UC-NRLF SB 3MS 132 FENCES WILLIAM DILLER MATTHEW PRESENTED BY The Trustees OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM CATALOGUE OF THK UNGULATE MAMMALS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). VOL. IV. •.-,.//•,., ABTIODACTYLA, FAMILIES CEEVID^E (DEER), TKAGULID^ (CHEVBOTAINS), CAMELIDJE (CAMELS AND LLAMAS), SULD/E (PIGS AND PECCARIES), AND HIPPOPOTAMLD7E (HIPPOPOTAMUSES). By R. LYDEKKER, F.R.S. LONDON : PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. SOLD BY LONGMANS, GREEN & Co., 39, PATERNOSTER Bow, LONDON, E.G. B. QUARITCH, 11, GRAPTON STREET, NEW BOND STREET, LONDON, W. DULAU & Co., LTD., 37, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W. THE MIDLAND EDUCATIONAL Co., LTD., CORPORATION STREET, BIRMINGHAM, AND AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W. 1915. (All rights reserved.} :* ;••„ ' •• : : . * • . « ' ^ */^"»0 .» »> u « EARTH ^OENCE k.UBRARY LONDON : TRIXTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.K., AND GRKAT WINDMILL STREET, W. PKEFACE THE preparation of the fourth Volume of Ungulate Mammals was nearing completion when its author was struck down by the illness that proved fatal. With his characteristic devotion to work, he hardly allowed this to make any difference, under circumstances when most men would have considered themselves unfit for mental effort. It would perhaps have been better if the patient had allowed himself to rest, but the correction of the proofs went on until the task was completed, only two or three days before the end came, on April 16th. Mr. Lydekker, although not a member of the permanent staff, had been officially connected with the Museum since 1884. Only those who have seen the work from the inside will be able to realise the extent and the value of his services to the Museum, where his colleagues have the remembrance of a long and highly successful period of help unremittingly and ungrudgingly given. The present Volume includes the families Cervidre, Tragulidae, Camelidse, Suidse and Hippopotamidse, thus completing the Artiodactyla. Like its predecessors, it has been prepared by Mr. Lydekker. It was hoped that the Catalogue would be completed shortly by the publication of a fifth Volume, including the Perissodactyla, the Hyracoidea, and the Proboscidea, together with addenda to the earlier volumes. It is not possible at present to state whether this intention can be carried out. SIDNEY F. HAEMEE, Keeper of Zoology. BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), LONDON, S.W. April 19th, 1915. 808432 I INTRODUCTION IN the preparation of this volume I liave not had the valuable assistance of Mr. 1 Maine, wlio, for the first portion of the period, was away on a hunting- trip in Africa, and during the remainder was serving his King and country in the war. As in the case of the previous volumes, I am greatly indebted to Mr. 0. Thomas for reading the proofs, and using his unrivalled knowledge of individual specimens and their localities to correct errors which had crept into the text. In the present volume my debt to him is still greater, for being myself incapacitated by illness from coining to London during the time the proofs were passing through the press, the drudgery of filling up omissions in the references to literature fell to his share. It may be added that I cannot but regret the appearance in the text of such ugly, ungrammatical, or absurd terms as "tunjuc," • " Oclocoileus," ' ' and " Hippocamelus," f — terms which would never have been admitted by the past generation of naturalists, from whose instruction and writings I derived the basis of my zoological knowledge. According, however, to modern views on nomenclature — views largely attribut- able to the decline in the study of the classics characteristic of the present age — such usage is practically compulsory. In one case, however, namely, that of the Kashmir stag, I could not bring myself to replace a classically-formed name by one of these ill-sounding barbarisms. E. LYPEKKER. M'nrrh IQth, 1915. * Applied to a subfossil deer's tooth, which, in the then state of knowledge, should have been described as Cervus. f Given on the supposition that the Chilian guemal was inter- mediate between a horse and a llama. CONTENTS I'AOE PREFACE . ..... . . iii INTRODUCTION v ORDER UNGULATA. SUBORDER I. — ARTIODACTYLA (continued}. SECTION A. — PECORA (continued}. FAMILY IV.— CERVIDJE 1 SUBFAMILY i.— MOSCHIN^ . . 3 \ I. GENUS MOSCHUS ..... .3 MOSCHUS MOSCHIFERUS ...... 4 A. — Moschus moschiferus moschiferus . . 5 B. — Moschus moschiferus sifanicus ... 7 C. — Moschus moschiferus parvipes ... 8 SUBFAMILY ii. — CERVINJE ..... 8 II. GENUS MUNTIACUS . . .10 I. MUNTIACUS MUNTJAK ... .11 A. — Muntiacus muntjak muntjak ... 14 B. — Muntiacus muntjak moschatus ... 15 C. — Muntiacus muntjak bancanus ... 15 D. — Muntiacus muntjak pleiharicus ... 16 E. — Muntiacus muntjak rubidus . . 16 F. — Muntiacus muntjak robinsoni . . 18 G. — Muntiacus muntjak peninsulse ... 18 H. — Muntiacus muntjak curvostylis . . .19 I. — Muntiacus muntjak grandicornis . 20 J. — Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis ... 21 K. — Muntiacus muntjak aureus ... 24 L. — Muntiacus muntjak malabaricus . . 24 M. — Muntiacus muntjak, subsp. . . 25 II. MUNTIACUS LACRYMANS ..... 25 A. — Muntiacus lacrymans lacryrnans . . 26 B. — Muntiacus lacrymans sclateri ... 26 C. — Muntiacus lacrymans teesdalei . . . 27 Y111 CONTENTS PAGK III. MUNTIACDS REEVESI ..... 27 A. — Muntiacus reevesi -reeves! .... 28 B. — Muntiacus reevesi pingshiangicus . . 30 C. — Muntiacus reevesi micrurus . . .80 IV. MUNTIACUS SINENSIS . . . . .31 V. MUNTIACUS FE.E ...... 32 VI. MUNTIACUS CRINIFRONS . . .33 III. GENUS ELAPHODUS . . . . . .34 ELAPHODUS CEPHALOPHUS ..... 34 A. — Elaphodus cephaloplms cephalophus . . 35 B. — Elaphodus cephalophus michianus . . 36 C. — Elaphodus cephalophus fociensis . . 38 D. — Elaphodus cephalophus ichangensis . . 39 IV. GENUS DAMA 40 I. DAMA DAMA ....... 42 II. DAMA MESOPOTAMIA ..... 45 V. GENUS CERVUS ....... 46 1. SUBGENUS Axis ...... 48 I. CERVUS (Axis) AXIS . . . .49 A.— Cervus axis axis ..... 51 B. — Cervus axis ceylonensis .... 53 2. SUBGENUS HYELAPHUS . . . . .54 II. CERVUS (HYELAPHUS) PORCINUS ... 54 A. — Cervus porcinus porcinus . . . .56 B. — Cervus porcinus ancarniticus ... 58 III. CERVUS (HYELAPHUS) CALAMIANENSIS . . 59 3. SUBGENUS Bus A . . . . . .60 IV. CERVUS (RusA[?J) KUHLI .... 61 V. CERVUS (RUSA) ALFKEDI .... 62 VI. CERVUS (RUSA) TJMORIENSIS .... 63 A. — Cervus timoriensis timoriensis ... 65 B.— Cervus timoriensis moluccensis . . .65 C. — Cervus timoriensis tunjuc .... 66 VII. CERVUS (RUSA) TAVISTOCKI .... 70 VIII. CERVUS (RusA) UNICOLOR .... 70 A. — Cervus unicolor uiiicolor . . .74 B. — Cervus unicolor equinus .... 78 C. — Cervus unicolor brookei .... 80 D. — Cervus unicolor swinhoei . . . .81 E.— Cervus unicolor dejeani . . . .82 OONTBNTS ix i- v;i: F.— Cervus unicolor mariannus . . . 83 G. — Cervus unicolor philippinus . . 84 H. — Cervus unicolor basilanensis . . . 85 I. — Cervus unicolor barandanus . . . 85 J. — Cervus unicolor francianus . . . 85 K. — Cervus unicolor nigricans . . . . NTENTS XV PAGE (I. — Sus scrofa lybicus ..... 316 H.— Sus scrofa attila 316 I. — Sus scrofa nigripes . . . . * . 317 J. — Sus scrofa moupinensis .... 317 II. SUS CRISTATUS ...... 318 A. — Sus cristatus cristatus .... 319 B. — Sus cristatus jubatus .... 320 C. — Sus cristatus jubatulus .... 320 III. SUS LEUCOMYSTAX ...... 321 A. — Sus leucomystax leucomystax . . . 322 B. — Sus leucomystax taivamiK .... 322 IV. Sus VITTATUS . . . . • . .323 A. — Sus vittatus vittatus ..... 325 B.— Sus vittatus milleri 325 C. — Sus vittatus floresianus .... 325 D. — Sus vittatus andamanensis . . . 326 E. — Sus vittatus nicobaricus .... 327 F. — Sus vittatus peninsularis .... 327 G. — Sus vittatus rhionis . . . . 327 H. — Sus vittatus andersoni .... 328 I. — Sus vittatus niadensis .... 328 J. — Sus vittatus babi ..... 328 K. — Sus vittatus natunensis .... 329 L. — Sus vittatus mimus ..... 329 M. — Sus vittatus timoriensis .... 329 V. SUS CELEBENSIS ...... 331 A. — Sus celebensis celebensis .... 332 B. — Sus celebensis nehringi .... 333 C. — Sus celebensis philippensis . . . 333 D. — Sus celebensis minutus .... 334 E. — Sus celebensis mindanensis . . . 334 F. — Sus celebensis amboinensis . . . 335 G. — Sus celebensis ceramicus .... 335 H. — Sus celebensis borneensis .... 336 Incertfe Sedis 336 VI. Sus VERRUCOSUS 336 VII. SUS BARBATUS 338 A. — Sus barbatus barbatus .... 340 B. — Sus barbatus gargantua .... 341 C. —Sus barbatus oi 341 D. — Sus barbatus ahaenobarbus . . . 342 E. — Sus barbatus balabacensis . . . . 342 F. — Sus barbatus calamianensis . . . 343 2. SUBGENUS PORCULA ...... 343 VIII. SUS (PORCULA) SALVANIUS .... 343 IV. b XVI CONTENTS PAGE II. GENUS BABIRUSSA . . . . . . 344 BABIRUSSA BABYEUSSA. ..... 345 A. — Babirussa babyrussa babyrussa . . . 345 B. — Babirussa babyrussa celebensis . . . 346 III. GENUS POTAMOCHCERUS ..... 348 I. POTAMOCHCERUS LARVATUS .... 349 A. — Potamochcerus larvatus larvatus . . 350 B. — Potamochcerus larvatus hova . . . 350 II. POTAMOCHCERUS CHCEROPOTAMUS . . . 350 A. — Potaniochcerus'chceropotamus chceropotamus 352 B. — Potamochcerus chceropotamus maschona . 353 C. — Potamochcerus chceropotamus daenionis . 354 D. — Potamochcerus chceropotamus nyasae . . 354 E. — Potamochcerus chceropotamus johnstoni . 355 F. — Potamochcerus chceropotamus keniae . . 356 III. POTAMOCHCERUS HASSAMA . . . .357 IV. POTAMOCHCERUS POROUS .... 357 A. — Potamochcerus porcus porcus . . . 358 B. — Potamochcerus porcus pictus . . . 359 C. — Potamochcerus porcus ubangensis . . 360 D. — Potamochcerus porcus albifrons . . . 361 E. — Potamochcerus porcus congicus . . . 361 V. POTAMOCHCERUS INTERMEDIUS . . . 361 IV. GENUS HYLOCHCERUS ...... 362 HYLOCHCERUS MEINERTZHAGENI .... 363 A. — Hylochcerus meinertzhageni meinertzhageni 864 B. — Hylochoerus meinertzhageni rimator . . 364 V. GENUS PHACOCHCERUS ...... 365 PHACOCHCERUS JETHIOPICUS ..... 366 A. — Phacochcerus aethiopicus aethiopicus . . 367 B. — Phacochcerus aethiopicus sundevalli . . 368 C. — Phacochcerus aethiopicus massaicus . . 370 D. — Phacochcerus sethiopicus delamerei . .371 E. — Phacochcerus aethiopicus aeliani . . .371 F. — Phacochcerus aethiopicus fossor . . . 372 G. — Phacochcerus aethiopicus bufo . . . 372 H. — Phacochcerus aethiopicus africanus . . 373 SUBFAMILY ii. — DICOTYLIN^E ...... 374 VI. GENUS DICOTYLES 374 1. SUBGENUS DICOTYLES ..... 375 I. DICOTYLES PECARI ..... 375 A.— Dicotyles pecari pecari V . . . 376 B. — Dicotyles pecari ringens .... 378 C. — Dicotyles pecari spiradens . . . 378 CONTENTS XV11 PAGE 2. SUBUENUS PECAKI ...... 379 II. DICOTYLES (PKCAHI) TAJ AC c .... 879 A. — Dicotyles tajacu tajacu .... 380 B. — Dicotyles tajacu torvus .... 382 C. — Dicotyles tajacu niger .... 382 III. DICOTYLES (PECARI) ANOULATUS . . . 383 A. — Dicotyles angulatus angulatus . . . 383 B. — Dicotyles angulatus sonoriensis . . . 384 C. — Dicotyles angulatus humeralis . . . 384 D. — Dicotyles angulatus crassus . . . 385 E. — Dicotyles angulatus yucatanensis . . 385 F. — Dicotyles angulatus crusnigrum . . . 385 G. — Dicotyles aDgulatus nanus . . . 386 FAMILY II. — HIPPOPOTAMID^: ...... 386 I. GENUS HIPPOPOTAMUS ...... 386 HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS 387 A. — Hippopotamus amphibius amphibius . . 389 B. — Hippopotamus amphibius tschadensis . 390 C. — Hippopotamus amphibius kiboko . . 391 D. — Hippopotamus amphibius constrictus . 391 E. — Hippopotamus amphibius australis . . 392 II. GENUS CHCEROPSIS 392 CHCEROPSIS LIBERIENSIS ..... 393 INDEX 395 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Fig. 1 .—Lower Front Teeth of Elk (Alces alecs) . (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe) .... 2 ,, 2. — Skull of Musk-Deer (Mosclius moschiferus) . . 6 ,, 3. — Head of Indian Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak vagin- alis). (From a photograph lent by the Bombay Natural History Society) ..... 13 „ 4.— Skull and Antlers of Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) . 14 ,, 5. — Skull and Antlers of Eeeves's Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and Bridgeman's Muntjac (M. sinensis). (From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910) ... 29 -Head of Ningpo Tufted Deer (Elapliodus cepJialophus michianus). (From Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876) 35 -Side View of Skull of Ningpo Tufted Deer (Elaphodus ceplialoplius michianns) . (From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904) . . . . ' . . .37 -Front View of Skulls of Ningpo and Ichang Tufted Deer. (From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904) . 38 -Side View of Skull of Ichang Tufted Deer (Elaphodus ceplialoplius icJiangensis). (From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904) 39 ,, 10. — Palatal Aspect of Skull of Fallow Deer (Dama dama). (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe) . .41 ,, 11. — Lower Front Teeth of Fallow Deer (Dama dama). (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe) . . 41 -Head of Persian Fallow Deer (Dama mesopotamica) . 46 -Lower Front Teeth of Ked Deer (Cervus elaphus). (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe) . . 47 ,, 14. — Skull and Antlers of Chital (Cervus [Axis] axis) . 50 ,, 15. — Skull and Antlers of Hog-Deer (Cervus [Hyelaphus] porcinus) ........ 55 ,, 16. — Frontlet and Antlers of Javan Eusa (Cervus [Rusa] timoriensis tunjitc). (From a specimen in the collection of Sir E. G. Loder, Bart.) ... 68 17.— Skull and Antlers of Sambar (Cervus [Rusa] unicolor) 72 ., 18. — Head of Swamp -Deer (Cervus [Rucervus] duvauceli). (From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899). . 95 xx LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Fig. 19. — Skull and Antlers of Schomburgk's Deer (Cervus [Rucervus] schomburgJci) . (From a photograph lent by Messrs. Eowland Ward, Ltd.) ... 98 ,, 20. — Head of Thamin (Cervus [Rucervus] eldi) . . . 101 ,, 21. — Head of Dybowski's Deer (Cervus [Sika\ liortulorum). (From a photograph by the Duchess of Bedford) . 113 -Palatal Aspect of Skull of Bed Deer (Cervus elaphus}. (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe) . .119 -Antlers of Eastern Red Deer, or Maral (Cervus elaphus maral) ..... ... 127 ,, 24. — Head of Wapiti (Cervtts canadensia) .... 180 ,, 25. — Skull and Antlers of Yarkand Stag (Cervus ijark&nd- ensis) ......... 140 ,, 26. — Skull and Antlers of Sikhim Shou (Cervus wallichi affinis] 143 ,, 27. — Head of Hangul (Cervus cashmiriensis) . . . 148 ,, 28. — Head and Neck of Thorold's Deer (Cervus albirostris] 150 ,, 29. — Head of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) . (From a photograph lent by Mr. E. S. Cameron) . 157 ,, 30. — Pampas Deer (Blastocerus bezoarticus) . . . 190 ,, 31. — Head of Chilian Guemal (Hippocamelus bisulcus). (From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899) . . 195 -Skull of Pudu (Pudupudu) . - . . . .216 -Palatal Aspect of Skull of Roe (Capreolus capreolus). (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe] . . 220 ,, 34. — Lower Front Teeth of Roe (Capreolus capreolus). (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe) . . 220 „ 35.— Palatal Aspect of Skull of Elk (Alces alces). (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe) . . . 231 ,, 36. — Side View of Head of American Elk, or Moose (Alces alces americanus). (From a specimen in the posses- sion of Mr. J. K. Paisley, of Ottawa) . . . 235 — Muzzle of American Elk (Alces alces americanus) . 236 — Muzzle of Ontario Elk (Alces alces columbce). (From the type specimen, in the collection of Capt. E. C. Hamilton) . . . ... . .237 „ 39.— Front View of Head of Alaskan Elk, or Moose (Alces alces gigas] ......... 238 ,, 40. — Lower Front Teeth of Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe) . . 240 ,, 41. — Side View of Skull and Antlers of Novaya Zernlyan Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus pearsoni) . . . 245 ,, 42. — Front View of Head of Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou], with the antlers in "velvet" . 247 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS \\i PAAl Fig. 43. — Side View of Skull and Antlers of Mountain Caribou (Ranaifer tarandus montaniis'). (From '1th Report of New York Zoological Society) .... 250 „ 44. — Side View of Skull and Antlers of Barren-Ground Caribou (Rangifer tarandus arcticus). (From 1th Report of Nciv York Zoological Society) . . 255 ,. 45. — Skull of Chinese Water-Deer (Hydropotes inermis) . 259 .. 46. — Skull of Indian Chevrotain (Tragtilus meminna) . 263 ., 47.— Right Upper and Lower Cheek-Teeth of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa). (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe] 309 ,, 48. — Transverse Sections of Lower Canines of Sus scrofa and S. verrucosu*. (From Stehlin) . . . 310 .. 49. —Side View of Skull, with the lower jaw detached, of Wild Boar (Sits scrofa). (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe) 311 „ 50.— Frontal and Palatal Aspects of Skull of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa). (From Miller, Cat. Ma mm. Western Europe) 312 ,, 51. — Skull of Babirusa (Babirussa babyrussa celebensis). (From Gray, Hand-List of Thick-skinned Mam- mals) 347 ,, 52. — Skull of Southern Bush-Pig (Potamochoerus chcero- potamus). (From Gray, Hand-List of Thick- skinned Mammals) ...... 352 „ 53.— Skull of Camerun Bush-Pig, or Bed Biver-Hog (Potamochoerus porcuspictns). (From Gray, Hand- List of Thick -skinned 'Mammals) . . . . 359 ,, 54. — Head of Wart-Hog (Phacochoerus cethiopicus) . . 367 ,, 55. — Palatal Aspect of Skull and Lower Jaw of Hippo- potamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) . . . 388 .. 56. — Fore-feet of Pigmy Hippopotamus (Chceropsis liberi- ensis) and Ordinary Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus ampJiibins). (From Pocock, The Field, 1913) . 394 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATE S. VOL. IV. ?'•£ : ||:r.:;::. SUBORDER ARTIODACTYLA (continued). SECTION A. — PECORA (continued). FAMILY IV.— CERVID.E. PECORA, in which the cranial appendages — generally restricted to the males, and in a few cases absent even in that sex — take the form of (usually) branched, bony, solid, deciduous antlers, supported on permanent skin-covered pedicles arising from the frontal bones; upper canines generally present, very long in those genera which lack antlers in both sexes ; lower canines with simple, uncleft crowns (fig. 1) ; cheek-teeth generally low-crowned (brachyo- dont); lateral toes generally present, with the constituent bones fully developed ; lateral metacarpals wanting either upper or lower ends ; * gall-bladder nearly always wanting ; placenta with few cotyledons. In all cases, with the possible exception of Moschus, there are two pairs of teats, and inguinal glands are invari- ably wanting. Face-glands are nearly always present (absent in Capreolm) ; tarsal, metatarsal, and interdigital * The term plesiometacarpalian is applied to those genera in which the upper ends of the lateral metacarpals persist, and telemeta- carpalian to those in which the reverse condition obtains. IV. B 2 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES glands in the hind-feet may be present, and in the Virginian deer there are also interdigital glands in the fore-feet. In the Old World the range extends from the neighbour- hood of the Arctic Circle southwards to the Mediterranean islands, the extreme north-west of Africa, the Malay Archi- pelago, and the Philippines : in the New World it includes the entire mainland of North and South America. .The precise eastern limits of the family in the Austro-Malay area cannot FIG. 1.— LOWER FRONT TEETH OF ELK (Alces alces). From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe. be defined, owing to the transportation by the Malays of species from one island to another. The family is divisible into the two following subfamily groups .:— A. Liver with a gall-bladder ; a caudal gland in male ; no face-glands, foot-glands, or antlers Moschince. B. Liver without a gall-bladder ; no caudal gland ; face- glands,* foot-glands,f at least in hind-limbs, and antlers J usually present Cervinw. * Wanting in Capreolus. f Wanting in Pudu. ^ Wanting in Hydrogotes, CEKVIDvE SUBFAMILY i.— MOSCHIN^E. Liver with a gall-bladder; in skull the canal situated within margin of eye-sockets, and leading into nose-chamber, with only a single orifice ; no face-glands or lachrymal pits below eyes ; hemispheres of brain comparatively smooth, with few convolutions ; antlers wanting ; no foot-glands, but a large caudal and a preputial gland in males. The distribution extends from Gilgit over a large area in Central and North-eastern Asia, including Cochin China, Amurland, and Korea. Following Fitzinger, Pocock regards this group as of family rank (Moscliidce), a view which has much to be said in its favour, as the single genus is in several respects intermediate between the Bovidce and the typical Cervidce. I. Genus MOSCHUS. Moschus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 66, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 91, 1766; Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 159 ; Garrod, ibid. 1877, p. 287 ; Rutimcyer, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 19, 1881 ; Elan ford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 551, 1891 ; LydeJcJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 311, 1898; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 937. Odontodorcas, Gistel, Naturgcsch. Thierreichs, p. 82, 1848. Build stout and heavy, with the limbs, especially the hind-pair, long and thick, and the rump elevated ; hair coarse, thick, brittle, minutely waved, and in structure resembling pith ; ears large ; upper canines greatly developed in males, and projecting far below the level of the lips, in females much smaller ; no tarsal or metatarsal glands or tufts ; lateral metacarpals represented by their lower extremities; main hoofs narrow and pointed, lateral hoofs large and functional ; tail very short in males, terminating in a tuft and glandular, in the females evenly haired throughout ; naked portion of muzzle large and completely surrounding nostrils. Distribution co-extensive with that of subfamily. CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES MOSCHUS MOSCHIFERUS. Moschus moschiferus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 66, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 91, 1766 ; Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. xiii, p. 29, pi. iv, 1780, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. p. 108, 1811 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 61, vol. v, p. 307, 1827 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 63, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 172. 1843, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 244, 1852, Cat. Rumi- nants Brit. Mus. p. 96, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 166, 1873 ; Hutton, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. vi, p. 935, 1837 ; Hodgson, ibid. vol. xvi, p. 693, 1847, vol. xvii, pt. 2, p. 486, 1848 ; Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 328 ; Schrenk, Reis. u. Forsch. Amurland, Sdugeth. p. 161, 1859 ; Radde, Reis. Slid- Ost. Siber., Sdugeth. p. 274, 1862; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 269, 1862 ; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 157, 1863 ; Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 4, vol. ii. p. 119, 1874, Rech. Mamm. p. 176, 1874 ; Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 266, 1867 ; Kinloch, Large Game Shooting, p. 41, 1869 ; David, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vii, Bull. p. 75, 1871 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 522 ; Flower, ibid. 1875, p. 159 ; Przeivalski, Reise Mongolia, pp. 174 and 240, 1875; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 287 ; Lydekker, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 286, 1877, Horns and Hoofs, p. 330, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 311, 1898, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 247, 1900, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 268, 1901, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 266, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 40, 1913 ; Scully, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 209; Forbes, ibid. 1882, p. 636; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 283, 1884 ; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 494, 1884 ; Biiehner, Melanges Biol. vol. xiii, p. 163, 1890 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 172, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 552, 1891 ; Flower and- Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 314, 1891 ; Pousar- gues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 189, 1898 ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xix, p. 129, 1903 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (Zool. Pub. Field Mus. vol. viii) p. 38, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 114, 1910, ed. 7, p. 112. 1914 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 937; Sulima, Nasa ochota, St. Petersb. vol. xlviii, p. 40, 1910 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1911, p. 150; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 129, 1912 ; Aoki, Annot. Zool. Japon. vol. viii, p. 344, 1913 ; Dods- worth, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxii, p. 748, 1914. MUSK-DEER; KASTURA. Typical locality " Tatary, approaching China." Typically height at shoulder about 20 inches, at ruinp 2 inches more. General colour some shade of rich dark brown, more or less mottled and speckled with light grey, the individual hairs being white for about three-quarters of their length, then with a white band, followed by a blackish tip ; under-parts and inner side of limbs paler ; chin, inner CERVIDJS 5 border of ears, and inside of thighs whitish; in some instances a white spot on each side of the throat. The following three forms have been recognised as distinct : — A. Size larger ; feet and hoofs large. a. Ears coloured like back M. m. moschiferus . b. Ears largely or wholly black externally M. m. sifanicus. B. Size smaller ; feet and hoofs small M. m. parvipes. A.— Moschus mosehiferus mosehiferus. Moschus sibiricus, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. xiii, p. 29, 1780 ; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 243, 1852 ; Gerrard. Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 269, 1862. Moschus altaicus, Eschscholtz, Isis, 1830, p. 606. Moschus moschiferus altaicus, Brandt, Medicin. Zool. vol. ii, p. 347, 1833. Moschus chrysogaster, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. viii, p. 203, 1839 ; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 245, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 97, 1872 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 269, 1862. Moschus leucogaster, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. viii, p. 203, 1839; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 245, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 96, 1872. Moschus saturatus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. viii, p. 203, 1839. Odontodorcas moschiferus, Gistel, Naturgesch. Thierreichs, p. 82, 1848. Moschus moschiferus fasciatus, Milne -Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 5, vol. ii, p. 119, 1864; Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 96, 1872. Moschus moschiferus maculatus, Milne-Edivards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 5, vol. ii, p. 120, 1864 ; Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 96, 1872. Moschus moschiferus concolor, Milne-Edivards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 5, vol. ii, p. 121, 1864 ; Gray, Cat. Ruminant* Brit. Mus. p. 96, 1872. Typical locality " Tatary, approaching China." General characters those of the species ; ears relatively short, coloured externally like back. 'Even in the Himalayan area considerable individual or local variations in colour are noticeable ; some examples being paler than ordinary, while others tend to the development of a yellowish tinge, especially on the under-parts, and yet others to blackish. The name M. m. clirysogaster is available for the Himalayan form, if, as is probable, this proves to be a distinct race. Allen suggested that the Siberian form might be known as 0 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES M. sibiricus, presumably on the supposition that the Himalaya is the typical locality. 42. 4. 29. 75 (677, a). Skin, mounted, and skull (42. 4. 29. 77). Siberia. Presented by the St. Petersburg Academy, 1842. 42. 4. 29. 75 (67*7,6). Skin, mounted, and skull (42. 4. 27. 78). Siberia. Same history. 43. 1. 12. 93. Skull and skin. Nepal. Type of M. ehrysogaster. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1843. 43.' 1. 12. 94 (678, 6). Skull. Nepal. Same history. G78, a. Skull. Nepal. Same history. FIG. 2. — SKULL OF MUSK-DEER (Moschus moschiferus) . 43. 1. 12. 95. Skull and skin. Nepal. Type of M. leucogaster. Same history. 43. 1. 12. 97 (676, i). Skull. Kachar. Type of " M. ca'charcnsis." Same history. 43. 1. 12. 98 (676, j). Skull. Nepal. Type of M. saturatus. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 327. Skin, immature, mounted. Nepal. Same donor, 1845. 45. 1. 8. 356 (676, a). Skull. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 357 (676,6). Skull. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 12. 458 (676, d). Skeleton. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 12. 449 (676, c). Skeleton. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 12. 555 (676, e). Skeleton. Nepal. Same history. 48. 6. 11. 26 (676, /). Skull. Sikhim. Presented ly B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1848. 55. 1. 20. 9. Skin, mounted. Nepal. Presented by H.H. Maharaja Dhuleep Singh, 1855. 56. 5. 6. 68 (676, h). Skull, immature. Kashmir ; col- lected by W. Theobald, Esq. Presented ly Dr. T. Oldham, 1856. HO. 10. 1. 3 (676,0). Skull. Himalaya. Purchased (Baker), 1856. 676, k. Skull, female. Himalaya (?). No history. 79. 11. 21. 254-5. Two skins. Locality unknown. Transferred from the India Museum, 1879. 81. 3. 1. 4. Skin, young. Basal Gak, Gilgit ; collected by Lieut.-Col. J. Biddulph, July, 1879. Presented ly Dr. J. Scully, 1881.' 91. 8. 7. 221-2. Two skulls. Kashmir. Presented ly A. 0. ffume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 223. Skull. Garhwal. Same history. 91. 10. 7. 124. Skull. Sikhim; collected by L. Man- delli, Esq. Presented ly Dr. W. T. Blanford, 1891. 91. 10. 7. 125. Skull, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 96. 9. 9. 1. Skin, mounted. Amurland ; collected by Herr Dories. Purchased ( Ward), 1896. 97. 4. 3. 4. Skin, female, mounted. From an animal formerly living in the park at Woburn Abbey. Presented ly the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1907. 8. 2. 29. 4. Skull and skin. Kishi JSTala, Garhwal. Presented ly Dr. F. G. Longstaff, 1908. 12. 10. 31. 97. Skull. Garhwal. In this specimen, which stands 7th in Ward's 1910 list, the length of the exposed portion of the upper canine is 3 inches; the maximum recorded length being 4 inches. Bequeathed ly A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 98. Skull. Himalaya. Same history. B. — Moschus moschiferus sifanicus. Moschus sifanicus, Biichner, Melanges Biol. vol. xii, p. 162, 1890 ; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 315, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc., p. 269, 1901 ; Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. 8 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES France, vol. viii, p. 192, 1898 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. xl, p. 205, 1912 ; Wallace, Big Game of Central and Western China, p. 146, 1913. Typical locality Southern Kan-su, Western China. Ears longer than in typical race, and, instead of being similar to the back in colour, more or less completely black, or black at the bases, with broad yellowish tips, and the margins of the upper half with a blackish or brownish band ; internally the margins covered with yellowish hair showing a more or less decided rufous tinge. Skull more massive, and longer in its anterior half; the nasals being narrower, longer, and articulating with only a small portion of the frontals. I. 3. 2. 6. Skull and skin, female. Ichang, Central China. May represent a distinct race. Presented ly F. W. Styan, Esq., 1901. 3. 5. 15. 6. Skull and skin, immature. Sze-chuan, Western China. Same donor, 1903. II. 2. 1. 265. Skull and skin, female. N.W. of Tan- chou, Kan-su ; collected by M..P. Anderson, Esq. Practically a topo-type. Presented ~by the Duke of Bedford, JT.6r., 1911. 11. 9. 8. 144. Skull and skin. Wen-chwan-hsien, Si-ho valley, western Sze-chuan ; same collector. Same history. C.— Moschus mosehiferus parvipes. Moschus parvipes, Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 1, 1911. Typical locality Korea. Smaller than preceding races, with more slender limbs and smaller hoofs ; general colour rich and dark, and winter coat relatively short. 97. 10. 3. 58. Body-skin. Korea; collected by Mr. J. Kalinowski. Purchased, 1897. SUBFAMILY ii.— CERVINE. Liver without gall-bladder; in skull the canal situated within margin of eye-sockets, and leading into nose-chamber, with two orifices; face-glands and lachrymal pits usually CERVID.E 9 present ; * hemispheres of brain with numerous convo- lutions ; antlers present, except in Hydropotcs ; foot-glands usually present ; f no caudal or preputial glands. The following is a "key," mainly based on external characters, to genera here recognised :— A. Antlers absent in females ; muzzle with at least a small bare muffle. a. Upper canines tusk-like in males. a1. Antlers wanting ; naviculo-cuboid and cunei- form bones of tarsus separate Hydropotes. 61. Antlers present, surmounting long pedicles and relatively small ; naviculo-cuboid and cuneiform bones of tarsus united. a2. Antler-pedicles continued downwards as prominent converging frontal ridges Muntiacus. V. Antler-pedicles divergent, not continued downwards as prominent frontal ridges Elaphodus. b. Upper canines, when present, not tusk-like. bl. Lateral metacarpals represented by their upper extremities. J 62. Antlers with a simple basal or sub-basal brow-tine, and at least two other tines ; tail short or medium. 63. Antlers markedly palmate ; upper canines wanting ; hoofs of hind-feet united only at " heels " § by a close fold of skin Dama. c3. Antlers not markedly palmate ; upper canines generally present || ; hind-hoofs united nearly throughout their basal depth by a deep interungual web Cervus. e2. Antlers not forking till some distance above base, and the front tine again forked ; tail long Elaphurus. c1 . Lateral metacarpals represented by their lower extremities. c2. Vomer not dividing posterior aperture of nostrils into two chambers. c3. Antlers diverging at an angle of about 40° to mid frontal suture, 3-tined ; face-glands wanting ; muzzle normal ; tail rudi- mentary Capreolus. d3. Antlers diverging nearly at right angles to mid frontal suture ; many tined and often palmate ; face-glands present ; muzzle pendulous, with very small bare muffle ; tail short Alces. * Wanting in Capreolus and one species of P-ndn. f Wanting in Pudu. j Occasionally wanting. § See vol. i, p. 172. || Wanting in subgenus Hyelaplius, and occasionally Axis. 10 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES d* Vomer dividing posterior aperture of nostrils into two distinct chambers. ds. Naviculo- cuboid of tarsus free from cunei- form. d4. Metatarsal glands normally present, tarsal glands always developed. . Antlers dichotomously forking, with- out subbasal snag and with more than two tines Blastocerns. cr>. Antlers simply forked Hippocamelus. e7. Antlers simple spikes Mazam a. c?\ Naviculo - cuboid of tarsus fused with cuneiform. Antlers minute ; no meta- tarsal, tarsal, or pedal glands Pudu. B. Antlers present in females; muzzle completely hairy. Lateral metacarpals and vomer as in Odocoileus. ... Jlangifer. II. Genus MUNTIACUS. Muntiacus, Bafinesquc, Analyse de la Nature, p. 56, 1815. Cervulus, Blainvitte, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 77 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 898 ; Riltimeyer, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 23, 1881 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 531. 1891; LydeMer. Deer of all Lands, p. 203, 1898; PococJc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 952. Muntjaccus, Gray, Thomson's Ann. Philos. vol. xxvi, p. 342, 1825. Stylocerus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 319, 1827. Prox, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 135. Muntjacus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 173, 1843. Small, high-rumped deer, with the lateral metacarpals represented by their upper extremities (plesiometacarpalian type), tusk-like upper canines, and small simple antlers, consisting of a basal brow-tine and a beam, and surmounting long bony pedicles, continued downwards as prominent convergent ridges on the frontal region of the skull; in females the pedicles represented by tufts of bristly hair and small bony prominences. Suborbital face -glands large, a pair of frontal glands of variable size on the inner sides of the frontal ridges, and glands forming deep clefts on front of hind-pasterns, but no tarsal or metatarsal glands or tufts ; face long, with a large bare muffle extending up between the CERVIDJE 11 nostrils, where its upper border is slightly convex; ears rather small ; tail, long, thin, and pointed ; lateral hoofs small, rudimentary, or wanting, and no bones of the lateral digits retained ; coat uniformly coloured in adult, spotted with white in young, at least in the more typical forms. In the skull the lachrymal pits very large and deep, and the unossified vacuities of moderate extent ; naviculo-cuboid of tarsus fused with cuneiform. The group is distributed all over the Indo-Malay countries, as far east as Sumatra and Borneo, and the greater part of China proper; occurring also in Formosa, but not in Japan. The species are distinguishable as follows :— A. Upper surface of tail chestnut or fulvous ; frontal glands present. a. Generally no nuchal stripe ; frontal glands larger ; lachrymal pits smaller; backs of ears dusky or yellow. a'. Size larger; colour redder, backs of ears dusky M. muntjak. b'. Size smaller ; colour more fulvous ; backs of ears yellow, like forehead M. lacrymans. 1). Generally a nuchal stripe ; frontal glands smaller ; lachrymal pits larger ; backs of ears blackish. a". Size smaller ; colour redder ; lachrymal pits slightly smaller than orbits M. rcevesi. I". Size larger; colour browner and darker; lachrymal pits as large as or rather larger than orbits M. sincnsis. B. Upper surface of tail black or blackish ; no frontal glands. a. Head not tufted ; tail shorter; size smaller M. fex. b. Head tufted ; tail longer ; size larger M. crinifrons. I. MUNTIACUS MUNTJAK. Cervus muntjak, Zimmermann, Geogr. Geschichte, vol. ii, p. 131, 1780 ; Boddaert, Elenclius Anim. vol. i, p. 136, 1785 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 144, 1827 ; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. iv, pis. 418, 419, 1839. Cervus muntjac, Gmelin, Linn.'s Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 180, 1788 ; Kerr, Linn.'s Anim. Kingdom, p. 307, 1793 ; Horsfield, Zool. Research. Java, pt. vi, pi. xxxiii, 1823; /. B. Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 454, 1829; SyJces, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 104 ; Ogilby, Boyle's Illustr. Bot. Himalaya, p. 72, 1839 ; Elliot, Madras Journ. vol. x, p. 221, 1839 ; Miiller and Schlegel, Verh. Nederland. Ges. vol. i, p. 225, 1840 ; Wagner, Schreber's Sdngthiere, Suppl. vol. v, p. 388, 1855. 12 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Muntiacus muntjak, Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, p. 56, 1815. (?) Cervulus subcornutus, Blainville, Bull. Soc. PJiilom. 1816, p. 77. Cervus (Stylocerus) muntjak, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 319, 1827. (?) Cervus (Stylocerus) subcornutus, H. Smith, op. cit. p. 320, 1827. Stylocerus muntjak, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 185, 1835. (?) Stylocerus subcornutus, Jar dine, loc. cit. 1835. Prox moschatus, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 136. Prox muntjac, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 85 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. Jc. Ale. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviid, pt. 1, p. 362, 1872, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 41, 1879. Cervulus muntjac, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 38, 1878, p. 899 ; Anderson, Zool. Results Yunnan Exped. p. 337, 1878 ; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 500, 1884; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 286, 1884; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 173, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 552, 1891 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 317, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 314, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 203, 1898, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 238, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 257, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest, Brit. Mus. p. 40, 1913 ; Percy, Big Game Shooting (Badminton Libr.), vol. ii, p. 268, 1894; Jentink and Biittikofer, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xix, p. 63, 1897 ; Holding, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 295; Finn, ibid. 1903, vol. ii, p. 2; Manners- Smith, Journ. Bombay Asiat. Soc. vol. xvii, p. 237, 1906 ; Comber, ibid. vol. xviii, p. 490, 1908 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 80, 1910, ed. 7, p. 80, 1914 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 952. Muntiacus muntjac, Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 38, 1907 ; Thomas and Wroughton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1909, p. 392; Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nation. Mus. vol. xl, p. 73, 1911. Typical locality Java. The type species. Size relatively large, the shoulder-height ranging from about 20 to 22 inches ; ears narrow and pointed ; crown not tufted; frontal glands large; tail relatively short (about 7 inches) ; colour ranging from chestnut-red (deep rufous) to orange-tawny, with a brown or black streak down the front of each antler-pedicle, and in a corresponding position in females, a pale crown-patch, and a grizzled nuchal area ; insides of ears, chin, upper part of throat, buttocks, inner sides of thighs, inner surfaces of fore-legs to knees, and under side of tail white ; lateral hoofs very small ; lachrymal pits occupying only lower half of lachrymal bone. CKKVID/K 13 The ran-v, includes India, Burma, I he, Malay reniusula, Sium, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, etc. FIG. 3. — HEAD OF INDIAN MUNTJAC (Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis). From a photograph lent by the Bombay Natural History Society. Our knowledge of several of the races is too imperfect to admit of the drawing up of a satisfactory and trust worthy "key." 14 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES A. — Muntiacus muntjak muntjak. Muntjacus vaginalis, Horsfield, Zool. Research. Java, figs, a and 6, 1824 ; nee Cervus vaginalis, Boddaert. Cervulus vaginalis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 234, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. v, p. 425, 1850, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 217, 1852; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 263, 1862 ; nee Cervus vaginalis, Boddaert. Cervulus muntjac typicus, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 80, 1910, ed. 7, p. 80, 1914. MUNTJAC ; KAKAR ; BARKING DEER ; KIB-FACED DEER. FIG. 4. — SKULL AND ANTLERS OP MUNTJAC (Muntiacus muntjak). Typical locality Java. Size large (length of hind-foot 11-fg inches); general colour very dark rufous, without light rings to the hairs, so that there is no speckling; antlers larger than in any other race, the maximum recorded length being lOf inches. Basal length of skull 8£ inches, of female 7| inches. CERVID/E 15 9. 1. 5. 854. Skin. Pangandaran, Dirk de Vries Bay, Java ; collected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq. Presented ly W. E. Balston, Esq., 1909. 9. 1. 5. 855. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 1. 5. 1124. Frontlet and antlers, the latter very large. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 1. 5. 1125. A similar specimen, but with smaller antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 10. 4. 6. 71. Frontlet and antlers. Kaugean Island, east of Java ; same collector. Presented by 0. Thomas, Esq., 1910. 10. 4. 6. 72. A similar specimen. Same locality and collector. Same history. 10. 4. 6. 73. Another similar specimen. Same locality and collector. Same history. B.— Muntiacus muntjak moschatus. Cervulus naoschatus, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 77. Muntiacus moschatus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 582, 1907. Typical locality Sumatra. Type in Museum of Eoyal College of Surgeons. A very large race, based on an immature skull, still retaining the last two pairs of milk-molars (No. 1469, Mus. E. Coll. Surg.). The external ridge of the jugal arcade is stated to be thicker and more prominent than in M. m. vaginalis ; colour apparently much the same as in next race. No specimen in collection. C.— Muntiacus muntjak bancanus. Cervulus muntjac, Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xiii, p. 209, 1891 ; Willink, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederlandsch-Indie, vol. xlv, p. 189, 1905. Muntiacus bancanus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 582, 1907, vol. xl, p. 72, 1911. Typical locality Banka Island ; also occurs on Billiton Island. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Closely allied to M. m. moschatus, but smaller ; skull similar to that of M. m. rulidus (infra, p. 16), but the 16 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES interpterygoid space narrower, and the lachry mo-maxillary suture longer. General colour rich rufous (between hazel and ferruginous), darker on middle line of back and paler on flanks ; on neck and shoulders the ferruginous-hazel washed with blackish ; crown bright ferruginous hazel. In his second mention of this muntjac Lyon refers to it as a smaller race of M. m. rubidus. No specimen in collection. D.— Muntiacus muntjak pleiharicus. Cervulus pleiharicus, Kohlbrugge, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederlandsch- Indie, vol. Iv, pt. 2, p. 192, pi. ii, fig. 1, 1896. Muntiacus pleiharicus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 583, 1906, vol. xxxiii, p. 550, 1907, vol. xl, p. 71, 1911. Typical locality Pleihari, South-eastern Borneo. A relatively small yellowish or ochre-coloured form, with an indistinct dark brown dorsal stripe; antler-pedicles short ; basal length of skull from about 6f to 7 ^g inches (171-1*78 mm.). No specimen in collection definitely referable to this race. E.— Muntiacus muntjak rubidus. Muntiacus rubidus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xl, p. 73, 1911. Typical locality Pamukang Bay, S.E. Borneo. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Larger than the preceding race, with the general colour deep shining rufous (hazel of Lyon), darkening on middle line of back and everywhere suffused with blackish ; whole frontal area between antler-pedicles (which are of normal length) showing a tendency to become black ; antlers relatively short ; females paler, with less darkening on middle line of back ; basal length of skull about 7j inches (185 to 186 mm.). The skull, which is very similar in this respect to the somewhat smaller one of M. m. bancamts, differs from that of M. m. pleiharicus by its superior size, longer and stouter antler-pedicles, and the presence of a distinct concavity in the profile at the base of the nasals. This muntjac is, inferior in size to the Sumatran M. m. moschatus. • T.UVID/E 17 According to Kohlbrugge, its distinctness from M. ///. pleiharicus is recognised by the natives of Borneo. 79. 5. 3. 21. Frontlet and antlers. Borneo; collected by A. H. Everett, Esq. Purchased, 1879. 87. 2. 10. 3. Skull and antlers. Eejang Valley, North Borneo ; collected by H. B. Low, Esq. Purchased, 1887. 89. 1. 8. 8. Skull and skin, female. Baram, North Borneo ; collected by Dr. C. Hose. Purchased (Gerrard), 1889. 02. 2. 7. 19. Skull and skin, female. Mount Dulit, Xorth Borneo; same collector. Purchased (Gerrard), 1892. 93. 3. 4. 10. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Spitang, North Borneo ; collected by A. H. Everett, Esq. The frontal area between the pedicles of the antlers is rufous. Purchased (Gerrard), 1893. 9-4. G. 12. 11. Skull, with antler-pedicles, and skin. Mount Mulu, Baram Valley, E. Sarawak, N. Borneo ; collected by Dr. Hose. Whole area between antler-pedicles black ; the black continuing down nape of neck. Purchased (Gerrard), 1894. 95. 5. 7. 5. Skull and skin, with antlers in latter, immature. Miri Valley, Sarawak, N. Borneo ; collected by Dr. Hose. Forehead and neck coloured as in last specimen. Purchased (Gerrard), 1895. 95. 5. 7. 6. Skeleton. Mount Skiwa, Sarawak ; same collector. Same history. 95. 12. 8. 1. Skull and skin, immature. Baram; same collector. Same history. 99. 12. 9. 83. Skull, with very small antlers, and skin. Mount Dulit ; same collector. The whole frontal area between the black pedicle-streaks is dusky, with a tinge of rufous. Purchased (Gerrard), 1899. 6. 2. 2. 11. Skull, imperfect, with milk-molars, and skin. Mount Dulit ; same collector. Purchased (Gerrard), 1900 8. 7. 17. 24. Skull, with cheek-teeth much worn, and skin, to which the minute antlers are attached. North Borneo. This specimen indicates that the antlers in this race are generally small. Presented by the British North Borneo G'ompany, 1908. IV. C 18 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES * * * *. Skin, young in spotted coat. Miri, Sarawak ; collected by Dr. Hose. Purchased. F. — Muntiacus muntjak robinsoni, subsp. n. Typical locality Ehio Linga Archipelago. Of the approximate size of M. m. curvostylis (infra), but with very long and slender antler-pedicles ; basal skull-length 7 inches, in female 6| inches ; length of upper tooth-row 2 T7g inches, in female 2^ ; upper part of forehead and bases of ears in female dull dusky chestnut. 9. 4. 1. 505. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Bin tang Island, Ehio Linga Archipelago, Malaya ; collected by H. C. Kobinson, Esq. Basal length of skull 7 inches, length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2^ inches. Presented l>y the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909. 9. 4. 1. 506. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Type. Basal length of skull 6| inches, length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2^g inches. Same history. G.— Muntiacus muntjak peninsulse, subsp. n. Typical locality Pulu Pangkor, off Malay Peninsula. A very large race, with moderately stout antler-pedicles and antlers ; basal skull-length in type (female) 7i inches ; length of upper series of cheek-teeth about 2J inches ; * upper part of forehead and bases of ears (in female) bright chestnut. 79. 11. 21. 256. Skull and skin, immature; the former still retaining milk-teeth. Wellesley Province, Malay Peninsula ; collected by Dr. J. Cantor, Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 3. 2. 6. 78. Skull, with antlers. Biserat, Malay Peninsula. The cheek-teeth are but little worn, and of approximately the same size as in the next specimen. Presented by Messrs. H. C. Robinson and N. Annandale, 1903. 10. 10. 1. 106. Skull and skin, female. Pulu Pangkor, * This dimension varies considerably with age in all the races. CERVID.E 19 off Malay Peninsula ; collected by H. C. Robinson, Esq. Type. Basal skull-length 7j inches, length of upper tooth- row 2 J inches. The contrast between this specimen, in which the teeth are much worn, and the type of M. m. robinsoni (9. 4. 1. 506) in the matter of size is very striking. Presented ~by the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1910. 0. 8. 4. 12. Frontlet and antlers, the latter very large. Singapore. This specimen, which represents an aged animal, would apparently agree well in size with the preceding. Presented ly Dr. C. Hose, 1900. H, — Muntiacus muntjak eurvostylis. Cervulus eurvostylis, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 94, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 165, 1873. Cervulus muntjac eurvostylis, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 81, 1910, ed. 7, p. 80, 1914. Typical locality Siam. Founded on a deformed skull, in which the antler- pedicles are abnormally bent downwards, backwards, and outwards. Size medium (length of upper row of cheek-teeth in type 2^ inches) ; general colour orange-tawny, fading to buffish on neck and under-parts. 61. 6. 1. 8 (1619, a). Skull, with antler-pedicles (deformed) and bases of antlers. Pachebone, Siam ; collected by Monsieur Mouhot. Type. Purchased, 1861. 78. 6. 17. 17. Skull and skin, immature. Siam or Cambodia. Presented ly Monsieur Pierre, 1878. 98. 10. 21. 7. Skin, immature female. Chantabori, Siam. Presented ly Capt. S. S. Flower, 1898. 14. 6. 18. 36. Frontal portion of skull, with antlers. Mi-tau Forest, Kaheng, Siam ; collected by Karens. Presented ly C. S. Barton, Esq., 1914. 14. 8. 22. 23. Body-skin. S. W. Siam. Presented ly K. G. Gairdncr, Esq., 1914. 20 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES I. — Muntiacus muntjak grandicornis. Cervulus muntjac grandicornis, Lydekker, Field, vol. civ, p. 780, 1904, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 261, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 80, 1910, ed. 7, p. 80, 1914. Muntiacus grandicornis, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 583, 1907 ; Wroughton, M.S. 1914. Typical locality Amherst district, Burma. A large race (basal length of skull about 7j inches, length of upper row of cheek-teeth about 2T76- inches), with very large and massive antlers (length in type 6f inches, basal girth 4J inches) ; general colour tawny ochery, with the grizzled nuchal area not extending behind the shoulders ; hairs dull pale brown at the base, and the basal portion not paler than that above. The size is approximately as in the typical Javan race, and larger than in Indian muntjacs ; while the colour is much duller and browner than in the Bornean and Malay races, with more brown on the fronts of the legs than is usually present in the latter. 4. 9. 23. 1. Skull, imperfect at hind part of base, with antlers. Thouagyen Forest, Amherst district, Burma. Type. Presented by D. H. Allen, Esq., 1904. 79. 11. 21. 190. Skull, with antlers, which are small. The cheek-teeth are less worn than in the preceding specimen, but the length of the whole row is approximately the same, although the basi-cranial length is less (7 inches). Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 94. 12. 19. 6-7. Two skulls, with antlers, provisionally identified with this race. Lower Chindwin Valley, Upper Burma. In the second specimen (7) the antlers are small, the pedicles very slender, and the molars but slightly worn. Presented by C. F. Gilbert, Esq., 1894. 96. 5. 6. 1. Fragmentary skull and skin, young. Thibau, western Shan States. Presented by E. W. Oates, Esq., 1896. 98. 2. 13. 1. Skin, mounted. Burma. Purchased (Gerrard), 1898. 14. 12. 8. 239. Skull and skin. Thaget, Little Tenasserim Eiver ; collected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq. Presented by the Bombay Natural History Society, 1914. 14. 12. 8. 240. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. CERV1D/E 21 14. 12. 8. 241. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history, 14. 12. 8. 242. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. J. — Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis. Cervus vaginalis, Boddaert, Elenclms Anim. vol. i, p. 136, 1785. Cervus moschatus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 147, 1827 ; nee Cervulus moschatus, Blainville. Cervus (Stylocerus) moschatus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 319, 1827. Cervus ratwa, Hodgson, Asiat. Researches, vol. xviii, pt. 2, p. 139, 1833, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 99; Ogilby, Boyle's Illustr. Bot. Himalaya, p. Ixxiii, 1839 ; Scliinz, Synop. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 549, 1844. Cervus melas, Ogilby, Boyle's Illustr. Bot. Himalaya, p. Ixxiii, 1839. Stylocerus ratwa, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, p. 914, 1841. Muntjacus vaginalis, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 173, 1843, Cat. Hodgson Collect, p. 31, 1846. (?) Cervus stylocerus, Schinz, Synop. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 549, 1844. Prox ratva, Sundevall, K. Svenslta Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 85, 1846 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ale. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 362, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 41, 1879. Prox albipes, Sundevall, loc. cit. 1846 ; Fitzinger, op. cit. vol. Ixviii, p. 362, 1873, vol. Ixxix, p. 42, 1879. Prox stylocerus, Sundevall, loc. cit. 1846 ; Fitzinger, loc. cit. 1873 and 1879. Prox melas, Sundevall, loc. cit. 1846. Stylocerus muntjacus, Kelaart, Podromus Faunae Zeylan. p. 85, 1852 ; nee Cervus muntjak, Zimmermann. Cervulus vaginalis, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 536; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 154, 1863; Swinlioe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 652, 1870, p. 644. Styloceros muntjac, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 269, 1846 ; nee Cervus muntjak, Zimmermann. Cervulus moschatus, Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 65, 1850, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 234, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 218, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 93, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 163, 1873 ; Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. E. India Mus. p. 190, 1851 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 263, 1862 ; nee Blainville. Cervulus aureus, Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 264, 1867; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. and Birds Burma, p. 46, 1875 ; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 500, 1884; Percy, Big Game Shooting (Badminton Libr.), vol. ii, p. 288, 1894 ; partim. Cervulus muntjac tamulicus, Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 81, 1910. 22 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Muntiacus vaginalis, Wroughton, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxi, p. 825, 1912; Eyley (Miss), ibid. vol. xxii, p. 512, 1913; Dodsworth, ibid. vol. xxii, p. 747, 1914. Cervulus muntjac vaginalis, Lydekker, Ward's Eecords of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 80, 1914. Typical locality Bengal. No specimens from the typical locality are available, so that the identification of the sub-Himalayan ratwa (from which the definition is taken) with this race is provisional. Somewhat smaller than M. m. grandicornis, with slighter antlers, and the general colour bright chestnut (cinnamon rufous), scarcely paler on flanks, but distinctly so on under- parts ; hairs pale at base ; length of upper series of cheek- teeth about 2J inches ; basicranial length about 7 J inches. Some of the specimens of which the locality is unknown may belong to one or other of the next two races. * * * *. Skin, female, mounted. India. No history. 25, a. Skin. India. Bequeathed by Gen. T. Hardwicke, 1835. * * * *. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 43. 1. 12. 123. Skin. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1843. 43. 1. 26. 13. Skull, with antlers. Nepal. Type of Cervulus ratwa. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 189 (701, h). Skull, with minute antlers. Nepal. Same donor, 1845. 45. 1. 8. 190 (701, a). Skull, with small antlers. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 191 (701, 0- Skull, young. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 192 (701, k). Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 193 (701, /). Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 336. Skin and skull (47. 4. 10. 6), immature female, skull imperfect. Nepal. Same history. 701, d, r, s. Three skulls. Nepal. Same history. 48. 6. 11. 24. Skull, immature. Sikhim. Same donor, 1848. CERVID.E 23 48. 6. 11. 25. Skull, young. Sikhim. Same history. 56. 5. 6. 63. Skull, female. Darjiling; collected by W. Theobald, Esq. Presented ly Dr. T. Oldham, 1856. 56. 5. 6. 64. Skull, immature female. Same locality and collector. Same history. .">S. 6. 24. 11-13. Three skins, immature. Sikhim. Presented ly B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1858. 58. 6. 24. 14. Skin. Sikhim. Same history. 58. 6. 25. 15. Skull and skin, young. Sikhim. Same history. 58. 6. 24. 182-184. Three skin-covered frontlets, with antlers. Sikhim. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 191. Skull, with antlers, and head-skin. Dehra Dun ; collected by Capt. J. Hutton. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 192. Skull, imperfect/and head-skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history: 79. 11. 21. 193. Skin, young in spotted coat. Same locality and collector. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 45. Skull, imperfect, with large antlers. Berar. Length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2J inches ; the antlers are smaller and their pedicles rather longer than in the type of M. m. grandicornis (4. 9. 23. 1). Presented ly A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 46. Skull, with antlers. Mussurie. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 47. Skull, with antlers. Garo Hills ; collected by G. P. Sanderson, Esq. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 48. Skull, with antlers. Same locality and collector. Same histm*y. 0. 7. 4. 1. Skin, mounted, rnelanistic phase. Darjiling. Presented ly M. G. Jukes, Esq., 1900. 12. 10. 31. 14. Skull, with antlers, which measure 6J inches in length, with a girth of 3, and a tip-to-tip interval of 3| inches. Bequeathed ly A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 14.11.31.3. Skull and skin. Twinywa, near Pyawbwe ; collected by F. E. W. Venning, Esq. Presented ly the Bombay Natural History Society, 1914. The place of origin of the two following specimens is unknown, so that they cannot be definitely classed :— 24 CATALOGUE OF UKGULATES 701, aa. Skull, with large antlers. From an old skin. No history. 701, /. Skull, female. No history. K.— Muntiaeus muntjak aureus. Cervus aureus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 148, 1827. Cervus (Stylocerus) aureus, H. Smith, op. cit. vol. v, p. 320, 1827 (locality wrong). Stylocerus aureus, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 185, 1835. Cervus albipes, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere, Suppl. vol. iv, p. 294, 1844 ; Schinz, Synop. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 549, 1844. Cervulus aureus, Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 264, 1867, partim. Cervulus tamulicus, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 94, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 165, 1873. Muntiaeus aureus, Wroughton, M.S. 1914. Typical locality not definitely known, but some part of Southern India. Size medium ; general colour ochery buff (clay-colour tinged with ochery), darker on middle of back, with the nuchal grizzled area extending- behind the shoulders on to the back ; under-parts paler ; hairs greyish white at base. Typical locality of C. tamulicus Dekhan ; C. albipes was stated by its describer to be from " Bombay and Poona." 701, b. Skull, with antlers in velvet. Dekhan. Type of C. tamulicus. Presented by Col. W. H. Sykcs, about 1842. L.— Muntiaeus muntjak malabarieus, subsp. n. Muntiaeus malabarieus, Wroughton, M.S. 1914. This race is to be attributed to Mr. Wroughton, by whose courtesy the publication of his description has been permitted here. Typical locality Nagarhol, Coorg, Southern India; the range includes the Kanara and Malabar coast. " Generally similar to M. m. aureus, but the size larger than in either that race or M. m. vaginalis and the prevalent colour deep chestnut (between raw sienna and tawny), with rKHVID.K 25 the grizzling extending all over the back and part of the flanks ; imder-parts drab ; hairs white at base." — E. C. W. 13. 8. 22. 133. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Nagarhol, Ci loi-o- ; collected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq., Feb., 1913. Type. rirwnteu the Bombay Natural History Society, 1913. M.— Muntiacus muntjak, subsp. Typical locality Island of Hainan, China. The two following specimens indicate a large rufous muntjak apparently allied to the Bornean and Malay races of the present species :— 70. 2. 10. 25-26. Two skins. Hainan; collected by \\. Swinhoe, Esq. Purchased, 1870. IF. MUNTIACUS LACRYMANS. Cervulus lacrymans, Milne-Edwards, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vii, p. 93, 1871, Eecli. Mamm. p. 348, pis. Ixiii and Ixiv, 1874; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 40, 1878, p. 899; Anderson, Zool. Eesults Yunnan Exped. p. 338, 1878; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 316, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 208, 1898,* Game Animals of India, etc. p. 263, 1907 ; Hilzheimer, Abh. Mus. Naturk. Magdeburg, vol. i, p. 66, 1906 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 81, 1910, ed. 7, p. 81, 1914. Muntiacus lacrymans, Allen, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. xl, p. 204, 1912. Typical locality Sze-chuan, Western China. Type in Paris Museum. Smaller (shoulder-height about 19 inches) and yellower than the preceding species, with the whole forehead (exclu- sive of the black pedicle-streaks), occiput, and backs of ears yellowish brown or yellow ; lower part of face varying from rufous to blackish ; no dark neck-stripe ; general body-colour bright speckled rufous brown, with a tinge of bluish ; lachry- mal pits of skull smaller than orbits, from which they are separated by a narrow bar, and not occupying entire surface of lachrymal bone ; basal length of skull typically about 7 inches,f length of upper series of cheek-teeth not recorded in typical race. Antlers always small. * C. laclirymans. f Teste Brooke. 26 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES The following three races are apparently distinguish- able : — A. Head and neck less yellow ; size apparently larger M. 1. lacrymans. B. Head and neck more yellow ; size, at least fre- quently, smaller. a. Lower part of face mostly rufous ; general colour lighter ; size larger M. I. sclateri. 1). Lower part of face blackish ; general colour darker; size smaller M. 1. teesdalei. A. — Muntiacus laerymans lacrymans. Typical locality Sze-chuan. Type in Paris Museum. Head and neck apparently less yellow than in next race and size larger. No specimen in collection. B.— Muntiacus lacrymans selateri. Cervulus selateri, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 814; Brooke, ibid. 1874, p. 40 ; Gray, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 165, 1873; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 173, 1891 ; Lydekker, Field, vol. ex, p. 677, 1907, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 989. Typical locality mountains near Ningpo, Southern China ; abundant in the hills of the An-hwei district. Apparently distinguished from the typical race by its smaller size and by the more strongly marked contrast between the yellow of the forehead and the rufous or olive of the neck; lower part of face typically rufous; basal length of skull probably about 65 inches ; length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2 inches. 72. 9. 3. 1. Skull, imperfect, and skin (formerly mounted). Ningpo, Southern China; collected by E. Swinhoe, Esq. Type. Length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2 inches. Purchased, 1872. 72. 9. 3. 3. Skin, formerly mounted, and skeleton, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 7. 9. 19. 1. Head, mounted, subadult. An-hwei (Ngan- hwei) district, Central China. Presented ly J. II. Teesdale, Esq., 1907. CERVIDJ5 27 9. 6. 9. 1. Skin, mounted, immature. Same locality. The lower part of the face is darker than in the preceding specimen, perhaps a character of immaturity. Same donor, 1909. 1. 3. 2. 8. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Ningpo. Presented ly F. W. Styan, Esq., 1901. 1. o. 2. 9. Skin, with imperfect skull in scalp. Foochow, Fokien, South-eastern China. Same history. 2. 6. 10. 61. Skull, with antlers, and skin, immature. Chung-yung, southern Hupei. The lower portion of the face is more dusky than in the type and the upper portion of the ears hrown — features which may be due to immaturity ; the last two milk-molars are still in use. Collected January, 1902. Same donor, 1902. 2. 6. 10. 61. Skull, with antlers, and skin of a somewhat older individual. Same locality. The ears are mainly yellow. Same history. 5. 10. 27. 1. Skull, imperfect, with antlers. Wan-shan- Chang, China. Presented ly H. Brelich, Esq., 1905. 5. 10. 27. 2. Skull, female. Same locality. Same history. C.— Muntiacus lacrymans teesdalei, subsp. n. Typical locality Tatung, Yang-tsi Valley. A small dark- coloured form, retaining the wholly yellow ears, but with the entire lower part of the face blackish brown, nearly like the back; basal length of skull 5| inches; length of upper series of cheek-teeth 1J inches. May represent a distinct species. 10. 6. 16. 1. Skull, with antlers, and skin, of a fully adult animal. Tatung, Yang-tsi Valley. Type. Presented ly J. H. Teesdale, Esq., 1910. 10. 6. 16. 2. Skull, with antlers, of a somewhat younger individual. Same locality. Same history. III. MUNTIACUS EEEVESI. Cervus reevesii, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 105. Prox reevesii, Sundevall, K. SvensJea Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 185, 1846; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 362, 1872, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 60, 1879. 28 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Cervulus reevesii,* Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 65, 1850, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 220, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 94, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 165, 1873; Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 361; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 899 ; Anderson, Zool. Results Yunnan Exped. p. 338, 1878 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 174, 1891; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 316, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 208, 1898, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 989 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 954; Aoki, Annot. Zool. Japon. vol. viii, p. 343, 1913. Typical locality Canton, Eastern China. Smaller than the typical form of M. lacrymans, the shoulder-height being about 16 inches, the basal skull-length 5f inches, and the length of the upper series of cheek-teeth If to 1^| inches; skull shorter and wider, with more divergent antlers, and larger lachrymal pits, which occupy the whole surface of the bone, and are larger than the orbits, with which they are in complete contact, not extending in advance of first line of anterior premolars ; nasals expanded laterally at junction with maxillae; nape usually with a distinct black stripe ; upper part of forehead cinnamon (pale rufous), and upper part of ears dusky ; general colour reddish chestnut, more or less full speckled with yellowish grey ; limbs blackish brown ; in females most of the backs of the ears and the greater part of the forehead blackish or black. The range includes Southern China and Formosa. A,— Muntiacus reevesi reevesi. Typical locality Canton, Eastern China. General characters those of the species ; forehead between black pedicle-streaks distinctly rufous ; chin and throat white. 50. 11. 22. 12. Skull, imperfect, and skin, female. China. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1850. 53. 8. 29. 44. Skull and skin, female. Canton. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq., 1853. 55, 12. 24. 283. Skull, imperfect, and skin. Canton. Type. Length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2 inches. Same history. * Or reevesi. 29 01. 1. 7. 1. Skull and skin, young. Amoy, China; collected by 11. Swinhoe, Esq. The first molar is not yet in use. Purchased, 1861. 7'2. 9. 3. 2. Skull and skin, female, in spotted coat. Ningpo ; same collector. Purchased, 1872. A B FIG. 5. — SKULL AND ANTLERS OF REEVES'S MUNTJAC (Muntiacusreevesi), A, and BRIDGEMAN'S MUNTJAC (M. sinensis), B. From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910. 72. 9. 3. 8. Skeleton, subadult. Same locality and collector. Same history. 1524, a. Skeleton. Menagerie specimen. Purchased (Zoological Society). 0. 7. 6. 2. Skull and skin, female. Foochow, Fokien, South-eastern China. Presented by C. B, Rickett, Esq, 1900. 30 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 0. 7. 6. 3. Skull, with milk-molars and first molar in use, young female. Same locality. Same history. 1. 3. 2. 7. Skin, female. Foochow. Presented by F. W. Styan, Esq., 1901. 1. 3. 2. 10. Skull, imperfect, with much worn cheek- teeth, and skin, female. Ningpo. Same history. 1. 3. 2. 11. Skull, imperfect, and skin of a younger female. Same locality. Same history. 1. 3. 2. 12. Skull, imperfect, with milk-molars, and skin, female. Same locality. Same history. 4. 5. 7. 1. Skin, subadult, mounted. China. Presented ly the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1904. B.— Muntiacus reevesi ping-shiangieus. Cervulus reevesi pingshiangicus, Hilzheimer, Abh. Mus. Naturk. Magdeburg, vol. i, p. 169, 1906. Cervulus reevesi, var. LydehJcer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 991. Typical locality Pingshiang, Central China. General colour similar to that of typical race, but the forehead between the black lines uniformly leather-brown without a rufous tinge ; backs of ears streaked with blackish, in females wholly blackish ; chin, throat, and under side of neck yellowish white ; under-parts brownish grey. 10. 10. 22. 3. Skull and skin, female, provisionally referred to this race. Feng Luang Shan, An-hwei, Central China. Presented ~by Commander the Hon. E. 0. B. Bridgeman, R.N., 1910. C.— Muntiacus reevesi mierurus. Cervulus mierurus, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 421, 1876, p. 696. Typical, and only, locality Formosa. Distinctly richer and darker in colour than either of the races from the Chinese mainland. The supposed shortness of the tail, which constituted the grounds for separating the island from the mainland form, turned out to be the result of an individual injury. 62. 12. 24. 3. Skull and skin, subadult, female. Formosa ; collected by E. Swinhoe, Esq. Purchased, 1862, CEKV1D.E 31 70. 2. 10. 82, 83, and 85. Three frontlets, with autlers. Formosa ; same collector. Purchased, 1870. 93. 12. 5. 7. Skull and skin. Formosa; collected by Mr. P. A. Hoist. A menagerie specimen. Presented ~by H. Seebohm, Esq., 1893. 93. 12. 5. 8. Skull and skin, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 94. 11. 22. 7. Skull and skin, female. Tongapo, southern Formosa; same collector. Purchased, 1894. 8. 4. 1. 55. Skull, imperfect, and skin. Central Formosa ; collected by Mr. A. Owston. Purchased. 8. 4. 1. 57. Skull, imperfect posteriorly, with antlers, and skin. Banhora, central Formosa; same collector. Same history. IV. MUNTIACUS SINENSIS. Cervulus sinensis, Hilzheimer, Zool. Anz. vol. xxix, p. 297, 1905, AbJi. Mus. NaturJc. Magdeburg, vol. i, p. 165, pi. ii, fig. 1, 1906. Cervulus bridgemani, Lydeklcer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 989, Abstr. p. 38 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 82, 1910, ed. 7, p. 82, 1914. Typical locality, probably the Hwai Mountains (Hwei- Yas Shan), An-hwei (Ngau-hwei) district of Central China ; the type specimen was a captive individual at Kiu-kiang, near Hankau, to the south of the Yang-tsi. Type in Magdeburg Museum. Allied to the preceding species, but larger and darker ; the shoulder-height being about 19 inches, and the general colour blackish brown mingled with yellow, owing to the presence of yellow subterminal rings to the otherwise dark hairs of the middle of the back and rump ; in females the annu- lated area includes the flanks ; whole forehead, occiput, and • basal two-thirds of backs of ears leather-yellow in males, blackish in females; black frontal streaks uniting into a patch behind ears and continued posteriorly as the nuchal stripe. Antler-pedicles, at least frequently, more divergent than in M. reevesi, and nasals without lateral expansion at first contact with inaxilhe; lachrymal pits as large as or rather larger than orbits, with which they are in contact only for a very small space, extending anteriorly some 32 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES distance in advance of the line of the anterior upper molar ; basal length of skull about 5£ inches (157 mm.), longer diameter of orbit 1| (32 mm.), of lachrymal pit 1^ (36 mm.), length of upper tooth-row 1 J inches (48 • 5 mm.). This species (at all events as represented by M. Iridgemani) lives at high elevations, descending to lower levels only at periods of extreme cold in mid-winter. 10. 5. 26. 2. Skull, with antlers, head-skin mounted, and body-skin. Hwai Mountains, An-hwei district. Presented ~by Commander the Hon R. 0. B. Bridgcman, R.N., 1910. 10. 5. 26. 3. Skin, mounted. Same locality. Type of C. bridgemani. Same history, 10. 10. 22. 2. Skull, female. Tai Kung Shan, An-hwei. Same history. V. MUNTIACUS Cervulus feae, Thomas and Doria, Ann. MILS. Genova, ser. 2, vol. vii, p. 92, 1889 ; Stanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 534, 1891 ; Thomas, Ann. Mus. Genova, vol. x, p. 945, pi. x, 1892 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 315, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 209, pi. xvi, fig. 1 , 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 263, 1907 ; Gairdner, J. Siam Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. i, p. 115, 1914. Typical locality mountains south-east of Muleyit, Tenas- serim. Type in Genoa Museum. Differs from all the preceding species by the absence of frontal glands, the black middle line of upper surface of the tail, and the sepia-brown general colour; the tail being relatively short, the face-markings distinct, and the lower part of fronts of hind-legs with a white line. In both this and the next species the young are probably unspotted. Size approximately the same as in the Indian race of the type species. The following is an abbreviation of the original description : — General colour uniformly dark brown, with centre of crown, pedicles of antlers, occiput, and region round bases of the ears bright yellow ; a black line running up the inner side of each pedicle ; neck uniformly brown ; fore-legs brown superiorly, darkening to black on the metacarpals, with the 33 terminal inch next the hoof white all round, and a line of scattered white hairs running up fronts to knees ; hind-legs similarly coloured, but with a distinct white line on fronts ; tail short, black above, white below and at sides, the two colours sharply contrasted; under-parts brown, mixed with whitish on chin and inner surfaces of limbs. 14. 8. 22. 32. Skin of rump and tail. Tenasserim border of Siam. The sole remnant of an animal killed by a leopard and eaten by coolies. Presented ~by K. G. Gciirdner, Esq., 1914. VI. MUNTIACUS CKINIEKONS. Cervulus crinifrons, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 1, pi. i ; Styan, ibid. 1886, p. 267 ; LydeJcker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 317, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 210, pi. xvi, fig. 2, 1898 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 82, 1910, ed. 7, p. 82, 1914. Typical locality near Ningpo, Eastern China. Distinguished from all other members of the group by its large size (shoulder-height from 24^ to, probably, 25 inches), and the tuft of long hairs on the forehead and crown of the head, which conceals the antler-pedicles and obscures the markings of this area ; hair longer and coarser, ears shorter, more rounded, and more thickly haired on backs, tail much longer (9 inches), and lateral hoofs better developed than in any of the chestnut-coloured species. General colour dark sepia-brown, with a purple tinge, and the back finely speckled with rufous ; head-crest, ears, forehead, and cheeks bright orange-chestnut ; inner sides of thighs and sides and lower surface of tail white ; upper surface of tail and a stripe extending thence on to rump black. 91. 3. 4. 1. Skin, mounted, and skeleton. Ningpo, Southern China ; collected by A. Michie, Esq., who presented the animal, when alive, to the Zoological Society. Type. Purchased, 1891. 34 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES III. Genus ELAPHODUS. Elaphodus, Milne- Edwards, Arch. Mas. Paris, vol. vii, p. 93, 1871, Eech. Mamm. p. 353, 1874; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 757 ; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 899 ; Riltimeyer, Abh. schweiz.pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 28, 1881 ; LydekJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 212, 1898 ; Pococlc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 955. Lophotragus, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 452. Nearly allied to Muntiacus, but the antlers so small that they scarcely project from the long tuft of hair on the crown of the head, and their long supporting pedicles diverging inferiorly, and not sending down long rib-like ridges on to f rentals ; no frontal glands ; upper canines not everted at tips ; hair coarse and pithy ; ears broad, rounded, and thickly haired ; tail moderately long ; lateral hoofs present. The young are spotted along the middle line of the back. Tarsal bones as in Muntiacus. The genus, which is evidently less specialised than Muntiacus, is restricted to China. ELAPHODUS CEPHALOPHUS. Elaphodus cephalophus, Milne- Edwards, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vii, p. 93, 1871, Rech. Mamm. p. 353, pis. Ixv-lxvii, 1874; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 757; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 899; LydeJcker, Horns an:d Hoofs, p. 313, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 213, 1898, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii, p. 166 ; Pococlc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 955 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. xl, p. 203, 1912. The type and only species. Typical locality Sze-chuan, Western China. Type in Paris Museum. Size approximately the same as in the Indian Muntjac, the shoulder-height being from about 22 to 23 inches. General colour typically deep chocolate-brown, the hairs on head and neck having a narrow white ring near the tip which is wanting in those of the body behind the shoulder, hair of crest forming a nearly black horse-shoe on forehead, bordered by a grey line above each eye ; ears whitish internally, with a larger or smaller amount of pure white on ('EKV1D.K 35 both surfaces of the tips ; under surface and sides of tail, and inner sides of buttocks and thighs white. The races are distinguishable as follows :— A. Skull longer and narrower. a. White area on ear-tips smaller. a'. Size larger; much white on tail E. c. cephalophus. b'. Size smaller; less white on tail E. c. michianus. 1). White area on ear-tips larger E. c. focier&is. u. Skull shorter and broader, with differently shaped lachrymal pits E. c. ichangensia. FIG. 6.— HEAD or NINGPO TUFTED DEER (Elaphodus cephalophus michianus). From Garrod, Proc. Zool. fSoc. 1876. A. —Elaphodus cephalophus cephalophus. Typical locality Sze-chuau. Size large ; general colour chocolate-brown, with the tail mainly white above ; skull elongated, with long nasals, and the long axis of the lachrymal pits (which form irregular ovals) nearly coincident with that of orbits. Basicranial length in subadult male 7 inches, in adult female 7J inches ; D 2 36 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES length of nasals in former 2^, in latter 2T8^ inches ; length of upper tooth-row in former 2£, in latter 2^ inches. 92. 7. 31. 1. Skull and skin, female. Eastern Tibet, near Sze-chuan border, at an elevation of 15,000 feet; collected by Dr. W. G. Thorold. The cheek-teeth are well worn ; the infraorbital bar of the skull is deep, as in fig. 7. Purchased, 1892. 11. 9. 8. 44. Skull, with antlers, and skin, subadult. Wen-chwan-hsien, Si-ho Valley, western Sze-chuan ; collected by M. Pi Anderson, Esq. The milk-molars are still in use, and the last molar is not fully protruded. The infraorbital bar of the skull is relatively narrow, thereby indicating that the relative depth of this element is of no taxonomic importance. Presented ly the Duke, of Bedford, K.G., 1911. B.— Elaphodus cephalophus michianus. Lophotragus michianus, Stuinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 452; Garrod, ibid. 1876, p. 757, pi. Ixxvi. Elaphodus michianus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 900 ; Styan, ibid. 1886, 268 ; LydeMer, Horns and Hoofs, p. 313, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 214, pi. xvii, fig. 1, 1898, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii, p. 166, Elaphodus cephalophus michianus, PococJc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 956. Type of Lophotragus. Typical locality near Nmgpo, Che-kiang, Eastern China. Smaller than the last, and rather lighter in colour, with less white on the tail, of which nearly the whole upper surface is frequently dark ; skull (fig. 7) of the same general type, with somewhat shorter nasals, and the lachrymal pits forming narrower but large irregular ovals, in which the longer axis is not far removed from that of the orbits. Basal length of skull about 6 J inches ; length of nasals 2£ ; length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2-J inches. This race inhabits reed-brakes in the water- courses of the Ningpo district. 78. 11. 14. 3 (1699, a). Skeleton, mounted. Mngpo ; collected by A. H. Everett, Esq. Skull shown in fig. 7. Purchased (Gerrard), 1878. 78. 11. 14. 4 (1699, b). Skull and skin (formerly mounted), immature. Same locality and collector. Same history. 78. 11. 14. f> (1699, c). Skeleton, mounted, and skin, female. Same locality and collector. flame history. 86. 10. 28. 7. Skin, mounted. 100 miles S.W. of Ningpo; collected ]>y F. W. Styan, Esq. Purchased, 1886. 86. 10.- 28. 7 distance tip the larger tributaries uf the (ianges. It has been reported from Madras, but apparently from the name hog-deer having been misapplied to the chevrotain and muutjac. In Ceylon it has been introduced into certain districts. 42. 5. 3. 7. Pair of antlers. Probably India. Purchased (Tucker), 1842. 4r>. 1. 8. 124. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Present a I by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., J845. 45. 1. 8. 125. A similar specimen. Same locality. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 104. Skull, female. Same locality. Hi 1 1 ne history, * * * *. Two frontlets, with antlers. Probably India, No history. 608, r. Pair of antlers. Probably India. Purchased. t t t t- Two pairs of antlers. Probably India. No history. J t J J. Skin, formerly mounted. Probably India. No history. 0. 0. 0. 0. Skin. Ceylon. Purchased (Zoological Society). 47. 5. 17. 21. Skin, formerly mounted. Probably India. Purchased (Bartlett), 1847. 52. 2. 28. 6. Skull, with antlers. Probably India. Purchased (Baker), 1852. 5H. 5. 6. 62. Skull, with antlers. Darjiling, Sikhim ; collected by W. Theobald, Esc[. Presented lij Dr. T. Oldham, 1856. 58. 5. 4. 10. Skull, with antlers. Probably India. Transferred from the Zoological Society's Museum, 1858. 58. 6. 24. 113. Skin, female. Sikhim. Presented ly B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1858. 58. 12. 16. 2. Skeleton, female. Ceylon. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1858. 1)5. 5. 0. 19. Skin, young, formerly mounted. Locality unknown. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1865. 67. 5. 20. 7. Skull and antlers. Assam. Purchased (Cutter), 1867. 70. 11. 21. 188. Skull and antlers. Burma. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 58 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 91. 8. 7. 40. Frontlet and antlers. Ganges Khadir, near Meerut. 'Presented ly A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 41. Frontlet and antlers. Ganges Khadir, near Bulundshahr, Eohilkhand. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 42. Skull and antlers. Garo Hills, Assam ; collected by G. P. Sanderson, Esq. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 43-44. Two skulls, with antlers. Sub-Himalayan Tarai, near Maradabad ; collected by Ross Scott, Esq. Same history. 1. 9. 7. 2. Skull and antlers, with the shed antlers of the six preceding years (1894-1899). Panichatta, Bengal. Presented ly E. le F. Davys, Esq., 1901. 1. 9. 7. 3. Skull and antlers. Same locality. Length of antlers 21 f inches, basal girth 3£, tip-to-tip interval 6| inches. This specimen (fig. 15) is third in Ward's 1914 list. Same history. 1. 9. 28 1. Skin, mounted. Burma. Presented ly Major G. H. Evans, 1901. 1. 9. 28. 2. Skull and antlers. Burma. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 13. Frontlet and antlers. Ganges Khadir, near Bulundshahr. Length of antlers 19 J inches, basal girth 3J, tip-to-tip interval 9J inches. Bequeathed ly A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. B.— Cervus porcinus annamiticus. Hyelaphus annamiticus, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Ckinois, vol. ii, p. 50, 1888. Cervus porcinus hecki, Lydekker, Field, vol. cxi, p. 583, 1908 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 70, 1910, ed. 7, p. 72, 1914. Typical locality Annam, but the range also including Siam. As represented by the Siamese form (typified by a stag living in the Berlin Zoological Gardens about 1899, and figured in Heck's Lebende Bilder aus dem Reiche der Tiere, pi. 69, 1899), this race is rather larger than the typical one, from which it also differs by the absence of spots in the summer coat — a feature which may be common to all hog- deer from the countries east of the Bay of Bengal. 61. 4. 12. 19. Pair of antlers. Cambodia; collected by Monsieur Mouhot. Purchased, 1861. 59 III. CEEVUS (HYELAPHUS) CALAMIANENSIS. Hyclaphus calamianensis, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, p. 49, 1888. Ccrvus culionensis, Elliot, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. i, p. 157, 1897 ; LydekJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 173, 1898 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 70, 1910. Cervus (Hyelaphus) calamianensis, Lydekkcr, Field, vol. cv, p. 505, 1905. Ccrvus calamianensis, Ward, liccords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 70, 1910. Ensa culionensis, Hollistcr, Philippine Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 40, 1912. Kusa calamianensis, Hollistcr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlvi, p. 339, 1913. Typical, and only, locality the island of Calamianes, or Culion, on the western side of the Philippine group to the north of Palawan. As represented by the under-mentioned specimen, this species is clearly a Hyelaplms and not a Rusa, ; and as the so-called C. culionensis (which is considered by Hollister to be inseparable from the present species) has the large auditory bullse and long antler-pedicles of Hyelaphus, there is good reason for referring it to that subgenus. As represented by the under-mentioned specimen, this deer is distinguished from the type species by the shorter and more stunted face, shorter and more rounded ears, and the following details in colouring : — the white on the under side of the lower jaw, instead of being restricted to the chin, extends backwards to form a largish patch on the throat ; the fore part of this throat-patch being separated from the jaw- patch by a narrow bar of fawn ; there is a white moustache- mark, and more white on the insides of their ears and at their roots than in the typical hog-deer ; the legs are a darker brown, and the back is bright golden brown, passing into orange on the buttocks. Elliot described C. culionensis as a small deer with the hind-quarters elevated, the head slender, the nose rather long and pointed, the hair somewhat coarse and stiff, especially .K 73 SAMBAR (Marathi and Dckhani) ; JARAO (Nepali) ; KUSA (Malay). Typical locality Ceylon. Size typically large ; hair coarse and shaggy, the hairs on the back not distinctly banded with differently coloured rings ; general colour some shade of dark umber-brown, with chestnut or whitish on the inner side of the buttocks, and often on the tinder-parts ; chin generally white ; young either more or less uniformly coloured, or faintly spotted on the hind-quarters ; antlers (fig. 17) large, stout, and rugose, with the brow-tine generally long and making an acute angle with the beam, and the front, or outer tine of the terminal fork forming the continuation of the line of the beam when there is any inequality in the length of the two tines ; the space enclosed by the antlers of opposite sides more or less V- or U-shaped, but the tips of the antlers frequently inclined inwards ; pedicles of antlers short. Different views are entertained as to whether the various modifications of the sambar type indicate distinct species, or races of one variable species. All the forms in which the front, or outer, tine of the terminal fork of the antlers forms the continuation of the line of the beam, where there is any inequality in the length of the two, are here regarded as races of a single species ; but those in which the back, or inner, tine is situated in the direct line of the beam are considered to represent a second species. Whether all the local modifications of the first type are truly indigenous, and therefore entitled to rank as subspecies, is doubtful. The distributional area includes the undulating, or hilly wooded districts of a large portion of the Oriental region, namely India, Ceylon, Assam, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Siam, Hainan, Formosa, and the Philippines, and extends northwards to Sze-chuan. The following is a provisional " key " to the better known local races of this variable species :— A. Face longer ; shanks dark. a. Size very large, shoulder-height reaching 54 inches ; terminal tines of antlers subequal, or front one the shorter C. K. mticolor. 1). Size nearly equal to that of preceding ; hind terminal tine the shorter C. it. 7.4 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES B. Face shorter ; shanks light. a. Size nearly as large as in typical race C. u. dejeani. b. Size smaller C. u. swinhoei. c. Size still smaller ; shoulder-height not exceed- ing about 28 inches. a'. Size larger (28 inches) ; conspicuous mous- tache-markings ; chin white C. u, philippinus (and mariannus} . b'. Size smaller, not exceeding 26 inches. a". Limbs and under-parts darker. a3. Shoulder-height 24 to 26 inches ; no moustache-markings ; skull and teeth larger C. u. nigricans. 63. Shoulder-height about 25 inches ; con- spicuous moustache-markings ; skull and teeth smaller, C. u. nigellus. b". Limbs and under-parts lighter C. u. boninensis. A.— Cervus unieolor unicolor. Cervus unicolor typicus, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 146, pi. x, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 224, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 60, 1910, ed. 7, p. 62, 1914. Cervus unicolor unicolor, Lydekker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 37, 1913. Typical locality Ceylon ; the range including India, and. probably extending eastwards as far as the Assam valley, where this race may be separated by the Bramaputra from the next, with which, however, it may locally intergrade. Ceylon sambar are smaller than the mainland form. Size very large, the height at the shoulder reaching at least 5 feet 4 inches ; antlers (fig. 17) long, with the two tines of the terminal fork generally of approximately equal length, but if unequal, the front one usually the shorter, and the hind one rising from the posterior surface of the beam and not forming the continuation of the axis of the latter ; general colour almost uniformly dark umber-brown, tending to grey or yellowish in some individuals ; under-parts little paler than the back, but chin, inner portion of buttocks, lower surface of tail, and inner sides of upper part of limbs more or less distinctly chestnut ; females paler ; young reddish, apparently with a black tail and dorsal band, but spots wanting ; ears very broad, equal to about half the length of the head ; the latter relatively long, with a nearly straight profile ; tail moderately bushy, and longer than ear. Fine CEKVID/E 75 antlers measure from 43 to 50 inches along the outer curve, with a basal girth of from 5£ to 9|, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 8 to 49 inches. The presence of an additional (fourth) tine is very rare. 699, a. Single antler. From a stag in the menagerie at Exeter Change. No history. 699*. Two single antlers. No history. 097, g. Skull and antlers. Locality unknown. No history. 697, h. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. No history. 697, in. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. No history. 697, u. Frontlet and antlers. Type of Pennant's " Greater Axis/' C. axis major, and C. albicornis. Ceylon (?). No history. G97, v. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. No history. 699, a. Skin, formerly mounted. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 699, v. Frontlet and antlers. Outer Himalaya ; collected by the Eev. E. Everest (after whom Mount Everest is named). Purchased. 43. 1. 26. 16. Skull and antlers. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1843. 43. 1. 12. 107. Immature skull, female. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 106 (699, k2). Skull and antlers. Nepal. Type of 0. heterocerus ; figured by Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x. Same donor, 1845. 45. 1. 8. 107 (699, x). Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 109. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 110. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 111. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 114. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same history. 76 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 45. 1. 8. 115 (699, >•-). Skull and antlers. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 116. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same history* 45. 1. 8 117. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 118. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 198 (699, /). Skull and antlers: Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 199 (699, m). Skull, female. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 201. Frontlet and antlers, young. Nepal. Same history. 699, y. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal. Same donor. 699, I'2. Skeleton. Nepal. Same donor. * *. Single antler. Nepal. Same donor. 699, u2. Single antler. Himalaya. Same history. 45. 12. 27. 3. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. Purchased (Argent), 1845. 47. 7. 23. 30 (699, m2). Skeleton and antlers. India ; collected by Mr. Bartlett. Purchased, 1847. 699, 32. Skeleton and antlers. India. Purchased (Zoological Society). 52. 10. 5. 5. Skull and antlers. Locality unknown. Purchased (Argent), 1852. 53. 8. 22. 1. Skin, mounted, and skull (53. 8. 22. 2 = 699, q2). Ceylon. Topo-type. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1853. 58. 6. 24. 19. Skin, immature. Sikhini. Presented ly B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1858. 58. 6. 24. 20. Skull, with antlers, and skin, immature. Sikhim. Same history. 58. 6. 24. 21. Skull, immature female. Sikhim. Same history. 58. 6. 24. 174. Frontlet and antlers. Sikhim. Same history. 58. 6. 24. 175. Frontlet and single antler. Sikhim. Same history. 699, /. Frontlet and antlers. India (?). Presented by Mrs. Wright. 77 699, j'2. Frontlet and antlers. India (?). No history. i i')'.), b. Antlers. India (?). No history. * * * *. Skull and antlers. India (?). No history. * * * *. Six frontlets, with antlers. India (?). No history. * -* * *^ Four shed antlers. India (?). No history. 0:1. 5. 13. G-7. Two pairs of shed antlers. India (?). Purchased (Zoological Society), 1863. 68. 12. 29. 8 (699, if). Skeleton and antlers. India (?). Same history, 1868. 79. 11. 21. 184. Skull and antlers. Nepal; collected by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 443. Frontlet and antlers. India, probably the Saharunpur district; collected by Dr. Hugh Falconer, sometime Superintendent of the Saharunpur Botanical Gardens. Length of antlers 45 J inches. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 444. Frontlet and antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 79.11.21.446. Skull and antlers. Nepal; collected by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 448. Skull and antlers. India (?). Same history. 79.11.21.449. Frontlet and antlers. Dekhan ; col- lected by Col. W. H. Sykes, about 1840. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 451. Pair of antlers. Godaveri Valley. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 452. Antlers. India (?). Same history. 79. 11. 21. 452*. Antlers. India (?). Same history. 88. 3. 20. 26. Skull and antlers. India. Presented by R. LydeJcker, Esq., 1888. 89. 11. 20. 3. Frontlet and antlers. Khatcote Jungle, near Mhow. Presented by Col. J. Evans, 1889. 89. 11. 20. 4-5. Two frontlets, with antlers. Ghats, west of Simrol. Same history. 89. 11. 20. 6. Frontlet and antlers. Dehra Dun. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 16. Frontlet and antlers. Dehra Dun. Presented by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 17-18. Two frontlets, with antlers. Oudh Tarai. S'tmc historij. 78 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 71. 8. 7. 19-24. Six shed antlers. Chanda, Central Provinces, India. Same history. 2. 10. 2. 1. Skin, mounted. India. Presented ly the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1902. 7. 10. 27. 2. Skull and antlers. Central India. Length of antlers 44J inches. Presented by Mrs. J. G. Anderson, 1907. 7. 10. 27. 3. Skull and antlers. Same locality. Length of antlers 42 J inches. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 9. Skull and antlers (fig. 17). Chanda, Central Provinces. Length of antlers on outer curve 46 J, girth 6$, tip-to-tip interval 24J, widest inside span 30^ inches. Bequeathed by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. B. — Cervus unicolor equinus. Cervus equinus, Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 2, vol. iv, p. 45, pi. v, figs. 37 and 38, 1823 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 112, 1827 ; S. Mutter, Verh. Nat. Geschied. Nederland. pis. xlii and xlv, 1840-44; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 3878, p. 901 ; Gilnther, ibid. 1880, p. 452 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. p. ii, p. 290, 1884 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 320, 1891; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 297, 1893 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 7, 1896. Cervus malaccensis, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. i, pi. x, 1824 ; J. B. Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 451, 1829. Cervus (Rusa) equinus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 311, 1827. Eusa equina, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 179, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 231, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 210, 1852 (equinus), Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 77, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 149, 1873 ; Gerrard. Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 261, 1862 ; Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 260, 1867 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 290, 1874 ; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17. Cervus (Hippelaphus) equinus, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet. -Ah. Handl. 1844, p. 178, 1846. Cervulus cambojensis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 138. Eucervus cambojensis, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 76, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 145, 1873, partim. Eusa equina malaccensis, Fitzinger, Sitzler. k. Alt. Wiss Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. i, p. 294, 1874. Eussa equina, Jentink and Bilttikofer, Notes Leyden Mas. vol. xix, p. 63, 1897. Cervus unicolor equinus, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 150, pi. xi, 1898, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 215, 1900, Game CERVID^E 79 Animals of India, etc. p. 232, 1907, Cat, Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 38, 1913 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 63, 1910, ed. 7, p. 65, 1914; Gairdner, J. Slam. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. i, p. 117, 1914. Rusa unicolor equinus, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxii, p. 467, 1906. Typical locality Sumatra. Co-types (figured by Cuvier, op. cit) apparently not in Paris Museum. Nearly as large as Indian representatives of the typical race, but the antlers generally shorter and thicker, with the hind, or inner, tine of the terminal fork much shorter than the front or outer one, and rising as a spur from the inner hind margin of the beam, of which the hind tine forms the direct continuation, and the brow-tine in most cases rela- tively longer ; general colour darker, approaching black or slaty grey in old stags ; usually a light ring round the eye ; ears rather smaller, with distinct white margins ; legs frequently light-coloured ; tail more bushy ; face compara- tively long and straight ; new-born young, at least frequently, faintly spotted on hind-quarters, with the general colour foxy red, and the tail and a line down the back blackish or black. Good antlers measure from about 16 to 30 inches along the outer curve, with a basal girth of from 4£ to 7 inches, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 5J to 24J inches. The range is provisionally taken to include most of the large sambar of all the Malay countries, with the exception of Java, and also to comprise those of Assam and Kachar, where these deer are known to produce spotted young, and also of Hainan. It is, however, quite probable that there may be a number of local races. If this prove to be the case, the name malaccensis is available for the Malay, and camoojensis for the Cambodian form. 61. 4. 12. 18 (1463, g). Frontlet and antlers, immature. Cambodia ; collected by Monsieur Mouhot. Type of Cervulus cambojensis. Purchased, 1861. 62. 8. 18. 22. Pair of antlers. Laos Mountains, Cam- bodia; same collector. Purchased, 1862. 67. 5. 20. 3-4 (1781, y-r). Two frontlets, with antlers. Assam. Purchased (Cutter), 1867. 67. 5. 20. 6. Skull and antlers. Assam. Same history. 80 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 67. 7. 8. 24 (1781, I). Skull, with antlers, and skin. Locality unknown. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1867. 68. 3. 21. 5. Skin. Locality unknown. Same history, 1868. 70. 2. 10. 30. Skin, imperfect. Hainan; collected by E. Swinhoe, Esq. Purchased, 1870. 70. 2. 10. 31. Skin, female, imperfect. Same locality and collector. Same history. 81. 6. 30. 6. Pair of shed antlers. Cochin China ; collected by Monsieur Boucard. Purchased, 1881. 81. 6. 30. 7-8. Two frontlets, with antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 84. 4. 14. 3. Skeleton, female. Garo Hills, Assam ; collected by G. P. Sanderson, Esq. Purchased, 1884. 91. 8. 7. 25-30. Six frontlets, with antlers. Same locality and collector. Purchased, 1891. 94. 9. 20. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. Presented ly Capt. Stewart, 1894. 12. 10. 31. 10. Skull and antlers. Garo Hills; collected by G. P. Sanderson, Esq. Bequeathed by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. C.— Cervus unicolor brookei. Cervus brookei, Hose, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xii, p. 206, 1893. Eusa brookei, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 584, 1906, vol. xxxiii, p. 550, 1907, vol. xl, p. 67, 1901. Typical locality Mount Dulit, Sarawak. According to Lyon, smaller than Malay Sainbar (appa- rently regarded as typical C. equinus): The range is taken to include Billiton, Pagi, and Nias Islands. 79. 1. 27. 2. Skull, female. Sarawak, North Borneo; collected by A. H. Everett, Esq. Purchased, 1879. 79. 5. 3. 18-19. Two skulls, with antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 79. 5. 3. 20. Frontlet and antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 81 SO. G. 1.6. 1-3. Three frontlets, with antlers. Itejang Valley, North Borneo; collected by H. B. Low, Esq. I'ln-i'/HtMil, 1880. 80. 6. 16. 4-6. Three similar specimens. Same locality and collector. Same history. 80. 6. 16. 7-8. Two similar specimens. Same locality and collector. Same history. 86. 12. 20. 9. Skull, with antlers. Sandakan, British North Borneo ; collected by W. B. Pryer, Esq. Purdutwd, 1886. ST. 2. 10. 9-11. Three frontlets, with antlers. liajang Valley, North Borneo ; collected by H. B. Low, Esq. Purchased, 1887. 92. 9. 4. 3. Skin, young in spotted coat. Mount Dulit, eastern Sarawak. Type. Presented by Dr. C. Hose, 1892. 95. 5. 7. 4. Skin, young in spotted coat. Miri Valley, Baram, northern Borneo. Noticed in Deer of all Lands, loc. cit. Same donor, 1895. 1. 7. 29. 1. Abnormal antlers. Sarawak. There are many more tines than usual, most of which are much pal mated. Same donor, 1901. D.— Cervus unieolor swinhoei. Eusa swinhoii, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 152, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. viii, p. 331, 1871 ; Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 644; Gray, Cat. Ruminant* Brit. Mus. p. 77, 1872, Hand-List Rumi- nants Brit. Mas. p. 149, 1873 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. 2, p. 298, 1874 (swinhoei) ; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17. Cervus swinhoii, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 901 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 178, 1891 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 320, 1891 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 8, 1896 ; Aoki, Annot. Zool. Japon. vol. viii, p. 341, 1913. Cervus unieolor swinhoei, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 154, 1898, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xv, p. 391, 1905 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 5, p. 77, 1907, ed. 6, p. 64, 1910, ed. 7, p. 66, 1914 ; Bentham, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 77, 1908. Cervus (Rusa) swinhoei, Nitsche, Studien iiber Hirsche, p. 32, 1898. Typical locality Formosa, to which island this race is restricted. Closely allied to the preceding race, from which it appears to be distinguished by its shorter head and concave profile, relatively longer legs, and thfj under-mentioned IV. G 82 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES differences in colour, and the somewhat smaller size. In winter general colour uniform reddish black-brown, with the head and ears reddish yellow-brown, and the upper surface of the nose having a V-shaped blackish brown mark reaching to the eyes ; under surface nearly as dark as back, but inner sides of thighs and the entire shanks brownish or whitish yellow, and the bushy tail black all round. In summer the general colour light yellowish red-brown, darker in front than behind, and lightest on under surface. The antlers are of the type of those of the Malay race, but smaller ; the skull is very similar to that of the Luzon race. Good antlers measure from 16 to 19f inches in length, with a girth of from 3 J to 4J inches. * * * *. Skin, immature, mounted. Formosa; col- lected by E. Swinhoe, Esq., about 1860. Type. Purchased (Zoological Society). 63. 5. 13. 8. Shed antlers, first year. From an animal born in London. Same history, 1863. 68. 3. 21. 24. Skull, with antlers (1414, r), and skin. Formosa ; collected by E. Swinhoe, Esq. Same history, 1868. 70, 2. 10. 69 (1414, b). Skull. Same locality and collector. Purchased, 1870. 1414, c. Skull, young female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 70 (1414, h). Shed antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 78 (1414, i). Frontlet and antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 79-80 (1414, / and (j). Two frontlets, with antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 76. 2. 4. 1. Skull and antlers. Formosa. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1876. E.— Cervus unieolor dejeani. Eusa dejeani, Pousargues, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1896, no. 1, p. 2. Cervus dejeani, Ward, Eecords of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 22, 1896. Cervus unieolor dejeani, LydeJcJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 156, 1898 ; Ward, Eecords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 65, 1910, ed. 7, p. 67, 1914. Typical locality Sze-chuan, Western China, about 30° north latitude. CEKVID^ 83 Type iu Paris Museum. Stated to be very similar in form and coloration to the Formosan race, but as large as the Indian sambar, from which it differs by the more sombre brown colour, and the longer and more bushy tail. In the type the antlers measure 30^ along the outer curve, and 5J inches in basal girth. No specimen in collection. F.— Cervus unicolor mariannus. Cervus mariannus, Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 436, 1822 ; Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 2, vol. iv, p. 45, pi. v, fig. 30, 1823 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 115, 1827 ; J. B. Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 453, 1829 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 232 ; Fraser, ibid. 1864, p. 369 ; Sclater, ibid. 1870, p. 279 ; Brooke, ibid. 1877, p. 53, 1878, p. 901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 1896 (marianus). Cervus (Rusa) mariannus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 311, 1827. Cervus labipes, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. iv, pi. 420, 1832. Cervus (Hippelaphus) mariannus, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet. -Ah. Handl. 1844, p. 180, 1846. Rusa mariannus, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 78, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 150, 1873 (marianus) , partirn ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 355, 1873, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 304, 1874 (marianna) ; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17. Ussa marianus, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emj). Chinois, vol. ii, p. 40, 1888. Typical locality Guam Island, Marianne, or Ladrone, Group. Type in Paris Museum. Closely allied to, and perhaps really inseparable from, the next race. Brooke was of opinion that the Marianne deer were originally imported from Luzon, but the evidence is by no means conclusive. The name mariannus antedates philippinus. 655, I. Skull, with antlers. Presumably (like the fol- lowing specimens) from the Marianne group. Described, with figure of antlers by Brooke, op. cit. 1877, p. 56. Total length of skull llf inches; length of antler along outer curve 18 inches, basal girth above burr 5 inches. No history. 655, c. Skull and antlers. No history. G 2 84 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 53. 16. 6. 2 (655, d). Skull and antlers. Purchased (Argent), 1853. 655, e. Pair of antlers. No history. 64. 10. 1. 2 (655, /). Pair of antlers. Purchased (Cutter), 1864. G. — Cervus unicolor philippinus. Cervus philippinus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 147, 1827; J. B. Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 622, 1829; Pucheran, Rev. Zool. Paris, 1855, p. 49, 1857, p. 481 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 51, pi. viii, 1878, p. 901. Cervus (Stylocerus) philippinus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 319, 1827. Cervus (Hippelaphus) philippinus, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 179, 1846. Rusa philippinus, Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 63, 1850, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 232, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 211, 1852; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixvii, pt. 1, p. 355, 1873, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 305, 1874 (philippina) ; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 130, 1912 ; Hollister, Philippine Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 40, 1912, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlvi, p. 331, 1913. Cervus mariannus, Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 367. Rusa mariannus, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 78, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 150, 1873 (marianna), partim. Cervus (Muntjac) philippinus, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 94, 1872. Cervus unicolor philippinus, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 157, 1898 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 64, 1910, ed. 7, p. 67, 1914. Typical locality Luzon, Philippine group. Type in Paris Museum. Nearly allied to C. u. swinhoei, but smaller; height at shoulder about 28 inches ; general build stout and massive, with the hind-quarters not specially elevated, and the form that of a small Malay sambar ; general colour rich ruddy brown, darkest on back and lightest on the neck; forehead and cheeks rufous fawn ; a blackish streak strarting from over each eye to form a median line down the face, which is separated by a pale band of fawn from a narrow moustache- like mark on the muzzle ; chin white ; under-parts uniformly brown ; metatarsal gland forming a rufous spot much lighter than the rest of the leg ; ears moderate, covered externally with short close-set hairs ; antlers very similar to those of CERVID.I; 85 the Malay race, massive, nearly straight, with a long brow- tine, and the inner tine of the terminal fork markedly shorter than the outer one. Skull rather elevated in the nasal region, and tjie lachrymal vacuities large and triangular. 47. 3. 4. 22 (655, a). Pair of antlers, probably referable l.o this race. Philippines. Presented by Admiral Sir Edward Belcher, KC.B., 1847. 2. 3. 19. 2. Head of female in winter coat, mounted. Shows the white chin very distinctly. Presented by the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1902 H.— Cervus unicolor basilanensis. Melanaxis basilanensis, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, p. 49, 1888. Rusa basilanensis, Hollister, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlvi, p. 332, 1913. Typical (and only) locality Basilan Island, Philippines. Apparently nearly allied to, but (according to Hollister) distinct from, C. n. pliilipphni*. No specimen in collection. I. — Cervus unicolor barandanus. Ussa barandanus, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, p. 22, 1888. Rusa barandanus, Hollister, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlvi, p. 331, 1913. Typical locality Mindoro Island, Philippines. Insufficiently described, but, according to Hollister, entitled to rank as a distinct form; size approximately the same as in C. u. philippinus. No specimen in collection. J.— Cervus unicolor francianus. Ussa francianus, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, p. 24, 1888. Rusa francianus, Hollister, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlvi, p. 331, 1913. Typical locality Mindanao Island, Philippines. Apparently nearly related to C. v. pliilippinus, but at 86 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES present insufficiently described. Considerable variation obtains in the size of the cheek-teeth. No specimen in collection. • K.— Cervus unieolor nigrieans. Cervus nigricans, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 57. Ussa nigricans, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 31, 1888. Cervus steerii, Elliot, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. i, p. 72, 1896, p. 157, 1897. Cervus (Rusa) nigricans, Nitsche, Studien iiber Hirsche, p. 32, 1898. Cervus unieolor nigricans, LydeJeker, Deer of All Lands, p. 158, 1898 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 65, 1910, ed. 7, p. 65, 1914. Rusa nigricans, Hollister, Philippine Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 40, 1912, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xli, p. 339, 1913. Rusa steerei, Hollister, Philippine Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 40, 1912. Typical locality " an unknown island in the Philippines," which is Basilan, the typical locality of Cervus steerii. Smaller than C. u. pliilippinus, the height at the shoulder being about 24 to 26 inches ; general build more slender, with the hind-quarters much higher than the withers ; general colour blackish brown, slightly tinged with rufous, becoming almost black on the face, neck, and shoulders; no moustache-like markings on muzzle; chin, under-parts, and inner surfaces of thighs varying from dirty white to whitish brown, the white showing most on the front of the thighs ; metatarsal gland generally indistinct ; ears oval,' relatively small, and almost naked externally ; antlers moderately stout, somewhat curved forwards, with a short brow-tine, and the hind tine of the terminal fork not much shorter than the front one. Skull much depressed in the nasal region, with the nasal bones in fully adult individuals so expanded as almost or completely to obliterate the lachrymal vacuities. Basal length of skull in a Basilan specimen 8£ inches ; length of antlers on outer curve 13 J inches. This race was named on the evidence of the under- mentioned skull and skin of a female from an unknown island in the Philippines, in which the lower portions of the legs are perhaps rather lighter than in other examples, and CERVID^E 87 the metatarsal gland is indistinctly visible as a light patch. In 1890 the Museum received the Basilan specimen, No. 90. 7. 25. 3, which from the comparatively small size of the antlers, is probably immature ; and the only noticable difference between this specimen — which is undoubtedly the same as C. steerii — and the type is that in the former the front and outer side of the lower portion of the legs is slightly darker, and shows no distinct light gland-patch. As mounted, it measures 25J inches at the shoulder, and 27 inches at the rump. In its relatively high rump it accords with Brooke's " crouching aguti-like carriage " of the type ; and from comparison with the latter, there can be little or no doubt that both belong to the same race, the nearly naked ears being a conspicuous feature in common. 85. 4. 22. 1. Skull and skin, female. Philippines, probably Basilan. Type. The animal was living in the London Zoological Gardens in 1870 ; and on its death the present specimens passed into the collection of Sir Victor Brooke, Bart. Presented ly Sir Doiiylas Brooke, Bart., 1885. 85. 4. 22. 3. Skull and antlers. Basilan ; collected by A. H. Everett, Esq. Purchased, 1885. 85. 4. 22. 4. A similar specimen. Same locality and collector. Same history. 15. 4. 22. 5. Another similar specimen. Same locality and collector. Same history. 90. 7. 25. 3. Skin, subadult, mounted. Basilan ; col- lected by E. L. Mosely, Esq. Purchased, 1890. L.— Cervus unicolor nig-ellus. Rusa nigellus, Hollister, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlvi, p. 332, 1913. Typical locality Mount Malindang, at a height of 8,000 feet, Mindanao Island, Philippines. Type in U.S. National Museum. Much smaller than the common Mindanao C. u. fran- cianus, and apparently nearly related to C. u. nigricans, but with smaller skull and cheek-teeth and conspicuous face- markings. General colour dark blackish brown, with two transverse golden brown bands on face, one a little above muffle and the other across forehead ; lower lip whitish ; 88 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES chin blackish ; nape and backs of ears black ; inner sides of ears buffish white ; imder-parts nearly black in middle line, passing into ochery buff between limbs ; fore-legs with a narrow ochery stripe down inner side. Antler-pedicles very long ; length of upper row of cheek-teeth 66 mm. No specimen in collection. M, — Cervus unicolor boninensis. Cervus (Rusa) unicolor boninensis, Lydekker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xv, p. 392, 1905 ; AoJci, Annot. Zool. Japon. vol. viii, p. 341, 1913, as a synonym of C. unicolor. Typical locality Bonin Islands, lying about one degree to the east-south-east of the southern point of Japan, to which, according to Aoki, these deer were introduced by Perry about 1850. A provisional race of smaller size than C. u. swinlioei, and of the approximate dimensions of C. u. nigricans, from which it differs by the much lighter colour of the under- parts and limbs — the shanks being nearly white, and the rufous fawn of the flanks being sharply defined from the brown of the back — as well as by the tail being shorter and white beneath. Basal length of female skull 8f inches. 96.2.28.4. Skull, female. Bonin Island. Type. Shows the proximally expanded nasals, deep lachrymal pits, and small auditory bullse characteristic of the sambar group. The skull and skin of a male specimen are in the Tring Museum. Presented by the Executors of H. Seebokm, Esq., 1896. OTHER NAMES APPLIED TO POJSINE DEER. The following is a list of names (compiled by Hollister, Philippine Jo-urn. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, pp. 41 et seq.) applied by Heude to Philippine deer, in addition to those quoted elsewhere in this volume. The specific names are arranged alphabetically, irrespective of the genera to which they were assigned by their author. Hollister remarks that, although many of these names are undoubtedly synonyms, a few may prove valid when, a sufficient number of specimens from the typical localities are available for comparison. CKRVID^E 89 Ussa ambrosianus, Heude, Mem. Hixl. Nat. Hny*. CJiinoix, vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 27, 1888. Typical locality Xuova Ecija, Luzon. Ussa atheneensis, Heude, op. cit. vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 188, 1889. Typical locality Luzon. Ussa barycerosj Heude, op. cit. vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 139, 1899. Typical locality La Laguna and Batangas, Luzon. Ussa brachyceros, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1. p. 36, 1888. Typical locality Batangas, Luzon. Melanaxis breviceps, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 48, 1888. Typical locality Masbate Island. Ussa chrysotrichos, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 39, 1888. Typical locality La Laguna and Batangas, Luzon. Ussa cinerens, Heude, op. cit. vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 140, 1889. Typical locality Cebu Island. Ussa corteanus, Heude, op. fit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 37, 1888. Typical locality Marive.les, Luzon. Ussa crassicornis, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. '23, 1888. Typical locality Cebu. Ussa dailliardianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 32, 1888. Typical locality Jala- Jala, Laguna, Luzon. Melanaxis (?) elegans, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 49, 1HHH. Typical locality Philippine Islands. Ussa clorzanns, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 28, 1888. Typical locality Bataan Province, Luzon. Ussa gavcianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 29, 1888. Typical locality Nueva Ecija, Luzon. Ussa gonzalinus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 35, 1888. Typical locality Philippines, probably Luzon. 90 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Ussa gorrichamis, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 21, 1888. Typical locality Batangas, Luzon. Ussa guevararms, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 40, 1888. Typical locality Mariquina, Luzon. Ussa guidoteanus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 29, 1888. Typical locality Batangas, Luzon. Ussa hipolitiamis, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 39, 1888. Typical locality La Laguna and Batangas, Luzon. Ussa longicuspis, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 34, 1888. Typical locality Philippines, probably Luzon. Ussa macarianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 28, 1888. Typical locality Nneva Ecija, Luzon. Ussa maraisianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 81, 1888. Typical locality Jala-Jala, Laguna de Bay, Luzon. Ussa marzaninus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 33, 1888. Typical locality Nueva Ecija and La Laguna, Luzon. Melanaxis masbatensis, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 47, 1888. Typical locality Masbate Island. Ussa michaelinus, Heude, op. cit. vol. iv. pt. 3, p. 135, 1899. Typical locality San Miguel de Murcia, Tarlac, Luzon. Ussa microdontus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 34, 1888. Typical locality Batangas, Luzon. Ussa nublanus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 24, 1888. Typical locality, La Laguna, Luzon. Ussa ramosianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 26, 1888. Typical locality Nueva Ecija, Luzon. Ussa rosarianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 30, 1888. Typical locality Nueva Ecija, Luzon. CERVID^E 91 Ussa roxasianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 33, 1888. Typical locality Batangas, Luzon. Ussa rubiginosus, Hende, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 38, 1888. Typical locality Bataan and Nueva Ecija, Luzon. Sikelaphus soloensis, Hcude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 3, p. 147, 1894. Typical locality Sulu. Ussa spatharius, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 25, 1888. Typical locality La Laguna, Luzon. Ussa telesforianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, p. 1, p. 36, 1888. Typical locality Batangas (?), Luzon. I'ssa tuasoninus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, p. 1, p. 25, 1888. Typical locality Batangas, Luzon. Ussa verzosaiius, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, p. 1, p. 37, 1888, vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 134, 1894. Typical locality Nueva Ecija, Luzon. Ussa vidalinus, Heude, op. cit. vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 136, 1899. Typical locality San Miguel cle Murcia, Tarlac, Luzon. Ussa villemerianus, Hcude, op. cit. vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 136, 1899. Typical locality San Miguel de Murcia, Tarlac, Luzon. The following names have been applied to members of the sambar-rusa group from countries other than the Philippines :— Sambar curvicornis, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 42, 1888. Cochin-China. Sambar longicornis, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 42, 1888. Cochin- China. Sambar outreyanus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 42, 1888. Cochin- China. Sambar planidens, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 43, 1888. Cochin- China. Sambar colombertinus, Heudc, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 43, 1888. Cochin-China. Sambar combalbertinus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 43, 1888. Cochin-China. 92 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Sambar lignarius, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 44, 1888. Cochin- China. Sambar lemearms, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 44, 1888. Cochin - China. Sambar errardianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 45, 1888. Cochin- China. Sambar joubertianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1. p. 45, 1888. Cochin- China. Sambar latideiis, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 45, 1888. Cochin - China. Sambar planiceps, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 45, 1888. Cochin - China. Sambar officialis, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 46, 1888. Cochin- China. Sambar simonimis, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 46, 1888. Cochin- China. Sambar brachyrinus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 46, 1888. Cochin- China. Sambar verutus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii. pt. 1, p. 46, 1888. Cochin- China. Hippelaphus hamiltonianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. iii, p. 49, 1896. Sandakan. Hippelaphus macassaricus, Heude, op. cit. vol. iii, p. 50, 1896. Macassar. Hippelaphus menadensis, Heude, o%>. cit. vol. iii, p. 50, 1896. Menado. Hippelaphus floresianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. iii, p. 92, 1896. Flores. Hippelaphus buruensis, Heude, op. cit. vol. iii, p. 98, 1896. Burn. Hippelaphus noevellianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. iii, p. 94, 1896. Buru. 4. SUBGENUS RUCERVUS. Rucervus, Hodgson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. i, p. 154, 1838 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 905 ; Lydekkcr, Deer of All Lands, p. 188, 1898. Panolia, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 180, 1843. Recervus, Gray, List. Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 65, 1847, errorim. Recurvus, Jdger and Bessels, Petcrmann's Mittlieil. vol. xvi, p. 87, 1870, errorim. . Rucercus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. p. 875, 1898, errorim. Large deer, with flattened or rounded antlers, in which both the bez (second) and third tines are wanting, the beam dichotomously forked, and one or hoth branches again forked, so that the number of tines is typically at least four, and may be many more, the hrow-tine forming either a right angle or a continuous curve with the beam ; coat generally CKKVID.K 0.°) almost or quite uniformly coloured, without a light rump- patch ; neck maned ; ears large ; face long ; tail short ; bare uiva of muzzle ascending some distance above nostrils ; face- glands moderate, and not capable of complete eversion ; metatarsal glands small or wanting ; hind-pasterns as in preceding subgenus ; upper canines small ; upper molars with a small additional column on the inner side ; young usually spotted ; skull relatively narrow, with the auditory bulla> on under surface moderately inflated. The distributional area includes a large portion of the mainland of south-eastern Asia, together with the island of Hainan. The species are distinguishable as follows :— A. Brow-tine of antlers more or less differentiated from beam. «. Beam of antlers undivided for a consider- able distance above origin of brow-tine, which is not forked C. (It.) duvauceli. b. Beam of antlers dividing a short distance above origin of brow-tine, which is fre- quently forked C. (R.) tchombnrgki. u. Brow-tine of antlers continuous with beam... C. (B.) eldi. IX. CEEVUS (RUCEEVUS) DUVAUCELI. Cervus duvaucelii,* Cuvier, Ossemcns Fossiles, ed. 3, vol. iv, p. 505, 1825 ; J. B. Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 452, 1829; Anon, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. v, p. 240, 1836; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 346, 1871 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 905 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 179, 1891 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 320, 1891 ; Blan- ford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 538, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 304, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 189, pi. xiv, 1898, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 829, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 228, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 245, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 13, 1896; Bentham, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 85, 1908. Cervus bahrinja, Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 99. Cervus elaphoides, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. iv, .p. 648, 1835. Cervus (Eucervus) elaphoides, Hodgson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. i, p. 154, 1838. Cervus dimorphe, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xii, p. 807, 1843. Axis (?) duvaucellii, Gray, List Mamm. Brit Mus. p. 178, 1843. * Variously rendered as duvauceli and duva/«-,l//, 94 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Cervus (Hippelaphus) duvaucelii, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 178, 1846. Rucervus duvaucelii, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi, p. 689, 1847 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 230, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 203, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 76, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 145, 1873 ; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 150, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 835 ; Anderson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxxvi, pt. 2, p. 185, note, 1868 ; Blanford, ibid. pp. 197 and 199, 1868 ; Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 254, 1867 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 356, 1873, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 324, 1874 ; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 510, 1884 ; Percy, Big Game Shooting (Badminton Libr.), vol. ii, p. 264, 1894. Recervus duvaucellii, Gray, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 65, 1847 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 259, 1862. Cervus ruceros, Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 40, 1850. Rusa dimorpha, Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 62, 1850 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 355, 1873. Cervus eucladoceros, Falconer's Pal. Mem. vol. i, p. 587, 1868. Cervus (Rucervus) duvauceli, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 79, 1910, ed. 7, p. 54, 1914 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 493 ; Lydekker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 36, 1913. BARASINGHA ; SWAMP-DEER. Type of Rucervus. Typical locality plains of Peninsular India. Height at shoulder from 3 feet 8 inches to 3 feet 10 inches ; build stout and tall ; coat moderately fine, and somewhat woolly ; muzzle long and slender ; antlers (fig. 18) smooth and flattened, with a long brow-tine usually rising almost at a right angle to beam ; above the brow-tine the beam remains undivided for about half its length, when it splits into a regular fork, of which each branch is usually again simply forked, although the outer branch may be much longer than the inner one, and bear three or more tines ; small snags frequently developed on upper surface of brow- tine, although " sports " at its junction with the beam seldom occur, and the brow-tine is never forked ; metatarsal gland and tuft wanting ; general colour in summer bright rufous brown, frequently, or usually, with a broad brown line down the middle of the back, bordered by a line of white spots on each side, and more or less faint traces of other spots ; throat, inner sides of thighs, and under-parts white or whitish ; lower surface of the tail pure white ; in winter upper-parts yellowish brown, and under-parts paler ; in 95 females colour lighter at all seasons ; young fully spotted with white. The ears are filled internally with long white hairs ; and the naked portion of the muzzle is slaty. Good antlers measure from 34 to 41 inches along the outer curve, with a FIG. 18. — HEAD OP SWAMP-DEER (Cervus [Rucervus] duvauceli). The nearly continuous sweep formed by the brow-tine and the beam is a feature in which this head approximates to the Thamin. From Lydekker, Proa. Zool. Soc. 1899. basal girth of from 4J- to 6£, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 20 to 43 inches. The range is restricted to India, not extending eastward of the Bay of Bengal or to Ceylon. Along the foot of the Himalaya it embraces the tract from Upper Assam in the east to the Kyarda Dun west of the Jumna, Assam, a few localities in the Indo-Gangetic plain from the Eastern 96 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Sandarbans to Bahawalpur, Rohri in Upper Sind, and parts of the extensive area lying between the Ganges and Godaveri valleys as far eastwards as Mandla. The species is abundant in portions of the upper Narbada Valley, as well as the neighbourhood of Bastar to the southward : in the Central Provinces its range corresponds with that of the red jungle- fowl, both species being confined to the tracts covered with sal-forest. 45. 1. 8. 128. Skull and antlers. Nepal. Presented ~by B. H. Hodgson, Esy., 1845. 45. 1. 8. 129. Skull and antlers. Same locality. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 130. Frontlet and antlers. Same locality. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 131. Frontlet and antlers. Same locality. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 200. Skin, immature female. Same locality. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 271. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Nepal (sal-forest). Type of Ccrvus dimorphe. Same history. 50. 7. 9. 13. Skin, mounted, and skull (50. 8. 30. 4). India. An earlier skull (No. 694, d) has been put in the skin. Presented ty the Earl of Derby, 1850. 55. 12. 24. 399. Skin, female. India. Same donor, 1855. 694, 1). Skull and antlers. India. No history. 694, i. Skull, immature. India. (In Geological De- partment.) No history. 63. 5. 28. 3. Skull and antlers. Himalaya. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1863. 63. 12. 3. 7. Skin, young, formerly mounted. Zoological Gardens. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 38. Frontlet and horns. India. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 39. Frontlet and horns. India. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 40. Frontlet and antlers. Upper India ; collected by Gen. T. Hardwicke. Same history. 84. 4. 14. 1. Skeleton, female. Assam ; collected by G. P. Sanderson, Esq. Purchased, 1884. 97 84. 4. 14. 2. Skeleton, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 694, k. Skeleton and antlers. India. Purchased (Zoological Society). 87. 2. 9. 4. Frontlet and antlers. India ; collected by A. Grote, Esq. Presented ly Mrs. Stirling, 1887. * * * *. Frontlet and antlers. India. No history. 88. 3. 20. 22. Skull and antlers. India. Presented ly R. Lydelcker, Esq., 1888. 91. 8. 7. 8. Skull and antlers. Kheri district, Oudh. Presented ly A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 9. Skull and antlers. Bramaputra Valley, Gowhatti, Assam ; collected by Mr. E. Adam. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 10. Frontlet and antlers. Gowhatti. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 11. Skull and antlers, immature. Baraitch district, Oudh. Same history. 5. 11. 30. 1. Skin, mounted. Central Provinces. Purchased, 1905. 12. 10. 31. 5. Skull and antlers. Gowhatti. Neither this nor the following specimen has antlers sufficiently large to be included in Ward's list. Bequeathed ly A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 6. Skull and antlers. Kheri district. Same history. 14. 3. 31. 2. Skull and antlers. Dehra Dun ; collected by K. H. W. Dunlop, Esq., about 1860. Length of antlers 34J, basal girth 6, tip-to-tip interval 33J inches. Presented ly Major A. Wallace- Dunlop, 1914. X. CERVUS (RUCERVUS) SCHOMBURGKI. Cervus (Kucervus) schomburgki, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 155, 1867, p. 835 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 75, 1910, ed. 7, p. 57, 1914. Cervus schomburgki, Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 349, 1871 ; BrooJce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 304, 1878, p. 905 ; Flower and LydeJcker, Study of Mammals, p. 320, 1891 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 180, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 307, 1873, Deer of All Lands, p. 193, 1898, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 230, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 248, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 15, 1896 ; Bentham, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 88, 1908. IV. H 98 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Rucervus cambojensis, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 76, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 145, 1873. Rucervus schomburgkii, Fitzinger, Sitzber. Jc. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 64, 1879. Typical locality Siam. Height at shoulder about 3 feet 5 inches ; coat in winter rather long and coarse ; general colour uniform brown, • FIG. 19. — SKULL AND ANTLERS OF SCHOMBUBGK'S DEEK (Ccrvus [Rucervus] schomburgki) . From a photograph lent by Messrs. Rowland Ward, Ltd. darkest on nose and the upper surface of tail, and lightest on cheeks and flanks ; under-parts, under surface of tail, and lower lip whitish ; a tinge of rufous on upper lip, back of head, and limbs; hair on front of lower part of fore-legs elongated into a fringe; metatarsal gland not described; antlers (fig. 19) large, complex, smooth, and polished; the CKKY1D.-K 01) lirow-fcine very long, frequently forked, and arising nearly at a right angle to beam, the latter very short and more or less laterally compressed, then forking dichotomously, with each of the main branches about equally developed, and again forking in a similar manner, to terminate in long cylindrical tines ; in immature antlers hind branch of main fork less developed than front one. Good antlers measure from 27 to 33 inches in length along the front curve, with, a basal girth of from 4-J to 6, ;n id a tip-to-tip interval of from OJ to 28 J inches. The range, according to W. L. Sclater and Benthani, includes Yun-nan. Cervulus cambojensis, described from a frontlet and antlers, with part of the head-skin, from Cambodia, was identified by its describer (Gray) with this species, in his 1872 Catalogue ; it really belongs to Cervus unicolor cquinus, under which heading it is entered above (N"o. 61. 4. 12. 18). 65. 11. 2. 3. Frontlet and antlers. Siani; collected by Sir \\. Schomburgk. Purchased (Stevens), 1865. 65. 11. 2. 4. Pair of antlers. Siam; same collector. Same history. 67. 8. 20. 1. Pair of antlers. Siam; collected by E. Blyth, Esq. Purchased, 1867. 67. 8. 20. 2. Pair of antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 67. 8. 20. 3. Pair of antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 01. 12. 2. 1-2. Two pairs of antlers. Siam; presented to the Science and Art Department by the Siamese Embassy. Co-types ; figured Proc. Zool. Soc., 1863. Transferred from the Science and Art Department, 1801. 8. 3. 17. 5. Skull and antlers (fig. 10). Siam. The "record" specimen. Length of antlers on outside curve 33, basal girth of, tip-to-tip interval 17i inches. Presented ly J. Eoivland Ward, Esq., 1008. H U 100 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Xr. CEEVUS (RUCEEVUS) ELDI. (?) Cervus smithi, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 45. Cervus eldii,* Giithrie, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. ii, p. 417, 1842 ; Beavan, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 759 ; Blyth, ibid. 1867, p. 837 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, £. 348, 1871 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 906 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 320, 1891 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 180, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 541, 1891; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 308, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 195, pi. xv, 1898, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 234, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 252, 1907 ; Evans, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. ix, p. 326, 1895 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 16, 1896; Bentham, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 90, 1908. Panolia acuticornis, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 180, 1843 ; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 72, 1846. Cervus lyratue, Schinz, Synop. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 395, 1845. Dama acuticornis, Reichenbach, Sdugethiere, vol. iii, p. 16, 1845. Panolia eldi,f Gray, Cat. Hodgson Collect. Brit. Mus. p. 34, 1846, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 66, 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 229, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 202, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 75, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 144, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 259, 1862; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxx, p. 193, 1862, vol. xxxi, p. 334, 1863, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 149, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 835, Mamm. and Birds Burma, p. 45, 1875 ; Beavan, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxxvi, pt. 2, p. 175, 1868 ; Siuinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 652 ; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 511, 1884; Percy, Big Game Shooting (Bad- minton Libr.), vol. ii, p. 268, 1894. Panolia frontalis, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 352, 1873, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 592, 1874. Rucervus eldi, Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17 ; Percy, Big Game Shooting (Badminton Libr.), vol. ii, p. 268, 1894. Cervus (Eucervus) eldi, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 77, 1910, ed. 7, p. 58, 1914; Lydekker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 36, 1913. Cervus (Panolia) eldi, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 944. HTHAMIN, THAMIN, or THAMENG (Burmese) ; SANGNAI (Manipuri) ELD'S DEER or BROW-ANTLERED DEER. Type of Panolia. Typical locality Pegu, Lower Burma. Height at shoulder about 3 feet 9 inches; coat coarse shaggy in winter, and long and thickened about the neck in the males ; antlers (fig. 20) rounded and rugose, with a long * Modified by later writers to eldi. t Misprinted eedi in Gray's earlier lists. CERVIDjE 101 curved brow-tine, formiDg a continuation of the curve of the beam, which is set at right angles to the pedicle; the beam unbranched for a considerable distance, curving back- wards, then outwards and finally forwards, after which it is dichotomously forked ; the outer branch of the terminal fork more complex than the inner one, the number of terminal points varying from two or three to at least eight or ten ; one or more prominent snags usually developed at the junction of the brow-tine with the beam ; the curve of the two antlers usually more or less asymmetrical ; colour in FIG. 20. — HEAD OF THAMIN (Cervus [Rucervus] eldi). winter typically dark brown above, and white below, some- times with a white mark above the eye ; in winter fawn- coloured above and pale brown beneath ; females paler rufous fawn ; new-born young generally spotted on the rump with white ; in a more rufous phase spots persist till a late period ; metatarsal gland represented by a tuft of hairs paler than those of the rest of the leg, and a patch of underlying glandular skin. Fine antlers measure from 34 to 42 inches along the outer curve, with a basal girth of from 4 to 6£, and a tip-to- tip interval of from 21^ to 31J inches. 102 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES The range includes low alluvial tracts, from the valley of Manipur in the north, southwards through Burma and the Malay Peninsula, and eastwards to southern Siam, Cambodia, the island of Hainan, and Formosa. The three following races have been named :— A. Antlers with the main termination not markedly flattened, few snags on hind edge, and the brow -tine long. a. Under surface of hind-pasterns hairy C. e. eldi. b. Under surface of hind-pasterns horny C. e. frontalis. B. Antlers with the main termination markedly flat- tened, numerous snags on sharp hind edge, and the brow-tine short C. e. siamensis. A.— Cervus eldi eldi. Cervus eldi typicus, Lydelcker, Deer of All Lands, p. 200, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 253, 1907; Ward, Eecords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 77, 1910, ed. 7, p. 58, 1914. Typical locality Pegu, Lower Burma, whence the range apparently extends southwards into the Malay Peninsula. General characters those of the species. Antlers from the Malay Peninsula and Mergui are stated by Bly th to be smaller than those from Manipur and Burma, frequently" with two or three additional snags on the brow- tine, which may indicate the existence of a distinct race in the Xovifehern districts. According to a writer in The Indian Meld,* the Burmese recognise three distinct types of thamin stags, severally termed wet-thamin ( = pig-thamin), chywe-thamin ( = buffalo- thamin), and nwa-thamin ( = cow-thamin). In the first the colour is dark drab above, with a narrow dark spinal stripe, and an abundant throat-ruff; the second is a taller and more slender stag, without a throat-ruff; while the third is still more slight and graceful in build, lighter in colour and spotted, with a softer coat, and smaller antlers. These differences are probably due mainly to age. 45. 1. 8. 126. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. Presented ly B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1845. 45. 1. 8. 127. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. Same history. * Vol. xvii, p. 60, 1910. CERVID^K 103 0!)."), <(. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. No histoi'i/. 01):"), /. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. No history. 69."i, i/. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. Purchased ( Warwick). 695, w. Frontlet and antlers (in Geological Department). Locality unknown. No history. 46. '4. 29. 10. Skull and antlers. Burma (?). Purchased, 1846. 4G. 4. 21). 11. Skull and antlers. Burma (?). Same history. GO. 4. 25. 4. Skeleton, wanting skull. Probably Burma. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1866. 68. 12. 29. 9. Skin. Probably Burma. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1868. 79. 11. 21. 36, a. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 87. 2. 9. 5. Skull and antlers. Locality unknown ; collected by A. Grote, Esq. Presented by Mrs. Stirling, 1887. 87. 2. y. G. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown; same collector. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 12. Skull and antlers. Thatone, Tenasserim ; collected by W. Davison, Esq. Presented by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 15. Skull and antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 94. 12. 19. 1-5. Five skulls, with antlers. Monywa district, lower Ghindwin Valley, Upper Burma. Presented by C. F. Gilbert, Esq., 1894. 96. 6. 29. 2. Head, mounted. Burma. Purchased ( Ward), 1896. 0. 7. 23. 1. Skin, mounted. Burma. Presented by Major H. G. Evans, 1900. 12. 10. 31. 8. Skull and antlers. Thatone; collected by W. Davison, Esq. bequeathed by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 104 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES B.— Cervus eldi frontalis. Cervus (Rusa) frontalis, McClelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. iii, p. 539, pis. xiii and xiv, 1843 ; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxviii, p. 296, 1859. Cervus (Hippelaphus) frontalis, Sundevall, K. SvensTca Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 320, 1846. Cervus eldi cornipes, Lydekker, Nature, vol. Ixiv, p. 257, 1901, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 254, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 77, 1910, ed. 7, p. 58, 1914. Typical locality the Manipur Valley, which is practically one continuous swamp. Antlers apparently indistinguishable from those of typical race ; hind-pasterns longer, with the whole under surface horny (instead of hairy), and applied to the ground in walking. 79.11.21.36. Frontlet and antlers. Manipur; collected by Dr. J. McClelland. Co-type. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 91. 8. 7. 13-14. Two skulls, with antlers. Manipur. Presented ly A. 0. Hum.e, Esq., G.B., 1891. 1. 7. 13. 1. Hind-foot, mounted. Manipur. Type of C. cornipes. Presented ly Major C. S. Cumberland, 1901. 12. 10. 31. 7. Skull and antlers. Manipur; collected by Mr. Hume. In this specimen, which stands No. 16 in Ward's 1910 list, the measurements of the antlers are as follows: length on outside curve 38 J, girth 6^, tip-to-tip 24, widest inside span 3 Of inches. Bequeathed ly A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. C. — Cervus eldi siamensis, nom. n. Panolia platyceros, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 181, 1843, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 203, 1852 ; Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 843, as a variety of P. eldi; nee Cervus platyceros, Cuvier, 1798. Panolia platycercus, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 75, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 144, 1873, errorim. Cervus eldi platyceros, LydeJcJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 200, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 253, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 77, 1910, ed. 7, p. 58, 1914 ; Gairdner, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vol. i, p. 113, 1914. Panolia eldi platyceros, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxii, p. 468, 1906. 105 Typical locality (southern) Siam, the range including Cambodia, apparently Hainan, and perhaps Formosa. Antlers with the main termination much flattened, a number of small snags on the sharp hind edge, and the brow- tine relatively short ; general colour reddish at all seasons, with spots along middle of back, and in some cases also on sides. Although there is some doubt as to the place of origin of the type of Panolia platyceros (No. 695, h), it presents all the characteristics of Siamese antlers. 695, k. Single antler. Siam (?). Type ; figured by Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 841,' figs. 22 and 23. In Gray's Catalogue of Ungulata the locality was given as India, but in the Museum copy it is altered, in Gray's own handwriting, to Siam ; and in the Catalogue of Ruminants Siam appears as the place of origin. Purchased ( Warwick). 65. 11. 2. 1. Skull and antlers. Siam. Figured by Blyth, op. cit. figs. 20 and 21. Presented ly Sir R. Schomburgk, 1865. 65.11.2.2. Frontlet and antlers. Siarn. Same history . 8. 11. 1. 18. Skull and antlers. Nha Trang, Annam; collected by Dr. J. Vassal. Purchased, 1908. The reference of the following specimens — more especially those from Formosa — to the present race is provisional. 70. 2. 10. 27. Skin, young. Hainan ; collected by 1J. Swinhoe, Esq. Purchased, 1870. 70. 2. 10. 28. Skin, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 29. Skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 32. Skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 71-75. Five frontlets, with antlers. Formosa ; same collector. Same history. 70.2.10.76. Single, antler. Same locality and collector. Same history. 5. SUBGENUS S1KA. Sika, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 115 ; Gill, Arrangement Fam. Mamm. p. 80, 1872; Heude Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, p. 17, 1888. 106 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Pseudaxis, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mua. p. 70, 1872 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 907; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 110, 1898 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 943. Elaphoceros, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. i, p. 602, 1873, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 596, 1874. Sikaillus, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. iv, p. 98, 1898. Sikailus, Heude, op. cit. p. 110, 1898, errorim. Sica, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. p. 878, 1898. Medium-sized or rather small deer, nearly related to the next (typical) subgenus, but with the antlers smaller and simpler than is usually the case in that group, more or less flattened, and generally 4-tined (occasionally 5-tined), with a third, but no bez-tine; face-glands shallower; coat of adult spotted with yellow or white, at least in summer, and a pure white area bordered with black in the region of the tail, which is also white and black, and considerably longer than in the typical subgenus ; young more or less distinctly white-spotted ; metatarsal tuft generally whitish ; throat maned ; head shorter than in preceding group ; ears moderate ; bared portion of muzzle larger than in preceding group, extending well on to the upper surface of the face, and being very wide between nostrils and upper lip ; hind- pasterns as in typical subgenus ; rudimentary upper canines present; upper molars of the general type of those of the typical group. In the growing antlers the " velvet " is deep red, passing into black at the tips of the tines, and matching the summer coat ; the white hairs in the neighbourhood of the tail are erectile. At the present day the group is confined to the south- eastern portion of the Eastern Holarctic and some adjacent parts of the Oriental Eegion, but it was apparently represented in Europe during the Pliocene section of the Tertiary period. The three species are recognisable as follows : — A. Size smaller. a. Spots disappearing in winter ; metatarsal tuft white Cervus nippon. b. Spots persistent in winter ; metatarsal tuft apparently not white Cervus taouanus. B. Size larger, metatarsal gland, except in centre, coloured like rest of shank Cervus liortulorwm . CERVlD.fi 107 XII. CERVUS (SIKA) NIPPON. Cervus nippon, Temminck, Fauna Japonica, Introduction, p. xxii, 1837, teste Stejnege'r, Science, vol. xxii, p. 402, 1905. Cervus sika, Temminck, Fauna Japonica, p. 54, pi. xvii, 1845 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 228 ; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxix, p. 92, 1860; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 377, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 346, 1871 ; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 16 ; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 908 ; Powerscourt, ibid. 1884, p. 208; Heude, Bull. Soc. Philom. ser. 7, vol. vi, p. 183, 1882; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 39, 1891 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 321, 1891 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 21, 1896; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 204 ; Thomas, ibid. 1908, p. 54 ; Bentham, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 68, 1908 ; Aoki, Annot. Zool. Japon. vol. viii, p. 341, 1913. Cervus (Hippelaplius) japonicus, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 177, 1846. Cervus S3^ka, Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vi, p. 398, 1852. Rusa japonica, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. vi, p. 218, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 236; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 365, 1862, p. 150 (javonica). Cervus (Sika) sika, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 115. Pseudaxis sika, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 72, 1872, Hand- List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 142, 1873 ; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 130, 1912. Elaphoceros sika, Fit zing er, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 352, 1873, vol. Ixix, pt. i, p. 602, 1874. Cervus euopis, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 151 ; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 908. Axis sika, Riitimeyer, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 93, 1878. Cervus frinianus, p. 185, gracilis, p. 185, lacrymosus, p. 186, ignotus, p. 186, andreanus, p. 186, joretianus, p. 187, devilleanus, p. 187, cyclorhinus, p. 188, hyemalis, p. 188, Heude, Bull. Soc. Philom. ser. 7, vol. vi, p. 183, 1882. Cervus sica, Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 284, 1893, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 39, Deer of All Lands, p. Ill, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 229, 1901. Sika porcorelianus, p. 149, brachyrhinus, p. 151, andreanus, p. 152, grilloanus, p. 154, dugenneanus, p. 156, joretianus, p. 157, oxyceph- alus, p. 158, frinianus, p. 159, cycloceros, p. 160, surdescens, p. 161, lacrymans, p. 162, arietinus,p. 162, yuanus, p. 162, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, 1894 ; scudaensis, p. 98, blakistonius, p. 98, dolichorhinus, p. 100, aplodonticus, p. 100, schizodonticus, p. 100, orthopodicus, p. 100, mitratus, p. 102, ellipticus, p. 103, elegans, p. 103, minoensis, p. 104, rutilus, p. 195, yesoensis, p. 105, Heude, op. cit. vol. iii, 1896. Sikaillus sika, infelix, daimius, rex, paschalis, regulus, aceros, sicarius, dejardinius, consobrinus, marmandianus, latidens, brachypus, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. iv, pp. 98-111, pis. xiv-xix and xxii, 1898. Cervus (Pseudaxis) sica, Ward, Records of Bifj Game, ed. 6, p. 149, 1910. 108 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Cervus (Pseudaxis) sika, Pococlc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 942. Cervus (Sika) nippon, Lydekker, Ward's Record? of Big Game, ed. 7, p. viii, 1914. SHIKA or SIKA : Japanese Deer. Typical locality Japan. The type species ; also type of Sikattlus, the other forms of which are from the Goto Islands, Japan. Size typically small, shoulder-height about 33 inches, but larger in the race inhabiting the Chinese mainland ; general colour bright rufous chestnut, spotted on the body with white in summer ; uniformly coloured, or nearly so, in winter, when it is dark umber-brown, with the hairs annulated ; a light chestnut patch on the shoulder ; sides of upper and whole of lower lip white; tail mainly white, frequently with a narrow black line on the upper surface and sometimes a dark terminal tuft ; metatarsal tuft large and white ; insides and part of base of outer surface of ears covered with white hairs. The range includes Japan, Northern China, and Man- churia. Whether all the forms named by Heude under the headings of Cervus and Sikaillus are identical with the present species is doubtful ; the so-called C. devillieanus, for instance, may be Formosan. A. Size smaller C. n. nippon. B. Size larger C. n, mantclmricus. A,— Cervus nippon nippon. Cervus sica iypicus, Lydehker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 39, Deer of All Lands, p. 112, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 231, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 50, 1910. Cervus nippon typicus. LydeJcker, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. viii, 1914. Typical locality Japan. Size small, the height at the shoulder ranging from about 32 inches to 34 inches ; white area of caudal region large, extending on to the sides of the buttocks, and completely bordered with black above and at the sides. Fine antlers measure from 21 to 26J inches along the curve, with a basal girth of from 3J to 5, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 12 to 20J inches. 100 The range, on the assumption that C. cuopis is absolutely identical with the Japanese form, includes a part of China. 60. 12. 12. 1. Shed antlers. Japan. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1860. 63. 5. 28. 1. Shed antlers. Japan. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1860. 64. 12. 30. 3. Skin, formerly mounted. Kanegawa, Japan ; from a stag presented to the Zoological Society by J. Wilks, Esq. Type of Rusa japonica. Purchased (Zoological Society) , 1864. 8.'). 4. 14. 2. Skin, formerly mounted, and skeleton. Newchwang, Northern China. Type of C. euopis. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1883. 85. 2. 23. 1. Skull and antlers. Northern Japan ; collected by H. Fryer, Esq. Purchased, 1885. 85. 2. 23. 2. Skull and antlers, immature. Same locality and collector. Same history. 92. 12. 2. 3-4. Two frontlets, with antlers. Kobe, Japan. Presented ~by Dr. P. Rendall, 1892. 93. 4. 17. 1-4. Four frontlets, with antlers. From stags bred at Powerscourt, County Wicklow, Ireland. Presented "by Viscount Powerscourt, 1893. 95. 5. 25. 1. Skull and antlers of hybrid between C. nippon and C. claphus. Bred at Powerscourt. Same donor, 1895. 95. 5. 25. 2. Antlers of a similar hybrid. Same locality. Same history. 98. 3. 10. 1. Skin, mounted. From a stag bred in England. Presented ly the Hon. R. Ward, 1898. 5. 5. 30. 29. Skull and skin, female. Nara Ken, Hondo, Japan ; collected by M. P. Anderson, Esq. Presented ly the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1905. 5. 11. 3. 44. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Yakushima Island, Southern Japan; collected by Alan Owston, Esq. Same history. 5. 11. 3. 45-46. Two skulls and skins, female. Same locality. Same history. 5.11.3.47. Skin, young. Same locality. Samehistory. •"». 11. 3. 48. Skull and skin, young. Same locality. Same history. 110 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES The following specimen may represent a distinct local race : — 7. 2. 13. 1. Skin, mounted. Liu-Kin Islands. Presented ly the Duke of Bedford, KG., 1907. B. — Cervus nippon mantehurieus. Ccrvus mantehurieus, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 169, 1865, p. 1 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 344, pis. xxxi and xxxii, 1871 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 908 ; Moellendorff', Zool. Jahrb. vol. ii, p. 588, 1887 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 287, 1893 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 21, 1896. Pseudaxis mantchurica, Gray, Cat. Euminants Brit. Mus. p. 72, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 141, 1873. Elaphoceros mantehurieus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. lix, pt. 1, p. 93, 1874. Axis mantschuricus, Riitimeyer, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 93, 1881. Cervus sica manchuricus, Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 39, Deer of All Lands, p. 112, pi. vii, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 232, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 50, 1910. Cervus nippon manchuricus, Lydekker, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. viii, 1914. Typical locality Manchuria ; the type was obtained at Ying-tzu-koti (Nuchwang), the treaty-port. Larger than the last, the height at the shoulder reaching 39 inches; the white area in the region of the tail much smaller, so as scarcely to be apparent in a side-view, but completely bordered with black ; and spots and a tinge of red frequently retained on the hind-quarters of females in winter. No antlers exceeding in size the largest of the typical race have been recorded. 99. 6. 1. 