J "i^-mitAkiviv CATALOGUE OF THE UNGULATE MAMMALS m THE BEITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). Vol. IV. AKTLODACTYLA, FAMILIES CEEVIDiE (Deer), TEAGULIDiE (Chevrotains), CAMELIDiE (Camels and Llamas), SUIDvE (Pigs and Peccaries), and HIPP0P0TAMID7E (Hii^popotamuses). By R. LYDEKKER, F.R.S. LONDON : PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. SOLD BY Longmans, Green & Co., 39, Paternoster Row, London, E.G. B. QuARiTCH, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, London, W. DuLAU & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, London, W. The Midland Educational Co., Ltd., Corporation Street, Birmingham, and at the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W. 1915. [All rights reserved.) i.omuj.n: I'HINTKD by Wll.MAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, DIKE STREET, STAMFOKD SIUEKT, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMll.l, ^TRI:KT, «. / U<^foo PREFACE The preparation of the fourth Volume of Ungulate Mammals was Rearing completion when its author was struck down by the illness that proved fatal. With his eharacteristiL- devotion to work, he hardly allowed this to make any difference, under circumstances when most men would have considered themselves luifit for mental effort. It would perhaps have been better if the patient had allowed himself to rest, but the correction of the proofs went on until the task was completed, only two or three days before the end came, on April 16th. Mr. Lydekker, although not a member of the permanent staff, had Ijeen officially connected with the Museum since 1884. < )nly those Avho have seen the work from the inside will be aljle to realise the extent and the value of his services to the Museum, where his colleagues liave tlie remembrance of a long and highl}' successful ])eriod of help unremittingly and ungrudgingly given. The present Volume includes the families Cervida', Tragulida', Oamelidas, Suidre and Hippopotamida^ thus completing the Artiodactyla. Like its predecessors, it has Ijeen prepared l)y Mv. Lydekker. It was hoped that the Catalogue would l)e completed shortly Ijy the publication of a fifth Volume, including the Perissodactyla, the Ilyracoidea, and the Proboscidea, together with addenda to the earlier volumes. It is not possible at present tn state whether this intention can be carried out. SIDNEY L. HAEMEK, Keeper of Zoology. British Muskum (Natukal HiSTOitv;, London, S.W. April mh, 1915. INTRODUCTION In the preparation of this volume I have not had the valuable assistance of Mr. Blaine, who, for the first portion of the period, was away on a hunting-trip in Africa, and during tlie remainder was serving his King and country in the war. As in the case of the previous volumes, I am greatly indebted to Mr. 0. Thomas for reading the proofs, and using his unrivalled knowledge of individual specimens and their localities to correct errors which had crept into the text. In the present volume my debt to him is still greater, for being myself incapacitated by illness from coming to London during the time the proofs were passing through the press, the drudgery of filling up omissions in the references to literature fell to his share. It may be added that I cannot but regret the appearance in the text of such ugly, ungrammatical, or absurd terms as "tunjuc," " Odocoileus,"- * and " Hippocamelus," f — terms which would never have been admitted by the past generation of naturalists, from whose instruction and writings I derived the basis of my zoological knowledge. According, however, to modern views on nomenclature — views largely attribut- able to the decline in the study of the classics characteristic of the present age — such usage is practically compulsory. In one case, however, namely, that of the Kashmir stag, I could not bring myself to replace a classically-formed name by one of these ill-sounding barbarisms. E. LYDEKKEE. March 10th, 191.5. * Applied to a subfossil deer's tooth, which, in the then state of knowledge, should have been described as Ccrviis. t Given on the supposition that the Chilian guemal was inter- mediate between a horse and a llama. IXTROPUCTIOX CONTENTS Order UNGULATA. SuBORDEii I. — Artiodactyla {confinued). Section A. — Pecora {continued). Family IV. — Cervid.i: ..... Subfamily i.— Moschin.i; .... I. Genus Moschus ..... MOSC'HUS MOSCHIFERUS .... A. — Moschus nioschifeius uioschiferus B. — Moschus moschiferus sifanicus' . C. — Mosclius moschiferus parvipes . Subfamily ii. — Cervin.e .... II. Genus Muntiacus .... I. Muntiacus muntjak A. — Muntiacus muntjak B. — Muntiacus nauntjak C. — Muntiacus muntjak D. — Muntiacus muntjak E, — Muntiacus muntjak F. — Muntiacus muntjak G. — Muntiacus muntjak H. — Muntiacus muntjak I. — Muntiacus muntjak ,T. — Muntiacus muntjak K. — Muntiacus muntjak L. — Muntiacus muntjak M. — Muntiacus muntjak. muntjak iiioschatus . bancanus . pleiharicus . rubidus robinsoni peninsiThie . curvostyHs . grandicornis ^aginalis aureus malabaricus , subsp. II. Muntiacus lacrymans . A. — Muntiacus laci'ymans lacrymans B. — Muntiacus lacrymans sclateri C, — Muntiacus lacrvmans teesdalei . 10 11 11 15 15 10 16 18 18 19 -20 •21 24 24 25 '25 26 26 27 vin CONTENTS III. MUNTIACDS REEVESI A. — Muntiacus reevesi reevesi . B. — Muntiacus reevesi pingshiangicus C. — Muntiacus reevesi micrurus IV. Muntiacus sinensis V. Muntiacus fe^ .... VI. Muntiacus crinifrons III. Genus Elaphodus .... Elaphodus cephalophus A. — Elaphodus cephalophus cephalophus B. — Elaphodus cephalophus inichianus C. — Elaphodus cephalophus fociensis D. — Elaphodus cephalophus ichangensis IV. Genus Dama I. Dama dama . II. Dama mesopotamica V. Genus Cervus . 1. Subgenus Axis I. Cervus (Axis) axis A. — Cervus axis axis B. — Cervus axis ceylonensis 2. Subgenus Hyelaphus II. Cervus (Hyelaphus) porcinus A. — Cervus porcinus porcinus . B. — Cervus porcinus annamiticus III. Cervus (Hyelaphus) calamianensis 3. Subgenus Eusa .... IV. Cervus (Rusa[?]) kuhli V. Cervus (Rusa) alfredi VI. Cervus (Rusa) timoriensis . A. — Cervus timoriensis timoriensis . B. — Cervus tunoriensis moluccensis . C. — Cervus timoriensis tunjuc VII. Cervus (Rusa) tavistocki VIII. Cervus (Rusa) unicolor A. — Cervus unicolor unicolor B.- — Cervus unicolor equinus C. — Cervus unicolor brookei D. — Cervus unicolor swinhoei E. — Cervus unicolor dejeani CONTENTS IX F. — Cervus unicolor mariannus G. — Cervus unicolor philippinus H. — Cervus unicolor basilanensis I. — Cervus unicolor barandanus J. — Cervus unicolor francianus K. — Cervus unicolor nigricans . L. — Cervus unicolor nigellus M. — Cervus unicolor boninensis Other Names applied to Eusine Deer 4. Subgenus Eucerv'us, IX. Cervus (Eucervus) duvauceli X. Cervus (Eucervus) schombuegki XI. Cervus (Eucervus) eldi X. — Cervus eldi eldi B. — Cervus eldi frontalis C. — Cervus eldi siamensis 5. Subgenus Sika .... XII. Cervus (Sika) Nippon . A. — Cervus nippon nippon B. — Cervus nippon mantchuricus XIII. Cervus (Sika) taiouanus XIV. Cervus (Sika) hortulorum . A. — Cervus hortulorum hortulorum . B. — Cervus hortulorum kopschi Incertfe Sedis ..... 6. Subgenus Cervus .... XV. Cervus elaphus .... A. — Cervus elaphus barbarus . B.— Cervus elaphus corsicanus, C. — Cervus elaphus hispanicus D. — Cervus elaphus elaphus E. — Cervus elaphus atlanticus . F. — Cervus elaphus scoticus G. — Cervus elaphus hippelaphus H. — Cervus elaphus, subsp. I. — Cervus elaphus maral XVI. Cervus canadensis A.— Cervus canadensis canadensis B. — Cervus canadensis occidentals . C. — Cervus canadensis merriami D. — Cervus canadensis nannodes E. — Cervus canadensis xanthopygus. F. — Cervus canadensis baicalensis . PACK 83 84 8.5 85 85 86 87 88 88 92 93 97 100 102 104 104 105 107 108 110 110 112 114 115 116 116 117 120 121 121 122 122 123 124 125 126 129 131 132 182 133 133 134 CONTENTS l'\GK. G. — Cei'vus canadensis songaricus . . . 136 H. — Cervus canadensis biedeimanui . . .137 I. — Cervus canadensis wacliei . . . . 137 J. — Cervus canadensis bactrianus . . . 138 K. — Cervus canadensis wardi . . . 138 XVII, Cervus yarkandensis .... 139 XVIII. Cervus wallichi ..... 141 A. — Cervus wallichi walliclii .... 142 B. — Cervus walliclii affinis .... 142 XIX. Cervus macneilli . . . . 145 A. — Cervus macneilli inacneilli . . • 145 B. — Cervus macneilli kansuensis . . . 146 XX. Cervus c.\shiiiriensis ..... 146 XXI. Cervus albirostrts ..... 149 Incertse Sedis ....... 150 VI. Genus Elaphurus ...... 151 Elaphurus davidianus ...... 152 \U. Genus Odocoileus . . . . .153 I. Odocoileus virgimanls .... 155 A. — Odocoileus virginianus \irginianus . . 159 B. — Odocoilevis virginianus borealis . . . 160 C. — Odocoileus virginianus macrovirus . .161 D. — Odocoileus virginianus leucurus . . . 162 E.^ — OdocoileiTS virginianvis louisianse . . 162 F. — Odocoileus virginianus osceola . . . 162 G. — Odocoileus Airgiuianus texanus . . . 168 H. — Odocoileus virginianus couesi . . . 164 I. — Odocoileus virginianus battyi . . . 164 J. — Odocoileus virginianus mexicanus . .165 K. — Odocoileus virginianus sinalote . . . 166 L.^ — Odocoileus virginianus toltecus . . . 167 M. — Odocoileus virginianus acapulcensis . . 167 N. — Odocoileus virginianus nelsoni . . . 168 O. — Odocoileus virginianus thomasi . . . 168 P. — Odocoileus virginianus truei . . . 169 Q. — Odocoileus virginianus costaricensis . . 170 R. — Odocoileus virginianus nemoralis . . 170 S. — Odocoileus virginianus rothschildi . . 171 T. — Odocoileus virginianus chiriquensis . . 172 U.— Odocoileus virginianus columbicus . . 172 V. — Odocoileus virginianus lasiotis . . .172 W. — Odocoileus virginianus gymnotis . . 17o X. — Odocoileus virginianus margaritse . .174 Y.— Odocoileus virginianus spinosus . . . 174 Z. — Odocoileus virginianus peruvianus . . 175 00:N TENTS XI PAGK 11. Odocoileus hemionus ..... 176 A. — Odocoileus hemionus liemiouus . . . 17IS B. — Odocoileus hemionus virgultus . . . 179 C. — Odocoileus hemionus californicus . . 179 D. — Odocoileus hemionus' cerroseusis . . 180 E. — Odocoileus hemionus eremicus . . . 180 F. — Odocoileus hemionus peninsulap. . . 181 G. — Odocoileus hemionus canus . . . 181 III. Odocoileus columbianus .... 182 A. — Odocoileus columbianus columbi:uius . 18;> B. — Odocoileus columbianus sitkensis . . 184 C. — Odocoileus columbianus scaphiotiis . . 184 D. — Odocoileus columbianus cvooki . . . 185 Incertsp Sedis ....... 185 \lll. Genus Bl.\stocerus ..... 180 I. Blastocerus dichotomus .... 1S6 II. Blastocerus bezoarticus .... 188 IX. Genus Hippocamelus. ..... 192 I. Hippocamelus bisulcus .... 198 II. Hippocamelus antisensis .... 196 X. Genus Mazama ....... 198 I. Mazama Americana ..... 199 A. — Mazama amevicana americana . . . 200 B. — Mazama amevicana jucunda . . 202 II. Mazama superciliaris .... 20o TII. Mazama zetta ...... 204 IV. Mazama sheila ...... 205 V. Mazama tema ...... 205 A. — iNlazama tema tema ..... 206 B.-^Mazama tema reperticia .... 207 C. — Mazama tema cerasina . . . 207 VI. Mazama bricenii ..... 207 VII. Mazama rufina ...... 208 VIII. Mazama simplicicornis .... 208 A. — Mazama simplicicornis simplicicornis . 210 B. — Mazama simplicicornis mexianae . 211 C. — Mazama simplicicornis citus . . .212 IX. Mazama tschudii ..... 212 X. Mazama pandora ..... 213 XI. Mazama n.\na 213 Incertas Sedis ....... 214 Xll CONTENTS XI. Genus Pudu 1. Subgenus Pudu .... I. Pudu pudu ..... 2. Subgenus Pudella .... II. Pudu (Pudella) mephistophiles . XII. Genus Capreolus .... I. Capreolus capreolus . A. — Capreolus capreolus capreolus , B. — Capreolus capreolus transsvylvanicus C. — Capreolus capreolus canus D. — Capreolus capreolus thotti II. Capreolus bedfordi . A. — Capreolus betlfordi bedfordi B. — Capreolus bedfordi inelanotis III. Capreolus pygargus . A. — Capreolus pygargus firghanicus . B. — Capreolus pygargus pygargus C. — Capreolus pygargus tianschanicus XIII. Genus Alces . Alces alces A. — Alces alces alces B. — Alces alces bedfordise C. — Alces alces americanus D. — Alces alces columbae. E. — Alces alces gigas XIV. Genus Rangifer Eangifer tarandus . A. — Rangifer tarandus B. — Rangifer tarandus C. — Rangifer tarandus D. — Eangifer tarandus E. — Rangifer tarandus F. — Rangifer tarandus G. — Rangifer tarandus H. — Rangifer tarandus I. • — R angifer tarandus J. — Rangifer tarandus K. — Rangifer tarandus L. — Rangifer tarandus M. — Rangifer tarandus N. — Rangifer tarandus O. — Rangifer tarandus tarandus fennicus platyrhynclius sibiricus pearsoni phylarchus caribou . sylvestris terraenovse niontanus dawsoni stonei . fortidens osborni granti . CONTENTS XI 11 XV, P. — Rangifer tarandus excelsifrons Q. — Rangifer tarandus arcticus R.^ — Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus S. — Rangifer tarandus pearyi . Genus Hydropotes . Hydropotes inermis . Section B. — Tragulina Family Tragulid^e I. Genus Tragulus . I. Tragulus meminna II. Tragulus stanleyanus A. — Tragulus stanleyanus B. — Tragulus stanleyanus C. — Tragulus stanleyanus D. — Tragulus Stanley anu III. Tragulus javanicus A. — Tragulus javanicus B. — Tragulus javanicus C. — Tragulus javanicus D. — Tragulus javanicus E. — Tragulus javanicus F. — Tragulus javanicus G. — Tragulus javanicus H. — Tragulus javanicus I. — Ti'agulus javanicus J. — Tragulus javanicus K.— Tragulus javanicus L. — Tragulus javanicus M. — Tragulus javanicus N. — Tragulus javanicus O. — Tragulus javanicus P. — Trrgulus javanicus Q. — Tragulus javanicus R. — Tragulus javanicus S. — Tragulus javanicus T. — Tragulus javanicus tJ. — Tragulus javanicus V. — Tragulus javanicus W. — Tragulus javanicus stanleyanus perflavus rufulus formosus javanicus napu . canescens borneauus nigricans terutus i;nibrinus pretiosus pretiellus parallelus lutescens flavicollis bancanus nigricoUis nigrocinctvis sebucus billitonus anioenus jugularis annae . bunguranensis batuanus versicolor IV. Tragulus kanchil. A. — Tragulus kanchil kanchil . B. — Tragulus kanchil longij)es. C. — Tragulus kanchil luteicollis PAGK 253 254 256 256 257 257 260 260 261 262 265 265 266 267 267 268 268 269 270 270 272 272 273 273 274 274 275 275 275 276 276 277 277 278 278 279 279 279 280 280 282 282 282 CONTENTS TT. D.— Tra<^iilus E.— Tragulus F.- — Tragulns G. — Tragulus H. — Tragulus I. — Tragulus J. — Tragulus K. — Tragulus L. — Tragulns M. — Tragulus N. — Tragulus O.— Tragulus P.— Tragulus Q. — Tragulus K. — Tragulus S. — Tragulus T.— Tragulus Genus Dorcath kauchil kanchil kanclnl kanchil kanchil kanchil kanchil kanchil kanchil kanchil kauchil kanchil kauchil kanchil kanchil kanchil kanchil ERIUM subrufus rubeus . fulvicollis cariniatas brevipes . pallidus . fulviventer affinis ravulus , lancavensis lauipensis russeus . russulus . hosei everetti . pierrei . pelandoc DORCATHERIUM AQUATICUM , A. — Dorcatherium aquaticum aijuatii B. — Dorcatherium aquaticvnu batesi C. — Dorcatherirmi aquaticum cotton Section C. — Tylopoda Family CAjiELiDiE .... I. Genus Camelus . Camelus bactrianls . II. Genus Lama I. L.\MA GLAMA . A.— Lama glama huanacus B. — Lama glama cacsilensis II. Lama vicugna Section I). — Suina .... Family I. — Suid^ .... Subfamily i. — Suin^. . I. Genus Sus .... 1. Subgenus Sus . I. Sus SCROFA . A. — Sus scrofa scrofa B. — Sus scrofa meridionalis C. — Sus scrofa castilianus I). — Sus scrofa bceticus . E. — Sus scrofa barbarus . F. — Sus scrofa sennaarensis / CONTENTS G. — Sus scrofa lybicus H. — Sus scrofa attila I. —Sus scrofa nigripes . J. —Sus scrofa moupinensis . IL Sus CRISTATUS A. — Sus cristatus cristatus B. — Sus cristatus jubatus C. — Sus cristatus jubatulus III. Sus LEUCOMYSTAX . A.— Sus leucomj'stax leucomystax B. — Sus leuconivstax taivanus . IV Sus VITTATUS A, — Sus vittatus B. — Sus vittatus C. — Sus vittatus D. — Sus vittatus E. — Sus vittatus F. — Sus vittatus G. — Sus vittatus H. — Sus vittatus I. — Sus vittatus J. — Sus vittatus K.— Sus vittatus L.- — Sus vittatus M. — Sus vittatus vittatus. niilleri . floresianus andamanensis nicobaricus . peninsularis . i-hionis . andersoni uiadensis. babi natuneusis niimus . timoriensis V. Sus CELEBENSIS A. — Sus celebensis celebensis . B. — Svis celebensis nehringi C.—Sus celebensis philippensis J), — Sus celebensis minutus E. — Sus celebensis uiindauensis F, — Sus celebensis aniboinensis G.— Sus celebensis ceramicus . H. — Sus celebensis borneensis . IncertfE Sedis . . • • YI. Sus VERRUCOSUS . YII. Sus BARBATUS A. — Sus barbatus barbatus ]i.— Sus barbatus gargantua . C. — Sus barbatus oi p. — Sus barbatus ahaenobarbus E. — Sus barbatus balabacensis . F.—Sus barbatus calamianensis 2. Subgenus Porcula . VIII. Sus (Porcula) salvanius XV PAGE 316 316 317 317 818 319 320 320 .321 322 322 323 325 325 325 326 327 327 327 328 328 328 329 329 329 , 331 , 332 . 333 . 333 . 334 . 334 . 335 . 335 . 336 . 336 . 336 . 338 . 340 . 341 . 341 . 342 . 342 . 343 . 343 . 343 IV. XVI CONTENTS PAGE II. Genus Babirussa 344 Babirussa babyrussa. ..... 345 A. — BabinTs.sa babyrussa babja'ussa . . . 345 B. — Babirussa babyrussa celebensis . . . 346 III. Genus PotamochO'^rus ..... 348 I. POTAMOCHfERUS LARVATUS .... 349 A. — Potaniochcerus larvatus larvatus . . 350 B. — PotamochoE'rus larvatus hova . . . 350 II. POTAMOCHCERUS CHCEROPOTAMUS . . . 350 A. — Potaniochcerus choeropotanius choeropotamus 352 B. — Potaraocboerus choeropotamus maschona . 353 C. — Potamochoerus choeropotamus dfenionis . 354 D. — Potamochoerus choeropotamiis nyasse . . 354 E. — Potamochoerus choeropotamus johnstoni . 355 F. — Potamochoerus choeropotamiis kenifp . . 356 III. POTAMOCH(ERUS HASSAMA .... 357 IV. POTAMOCH(EROS PORCUS .... 357 A. — Potamochoerus porcus porcus . . . 358 B. — Potamochoerus porcus pictus . . . 359 C — Potamochoerus porcus ubangensis . . 360 D. — Potamochoerus porcus albifrons . . . 361 E. — Potamochftrus porcus congicus . . . 361 V. Potamochoerus intermedius . . . 361 lY. Genus Hylochosrus ...... 362 Hylochcerus meinertzuagen'i .... 363 A. — Hj'lochoerus meinertzhageni meinertzhageni 364 B. — Hylochcerus memertzhageni rimatov . . 364 Y. Genus Phacochcerus ...... 365 Phacoch(erus .?ethiopicus ..... 366 A.— Phacochoerus tethiopicus rethiopieus . . 367 B. — Phacochoerus sethiopicus sundevalli . . 368 C. — Phacochcerus rethiopicus massaicus . . 370 D. — Phacochcerus aethiopicus delamerei . .371 E. — Phacochoerus aethiopicus ffiliani . . . 371 F. — Phacochoerus aethiopicus fossor . . . 372 G. — Phacochcerus aethiopicus bufo . . . 372 H. — Phacochoerus aethiopicus africanus . . 373 Subfamily ii. — Dicotylin.t; ...... 374 VI. Genus Dicotyles ...... 374 1. Subgenus Dicotyles ..... 375 I. Dicotyles pecari ..... 375 A. — Dicotyles pecari pecari .... 376 B. — Dicotyles pecari ringens .... 378 C. — Dicotyles pecari spiradeus . . . 378 CONTENTS xvn 2. Subgenus Pecaki II. DiCOTYLES (PeOARI) TAJACU A. — Dicotyles tajacu tajacu " B. — Dicotyles tajacu torvus C. — Dicotyles tajacu niger III. Dicotyles (Pecari) angulatus A. — Dicotyles angulatus angulatus . B. — Dicotyles angulatus sonoriensis . C. — Dicotyles angulatus humeralis . D. — Dicotyles angulatus crassus E. — Dicotyles angulatus yucatanensis F. — Dicot3'les angulatus crusnigrum . G. — Dicotyles angulatus nanus Family II.— Hippopotamid.e .... I. Genus Hippopotamus .... Hippopotamus amphibius . A. — Hippopotamus ampliibius auiphibius B. — Hippopotamus ampliibius tschaclensis C. — Hippopotamus amphibius kiboko D. — Hippopotamus amphibias constvictus E. — Hippopotamus amphibius australis II. Genus Ch(eropsis .... Chceropsis liberiensis INDEX PAGE 379 379 380 382 382 383 383 384 384 385 385 385 386 386 386 387 389 390 391 391 392 392 393 395 LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS PAGE Fig. 1. — Lower Front Teeth of Elk [Alces alces). (Froiu Miller, Cat, Mamin. Western Euro])e) . . . . , 2 ,, 2. — Skull of Musk-Deer {Moschus moschiferus) . . 6 ., 3. — Head of ludiau Muntjac {Muntiacus muntjak vagin- alis). (From a photograph lent by the Bombay Natural Historj' Society') ..... 13 ., -1. — Skull and Antlers of Muntjac {Muntiacus muntjak) . 14 ,, 5. — Skull and Antlers of Pieeves's Muntjac {Muntiacus rcevesi) and Bridgeman's Muntjac {M. sinensis). (From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910) ... 29 6. — Head of Ningpo Tufted Deer {Elaplioclus cej^halophus michianus). (From Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876) 'So 7. — Side View of Skull of Ningpo Tufted Deer {Elaphodtts cephalophus miclilanns). (Fro:u Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904) 37 ,, 8. — Front View of Skulls of Ningpo and Ichang Tufted Deer. (From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904) . 38 ,, 9. — Side View of Skull of Ichang Tufted Deer {Elapliodus ccj^halophus icltangensis), (From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904) . 39 ,, 10. ^Palatal Aspect of Skull of Fallow Deer {Dama datna). (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe) . . 41 „ 11. — Lower Front Teeth of Fallow Deer {Dama dama). (From Miller, Cat. Mantm. Western Europe) . . 41 ,. 12. — Head of Persian Fallow Deer {Dama mesopotamica) . 46. ,, 13. — Lower Front Teeth of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus). (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Eiirope) . . 47 ,, 14.— Skvall and x\ntlers of Chital {Cervus [Axis] axis) . 50 ,, 15. — Skull and Antlers of Hog-Deer {Cervus {Hyelax)hus] jwrcinus) ........ 55 ,, 16. — Frontlet and Antlers of Javan Eusa {Cervus [Busa] timoriensis tunjuc). (From a specimen in the collection of Sir E. G. Loder, Bart.) ... 68 ,, 17. — Skull and Antlers of Sambar {Cervus [Busa] unicolor) 72 ,, 18. — Head of Swamp -Deer {Cervus [Bucervus] duvauccli). (From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899) ... 95 XX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS I'AGK Fig. 19. — Skull and Autiers of bchoiabiirgk's Deer {Cerviis [Rucervus] schomhurgJci). (From a photograph lent by Messrs. Rowland Ward, Ltd.) ... 98 ,, 20. — Head of Thamin {Cervus [Eiicervus] eldi) . . 101 ,, 21. — Head of Dybowski's Dear (Cervus [Sika] hortulorum). (From a photograph bj- the Duchess of Bedford) . llo ,, 22. — Palatal Aspect of Skull of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus). (Frona Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe) . .119 ,, ' 23. — Antlers of Eastern Red Deer, or Maral (Cervus elajphus viaral) ..... ... 127 ,, 24. — Head of Wapiti (Cervus canadensis) .... 130 ,, 25. — Skull and Antlers of Yarkand Stag (Cervus yarJiaiul- ensis) . . . . . . . .140 ,, 26. — Skull and Antlers of Sikhiiu Shou (Cervus wallichi affinis) . . . . . . .'- . 14o ,, 27. — Head of Hangul (Cerciis cashmiriensis) . . . 148 .. 28. — Head and Neck of Thorold's Deer (Cervus albirostris) 150 ,, 29. — Head of White-tailed Deer (Odocvileus virginianus). (From a photograph lent by Mr. E. S. Cameron) . 157 , 30. — Pampas Deer (Blastocerus hezoartieus) . . . 190 , 31. — Head of Chihan Giiemal (Hippocamelus bisidcus). (From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1899) . . 195 , 32.— Skull of Pudu (Pudu pudu) 216 , 33. — Palatal Aspect of Skull of Roe (Capreolus capreolus). (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Etirope). . 220 , 34. — Lower Front Teeth of Roe (Capreolus capreolus). (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe) . . 220 , 35. — Palatal Aspect of Skull of Elk (Alces alces). (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe) . . . 231 , 36.— Side View of Head of American Elk, or Moose {Alces alces amcricanus). (From a specimen in the posses- sion of Mr. J. K. Paislej', of Ottawa) . . . 235 , 37. — Muzzle of American Elk (Alces alces americamis) . 236 , 38. — Muzzle of Ontario Elk (Alces alces coluinba-). (From the type specimen, in the collection of Capt. E. C. Hamilton) 237 , 39. — Front View of Head of Alaskan Elk, or Moose (Alces alces gig as) ........ 238 , 40. — Lower Front Teeth of Reindeer (liangifer tarajidus). (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Eurojye) . . 240 ,. 41. — Side View of Skull and Antlers of Novaya Zemlyan Reindeer (Bangifer tarandus pearsoni) . . . 245 ,, 42. — Front View of Head of Woodland Caribou (Bangifer tarandus caribou), with the antlers in " velvet" . 247 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xxi PAGE Fig. 43. — Side View of Skull and Antlers of Mountain Caribou {Rangifey tarandus montanus). (From 1th Heport of New Yorh Zoological Society) .... 2.'')0 „ 44. — Side View of Skull and Antlers of Barren-Ground Caribou (Bangifer tarandits arcticus). (From 7/// Be]}ort of Neiv Yorl- Zoological Society) . . 2.05 .. 45. — Skull of Chinese Water-Deer (Hi/f^ropofes Mierwrn) . 259 ,, 46. — Skull of Indian Chevrotain (Tragulus vieminna) . 263 ,, 47. — Right Upper and Lower Cheek-Teeth of AVild Boar {Sns scrofa). (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Euroj^e) 309 ,, 48.— Transverse Sections of Lower Canines of Sns scrofa and S. vcrvHcostis. (From Stehlin) . . . 310 .. 49. — Side View of Skull, with the lower jaw detached, of Wild Boar {Sns scrofa). (From Miller, Cat. Ma in ni . Western Enropc) . . . . . . .311 .. 50. — Frontal and Palatal Aspects of Skull of Wild Boar (Sns scrofa). (From Miller, Cat. Ma mm. Western Europe) ........ 312 ., 51. — Skull of Babirusa {Bahirnssa booyrnssa cehbensis). (From Gray, Haiid-List of Tliick-sJcinned Mam- mals) ......... 347 ,. 52. — Skull of Southern Busli-I'ig {FotamocJioerns chrero- potamus). (From Gray, Hand-List of Tliicl- sl-inned Mammals) ...... 3.52 ,, 53.— Skull of Camerun Bush-Pig, or Red River-Hog {Potamochcerus forciispictus). (From Gray, Hand- List of Th id: -shinned Mammals) .... 359 ,, 54. — Head of Wart-Hog (Phacocliocrus cetJiiopicus) . . 367 ,, 55. — Palatal Aspect of Skull and Lower .Taw of Hippo- potamus {Hippop)ofa mas anipliihius) . . . 3HK .. 56. — Fore-feet of Pigmy Hippopotamus {Clioeropsis liheri- ensis) and Ordinary Hippopotamus {Hippopofamns ampJiihins). (From Pocock, TJie Field, 1918) • . 394 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATE S VOL. lY. SUBOEDER ARTIODACTYLA {continued). Section A. — PECORA (continued). Family IV.— CERVID^. Pecora, iu which the cranial appendages — generally restricted to the males, and in a few cases absent even in that sex — take the form of (usually) branched, bony, solid, deciduous antlers, supported on permanent skin-covered pedicles arising from the frontal bones; upper canines generally present, very long in those genera which lack antlers in both sexes ; lower canines with simple, uncleft crowns (fig. 1) ; cheek-teeth generally low-crowned (brachyo- dont) ; lateral toes generally present, with the constituent bones fully developed ; lateral metacarpals wanting either upper or lower ends ; * gall-bladder nearly always wanting ; placenta with few cotyledons. In all cases, with the possible exception of Moschus, there are two pairs of teats, and inguinal glands are invari- ably wanting. Face-glands are nearly always present (absent in Cajyreolus) ; tarsal, metatarsal, and interdigital * The term plesiometacarpalian is applied to those genera in which the upper ends of the lateral metacarpals persist, and telemeta- carpalian to those in which the reverse condition obtains. IV. B 2 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES glands ill the hind-feet may he present, and in the Virginian deer there are also interdigital glands in the fore-feet. In the Old World the range extends from the neighbour- hood of the Arctic Circle southwards to the Mediterranean islands, the extreme north-west of Africa, the Malay Archi- pelago, and the Philippines : in the New World it includes the entire mainland of North and South America. The precise eastern limits of the family in the Austro-Malay area cannot Fig. 1. — Lower Front Teeth of Elic {Alecs alces). From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Wegteni Europe. be defined, owing to the transportation by the Malays of species from one island to another. The family is divisible into the two following subfamily groups : — A. Liver with a gall-bladder ; a caudal gland in male ; no face-glands, foot-glands, or antlers Moscliinw. B. Liver without a gall-bladder ; no caudal gland ; face- glands,* foot-glands, t at least in hind-limbs, and antlers % usually present .*..... Cervince. * Wanting in Capreolics. t Wanting in Pudu. i Wanting in Hydropotes, CEKVID.E Subfamily i.— MOSCHINiC. Liver with a gall-bladder ; in skull the canal situated within margin of eye-sockets, and leading into nose-chamber, with only a single orifice ; no face-glands or lachrymal pits below eyes ; hemispheres of brain comparatively smooth, with few convolutions ; antlers wanting ; no foot-glands, but a large caudal and a preputial gland in males. The distribution extends from Gilgit over a large area in Central and North-eastern Asia, including Cochin China, Amurland, and Korea. Following Fitzinger, Pocock regards this group as of family rank (Moschidce), a view which has much to be said in its favour, as the single genus is in several respects intermediate between the Bovidcc and the typical Cervidce. I. Genus MOSCHUS. Moschus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 66, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 91, 1766 ; Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 159 ; Garrod, ibid. 1877, p. 287 ; Riltimeyer, Ahli. scliweiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 19, 1881 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 551, 1891 ; Lydehher, Deer of All Lands, p. oil, 1898; PococJc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 937. Odontodorcas, Gistel, Natiirgcsch. Thierreichs, p. 82, 1848. Build stout and heavy, with the limbs, especially the hind-pair, long and thick, and the rump elevated ; hair coarse, thick, brittle, minutely waved, and in structure resembling pith ; ears large ; upper canines greatly developed in males, and projecting far below the level of the lips, in females much smaller ; no tarsal or metatarsal glands or tufts ; lateral metacarpals represented by their lower extremities ; main' hoofs narrow and pointed, lateral hoofs large and functional ; tail very short in males, terminating in a tuft and glandular, in the females evenly haired throughout ; naked portion of muzzle large and completely surrounding nostrils. Distribution co-extensive with that of subfamily. B 2 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES MOSCHUS MOSCHIFERUS. Moschus moschiferus, Linn. Syst. Nat. cd. 10, vol. i, p. 66, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 91, 1766; Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. xiii, p. 29, pi. iv, 1780, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. p. 108, 1811; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 61, vol. v, p. 307, 1827; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 63, List Mamm. Brit. Mas. p. 172. 1843, Cat. Ungnlata Brit. Mus. p. 244, 1852, Cat. Btimi- nants Brit. Mns. p. 96, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 166, 1873; Hittton, Joiirn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. vi, p. 935, 1837 ; Hodgson, ibid. vol. xvi, p. 693, 1847, vol. xvii, pt. 2, p. 486, 1848 ; Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 328 ; Schrenk, Reis. u. Forsch. Amurland, Siiugcth. p. 161, 1859 ; Raddc, Reis. Sild- Ost. Siher., Sdugeth. p. 274, 1862 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mns. p. 269, 1862 ; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 157, 1863 ; Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 4, vol. ii. p. 119, 1874, Rech. Mamm. p. 176, 1874 ; Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 266, 1867 ; Kinloch, Large Game Shooting, p. 41, 1869 ; David, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vii. Bull. p. 75, 1871 ; Broohe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 522 ; Floiver, ibid. 1875, p. 159 ; Przewalsli, Reise Mongolia, pp. 1Y4 and 240, 1875 ; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 287 ; Lydckker, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 286, 1877, Horns and Hoofs, p. 330, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 311, 1898, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 247, 1900, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 268, 1901, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 266, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mns. p. 40, 1913 ; Scully, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 209; Forbes, ibid. 1882, p. 636; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 283, 1884 ; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 494, 1884 ; Biiehner, Melanges Biol. vol. xiii, p. 163, 1890 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 172, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 552, 1891 ; Flower and. Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 314,1891 ; Pousar- gues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 189, 1898 ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xix, p. 129, 1903 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. {Zool. Pub. Field Mus. vol. viii) p. 38, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 114, 1910, ed. 7, p. 112. 1914; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 937 ; Siilima, Nasa ochota, St. Pettrsb. vol. xlviii, p. 40, 1910 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1911, p. 150 ; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 129, 1912 ; Aoki, Annot. Zool. Japon. vol. viii, p. 344, 1913 ; Dods- worth, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxii, p. 748, 1914. Musk-Deer ; Kastura. Typical locality " Tatary, approaching China." Typically height at shoulder about 20 inches, at rump 2 inches more. General colour some shade of rich dark brown, more or less mottled and speckled with light grey, the individual hairs being white for about three-quarters of their length, then with a white band, followed by a blackish tip ; under-parts and inner side of limbs paler ; chin, inner •CERVID^ 5 border of ears, and inside of thighs whitish ; in some instances a white spot on each side of the throat. The following three forms have been recognised as distinct : — A. Size larger ; feet and hoofs large. a. Ears coloured like back M. m. moschiferus . b. Ears largely or wholly black externally M. m. sif aniens. B. Size smaller ; feet and hoofs small M. m. parvipes. A.— Moschus moschifepus moschiferus. Moschus sibiricus, Pallas, 8'picil. Zool. fasc. xiii, p. 29, 1780 ; Gray, Cat. TJngulata Brit. Mzis. p. 243, 1852 ; Gerrard. Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mits. p. 269, 1862. Moschus altaicus, Eschsclwltz, Isis, 1830, p. 606. Moschus moschiferus altaicus, Brandt, Medicin. Zool. vol. ii, p. 347, 1833. Moschus chrysogaster, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. viii, p. 203, 1839 ; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 245, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 97, 1872 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 269, 1862. Moschus leucogaster, Hodgso)i, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. viii, p. 203, 1839; Gi-ay, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 245, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 96, 1872. Moschus saturatus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. viii, p. 203, 1839. Odontodorcas moschiferus, Gistel, Naturgesch. Thierreichs, p. 82, 1848. Moschus moschiferus isificisitus, Milne-Edivards, Ann, Set. Nat., Zool. ser. 5, vol. ii, p. 119, 1864 ; Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 96, 1872. Moschus moschiferus maculatus, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 5, vol. ii, p. 120, 1864 ; Gray, Cat. Riiminants Brit. Mus. p. 96, 1872. Moschus moschiferus gotlco\ox, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 5, vol. ii, p. 121, 1864 ; Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 96, 1872. Typical locality " Tatary, approaching China." General characters those of the species ; ears relatively short, coloured externally like back. Even in the Himalayan area considerable individual or local variations in colour are noticeable ; some examples being paler than ordinary, while others tend to the development of a yellowish tinge, especially on the under-parts, and yet otliers to l;)lackish. The name M. m. chrysogaster is available for the Himalayan form, if, as is probable, this proves to be a distinct race. Allen suggested that the Siberian form might be known as 6 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES M. sibiriem, presumably on the supposition that the Himalaya is the typical locality. 42. 4. 29. 75 (677, a). Skin, mounted, and skull (42. 4. 29. 77). Siberia. Presented hy the St. Petersburg Aeademy, 1842. 42. 4. 29. 75 (677, &)• Skin, mounted, and skull (42. 4. 27. 78). Siberia. Same history. 43. 1. 12. 93. Skull and- skin. Nepal. Type of M. clirysogastcr. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1843. 