Whale- fin varied during that year from 2001. to 3051. per ton, and there is no price named for Greenland Whale-fin. See Maccul. Com. Dict. i. 1344. __ The baleen was formerly thought to be the tail of the animal. “See Blackstone, Commen.1. 233, quoted by Macculloch, Commer- cial Dict. 1344. SyNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. y a. Dorsal fin none. Belly smooth. Baleen elongate, slender. 1. Bauzna. _ 6. Dorsal fin distinct. Belly plaited. Baleen broad, short. 2. MecaprerA. Pectoral fins elongate. Dorsal fin low. 1. ee SNOPTEEA. Pectoral fins moderate. Dorsal fin faleate, 2 length from nose. Vertebrz 46 or 48. 4. a Pectoral fins moderate. Dorsal fin faleate, 7 $ length from nose. Vertebre 54 or 64. “a. Back not finned. Baleen elongate, slender, straight. Belly smooth. 1. BALzNA. RicHuT WHALES. _ Head rather blunt, swollen, with a slight beard, consisting of a few scattered white hairs on the anterior extremity of both jaws. mee ooresty, Arct. Regions, i. 458. The baleen or whalebone is AO b PRE, 85 PK 10 CETACKA. narrow, elongate, linear, very gradually tapering, frmged on the imner edge with numerous fine, soft, flexible fibres of a nearly uniform length, consisting internally of a thin layer formed of several series of fibres, covered on each side by a thick coat of enamel. Throat and belly smooth, not plaited. Dorsal fin none. The seven cervical vertebre are soldered together, and some- times the first dorsal is equally soldered to the cervical.— Duver-_ noy in Cuvier, Anat. Comp. ed. 2. 1. 195. | They live in the ocean, but come into the shallow and shel- tered bays to bring forth their young. The foetus has no appearance of whalebone on the palate, and the lips are very large, and longly depending over the sides of the under jaw. ia Balena, sp. Linn.; Illiger, Prod. 142, 1811. Balena, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 61, 1815; Lacepéde. Baloena, Lesson, N. Tab. Reg. Anim. 202, _ Balena § a, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 521. “‘ The length, so is the breadth (of the baleen), a mere conse- quence of the extreme narrowness of the palate in the Mysticete compared to that im the Balena (Physalus) maximus.”—Knoz, — Cat. Whale, 29. Through the kindness of Messrs. Smith and Simmonds, and Mr. Smith of Messrs. W. Westall & Co., Whale-fin Merchants, I have been enabled to examine and compare numerous species — of the whalebone or baleen received from different countries, and to compare their peculiarities as exhibited during its prepa- ration. The fins or whalebones of each series together are called a “side of bone;” the largest are im the middle, from whence they gradually diminish away to nothing at each extremity: the largest fin on the side is called the ‘‘ sample blade.” sf They know in the trade three distinct kinds. 1. The Greenland, from Greenland, Davis’ Straits, and various parts of the North Sea, which is the best. 2. The South Sea, or Black fish whale- jin brought by the South Sea Whalers. And 3. The North-west ~ Coast, or American whale-fin, which was first imported abou five years ago, and at first sold for a high price, but it has now fallen, and is considered as only a large kind of South Sea; but from the examination I have been able to make, I should believe’ that these three kinds are each produced by very different species of whales. { The three kinds are very different in shape. The outer edge of the Greenland is curved considerably ; in that of the North- west Coast it is much more straight, and in that of the South Sea almost quite straight. Figs. 3, 4 and 5, in Plate I. (of the Zoology CETACEA. ll “of the Erebus and Terror) represent the three different kinds bs in the same position, and on the same scale, being one-fourteenth eo the natural length and breadth. The fibres on the edge in _ the Greenland and Margined Whales are very fine, flexible and ang forming only a thin series; im the South Sea they are rather coarser; but in the North-west Coast much thicker and coarser; quite bristly, and much more so towards the apex; and they are more erect and form a thicker series, approaching im that character to the baleen of the finners. The following are the measurements of the samples of the i erent kinds of ‘‘ Whale-fin”’ im the British Museum :— Greenland. North-western. Southern. in. lin. Length of blade, entire... 144 0 Width at base ............ OE a 3 re 6’ 0 ts Were lengthy ccs, |) aneune > of hair at end...... 10 O _ Thickness at base ......... 4 4 om at middle ...... 4 4 5 atSlength ... 0 22 in. lin. 112 O 10 O 4 0 2 4 Fh ae | 4 5 0 42 0 3} in. lin. 90 0 9 0 5 ee © ie ae /..0 0 32 0 22 0 2 The Greenland fin has the hair on its edge generally stripped _ off, and is clean and bright when it is brought to England; but this may be from the care the North Sea whalers take in col- ~ lecting and cleaning it (as described by Scoresby. Arctic Re- gions, 1.418), and the blades are brought home in bundles about 100-weight each. On the other hand, the North-west Coast “fin” and the South Sea “fin” have the hair left on the edges ; they are brought home in bulk, and are always covered with an ashy-white soft laminar coat, looking like the rotted external layers of the enamel. This coat has to be scraped off with large knives before it is used or prepared, and the surface after the scraping is not so polished and resplendent as that of the Green- land “ fins.” The whalebone is boiled for about twelve hours, to render it soft before it is divided into strips—it then divides very easily. The smaller pieces, when softened, are split by a small machine into very narrow strips like bristles, and used for bristles to make brooms, &e. &c. For every economical purpose, the Greenland “ fins” are pre- _ ferred, and last much longer, even when divided into the false bristles : ; and the Greenland fin will alone do for the finer work, such as the strips for plaiting for bonnets, or to make ladies’ : Bitinp-whips, or the covering of telescopes and other tubes; the lines on the enamel of the Greenland fins. white strips for these purposes being taken from pale longitudinal 2 CETACEA. The Australian baleen of B. marginata is nearly equally fine, and if imported might, by its natural white colour, be very useful for many economical purposes, notwithstanding its small size. The followmg paragraph from the Daily News of the 20th of December, 1849, gives some idea of the quantity of whalebone - now used :—‘ The receipts of whalebone in the United States since January have been 2,285,095 lbs., and the exports to date — were as follows:—To North Europe, 587,926 lbs.; to France, 515,351 lbs. ; to Great Britain, 378,449 lbs. ; to other parts, 9296 Ibs., making a total export of 1,491,022 lbs. The receipts for the last eight years were 18,912,206 lbs., and the exports 11,299,811 lbs. The quantity taken for consumption during the - same period was 7,612,389 lbs. The stock in the United States at date was estimated at 903,000 lbs. : viz. in New Bedford and > Fairhaven, 368,000 lbs.; New York, 275,000 lbs.; in all other places, 260,000 lbs.” | These whales yield the train oil of commerce; but train ap- pears to be applied by the whalers as we use drain; they refer _ to the train of the blubber, when speaking of the oil of dolphins, © &c., and appear to call all blubber-oil trai, in contradiction to head-matter, or spermaceti, which Sibbald says is called “ whale- shot”? by the English; it is so called by the Dutch whalers. * Body smooth above. + Baleen tough, flexible ; enamel thick ; internal fibres few, very | slender, forming a fine, thin, flaccid fringe. 1. BALZNA MYSTICETUS. The RigHT WHALE. Head depressed. There are two series of tubercles on each side __ of the lower lip; and according to Scoresby’s figure the head is 3, the fins are 3, the vent 2, and the sexual organs 4 from the head. — Females larger than the males. The nose of the skull is regularly and gradually arched above, rather wide behind, near the blow-hole; the nose and the inter- maxillary bones regularly taper in front. The hinder end of the jaw-bones is obliquely produced behind, and the frontal bones: are narrow, nearly linear, and oblique; temporal bone narrow, oblique. The baleen is very long, varying from 9 to 12 feet, linear, tapers very gradually, and of nearly the same moderate thickness. from end to end, and covered with a polished grey or greenish - black enamel. The internal fibres occupy a small part-of the substance, are parallel, of a fine uniform texture, and black; the enamel, which forms by far the greater part of the sub- stance, is generally blackish; but it is sometimes, especially on CETACEA. 13 _ the inner side of the “fin,” paler in longitudinal stripes. The _ fibres on the edge, like the internal fibres of which it is a conti- nuation, are very fine and black. The “ fins” or pieces of ba- __leen are flat, or as the merchant calls them “kindly,’”’ so that _ they produce straight pieces fit for the better kind of parasols and umbrellas, &c., when cut into strips. Balzna mysticetus, Linn. S. N.1i. 105; Gmelin, S. N. i. 223; Miiller, Zool. Dan. 6; Eral. Syst.601; O. Fab. 32; Schreb. ~ Saugth. t. 322; Cuv. R.A. i. 285, ed. 2.1. 296; Oss. Foss. v. 361. t. 25. f. 9, 11. t. 26. f. 25; Lesson, Giuv. Buffon, i. 294. — t.11; Desm. Mam. 527,798; Desm. Dict. Class. H. N.ii. 160; . Fischer, Syn. 521; Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 15, 47. t. 1. f. 4, baleen; Cat. Mam. B.M. 104. _ Baloena mysticetus, Lesson, N. Reg. Anim. 202. _ The Right, or Whalebone Whale, Dudley, Phil. Trans. xxxiii. _ 256; Scoresby, Arctic Regions, i. 448. t. 12. f. 1. _ B. Groenlandica, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. i. 51. _ B. vulgaris, Brisson, Reg. Anim. 347. _ Bal. vulgi, Aldrov. Pisc. 688. _ Bal. vulgo dicta, Rondel. P. 475. fig. - Bal. Rondeletii, Willoughb. Pisce. 35. _ B. Physalus, Pallas, Zoogr. i. 289, not Syn. _ De Baleenis hujusmodi Bipennibus, Sibbald, Phal. 27. _ B. Mysticetus borealis, Knox, Cat. Prep. Whale, 21. _ Balzena mysticetus borealis, Knox, Cat. Anat. Prep. Whale, 21. _ Var. 1. Baleena glacialis occidentalis, Klein, Mise. Pisce. ii. 12; Muller, Z. Dan. Prod. 7; Bechst. Naturg. Deutsch. 1238; Virey in Nov. Dict. Sci. 1. 183; Desm. Mamm. 527. _ B. Islandica, Brisson, Reg. Anim. 350. _ B. Mysticetus 8. Islandica, Gmelin, S. N. i. 223; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 522. _ B. Nord Caper, Bonnat. Cet. 3; Lacep. Cet. 103. t.2. t. 3; Ge- rard, Dict. Sci. Nat. ii. 438. _ Nord Kapper, Egede, Grenl. 55. - Nordcaper, Anders. Isl. 219; Crantz, Grenl. 145. Var. 2. Rock-nosed Whale, Guérin in Jameson’s N. Edinb. Phil. Journ. 1845, 267. _ Inhab. North Sea. a. Skull and lower jaw; North Sea. The specimen figured in Cuv. Oss. vy. t. 25. fig. 9-11. b, ec. Two plates of whalebone. Greenland. Presented by Messrs. Smith and Simmonds. _ The specimens figured-in the ‘ Voyage of the Erebus and Ter- ror,’ p. 47. tab. 1. fig. 11. d. One plate of whalebone; Greenland. i4 CETACEA. The Nord Caper, Anderson, does not appear to differ from this — species. It is said to be thimner, and infested with barnacles ; this would lead one to think that it was established on a speci- — men out of health. Lacepéde’s figures above cited, from a draw- ing by Backstrom, communicated by Sir Joseph Banks, are the ~ best figures of the Right Whale after Scoresby’s. | A variety, or probably diferent species, is thus noticed by M. Guérin, the surgeon of a whaler :— The Rock-nosed Whale is said “never to leave the coast, — and even to make the circuit of the bays. The most important — point (of difference) is the comparative size of the head and body. — The head is always considerably more than 3, while in the true © B: mysticetus it is, as stated by Scoresby, less than 3, or as 16 © to 51. The whalebone is longer im comparison to the length of — the animal, but the lamine are thinner for their length; the body — is broader and terminates more abruptly ; the skin is dark velvet- brown, and has fewer spots and yields less oil. The whalers in — general seem to think that it is merely a difference of age that — causes this difference in their external characters, but cubs or sucklers are as often found amongst the Rock-noses as amongst — the Middle Ice Whales; the former must have attained the age — of maturity.”’—Guérin, in Jameson’s N. Edin. Phil. Journ. 