1. Skin, immature, in summer coat, mounted. Northern China. Presented ly the Duke of Bedford, KG., 1899. XIII. CERVUS (SIKA) TAIOUANUS. Cervus taiouanus, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxix, p. 90, 1860 ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 376 ; Aoki, Annot. Zool. Japon. vol. viii, p. 342, 1913. Cervus taevanus, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 152, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 345, 1871 ; Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 362 ; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 909 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. CKKVIIU: 111 Mils. pt. ii, p. 45, 1891; Lydckkcr, Horux and Hoofs, p. 288, 1893, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 45, Deer of All Lands, p. 116, pi. viii, 1898; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 22, 1896 ; Bentham, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 70, 1908. Pseudaxis taivanus, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 70, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 141, 1873. Elaphoceros taevanus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 599, 1874. Axis taivanus, Riitimeyer, Abli. scliweiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 93, 1881. Cervus taioranus, Heude, Bull. Soc. Philom. ser. 7, vol. vi, p. 184, errorim. Cervus (Pseudaxis) taevanus, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 51, 1910. Cervus (Sika) taevanus, Lydckker, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. viii, 1914. KWAROKU : FORMOSAN SlKA. Typical, and only, locality Formosa. Type of Pseudaxis and Elaphoceros. Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta. Nearly allied to the typical species, but distinctly spotted in winter; size medium, shoulder-height about 35 inches ; face shorter, muzzle more pointed, limbs shorter, and body longer than in Japanese sika; general colour in summer light chestnut, with large white spots, and a deep red tinge on the hind part of the neck ; in winter the spots less numerous ; the black border to the white caudal area forming a more distinct bar superiorly, and the median black line on the tail broader than in the type species, and the dark line down the back more strongly marked. The metatarsal gland does not appear to be white. The largest recorded pair of antlers measure 19 J inches along the curve, with a basal girth of 3|, and a tip-to-tip interval of 13 inches. The retention of spots in the winter coat in this southern species is noteworthy. 63. 5. 28. 2. Pair of shed antlers. Formosa. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1863. 65. 1. 30. 1. Shed antlers, menagerie specimen. Formosa. Presented ly Dr. P. L. Sclater, 1865. 65. 12. 8. 22. Skin, mounted, and skeleton. Formosa. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1865. 68. 3. 21. 3. Skin, young, mounted. Probably bred in London. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1865. 112 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 68. 3. 21. 4. Skin, female, mounted. Formosa. Same history. 68. 12. 29. 14. Skin, mounted. Formosa. Same history. XIV. CEEVUS (SIKA) HOKTULORUM. Cervus pseudaxis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 236, pi. xxvii, nee Eydoux and Souleyet, 1841-52. Cervus hortulorum, Swinlioe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 169 ; Lydekker, ibid. 1897, p. 42, Deer of All Lands, p. 117, pi. ix, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 234, 1901. (?) Cervus mandarinus, Milne-Edwards, Eech. Mamtn. p. 174, 1871 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 968; Lydekker, ibid. 1897, p. 44, Deer of All Lands, p. 121, 1898. Cervus dybowskii, Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 123, Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 909 ; Noack, Humboldt, vol. viii, p. 4, fig. 1, 1889 ; Kohler, Zool. Garten, vol. xliii, p. 28, 1892 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 287, 1893, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 40. (?) Cervus mantschuricus major, Noack, Humboldt, vol. viii, p. 5, fig. 4, 1889. Cervus dybowski, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 22, 1896. Cervus (Pseudaxis) hortulorum, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 52, 1910. Cervus (Sika) hortulorum, Lydekker, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. viii, 1914. The type specimens were shot in the gardens of the Summer Palace, Pekin, after its sack on October 12th, 1860 ; the typical locality of dybowskii is the Usuri district of Manchuria. Size large, the shoulder-height reaching 3 feet 7 inches ; coat profusely spotted with white at all seasons, although somewhat more fully in summer than in winter, when it is very long and shaggy ; in winter general colour of body in sub-adult males bright chestnut-brown ; neck without spots, bluish grey at base, then a blackish collar, followed by chestnut; face bluish grey; metatarsal tuft similar to the hair of rest of shanks in summer, but the centre greyish white ; thighs and fore-legs greyish brown ; under-parts greyish white ; tail rather short, white with a black median stripe, and often a dark band above the white on the buttocks ; in summer the spots more numerous and the general colour chocolate-brown. Adult bucks (of the so-called dybowskii) in winter-coat are described by Noack as follows : — General colour yellowish umber-brown, tending CERVID^ 113 more to yellow in front and to umber behind, and becoming darker on the back ; head as far as the nose yellowish brown, forehead and neck reddish brown, nose greyish red, upper lip yellowish red, a moderately large dark spot on the greyish white lower lip ; ears thickly haired, dirty grey FIG. 21.— HEAD OF DYBOWSKI'S DEER (Cervus [Sika] hortulvrum). From a photograph by the Duchess of Bedford. internally, rusty red externally; mane on head and neck long, shaggy, and whitish grey in colour; chest nearly black ; under-parts whitish grey ; the white caudal patch bordered in front with black ; tail white with a black tip ; front-shanks yellowish red, hind-shanks umber-brown, each with a dark streak in front ; metatarsal tuft not light- coloured. Fine antlers (fig. 21) measure from 27 to 34£ inches. IV. I 114 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES along the curve, with a basal girth of from 4J to 5f , and a tip-to-tip interval of from 18 J to 34 \ inches. The type specimen of the so-called C. mandarinus, from N. China, preserved in the Museum at Paris, was described as very large, with the coat spotted at all seasons, and very long and shaggy in winter; colour darker than in the typical Iwrtulorum, and spots less abundant in the winter, when the neck and limbs are similar in tint to the ground-colour of the body; under-parts dark; metatarsal tuft apparently similar in colour to the rest of the leg ; tail comparatively long, mainly reddish, with little white. These alleged points of difference need not apparently be of more than seasonal or individual value; the type specimen having perhaps been killed before the winter coat was fully developed. The two races appear to be distinguished as follows : — A. Bark dorsal stripe not fully developed; spots more distinct on neck C. h. hortulorum. B. Dark dorsal stripe fully developed; spots less distinct on neck C. li. Itopschi. A.— Cervus hortulorum hortulorum, Cervus hortulorum typicus, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 52, 1910, ed. 7, p. 52, 1914. The true home of this race is the Usuri district of Manchuria. General characters those of the species, with the dark dorsal stripe imperfectly developed, and the spotting on the neck very distinct. 61. 6. 2. 1. Skin, mounted, immature. From an animal killed in the gardens of the Summer Palace, Pekin, October, 1860; collected by E. Swinhoe, Esq. Type; figured by Gray as C. pseudaxis. Presented by the Zoological Society, 1861. 61. 6. 2. 2. Skin, mounted, and skull, immature female. Obtained at the same time and place as the preceding specimen. Same history. 61. 6. 2. 3. Skull, with antlers, and skin, immature. From the Summer Palace. Same Mstory. CERVIDJ3 115 78. 5. 22. 1. Skin, mounted. South Usuri district, Manchuria ; collected by Monsieur Taczanowski. Co-type of Cervus dyboivskii. Purchased, 1878. S.'J. 8. 1. 1-2. Two skulls, female, one immature. Obser- vatory Island, Korea. Presented by Capt. A. Carpenter, R.N., 1883. 97. 12. 12. 1. Skin, female, in summer coat, mounted. Manchuria. Presented by the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1897. 99. 8. 36. 4. Frontlet and antlers. Sutschan Valley, 280 miles east of Vladivostock, north of Manchuria. Same donor, 1899. 2. 10. 2. 2. Skin, in summer coat, mounted. Same locality. Same donor, 1902. B.— Cervus hortulorum kopschi. Cervus kopschi, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 574; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 909; Heude, Bull. Soc. Philom. ser. 7, vol. vi, p. 184, 1882. Cervus hortulorum kopschi, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 239, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 52, 1914, ed. 7, p. 52, 1914. Typical locality Kien-chang, Kiang-si, south-western China. Dorsal stripe more fully developed, and spots less distinct on upper part of neck, and not extending so far over shoulder and thighs as in typical race. 73. 6. 27. 1. Skin, immature, in winter coat, mounted, and skull. Kien-chang, Kiang-si, near the border of Fo-kien, south-western China ; collected by E. Swinhoe, Esq. Type. Purchased, 1873. 1. 3. 2. 18. Skin, with antlers, and leg-bones. Yang-tsi Valley. Noticed by present writer, op. cit., 1901. Presented by F. W. Styan, Esq., 1901. 1. 3. 2. 19. Skin, female, in winter coat. Chin-teh, An-hwei, Yang-tsi Valley. Same history. 1. 3. 2. 20. Body-skin, in summer coat. Same locality. Same history. 10. 5. 26. 1. Skin, female. Tai-Kung-Shan, An-hwei. Presented by Commander the Hon. E. 0. V. Bridgeman, 1910. I 2 U6 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES INCERT.E SEDIS. Cervus pseudaxis, Eydoux and Souleyet, Voyage de " La Bonite," Zoology, vol. i, p. 64, 1841-52 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. 'Soc. 1878, p. 909 ; Lydekker, ibid. 1897, p. 38, Deer of All Lands, p. 1, 1898. Axis pseudaxis, Gray, Cat. Ungutata Brit. Mus. p. 214, 1852 ; Fitzinger, Sit^ber^ Jc. AJc. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 274, 1874. Sikelaphus pseudaxis, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, p. 146, 1894. " The animal which has been figured under the name of Cervus pseudaxis" wrote Gray in 1852, " was obtained by MM. Eydoux and Souleyet in Java, but they did not believe that it was a native of that country. It lived several years in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, and hence a series of its horns was procured and figured ; and while there it bred with the common axis, and the mule produce was fertile. Some naturalists have given the Sooloo [SuluJ Islands, near the Philippines, as the habitat of this specimen, but I do not know on what authority." Brooke observed that he hesitated to identify it with " any species of the subgenus. The type specimen is still preserved in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris; but though I have often carefully examined it, the absence of the skull, and the great uncertainty of the locality where it was procured, render it impossible to form a decided opinion." Sclater suggested that it is really the same as C. taiouanus, in which case that name would have to be superseded, pseudaxis being the earliest of all. 6. SUBGENUS CERVUS. Elaphus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 307, 1827. Harana, Hodgson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. i, p. 154, 1838. Pscudocervus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, p. 904, 1841. Strongyloceros, Oiven, Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds, p. 472, 1846. Eucervus, Aclogue, Faune France, Mamm. p. 71, 1899 ; nee Gray. Antlers usually with at least five tines inclusive of a bez (second), which may, however, be absent, and the brow-tine forming an obtuse angle with the beam ; bare portion of muzzle (muffle) extending but slightly below nostrils ; hind- pasterns as in Eusa ; metatarsal gland hairy; tail short; CERVID.K 117 general colour uniform, typically with a large light rump- patch ; young spotted. The distributional area includes Europe, North Africa, Asia north of the outer range of the Himalaya, and North America. The following is a " key " to the species :— A. Muzzle dark ; hair of withers not reversed. . 968, 1912 ; Joleaud, Rev. Africaine, no. 287, p. 1, 1913 ; Loder, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1914, p. 488. Cervus (Elaphus) elaphus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 307, 1827. Cervus (Strongyloceros) elaphus, Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds, p. 472, 1846. Eucervus elaphus, Aclogue, Faune France, p. 71, 1899. Cervus vulgaris, Botezat, Morphol. Jahrb. vol. xxiii, p. 115, 1903. Cervus (Cervus) elaphus, Pocockt Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 941. BED DEER. The typical species. Typical locality southern Sweden ; the range includes the greater part of Europe (but not the Italian peninsula), and extends at least as far east as the Caucasus and the Caspian provinces of Persia. Size typically large, the shoulder-height reaching 4 or 4J feet. Antlers rounded, and, when fully developed with a bez-tine and a total of more than five points, of which the terminal ones may form a cup, the fourth tine not specially large nor situated in the same fore-and-aft plane as those above ; ear longer than half the length of head ; tail moder- 110 ately short and pointed, and light rump-patch of moderate dimensions ; general colour reddish brown in summer, greyish brown in winter, typically with the under- parts lighter than back (which may have a blackish spinal stripe), and never strongly contrasted with the upper-parts ; mane not FIG. 22. — PALATAL ASPECT OF SKULL OF RED DEER (Cervus elaphus). % nat. size. From Miller, Cat. Mam in. Western Europe. darker than rest of coat ; no conspicuous whitish markings, except occasionally the rump-patch. The following is a tentative " key " to the races :— A. Size small or medium, under-parts lighter. a. Size small, bez-tine usually wanting. a' . Size smaller, colour darker C. e. corsicanus. &'. Size larger, colour lighter C. e. barbarus. c'. Size smaller, colour greyer, skull narrower C. c. hispanicus. 120 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES b. Size larger, bez-tine usually present. b'. Size larger, cqlour redder, skull wider. b". Eump-patch not markedly lighter than flanks or black-bordered in front C. e. elaphus. c". Eump-patch markedly lighter than flanks, usually black-bordered in front .. C.e. hippelaphus. c'. Size smaller, rump-patch black-bordered in front. c". Colour paler and greyer C. e. atlanticus. d". Colour darker and less grey C. c. scoticus. B . Size large, under-parts darker C. c. maral. A.— Cervus elaphus barbarus. Cervus barbarus, Bennett, List Anim. Gardens Zool. Soc. p. 31, 1837 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 227, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 197, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 68, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 140, 1873 ; Gervais, Hist. Nat. Matnm. vol. ii, p. 261, 1855 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 344, 1871; Fitzinger, Sitzber. If. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 577, 1874 ; Joleaud, Rev. Africaine, no. 287, p. 5, 1913. Cervus corsiniacus, Gcrvais, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 3, vol. x, p. 206, 1848. Cervus elaphus, Loche, Cat. Mamm. Algerie, p. 26, 1858, Rev. Marit. et Coloniale, 1860, p. 151, Explor. Sci. Algerie, Mamm. p. 34, 1887 ; Blanchard, Tunisie au XX™ Siecle, Zool. p. 136, 1904. Cervus corsicanus, Lataste, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. xxxix, p. 286, 1885 ; nee Erxleben. Cervus elaphus barbarus, Lataste, Explor. Sci. Tunisie, Mamm. p. 34, 1887; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 65, 1898, Game Animals of Africa, p. 385, 1908 ; Drewitt, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii, p. 130; Trouessart, Caus. Sci. Soc. Zool. France, vol. i, p. 405, 1905 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 31, 1910, ed. 7, p. 31, 1914. Typical locality North Africa ; now found in certain parts of Algeria, Tunisia, and Senegambia, but apparently very scarce. Size considerably smaller than in typical race ; bez-tine of antlers at least generally wanting; general colour dark brown, with a greyish brown dorsal stripe and irregular whitish spots on flanks and in some cases on back ; rump- patch much lighter than back, without dark anterior border, and including tail. Maximum antler-length 38| inches. 53. 3. 7. 37. Skeleton, female. North Africa. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1853. 63. 5. 13. 3-5. Three shed antlers. Tunisia. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1863. CEKVIDrE 121 99. 10. 13. 1. Head, mounted. North Africa. Presented by the Duke of Bedford, KG., 1899. 0. 12. 13. 1. Skin, mounted, in winter coat. North Africa. Same donor, 1900. B.— Cervus elaphus eorsieanus. Cervus eorsieanus, Erxlcben, Syst. Regn. Anim. vol. i, p. 307, 1777 ; Jolcaud, Eev. Africaine, no. 287, p. 5, 1913. Cervus elaphus eorsieanus, Kerr, Linn.'s Anim. Kingdom, p. 299, 1793 ; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 74, 1898 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 229, 1910 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 969, 1912. Cervus mediterraneus, Blainville, Journ. Phys. vol. xciv, p. 262, 1822. Cervus elaphus minor, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere, Suppl. vol. v, p. 354, 1855 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 575, 1874. Typical locality Corsica, but also found in Sardinia. Closely allied to the last, with which it apparently agrees in the general absence of the bez-tine of the antlers, but smaller, the size being approximately the same as in the next race, but general colour darker than in that or any other of the smaller continental forms, the general colour being dark brown in summer and blackish in winter. No specimen in collection. C.— Cervus elaphus hispanieus. Cervus elaphus hispanieus, Hilzheimcr, Archiv fiir Hassen- und Gesellschafts-Biologie, 1909, p. 313 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 969, 1912. (?) Cervus elaphus bolivari, Cabrera, Bol. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat. vol. xi, p. 559, 1911, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 129, 1912. Typical locality Spain, probably the south-western districts. Type in Stuttgart Museum; type of bolivari, which is from El Parclo, Madrid, in Madrid Museum. Apparently smaller than in the under-mentioned Scots race, with the colour more decidedly greyish, and the skull narrower, more especially in the interorbital region and the palate.* C. e. bolivari is stated to be a larger form from * For cranial measurements of this and other races see Miller, op. cit. p. 982. 122 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES central and northern Spain, but its right to recognition is more than doubtful. 95. 9. 4. 14. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Goto Donana, Huelva, Spain ; collected by A. Ruiz. Presented by the Lord Lilford, 1895. 95. 9. 4. 15. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 8. 3. 8. 14. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same locality. Presented by Abel Chapman, Esq., 1908. 8. 3. 8. 15. Skull, with antlers. Same locality. Same history. D.— Cervus elaphus elaphus. Cervus elaphus typicus, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 65, 1898 ; Jolcaud, Rev. Africaine, no. 287, p. 1, 1912, partim. Cervus elaphus elaphus, Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 967, 1912. Typical locality southern Sweden. Size large ; rump-patch not markedly lighter than flanks, and without well-defined black border. According to Lonnberg, the range seems to have extended originally over the greater part of Gotaland, but at the present day red deer in Sweden are confined to southern Skania, where they are chiefly found on a few large estates, Hackeberga, Ofvedskloster, Borringe, Sofdeborg, Snogeholm, Skabersjo, etc. Their number is small, perhaps not more than about 100 head. No specimen in collection. E. — Cervus elaphus atlanticus. Cervus elaphus atlanticus, Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. iii, no. 9, p. 9, 1906; Collett, Bergens Mus. Aarbog, 1909, no. 6; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 228, 1910 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 967, 1912. Typical locality Hitteren Island, Trondhjeni, Norway ; the range including the west coast of Norway from Stavanger Fjord north to about latitude 65°. Size smaller and colour paler than in typical race, with a distinct blackish band on front border of rump-patch. No specimen in collection. GERVIDJ! 123 F.— Cervus elaphus scoticus. Cervus elaphus scoticus, Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. iii, no. 9, p. 11, 1906 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 228, 1910 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 968, 1912. Typical locality Glenquoicli Forest, Inverness ; the wild red deer of the west of England and Ireland are provisionally included in this race. Closely allied to the Norwegian race, but darker and less grey. According to Miller, the cranial characters given by Lonnberg as distinctive are inconstant. 689, 1). Frontlet and antlers. England. No history. 46. 11. 20. 17. Frontlet and antlers. England. Purchased (Leadbeater), 1846. 47. 12. 11. 16. Skull, with antlers. England. Purchased (Baker), 1847. 49. 3. 5. 1. Frontlet and antlers. From a peat-bog, at a depth of about 20 feet, at Diglis, near Worcester, 1844. One of the specimens referred to on page 475 of Owen's British Fossil Mammals and Birds. Presented by Jabez Allies, Esq., 1849. 50. 11. 22. 67. Skeleton. Probably British. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1850. 63. 11. 16. 5. Skin, mounted. Alnwick Chase, North- umberland. Presented by the Duke of Northumberland, K.G., 1863. 86. 6. 10. 1. Skull, without antlers. Loch Sunart, Argyll. Presented by Gen. Hamilton, 1886. 96. 12. 21. 1-5. Three skulls and two pairs of antlers. Isle of Jura. Presented by H. Evans, Esq., 1896. 97. 4. 3. 3. Skin, mounted. Woburn Park, Beds. Presented by the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1897. 6. 2. 26. 1. Skull, female. Exrnoor, Devonshire. Presented by R. A. Saunders, Esq., 1906. 8. 2. 10. 1. Skull and skin, female. Fort William. Presented by W. Jones, Esq., 1908. 9. 1. 15. 1. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Balmacaan, Inverness. Presented by Bradley Martin, Esq., 1909. 9. 1. 15. 2. Skull and skin, female. Same locality. Same history. 124 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 11. 2. 21. 1-2. Two frontlets and antlers. Jura, Ardgour, Argyllshire. Presented by F. Hamilton- Leigh, Esq., 1911. 14. 2. 22. 1. Skull and antlers. Exmoor, Devon. Presented by Morland Greig, Esq., 1914. 3. 11. 6. 1. Skin. New Zealand; introduced. Presented ~by St. George Littledale, Esq., 1903. G.— Cervus elaphus hippelaphus. Cervus elaphus hippelaphus, Kerr, Linn.'s Anim. Kingdom, p. 298, 1792. Cervus elaphus germanicus,* Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 434, 1822 ; Lonnberg, ArJciv Zool. vol. iii, no. 9, p. 14, 1906 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 228, 1910; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 965, 1912. Cervus elaphus albus, Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 435, 1822 (nomen nudum) ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 575, 1874. Cervus elaphus albifrons, Reichenbach, Sdugeth. vol. iii, pi. iii, a, 1845. Cervus elaphus varius, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 574, 1874. Including : Cervus balticus, ^ Cervus albicus, I Matschie, Weidwerk in Wort u. Bild, vol. xvi, Cervus rhenanus, j p. 187, 1907. Cervus bajovaricus, J Cervus elaphus neglectus, Matschie, Deutsche Jdger-Zeitung, vol. Iviii, p. 688, 1912 (Posen). Cervus elaphus visurgensis \ Matschie, op. cit. p. 734, 1912 (Upper Cervus elaphus debilis / and Lower Rhineland). Cervus elaphus saxonicus, Matschie, op. cit. p. 737, 1912 (Saxony). Typical locality Germany, whence the range probably extends at least as far east as the western Carpathians. Equal in size to typical race, but with the rump-patch distinctly lighter than flanks and usually bordered in front with a well-marked black or blackish band. Of the above mentioned local forms named by Matschie, Cervus balticus has the beam of the antlers evenly and gradually concave on the inner border and the points of all the tines directed inwards. Typical locality Liebemuhl, Ostpreussen. In albicus the beam is bent abruptly inwards * It seems doubtful whether the " Cervus germanicus " of Kerr, loc. cit., was intended for a species- name. CERVIM 125 at the level of the trez-tine, the points of the inner tines are directed inwards, and those of the outer prongs upwards. Typical locality Muskau, Oberlausitz, Silesia. In rUenanus the beam is bent abruptly inwards at the level of the trez- tine, and the points of all tines are directed upwards. Typical locality Viernheim, Hessen-Darmstadt. In bajo- varicus the antlers resemble those of rhenanus, but have the inner tines directed inwards and backwards. Typical locality Rohner, Konigssee, Oberbayern. 689, p. Pair of antlers. Germany. No history. 43. 12. 29. 5. Skin, mounted, female. France. Purchased (Lefebvre), 1843. 43. 12. 29. 14. Skin, mounted, young. Same locality. Same history. 59. 9. 6. 103. Skull, female. Southern Germany ; col- lected by Dr. A. Giinther. Purchased, 1859. 83. G. 12. 1. Frontlet, without antlers. Gohrde, Hanover (H.T.M. Kaiser Wilhelm I.). Presented by J. E. Harting, Esq., 1888. 89. 11. 20. 1, 2. Two pairs of antlers. Bohemia, Presented ly Col. J. Evans, 1889. 11. 9. 13. 16-18. Three frontlets and antlers. Bavaria. These should represent the so-called C. e. lajovaricus. Presented ly F. N. A. Flcischmann, Esq., 1911. H.— Cervus elaphus, subsp. Cervus vulgaris campestris, Botezat, Morpliol. Jahrb. vol. xxxii, p. 154, 1903 ; nee C. campestris, F. Cuvier. " Carpathian Deer," LydeJcker, Field, vol. cv, p, 326, 1905. " Short-faced Carpathian Eed Stag," Leigh, Field, vol. cv, p, 355, 1905. Typical locality the Marmoros and Bukowina districts of the Hungarian and Galician Carpathians. As represented by a stag living in the Duke of Bedford's Park at Woburn in 1905, this large red deer may be in some degree intermediate between C. e. germanicus and C. e. maral, being apparently redder than the latter, but with less black on the under-parts, although more than in the former. The hinds have been stated to show the short face of the western 126 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES races ; but, according to Loder,* while in skulls of Scotch and German stags the proportion of the interorbital width to the length (from summit of occipital crest to tips of pre- maxillgo) is 1 to 3 -3, in Carpathian f and Caucasian stags it is 1 to 3 -6. The same writer adds that he could detect no difference between Carpathian and Caucasian skulls — a view which coincides with the experience of the present writer, although not with that of Miller. 96. 10. 10. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Galician Carpathians. Presented by H.H. Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein, 1906. I.— Cervus elaphus maral. Cervus maral, Ogilby, Eep. Council Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 22 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 336, pi. xxix, 1871; Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 69, 1872; Fitzinger, Sitzber. If. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 597, 1874; Blanford, Eastern Persia, vol. ii, p. 95, 1876 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 812 ; Radde, Saugeth. Talysch. p. 10, 1886; Satunin, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. ix, p. 309, 1896 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 30, 1876 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 229, 1910. Cervus caspius, Radde, Saugeth. Talyscli. p. 10, 1886. Cervus elaphus maral, LydeJcher, Deer of All Lands, p. 75, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 217, 1901 ; Satunin, Mitt. KauMs. Mus. vol. i, pp. 65 and 129, 1901, vol. ii, pp. 210 and 357, 1906, vol. iii, p. 49, 1907, vol. vii, p. 20, 1912 ; Leigh, Field, vol. cv, p. 355, 1905 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 28, 1910, ed. 7, p. 28, 1914 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 967, 1912 ; Loder, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1914, p. 489. (?) Cervus vulgaris montanus, Botezat, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. xxxii, p. 155, 1903. Cervus (Cervus) maral, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 940. Cervus caucasicus, Winans, Amer. Mus. Journ. vol. xiv, p. 67, 1914, nomen nudum. Maral (Persian), Ollen (Russian). " Polish Stag," LydeJcJcer, Field, vol. cv, p. 326, 1905. Typical locality the Caspian provinces of Persia. Size larger and build heavier than in any other of the properly named local races, the shoulder-height reaching 4^ feet ; the neck relatively thick, and the face, especially in females, longer and more pointed than in the western races, and the tail thicker. General colour in summer red, * Proc. Zool. Soc. 1914, p. 488. t As represented by stags from the Galician estate of the late Prince Heinrich from Liechtenstein. CERVID/E 127 frequently marked with yellow spots ; iu winter dark slaty grey, with the black-bordered pimp-patch a deeper yellow than in the more typical races, and the shoulders, thighs, and onder-parts nearly black. Antlers large and less complex than those of the latter, the number of tines seldom exceeding 8, and often only 6, although occasionally 10 or 12 ; ^ie bez-tine, which may be wanting, frequently much shorter FIG. 23.— ANTLERS OP EASTERN BED DEER, OR MARAL (Cervus elaphus maral). than the brow-tine, which is long and much curved upwards, and the fourth tine generally more distinct from the crown ; maximum antler-length 48J inches. Exclusive of the eastern Carpathians, to which this deer may be a recent immigrant, the range extends from the Caucasus through Galicia, the Caspian area, and the Crimea to northern Persia and Asia Minor, and may also include parts of Turkey and Greece. The so-called Polish stag of the Maruioros district of the Hungarian Carpathians is generally believed to be a dwarfed form of the maral which reached that area from Galicia ; possibly the small dark stag from the Galician Carpathians, which has been named 128 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES C. vulgaris montanus, may be the same. It is noteworthy that a smaller form of red deer occurs with the maral in the Ak-Dagh, Asia Minor.* Caucasian maral hinds have rather shorter faces than those from farther east. 54. 4. 26. 6. Single antler. Lake Van, Armenia. Presented ly Lord Arthur Hay, 1854. * * * *. Single antler. Crimea. Described and figured by the present writer, Proc. Zool Soc. 1890, p. 363, pi. xxx, fig. 2. No history. 55.12.26.159. Skull, female. Persia; collected by Sir J. McNeill. Co-type ; figured in Knowshy Menagerie. Transferred from Zoological Society's Museum, 1855. 58.5.14.11. Antlers. Ciicassia; collected by the Lord Ducie.. Figured by Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, pi. xxix. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1858. 85. 8. 4. 2. Frontlet and antlers. Trebizond, Asia Minor. Presented by Consul A. Biliotti, 1885. 87. 12. 22. 4. Frontlet and antlers. Psebai Valley, N.W. Caucasus, 7,000 feet. Presented ly St. George Littlcdalc, Esq., 1887. 89. 10. 6. 1. Single (right) antler. Jarpuz, Beinbighas Mountains, near Albistan, Asia Minor. Described and figured by the present writer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 363, pi. xxx, fig. 1. Presented ly C. G. Danford, Esq., 1889. 92. 3. 16. 3. Skeleton, with antlers. Western Caucasus. Presented ly St. George Littledale, Esq., 1892. 92. 3. 16. 4. Skeleton, female. Same locality. Same history. 2. 6. 2. 6. Skin. Western Caucasus. Presented ly St. George Littledale, Esq., 1902. 10. 11. 11. 1. Skin, mounted, in early summer coat, with antlers, freshly clean from velvet, of another individual. Caucasus. Length of antlers along outer curve 44^ inches ; basal girth 7 inches. Presented ly the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1910. 10. 11. 11. 2. Skull and antlers of the preceding specimen. Same history. * Lydekker, Field, vol. cxx., p. 1122, 1912. 129 XVI. CEEVUS CANADENSIS. Cervus elaphus canadensis, Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim. vol. i, p. 305, 1777 ; Kerr, Linn: a Anim. Kingdom, p. 299, 1792. Cervus canadensis, Schreber, Sdugthiere, vol. v, pi. ccxlvi, A, 1783 ; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. i, pis. 95 and 96, 1820; Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 433, 1822 ; Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 2, p. 27, 1823 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 96, 1827 ; Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 156, pi. ix, 1835 ; Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 171, 1842; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 177, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 226, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 65, 1847, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 193, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 68, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 257, 1873; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. iv, pis. 345 and 346, 1848 ; Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vi, p. 386, 1852 ; Baird, N. Amer. Mamm. p. 638, 1857 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 257, 1862; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 342, 1872 ; Caton, Antelope and Deer of N. America, p. 77, 1877, ed. 2, p. 77, 1884 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 913 ; Merriam, Mammals of Adirondack, p. 143, 1884; True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. vii, p. 592, 1855 ; Floiver and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 208, 1884 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 322, 1891 ; Merrick, Mamm. Minnesota, p. 278, 1892; Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 207; Nitsche, Studien uber Hirsche, pi. vi, 1898 ; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 94, pi. vi, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 51, 1901 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. America (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii), p. 34, 1901, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (ibid. vol. viii) p. 43, 1907 ; Stone and Cram, American Mammals, p. 31, 1903 ; Holding, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. i, p. 131 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 39, 1910, ed. 7, 39, 1914 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 384, 1912 ; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 130, 1912. Cervus wapiti, Barton, Journ. Med. and Phys. Philadelphia, vol. iii, p. 36, 1808 ; Leach, Journ. Phys. vol. Ixxxv, p. 67, 1818. Cervus major, Ord, Guihrie's Geography, p. 292, 1815. Cervus (Elaphus) canadensis, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 308, 1827. Cervus strongyloceros, Richardson, Fauna Bor. -Amer., Mamm. vol. i, p. 251, 1828 ; Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, pi. xxxvi, 1850. Elaphus canadensis, De Kay, Zool. New York, vol. i, p. 118, 1842. Cervus (Strongyloceros) canadensis, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 193, 1852. Strongyloceros canadensis, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixvii, pt. 1, p. 350, 1873, vol. Ixix, pt. i, p. 556, 1874. Cervus maral canadensis, Severtzow, Turkestan. Jevotnie, 1873, p. 103, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 386, 1876. WAPITI : miscalled Elk in America. Typical locality Eastern Canada. Size very large, shoulder-height reaching 5 feet 4 inches. iv. K 130 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Antlers very large, with more than five tines, curving back- wards, and much flattened in the upper half; 'bez-tine present, fourth tine longer than all the others, and with the fifth, which is'also long, forming a nearly symmetrical fork, the fourth, fifth, and sixth tines being situated nearly in the FIG. 24. — HEAD OP WAPITI (Cervus canadensis). same plane as the portion of the beam immediately below them, so as more or less nearly to occlude one another when viewed from the front; brow-tine rising close to the burr, and approximately equal in length to the bez ; crown normally not cupped ; rump-patch very large ; throat-fringe greatly developed ; tail very short ; ears about half the length CEHVIDjE 131 of head ; face rather short ; general colour in summer yellowish brown, sometimes with a reddish tinge ; neck and under-parts varying from dark brown to blackish; and in winter contrasting sharply with the straw-colour of the bleached coat of the back ; limbs generally chestnut-brown. The distributional area includes North America and Central and North-eastern Asia. The following is a " key " to the American races :— A. Size larger. a. Smaller and lighter-coloured, with lighter antlers C. c. canadensis. I. Larger and darker, with heavier antlers C. c. occidentals. c. Nose darker, and head and legs redder than in a, but not so dark as in b; skull more massive than in either a or b C. c. merriami. B. Size smaller C. c. nannodes. The Asiatic races are not sufficiently well known, as a whole, to admit of their being tabulated in this manner. A. — Cervus canadensis canadensis. Cervus canadensis typicus, LydeTcker, Deer of All Lands, p. 96, 1898; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed, 6, p. 40, 1910, ed. 7, p. 40, 1914. Cervus canadensis canadensis, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 385, 1912. WAPITI. Typical locality Eastern Canada. General characters those of the species. The range extends southwards and westwards to include the Eocky Mountains. 690, I, c, c1, d. Four frontlets, with antlers. North America. No history. 690, /. Single' antler of an immature stag. Shed in Zoological Society's Gardens, May, 1863. Purchased (Zoological Society), about 1863. 53. 8. 29. 43. Skin, young, mounted, from a stag born in London. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1853. 58. 6. 9. 19. Skull, with antlers. North America. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1858. 76. 3. 15. 1. Skeleton, with antlers. Yellowstone Park. Purchased (H. Ward), 1876. K 2 132 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 84. 5. 28. 1. Skin, mounted. Yellowstone. Purchased (H. Ward), 1876. 11. 3. 28. 1. Body-skin. Gros Ventre Basin, N.W. Wyoming. Presented ly the Hon. L. V. Kay-Sliuttleworth, 1911. B.— Cervus canadensis occiden tails. Cervus occidentalis, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 101, vol. v, p. 308, 1827 ; Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 139, 1835 ; Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 171, 1842 ; Stone and Cram, American Mammals, p. 34, 1903. Elaphus occidentalis, Swainson, Classif. Quadrupeds, p. 292, 1835. Cervus canadensis occidentalis, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 618 ; LydekJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 101, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 56, 1901 ; Elliot, Zool. Pub. Field Mus. vol. i, p. 269, 1899, Sijnop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Zool. Pub. Field Mus. vol. ii) p. 34, 1901, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (op. cit. vol. viii) p. 44, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 44, 1910, ed. 7, p. 44, 1914 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 385, 1912. Strongyloceros occidentalis, Fitzinger, Sitzber. Jc. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 563, 1874. Cervus roosevelti, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xi, p. 271, 1897. Typical locality the Pacific coast of North America. Larger and darker-coloured than typical race, with heavier antlers. The distributional area includes the Coast Kange of Washington, Oregon, and Northern California. G90, a. Frontlet and antlers. San Diego, California. Presented by C. Pentland, Esq. 98. 2. 26. 1. Skull, with antlers. Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Presented by H. J. Elwes, Esq., 1898. C.— Cervus canadensis merriami. 'Cervus merriami, Nelson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 7, 1902 ; Stone and Cram, American Mammals, p. 34, 1903 ; Elliot, Chech-List Mamm. N. Amer. (Zool. Pub. Field Mus. vol. vi) p. 42, 1905 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 385, 1912. Typical locality Black Eiver Valley, White Mountains, Arizona. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Nose darker and head and limbs redder than in typical CERVIIM-; 133 nice, although not so dark as in occult ntalis ; tines of antlers less curved than in typical race ; nasals broader and flatter ; upper series of cheek-teeth stouter and more curved. D.— Cervus canadensis nannodes. (?) Cervus inaral californica, Scvcrtzow, Turkestan. Javotnie, 1873, p. 103, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 386, 1876. Cervus nannodes, Mcrriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xviii, p. 83, 1905; Elliot, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. (Zool. Pub. Field M^ux. vol. vi) p. 42, 1905 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 385, 1912. Typical locality Button willow, Kern County, California. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Size smaller and legs relatively shorter than in any of the preceding races; general colour pale and rump-patch small in comparison with that of other races. There are also skull-differences. The range appears to he mainly, if not entirely, restricted to the San Joaquin Valley, but formerly included the higher ridges of the White and Mogollon Mountains of Arizona and New Mexico. No specimen in collection. E. — Cervus canadensis xanthopygus. Cervus elaphus, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. p. 216, 1811 ; Schrenck, JReis. und Forscli. im Amur-Lande, vol. i, p. 171, 1851 ; Kaddc, Reise Siid-Ost-Siberien, pt. i, p. 284, 1862 ; nee Linn. Cervus xanthopygus, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. ser. 5, vol. viii, p. 376, 1869, Recli. Mamm. p. 181, pi. xxi, 1870-74 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 590, 1874 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 68 ; Lijdekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 81, pi. iii, 1898 ; Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 205, 1898 ; Allen and Andrews, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxii, p. 488, 1813. Cervus luhdorfi, Bolau, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, vol. vii, p. 33, pi. iv, 1880 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxxiii, p. 373, 1881 ; Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 209, 1898 (as a synonym of xanthopygus). Cervus luehdorfi, Sclater, List. Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 263, 1883. Cervus isubra, Noack, Humboldt, vol. viii, p. 6, fig. 5, 1889. Cervus bedfordianus, Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 932, pis. xxxviii and xxxix, Deer of All Lands, p. 101, 1898 (as a synonym of xanthopygus). Cervus canadensis luehdorfi, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 102, 1898. 134 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Cervus manchuricus typicus. Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 209, 1898. Cervus canadensis xanthopygus, Lydelcker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 70, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 48, 1910, ed. 7, p. 48, 1914. ISUBRA. Typical locality Northern Manchuria, probably the Usuri district. Type in Paris Museum. Antlers of a shorter and stouter type than in the Tien- shan race (infra), with the fourth tine relatively smaller in immature individuals, and the portion above it less developed at all ages ; the tips of the fourth and fifth tines in the 5-tined antlers of subadult stags curving towards one another like the " pincers " of a crab. General colour of immature and subadult individuals in summer bright reddish brown, in some cases without a distinct rump-patch, in older animals (luehdorfi) browner ; in winter brownish grey, with the dark neck-mane and under-parts of typical wapiti. 97. 12. 23. 1. Head, mounted, and body-skin. Man- churia. Type of C. ledfordianus. Presented ~by the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1897. 99. 2. 20. 1. Skin, mounted. Manchuria. Same donor, 1899. 99. 8. 30. 1-3. Three frontlets, with antlers. Sutschan Valley, 280 miles east of Vladivostock, north of Manchuria. These represent the so-called C. luehdorfi. Same history. F.— Cervus canadensis baicalensis nom. n. Cervus maral var. sibirica, Severtzow, Turkestan. Jevotnie, 1873, p. 109, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 386, 1876 ; * nee Cervus sibiricus, Schreber, 1784. Cervus canadensis asiaticus, LydeTcher, Deer of All Lands, p. 102, pi. vi, 1898, partim, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 67, * Severtzow's classification is as follows :— Cervus maral (= C. wapiti). A. Var. Americana. B. Var. Asiatica. a. canadensis. a. sibirica. b. californica. b. songarica. Hitherto the writer has used the name asiaticus for the present race, but he is now of opinion that Severtzow did not intend " Americana" and " Asiatica " to be used as technical names. 135 1901, Field, vol. cxi, p. 70, 1908 ; Elwes, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xxiv, p. 39, 1899 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 47, 1910 ; Meliely, Termt. Kozl. Budapest, vol. xlii, p. 806, 1910. Cervus sibiricus, Matschie, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freundc, 1907, p. 222. Cervus canadensis sibiricus, Lydekker, Field, vol. cxi, p. 70, 1908, as an alternative name; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 7. p. 47, 1914. Typical locality Sayausk and Baikal Mountains, west of Lake Baikal. Compared with those of the next race, the antlers, according to Matschie, are less stout and lighter in colour, and have the fourth tine inclining outwards instead of inwards, with only a slight bend at the tip, and the beam at this point curving gradually inwards and backwards, with the backward inclination less marked than in the Tien-Shan race. On the front surface of the upper half of the beam there is only one large tine (the fourth), the terminal portion forming a long-handled but short-tined fork. This terminal fork inclines inwards from the line of the summit of the fourth tine, and also somewhat inwards from that of the third tine, while between the third and fourth tines there is no sharp inward angulation of the beam.* The range apparently includes a portion of the Altai, as well as part of the district to the southward of Lake Teletsk, near the sources of the Yenisei (whence the stag figured in The Deer of All Lands probably came). Whether the some- what darker wapiti from the Krasnoyarsk district of the Upper Yenisei is identical with this race, is still uncertain. 78. 11. 21. 24. Antlers. Salair, Altai; collected by Dr. 0. Finsch. By exchange with the Geographical Society of Bremen, 1878. 97. 5. 18. 2. Head-skin. Chuja Steppe, Altai, Presented ly Major C. S. Cumberland, 1897. * The above details (as in the case of several of the other races) are given solely on the authority of Matschie. A mounted specimen of the present race in the Tring Museum appeared to the writer very similar to the undermentioned example of the next race. As a rule, however, the mammals of the Altai are distinct from those of the Tien- Shan. 136 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES' G.— Cervus eanadensis song-aricus. Cervus maral var. songarica, Severtzoiu, Turkestan. Jevotnie, p. 109, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 386, 1876. Cervus eustephamis, Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 637, Sclent. Results Second Yarkand Mission, Mamm. p. 90, 1875 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 912 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 184, 1891 ; Pousargues, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1895, p. 266 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 42, 1896 ; Gillett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii, p. 179; Bentham, Cat. Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 66, 1908. Cervus eanadensis eustephanus, Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 447. Cervus eanadensis asiaticus. Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 108, 1898, partim. Cervus xanthopygus eustephanus, Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 211, 1898. Cervus eanadensis songaricus, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 59, 1901, Field, vol. cxi, p. 70, 1908; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 45, 1910, ed. 7, p. 45, 1914. Cervus songaricus, Matschie, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1907, p. 222. Typical locality the Zungarian Tien-Shan, probably in the neighbourhood of Kulja. Very similar to the typical American race, but apparently distinguished by the narrower and more orange-coloured rump-patch, not including the middle line of the tail, which is coloured like the back ; the larger amount of black on the borders of the rump-patch, thighs, and flanks, the greyer general colour in summer, and the shorter and stouter fourth tine of the antlers. Compared with those of the other Asiatic races, the antlers are stated by Matschie to be distinguished by their stoutness and the length and massive- ness of their tines, as well as by their dark colour. From the trez-tine the beam inclines slightly inwards towards the root of the fourth tine, which is very large and strongly bent inwards ; at the root of the fourth tine the beam is markedly bent inwards and backwards, all the tines on its front surface being long, stout, parallel, and nearly at right angles to its axis. The upper portion of the antler in fully deve- loped specimens is 3-tined, and placed practically in the same place as the tip of the fourth, and nearly in that of the tip of the third tine. The range includes the Tarbagatai district. 79. 11. 21. 50-52. Three shed antlers. Tien-Shan; col- CERVII'.K 137 lected (luring tlio Second Yarkaud Mission, under Sir Douglas Forsyth, K.C.S.I., 1873. Co-types of C. custcplianux. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. '2. 13. 9. 8. Skin, mounted. Eastern Tien-Shan. Presented ly St. George Littlcdale, Esq., 1902. '2. 3. 9. 9. Skull and antlers. Same locality. ' Same history. 14. 9. 15. 8. Skin, imperfect. Chik Jirgalan Nulla, Tekkes Valley, Tien-Shan. Presented ly Col. J. W. Allot Anderson, 1914. H.- Cervus canadensis biedermanni. Cervns asiaticus sibiricus, Elwes, Journ. Linn. Soc. 1899, p. 32 ; ncc C. maral sibirica, Severtzoiu. Cervus biedermanni, Matschie, Sitzber. Gcs. nat. Freunde, 1907, p. 223. Cervus canadensis biedermanni, Lydekker, Field, vol. cxi, p. 70, 1908 ; Ward, Eccords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 48, 1910, ed. 7, p. 48, 1914. Typical locality Lake Teletzk, at the source of the Obi, and Barnaul, somewhat lower down the same valley. According to Matschie's description, the beam of the antlers is but slightly curved and forms an almost continuous line with the axis of the fourth tine, which is relatively small ; no inward bending occurs till the fourth tine, the tip forms a long-handled fork, and the maximum span occurs at the root of the fourth tine, as in the Sayansk race, but the terminal fork inclines only slightly inwards, so that in a front view it is concealed by the fourth tine, which in sibiricus inclines outwards. No specimen in collection. I.— Cervus canadensis waohei. Cervus wachei, Noack, Zool. Anz. vol. xxv, p. 145, 1902 ; Matschie, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1907, p. 228. Cervus canadensis wachei, LydeMer, Field, vol. cxi, p. 70, 1908. Typical locality Shingielt Valley, in the neighbourhood of the Black Irtish, Kobdo, Eastern Zungaria. Distinguished, according to Matschie, from the three 138 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES preceding races by the very strong incurving of the upper portion of the stout beam of the antlers, in consequence of which the base of the terminal fork is situated in nearly the same plane as the root of the trez-tine ; the latter strongly bent upwards and inwards and separated by a shorter interval from the fourth tine than it is from the bez-tine ; while the fourth tine conceals the terminal fork, which consists of two sub-equal prongs mounted upon a relatively short shaft. No specimen in collection. J.— Cervus canadensis baetrianus. Cervus baetrianus, Lydekker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. v, p. 196, 1900. Cervus hagenbecki, Shitkow, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. xx, p. 91, 1905 ; = baetrianus, Satunin, Zanucok. Kaukas. Omd. vol. xxv, p. 38, 1905. Cervus canadensis baetrianus, Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii, p. 79 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 47, 1908, ed. 7, p. 47, 1914. Typical locality Kussian Turkistan, probably Bokhara. In the under-mentioned specimen the whole margin of the upper lip is light-coloured, instead of only the front portion and a patch beside the nostrils, as in the Tien-Shan and Canadian races ; and the dark patch on each side of the lower lip does not extend downwards to join a larger patch on the chin, as in those races, the whole chin being light- coloured. General colour light grey. 2. 3. 19. 1. Head, mounted. Cherikend, Turkestan. Presented ly the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1902. K.— Cervus canadensis wardi. Cervus canadensis wardi, Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 987. Typical locality Sze-chuan border of Tibet. Known only by antlers, which are lighter and more slender than those of Sayansk and Tien-Shan wapiti, with the terminal fork narrower, and the fourth tine smaller. Not improbably this type of antler may prove to belong to C. macneilli (infra, p. 145). CERVID^E 139 10. 5. 14. 1. Two detached antlers. Sze-chuan border of Tibet ; collected by the Eev. W. N. Fergusson. Type. Presented by J. Rowland Ward, Esq., 1910. X.VII. CERVUS YARKANDENSIS. Ccrvus cashmirianus yarkandensis, Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 117; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 88, 1898. Cervns yarkandensis, Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 447 ; Lydekker, ibid. 1896, p. 933, Game Animals of India, etc.* p. 215, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 34, 1913; Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 202, 1898, partim ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 35, 1910, ed. 7, p. 47, 1914. Typical locality Maralbashi Forest, Eastern Turkestan ; the range includes the Tarim Valley. A rufous-fawn deer, with a large and well-defined orange rump-patch, which includes the tail, and usually five-tined antlers, which lack the lateral compression and large fourth tine of those of the canadensis group, and have the terminal fork placed at right angles to the middle line of the head, so as to look directly forwards, and the fifth tine a little inclined inwards, the beam not showing any marked angula- tion at the origin of the third tine. By the development of a third snag to the terminal fork (crown) the antlers may become 6-tined, as in fig. 25. 79. 11. 21. 252. Skin, young. Yarkand. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 89. 6. 8. 3. Skull and antlers. Maralbashi Forest; collected by Rev. H. Lansdell. Purchased, 1889. 91. 8. 7. 4. Skull and antlers. Same locality; collected by Mr. A. Dalgliesh. Type ; figured by Blanford, loc. cit. Length of antlers along outer curve 35 and 34 inches ; basal girth 6| inches. Presented by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 5. Frontlet and antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 92. 3. 30. 1. Skin. Tarim Valley, Eastern Turkestan. Mentioned by Blanford, loc. cit. Presented by Major C. S. Cumberland, 1892. * Name spelt, intentionally, yarcandcnsis. 140 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 92. 7. 17. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Maralbashi. Length of antlers 41^ inches, which is the maximum on record. Presented by Sir H. A. H. F. Lennard, Bart, 1892. FIG. 25. — SKULL AND ANTLERS OP YABKAND STAG (Cervus yarkandensis). The development of a third tine in the terminal fork renders this specimen less typical than most examples. 12. 10. 31. 3. Skull and antlers (fig. 25). Maralbashi; collected by Mr. A. Dalgliesh. This specimen stands fourth in Ward's 1910 list. The measurements of the antlers are :— length on outer curve 39 J, girth 6, tip-to-tip 24J, widest inside span 25 inches. Bequeathed by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 141 XVIII. CERVUS WALLICHI. Cervus wallichi, Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, 1812 (teste Pouaarguex), ed. 3, vol. iv, p. 504, 1825, ed. 4, vol. vi, p. 89, 1835 ; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. ii, livr. xxxix, pi. 225 (356), 1823; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 103, pi. ix, 1827 ; J. B. Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 452, 1829 ; Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 161, pi. x, 1835; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, pt. 2, p. 745, 1841, vol. xxi, p. 341, 1852; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 227, partim ; Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 195, 1898, partim ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 574 ; LydeTcJcer, Field, vol. cxx, p. 86, 1912, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 32, 1913, Ward's Records of Big Gam, ed. 7, p. 37, 1914. Cervus (Harana) wallichi, Hodgson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. i, p. 158, 1838. Cervus (Pseudocervus) wallichi, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, pt. 2, p. 914, 1841. Cervus tibetanus, Hodgson, op. cit. vol. xix, p. 460, 1850. Cervus nariyanus, Hodgson, op. cit. vol. xx, p. 392, pi. viii, 1851. Cervus affinis, W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 184, 1891, partim; LydehJcer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1909, p. 599, fig. 182; nee Hodgson. SHOU. Typical locality probably the wooded country to the south of the Mansarowar Lake, in the Nari-Khorsum district of Tibet, whence the stag to which the typical pair of antlers belonged appears to have been brought to Maktinath, lying to the northward of Dwalagiri, central Nepal. Type a stag in the Vice-Eegal Menagerie at Barrakpur, near Calcutta ; now represented only by a pair of shed antlers in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Type of Harana and Pseudocervus. Somewhat inferior in size to a wapiti (shoulder-height about 4 feet 3 or 4 inches), with a very short tail, the (normally) 5-tined antlers (fig. 26), strongly angulated at the origin of the third tine, and above this inclined markedly forwards and inwards so that the tips of the fifth tines (which are much larger than the fourth) are more or less closely approximated ; general colour speckled earthy or pale fawn brown, with a larger or smaller white rump-patch, including tail and extending downwards posteriorly on to back of hams ; * ears long and pointed ; muzzle and chin dark. * In Pocock's key to this group (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 574) the white on hind-quarters is stated to extend above root of tail in wallichi and affinis, but not to do so in cashmiriensis (hanglu), and yet further on affinis is stated to come closest to cashmiriensis in this respect. 142 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES The range apparently includes the Nari Khorsum district and the neighbourhood of Lhasa, Tibet, and the Chambi Valley and Bhutan. The two races are distinguishable as follows : — A. Bump -patch large, undivided by a dark median line C. w. walliclii. B. Bump-patch smaller, divided more or less com- pletely by a dark median line C. w. affinis. A. — Cervus wallichi wallichi. Cervus wallichi wallichi, LydeJcker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 32, 1913. Typical locality probably the wooded country south of the Mansarowar Lake, Nari Khorsum, Western Tibet. General colour earthy brown ; rump-patch large and undivided by a median dark line. 15. 5. 11. 1. Pair of antlers shed in 1913 by a stag, from the neighbourhood of the Mansarowar Lake, presented to the Zoological Society by H.M. the King. This stag is the one described when young by the present writer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1909, p. 599, and, when grown up, by Pocock, ibid. 1912, p. 574. Presented ly the Zoological Society, 1914. B.— Cervus wallichi affinis. Cervus affinis, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, pt. 2, p. 721, 1841, vol. xix, pp. 466 and 518, 1850, vol. xx, p. 392, pi. vii, 1851 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 228, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 199, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 69, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 140, 1873; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 69, 1862; Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 251, 1867 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 343, 1871 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 913 ; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 514, 1884; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 184, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 537, 1891 ; LydekJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 88, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 215, 1907 ; Bentham, Cat. Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 62, 1908 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 37, 1910; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 572, Field, vol. cxxiv, p. 613, 1914. Pseudocervus wallichi, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 180, 1843. Cervus walliclii, Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 195, 1898, partim. Cervus walliclii affinis, LydelcJcer, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 32, 1913, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 37, 1914. CERVID^E it:; SHOU. Typical locality probably the Chambi Valley of Sikhiiu ; the range extends into Bhutan and the Tsari district of Tibet, and apparently also the neighbourhood of Lhasa. General colour pale fawn-brown, lighter on flanks ; rump- patch much smaller than in typical race, and more or less FIG. 26. — SKULL AND ANTLERS OF SIKHIM SHOU (Cervus wallichi affinis). completely divided by a median dark line continuous with the fawn-brown of the back, and extending on to tail ; in some cases a darker brown border to front edge of rump- patch. The finest known antlers are in the Museum collection, four specimens in which head Ward's 1910 list. 144 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES . 45. 1. 8. 94. Skull and antlers. Probably the Chambi Valley, Sikhim. Type ; figured by Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, p. 722. Presented ly B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1845. 57. 12. 14. 2. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Probably Sikhim or Bhutan ; collected by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Transferred from Zoological Society's Museum, 1857. 57.12.14.3. Pair of antlers. Chambi Valley ; collected by Dr. J. Campbell, Superintendent of Darjiling at the time of Hooker's Himalayan journeys. Same history. 66. 8. 10. 5. Skull. Locality unknown ; collected by Dr. Hugh Falconer. Purchased, 1866. 692, /. Frontlet and antlers (in Geological Department). Locality unknown. No history. 79. 11. 21. 49. Skull and antlers. Locality unknown. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 668. Head, mounted. Tibet (?); collected by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Same history. 91. 8. 7. 6. Skull and antlers. Northern Bhutan ; collected by L. Mandelli, Esq. Presented ly A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891. 91. 8. 7. 7. Skull and antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 91. 10. 7. 172. Skin. Sikhim ; same collector. Presented ly Dr. W. T. Blanford, 1891. 91. 10. 7. 173. Skull and skin, immature. Same locality and collector. Same history. 12. 10. 31. 4. Skull and antlers (fig. 26). Northern Bhutan ; same collector. In this specimen, which stands No. 1 in Ward's 1910 list, the dimensions of the antlers are as follows : length on outer curve 55f , girth 6J, tip-to-tip 17J, widest inside span 40 1 inches. Bequeathed ly A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 14. 8. 29. 1. Skull, with antlers in velvet, and skin. Chosam, Tsari district, Tibet. Figured by Pocock, Field, vol. cxxiv, p. 613. Presented ly Capt. F. M. Bailey, 1914. CKKVID.K 145 XIX. CERVUS MACNEILLT. Cervus cashmirianus macneilli, Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1909 p. 588, pi. Ixix, 1910, p. 987. Cervus macneilli, Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 571. Typical locality Sze-clman border of Tibet. Antlers (in C. m. kansuensis) 5-tined, but of a more wapiti- like type than in the preceding species, the two tines of the terminal fork being apparently in a fore-and-aft plane, or nearly so ; general colour ranging from light speckled grey to speckled brown, with the white of the hind-quarters restricted to back of hams, the middle line of tail dark, and a blackish brown patch on croup, replacing the white one of C. walliclii affinis ; ears and muzzle of the same type as in latter. Whether the antlers described under the name of C. cana- densis wardi (supra, p. 138) really belong to this species, remains to be proved. The distributional area extends from the Sze-chuan border of Tibet to Kan-su and Yun-nan. The two races are distinguished as follows :— A. General colour grey, tail almost wholly black above C. m. macneilli. B. General colour brown, tail with a sinous black median line ,. C. m. hanstiensis. A.— Cervus macneilli macneilli. General colour pale speckled French grey, becoming somewhat darker on back and still more decidedly so on head, with the greater part of upper side of tail black. Male unknown. Typical locality Sze-chuan border of Tibet. 9. 5. 31. 1. Skin, female, mounted. Sze-chuan border of Tibet.* Type. Presented ly Major M. Macneill, 1909. * In the original description the locality was given as Sze-chuan. IV. 146 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES B.— Cervus maeneilli kansuensis. Cervus kansuensis, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912. p. 573 ; Wallace, Big Game of Central and Western China, pp. 195 and 296, 1913.* Cervus maeneilli kansuensis, Lydekker, Field, vol. cxx, p. 860, 1912. Typical locality Kan-su, China. General colour speckled brown ; tail with an irregular sinuous median dark line on upper surface. The finest pair of antlers recorded by Wallace measure 43^ inches in length along the curve, witli a basal girth of 5J, and a tip-to-tip interval of 37 inches. The range apparently includes Yunnan. 12. 7. 26. 16. Skin, female. Thirty miles S.E. of Tao-chou, Kan-su, at a height of about 11,000 feet ; shot by Dr. J. A. C. Smith, March 23, 1911. Type. Purchased (Rosenberg), 1912. XX. CERVUS CASHMIEIENSIS. Cervus hanglu, Wagner, ScJireber's Sdugthiere, Suppl. vol. iv, p. 352, 1844 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 566. Cervus cashmerensis, Gray, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 65, 1847, nomen nudum. Cervus casperianus, Gray, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 147, 1847, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. pi. xxvii, figs. 1-3, 1852, to replace cashmerensis. Cervus wallichi, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 197, 1852 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 258, 1862 ; Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 250, 1867; Kinloch, Large Game of Tibet, p. 44, 1869 ; nee Cuvier. Cervus cashmeriensis, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 529; Lydekker, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 286, 1877. Cervus cashmeerianus, Falconer, M.S., in Falconer's Palceontological Memoirs, vol. i, p. 576, 1868 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 339, pi. xxx, 1871 ; Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 68, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 140, 1873; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 912 ; Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 199, 1898 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 184, 1891 ; Bentham, Cat. Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 60, 1908. Cervus cashmirianus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 586, 1874; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 512, 1884; * Of the figures of the Kan-su deer in this work the only ones of any value are those in the plate facing p. 206, which are from photographs ; the others appear to have been drawn from true wapiti. CERVIIU-; 147 Scully, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xx, p. 388, 1887 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 355, 1891 ; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 83, pi. iv, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 208, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest, Brit. Mus. p. 33, 1913; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 32, 1910, ed. 7, p. 32, 1914. HANGUL or HANGLU. Typical locality Valley of Kashmir. Size approximately that of a red deer. Antlers, which, although normally 5-tined, may carry six or seven points on each side, approximating to those of C. wallicki affinis, but with the angle at origin of third tine and the forward inclination of upper part of beam less strongly marked ; white area on hind-quarter^ which is bordered in front with black, restricted to hind part of hams, and upper side of tail mainly dark ; chin and lower lip white or whitish, and muzzle pale fawn, lighter than rest of face ; ears bluntly pointed, with straight upper border ; general colour speckled ashy brown, much as in C. walliclii affinis. Fine antlers measure from 44 to 48 inches along the outer curve, with a girth of from 5f to 7|, and a tip-to-tip interval ranging from 13 to 35 inches. The range includes the Valley of Kashmir, part of the adjacent Kishen-Ganga Valley, and, to the eastward, the Kishtwar district. 46. 8. 24. 1. Skull and antlers. Kashmir. Co-type of C. cashmeerianus, Falconer. Presented ty Dr. H. Falconer, 1846. 46. 8. 24. 2. Skull, female. Pampur Valley, Kashmir. Same history. 56. 9. 22. 1. Skin. Kashmir ; collected by Gen. Abbott. Purchased, 1856. 63. 5. 8. 3. Pair of antlers. Kashmir. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1863. 63. 5. 13. 1. Pair of antlers. Shed by a stag in the Zoological Society's Gardens. Same history. 63. 5. 13. 2. Pair of antlers. Same history. 63. 5. 13. 3. Pair of antlers. Same history. 65. 7. 8. 3. Frontlet and antlers. Kashmir. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1865. * * * *. Frontlet and antlers. From an old skin. Kashmir, No history. L 2 148 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 66. 8. 6. 12. Skeleton and antlers. Kashmir. Purchased (Zoological Society], 1866. 79. 11. 21. 47. Frontlet and horns. Kashmir; collected by Dr. Hugh Falconer. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. FIG. 27. — HEAD OF HANGUL (Cervus cashmiriensis). 88. 3. 20. 21. Skull and antlers. Lidar Valley, Kashmir Presented by E. Lydekker, Esq., 1888. 91. 5. 7. 1. Skull and antlers. Sind Valley, Kashmir. Presented ly A. 0. Hume, Esq., G.B., 1891. 91. 5. 7. 2. Skull and antlers. Maharaja's preserve, Kashmir. Same history. CERVID^ 149 91. 5. 7. 3. Skull and antlers. Sind Valley. Same history. 94. 5. 31. 1. Skin, mounted. Warapash, Sind Valley; collected by Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton. Purchased (Gerrard), 1894. 12. 10. 31. 1. Skull and antlers. Sind Valley; collected by Mr. A. Dalgleish. This specimen is No. 24 in Ward's 1910 list. The measurements of the antlers are as follows : length on outer curve 43, girth 6, tip-to-tip interval 20, widest inside span 35 inches. Bequeathed by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912. 12. 10. 31. 2. Skull and antlers. Same locality and "collector. Same history. XXI. CERVUS ALBIROSTRIS. Cervus albirostris, Przewalski, Eeise Tibet, pp. 73 and 76, 1884, Cat. Zool. Collect, p. 16, 1887 ; Pousargues, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1897, p. 284, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 215, 1898 ; LydeJcker, Deer of All Lands, p. 91, pi. v, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 221, 1907 ; Ward, Eecords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 38, 1910, ed. 7, p. 38, 1914; PococJc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 574. Cervus sellatus, Przewalski, loc. cit. 1884. Cervus dybowskii, W. L. Sclater, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. Iviii, pt. 2, p. 186, pi. xi, 1889 ; Bentham, Cat. Asiat. Horns Ind. Mus. p. 64, 1908 ; nee Taczanowski, 1876. Cervus thoroldi, Stanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 444, pi. xxxiv ; Lydekker, ibid. 1896, p. 930. Typical locality Nak-chan (Nan-chan), Tibet ; also found in forest to the north of Lhasa. Type in the Museum of the St. Petersburg (Petrograd) Academy of Sciences. Of the approximate size of C. cashmiriensis. Distinguished from all the other members of the subgenus by the reversal of the coarse hair of the withers, to form a kind of hump, and the white muzzle, chin, under surface of lower jaw, and inside of ears, as well by the low position and large size of the gland-tuft on the hind-shanks. Antlers much flattened, nearly white in colour, without a bez-tine, and bending suddenly backwards at origin of third tine, which is the longest. 150 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 92. 16. 11. 1. Skin, mounted (fig. 28), and skull. Tibet ; collected by Dr. W. G. Thorold. Type of G. thoroldi. Purchased (Gerrard), 1892. FIG. 28. — HEAD AND NECK OP THOROLD'S DEER (Cervus albirostris). INCERT^E SEDIS. 1. Cervus lepidus, Sundevall, K. SvensJca Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 180, 1846 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 902. Eusa lepida, Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 63, 1850, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 212, 1852 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. Jc. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 302, 1874. CKUVID.K 151 Brooke stated that he saw the type in the Museum at Frankfort, and that it appeared closely to resemble (V/v//.s On a second visit it could not be found. 2. Cervus caspicus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 47, 1878, p. 909 ; LydekTter, ibid. 1897, p. 38, Deer of All Lands, p. 186. 1898. This species was named on the evidence of a frontlet and antlers from the district south-west of the Caspian, which was figured in 1874 when in the collection of Sir Victor Brooke, where it could not be discovered at his death. The antlers measured 26 inches in length along the curve, and were three-tined. In his original description Brooke referred the species to the rusine group, comparing it to 0. unicolor and C. timoriensis, but in 1878 he placed it provisionally in the sika group ; the ground of this redetermination apparently resting on another antler from the Karun Valley, in the Luristan district of Persia, which may or may not have belonged to the same species as the type. VI. Genus ELAPHURUS. Elaphurus, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 5, vol. x, p. 880, 1866; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 906; Cameron, Field, 1892, April 30, p. 265, May 14, p. 703, May 21, p. 741, June 11, p. 860; LijdeMer, Deer of All Lands, p. 233, 1898; PococJt, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 945, 1912, p. 777. Lateral metacarpals represented by their upper ends as in Cervus ; no glands on front of pasterns ; antlers lar^e, cylindrical, and dichotomously forking at a comparatively short distance above the burr, with the front prong of the main fork curving forwards and again dividing once or more, and the hind prong long, straight, simple, and projecting backwards ; muzzle with a large naked portion, deeper and broader below the nostrils than in the elaphine group, but extending only a little on to the front of the face, where its upper border is deeply concave ; ears small and narrow ; tail long, cylindrical, and bushy at the extremity ; neck maned ; face long ; coat uniformly coloured, in young spotted ; no tarsal tuft ; metatarsal tuft continuous and situated in the upper third of the metatarsus ; gland-pits and face-glands large ; hoofs large and spreading ; lateral hoofs very large ; upper canines small ; upper molars 152 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES moderately tall, with a small additional column on the inner side ; vorner not dividing aperture of posterior nostrils into two chambers. Size large ; build heavy, with the limbs stout. No foot-glands. Much difference of opinion has existed as to the systematic position of this genus, which was regarded by Milne-Edwards as a very distinct type ; the same view being maintained by Gray, who placed Elapliurus between the roes and the American deer. On the other hand, Sclater and Brooke included Elapliurus in Cervus ; but Gordon Cameron, from the form of the antlers, reverted to the older view ; while Pocock, who regards the front prong of the antlers as representing the brow-tine of Cervus, sides with Sclater and Brooke, although maintaining Elaphurus as a distinct genus. Garrod confessed his inability to identify the tines of the antlers with those of other deer. The range is not definitely known, but seems to have included some part of Northern China and, it is said, Japan. The evidence in favour of the later country forming a part of the distributional area rests on a fragment of an alleged fossil antler described by Watase. ELAPHURUS DAVIDIANUS. Elaphurus davidianus, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 5, vol. v, p. 380, 1866, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. ii, p. 27, 1866 ; Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 82, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 154, 1873 ; Fitting er, Sitzber. 7c. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 329, 1874; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 16; LydeJcker, Deer of All Lands, p. 236, pi. xix, 1898, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, vol. ii, p. 472, 1904, vol. ii, p. 178; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 101, 1910, ed. 7, p. 78, 1914; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 945, 1912, p. 777 ; Watase, Zool Mag. Tokyo, vol. xxv, p. 487, 1913. Cervus davidianus, Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 331, 1871 ; BrooJce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878r p. 906 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 17, 1898; Flower and LydeJcker, Study of Mammals, p. 320, 1891; LydekTcer, Horns and Hoofs, p. 309, 1913. MI-LU; PERE DAVID'S DEER. The distribution is the same as that of the species, which is known only by the herd formerly kept in the gardens of the Summer Palace, Pekin, and their descendants. CERVlDifi 153 Height at shoulder about 3 feet 9 inches, or about the size of a large red deer. Head large, with small eyes and ears, and a long, narrow muzzle ; limbs stout ; coat short and smooth, but longer on the middle line of chest and under- parts, and forming a mane on neck and throat ; general colour reddish tawny with a tinge of grey, passing through an ill-defined darker band on the sides to a more decided whitish grey on the under-parts ; neck, chest, and lower portion of throat dark brown ; a blackish brown longitudinal stripe on neck and fore part of back, and another on chest ; rump and inner sides of thighs yellowish white, passing gradually into the general colour of the body ; inner sides of legs and entire shanks whitish yellow-grey ; tail like back, except the terminal tuft, which is blackish brown ; face brownish, with a blackish brown ring round each eye. Female somewhat lighter coloured. Young reddish brown with a tinge of yellow, at first profusely spotted with white. Fine antlers measure from 28 to 35| inches along the outer curve, with a basal girth of from 4f to 7J inches, and a tip-to-tip interval ranging from 13f to 27£ inches. In some cases, at any rate, the stags shed their antlers twice a year ; but this may be a result of semi-domestication. 70. 6. 22. 14. Skin and skeleton (1538, 1), female. From the herd in the gardens of the Summer Palace, Pekin. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1870. 72. 12. 31. 3. Skin and skeleton, the latter (1538, a) mounted. Same locality. Same history. 98. 2. 25. 2. Head, mounted, and body-skin. From the descendants of the same herd at Woburn Abbey. Presented ly the, Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1848. 99. 7. 20. 1. Skin, mounted. From the Woburn herd. Same donor, 1899. VII. Genus ODOCOILEUS. Odocoileus, Eafinesque, Atlantic Journ. vol. i, p. 109, 1832 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. America (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii), p. 38, 1901 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 780 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 385, 1912. Mazama, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 314, 1827 nee Rafinesque, 1817. 154 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Dorcelaphus, Gloger, Handbuch Naturgesch. p. 140, 1841 ; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 248, 1898 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 962. Cariacus, Lesson, Nouv. Tdbl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 173, 1842; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 175, 1843, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 82, 1872 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 918 ; Riitimeyer, Abli. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 47, 1881. Keduncina, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere, Suppl. vol. iv, p. 373, 1844; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 357, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 312, 1879. Macrotis, Wagner, loc. cit. 1844 ; nee Dejaine, 1833. Eucervus, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xviii, p. 338, 1866, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 85, 1872 ; Pocock, Prcc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 966. Otelaphus, Fitzinger, Sitxber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 356, 1873, to replace Macrotis. Gymnotis, Fitzinger, op. cit. vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 343, 1879. Odocoelus, Allen, Amer. Nat. vol. xxxv, p. 449, 1901. Dama, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 19, 1902; nee H. Smith, 1827. Odontoccelus, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Ind. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv) p. 70, 1904, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (ibid. vol. viii) p. 45, 1907, emendation of Odocoileus, as is also Odoccelus. Lateral metacarpals with only lower ends persisting ; vomer high • and dividing aperture of posterior nostrils into two chambers ; antlers large, with the beam rising at a marked angle to plane of face, and (when fully developed) dichotornously forked, with a sub-basal snag, and the lower, or front, prong of main fork projected from anterior edge of beam and more or less developed at the expense of the upper, or hind one, and more or less secondary forking of one or both prongs ; face long and narrow ; muzzle with a large naked area ; ears variable ; tail long or moderate, hairy below ; coat uniformly coloured ; young spotted ; tarsal and usually metatarsal glands present, the latter variable in form and position ; gland-pits and face-glands very small ; main hoofs well developed; hind-pasterns with a pocket-like gland, which may also be developed in fore-feet ; upper canines wanting; naviculo- cuboid of tarsus free from cuneiform. Size medium or small. The deer included in the present genus are members of a large exclusively American group, the classification of which has given rise to much diversity of opinion; some writers, like Brooke, inclining to include the whole group, CEiiviD.i; 155 with the exception of the pudus, in a single genus, while others, like Gray, adopt several generic divisions. The former course has hitherto been followed by the present writer, but now that Hippocamelus is generally adopted for the guemals, this involves the use of that highly objection- able term, as being the earliest, for the whole group, a course he is not prepared to follow. Under these circumstances, the group is split up into six genera. The range of the present genus,* which is typified by an upper preniolar tooth from a cavern-deposit described as 0. spelaeits, extends from Alaska to Peru, Bolivia, and northern Brazil. The species here recognised are distinguishable as follows : — A. Metatarsal gland (when present) small and circu- lar ; tail long ; ears moderate 0. virginianus. B. Metatarsal gland elongated ; tail shorter ; ears very large. a. Metatarsal gland very long; tail small, black at tip all round 0. hemiomts. b. Metatarsal gland shorter ; tail larger, black above, white below 0. columbianus. I. ODOCOILEUS ViRGINIANUS. " Cervus darna americanus," Erxleben, Syst. Eegn. Anim. p. 312, 1777 ; not a technical name, teste Allen, Amer. Nat. vol. xxxiv, p. 318, 1900, Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xv, p. 87, 1902, and Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 43, 1912, and Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 585, 1913. Cervus virginianus, Boddaert, Elenchus Anim. vol. i, p. 136, 1785 ; Baird, Mamm. N. America, p. 649, 1857 ; H. Smith, Griffith's t Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 127, 1827 ; Caton, Antelope and Deer of America, p. 100, 1877. Cervus clavatus, H. 'Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 132, 1827 ; Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 183, 1846. Cervus (Mazama) virginianus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 315, 1827. Cervus (Mazama) clavatus, H. Smith, loc. cit. 1827. Odocoileus spelaeus, Rafinesque, Atlantic Journ. vol. 1, p. 109, 1832. Dorcelaphus virginianus, Gloger, Handbuch Naturgesch. p. 140, 1841. Mazama virginiana, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 176, 1835. * As the name Odocoileus is etymologically bad, emendations have been proposed, and objections raised to its use in every form. 156 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Cariacus virginianus, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. RegneAnim., Mamm. p. 173, 1842 ; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 175, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 238, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 228, 1852, Cat. Rumi- nants Brit. Mus. p. 83, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 83, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 266, 1862 ; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 18 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 919 ; Alston, Biol. Centr. Amer., Mamm. p. 115, 1879 ; Sclater, List Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 172, 1883 ; Merriam, Mammals of Adirondacks, p. 107, 1884 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p, 322, 1884 ; True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. vii, p. 592, 1885; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 329, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 346, 1893 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 55, 1896. Reduncina virginiana, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 357, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 313, 1879. Cervus (Cariacus) virginianus, Herrick, Mamm. Minnesota, p. 281, 1892. Cariacus americanus, Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. x, p. 25, 1896. Dorcelaphus americanus, Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Sci. Philad. 1897, p. 208 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 962. Mazama americana, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 249, pi. xx, 1898. Odocoileus americanus, Miller, Bull. N. York State Mus. vol. vi, p. 299, 1899, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 386, 1912 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 39, 1901 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1913, p. 783. Mazama (Dorcelaphus) americana, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 339, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 103, 1910. Odocoileus virginianus, Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 34, 1903 ; Scharff, Origin of Life in America, p. 108, 1911 ; Gary, N. Amer. Fauna, no. 33, p. 55, 1911. Odontocoelus americanus, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 70, 1904, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (ibid. vol. viii) p. 46, 1907. Mazama (Odocoileus) virginianus, Lydekker, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 101, 1914. WHITE-TAILED, or VIRGINIAN, DEER. • Typical locality Virginia. Build light and graceful, with long body and limbs; height variable, ranging from about 3 feet 1 inch to 26 inches at the shoulder ; antlers with a long sub-basal snag, above which the beam abruptly curves forwards, and soon after forks dichotomously, posterior prong of main fork upright and generally undivided, anterior, or lower, prong again forking, with its lower division also forked, the whole antler in advance of the sub-basal tine having the appearance of a horizontal beam with three nearly vertical tines arising CKKVULK 157 from the upper surface; ears relatively small and sparsely haired externally; tail long and pointed; muzzle long and slender ; face-glands very small, and almost hidden by folds of skin ; metatarsal gland, when present, small, sub-circular, FIG. 29. — HEAD OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (Odocoikus virginianus). From a photograph lent by Mr. E. S. Cameron. and usually situated in lower third of shank, its centre bare and black, surrounded by a marginal fringe of white hairs, followed by an outer ring of fawn ; tarsal gland variable ; both fore- and hind-pasterns with a pouch-like gland ; general colour in summer varying from bright rufous chestnut to yellowish fawn or grey, in winter some shade 158 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES of yellowish leaden grey, faintly speckled, and often with a tinge of rufous ; under-parts, inner sides of limbs and buttocks, lower surface of tail, chin, throat, lips, a ring round each -«ye, and a band round muzzle white; young fully spotted. The case of the numerous forms allied to the true white-tailed deer is very similar to that of the sambar group, so that there is an equal difficulty in deciding whether they should be regarded as species or subspecies ; Brooke was inclined to take the latter view, which is adopted by Pocock. In this extended sense the range of the species will reach from Ontario to Central and South America, with a gradual diminution in the size of the local races from north to south. The following is a provisional " key " to the best-known of these races : — A. Size large ; antlers large and complex. a. Skull of moderate length and slenderness. a'. Black on jaw and tail. a". Size smaller, colour bright rufous 0. v. virginianus. b". Size larger, colour grey 0. v. borealis. b'. No black on face and tail. b". General colour (including tail) reddish brown 0. v. macrourus. c". Closely allied to last 0. v. leucurus. b. Skull larger and more slender, with longer row of cheek-teeth , 0. v. louisiance. B. Size small, antlers miniatures of those of typical race. a. Colour (at all seasons) mingled dark and pale brown, tail dark reddish brown tipped with cinnamon O. v. osceola. b. Colour pale reddish brown, tail black O. v. texanus. c. Colour dull fawn, tail reddish brown ., O. v. couesi. d. Colour greyish brown, tail grizzled white and brown 0. v. baileyi. e. Colour speckled foxy red, tail foxy red 0. v. mexicanus. f. Colour brown, with fawn tips to hairs, tail O. v. rothschildi fawn with black tip and O. v. chiri- c. Size small, antlers slightly lyrate with straight ^uensis- beam. a. Metatarsal gland present. a'. Colour bright chestnut, tail tawny O. v. truei. b'. Colour mixed black and buff, tail cinnamon 0. v. costaricensis. c'. Colour yellowish brown and grey, tail dusky 0. v. nemoralis. CERVIH.K 159 b. Metatarsal gland generally wanting. b'. Colour chestnut-brown, tail brown 0. v. toltecus and O. v. acapulcensis. c'. Colour buffish grey, coat coarse, ears hairy 0. v. lasiotis. d'. Colour yellowish brown, coat fine, ears sparsely haired, size larger 0. v. gymnotis and 0. v. columbicus. c'. Generally similar to last, but colour speckled grey and size smaller 0. v. margaritae. f. Also nearly allied, but colour dark greyish brown, and tarsal tuft rufous instead of like the leg 0. v. peruvianus. D. Antlers inclined backwards in plane of face, with the tips curving inwards and forwards and a similarly directed spur from inner side of each burr ; colour bright fulvous O.v. tlwmasi. E. Antlers small subcylindrical spikes. a. Size smaller, colour brownish grey, darker on head and dorsal line, tail fulvous 0. v. nelsoni. b. Size larger, colour yellowish grey-brown, tail bright rufous 0. v. sinaloce. A.— Odocoileus virginianus virginianus. Mazama americana typica, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 252, 1898 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6. p. 103, 1910. Odocoileus americanus americanus, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 386, 1912. Typical locality Virginia. Size large, the height at the shoulder reaching to about 3 feet 1 inch ; antlers lanje ; general colour in summer bright rufous chestnut, with black markings on face and tail; in winter speckled yellowish grey ; a transverse black band on the chin ; tail chestnut or grey above, white beneath, with more or less black at the tip on the upper surface ; meta- tarsal gland well developed, and situated low down on the shank ; tarsal tuft large and mingled black and white. Fine antlers attain a length of from 23 to 29 inches. The range extends through eastern North America from the southern United States northward of Florida and Louisiana. The reference of some of the following specimens — especially in cases where the place of origin is unknown — to this race is provisional. 47. 12. 28. 25. Skin, mounted. North America. r.'roJiased (Bartlett), 1847. 160 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 50. 11. 30. 2. Skin, mounted. North America. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1850. 51. 7. 9. 4. Skin, young female, mounted. Probably from an animal born in London. Same history, 1851. 53. 8. 29. 46. Skin, immature female. North America. Same history, 1853. 681, v. Skeleton and antlers, mounted. Wisconsin. No history. 50. 11. 22. 25 (681, q). Skeleton, immature. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1850. 59. 9. 28. 5-6 (681, w, x). Two skulls, with antlers. North America. Purchased (Cuming), 1859. 681, m. Skull, with antlers. No history. 74. 10. 6. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Fulton County, Ohio ; collected by Mr. Sleight. Purchased, 1874. 681. a. Frontlet and antlers, immature. North America. No history. 681, b-d. Three frontlets, with antlers. No history. 681, a1. Frontlet and antlers. North America. No history. 681, n, o, p, q. Four frontlets, with antlers. North America. No history. 681, /, g. Two single antlers. Nortli America. No history. B.— Odoeoileus virginianus borealis. Odocoileus americanus borealis, Miller, Bull. N. York State Mus. vol. viii, p. 83, 1900, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 386, 1912. Odocoileus virginianus borealis, Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 39, 1903. Mazama americana borealis, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 104, 1910. Mazama virginiana borealis, Lydekker, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 102, 1914. Typical locality Hancock County, Maine. Type in New York State Museum. Eather larger and greyer than the typical race. The range extends from the New England States and Canada to northern New York. 45. 7. 4. 5. Skull and antlers. Hudson Bay. 'Presented ty the Hudson Bay Co., 1845. 161 45. 7. 4. 6. Skull, immature female. Same locality. Same history. 2. * * *. Skin, mounted. Canada. Presented "by the Agricultural Department of Canada, 1902. 2. f t t- Head, female, mounted. Canada. Same history. C.— Odocoileus virginianus maerourus. Cervus* macrourus, Rafinesque, Amer. Month. Mag. vol. i, p. 436, 1817 ; H. Smith, Griffiths Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 134, 1827. Cervus (Mazama) macrourus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 316, 1827. Dorcelaphus macrurus, Gloger, Handbuch Naturgeschichte, p. 40, 1841. Dorcelaphus virginianus macrourus, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. vii, p. 257. Mazama americana macrura, LydeJcker, Deer of All Lands, p. 257, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 343, 1901. Odocoileus americanus macrourus, Miller and Helm, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxx, p. 14, 1901 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. America (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii), p. 39, 1902 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 386, 1912. Odocoileus virginianus macrourus, Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 39, 1903. Odontoccelus americanus macrourus, Elliot, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi) p. 44, 1905. Typical locality Plains of Kansas Valley, Upper Mis- sissippi. Smaller than typical race, and slightly different in colour, with no black on face and tail ; antlers rather small and much bowed ; general colour in summer reddish brown, in winter bright greyish fawn with black speckling ; tail fawn- colour, passing into rusty brown, above : tarsal gland yellowish brown. The range includes Kansas, Nebraska, the Dakotas, etc. No specimen in collection. * Misprinted Corvus. IV. 162 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES D.— Odocoileus virginianus leucurus. Cervus leucurus, Douglas, Zool. Journ. vol. iv, p. 330, 1829 ; Baird, Mamm. N. America, p. 649, 1857. Cariacus leucurus, Lesson, Nouv. Tdbl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 173, 1842 ; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 230, 1852 ; Cat. Rumi- nants Brit. Mus. p. 83, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 155, 1873 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,. p. 919 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 323, 1884. Cervus (Mazama) leucurus, Sundevall, K. Svensha Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 181, 1846. Beduncina leucura, Fitzinger, Sitzber. Jc. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 357, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 323, 1879. Odocoileus leucurus, Seton- Thompson, Forest and Stream, vol. li, p. 286, 1898 ; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 33, 1903 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 388, 1912. Typical locality Lower Columbia Valley, Oregon. Closely allied to the last, from which it was regarded as inseparable both by Caton and Elliot. The range extends from Washington to California. 53. 8. 29. 52. Skin, mounted. Eocky Mountains, from an animal presented to the Zoological Society by the Earl of Derby. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1853. E.— Odocoileus virginianus louisianse. •Odoccelus virginianus louisianae, Allen, Amcr. Nat. vol. xxxv, p. 449, 1901. Odocoileus louisianse, Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 39, 1903. Odontocoelus americanus louisianae, Elliot, ChecTc-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi) p. 44, 1905. Odocoileus americanus louisianse, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 386, 1912. Typical locality Mer Eouge, Louisiana, to which State this race is restricted. Size relatively large and colour pale in winter, with tall and heavy antlers, a long and slender skull, and a long row of lower cheek-teeth. No specimen in collection. F.— Odocoileus virginianus osceola. Cariacus osceola, Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. x, p. 26, 1896. Mazama americana osceola, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 259, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 345, 1901. CERVID.E 163 Odocoileus osceola, Miller and Eehn, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxx, p. 17, 1901 ; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 39, 1903; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 389, 19] 1. Odocoileus americanus osceola, Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 40, 1902. Odontoccelus americanus osceola, Elliot, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi) p. 44, 1905. Typical locality Citrus County, Florida. About one-third smaller than typical race, and much darker, general colour mixed dark and pale brown; with little or no difference in colour between winter and summer coats, both of which are short and fine; tail dark reddish brown tipped with cinnamon; cheek-teeth relatively large, and certain differences in nasals and maxillae from those of typical species. The range appears to be restricted to the Floridan Peninsula. No specimen in collection. G.— Odocoileus virginianus texanus. Dorcelaphus texanus, Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xii, p. 23, 1898. Odocoileus texanus, Seton- Thompson, Forest and Stream, vol. li, p. 286, 1898 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 389, 1912. Odocoileus texensis, Miller and Rehn, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxx, p. 17, 1901 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field. Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 40, 1902 ; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 39, 1903. Mazama americana texana, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 346, 1901. Odontoceelus americanus texensis, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field. Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv, p. 70, 1904), Check- List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 45, 1905, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (ibid. vol. viii) p. 47, 1907. Typical locality Fort Clark, Tinney County, Texas. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Size small ; antlers small, strongly incurved and of the same character as those of typical race ; general colour pale reddish, with margins and tips of the short ears and upper side of tail black; cheek-teeth relatively large. In winter top of head black and sides grey, a black dorsal stripe, and general colour mingled yellowish white and grey, becoming dusky on chest. No specimen in collection. M -2 164 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES H.— Odoeoileus virginianus couesi. Cariacus virginianus, var. couesi, Coues and Yarrow, Rep. Geogr. and Geol. W. of 100th Merid. vol. v, p. 72, 1875. Dorcelaphus couesi, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. vii, p. 200, 1895. Odoeoileus couesi, Seton- Thompson, Forest and Stream, vol. li, p. 286, 1898 ; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 39, 1903 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 40, 1901 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 387, 1912. Mazama americana couesi, LydeTtker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 346, 1901. Odontoccelus americanus couesi, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 70, 1904, Check-List Mamm* N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 45, 1905. Typical locality Crittendan Camp, Pima County, Arizona. A small desert-form, with antlers like those of typical race ; general colour in summer dull fawn, with a tinge of ochre, passing into mouse-grey on back, and tawny or reddish brown on flanks and upper side of tail. The range includes Arizona and the Sonoran district of Mexico, extending as far south as the Gila Valley and the forest-tracts near Mexico City. No specimen in collection. I.— Odoeoileus virginianus battyi. Odoeoileus battyi, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xix, p. 591, 1903 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 387, 1912. Odontoccelus battyi, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 71, 1904, Chech-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 45, 1905. Typical locality Eancho Santuario, State of Durango, Mexico. Type in American Museum of Natural History, New York. Generally similar to 0. v. couesi, but with antlers bent more sharply outwards, and, in skull, lachrymal vacuities smaller, nasals wider and less arched, basisphenoid more wedgelike, and cheek-teeth larger; general colour grey brown ; tail grizzled white and brown. No specimen in collection. CERVIDyE 165 J.- Odoeoileus virg-inianus mexicanus. Cervns mexicanus,* Lichtenstein, Darstellung . Thierc, pi. xviii, 1827-34, ex Pennant's Mexican Deer. Cariacus mexicanus, Lesson, Nouv. Tdbl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 173, 1842 ; Gray, Gat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 84, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mas. p. 156, 1873 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 919 ; Alston, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Mamm. pp. 82 and 113, 1879 ; Sclater, List Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 173, 1883 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 323, 1884 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 58, 1896, partim. Eeduncina mexicana, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 357, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 328, 1879. Cariacus virginianus mexicanus, Rhoads, Amer. Nat. vol. xxviii, p. 524, 1894. Mazama americana mexicana, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 261, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 347, 1901. Dama lichtensteini, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 20, 1902. Odoeoileus mexicanus, Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xv, p. 87, 1902; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 389, 1912. Odontoccelus lichtensteini, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 72, 1904, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 45, 1905. Mazama americana lichtensteini, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 105, 1910. Mazama virginiana lichtensteini, Lydekker, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 103, 1914. Typical locality Valley of Mexico. Size small (shoulder-height about 33 inches); antlers resembling those of typical race, but smaller ; general colour in summer speckled foxy red, passing into speckled grey on head and ears, and into pure foxy red on tail, which is relatively short; chin, lower jaw, and throat (but not muzzle) white, like under-parts ; in winter greyish or ashy brown ; metatarsal tuft small, brownish bordered with white. Antlers ranging from 11 J to 13 \ inches in length have been measured. The distributional area probably includes a considerable portion of Southern Mexico. 681, e. Frontlet and antlers. Figured by Pennant, and * The use of this name has been regarded by Allen, Elliot, and others, as being barred by " C. mexicanus," Gmelin, 1788 ; but it is employed both by Osgood and Miller. 166 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES also by Hamilton Smith, as Mexican Deer, and therefore the type of Cervus mexicanus. No history. 58. 6. 2. 17 (1374, c). Skull and antlers. Oaxaca, Southern Mexico. Purchased (Salle), 1858. 58. 6. 2. 18 (1374, C*). Frontlet and antlers. Same locality. Same history. 1374, h, i. Two frontlets with antlers. Same locality. Same history. 1374, e,f. Six odd antlers. Same locality. Same history. 681, r. Frontlet and antlers. Mexico. Purchased (Argent). 51. 11. 10. 6 (681, r1). Skeleton, provisionally referred to this race. Locality unknown. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1851. 94. 11. 20. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Cerro Valijo, Jalisco, Southern Mexico ; collected by Dr. A. C. Buller. Purchased, 1894. K.— Odocoileus virglnianus sinaloae. Odocoileus sinaloae, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xix, p. 613, 1903 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 389, 1912. Odontoccelus sinaloae, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 78, 1904, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 47, 1905. Typical locality Esquinapa, State of Sinaloa, Mexico. Type in American Museum of Natural History, New York. Size relatively large ; antlers * simple spikes ; general colour (season not stated) yellowish grey-brown, with a black band above muzzle, and the sides of latter, spaces above dark band, and orbital rings grey, and chin and throat buffy greyish white ; upper side of tail bright rufous. 98. 3. 2. 148-149. Two skulls. Sinaloa ; collected by Mr. P. 0. Simons. Purchased, 1898. 98. 3. 2. 150. Frontlet and antlers. Same locality. Same history. * Not fully adult in type. CKKVID.K 167 L.— Odocoileus virglnianus toltecus. Cervus toltecus, Saussure, Ecv. Mag. Zool. ser. 2, vol. xii, p. 247, 1860. Coassus toltecus, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mm. p. 92, 1872. Cervus yucatensis, Hays, Ann. Lye. New York, vol. x, p. 218, 1874. Cariacus toltecus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 921 ; Alston, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Mamm. p. 117, 1879 ; True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. vii, p. 592, 1885. Mazama americana tolteca, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 263, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 348, 1901. Odocoileus toltecus, Miller and Relm, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxx, p. 117, 1901. Odontocrelus toltecus, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 74, 1904, Check-List. Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 46, 1905. Typical locality near Orizaba, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, whence this race ranges into Mecantan, South- eastern Mexico. Size very small, about one-third less than that of typical race; tail relatively long; antlers short, upright, nearly straight, and semi-palmate, with little forward projection of the lower prong of the main fork, and the number of tines reduced ; metatarsal gland and tuft wanting ; general colour, at all seasons, dark chestnut-brown ; face blackish ; under- parts white ; tail, which is truncated at the tip, brown above. The aborted antlers and absence of metatarsal gland are degraded features, the former being only a degenerate modification of those of 0. v. mexicanus, while a transition to the loss of the metatarsal gland occurs in the case of 0. v. nelsoni and 0. v. nemoralis, in which it is rudimentary. 56. 12. 14. 1-2 (1374, a-b). Two frontlets and antlers. Vera Cruz. Purchased (Salle), 1856. M.— Odocoileus virginianus acapulcensis. Cervus acapulcensis, Caton, Antelope and Deer of America, p. 117, 1877. Odocoileus acapulcensis, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xii, p. 104, 1898 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 386, 1912. Typical locality Acapulco, State of Guerrero, Mexico. Closely allied to the preceding race, with which it is identified by Elliot. No specimen in collection. 168 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES N.— Odoeoileus virginianus nelsoni. Odocoileus nelsoni, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xii, p. 103, 1898 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 389, 1912. Mazama americana nelsoni, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 349, 1901. Odontoccelus nelsoni, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 75, 1904, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. and W. Indies (op. cit. vol. vi), p. 47, 1905. Typical locality San Cristobal, highlands of the State of Chiapas, Mexico. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. A medium-sized race, allied to 0. v. toltecus, but with the antlers* in the form of simple spikes, and a small metatarsal gland half-way up the shank; general colour (probably at all seasons) brownish grey, becoming blackish on top of head and middle line of back, and grizzled grey on ears ; tail fulvous above. No specimen in collection. 0.— Odoeoileus virginianus thomasi. Odocoileus thomasi, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xii, p. 102, 1898 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 390, 1912. Mazama americana thomasi, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 350, 1901. Odontoccelus thomasi, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 75, 1904, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 47, 1905. Typical locality Huehuetan, State of Chiapas, Mexico ; the range extending into Oaxaca. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Size relatively large ; antlers sloping backwards in plane of face, with tips curving inwards and forwards, and a small sub-basal snag on inner border; a small metatarsal gland half-way up the shank ; general colour bright fulvous, with a grizzled golden tint in winter, when the coat is longer ; forehead black or black and fulvous, and chin white, with the usual black lateral patches; tail bright fulvous above. Skull and teeth similar to those of 0. v. truei (infra). No specimen in collection. * Not adult in type. CERVID^l 169 P. — Odocoileus virginianus truei. Cariacus clavatus, True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xi, p. 417, 1888 ; nee Cervus clavatus, H. Smith, 1827. Cariacus truei, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 895, 1898. Odocoileus truei, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xii, p. 103, 1898 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 390, 1912. Mazama americana truei, LydcJcker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 350, 1901. Oclontoccelus truii, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 73, 1904, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 46, 1905. Typical locality Segovia Valley, Eastern Honduras. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Size medium: general appearance and colour very similar to typical race, but antlers in the form of simple spikes directed backwards nearly in the plane of the face ; metatarsal gland small ; hoofs yellowish at tips ; general colour, at least in summer,* bright chestnut, greyer on head than on back, with a white spot on each side of muzzle, followed by a dusky brown band extending to margin of lip, and continued by a spot on border of lower lip ; orbital rings whitish ; a dusky brown streak from nose to forehead, which is darker than face ; ears mostly grey, with, a large white spot at base ; upper surface of tail tawny like back ; under surface of lower jaw and throat white, like under-parts. 58. 6. 18. 5. Skin, referable either to this race or to 0. v. ncmoralis. Honduras. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1858. 58. 6. 18. 8. Skin, female, racially identical with the preceding specimen. Honduras. Same history. 9. 6. 11. 14. Skull and skin, young female, provisionally referred to this race. Polochic Valley, Guatemala ; col- lected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq. Presented ly the Zoological Society, 1909. * The speckled brownish grey skin regarded by True as showing the winter coat, is stated by Elliot (op. cit. 1905) to be in the summer dress. 170 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Q.— Odocoileus virginianus eostarieensis. Odocoileus eostarieensis, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiv, p. 35, 1901, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 386, 1912. Odontocoelus eostarieensis, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 73, 1904, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 46, 1905. Typical locality Talamanca district, Eastern Costa Eica, between coast and Cordilleran foot-hills. Type in U.S. 'National Museum, Washington. Larger and lighter- coloured than 0. v. truei; general colour mingled buff and black — owing to annulation of hairs — darkest on top of head, neck, and fore-part of back ; ears dark brownish grey, white internally ; tail cinnamon above (like limbs), with dusky tip. 65. 5. 18. 36. Skin, female. Costa Eica; collected by 0. Salvin, Esq. Purchased, 1865. 65. 5. 18. 37. Skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 67. 8. 23. 2 (1374, g). Frontlet and antlers. Costa Eica. Purchased (Carmiol), 1867. R.— Odocoileus virginianus nemoralis. Cervus nemoralis, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 137, 1827 ; Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vi, p. 336, 1852. Cervus (Mazama) nemoralis, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 317, 1827. Mazama nemoralis, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 175, 1835. Cariacus nemoralis, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Eegne Anim., Mamm. p. 173, 1842 ; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 232, 1852 ; Matschie, Mitt, geogr. Ges. LubecJt, 1894, p. 130. Eeduncina nemoralis, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 357, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, p. 338, 1879. Mazama americana nemoralis, LydekJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 264, 1898; Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 349, 1901. Odontocoelus nemoralis, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 74, 1904, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 46, 1905. Typical locality unknown ; the range extends from Honduras to Panama. Generally similar to 0. v. truei (height about 28 or 29 inches) ; metatarsal gland very small (occasionally obsolete), situated about half-way up shank, with scarcely any white CERVID.I; 171 marginal ring; antlers small (about 7J inches in length), with the beam straight, a small upright sub-basal tine in front, and forked at summits; general colour brownish grey tinged with yellow ; forehead and crown blackish ; upper lip and patch on lower lip black; sides of muzzle, lower lip, and chin white ; orbital rings fawn ; tail dusky above ; legs ochery. No specimen in collection definitely referable to this race (see 0. v. truei, p. 167). S.— Odocoileus virginianus rothschildi. Daina rothschildi, Thomas, Novit. ZooL vol. ix, p. 136, 1902. Odocoileus rothschildi, Thomas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xv, p. 198, 1902. Odontocoelus rothschildi, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. ZooL Pub. vol. iv), p. 72, 1904, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 46, 1905. Odocoileus rothschildi rothschildi, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 389, 1912. Typical locality Coiba Island, west coast of Panama. Size very small ; antlers short, with two or three tines ; skull slight, with large lachrymal vacuities ; metatarsal gland wanting; general colour brown, with fawn tips to hairs, and dorsal line darker ; a spot on each side of muzzle and others above and below each eye whitish ; chin, throat, and inner sides of upper part of legs white; tarsal gland reddish brown ; tail fawn above with black terminal portion. 2. 3. 5. 24. Skull, with rudiments of antlers, and skin, immature. Coiba Island ; collected by Mr. J. H. Batty. Presented by the Hon. Walter Rothschild, 1902. 2. 3. 5. 25. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 2. 3. 5. 26. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same locality and collector. Type. Same history. 2. 3. 5. 7. Skull and skin in spotted coat, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 2. 3. 5. 8. A similar specimen. Same locality and col- lector. Same history. 2. 3. 5. 9. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 172 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES T. — Odocoileus virginianus ehiriquensis. Odocoileus rothschildi ehiriquensis, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxviii, p. 96, 1910 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 389, 1912. Typical locality Chiriqui, Panama. The continental representative of the preceding race. No specimen in collection. U.— Odocoileus virginianus columbicus. Cervus, sp. Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vi, p. 335, pi. xxiii, fig. 1, 1852. Cervus columbicus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. Jc. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 66, 1879. Odocoileus columbicus, Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 139, 1914. Type in Paris Museum. Typified by a skull and antlers, stated to be from Bogota, Colombia, but which, according to Osgood, not improbably came from the savannas of the Orinoco. The antlers appear to be unlike those of 0. v. gymnotis, with which this form has been identified. The undermentioned specimen has well-haired ears, externally blackish, like the face, no rnetatarsal gland, and short rufous brown coat. 9. 7. 17. 39. Skull and skin, female. La Maria, Dagua Valley, Western Colombia. Provisionally referred to this race. Purchased (Eoseriberg), 1909. V. — Odocoileus virginianus lasiotis. Odocoileus lasiotis, Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 136, 1914. Typical locality Paramo de los Conejos. Sierra de Merida, Venezuela. Type in Field Museum, Chicago. A medium-sized mountain-race, with long, dense coat of a general buffish grey colour, variegated by blackish brown markings, the individual hairs having subterminal buffish rings and dusky tips, thickly haired and comparatively short ears, broad, heavy tail, and short, wide hoofs ; nietatarsal gland wanting. CERVID^ 173 10. 12. 3. 6. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Merida, Venezuela ; collected by Mr. S. Briceno. Presented by S. V. Dalton, Esq., 1910. 10. 12. 3. 7. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. W.— Odoeoileus virginianus gymnotis. Cervus gymnotis, Wiegmann, Isis, 1833, p. 965 ; Goeldi, Mem. Mus. Goeldi, pt. iii, p. 32, 1902. Cervus goudotii, Gay and Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 3, vol. v, p. 94, 1846; Fitzinger, Sitzber. Tt. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 67, 1879. Cariacus gymnotus, Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 267, 1862, partim. Cariacus gymnotis, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 921 ; Sclater, List Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 173, 1883 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 341, 1893; Matschie, Mitt, geogr. Ges. Liibeck, 1894, p. 130. Gymnotis wiegmanni, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 344, 1879. Mazama americana gymnotis, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 265, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 351, 1901. Odoeoileus gymnotis, Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 24, 1910, p. 138, 1914. Typical locality the Savanna area of the lower Orinoco, Venezuela (teste Osgood, on whose authority the synonomy of this and the next race is given). Type in Berlin Museum. A short-haired lowland-race, with broad, sparsely haired ears, long narrow hoofs, and no rnetatarsal gland; general colour, at all seasons, yellowish brown speckled with grey, the individual hairs being grey at the base, then brown and ochery, with black tips; a dark streak from the crown of the head along the neck ; a greyish white ring round eye ; yellowish white and brown spots on forehead, a darker spot on nose, and a patch on upper lip, followed by a white streak reaching angle of mouth; chin white, with a dark streak extending to lower lip, and thence to angle of mouth ; tail pale reddish brown above. The antlers of the type measure just short of 7 inches. According to Goeldi, this race has of late years immigrated into Brazil. 174 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 8. 3. 7. 53. Skull and skin, female Coast district, Demerara, British Guiana. Presented by F. V. McConnell, Esq., 1908. 8. 3. 7. 54. Skull and skin of a rather larger and older female. Same locality. Same history. X. — Odocoileus virginianus margaritae. Odocoileus margaritae, Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 24, 1910, pis. ii and iii. Typical (and only) locality Margarita Island, Venezuela. Type in Field Museum, Chicago. An insular representative of 0. v. gymnotis distinguished by its smaller size, and the proportionately small skull and teeth, the former of which is characterised by the abruptly elevated brain-case. No specimen in collection. Y.— Odocoileus virginianus spinosus. Cervus spinosus, Gay and Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 3, vol. v, p. 93, 1846. Cervus savannarum, Cabanis and Schomburgk, Eeisen Brit. Guiana,, vol. iii, p. 785, 1848. Cariacus (?) spinosus, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 236, 1852. Eeduncina savannarum, Fitzinger, Sitzber. ~k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 358, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, p. 242, 1879. Cariacus savannarum, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 920 ; Matschie, Mitt. Geogr. Ges. Lubeck, 1894, p. 130. Mazama americana savannarum, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 266, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 352, 1901. Mazama spinosa, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 280, 1898. (?) Dorcelaphus americanus savannarum, PococJc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 962. Odocoileus spinosus, Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 138, 1914 ; cited as Cervus spinosus, but included under the heading Odocoileus. Typical locality Cayenne, French Guiana. Type (a single antler) in Paris Museum. According to Osgood, the Guianan representative of 0. v. gymnotis, but generally stated to have well-haired ears and a metatarsal gland,* the general colour being clear greyish * Vide Pocock, op. cit. ; whether his specimen be rightly identified or no, his recognition that it is merely a race of the whitetail agrees with the views of the present writer. CERVID.V. 17") brown speckled with white, and the lower lip having a single dark spot on each side. The range probably includes most of Guiana and part of Venezuela. 92. 12. 2. 1-2. Two frontlets, with antlers. North- western British Guiana. By exchange with Dr. P. Rendall, 1892. 10. 5. 4. 60. Skull and skin, immature female. Supinaam Valley, British Guiana. Presented ly F. V. McConnell, Esq., 1910. 10. 5. 4. 61. A similar specimen. Same locality. Same history. 14. 9. 2. 1. Skullvand skin, female, provisionally referred to this race. Northern Venezuela ; collected by A. Pain, Esq. Noticed by Pocock, op. tit. Presented by the Zoological Society, 1914. Z.— Odoeoileus virginianus peruvianus. Cervus (Coassus) peruvianus, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xii, p. 332, 1874. Cariacus peruvianus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 920 ; LydekJcer, Horns and Hoofs, p. 340, 1893 ; Matschie, Mitt. Geogr. Ges. LiibecJf, 1894, p. 129. (?) Cervus brachyceros, Philippi, An. Mus. Chile, 1894, p. 10, pi. ii ; nee Gervais and AmegJiino, 1880. (?) Cariacus, sp. Nehring, Sitzber. Ges. Nat. Freunde, 1895, p. 12. Mazama americana peruviana, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 267, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 352, 1901. (?) Mazama (Dorcelaphus), sp. LydeJcJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 281, 1898. Odoeoileus peruvianus , Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 706, 1904; Auerbach, Zool. Ana. vol. xxxix, p. 310, 1912 ; Goeldi, Mitt. Nat. Ges. Bern, 1912, p. 12; Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 152, 1914. (?) Odoeoileus philippii, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 706, 1904 ; Goeldi, Mitt. Nat. Ges. Bern. 1912, p. 14. Typical locality Peru. Another nearly related small race without the meta- tarsal gland ; general colour dark greyish brown, with whitish speckling, the individual hairs dark isabelline grey at base and ringed with white below the black tips ; chin and lower lip white, with a brown patch on former ; tarsal tuft small, short, and deep rusty red in colour. 176 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES The range includes Bolivia, and, if 0. philippii be a synonym, the Andes of the Cajamarca district of Chile. 58. 5. 4. 21 (1375, a). Skull and antlers. Peru (?). Purchased (Zoological Society), 1858. 73. 6. 27. 3 (1375, b). Skull, female. Peru. Purchased ( Whitely), 1873 74. 3. 27. 2 (1375, c). Skin, immature female, mounted, and skull. Ceachupati, Peru. Co- type. Purchased ( Whitdy), 1874. 85. 4. 22. 2. Skin, immature female. Same locality; from collection of Sir Victor Brooke, Bart. Co-type. Purchased ( Whitely), 1885. 94. 11. 20. 2. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Maraynioc, Peru ; collected by Mr. J. Kalinowski. Purchased, 1894. 94. 11. 20. 3. A similar specimen. Same locality and collector. Same history. 0. 3. 1. 100. Skull and skin ; immature female. Yataujual, Cajamarca, Peru ; collected by Mr. P. 0. Simons. Presented ly 0. Thomas, Esq., 1900. II. ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS. Cervus hemionus, Rafinesque, Amer. Month. Mag. vol. i, p. 436, 1817. Cervus auritus, Ward, Descrip. Etatsunis, vol. v, p. 540, 1820 ; Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 443, 1822. Cervus macrotis, Say, Long's Exped. Roc~ky Mountains, vol. ii, p. 83, 1823 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 133, 1827 ; Caton, Antelope and Deer of America, p. 93, 1877. Cervus (Mazama) macrotis, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 316, 1827. Mazama macrotis, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 175, 1835. Dorcelaphus macrotis, Gloger, Handbuch Naturgeschichte,ip. 140,1841. Cariacus macrotis, Lesson, Nouv. Tdbl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 173, 1842 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 239, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 234, 1852 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 921 ; Alston, Biol. Centr. Amer., Mamm. p. 114, 1879 ; Sclater, Lint Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 173, 1883; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. Ii. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 324, 1884; True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. vii, p. 502, 1885; Flower and LydeJcker, Study of Mammals, p. 329, 1891 ; LydekTter, Horns and Hoofs, p. 342, 1893 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 60, 1896. Eucervus macrotis, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xviii, p. 339, 1866, Cat. Euminants Brit. Mus. p. 86, 1872, Hand-List Euminants Brit. Mus. p. 157, 1873. CKKVID.I; 177 Otclaphus uiacrotis, Fitzingcr, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wins. Wim, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 356, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 303, 1879. Dorcelaphus hemionus, Allen, Rail. Amer. Mus. vol. vii, p. 257, 1895. Odocoileus hemionus, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xii, p. 100, 1897 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field Mas. Zool. I'/ib. vol. ii) p. 40, 1901; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 39, 1903; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 783; Scharff, Origin of Life in America, p. 107, 1911 ; Gary, N. Amer. Fauna, no. 33, p. 56, 1911 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 388, 1912. Mazama hemionus, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 269, pi. xxi, 1898. Mazama (Dorcelaphus) hemionus, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 354, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 106, 1910, ed. 7, p. 104, 1914. Odontoccelus hemionus, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 76, 1904, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 48, 1905, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (ibid. vol. viii) p. 49, 1907. Eucervus hemionus, Pocock, Proc. Zool. .Soc. 1910, p. 966. MULE-DEER. Typical locality Sioux Valley, South Dakota. Type of Eucervus. Build heavier and coarser than in typical race of 0. vir- ymianus; size somewhat greater than in latter, the shoulder- height being from about 3 feet to 3 feet 6 inches; antlers with very short sub-basal snag, above which the beam is directed outwards for a short distance and then curves upwards to form a dichotomous fork, of which both prongs are normally nearly equal, and again divide, the normal number of points being five on each side; ears very large and thickly haired; tail moderately long, terminating in a brush-like tuft of hair, naked on under surface at base; muzzle relatively short ; face-glands rather large ; rneta- tarsal gland and tuft long and straight, occupying whole of one side of upper half of shank, its hair nearly of the same cinnamon tint as that of legs, as is that of tarsal gland ; general colour typically reddish or yellowish tawny in summer, dark brownish or rufous grey, speckled with whitish, darkest on withers in winter ; forehead usually with a dark brown patch, extending nearly to eyes, and a brown patch on each side of nose, rest of face and throat white ; front border of ears black ; inner sides of buttocks and legs, abdomen, and most of inner surface of ears white or whitish, rest of under- parts blackish brown ; tail short, black at tip, typically IV. N 178 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES elsewhere white both above and below. On first assumption of winter coat the colour becomes for a short time almost black. The large hairy ears, elongated metatarsal glands, short, black-tipped tail, with its lower surface naked at base, and the shape of the antlers, form the leading characteristics of this species, the range of which includes the greater part of North America westward of the Missouri Eiver, from Fort George to Texas. The named races are distinguishable as follows : — o A. Antlers of the fully developed type, normally with 5 points on each size ; size large. a. Colour * tawny or grey, tail white with black tip. a'. Colour tawny, tail tapering, antlers larger 0. h. liemionus. b' . Colour grey, tail not tapering, antlers smaller 0. h. virgultus. b. Colour pale tawny ; tail with dark dorsal line connecting black tip with dark area of back 0. li. californicus. c. Colour fulvous, tail whitish with black tip.... 0. h. eremicus. d. Colour drab-grey, tail dark at base and white in middle, with black tip 0. h. canus. B. Antlers simpler, with only a single branch from main tine; size rather smaller. 0. h. cerrosensis. c. Antlers simple spikes ; size smaller 0. h. peninsula. A.— Odoeoileus hemionus hemionus. Cervus macrotis montanus, Caton, Antelope and Deer of America, ed. 2, p. 94, 1881. Mazama hemionus typica, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 275, 1898. Odoeoileus hemionus hemionus, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 388, 1912. Typical locality Sioux Valley, South Dakota. General coloration that of species, of a full dark type ; tail without a dark dorsal line. 1619, a. Skull and antlers. North America. No history. 1619, b. Skeleton, mounted. Yellowstone Park, Montana. Purchased ( Ward, Rochester, U.S.A.). 58. 6. 18. 4 (1619, c). Skull and antlers. North America. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1858, * In summer, both in this afjd following races, CKKVI I>.K 179 63. 2. 24. 41. Skin, female, mounted. Fort Colville, British Columbia. Presented ly J. K. Lord, Esq., 1863. 72. 12. 12. 3. Skin, mounted. Yellowstone Park. Purchased (Ward, Rochester, U.S.A.), 1872. 72. 12. 12. 4. Skin, mounted, female. Same locality. Same history. 12. 5. 15. 1. Skin, in winter coat, mounted. La Bochelle Creek, British Columbia. Presented by the Government of British Columbia, 1912. B.— Odocoileus hemionus virgnltus. Cariacus virgultus, Hallock, Forest and Stream, vol. Hi, p. 404, 1899. Odocoileus virgultus,* Miller and Rehn, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxxi, p. 69, 1903 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 390, 1912. Odontocoelus hemionus virgultus, Elliot, Check- List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi) p. 49, 1905. Typical locality north-western Minnesota, whence the range extends into the adjoining British territory. Distinguished from typical race by smaller antlers, and uniform calibre of short tail ; general colour dark grey, with long black and white hairs. No specimen in collection. C. — Odoeoileus hemionus californicus. Cervus macrotis, var. californicus, Caton, Amer. Nat. vol. x, p. 464, 1876, vol. xix, p. 811, 1885. Mazama hemionus calif ornica, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 276, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 350, 1901. Odocoileus hemionus californicus, Seton-Thompson, Forest and Stream, vol. li, p. 286, 1898 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 43, 1901 ; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 41, 1912; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 388, 1912. Odontocoelus hemionus californicus, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 77, 1904, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 49, 1905. Typical locality Gaviota Pass, Coast Eange, forty miles from Santa Barbara, California. Ears smaller than in typical race ; tail with a dark dorsal * Misprinted virgultis in first quotation. N 2 180 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES line connecting the black tip with the dark of the back; general colour often brighter. The range extends south of San Francisco into Lower California. No specimen in collection. D.— Odocoileus hemionus cerrosensis. Odocoileus cerrosensis, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xii, p. 101, 1898; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 41, 1903; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 387, 1912. Mazama hemionus cerrosensis, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 359, 1901. Odontocoelus cerrosensis, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p: 76, 1904, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 47, 1905.' Typical locality Cerros, or Cedros, Island, Lower California. Considerably smaller than last, with smaller and simpler antlers, which are bowed outwards at first and incurved at tips, with only a single branch projecting upwards and inwards from upper third of main tine of each side ; general colour grizzled grey, with a blackish dorsal stripe, and a spot on top of nose and one on each side of nostrils dusky ; tail with dark band above, basal two-thirds whitish, and remainder black ; row of cheek-teeth short. No specimen in collection. E.— Odocoileus hemionus eremicus. Dorcelaphus hemionus eremicus, Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xx, p. 470, 1897. Mazama hemionus eremica, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 277, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 360, 1901. Odocoileus hemionus eremicus, Seton- Thompson, Forest and Stream, vol. li, p. 286, 1898 ; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 41, 1903 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 388, 1912. Odontocoelus hemionus eremicus, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 77, 1904, Check- List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 49, 1905. Typical locality Sierra Seri, near the Gulf of California, Sonora, Mexico; the range including a portion of Lower California, and at least much of Sonora. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. CERVID.E 181 A pale desert-race of the species, the gencraV colour being pale drab-grey, with a darker dorsal stripe, which forms a blackish spot at the base of the tail, with a slight extension along the upper surface of the same. No specimen in collection. F. — Odoeoileus hemionus peninsulae. Mazama hemionus peninsula?, Lydckker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 900, Deer of All Lands, p. 276, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 359, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 107, 1910, ed. 7, p. 104, 1914. Odoeoileus hemionus peninsulae, Miller and Rehn, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxx, p. 16, 1901 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 358, 1912. Odontoccelus hemionus peninsulae, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 78, 1904, Check- List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 50, 1905. Typical locality Sierra Laguna, La Paz, Lower California. Smaller than and more brightly coloured than 0. h. calif ornicus, with the antlers in the form of simple spikes and a basal snag ; general colour in winter dark speckled iron- grey, with an irregular black band along middle of back, expanding towards hind-quarters, and continued on to upper surface of the tail, where it may be connected by a narrow line with the black tip, or separated by a broad ring of pale straw-coloured hair; legs bright chestnut, and a patch of same colour on flanks, separating the dark speckled grey of the back from the uniform blackish brown of the under-parts. 98. 3. 1. 171. Skin, immature. Sierra Laguna, La Paz; collected by Mr. D. Coolidge. Type. Purchased, 1898. 98. 3. 1. 172. A similar specimen. Same locality and collector. Same history. G. — Odoeoileus hemionus canus. Odoeoileus hemionus canus, Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. vol. iii, p. 560, 1901 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 388, 1912. Odontocoelus hemionus canus, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 78, 1904, Check- List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (op. cit. vol. vi) p. 50, 1905. Typical locality Sierra en Media, State of Chihuahua, Mexico. 182 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Smaller and paler than typical race, with lighter and more slender antlers ; general colour pale grey ; top of head and face pale brown ; chin white ; breast black ; basal half of upper side of tail partially or wholly dark. No specimen in collection. III. ODOCOILEUS COLUMBIANUS. Cervus macrotis, var. columbianus, Richardson, Fauna B or. -Amer. p. 257, 1829. Cervus lewisii, Peale, Mamm. U.S. Explor. Exped. p. 39, 1848. Cervus richardsonii, Audubon and Bachman, Quadrupeds N. America, vol. ii, p. 211, 1853. Cariacus punctulatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 239. Cervus columbianus, Baird, N. Amer. Mamm. p. 659, 1857 ; Caton, Antelope and Deer of America, p. 96, 1877. Eucervus columbianus, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xviii, p. 388, 1866, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 86, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 157, 1873. Eucervus pusillus, Gray, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 157, 1873. Otelaphus richardsonii, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 357, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 308, 1879. Reduncina punctulata, Fitzinger, op. cit. vol. Ixviii, pt. 1. p. 357, 1873. Cariacus columbianus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 921 ; True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. vii, p. 592, 1885. Otelaphus punctulatus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 307, 1879. Cariacus macrotis columbianus, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 60, 1896. Dorcelaphus columbianus, Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xx, p. 468, 1897. Odocoileus columbianus, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xii, p. 100, 1898; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 71, 1901 ; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 42, 1903 ; Scharff, Origin of Life in America, p. 108, 1911 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 387, 1912. Mazama columbiana, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 278, 1898. Mazama pusilla, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 281, 1898. Mazama (Dorcelaphus) columbianus, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 360, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 109, 1910. Odontoccelus columbianus, Elliot, Check-List Mamm, N. Amer. etc. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi) p. 48, 1905. BLACK-TAILED DEER. Typical locality near mouth of Columbia Biver, Oregon. Smaller than the mule-deer, with relatively shorter ears CERVIiu; 183 and finer hair, shorter metatarsal gland, which occupies a considerable portion of upper half of shank, and also by relatively large tail being black above and white below; general colour in winter speckled tawny brownish grey, the individual hairs being dark brown for the greater part of their length, but near the extremities ringed with yellowish brown, and terminating in black tips; hind portion of under-parts and region of base of tail, as well as upper part of throat and chin, white ; face grey, darker on forehead ; legs dark cinnamon, without admixture of white hairs ; tarsal and metatarsal tufts a shade lighter than adjacent portions of legs, no bare portion of gland visible in metatarsal tuft ; in summer general colour reddish yellow ; face-glands rather small ; antlers of the general type of those of mule-deer, but smaller. The distinctive features of this species are the black upper side of the tail and the medium length of the metatarsal gland and tuffc, which are situated entirely above the middle of the shank. The range includes western North America from Alaska and British Columbia, through Washington and Oregon west of the Cascade Mountains, to California as well as the coast- districts of Vancouver Island. The races are distinguishable as follows :— A. Colour yellower ; tail wholly white below. a. Ears larger. a'. Colour deeper 0. c. columbianus. b'. Colour paler 0. c. scaphiotus. b. Ears smaller 0. c. sifkenfis. B. Colour redder; tail dark below at tip 0. c. croolfi. A,— Odocoileus columbianus columbianus. Odocoileus columbianus columbianus, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 387, 1912. Typical locality near mouth of Columbia Itiver. General characters those of the species. 45. 7. 4. 3 (681, i). Skull and antlers. Valley of Columbia Elver. Presented ~by the Hudson Bay Co., 184."). 45. 7. 4. 4 (681, /). Skull, female. Same locality. Same history. 184 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 68. 2. 13. 2. Young skull. British Columbia (?). Type of Emervus pusillus. Presented by Dr. E. Brown, 1868. 71. 4. 8. 1 (681, k). Frontlet and antlers. British Columbia (?). Purchased (Blytli), 1871. 6. 6. 12. 1-2. Head, mounted, and body-skin, female. British Columbia. Presented ly W. K. Thompson, Esq., 1906. B.— Odocoileus columbianus sitkensis. Odocoileus columbianus sitkensis, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, vol. xii, p. 100, 1898 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 42, 1901; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 43, 1903 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 387, 1912. Mazama columbiana sitkensis, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 361, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 109, 1910, ed. 7, p. 107, 1914. Odontoccelus columbianus sitkensis, Elliot, Chech-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi) p. 48, 1905. Typical locality Sitka, Alaska. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Distinguished from typical race by its inferior size and smaller ears ; general colour in summer fulvous ; face grizzled grey, with a dusky patch extending from eyes midway to nose ; metatarsal tuft bordered with black. No specimen in collection. C. — Odocoileus columbianus seaphiotus. Odocoileus columbianus seaphiotus, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, vol. xii, p. 101, 1898 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 42, 1901; Stone and Cram, American Mammals, p. 43, 1903 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 387, 1912. Mazama columbiana seaphiotus, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 362, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 109, 1910. Odontoccelus columbianus seaphiotus, Elliot, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi) p. 48, 1905. Typical locality Gabilan Eange, Riverside County, Cali- fornia. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. A large-eared and pale-coloured mountain -race. No specimen in collection. cKi;vin.i. 185 D.— Odocoileus columbianus crooki. Dorcelaphus crooki, Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xx, p. 468, 1897. Odocoileus crooki, Seton- Thompson, Forest and Stream, vol.' li, p. 286, 1898 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 41, 1901 ; Stone and Cram, American Mammals, p. 41, 1903 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 387, 1912. Mazama crooki, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 268, 1898. Mazaina columbiana crooki, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 362, 1901. Odontoccelus crooki, Elliot, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi) p. 47, 1905. Typical locality Dog Mountains, Grant County, New Mexico. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. General colour (female) in summer reddish-fawn, darker on back, with the neck greyish drab, flanks greyish cinnamon, and legs creamy ; black of upper side of tail extending on to lower side of tip ; hairs of metatarsal tuft sooty with white tips. No specimen in collection. INCERT^: SEDIS. 1. Cervus affinis, Pucheran, C.E. Ac. Sci. Paris, vol. xxix, p. 777, 1849 ; nee Hodgson, 1841. Cervus similis, Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vi, p. 357, 1852. Reduncina similis, Fitzinger, Sitzber. 7c. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. i, p. 357, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. i, p. 321, vol. Ixxix, pt. i, p. 62, 1879. Cariacus similis, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 920. Mazaina similis, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 281, 1898. Founded on a male specimen in the Paris Museum, of which the exact locality is unknown, but which probably came from the Southern United States. In general colora- tion this is very similar to the typical race of the white- tailed deer in summer, but the upper half of the tarsal tuft is rusty red, and only the lower half white. 2. Cariacus leptocephalus, Gray, Cat. Euminants Brit. Mus. p. 85, 1872, Hand-List Euminants Brit. Mus. p. 157, pi. xxxvii, 1873. Mazaina leptocephala, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 281, 1898. 52. 12. 26. 160. Skull and antlers. Locality unknown. Type. Transferred from the Zoological Society's Museum, 1852. 186 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Vlir. Genus BLASTOCERUS. Blastocerus, Sundevall, K. Svensha Vet.-AJc. Handl. 1844, p. 182, 1846; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 223, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 87, 1872; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 922 ; Riitimeyer, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 49, 1881 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 966. Blastoceros, Fitzinger, Sitzber. ~k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 358, 1873 ; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 282, 1898. Paraceros, Ameghino, Mamm. Foss. Eepub. Argent, p. 605, 1889; Lydekker, An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Argent, vol. ii, p. 80, 1893. Antifer, Ameghino, op. cit. p. 610, 1889 ; Lydekker, op. cit. p. 81, 1893. Epieuryceros, Ameghino, op. cit. p. 613, 1889 ; LydeMer, op. cit. p. 81, 1893. Ozotoceros, Ameghino, Rev. Argent. Hist. Nat. vol. i, p. 243, 1891, to replace Blastocerus, Sundevall, supposed to be preoccupied by Blastocera, Gerstein, 1856. Ozelaphus, Knottner us -Meyer, Arch. Naturgesch. vol. Ixxiii, p. 98, 1907. Antlers large and complex, without sub-basal snag, forking in a regularly dichotomous manner, with the upper, or posterior prong more or less exceeding the lower, or anterior, one in size ; metatarsal gland and tuft absent ; tail short; face moderately long; face-glands well developed, and gland-pits in skull rather large and deep ; foot-glands not definitely known ; upper canines generally present in adult males ; size large or rather small ; young uniformly coloured or spotted. The absence of the metatarsal gland and of a sub-basal snag to the regularly dichotomous antlers are the most easily recognised features of this genus, which in most other respects resembles Odocoileus, although the nature of the foot-glands and their presence or absence in the fore-limbs does not appear to be definitely known. The two species are distinguishable as follows :— A. Size large, antlers complex, hair on withers directed backwards, colour deep rufous B. dichotomus. B. Size smaller, antlers simpler, hair on withers directed forwards, colour yellowish-brown B. bezoarticus. I. BLASTOCEBUS DICHOTOMUS. Cervus dichotomus, Illiger, Abh. Ak. Sci. Berlin, 1811, pp. 108 and 117, 1815 ; separate copies said to have been issued in 1811 ; based on Azara's guazupuco. Cervus paludosus, Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 443, 1822 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 134, 1827; cERVm.i: 187 Burmeitter, Descript. PJiys. Rcpub. Argent, vol. iii, p. 480, 1879 ; Goeldi, Mnmmiferos do Brasil, p. 106, 1893, Mem. Mas. Gocliii, pt. iii, p. 5, 1902. Cervus palustris, Deswoidins, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. vol. iii. p. 379, 1823. Cervus (Mazama) paludosus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 316, 1827. Ma/ama paludosa, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 173, 1835. Dorcelaphus paludosus, Glogcr, Handbuch Naturgeschichte, p. 140, 1841. Cariacus paludosus, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Regne Anim., Mamm.p. 173, 1842; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 922; Flower and Li/dekkcr, Study of Mammals, p. 329, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 343, 1893, An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Argent, vol. ii, p. 80, 1893 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 57, 1896. (?) Mazama furcata, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 176, 1843. Cervus (Elaphus Blastocerus) paludosus, Wagner, Schreber's Sdug- thiere, Suppl. vol. iv, p. 367, 1844. Cervus (Blastocerus) paludosus, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 182, 1846 ; Ihering, Mammiferos de Sao Paulo, p. 14, 1894. Blastoceros paludosus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 237, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 224, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 87, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 157, 1873; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 266, 1862 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 359, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 350, 1879. Cariacus palustris, Lydekker, Royal Nat. Hist. vol. ii, p. 387, 1894. Mazama dichotoma, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 283, 1898. Mazama (Blastoceros) dichotoma, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 363, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 110, 1910, ed. 7, p. 108, 1914. Blastocerus dichotomus, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 966. MARSH-DEER ; VEADO GALHEIRO GRANDE ; GUAZUPUCO. Type of genus. Typical locality Brazil. Largest of South American deer, the size being approxi- mately that of a red deer, but the build more slender ; antlers large and rugose, with both prongs of main fork dividing more than once, and* upper prong usually larger than lower one ; muzzle bluntly pointed ; ears large, and filled internally with woolly white hair; tail bushy; coat long and coarse, without radiating whorls on back and neck ; general colour in summer bright rufous chestnut, in winter brownish red, becoming lighter on flanks, neck, and chest ; legs black from 188 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES knees and hocks downwards, and tarsal tuft also black ; abdomen, inside of thighs, throat, chin, and insides and bases of backs of ears white or yellowish white; a whitish line above, or a ring round, eyes, most marked in females; a black band on muzzle and upper lip, joining a median dark streak on nose, and black markings on under lip ; tail yellowish rusty red above and black beneath ; in immature females limbs less black, showing fawn on sides below hocks and knees, in advance of which the extremities are white, and black streak on nose wanting ; young not spotted. Fine antlers attain a length of from 21 to 24 J inches. The range includes suitable localities throughout Brazil, and perhaps part of Guiana, through Paraguay, Entre Kios, and Uruguay to the Chaco, or wooded internal districts of Argentina. 687, a. Frontlet and antlers. South America. No history. 65. 7. 8. 2 (687, I). Frontlet and antlers. South America. Purchased (Bartlett), 1865. 71. 6. 20. 2 (687, c.) Antlers. South America. Purchased (Cutter), 1871. 72. 11. 4. 1. Frontlet and antlers. South America. Purchased (Gerrard), 1872. 94. 6. 25. 1. Skull, with antlers. Paraguay ; collected by Dr. J. Bohls. Purchased, 1894. 98. 10. 11. 1. Skin, mounted. Brazil. Purchased, 1898. 6. 10. 18. 1. Head, mounted, with abnormal antlers. Northern Argentina. Presented ly A. F. Vans Agnew, Esq., 1906. 11. 10. 27. 4. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Alto Paraguay, Bolivia ; collected by Mr. C. H. B. Grant. Presented ly G. W. Tudor, Esq., 1911. II. BLASTOCEEUS BEZOARTICUS. Cervus bezoarticus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 175, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 67, 1766. Cervus campestrds, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. vol. vii, p. 484, 1817 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 136, 1827; Burmeister, Descript. Phys. Repub. Argent, vol. iii, p. 463, "1879 ; Goeldi, Mammiferos do Brasil, p. 107, 1893. Cervus leucogaster, Schreber, Sdugthiere, vol. v, p. 1127, 1817. < KKYID.K 189 Cervus (Mazama) campestris, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 317, 1827 ; Gocldi, Mem. MILS. Gocldi, pt. iii, p. 23 1902. Cervus azarae, Wiegmann, Isis, 1833, p. 954. Mazama campestris, Jar dine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 174, 1835 ; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 176, 1843. Dorcelaphus campestris, Gloger, HandbucJi Naturgeschichte, p. 140, 1841. Cariacus campestris, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 173, 1842 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 923 ; Sclater, List Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 174, 1883 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 324, 1884 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 329, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 345, 1893; Aplin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 313; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 59, 1896. Cervus (Elaphus Blastocerus) campestris, Wagner, Schreber's Sdug- ihiere, Suppl. vol. iv, p. 369, 1844. Cervus (Elaphus Blastocerus) comosus, Wagner, op. cit. p. 368, 1844. Furcifer campestris, Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 68, 1850. Blastocerus campestris, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 237, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 224, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 87, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 158, 1873; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 265, 1862 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 359, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, p. 1, p. 364, 1879. (?) Cariacus sylvestris, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xii, p. 427, 1873. • Blastoceros comosus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien. vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 359, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 356, 1879. Blastoceros azarse, Fitzinger, op. cit. vol. Ixxviii, p. 359, 1879. Cervus comosus, Burmeister, Descript. Phys. Repub. Argent, vol. iii, p. 465, 1879. Ozctoceros campestris, Ameghino, Rev. Arg. Hist. Nat. vol. i, p. 243, 1891. Cervus (Blastoceros) campestris, Ihering, Mammiferos de Sao Paulo, p. 15, 1894. Mazama bezoartica, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 287, pi. xxii, 1898. Mazama (Blastoceros) bezoartica, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 365, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 112, 1910, ed. 7, p. 110, 1914. Odontoccelus bezoarticus, Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 50, 1907. Ozelaphus bezoarticus, Knottnerus-Meyer, Arch. Naturgesch. vol. Ixxiii, p. 98, 1907. Blastoceros bezoarticus, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 966. PAMPAS DEER ; VEADO BRANCO ; GUAZUTI. Type of Ozotoceros and Ozelaphus. Typical locality Brazil. Much smaller than the last, and of the approximate size 190 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES of a roebuck, but more delicately and slenderly built ; antlers of moderate size, with the lower, or front, prong of the main fork simple, and the upper, or posterior, prong divided and more complex, usual number of tines three; muzzle rather pointed; ears moderately large and filled with white hair; tail somewhat bushy ; coat short and smooth, with a whorl FIG. 30. — PAMPAS DEEB (Blastocerus bezoarticus). on middle of back, and a second at base of the neck, so that the hairs on withers are directed forwards; general colour light reddish brown, with the hairs of the back light grey at base, then darker grey followed by a ring of reddish brown, and black at tips; face darker, and occasionally a black patch on crown of head, extending backwards as a line to level of ears ; tarsal tuft, a patch at base of backs of ears, a CERViiu: I'M ring round pedicles of antlers, another round each eye, lips, throat, chest, under-parts, fronts and inner sides of thighs, and inner sides of buttocks and upper part of fore-legs whitish ; flanks, outer sides of limbs, and middle of throat lighter than back ; tail dark blackish brown above and white below ; upper canines generally present in males ; young lighter coloured, with a row of white spots on each side of back, and a second from shoulder to thigh. The range includes the campos of Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay and the pampas of Argentina and northern Pata- gonia, also extending into the wooded Chaco country of Argentina in the neighbourhood of Santa Fe. If, as has been suggested, the Pampas form is distinct from the typical Brazilian campestris, it should bear the name azarce. 686, k. Skeleton, female. South America. No history. 686. kl. Antlers. South America. No history. 37. 3. 15. 43 (142, a). Skull, with antlers, and skin. Northern Patagonia. Presented ly Messrs. Burnett and Fitzroy, 1837. 37. 3. 15. 44 (142, 6). Skin, young. Same locality. Same history. 37. 3. 15. 44* (142, c). Skin, young. Same locality. Same history. 42. 12. 9. 25 (686, a). Frontlet and antlers. Northern Patagonia ; collected by Admiral Fitzroy during the voyage of H.M.S. " Beagle." Presented by the Governors of Haslar Hospital, 1842. 45. 9. 19. 5. Skin, mounted. Bahia Blanca, Argentina ; collected by C. E. Darwin, Esq., during the voyage of H.M.S "Beagle." Purchased (Zoological Society), 1845. 46. 7. 28. 40. Skin, young, mounted. Bolivia ; collected by Mr. T. Bridges. Purchased, 1846. 52. 2. 26. 1. Skull and antlers, imperfect. South America ; collected by Mr. Parzudaki. Purchased, 1852. 54. 8. 16. 1 (686, c). Skeleton. La Plata; collected by Dr. Bravard. Purchased, 1854. 54. 8. 16. 2-3-6 (686, d, c, h). Three skulls, with antlers Same locality and collector. Same history 54. 8. 19. 4. Frontlet and antlers, Same locality and collector. Same history. 192 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 54 8. 16. 5 and 7 (686, g and i). Two skulls. Same locality and collector. Same history. 60. 8. 31. 4. Skin. South America. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1860. 61. 11. 15. 2 (686,;). Skeleton. South America. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1861. 84. 2. 8. 33. Skull, with antlers. Taquara, Kio Grande do Sul; collected by Dr. H. von Ihering. Purchased, 1884. 72. 2. 11. 1. Imperfect skull, with antlers, provisionally referred to this species. Brazil (?) ; collected by Sir J. Hudson. Type of Cariacus sylvestris. Presented ly Rev. G. J. Hudson, 1872. 98. 2. 25. 1. Skin. Santa Fe, Argentina. Presented ly the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1898. 9. 12. 1. 58. Skin, mounted (fig. 30). Ajo, Tuyu, Buenos Aires ; collected by Mr. C. H. B. Grant. Presented ly E. Gibson, Esq., 1909. 9. 12. 1. 59. Skull and skin, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 12. 1. 60. Skull. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 12. 1. 61. Skull, with antlers, and scalp-skin. Los Yngleses, Buenos Aires ; same collector. Same history. 9. 12. 1. 62. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 12. 1. 63. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 14. 11. 9. 1. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Conceifao, Eio Araguaya, Northern Brazil. Presented ly the Para Museum, 1914. IX. Genus HIPPOC AME LUS. Hippocamelus, LeucJcart, Dissert. Inaug. de Equo blsulco Molince, p. 24, 1816 ; -Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 50, 1907, partim ; PococJf, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 966. Cervequus, Lesson, Nouv. Tall. Eegn. Anim., Mamm. p. 173, 1842. Furcifer, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere, Suppl. vol. iv, p. 384, 1844 ; Sundevall, K. SvensJca Vet.- Ah. Handl. 1844, p. 183, 1846 ; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 226, 1852, Cat. lluminants Brit. Mus. p. 88, 1872 ; BrooJce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 923 ; CERVID^I 193 Ililtimeyer, AWi. schweiz. pal. Gcs. vol. viii, p. 49, 1881 ; nee Fitzinger, 1843. Xenelaphus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 498, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 89, 1872 ; Lydckker, Deer of All Lands, p. 293, 1898. Anomalocera, Gray, Scientific Opinion, 1869, p. 384 ; Philippi, Wieg- mann's Archiv 1870, p. 46 ; nee Templer, 1837. Huamela, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4. vol. xi, p. 217, 1873, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 159, 1873. Creagroceros, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt« 1, p. 358, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 369, 1879. Antlers (fig. 31) small and simple, forming a single dichotomous fork, of which the front prong is the smaller, and curves upwards and backwards towards the hind one ; metatarsal gland and tuft absent ; tail short and rather bushy ; face moderately long ; face-glands large and exposed, and gland-pits in skull deep and triangular, although not very large; upper canines present in both sexes, but not projecting beyond lips ; coat coarse and brittle ; size medium ; young uniformly coloured. Other characters much as in two preceding genera. The genus is distinguished by the simply forked antlers, coarse, brittle coat, and absence of metatarsal glands. The range includes the western and southern parts of South America. The two species appear distinguishable as follows :— A. Size larger, a dark Y-shaped face-stripe, antlers usually forking some distance above burr H. bisulcus. B. Size smaller, face without distinct dark stripe, antlers forking close to burr H* antisensis. I. HIPPOCAMELUS BISULCUS. Equus bisulcus, Molina, Saggio Storia Nat. Chili, p. 320, 1782. Hippocamelus dubius, Leuckart, Dissert. Inaug. de Equo bisulco Molinx, p. 24, 1816. Auchenia huamel, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 764, 1827. Cervequus andicus, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Regn. Anim., Mamm. p. 173, 1842. Cervus chilensis, Gay and Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 3, vol. viii, p. 91, 1846; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 45; Burmeister, Descript. Phys. Repub. Argent, vol. iii, p. 462, 1879 ; Philippi, An. Mus. Chile, ZooL 1892, p. 7, 1894, p. 8. IV. O 194 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Capreolus leucotis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 64. Furcifer huamel, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 236, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 227, 1852 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 266, 1862. Furcifer antisiensis, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 226, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 88, 1872 ; nee d'Orbigny. Huamela leucotis, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. x, p. 445, 1872, vol. xi, p, 219, 1873, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 160, 1873. Creagroceros chilensis, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 358, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 372, 1879. Cariacus chilensis, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 923 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 329, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 346, 1893. Furcifer chilensis, Sclater, List Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 178, 1883 ; Nehring, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1895, p. 12. Cervus antisiensis, Schaff, Zool. Garten, vol. xxxi, p. 228, 1890 ; nee d'Orbigny. Mazama bisulca, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 296, 1898, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 917, pi. Ixi ; Berg, Commun. Mus. B. Aires, vol. i, p. 261, 1900. Hippocamelus bisulcus, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 212 ; Pocock, ibid. 1910, p. 966; Wolffsohn, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. vol. xiv, p. 227. 1910. Mazama (Xenelaphus) bisulca, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 368, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 113, 1910, ed. 7, p. Ill, 1914. Xenelaphus bisulcus, Pricliard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. i, p. 272, Through the Heart of Patagonia, p. 248, 1902. (?) Odocoileus dickii, Goeldi, Mitt. nat. Ges. Bern, 1912, p. 12. GUEMAL Or HUEMUL. Size large, shoulder-height about 39 J inches ; general colour bright greyish yellow, speckled with black, this including buttocks, greater portion of under-parts, and limbs, in winter apparently greyer ; a broad black band up middle line of . face terminating in a fork between eyes ; sides of muzzle brown and tip of chin white ; tail coloured like back above, white below; tarsal tuft like back; antlers (fig. 31) forking at a considerable distance above burr. The range includes the Andes of southern Chile and the whole of Patagonia. Odocoileus dickii was founded on a skull and antlers from Santa Fe, probably referable to the present species, the antlers being evidently abnormal. 50, 8. 2. 1. Skin. Valparaiso, Chile. Presented ly the Earl of Derby, 1850. CKUVIDjK 195 72. 11. 1. 1 (1584, a). Skull, with antlers, and skin. West Coast of Patagonia ; collected by Dr. E. Simpson. Purchased, 1872. FIG. 31. — HEAD OP CHILIAN GUEMAL (Hippocamelus bisulcus). From Lydckker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899. 72. 11. 1. 2 (1584, I). Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. o 2 196 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 98. 2. 4. 14-15. Two frontlets, with antlers. Chubut, Patagonia; collected by H. Durnford, Esq. Purchased, 1898. 