43.1.12.94(678,6). Skull. Nepal. Same history. 678, c(. Skull. Nepal. Same history. Fig. 2. — Skull op Musk-Deer (Moschus moschifcnis) . 43. 1. 12. 95. M. lencogaster. 43. 1. 12. 97 (676, i). " M. cacharensis." 43. 1. 12. 98 (676, y) M. saturatus. 45. 1. 8. 327 Skull and skin. Skull. Skull. Nepal. Type of S((me history. Kachar. Type of Sa me history. Nepal. Type of Same history. Skin, immature, mounted. Nepal, Same donor, 1845. 45. 1. 8. 356 (676, a). Skull. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 357 (676, &). Skull. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 12. 458 (676, f/). Skeleton. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 12. 449 (676, c). Skeleton. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 12. 555 (676, e). Skeleton. Nepal. Same history. CEllVIDiE 7 48. 6. 11. 26 (676,/). Skull. Sikliim. Presented hij B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1848. 55. 1. 20. 9. Skin, mounted. Nepal. Presented ly H.H. Maharaja Dhuleeii Singlt , 1855. 56. 5. 6. 68 (676, h). Skull, immature. Kashmir ; col- lected by W. Theobald, Esq. Presented by Dr. T. Oldham, 1856. 56. 10. 1. 3 (676,^). Skull. Himalaya. Purchased {Baker), 1856. 676, 7t. Skull, female. Himalaya (?). No history. 79. 11. 21. 254-5. Two skins. Locality unknown. Transferred from the India Museum, 1879. 81. 3. 1. 4. Skin, young. Basal Gak, Gilgit ; collected by Lieut.-Col. J. Biddulph, July, 1879. Presented ly Dr. J. Scully, 1881. 91. 8. 7. 221-2. Two skulls. Kashmir. Presented by A. 0. Hume, Esq., Cf.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 223. Skull. Garhwal. Same history. 91. 10. 7. 124. Skull. Sikhim; collected by L. Man- delli, Esq. Presented by Dr. W. T. Blanford, 1891. 91. 10. 7. 125. Skull, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 96. 9. 9. 1. Skin, mounted. Amurland ; collected by Herr D5ries. Purchased ( Ward), 1896. 97. 4. 3. 4. Skin, female, mounted. From an animal formerly living in the park at Woburn Aljbey. Presented by the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1907. 8. 2. 29. 4. Skull and skin. Kishi Nala, Garhwal. Presented by Dr. F. G. Lonystaff, 1908. 12. 10. 31. 97. Skull, Garhwal. In this specimen, which stands 7th in Ward's 1910 list, the length of the exposed portion of the upper canine is 3 inches ; the maximum recorded length being 4 inches. Bequeathed by A. 0. Hume, Esq., G.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 98. Skull. Himalaya. Same history. B.— Moschus moschiferus sif aniens. Moschus sifanicus, Biichner, Melanges Biol. vol. xii, p. 162, 1890 ; Lydehker, Deer of All Lands, p. 315, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc., p. 269, 1901 ; Pousargues, Mem. Sac. Zool. 8 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES France, vol. viii, p. 192, 1898 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. xl, p. 205, 1912 ; Wallace, Big Game of Central and Western China, p. 146, 1913. Typical locality Southern Kan-su, Western China. Ears longer than in typical race, and, instead of being similar to the back in colour, more or less completely black, or black at the bases, with broad yellowish tips, and the margins of the upper half with a blackish or brownish band ; internally the margins covered with yellowish hair showing a more or less decided rufous tinge. Skull more massive, and longer in its auterior half; the nasals being narrower, longer, and articulating with only a small portion of the frontals. I. 3. 2. 6. Skull and skin, female. Ichang, Central China. May represent a distinct race. Presented ly F. W. Styan, Esq., 1901. 3. 5. 15. 6. Skull and skin, immature. Sze-chuan, Western China. Same donor, 1903. II. 2. 1. 265. Skull and skin, female. KW. of Tan- chou, Kan-su ; collected by M. P. Anderson, Esq. Practically a topo-type. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, ^.G^., 1911. 11. 9. 8. 144. Skull and skin. Wen-chwan-hsien, Si-ho valley, western Sze-chuan ; same collector. Same history. C— Moschus moschiferus parvipes. Moschus parvipes, Hollisfrr, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 1, 1911. Typical locality Korea. Smaller than preceding races, with more slender limbs and smaller hoofs; general colour rich and dark, and winter coat relatively short. 97.10.3.58^ Body-skin. Korea; collected by Mr. J. Kalinowski. Purchased, 1897. Subfamily ii.— CERVIN^E. Liver without gall-bladder; in skull the canal situated within margin of eye-sockets, and leading into nose -chamber, with two orifices ; face-glands and lachrymal pits usually CERVID^ 9 present ; * hemispheres of brain with numerous convo- lutions ; antlers present, except in Hydropotcs ; foot-glands usually present ; t no caudal or preputial glands. The following is a "key," mainly based on external characters, to genera here recognised : — A. Antlers absent in females ; muzzle with at least a small bare muffle. a. Upper canines tusk-like in males. rt'. Antlers wanting ; naviculo-cuboid and cunei- form bones of tarsus separate Hydroj^ofea. hK Antlers present, surmounting long pedicles and relatively small ; naviculo-cuboid and cuneiform bones of tarsus united. a^. Antler-pedicles continued downwards as prominent converging frontal ridges Mnntiacufi. h". Antler-pedicles divergent, not continued downwards as prominent frontal ridges FJapliodiis. b. Upper canines, when present, not tusk-like. &\ Lateral metacarpals represented by their upper extremities.^ b-. Antlers with a simple basal or sub-basal brow-tine, and at least two other tines ; tail short or medium. b^. Antlers markedly palmate ; upper canines wanting ; hoofs of hind-feet united only at " heels " § by a close fold of skin Da ma. c^. Antlers not markedly palmate ; upper canines generally present || ; hind-hoofs united nearly throughout their basal depth by a deep interungual web Cervus. c^. Antlers not forking till some distance above base, and the front tine again forked ; tail long Elaph urns. c' . Lateral metacarpals represented by their lower extremities, c^. Vomer not dividing posterior aperture of nostrils into two chambers, c*. Antlers diverging at an angle of about 40° to mid frontal suture, 3-tined ; face-glands wanting ; muzzle normal ; tail rudi- mentary Cajn-eolus. cP. Antlers diverging nearly at right angles to mid frontal suture ; many tined and often palmate ; face-glands present ; muzzle pendulous, with very small bare muffle ; tail short Alces. * Wanting in Capreolus and one species of Pud a. t Wanting in Pudu. X Occasionally wanting. § See vol. i, p. 172. II Wanting in subgenus Hyelaphus, and occasionally Axis. 10 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES cV Vomer dividing posterior aperture of nostrils into two distinct chambers. (T\ Naviculo-cuboid of tarsus free from cunei- form, (1\ Metatarsal glands normally present, tarsal glands always developed, ff'. Antlers normally complex, with sub- basal snag, and front-prong of main fork developed at expense of hind one Odocoilcus. e*. Metatarsal glands wanting. €■', Antlers dichotomously forking, with- out subbasal snag and with more than two tines Blastocerus. e". Antlers simply forked Hijyj^ocamelui e'. Antlers simple spikes Mazama. c-\ Naviculo-cuboid of tarsus fused with cuneiform. Antlers minute ; no meta- tarsal, tarsal, or pedal glands Piulit. 1!. Antlers present in females ; muzzle completely hairj'. Lateral metacarpals and vomer as in Odocoilcus. . . . Rangifer. II. Genus MUNTIACUS. Mimtiacus, Bafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, p. 56, 1815. Cervulus, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 77 ; Broolr, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 898 ; Eiitinieyer, Ahh. scliweiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 23, 1881; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 531, 1891; LydeJi-ker. Deer of all Lands, p. 203, 1898; PococJi-, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 952. Muntjaccus, Gray, Thomson's Ann. Philos. vol. xxvi, p. 342, 1825. Stylocerus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 319, 1827. Prox, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 135. Muntjacus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 173, 1843. Small, higli-rumped deer, with the lateral metacarpals represented by their upper extremities (plesiometacarpaliau type), tusk-like upper canines, and small simple antlers, consisting of a basal brow-tine and a beam, and surmounting long bony pedicles, continued downwards as prominent convergent ridges on the frontal region of the skull ; in females the pedicles represented by tufts of bristly hair and small bony prominences. Suborbital face -glands large, a pair of frontal glands of variable size on the inner sides of the frontal ridges, and glands forming deep clefts on front of hind-pasterns, but no tarsal or metatarsal glands or tufts ; face long, with a large bare muffle extending up between the CERVIDvE 11 nostrils, where its upper border is slightly convex ; ears rather small ; tail, long, thin, and pointed ; lateral hoofs small, rudimentary, or wanting, and no bones of the lateral digits retained ; coat uniformly coloured in adult, spotted with white in young, at least in the more typical forms. In the skull the lachrymal pits very large and deep, and the unossified vacuities of moderate extent ; naviculo-culwid of tarsus fused with cuneiform. The group is distributed all over the Indo-Malay countries, as far east as Sumatra and Borneo, and the greater part of China proper ; occurring also in Formosa, Ijut not in Japan. The species are distinguishable as follows : — A. Upper surface of tail chestnut or fulvous ; frontal glands present. a. Generally no nuchal stripe ; frontal glands larger ; lachrymal pits smaller; backs of ears dusky or yellow. a'. Size larger ; colour redder, backs of ears dusky M. muntjal:. h' . Size smaller; colour more fulvous; backs of ears yellow, like forehead M. lacrymans. h. Generally' a nuchal stripe ; frontal glands smaller ; lachrymal pits larger ; backs of ears blackish. a". Size smaller ; colour redder ; lachrymal pits slightlj' smaller than orbits M. rcevcsi. b". Size larger; colour browner and darker; lachrymal pits as large as or ratlier larger than orbits M. sinensis. B. Upper surface of tail black or blackish ; no frontal glands. a. Head not tufted ; tail shorter; size smaller M. fex. h. Head tufted ; tail longer ; size larger M. crinifrons. I. MUNTIACUS MUNTJAK. Cervus muntjak, Zimmermann, Geogr. Qescliichte, vol. ii, p. 131, 1780 ; Boddaert, Elenclms Anim. vol. i, p. 136, 1785; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 144, 1827 ; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. iv, pis. 418, 419, 1839. Cervus muntjac, Gmelin, Linn.'s Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 180, 1788; Kerr, Linn.'s Anim. Kingdom, p. 307, 1793 ; Horsfield, Zool. Besearch. Java, pt. vi, pi. xxxiii, 1823; -/. B. Fischer, Synojj. Mamm. p. 454, 1829; Syhes, Proc. Zool. Sac. 18Sl,:p.l04:; Ogilby, Boyle's Illustr. Bot. Himalaya, p. 72, 1839 ; Elliot, Madras Joiirn. vol. x, p. 221, 1839 ; Miiller and Schlegel, Verh. Nederland. Ges. vol. i, p. 225, 1840 ; Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere, Stipj^l. vol. v, p. 388, 1855. 12 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Muntiacus muntjak, Bafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, p. 56, 1815. (?) Cervulus subcornutus, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 77. Cervus (Stylocerus) muntjak, H. Smith, GrifitWs Ani)iwl Kingdom, vol. V, p. 319, 1827. (?) Cervus (Stylocerus) subcornutus, H. Smith., op. cit. p. 320, 1827. Stylocerus muntjak, Jardine, Naturalist's Lihr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 185, 1835.' (?) Stylocerus subcornutus, Jardine, loc. cit. 1835. Prox moschatus, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 136. Prox muntjac, Sundevall, K. SvensTca Vet.-Ah. Handl. 1844, p. 85 ; Fitzinger, Sitzher. k. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 362, 1872, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 41, 1879. Cervulus muntjac, Broohc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 38, 1878, p. 899 ; Anderson, Zool. Results Yunnan Exped. p. 387, 1878 ; Stcrndale, Mamm. India, p. 500, 1884; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 286, 1884; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. hid. Mus. pt. ii, p. 173, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna. Brit. India, Mamm. p. 552, 1891 ; Floiver and Lydehher, Study of Mammals, p. 317, 1891 ; Lydehher, Horns and Hoofs, p. 314, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 203, 1898, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 238, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 257, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest, Brit. Mus. p. 40, 1913 ; Percy, Big Game Shootiyig {Badminton Lihr .) , \o\. n, p. 268, 1894; Jentinh and Biittihofer, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xix, p. 63, 1897 ; Holding, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 295; Finn, ibid. 1903, vol. ii, p. 2; Manners- Smith, Jotirn. Bombay Asiat. Soc. vol. xvii, p. 237, 1906 ; Comber, ibid. vol. xviii, p. 490, 1908 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 80, 1910, ed. 7, p. 80, 1914 ; Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 952. Muntiacus muntjac, Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field AIus. {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 38, 1907 ; Thomas and Wroughton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1909, p. 392; Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nation. Mus. vol. xl, p. 73, 1911. Typical locality Java. The type species. Size relatively large, the shoulder-height ranging from about 20 to 22 inches ; ears narrow and pointed ; crown not tufted ; frontal glands large ; tail relatively short (about 7 inches) ; colour ranging from chestnut-red (deep rufous) to orange-tawny, with a brown or black streak down the front of each antler-pedicle, and in a corresponding position in females, a pale crown-patch, and a grizzled nuchal area ; insides of ears, chin, upper part of throat, buttocks, inner sides of thighs, inner surfaces of fore-legs to knees, and under side of tail white ; lateral hoofs very small ; lachrymal pits occupying only lower half of lachrymal bone. CEKVID^ 13 The range includes India, Burma, Lhe ]\Ialay Peninsula, Siam, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, etc. Fig. 3. — Head op Indian Muntjac {Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis). From a photograph leut by the Bombay Natural History Society. Our knowledge of several of the races is too imperfect to admit of the drawing up of a satisfactory and trustworthy "key." 14 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES A.— Muntiacus muntjak muntjak. Muntjacus vaginalis, Horsfield, Zool. Bcscarch. Java, figs, a and 6, 1824 ; nee Cervus vaginalis, Boddaert. Cervulus vaginalis. Gray, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1850, p. 234, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hisf. ser. 2, vol. v, p. 425, 1850, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 217, 1852; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 263, 1862 ; 7iec Cervus vaginalis, Boddaert. Cervulus muntjac tvpicus. Ward, Records of Big Game, eel. 6, p. 80, 1910, ed. 7, p. 80, 1914. Muntjac ; Kakar ; Barking Deer ; Rib-faced Deer. Pig. 4. — Skull and Antlers of Muntjac (Muntiacus ymintjal;). Typical locality Java. Size large (length of hind-foot 11^ inches); general colour very dark rufous, without light rings to the hairs, so that there is no speckling; antlers larger than in any other race, the maximum recorded length heing lOf inches. Basal length of skull 8| inches, of female 7| inches. CERVID.E 15 9. 1. 5. 854. Skill. raugandaiaii, Dirk do Vries Bay, Java ; collected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq. Presented hj W. E. Bahton, Esq., 1909. 9, 1. 5. 855. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 1. 5. 1124. Frontlet and antlers, the latter very large. Same locality and collector. Sdine history. 9. 1. 5. 1125. A similar specimen, l)ui with smaller antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 10. 4. 6. 71. Frontlet and antlers. Kangean Island, east of Java; same collector. Presented by 0. Tho7nas, Esq., 1910. 10. 4. 6. 72. A similar specimen. Same locality and collector. Same history. 10. 4. 6. 73. Another similar specimen. Same locality and collector. Same history. B.— Muntiacus muntjak moschatus. Cervulus uioschatns, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Pliilom. 1816, p. 77. Muntiacus moschatus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. N'd. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 582, 1907. Typical locality Sumatra. Type in Museum of Eoyal College of Surgeons. A very large race, based on an immature skull, still retaining the last two pairs of milk-molars (No. 1469, Mus. E. Coll. Surg.). The external ridge of the jugal arcade is stated to be thicker and more prominent than in M. m. vaginalis ; colour apparently much the same as in next race. No specimen in collection. C— Muntiacus muntjak bancanus. Cervulus muntjac, Jentinlc, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xiii, p. 209, 1891 ; Willinli, Natuurh. Tijdsclir. Nederlandscti'Tndie, vol. xlv, p. 189, 1905. Muntiacus bancanus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 582, 1907, vol. xl, p. 72, 1911. Typical locality Banka Island ; also occurs on Billiton Island. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Closely allied to M. m. moschatus, but smaller ; skull similar to that of M. m. ruhidios (infra, p. 16), but the 16 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES iuteipteiygoid space uarrower, and the laclirynio-maxillary suture longer. General colour rich rufous (between hazel and ferruginous), darker on middle line of liack and paler on flanks ; on neck and shoulders the ferruginous-hazel washed with blackish ; crown bright ferruginous hazel. In his second mention of this muntjac Lyon refers to it as a smaller race of ]\l. m. ruhidus. No specimen in collection. D.— Muntiacus muntjak pleiharicus. Cervulus pleiharicus, KoJilbrugge, NatuurJc. Tijdschr. Nederlandsch- Indie, vol. Iv, pt. 2, p. 192, pi. ii, fig. 1, 1896. Muntiacus pleiharicus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 583, 1906, vol. xxxiii, p. 550, 1907, vol. xl, p. 71, 1911. Typical locality Pleihari, South-eastern Borneo. A relatively small yellowish or ochre-coloured form, with an indistinct dark brown dorsal stripe; antler-pedicles short ; basal length of skull from about 6f to 7i^g inches (171-178 mm.). No specimen in collection definitely referable to this race. E.— Muntiacus muntjak rubidus. Muntiacus rubidus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol, xl, p. 73, 1911. Typical locality Pamukang Bay, S.E. Borneo. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Larger than the preceding race, with the general colour deep shining rufous (hazel of Lyon), darkening on middle line of back and everywhere suftused with blackish ; whole frontal area between antler-pedicles (which are of normal length) showing a tendency to become black ; antlers relatively short ; females paler, with less darkening on middle line of back ; basal length of skull about 7^ inches (185 to 186 mm.). The skull, which is very similar in this respect to the somewhat smaller one of M. m. hancanus, differs from that of 3f. 1)1. pleiharicus by its superior size, longer and stouter antler-pedicles, and the presence of a distinct concavity in the profile at the base of the nasals. This muntjac is inferior in size to the Sumatran M. m, moschahis.. CEKVID.E 17 According to Kolilbrugge, its disliiicLiie.ss I'runi J/, m. pleilw.ricus is recognised by the natives of Borneo. 79. 5. 3. 21. Frontlet and antlers. Borneo; collected by A. H. Everett, Esq. Purchased, 1879. S7. 2. 10. o. Skull and antlers. Eejang Valley, North Borneo ; collected by H. B. Low, Esq. FurcJiascd, 1887. 89. 1. 8. 8. Skull and skin, female. Baram, North Borneo ; collected by Dr. C. Hose. FurcJiascd (Ckrrard), 1889. 92. 2. 7. 19. Skull and skin, female. Mount Dulit, North Borneo; same collector. FurcJiascd (Gerrard), 1892. 93. o. 4. 10. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Spitang, North Borneo ; collected by A. H. Everett, Esq. The frontal area between tlie pedicles of the antlers is rufous. Furchased {Gerrard), 1893. 94. 6. 12. 11. Skull, with antler-pedicles, and skin. Mount Mulu, Baram Valley, E. Sarawak, N. Borneo ; collected by Dr. Hose. Whole area between antler-pedicles black ; the black continuing down nape of neck. FurcJiascd {Gerrard), 1894. 95. 5. 7. 5. Skull and skin, with antlers in latter, immature. Miri Valley, Sarawak, N. Borneo ; collected by Dr. Hose. Forehead and neck coloured as in last specimen. FurcJiascd {Gerrard), 1895. 95. 5. 7. 6. Skeleton. Mount Skiwa, Sarawak ; same collector. Same Jiistonj. 95. 12. 8. 1. Skull and skin, immature. Baram; same collector. Same Jiistonj. 99. 12. 9. 83. Skull, with very small antlers, and skin. Mount Dulit ; same collector. The whole frontal area between the black pedicle-streaks is dusky, with a tinge of rufous. FurcJiascd {Gerrard), 1899, 6. 2. 2. 11. Skull, imperfect, with milk-molars, and skin. Mount Dulit ; same collector. FurcJiascd {Gerrard), 1900 8. 7. 17. 24. Skull, with cheek-teeth much worn, and skin, to which the minute antlers are attached. North Borneo. This specimen indicates that the antlers in this race are generally small. F resented hy tJic BritisJi j\'ortJi Borneo Coiiipany, 1908. IV. c 18 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES * * * *. Skin, young in spotted coat. Miii, Sarawak ; collected by Dr. Hose. Purchased. F.— Muntiacus muntjak robinsoni, subsp. n. Typical locality Ehio Linga Archipelago. Of the approximate size of M. m. eurvostylis {Infra), but with very long and slender antler-pedicles ; basal skull-length 7 inches, in female 6| inches ; length of upper tooth-row 2 j'g inches, in female 2^q ; upper part of forehead and bases of ears in female dull dusky chestnut. 9. 4. 1. 505. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Bintang Island, Ehio Linga Archipelago, Malaya ; collected by H. C. Eobinson, Esq. Basal length of skull 7 inches, length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2-j^ inches. Presented hy the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909. 9. -4. 1. 506. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Type. Basal length of skull 6^ inches, length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2^^ inches. Samr, history. G. — Muntiacus muntjak peninsulae, subsp. n. Typical locality Pulu Pangkor, off ]\Ialay Peninsula. A very large race, with moderately stout antler-pedicles and antlers ; basal skull-length in type (female) 7^ inclies ; length of upper series of cheek-teeth about 2^ inclies ; * upper part of forehead and bases of ears (in female) Ijright chestnut. 79. 11. 21. 256. Skull and skin, immature ; the former still retaining milk-teeth. Wellesley l*roviuce, Malay Peninsula ; collected by Dr. J. Cantor. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 3. 2. 6. 78. Skull, with antlers. Biserat, Malay Peninsula. The cheek-teeth are but little worn, and of approximately the same size as in the next specimen. Presented hy Messrs. H. C. Bohinson and N. Annandale, 1903. 10. 10. 1. 106. Skull and skin, female. Pulu Pangkor, * This dimension varies considerably with age in all the races. GERYID.E 19 off Malay Peninsula ; collected by H. C. Eobinson, Esq. Type. Basal skull-length 7^ inches, length of upper tooth- row 2^ inches. The contrast between this specimen, in which the teeth are much worn, and the type of M. ni. rohinsoni (9. 4. 1. 506) in the matter of size is very striking. Presented hy the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1910. 0. 8. 4. 12. Prontlet and antlers, the latter very large. Singapore. This specimen, which represents an aged animal, would apparently agree well in size with the preceding. Presented by Dr. C. Hose, 1900. H,— Muntiacus muntjak curvostylis. Cervulus curvostylis, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 94, 1872, Hand-List Biiminants Brit. Mus. p. 165, 1873. Cervulus muntjac curvostylis, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 81, 1910, ed. 7, p. 80, 1914. Typical locality Siam. Founded on a deformed skull, in which the antler- pedicles are abnormally bent downwards, backwards, and outwards. Size medium (length of upper row of cheek-teeth in type 2^g inches) ; general colour orange-tawny, fading to huffish on neck and under-parts. 61. 6. 1. 8 (1619, rt). Skull, with antler-pedicles (deformed) and bases of antlers. Pachebone, Siam ; collected by Monsieur Mouhot. Type. Purchased, 18G1. 78. 6. 17. 17. Skull and skin, immature. Siam or Cambodia. Presented hy Monsieur Pierre, 1878. 98. 10. 21. 7. Skin, immature female. Chantabori, Siam. Presented hy Capt. S. S. Flower, 1898. 14. 6. 18. 36. Frontal portion of skull, with antlers. Mi-tau Forest, Eaheng, Siam ; collected by Karens. Presented hy C. S. Barton, Esq., 1914. 14. 8. 22. 23. Body-skin. S. W. Siam. Presented, hy K. G. Gairdner, Esq., 1914. 20 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES I. — Muntiacus muntjak grandicornis. Cervulus umntjac grandicornis, Lydc'k'ker, Field, vol. civ, p. 780, 1904, Game AtiimaJs of India, etc. p. 261, 1907; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 80, 1910, ed. 7, p. 80, 1914. Muntiacus grandicornis, Lyon, Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 583, 1907 ; Wroughton, M.S. 1914. Typical locality Amhcist district, Burma. A large race (basal length of skull about Ti iuches, length of upper row of chcek-teetli about 2^^ inches), with very large and massive antlers (length in type Gj inches, basal girth 4|^ iuches) ; general colour tiiwny ochery, with tlie grizzled nuchal area not extending l)e]iind tlie shoulders ; hairs dull pale brown at the liase, and the basal portion not paler than that above. The size is approximately as in the typical Javan race, and larger than in Indian muntjacs ; while the colour is much duller and browner than in the Bornean and Malay races, with more brown on the fronts of the legs than is usually present in the latter.. 4. 9. 2.3. 1. Skull, imperfect at hind part of base, with antlers. Thouagyen Forest, Amherst district, Burma. Type. PrcscRicd hy D. H. Allen, Esq., 1904. 79. 11. 21. 190. Skull, with antlers, which are small. The cheek-teeth are less worn than in the preceding specimen, but the length of the whole row is approximately the same, although the basi-cranial length is less (7 inches). Transferred from India Mnseum, 1879. 94. 12. 19. 6-7. Two skulls, with antlers, provisionally identified with this race. Lower Chindwin Valley, Upper Burma. In the second specimen (7) the antlers are small, the pedicles very slender, and the molars but slightly worn. Presented lij C. F. Gilbert, Esq., 1894. 96. 5. 6. 1. Fragmentary skull and skin, young. Thibau, western Shan States. Presented hy E. W. Oates, Esq., 1896. 98. 2. 13. 1. Skin, mounted. Burma. Purchased (Gerrard), 1898. 14. 12. 8. 239. Skull and skin. Tliaget, Little Tenasserim Eiver ; collected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq. Presented hy the Bomhay Natnrcd History Society, 1914. 14. 12. 8. 240. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. CERVID.^ 21 14. 12. 8. 241. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 14. 12. 8. 242. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. J. — Muntiacus muntjak vag-inalis. Cei'vus vaginalis, Boddaerf, Elenchus Anini. vol. i, p. 136, 1785. Cervus moschatus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 147, 1827 ; nee Cervulus moschatus, Blainville. Cervus (Stylocerus) moschatus, H. Smith, Gri-ffith'' s Animal Kingdom , vol. V, p. 319, 1827. Cervus ratwa, Hodgson, Asiat. Researches, vol. xviii, pt. 2, p. 139, 1833, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 99; Ogilbij, BoijWs lUustr. Bot. Himalaya, p. Ixxiii, 1839; Schinz, Synop. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 549, 1844. Cervus melas, Ogilby, Boyle's Illustr. Bot. Himalaya, p. Ixxiii, 1839. Stylocerus ratwa, Hodgson, Jonrn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, p. 914, 1841. Muntjacus vaginalis. Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 173, 1843, Cat. Hodgson Collect, p. 31, 1846. (?) Cervus stylocerus, Schinz, Synoj]. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 549, 1844. Prox rafcva, Sundevall, K. Svenslca Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 85, 1846 ; Fitzinger, Sitzher. h. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii. pt. 1, p. 362, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 41, 1879. Prox albipes, Sundevall, lac. cit. 1846 ; Fitzinger, oj). cit. vol. Ixviii, p. 362, 1873, vol. Ixxix, p. 42, 1879. Prox stylocerus, Sundevall, loc. cit. 1846 ; Fitzitiger, loc. cit. 1873 and 1879. Prox melas, Sundevall, loc. cit. 1846. Stylocerus nauntjacus, Kelaart, Podromus Faunce Zeylan. p. 85, 1852 ; nee Cervus muntjak, Zimmermann. Cervulus vaginalis, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 536; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 154, 1863 ; Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 652, 1870, p. 644. Styloceros muntjac, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 269, 1846; nee Cervus muntjak, Zimmermann. Cervulus moschatus. Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 65, 1850, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 234, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 218, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 93, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 163, 1873 ; Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. E. India Mus. p. 190, 1851 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 263, 1862 ; nee Blainville. Cervulus aureus, Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 264, 1867; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. and Birds Btirma, p. 46, 1875 ; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 500, 1884 ; Percy, Big Game Shooting {Badminton Lihr.), vol. ii, p. 288, 1894 ; partim. Cervulus muntjac tamulicus, Ward, Records of Big Game, eil. 6, p. 81, 1910. 2^ CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Muntiacus vaginalis, Wroughton, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. voL xxi, p. 825, 1912; Byley (Miss), ibid. vol. xxii, p. 512, 1913; Dodsrvorth, ibid. vol. xxii, p. 747, 1914. Cervulus muntjac vaginalis, LydckJccr, Ward's Eecords of Big Game, eel. 7, p. 80, 1914. Typical locality Bengal. No specimens from the typical locality are available, so that the identification of the sub-Himalayan ratwa (from which the definition is taken) with this race is provisional. Somewhat smaller than M. m. graiidicomis, with slighter antlers, and the general colour bright chestnut (cinnamon rufous), scarcely paler on flanks, but distinctly so on under- parts ; hairs pale at base ; length of upper series of cheek- teeth about 2\ inches ; basicranial length about 7j inches. Some of the specimens of which the locality is unknown may belong to one or other of the next two races. * * * *. Skin, female, mounted. India. No history. 25, a. Skin, India. Bequeathed hy Gen. T. Hardioieke, 1835. * * * *. Skull, Mnth antlers, and skin. Nepal. Presented hy B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 43. 1. 12. 123. Skin. Nepal. Presented hy B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1843. 43. 1. 26. 13. Skull, with antlers. Nepal. Type of Cervulus ratwa. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 189 (701, h). Skull, with minute antlers. Nepal. Same donor, 1845. 45. 1. 8. 190 (701, g). Skull, with small antlers. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 191 (701, i). Skull, young. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 192 (701, h). Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Senne history. 45. 1. 8. 193 (701, y). Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same liistory. 45. 1. 8. 336. Skin and skull (47. 4. 10. 6), immature female, skull imperfect. Nepal. Same history. 701, d, r, s. Three skulls. Nepal. Same history. 48. 6. 11. 24. Skull, immature. Sikliim. Same donor, 1848. CERVID.E 23 48. 6. 11. 25. Skull, young. Sikhini. Same liistory. 56. 5. 6. 6o. Skull, female. Darjiling ; collected by W. Theobald, Esq. Presented hy Dr. T. Oldham, 1856. 56.5.6.64. Skull, immature female. Same locality and collector. Same Idstory. 58. 6. 24. 11-13. Three skins, immature. Sikliim. Presented hy B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1858. 58. 6. 24. 14. Skin. Sikliim. Same history. 58. 6. 25. 15. Skull and skin, young. Sikhim. Same history. 58. 6. 24. 182-184. Three skin-covered frontlets, with antlers. Sikhim. Same history. ■ 79. 11. 21. 191. Skull, with antlers, and head-skin. Dehra Dun ; collected by Capt. J. Hutton. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 192. Skull, imperfect, and head-skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 193. Skin, young in spotted coat. Same locality and collector. Same history. 91. 8, 7. 45. Skull, imperfect, with large antlers. Berar. Length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2;^ inches ; the antlers are smaller and their pedicles rather longer than in the type of M. m. grandicornis (4. 9. 23. 1). Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 46. Skull, with antlers. Mussurie. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 47. Skull, with antlers. Craro Hills ; collected by G. P. Sanderson, Esq. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 48. Skull, with antlers. Same locality and collector. Sanne history. 0. 7. 4. 1. Skin, mounted, melanistic phase. Darjiling. Presented hy M. G. Jukes, Esq., 1900. 12. 10. 31. 14. Skull, with antlers, which measure Qh inches in length, with a girth of 3, and a tip-to-tip interval of 3| inches. Bequeatlied hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 14. 11. 31. 3. Skull and skin. Twinywa, near Pyawbwe ; collected by F. E. W. Venning, Esq. Presented hy the Bomhay Natural History Society, 1914. The place of origin of the two following specimens is unknown, so that they cannot be definitely classed : — 24 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 701, cm. Skull, with large antlers. From an old skin. No history. 701,/. Skull, female. No historj/. K.— Muntiacus muntjak aureus. Cervus aureus, H. Smith, Griffitli's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 148, 1827. Cervus (Stylocerus) aureus, H. Smith, op. cif. vol. v, p. 320, 1827 (locality wrong). Stylocerus aureus, Jardinc. Naturalist's Lihr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 185, 1835. Cervus albipes, Wagner, Sclireher's Sciugthiere, Suppl. vol. iv, p. 294, 1844 ; Schinz, Synop. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 549, 1844. Cervulus aureus, Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 264, 1867, partim. Cervulus tamulicus, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 94, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 165, 1873. Muntiacus aureus, Wroughton, M.S. 1914. Typical locality not definitely known, l)ut some part of Southern India. Size medium ; general colour ocliery buff (clay-colour tinged with ochery), darker on middle of back, with the nuchal grizzled area extending behind the shoulders on to the back; under- parts paler; hairs greyish white at base. Typical locality of C. tamulicus Dekhan ; C. albipes was stated by its describer to be from " Bombay and Poena." 701, h. Skull, with antlers in velvet. Dekhan. ^ Type of 0. famvlicus. Presented hy Col. IV. H. Syhcs, abont 1842. L.— Muntiacus muntjak malabaricus, subsp. u. Muntiacus malabaricus, Wroughton, M.S. 1914. This race is to be attributed to Mr. Wroughton, by whose courtesy the publication of his description has been permitted here. Typical locality Nagarhol, Coorg, Southern India ; the range includes the Kanara and Malabar coast. " Generally similar to M. m. aureus, but the size larger than in either that race or M. m. vaginalis and the prevalent colour deep chestnut (l»etwoen raw sienna and tawny), witii CERVID.E 25 the grizzling exteudiug all over the back and part of the flanks ; under-parts drah ; hairs white at base." — E. C. W. 13. S. 22. 133. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Nagarhol, Coorg ; collected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq., Feb., 1913. Type. Pirsenfrjl hj the Bomhay Natural History Soclefi/, 1913. M. — Muntiacus muntjak, subsp. Typical locality Island of Hainan, China. The two following specimens indicate a large rufous muntjak apparently allied to the Bornean and Malay races of the present species : — 70. 