1845, — 267. Yq In some individuals the baleen is yellowish white, the fibres and — enamel pale colour. : There is the stuffed skin of a foetal specimen, 29 inches long, ~ from Dr. Knox’ Collection, in the Anat. Mus. Univ. Edinb. ; the — lower lips have a broad flap, which is to cover the baleen when — developed. There is a skeleton of the same foetus prepared by Dr. Knox. The bones of the head are ossified, and show the © characters of the genus ; that is, the upper jaw is high, arched, and — its sides are only slightly keeled, not depressed and expanded as ~ in Balenoptera, &c. The jaws show the grooves for the teeth. The rest of the skeleton is only cartilagmous. These specimens are described by Dr. Knox, Cat. Anat. Prep. &c. 21. There is a skeleton of a half-grown specimen, brought home — by M. Guérin, being prepared m the Anat. Mus. Univ. Edinb. © (head 6 feet long ?). 4 2. BALEZNA MARGINATA. WESTERN AUSTRALIAN WHALE. — The baleen very long, slender (nearly eight times as long as — wide at the base), pure white, thin, with a rather broad black edge on the outer or straight side. Balena marginata, Gray, Zool. E. 5 T. 48. t. 1. f. 1, baleen. Inhab. W. Australia. : i x" ry e] t . CETACEA. 15 a, b, c. Three plates of baleen. Length, 20 mches; width at the base, 2 inches 6 lines. Western Australia. Presented by J. Warwick, Esq. The specimens figured in the ‘ Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,’ tab. 1. fig. 1. This species is only known from three laminz of baleen. It is so much smaller and broader, compared with its width at the base, and so differently coloured from the baleen of any of the other species, that I feel justified m considering it as distinct. +t Baleen thick, rather brittle; enamel thin, internal fibres numerous, thick, rather intertwined, forming a thick rigid fringe. 3. BALZNA AUSTRALIS. The CAPE WHALE. Uniform black. Skull convex. The nose of the skull high, straight, and rather suddenly bent down in front ; the nose and the intermaxillary bones contract in the middle, and then continue of the same width in front. The hinder part of the jaw-bones is nearly perpendicular, and the temporal bones are broad and erect.—Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 25. f£. 5-7. The foetal skull is shorter, lower, and the hinder part of the jaw-bone is more slanting.—Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 25. f. 1-3. Baleen is about 6 feet long, elongate triangular, rather rapidly tapering to a fine pomt. The imternal fibres are rather coarse, but much finer than the former. Balena australis, Desmoulin, Dict. Class. H. N. ii. 161. t. 140. f. 3, foetus; Gray, Cat. Mam. B.M. 104; Zool. Ereb. and Terror, 15, 48. t. 1. f. 3, baleen. B. du Cap, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 368. t. 24. t. 25. f. 1-8, t. 26. f. 7, mee tc, oo, t, 2/. 1-10; 15, 24. The Cape Whale, or Right Whale of South-Sea Whalers, Ben- nett, Narr. Whaling Voyage, u. 229. Southern Whalebone Whale, Nunn, Narrat. Favourite, 181, fig. 2. Rca Black Whale, Ross, Antarctic Voy. 1.169; i. 327. Inhab. South Sea, Delalande. Antarctic Ocean, Ross. Skeleton and foetus, Mus. Paris. a. Bone of fore-arm. Cape of Good Hope. b, ec. Two plates of ‘South Sea Whalebone.” Pacific Ocean ? Presented by Messrs. Smith and Simmonds. The specimens figured im the ‘ Voyage of the Erebus and Ter- ror, p. 48. tab. 1. fig. 3. d, e. Two plates of whalebone. Pacific Ocean ? Mr. Warwick has kindly sent me some notes and the following 16 CETACEA. “a measurement of a female whale of this species taken at False Bay — . Fishery, said to be full-grown, and considered by the whalers as — of large size :— J ft. in. af" oe 1 alg a ARCH Be 68 0 Picignt of the body? i633... 002-0 14 0 ENON REAM eo. eee bees 16 0 wks gh So EGS AS RSIS Me an Ai 15 6 Length of ribs..... yey rates Rance Ph, 10 6 Diameter of gullet...... BS te aPitk 0 2 * T could not pass my hand through it. Number of vertebree 52. From all the conversations I have had with the whalers, Ido not — think the Cape Whale ever attains the size of the Greenland spe- cies. These whales of the Cape, I constantly found covered with Tubicinella Balenarum and Coronula Balenaris; but the Sper- — macett Whale was seldom or never so covered: they occur prin- cipally on the head, where they are crowded, and but rarely on — the body, and then only single scattered ones.” In False Bay they carry on the fishery from the shore, and during the time Mr. Warwick was there, only one bull out of sixty specimens was killed, the females coming into the bay to bring forth their young. He skinned one, which was supposed to be not more than eight or ten days old; it was 20 feet long. The baleen of this animal is sometimes called the Whale-fin of — the “‘ Black Fish,” the name that is sometimes applied to the — Physeter Microps. There are sometimes imported with these baleen, a few yel- lowish white “fins,” which seldom exceed 2 feet in length; in these, the fibres as well as the enamel are white ; they are not so transparent as the pale variety of the Greenland fins before re- — ferred to; they have the same coarse texture, and are brittle like the black southern specimens ; and as they do not take so good a polish, they cannot be used for making shavings for plaiting, &e. There has lately been brought by the South Sea ships several hundredweight of a very small kmd of whalebone, which is im- planted in the remains of the palate, im three or four series, gra- __ dually diminishing in size towards the imnermost series; each piece is linear, compressed, almost 7 to 4 of an inch wide, rounded ~ on the edge, varying from 5 to 8 inches in length, and endimg in a tuft of black hair-like fibres; in texture, colour, and external appearance it exactly agrees with the baleen of the Southern ~ Whales, and I suspect it must form the inner part of the “ screen- ing apparatus” of that animal; and if that is the case, the exist- — ence of these separate pieces near the middle of the roof of the — mouth will form a very peculiar character in this kind of whale. — I am further strengthened in this belief by perceiving amongst — a f CETACEA. 17 ie. & _ some short pieces of “Southern Whale-fin,” probably forming _the end part of a side, at the inner, or shorter or palatine edge of each blade, two or three small separate linear processes of whale- _ bone ending a parcel of hairs similar to the pieces and form above _ described, but of a smaller size and rather more wavy. Scoresby, _ who gives a very detailed account of the position of the baleen nm _ Greenland whales (Arct. Reg. i. 457, and ii. 415), does not men- _ tion anything of the kind in that animal; but it is described as occurring in the Fin Back by Mr. F. Knox—see Cat. Anat. Prep. a7. n. 5. 4. BaALtzNaA Japonica. The JAPAN WHALE. Black ; the middle of the belly to the vent, and a spot on the _ chin and over the eye, white ; the nose with a rounded prominence m front; the head is 2 the entire length; the pectoral fin large, pointed.—Temm. Baleena australis, Temm. Fauna Japon. t. 28, 29. 'B. Japonica, Gray, Zool. E. & T. 15, 47. t. 1. f. 2, baleen. B. Japonica, Lacep. Mém. Mus. iv. 473; ? Desm. Mam. 528, 802; Fischer, Syn. 522. 'B. lunulata, Lacep. Mém. Mus. iv.475; ? Desm. Mam. 528, 803 ; Fischer, Syn. 522. Tnhab. Japan, visiting the coast periodically. The head is often covered with barnacles. This species is only described from a model, made in porcelain clay by a Japanese, under the imspection of a Japanese whaler and M. Siebold; but no remains of the animal were brought to Europe. The figures in the Fauna Japonica are from this model. _ B. Japonica and B. lunulata, Lacep., are from Chinese drawings. Var.? 1. North-west Whale, Balena Japonica?, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 15. t. 1*. f. 2, baleen. . a,b. Two plates of “ North-west Coast Whalebone.”’ North- west Coast of America. Presented by Messrs. Smith and Sim- monds. The specimens figured im the ‘ Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,’ p. 47. tab. 1. fig. 2. e, d. Two plates of “ North-west Coast Whalebone.” North- west Coast of North America. __ The baleen is nearly as long as the Greenland, varying from 7 to 12 feet long, and is slender; but for the same length it is nearly twice as thick in the substance, and it gradually diminishes ‘in thickness towards the ends. The enamel, when the outer coat Is removed, is not so polished as that of the Greenland, and when cut through, the centre fibres are thicker, tubular, and occupy i ' 18 CETACEA. about 3 to ¢ of the thickness—much more in proportion than they do on the Greenland fins, and the enamel and fibre are coarser in texture and much more brittle. The fins or blades of this whalebone are generally flexuous, or “not kindly,” so that when cut into strips, they have the defect of being variously bent, and tapermg towards the end, which, with their brittleness, greatly reduces their value. Mr. Bennett observes that “ The Right Whale, so abundant, and so little molested in the northernmost waters of the Pacific, or off the north-west coast of America, is probably identical with the Greenland species.” —Whaling Voyage, ii. 229. The whale- bone or baleen shows it is more allied to the Cape species, but apparently distinct from it. Fax < 5. BALZNA ANTARCTICA. The New ZEALAND WHALE. Balna antipodarum, Gray, Dieffenbach, N. Zealand, t. 1. Right Whale, Polach, N. Zealand, ii. 401. Balena antarctica, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Cete, 16. t. 1, not Lesson. : Inhab. New Zealand, Jackson Bay. Described from a very accurate drawing of a specimen taken im Jackson Bay; it is very like Temminck’s figure of B. australis, but there is a roundish promimence on the front of the under jaw similar to the one on the nose ; the latter is only figured im that species ; the pectoral fin, as in that species, is about 2 from the chin. M. Milne-Edwards informs me that a skeleton of this whale has been lately received by the Paris Museum. ; Lesson, Giuv. Buffon, 1. 391 (Tab. Reg. Anim. 202) ; Wagler, N. S. Aus. 33, give the name of “ B. antarctica”’ to the | a uel t or Black Whale of the whalers of the Antarctic seas.” Chamisso figures a species of Whalebone Whale as Balena Kuliomoch, found in the Aleutian seas, from a wooden model made by the Aleutians: see N. Act. Nat. Cur.t.1@f.1. It isnoticed as B. Culammak by Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 288. . ** Back knobbed. ? Cyphonotus, Rafin. 6. BALZNA GIBBOSA. The ScRAG WHALE. “ A Scrag Whale. Is near akin to the Fin-back, but instead of a fin upon its back, the ridge of the after-part of its back is scragged with half-a-dozen knobs or knuckles. He is nearest the Right Whale (B. mysticetus) in figure and quantity of oil. His bone (whalebone) is white, but wont split.”,—Dudley. “A Serag Whale,” Dudley (Phil. Trans. xxxii. (259)5 a Whalers. i CETACEA. ; 19 Balena gibbosa, Eral. Syst. 610 (from Dudley); Gmelin, S. N. 1.225; Bonnat. Cet.5; Lacep. Cet.113; Virey, N. Dict. H. N. gt iil. 185 ; Gerard, Diet. Sci. Nat. i. 440; Desm. Mamm. 528 ; Ea Fischer, Syn. 523. AB. gibbis vel nodis sex B. macra, Klemm, MSS. Pise. ii. 15. _ B. bipennis sex in dorso gibbis, Brisson, R. Anim. 351. _ Knotenfish oder Knobbelfish, Anders. Isl. 225; Crantz, Govern. 146. -Bunched Mysticete, Shaw, Zool. ii. 495. ‘Inhab. Atlantic Ocean. _ Dudley’s account is copied by Anderson, Crantz, and all suc- ceeding authors. It may be only a Megapteron. Cuvier thought the Scrag Whale (B. gibbosa) was only a Ror- qual (Oss. Foss. v. 267) which had been mutilated, but I suspect, from Dudley’s account of the form, that it must be a Balena, _ probably well known formerly. Indeed Beale (Hist. Sperm Whale) speaks of it as recognized by the whalers now. . Bonnaterre, and all succeeding authors, have referred to this genus the Hump-backed Whale of. Dudley, not understanding his description of the belly “bemg reeved,” that is, plaited ; ‘they _eall it Balena nodosa. _ 8B. Back finned. Head elongate, flattened. Palate broad. Baleen short, broad, twisted when dry. Belly plaited. Syn. Balezenoptera, Lacep. Cet. Mysticetus, Wagler, Syst. Amph. Rorqualus, F. Cuvier, Cet. The whalers recognize two kinds of this division, the Hump- _ back and the Finner ; Cuvier (Oss. Fos.) believed there were only two species, one inhabiting the Northern and the other the ‘Southern ocean, and these now prove to be the ty pes of the genera distmguished by the whalers. Several authors having been induced by Cuvier’s example to believe that all the Northern Finners were a single species, thought that the variations in the proportions might depend on the age of the specimens examined. Thus, 1. Dr. Jacob (Dublin Journ. Science, 1825, 333) attempts to prove that Balena Boops, B. rostrata, B. musculus, and B. ju- _bartes were but one species ; and he has taken considerable trouble _to bring together the measurements and proportions of the differ- ent specimens which have been described. _ He gives an outline of his specimens, and contrasts it “ with -an outlme of Hunter’s Piked Whale, drawn according to the “measurements given by him;” and he observes, “that the pro- ‘portions of the body (of these two specimens) vary mm a remark- +3 - 20 ‘CETACEA. ‘ & able manner, not only as to the situation of the umbilicus other parts, but in the breadth of the tail, the length of the and arms. This, however, is what should be expected, supposing” Mr. Hunter’s to have been a young animal, because such pro: portional superiority in size of the extremities is characteristic 0: the earlier periods of life.” _ In the following table (observes Dr. Jacob), the first column contains the dimensions of each part in feet and inches; the second, the proportion which each measurement bears to the en- tire length of the animal, which is supposed to be 1000. 