99. 2. 22. 14. Skin, mounted. Patagonia. Presented by the Director of the La Plata Museum, 1899. 99. 8. 31. 1. Head, in summer coat, mounted. Ultima Esperanza, Patagonia. Presented by Senor Masentli, 1899. 2. 3. 15. 1. Skull and antlers. Rio de los Antiguos, Patagonia. Presented by H. Hesketh Prichard, Esq., 1902. 2. 3. 15. 2. Skin. Same locality. Same history. 2. 3. 15. 3. Skin. Same locality. Same history. II. HIPPOCAMELUS ANTISENSIS. Cerf d'Antis, Pucheran, Diet. Univ. Hist. Nat. vol. iii, p. 328. Cervus antisensis, d'Orbigny, Ann. Mus. Paris, vol. iii, p. 91, 1834, Voyage Amer. Merid. vol. iv, pt. 2, p. 28, pi. xx, 1847 ; Philippi, An. Mus. Chile, Zool. 1892, p. 7, 1894, p. 6. Cervus (Elaphus Furcifer) antisiensis, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere, Suppl. vol. iv, p. 384, 1844. Cervus (Furcifer) antisiensis, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 183, 1846. Cervus antisiensis, Tschudi, Fauna Peruv. vol. i, p. 241, pi. xviii, 1844; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 46; Matschie, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1894, p. 63. Anomalocera huamel, Gray, Scientific Opinion, 1869, p. 384. Xenelaphus huamel, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 497. Xenelaphus leucotis, Gray, Cat. Euminants Brit. Mus. p. 89, 1872. Xenelaphus anomalocera, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. x, p. 445, 1872. Xenelaphus chilensis, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xii, p. 61, 1873, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 159, 1873. Creagoceros antisiensis, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 358, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 369, 1879. Furcifer chilensis, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xiii, p. 332, 1874. Cariacus antisiensis, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 924 ; Schdff, Zool. Garten, vol. xxxi, p. 226, 1890 ; Floiuer and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 329, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 346, 1903. Furcifer antisensis, Nehring, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1895, p. 9. Mazama antisiensis, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 295, pi. xxiii, 1898. Mazama (Xenelaphus) antisiensis, p. 367, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 112, 1916, ed. 7, p. 110, 19.14. Hippooamelus antisiensis, Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 52, 1907 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 966 ; Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 153, 1914. 197 Odocoileus antisensis, Dabbcnc, An. Mus. B. Aires, ser. 3, vol. xiv, p. 293, 1911. PERUVIAN GUEMAL. Typical locality Peruvian Andes. Smaller than preceding species, the shoulder-height being about 34 inches ; general colour much the same as in latter, but uDder-parts markedly lighter than back, and a patch on rump and basal portion of upper side of tail brown ; tarsal tuft blackish brown ; antlers forking nearer burr. The range includes the Andes of Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and northern Chili, usually at heights of between 14,000 and 16,000 feet above the sea-level, but probably ranging down to 11,000 feet, and also part of northern Argentina. In Ecuador this species is abundant on Chimborazo, Pichincha, and Cotopaxi. 69. 10. 15. 1. Skull, with antlers, and skin, formerly mounted. Tinta, southern Peru; collected by Mr. H. Whiteley. Type of Xenelaphus anomalocera. Purchased, 1869. 69. 10. 15. 2 (1525, a). Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 69. 10. 15. 3 (1525, c). Skull and skin, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 69. 10. 15. 4 (1525, d). Skull and skin, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 69. 10. 15. 5 (1525, r). Skull, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. * * * *. Skull and antlers. Locality unknown. No history. 74.3.27.1. Skin, mounted. Ceachupati, Peru ; collected by Mr. H. Whitely. Purchased, 1872. 94. 11. 20. 4. Skull and skin, female. Incapirca, Junin, Peru ; collected by Mr. J. Kalinowski. Purchased, 1894. 97. 11. 11. 4-5. Two skulls. Tinta, Peru; collected by Mr. H. Whitely; formerly in collection of Sir Victor Brooke, Bart. Presented by Sir Douglas Brooke, Bart, 1897. 198 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES X. Genus MAZAMA. Mazama, Eafinesque, Amer. Month. Mag. vol. i, p. 44, 1817 ; Merriam, Science, ser. 2, vol. i, p. 208, 1895 ; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, pp. 243 (partim) and 298, 1898 ; Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 79, 1904 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 264 ; Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 585, 1913. Subulo, H. Smith, Griffiths Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 318, 1827; Fitzinger, Sitzber. Jc. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 7, 1879 ; nee Subula, Schumacher, 1817. Passalites, Gloger, Handbuch Naturgcschichte, p. 140, 1841. Subula, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 173, 1842 ; nee Schumacher, 1817. Coassus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 174, 1843, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 238, 1852, Cat. Euminants Brit. Mus. p. 91, 1872 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 924 ; Riitimeyer, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii/p. 31, 1881. Homelaphus, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 90, 1872. Nanelaphus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 360, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 31, 1879. Doryceros, Fitzinger, op..cit. vol. Ixviii. p. 360, 1873, vol. Ixxix, p. 23, 1879. Small deer nearly allied to the three preceding genera, but distinguished by the following characters : — Antlers in the form of simple unbranched spikes ; meta- tarsal gland and tuft absent, and tarsal gland in some species rudimentary or perhaps obsolete ; tail very short ; face elongated ; face-glands small and exposed, and gland-pits deep and triangular ; crown of head tufted, and hair of face radiating from two whorls, one on crown and the other below line of eyes, the hair of forehead being directed upwards towards antlers, and that of nose downwards towards muzzle; upper canines occasionally present in old males; coat fine and smooth ; build clumsy, with the back much arched, and profile of face convex ; young spotted with white. Ears of medium length ; upper lip with a pair of white spots on each side of nose, and lower lip with a larger white spot in middle line. The range includes Central and Tropical South America. The following is a " key " to the species : — A. Lachrymal pits in skull deeper. a. Size larger M. rufina. b . Size smaller . M . bricenii. CERVin.i: 109 B. Lachrymal pits shallower. a. Colour rufous, white below. a'. Hair of withers reversed. a". Premaxillae articulating with nasals; skull longer. a,3. Face not markedly dark, without eyebrow-streak M. amcnca na . b3. Face markedly dark, with eyebrow- streak M. super ciliaris. b". Premaxillae not articulating with nasals ; skull shorter M. zetta. b' . Hair of withers not reversed M. sheila. c. Hair of withers either normal or reversed, size small, face and limbs shaded with bluish black M. tema. b. Colour brown to whitish grey. b'. Colour pale pepper-and-salt brown to whitish grey, size larger M. simplicicornis. c'. Colour dark brown tinged with rufous, size very small M. nana. c. Colour drab-brown, tail fulvous — M. pandora. I. MAZAMA AMERICANA. Moschus americanus, Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim. vol. i, p. 324, 1777. Cervus rufus, Illiger. Abh. Ak. Sci. Berlin, 1811, p. 108, 1815;* Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 245, 1822 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 140, 1827 ; Tschudi, Fauna Peruv. vol. i, p. 236, 1844; F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. vol. vii, p. 127, 1817 ; Burmeister, Descript. Pliys. Repub. Argent, vol. iii, p. 465, 1879. Mazama pita, Eafinesque, Amer. Month. Mag. vol. i, p. 363, 1817. Cervus (Subulo) rufus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 318, 1827 ; Goeldi, Mammiferos do Brasil, p. 108, 1893. Subulo rufus, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 178,' 1835. (?) Subulo apura, Swainson, Classif. Quadrupeds, p. 295, 1835. Coassus rufus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 174, 1843, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 69, pi. xlvii, 1850, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 238, 1852. Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 92, 1872, Hand-List Rumi- nants Brit. Mus. p. 161, 1873 ; Quelch, Zoologist, ser. 3, vol. xvii, p. 19, 1893. Cervus (Subulo) dolichurus, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere, Suppl. vol. iv, p. 389, 1844. Homelaphus inornatus, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 90, 1872. Coassus inornatus, Gray, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 162, 1873. Subulo dolichurus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. If. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 359, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 11, 1879. * Separate copies stated to have been issued in 1811, 200 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Subulo rufus, Fitzinger, op. cit. vol. Ixviii, p. 360, 1873, vol. Ixxix, p. 11, 1879. Cariacus rufus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 925 ; Sclater, List Mamin. Zool. Gardens, p. 174, 1883 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 348, 1893. Cervus (Coassus) rufus, Ihering, Mammiferos de Sao Paulo, p. 15, 1894. Mazarna rufa, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 300, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 370, 1901. Mazama inornata, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 306, 1898. Mazama americana, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 585, 1913; Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1914, p. 15; Lydekker, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. Ill, 1914. EED BROCKET; VEADO PARDO or VEADO MATEIRO. The type species. Also type of Homelaplms. Typical locality Guiana. Size relatively large, and build heavy ; height at shoulder about 27 inches; hair of middle line of nape generally reversed ; general colour shining brownish red (rufous), sometimes with minute dark tips to the hairs ; sides of neck and flanks reddish grey ; throat, under surface of upper part of neck, and inner sides of thighs whitish grey; tail brownish red above, white below and at tip ; a small whitish streak on rump ; a large spot on front of lower lip and a smaller one on each side of upper lip below nose white ; antlers yellowish white ; lachrymal pits relatively shallow ; premaxillae usually articulating with nasals. The range extends from Guiana to Paraguay and Rio Grande do Sul. The two local races are distinguishable as follows :— A. Size larger; skull longer (205 to 210 mm.) M. a. americana. B. Size smaller; skull shorter (202 mm.) M.a.jucunda. A.— Mazama americana americana. Typical locality Guiana. General characters those of the species ; skull relatively long. The range includes Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. 684, a. Skeleton, mounted. South America. Purchased (Brandt). 1037, a. Skull, with antlers. Bahia, Brazil, fio history. CERVID.I; 201 41. 594. Skull and skin, female. South America; collected by Parreys. Purchased. 41. 595. Skin, mounted. South America ; same collector. Purchased. 45. 8. 509 (684, 1). Skull. Para, Amazonia. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq., 1845. 46. 4. 21. 7 (684, c). Skeleton, immature. Purchased (Brandt), 1846. 51. 8. 29. 7. Skin, female, formerly mounted. South America. Type of Homclaphus inornatus ; referred to by Gray as a male, a statement copied by the present writer in Deer of All Lands. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1851. 66. 3. 28. 14. Skin. Upper Ucayali Valley, Peru ; collected by Mr. C. Bartlett. Purchased, 1866. 80. 5. 6. 38. Skin. Sarayacu, Ecuador; collected by Mr. C. Buckley. Purchased, 1880. 80. 5. 6. 39. Skin, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 82. 9. 30. 24. Skull and antlers. Taquara, Eio Grande do Sal, Brazil; collected by Dr. H. von Ihering. Purchased, 1882. 82. 9. 30. 25. Skull, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 1. 11. 3. 91. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Eio Jordao, Minas Geraes ; collected by Mr. A. Kobert. Purchased, 1901. 1. 11. 3. 92. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 2. 1. 1. 114. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Charuplaya, Bolivia ; collected by Mr. P. 0. Simons. Presented by 0. Thomas, Esq., 1902. 3. 7. 7. 129. Skull and skin, young in spotted coat. Serra de Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil; collected by Mr. A. Eobert. Presented by Mrs. Percy Sladen. 3. 7. 7. 130. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 4. 7. 4. 88. Skull and skin, female. Igarape Assu, Para, Amazonia ; collected by Mr. A. Eobert. Presented by 0. Thomas, Esq., 1904. 4. 7. 4. 89. Skull and skin, immature female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 202 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 8. 5. 9. 27. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Humaytha Valley, Madeira, Amazonia ; collected by Mr. W. Hoffmanns. Purchased, 1908. 10. 5. 4. 58. Skull and skin, young in short, dark, spotted coat. Supinaam Valley, British Guiana; collected hy Mr. Cozier. This and the following specimens from the same district are topo- types of the species. Presented ly F. V. McConnell, Esq., 1910. 10. 5. 4. 59. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 11. 12. 15. 17. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same donor, 1911. 11. 12. 15. 18. Skull and skin, young in dark, spotted coat. Same locality and collector. Same history. 11. 12. 15. 19. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 13. 5. 28. 11. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Bonasica, Essequibo Valley, British Guiana ; same locality and collector. Same donor, 1913. 14. 11. 9. 2. Skull, with antlers and skin. Concei9ao, Rio Araguaya, northern Brazil. Presented ly the Para Museum, 1914. B.— Mazama amerieana jucunda. Mazama amerieana jucunda, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 587, 1913. Typical locality Bopa Nova, Serra do Mar, Parana, southern Brazil. Distinguished from typical race by inferior size and shorter skull, of which the basal length is about 202 mm., against from 205 to 210 mm. in former; coat of medium length ; general colour bright rufous fawn ; limbs brown above, rufous on pasterns ; tail dark rufous above. 3. 7. 1. 103. Skull and skin, immature female. Ropa Nova, Serra do Mar, Parana ; collected, Sept. 9, 1901, by Mr. A. Kobert. Type. Presented ty Mrs. Percy Sladen, 1903. 3. 7. 1. 200. Skull and antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. CERVID.K 203 The following specimens probably represent this or a nearly allied brocket (? M. superciliaris) : — 46. 6. 1. 23 (684,0). Skull, with antlers, and skin. Santa Catherina, Brazil (between Parana and Eio Grande do Sul) ; collected by Parzudaki. Purchased, 1846. 46. 6. 1. 24. Skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 46. 6. 1. 25 (684, /). Skull, young, and skin, old female. Same locality and collector. Same history. II. MAZAMA SUPEECILIAKIS. Coassus superciliaris, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 242, pi. xxv, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. ix, p. 432, 1852, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 239, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 92, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 160, 1873. Cervus (Subulo) superciliaris, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere, Suppl. vol. v, p. 386, 1855. Subulo superciliaris, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 360, 1873, vol.'lxxix, pt. 1, p. 18, 1879. Cariacus superciliaris, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 926. Mazama superciliaris, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 301, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 371, 1901. Typical locality Brazil (? Santa Catherina). Closely allied to the last, of which it is not improbably merely a local variety or colour-phase ; general colour shining brownish red; neck, chest, hocks, and fronts of fore-legs whitish grey; forehead blackish, with a distinct streak over each eye. 49. 1. 12. 35. Skull, with antlers, and skin, immature. South America (? Santa Catherina, Brazil); collected by Hultze. Type. If from Santa Catherina, this and the following specimen are not even racially separable from the foregoing specimens from the same locality. Purchased, 1849. 49. 9. 3. 1-2. Skin and skull. Same locality and collector. Same history. 204 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES III. MAZAMA ZETTA. Mazama zetta, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 586, 1913. Typical locality Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia. Generally similar to M. americana, but build rather stouter, and general colour browner and less rufous (rufous brown), especially on head, ears, and neck, the head having indistinct rufous markings ; skull shorter and stouter (basal length 187-190 mm.), with shorter premaxilke, which but rarely reach nasals. The question whether this brocket might not be preferably regarded as a local race of M. americana is reserved. 78. 8. 31. 1. Skin. Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; collected by Mr. J. K. Salmon. Purchased, 1878. 78. 8. 31. 2. Skin, formerly mounted, and skull, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 78. 8. 31. 3. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Type. Same history. 78. 8. 31. 3*. Skin, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 78. 8. 31. 13 (1700, a). Skeleton, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 78. 8. 31. 14 (1700, &). Skull, with antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history. 85. 4. 22. 6-7. Two skulls, with antlers. Same locality and collector. Purchased, 1885. 85. 4. 22. 8. Skull, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 14. 5. 28. 25. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Condoto, Chaco, Colombia. Presented "by Dr. H. G. F. Spurrell, 1914. 14. 5. 28. 26. Skull and skin, female. Same locality. Same history. The following specimens appear to indicate a brocket nearly related to this race : — 14. 4. 25. 80. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Gualaquiza. Ecuador ; collected by Mr. G. Hammond. Presented ly 0. Thomas, Esq., 1914, CERVID.K 205 14. 4. 25. 81. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 14. 4. 25. 82. Skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 14. 4. 25. 83. Skull, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. IV. MAZAMA SHEILA. Mazama sheila, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 587, 1913. Typical locality near Merida, Venezuela. A lowland-form distinguished from the three preceding species by its inferior size (basal length of skull about 177 mm.), the normal direction of the hair of the nape, and the pale bright rufous general colour ; skull of the short type of that of M. zetta, with the premaxillae not reaching nasals. 1.3. 4. 24. 4. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Montana de Limones, Merida ; collected by the Messrs. Briceno, October, 1910. Type. Purchased (Rosenberg), 1913. V. MAZAMA TEMA. Mazama tema, Rafinesque, Amer. Month. Mag. vol. i, p. 44, 1817 ; LydeJcJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 302, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 379, 1901, partim ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 390, 1912; Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. i, p. 349, 1908, vol. xi, p. 586, 1913. Cervus huniboldtii, Wiegmann, Isis, 1833, p. 954, nomen nudum. Cervus sartorii, Saussure, Rev. Mag. Zool. ser. 2, vol. xii, p. 252, 1860. Subulo sartorii, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 20, 1879. Cariacus tema, Alston, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Mamm. p. 118, 1879 ; Rhoads, Amer. Nat. vol. xxviii, p. 526, 1894. Cariacus rufinus, Alston, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Mamm. p. 118, 1879 ; True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. vii, p. .592, 1885; nee Cervus rufinus, Pucker an. Mazama sartorii, Lydeklcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 303, pi. xxiv, fig. 2, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 372, 1901 ; Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 80, 1904. Hippocamelus sartori, Elliot, ChecJc-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi) p. 50, 1905, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (ibid. vol. viii) p. 51, 1907. 206 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Typical locality Mexico, probably the State of Vera Cruz. Smaller than M. americana, the shoulder-height ranging from 25^ to 20 J inches ; hair of withers either normal or reversed ; general colour bright shining brownish red ; neck, throat, and chest fawn ; abdomen white ; outer sides of hind-shanks, fronts of fore-legs, and lower part of face shaded with bluish black ; tail like back above, white below ; the usual white spots on lips ; antlers whitish horn-colour, and less rugose than those of M. americana. The distinctive features of this species are the small size, the dark shading of the face and limbs, and the blackish red (instead of whitish) throat. The range includes southern Mexico and Central America. The three races are distinguished as follows :— A. Size smaller, colour brighter and more rufescent... M. t. tema. B. Size larger, colour duller and less rufescent M. t. reperticia. c. Colour darker and redder than in either of the preceding M. t. cerasina. A.— Mazama tema tema. Mazama tema tema, Goldman, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. Ix, no. 22, p. 2, 1913. Typical locality southern Mexico. Size relatively small ; colour bright and strongly rufescent. 88. 8. 8. 5. Skull, with antlers, and scalp-skin. Atoyac, Vera Cruz, Mexico ; collected by Mr. H. H. Smith. Presented "by Messrs. Salvin and Godman, 1888. 91. 3. 24. 2 (1700, d). Skull, with antlers, and skin, formerly mounted. Guatemala ; collected by Boucard. Purchased, 1891. 91. 3. 24. 3 (1700, e). Skull and skin, immature female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 91. 3. 24. 4. Skin, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 93. 2. 5. 23. Skull and skin, the latter in the young spotted coat. Sierra de Rosario, Jalisco, Mexico ; collected by Dr. A. G. Buller. Purchased, 1893. CERVID^ 207 B.— Mazama tema reperticia. Mazama tema reperfcicia, Goldman, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. Ix, no. 22, p. 2, 1913. Typical locality Gatun, Panama. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Somewhat larger than typical race, and duller and much less rufescent in colour. Similar in size to M. pandora (infra) but darker and with differences in skull ; larger than M. bricenii (infra), with shorter coat, especially on neck, less rich rufescent colour, and a smaller dark area on face. 78. 7. 6. 4 (1700, c). Skull and skin, immature female. Costa Eica ; collected by Mr. Eogers. Presented by F. du Cane Godman, Esq., 1878. C.— Mazama tema cerasina. Mazama tema cerasina, Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxvii, p. 209, 1914. Typical locality Talamanca, Costa Eica. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Distinguished from both the typical Mexican and the Panama races by the darker and distinctly more reddish general colour. No specimen in collection. VI. MAZAMA BEICENII. Mazama bricenii, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. i, p. 349, 1908; PococJc, Proc. Zool. Soc.. 1910, p. 964; Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 45, 1912; Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. viii, no. 16, p. 34, 1913. Typical locality Paramo de la Culata, Merida, Venezuela. In general appearance and colour very like M. tema, but size smaller (basal length of skull about 143 mm.), and lachrymal pits of skull deeper, the whole skull being also slighter with proportionately smaller orbits and the pre- maxillre articulating extensively with nasals ; general colour rich chestnut-rufous, with the head, ears, nape, fore-limbs, 208 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES and hind-shanks dark brown ; under-parts somewhat lighter ; tail brown above, with a few rufous hairs. 5. 7. 5. 18. Skull and skin, young female. Merida ; collected by Serior S. Bii9eno. Purchased (Rosenberg), 1905. 8. 6. 24. 5. Skull and skin, female. Paramo de la Culata, Mexico (August, 1907) ; same collector. Purchased (Rosenberg), 1908. 8. 6. 24. 6. Skull and skin, very young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 13. 4. 24. 3. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Merida; same collector. Purchased (Rosenberg), 1913. VII. MAZAMA KUFINA. Cervus rufinus, Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vi, p. 491, 1852. Coassus rufinus, Gray, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 162, 1873. Subulo rufinus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 162, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 17, 1879. Cariacus rufinus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 925. Mazarna rufina,* Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. i, p. 349, 1908, vol. xi, p. 586, 1913. Typical locality Ecuador, at an elevation of about 11,000 feet. Type in Paris Museum. A mountain-form allied to, but larger than (shoulder- height about 25J inches), M. bricenii. 77. 4. 3. 1. Skin, immature. Jima, Ecuador ; collected by C. Buckley, Esq. Purchased, 1877. 96. 1. 28. 5*. Skull, probably referable to this species. Ecuador ; figured by De Win ton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 510, as Pudua mephistophiles, see Thomas, op. cit. 1908, p. 350. Presented by L. Soderstrom, Esq,, 1896. VIII. MAZAMA SIMPLICICOENIS. Cervus simplicicornis, Illiger, Abh. Ak. Sci. Berlin, 1811, p. 107, 1815 f ; Wied, Naturgesch. Brasil, vol. ii, p. 596, 1827; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 141, 1827 ; Burmeister, Descript. Phys. Eepub. Argent, vol. iii, p. 466, 1879; Goeldi, Mammiferos do Brasil, p. 108, 1893. M. rufinus in first passage. f See note, p. 199. CKUVI D.K L'09 Mazama bira, Eajinesqiu', Amcr. Month. Mag. vol. i, p. 368, 1817. Cervus nemorivagus, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. vol. vii, p. 485, 1817 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 142, 1827. Cervus (Subulo) nemorivagus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, 319, 1827. Cervus (Subulo) simplicicornis, H. Smith, op. cit. vol. v, p. 381, 1827. Passalit.es nemorivagus, Gloger, Handbuch Naturgeschichte, p. 140, 1841. Coassus nemorivagus, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 238, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 91, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 160, 1873; Quclch, Zoologist, ser. 3, vol. xvii, p. 19, 1893 ; Eendall, ibid. ser. 4, vol. i, p. 345, 1897. Coassus simplicornis, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 238, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 91, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 160, 1873; Quelch, Zoologist, ser. 3, vol. xvii, p. 19, 1893. Doryceros nemorivagus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. It. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 360, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 23, 1879. Cariacus simplicornis, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 925 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 348, 1893. Cariacus nemorivagus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 925 ; Sclater, List Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 174, 1883 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 394, 1893. Cervus (Coassus) simplicicornis, Ihering, Mammiferos de S. Paulo, p. 15, 1894. Mazama nemorivaga, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 303, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 372, 1901; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 113, 1910, ed. 7, p. Ill, 1914; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 962.* Mazama americana, Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 43, 1912 ; nee Cervus americanus, Erxleben. Hippocamelus nemorivagus, Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 52, 1907. Mazama americana, Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 43, 1912 ; nee Moschus americanus, Erxleben, 1777. Mazama simplicicornis, Hagmann, Archiv Rass,en- und Gesell.-Biol. vol. v, p. 14, 1908; Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 585, 1912. Type of Doryceros. Typical locality Brazil. Build light and slender, and size small, the shoulder- height being about 19 inches ; general colour varying from pale pepper-and-salt brown to greyish or whitish, usually with a distinct streak on the forehead before the front of the eyes ; never any sign of reddish at any season ; hairs of back ringed with yellowish red below the tip; under-parts huffish ; * M. nemorivagus. IV. P 210 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES tarsal gland and tuft small ; * antlers short, fine, and dirty white in colour. Eange co-extensive with that of M. americana, but also including Trinidad. A.— Mazama simplieieornis simplicicornis. Typical locality Brazil. General characters those of species. 141, a. Skull and skin, female. Locality unknown. No history. 41. 593. Skull and skin, female. Brazil ; collected by Parreys. Purchased. 44.9.11.107. Skin, formerly mounted. British Guiana ; collected by Sir E. Schomburgk. Purchased, 1844. 46. 2. 13. 3 (46. 4. 10. 6-685, 6). Skull and skin. Brazil. Purchased (Brandt), 1846. 47. 1.1. 22. 21. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia ; collected by Mr. T. Bridges. Purchased, 1847. 47. 11. 22. 21*. Skin, immature. Same locality and collector. Same history. 58. 6. 18. 7. Skin, female. Locality unknown. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1858. 59. 9. 6. 106 (1037, &). Skull, young. Surinam, Dutch Guiana ; Dr. A. Gunther's collection. Purchased, 1859. 80. 5. 6. 40. Skin, female. Sarayacu, Ecuador ; collected by C. Buckley, Esq. Purchased, 1880. 80. 5. 6. 41. Skin, immature. Same locality and collector. Same history. 82. 9. 30. 26. Skull, with antlers. Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil ; collected by Dr. H. von Ihering. Purchased, 1882. 82. 9. 30. 27. Skull, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 92. 11. 2. 3. Skin, young. Trinidad. Presented by H. Carracciolo, Esq., 1892. 97. 1. 5. 20. Skin. Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia ; * Fitzinger founded Doratoceros on account of the supposed absence of the tarsal gland, which is stated by Pocock to be present. 211 collected by Mr. J. K. Salmon ; formerly in collection of Sir Victor Brooke, Bart. Presented by Sir Douglas Brooke, Bart., 1897. 3. 4. 6. 8. Skull and skin, young. Eupununi, southern British Guiana ; collected by Dr. J. J. Quelch. Presented by F. V. McConnell, Esq., 1903. 4. 7. 4. 85. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Igarape, Assu, Para, Amazonia ; collected by Mr. A. Eobert. Presented by 0. Thomas, Esq., 1904. 4. 7. 4. 86. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 4. 7. 4. 87. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 8. 3. 7. 55. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Coast-region, Demerara, British Guiana. Presented by F. V. McConnell, Esq., 1908. 9. 4. 20. 3-4. Two young skulls and skins, the latter in the dark, white-spotted coat. Mazaruni Valley, British Guiana. Same donor, 1909. 12. 12. 19. 11. Skull and skin, female. Bonasica, Esse- quibo Valley, British Guiana ; collected by Mr. Cozier. Same donor, 1912. 12. 12. 19. 12. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 13. 5. 23. 12. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same locality and collector. Same donor, 1913. 13. 12. 18. 4. Skull and skin, female. Gumunda, Lower Amazonia. Presented by the Goeldi Museum, Para, 1913. 13. 12. 18. 5. Skull and skin, young female. Same locality. Same history. 13. 12. 18. 6. Skull and skin. Ceara, Amazonia. Same history. B.— Mazama simplieieornis mexianse. Coassus simplieieornis, var. mexianse, Hagmann, Archiv Rassen- und Gesell. Biol. vol. v, p. 14, pi. i, 1908. Typical (and only) locality Mexiana Island, mouth of the Amazon. Smaller than typical race, the skull having a basal length P 2 212 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES of from 150 to 163 mm., against from 173 to 181 mm. in the latter ; antlers and their pedicles less inclined backwards than in typical race, and a marked difference in the shape of the lachrymal. No specimen in collection. C.— Mazama simplicicornis citus. Mazama americana citus, Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 43, 1912. Typical locality Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. Type in Field Museum, Chicago. Similar to typical race, but slightly larger, with especially large cheek-teeth, and the colour greyer and paler. No specimen in collection. IX. MAZAMA TSCHUDII. Cervus (Subulo) tschudii, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere, Suppl. vol. v, p. 386, 1855. Cervus (Subulo) simplicornis major, Wagner, loc. cit. 1855. Doryceros tschudii, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 360, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 30, 1879. Coassus whitelyi, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xii, p. 163, 1873, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 162, pi. xxxii, 1873. Cariacus whitelyi, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 926. Ma/ama tschudii, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 305, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 373, 1901. Typical locality Peru, at elevations of 16,000 feet above the sea-level on the western slopes of the coast Cordillera, in the same districts inhabited by Hippocamelus antisensis. Closely allied to M. simplicicornis, from which it is distinguished by its somewhat inferior size, nearly smooth antlers, and certain details of coloration ; back darker than in M. simplicicornis, and under-parts and inner sides of limbs white, instead of buffish white ; hairs of back without sub- terminal yellowish red rings. 73. 6. 27. 2 (1618, a). Skull, immature female. Cosni- pata, Peru; collected by Mr. H. Whitely. Type of Cariacus whitelyi. Purchased, 1873. CERVID^E 213 X. MAZAMA PANDOKA. Mazama pandora, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiv, p. 105, 1901 ; Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 80, 1904; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 390, 1912. Hippocamelus pandora, Elliot, Chech-List Mamm. N. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi), p. 51, 1905 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. 2, p. 108, 1906. Typical locality Yucatan. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Size and ears much the same as in M. americana ; general colour greyish or drab brown ; ears with a white line or margin near basal aperture ; tail dull fulvous above. No specimen in collection. XI. MAZAMA NANA. Cariacus iianus, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Eegne Anim.,Mamm. p. 173, 1842. Cervus (Subulo) nanus, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere, Suppl. vol. v, p. 386, 1855. Nanelaphus namby, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 361, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 32, 1879. Nanelaphus nambi, Goeldi, Mammiferos do Brasil, p. 108, 1893. Cervus (Coassus) nanus, Ihering, Mammiferos de Sao Paulo, p. 16, 1894. Mazama nana, Lydehker, Deer of All Lands, p. 305, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 373, 1901. Type of Nanelaphus. Typical locality Matto Grosso district, Brazil. Imperfectly known ; size very small, inferior to that of M. simplicicornis, from which this species is stated to be dis- tinguished by the larger face-glands ; tail terminating in a tuft of longish hairs ; coat rough and thick ; ears thickly haired externally, short-haired internally ; general colour uniformly dark brown with a tinge of reddish ; under-parts lighter ; tail coloured like back above, white below and at tip ; a small white spot beneath each eye ; lips white, the upper one dirty white near muzzle ; ears externally dark brown, internally bluish white ; tarsal tuft white. No specimen in collection. 214 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES SEDIS. 1. Coassus auritus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 242, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. ix, p. 432, 1852, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 239, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 92, 1872 ; nee Cervus auritus, Desmarest. Cervus (Subulo) auritus, Wagner, Schreber's SaugtJiiere, Suppl. vol. v, p. 336, 1855. Subulo auritus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. ~k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 360, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 19, 1879. Mazarna aurita, LydekJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 306, 1898. Named from a Brazilian (?) skin, now lost ; possibly the female of M. americana. 2. Mazama rondoni, Ribeiro, Comm. Linhas Telegr. de Matto Grosso ao Amazonias, Annex 5, Hist. Nat., Mammiferos (Rio de Janeiro), p. 33, 1914. Typified by a male skin and female skeleton from Poaya, Amazonia, in the Museum at Bio de Janeiro. .Dimensions are given, and the colour is said to be dark, but the description is otherwise insufficient. XL Genus PUDU. Pudu, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 242, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 92, 1872 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 967. Nanelaphus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. h. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 360, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 31, 1879, partim. Pudua, Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 18 ; Broolce, ibid. 1878, p. 296 ; de Winton, ibid. 1896, p. 508 ; LydekJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 307, 1898. Skull and metacarpals generally as in Mazama ; size very small ; coat coarse and brittle ; antlers in the form of short, simple spikes ; cannon-bones very short ; tail short or wanting; hair of forehead either reversed or directed uni- formly backwards from muzzle to crown ; ears large and rounded; face-glands present or absent; naked portion of muzzle variable ; tarsal, metatarsal and interdigital glands absent ; upper canines wanting ; external cuneiform of tarsus united with naviculo-cuboid. The genus includes two species — one from the highlands of Chile and the other from those of Ecuador — severally CERVID;E 215 representing subgeneric groups, distinguished from one another as follows :— A. Well developed face -glands and lachrymal pits ; first lower incisor not markedly larger than second Pudu. B. Face-glands and lachrymal pits wanting ; first lower incisor much larger than second Pudella. 1. SUBGENUS PUDU. Face-glands and lachrymal pits (fig. 32) well developed ; first lower incisor not markedly larger than second ; pre- maxilloB not reaching nasals ; muffle small ; hoofs normal. I. PUDU PUDU. Capra pudu, Molina, Saggia Storia Nat. Chili, p. 310, 1782. Cervus humilis, Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 27. Cervus (Pudu) humilis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 242. Pudu humilis, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 240, 1852, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 105, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 93, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 163, 1873. Pudu chilensis, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. pi. xxxvi, 1852. Cervus pudu, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 238. Nanelaphus pudu, Fitzinger, Sitzber. 7c. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 361, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 34, 1879. Pudua humilis, Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 18 ; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 927 ; de Winton, ibid. 1896, p. 510 ; Sclater, List Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 174, 1883 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Ostcol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 325, 1884 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 330, 1891. Coassus humilis, Riitimeyer, Abh. scliwciz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 31, 1881. Pudua pudu, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 307, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 373, 1901. Pudu pudu, PococJc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 967 ; Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 588, 1913. PUDU. Typical locality Chilian Andes. Size very small — shoulder-height ahout 13 J inches ; hair reversed from a line running transversely across forehead in front of ears ; tail short and bushy ; general colour speckled grey-fawn, passing into bright chestnut on hinder two-thirds of back; ears, lips, a patch above each eye, two areas of variable size on forehead, fronts of fore-legs from knees 216 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES downwards, and greater part of hind-legs bright chestnut; under-parts rufous yellow. The range includes the Chilian Andes and thence south- wards to the Chiloe Archipelago. 50. 11. 29. 5-6 (972, I). Skull and skin, female. Chile. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1856. 54. 12. 6. 6. Skin, mounted, female. Chile. Same history, 1854. 55. 12. 24. 284. Skin, female. Chile. Type. Same history, 1855. FIG. 32.— SKULL OF PUDU (Pudupudii). 75. 4. 10. 3-4 (972, I). Skin and mounted skeleton. Chile. Same history, 1875. 1. 9. 25. 2. Skull and skin, female. Belind, Constitucion, Chile. Presented ly J. A. Wolffsolm, Esq., 1901. 1. 11. 30. 1. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Concepcion. Presented ly S. H. H. Henn, Esq., 1901. 3. 11. 16. 1. Skin, immature, mounted. Chilian Andes. Presented ly the Duke of Bedford, KG., 1903. 5. 2. 4. 20. Skull and skin, female. Temuco, southern Chile; collected by Mr. D. S. Bullock. Purchased, 1905. 10. 8. 11. 12. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same locality and collector. Purchased, 1910. 217 2. SUBGENUS PUDELLA. Pudella, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 588, 1913. Face-glauds and lachrymal pits wanting; first lower incisors much larger than second ; premaxillae reaching nasals ; muffle large, extending backwards in middle line a con- siderable distance behind nostrils. IT. PUDU (PUDELLA) MEPHISTOPHILES. Pudua rnephistophiles, de Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 508, pi. xix, partim; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 308, pi. xxiv, fig. 1, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 374, 1901 ; Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. i, p. 350, 1908; Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. viii, no. 16, p. 33, 1913. Pudella mephistophiles, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 588, 1913. Typical locality Paramo of Papallacta, Ecuador. Size probably rather larger than in P. pudu — shoulder- height about 14 or 15 inches ; coat long and coarse, with basal portion of hairs brittle and pith-like, the terminal halves black with ferruginous tips, producing a rich brown colour ; back darker than flanks, owing to the hairs having broader black bands with correspondingly reduced coloured tips, on neck the tips paler and longer, the black being reduced, producing a tawny appearance, but towards the head the black increasing, till the shorter hairs of ears, face, and chin are almost black ; ears very short, partially con- cealed by rough hairs, thickly haired inside and out, the hairs on the inside broadly tipped with white; feet black, with most of the hairs minutely tipped with buff; inner sides of legs and abdomen clothed with long yellowish hairs of a finer type. For skull, vide Thomas, op. cit., 1908. 96. 1. 28. 5. Skin, immature female. Paramo of Papal- lacta, Ecuador. Type. Presented ly L. Soderstrom, Esq., 1896. 99. 2. 18. 20-21. Two skulls and skins. Ecuador. Same donor, 1899. 218 CATALOGUE 01? UNGULATES XII. Genus CAPREOLUS. Capreolus, Gray, Med. Eepos. vol. xv, p. 307, 1821; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 313, 1827 ; Brooke, Proc. ZooL Soc. 1878, p. 917 ; Biitimeyer, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 41, 1881 ; LydeJcJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 223, 1898; PococJf, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 957; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 972, 1912. Caprea, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 135. Lateral metacarpals as in Odocoileus ; vonier not dividing aperture of posterior nares ; a pouch-like gland opening by a narrow orifice on front of hind-pasterns ; antlers comparatively small, rising close together and almost vertically from the crown of the head, with the beam dichotornously forking at a point about two-thirds of the total length, and the posterior, or upper prong of this fork, which is the larger, again dividing, the normal number of tines being three ; muzzle with a large naked portion, extending between the nostrils, the upper border of which is straight, while the part below the nostrils is narrow ; ears large ; tail rudimentary ; face short, with the muzzle blunt; coat uniformly coloured, typically with a white patch in the region of the tail in winter ; a metatarsal gland on the upper half of the meta- tarsus ; lachrymal pits small and shallow and the face-glands obsolete ; lateral hoofs well developed ; upper canines usually wanting ; upper molars tall-crowned, without a distinct additional column on inner side. Young spotted. Size medium or rather small ; build tall. On the under surface of the skull the auditory bullse are not markedly inflated, and the unossified vacuities near the lachrymal-pits form narrow slits. The range includes Central and Southern Europe from Great Britain and Scandinavia eastwards, and thence across Asia north of the Himalaya to the Pacific coast. The species are distinguishable by the following characters : — A. Size smaller ; ears narrow, pointed, and thinly haired ; antlers moderately thick and rugose. a. Size smaller ; summer and winter coats markedly different in colour; dark moustache-marks on lips; ears red or grey externally; teeth short- crowned C. capreolus. 219 6. Size rather larger ; summer and winter coats less different in colour ; no dark marks on lips ; ears blackish or black externally ; teeth tall-crowned. C. bedfordi. B. Size larger ; ears broad, blunt, and thickly haired ; antlers very thick and rugose C. pygargus. I. CAPREOLUS CAPREOLUS. Cervus capreolus, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 68, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 94, 1766 ; Schreber, Sdugthiere, pis. 212, A and B, 1781 ; Kerr, Linn.'s Anim. Kingdom, p. 302, 1792 ; Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 2, vol. iv, p. 47, 1823 ; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. ii, pis. 226-228, 1823 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 124, 1827 ; J. B. Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 450, 1829 ; Jenyns, Brit. Vert. Anim. p. 35, 1835 ; Bell, Brit. Quadrupeds, p. 407, 1837 ; Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 172, 1842; Owen, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1843, p. 238, 1844, Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds, p. 487, 1846 ; Kolliker, Wiirzburg. Naturwiss. Zeitschr. vol. vi, p. 82 ; 1866 ; Radde, Sdugeth. Talysch. p. 10, 1866 ; Winge, Danmarks Fauna, Pattedyr, p. 169, 1908. Cervus capreolus albus, Kerr, Linn.'s Anim. Kingdom, p. 302, 1792. Cervus (Capreolus) capreolus, H. Smith, Griffiths Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 314, 1827 ; Matschie, Bcroff. Inst. Jagdkundc, vol. ii, p. 141, 1913. Capreolus dorcas, Burnett, Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. and Art, 1829, p. 353, nom. nudum ; Jardine, Naturalist' sLibr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 171, pi. xv, 1835. Capreolus fossilis, Meyer, Palceologica, p. 95, 1832. Capreolus vulgaris, Fitzinger, Beitr. Landeslc. Osterreichs, vol. i, p. 317, 1832, Wissench.-pop. Naturgesch. Sdugeth. vol. iv, p. 192, 1860, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 353, 1873, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 239, 1874 ; Menetries, Cat. raison. Zool. Caucas. p. 1, 1887 ; Lydekkcr, Deer of All Lands, p. 224, pi. xviii, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, p. 247, 1901. Capreolus caprsea, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 176, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 235, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 222, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 81, 1872, Hand-List Euminants Brit. Mus. p. 153, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 265, 1862 ; Blanford, Eastern Persia, vol. ii, p. 96, 1876 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 917; Danford and Alston, ibid. 1880, p. 55 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind, Mus. pt. ii, p. 187, 1891 ; Satunin, Mitt. Kaukas, Mus. vol. i, p. 62, 1901. Cervus capreolus plumbeus, Reichenbach, Sdugethiere, vol. iii, pi. iii bis, 1845. Capreolus europseus, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 184, 1846. Capreolus capreolus, Blasius, Sdugeth. Deutschlands, p. 457, 1857 ; Nitsche, Studien iiber Hirsche, pi. iv, 1898 ; Satunin, Mitt. Kaukas. Mus. vol. ii, pp. 211 and 359, 1906; Millais, Mamm. Gt, Britain, vol. iii, p. 137, 1906 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1910, p. 957 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 233, 1910 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 974, 1912. 220 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Capreolus vulgaris niger et C. v. varius, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. A~k. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 247, 1874. Capreolus caprea, Bell, Brit. Quadrupeds, ed. 2, p. 262, 1874 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 318, 1884 ; Flower and Lydeklcer, Study of Mammals, p. 327, 1891 ; LydeJclcer, Horns and Hoofs, p. 325, 1893, Brit. Mamm. p. 249, 1895 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 53, 1896, ed. 6, p. 92, 1910, ed. 7, p. 92, 1914; Satunin, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. ix, p. 310, 1896 ; Henniclce, Zool. Garten, vol. xli, p. 379, 1900 ; Keibel, Verli. Anat. Ges. vol. xvii, p. 184, 1901 ; Zimmer- mann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. xxii, p. 1, 1905. Cervulus capreolus, Satunin, Mitt. Kaunas. Mus. vol. vii, pp. 20 and 41, 1912, errorim. EOE, or EOEBUCK. Typical locality Sweden. Size small (shoulder-height 26 to 27 inches, "basal length of skull from about 6 to 6J inches) ; ears narrow, uniformly FIG. 33. — PALATAL ASPECT OF SKULL OF EOE (Capreolus capreolus). \ nat. size. From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe. FIG. 34. — LOWER FRONT TEETH OF EOE (Capreolus capreolus). nat. size. From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe. greyish externally ; antlers moderately thick and rugose ; cheek-teeth short-crowned ; summer and winter coats differing markedly in colour, the former foxy red, the latter olive-grey or grey with a conspicuous white rump-patch ; lips and sides of muzzle with a black moustache-mark, but front of muzzle, on each side of muffle, and chin white. The distributional area extends from the British Islands to the Caucasus and some part of Western Asia, and from Scotland and Sweden southwards to Spain and other countries CKKVID.V: 1*21 on the north side of the Mediterranean. Fine antlers measure from about 11 to 13 inches, with a basal girth of from 3 to 7 inches, and a tip- to- tip interval of from 4J to 14J inches. The races may be distinguished as follows :— A. General colour of face darker than that of body C. c. thotti. B. General colour of face not darker than that of body. a. Light throat-patch and neck-patch whitish and sharply denned in winter C.c. transsylvanicua. b. Light throat-patch and neck-patch yel- lowish or greyish and ill-defined in winter. a'. General colour in winter with a distinct yellowish tinge C. c. capreolus. b'. General colour in winter coarsely griz- zled grey, without a yellowish tinge ... C. c. canus. A.— Capreolus eapreolus eapreolus. Capreolus eapreolus eapreolus, Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 274, 1912. Including : — Capreolus rhenanus, Weidwerk in Wort u. Bild, vol. xix, p. 263, 1900, warthse (Warthe Valley), Deutsch. Jdger-Zeitung, vol. Iviii, p. 801, 1912, Matschie. Cervus (Capreolus) eapreolus balticus (Baltic Provinces), Bericht achtzen. Deutsche Geweih-Austellung, 1912, p. 861, [c.] cistauni- cus (North of Taunus Eange), p. 141, c. transvosagicus (Up. Mosel Valley), p. 142, c. albicus (Silesia), p. 144, Berdff Inst. JagdJcunde, vol. ii, 1913, Matschie. Typical locality Sweden; the range is taken to include all Europe except the areas occupied by the under-mentioned races. Light throat-patch indistinct ; general colour in winter distinctly tinged with yellow. * * * *. Skin, mounted. France. No history. 59. 9. 6. 107-109. Three skulls, with antlers. South Germany ; collected by Dr. A. Giinther. Purchased, 1859. 67. 4. 12. 225-231. Seven skulls, with antlers. Localities unknown. Lidth de Jeude Collection, purchased, 1867. 76.. 5, 4.. 1, Skin, melanistic, mounted. Westphalia. Purchased (Gerrard), 1876. 222 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES * 76. 5. 4. 2. Skin, female. Westphalia. Same history. 76. 5. 4. 3. Skull and antlers. Westphalia. Same history. 98. 10. 12. 1. Head, mounted. Austria.* Presented ~by Lieut. -Col. E. W. Shipway, 1898. 10. 10. 18. 1. Skull and skin, female. Skabersjo, Sweden. Presented by Dr. Einar Lonnlerg, 1910. 10. 11. 17. 1. Skull and skin. Ferrieres, Seine-et-Marne, France. Presented ~by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, 1910. 11. 11. 18. 1. Skull and skin. Same locality. Same donor, 1911. 12. 1. 17. 1. Skull and skin, female. Same locality. Same donor, 1912. 11. 12. 5. 1. Skull and skin. Armandvilliers, Seine-et- Marne. Same donor, 1911. 11. 9. 13. 1-15. Fifteen pairs of antlers, on frontlets. Bavaria. Presented ~by F. N. A. Fleischmann, Esq., 1911. B.— Capreolus eapreolus transsylvanieus. Capreolus transsylvanieus, Matschie, Weidwerk in Wort u. Bild, vol. xvi, p. 224, 1907. Capreolus eapreolus transsylvanieus, Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 975, 1912. Typical locality, Bana, Eumania. Light throat -patch distinct ; general colour in winter clear grizzled grey. The distributional area extends from eastern Europe, and perhaps Asia Minor, to the Italian Alps. 9. 1. 18. 3-4. Two skulls and skins, female. Padola, Cadore, Venetian Alps. By exchange with the Turin Museum, 1909. 10. 12. 4. 1. Two skulls and skins, female. Csehtelek, Bihar Comitat, Hungary. Presented ly the Hon. Mrs. N. C. Rothschild, * May belong to C. c. transsylvanieus. 223 C.— Capreolus capreolus canus. Capreolus capreolus canus, Miller ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. vi, p. 460, 1910, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 975, 1912 ; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 130, 1912. Typical locality Quintanar de la Sierra, Burgos, Spain, to which country and Portugal this race is restricted. Light throat-patch as in typical race, but general colour coarsely grizzled grey, without a yellowish tinge. 8. 7. 7. 27-29. Three skulls, with antlers, and skins. Pinares de Quintanar de la Sierra ; collected by Senores S. and N. Gonzalez. No. 8. 7. 7. 28 is the type of the sub- species. Purchased, 1908. 8. 7. 7. 30-31. Two skulls and skin, females. Same locality and collectors. Same history. D.— Capreolus eapreolus thotti. Capreolus capreolus thotti, Lonnberg, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. vi, p. 297, 1910 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 957, 1912. Differs from typical race by darker general colour, especially on the face, which is darker than the body. Typical locality Morayshire, Scotland ; the subspecies is restricted to the British Isles. 60, k. Skin, mounted. Scotland. Presented by the Earl of Derby, about 1844. 688, a and b. Two frontlets, with antlers. Scotland. No history. 688, d. Frontlet and antlers. Scotland. Bequeathed by Gen. T. Hardwicke, 1835. 85. 10. 6. 1. Skeleton. Nairn, Scotland. Presented by Earl Cawdor, 1885. 85. 10. 6. 2. Skull, female. Same locality. Same history. 93. 1. 8. 1. Head, mounted. Same locality. Same donor, 1893. 97. 8. 21. 1. Skin, mounted. Whatcombe, Blandford, Dorsetshire. Presented ly J. C. Hansel- Pley dell, Esq., 1897. 97. 12. 11. 2. Skin, mounted. England. Purchased ( Ward), 1897. 224 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 7. 6. 6. 1. Head, mounted. Poltalloch, Argyllshire. Presented ly Col. E. D. Malcolm, 1907. 