2. 10. 25-26. Two skins. Hainan; collected by Ti. Swinhoe, Esq. Purchased, 1870. ir. MUNTIACUS LACRYMANS. Cervulus lacrymans, Milne-Edwards, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vii, p. 93, 1871, Bech. Mamm. p. 348, pis. Ixiii and Ixiv, 1874; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 40, 1878, p. 899; Andersoji, Zool. Results Yunnan Exped. p. 838, 1878; Lydeliker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 316, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 208, 1898,* Game Animals of India, etc. p. 263, 1907 ; HilzJieimer, Abh. Mus. Naturk. Magdeburg, vol. i, p. 66, 1906 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 81, 1910, ed. 7, p. 81, 1914. Muntiacus lacrymans, Allen, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. xl, p. 204, 1912. Typical locality Sze-chuan, Western China. Type in Paris Museum. Smaller (shoulder-height about 19 inches) and yellower than the preceding species, with the whole forehead (exclu- sive of the black pedicle-streaks), occiput, and backs of ears yellowish brown or yellow ; lower part of face varying from rufous to blackish ; no dark neck-stripe ; general body-colour bright speckled rufous brown, with a tinge of bluish ; lachry- mal pits of skull smaller than orbits, from which they are separated by a narrow bar, and not occupying entire surface of lachrymal bone; basal length of skull typically about 7 inches,t length of upper series of cheek-teeth not recorded in typical race. Antlers always small. * C. lachrymans. t Teste Brooke. 26 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES The following three races are apparently distinguish- able : — A. Head and neck less yellow ; size apparently larger M. 1. lacryiuans. B. Head and neck more yellow ; size, at least fre- quently, smaller. a. Lower part of face mostly rufous ; general colour lighter ; size larger M. I. sclatcri. h. Lower part of face blackish ; general colour darker ; size smaller M. I. tecsdalei. A.— Muntiacus lacrymans lacrymans. Typical locality Sze-chuau. Type in Paris Museum, Head and neck apparently less yellow than in next race and size larger. No specimen in collection, B.— Muntiacus lacrymans sclateri. Cervulus sclateri, Swinlioe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 814 ; Brooke, ibid. 1874, p. 40; Gray, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 165, 1873; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p, 173. 1891 ; Li/del-ker, Field, vol. ex, p. 677, 1907, Proc. Zool Soc. 1910, p. 989. Typical locality mountains near Ningpo, Southern China ; abundant in the hills of the An-hwei district. Apparently distinguished from the typical race by its smaller size and by the more strongly marked contrast between the yellow of the forehead and the rufous or olive of the neck ; lower part of face typically rufous ; basal length of skull probably about 61 inches ; length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2 inches. 72. 9. 3. 1. Slvull, imperfect, and skin (formerly mounted). Ningpo, Southern China ; collected by E. Swinhoe, Esq. Type. Length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2 inches. Purchased, 1872. 72. 9. 3. 3. Skin, formerly mounted, and skeleton, young. Same locality and collector. Same histonj. 7. 9. 19. 1. Head, mounted, subadult. An-hwei (Ngan- hwei) district; Central China. Presented hj J. II. Tecsdale, Esq., 1907. CERVIDiE 27 9. 6. 9. 1. Skin, mounted, immature. Same locality. The lower part of the face is darker than in the preceding specimen, perhaps a character of immaturity. Same donor, 1909, 1. 3. 2. 8. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Ningpo. Presented ly F. W. Sfijan, Esq., 1901. 1. o. 2. 9. Skin, with imperfect skull in scalp. Foochow, Fokien, South-eastern China. Same Jdstory. 2. 6. 10. 61. Skull, with antlers, and skin, immature. Chung-yung, southern Hupei. The lower portion of the face is more dusky than in the type and the upper portion of the ears brown— features which may he due to immaturity ; the last two milk-molars are still in use. Collected January, 1902. Same donor, 1902. 2. 6. 10. (31. Skull, with antlers, and skin of a somewhat older individual. Same locality. The ears are mainly yellow. Sainc history. 5. 10. 27. 1. Skull, imperfect, with antlers. Wan-shan- Chang, China. Presented by H. Brelich, Esq., 1905. 5. 10. 27. 2. Skull, female. Same locality. Same history. C— Muntiacus lacrymans teesdalei, subsp. n. Typical locality Tatung, Yang-tsi Valley. A small dark- coloured form, retaining the wholly yellow ears, but with the entire lower part of the face blackish brown, nearly like the back ; basal length of skull 5 1 inches ; length of upper series of cheek-teeth 1| inches. May represent a distinct species. 10. 6. 16. 1. Skull, with antlers, and skin, of a fully adult auimah Tatung, Yang-tsi Valley. Type. Presented by J. H. Teesdcde, Esq., 1910. 10. 6. 16. 2. Skull, with antlers, of a somewhat younger individual. Same locality. Same history. in. MUNTIACUS EEEVESI. Cervus reevesii, Ogilhy, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 105. Prox reevesii, SimdevaU, K. Svensl-a Vet.-Al'. Handl. 1844, p. 185, 1846; Fitziuger, Sitzber. k. AJi. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 362, 1872, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 60, 1879. 28 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Cei'vulus reevesii,* Gray, Knowsleij Menagerie, p. 65, 1850, Cat. TJngulata Brit, Mus. p. 220, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Has. p. 94, 1872, Hand-List Baminants Brit. Mus. p. 165, 1873; Swinlwe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 361; Brool-e, ibid. 1878, p. 899 ; Andei'son, Zool. Besults Yunnan Exjied. p. 388, 1878 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 174, 1891; Lydekher, Horns and Hoofs, p. 316, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 208, 1898, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 989 ; PococJc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 954 ; Aohi, Annot. Zool. Jaiwn. vol. viii, p. 343, 1913. Typical locality Canton, Eastern China. Smaller than the typical form of M. lacrymans, the shoulder-height being about 16 inches, the basal skull-length 5f inches, and the length of the upper series of cheek-teeth 1| to \\^ inches; skull shorter and widei^, with more divergent antlers, and larger lachrymal pits, which occupy the whole surface of the bone, and are larger than the orbits, with which they are in complete contact, not extending in advance of first line of anterior premolars ; nasals expanded laterally at junction with maxilla? ; nape usually with a distinct black stripe ; upper part of forehead cinnamon (pale rufous), and upper part of ears dusky ; general colour reddish chestnut, more or less full speckled with yellowish grey ; limbs blackish brown ; in females most of the backs of the ears and the greater part of the forehead blackish or black. The range includes Southern China and Formosa. A.~Muntiacus reevesi reevesi. Typical locality Canton, Eastern China. General characters those of the species ; forehead between black pedicle-streaks distinctly rufous; chin and throat white. 50. 11. 22. 12. Skull, imperfect, and skin, female. China. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1850. 53. 8. 29. 44. Skull and skin, female. Canton. Presented hi/ J. R. Reeves, Es(i., 1853. 55. 12. 24. 283. Skull, imperfect, and skin. Canton. Type. Length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2 inches. Same history. * Or reevesi. CERVID/E 29 Gl. 1. 7. 1. Skull and skin, young. Anioy, China; collected by li. Swiulioe, Esq. The first molar is not yet in use. Purchased, 1861. 72. 9. 3. 2. Skull and skin, female, in spotted coat. Ningpo ; same collector. Furchascd, 1872. A B Fig. 5. — Skull and Antlers of Reeves's Muntjac {Muntiacusreevesi), A, and Bridgeman's Muntjac (M. sinensis), B. From Lytlekker, Proc. Zool. Sue. 1910. 72. 9. 3 collector. 1524, a. Skeleton. 0. 7. 6. 2. Skull South-eastern China. 8. Skeleton, subadult. Same locality and tSame liidory. Menagerie specimen. Purchased {Zoological Socictij). and skin, female. Foochow, Fokien, Presented hy C, B. Rickett, Esq, 1900. 30 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 0. 7. 6. 3. Skull, with milk-molars and first molar in use, young female. Same locality. Same history. 1. 3. 2. 7. Skin, female. Foochow. Presented hj F. W. Styan, Esq., 1901. 1. 3. 2. 10. Skull, imperfect, with much worn cheek- teeth, and skin, female. Ningpo. Same history. 1. 3. 2. 11. Skull, imperfect, and skin of a younger female. Same locality. Same history. 1. 3. 2. 12. Skull, imperfect, with milk -molars, and skin, female. Same locality. Same history. 4. 5, 7. 1. Skin, subadult, mounted. China. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1904, B.— Muntiacus reevesi pingcshiangicus. Cervnlus reevesi pingshiangicus, Hilzheimer, Abh. Mus. Naturk. Magdeburg, vol. i, p. 169, 1906. Cervulus reevesi, var. LydekJcer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 991. Typical locality Pingshiang, Central China. General colour similar to that of typical race, but the forehead between the black lines uniformly leather-brown without a rufous tinge ; backs of ears streaked with blackish, in females wholly blackish ; chin, throat, and under side of neck yellowish white ; under-parts brownish grey. 10. 10. 22. 3. Skull and skin, female, provisionally referred to this race. Feng Luang Shan, An-hwei, Central China. Presented hy Commander the Hon. B. 0. B. Bridgeman, B.N., 1910. C— Muntiacus reevesi mierurus. Cervulus mierurus, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 421, 1876, p. 696. Typical, and only, locality Formosa. Distinctly richer and darker in colour than either of the races from the Chinese mainland. The supposed shortness of the tail, which constituted the grounds for separating the island from the mainland form, turned out to be the result of an individual injury. 62. 12. 24. 3. Skull and skin, subadult, female. Formosa ; collected by E. Swinhoe, Esq. Purchased, 1862, GEKVID.E 31 70. 2. 10. 82, So, and 85. Three frontlets, with antlers. Formosa ; same collector. Purchased, 1870. 93. 12. 5. 7. Skull and skm. Formosa; collected by- Mr. P. A. Hoist. A menagerie specimen. Presented hj H. SeeboJim, Esq., 1893. 93. 12. 5. 8. Skull and skin, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 94. 11. 22. 7. Skull and skin, female. Tougapo, southern Formosa; same collector. Piir chased, 1^^ 4:. 8. 4. 1. 55. Skull, imperfect, and skin. Central Formosa ; collected by Mr. A. Owston. Pnrchaseel. 8. 4. 1. 57. Skull, imperfect posteriorly, with antlers, and skin. Banhora, central Formosa ; same collector. Same history. IV. MUNTIACUS SINENSIS. Cervulus sinensis, Hilzheimer, Zool. Anz. vol. xxix, p. 297, 1905, Ahh. Mus. NaturJc. Magdeburg, vol. i, p. 165, pi. ii, fig. 1, 1906, Cervulus bridgemani, Lydehher, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 989, Abstr. p. 38 ; Ward, Bccords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 82, 1910, ed. 7, p. 82, 1914. Typical locality, probably the Hwai Mountains (Hwei- Yas Shan), An-hwei (Ngau-hwei) district of Central China ; the type specimen was a captive individual at Kiu-kiang, near Hankau, to the south of the Yang-tsi. Type in Magdeburg Museum. Allied to the preceding species, but larger and darker ; the shoulder- height being about 19 inches, and the general colour blackish brown mingled with yellow, owing to the presence of yellow subterminal rings to the otherwise dark hairs of the middle of the back and rump ; in females the annu- lated area includes the flanks ; whole forehead, occiput, and basal two-thirds of backs of ears leather-yellow in males, blackish in females ; black frontal streaks uniting into a patch behind ears and continued posteriorly as the nuchal stripe. Antler-pedicles, at least frequently, more divergent than in 31. rccvesi, and nasals without lateral expansion at first contact with maxilhe ; lachrymal pits as large as or rather larger than orljits, with which they are in contact only for a very small space, extending anteriorly some 32 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES distance in advance of the line of the anterior upper molar ; basal lengtli of skull about 5^ inches (157 mm.), longer diameter of orbit 1| (32 mm.), of lachrymal pit 1^^ (30 mm.), lengtli of upper tooth-row 1 1 inches (48 • 5 mm.). This species (at all events as represented by M. hridgcmani) lives at high elevations, descending to lower levels only at periods of extreme cold in mid-winter. 10. 5. 26. 2. Skull, with antlers, head-skin mounted, and body-skin. Hwai Mountains, An-hwei district. rrcsrntaJ hj Commander the Hon li. (>. J>. Bridf/rman, UN., lOlU. lU. 5. 26. 3. .Skin, mounted. S;ime locality. Type of C. hridgcmani. Same histori/, 10. 10. 22. 2. Skull, female. Tai Kung Shan, An-hwei. Same history. V. MUNTIACUS YY.A:. Cervulus fese, Thomas and Doria, Ann. Miis. Gcnova, ser. 2, vol. A'ii, p. 92, 1889 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 534, 1891 ; Thomas, Atin. Miis. Geneva, vol. x, p. 945, pi. x, 1892 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 315, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 209, pi. xvi, fig. 1, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 263, 1907; Gairdncr, J. Siam Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. i, p. 115, 1914. Typical locality mountains south-east of Muleyit, Tenas- seriin. Type in Genoa Museum. Differs from all the preceding species by the al)sence of frontal glands, the black middle line of upper surface of the tail, and the sepia-brown general colour; the tail being relatively short, the face-markings distinct, and the lower part of fronts of hind-legs with a white line. In both this and the next species the young are probably unspotted. Size approximately the same as in the Indian race of the type species. The following is an abbreviation of the original description : — General colour uniformly dark brown, with centre of crown, pedicles of antlers, occiput, and region round bases of the ears bright yellow ; a black line running up the inner side of each pedicle ; neck uniformly brown ; fore-legs brown superiorly, darkening to l)lack on the metacarpals, with the CEKYID^ 33 terminal inch next the hoof white all round, and a line of scattered white hairs running up fronts to knees ; hind-legs similarly coloured, but with a distinct white line on fronts ; tail short, black above, white below and at sides, the two colours sharply contrasted ; under-parts brown, mixed with whitish on chin and inner surfaces of limbs. 14. 8. 22. 32. Skin of rump and tail. Tenasserim border of Siam. The sole remnant of an animal killed by a leopard and eaten by coolies. Presented by K. G. Gairdner, Esq., 1914. VI. MUNTIACUS CRINIFEONS. Cervulus crinifrons, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 1, pi. i ; Styan, ibid. 1886, p. 267 ; LydeTclcer, Horns and Hoofs, p. 317, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 210, pi. xvi, fig. 2, 1898; Wanl,Becords of Big Game, eel. 6, p. 82, 1910, ed. 7, p. 82, 1914. Typical locality near Ningpo, Eastern China. Distinguished from all other membfa-s of the group by its large size (shoulder-height from 24^ to, probably, 25 inches), and the tuft of long hairs on the forehead and crown of the head, which conceals the antler-pedicles and obsciu:es the markings of this area ; hair longer and coarser, ears shorter, more rounded, and more thickly haired on backs, tail much longer (9 inches), and lateral hoofs better developed than in any of the chestnut-coloured species. General colour dark sepia-brown, with a purple tinge, and the back finely speckled with rufous ; head-crest, ears, forehead, and cheeks bright orange-chestnut ; inner sides of thighs and sides and lower surface of tail white ; upper surface of tail and a stripe extending thence on to rump black. 91. 3. 4. 1. Skin, mounted, and skeleton. Ningpo, Southern China ; collected by A. Michie, Esq., who presented the animal, when alive, to the Zoological Society. Type. Purchased., 1891. IV. 34 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES III. Genus ELAPHODUS. Elaphodus, Milne-Edwards, Arch. Mas. Paris, vol. vii, p. 93, 1871, Eech. Mamm. p. 353, 1874; Gar rod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 757; Brool-c,ibid. 1878, p. 899; Riltimeyer, Ahh. schiveiz.pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 28, 1881 ; Lijdekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 212. 1898 ; Pococlc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 955. Lophotragus, Stvinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 452. Nearly allied to Munfiacus, but the antlers so small that they scarcely project from the long tuft of hair on the crown of the head, and their long supporting pedicles diverging inferiorly, and not sending down long rib-like ridges on to frontals ; no frontal glands ; upper canines not everted at tips ; hair coarse and pithy ; ears broad, rounded, and thickly haired ; tail moderately long ; lateral hoofs present. The young are spotted along the middle line of the back. Tarsal bones as in Muntiacus. The genus, which is evidently less specialised than MnnHacAis, is restricted to China. ELAPHODUS CEPHALOPHUS. Elaphodus cephalophus, Milne-Edwards, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vii, p. 93, 1871, Eech. Mamm. p. 353, pis. Ixv-lxvii, 1874; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 757; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 899; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 313, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 213, 1898, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii, p. 166 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 955 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. xl, p. 203, 1912. The type and only species. Typical locality Sze-chuan, Western China. Type in Paris Museum. Size approximately the same as in the Indian Muntjac, the shoulder-height being from about 22 to 23 inches. General colour typically deep chocolate-brown, the hairs on head and neck having a narrow white ring near the tip whicli is wanting in those of the body behind the shoulder, hair of crest forming a nearly black horse-shoe on forehead, bordered by a grey line above each eye ; ears vvliitish internally, with a larger or smaller amount of pure white on CEltVlD/K 35 both suri'aces of the tips ; under surface and sides of tail, and inner sides of buttocks and thighs white. The races are distinguishable as follows : — A. Skull longer and naiTOwer. a. White area on ear-tips smaller. a'. Size larger; much white on tail E. c. cephalophms. h' . Size smaller ; less white on tail E. c. micliianus. 1). White area on ear-tips larger E. c. fociensis. B. Skull shorter and broader, with difterently shaped lachrymal pits E. r. iclMiu/eiisis. .V/H/-Jf,"-!*.t«.f4'" Fig. G. — Head of Ningpo Tlfteu Deek (Elaphodiis cephalophus michianns). From Oaninl, I'roc. Xool. Soc. 1870. A.— Elaphodus cephalophus cephalophus. Typical locality Sze-chuan. Size large ; general colour chocolate-brown, with the tail mainly white al)Ove ; skull elongated, with long nasals, and the long axis of the lachrymal pits (which form irregular ovals) nearly coincident with that of orbits. Basicranial length in subadult male 7 inches, in adult female 7j inches ; I) 2 o6 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES length of nasals in former 2^^ , in latter 2-'^^ inches ; length of upper tooth-row in former 2^, in latter '2\ inches. 92, 7. 31. 1. Skull and skin, female. Eastern Tibet, near Sze-chuan border, at an elevation of 15,000 feet; collected by Dr. W. G. Thorold. The cheek-teeth are well worn ; the infraorbital bar of the skull is deep, as in fig. 7. Purchased, 1892. 11. 9. 8. 44. Skull, with antlers, and skin, subadult. Wen-chwan-hsien, Si-ho Valley, western Sze-chuan; collected by M. P. Anderson, Esq. The milk-molars are still in use, and the last molar is not fully protruded. The infraorbital bar of the skidl is relatively narrow, thereby indicating that the relative depth of this element is of no taxonomic importance. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, ICG., 1911. B. -Elaphodus cephalophus michianus. Lophofcragus michiauus, SwinJioc, Froc Zool. Sac. 1874. p. 452 ; Gar rod, ihid. 1876, p. 757, pi. Ixxvi. Elapliodus michianus, Brool-r. Froc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p, 900; Styaii, ibid. 1886. 268; LijdeUer. Horns and Hoofs, p, 813, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p, 214, pi. xvii, fig. 1, 1898, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii, p. 166= Elapliodus cephalophus; michiauus, Fococh, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 956, Type of Lojjhotragus. Typical locality near Ningpo, Che-kiang, Eastern China. Smaller than the last, and rather lighter in colour, with less white on the tail, of which nearly the whole upper surface is frequently dark ; skull (fig. 7) of the same general type, with somewhat shorter nasals, and the lachrymal pits forming narrower but large irregular ovals, in which the longer axis is not far removed from that of the orbits. Basal length of skull about 6^ inches ; length of nasals 2^ ; length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2| inches. This race inluibits reed-brakes in the water-courses of the Ningpo district, 78. 11. 14. 3 (1699, a). Skeleton, mounted, Ningpo ; collected by A. H, Everett, Esq. Skull shown in fig, 7. Purchased {Gerrard), 1878, CERVID^^, 37 78. 11. 14. 4 (1699, b). «kull and skin (fonnerly mounted), immature. Same locality and collector. Sa7ne hisfor//. 78. 11. 14. 5 (1699, 6'). Skeleton, mounted, and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 86. 10. 28. 7. Skin, mounted. 100 miles S.W. of Ningpo ; collected by F. W. Styan. Esq. Purchased, 1886. 86. 10. 28. 8. Skin, female, mounted. Same locality and collector. Same history. 86. 10. 28. 9. Skin, young, mounted. Same locality and collector. Same history. Fig. 7. — Side View op Skull op Ningpo Tufted Deer [Elaphodiis cephalophus michianus) ; 'pr. v. lachrymal pit. Fioin Lydekker, Proc. Zcol. Soc. 1904. 1.3.2.13. Skull and skin, immature. Ningpo. Milk- molars still in use. Presented by F. W. Styan, Esq., 1901. 1. 3. 2. 14. Skull and skin, female. Same locality. Same history. 1. 3. 2. 15. Skull, imperfect, and skin, immature female. Same locality. Same history. 1. 3. 2. 16. Skull and skin, young. Same locality. Same history. 2. 6. 10. 60. Skull and skin, immature. Che-kiang, China. The milk-molars are still in use, and the last upper molar is not yet protruded. Sahw donor, 1902. CATAIiOGtfE OF UNGULATES Fig. 8.— Front View of Skulls op Nixgpo (A), and Ichang Tuftkd Deer (B) {Elaphodus cej^halopJuis michianvs and E. c. ichangensis). /V. frontal ; ««. nasals. From Lydekker, /'roc. Zool. Soc. 1904. C— Elaphodus cephalophus fociensis. Elaphodus michianus fociensis, Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. iv, p. 169. Typical locality Fiug-ling, Fo-kien, South-east China. Eather larger than ^. c. micJiianus and apparently a little darker, with much more white on both sides of upper part of ears ; tail unknown ; skull (female) with less elevation of hind frontal region, and a greater expansion and flattening of the platform formed by the base of the lachrymal and the anterior zygomatic root. Basal skull-length 6f inches ; CERVIDiE 39 length of nasals 2^, length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2-^g inches. 98. 3. 7. 18. Skull and skin, female. Fing-ling, Fo-kien. Type. Presented hy C. B. Rickeit, Esq., 1898. D.— Elaphodus cephalophus ichang-ensis. Elaphodus ichangensis, LijdeJcker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii, p. 169 Ahstr, P.Z.S. 1904, p. 10. Typical locality Ichang, Hu-pe, Central China. Apparently of the same approximate size as U. c. micM((nns, but with a shorter and broader type of skull, in Pig. 9. — Side View op Skull of Ichang Tufted Deeb {Elaphodus cephalopJms ichangensis) , pr . mx. premaxilla; pr. v. lachrymal pit. From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904. which the basal length is only 6| inches, against 7^ inches in the typical race ; nasals (fig. 8, b) relatively short, and the lachrymal pits (fig. 9) forming more regular, smaller, and deeper ovals, of which the longer axis is more oblique to that of the orbits than in any of the other races ; * general colour dark brown, passing into blackish on the limbs ; tail wholly white at tip, .with only the basal two-thirds of the upper surface dark. Length of nasals 2^ inches ; length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2-^g- inches. * Certain other cranial characters given in the original description appear to be dependent on age. 40 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Although this form appears to he the most distinct of all the local forms from the typical E. cephalopJms, it is perhaps best regarded as a race rather than a species. Unlike E. e. michianus, it is a mountain animal. 1. 3. 2. 17. Skull (fig. 8, b, and fig. 9), and skin. Ichang. Type. The molars are rather more worn than in E. c. ccp/ialophus, No. 11. 9. 8. 44, Presented hy F. W. Sh/an, Esq., 1901. IV. Genus DA MA. Dama, H. Smith, Orifflth's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 84, vol. v, p. 306, 1827 ; UjdeTcker, Deer of All Lands, p. 125, 1898 ; Fococl, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p, 950; 'Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Enrojje, p. 970, 1912. Platyceros, Wagner, Schrebcr''s Sdugfhiere, Sujypl. vol. iv, p. 347, 1844. Dactyloceros, Wagner, op. cit. vol. v, p. 352, 1855. Machlis, Zittcl (ex Kaup'>), Handbuch Palaont. vol. iv, p. 402, 1893. Palmatus (= " Palmati," Giebel, Sdugethiere, ed. 2, p. 351, 1859). in LydcTiliefs Beer of All Lands, p. 125, 1828 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (Zool. Pnb. Field Mns. vol. viii) p. 44, 1907. In this and the two following genera the structure of the remnant of the lateral metacarpals is the same as in 3hintiacus and Elaphodus (plesiometacarpalian type), hut the antlers, which diverge from the middle line of the skull at angles of about 45 degrees, are large, with a true basal tine, and are supported on relatively short pedicles, which do not form ridges on the frontals, the upper canines of the stags, "svhen present, are not tusk-like, the lachrymal vacuities of the skull are larger than in the preceding group, the phalanges of the lateral digits are retained (instead of being aborted), and the outer cuneiform bone of the tarsus is not fused with the naviculo-cuboid, as it is in Muntiacus and Elaplwdus. Face-glands are present ; in the skull the vomer is low behind, and does not divide the posterior nostrils ; and there is a large muffle. Dama includes : Medium-sized deer, in which the antlers are normally without a second (bez) tine, but with a third (trez) tine, above which the beam is distinctly, although narrowly, palmated, with snags on the hind-border ; coat spotted in summer, uniformly coloured in winter, with a black-bordered white area on the buttocks, in CEKVID^ 41 the region of the rather long tail ; head short and broad, with somewhat small but deep face-glands, and the bare part of the muzzle much as in Cervus (infra) ; head short and broad ; hind-hoofs united only at the " heels " * by a close fold of skin, with the foot-gland forming a long and deep hair-lined interdigital cleft (as in Muntiaciis), and a moderately deep cleft on front of fore-pasterns ; upper canines wanting (fig. 10), cheek-teeth very short-crowned Fig. 10. — Palatal, Aspect of Skull of Fallow Deer (Dama dama). J nat size. From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Euvo2)e. Fig. 11. — Lower Front Teeth op Fallow Deer {Dama dama). nat. size. From ^liller, Cat. Mamm. Western E^irope. and broad, and a marked difference in the size of the crowns of the three pairs of lower incisors (fig. 11) ; orbits relatively large ; young spotted. Other characters as in Cervus, infra, p. 40. The original distributional area appears to have Ijeen restricted to the Mediterranean countries and Persia ; but the typical species has been introduced into Western and Central Europe, where it exists in a semi-domesticated For explanation of this term see vol. ii, p. 172. 42 OATALOGUE OF UNGULATES condition as far north as the British Islands and the south of Sweden. Fallow deer were regarded by Garrod as near akin to the Sika group of Cennis ; but Pocock points out that they differ from all other deer, with the exception of the muntjak group, by the deep clefts between the hoofs, and are therefore entitled to form a generic group by themselves. I. DAMA DAMA. Cervus dama, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 67, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 93, 1766; Kerr, Linn.'s Anim. Kingdom, p. 298, 1793; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. i, pis. 104-106, 1811; Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 2, vol. iv, p. 29, 1823; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 84, 1827; Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 448, 1829; Jenyns, Brit. Vert. Anim. p. 38, 1835; Bell, Brit. Quadrupeds, p. 402, 1837, ed. 2, p. 358, 1874 ; Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Euroi). p. 26, 1840; Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 169, 1842; Oiven, Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds, p. 483, 1846 ; Blasius. Saugeth. Deutschl. p. 453, 1857 ; Giehel, Sdugethiere, ed. 2, p. 351, 1859 ; Sclater, Nature, vol. xi, p. 71, 1874; Brooke, ibid. vol. xi,p. 210, 1875, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 913 ; Dawhins, Nature, vol. xi, pp. 112 and 226, 1875; Busk, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. x, p. 114, 1877; Danfordand Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 276, 1880, p, 54 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. M^ts. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 299, 1884 ; Woodward and Sherborn, Cat. Brit. Foss. Vert. p. 330, 1890 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 323, 1891 ; Lydek- her. Horns and Hoofs, p. 311, 1893, British Mammals, p. 246, 1895, Deer of All Lands, p. 127, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 241, 1901; Fowler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 485 ; Millais, Mamm. Gt. Britain, vol. iii, p. 137, 1906 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mtis. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 44, 1907 ; Winge, Danmarks Fauna, Pattedyr, p. 173, 1908 ; Joleaud, Rev. Africaine, vol. iv, p. 16, 1913. Cervus platyceros, Cuvier, Tabl. Mem. Hist. Nat. p. 160, 1798. Cervus mauricus, F. Cuvier, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 72 ; Blain- ville, Journ. Phys. vol. xciv, p. 261, 1822. Cervus daima, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. i, pis. 104-107, 1819. Cervus (Dama) dama, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 306, 1827; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 386, 1908; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 54, 1910 ; Joleaud, Rev. Africaine, vol. iv, p. 3, 1913. Cervus dama, ;3. leucaethiops, J. B. Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 448, 1829. Cervus dama, y. maura, Fischer, loc. cit. 1829. Dama platyceros, Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk. Osterreichs, vol. i, p. 317, 1832, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixvii, pt. 1, p. 350, 1873, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, -\). 547, 1874 ; Reichenbach, Sdugethiere, vol. iii, p. 16, 1845. CERVID.K 43 Dama vulgaris, Jafdinc, Naturalist's Libr., Maiuin. vol. iii, p. 152, pis. vii, 1835 ; Gray, List Manim. Brit. Miis. p. 181, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 229, Cat. Ungidata Brit. Mies. p. 200, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Miis. p. 74, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p, 142, 1873 ; Oerrard, Cat. Bones Mamrn. Brit. Mus. p. 264, 1862 ; Loche, Exped. Algerie, Mamm. p. 64, 1867 ; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 18; Sclater, List Aiiim. Zool. Gardens, p. 181, 1886; LydeMer, Ward's Bccords of Big Game. ed. 7, p. 74, 1914. Cervus (Platyceros) dama, Wagner, Sclirehers Sdiigthicrc. Siippl. vol. iv, p. 347, 1844. Cervus (Dactyloceros) dama, Wagner, op. cit. vol. v, p. 352, 1855. Dama platyceros, niger, Fitzinger, Sitzber. h. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 553, 1874. " Dama platyceros, varius, Fitzinger, oj). cit. p. 555. 1874. Dama platyceros, albus, Fitzinger, loc. cit. 1874. Dama dama, Lataste, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. xxxix, p. 288, 1885; Trouessart, Faune Mamni. Eurojye, p. 229, 1910; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 950; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Euro2^e, p. 970, 1912 ; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 130, 1912. Fallow Deer ; Daim. The type species. Typical locality Sweden (iutroduced). The locality" of C. mauricus, = maura, Fischer, = niger, Fitzinger, is unknown. The names leuccethiops, = albus, and rarius pertain to the introduced German breeds of the species. Height at shoulder from about 3 feet to 3 feet 2 inches ; antlers well palmated and directed largely upwards, with the brow- arid trez-tines simple, and the front edge normally devoid of snags, which are, however, numerous on the summit and hind margin of the palmated portion ; general colour in summer brilliant fawn, with large whitish spots irregularly distributed over the back, upper part of the sides, and haunches, this spotted region being bounded inferiorly on the sides and posteriorly on the haunches by undefined white lines; a blackish line running down the middle of the back and tail ; a white area, bordered above by black on the buttocks below the tail, and the under side of the tail, under-parts, inner surfaces of upper portions of limbs, and inner sides of ears white or whitish ; in winter the colour of the upper parts uniformly greyish fawn. Owing to long domestication, the fallow deer of the British parks frequently display great variation from this original type of coloration, and a uniformly dark brown 44 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES breed has been long established, while white or whitish varieties are far from uncommon. Good antlers measure from 25 to 37 inches along the front outer curve, witli a basal girth of from 4 to 5j inches, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 12 to 30^ inclies. A bez-tine may occasionally be developed on the antlers, and another abnormality is the presence of an additional tine on the front edge immediately above the third tine. The antlers make their first appearance in the second year, when they are in the form of simple snags, the stags being then known as prickets. In the third year the brow- and Itez-tines show themselves, while th(^ extremity of the ]:)eam l)ecomes palmated. In the succeeding year the palmatiou increases, with strongly marked serrations on the hind border ; and in the fifth season the antlers have attained nearly their full dimensions, although the palmation and its posterior snags are not completely developed till the succeeding season. The antlers are. shed somewhat earlier in spring than tliose of red deer. The distributional area of the species is co-extensive with that of the genus, exclusive of Persia. Wild fallow deer inhabit a small area at the south-west end of the Sea of Marmora and the whole south coast of Asia Minor as far as Adana, inclusive of the Taurus range. In western-nortli Africa they are very rare and local. 693, a, h, fl. Three frontlets, with antlers. England. No history. 693, h. Skull, female. England. No histori/. 43. 12. 29. 4. Skin, mounted. Italy. Fvrchased (Lefhbre), 1843. 46. 10. 23. 11. Skin, mounted. England. Purchased (Baker), 1846. 50. 2. 5. 1-46. Forty-six antlers. New Forest, Hamp- shire. Presented hy Mrs. 8mijth, 185U. 50. 1 1. l:'). 15. Skin, with antlers. England. Purchased, 1850. * * * *. Skin, mounted. England. Pttrchased (Leadheater). 67. 4. 12. 234-235. Two skulls, with antlers. Conti- nental. Lidth de Jeude Collection, purchased, 1867. GEKVID.E 45 67. 4. 12. 236 and 241. Two skulls, female. Continental. Same history. 88. 6. 12. 3. Frontlet and antlers. Nannan Park, Merionethshire. Presented hy J. E. Harting, Esq., 1888. 96. 9. 24. 1. Skin, mounted. Woburn Abbey, Bedford- shire. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1896. 98. 10. 18. 