4 bs 4 Hunter, | Scoresby,| Neils, Sibbald, |Dr. Jacob,| Sibbald, | 17 ft. 17 ft. 6 in. 43 ft. 46 ft. 70 ft. 78 ft. | | | | ee Breadth of tail ...... 5 0|294|4 6|257|10 6/232] 9 6|206|14 0} 200/18 6) 237 Length of arm ...... 2 4|137|2 0]114] 5 0}116] 5 0/108] 7 0} 100)10 0) 128) Navel to tail ........ 8 0); 470|.. a ifradt SH f 30 0] 428 | ANUS tO tail) 6.5... 6 4 4)254].. - nN m pq 0 fo Le) Or OF Or OF ue Length, entire.......... 78°0 | 42°0 | 40°0 | 25°0 | 17°6 | 17°0 | 14°0 fe tO TMOULE . . <.. 3's ce ne = 4°8 ae 3°3 | 2°8 to pectoral ..... 19°7 | 10? | 12°0 69 | 5:0 60 | 4°10 tO DAVE: sicots si F, 21:01), 13867 to genital organ | .. oe. | 200 u| 16s to vent or front of dorsal...... 62°0 | 30°0 | 28°0 | 18°1 | 12°6 | 12°3 9°38 Bi Gorsalyn.. 6.4%», 3°0 Ne a 1°3 10 .... of pectoral fin..| 10°0 | 44 | 3°7 | 3:1 | 2°0 | 2°41) 1°10 Breadth of pectoral...... 2165) 208 0°68 | 0°7 | O99 | O11 Bee OR EBM chee sia LOAD $4 ae 4°6 5°0 The older specimens, viz. Sibbald’s male, 78, Ravin’s, 42, ane Schlegel’s, 40, and Van Breda of Ostend’s female, 82 feet long, CETACEA. 21 ‘have the pectoral fin about { the length from the head, and from to +5; (probably as the immer or outer edge is measured) of the atire length of the body, in lengths, and the dorsal about 3 the ‘entire length from the nose. It would appear as if the middle of the body lengthened more rapidly than the other parts as it grew, at least the young females are shorter in proportion; for Scores- by’s female, 17 feet 6 inches, Hunter’s, 17 feet, and one I mea- sured at Deptford, now im the British Museum, 14 feet long, have ‘the pectoral rather less than j the entire length, and the dorsal and vent only about 2 of the entire length, from the chin, so that ‘the interspace between the pectoral and dorsal must have doubled ‘its length, while those fins retained their original situations with regard to the head and tail Zool. Erebus & Terror, 18. __ Messrs. Knox, having purchased a whale 84 feet long, which ‘was stranded near North Berwick on the 5th of October 1831, and another 10 feet long, taken in the stake nets at Queensferry, Firth of Forth, in February 1834, they determined by anatomical differences that they were distinct species, in a “ Catalogue of Anatomical Preparations illustrative of the Whale, by F. J. Knox, Conservator of the Museum in Old Surgeons’ Hall,” 8vo, Edinburgh, 1838. They distmguished the former by the name of Balena maximus borealis, and the latter as Balena minimus borealis. As no description of the colour of the animal, or any account of the nuchal vertebre, is given, it is impossible, from their account, to determine the species of the former; but the Catalogue contains some most interesting particulars relative to the anatomy of these animals. _ Fortunately the skeleton of the larger whale was purchased by the Town Council of Edinburgh, and is now exhibited in the Zoolo- gical Gardens of that city, and, as far as it is possible to examine ‘it at the height at which it is suspended, it 1s a Physalus; and the same as, or very nearly allied to, the species described in this work under the name of P. antiquorum. The B. minimus borealis appears to be a young specimen of the B. rostrata or Pike Whale of Hunter. Dr. Knox’s drawing of this specimen, as suspended, ‘in the act of swimming, is represented in Jardine’s Naturalist’s Library. _ This was the first time that the Northern Finners had been Separated on an actual examination and comparison of specimens. But the pamphlet in which these observations were published being a mere guide to the exhibition, has been overlooked, and I could only procure a copy last year after great trouble, and from the family of the authors. | Professor Eschricht of Copenhagen, who has devoted much time to the study of the anatomy and development of the North- ern Finners, and has published several papers in the Danish lan- oe aber 2 apes TaN hed ee | 22 CHTACEA. " — guage on the subject, in ‘Transactions of the Danish Academy” for 1845-46, has kindly translated for me the following passage in his last published paper, as the result of his examinations up ~ to that time :— Sf “ Of all that has been communicated in this chapter, it appears: to me to be proved, that amongst the Fin Whales, at least three different species have their abode in the Northern Seas :— “I. In the Group of the Longimana. “1, The Greenland Keporkak. B. Boops, O. Fab. B. longi- mana, Rudolphi. * Tl. In that of the Short-handed. * 2. The Norwegian Vaaga kval, B. minor; and “3. The common great short-handed, B. Boops. ““'To be almost proved that besides there exists, q “4thly, A peculiar large short-handed species, the Baleno 7 pterus Musculus. * And, at least, it is highly probable, that— q “ dSthly, The Greenlandian Kepokartrak is the representative of a particular form; and even that— 3 * 6thly, The Greenlandian Tikagalk or Balena rostrata, 0. Fab., may be a different species from the Norwegian ‘ Vaagek-_ val.’ 2 Huchvioht. 4th Mem. p. 157. In the Appendix to the ‘ Zoology of the Erebus and Terror,’ from observation made during the progress of the work through the press, I remarked, “‘ The account of the genus Balenoptera, m the former part of this essay, was only derived from the examination — of a single specimen, and the comparison of the descriptions and remarks of preceding authors. Since that time, by the examina- tion of Professor Eschricht’s paper, and from personal communi- ~ cation with him, and the examination of the several skeletons of this genus, in different collections, I am satisfied that there are several distinct species which may be thus distinguished.” a The examination of the proportions pointed out by the tables above quoted, and the measurement of other specimens, all of. which I drew from scale on paper, have shown that they were permanent, and to be considered as specific or generic distine- tions rather than variations m the growth of the same species, and these distinctions were further proved by the exammation — of the skeletons; for it was found that the bones of the neck of the small species, which had been considered to be the young of the larger ones, were anchylosed together, while those of the” larger ones were free; and it also showed that the form of the lateral process of the nuchal vertebra was the same in specimens — of different sizes from the same locality, showimg that the strue- . CETACEA. ya; of these bones depended on the mobility of the neck of the different species, fitting it for their different habit and manner of life, indicated by the size of the fins and other external cha- -_racters. _ Professor Eschricht (in Forhandl. Sekand. Naturf. Kiobenh. 1847, 8vo, 1849, p. 103) has published a paper on the geogra- phical distribution of some of the Northern Whales, with a map, by which it appears that Balena mysticetus in Baftin’s Bay lives from latitude 65° to 69° in December to June, and in July and August ascends to 77°. The Finnolic live in 76° in the summer, on the coast, North Greenland, and 69° in South Greenland. The _ Keporkak 76° m North Greenland, and 62° in South Greenland. _ The anatomy of these animals, and especially a description of their bones, have been given in Albers. Anat. Comp.t. 1; Cam- per, Cetacea, t.11 and 12; Rudolphi, Berl. Abhand. 1820, t. 14; Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 564. t. 26. f.5; M. Ravin, Ann. Sci. Nai.; Van Breda, Van der Linden, and J. Dubar, in separate pam- phiets on the specimen cast ashore at Ostend, which was exhi- hited in London some years ago. _ Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 264) figures the skull of a specimen de- scribed by Lacepéde, from the Mediterranean, under the name of Rorqual de la Méditerranée (t. 26. f. 5), and he gives a copy of the head of the skeleton of Balena rostrata of Rudolphi, Ber- lin Abhand. 1820, t. 1, 2, 3, 4, under the name of Rorqual du Nord, Oss. Foss. v. t. 26. f. 6, and points out the differences be- tween them ; but the skull of the various specimens which I have examined did not offer any striking characters to separate the Species. Polach (New Zealand, ii. 407) describes these whales as having three fins on the back; this is probably only a false translation of _Ray’s B. tripennis, referring to it havmg a dorsal as well as two dectoral fins. __ O. Fabricius (Fauna Grenlandica, 36) describes B. Boops with the blower ‘on a common tubercle, and covered by a common valve ! 2. MecapTerRaA. Hump-BACKED WHALES. _ Head broad, moderate, flattened. Throat and chest with deep longitudinal folds. Dorsal fins low or tuberous, rather behind the middle of the body. The pectoral very large, 4 the entire length of the animal, as long as the head, consisting of only four fingers. The eyes rather above the angle of the. mouth. The navel is rather before the front edge, the male organs under the back edge of the dorsal, and the vent rather nearer the tail, and the female organs are rather behind the back edge of the dorsal, with the vent at its hinder end. te hen 24 CETACEA. Skull :—Nose narrow, broad behind, and contracted in front. Temporal bone broad. Interorbital space wide. Lower jaw much arched.—Cuww. Oss. Foss. v. t. 26. f. 1, 3. Cervical vertebrze well - developed and separate. The first rib is forked at the end near the vertebra. The baleen is short, broad, triangular, much longer than broad at the base, rapidly attenuated, edged with a series of bristle-lke fibres, which become much thicker and more rigid near and at the tip. Rather twisted, especially when dry. The foetal specimens exhibit numerous rudimentary teeth in both jaws. These are figured by Eschricht, Danish Trans. iv t. 4. f. a, b, from specimens 35 and 45 inches long.—Copied Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. 30. f. 2-14. 4 Bunch Whale, Dudley, Phil. Trans. xxxii. No. 387, 258. Humpback Whale, Whalers, Beale, Hist. Sperm W. 12. Balzena nodosa, Bonnat. Cet. 5. Balznoptera, pars, Lacep. Megaptera, Gray, Zool. Ereb. & Terror, 16. Megapteron, Gray, Zool. Ereb. & Terror, 51. Mysticetus, sp. Wagler, N. S. Amp. 33. 1840. Balenoptera, § Boops, Brandt, Voy. Al. Orient. 4to, 1845. , ? Cyphonotus, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 61. 1815 (no character nor type). 4 ie richie: Eschricht, Nord Wallthier. 1849, fol. | Balznoptera leucopteron. Lesson, in the Nouv. Tab. Reg. Anim. 202, gives this name to * La Hump-back des pécheurs”’ of the ** Hautes latitudes 8S.” The Bunch Whales are easily known from the Fimners (Bale-_ noptera), in being shorter and more robust, the skull nearly 4 the — entire length, the head wider between the eyes, the mouth larger, © the lip warty, and the nose large and rounded; the plaits of the belly and throat are broad; the dorsal is more forward, the pec- toral larger and narrow, about 4 the length of the body, and the ~ tail is wider, and the lobes generally more pointed. - The skull of this genus is intermediate in form between that of | Balena and Balenoptera. a This kind of whale was noticed by Dudley (Phil. Trans. xxxin. 258). He says, “The Bunch or Hump-backed Whale has a bunch — standing in the place where the fin does m the Fin-back ; this bunch is as big as a man’s head, and a foot high, shaped like a plug pointing backwards. The bone (whalebone) is not worth much, though somewhat better than the Fin-back. His fin (pee- toral) is sometimes 18 feet long, and very white. Both Fin-backs” and Hump-backs are shaped in reeves (folds) longitudimally from _ head to tail, on their belly and sides, as far as their fins, which — are about half-way up the sides.” Ye . 