1. Skin, mounted. Tring Park, Hertford- shire. Presented hj the Hon. Walter Rothschild, 1898. 11. I) AM A MESOPOTAMICA. Cervus (Dama) mesopotamieus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 265, 1876, p. 298; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 56, 1910. Dama mesopotamica, Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 18; Sclater, List Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 171, 1883; LydeM-er, Ward's Becords of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 76, 1914. Cervus mesopotamieus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 914 ; Fitzingcr, Sitzher. };. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 62, 1879; Lydekkcr, Horns and Hoofs, p. 311, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 132, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 244, 1901. Cervus dama mesopotamiae, Trouessart, Cans. Sci. Soc. Zool. France, vol. i, p. 405, 1905 ; Joleaiid, Bev. Africaine, vol. iv, p. 16, 1913. Persian Fallow Deer. Typical locality Luristan Province of Persia. Larger than D. dama; the colour much brighter (as bright as in the Indian chital), with the row of elongated whitish spots running on each side of the dark median line of the back in the former coalescing into a continuous band, and the black on the upper surface of the tail narrower and confined to the root ; antlers (fig. 12) of a totally different type, being somewhat expanded at the origin of the trez- tine, which is large and situated close to the very short brow-tine, but at the summit only somewhat flattened, and breaking up at the crown and summit of the hind border into four, five, or more snags. 93. 10. 17. 5. Head, mounted (fig. 12), and body-skin. Luristan. Presented hy Mr. Heinicher, 1893. 95. 4. 7. 1. Single antler. Shustu, Luristan. From Sir Victor Brooke's collection. Co-type. Presented hy Sir Douylas Brooke, Bart., 1895. 46 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 97. 11. 11. 1-2. Skull and single antler. Khuzistan, Persia. Same collection. Co-type. Same donor, 1897. Fig. 12. — Hf.ah ov Vkksian i'Ai.i.' Dkkk [Ddina viesoimlamica). 97. lector. 11. 11. Single antler. Same locality and col- Saine history. V. Genus CERVUS. Cervus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 66, 1758. ed. 12, vol. i, p. 92, 1766 ; BrooTie, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 911 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 534, 1891; Lydellcr, Deer of All Lands, p. 61, 1898; Pococl; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 940; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 963, 1912. The range of this, the typical, genus includes the north temperate zones of both hemispheres, extending westward in the Old World to the Atlantic coast of Norway, the British Islands, and north-western Africa. CEKVID.E 47 Large or medium-sized, or small deer, with subcyliudrical or somewhat fattened antlers, furnished with a true brow- tine above the burr, and at least two other tines ; muzzle with a large bare muffle ; tail medium or short ; coat more or less uniformly coloured or spotted ; main hoofs long and pointed, the hind pair united almost throughout their l)asal length by a deep interungual membrane ; no specialised gland or deep interdigital cleft on front of fore-pasterns nor on hind-pasterns except in the subgenera Hyelaphus and Axis; skull, at least typically, longer and narrower than in Dama, with smaller orljits ; cheek-teeth moderately short- crowned and wide ; crowns of lower incisors varying some- PiG. 13. — Lower Front Teeth op Red Deer (Cervus elaphus). From Miller, Cat. Mamtn. Western Europe. what in size, at least in typical groups (tig. 13) ; upper canines usually present, young generally spotted. For other characters, common to the allied genera, see Dama (p. 40). Considerable diversity of view obtains with regard to the limits of the genus ; Brooke and Blanford included in it the sikine, rucervine, rusiiie, and axine groups, together with Dama, while Miller restricts it to the typical elaphine group. Pocock, on the other hand, includes the sikine and rucervine, but excludes the rusine and axine groups, as well as Dama. In the present volume all these groups, except Dama, are included. The genus, in this sense, has a range in the Old World nearly co-extensive with that of the family ; but in the New World does not descend south of Mexico. 48 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES It may be divided into the following subgenera : — A. A specialised gland, forming a moderately deep cleft on front of hind -pasterns ; upper canines often wanting. Antlei's 3-tined ; tail long. a. Build taller and size larger; gland-cleft on hind- pasterns without long hairs ; upper canines present or absent; coat spotted at all seasons Axis. h. Build lower and size smaller ; gland-cleft on hind- pasterns lined with long hairs ; upper canines wanting; coat spotted only in summer, or uniform Hijclaj)lms. B. Typically no specialised gland or deep cleft on front of hind-pasterns ; up^ier canines usually present. a. Muffle extending some distance below nostrils ; antlers normally 3-tined ; tail relatively long and bushy ; coat usually uniform (spotted in C. alfredi) Busa. h. Muffle extending but slightly below nostrils. a'. Tail longer; coat fully spotted, at least in winter; antlers usually 4-tined, without a bez Siha. h' . Tail short; coat wholly or mainly unspotted. a!' . Antlers lacking bez and third tines, typically forked dichotomously, with at least 4 tines ; no light rump-patch Bucervus. h" . Antlers usually .'j-tined, including a bez; a light rump-patch or area on back of hams... Cervus. 1. Subgenus AXIS. Axis, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 312, 1827 ; Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 79, 1872; Biitivieycr, Ahh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 44, 1881 ; Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, pp. 948 and 971. Melanaxis, Heudc, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emji. Chinois, vol. ii, p. 47, 1888. Eepresented by a medium-sized species, with long, o-tined antlers, in which the brow-tine forms a right angle with the beam, and a gland on the front of the hind-pasterns contained in a moderately deep cleft, which is not lined with long hairs ; metatarsal gland bare and overlapped by a row of marginal hairs ; coat short and spotted at all seasons, not forming a mane on neck ; ears and face-glands moderate ; muffle extending some distance below nostrils ; tail long and slender ; upper canines generally wanting ; auditory bullae moderate. In the presence of a gland-bearing cleft on the front of the hind-pasterns (to say nothing of the spotted coat and the general absence of upper canines) this subgenus resembles CEltVID.E 49 Dama, from which, however, it differs in the characters oi the antlers, the absence of clefts on the front-pasterns, and the fuller union of the liind-hoofs l)y means of an interuugual web. The range is restricted to I'eninsular India and Ceylon. I. CERVUS (AXIS) AXIS. Cervus axis, Erxlehen, Syst. Begn. Aiiim. p. 312, 1777; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol, i, pis. 102 and 103, 1819 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 117, 1827 ; J. B. Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 451, 1829; Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Begne Anim., Mamm. p. 172, 1842 ; Gar rod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17 ; Broohc, ibid. 1878, p. 906 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Miis. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 203, 1884; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mils. pt. ii, p. 181, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna, Brit. India, Mamm. p. 546, 1891 ; Lydelker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 289, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 179, pi. xiii, 1898, Great and Small Game of hidia, etc. p. 220, 1900, Game Animals of hidia, etc. p. 233, 1907; Nitsche, Studien ilher Hirsche, p. 94, 1898; Benth.am, Asiat, Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 80, 1908 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 68, 1910. Cervus (Axis) axis, H. Smith, Griffitli's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 312, 1827 ; Lydekker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 38, 1913, Ward's Becords of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 70, 1914. Cervus nudipalpebra, Ogilhy, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 136. Axis maculatus,* Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, pp. vi and 167, t pi. xiii, 1835; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 178, 1843, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 66, 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 233, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 212, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 80, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 152, 1873 (maculata) ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 262, 1862; Jer don, Mamm. India, p. 260, 1867; Fit zing er, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. i, p. 264, 1874; Stei-ndale, Mamm. India, p. 506, 1884 ; Percy, Big Game Shooting {Badminton Libr.), vol. ii, p. 264, 1894. Axis major and minor, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, p. 941, 1841. Cervus (Hippelaphus) axis, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vef.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 180, 1846. Hyelaphus maculatus, Fifzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wieu, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 259, 1874. Axis nudipalpebra, Fitzinger, op. cit. p. 270, 1874. Axis (Axis) axis, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 948. Axis axis, Wroughton, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxi, p. 1193, 1912; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 130, 1912 ; Dodsioortli, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxii, p. 748, 1914. * Or maculata. t Misprinted aculatus in text. IV. E 50 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Chital or Chitra ; Spotted Deer. Typical locality the plains of Peninsular India, to which country and Ceylon the species is restricted. Size medium, the shoulder-height ranging from ahout 36 to 38 inches ; build light and slender, with the legs long ; Fig. 14.— Skull and Antlers op Chital (Cervus [Axis] axis). general colour bright rufous fawn, spotted all over the body with white at all seasons ; a dark stripe from the nape to the extremity of the tail, bordered along the back by one or two rows of white spots ; the spots low down on the flanks some- times blending into a line; chin, upper portion of throat, CERVID.E 51 iusides of ears, under-parts, inner surfaces of limbs, and under side of the tail white ; head uniformly brownish, darker on the face ; antlers (fig. 14) supported on short pedicles, long, slender, and moderately rugose ; the brow-tine long and making nearly a right angle with the beam ; the front, or outer, tine of the terminal fork much longer than the hind, or inner, one, and forming the continuation of the beam, from the inner side of which the hind-tine arises ; space enclosed by the two antlers more or less distinctly lyrate; irregular snags near the base of the l)row-tine frequently developed; ears moderate ; tail long, pointed, and evenly haired throughout ; face-glands not excessively large ; neck and throat smooth. A dark phase {C. nudipalpchra) is occasionally met with, and shows scarcely any indications of spotting, but it has no claim to rank as a subspecies. The largest individuals occur in northern and central India, where the height of the stags commonly reaches to between 36 and 38 inches ; in southern India the height is less, usually varying from 30 to 34 inches, although 36 has been recorded. It was to this small south Indian form that the name of Axis minor was applied. Fine antlers measure from 35 to 39 inches along the outer curve, with a basal girth of from 3^ to 4f inches, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 12f to 25^ inches. The following two races are recognised : — A. Antlers stouter; spots larger; forehead usually with dark chevron and a few white spots C. a. axis, B. Antlers lighter ; spots smaller ; forehead uniformly brown C, a. ceylonensis. A.— Cepvus axis axis. Typical locality Peninsular India. Characters as above. 677, a. Skin, female, formerly mounted. India. No liistory. 693, i. Head, melanistic, mounted. Ganges Khadir. From an animal formerly in the Tower Menagerie, and pre- sented by H.M. King William IV. to the Zoological Society. Type of Cervus nudipalpehra. Purchased (Zoological Society). 697, a, h, c, j, k. Five frontlets, with antlers. Probably India. ^o Iddory. E 2 52 CA'L'ALOGUE OF UNGULATES * * * *. I'air of antlers, yoimg. Probably India. No histuri/. 45. 1. 8. 119 (697, f/). Skull and antlers. Nepal. rrescntcd hy B. 11. Hodgson, Esq., 1845. 45. 1. 8. 120-121 (697, c and /). Two frontlets, with antlers. Nepal. ^cime histonj. 45. 1. 8. 195. Skull, female. Nepal. Same histonj. 48. 8. 14. 17. Skin, two-year-old buck. Sub-Himalayan Tarai near Mussurie. Purchased {Stevens), 1848. 50. 1. 11. 20 (697, 0- Frontlet and antlers. Probably ludia. Purchased {Argent), 1850. 51. 2. 17. 4. Skin, young, mounted. Probably from an animal bred in London. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1851. 51. 11. 10. 7 (697, q). Skeleton. Menagerie specimen. Same history. 55. 12. 26. 158. Skull, female. Proljably India. Transferred from the Zoological Society's Mitseuni, 1855. 57. 2. 24. 11. Skeleton. Menagerie specimen. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1857. Skull and antlers. Sikhim. Presented ly B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1858. Skin, young. Sikhim. Same history. Skin, young, mounted. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1859. 59. 9. 6. 104 (697, 0- Skull, immature. Probably India ; Dr. A. Giinther's collection. Purchased, 1859. 67. 4. 12. 240 (697, y). Skull and antlers. Probably India. Lidth dc Jeude Collection, imrchascd, 1867. 79. 11. 21. 242. Skin, young. Kumaon; collected by Gen. Sir P. Strachey, K.C.B. Transferred from India Mtiseum, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 488 (697, u). Skull, with diseased antlers. Probably India. Same history. 89. il. 20. 7-8 (697, w, x). Two frontlets, with antlers. Khatcote Jungle, Central Provinces. Presented by Col. J. Evans, 1889. 91. 8. 7. 31-32. Two skulls and antlers. Dehra Dun. Presented by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 33-36. Four pairs of antlers. Same locality. Same history. 58. 0. 24. 16, 58. 6. 24. 18. 59. 2. 3. ' 7. CEKVID.E 53 91. 8. 7. o7. Skull aud antlers. Bengal Sanderbaus. ^ame histonj. 91. 8. 7. 38-39. Two skulls, with antlers. Eohilkhand ; collected by Eoss Scott, Esq. Same history. 98. 8. 8. 1. Skin, mounted. India. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1898. 2. 9. 15. 1. Skin, albino female, mounted. Brinja, Oudh. Presented hy Mrs. Belleiv, 1902. 3. 1. 10. 1. Skin, female. Near Klandapur, S. Kanara. Presented hy H. A. Latham, Esq., 1903. 12. 10. 31. 11. Skull and antlers (fig. 13). Dehra Dun. Length of one antler 383-, of other 36f inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Eseq., C.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 12. Skull and antlers. Basim district, Berar. Length of antlers 37^ inches, basal girth 4^, tip-to-tip interval 24| inches. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 13. Frontlet aud antlers. Bulundshahr, Ganges Khadir, Eohilkhand ; collected by Mr. Hume. This specimen stands No. 14 in Ward's 1910 list; length of antlers 19^, girth 3|^, tip-to-tip 9 J inches. Sctmc history. B. -Cervus axis ceylonensis. Axis maculata ceylonensis, Fitzinger, Sitzher. Tx, Alt. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 269, lb74.* Cervus (Eusa) axis zeylanicus, LydekJcer, Field, vol. iv, p. 947, 1905, Ward's Bccords of Big Game, eel. 7, p. 70, 1914. Typical (and only) locality Ceylon ; typified by H. Smith's " Ceylon variety."* Antlers lighter and more slender than in typical race ; ground-colour yellower and purer fawn ; spots smaller, and absent on the uniformly brown forehead, which has no dark horseshoe-mark. 5. 5. 18. 1. Head, mounted. Ceylon ; collected by Lieut.-Col. F. W. Begbie. Co-type of C. zeylanicus. Presented hy Walter Eeynolds, Escj^., 1905. 5. 5. 19. 1. Body-skin. Ceylon. Co-type of C. zey- lanicus. Presented hy Lieut.-Col. F. W. Beghie, 1905. * Cervus axis ceylonensis, H. Smith, in the present writer's Deer of All Lands, p. 179, is a misquotation. 54 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 2. Subgenus HYELAPHUS. Hyelaplius, Sumlcvall, K. Svenska Vet.- Ah. Hancll. 1844, p. 181, 1846; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mtis. p. 215, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 79, 1872. Closely allied, at least in its typical form, to the preceding subgenus (Axis), but the build lower and stouter, the pedicles of the antlers longer, the face-glands shallower, and the walls of the glandular clefts on the fronts of the hind-pasterns clothed with long hairs, which project beyond the margins. Auditory bullae very large ; coat either spotted in summer or uniformly coloured at all seasons, darker, at least typically, on under-parts than on back. In the long antler-pedicles and large auditory bulke the group shows near affinity to the rusine C. kuhli. The range extends from India through Burma and Tenasserim to Siam, Annam, and the western Philippines. The species are distinguishable as follows : — A. Coat typically spotted in summer ; face longer... C. porciniis. B. Coat uniformly coloured at all seasons; face shorter C. calaiiiia ncnsis. II. CERVUS (HYELAPHUS) POECINUS. Cervus porcinus, Ziniinermann, S])cc. Zool. Geogr. p. 552, 1777 ; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. iii, pis. 330-332, 1824; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 197, 1827; J. B. Fischer, Synoj). Mamm. p. 454, 1829; Lesson, Nouv. Tahl. Begne Anim., Mamm. p. 172, 1842; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17 ; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 902 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 290, 1884; Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii, p. 104, 1885, Horns and Hoofs, p. 301, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 175, 1898, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 217, 1900, Game Animals of hidia, etc. p. 241, 1907; Flower and Lydekker, Sttidy of Mammals, p. 320, 1901 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 178, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit, hidia, Mamm. p. 549, 1891 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 10, 1896; Evans, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xiv, p. 810, 1902; Bentham, Asiatic Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 82, 1908. Cervus pumilio, H. Smith, Griffi,th's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 120, 1827; J. B. Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 621, 1829. Cervus (Axis) porcinus, H. Smith, op. cit. vol. v, p. 312, 1827. Cervus (Axis) pumilio, H. Smith, op. cit. p. 313, 1827. Axis porcinus, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 169, pi. xiv, 1835 ; Jerilon, Mamm. India, p. 262, 1867 ; Sterndale, GEKVID.E 55 Maniin. ludin, p. 508, 1884; Percy, Bi(j Game Shooting {Bad- minton Lib)-.), vol. ii, p. 261, 1894; Dodsworth, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxii, p. 748, 1914. Cervus (Hyelaphus) porcinus, SundevaU, K. Svensha Vet. -Ah. Handl. 1844, p. 181, 1846 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 70, 1910, ed. 7, p. 72, 1914; LydeMer, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 38, 1913. Fig. 15. — Skull and Antlers of Hog-Deer {Cervus [Hyelai^htts] porcinus). Hvclaphus porcinus, Gray, List Osteol. Brit. Mas. p. 67, 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 233, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 215, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 72, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 150. 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamvi. Brit. Mus. p. 262, 1862. Axis oryzus, Kelaart, Prodromus Fatm. Zcylan. p. 83, 1852. Hyelaphus porcinus pumilio, Fitzinger, Sitzhcr. k. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 258, 1874. Cervus minor, Sclater, List Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 169, 1883 ; nee Axis minor, Hodgson, 1841. Axis (Hyelaphus) porcinus, Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 950. 56 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Paka ; Hog-Deer. Typical locality the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India. Height at shoulder ranging from about 25 to 29 inches ; build heavy and low, with the legs short ; face comparatively short ; hairs on the back not ringed, but with pale tips ; general colour in winter rufous or yellowish brown, with a, somewhat speckled appearance owing to the pale tips of the hairs, under-parts much darker than back ; in summer upper- parts typically paler and more or less spotted in the early part of the season with pale brown or white, the spots some- times limited to one or two rows on each side of a dark stripe down the middle of the back ; young fully spotted for about the first six months ; antlers (fig. 15) supported on long pedicles, with the hind, or inner, tine of the terminal fork the shorter, and the brow-tine relatively stout and long, being ccmsiderably longer than the head in fully adult individuals ; cars ratlier large, well haired externally, white internally; tail moderately long, well-haired, but not bushy, whitish Ijeneath ; face-glands small ; metatarsal tuft slightly lighter than rest of the leg. Skull moderately compressed in front of orbits, which are not prominent. Fine antlers measure from 20 to 23j inches in length along the outer curve, with a basal girth of from 3 to 4^ inches, and a tip- to-tip interval of from 6| to 22^ inches. The range extends from- India to Siani and Aunam, tlie two races here recognised being distinguished as follows : — A. Size smaller ; coat spotted in summer C. x>. i^orcin us. B. Size larger ; coat uniformly coloured at all seasons C. p. annamiticus, A.— Cepvus porcinus porcinus. Typical locality the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India. Size relatively small ; coat spotted in summer. The distributional area includes India, throughout the ludo-Gangetic plain from Sind and tlie Punjab to Assam, thence through Sylhet and Tenassenm to Burma. Although it has been reported from the highlands of Central India and Bombay, it is doubtful if the species ranges to any extent into Peninsular India, although it may be found some CKKVID.E 07 distance ii}) tlio larger tributaries ui" the Gauges. It has been reported from Madras, but apparently from the name hog-deer having been misapplied to the chevrotain and muntjac. In Ceylon it has l)een introduced into certain districts. 42. 5. 3. 7. I'air of antlers. Probably India. Fiiirlwscd {Tucker), 1842. 4."). 1. 8. 124. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Presented Ivj B. H. Huelgson, Esq., 1845. 45. 1. 8. 125. A similar specimen. Same locality. Same hisfory. 45. 1. 8. 104. Skull, female. Same locality. t>ame hisfor)/. * * * *. Two irontlets, with antlers. Probably India. No historf/. <)n8, r. I'air of antlers. Prol)ably India. Purchased. t t t t- T\\-() pairs of antlers. Probably India. No history. X X X X- Skin, formerly mounted. Probably India. No history. 0. 0. 0. 0. Skin. Ceylon. Purchased (Zoolor/ieal /Society). 47. 5. 17. 21. Skin, formerly mounted. Probably India. Purchased {Bartlett), 1847. 52. 2. 28. 6. Skull, with antlers. Probably India. Purchased (Baker), 1852. 56. 5. 6. 62. Skull, with antlers. Darjiling, Sikhim ; collected by W. Theobald, Estj^. Presented by Dr. T. Oldham, 1856. 58. 5. 4. 19. Skull, with antlers. Probably India. Transferred from the Zoological Society's Museum, 1858. 58. 6. 24. 113. Skin, female. Sikhim. Presented hy B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1858. 58. 12. 16. 2. Skeleton, female. Ceylon. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1858. 65. 5. 0. 19. Skin, young, formerly mounted. Locality unknown. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1865. 67. 5. 20. 7. Skull and antlers. Assam. Purchased (Cutter), 1867. 79. 11. 21. 188. Skull and antlers. Burma. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 58 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 01. 8. 7. 40. Frontlet and antlers. Gauges Khadir, near Meerut. Presented hij A. 0. Hume, Usrj., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 41. Frontlet and antlers. Ganges Khadir, near Bulundshahr, Eoliilkhand. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 42. Skull and antlers. Garo Hills, Assam ; collected by G. 1*. Sanderson, Es(j[. Same histori/. 91. 8. 7. 43-44. Two skulls, with antlers. Sub-Himalayan Tarai, near ]\laradabad ; collected by Eoss Scott, Esq. Savie history. 1. 9. 7. 2. Skull and antlers, with the shed antlers of the six preceding years (1894-1899). Panichatta, Bengal. Presented hj E. Ic F. Davys, Usq., 1901. 1. 9. 7. 3. Skull and antlers. Same locality. Length of antlers 21 1 inches, basal girth 3:^, tip-to-tip interval 6| inches. This specimen (fig. 15) is third in "Ward's 1914 list. Same history. 1. 9. 28 1. Skin, mounted. Burma. Presented hy Major G. H. Emus, 1901. 1. 9. 28. 2. Skull and antlers. Burma*. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 13. Frontlet and antlers. Ganges Khadir, near Bulundshahr. Length of antlers 19^ inches, basal girth o^, tip-to-tip interval 9^ inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. B.— Cervus porcinus annamiticus. Hyelaphus annamiticus, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat, Emp. Chiuois, voL ii, p. 50, 1888. Cervus porcinus hecki, Lyclehher, Field, vol. cxi, p. 583, 1908 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 70, 1910, ed. 7, p. 72, 1914. Typical locality Annam, but the range also including Si am. As represented by the Siamese form (typified by a stag living in the Berlin Zoological Gardens about 1899, and figured in Heck's Lehende Bilder cms dem Beiche der Ticre, pi. 69, 1899), this race is rather larger than the typical one, from which it also differs by the absence of spots in the summer coat — a feature which may be common to all hog- deer from the countries east of the Bay of Bengal. 61. 4. 12. 19. Pair of antlers. Cambodia; coUecteil ]>y Monsieur Mouhot. Purchased, 1861. CEJIVID.E 59 III. CERVUS (HYELAPHUS) CALAMIANENSIS. Hyelaphus calamianensis, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, p. 49, 1888. Cer\'us culionensis, Elliot, Fidel Mas. Zool. Pub. vol. i, p. 157, 1897 ; Lydehher, Deer of All Lands, p. 173, 1898; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 70, 1910. Cervus (Hyelaphus) calamianensis, Lydehker, Field, vol. cv, p. 505, 1905. Cervi;s calamianensis, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 70, 1910. Rusa culionensis, Hollister, Pliilippine doarn. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 40, 1912. Rusa calamianensis, Hollister, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. vol. xlvi, p. 339, 1913. Typical, and only, locality the island of Calaniianes, or Culion, on tlie western side of the Philippine gronp to the north of Palawan. As represented by the under-mentioned specimen, this species is clearly a Hyela'phus and not a Rusa ; and as the so-called C. cidioncnsis (which is considered by Hollister to be inseparable from the present species) has the large auditory bullae and long antler-pedicles of Hyelaphus, there is good reason for referring it to that subgenus. As represented by the under-mentioned specimen, this deer is distinguished from the type species by the shorter and more stunted face, shorter and more rounded ears, and the following details in colouring : — the white on the under side of the lower jaw, instead of being restricted to the chin, extends backwards to form a largish patch on the throat ; the fore part of this throat-patch being separated from the jaw- patch by a narrow bar of fawn ; there is a white moustache- mark, and more white on the insides of their ears and at their roots than in the typical hog-deer ; the legs are a darker brown, and the back is bright golden brown, passing into orange on the buttocks. Elliot described C. culionensis as a small deer with the hind-quarters elevated, the head slender, the nose rather long and pointed, the hair somewhat coarse and stiff, especially on the flanks, where it is longest, the ears relatively long, slightly rounded, and thickly haired externally, and the tail rather liushy. As the antlers of the type were in velvet and not fully developed, their characters could not be given. 60 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES The general colour is uniform cigar-brown, with a tinge of ochery, hut a black stripe of about an inch in width runs from the shoulders to the root of the tail, the latter being brown above and white beneath ; tlic under lip and chin are yellowish white, the chest, shoulders, and much of the under- parts purplish brown, with long wliite liairs intermingled, but the abdomen and inside of the thiglis are white, and the legs lilackish brown, with a long narrowisli white stripe on the front of the hind-pair. The deer to which the under-mentioned head and skin pertained, wliile living in the Duke of Bedford's park at Woburn, was regarded as a hog-deer. It resembled the Indian hog-deer in the general character of the antlers (somewhat malformed), in the colour and nature of the coat, in the character of the tail, and in the structure of the skull, more especially in the comparative shallowness of the pits for the face-glands and the shape of the upper end of the nasal bones. Jn all these respects the specimen differs from the sambar group. 5. 3. 19. 1. Head, mounted, l)()dy-skin, and skull, immature. Philippines, probably Calamianes. In the skull the milk-molars are still retained and canines are wanting. Prescnfnl Inj ihc Dalcr of Bedford, KG., 1905. 3. Subgenus RUSA. Kusa, H. Smith, Griffith's AnimalKingdom, vol. iv, p. 108, 1827; G^-ay, Cat. Ung'ulata Brit. Mus. p. 205, 1852 ; BrooTce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 900; Biltimeyer, Abk. schweiz. jml. Ges. vol. viii, p. 45, 1881 ; LydeMer, Deer of All Lands, p. 141, 1898 ; Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 946. Hippelaphus, Sundevall,K. Svenska Vet.-Ak.Handl. 1844, p. 176, 1846, Ussa {Oussa), He tide, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. CHnois, vol. ii, p. 20, 1888. Sambar, Heudc, op. cit. pp. 20 and 41, 1888. Large, medium-sized, or small deer, with rounded, normally three-tined antlers, in which the brow-tine forms an acute angle with the beam, and typically no glandular cleft on front of hind-pasterns ; coat generally uniformly coloured, shaggy, and forming a mane on neck and throat ; ears large ; face-glands completely evertile ; muffle extending some distance Ijelow nostrils ; tail relatively long and bushy ; CEltVID.E 61 upper molars high-crowned, with small additional column on inner side. Young uniformly coloured or spotted. In old animals the nasals develop a plate at the upper expanded portion which tends to grow over the lachrymal vacuity of the same side; in some of the smaller forms — notably the Philippine — the vacuity is reduced to a mere slit. The distributional area includes the greater part of the Oriental region, extending northwards into Sze-chuan. The species here recognised may be distinguished as follows : — A. Antler-pedicles and auditory bullae normal. A'. Coat uniformly coloured. A". Antlers rounded and, normally, 3-tined. a. Size large to small ; dorsal hairs not annulated ; antlers stout and rugose, with the hind terminal tine, when it and its fellow are unequal, the longer and forming the continuation of the beam ; intercornual space V- or U -shaped C. (7?.) nnicolor. h. Size large to medium ; dorsal hairs annulated ; antlers thinner and less rugose, with the hind terminal tine the longer, and forming the continua- tion of the beam ; intercornual space lyrate C. (i?.) timoriensis. B" . Antlers flattened and many-tined. Size medium C. (R.) tavistocld* B . Coat spotted. Size medium C. (i?.) alfredi. B. Antler - pedicles longer and auditory bullie larger. Size small C. {B.) lultli. lY. CERYUS (EUSA[?]) KUHLI. Cervus kuhlii,t Milller and SclilegeJ, Verli. Nat. Geschied. Nederland. Zool. p. 223, 1844; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 902; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 11, 1896; LydeMer, Deer of All Lands, p. 174, 1898. Cervus (Hippelaphus) kuhlii, Sundevall, K. Svensl-a Vct.-Al-. Handl. 1844, p. 179, 1846. Eusa kuhlii.t Gray, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 68, 1847, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 79, 1872, Hand-List Riirninants Brit. * Provisionally ranked as a species, t Modified by later writers to huhli. 62 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Mils. p. 150, 1878; Fitzingcr, Sitzhcr. I: Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 355, 1873, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 300, 1874; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17 ; Lijon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xl, p. 70, 1911. Cervus (Hyelaphus) kuhli, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 71, 1910, ed. 7, p. 73, 1914. Typical (and only) locality the Ba^•ian, or Baweau, Islands, between Borneo and Java. Type in Leydeu ]\Iuseum. A small deer, differing from all the following species by the longer antler-pedicles and the larger auditory bullre — characters affiliating it to Hyelaphus, with which it apparently agrees in the presence of a glandular cleft in the hind- pasterns. Height at shoulder about 27 inches ; build light and tall ; face comparatively short ; coat moderately coarse and long, with the hairs on the back ringed ; general colour uniform brown, witliout a dark stripe on the back, and the under-parts rather darker ; young uniformly coloured ; antlers not much longer than the head, supported on relatively long pedicles ; their general form similar to those of the Malay sambar, Ijut thinner and less rugose, with the brow- tine very short; ears small and pointed, thickly haired externally ; tail moderately long and bushy ; face-glands small ; metatarsal glands only slightly lighter than rest of legs ; no mane on neck. * * * *. Skin, mounted, and limb-bones. Bavian Islands. Co-type. By exchange with the Leyden Museum. 46. 2. 16. 1. Skin, immature, formerly mounted. Java, probably imported from the Bavian Islands. Purcliasecl (Franks, hy whom this specimen ivas obtained from, the Leyden Museum), 1846. 71. '1 3. 4. Skin, female. Bavian Islands. Purchased (Zooloyiccd Society), 1871. Y. CEEVUS (KUSA) ALFEEDI. Cervus alfredi, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 381 ; BrooJce, ibid. 1877, p. 59, 1878, p. 902; Garrod, ibid. 1877, p. 4 ; Meyer, ibid. 1879, p. 666; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 172, 1898. Axis alfredi. Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 80, 1872. TERVID.E 63 Rusa alfredi, Garroil, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17 ; Hollisfer, Philippine Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 40, 1912. IMelanaxis alfredi, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emj). Chinois, vol. ii, p. 47, 1888. Typical, and only, locality Philippines ; the type specimen having been received from Manila. The distributional area is stated to include the islands of Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Masbate, Negros, Panay, and Samar, on the eastern side of the group. Size relatively small, the height at the shoulder being about 28 inches ; build long and low ; face rather long ; coat less coarse and shaggy than in any of the following forms ; general colour dark blackish brown, frequently with a deep black line along the middle of the back, and marked with a number of whitish spots, forming a regular row on each side of the back, but less regularly distributed elsewhere ; under-parts, chin, lower lip, inner surface of buttocks and of upper portion of legs, as well as fronts of thighs, white; young spotted. Antlers supported on short pedicles, apparently of the general type of those of the Malay sambar, but relatively smaller, and with a shorter brow-tine ; ears short and rounded, about one-third the length of the head, almost naked behind ; face-glands moderately large ; no mane on neck ; tail rather short and thinly haired, with some white on lower surface ; liind-pasterns apparently with a glandular cleft. 