4 CETACEA. 35 _ This description is the origin of Balena nodosa of Bonnaterre ad other authors. The French authors have evidently not un- tood the word “reeves,” and have therefore arranged these with the smooth-bellied finless whales, and Bonnaterre translates the of the fins on the sides into “ presque au milieu du | corps .’ Dudley, when speaking of the Spermaceti Whale, says, he has a bunch on his back like a Hump-back,” which explains what he means by a bunch. _ The Hump- -backs are well known to the whalers, for Beale ‘says, “ The Hump-back Whale possesses, like the Greenland Whale, the baleen, and spouts from the top of the head, yet has ‘a hump not very dissimilar to that of the Sperm Whale,” p. 12. Professor Eschricht, in the Danish Transactions, 1846, t. —, has figured the dorsal fin of this genus, and shows that it is ‘more properly a bunch, as Dudley calls it, than a fin. Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 367) thinks that the Hump-back Whale was probably only a whale of another kind whose fins had been injured, not recognizing in his Cape Rorqual the genus of Whale here noticed. _ Olafsen speaks of a whale under the name of Hnufubakr (French translation, ii. 22), which is said to have a smooth belly, and a horn instead of a fin on the back; but the account of the eunals in this work is evidently only a compilation, and this ap- s like an incorrect translation of Dudley. “The Hump-back of the Southern whalers derives its trivial name from an embossed appendage or hump on the posterior part of the back. It has two spiracles or nostrils on the summit of the head, and its mouth is furnished with plates of short whale- bone. When-seen on the surface of the water it bears a close resemblance to the Sperm Whale in colour and the appearance of the hump, as well as in a habit it has of casting its tail vertically ‘m the air; when about to dive, the hump slopes towards the tail ‘im a more oblique manner than does the similar appendage in the Sperm Whale. os Tt is seldom molested by whalers, and is never a chief object of their pursuit, although the oil it produces is superior to that from the Right Whale (Balena), and but little mferior to sperm oil. “Tis a species (genus?) frequently seen in the Atlantic and » Pacific Oceans, where it occurs im small herds, and seldom at any eonsiderable distance from land, although the vicinity of the most abrupt coast would appear to be its favourite resort. Examples are occasionally seen in the neighbourhood of the islands of the Pacific, and very frequently in the deep water around the island of St. Helena. The highest south latitude in which we noticed the "Species (genus) was 49°; the highest north latitude 40°, on the ; _ western side of the continent of America. Most abundant off the ‘alle B io ie 26 CETACEA. et bold coast of Cape St. Lucas, California.”—Bennett, Whaling Voyage, i. 232. Sie Capt. Sir James Ross observed them as far south as 71° 50! © Professor Eschricht believes the Keporkap of Greenland and the Bermuda Whale is the same species, and that it migrates from Greenland to Bermuda, according to the season; and he states that he cannot find any sufficient distinction in the skeleton of the Cape specimen in the Paris Museum, to separate it as a spe- cies from the Greenland examples. a Schlegel considers Balena longimana of the North Sea, the Rorqual du Cap, and the drawing he received from Japan, as all belonging to a single species, though he owns there are differences between them. : I am inclined to doubt these conclusions, and have therefore, until we have more conclusive evidence, considered it advisable to regard them as separate; especially as Cuvier’s (Oss. Foss. y. 381) description of the union of the lateral processes of the cer- vical vertebra of the Cape specimen is very different from those of the Greenland specimens in the Museum, received from Pro- fessor Eschricht: see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 88. 1. MEGAPTERA LONGIMANA. JOUNSTON’S HUMP-BACKED WHALE. Cervical vertebree all free. ql Black, pectoral fin and beneath white, black varied; lower lip with two series of tubercles ; pectoral nearly + the entire length dorsal elongate, the front edge over end of pectoral; throat and belly grooved. Female : upper and lower lip with a series of tubercles ; dorsal an obscure protuberance.—Johnston, 1. c. t. 1. | 2 Baleena musculus, Ascan. Icon. Rer. Nat. m. t. 26, cop. Bo nat. Cet. E. M. t. 371; Schreb. Saugth. t. 335. 2 Baleena Boops (Keporkak), O. Fab. Faun. Gren. 36? not Lin ¥ Keporkak or Balena Boops, Eschricht, K. Danske Vind. Sels- kabs. Afh. 1845, xi. 239. t. 1 & 3, 4. | Kyphobalena (Boops), Eschricht, Nord. Wallthier. 1849. a Balena longimana, Rudolphi, Mem. Acad. Berl. 1829, 133. t. 12,> mas, cop. Brandt and Ratzeburg, t. 15. f. 2. E | Whale, Johnston, Trans. Newcastle N. H. Soc. i. 6. t. 1, female on back. ' ’ Megaptera longimana, Gray, Zool. E. & T. 17. | Megapteron longimana, Gray, Zool. E. 5; T. 51; Proc. Zool. Soe 1847, 89. Inhab. North Sea, mouth of the Maese, Rudolphi. Newcastle. Johnston. : CETACEA. ; ay. te a. Stuffed specimen, young. Greenland. Professor Eschricht’s Wollection. _Megapteron Boops, Eschricht. 6. Skullofadult. Greenland. Professor Eschricht’s Collection. ce. Baleenof skull}. ,, i, _ d. Skeleton. a 3% 35 _ The cervical vertebre are all free. The second cervical verte- bra has two very large, thick, converging lateral processes, as long as half the diameter of the body of the vertebra. The third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh have elongated slender superior lateral processes which bend rather downwards, and the sixth and ‘seventh rather forwards. The fourth and fifth have a very short rudimentary inferior lateral process, which is smaller on the left side. The other vertebre are without any. _ The upper part, or the spmous process of the second verrtebra ‘is very large and convex, covering this part of the next vertebra. —Gray, P. Z. Soc. 1847, 92. _ Dr. Johnston’s description chiefly differs from Rudolphi’s in both lips having a row of tubercles, and in the dorsal being said to be a small obscure protuberance ; but the animal laid on its back, sunk in the sand. _ Rudolphi (Berl. Abhand. 1829, t. 1, 4) figures the bones of this eric, with enlarged details of the skull. They nearly resemble the skull of the Cape Rorqual of Cuvier im form, but the nasal bones are broad and nearly of the same width from the front of the blow-holes to near the tip, where they gradually taper: the temporal appear more quadrangular. According to Professor Eschricht, this is the most common whale in the Greenland Seas. In the Danish Transactions he has given a figure of this species, and a very detailed account of its anatomy and development, chiefly founded on the examina- tion of the fcetus. _ He observes, “ This animal is always infested with Diadema Balenarum, and with a species of Otion, which he regards as new, while the Cirripedes are never found on any species of Ba- lenoptera. On the other hand, the Tubicinella, Coronula Bale- naris and Otions are often found on the Balena Mysticetus or Right Whale of the Southern Seas: see Eschricht, 144. The following descriptions must be referred to this species with doubt ; as both agree with true Balenoptere in the position * of the genital organs and vent compared with the dorsal fin, and Fabricius especially says the pectoral fin is composed of five fingers. _ Ascanius (Icon. Rer. Nat. ii. t. 26) gives a figure of a female Rorqual with a plaited belly, 66 feet long, from the North Sea, . B2 3) 28 CETACEA. which he thought might be B. musculus of Linnzus (it is not well copied by Bonnaterre, E. M. t. 3. f. 1, and Schreber, t. 335), which has a large pectoral fin, about 3 the length of the body ; . but the drawing is not so good as the others in the work, and the fin is so awkwardly applied to the body, that perhaps its size may depend on the incompetence of the artist. The dorsal fin, which is only indicated as if doubtful in the original a is continued to the tail, but in Bonnaterre’s copy it is represented as of equal authority with the other part. 1 Fabricius (Faun. Gren. 37), five years after, described a Bale- noptera under the name of B. Boops, Linn., which appears to differ from B. Physalus, for he described the “ Pinne pectorales t magne, obovato-oblonge, margine postica integra, regione cubiti parum fractz, antica autem rotundato-crenate.” And, he con- tinues, “‘ Ante nares in vertice capitis tres ordines convexitatum circularium, huic forsitan peculiare quid,””—‘ Pinna dorsalis com- pressa, basi latior, apice acutiuscula, antice sursum repanda, postice fere perpendicularis,” and “ Corpus pone pmnam dorsa-— lem incipit carma acuta in pmmam caudalem usque pergens.” Rudolphi, and after him Schlegel, refers B. Boops, O. Fabri- cius, to this species; and Professor Eschricht has no doubt that Balena Boops of O. Fabricius is mtended for this species, as it is” called Keporkak by the Greenlanders. If this is the case, Fabri- cius’s description of the form and position of the dorsal fin, and the position of the sexual organs, is not correct. E Brandt, in the list of Altaian animals (Voy. Alt. Orient. 1845, 4to), has adopted this opinion, and formed a section for Baleno- ptera longimana, which he calls Boops, merely characterized as ‘* Pectoral elongate.” q Schlegel refers the Rorqualus minor of Knox to this species, probably misled by the inaccurate figures of this species im Jar- dine’s Nat. Lib. vi. t. 6. See note on this figure under Balenos ptera rostrata, p. 33. Schlegel pomts out that Rudolphi and M. F. Cuvier, in thei description of B. longimana, have confounded the figure of Baleine du Cap and Rorgual du Cap, of Cuvier’s Ossemens Fossiles, together.— Faun. Japon. 21, note. 4 2. MeGAPTERA AMERICANA. BrrRMUDA HUMP-BACK. Black ; belly white; head with round tubercles. Whale (Jubartes?), Phil. Trans. i. 11 (1665). Bunch or Hump-backed Whale of Dudley, Phil. Trans. xxxiit, 258. y Balzna nodosa, Bonnaterre, Cet. 5, from Dudley. Megaptera Americana, Gray, Zool. Ereb. & Terror, 17. CETACEA. 29 Megapteron Americana, Gray, Zool. Ereb. & Terror, 52. . _ Tnhab. Bermuda, March to end of May, then leave. [have a tracing of the Bermuda Whale, but do not know from whence it was derived: it is said to be common in that island. It is very like the figure of Megaptera longimana, but the dorsal fin is represented as lower, and the tail wider. This is doubtless the Whale described in Phil. Trans. i. 11 and 132, where an ac- count is given of the method of taking it. It is described thus :— Length of adult 88 feet; the pectoral 26 feet (rather less than j the entire length), and the tail 23 feet broad. There are great bends (plaits) underneath from nose to the navel; a fin on the back paved with fat like the caul of a hog; sharp, like the _ ridge of a house behind; head pretty bluff, full of bumps on both sides; back black, belly white, and dorsal fin behind.” __ * Upon their fins and tail they have a store of clams or bar- -nacles, upon which he said rock-weeds and sea-tangle did grow a hand long. “They fed much upon grass growing at the bottom of the sea: in their great bag of maw he found 2 or 3 hogshead of a _ greenish grassy matter.” —Phil. Trans, 1. 13. _ Baleen from Bermuda, called Bermuda finner, is extensively imported ; it is similar to the baleen of the Grey Finner. 3. MecapTera Porsxop. Porsxop, or CapE HuMP-BACK. _ Dorsal nearly over the end of the pectoral. __ Intermaxillary narrowed and contracted in front. Temporal bone broad, triangular. * Second and third cervical vertebrae united by the upper part _of their body.” —Cuvier. -Rorqual du Cap, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 370. t. 26. f. 1-4. Skull, t. 26. f. 19 to 21. Verteb.f.9 & 22. Fins, f. 24. Pelvis, t. 25. £.15, tongue bone, all from Lalande’s specimen. _B. Balznoptera Poeskop, Desmoulin, Dict. Class. H. N. u. 164, from Lalande’s MSS. B. Lalandii, Fischer, Syn. 525, from Cuvier. B. Capensis, A. Smith, from Cuvier. Megaptera Poeskop, Gray, Zool. E. & T. 17. Rorqual noueux, Voy. Pol Sud, t. 24, fem. not described. _ Balznoptera leucopteron, Lesson, N. Tab. Reg. Anim. 202. -Hump-backed Whales, Ross, Antarctic Voy.i.161,191; Mitchell, __ Trav. Austr. ii. 241; Beale, H. Sperm. W. 12, 30. Tnhab. Cape of Good Hope, Lalande; called Poeskop. Skele- ton, Mus. Paris. $e Lalande’s account was published by Desmoulin. who merely 30 CETACEA. gives the following particulars, except what appears to be common to the genus. He says, “it has a boss on the occiput, and its dorsal is nearly over the pectoral ;” in the European and Bermu- ~ dean figures it is over the end of these fins. Cuvier’s figures of the adult skull differ from Rudolphi’s figure’ of M. longimana, in the intermaxillaries hemg narrower and con tracted in front of the blowers, and then rather widened again and linear, and the temporal bone is broader and more trisngaey which makes me believe it is a distinct species. M. Desmoulin, in describmg this species, pomted out the twa most important characters of the genus, viz. the length of the’ pectoral, and their only having four fingers. py 4. MeGAPTERA KUZIRA. The Kuzira. Dorsal small, and behind the middle of the back ; the ecto fin rather short, and less than } the entire length of the body; nose and side of the throat have round warts ; ; belly plaited. Balena antarctica, Temm. Fauna Japon. 27. Balenoptera antarctica, Temm. Faun. Jap. t. 30, not t. 23, Megaptera antarctica, Gray, Zool. Ereb. & Terror, 17. Inhab. Japan. The figure in the ‘ Fauna Japonica’ is from a drawing brought home by M. Siebold, not accompanied by remains. M. Siebold observes that the Japanese distinguish three varieties :— | 1. Sato Kuzira. Black, nose more elongate and rounded, and the pectoral long; the belly and lower face of the pectoral are grey, with white rays. 2. Nagasu Kuzira. Paler, nose more pointed, the belly has _ 10 plaits. In both, the lower jaw is larger than the upper. 3. Noso Kuzira. Distinguished from the first because the back and fins are white-spotted.— Faun. Jap. 24. : Forster, in Cook’s Voyage, appears to have met with a species of this genus between Terra del Fuego and Stratten Island. He © says, “ These huge animals lay on their backs, and with their long | pectoral fins beat the surface of the sea, which caused a great noise, equal to the explosion of a swivel.” Lesson (Tab. Reg. Anim. 202) gives the name of B. leucopte- ron to “the Hump-back of the whalers m the high southern” latitudes.” . Mitchell (Travels Australia, ii. 241) speaks of a Hunch-backed Whale which inhabits Portland Bay, Australia Felix. Chamisso figures a species of this genus from the Aleutian seas, under the name of Aliomoch or Aliama, when young, Aliamaga” dach (N. Acta Nat. Cur. xii. 258. t. 18. f.5; Fischer, Syn. Mam. Py : Se re * ds f 627. n. 4), from a wooden model made by the Aleutians: and | CETACEA. 31 Pallas (Zool. Ross. Asiat. 1.288) calls it Balena Allamack. The _ pectoral fins are long; they, and the underside of the tail are white. This genus is also found in the seas of Java, for there is an im- perfect skull, brought from that country by Professor Remwardt, ‘im the Leyden Museum.—F. Japon. 24. Pallas, under the name of B. Boops? (Zool. Ross. Asiat. 291), describes a whale which appears to belong to this genus, found at Behring’s Straits by Steller, when he was shipwrecked. The head was i, the pectoral fin 4, the entire length, and the vent zs from the head, as by the following measurement :—length, 50 feet ; head, 12 feet ; pectoral fin, 10 feet long and 5 feet wide ; tail, 16 feet wide, and the vent 35 feet from the head. If these measurements are correct, the pectoral fin is shorter and much wider than they generally are in this genus. The position of the dorsal fin is not noted. — In the Zoologia Ross. Asiat. 293, Pallas described a whale under the name of B. musculus, observed by Merle at Kamts- chatka. It was long and slender, ash-brown, white-clouded above, snow-white beneath, and spotted on the sides. It was 22 feet 6 inches long; the dorsal was 6 feet from the tail, and 1 foot 1! inches high; behind the fin the back was 2-keeled; the pectoral fin was rounded at the end, and 10 feet 7 mches distant from the tip of the beak, 4 feet 2 inches long and 1 foot 2 inches wide : behind the vent, 7 feet before the tail, and 3 feet from the vent, is a white kind of fin, and the genital organs are 1 foot 3 inches before the vent. If this description and these measurements are correct, it must be a most distinct species, if not a peculiar genus: the pectoral fins are nearly in the middle of the bedy, and I know of no whale with a fin behind the vent beneath, and with the genital organs nearly under the pectorals. The pectoral is almost the entire length. 3. BALZNOPTERA. Head elongate, flattened. Throat and chest with deep longi- tudinal folds and very dilatile. The dorsal fins compressed, faleate, 3 the length of the body from the head and behind the lime above the orifices of generation. The pectoral fins moderate, % the length of the body, } the length of the body from the head. _ The second and third cervical vertebrz united by the spinous _ process, rest well-developed and separate. The lateral processes of the second cervical vertebra rather expanded and ring-like. Vertebrze 46 to 48. 32 CETACEA. Balenoptera, pars, Lacepéde, Cetac. x Baleenoptera, Sect. 1 (Balznoptera), Gray, Zool. Ereb. & Ter.. 5 0. Balenoptera, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 89. i Pterobalena, pars, Eschricht, Nord Wallthier, 1849, fol. Balena, pars, Linn. ; Miiller, Zool. Dan. ; Illiger, Prod. 242. Rorqualus, sp. Dekay ; F. Cuvier, Cetac. 321. Balena minimus, Knoz, Cat. Whale, 14. i Dr. Knox found eight distinct bristles arranged in perpendicular rows on the extremity of the snout, in each jaw (Knoa, ie N. Phil. Journ. 1834). BALZNOPTERA ROSTRATA. PIKE WHALE. Black, beneath reddish white. Pectoral fin white near the base above. > , Balzena rostrata, Miiller, Prod.; O. Fab. Faun. Gren. 40; i Phil. Trans. \xxvu. t. 20-23, cop. HE. M. t. 4. Rorqualus rostratus, Dekay, Zool. New York Mus. 730. t. 30. f. Lei ' B. musculus, pars, Flem. B. A. 30. { B. Boops, pars, Flem. B. A. 31. | Balenoptera acuto-rostrata, Lacep. Cetac.; Scoresby, Arct. Regd i i. 485. t. 13. f. 2. Balcenoptera acuto-rostrata, Lesson, N. T. R. A. 202. Balznoptera microcephala, Brandt, MSS. Balzena minimus borealis, Knox, Cat. Whale, 14. Rorqualus minor, Knox, Jardine, Nat. Lib. 142, tif B. borealis rostrata, Fischer, Syn. s. 25. B. Boops, Albert. Icon. Anat. 1822, t.1; Camper, Cetac. 74. t. 11,12; Cat. Col. Surg. 171. n. 1194, ’ Hunter’s spec. 2 Balenoptera Boops, Fin-backed Whale, Newman, Zoologist, 1. 33, fi . ati) Boops, F. Cuv. Cetac. 321. t. 20. Balenoptera Physalus, Gray, Zool. E. & T. 18. Vaagekval, Eschricht, K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. xi. t. 1, 2, ond p- 286-299, fetus and anat. q Balenoptera rostrata, Gray, Zool. Ereb. & Terror, 50. t. 2, — skull, t. 1. f. 3, baleen; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 90. Pterobaleena minor, Eschricht, Nord Wallthier, 59, 1849. Inhab. North Sea. New York Bay, Dekay. Valognes, France, : Geoffroy. Greenland. Norway. , a. Stuffed specimen. Young. Thames at Deptford. H Very young. Greenland. c. *Plates of baleen from a. Thames at Deptford. Figured Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. 1. f. 3. d. Skeleton. South Greenland. From Mr. Brandt’s Collection. y ' CETACEA. 33 i. The skull figured, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. 2, is 46°6 inches long, 28°0 at the beak, 23-0 inches wide at the orbit, 15°6 at the i _ notch, and 10°6 in the middle of the nose. The nose of the skull is elongate-triangular, with straight, regularly converging sides, not quite twice as long as the width at the notch. The first cervical vertebra is rather broader than long. The central hole is half as high again as broad. The second and third cervical vertebrze are united | together by the upper edge. The second cervical vertebra has a broad, much-expanded, lateral process, with an oblong central hole near the body of the vertebra, reaching rather more than half its length. The third, fourth, fifth and sixth cervical vertebre have two, or upper and lower, lateral processes. The upper process of the third is the shortest and least developed, and they mcrease in length to the sixth. The lower process of the third is the thickest. The fourth and fifth rather small, and im the sixth the basal _ part of the process is shorter and the upper part much elongated and thinner. _ The seventh is only the upper process, which resembles that _of the first dorsal in form, but is smaller. This species, which is the smallest of the family, scarcely if ever exceeds 25 or 30 feet in length. The skeleton of the ‘ young Balena Boops” (No. 1194, Mus. Col. Surg.), which formed part of the Hunterian collection, and is probably the skeleton of the B. rostrata described by John Hunter (as the head is about 4 feet long, which agrees with the measurements of his figure of the animal), belongs to this species. Dr. Knox examined a young Rorqual, 9 feet 11 inches long, 3 feet from snout to ear, and 4 feet 8 inches im girth, at the end of the folds, which was cast ashore near Queensferry, Firth of Forth, in 1834. He considers it quite distinct from the Great ~ -Rorqual (B. Boops), because it has only 11 dorsal, 36 lumbar, sacral and caudal vertebrz ; but he considers it the same as B. rostrata of O. Fabricius, Hunter and Scoresby (Edin. N. Phil. Journ. 1834, 199). Dr. Knox’s specimen is figured by Jardine under the name of the Lesser Rorqual (Nat. Lid. vi. t. 7). Schlegel (Fauna Japon. 24, and Abhand. 44) erroneously refers to this figure as a representation of Balenoptera arctica (antarc- tica) ; for though the pectoral in the figures is larger in propor- tion than they should be for a Balenoptera, they are not of the shape of the fins of Megaptera; and the artist has made the fins _of both the animal and skeleton of the larger Rorquals too large in proportion for the other parts of the body, and perhaps the Iength of the body is fore-shortened. BS = Y} i 34 CETACEA. Professor Eschricht observes that ‘“ the Greenland Tikagulik, or Balena rostrata of O. Fabricius, may be distinct from the Nor- wegian Vaagekval or B. minor,” 4th Mem.157. Our Greenland ~ skull does not appear to differ from that of the English skeleton, 4, PHYSALUS. The head elongate, flattened. The eye is near the angle of the - mouth, and the blowers lunate, covered by a valve and separated by a longitudinal groove. The throat and chest with deep longi- — tudinal folds and very dilatile. The dorsal fin compressed, fal-— cate, § the length of the body from the nose, behind the line over ~ the orifice of generation. The pectoral moderate, about % the — length of the body, } the length of the body from the nose, of - four fingers. The vent under the front of the dorsal fin. Male organs 3 from the chin, in front of hme of dorsal; female near vent. Vertebre 54 to 64; cervical vertebre all separate and free. The skull is broad, depressed ; nose broad, gradually tapering, with straight sides, with a narrow interorbital space.—Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 373. t. 26. . The baleen is short, broad, triangular, rather longer than broad — at the base, and edged with a series of elongate, unequal, bristle- like fibres, which become much thicker and more rigid near the upper tip. It is mternally formed of one or two crowded layers of thick tubular fibres, covered on each side with a thin coat of © enamel, which becomes thinner and thinner near the edge, where — the fibres are free; always twisted. 7 These animals are often called Razor-backs, Piked Whales, by — the sailors. { The baleen or fin of the Finners is only used to split into false” bristles, but for this they are inferior to the Southern or lowest kind of baleen of the Balene. 4 Balenapterus, sp. Lacep. Balenopterus, sp. Lacep.; F. Cuv. D.S. N. 1x1. 518. Balznoptera, sp. Lacep. Cet. , Balznoptera, Sect. 2 & 3, Gray, Zool. Ereb. & Terror, App. 50. 1846. . a Pterobalena, pars, Eschricht, Nord Wallthier, 1849. (Catoptera or) Cetoptera, Rafin. Anal. Nat. i. 219, 1815. Mysticetus, sp. Wagler, N.S. Amph. 33. Balzna, sp. Linn.; Illiger, Prod. 142, 1811. Physalis, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 1828. : a Physalus, Lacep. Cet.; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 90; Brandt. Physelus, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815. a CETACEA. 