76. 2. 30. 1. Skin, mounted, and skeleton (1681, a). Philippines. Type. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1876. 76. 2. 30. 2. Skin, young. Born in London, Zoological Gardens; the offspring of Nos. 76. 2. 30. 1 and 79. 3. 20. 1. Same history. 79. 3. 20. 1. Skin, female, mounted. Philippines. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1879. VI. CERVUS (RUSA) TIMOPJENSIS. Cervus timoriensis, BlainviUe, Journ. Pliys. 1822, p. 267 ; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. iv, pi. 361, 1824; BrooJce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 903. Cervus peronii, Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles,-edi. 3, vol. iv, p. 46, 1825 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 114, 1827; J. B. Fischer, Sijnop. Mamm. p. 453, 1829. 64 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Cervus (Rusa) peronii, H. SiiiilJt, Gritfith's Aniiiud Kiiwdom, vol. v, p. 311, 1827. Axis peronii, Jardine, Natm-alist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 165, pi. xii, 1835. Cervus rnssa timoriensis, MilUer ami SMegrl, Verli. Nat. GeschirJ. Nederland. Zool. pp. 212 and 220, 1844. Cervus (Hippelaphus) peronii, Sundcvall, K. Svcnska Vcf.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 179, 1846. Rusa peronii, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 165, pi. xii, 1835 ; Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 63, 1850, Cat. Ungidata Brit. Mus. p. 211, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mas. p. 78, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mas. p. 150, 1873; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 261, 1862; Fitzingcr, Sitzher. h. Ak. Wiss. IVien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 355, 1873, vol. Ixx, pt, 1, 317, 1874 ; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1877, p. 17. Hippelaphus timoriensis, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emj), Chinois, vol. iii, p. 51, 1896. Cervus hippelaphus timoriensis, Lydekl-cr, Deer of All Lands, p. 170, 1898. Rusa. Typical locality Timor. Type in Paris Museum. In its larger phase, a deer with the general form, coat, and colouring of a sambar, but the ears smaller, the tail thin, the hairs on the back banded with differently-coloured rings, and the sides of the upper lip, chin, under-parts, and inner sides of the thighs and buttocks more or less distinctly whitish ; size medium ; antlers comparatively slender and only moderately rugose, with the brow-tine of medium or short length, and making a large acute angle with the beam ; the hind, or inner tine of the terminal fork much longer than the front, or outer, one, and forming the continuation of the beam, from the front, or front-outer surface of which the front tine arises as an offshoot ; the two antlers enclosing a more or less distinctly lyrate space. Young uniformly coloured ; hind-pasterns apparently with a glandular cleft. The three recognised races may be distinguislied as follows :- — A, Size smaller. a. Neck distinctly maned C. f. timoriensis. h. Neck maneless C. t. moluccensis. B. Size larger C. t. tunjuc. UEKVID.E 65 A.— Cervus timoriensis timoriensis. Cervus hippelaphus timoriensis, LydekJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 170, 1898; Trouessart, Cat. Mamni. p. 878, 1899; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p, 67, 1910, ed. 7, p. 67, 1914. Typical locality Timor; the range also including the islands of Semao and Kambing, which, with Timor, form the continuation of the Sumatra-Java line. Type in Paris Museum. A relatively small deer, of the same approximate size as the next race, but distinguished by the thicker hair on the neck, the more distinctly tufted tail, certain differences in coloration, especially on the face and rump, and the wider antlers ; forehead grey ; face, neck, upper part of flanks, and greater portion of the chest dark blackish brown, the brown of the chest forming a streak between the legs ; middle of back almost black ; under- parts, inner surfaces of thighs, and a band above the hoofs brownish or ochery yellow, passing into dirty white on the hind portion of the abdomen ; lips and inner surfaces of ears white, as are also the inner surfaces of the buttocks ; tail-tuft dark blackish brown ; in the males a whitish streak runs from above each eye across the cheek to the side of the neck ; antler-measurements are not recorded. 67. 1. 30. 2. Skin, female, formerly mounted. Timor. From an animal presented to the Zoological Society by Capt. L. Brayley. FurcJidsed {Zoological Society), 1867. B.— Cervus timoriensis moluecensis. Cervus moluecensis, Qitoy and Gaimard, Voyage Astrolabe, Zool. vol. i, p. 183, pi. xxiv, 1830 ; Eydoux and Gervals, Mag. Zool. vol. vi, p. 26, 1836, Voyage Favorite, Mamm. p. 26, 1839 ; BrooJie, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 904 ; LydeMcer, Horns and Hoofs, p. 299, 1893; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 12, 1896. Cervus russa moluecensis, Milller and Schlegel, Verh. Nat. Geschied. Nederland. Zool. pp. 212 and 220, 1844. Cervus (Hippelaphus) moluecensis, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet,-Al\ Handl. 1844, p. 179, 1846. Rusa moluecensis, Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 62, 1850, Cat. Ungnlata Brit. Mils. p. 209, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit, Mas. p. 77, 1872, Ha ml -List Buminants Brit. Mas. p. 149, 1873, IV. F 66 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES partim ; FUziiiger, Sitzher. li. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 354, 1873, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 320, 1874; Garrod, Proc. Zool Soc. 1877, p. 17. Hippelaphus moluccensis, Heitde, Men). Hist. Nat. EmjJ. Chinois, vol. iii, p. 94, 1896. Cervus hippelaphus moluccensis, LydcJcker, Deer of All Lands, p. 166, pi. xii, 1898; Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. p. 879, 1899; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 67, 1910, ed. 7, p. 67, 1914, Typical locality the Molucca group (Amboina, Boru, and Batcliian) ; the range also including Celebes. Stated to differ from the Javan form of the next race by its inferior size, and especially the want of a distinct mane on the neck of the males, and the absence of a distinct terminal tuft to the tail ; as a rule, the antlers are relatively small, the build is low and stout, and the head large and thick. la two exceptionally fine pairs of antlers the dimensions are as follows: length along outer curve 36|^ and 27^ inches; basal girth 4-| and 4f inches; tip-to-tip interval 18^ and 14:h inches. Like the preceding race, the Moluccan rusa may have been introduced into its present habitat by the Malays. 697, Ic. Frontlet and antlers, provisionally referred to this race. Locality unknown. No history. 61. 12. 11. 27. Skull (1427, rO, with antlers, and head- skin (61. 12. 11. 28). Batchian; collected by Dr. A. B. Wallace, O.M. Purchased, 1861. 65. 12. 8. 30 (1427, c). Skeleton, immature. Probably from the Moluccas. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1861. 67. 4. 12. 243. Skull, witli antlers, immature. Probably from the Moluccas. Ijidth clc Jeude Collection, jjurchased, 1867. 84. 4. 24. 6. Skull, immature, with antlers. Amboina. Presented hy Dr. H. 0. Forbes, 1884. 84. 4. 24. 7. Skull, young. Boru. Same history. 97. 4. 3. 2. Skin, mounted. Moluccas. Presented ly the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1897. C— Cervus timoriensis tunjuc. Cervus hippelaphus, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. i, pi. 108, 1819; Czivier, Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 2, vol. iv, p. 40, pi. v, figs. 31-34, 1823 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 105, 1827; -/. B. Fischer, Synoj). Mamm. p. 451, 1829; Pucheran, CEUVIDiE 67 Arch. Mas. Paris, vol. vi, p. 402, 1852 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 905 ; Forbes, Naturalist's Wanderings in E. Archipelago, p. 31, 1885 ; Wallace, Malay Archipelago, ed. 3, p. 300, 1890; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 179, 1891; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 297, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 162, 1898 ; Bentham, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 78, 1908 ; nee Cervus elaphus hippelaphus, Kerr, 1792. Cervus (Rusa) hippelaphus, H. Smith, Grifith's Animal Kingdom, vol. V, p. 309, 1827. Cervus tunjuc, Vigors and Horsficld in Lady Raffles' s Memoir of Sir Stamford Raffles, p. 645, 1830; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 151, 1863. Rusa hippelaphus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 179, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 231, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 209, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 77, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 148, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Afus. p. 261, 1862, partim ; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17. Cervus russa, Miiller and Schlegel, Verh. Nat, Geschied. Nedcrland, Zool. p. 217, pi. xliv, 1844. Cervus (Hippelaphus) hippelaphus, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 178, 1846. Rusa paradoxa, Brehm, Zool. Garten, 1864, p. 11. Cervus rufus, Blyth, quoted bv Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 77, 1872. Cervus hippelaphus typicus, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 161, 1898; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 67, 1910, ed. 7, p. 67, 1914. Cervus (Rusa) hippelaphus. Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 66, 1910, ed. 7, p. 66, 1914. Sqmatran and Javan Rusa. Typical locality Sumatra. Smaller than the Indian sambar, and of the approximate size of a red deer ; head of moderate length, with the facial profile nearly straight; throat and neck of males with a well-developed mane; ears broad, and less than lialf the length of the head; tail only slightly longer than ears, thinner than in the Malay sambar, and ending in a tuft of thick coarse hairs ; general colour in summer dark grizzled, ochery brown with a tinge of red, darker on the hind- quarters and thighs than elsewhere ; front of neck, chest, and under-parts varying from dirty white to brownish grey, and a dark reddish brown longitudinal streak on front of chest ; flanks shot with rusty brown, and frequently with a patch of that colour ; inner sides of legs, shanks, and inner sides of buttocks dirty whitish ; chin, lips, and under surface F 2 68 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES of lower jaw whitish, with a brownish spot on the lower li[) at angle of mouth ; inner surfaces of ears whitisli ; tail yellowish brown above and dirty white beneath, at or near the tip uniformly blackish brown. In winter general colour Fig. IG. — Frontlet and Antlers op Javan Eusa (Cervtcs [Btisa] timoricnsis tunjuc). From a specimen iu the collection of Sir E. G. Loder, Bart. more greyish brown ; under-parts and inner surfaces of the upper portion of fore-legs, thighs, and buttocks dirty yellowish white ; tip of lower jaw, border of upper lip, and neighbourhood of nose white ; a blackish spot beneath the angle of the mouth, and often a brownish band round the GERVID.E 69 muzzle. In Icmales the streaks on the chest and the tail are somewhat lighter-coloured. Fine antler.s measure from 33 to 37^ inches along the front curve, with a basal curve of from 4^ to 5|-, and a tip-to-tip interval of from IH to 25^ inches. Ccrvi'.s hijjjielaphns, of Cuvier, although generally stated to be a Javan form, is typified by antlei'S l^rought from Sumatra l)y Diard, and the types of C. tvnjnc are also Sumatran ; but U. russa is typically Javan, while Rvm. iwradoxa and C. rufus are leased on representatives of this deer introduced, respectively, into IMauritius and liodriguez. Deer of this type also occur in Borneo, where, however, according to Brooke, they have been introduced by the IMalays. If the Javan form be racially distinct from the 8uniatran it should be known as C. timoricnsU rusa.^ 51. 9. 8. 10-11. Two skins, immature, formerly mounted. Sumatra. Co-types. Presented hij Sir T. Stamford Ea(ilcx, some time precious to 1830, * * * *, Skin, female, formerly mounted. Java. No history. 697,0. Frontlet and antlers, provisionally referred to this race. Locality unknown. No histort/. 76. 11. 17. 1. Single antler. Mauritius; introduced; collected by ]Mr. Le Soeuf. Frescntcd Inj Dr. J'. L. Sdatrr, 187(i. 5. 3. 26. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Eodriguez Island, Mascareue group ; introduced. Presented Inj Col. H. JT. L. Hine, 1905. 10. 4. 5. 158-159. Two frontlets, with antlers. Brontok, south central Borneo ; collected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq. Presented hj 0. Thomas, Esq., 1910. 10. 4. 6. 74-75. Two upper halves of skulls, with antlers. Sapandjang Is., near Kaugean Is., Java Sea ; same collector. Same histori/. * Eusaa is an iucorrect rendeviug of the Malay name. 70 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES A^II. CEKVUS (KUSA) TAAaSTOCKI. Cervus (Eusa) tavistocki, Lydekkcr, Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. vi, p. 205, 1900. Rusa tavistocki, HolUster, Philijijnjte Journ. Set., sect. D, vol. vii, p. 40, 1912. Typical locality not definitely known, l»ui probably one of the islands of the Philippine group. If this deer be a valid species, or race, and not a " sport " or hybrid, it may be the same as one of those named l)y Hende in the list on page 89. Apparently related to C. (B.) iimoricusis, but with Ihittened and somewhat palmated antlers, which, when fully developed, show at least six points on each side ; shoulder- lieight about 30 inches. As regards their special characters, the antlers are more or less flattened throughout and display a marked tendency to palmation. The brow-tine is much flattened, with a sharp posterior edge, and on the right side is distinctly bifurcate, although only imperfectly so on the left ; the outer tine of the terminal fork is likewise much flattened, sharp-edged behind, and trifurcate, but the inner tine on the right side is conical and simple, although showing a tendency to branch on the left side ; the number of points on each antler is thus six. 0. 6. 8. 2. Skin, mounted. Type. The stag to which this skin belonged was living, together with two or three other similar deer, in the park at Woburn Abbey for about two years. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1900. VIII. CEEVUS (PtUSA) UNICOLOR. Cervus axis nnicolor, Kerr, Linn.'s Anim,. Kingdom, p. 306, 1792. Cervus axis major, Kerr, Linn.'s Anim. Kingdom, p. 306, 1792 ; based on Pennant's " Greater Axis." Cervus unicolor, Beclistein, Allgemein. Uebersicht vierfilss. TJiiere, vol. i, p. 112, 1799 ; H. Smith, Griffith's) Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 108, 1827 ;'Lesson, Notiv. Tabl. Begne Anim., Mamin. p. 171, 1842 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 543, 1891 ; Lydel'ker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 293, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 144, pis. X and xi, 1898, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 206, 1900, Game Animals of India., etc. p. 223. 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 3, 1896 ; Aoki, Annot. Zool. Japan, vol. viii, p. 341, 1913, CERVID.E 71 Cervus albicornis, Bcchstein, Allgemein. Uehcrsicht vicrfiiss. Thiere, vol. i, p. 112, 1799. Cervus niger, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 76, vide Blyth, Jonrn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xi, p. 449, 1842 ; /. B. Fischer, Sijnop. Mamui. p. 453, 1829. Cervus aristotelis, Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 3, vol. iv, p. 503, 1825 ; H. Smitli, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 110, 1827 ; J. B. Fischer, Sgjioj). Mnmm. p. 452, 1829 ; Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Bcgne Anim., Mamm.-p. 171, 1842; Blyth, Joiirn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xi, p. 449, 1842; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 350, 1871 ; Broohe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 901 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mas. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 289, 1884 ; Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii, p. 103, 1885 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mm. pt. ii, p. 176, 1891 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 320, 1891 ; Bentham, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Lid. Mus. p. 72, 1908. Cervus leschenaultii, Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 3, p. 506, 1825. Cervus hippelaphus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 105, 1827 ; Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 169, pi. xi, 1835 ; Elliot, Madras Journ. vol. x, p. 220, 1839 ; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xi, p. 449, 1842, vol. xx, p. 174, 1852, partim ; nee C. elaphus hippelaphus, Kerr, nee C. hippe- laphus, Cuvier. Cervus (Rusa) hippelaphus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. V, p. 809, 1827, partim ; Nitsche, Studicn ilber Hirsche, p. 32, 1898. Cervus (Rusa) unicolor, H. Smith, op. cit. p. 310, 1827; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 59, 1910, ed. 7, p. 61, 1914 ; Lydekker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 36, 1913. Cervus (Rusa) aristotelis, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. V, p. 310, 1827. Cervus jarai, Hodgson, Gleanings in Science, vol. iii, p. 321, 1831. Cervus heterocerus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, p. 721, 1841, iiomen nudum. Cervus jarya, nepalensis, and heterocerus, Hodgson, oj). cit. p. 914, 1841, nomina nuda. Rusa aristotelis. Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 179, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 230, Cat. TJngulata Brit. Mus. p. 205, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 76, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 145, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 260, 1862 ; Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 256, 1867 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 279, 1874; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17 ; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 504, J.884 ; Percy, Big Game Shooting {Badminton Libr.), vol. ii, p. 257, 1894. Axis pennantii. Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 180, 1843. Rusa hippelaphus, Gray, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 148, 1873, partim. Cervus (Hippelaphus) aristotelis, Sundcvall, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 178, 1846. Cervus (Hippelaphus) niger, SundevaU, oj]. cit. p. 183, 1846. Cervus (Hippelaphus) leschenaulti, SundevaU, loc. cit. 1846. Cervus (Hippelaphus) unicolor, SundevaU, loc. cit. 1846. 72 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES llusa aristotelis nigra, Filzingcr, Sitzhcr. A'. Ah. "IlV.s.v. U'/tv/. \o\. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 284, 1874. liusa aristotelis leschcnaulti, Fitziugcr. op. cit. p. 286, 1874. liusa aristotelis unicolor, Fitzhigcr, op. rif. p. 287. 1874. Fig. 17. — Skull and Antlers of Sambau {Ccrvus \_Rusa\ unicolor). Kusa aristotelis heteroceros, Fitzingcr, op. cil. p. 289, 1874. Rusa equina pennanfcii, Fitzinger, op. cit. p. 226, 1874. Eusa unicolor, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 946; Wroitghton, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxi, p. 1193, 1912 ; Dods- worth, ibid. vol. xxii, p. 748, 1914. CEKVID.E 73 Sambar (Marathi and Dekhani) ; Jarao (Nepali) ; Rusa (Malay). Typical locality Ceylon. Size typically large ; hair coarse and shaggy, the hairs on tlie back not distinctly banded with differently coloured rings ; general colour some shade of dark umber-brown, with chestnut or whitish on the inner side of the buttocks, and often on the under-parts ; chin generally white ; young either more or less uniformly coloured, or faintly spotted on the hind-quarters ; antlers (fig. 17) large, stout, and rugose, with the Ijrow-tine generally long and making an acute angle with the beam, and the front, or outer tine of the terminal fork forming the continuation of the line of the beam when there is any inequality in the length of the two tines ; the space enclosed by the antlers of opposite sides more or less V- or U-shaped, but the tips of the antlers frequently inclined inwards ; pedicles of antlers short. Different views are entertained as to whether the various modifications of the sambar type indicate distinct species, or races of one variable species. All tlie forms in which the front, or outer, tine of the terminal fork of the antlers forms the continuation of the line of the beam, where there is any inequality in the length of the two, are here regarded as races of a single species ; but those in which the back, or inner, tine is situated in the direct line of the beam arc considered to represent a second species. Whether all the local modifications of the first type are truly indigenous, and therefore entitled to rank as subspecies, is doubtful. The distributional area includes the undulating, or hilly wooded districts of a large portion of the Oriental region, namely India, Ceylon, Assam, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Siam, Hainan, Formosa, and the Philippines, and extends northwards to Sze-chuan. The following is a provisional " key " to the better known local races of this variable species : — A. Face longer ; shanks dark. a. Size very large, shoulder-height -reaching 54 inches ; terminal tines of antlers subequal, or front one the shorter C. ii. unicolor. h. Size nearly equal to that of preceding ; hind terminal tine the shorter C. u. eqiiiniis, 74 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES B. Face shorter ; shanks light. a. Size nearly as large as in typical race C. u. dejcani. h. Size smaller ,. C. u. sivinhoei. c. Size still smaller ; shoulder-height not exceed- ing about 28 inches. a'. Size larger (28 inches) ; conspicuous mous- tache-markings ; chin white C. it. jjJiilipjnnus (and mariannus). b'. Size smaller, not exceeding 26 inches. a". Limbs and under-parts darker. (vK Shoulder-height 24 to 26 inches ; no moustache-markings ; skull and teeth larger C. it. nigricans. I)''. Shoulder-height about 25 inches ; con- spicuous moustache-markings ; skull and teeth smaller. C. it. nigellus. b". Limbs and under-parts lighter C, it. boninensis. A.— Cervus unicolor unicolor. Cervus unicolor typicus, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 146, pi. x, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 224, 1907 ; Ward, Reeords of Big Game, ed. 6, p.' 60, 1910, ed. 7, p. 62, 1914. Cervus unicolor imicolor, LydeJcker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mas. p. 37, 1913. Typical locality Ceylon ; the range including India, and prol)ably extending eastwards as far as the Assam valley, where this race may be separated Ijy the Bramaputra from the next, with wldch, however, it may locally intergrade. Ceylon sambar are smaller than the mainland form. Size very large, the height at the shoulder reaching at least 5 feet 4 inches ; antlers (fig. 17) long, with the two tines of the terminal fork generally of approximately equal length, but if unequal, the front one usually the shorter, and the hind one rising from the posterior surface of the l^eam and not forming the continuation of the axis of the latter ; general colour almost uniformly dark umber-brown, tending to grey or yellowish in some individuals ; under-parts little paler than the back, but chin, inner portion of buttocks, lower surface of tail, and inner sides of upper part of limbs more or less distinctly cliestnut ; females paler ; young reddish, apparently with a black tail and dorsal band, but spots wanting ; ears very broad, equal to about half the length of the head ; the latter relatively long, with a nearly straight profile ; tail moderately bushy, and longer than ear. Fine CERVID/E 75 antlers measure from 43 to 50 inches along the outer curve, with a basal girth of from 5^ to 9|, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 8 to 49 inches. The presence of an additional (fourth) tine is very rare. 699, a. Single antler. From a stag in the menagerie at Exeter Change. No hidorij. 699*. Two single antlers. No history. 697, g. Skull and antlers. Locality unknown. No hislori/. 697, h. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. No Mstorij. 697, VI. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. No liistori). 697, u. Frontlet and antlers. Type of Pennant's " Greater Axis," G. axis major, and 0. alhicomis. Ceylon (?). No hisior//. 697, y. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. No hisfor/f. 699, a. Skin, formerly mounted. Nepal. FrcsciUcd hy B. H. Hodg.ion, Esq. 699, V. Frontlet and antlers. Outer Himalaya ; collected by the Eev. R. Everest (after whom Mount Everest is named). Purchased. 43. 1. 26. 16. Skull and antlers. Nepal. Presented hj B. H. Hodgson, Bsej^., 1843. 43. 1. 12. 107. Immature skull, female. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 106 (699, P). Skull and antlers. Nepal. Type of G. heterocerus ; figured by Hodgson, Jovrn. Asieit. Soc. Bengal, vol. x. Same donor, 1845. 45. 1. 8. 107 (699, -x). Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 109. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 110. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 111. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Srcmc history. 45. 1. 8. 114. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same history. 70 CATALOGUE OF UNtiUI.ATES 45. 1. 8. 113 (GOO, r). Skull and antlers. Nopal. Sftmc histori/. 4~>. 1. 8. IIG. Frontlet ami antlers. Nepal. >^amc historji. 45. 1. 8 117. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same liistorij. 45. 1. 8. 118. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same his/ori/. 45. 1. 8. 108 (600, /). Skull and antU'rs. Nepal. Same lustonj. 45. 1. 8. 100 ((iOO, ///). Skull, female. Same hidorjj. 45. 1. 8. 201. Frcuitlet and antlers, N'oung. Nepal. Same hislorjj. tiOO, //. Frontlet and antlers. No[)al. Saine donor. 699, /-. Skeleton. Nepal. Sctme donor. * *. Single antler. Nepal. Same donor. GOO, )r. Single antler. Himalaya. Same history. 45. 12. 27. 3. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. J'vrchased (Ary Mrs. Wright. CEIIVID.K 77 G99,/-. Frontlet and antlers. India (?). No liistory. 699, h. Antlers. India (?). No liistory. * * * *. Skull and antlers. India (?). No history. * * * *. Six frontlets, with antlers. India (?). No history. * * * *. Tour shed antlers. India (?). No liistory. 03. 5. 13. 6-7. Two pairs of shed antlers. India (?). Pttrcliased {Zoological Society), 1863. 68. 12. 29. 8 (699, y-). Skeleton and antlers. India (?). Same liistory, 1868. 79. 11. 21. 184. Skull and antlers. Nepal; collected by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 443. Frontlet and antlers. India, probably the Saharunpur district; collected by Dr. Hugh Falconer, sometime Superintendent of the Saharunpur Botanical Gardens. Length of antlers 45^- inches. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 444. Frontlet and antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 79.11.21.446. Skull and antlers. Nepal; collected by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 448. Skull and antlers. India (?). Same history. 79.11.21.449. Frontlet and antlers. Dekhan ; col- lected by Col. W. H. Sykes, about 1840. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 451. Fair of antlers. Godaveri Valley. Same history. 79.11.21.452. Antlers. India (?). Same history. 79.11.21.452*. Antlers. India (0- Same history. 88. ,3' 20. 26. Skull and antlers. India. Presented hy B. Lydekker, Estj., 1888. 89. 11. 20. 3. Frontlet and antlers. Khatcote Jungle, near ]\Iho\v. Presented hy Col. J. Evans, 1889, 89. 11. 20. 4-5. Two frontlets, with antlers. Ghats, west of Simrol. Same history. 89. 11. 20. 6. Frontlet and antlers. Dehra Dun. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 16. Frontlet and antlers. Dehra Dun. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., G.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 17-18. Two frontlets, with antlers. Oudh Tarai. Sumc history. 78 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 71. 8. 7. 19-24. Six shed autlers. Chanda, Central Provinces, India. Same history. 2. 10. 2. 1. Skin, mounted. India. Presented hij the Dulcc of Bedford, K.G., 1902. 7. 10. 27. 2. Skull and antlers. Central India. Length of antlers 44^ inches. Presented by Mrs. J. G. Anderson, 1907. 7. 10. 27. 3. Skull and antlers. Same locality. Length of antlers 42i inches. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 9. Skull and antlers (fig. 17). Chanda, Central Provinces. Length of antlers on outer curve 46^, girth 6|, tip-to-tip interval 24|, widest inside span 30| inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Haiae, Esq., C.B., 1912. B.— Cervus unicolor equinus. Cervus equinus, Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, ed, 2, vol. iv, p. 45, pi. v, figs. 37 and 38, 1823 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 112, 1827 ; S. Miiller, Verh. Nat. Gescliied. Nederland. pis. xlii and xlv, 1840-44 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 901 ; Gilnther, ibid. 1880, p. 452 ; Floiver and Gar son, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. p. ii, p. 290, 1884 ; Floivcr and Lijdehher, Study of Mammals, p. 320, 1891 ; LydeJcker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 297, 1893 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 7, 1896. Cervus raalaccensis, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. i, pi. x, 1824 ; J. B. Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 451, 1829. Cervus (Rusa) equinus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 311, 1827. Eusa equina, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 179, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 231, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 210, 1852 (equinus), Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 77, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 149, 1873 ; Gerrard. Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 261, 1862 ; Jcrdon, Mamm. India, p. 260, 1867 ; Fitzinger, Sitzher. h. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 290, 1874 ; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17. Cervus (Hippelaphus) equinus, Sundevall, K. Svcnsha Vet.-Alc.Handl. 1844, p. 178, 1846. Cervulus cambojensis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 138. Rucervus cambojensis. Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 76, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 145, 1873, partim. Rusa equina malaccensis, Fitzinger, Sitzher. h. Ah. Wiss Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. i, p. 294, 1874. Russa equina, Jentink and Bilttihofer, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xix, p. 63, 1897. Cervus unicolor equinus, Lydehher, Deer of All Lands, jj. 150, pi. xi, 1898, Great and Small Game of hid ia, etc. p. 215, 1900, Game CERVID/E 79 Animals of India, etc. p. 232, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mas. p. 38, 1913 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 68, 1910, ed. 7, p. 65, 1914; Gairdner, J. Siam, Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. i, p. 117, 1914. Rusa unicolor equinus, Allen, Bull. Ainer. Mns. Nat. Hist. vol. xxii, p. 467, 1906. Typical locality Sumatra. Co-types (figured by Cuvier, oj). cit) apparently not in Paris Museum. Nearly as large as Indian representatives of the typical race, but the antlers generally shorter and thicker, with the hind, or inner, tine of the terminal fork much shorter than the front or outer one, and rising as a spur from the inner hind margin of the beam, of which the hind tine forms the direct continuation, and the brow-tine in most cases rela- tively longer ; general colour darker, approaching black or slaty grey in old stags ; usually a light ring round the eye ; ears rather smaller, with distinct white margins ; legs frequently light-coloured ; tail more bushy ; face compara- tively long and straight ; new-born young, at least frequently, faintly spotted on hind-quarters, witli the general colour foxy red, and the tail and a line down the back blackish or black. Good antlers measure from about 16 to 30 inches along the outer curve, with a basal girth of from 4:\ to 7 inches, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 5^ to 24^ inches. The range is provisionally taken to include most of the large sambar of all the Malay countries, with the exception of Java, and also to comprise those of Assam and Kachar, where these deer are known to produce spotted young, and also of Hainan. It is, however, quite probable that there may be a number of local races. If this prove to be the case, the name ritalaccensis is available for the Malay, and camhojensis for the Cambodian form. 61. 4. 12. 18 (1463, g). Frontlet and antlers, immature. Cambodia ; collected by Monsieur Mouhot. Type of Cervulus camhojensis. Purchased, 1861. 62. 8. 18. 22. Pair of antlers. Laos Mountains, Cam- bodia; same collector. Purchased, 1862. 67. 5. 20. 3-4 (1781, (/-r). Two frontlets, with antlers. Assam. Purcliascd {Cutter), 1867. 67. 5. 20. 6. Skull and antlers. Assam. Same history. 80 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 67. 7. 8. 24 (1781, /;. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Locality nnknowu. Purchased {Zoological Sodety), 18G7. 68. 3. 21. T). Skin. Locality unknown. tSame histori/, 18G8. 70. 2. 10. 30. Skin, imperfect. Hainan; collected by Pt. Swinhoe, Esq. Purchased, 1870. 70. 2. 10. 31. Skin, female, imperfect. Same locality and collector. Same history. 81. 6. 30. 6. Pair of shed antlers. Cochin China; collected by Monsieur Boucard. Purchased, 1881. 81. 6. 30. 7-8. Two frontlets, with antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 84. 4. 14. 3. Skeleton, female. Garo Hills, Assam ; collected by G. P. Sanderson, Esq. Purchased, 1884. 91. 8. 7. 25-30. Six frontlets, with antlers. Same locality and collector. Purchased, 1891. 94. 9. 20. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Locality nnknown. I^resented by Capt. Stewetrt, 1894. 12. 10. 31. 10. Skull and antlers. Garo Hills; collected 1)V G. P. Sanderson, Esq. Bequeathed by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. C— Cervus unicolor brookei. Cervus brookei, Hose, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xii, p. 206, 1893. Eusa brookei, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nnt. Mas. vol. xxxi, p. .'JB4, 1906, vol. xxxiii, p. 550, 1907, vol. xl, p. 67, 1901. Typical locality Mount Dulit, Sarawak. According to Lyon, smaller than INIalay Sambar (appa- rently regarded as typical C. equinus). The range is taken to include Billiton, Pagi, and Nias Islands. 79. 1. 27. 2. Skull, female. Sarawak, North Borneo ; collected by A. H. Everett, Esq. Purchased, 1879. 79. 5. 3. 18-19. Two skulls, with antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 79. 5. 3. 20. Frontlet and antlers. Same locality and collector. Same histury. CEKVID.E 81 So. 0. IG. 1-3. Tliroe I'routlets, with uii tiers. Kejaiig Valley, North Borneo ; collected by H. B. Low, Esq. Purcliascd, 1880. 80. 6. 16. 4 (3. Three similar specimens. Same locality and collector. Same histor//. 80. 6. 16. 7-B. Two similar specimens. Same locality and collector. Same history. 86. 12. 20. 0. Skull, with antlers. Sandakan, ]iritish North Borneo ; collected l)y W. B. I'lyer, Esq. Purvlui.scd, 1886. 87. 2. 10. 9-11. Three irontlets, with antlers. Eajang Valley, North Borneo ; collected by H. B. Low, Esq. Piirchased, 1887. 1)2. 9. 4. 3. Skin, young in spotted coat. Mount Dulit, eastern Sarawak. Type. J'ixsoikd hi/ Dr. C. Hose, 1892. 95. 5. 7. 4. Skin, young in spotted coat. Miri Valley, Baram, northern Borneo. Noticed in Deer of all Lands, loc. cit. Same donor, 1895. 1. 7. 29. 1. Abnornuil antlers. Sarawak. There are many more tines than usual, most of which are much palmated. Same donor, 1901. D. — Cervus unicolor swinhoeL Eusa svvinhoii, Sdatcr, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 152, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. viii, p. 331, 1871 ; Stvinlioe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 644; Gray, Cat. Biiminants Brit. Mus. p. 77, 1872, Hand-List Buvii- nants Brit. Mas. p. 149, 1873 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. h. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. 2, p. 298, 1874 (swinhoei) ; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17. CcTvus swinhoii, Broolcc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 901 ; W. L. Sclatcr, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 178, 1891 ; Flower and Lydeliher, Study of Mammals, p. 820, 1891 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 8, 1896 ; Aohi, Annot. Zool. Ja.jpon. vol. viii, p. 341, 1913. Cervus unicolor swinhoei, LydeMer, Deer of All Lands, p. 154, 1898, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xv, p. 391, 1905 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 5, p. 77, 1907, ed. 6, p. 64, 1910, ed. 7, p. 66, 1914; Bentham, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 77, 1908. Cervus (Eusa) swinhoei, Nitsche, Studien iihev Hirschc, p. 32, 1898. Typical locality Formosa, to which island this race is restricted. Closely allied to the preceding race, from which it appears to be distinguished by its shorter head and concave profile, relatively longer legs, and the under-mentioned IV. ci 82 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES dift'erences in colour, aud the somewhat smaller size. In winter general colour uniform reddish black-brown, with the head and ears reddish yellow-brown, and the upper surface of the nose having a V-shaped IJackish brown mark reaching to the eyes ; under surface nearly as dark as back, but inner sides of thighs and the entire shanks Itrownish or wliitish yellow, and the 1)ushy tail black all round. In summer the general colour light yellowish red-brown, darker in front than behind, and lightest on under surface. The antlers are of the type of those of the Malay race, but smaller; the skull is very similar to that of the Luzon race. (}ood antlers measure liom 16 to 19| inches in length, witli a girth of from 3^ to 4^ inches. * * * *. Skin, immature, mounted. Formosa ; col- lected by It. Swinhoe, Es(£., about 1860. Type, Purchased {Zoologiral Sucicfi/). 63. 5. 13. 8. Shed antlers, first year. From an animal born in London, I'^amc histori/, 1863. 68. 3. 21, 24. Skull, witli antlers (1414, r), and skin, Formosa; collected by E. Swinhoe, Esq, Same histov}/, 1868. 70. 2, 10. 69 (1414, h). Skull. Same locality and collector. Pitrchascd, 1870. 1414, c. Skull, young female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 70 (1414, h). Shed antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 78 (1414, i). Frontlet and antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 79-80 (1414, / and le as a light patch. In 1890 the Museum received the Easilan specimen, No. 90. 7. 25. 3, which from the comparatively small size of the antlers, is probably immature ; and the only noticable difference between this specimen — which is undoubtedly the same as C. steerii — and the type is that in the former the front and outer side of the lower portion of the legs is slightly darker, and shows no distinct light gland-patch. As mounted, it measurer, 25^ inches at the shoulder, and 27 inches at the rump. In its relatively high rump it accords with Brooke's " crouching aguti-like carriage" of the type ; and from comparison with, the latter, there can be little or no doubt that both belong to the same race, the nearly naked ears being a conspicuous feature in common. 85. 4. 22. 1. Skull and skin, female. Philippines, probably Basilan. Type. The animal was living in the London Zoological Gardens in 1870 ; and on its death the present specimens passed into the collection of Sir Victor Brooke, Bart. Presented by Sir DcmgJas Brooke, Bart., 1885. 85. 4. 22. 3. Skull and antlers. Basilan ; collected by A. H. Everett, Esq. FurcJiased, 1885. 85. 4. 22. 4. A similar specimen. Same locality and collector. Same Idstory. 15. 4. 22. 5. Another similar specimen. Same locality and collector. Same history. 90. 7. 25. 3. Skin, subadult, mounted. Basilan ; col- lected by E. L. Mosely, Esq. Purchased, 1890. L.— Cervus unicolor nig-ellus. Rusa nigellus, HoUister, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlvi, p. 332, 1913. Typical locality Mount Maliudang, at a height of 8,000 feet, Mindanao Island, Philippines. Type in U.S. National Museum. Much smaller than the conmion Mindanao C. u. fran- cianus, and apparently nearly related to C. n. nigricans, but witli smaller skull and cheek-teeth and conspicuous face- markings. General colour dark blackish brown, with two transverse golden brown bands on face, one a little above mufHe and the other across forehead ; lower lip wliitish ; 88 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES chin blackish ; nape and backs of ears black ; inner sides of ears buffish white ; iinder-parts nearly black in middle line, passing into ochery bufif between limbs ; fore-legs with a narrow ochery stripe down inner side. Antler-pedicles very long ; length of upper row of cheek-teeth 66 mm. No specimen in collection. M,— Cervus unicolor boninensis. Cervus (Rusa) unicolor boninensis, Lydekker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xv, p. 392, 1905; Aoki, Annot. Zool. Japan, vol. viii, p. 341, 1913, as a synonym of C. unicolor. Typical locality Bonin Islands, lying about one degree to the east-south-east of the southern point of Japan, to which, according to Aoki, these deer were introduced by Perry about 1850. A provisional race of smaller size than 0. a. sunnhoei, and of the approximate dimensions of C. u. nigricans, from which it differs by the much lighter colour of the under- parts and limbs — the shanks being nearly white, and the rufous fawn of the flanks being sharply defined from the l)rown of the back — as well as by the tail being shorter and white beneath. Basal length of female skull 8f inches. 96.2.28.4. Skull, female. Bonin Island. Type. Shows the proximally expanded nasals, deep lachrymal pits, and small auditory bulho characteristic of the sambar grou]). The skull and skin of a male specimen are in the Tring Museum. Presented hy the Executors of H. Seehohm, Esq., 1896. Other Names applied to Eusine Deer. The following is a list of names (compiled by Hollister, Philippine Journ. Sci. sect. I), vol. vii, pp. 41 et seq.) applied by Heude to Philippine deer, in addition to those quoted elsewhere in this volume. The specific names are arranged alphabetically, irrespective of the genera to which they were assigned liy their author. Hollister remarks that, although man)' of these names are undoubtedly synonyms, a few may prove valid when a sufficient numl)er of specimens from the typical localities nro availalde for comparison. CERVID-E 89 Ussa ambrosianus, Heudc, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emj). Chinoif<, vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 27, 1888. Typical locality Nueva Ecija, Luzon. Ussa atheneensis, Heude, op. cit. vol. iv, pt. o, p. 138, 1889. Typical locality Luzon. Ussa barycerosj Heude, oj). cit. vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 139, 1899. Typical locality La Laguna and Batangas, Luzon. Ussa brachyceros, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1. p. 36. 1888. Typical locality Bataugas, Luzon. Melanaxis breviceps, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1. p. 48, 1888. Typical locality Masbate Island. Ussa chrysotrichos, Heude, oj). cit. vol. ii, pt. ], p. 39, 1888. Typical locality La Laguna and Bataugas, Luzon. Ussa cinereus, Heude, op. cit. vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 140, 1889. Typical locality Cel)U Island. Ussa corteanus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 37, 1888. Typical locality IMariveles, Luzon. Ussa crassicornis, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 23, 1888. Typical locality Cebu. Ussa flailliardianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 32, 1888. Typical locality Jala- Jala, Laguna, Luzon. Melanaxis (?) elegans, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 49, 1888. Typical locality Philippine Islands. Ussa eloi'zanus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 28, 1888. Typical locality Bataan Province, Luzon. Ussa gavcianus, Heude, op), cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 29. 1888. Typical locality Nueva Kcija, Luzon. Ussa gonzalinus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 35, 1888. Ty]»ical locality Pliilippiiu^s, probably Luzon. 00 CATALOGUE OK UNGULATES Ussa gorrichanus, Hcude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 21, 1888. Typical locality Batangas, Luzon. Ussa guevaranus, Heudc, oj). cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 40, 1888. Typical locality Mariquina, Luzon. Ussa guidoteanns, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 29, 1888. Typical locality Batangas, Luzon. Ussa hipolitianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 39, 1888. Typical locality La Laguua and Batangas, Luzon. Ussa longicuspis, Hcude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 34, 1888. Typical locality Philippines, probal»ly Luzon. Ussa macarianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 28, 1888. Typical locality Nueva Ecija, Luzon. Ussa maraisianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 31, 1888. Typical locality Jala-Jala, Laguna de Bay, Luzon. Ussa marzaninus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 33, 1888. Typical locality Nueva Ecija and La Laguna, Luzon. Melanaxis masbatensis, Hetide, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 47, 1888. Typical locality Masbate Island. Ussa michaelinus, Heude, op. cit. vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 135, 1899. Typical locality San Miguel de Muicia, Tarlac, Luzon. Ussa microdontus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 34, 1888. Typical locality Batangas, Luzon. Ussa nublanus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 24, 1888. Typical locality, La Laguna, Luzon. Ussa ramosianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 26, 1888. Typical locality jSTueva Ecija, Luzon. Ussa rosarianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 30, 1888. Typical locality Nueva Ecija, Luzon. CERVID^ 91 « Ussa roxasianus, Heicde, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 33, 1888. Typical locality Batangas, Luzon. Ussa rubiginosus, Heude, ojj. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 38, 1888. Typical locality Bataan and Nueva Ecija, Luzon. Sikelaphus soloensis, Heude, op, cit. vol. ii, pt. 3, p. 147, 1894. Typical locality Sulu. Ussa spatharius, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 25, 1888. Typical locality La Laguna, Luzon. Ussa telesforianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, p. 1, p. 36, 1888. Typical locality Batangas (?), Luzon. Ussa tuasoninus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, p. 1, p. 25, 1888. Typical locality Batangas, Luzon. Ussa verzosanus, Heude, ojy. cit. vol. ii, p. 1, p. 37, 1888, vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 134, 1894. Typical locality Nueva Ecija, Luzon. Ussa vidalinus, Heiide, ojh cit. vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 136, 1899. Typical locality San Miguel de Murcia, Tarlac, Luzon. Ussa villemerianus, Heude, op), cit. vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 136, 1899. Typical locality San Miguel de Murcia, Tarlac, Luzon. The following names liave been applied to members of the sambar-rusa group from countries other than the Philippines : — Sambav curvicornis, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nnt. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, pt, 1, p. 42, 1888. Cochin-China. Sambar longicornis, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 42,1888. Cochin- Chiiia. Sambar outreyanus, Heude, op. cit.\o\. ii, pt. 1, p. 42, 1888. Cochiii- China. Sambar planidens, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 43, 1888. Cochin- China. Sambar colombertinus, Heude, op), cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 43, 1888. Cochin-China. Sambar combalbertinus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 43, 1888. Cochin-China. 92 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Sambai- lignarins, Heudc, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1. p. 44, 1888. Cochin- China. Sambar lemeanus, Hcnde, op. cit. vol. ii. pt. 1, p. 44, 1888. Cochin- China. Sambar errardianus, Hemic, ojj. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 45, 1888. Cochin- China. Sambar joubertianus, H< inJc. op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 45, 1888. Cocliin- China. Sambar latidens, Hemic, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 45, 1888. Cochin- China. Sambar planiceps, Hcudc, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 45, 1888. Cochiii- China. Sambar officialis, Hemic, ojj. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 46, 1888. Cochin- China. Sambar simoninus, Hettde, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 46, 1888. Cochin- China. Sambar brachyrinus, Heudc, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 46. 1888. Cochin- Cbiiia. Sambar verutus, Hemic, op. cit. vol. ii. pt. 1, p. 46, 1888. Cochin- Chiua. Hippelaphus hamiltonianus. Hemic, op. cit. vol. iii, p. 49, 1896. Sandakan. Hippelaphus macassaricus, Heude, op), cit. vol. iii, p. 50, 1896. Macassar. Hippelaphus menadensis, Hemic, op. cit. vol. iii, ji. 50, 1896. Menado. Hippelaphus floresianus, Heudc, oj>. cit. vol. iii, p. 92, 1896. Flores. Hippelaphus buraensis, Heude, op. cit. vol. iii, p. 9o, 1896. Pmru. Hippelaphus noevellianus, Heudc, op. cit. vol. iii, p. 94, 1896. Burn. 4. Subgenus RUCERVUS. Rucervus, Hodgson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. i, p. 154, 1838 ; Brooke, Proa. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 905 ; Lydehker, Deer of All Lands, p. 188, 1898. Panolia, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 180, 1843. Recervus, Gray, List. Osteol. Brit. Mns. p. 65, 1847, errorim. Recurvus, Jdger and Bessels, Peferma7in^s Mittlieil. vol. xvi, p. 87, 1870, errorim. Rucercus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. p. 875, 1898, errorim. Large deer, with flattened or rounded antlers, in which hotli the bez (second) and third tines are wanting, the beam dicliotomously forked, and one orl)oth liranclies again foiked, so that the number of tines is typically at least four, and may he many mm-e, the l)row-tine forming either a right anti'lo or a continuous curve witli the beam; coat generally OERVID.E 93 almost or quite uniformly coloured, without a light rump- patch ; neck maned ; ears large ; face long ; tail short ; bare area of muzzle ascending some distance above nostrils ; face- glands moderate, and not capable of complete eversiou ; metatarsal glands small or wanting ; hind-pasterns as in preceding subgenus ; upper canines small ; upper molars with a small additional column on the inner side ; young usually spotted ; skull relatively narrow, with the auditory bullte on under surface moderately inflated. The distributional area includes a large portion of the mainland of south-eastern Asia, together with tlie island of Hainan. Tlie species are distinguishaljle as follows : — A. Brow-tine of antlers more or less differentiated from beam. a. Beam of antlers undivided for a consider- able distance above origin of bi'ow-tinc, which is not forked C. (ii.) duvauccli. h. Beam of antlers dividing a short distance above origin of brow-tine, which is fre- quently forked C. (B.) schoi)ihuy(jhi. B. Brow-tine of antlers continuous with beam... C. {R.) eldi. • ^ IX. CERVUS (EUCEEVUS) UUA^AUCELI. Cervus duvaucelii,* Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 3, vol. iv, p. 505, 1825 ; /. B. Fisclier, Synop. Mavim. p. 452, 1829 ; Anon, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. v, p. 240, 1836; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 346, 1871 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 905 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mks. pt. ii, p. 179, 1891 ; Flower and LydeM'er, Study of Mammals, p. 320, 1891 ; Blan- ford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 538, 1891 ; LydcTcTicr, Horns and Hoofs, p. 304, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 189, pi. xiv, 1898, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 829, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 228, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 245, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 13, 1896; Benthani, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mns. p. 85, 1908. Cervus bahrinja, Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 99. Cervus elaphoides, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. iv, p. 648, 1835. Cervus (Rucervus) elaphoides, Hodgson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. i, p. 154, 1838. Cervus dimorphe, Hodgson, Journ. /..siat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xii, p. 807, 1843. Axis(?) duvaucellii, Gray, List Mamm. Brit Mus. p. 178, 1843. * Yariouslv rendered as duvauccli and duvaucelii. 94 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Cervus (Hippelaphus) cluvaucelii, Siindevall, K. SvensTca Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 178, 1846. Rucervus duvaucelii, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi, p. 689, 1847; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 230, Cat. Ungidata Brit. Mils. p. 203, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mas. p. 76, 1872, HandList Buminants Brit. Mas. p. 145, 1873 ; Blytli, Cat. Mamm. Miis. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 150, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 835 ; Anderson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxxvi, pt. 2, p. 185, note, 1868 ; Blanford, ibid. pp. 197 and 199, 1868 ; Jcrdon, Mamm. India, p. 254, 1867 ; Fitaingcr, Sitzhcr. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 356, 1873, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 324, 1874; Stcrndale, Mamm. India, p. 510, 1884; Percy, Big Game Shooting {Badminton Lihr.), vol. ii, p. 264, 1894. Eecervus duvauccllii. Gray, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 65, 1847 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 259, 1862. Cervus ruceros. Gray, Knoivsley Menagerie, p. 40, 1850. Rusa dimorpha. Gray, Knoivsley Menagerie, p. 62, 1850; Fitzingrr, Sitzhcr. k. Ak. Wiss. vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 355, 1873. Cervus eucladoceros, Falconer's Pal. Mem. vol. i, p. 587, 1868. Cervus (Rucervus) duvauceli, Ward, Ilecords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 79, 1910, cd. 7, p. 54, 1914 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 493 ; Lydekkcr, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 36, 1913. Barasingha ; Swamp-Dkek. Type of Eucervns. Typical locality plains of Peninsular India. Height at shoulder from 3 feet 8 inches to 3 feet lU inches ; build stout and tall ; coat moderately fine, aiid somewhat woolly; muzzle long and slender; antlers (fig. 18) smooth and flattened, with a long brow-tine usually rising almost at a right angle to beam ; above the brow-tine the beam remains undivided for about half its length, when it splits into a regular fork, of which each branch is usually again simply forked, although the outer branch may be much longer than the inner one, and bear three or more tines ; small snags frequently developed on upper surface of brow- tine, although " sports " at its junction with the beam seldom occur, and the brow-tine is never forked ; metatarsal gland and tuft wanting ; general colour in summer bright rufous brown, frequently, or usually, with a broad brown line down the middle of the back, Ijordered by a line of white spots on each side, and more or less faint traces of other spots ; throat, inner sides of thighs, and under-parts white or wliitish ; lower surface of the tail pure white ; in winter upper-parts yellowish brown, and under-parts paler ; in CEKVID.E 95 females colour lighter at all seasons ; young fully spotted with M'hite. The ears are filled internally with long white hairs ; and the naked portion of the muzzle is slaty. Good antlers measure from 34 to 41 inches alonij the outer curve, with a Fig. 18. — Head of Swamp-Deer {Cervus [Rucervus'] duvauceli). The nearly continuous sweep formed by the brow-tine and the beam is a feature in which this head approximates to the Thamin. From Lydekker, Proc. Znol. Soc. 1899. basal girth of from 4|^ to 6 j, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 20 to 43 inches. The range is restricted to India, not extending eastward of the Bay of Bengal or to Ceylon. Along the foot of the Himalaya it embraces the tract fiom Upper Assam in the east to the Kyarda Dun west of the Jumna, Assam, a few localities in the Indo-Gangetic plain from the Eastern 96 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Saudarbans to Baliawalpur, lioliri in Upper Sind, and parts of the extensive area lying between the Ganges and Godaveri valleys as far eastwards as Mandla. The species is abundant in portions of the upper Narbada Valley, as well as the neighbourhood of Bastar to the southward : in the Central Provinces its range corresponds with that of the red jungle- fowl, botli species being confined to the tracts covered with sal-forest. 45. 1. 8. 128. Skull and antlers. Nepal. Frrsnitrd hj B. H. irodfison, Esq., 1845. 45. 1.8. 1 20. 8kull and antlers. Same locality. Same historij. 45. 1. 8. loO. Frontlet and antlers. Same locality. Same historij. 45. 1. 8. l.')l. Frontlet and antlers. Same locality. Stdne hisforif. 45. 1. 8. 200. Skin, immature female. Same locality. Same Jdskiri/. 45. 1. 8. 271. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Nepal (sal-forest). Type of Ccrvus dimorphc. Same Idstorjj. 50. 7. 9. 13. Skin, mounted, and skull (50. 8. 30. 4). India. An earlier skull (No. 694, d) has been put in the skin. Presented hy the Earl of Dcrhij, 1850. 55. 12. 24. 399. Skin, female. India. Same donor, 1855. 694, h. Skull and antlers. India. No historij. 694, /. Skull, immature. India. (In Geological De- partment.) No history. 63. 5. 28. o. Skull and antlers. Himalaya. Purchased (Zooloyical Society), 1863. 63. 12. 3. 7. Skin, young, formerly mounted. Zoological Gardens. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 38. Frontlet and horns. India. Transferred from India Mnscurn, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 39. Frontlet and horns. India. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 40. Frontlet and antlers. Upper India ; collected by Gen. T. Hardwicke. Same history. 84. 4. 14. 1. Skeleton, female. Assam ; collected by G. P. Sanderson, Esq. Purchased, 1884. GERVID^ 97 84. 4. 14. 2. Skeleton, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 694, h. Skeleton and antlers. India. Purcliascd {Zoological Society). 87. 2. 9. 4. Frontlet and antlers. India ; collected by A. Grote, Esq. Presented hy Mrs. Stirling, 1887. * * * *. Frontlet and antlers. India. No history. 88. 3. 20. 22. Skull and antlers. India. Presented hy B. Lydekker, Esq., 1888. 91. 8. 7. 8. Skull and antlers. Kheri district, Oudh. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 9. Skull and antlers. Bramaputra Valley, Gowhatti, Assam ; collected by Mr. E. Adam. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 10. Frontlet and antlers. Gowhatti. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 11. Skull and antlers, immature. Baraitch district, Oudh. Same history. 5. 11. 30. 1. Skin, mounted. Central Provinces. Purchased, 1905. 12. 10. 31. 5. Skull and antlers. Gowhatti. Neither this nor the following specimen has antlers sufficiently large to be included in Ward's list. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 6. Skull and antlers. Kheri district. Same history. 14, 3. 31. 2. Skull and antlers. Dehra Dun; collected by E. H. W. Dunlop, Esq., about 1860. Length of antlers 34^, basal girth 6, tip-to-tip interval 33^ inches. Presented hy Major A. Wallace- Dunlop, 1914. ^ X. CEEYUS (EUCEEVUS) SCHOMBUEGKI. Cervus (Rucervus) schomburgki, Bhjtli, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 155, 1867, p. 835 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, eel. 6, p. 75, 1910, ed. 7, p. 57, 1914. Cervus schomburgki, Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 349, 1871 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 304, 1878, p. 905 ; Floivcr and LydeMer, Study of Mammals, p. 320, 1891 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 180, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 307, 1873, Deer of All Lands, p. 193, 1898, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 230, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 248, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 15, 1896 ; Benthain, Asiat. Horns and Antlers I)id. Mus. p. 88, 1908. IV. II 98 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Rucervus cainbojensis, Gray, Cat. EaminanU Brit. Mus. p. 76, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mas. p. 145, 1873. Rucervus schomburgkii, Fitzinger, Sitzber. I: Ak. Wins. Wie7i, vol. Lxxix, pt. 1, p. 64, 1879. Typical locality Siain. Height at shoulder aljout 3 feet 5 inches ; coat in ^vmlel• rather long aiul coarse; general colour uniform l)ro\vii, Fig. 19. — Skull and Antlers ok Schombubgk's Dker (Ccrviis [Biicervus] schoviburgki) . From a photograph lent by IMessrs. Rowland Ward, Ltd. darkest on nose and the upper surface of tail, and lightest on cheeks and flanks ; under-parts, under surface of tail, and lower lip whitish ; a tinge of rufous on upper lip, back of head, and limbs ; hair on front of lower part of fore-legs elongated into a fringe ; metatarsal gland not described ; antlers (tig. 19) large, complex, smooth, and polished ; the CEIJVID.E 99 lirow-liuo very long, I'retjueuLly forked, and arising nearly at a right angle to beam, the latter very short and more or less laterally compressed, then forking dichotomously, with each of the main branches about equally developed, and again forking in a similar manner, to terminate in long cylindrical tines ; in immature antlers hind branch of main fork less developed than front one. Good antlers measure from 27 to 33 inches in lenuth along the front curve, with a basal girth of from 4^ to 6, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 9^ to 28|^ inches. The range, according to W. L. Sclater and Bentham, includes Yun-nan. Ccrvuhis camhojcnsis, described from a frontlet and antlers, with part of the head-skin, from Cambodia, Avas identified ]>y its descril)er (Gray) with this species, in his 1872 Gataloijiic ; it really belongs to Ccrvus unicolor cquiuus, under which heading it is entered above (N"o. 61. 4. 12. 18). (j5. 11. 2. 3. Frontlet and antlers. Siam ; collected by Sir Iv. Schomburgk. Purchased (S/crcn.s), 1865. 65. 11. 2. 4. Pair of antlers. Siam; same collector. Same liutory. 67. 8. 20. 1. Pair of antlers. Siam; collected by E. Blyth, Esq. Purchased, 1867. 67.8.20.2. Pair of antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 67. 8. 20. 3. Pair of antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 91. 12. 2. 1-2. Two pairs of antlers. Siam; presented to the Science and Art Department by the Siamese Embassy. Co-types; figured Proc. Zool. Soc, 1863. Transferred from the Science and Art Department, 1891. 8. 3. 17. 5. Skull and antlers (fig. 19). Siam. The "record" specimen. Length of antlers on outside curve 33, basal girth 5f, tip-to-tip interval 17 j inches. Presented hy J. Bowland Ward, Esq., 1908. U<> CATALOCxUE, OF UNGULATES Xr. CEIiVUS (RUCEEVUS) ELDI. (?) Cervus smithi. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 45. Cervus eldii,* Giltltrie, Calcutta Jonrn. Nat. Hist. vol. ii, p. 417, 1842; Bcavan, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 759; Blyth, ibid. 1867, p. 837 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 848, 1871 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 906 ; Flotver and Lydehker, Study of Mammals, p. 320, 1891; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamvi. Ind. Mtis. \)t. ii, p. 180, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 541, 1891; Lydekkcr, Horns' and Hoofs, p. 308, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 195, pi. xv, 1898, Great and Small Game of hulia, etc. p. '234, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 252, 1907; Evans, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. ix, p. 326, 1895 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 16, 1896; Bentham, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mas. p. 90, 1908. Panolia acuticornis. Gray, List Mam,)n. Brit. Mus. p. 180, 1843 ; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 72, 1846. Cervus lyratus, Scliinz, Synoji. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 395, 1845. Dama acuticornis, Eeichenbach, SdugetJiiere, vol. iii, p. 16, 1845. Panolia eldi,t Gray, Cat. Hodgson Collect. Brit. Mus. p. 34, 1846, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 66, 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 229, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 202, 1852, Cat. liiiminants Brit. Mus. p. 75, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 144, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 259, 1862; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxx, p. 193, 1862, vol. xxxi, p, 334, 1863, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 149, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 835, Mamm. and Birds Burma, p. 45, 1875 ; Beavan, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxxvi, pt. 2, p. 175, 1868 ; Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 652 ; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 511, 1884; Percy, Big Game Shooting {Bad- minton Lihr.), vol. ii, p. 268, 1894. Panolia frontalis, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 352, 1873, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 592, 1874. Rucervus eldi, Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17 ; Percy, Big Game Shooting {Badminton Libr.), vol. ii, p. 268, 1894. Cervus (Rucervus) eldi. Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 77, 1910, ed. 7, p. 58, 1914; Lydekker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 36, 1913. Cervus (Panolia) eldi, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 944. Hthamin, Thamin, or Thameng (Burmese) ; Sangnai (Manipuri) Eld's Deer or Brow-antlered Deer. Type of Panolia. Typical locality Pegu, Lower Burma, Height at shoulder about 3 feet 9 inches; coat coarse shaggy in winter, and long and thickened about the neck in the males ; antlers (fig. 20) rounded and rugose, with a long * IModified by later writers to eldi. t Misprinted eedi in Gray's earlier lists. CERVID.¥. 101 curved l)row-tine, forming a continuation of the curve of the beam, which is set at right angles to the pedicle ; the beam unbranched for a considerable distance, curving back- wards, then outwards and finally forwards, after which it is dichotomously forked ; the outer branch of the terminal fork more complex than the inner one, the number of terminal points varying from two or three to at least eight or ten ; one or more prominent snags usually developed at the junction of the brow-tine witli tlie beam ; the curve of the two antlers usually more or less asymmetrical ; colour in Fig. 20. — Head of Tha:min [Ccrnis [Rticervtis'] eldi). winter typically dark l)rown above, and white below, some- times with a white mark above the eye ; in winter fawn- coloured above and pale brown beneath ; females paler rufous fawn ; new-born young generally spotted on the rump with white ; in a more rufous phase spots persist till a late period ; metatarsal gland represented by a tuft of hairs paler than those of the rest of the leg, and a patch of underlying glandular skin. Fine antlers measure from 34 to 42 inches along the outer curve, with a Ijasal girth of from 4 to G|, and a tip-to- tip interval of from 21^^ to olh inches. 102 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES The range includes low alluvial tracts, from the valley of Manipur in the north, southwards through Burma and the Malay Peninsula, and eastwards to southern Siam, Cambodia, the island of Hainan, and Formosa. The tlu-ee following races have been named : — A. Antlers with the main termination not markedly flattened, few snags on hind edge, and the brow-tine long. a. Under surface of hind-pasterns hairy C. e. eldi, b. Under surface of hind-pasterns horny C. e. frontalis.] B. Antlers with the main termination markedly flat- tened, numerous snags en sharp hind edge, and the brow-tine short C. e. siammsis. •^ A.— Cervus eldi eldi. Cervus eldi typicus, LydeJihcr, Deer of All Lands, p. 200, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 253, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 77, 1910, ed. 7, p. 58, 1914. Typical locality Pegu, Lower Burma, whence the range apparently extends southwards into the Malay Peninsula. General characters those of the species. Antlers from the Malay Peninsula and Mergui are stated l»y Blyth to be smaller than those from Manipur and Burma, frequently with two or three additional snags on the brow- tine, which may indicate the existence of a distinct race in tlie southern districts. According to a writer in The Indian Field* the Burmese recognise three distinct types of thamin stags, severally termed wet-thamin ( = pig-thamin), chywe-thamin ( = buffalo- thamin), and nwa-thamin ( = cow-thamin). In the first the colour is dark drab above, with a narrow dark spinal stripe, and an abundant throat-ruff; the second is a taller and more slender stag, without a throat-ruft'; while the third is still more slight and graceful in build, ligliter in colour and spotted, with a softer coat, and smaller antlers. These differences nre probably due mainly to age. 4"). 1. 8. 12G. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. Presented hy B. II. Hodgson, Esq., 184;"). 4r). 1. 8. 127. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. Same hisfort/. * Vol. xvii, p. 60, 1910. CERVID.E 103 695, a. Frontlet ami antlers. Locality unknown. No hitfori/. G95,/, Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. JVo liistory. 695, g. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. Purchased ( Warwiclc). 695, v\ Frontlet and antlers (in Geological Department). Locality unknown. No history. 46. 4. 29. 10. . Skull and antlers. Burma (?). Purchased, 1846. 46. 4. 29. 11. Skull and antlers. Burma (?). Same history. 66. 4. 25. 4. Skeleton, wanting skull. Probably Burma. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1866. 68. 12. 29. 9. Skin. Probably Burma. Purchased (Zoologiccd Society), 1868. 79. 11. 21. 36, a. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 87. 2. 9. 5. Skull and antlers. Locality unknown ; collected by A. Grote, Esq. Presented hy Mrs. Stirling, 1887. 87. 2. 9. 6. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown ; same collector. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 12. Skull and antlers. Thatone, Tenasserim ; collected liy W. Davison, Esq. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Escp, C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 15. Skull and antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 94. 12. 19. 1-5. Five skulls, with antlers. Monywa district, lower Chindwin Valley, Upper Burma. Presented hy C. F. Gilbert, Fsrj., 1894. 96. 6. 29. 2. Head, mounted. Burma. Purchased {Ward), 1896. 0. 7. 23. 1. Skin, mounted. Burma. Presented hy Major H. G. Ecam, 1900. 12. 10. 31. 8. Skull and antlers. Tliatone; collected by W. Davison, Esq. Bequeathed l>y A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 104 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES B.— Cervus eldi frontalis. Cervus (Rusa) frontalis, McClelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. iii, p. 539, pis. xiii and xiv, 1843 ; Bhjth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxviii, p. 296, 1859. Cervus (Hippelaphus) frontalis, Swndevall, K. SvensJm Vct.-Al-. Handl. 1844, p. 320, 1846. Cervus eldi cornipes, Lydekker, Nature, vol. Ixiv, p. 257, 1901, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 254, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 77, 1910, ed. 7, p. 58, 1914. Typical locality the Manipur Valley, which is practically one continuous swamp. Antlers apparently indistinguishable from those of typical race ; hind-pasterns longer, with the whole under surface horny (instead of hairy), and applied to the ground in walking. 79.11.21.36. Frontlet and antlers. Manipur ; collected by Dr. J. McClelland. Co-type. Trant^f erred from India Museum, 1879. 91. 8. 7. 