35 - Ray calls these Balena tripennis, thus separating them from those which have no dorsal fin; but Polach misunderstood him, and says they have three fins on their back. _ Sibbald (Phalenologia Nova, 1692) figures two specimens of this "genus caught on the coast of Scotland. Ray (Hist. Piscium, 17) “notices these specimens ; and Brisson and Linnzus have regarded ‘them as separate species. Linnzus designated the one with the skin under the throat dilated, Balena musculus, and the other, with this part contracted and flat, B. Boops. Now, as I proved by the examination of the specimen we have in the British Mu- seum, when alive, and as M. Ravin observes (Ann. Sev. Nat. v. 275), this skin is very dilatable, so that these characters appear to depend on the manner in which the specimen might he when drawn, and the quantity of gas which might have been produced by the decomposition of the interior. Ray, and after him Bns- son and Linnzus, established a third species, B. Physalus (S. N. 7. 186), on the Fin-fish of Martens (Spitz. 125. t. Q. fc), copied _E.M. t. 2. f. 2, which well represents this genus; yet as there are no folds on the belly in the figure, it has been regarded by most authors as distinct from the B. rostrata of Miller and ‘Hunter, and the other species of Sibbald ; but the name used by _ Martens being the one now given by the Greenland whalers to these whales, I think at once shows that it properly belongs to this genus: and Martens neither mentions the colour, nor says a word about the belly. Scoresby,who calls the Fin-fish B. gibbar, after Bonnaterre, says from report that the “ skin is smooth, except about the sides of the thorax, where longitudinal rugz or sulci occur,” which at least must be a Ba/enoptera. Lacepéde formed the Fin-fish of Mar- tens, the Hunch-back and Scrag Whale of Dudley, into a section, which he calls Rorquai @ ventre lisse. The Hunch-back has a -“reeved” or plaited belly, and the Scrag Whale is shaped like, and doubtless is, a true Balena; yet these species are kept to- gether as a subgenus in Fischer and other modern systematic works: and Dr. Fleming has made Lacepéde’s section into a genus, under the name of Physalis. The examination of the skeleton has shown that there are ‘several species found im the North Sea characterized by the bones of the neck and by the external colour ; and I think there is little doubt that, when we have had an opportunity of comparing the skeletons of the Finner Whales found in the other seas, espe- cially of those in the Southern hemisphere, we shall find that they are perfectly distinct from those here described. _ The following synonyma of Northern species of Fimners appear to belong to this genus, but it is not possible to apply them with any certainty to the species here described :— res » Ps ’ " : 5 ‘4 . % “) 36 CETACEA. * 1. Balena tripennis que rostrum acutum habet, Sibbald, Phalenol. ie 1.f. D, E, cop. Bonnat. Cet. E. M. t. 3. f. 2; Schr 2b t. 354. : Pike-headed Whale, Penn. B. Zool. iii. 40. B. Boops, Linn. S. N. i. 106. B. borealis var. Boops, Fischer, Syn. 524. Balenoptera jubartes, Lacep. Cet. 120. t. 4. f. 1. Jupiter-fish, Anderson, Isl. 220. Dakstheniliad Mysticete, Shaw, Zool. ii. 492. t. 227. 2. Balena tripennis que maxillam inferiorem rotundam, &e., Sibbald, Phalenol. 33. t.3; (Edit. 1792), 78. t. 3, ee nat. Cet. E. M. t. 3. f. 1. Round-lipped Whale, Pennant, Quad. ii. 42. B. musculus, Linn. S. N. 1. 106. B. borealis musculus, Fischer, Syn. 524. Balenoptera rorqual, Lacep. Cet. 126. t. 1. f. 3. Under-jawed Mysticete, Shaw, Zool. 11. 495. 3. Fin-whale, Neill, Wern. Trans. i. (1811) 201. A Balzna suleata, Walker, MSS.?; Neill, Wern. Trans. i. 212, 4,~Balena sulcata arctica, Schlegel, Verhand. Nederl. Ins. 1. 1828, t. 1,2; Abhand. t. 6. 5. Balemoptére d’Ostende, Van der Linden, Baleinoptére Brusel y 1828; Dubar, Osteographia, &c. Brux. 1828, t ; Van Breda en letter bode, 1827, 341; Scharff’s pan of Ostend Whale,t. . q Great Northern Rorqual, R. borealis, “ Lesson,” Jardine, Nat. 7 Lib. 125. t. 5, from Scharff. B. borealis, Fischer, Syn. 524. 6. Balznoptera sulcata, Jacob, Dublin Journ. Sci. 1825, 333. 7. Finne Fische, Egede, Grenl. 48 fig. 8. Fin-fisch, Mart. Spitzb. 125. t. Q. f. e, cop. Fim-backed My- sticete, Shaw, Zool. ul. t. 227 5 Ency. Méth. t. 2. f. 2. f Balzna Physalus, Linn. S. N. 1. 106; ‘Schreb. Saugth. t. 333, from Martens, t. 5. f. 2. . B. gibbar, Desm. Mamm. 528. Balznoptera shi Lacep. Cet. 114. t. 1. f. 3, from Martens. B. edentula, &c., Ray, Syn. 9. Balznoptera arctica, Schlegel, Abhand. ii. 10. t. 9. 10. Balenoptera Boops, Yarrell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 11. A female, 44 feet long. Pectoral 103. Vertebrze 60. Ribs 14. Le Led ? CETACEA. 37 1. M. Cuvier’s Rorqual de la Méditerranée is founded on the kull of a whale described by Lacepéde (Cetac. t. 5-7) which as stranded near the Isle of Marguerite in 1797. Lacepéde _ gives the followmg measurements: viz. length, 60 feet ; length to he pectoral, 14 feet 6 inches; from thence to dorsal, 10 feet 9 inches ; and from dorsal to caudal, 8 feet 9 inches : but there must be some mistake, as this makes only 34 feet. The pectoral was 5 feet long, and all black. Cuvier (Oss. Foss. t. 26. f. 5) re- _ presents the head of this specimen. M. F. Cuvier regards this , aecomen as the type of his B. musculus (Cetac. 334). F. Cuvier’s Cetacea refers to the Mediterranean Rorqual (B. musculus), a male whale described by M. Companyo, which ‘was cast ashore near St. Cyprien. It was 25,060 metres (82 feet) entire length; the head 5,038 metres (16 feet) ; length of pec- - toral 2,010 (13 feet). It had 7 cervical, 14 dorsal, 15 lumbar, and about 25 caudal vertebree, in all 61. It was dark grey, with _ the throat and the sides of the pectoral white, the belly blue and _ white banded, pectoral greyish. Professor Eschricht belives this to be the species I have named Physalus antiquorum. The skeleton was at Lyons in 1835. _ M. Van Beneden found by examinmg an ear-bone brought _ from Iceland by M. Quoy, that it belonged to the Rorqual de la “Méditerranée of Cuvier (see Ann. Sci. Nat. n. s. vi. 159). { Albers (Icon. Anat. 1822, t. 1) figures, under the name of Balena Boops, the skeleton ‘of a whale cast ashore at Vegisack near Bremen, in 1669. The length was 29 feet ; length of pectoral fin 3, width of tail 9. Camper (Cetac. 74. t. su 12) figures the - skull of this specimen. Cuvier says he compared this skull with the one from St. Marguerite’s, figured by Lacepéde, and could see no difference between them. Albers’s figures would lead to _ the idea that the lower jaw was scarcely wider than the upper ; this is corrected by Camper. Professor Eschricht considers _ Albers’s specimen the same as Hunter’s B. rostrata ; but it agrees with the whales of this genus m having 34 and 35 lumbar and _ caudal vertebree. 12. Balena rostrata, Rudolphi, Berl. Abhand. 1820, t. 1-4. —__ Rorqual du Nord, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 564. t. 26. f. 6, copied £" from Rudolphi. Baleenoptera laticeps, Gray, Zool. Ereb. & Terror, 20, from ; Rudolphi. : Black, beneath white; upper jaws wide, in the skull only aon: as long as the width of their base in front of the orbits, the lower ones slightly curved and scarcely wider than the edge of -_ * % 4 38 CETACEA. # the upper ones. Pectoral fin 4 the entire length, and rather more than 4, and the dorsal nearly 2, from the nose. a Tnhab. North Sea, coast of Holstein, 1819, Rudolphi. - i? The length was 31 feet 1 inch; from nose to the eye, 2 feet 9 inches; to blower, 3 feet 11 inchibe:s ; to pectoral, 3 feet 65 rig a 3 to the front of the dorsal, 19 feet 2 inches; to the vent, 21 feet. F Cuvier copies the figure of the head of this whale as that of the ; - Northern Rorqual, and points out its distinctions from that which he had received from the Mediterranean. The nasal bones ap- pear much broader than in the small common Finner, i i noptera rostrata. ; 73. Pea © ie Ravin, Ann. Sci. Nat. x. 266. t. 11; xv. 337. t. 9, young male. “ Black above, beneath white. Pectoral black. Dorsal and caudal with white scar on the edge. Baleen of the first part of — the series white; of the rest blackish blue, the colour changing ~ suddenly from one to the other. q “ Inhab. coast of France, Somme. Ravin.” gq M. Ravin (Ann. Sci. Nat. n.s. xv. t. 9) figures the skull ; but } although it generally resembles Cuvier’s figure above quoted, q it is shorter and broader in proportion, bemg only twice the length of the width of the jaws in front of the orbit. 14. Pallas, under the name of B. Physalus(Zool. Ross. As. 290), q described a specimen of this genus found in the North Sea mm ~ 1740. It was 84 feet long; the pectoral 9, the head 22 feet long, — and the tail 14 feet wide. He describes the skin as brown. * The transverse apophysis of the cervical vertebre much expanded, united, forming a ring on the second and sixth vertebre. Lumbar vertebre very large and thick. Phy- salus. 1. PHYSALUS ANTIQUORUM. The Razor Back. Slate-grey, beneath whitish. Baleen slate-coloured, under edge blackish, inner edge pale streaked. Razor-back of the Whalers. “ B. Physalus, Linn. B. Gibbar, © 7 Lacep.”’—Scoresby, Arct. Reg. t. 479. 2 Great Northern Rorqual, Know; Jardine, Nat. Lib. t. 6, ske- leton. "i Rorqual de la Méditerranée, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 370. t. 26. f. . skull. 4 i; ie CETACEA. 39 ‘Balzena antiquorum, Fischer, Syn. 525. Balznoptera antiquorum, Gray, Zool. Ereb. & Terror, 50. Physalus antiquorum, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 90. Balenoptera musculus, F. Cuv. Cetac. 335; Eschricht’s MSS. (not Linn.) 2 Balein de Sainte Cyprien, Companyo, Mem. 4to, 1830; Careas- _ sonne and Farines, Mem.; F. Cuw. l. c. 337. ? Balznoptera Boops, Yarrell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840. Inhab. North Sea. Berwick, 1831, Dr. King. Hamburgh, Ru- dolphi. Coast of Hampshire, 1842. Skeleton at Black-gang Chine. Greenland, Eschricht. St. Cyprian, nm Mus. Lyons, 1838. a. Two plates of baleen. Needles, coast of Hampshire, from the skeleton at Black-gang Chine. 6. Several plates of baleen united together. Greenland, from Mr. Miiller’s collection. ce. Skeleton, 744 feet long. Plymouth. _ The transverse apophyses are as broad as the body of the ver- tebra, and the latter is oblong, half as broad again as high. The lateral processes of the cervical vertebrz are much longer ‘than the width of the body of the vertebree ; the lateral process of the second cervical has a small, nearly central perforation, and this perforation gradually becomes larger on each succeeding vertebra, until it nearly occupies the whole disk of the lateral process in the sixth; the seventh bemg only formed with a nar- ‘row elongated process from the upper edge, the lower process . being reduced into the form of a small tubercle. _ Vertebre 54: viz. 7 cervical, 13 dorsal, 17 lumbar and 17 cau- ‘dal. The ribs are simple. _ The lumbar vertebre are thick and large ; both these charac- ters must render this Finner much more powerful and active in the water than any of its allies. The lower jaw is 17 feet long; the blade-bone 32 inches by 51. The upper arm-bone 20 inches long by 103 wide; the lower arm-bone 31 inches long. The chest- bone is 28 inches wide and 18 inches long. . __ The lumbar vertebre are 11 imches long and 14 inches wide : the first rib 59 inches long and 103 mches wide at the sternal end. The specimen was found floating on the sea in a decomposed state, on the 2nd of October 1831, in Plymouth Sound, and is said to have been 102 feet long and 75 feet im circumference ; but most likely the abdominal cavity was distended by the inter- nal decomposition. _ It formerly travelled the country, curiously mounted in three caravans, the first containmg the head, the second the thorax, * y i ‘% ~ ae 7 +z 40 CETACEA. Es and the third the middle of the tail; when placed one after th other so as to exhibit the parts of the skeleton in their prope situation, the ends of the caravans were removed, and the cer- vical vertebrae, the lumbar vertebrae, and the caudal vertebi x were suspended in their proper situation between or beyond the caravans. The proprietor had placed a blade of Greenland whale- bone (Balena mysticetus) on one side and several of South Sez whalebone (Balena australis) on the other side of the upper jaw, in the place of the true baleen of Balenoptera. There is a nearly perfect skeleton of this species (which I have: lately visited in company with Professor Eschricht) exhibited at Black-gang Chine, the Isle of Wight, which was caught im April 1842, near the Needles. It was, when first found, dark grey above and whitish beneath. . The baleen is slate-coloured with white streaks on the neat or inner side; nearly black and with a few darker streaks near the outer or straight side. It was 75 feet long. The skull is 16 feet 7 inches long, 5 feet wide at the notch, and the edge of the beak from the notch is 12 feet long. The lower jaw 16 feet 9 inches ; the upper arm-bone 2 feet, and the larger fore-arm-bone is 33 inches long. In this skeleton, the scapula and the chest bones are wrongly placed, and the bones of the carpus and finger ; and the lower processes of the vertebrae, as well as some of the smaller parts of the head, are deficient. There are 7 cervical vertebre ; the first, very broad, with a very large lateral process, on each side pierced with a hole near the body; the second is higher than it ; and the three following have a ring-like or pierced lateral process, which Professor Eschricht regards as one of the best characters of the species. There are 14 thoracic vertebree. The ribs are long; the first simple, shortish and broadish, the” rest almost of equal size and length, the last beg very nearly as long as the others. The lumbar vertebre are 15, with con- siderably thicker bodies than the others. Caudal vertebre 18,” exclusive of those contamed in the fin of the tail, which is pre- served entire. il Professor Eschricht has two heads of this species at Copen-— hagen from Greenland. There is a head and some vertebrz at Paris, and some vertebre at Berlin, and the St. Cyprian specimen which was at Lyons in 1835. * Dr. Knox, under the name of Balena maximus borealis, Knox. 4 Cat. Prep. Whales, p.5, and Edin. N. Phil. Journ. 1833, 181, no=" tices a specimen of a whale found off North Berwick which was 80 feet long, the head 23 feet, and the tail 20 feet wide from tip to tip. He describes it as having 13 dorsal and 43 lumbar, sacral and caudal vertebrae (Edin. N. Phil. Journ. 1834, 198). q The skeleton of this whale is now in the Zoological Gardens, i CETACEA, 4] be 1 eure. and is figured in Jardine’s Naturalist’s Library, vi na a baleen is black? Cervical vertebre separate. Second lateral process very large, third, fourth and fifth large, ringed, sixth very imperfect, upper process elongate; bent down, lower short, rather depressed, seventh upper process elongate, lower wanting. The third and fourth cervical thinnest and of nearly equal thickness, fifth rather thicker, sixth thicker still, seventh thickest, and the thoracic vertebree becoming gradually thicker. Ribs 15°15, first narrower at the vertebral end, second, third and fourth dilated and produced on the inner side of the vertebral end, rest simple. Chest-bones in three series, first simple, second larger with processes, third cordate with the first pair of ribs on the hinder end. Vertebre: 10 caudal, 15 with chevron, 17 lum- bar, 15 thoracic, 7 cervical. + The transverse apophyses of the cervical vertebre short; of _ the third, fourth, fifth and sixth, separate at the ends. Ror- i qualus. 2. Puysauus (Roravatus) Boops. 4 _ The transverse apophysis of the second cervical vertebra thick, short, converging, but separate at the end; of the other cervical yertebre slender, ‘rather longer, far apart. The upper apophysis of the sixth bent down, rather elongate ; the lower one thicker, ; shorter, and bent up at the end. Physalus Rorqualus Boops, Gray, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1847, 91. enoptera antiquorum junior?, Cat. Osteol. Spec. 142. Tnhab. Coast of Wales. a. Skeleton of animal taken on the coast of Wales, and towed into Liverpool in 1846. _ The length is 38 feet ; the head is 9 feet long; the vertebre are 60 in number, and there are 15 pairs of simple ribs. a cervical vertebre are all separate, and nearly equally de- ped ; the bodies of the cervical vertebrz are squarish oblong, about + broader than high ; the spinal canal is oblong depressed, ‘twice as wide as high; the second 1s twice as thick as the other, with two large, broad, lateral processes, scarcely as long as half the width of the vertebra, coming together at the end, but sepa- rate, and leaving an oblong hole between them. The third, fourth, fifth and sixth cervical vertebre, each with superior and inferior narrow lateral processes, the upper one of the third bemg = narrowest, and gradually increasing in thickness to the sixth. ae lower of the fourth rather the broadest, and of the sixth the ickest and most tapering at the end. The third, fourth, fifth, eee 42 CETACEA. sixth and seventh cervical vertebre have only two rather s processes on each side, the upper process bemg the most a ler compressed, and bent down, and the lower ones conical, stror ger, compressed. The processes of the third vertebra are the thinnes and they gradually increase im thickness and strength to th seventh or last. | The specimen here described was mentioned in the papers 0 the day as a Spermaceti Whale! a 3. PHysaLus (RoravauLus) SIBBALDII. The transverse apophyses of the second cervical vertebra rathe elongated, united, leaving only a small subcentral hole; of the other cervical vertebre slender, shorter, and far apart; ne a straight, directed out laterally. . Physalus Rorqualus Sibbaldu, Gray, Proc. Zool. we 1847, 92, Inhab. North Sea. Coast of Yorkshire. In the Museum of the Hull Literary and Philosophical Social there is a very perfect skeleton of this species taken in the Humber which is 50 feet long. It has 64 vertebra, as follows : cervical, thoracic, 16; lumbar and caudal, 41; and the arms or paddles a 6 feet 9 inches long. The ribs 16 pair, all simple. The baleen en is black. 4 This specimen is said to have been eight years old, but 0 01 what authority I cannot learn. I have to thank my friend Mr. Pearsall, the curator of t above museum, for his kindness in sending me detailed drawings os ot the natural size, of the cervical vertebre of this interes ag species. a *** Cervical vertebre unkatiiae ‘ 4. PHyYSALUS? FASCIATUS. The PERUVIAN FINNER. *« Lower jaw scarcely longer than the upper; head and back ash-brown ; belly whitish ; ,tips of fins and a streak from the ey to the middle of the body white.”— Tschudi. Balenoptera, n.s., Tschudi, Mammal. Consp. Peruana, 13. 4 Baleenoptera Tschudi, Reich. Cetac. 33 ; Wiegm. Arch. 1844, 258 Inhab. Coast of Peru. D 5. Puysautus? Iwast. The JAPAN FINNER. Black ; side white-spotted ; belly white. Baleenoptera arctica, Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 26. ‘ Inhab. Japan. . A species of this genus is known in Japan under the name ¢ Iwasi Kuzira. It is very rare. One was cast ashore in 1760 f 0 CETACEA. 43 Kii, which was about 25 feet long; black, belly whitish, sides vhite-spotted. They distinguish it from the other whales by the ead being smaller, narrower, and more pointed, and the pectoral ‘shorter. It was driven ashore by the Sakanata (grampus). No remains of this species were brought home by M. Siebold. Tem- “minck (Fauna Japonica) regards it as identical with the Northern = It is very desirable that the bones of the Japan and Northern specimens should be accurately compared. It may be Mibserved, that several animals, the Mole and the Badger for example, were formerly said to be like the European species, but Yr ent research has shown they are distinct, and they are now so lowed in the Fauna Japonica. _ This genus also inhabits the Columbian shores. Lewis and H Clarke mention the skeleton of a Rorqual found near the Colum- bia river, 105 feet long.— Travels, 422. ~ Chamisso, in his accounts of the wooden models of whales which were made by the Aleutians, of the species found in their . , which he deposited in the Berlm Museum, and described nd figured in the N. Acta Nat. Cur. xu. 212, figures three kinds fthis genus, viz. Abugulich, t. 16. f. 2; Mangidach, t. 16. f.3; nd Agamachtschich, t. 18. f.4, the B. Agamachschik, Pallas, Z. Ross. t. a. rt ‘ % i Ld 6. PHYSALUS ANTARCTICUS. Balenoptera antarctica, Gray, Zool. E. & T. 51. | _ There has lately been imported from New Zealand a quantity f finner-fins or baleen which are all yellowish white; this doubt- s indicates a different species. if. PHYSALUS BRASILIENSIS. I aleenoptera Brasiliensis, Gray, Zool. E. & T.51; Cat. Ost. Spec. 4 App. 142. _ [have also received from Mr. Smith, specimens of what is called m trade Bahia Finner. This baleen is black, the fibres on the dge of the larger flakes are purplish brown, and of the smaller or ‘terminal ones paler brown. They are 35 inches long by 11} inches 7 and the smaller, 10 mches long, and 4 inches wide at the ‘base. This is so different in appearance from the other baleen of ‘this genus, that I propose to call it Balenoptera Brasiliensis. _ 4. Three plates of baleen, “ Bahia Finner.” Bahia. ie We *eEE «¢ Vale organs under the dorsal.” ¥ tf 8. PHysaLus? AUSTRALIS. SOUTHERN FINNER. ena Quoyii, Fischer, Syn. 526. . rostrata australis, Desmoulin, Dict. Cl. H. N.1i. 166. 44 CETACEA. Balenoptera australis, Gray, Zool. E. & T. 51. B. australis, Southern Rorqual or * Finback, Nunn, Narrat. ] vourite, 183. fig. Inhab. Falkland Islands, Quoy. Desmoulin (Dict. Class. H. Nat.i.164), under the name of Be lena rostrata australis, described a whale seen by M. Quoy © the shores of Falkland Islands, which he says was exactly lil B. Physalus. It was 55 feet long, and the pectoral fin 6 fee 3 inches, that is, about 3 the entire length, the same as in Bale noptera Physalus ; but he says the dorsal fin was over the m i organ, a character which as far as I know is peculiar to the Hum: backed Whale (Megaptera), thus presenting a combination of cha racters, which, if correct, will not only prove it to be a distine species, but one forming a section by itself. | Lesson (Tab. Reg. Anim. 1.202) gives the name of Balenoptert australis to the “‘ Fin-back of the Whalers of the South Sea.” I is most probably intended for this species, as Falkland Islands i given for the habitat; but it may be Megapteron Poeskop, or per haps a confusion of both. If reliance is to be placed on the wooden models made by the Aleutians, which have been described and figured by Chamisso and many of them are not bad representations of known gene there is a genus found at Kamtschatka which has not yet been de: scribed. It is called Balena Tschiekagluk by Pallas, Zool. Ross Asiat.i.289; Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 259. t.19.f.6. It has no dor- sal fin, and a smooth belly and chest; the upper and lower par of the under portion of the body is slightly keeled, the hea¢ rounded, like Balenoptera, with the blower on the hinder part | the crown. The lower side of the tail and the pectoral are white. Fam. 2. CATODONTIDE. TOOTHED WHALES. Head large. Upper jaw toothless; lower jaw with conie; teeth fitting mto cavities in the edge of the upper one. Blower united together, with a lunate opening. Skull concave above it , front, with a much-elevated frontal mdge behind and on the si¢ of the blowers. Delphinia Catodonia (pars), Rafin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815. Cete Carnivora (pars), Lesson, N. Reg. Anim. 201. Physeteree, Lesson, N. Reg. Anim. 201. Zahnwale (pars), Oken, Lehrb. Naturg. 672, 1815. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. é 1. Caropon. Dorsal hump rounded. Blowers on front | truncated head. Skull elongate. i CETACEA. 45 ? Skull short, . Koei1a. Dorsal hump ——? Blowers broad. _ Puyseter. Dorsal fin faleate. Blower on back of forehead. +, ne Skull elongate. 4 1. CATODON. SPERMACETI WHALES. Head truncated and rather compressed in front, with the blow- ers close together on the front of the upper edge, separated from the head by an indentation. Nose of skull elongate, broad, de- pressed. Lower jaw shorter than the upper one, very narrow, ‘cylindrical in front, and united by a symphysis for nearly half their length. Back with a roundish tubercle in front, over the eyes, ealled the “bunch,” and a rounded ridge of fat behind, highest in front over the genital organs, called the “hump,” and conti- nued in aridge to the tail. No true dorsal fin. Pectoral broad, truncated. Teeth conical, often worn down. Males larger than the females. _ The atlas is distinct; the other cervical vertebre are soldered together.— Duvernoy, Bet i ¥95. Catodon, Artedi, Syst.; Lacep. Cet.; Rafin. Anal. Nat. 60,1815; _ Oken, Lehrb. Nat. 678. Physeter (Catodontes), Fischer, Syn. Mam. 517. ‘Physeter, sp., Linn.; Illiger, Prod. 143, 1811; Lesson, N. Reg. | Anim. 201. hyseter, Wagler, N. S. Amph. 33. Physalus, Lacep. Cet. 219. t. 9, from Anderson, Cacholotte, t. 4. ‘Balznoptera (Physalus), Fischer, Syn. Mam. 519. ?Notaphrum, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 60, 1815 (no char, nor type). j tus (pars), Oken, Lehrb. Naturg. 674. __ The teeth in the lower jaw (in young specimens 16 feet long) ; not yet come through.