18-14. Two skulls, with antlers. Manipur. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 1. 7. 18. 1. Hind-foot, mounted. Manipur. Type of C. cornipes. Presented hy Major C. S. Cumherland, 1901. 12. 10. 31. 7. Skull and antlers. Manipur; collected by Mr. Hume. In this specimen, which stands No. 16 in Ward's 1910 list, the measurements of the antlers are as follows: length on outside curve 38^, girth 61, tip-to-tip 24, widest inside span 30| inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. C— Cervus eldi siamensis, nom. n. Panolia platyceros, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 181, 1843, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 203, 1852 ; Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 843, as a variety of P. eldi; nee Cervus platyceros, Cuvirr, 1798. Panolia platycercus. Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 75, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 144, 1873, errorim. Cervus eldi platyceros, Lydekher, Deer of All Lands, p. 200, 1898, Game Animals of Lidia, etc. p. 253, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 77, 1910, ed. 7, p. 58, 1914 ; Gairdner, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siani, vol. i, p. 113, 1914. Panolia eldi platyceros, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxii, p. 468, 1906, CERVID.E 105 Typical locality (southern) Siam, the range including Cambodia, apparently Hainan, and perhaps Formosa. Antlers with the main termination much flattened, a number of small snags on the sharp hind edge, and the brow- tine relatively short ; general colour reddish at all seasons, with spots along middle of back, and in some cases also on sides. Although there is some doubt as to the place of origin of the type of Panolia ylatyceros (No. 695, h), it presents all the characteristics of Siamese antlers. 695, li. Single antler. Siam (?). Type ; figured by Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1867, p. 841,' figs. 22 and 23. In Gray's Catalogue of Ungidata the locality was given as India, but in the Museum copy it is altered, in Gray's own handwriting, to Siam ; and in the Catalogue of Ruminants Siam appears as the place of origin. Purchased ( Warwick). 65. 11. 2. 1. Skull and antlers. Siam. Figured by Blyth, op. cit. figs. 20 and 21. Presented hy Sir R. Schomburgh, 1865. 65.11.2.2. Frontlet and antlers. Siam. Same history . 8. 11. 1. 18. Skull and antlers. Nha Trang, Annam ; collected by Dr. J. Vassal. Purchased, 1908. The reference of the following specimens — more especially those from Formosa — to the present race is provisional. 70. 2. 10. 27. Skin, young. Hainan ; collected by E. Swinhoe, Esq. Purchased, 1870, 70. 2, 10. 28. Skin, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 29. Skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 32. Skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 71-75. Five frontlets, with antlers. Formosa ; same collector. Same history. 70.2.10.76. Single antler. Same locality and collector. Sam e history. t 5. Subgenus SIKA. ^iksi, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 115 ; Gill, Arrangement Fam. Mamm. p. 80, 1872; Heude Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, p. 17, 1888. , 106 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Pseudaxis, Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 70, 1872 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1878, p. 907 ; Lydekl-er, Deer of All Lands, p. 110, 1898 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 943. Elaphoceros, Fitzinger, Sitzher. k. Ak. Wiss. Wicn, vol. Ixviii, pt. i, p. 602, 1873, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 596, 1874. Sikaillus, Hetide, Mem. Hist. Nat. EmjJ. Chiiwis, vol. iv, p. 98, 1898. Sikailus, Heude, op. cit. p. 110, 1898, errorim. Sica, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. p. 878, 1898. Medium-sized or rather small deer, nearly related to tlie next (typical) subgenus, but with the antlers smaller and simpler than is usually the case in that group, more or less flattened, and generally 4-tined (occasionally 5-tined), with a third, but no bez-tine ; face-glands shallower ; coat of adult spotted with yellow or white, at least in summer, and a pure white area bordered with black in the region of the tail, which is also white and black, and considerably longer than in the typical subgenus ; young more or less distinctly white-spotted; metatarsal tuft generally whitish; throat maned ; head shorter than in preceding group ; ears moderate ; bared portion of muzzle larger than in preceding group, extending well on to the upper surface of the face, and being very wide between nostrils and upper lip ; hind- pasterns as in typical subgenus ; rudimentary upper canines present; upper molars of the general type of tliose of the typical group. In the growing antlers the " velvet " is deep red, passing into black at the tips of the tines, and matching the summer coat ; tlie white hairs in the neiglibourhood of tlie tail are erectile. At the present day the group is confined to the south- eastern portion of the Eastern Holarctic and some adjacent parts of the Oriental Eegion, but it was apparently represented in Europe during the Pliocene section of the Tertiary period. The tln-ee species are recognisable as follows : — A. Size smaller. a. Spots disappearing in winter ; metatarsal tuft white Ccrviis nipx>on. h. Spots persistent in winter ; metatarsal ^ tuft apparently not white Ccrvns tnonanns. B. Size larger, metatarsal gland, except in centre, coloured like rest of shank Crrviis iKnfiiloynm, CERVID.^i 107 XII. CEEVUS (SIKA) NIPPON. Cervus nippon, Tcmminc'k, Fauna Japonica, Introduction, p. xxii, 1837, teste Stejncger, Science, vol. xxii, p. 402, 1905. Cervus sika, Temminck, Fauna Japonica, p. 54, pi. xvii, 1845 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 228; Blytli, Joiirn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxix, p. 92, 1860; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 377, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 346, 1871 ; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 16; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 908; Powerscourt, ibid. 1884, p. 208; Heude, Bull. Soc. Pliilom. ser. 7, vol. vi, p. 183, 1882; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 39, 1891 ; Flotver and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 321, 1891; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 21, 1896; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 204 ; Thomas, ibid. 1908, p. 54 ; Bentham, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p.' 68, 1908 ; Aoki, Annot. Zool. Japon. vol. viii, p. 341, 1913. Cervus (Hippelaplius) japonicus, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vct.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 177, 1846. Cervus syka, Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vi, p. 398, 1852. Rusa japonica. Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. vi, p. 218, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 236; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 365, 1862, p. 150 (javonica). Cervus (Sika) sika, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 115. Pseudaxis sika. Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 72, 1872, Hand- List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 142, J873; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 130, 1912. Elaphoceros sika, Fitzinger, Sitzher. k. Ak. Wiss. Wicn, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 352, 1873, vol. Ixix, pt. i, p. 602, 1874. Cervus euopis, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 151 ; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 908. Axis sika, Riltimeyer, Abh. schwciz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 93, 1878. Cervus frinianus, p. 185, gracilis, p. 185, lacrymosus, p. 186, ignotus, p. 186, andreanus, p. 186, joretianus, p. 187, devilleanus, p. 187, cyclorhinus, p. 188, liyemalis, p. 188, Heude, Bull. Soc. Philom. ser. 7, vol. vi, p. 183, 1882. Cervus sica, Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 284, 1893, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 39, Deer of All Lands, p. Ill, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 229, 1901. Sika porcorelianus, p. 149, brachyrhinus, p. 151, andreanus, p. 152, grilloanus, p. 154, dugenneanus, p. 156, joretianus, p. 157, oxycepli- alus, p. 158, frinianus, p. 159, cycloceros, p. 160, surdescens, p. 161, lacrymans, p. 162, arietinus, p. 162, yuanus, p. 162, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, 1894; scudaensis, p. 98, blakistonius, p. 98, dolichorhinus, p. 100, aplodonticus, p. 100, schizodonticus, p. 100, orthopodicus, p. 100, niitratus, p. 102, ellipticus, p. 103, elegans, p. 103, minoensis, p. 104, rutilus, p. 195, yesoensis, p. 105, Heude, op. cit. vol. iii, 1896. Sikaillus sika, infelix, daimius, rex, paschalis, regulus, aceros, sicarius, dejardinius, consobrinus, marmandianus, latidens, brachypus, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. iv, pp. 98-111, pis. xiv-xix and xxii, 1898. Cervus (Pseudaxis) sica. Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 149, 1910. 108 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Cervus (Pseudaxis) sika, Pococl-, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 942. Cervus (Sika) nippon, Lydell-er, Wa)-(Vs Record? of Big Game, ed. 7, p. viii, 1914. Shika or Sika : Japanese Deer. Typical locality Japan. The type species ; also type of Sikcdllas, the other I'oriiis of which are from the Goto Islands, Japan. Size typically small, shoulder-height about 33 inches, but larger in the race inhabiting the Chinese mainland ; general colour bright rufous chestnut, spotted on the body with white in summer; uniformly coloured, or nearly so, in winter, when it is dark umber-brown, with the hairs annulated ; a light chestnut patch on tlie slioulder ; sides of upper and whole of loNver lip white; tail mainly white, frequently with a narrow black line on the upper surface and sometimes a dark terminal tuft ; metatarsal tuft large and white ; insides and part of base of outer surface of ears covered with white liairs. The range includes Japan, Northern China, and Man- churia. Whether all the forms named by Heude under the headings of Cervus and Sikaillus are identical with the present species is doubtful; the so-called C. dcvillir(nivs, for instance, may be Formosan. A. Size smaller C n. nipi^on. B. Size larger C. n. mantchuricus. A, -Cervus nippon nippon. Cervus sica typicus, LydeMer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 39, Deer of All Lands, p. 112, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 231, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 50, 1910. Cervus nippon typicus. LydeJcker, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. viii, 1914. Typical locality Japan. Size small, the height at the shoulder ranging from about 32 inches to 34 inches ; white area of caudal region large, extending on to the sides of the buttocks, and completely bordered with black above and at the sides. Fine antlers measure from 21 to 26i inches along the curve, with a basal girth of from 3i- to 5, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 12 to 20:[ inches. CERVID^ 109 The range, on the assumption that C. cuopis is absolutely identical with the Japanese form, includes a part of China. 60. 12. 12, 1. Shed antlers. Japan. Purchased (Zoologieul Society), 1860. 63. 5. 28. 1 . Shed antlers. Japan. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1860. 64. 12. :J0. o. Skin, formerly mounted. Kanegawa, Japan ; from a stag presented to the Zoological Society by J. Wilks, Esq. Type of Rusa japonica. Purchased {Zoologiecd Society), 1864. 83. 4. 14. 2. Skin, formerly mounted, and skeleton. Newchwang, Northern China. Type of C. euopis. J^urchased (Zoological Society), 1883. 85. 2. 23. 1. Skull and antlers. Northern Japan ; collected by H. Pryer, Esq. Purchased, 1885. 85. 2. 23. 2. Skull and antlers, immature. Same locality and collector. Same history. 92. 12. 2. 3-4. Two frontlets, with antlers. Kobe, Japan. Presented by Dr. P. Rendcdl, 1892. 93. 4. 17. 1-4. Eour frontlets, with antlers. From stags bred at Powerscourt, County Wicklow, Ireland. Presented hy Viscount Powerscourt, 1893. 95. 5. 25. 1. Skull and antlers of hybrid between C. nippon and C. claphus. Bred at Powerscourt. Same donor, 1895. 95. 5. 25. 2. Antlers of a similar hybrid. Same locality. Same history. 98. 3. 10. 1. Skin, mounted. From a stag bred in England. Presented hy the Hon. R. Ward, 1898. 5. 5. 30. 29. Skull and skin, female. Nara Ken, Hondo, Japan ; collected by M. P. Anderson, Esq. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1905. 5. 11. 3. 44. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Yakushima Island, Soutliern Japan; collected by Alan Osvston, Esq. Same history. 5. 11. 3. 45-46. Two skulls and skins, female. Same locality. Same history. 5. 11. 3. 47. Skin, young. Same locality. Same history. 5. 11. 3. 48. Skull and skin, young. Same locality. Same history. 110 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES The following specimen may represent a distinct local race : — 7. 2. 13. 1. Skin, mounted. Liu-Kiu Islands. Presented hij the Dalcc of Bedford, K.G., 1907. B.— Cepvus nippon mantchuricus. Ccrvus mantchuricus, Swinhoc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 169, 1865, p. 1 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 344, pis. xxxi and xxxii, 1871 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 908 ; MocUemlorff, Zool. Jalirh. vol. ii, p. 588, 1887 ; Lydekkcr, Horiif! and Hoofs, p. 287, 1898 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 21, 1896. I'scudaxis niautchurica, Gray, Cat. Riwiinanfs Brit. Mus. p. 72, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 141, 1873. Elaphoceros mantchuricus, Fitzingcr, Sitzher. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. lix, pt. 1, p. 93, 1874. Axis mantschuricus, Riitimeycr, Ahh. schwciz. inil. Ges. vol. viii, p. 93, 1881. Cervus sica manchuricus, Lydekkcr, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 39, Deer of All Lands, p. 112, pi. vii, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 232, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 50, 1910. Cervus nippon manchuricus, Lydekkcr, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. viii, 1914. Typical locality Manchuria ; the type was obtained at Ying-tzu-kou (Nuchwang), the treaty-port. Larger than the last, the height at the shoulder reaching 39 inches ; the white area in the region of the tail much smaller, so as scarcely to be apparent in a side-view, but completely bordered with black ; and spots and a tinge of red frequently retained on the hind-quarters of females in winter. No antlers exceeding in size the largest of the typical race have been recorded. 99. 6. 1. 1. Skin, immature, in summer coat, mounted. Northern China. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1899. ^ XIII. CERVUS (SIKA) TAIOUANUS. Cervus taiouanus, Blytli, Journ. Asiaf. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxix, p. 90, 1860; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 376; Aoki, Annot. Zool. damn. vol. viii, p. 342, 1913. Cervus taiivanus, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 152, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii. p. 345, 1871 ; Swinhoc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 362 ; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 909 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Lid. CEUVID.E 111 Mils. pfc. ii, p. 45, 1891 ; LijdeJckcr, Horns and Hoofs, p. 288, 1893, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 45, Deer of All Lands, p. 116, pi. viii, 1898 ; Ward, liecords of Big Game, cd. 2, p. 22, 1896 ; Bentham, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mas. p. 70, 1908. Pseuda^is taivanus. Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 70, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 141, 1873. Elaphoceros taevanus, Fitzinger, Sitzher. Ti. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 599, 1874. Axis taivanus, Riltiineyer, Ahli. schiveiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 93, 1881. Cervus taiorauus, Heude, Bull. Soc. Philom. ser. 7, vol. vi, p. 184, erroriin. Cervus (Pseudaxis) taiivanus. Ward, Records of Big Game, cd. 6, p. 51, 1910. Cervus (Sika) taevanus, Lydekker, Ward's Records of Big Game, cd. 7, p. viii, 1914. KWAKOKU : FORMOSAN SiKA. Typical, and only, locality Formosa. Typo of Pseudaxis and Elaphoceros. Type in Indian Muscnm, Calcutta. Nearly allied to the typical specie.s, but distinctly spotted in winter; size medium, slioulder-lieiglit about 35 inches ; face shorter, muzzle more pointed, limbs shorter, and body longer than in Japanese sika ; general colour in summer light chestnut, with large white spots, and a deep red tinge on the hind part of the neck ; in winter the spots less numerous ; the black border to the white caudal area forming a more distinct bar superiorly, and the median black line on the tail broader than in the type species, and the dark line down the back more strongly marked. The metatarsal gland does not appear to be white. The largest recorded pair of antlers measure 19^ inches along the curve, with a basal girth of 3|, and a tip-to-tip interval of 13 inches. The retention of spots in the winter coat in this southern species is noteworthy. 63. 5. 28. 2. Pair of shed antlers. Formosa. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1863. 65.1.30.1. Shed antlers, menagerie specimen. Formosa. Presented hj Dr. P. L. Seleitcr, 1865. 65. 12. 8. 22. Skin, mounted, and skeleton. Formosa. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1865. 68. 3. 21, 3. Skin, young, mounted. Probably bred in Loudon, Purchased {Zoological Society), 1865. 112 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 68. o. 21. 4. Skin, female, mounted. Formosa. Same history. 68. 12. 29. 14. Skin, mounted. Formosa. Same hisfori/. XIV. CERVUS (SIKA) HORTULORUM. Cervus pseudaxis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 236, pi. xxvii, ncc Eydoux and Soideyet, 1841-52. Cervus h.ox\i\\\ox\nn, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 169; LydeJcker, ibid. 1897, p. 42, Deer of All Lands, p. 117, pi. ix, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 234, 1901. (?) Cervus mandarinus, Milne-Edwards, Eech. Mavivi. p. 174, 1871 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 968; Lydekker, ibid. 1897, p. 44, Deer of All Lands, p. 121, 1898. Cervus dybowskii. Taczanotvski, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 123, Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 909 ; Noack, Humboldt, vol. viii, p. 4, fig. 1, 1889 ; Kohler, Zool. Garten, vol. xliii, p. 28, 1892 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 287, 1893, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 40. (?) Cervus mantschuricus major, Noack, Humboldt, vol. viii, p. 5, fig. 4, 1889. Cervus dj^bowski, Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 22, 1896. Cervus (Pseudaxis) hortulorum. Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 52, 1910. Cervus (Sika) hortulorum, Lydekker, Ward's Becords of Big Game, ed. 7, p. viii, 1914. The type specimens were shot in the gardens of the Summer Palace, Pekin, after its sack on October 12th, 1860 ; the typical locality of dyloivshii is the Usuri district of Manchuria. Size large, the shoulder-height reaching 3 feet 7 inches ; coat profusely spotted with white at all seasons, although somewhat more fully in summer than in winter, when it is very long and shaggy ; in winter general colour of body in sub-adult males bright chestnut-brown ; neck without spots, bluish grey at base, then a blackish collar, followed by chestnut ; face bluish grey ; metatarsal tuft similar to the hair of rest of shanks in summer, but the centre greyish white ; thighs and fore-legs greyish brown ; under-parts greyish white ; tail rather sliort, white with a black median stripe, and often a dark band above the white on the buttocks ; in summer the spots more numerous and the general colour chocolate-brown. Adult bucks (of the so-called dyhowshii) in winter-coat are described by Noack as follows : — General colour vellowish umber-brown, tending CEKVIDiE 113 more to yellow iu front and to umber behind, and becoming darker on the back ; head as far as the nose yellowish brown, forehead and neck reddish brown, nose greyish red, upper lip yellowish red, a moderately large dark spot on the greyish white lower lip ; ears thickly haired, dirty grey Fig. 21. — Head of Dybowski's Deek (Cervtis [Sika] hortulornm). From a photograph by the Duchess of Bedford. internally, rusty red externally; mane on head and neck long, shaggy, and whitish grey in colour ; chest nearly black ; under-parts whitish grey ; the white caudal patch bordered in front with black ; tail white with a black tip ; front-shanks yellowish red, hind-shanks umber-brown, each with a dark streak in front ; metatarsal tuft not light- coloured. Fine antlers (fig. 21) measure from 27 to 34| inches IV. I 114 CATAL0C4UE OF UNGULATES along the curve, with a basal girth of from 4| to 5|, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 18^ to 34^ inches. The type specimen of the so-called C. mcmdarinus, from N. China, preserv^ed in the Museum At Paris, was described as very- large, with the coat spotted at all seasons, and very long and shaggy in winter ; colour darker than in the typical hortiilorum, and spots less abundant in the winter, when the neck and limbs are similar in tint to the ground-colour of the body ; under-parts dark ; metatarsal tuft apparently similar in colour to the rest of the leg ; tail comparatively long, mainly reddish, with little white. These alleged points of difference need not apparently be of more than seasonal or individual value ; the type specimen having perhaps been killed before the winter coat was fully developed. The two races appear to be distinguished as follows : — A. Dark dorsal stripe not fully developed ; spots more distinct on neck C. h. Jiorfuloritm . B. Dark dorsal stripe fully developed ; spots less distinct on neck C. It. kopschi. , A.— Cervus hortulorum hortulorum, Cervus hortulorum typicus, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 52, 1910, ed. 7,' p. 52, 1914. The true home of tin's race is the Usuri district of Manchuria. General characters those of the species, witli the dark dorsal stripe imperfectly developed, and the spotting on the neck very distinct. 61. 6. 2. 1. Skin, mounted, immature. From an animal killed in the gardens of the Summer Palace, Pekin, October, 1860 ; collected by Pi. Swinhoe, Esq. Type ; figured by Gray as C. j)seudaxis. Presented hi/ the Zoologlccd Socicf/j, 1861. 61. 6. 2. 2. Skin, mounted, and skull, immature female. Obtained at the same time and place as the preceding specimen. Same history. 61. 6. 2. 3. Skull, with antlers, and skin, immature. From the Summer Palace. Same hisfori/. CEKVID^ 115 78. 5. 2:2. 1. Skiu, mounted. South Usuri district, Manchuria ; collectetl by ]\Ionsieur Taczanowski. Co-type of Cervus di/bowskii. Furchased, 1878. 83, 8. 1. 1-2. Two skulls, female, one immature. Obser- vatory Island, Korea. Presented hy Cciijt. A. Carpenter, B.N., 1883. 97. 12. 12, 1. Skin, female, in summer coat, mounted. Manchuria. Presented hy the Biike of Bedford, K.G., 1897. 99. 8. 36. 4. Frontlet and antlers. Sutschan Valley, 280 miles east of Vladivostock, north of Manchuria. Same donor, 1899. 2. 10. 2. 2. Skin, in summer coat, mounted. Same locality. Same donor, 1902, B.— Cervus hortulorum kopschi. Cervus kopschi, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p, 574; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 909; Heude, Bull Soc. Philom. ser. 7, vol, vi, p, 184, 1882, Cervus hortulorum kopschi, LydeJcker, Gre-it and Small Game of Eiiro2)e, etc. p, 239, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 52, 1914, ed. 7, p. 52, 1914. Typical locality Kien-chang, Kiang-si, south-western China. Dorsal stripe more fully developed, and spots less distinct on upper part of neck, and not extending so far over shoulder and thighs as in typical race. 73. 6. 27. 1. Skin, immature, in winter coat, mounted, and skull. Kien-chang, Kiaug-si, near the border of Fo-kien, south-western China ; collected by E. Swinhoe, Esq. Type. Purchased, 1873. 1. 3. 2, 18. Skin, with antlers, and leg-bones. Yang-tsi Valley. Noticed by present writer, op. cit., 1901. Presented hy F. W. Sty an, Esq., 1901. 1, 3. 2. 19. Skin, female, in winter coat. Chin-teh, An-hwei, Yang-tsi Valley. Same history. 1. 3. 2. 20. Body-skin, in summer coat. Same locality. Same history. 10. 5. 26, 1. Skin, female, Tai-Kung-Shan, An-hwei, Presented hy Commander the Hon. P. 0. V. Bridgeman, 1910. I 2 116 catalogue of ungulates Incert^ Sedis. Cervus pseudaxis, Eydoux and Souleyet, Voyage de " La Bonite," Zoology, voL i, p. 64, 1841-52 ; Broolr, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 909; Lydehher,ihid. 1897, p. 38, Deer of All Lands, p. 1, 1898. Axis pseudaxis. Gray, Cat, Ungulata Brit. Mus. p, 214, 1852 ; Fitzinger, Sitzher. I: Ak. Wiss. Wien,\o\. lxix,pt. 1, p. 274, 1874. Sikelaphus pseudaxis, Hetcde, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emjo. Chinois, voL ii, p. 146, 1894. " The animal which has been figured under the name of Cervus pseudaxis," wrote Gray in 1852, " was obtained by MM. Eydoux and Souleyet in Java, but they did not believe that it was a native of that country. It lived several years in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, and hence a series of its horns was procured and figured ; and while there it bred with the common axis, and the mule produce was fertile. Some naturalists have given the Sooloo [SuluJ Islands, near the Philippines, as the habitat of this specimen, but I do not know on wdiat authority." Brooke observed that he hesitated to identify it with " any species of the subgenus. The type specimen is still preserved in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris ; but though I have often carefully examined it, the absence of the skull, and the great uncertainty of the locality where it was procured, render it impossible to form a decided opinion." Sclater suggested that it is really the same as C. taiouaoitis, in which case that name would have to be superseded, pseudaxis being the earliest of all. 6. Subgenus CERVUS. Elaphus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 307, 1827. Harana, Hodgson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. i, p. 154, 1838. Pscudocervus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, p. 904, 1841. Strongyloceros, Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds, p. 472, 1846. Eucervus, Aclogue, Faune France, Mamm. p. 71, 1899; nee Gray. Antlers usually with at least five tines inclusive of a bez (second), which may, however, be absent, and the lirow-tine forming an obtuse angle with the beam ; bare portion of muzzle (muffle) extending but slightly below nostrils ; hind- pasterns as in Busa ; metatarsal gland hairy ; tail short ; CERVID.E 117 general colour uniform, typically with a large light rump- patch ; young spotted. The distributional area includes Europe, North Africa, Asia north of the outer range of the Himalaya, and'North America. The following is a " key " to the species : — A. Muzzle dark ; hair of withers not reversed. a. Light area of buttocks yellow, at least in region of tail. a' . Antlers with more than 5 tines, of which the terminal ones are arranged irregularly and often cupped ; tail longer ; under-parts not conspicuously darker than back C, elaphus. h'. Antlers generally with more than 5 tines, of which the 4th is the largest, and, with those above it, placed in a plane parallel to axis of head; tail shorter; under- parts conspicuously darker than back C. canadensis. c . Antlers usually 5-tined, with the 4th tine small and the two terminal ones forming a fork placed transversely to long axis of face ; tail medium C. yarTiandensis. b. Light area of buttocks white ; tail very short. a'. Muzzle mainly dark, lower lip and chin fawn or brown ; ears long and pointed, with sinuous upper margins. a". A larger or smaller white rump-patch ; antlers (5-tined) sharply angulated and bent forwards at 3rd tine, in such a manner that tips of the 5th are inclined inwards C. ivalliclii, b". White area restricted to hind aspect of hams ; a brownish patch on croup in advance of tail ; antlers wapiti-like C. macneilli. b' . Muzzle pale fawn, lower lip and chin white ; ears bluntly pointed, with straight upper margins ; antlers approximating to those of C. ivalliclii, but less bent for- wards ; white area of buttocks much as in C. macneilli C. cdslimiriensis. B. Muzzle white ; hair of withers reversed C. albirostris. XV. CEEVUS ELAPHUS. Cervus elaphus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 66, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 93, 1766 ; Kerr, Linn.'s Anim. Kingdom, p. 298, 1793 ; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. i, pis, 93 and 94, 1820; Cuvier, Ossemeiis Fossiles, ed. 2, vol. iv, p. 24, 1823 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. iv, p. 90, 1827 ; Jenyns, 118 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Brit. Vest. Anim. p. 37, 1835 ; Bell, Brit. Quachnqjeds, p. 394, 1837, ed. 2, p. 348, 1874 ; Keyserling and Blasius, Wirb'elth. Etirop. vol. iv, p. 26, 1840; Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Begne Anim., Mamm. p. 170, 1842; Owen, Bep. Brit. Assoc. 1843, p. 236, 1844; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mas. p. 177, 1843, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 64, 1847, Broc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 227, Cat. TJngulata Brit. Mus. p. 195, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 68, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 139, 1873 ; Blasius, Fauna Dcutsclil. vol. i, p. 439, 1857; Gcrrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 257, 1862 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 342, 1871 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. i, p. 565, 1874 ; Danford and Alston, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 276, 1880, p. 54; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 911 ; Floiver and Gar son. Cat. Osteol. Mus. E. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 293, 1884 ; Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Miis. pt. ii, p. 94, 1885, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 363, Horns and Hoofs, p. 271, 1893, British Mammals, p. 240, 1896, Deer of All Lands, p. 64, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 209, 1901 ; Woodivard and Sherborn, Cat. Brit. Foss. Vert. p. 330, 1890; Nehring, Tundren und Steppen, p. 110, 1910; Floiver and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 322, 1891; Sattinin, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. ix, p. 309, 1896 ; Bilchner, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersb. 1896, p. 387 ; Millais, Mamm. Gt. Britain, vol. iii, p. 91, 1906 ; Nitschc, Studien iiber Hirsche, pi. i, 1898 ; Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. iii, no. 9, p. 9, 1906 ; Winge, Danmarks Fauna, Pattedyr, p. 171, 1908; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 228, 1910 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 1910, ed. 7, p. 1, 1914; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 968, 1912 ; Joleaud, Rev. Africaine, no. 287, p. 1, 1913 ; Lodcr, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1914, p. 488. Cervus (Elaphns) elaphus, H. Smith, GriffUli's Animal Kingdom, vol. V, p. 307, 1827. Cervus (Strongyloceros) elaphus, Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds, p. 472, 1846. Eucervus elaphus, Aclogue, Faune France, p. 71, 1899. Cervus vulgaris, Botezat, Morphol. Jahrb. vol. xxiii, p. 115, 1903. Cervus (Cervus) elaphus, Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 941. Bed Deer. The typical species. Typical locality southern Sweden ; the range includes the greater part of Europe (but not the Italian peninsula), and extends at least as far east as the Caucasus and the Caspian provinces of Persia. Size typically large, the shoulder-height reaching -l or 4J feet. Antlers rounded, and, when fully developed with a bez-tiue and a total of more than five points, of which the terminal ones may form a cup, the fourth tine not specially large nor situated in the same fore-and-aft plane as those above ; ear longer than half the length of head ; tail moder- CERVID^ 119 ately short and pointed, and light rump-patch of moderate dimensions ; general colour reddish brown in summer, greyish brown in winter, typically with the under- parts lighter than back (which may have a l)lackish spinal stripe), and never strongly contrasted with the upper-parts ; mane not Fig. 22. — Palatal Aspect of Skull of Eed Deer (Cervus elaphus). J nat. size. From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe. darker than rest of coat ; no conspicuous whitish markings, except occasionally the rump-patch. The following is a tentative " key " to the races : — A. Size small or medium, under-parts lighter. a. Size small, bez-tine usually wanting. a' . Size smaller, colour darker C. e. corsicanus. h' . Size larger, colour lighter C. e. harharus. c'. Size smaller, colour greyer, skull narrower C. e. hispanicus. .120 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES b. Size larger, bez-tine usually present. b'. Size larger, colour redder, skull wider. h". Rump-patch not markedly lighter than flanks or black-bordered in front C. c. da/phus. c". Rump -patch markedly lighter than flanks, usually black-bordered in front .. C. e. liii^iyehtitluin. c . Size smaller, rump-patch black-bordered in front. c". Colour paler and greyer ( '. c. atlanticus. d". Colour darker and less grey C. c. ncoticns. B . Size large, under-parts darker C c. maral. J A.— Cervus elaphus barbarus. Cervus barbarus, Bennett, List Anlm. Gardens Zool. Soc. p. 31, 1887 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 227, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mas. p. 197, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mas. p. 68, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mas. p. 140, 1873; Gervais, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 261, 1855 ; Sclatcr, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 344, 1871 ; Fitzimjer, Sit;:ber. h. Ali. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 577, 1874; Joleaud, Rev. Africainc, no, 287, p. 5, 1913. Cervus corsiniacus, Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 3, vol. x, p. 206, 1848. • Cervus elaphus, Loclie, Cat. Mamm. Algerie, p, 26, 1858, Rev. Marit. et Coloniale, 1860, p. 151, Explor. Sci. Algerie, Mamm. p. 34, 1887 ; Blanchard, Tunisic au XX"'" Siecle, Zool. p. 136, 1904. Cervus corsicanus, Latastc, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. xxxix, p. 286, 1885 ; nee Erxleben. Cervus elaphus barbarus, Latastc, Exjdor. Sci. Tunisic, Mamm. p. 34, 1887 ; Lydekkcr, Deer of All Lands, p. 65, 1898, Game Animals of Africa, p. 385, 1908 ; Drewitt, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii, p. 130 ; Trouessart, Cans. Sci. Soc. Zool. France, vol. i, p. 405, 1905 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 31, 1910, ed. 7, p. 31, 1914. Typical locality North Africa ; now found in certain parts of Algeria, Tunisia, and Senegambia, but apparently very scarce. Size considerably smaller than in typical race ; bez-tine of antlers at least generally wanting ; general colour dark brown, with a greyish brown dorsal stripe and irregular whitish spots on flanks and in some cases on back ; rump- patch much lighter than back, without dark anterior border, and including tail. Maximum antler-length 38| inches. 53. 3. 7. 37. Skeleton, female. North Africa. Purchased (Zoological Society/), 1853. 63. 5. 13. 3-5. Three shed antlers. Tunisia. rnrcJuiscd (Zoolof/leal Society), 1863. CERVID.E 121 99. 10. l:;. 1. Head, mounted. North Africa. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1899. 0. 12. 13. 1. Skiiij mounted, in winter coat. North Africa. Same donor, 1900. ^ B.— Cervus elaphus corsicanus. Cervus corsicanus, Erxlehen, Syst. Bcgn. Anim. vol. i, p. 807, 1777 ; Jolcaud, Bcv. Africaine, no. 287, p. 5, 1913. Cervus elaphus corsicanus, Kerr, Linn.'s Anivi. Kingdom, p. 299, 1793; LydekJcer, Deer of All Lauds, p. 74, 1898; Troucssayt, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 229, 1910 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 969, 1912. Cervus mediterraneus, Blainvillc, Journ. Phys. vol. xciv, p. 262, 1822. Cervus elaphus minor, Wagner, Sclireher's Sdugtliiere, Siippl. vol. v, p. 354, 1855 ; Fitzlnger, Sitzher. h. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 575, 1874. Typical locality Corsica, hut also found in Sardinia. Closely allied to the last, with which it apparently agrees in the general absence of the bez-tine of the antlers, but smaller, the size being approximately the same as in the next race, but general colour darker than in that or any other of the smaller continental forms, the general colour being dark brown in summer and blackish in winter. No specimen in collection. ^' C— Cervus elaphus hispanieus. Cervus elaphus hispanieus, Hilzlieimcr, Archiv fiir Bassen- und Gesellscliafts-Biologie, 1909, p. 313 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 969, 1912. (?) Cervus elaphus bolivari, Cabrera, Bol. Soc. Espaii. Hist. Nat. vol. xi, p. 559, 1911, Cat. Met. Mam.. Miis. Madrid, p. 129, 1912. Typical locality Spain, probably the south-western districts. Type in Stuttgart Museum ; type of holivari, which is from El Pardo, Madrid, in Madrid Museum. Apparently smaller than in the under-mentioned Scots race, with the colour more decidedly greyish, and the skull narrower, more especially in the interorbital region and the palate.* G. e. holivari is stated to be a larger form from * For cranial measurements of this and other races see Miller, op. cit. p. 982. 122 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES cuutial and uortheru Spain, l)ut its liglit to recognition is more than donbtfnl. 95. 9. 4, 14. Sknll, with antlers, and skin. Coto Donana, Huelva, Spain ; collected by A. Euiz. Prcmitcd hij thr Lord Lilford, 1895. 95. 9. 4. 15. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 8. 3. 8. 14. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same locality. rrcscntcd hi/ Ahd Chapiaan, K^q., 1908. 8. 3. 8. 15. Skull, with antlers. Same locality. Same hisforif. D.— Cervus elaphus elaphus. Cerviis elaphus tyTjiicns, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, ]). 65, 1898; Joleaud, Bev. Africaine, no. 287, p. 1, 1912, partim. Cervus elaphus elaphus, Miller, Cat. Mamvi. West. Europe, p. 967, 1912. Typical locality southern Sweden. Size large ; rump-patch not markedly lighter than flanks, and without well-defined black Ijorder. According to Lonnberg, the range seems to have extended originally over the greater part of C4otaland, but at the present day red deer in Sweden are confined to southern Skania, where they are chiefly found on a few large estates, Hiickeberga, Ofvedskloster, Borringe, Sofdeborg, Snogeholm, Skabersjo, etc. Their number is small, perhaps not more than about 100 head. No specimen in collection. E.— Cervus elaphus atlanticus. Cervus elaphus atlanticus, Liinnherg, Arkiv Zool. vol. iii, no. 9, p. 9, 1906 ; Collett, Bergcns Miis. Aarbog, 1909, no. 6 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 228, 1910 ; Miller, Cat. Mavim. West. Europe, p. 967, 1912. Typical locality Hitteren Island, Trondhjem, Norway ; the range including the west coast of Norway from Stavanger Fjord north to about latitude 65''. Size smaller and colour paler than in typical i-ace, with a distinct blackish band on front border of rump-patch. No specimen in collection. CERVID.E 123 "' F.— Cervus elaphus scoticus. Cervus elaphus scoticus, Lonnberg, ArTtiv Zool. vol. iii, no. 9, p. 11, 1906 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 228, 1910 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 968, 1912. Typical locality Glenquoich Forest, Inverness ; the wild red deer of the west of England and Ireland are provisionally included in this race. Closely allied to the Norwegian race, but darker and less grey. According to Miller, the cranial characters given by Lonnberg as distinctive are inconstant. 689, h. Frontlet and antlers. England. JVo hisfor//. 46. 11. 20. 17. Frontlet and antlers. Eogland. Pvrchased {Leadbeatcr), 1846. 47. 12. 11. 16. Skull, with antlers. England. rurclumd {Bahcr), 1847. 49. 3. 5. 1. Frontlet and antlers. From a peat-])og, at a depth of about 20 feet, at Diglis, near Worcester, 1844. One of the specimens referred to on page 475 of Owen's British Fossil Mammals and Birds. Presented hy Jahcz Allies, Esq., 1849. 50. 11. 22. 67. Skeleton. Probably British. Fiu'chased (Zoological Society), 1850. 63. 11. 16. 5. Skin, mounted. Alnwick Chase, North- umberland. Presented hy the Duke of Northumherland, K.G., 1863. 86. 6. 10. 1. Skull, without antlers. Loch Sunart, Argyll. Presented hy Gen. Hamilton, 1886. 96. 12. 21. 1-5. Three skulls and two pairs of antlers. Isle of Jura. Presented hy H. Evans, Esq., 1896. 97. 4. 3. 3. Skin, mounted. Woburn Park, Beds. Presented hy the Du'kc of Bedford, K.G., 1897. 6. 2. 26. 1. Skull, female. Exmoor, Devonshire, Presented hy R. A. Saunders, Esq., 1906. 8. 2. 10. 1. Skull and skin, female. Fort William. Presented hy W. Jones, Esq., 1908. 9. 1. 15. 1. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Balmacaan, Inverness. Presented hy Bradley Martin, Esq., 1909. 9. 1. 15. 2. Skull and skin, female. Same locality. Same history. 124 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 11. 2. 21. 1-2. Two frontlets and antlers. Jura, Ardgour, Argyllshire. Presented hj F. Hamilton- Leigh, Esq., 1911. 14. 2. 22. 1. Skull and antlers. Exmoor, Devon. Presented h>/ Morland Grcig, Esq., 1914. 3. 11. 6. 1. Skin. New Zealand; introduced. Presented hj St. George Littledcde, Esq., 1903. G.— Cervus elaphus hippelaphus. Cervus elaphus hippelaphus, Kerr, Linn.'s Anini. Kingdom, p. 298, 1792. Cervus elaphus gennanicus,* Desmarcst, Mamnialogie, vol. ii, p. 434, 1822; Lonnherg, ArUv Zool. vol. iii, no. 9, p. 14, 1906; Troucssart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 228, 1910; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Eurojje, p. 965, 1912. Cervus elaphus albus, Desmarcst, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 435, 1822 (nomen nudum) ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. h. Ali. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pfc. 1, p. 575, 1874. Cervus elaphus albifrons, Reichenbach, Sdugeth. \ol. iii, pi. iii, a, 1845. Cervus elaphus varius, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wie}i,\o\. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 574, 1874. Including : Cervus balticus, ^ Cervus albicus, I Matscliic, Wcidwerli in Wort u. Bild, vol. xvi, Cervus rhenanus, | p. 187, 1907. Cervus bajovaricus, j Cervus elaphus neglectus, Matschie, Deutsche Jdger-Zeitung, vol. Iviii, p. 688, 1912 (Posen). Cervus elaphus visurgensis \ Matschie, op. cit. p. 734, 1912 (Upper Cervus elaphus debilis / and Lower Rhineland). Cervus elaphus saxonicus, Matschie, op. cit, p. 737, 1912 (Saxony). Typical locality Germany, M'hence the range probably extends at least as far east as the western Carpathians. Equal in size to typical race, but with the rump-patch distinctly lighter than flanks and usually bordered in front with a well-marked black or blackish band. Of the above mentioned local forms named by Matschie, Cervus lalticus has the beam of the antlers evenly and gradually concave on the inner border and the points of all the tines directed inwards. Typical locality Liebemiihl, Ostpreussen. In cdhicus the beam is bent abruptly inwards * It seems doubtful whether the " Cervus germanicus " of Kerr, loc. cit., was intended for a species-name. CERVID^ 125 at the level of the trez-tine, the points of the inner tines are directed inwards, and those of the outer prongs upwards. Typical locality Muskau, Oberlausitz, Silesia. In rhenanus the beam is bent abruptly inwards at the level of the trez- tine, and the points of all tines are directed upwards. Typical locality Yiernheim, Hessen-Darmstadt. In hajo- varicus the antlers resemble those of rhenanus, but have the inner tines directed inwards and backwards. Typical locality Rohner, Konigssee, Oberbayern. 689, 'p. Pair of antlers. Germany. No history. 43. 12. 29. 5. Skin, mounted, female. France. Purchased {Lefehvrc), 184:3. 43. 12. 29. 14. Skin, mounted, young. Same locality. Same history. 59. 9. 6. 103. Skull, female. Southern Germany ; col- lected by Dr. A. Giinther. Ptirchased, 1859. 83. 6. 12. 1. Frontlet, without antlers. Gohrde, Hanover (H.I.M. Kaiser Wilhelm I.). Presented hy J. E. Harting, Esq., 1888. 89. 11. 20. 1, 2. Two pairs of antlers. Bohemia. Presented ly Col. J. Evans, 1889. 11. 9. 13. 16-18. Three frontlets and antlers. Bavaria. These should represent the so-called C. e. hajovaricus. Presented by F. A\ A. Fleischmann, Esq., 1911. H.— Cervus elaphus, subsp. Cervtis vulgaris campestris, Botezat, MorjjJtol. Jahrh. vol. xxxii, p. 154, 1903 ; 7iec C. campestris, F. Cuvier. " Carpathian Deer," LydehJcer, Field, vol. cv, p. 326, 1905. " Short-faced Carpathian Eed Stag," Leigh, Field, vol. cv, p, 855, 1905. Typical locality the Marmoros and Bukowina districts of the Hungarian and Galician Carpathians. As represented by a stag living in the Duke of Bedford's Park at Woburn in 1905, this large red deer may be in some degree intermediate between C. c. germanicus and C. e. maral, being apparently redder than the latter, but with less black on the under-parts, although more than in the former. The hinds have been stated to show the short face of the western 126 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES races ; but, according to Loder,* while in skulls of Scotcli and German stags the proportion of the interorbital width to the length (from summit of occipital crest to tips of pre- maxillpe) is 1 to 3 "3, in Carpathian f and Caucasian stags it is 1 to 3 • 6. The same writer adds that he could detect no difference between Carpathian and Caucasian skulls — a view which coincides with the experience of the present writer, although not with that of Miller. 96. 10. 10. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Galician Carpathians. Presented hj H.H. Prince HcinricJi of Liechtenstein, 1906. A.- Cervus elaphus maral. Cei'\us m&vsil, Ogilhy, Eep. Council Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 22 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 336, pi. xxix, 1871 ; Grmj, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 69, 1872 ; Fitzinger, Sitzher. h. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 597, 1874; Blanford, Eastern Persia, vol. ii, p. 95, 1876 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 812 ; Eadde, Siiugeth. Talysch. p. 10, 1886; SatiDiin, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. ix, p. 309, 1896 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 30, 1876; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Eurojye, p. 229, 1910. Cervus caspius, Radde, Siiugeth. Talysch. p. 10, 1886. Cervus elaphus maral, Lydekher, Deer of All Lands, p. 75, 1898, Great and, Small Game of Eurojie, etc. p, 217, 1901 ; Satunin, Mitt. Kauhas. Mus. vol. i> pp. 65 and 129, 1901, vol. ii, pp. 210 and 357, 1906, vol. iii, p. 49, 1907, vol. vii, p. 20, 1912 ; Leigh, Field, vol. cv, p. 355, 1905 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 28, 1910, ed. 7, p. 28, 1914 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 967, 1912 ; Loder, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1914, p. 489. (?) Cervus vulgaris montanus, Botezat, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. xxxii, p. 155, 1903. Cervus (Cervus) maral, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 940. Cervus caucasicus, Winans, Amer. Mus. Journ. vol. xiv, p. 67, 1914, nomen nudum. Maral (Persian), Ollen (Russian). " Polish Stag," Lydekher, Field, vol. cv, p. 326, 1905. Typical locality the Caspian provinces of Persia. Size larger and build heavier than in any other of the properly named local races, the shoulder-height reaching 4^ feet ; the neck relatively thick, and the face, especially in females, longer and more pointed than in tlie western races, and the tail thicker. General colour in summer red, * Proc. Zool. Soc. 1914, p. 488. t As represented by stags from the Galician estate of the late Prince Heinrich from Liechtenstein. CEEVID.E 127 frequently marked with yellow spots ; in winter dai'k slaty grey, with the ljlack-l)ordered rump-patch a deeper yellow than in the more typical races, and the shoulders, thighs, and under-parts nearly black. Antlers large and less complex than those of the latter, the number of tines seldom exceeding 8, and often only 6, although occasionally 10 or 12; the bez-tine, which may be wanting, frequently much shorter Fig. 23.— Antlers of Eastern Red Deee, ok Makal {Ccrvus elaphus niaral). than the brow-tine, which is long and much curved upwards, and the fourth tine generally more distinct from the crown ; maximum antler-length 48^ inches. Exclusive of the eastern Carpathians, to which this deer may be a recent immigrant, the range extends from the Caucasus through Galicia, the Caspian area, and the Crimea to northern Persia and Asia Minor, and may also include parts of Turkey and Greece. The so-called Polish stag of the Marmoros district of the Hungarian Carpathians is generally believed to be a dwarfed form of the maral which reached that area from Galicia ; possibly the small dark stag from the Galician Carpathians, which has been named 128 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES C vulgaris montanus, may be the same. It is noteworthy that a smaller form of red deer occurs with the maral in the Ak-Dagh, Asia Minor.* Caucasian maral lands have rather shorter faces than those from farther east. 54. 4. 26. 6. Single antler. Lake Xsm, Armenia. Presented hy Lord Arthur Hay, 1854. * * * *. Single antler. Crimea. Described and figured by the present writer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 363, pi. xxx, fig. 2. No history. 55.12.26.159. Skull, female. Persia; collected by Sir J. McNeill. Co-type ; figured in Knowsley Menagerie. TroMsf erred from Zoological Society's Museiwi, 1855. 58.5.14.11. Antlers. Circassia; collected by the Lord Ducie. Figured by Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, pi. xxix. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1858. 85. 8. 4. 2. Frontlet and antlers. Trebizond, Asia Minor. Presented hy Consul A. Biliotti, 1885. 87. 12. 22. 4. Frontlet and antlers. Psebai Valley, N.W. Caucasus, 7,000 feet. Presented hy St. George Littlcdalc, Esq., 1887. 89. 10. 6. 1. Single (right) antler. Jarpuz, Beinbighas Mountains, near Albistan, Asia Minor. Described and figured by the present writer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 363, pi. xxx, fig. 1. Presented hy C. G. Danford, Esq., 1889. 92. 3. 16. 3. Skeleton, with antlers. Western Caucasus. Presented hy St. George Littledale, Esq., 1892. 92. 3. 16. 4. Skeleton, female. Same locality. Same history. 2. 6. 2. 6. Skiu. Western Caucasus. Presented hy St. George Littledale, Esq., 1902. 10. 11. 11. 1. Skin, mounted, in early summer coat, with antlers, freshly clean from velvet, of another individual. Caucasus. Length of antlers along outer curve 44^ inches ; basal girth 7 inches. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1910. 10. 11. 11. 2. Skull and antlers of the preceding specimen. Same history. * Lydekker, Field, vol. cxx., p. 1122, 1912. CEEVID.E 129 XVI. CERVUS CANADENSIS. Cervus elaphus canadensis, Erxlehen, Syst. Begn. Anim. vol. i, p. 305, 1777 ; Kerr, Linn.'s Anim. Kingdom, p. 299, 1792. Cervus canadensis, Schreber, Sdugthiere, vol. v, pi. ccxlvi, A, 1783 ; F. Cuvicr, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. i, pis. 95 and 96, 1820 ; Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 433, 1822 ; Cuvier, Ossemens Fossilcs, ed. 2, p. 27, 1823 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Aniinal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 96, 1827 ; Jardine, Naturalisfs Lihr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 156, pi. ix, 1835; Lesso)i, Nouv. Tahl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 171, 1842; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mas. p. 177, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 226, List Osteol. Brit. Mas. p. 65, 1847, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 193, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 68, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 257, 1873; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. iv, pis. 345 and 346, 1848 ; Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vi, p. 386, 1852 ; Baird, N. Amer. Mamm. p. 638, 1857 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 257, 1862 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 342, 1872 ; Caton, Antelojpe and Deer of N. America, p. 77, 1877, ed. 2, p. 77, 1884; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 913; Merriam, Mammals of Adirondacls, p. 143, 1884; True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. vii, p. 592, 1855 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pfc. ii, p. 208, 1884; Flower and LydeliJcer, Study of Mammals, p. 322, 1891 ; MerricTi, Mamm. Minnesota, p. 278, 1892; Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 207; Nitsche, Studien ilber Hirsche, pi. vi, 1898 ; Lydvhher, Deer of All Lands, p. 94, pi. vi, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 51, 1901 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. America {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii), p. 34, 1901, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. {ibid. vol. viii) p. 43, 1907; Stone and Cram, American Mammals, p. 31, 1903; Holding, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. i, p. 131 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 39, 1910, ed, 7, 39, 1914 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 384, 1912 ; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 130, 1912. Cervus wapiti, Barton, Journ. Med. and Phys. Philadelphia, vol. iii, p. 36, 1808 ; Leach, Journ. Phys. vol. Ixxxv, p. 67, 1818. Cervus major, Ord, Guthrie's Geography, p. 292, 1815. Cervus (Elaphus) canadensis, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. V, p. 308, 1827. Cervus strongyloceros,i?tc7(aiY7son, Fauna Bor. -Amer., Mamm. vol. i, p. 251, 1828 ; Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, pi. xxxvi, 1850. Elaphus canadensis, De Kay, Zool. New Yorh, vol. i, p. 118, 1842. Cervus (Strongyloceros) canadensis, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 193, 1852. Strongyloceros canadensis, Fltzinger, Sitzber. h. ATi. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixvii, pt. 1, p. 350, 1873, vol. Ixix, pt. i, p. 556, 1874. Cerv'us maral canadensis, Severtzow, Turkestan. Jevotnie, 1873, p. 103, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 386, 1876. Wapiti : miscalled Elk in America. Typical locality Eastern Canada. Size very large, shoulder-height reaching 5 feet 4 inches, IV. K 130 CATALOGUE OP UNGULATES Antlers very large, with more than five tines, curving back- wards, and much flattened in the upper half; bez-tine present, fourth tine longer than all the others, and with the' fifth, which is also long, forming a nearly symmetrical fork, the fourth, fifth, and sixth tines being situated nearly in the Fig. 24. — Head of Wapiti (Ccrvios canadensis). same plane as the portion of the beam immediately below them, so as more or less nearly to occlude one another when viewed from the front ; brow-tine rising close to the burr, and approximately equal in length to the bez ; crown normally not cupped ; rump-patch very large ; throat-fringe greatly developed ; tail very short ; ears about half the length CERVID^ 131 of head ; face rather short ; general colour in summer yellowish brown, sometimes with a reddish tinge ; neck and under-parts varying from dark brown to blackish; and in winter contrasting sharply with the straw-colour of the bleached coat of tlie back ; limbs generally chestnut-brown. The distributional area includes North America and Central and North-eastern Asia. The following is a " key " to the American races : — A. Size larger. a. Smaller and lighter-coloured, with lighter antlers C. c. canadensis. h. Larger and darker, with heavier ajitlers C. c. occidentalis. c. Nose darker, and head and legs redder than in a, but not so dark as in b; skull moi-e massive than in either a or 6 C. c. mcrriaini, B. Size smaller C. c. nannodes. The Asiatic races are not sufficiently well known, as a whole, to admit of their being tabulated in this manner. ^A.— Cervus canadensis canadensis. Cervus canadensis typicus, LydeJcker, Deer of All Lands, p. 96, 1898 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed, 6, p. 40, 1910, ed. 7, p. 40, 1914. Cervus canadensis canadensis, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm, p. 385, 1912. Wapiti. Typical locality Eastern Canada. General characters those of the species. The range extends southwards and westwards to include the Eocky Mountains. 690, b, c, (■}■, d. Four frontlets, with antlers. North America. No history. 690, /. Single antler of an immature stag. Shed in Zoological Society's Gardens, May, 1863. Purchased {Zoological Society), ahout 1863. 53. 8. 29. 43. Skin, young, mounted, from a stag born in London. Puixhased {Zoological Society), 1853. 58. 6. 9. 19. Skull, with antlers. North America. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1858. 76. 3. 15. 1. Skeleton, with antlers. Yellowstone Park. Purchased {H. Ward), 1876. K 2 132 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 84. 5. 28. 1. Skin, mounted. Yellowstone. Purchased (H. Ward), 187G. 11. 3. 28. 1. Body-sldn. Gros Ventre Basin, N.W. Wyoming. Presented hi) the Hon. L. V. Kaf/-Shuttleworth, 1911. '*' B.— Cepvus canadensis occidentalis. Cervus occidentalis, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 101, vol. V, p. 308, 1827; Jardine, Naturalist's Lihr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 139, 1835 ; Lesson, Nonv. Tahl. Begne Anim., Mamm. p. 171, 1842 ; Stone and Cram, American Mammals, p. 34, 1903. Elaphus occidentalis, Swainson, Classif. Quadrupeds, p. 292, 1835. Cervus canadensis occidentalis, Bhjth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 618 ; Lydclker, Deer of All Lands, p. 101, 1898, Great and Small Game of Euroiw, etc. p. 56, 1901 ; Elliot, Zool. Pub. Field Mns. vol. i, p. 269, 1899, Synop. Mamm. N. Anier. {Zool. Pub. Field Mus. vol. ii) p. 34, 1901, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (op. cit. vol. viii) p. 44, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 44, 1910, ed. 7, p. 44, 1914 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 385, 1912. Strongyloceros occidentalis, Fitzinger, Sitzber. li. Alt-. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 563, 1874. Cervus roosevelti, -Me^Ttrtw, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xi, p. 271, 1897. Typical locality the Pacific coast of North America. Larger and darker-coloured than typical race, with heavier antlers. The distributional area includes the Coast Range of Washington, Oregon, and Northern California. G90, a. Frontlet and antlers. San Diego, California. ■Presented by C. I'entland, Esq. 98. 2. 26. 1. Skull, with antlers. Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Presented hy H. J. Eltoes, Esci, 1898. C— Cervus canadensis merriami. Cervus merriami, Nelson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 7, 1902 ; Stone and Cram, American Mammals, p. 34, 1903 ; Elliot, Chech-List Mamm. N. Amer. {Zool. Pub. Field Mus. vol. vi) p. 42, 1905 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 385, 1912. Typical locality Black Eiver Valley, White Mountains, Arizona. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Nose darker and head and lim1)s redder tlian in typical CEUVID/E loo race, although not so dark as in occidcntalis ; tines of antlers less curved than in typical race ; nasals broader and flatter ; upper series of cheek-teeth stouter and more curved. V D.— Cervus canadensis nannodes. (?) Cervus maral califoruica, Sevcrfzow, Turhestan. Javotnie, 1873, p. 103, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 386, 1876. Cervus nannodes, Mcrriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. WasJiington, vol. xviii, p. 83, 1905; Elliot, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. {Zool. Puh. Field Mus. vol. vi) p. 42, 1905 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamni. p. 385, 1912. Typical locality Buttonwillow, Kern County, California. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Size smaller and legs relatively shorter than in any of the preceding races ; general colour pale and rump-patch small in comparison with that of other races. There are also skull-differences. Tlie range appears to l)e mainly, if not entirely, restricted to the San Joaquin Valley, l^ut formerly included the higher ridges of the White and Mogollon Mountains of Arizona and New Mexico. No specimen in collection. ^E.— Cervus canadensis xanthopygus. Cervus elaplius, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. p. 216, 1811 ; SchrencJ,-, Beis. unil Forsch. im Amur-Lande, vol. i, p. 171, 1851 ; Baddc, Beise Siid-Ost-Siherien, pt. i, p. 284, 1862 ; nee Linn. Cervus xanthopygus, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. ser. 5, vol. viii, p. 376, 1869, Bech. Mamm. p. 181, pi. xxi, 1870-74 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. Ti. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 590, 1874 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 68 ; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 81, pi. iii, 1898 ; Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 205, 1898; Allen and Andrews, Ball. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxii, p. 488, 1813. Cervus luhdorfi, Bolau, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, vol. vii, p. 33, pi. iv, 1880 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxxiii, p. 373, 1881 ; Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 209, 1898 (as a synonym of xanthopygus) . Cervus luehdorfi, Sclater, List. Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 263, 1883. Cervus isubra, Noack, Humboldt, vol. viii, p. 6, fig. 5, 1889. Cervus bedfordianus, Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 932, pis. xxxviii and xxxix. Deer of All Lands, p. 101, 1898 (as a synonym of xanthopygus). Cervus canadensis luehdorfi, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 102, 1898. , 134 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Cervus manchuricus typicus. Pousargucs, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 209, 1898. Cervus canadensis xanthopygus, LydeJcker, Great and Small Game of Etcrojjc, etc. p. 70, 1901 ; Ward, Eecords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 48, 1910, ed. 7, p. 48, 1914. ISUBRA. Typical locality Northern Manchuria, pro])ably the Usuri district. Type in Paris Museum. Antlers of a shorter and stouter type than in the Tien- shan race {infra), with the fourth tine relatively smaller in immature individuals, and the portion above it less developed at all ages ; the tips of the fourth and fifth tines in the 5-tined antlers of subadult stags curving towards one another like the " pincers " of a crab. General colour of immature and subadult individuals in summer bright reddish brown, in some cases without a distinct rump-patch, in older animals (luchdorji) browner ; in winter brownish grey, with the dark neck-mane and under-parts of typical wapiti. 97. 12, 23. 1. Head, mounted, and body-skin. Man- churia. Type of C. hedfordianus. Presented hij the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1897. 99. 2. 20. 1. Skin, mounted. Manchuria. Same donor, 1890. 99. 8. 30. 1-3. Three frontlets, with antlers. Sutschan Valley, 280 miles east of Vladivostock, north of Manchuria. These represent the so-called C. luehdorfi. Same liistory. F.— Cervus canadensis baicalensis nom. n. Cervus maral var. sibirica, Severtzoiu, Turkestan. Jevotnic, 1873, p. 109, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 386, 1876 ; * nee Cervus sibiricus, Schrcher, 1784. Cervus canadensis asiaticus, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 102, pi. vi, 1898, partim, Great and Small Game of Eurojje, etc. p. 67, * Severtzow's classification is as follows : — Cervus fuaral (= C. wax>iti). A. Var. Americana. b. Var. Asiatica. a. canadensis. a. sibirica. b. calif ornica. b. songarica. Hitherto the writer has used the name asiaticus for the present race, but he is now of opinion that Severtzow did not intend " Americana " and " Asiatica " to be used as technical names. CERVID^E 135 ICOl, Field, vol. cxi, p. 70, 1908 ; Elwes, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. vol. xxiv, p. 39, 1899 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 47, 1910 ; Mehely, Termt. Kdzl. Budapest, vol. xlii, p. 806, 1910. Cervus sibiricus, Matschie, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1907, p. 222. Cervus canadensis sibiricus, LydeM-er, Field, vol. cxi, p. 70, 1908, as an alternative name ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 47, 1914. Typical locality Sayansk and Baikal Mountains, west of Lake Baikal. Compared with those of the next race, the antlers, according to Matschie, are less stout and lighter in colour, and have the fourth tine inclining outwards instead of inwards, with only a slight bend at the tip, and the beam at this point curving gradually inwards and backwards, with the backward inclination less marked than in the Tien-Shan race. On the front surface of the upper half of the beam there is only one large tine (the fourth), the terminal portion forming a long-handled but short-tined fork. This terminal fork inclines inwards from the line of the summit of the fourth tine, and also somewhat inwards from that of the third tine, while between the third and fourth tines there is no sharp inward angulation of the beam.* The range apparently includes a portion of the Altai, as well as part of the district to the southward of Lake Teletsk, near the sources of the Yenisei (whence the stag figured in The Deer of All Lands probably came). Whether the some- what darker wapiti from the Krasnoyarsk district of the Upper Yenisei is identical with this race, is still uncertain. 78. 11. 21. 24. Antlers. Salair, Altai; collected by Dr. 0. Finsch. By exchange with the Geographical Society of Bremen, 1878. 97. 5. 18. 2. Head-skin. Chuja Steppe, Altai. Presented hy Major C. S. Cvmhcrland, 1897. * The above details (as in the case of several of the other races) are given solely on the authority of Matschie. A mounted specimen of the present race in the Tring Museum appeared to the writer very similar to the undermentioned example of the next race. As a rule, however, the mammals of the Altai are distinct from those of the Tien-Shan. 136 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES i/ G.— Cervus canadensis songaricus. Cervus maral var. songavica, Severtzoiu, Turl-estan. Jevotnie, p. 109, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 386, 1876. Cervus eustephanus, Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 637, Scient. Besults Second Yarhand Mission, Mamm. p. 90, 1875 ; Broohe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 912 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 184, 1891 ; Poiisargues, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1895, p. 266; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 42, 1896; Gillett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii, p. 179; Bentham, Cat. Asiat. Horns and Antlers hid. Mas. p. 66, 1908. Cervns canadensis eustephanus, Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 447. Cervus canadensis asiaticus, LydcJikcr, Deer of All Lands, p. 108, 1898, partim. Cervus xanthopygus eustephanus, Pousargucs, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 211, 1898. Cervus canadensis songaricus, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 59, 1901, Field, vol. cxi, p. 70, 1908; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 45, 1910, ed. 7, p. 45, 1914. Cervus songaricus, Matschie, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freundc, 1907, p. 222. Typical locality the Zungarian Tien-Shan, probably in the neighbourhood of Kulja. Very similar to the typical American race, but apparently distinguished liy the narrower and more orange-coloured rump-patch, not including the middle line of the tail, which is coloured like the back ; the larger amount of black on the borders of the rump-patch, thighs, and flanks, the greyer general colour in summer, and the shorter and stouter fourth tine of the antlers. Compared with those of the other Asiatic races, the antlers are stated by Matschie to be distinguished by their stoutness and the length and massive- ness of their tines, as well as by their dark colour. From the trez-tine the beam inclines slightly inwards towards the root of the fourth tine, which is very large and strongly bent inwards ; at the root of the fourth tine the beam is markedly bent inwards and backwards, all the tines on its front surface being long, stout, parallel, and nearly at right angles to its axis. The upper portion of the antler in fully deve- loped specimens is 3-tined, and placed practically in the same place as the tip of the fourth, and nearly in that of the tip of the third tine. The range includes the Tarlmgatai district. 79. 11. 21. 50-52. Three shed antlers. Tien-Shan; col- CERVID.E 137 lected during the Second Yarkand Mission, under Sir Douglas Forsyth, K.C.S.T., 1873. Co-types of C. custephanics. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 2. 3. 9. 8. Skin, mounted. Eastern Tien-Shan. Presented hy St. George Littkdale, Esq., 1902. 2. 3. 9. 9. Skull and antlers. Same locality. Same liistory. 14. 9. 15. 8. Skin, imperfect. Chik Jirgalan Nulla, Tekkes Valley, Tien-Shan. Presented hy Col. J. W. Abbot Anderson, 1914. H.— Cervus canadensis biedermanni. Cervus asiaticus sibiricus, Elwes, Jonrn. Linn. Sac. 1899, p. 32; nee C. maral sibiriea, Severtzoiv. Cei'vus biedermanni, MatscJiie, Sltzher. Gcs. nut. Freundc, 1907, p. 223. Cervus canadensis biedermanni, LydcTiJcer, Field, vol. cxi, p. 70, 1908 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 48, 1910, ed. 7, p. 48, 1914. Typical locality Lake Teletzk, at the source of the Obi, and Barnaul, somewhat lower down the same valley. According to Matschie's description, the l)eam of the antlers is but slightly curved and forms an almost continuous lino witli the axis of the fourth tine, which is relatively small ; no inward bending occurs till the fourth tine, the tip forms a long-handled fork, and the maximum span occurs at the root of the fourth tine, as in the Sayansk race, but the terminal fork inclines only slightly inwards, so that in a front view it is concealed by the fourth tine, which in sibiricus inclines outwards. No specimen in collection. I. -Cervus canadensis wachei. Cervns wachei, iVoac^-, ^ooZ. An;:, vol. xxv, p. 145, 1902; Matschic, Sitzher. Gcs. nat. Freunde, 1907, p. 228. Cervus canadensis wachei, LydchJicr, Field, vol. cxi, p. 70, 1908. Typical locality Shingielt Valley, in the neighbourhood of the Black Irtish, Kobdo, Eastern Zungaria. Distinguished, according to Matschie, from the three 138 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES preceding races by the very strong incurving of the upper portion of the stout beam of the antlers, in consequence of which the base of the terminal fork is situated in nearly the same plane as the root of the trez-tine ; the latter strongly bent upwards and inwards and separated by a shorter interval from the fourth tine than it is from the bez-tine ; while the fourth tine conceals the terminal fork, wliich consists of two sub-equal prongs mounted upon a relatively short shaft. No specimen in collection. y J.— Cervus canadensis bactrianus. Cervus bactrianus, LydckJcer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. v, p. 196, 1900. Cervus hagenbecki, SJiitkotu, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. xx, p. 91, 1905 ; = bactrianus, Satunin, Zanucoh. Kauhas. Oind. vol. xxv, p. 38, 1905. Cervus canadensis bactrianus, Lydekkcr, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii, p. 79 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 47, 1908, ed. 7, p. 47, 1914. Typical locality Russian Turkistan, probably Bokhara. In the under-mentioned specimen the whole margin of the upper lip is light-coloured, instead of only the front ]3ortion and a patch beside the nostrils, as in the Tien-Shan and Canadian races ; and the dark patch on each side of the lower lip does not extend downwards to join a larger patch on the chin, as in those races, the whole chin being light- coloured. General colour light grey. 2. 3. 19. 1. Head, mounted. Chenkend, Turkestan. Presented hj the Duke of Bedford, E.G., 1902. K.— Cervus canadensis wardi. Cervus canadensis wardi, Lydekl