—Jackson, l. c. 140. Capt. Benja- min Chase states that he has more than once seen teeth of a eonsiderable size in the upper jaw of the adult females, though ways covered by the gum. The males, he says, bemg much larger, are cut up differently, and in such a way as not to expose the teeth.—Jackson, Boston Mag. N. H. v. 140. __ The upper jaw is not altogether toothless, as usually described. _ on either side a short row of teeth, which for the most part are placed more interior than the depressions which receive the teeth of the lower jaw, though they sometimes also occupy the bottom of these cavities. Their entire length is 3 inches; they are curved backwards and elevated about half an inch above the oft parts, in which they are deeply imbedded, having only a slight achment to the maxillary bone. In two instances J have found a 46 CETACEA. their number to be 8 on each side. They exist in both sexes the Sperm Whale; and although visible externally only in adult, they may be seen in the young animal upon removing the ot pee from the interior of the jaw.— Bennett, Whaling Voyage u. 163. 4 ' There is little external appearance, beyond the size of the indi- vidual or the development of its teeth, to distinguish the mal from the female. Whalers are inclined to believe that the con: vex or “ hatchet-shaped”’ snout is characteristic of the male Ca chalots, but I do not think that there is sufficient ground for thi conclusion.— Bennett, 1. c. 167. q Sperm whales are infested with small lice (Larunda Ceti) and species of barnacles (as Otion Cuviert), which usually adhere i clusters to the integument around the jaws. See Bennett, 1. ¢ 169; Beale, Hist. Sperm W. The ordinary food is the cuttle-fish or squid (Sepia), mam kinds of which are rejected from the stomach of the whale whe the latter is attacked by the boats. It is probable they oceasio ally indulge in other food. In 1835 a School whale rejected from her stomach a bony fish more than a foot long. Some whalers assert that they have seen Cachalots throw up rock-cod, and ever sharks.— Bennett, 1. c. 176. q The habitat of the Sperm Whale is more peculiarly the central and fathomless water of the ocean, or the vicinity of the most ab- rupt coast. The geographical range of the species (genus?) m be regarded as very extensive, since no part of the aqueous globe, excepting the Polar seas, would appear to be altogether inimical to their habits or free from their visits. It is however in the warmer seas, within or upon the verge of the tropics, that the Cachalot is sought with the greatest success, as in those corre- sponding to the intertropical coasts of Africa, America, Asia an¢ New Holland, or surrounding the Indian and Polynesian islands, but more especially and uniformly in the “line of currents” which extend from the equator to almost the seventh degree of - north and south latitude, both in the western and eastern hemi- spheres.— Bennett, 1. c. 182, with map, showing where they occurred during his voyage. They were observed in the Antarctie | Seas as high as lat. 71° 50'—Ross, Antarctic Voyage, i. 169, 197. Capt. Chase states,—They couple in a horizontal position and not upon the side; nor does the female remain supine, but beir close to the surface of the water they occasionally turn, so as a ternately to bring the top of the head above the water, evidenth for the purpose of breathing. The Right Whale breeds at par. ticular seasons, but the Sperm Whale at any season of the year He has never seen more than a single young one at a time about | the old female. Has seen a bucketful of thick rich milk dis: | CETACEA. 47 d from the mammary gland of a female when cut up, but s never witnessed the young in the act of suckling.—Jackson, oston Journ. N. H.v. 141. He figures the stomach as having ee cavities.—Jackson, l. ec. t. 14. _ Clusius erroneously describes the blowers as placed on the head the back, and Artedi and Linnzus adopt this error in their ter of Physeter macrocephalus. Anderson (Iceland, ii. 186. t. £4) gives a figure of a whale with a truncated head, much re- embling the old figures of the Sperm Whale, with the blower on ae part of the head, like a Physeter. Bonnaterre esta- hed on this figure his Physeter cylindrus ; and Lacepéde forms genus for it, which he calls Physalus. The Dutch engraving oS animal described by Clusius shows this to have been a take. __ The bunch and hump referred to by Beale and the other whalers, aq] pear first to have been described by T. Haszeus of Bremen, in 23, In a dissertation on the ‘ Leviathan of Job and the Whale 0 Jonas ;’ on “a specimen 70 feet long, with a very large head, ‘the lower jaw 16 feet long, with 52 pointed teeth, with a boss on ‘the back, and another near the tail, which resembles a fin.” Cu- vier, after quoting this very accurate description, observes, “Mais aprés Pobservation fait sur divers dauphins, cette disposition e personne n’a revue pourroit avoir été accidentelle, et alors ¢ animal n’auroit différe en rien du Cachalot vulgaire.”—Oss. Foos v. 331. Indeed Cuvier’s mind appears to have been made up that the Sperm Whale had no hump im the place of the dorsal , and he wrongly accuses Bonnaterre of having added a tubercle ‘in his copy of Anderson’s figure, which is not in the original (Oss. Foss. 332). Anderson, in the description of this animal, cath that it has a prominence four feet long and a foot and a high near its tail, as in his figure. But the fact was that juvier erroneously combined the Sperm Whale and the Black-fish : (Physeter) together; and he could not otherwise reconcile how some Shor. as Baca, Anderson and Pennant, described the ; Sperm Whale with a hump; while Sibbald describes the Physeter, fee Cuvier erroneously considered the same animal, with a dorsal 4 : overlooking at the same time the great difference in the form the head, and in the position of the blower of these two very issimilar genera.—Oss. Foss. 338. Ee Bell observes,—* After careful examination of the various ounts which have from time to time been given of whales be- longing to this family, called Spermaceti Whales, I have found it ecessary to adopt an opinion in some measure at variance with ' hose of most previous writers, with regard to the genera and b yecies to which all those accounts and details are to be referred. he conclusion to which I have been led is, first, that the High- hp “4 * A ’ A 48 CETACEA. . a finned Cachalot is specifically but not generically distinet fro the common one, and that therefore the genus Catodon is to k abolished, and the name Physeter retained for both species; a secondly, that all the other species which have been distinguishe by various naturalists, have been founded upon trifling variati or upon vague and insufficient data.”—Brit. Quad. 507. Thu though Mr. Bell differs from Cuvier in regarding them as distint species, yet he overlooked Sibbald’s figures, for he says there ; no figure of the High-finned Cachalot m existence, and keeps iti the genus Physeter, which he characterizes as having the “ Hea enormously large, truncated in front,’ which is quite unlike th depressed rounded head of the High-finned Cachalot; and hi also adopts the mistaken description of the dorsal fin. q Dr. Jackson observes—“ The dorsal fin or hump forms a ver obtuse angle, and is ill-defined, bemg (in a space 16 feet long about 10 inches in length and 2 or 3 inches high;” there being he further remarks, “also between it and the caudal two or thre quite small finlets.”"— Boston, Journ. N. H. v. 137. These latte are, perhaps, what are represented as humps in Quoy’s figure o C. polycyphus. ; The figure of the Sperm Whale in Duhamel, Pes. iv. t. 15. f.¢ is good for the form and blower, and has the “ taquet”’ marked but a fin has been added below, between the vent and tail, m th position of the anal fins of fishes! mt. 9. f.1. This author ha figured and described Orca gladiator for the sperm whale! Bonnaterre’s figure (H.M. t.7.f.2) of the Grand Cachalot take at Andiene, 1784, and copied by Lacepéde, t. 10. f. 1, is not s bad for form, but has a fin instead of a hump on the back. The figure of the Spermaceti Whale from the coast of Kent 1794, in the Gent. Mag. t. 1, is very inaccurate, especially specting the tail. ’ It is to be remarked that all the older writers only deserib this animal as occurring in the Northern seas, and Robertson and Fabricius described it as black when young, becoming whitis below. All the figures, except Anderson’s, are, by the unanimous ex perience of the whalers, far too long for the thickness; and Az derson’s scarcely represents the “‘ bunch”’ sufficiently promimen besides having the blower on the wrong part of the head. Beale (Nat. Hist. of the Sperm Whale) says, there is but on species found im the North Sea, North America, New Guinea, E pan or Peru; but this is merely speaking the language of whaler and by species he means, as he does in the other parts of hi book, genus. I have no doubt, from analogy of other whale that when we shall have had the opportunity of accurately cot paring the bones and the various proportions of the parts of tl : CETACEA. 49 Northern and Southern kinds, we shall find them distinct. Wish- ‘ing to call attention to this subject for future examination, I ma ‘observe that Beale (N. H. Sperm Whale, 22. f. 1, 14) describes the Southern Sperm Whale as grey. Female one-fifth the size and bulk of the males, more slender and large in proportion. Young black, skin thicker. Varies sometimes black and grey ‘mottled. — Quoy gives an engraving of a drawing of a Sperm Whale, which was given him by an English captain, which is probably the South- ‘ern Whale. He calls it Physeter polycyphus (and Desmoulin re- names it P. australis), because its back appears to be broken into ‘aseries of humps by cross ridges. In this particular it agrees with the Scrag Whale of Dudley (on which Bonnaterre established his B. gibbosa); but it cannot be that animal, as Dudley says it is a Whalebone Whale. Quoy’s figure differs from Beale’s in emg much longer, but, as Beale observes, when speaking of the es of the Northern kind, this is the common fault of all the drawings of the Sperm Whales. Beale (Hist. Sperm. Whale, 8vo, 1839) and Bennett (Narrat. ‘Whaling Voyage, 1840, 8vo, ii. 153) give a long account of the habits, the mode of catching, &c. of the South Sea Sperm Whale. Colnet, in his Voyage, p. 80. f. 9 (copied by Brandt and Ratze- burg, t. 14. f. 3) gives a very good figure of a Sperm Whale, 15 feet long, from measurements; with details of the manner of fienching or peeling it. It agrees with Beale’s in proportions. It was caught in the North Pacific, near Pomt Angles, on the coast ‘of Mexico. This figure escaped Cuvier’s researches. iv Purchas says the Sperm Whale is found at Bermuda, where it is called Trumpo, a name which Lacepéde applied to the northern ‘animal. An anonymous writer in the Phil. Trans. i.132, and Dud- ley, describe them as found on the east coast of North America. _ The Japanese distinguish three varieties of this animal, accord- ‘ing to their size. They live in herds on the Japanese coast.— Faun. Japon. _ Owing to the great projection of the snout beyond the lower (i it may be requisite for this whale to turn on its side or back ‘to seize its more bulky prey. When the animal attacks a boat og its mouth it invariably assumes a reversed posture, carrying the lower jaw above the object it is attempting to bite.— Bennett, :. 176; see also Beale, Hist. Sperm Whale, 159, and fig. at 154. wae” i CATODON MACROCEPHALUS. NorRTHERN SPERM WHALE. i Black, becoming whitish below. umpo, Phil. Trans. i. 132. . Physeter Trumpo, Bonnat. Cet. 14.t.8; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 518. Cc 50 CETACEA. tte trumpo, Gerard, Dict. Sci. Nat.vi. 57 ; Lacep. Cet. 215 t. 100f. 2. a De Balena macrocephala que binas tantum pinnas laterales ha- bet, Sibbald, Phal. 12. = Balena major in inferiore tantum maxilla dentata macrocepha: bipinnis, Rati Pisce. 15. g Cetus bipinnis supra niger, &c., Brisson, Cete, 357. Catodon fistula im cervice, Arted. Syn. Catodon macrocephalus, Lacep. Cet. t. 19, £.4, . Sperm Whale, Anderson, Cambridge Phil. Trans. ii. 250; Jack- son, Boston Journ. N. H. v. 137. t. 14, stomach. | Spermaceti Whale, Dudley, Phil. Trans, xxxii. 258; Gent. Mag 1794, 33. t. 1. : Blunt-head Cachalot, Robertson, Phil. Trans. \x. t. Physeter Catodon, O. Fab. 44, and Robertson, not Linn. Ph. Trumpo, Bonnat. Cetac. t. 8. f. 1, from Robertson, copie Reichenb. Cetac. t.4. f.12; Anat. t. 10.