7. 6. 6. 2. Head, female, mounted. Same locality. Same history. 8. 8. 18. 1. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Nairn. Presented ly Earl Candor, 1908. 8. 8. 18. 2. Skull and skin, female. Nairn. Same history. 8. 11. 22. 1. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Arndilly, Craig Ellachie, Moray shire. Type. Presented ly W. S. Mcnzies, Esq., 1908. 8. 11. 22. 2. Skull and skin, female. Same locality. Same history. 11. 2. 22. 1. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Thornhill, Dumfriesshire. Presented ly H. S. Gladstone, Esq., 1911. 11. 2. 22. 2. Skull and skin, female. Same locality. Same history. 13. 1. 8. 1. Skull, with antlers, and head-skin. Fortrose, Ross-shire, Scotland. Presented ly W. E. Ogilvie-Grant, Esq., 1913. II. CAPKEOLUS BEDFOEDI. Cervus pygargus mantschuricus, Noack, Humboldt, vol. viii, p. 9, fig. 12, 1889, nee Cervus mantchuricus, Swinhoe, 1864; Allen and Andrews, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxii, p. 488, 1913. Capreolus manchuricus, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 231, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 255, 1901. Capreolus bedfordi, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 645, pi. xxxii, Abstr. P.Z.S. 1908, p. 32 ; Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 231, 1911. Typical locality Manchuria. Size slightly larger than in typical species ; antlers relatively small ; cheek-teeth comparatively high-crowned, and skull rather larger than in C. capreolus ; summer and winter coats not so markedly different in colour as in the latter, the general tint in winter being huffish clay -colour ; no moustache-marks on upper lips ; ears blackish grey or black externally. The range includes Shan-si, Kan-su, and Korea. CKKVID.I-: 225 The two races are distinguishable as follows : A. General colour in summer not markedly reddish ; backs of ears blackish C. b. bedfordi. B. General colour in summer more distinctly red ; backs of ear black .. ,. C. b. melanotis. A.— Capreolus bedfordi bedfordi. General colour in summer not markedly reddish, and backs of ears blackish, not contrasting strongly with general colour. Typical locality Manchuria ; the range includes Shan-si. 97. 10. 3. 57. Skin, female. Korea ; collected by Mr. J. Kalinowski. Purchased, 1897. 99. 1. 7. 1. Head, immature, mounted. Manchuria. Presented ly the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1899. 8. 8. 7. 97-98. Two skulls, with antlers. One hundred miles north-west of Tai-Yuen-Fu, Shan-si, N.E. China ; collected by M. P. Anderson, Esq., November, 1907. Noticed by Thomas, Proc. Zool Soc., 1908, p. 645. Same donor, 1908. 8. 8. 7. 99. Skull and skin, female in winter coat. Same 'locality and collector. Type of species ; figured by Thomas, op. cit., pi. xxxii. Same history. 10. 5. 1. 92. Skin, female. Khinghan Mountains, Manchuria. Purchased, 1910. 10. 5. 1. 93. Skull and skin, young female. Same locality. Same history. 10. 5. 1. 94. Skull, with antlers, and skin, immature. Same locality. Same history. B.— Capreolus bedfordi melanotis. Capreolus melanotis, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 231, 1911. Typical locality Kan-su, western China. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washingion. General colour (of female) in summer more distinctly reddish than in typical race, and backs of ears deep black, contrasting strongly with general colour. Males in winter are grizzled grey, with more or less pronounced black tips to the ears. iv. y 226 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 11. 2. 1. 259-261. Three skulls, with antlers, and skins (in winter coat). S.E. of Min-chou, Kan-su ; collected by M. P. Anderson, Esq. Presented by the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1911. 11. 2. 1. 262-264 Three skulls and skins (in winter coat), female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 11. 6. 1. 61. Skin, female (winter). Feng-hasang-fu, Shen-si ; same collector. Same history. 11 6. 1. 65. Skin (winter). Same locality and collector. Same history. 11. 6. 1. 66. Skull and skin (winter), female. Same locality and collector. Same history. III. CAPEEOLUS PYGAEGUS. Cervus pygargus, Pallas, Eeise Bussl. vol. i, p. 97, 1777 ; Schreber, Sdugthiere, vol. iv, p. 1118, pi. 253, 1784 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 122, 1827 ; Noack, Humboldf, vol. viii, p. 7, 1889. Cervus ahu, Gmelin, Reise Russl. vol. ill, p. 496, 1780. Cervus (Capreolus) pygargus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 314, 1827. Capreolus pygargus, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. v, p. 224, 1837, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 176, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 236, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 223, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 82, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 154, 1873 ; Gloger, Handbuch Naturgesch. p. 141, 1841 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. 7c. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 353, 1873, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 248, 1874 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 917 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 325, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 227, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 256, 1901 ; Satunin, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. ix, p. 310, 1896, Mitt. Kaukas. Mus. vol. iii, p. 49, 1907 ; Rasewig, Semja ochotn. 1908, p. 509 ; Ben- tham, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 96, 1908 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 645 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 94, 1910, ed. 7, p. 92, 1914 ; Allen and Andrews, Bull. Amer. MILS. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxii, p. 488, 1913 ; Hollister, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlv, p. 525, 1913. AHU (PERSIAN) ; SIBERIAN KOE. Typical locality the Semiretshinsk Altai. Siz& considerably larger than in the typical species, the shoulder-height ranging from about 28 to 34 inches; ears relatively shorter, wider, less pointed, and more thickly haired, both externally and internally ; antlers larger, more divergent, and more rugose on the inner border, where they 227 form a series of small irregular, nodular snags ; winter coat thicker and rougher, being shaggy on the sides and lower portion of the head, chest, and under-parts ; back, which is coloured a mixture of yellowish and greyish brown, more distinctly speckled with blackish, and the white rump-patch extending in a short V on to the flanks ; in summer the coat a brighter and lighter rufous, with the hairs lying more smoothly, when first donned showing little or no signs of a light rump-patch, but a yellowish white disk gradually developing in this region as the season advances, apparently by fading ; face-markings generally similar to those of the European species. The range extends, in suitable localities, from the mountains of Russian Turkestan and the Altai to Siberia; and probably includes the mountains of the Caspian provinces of Persia ; in Siberia not extending so far north as the range of some species of Cervus, the northern limit being about the 53rd or 54th parallel of latitude, and not ranging so far as the mouth of the Amur river. During winter the species migrate south into Manchuria, and apparently Korea. A complete " key " to the races cannot yet be given. A.— Capreolus pygargus firghanieus. Capreolus pygargus firghanicus, Raaewig, Semja ochotn. 1909, p. 160. Typical locality Ferghana district of Eussian Turkestan. The original description not accessible to writer. No specimen in collection. B.— Capreolus pygargus pygargus. Typical locality the Semiretshinsk Altai. General characters those of the species; antlers com- paratively simple, with a maximum recorded length of 15 J inches. 42. 3. 13. 1. Skin, formerly mounted. Siberia. Purchased (Brandt), 1842. 42. 3. 13. 2. Skin, female, originally mounted. Siberia, Same history. Q 2 228 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 78. 12. 21. 28 (1701, a). Pair of antlers. Salair, Altai; collected by Dr. 0. Finsch. By exchange with the Geographical Society of Bremen, 1878. 78. 12. 21. 29 (1701, 5). Pair of antlers, in velvet. Same locality and collector. Same history. 87. 6. 3. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Southern Manchuria. Presented ly H. E. M. James, Esq., 1887. 95. 3. 12. 1. Skull, immature female. Amurland. Presented by J. Rowland Ward, Esq., 1895. 98. 12. 15. 2-3. Two frontlets, with antlers. Semiret- shinsk, Altai. Presented ly H. J. Elwes, Esq., 1898. 0. 3. 26. 4-5. Two skulls, with antlers, and skins. Altai. Presented ly the Hon. Walter Rothschild, 1900. 0. 6. 9. 1. Skin (in winter coat), mounted. Altai. Purchased, 1910. C.— Capreolus pyg-arg-us tianschanicus. Capreolus tianschanicus, Satunin, Zool. Ana. vol. xxx, p. 527, 1906. Capreolus pygargus tianshanicus, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 94, 1910, ed. 7, p. 94, 1914. Typical locality Tien-shan. Antlers more massive and more branched than those of the typical race, from which they also differ somewhat in shape ; in one phase they diverge widely, and carry four or five tines on each side, but in a second the degree of divergence and the number of tines are less. The maximum recorded length of antler is 17 j inches. 5. 3. 21. 2. Skull, with antlers, and scalp-skin. Khan Tengri, Tien-shan. Presented by Lord Edward Beauclerk, 1905. 13. 2. 6. 3. Body-skin. Kulja, Tien-shan. Presented ly Col. J. H. Allot Anderson, 1913. XIII. Genus ALCES. Alces, Gray, Med. Eepos. vol. xv, p. 307, 1821, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 182, 1843 ; BrooJce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 915 ; Euti- meyer, AWi* zchweiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 54, 1381 ; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 49, 1898 ; Miller. Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 977, 1912. CEKVlDjE 229 Alee, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 72, vol. v, p. 303, 1827; Pocock, Proc. Zool Soc. 1910, p. 958; Miller, Proc. Boston Soc. vol. xxviii, p. 40, 1897 ; nee Blumcnbach,* 1799. Alcelaphus, Glogcr, Handbuch Naturgcschichtc', p. 143, 1841 ; nee Blainville, 1816. Paralces, Allen, Bull. Amcr. Nus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 160, 1902. The geographical range includes the afforested northern portions of both eastern and western hemispheres, extending in the Old World westwards to Norway, southwards to Eastern Germany, and eastwards to Central Kussia and Eastern Siberia, Lateral nietacarpals as in Mazama ; vomer not dividing aperture of posterior nostrils ; hind-pasterns with a relatively small glandular imagination, situated as in Capreolus ; antlers (fig. 36) present only in males (as in all the preceding genera), situated low down on the skull, from which they arise at right-angles to the median longitudinal line, extending at first directly outwards in the plane of the forehead, and, in their fullest development, expanding into a broad palinatiou margined with snags, in structure essentially dichotomous, with the upper main branch much superior in size to the lower ; muzzle broad, long, and overhanging, with a very small triangular naked area between the lower angles of the nostrils ; head and limbs long ; neck and body short ; tail very short ; main hoofs narrow, long, and pointed, lateral hoofs large; usually small metatarsal glands situated high up on the shanks ; tarsal glands and face-glands present ; coat uniformly coloured at all ages and all seasons, long and coarse ; males provided with a pear-shaped pendulous expansion of skin covered with long hairs on the throat. In the skull (fig. 35) the nasals very short, and the nasal aperture consequently of great extent ; gland-pits and vacuities between the bones of the face moderate. Upper molar teeth broad, low-crowned and approximating to those of giraffes ; upper canines wanting or rudimentary. -Size very large, and build heavy. The lower. front teeth are shown in fig. 1, p. 2. * Handbuch Naturgesch. ed. 6, p. 697; typified by the extinct Cervus megaceros or Megaceros hibernictis. 230 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES ALCES ALOES. Cervus alces, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 66, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 92, 1766 ; Schreber, Sdugthiere, pi. 246, 1783 ; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. ii, pi. 222, 1823; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 72, 1827 ; Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 169, 1829 ; Caton, Antelope and Deer of America, p. 69, 1877 ; Nehring, Tundren und Steppen, p. 107, 1890; Nitsche, Zool. Anz. vol. xiv, p. 181, 1891; Wolley, Big Game Shooting (Badminton Libr.}, vol. i, p. 396, 1894. Cervus alee, Boddaert, Elenchus Anim. vol. i, p. 135, 1785. Cervus coronatus, Lesson, Man. Mamm. p. 356, 1827 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 95, 1827. Cervus (Alee) alces, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 303, 1827. Cervus (Alee) coronatus, H. Smith, op. cit. p. 304, 1827. (?) Alces europaeus, Burnett, Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. and Art, 1829, p. 393. Alces machlis, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p, 135; Gray, ibid. 1850, p. 224; Brooke, ibid. 1818, p. 916; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 316, 1884 ; Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii, p. 78, 1885, Horns and Hoofs, p. 319, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 52, pi. ii, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 42, 1901 ; True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. vii, p. 592, 1885; Floiver and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 326, 1891 ; Greve, Zool. Garten, vol. xxxv, p. 267, 1895 ; Leverkus-Leverkusen, Verli. Ver. Rheinland, vol. Iviii, p. 11, 1902; Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. lix, p. 80, 1903 ; Grant, Seventh Rep. Forest, Fish, and Game Commission, p. 226, 1903; Millais, British Mammals, vol. iii, p. 8, 1906; Winge, Danmark's Fauna, Pattedyr, p. 177, 1908 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 96, 1910, ed. 7, p. 96, 1914. Alcelaphus alee, Gloger, Handbuch Naturgeschichte, p. 143, 1841. Alces antiquorum, Rilppell, Verzeichniss Mus. Senckenberg, vol. iii, p. 183, 1842. Alces palmatus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mas. p. 182, 1843 ; Blasius, Sdugeth. Deutschl. p. 434, 1857. Alces alces, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 176, 1846 ; Lonnberg, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii, p. 352, Zool. Anz. vol. xxviii, p. 448, 1905, Zool. Studier, vol. i, p 237, 1907; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 270, 1910 ; Kaponen, Luonnon Ystciva, vol. xv, p. 206, 1911 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 978, 1912. Alces malchis, Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 56, 1850, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 386, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 66, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 136, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 255, 1862. Alces jubata, Fitzinger, Naturgesch. Sciugetliiere, vol. iv, p. 86, 1860, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 521, 1875. Alee alces, Gilpin, Mamm. Nova Scotia, p. 119, 1871 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 958. CEKYlKt: 231 Aloes lobata coronata, Fitzi tiger, Sitzbcr. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 528, 1874. Paralces alces, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. vol. xvi, p. 160, 1902. FIG. 35.— PALATAL ASPECT OF SKULL OF ELK (Alces alces). % nat. size. From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe. 232 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES ELK; MOOSE. The distribution of this, the only species here recognised, is co-extensive with that of the genus. Largest of living deer, the height at the withers ranging from about 5f to 6J feet. Antlers (fig. 36) with a short beam and the palmation frequently so developed as to obliterate almost all traces of the primitive form, with the exception of a remnant of the cleft of the first fork, in other cases the palmation comparatively slight or wanting ; coat long, coarse, and rather brittle, longest about the neck; general colour varying from yellowish grey to deep blackish brown, with the shanks whitish, the forehead dark chestnut, and the face below the eyes nearly black, but reddish grey near the muzzle. In winter the coat is darker than in summer, especially when first assumed, the colour gradually fading till the spring-change ; it is only in animals of the second or third year that the winter coat attains its deepest sable, as it- becomes gradually lighter each succeeding year, till in old males it is more or less grizzly. The races may be provisionally distinguished as follows :— A. Antlers either palmated or forked. a. Shanks light A. a. alces. b. Shanks apparently dark ; palmation of antlers somewhat different A. a. bedfordice. B. Antlers apparently always palmated. a. Size smaller ; colour duller. a'. Muffle triangular A. a. americanus. b'. Muffle T-shaped A. a. columbce. b. Size larger; colour richer A. a. gigas. A.— Alces alces alees. Alces machlis typicus, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 99, 1910, ed. 7, p. 99, 1914. Including : — Alces machlis uralensis, Matschie, Beroff. Instituts Jagdkunde, vol. ii, p. 155, 1913 (South Urals). Alces machlis meridionalis, Matschie, op. cit. p. 156, 1918 (Govern- ment of Samara, Eussia). ELK. Typical locality Sweden. Unless one or both of the two forms named by Matschie CKI;\ i D.I: 233 are entitled to distinction, the range will include all northern Europe and extend some way into northern Asia. The antlers may be either broadly pahnated, or simply forked. 703, c. Head, mounted. Eussia. Presented by E. Caley, Esq. 703, d. Single antler. Udoholm, Sweden. Presented ~by the Earl of Selkirk. 703, c. Antlers. Sweden. From a specimen formerly in the Leverian Museum (Mus. Lev. pi. viii, 1792) ; mentioned in Gray's 1843 list. Presented by the Council of the Royal College of Surgeons. 58. 5. 4. 17. Skull, immature, female. Eussia. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1858. S2. r>. 25. 1. Skin, mounted. Swenigorod, near Moscow. Purchased (Hoist), 1882. 82. 5. 25. 2. Skin, female, mounted. Same locality. Same history. 3. 11. 21. 1-5. Five frontlets, showing the pahnated type of antlers at different ages. Sweden. Purchased, 1903. 3. 11. '21. 6-7. Two frontlets with antlers of the forked type. Sweden. Purchased, 1903. Of the following specimens the localities are unknown, and their racial determination has consequently been found impracticable: — 703, a. Five antlers. No history. 703, b. Single antler. No history. 703, o. Antlers, young and deformed. Presented by the Earl of Enniskillen. 50. 11. 22. 72 (703, h). Skeleton. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1850. 51. 1L 10. 3 (703, i). Skeleton, female. Same history, 1851. 51. 1 1. 10. 4 (703, q). Skull and antlers. Same history. 51. 11. 10. 5 (703, r). Skull and antlers. Same history. 234 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES B.— Alces alees bedfordise. Alces bedfordiae, Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. i, p. .109; Rothschild, ibid. vol. ii, p. 317 ; Lonnbcrg, ibid. p. 353 ; Elives, ibid. 1903, vol. i, p. 147 ; Millais, Field, vol. cxviii, p. 113, 1911. Alces machlis bedfordiae, Lydekker, A Trip to Pilawin, p. 85, 1908 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 100, 1910, ed. 7, p. 100, 1914 ; Millais, Field, vol. cxviii, p. 113, 1911. (?) Alces machlis yakutskensis, Millais, Field, vol. cxviii, p. 113, 1911. Typical locality Eastern (?) Siberia. Typified by a specimen in which the antlers are of the forked, non-palmate type. In other specimens they are fully palmated, but apparently differ semewhat in form from those of European elk. The Yakutsk elk has the head and neck rich dark brown, and, in some instances at any rate, dark brown shanks. 2. 3. 11. 1. Frontlet and antlers. East(?) Siberia. Type. Presented ly J. Rowland Ward, Esq., 1902. * * * *. Frontlet and antlers. East Siberia. No history. C.— Alces alces americanus. Cervus americanus, Clinton, Letters on Nat. Hist. etc. p. 193, 1822 ; nee Erxleben, 1777, vide supra, p. 155. Alces americanus, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 125, pi. v, 1835; Merrick, Mamm. Minnesota, p. 270, 1892; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 38, 1901 ; Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xv, p. 87, 1902 ; Grant, 7th Rep. Forest, Fish, and Game Commission, p. 226, 1903 ; Stone and Cram, American Mammals, p. 43, 1903 ; Brooks, Rep. New York Zool. Soc. vol. x, p. 201, 1906; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 391, 1912. Cervus lobatus, Agassiz, Proc. Boston Soc. vol. ii, p. 188, 1846. Alces muswa, Richardson, Zool. Herald, Mamm. p. 66, 1852. Alces lobata, Fitzinger, Sitzber. Jc. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 348, 1873, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 528, 1874. Alee americanus, Merriam, Mammals of Adirondack, p. 138, 1884, N. Amer. Fauna, no. 5, p. 79, 1891 ; Miller, Proc. Boston Soc. vol. xxviii, p. 40, 1897. Alces machlis americanus, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 46, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 97, 1910, ed. 7, p. 97, 1914. Paralces americanus, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 160, 1902. MOOSE. Typical locality eastern North America. Stated to be larger and darker than the typical European elk, with somewhat more complex antlers, which are apparently always of the palinated type. FIG. 36. — SIDE VIEW OF HEAD OP AMERICAN ELK, OB MOOSE (Alecs alecs americanus). From a specimen in the possession of Mr. J. K. Paisley, of Ottawa. 703, a. Skin, female, mounted. North America. Presented by the Earl of Derby, about 1845. 52. 6. 25. 1 and 3. Antlers. St. John's, Newfoundland. Purchased (Argent), 1852. 236 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 79. 1. 27. 1. Skin, mounted. Labrador. Purchased (Gerrard), 1879. 89. o. 4. 1. Skeleton, with antlers, mounted. North America, Purchased (Gerrard, who acquired it from H. Ward of Rochester, U.S.A.), 1889. FIG. 87.— MUZZLE OF AMERICAN ELK (Alces alces amcricanua), showing triangular muffle. 6. 10. 2o. 1. Head, mounted. Canada. Presented 'by Frank Hutt, Esq., 190G. 9. 11. 10. 1. Skull and antlers. North America. Presented by Eev. E. J. May, 1909. D,— Alces alees columbae. Alces columbae, Lydekker, Field, vol. cix, p. 182, 1907, Zool. Record, vol. xliv, Mamm. p. 69, 1907 ; Miller, List. N. Amcr. Mamm. p, 391, 1912. Typical locality Ontario (not, as stated in original description, British Columbia). Type in the collection of Capt. E. C. Hamilton. A provisional race, characterised by the muffle being T-shaped (fig. 38), in place of triangular (fig. 37). No specimen in collection. FIG. 3ft.— MUZZLE OF ONTARIO ELK (Alces alces colwnbw), showing T-shaped muffle. From the type specimen, in the collection of Capt. E. C. Hamilton. E.— Alces alees gigas. Alces gigas, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiii, p. 57, 1899, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 391, 1912. Alces machlis gigas, LydekJcer, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 49, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 97, 1910, ed. 7, p. 97, 1914. Paralces gigas, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 160, 1902. Typical locality Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Larger and more richly coloured than A. a. americanus, with the occipital region of the skull narrower, the palate wider, and the lower jaw stouter. General colour grizzled black and wood-brown, darker on spine, clear black on chest, flanks, and buttocks, and hair-brown on middle line of under surface ; head more finely grizzled than back ; ears broccoli-brown externally, yellowish white internally ; limbs hair-brown or broccoli-brown, with darker shading. 238 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 3. 12. 28. 1. Head, mounted. Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Presented by D. Davics, Esq., 1903. 7. ]. 16. 1. Skin, mounted. Alaska. Presented by the Hon. Walter Rothschild, 1907. FIG. 39. — FRONT VIEW OF HEAD OF ALASKAN ELK, OR MOOSE (Alces alecs gigcts). XIV. Genus RANGIFER. Rangifer, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 8, vol. v, p. 304, 1827 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 927 ; Riitimeyer, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. vii, p. 51, 1881 ; LydeJcker, Deer of All Lands, p. 33, 1898; Grant, 7th Hep. N. York Zool. Soc. p. 1, 1902 ; Pococlc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 961 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 979, 1912. Tarandus, Billberg, Synop. Faunae Scandinav. vol. i, p. 22, 1827 ; Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18B6, p. 134. Procerus, M. de Serres, Cavernes a Ossements, ed. 3, p. 143, 1838. Procervus, Blainville, C. R. Ac. Sci. Paris, vol. xi, p. 392, 1840. Achlis, Reichenbach, Saugethierc, vol. iii, p. 12, 1845. The range includes the northern forests and tundra of both eastern and western hemispheres, extending in the former as far north as Spitsbergen and perhaps Novaya Zemlya, and southwards to central Eussia. In America as 239 far south as northern Columbia, north side of Lake Superior, and New Brunswick. Lateral nietacarpals and vomer as in Odocoileus ; a pocket-like gland on front of hind-pasterns only ; antlers large, complex, and situated high up on skull, usually present in both sexes, generally with some of the tines palmated, often unsymmetrically, and an " elbow " near the middle of the beam, behind which is a back- tine, those of females simpler and generally smaller ; coat unspotted at all ages ; ears and tail short ; throat fringed ; main hoofs short and rounded, lateral hoofs large ; large face-glands and tarsal glands, but no metatarsal glands. In the skull (in addition to the high vomer) the gland-pits shallow and ill-defined, the lachrymal vacuities relatively large, the nasals well developed and expanded superiorly; upper canines present in both sexes ; lower incisors (fig. 40) small and forming a nearly even and equal-sized series; cheek-teeth small and low- crowned, with the hind (third) lobe of the last lower molars aborted. Size medium or large. BANGIFER TARANDUS. Cervus tarandus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 67, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 93, 1766 ; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. ii, pis. 223, 224, 1821 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 83, 1827 ; Lesson, Nouv. Tdbl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 169, 1829 ; Caton, Antelope and Deer of America, p. 86, 1877; Nehring, Tundren and Steppen, p. 108, 1890. Cervus tarandus, a rangifer, Gmelin, Linn.1 8 Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 177, 1789. Cervus guettardi, Desmarest, Mammalogic, vol. ii, p. 447, 1822. Tarandus lapponum, Billberg, Synop. Fauna Scandinav. vol. i, p. 20, 1827. Cervus (Bangifer) tarandus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 304, 1827. Cervus tarandus schottingi, Sternberg, Isis, 1828, p. 482. Tarandus rangifer, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 134 ; Gray, ibid. 1850, p. 225, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mm. p. 189, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 66, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 137, 1873; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 255, 1862; Fitzingcr, Sitzbcr. fr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 534, 1874. Tarandus borealis, Riippell, Verzeichniss Mus. Senc/cenberg. vol. iii, p. 183, 1842. Eangifer tarandus, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 133, pi. vi, 1835 ; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 181, 1843 ; Brooke, 240 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 928 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. E. Coll. Surg. pi. ii, p. 312, 1884 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 325, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 326, 1893, British Mammals, p. 253, 1935, Deer of All Lands, p. 33, pi. i, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 24, 1901 ; Scharff, Proc. R. Irish Ac. ser. 3, vol. iv, 473, 1897, European Animals, p. 110, 1907 ; Grant, 1th Rep. New York Zool. Soc. p. 4, 1902 ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xix, p. 125, 1903; Winge, Danmarks Fauna, Pattedyr, p. 179, 1908 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 960 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 231, 1910; Ward, Records of Big Game, eel. 6, p. 83, 1910, ed. 7, p. 83, 1914; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 980, 1912. Tarandus furcifer, Baird, Rep. Comm. Patents, 1851, vol. ii, Agric. p. 109, 1852. REINDEER; CARIBOU. Typical locality mountains of Swedish Lapland. A variable and widely-spread species, of which most of the characters are the same as those of the genus. Coat FIG. 40. — LOWER FRONT TESTH OF REINDEER (Rangifer tarandus). From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe. dense and compact ; general colour varying from clove- brown, with more or less white or whitish grey on under- parts, inner surfaces of limbs, above the hoofs, and on the muzzle, and in some cases whitish rings round the eyes, to nearly white on the one hand and to blackish brown on the other ; typically a white area in the region of the tail, which includes the sides but not the upper surface of the latter, and the tarsal tuft generally white. The antlers are smooth, and brownish white in colour, but the hoofs are jet black. A height of 4 feet 10 inches at the shoulder has been recorded in the Newfoundland race. The range is co-extensive with that of the genus. CERVID^l 241 It is not at present possible to give a trustworthy " key " to the various races. The European and West Asiatic (exclusive of Novaya Zemlyan) races are distinguishable as follows : — A. Size smaller, upper length of skull less than Scinches (225 mm.) R. t. platyrlnjnclius. B. Size larger, upper length of skull ranging from about lOf (270 mm.) to 11£ inches (300 mm.). a. Upper length of skull from about lOf to llf inches E. t. tarandus. I. Upper length of skull about 11£ inches B. t. fennicus. East Asiatic (including Novaya Zemlyan) and American races fall into two groups, in the first of which (A) the antlers are short with no tineless interval on the beam, and most of the tines much palmated, while in the second (B) the antlers are of great length, with a long tineless interval on the beam, and the tines themselves not greatly palmated Intermediate forms tend to connect the extreme types. A. Woodland Group. R. t. sibiricnft. R. t. trrrwnovv. P. t. pearsoni. R. t. montaniis. R. t. phyllarcJtux. R. t. dawsoni. R. t. caribou. R. t. stonei* R. t. sylvestris. (?) R. t. fortidens* B. — Barren-Group Group. R. t. osborni. R. t. arcticus. R. t. granti. R. t. grcenlandiciifi. R. t. excelsifrons. R. t.pearri. A. — Rangifer tarandus tarandus. •andus typicus, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 33, 1898 ; Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 84, 1910, ed. 7, p. 84, 1914. Rangifer tarandus var. cylindricornis, Camerano, Mem. R. Ace. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. li, p. 167, 1902. REINDEER. Typical locality the mountains of Swedish Lapland. Size relatively small, with subcylindrical antlers of an * Intermediate types. IV. K 242 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES elongated type, with both basal-tines frequently palniated and nearly symmetrical, and a small back-tine; those of females small ; general colour greyish or drab brown, passing into buffish white on muzzle and under-parts ; a longitudinal darker area on sides of body ; tail buffish white with a dark median line. The distribution formerly included the whole of the mountainous tract of the Scandinavian Peninsula, but is now restricted in the wild state to two widely separated districts in Norway, namely, west Finmark in the north, and the main high mountain region in the south. The race is domesticated throughout Scandinavian Lapland and parts of Eussia. 44. 9, 26. 1. Skin, young, mounted. From an animal bred in England ; provisionally referred to this race. Presented ly Sir J. M. Wilson, 1844. 46. 6. 10. 1 (702, a). Skeleton, with antlers. Locality unknown ; reference provisional. Same donor, 1846. 68. 12. 29. 11 (702, c2). Skeleton, with antlers, mounted. Northern Europe. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1868. 75. 10. 30. 1 (702, dl). Skull and skin, female. Fillefjeld, Norway. Presented ly J. C. Ingram, Esq., 1875. 79. 10. 9. 1 (702, gl). Skin, mounted, and skeleton. Same locality. Same donor, 1879. 81. 9. 28. 1 (702, t2). Skeleton and antlers. Same locality. Presented ly Sir W. J. Ingram, Bart., 1881. 81. 9. 28. 2 (702, /). Skin, mounted, and skeleton. Same locality. Same history. 83. 7. 28. 1 (702, kl). Skull, with antlers, and skin, female. Norway. Presented ly J. C. Ingram, Esq., 1883. 83*. 7. 28. 2 (702, P). Skull and skin, young female. Norway. Same history. 87. 9. 20. 1. Skin, mounted. Loerdal Mountains, Sogne Fjord, Norway. Presented ly Sir W.'J. Ingram, Bart., 1887. 87. 9. 20. 2. Antlers, female. Same locality. Same history. 87. 9. 20. 3. Antlers. Same locality. Same history. CERVID.K 243 B.— Rangifer tarandus fennicus. Rangifer tarandus fennicus, Lonnberg, ArJciv Zool. vol. vi, no. 4, p. 10, 1909; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 84, 1910, ed. 7, p. 84, 1914. Rangifer fennicus, Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 981, 1912. Typical locality Tornea, Lappmark, Finland. The range is probably now restricted to the wooded portions of Finland, eastward to the Kola Peninsula, but seems to have formerly extended westwards into the wooded portion of northern Sweden where this race may be repre- sented by the large woodland breed of tame reindeer found in certain districts. Type in the Eoyal Swedish Museum of Natural History. Size larger than in ft. t. tarandus ; skull with the nasal bones narrow and highly arched, and the teeth relatively small, the length of the upper series of cheek-teeth being about 3| inches (85 mm.), and that of the lower series about 3-^g- inches (90 mm.). No specimen in collection. C.— Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus. Cervus (Tarandus) platyrhynchus, VroliJc, Nieuwe Verhandl. Kron. Nederl. Inst., Eerste Klasse, pt. 2, p. 160, 1829. Cervus tarandus, forma spetsbergensis, Andersen, Ofvers. Vet.-Ak. Forhandl. vol. xix, p. 457, 1862; Nitsche, Jahresb. Ver. nat. Wiirtt. 1893, p. 111. [Rangifer arcticus] , var. spitzbergensis, Murray, Geogr. Distrib. Mamm. p. 154, 1866. Rangifer tarandus spetzbergensis, LydcJcJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 41, 1898. Rangifer spitzbergensis, Camerano, Mem. Ace. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. li, p. 159, 1902; Grant, 1th Rep. New York Zool. Soc. p. 1902 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 232, 1910. Rangifer platyrhynchus, Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 985, 1912. Typical locality Spitsbergen, to which island this race is confined. Size considerably less than in the typical race ; nasal bones of skull with the profile little arched, and the two extremities expanded and the middle portion constricted; cheek-teeth relatively as large as in the typical race. n 2 244 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 90. 12. 4. 3. Antlers, female. Spitsbergen. Presented by Dr. E. McCormick, 1890. 90. 12. 4. 8. Antlers. Spitsbergen. Same history. 96. 9. 23. 1. Skull and antlers. Spitsbergen. Noticed in Deer of All Lands, p. 41. Presented by Dr. J. W. Gregory, 1896. D.— Rangifer tarandus sibirieus. Cervus sibirieus, Schreber, Saugthiere, pi. 248, C, 1784. [Eangifer arcticus] , var. sibirieus, Murray, Geogr. Distrib. Mamm. p. 153, 1866. Rangifer tarandus sibirieus, LydekJcer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii, p. 361 ; Lonnberg, Arlciv Zool. vol. vi, no. 4, p. 17, 1909 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 84, 1910, ed. 7, p. 84, 1914; Hollister, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. Ivi, no. 35. Typical locality Siberia. Antlers approximating to those of E. t. caribou {infra), but with less palmation of the basal tines; much smaller than R. t. phyllarchus. 702, h. Frontlet and antlers. Probably Siberian. No history. 52. 12. 9. 4. Skull and antlers. Probably Siberian. Purchased (Brandt), 1852. 78. 12. 21. 30. Antlers, in velvet. Salair, Altai; collected by Dr. 0. Finsch. By exchange with the Geographical Society of Bremen, 1878. E.— Rangifer tarandus pearsoni. Rangifer tarandus pearsoni, Lydelcker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii, p. 361 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 84, 1910, ed. 7, p. 84, 1914. Typical (and only) locality Novaya Zemlya. Type in possession of H. J. Pearson, Esq., Bramcote, Nottinghamshire. Distinguished from other Old World races by the symmetry of the antlers (fig. 40), and the excessive palmation of the basal and second tines and summits ; the whole antler approximating to the R. t. caribou type. No specimen in collection. OERVID^ 245 FIG. 41.— SIDE VIEW OF SKULL AND ANTLERS OF NOVAYA ZEMLYAN REINDEER (Rangifer tar andus pear soni}. F.— Rangifer tarandus phylarehus. Eangifer phylarchus, Hollister, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. Ivi, no. 35, p. 6, 1912. Typical locality Kamchatka. Type in U.S. National Museum. Described from a skull (without antlers), measuring inches (387 mm.), against 14 J inches (357 mm.) in a 240 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES skull of E. t.fennicus, and thus indicating a race larger than of the other Old World forms, and probably related to the American R. t. caribou. No specimen in collection. G. — Ranglfer tarandus caribou. Cervus tarandus caribou, Gmelin, Linn's Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 177, 1788. Cervus hastalis, Agassig, Sillimaris Journ. 1847, p. 436. Kangifer caribou, Audubon and Bachman, Quadrupeds N. Amer. vol. iii, p. Ill, 1853; Baird, N. Amer. Mamm. p. 633, 1857; J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. viii, p. 234, 1896 ; Miller, Proc. Boston Soc. vol. xxviii, p. 40, 1897 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 35, 1901, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (op. cit. vol. viii, p. 40, 1907) ; Grant, 1th Eep. New York Zool. Soc. p. 5, 1902; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 47, 1903. Tarandus hasfcalis, Fitzinger, Sitzber. 7c. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 349, 1873, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 542, 1874. Rangifer tarandus caribou, True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. vii, p. 592, 1885 ; Lydehker, Deer of All Lands, p. 42, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 29, 1901 ; PococJc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 960 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 84, 1910, ed. 7, p. 84, 1914. Rangifer caribou caribou, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 392, 1912. CARIBOU, or WOODLAND CARIBOU. Typical locality Eastern Canada. A large-sized race, with the antlers stout, flattened, much palmated, and not of excessive length, one of the brow-tines being much expanded, while the other is simple; the bez- tine is also more palmated than in the Scandinavian reindeer, and the back-tine well developed. Female antlers are proportionately smaller than in the typical race. General colour much darker than in the Newfoundland race (p. 248), the dark area extending over the anterior half of the lower surface of the body; and, except the extremity of the upper lip, the muzzle as dark as the face, no light ring round the eye; on the limbs the white restricted to a sharply-defined band of about half-an-inch in width above the hoofs, but ascending behind to enclose the lateral hoofs ; lower incisors diminishing gradually in size from middle to outer pair. 247 702, l>. Head, mounted, with the aiitlers in velvet (fig. 42). Arctic America. Presented by the Hudson Bay Co., about 1850. FIG. 42. — FRONT VIEW OF HEAD OF WOODLAND CARIBOU (Rangifer tarandus caribou), wilh the antlers in "velvet." 702, c1. Skull and antlers. North America ; collected by Sir John Franklin. Purchased (?). 248 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 702, /. Antlers, female. North America ; same collector. Same history. 702, d. Skull and antlers. North America. No history. 46. 3. 13. 1. Skull and antlers. North America. Purchased (Argent), 1846. 46. 8. 19. 7. Front of skull and antlers. Green Pond, Nova Scotia ; collected by Mr. J. Florence ; figured in Deer of All Lands, p. 43. Purchased, 1846. 65. 10. 24. 6 (702, y). Skull and antlers, female. North America. Presented by A. Murray, Esq., 1865. 65. 10. 24. 8 (702, a2). Skull and antlers. North America. Same history. 3. 2. 15. 2. Skin, mounted. Canada. Presented by the Dominion Government, 1903. H.— Ranglfer tarandus sylvestris. Cervus tarandus, var. sylvestris, Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amcr. p. 251, 1829. Rangifer caribou sylvestris, Hollister, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. Ivi, no. 35, p. 4, 1912 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 392, 1912. Typical locality south-west shore of Hudson Bay. Closely allied to last, but regarded by Hollister as entitled to distinction, the skull being longer and more slender, with a narrower rostrum, longer nasals, and larger cheek-teeth ; neck, especially the sides, and head darker, and the ears much darker, with the hairs, like those of the sides of the neck, brown to the roots. No specimen in collection. I. — Rangifer tarandus terraenovse. Rangifer terrsenovae, Bangs, Descript. Newfoundland Caribou, 1896 ; Allen, Butt. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. viii, p. 233, 1896; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Zool. Pub. Field Mus. vol. ii) p. 36, 1901, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (op. cit. vol. viii) p. 40, 1907 ; Grant, 7th Rep. New York Zool. Soc. p. 5, 1902 ; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 51, 1903 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 393, 1912 ; Dugmore, The Newfoundland Caribou, p. 120, 1913. Rangifer tarandus terraenovse, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. viii, p. 235, 1896 ; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 45, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 31, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 85, 1910, vol. xiv, p. 85, 1914. CEKVIDJ-; 249 Typical (and only) locality Newfoundland. Nearly allied to R. t. caribou, the bodily size being large, and the antlers massive and much palmated, with numerous points on all the branches and especially on the hind border of the beam. General colour in autumn greyish brown, becoming lighter on the flanks, and passing into nearly pure white on the under surface ; neck dirty white, somewhat purer in front; a broad, ill-defined light ring round each eye, and muzzle and lower portion of the face, as well as extremity of lower jaw, greyish white ; rest of head like back ; edges and lower surface of tail and buttocks white ; front and outer surfaces of limbs brownish grey; feet and terminal third of shanks white, passing gradually into the general colour of the limbs above. Females show rather less white ; and the young are still darker, with a dusky line on the flanks, and a blackish streak running down the back and expanding over the shoulders. 99. 2. 1. 1. Head, mounted. West Newfoundland. Presented ly Lieut. W. G. P. Graves, R.N., 1899. 7. 3. 11. 2. Skin, mounted. Newfoundland. Presented ly F. C. Selous, Esq., 1907. 8. 1. 19. 1. Skull and antlers. Newfoundland. Presented ly St. George Littledale, Esq., 1908. J.— Rangifer tarandus montanus. Bangifer montanus, Seton-Thompson, Ottawa Naturalist, vol. xiii, p. 129, 1899 ; Elliot, Sijnop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 36, 1901, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (op. cit. vol. viii) p. 40, 1907 ; Grant, 7th Rep. New York Zool. Soc. p. 5, 1902 ; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 51, 1903 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 393, 1912. Kangifer tarandus montanus, LydehJcer, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 33, 1901, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii, p. 361 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 85, 1910, ed. 7, p. 85, 1914. Typical locality Selkirk Range, British Columbia. Antlers (fig. 43) of the general type of those of the wood- land race, but in their relative shortness and much branched character recalling those of R. t. terrcenovw, although lighter and more slender ; the most distinctive feature of this race is the dark colour of the autumn coat, which is 250 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES blackish brown all over the body and limbs, passing in some individuals into glossy black on the middle of the back from the withers to the rump, the shoulders, flanks, and under- FIG. 43. — SIDE VIEW OF SKULL AND ANTLERS OF MOUNTAIN CARIBOU (Rangifer tarandus montanus), to show " Woodland " type of antlers. From "7th Rep. N. York Zool. Soc. parts being lighter and the neck grey. Females are much darker than males, especially on the neck and shoulders, but have the light ring above the hoofs, the nose and the edges of the lips pure white instead of grey. This race may CERVID/K 251 be diagnosed as a black caribou of the woodland type, with the neck and shoulders, especially in males, much lighter than the body and limbs. In general form it comes very close to R. t. stonei, in which, however, the antlers approach the Barren-Ground type, while the colour is different. No specimen in collection. K.— Rangifer tarandus dawsoni. Rangifer dawsoni, Seton- Thompson, Ottaiva Naturalist, vol. xiii, p. 260, 1900 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 86, 1901 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 392, 1912. Typical locality Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Group. Size smaller ; colour relatively dark, but lighter than in R. t. montanus, the general tint being mouse-colour. No specimen in collection. L.— Rangifer tarandus stonei. Eangifer stonei, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xiv, p. 143, 1901 ; Grant, 1th Eep. Neiv York Zool. Soc. p. 5, 1902 ; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 51, 1903 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 393, 1912. Eangifer tarandus stonei, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 36, 1901* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii, p. 361 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 85, 1910, ed. 7, p. 85, 1914. Typical locality Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Type in American Museum of Natural History, New York. As dark as R. t. montanus, but with a heavy white throat-fringe ; size large ; antlers somewhat larger than those of other members of the Woodland Group, and thus approaching those of the Barren-Ground Group. 4. 5. 27. 1. Head, mounted. Alaska. Eeference to this race provisional. Purchased, 1904. M.— Rangifer tarandus fortidens. Rangifer forfcidens, Hollister, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. Ivi, no. 35, p. 3, 1912 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 392, 1912. Typical locality Alberta, Canada. Type in U.S. National Museum. 252 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES The largest of the caribou, exceeding in point of size the biggest examples of R. t. montanus and R. t. osborni; general colour, inclusive of under-parts, very dark; lower incisors of the type of those of R. t. caribou; cheek-teeth larger than in any other American race ; antlers stout and broadly palmated, shorter and thicker than in R. t. osborni, with the beam nearly straight ; females usually without antlers. No specimen in collection. N.— Rangifer tarandus osborni. Rangifer osborni, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 149, 1992 ; Grant, 1th Rep. New Yor7c Zool. Soc. p. 5, 1902 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 393, 1912. Rangifer tarandus osborni, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 85, 1910, ed. 7, p. 85, 1914. Typical locality Cassiar Mountains, British Columbia. Type in American Museum of Natural History, New York. This and the next race are dark-coloured mountain caribou, with antlers of the Barren-Ground type, but the bodily size much greater than in R. t. arcticus. The present race is characterised by the brown colour of the autumn coat and the large amount of white on the rump and the hind half of the under surface of the body; the whole neck and shoulders, as well as the back and limbs, being much lighter than in the Selkirk race. As the antlers correspond in form and proportion with those of the Barren- Ground caribou, they serve to connect the Selkirk race with the latter. 5. 1. 16. 2. Skull and antlers. Ogilvie Mountains, Alaska. Presented ly F. C. Selous, Esq., 1905. 6. 10. 10. 1. Head, mounted, with abnormal palmation of tips of antlers. Dease Lake, British Columbia. Presented In/ G. M. Norris, Esq., 1906. 7. 3. 11. 1. Skin, mounted. Yukon. Presented by F. C. Selous, Esq., 1907. 253 0.— Rangifer tarandus granti. Rangifer granti, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 192, 1902 ; Grant, 1th Eep. N. York Zool. Soc. p. 5. 1902 ; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 54, 1903; Hollister, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. Ivi, no. 35, p. 7, 1912 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 392, 1912. Eangifer tarandus granti, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 85, 1910, ed. 7, p. 85, 1914. Western end of Alaskan Peninsula, opposite Popoff Island. Type in American Museum of Natural History, New York. Nearly related to the preceding race, but distinguished by details of colouring, and apparently by the markedly hypsodont cheek-teeth. From E. t. stonei it differs not only by its longer antlers and inferior bodily size, but also in coloration and the characters of the skull. General colour dark brown, varying somewhat according to season, with a large white rump-patch and white tail, through the middle line of the upper surface of which runs a dark streak ; this white rump-patch serving at once to distinguish R. t. granti from E. t. stonei, in which the whole of the hind-quarters are dark-coloured. This caribou apparently inhabits an isolated area formed by the treeless districts of the Alaskan Peninsula and some of the adjacent islands, from at least one of which it has been exterminated. No specimen in collection. P.— Rangifer tarandus exeelsifrons. Rangifeu exeelsifrons, Hollister, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. Ivi, no. 35, p. 5, 1912 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 392, 1912. Typical locality Meade Valley, near Point Barrow, Alaska. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Described from the skull, which is characterised by its shortness and breadth, with the brain-case much elevated, and the hollow between the orbits deep and rounded ; teeth of the general type of those of E. t. arcticus. A some- 254 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES what similar elevation of the frontal region is exhibited in the skull of R. t. grcenlaudicus, which is, however, of a narrow type. No specimen in collection. Q.— Rangrifer tarandus arcticus. Cervus tarandus arcticus, Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. p. 23, 1829. Tarandus arcticus, Baird, Rep. Comm. Patents, 1851, vol. ii, Agric. p. 105, 1852. Kangifer arcticus, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. viii, p. 234, 1896 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 37, 1901, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (op. cit. vol. viii) p. 41, 1907; Grant, 7th Rep. New York Zool. Soc. p. 5, 1902; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 53, 1903 ; Hollister, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. Ivi, no. 35, pi, i, 1912 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 391, 1912. Rangifer tarandus arcticus, LydeTcher, Deer of All Lands, p. 47, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 38, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 84, 1910, ed. 7, p. 84, 1914. BARREN-GROUND CARIBOU. Typical locality Fort Enterprise, Mackenzie district, Canada. Size relatively small. Antlers (fig. 44) very long, slender, and rounded, with few points on the expanded portion of the beam, which is separated by a long interval from the third tine ; the latter, which is but slightly palmated, generally with one of the basal tines more or less expanded ; back- tine usually, if not always, wanting; female-antlers much smaller, simpler, and scarcely curved at all. General colour in summer clove-brown, mingled with reddish and yellowish brown, under-parts white ; in winter entire coat dirty white ; lower incisors diminishing suddenly in size from the middle to the outer pair, which are very small. 51. 10. 24. 1. Skull and antlers. Arctic America. Purchased (Argent), 1851. 55. 5. 14. 2 (702, w). Skeleton and antlers. Arctic America ; collected by Dr. J. Eae. Purchased, 1855. 7. 9. 4. 7. Skull and antlers. Baffinland. Presented ly Crawford Nolle, Esq., 1907. FIG. 44 —SIDE VIEW OP SKULL AND ANTLERS OF BARREN-GROUND CARIBOU (Rangifer tarandus arcticus), to show " Barren-Ground" type of antlers. From 1th Il>-p. X. York Zwl. Soc. 256 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES R. — Rangifer tarandus grcenlandieus. Cervus tarandus grcelandicus, Gmelin, 'Linn's Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 177, 1788. Rangifer grcenlandicus, Baird, N. Amer. Mamm. p. 634, 1857 ; Caton, Deer and Antelope of N. America, p. 105, 1877 ; Allen, Bull Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. viii, p. 234, 1896; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 37, 1901 ; Grant, 1th Rep. New York Zool. Soc. p. 5, 1902; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 54, 1903 ; Hollister, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. Ivi, no. 35, p. 5, 1912 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 393, 1912. Rangifer tarandus grcerilandicus, LydeJcker, Deer of All Lands, p. 47, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 37, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 85, 1910, ed. 7, p. 85, 1914. Typical locality Greenland. Closely allied to R. t. arcticus, with a broad sharply defined white ring round each eye, and distinct broad white bands above the hoofs ; skull with an elevated frontal region comparable to that of R. t. excelsifrons, but markedly narrower. 10. 1. 20. 1. Skull and antlers. Greenland. Presented ly Sir Robert Harvey, Bart,, 1910. S. — Rangifer tarandus pearyi. Rangifer pearyi, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 409, 1902 ; Grant, 1th Rep. New York Zool. Soc. p. 5, 1902 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 393, 1912. Typical locality Ellesmereland, Lat. 79° JST. Type in American Museum of Natural History, New York. Wholly white at all seasons, with the exception of a large slaty grey area, larger in females than in males, on the middle and hind part of the back ; the long and thick coat softer and finer than in the Greenland race, which is much darker. No specimen in collection. The following specimens are not racially determined :-— 46. 4. 25. 23. Frontlet and antlers. North America. Purchased (Argent), 1846. 65. 10. 34. 5 (702, x). Skull and antlers. North America. Presented by A. Murray, Esq., 1865. CERVID^l 257 XV. Genus HYDROPOTES. Hydropotes, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 89; Brooke, ibid. 1872, p. 522, 1878, p. 916 ; Garrod, ibid. 1877, p. 780 ; Riitimeyer, Abh. scluvciz.pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 21, 1881 ; Pocock. Proc. Zool Soc. 1910, p. 956; nee Hydropota, BontJani, 1861. Hydrelaphus, Lydckker, Deer of All Lands, p. 219, 1898 ; Troiiessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 691, 1905; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mits. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 37, 1907. Lateral metacarpals as in Odocoilcus, that is to say, repre- sented by their lower extremities ; antlers wanting ; muzzle with a large naked area surrounding nostrils ; ears moderate, narrow, and pointed ; tail very short ; face rather long ; coat uniformly coloured in adult, spotted in young; no metatarsal or tarsal glands ; lachrymal pits of skull small but deep ; face- glands small ; hind-pasterns with a gland forming a deep interdigital cleft, as in Dama, and hoofs united at heels by a fold of skin, no distinct gland in fore-feet ; lateral hoofs of moderate size ; upper canines forming long, curved, and slightly convergent tusks (fig. 45), which grow from semi- persistent pulps, those of females smaller ; cheek-teeth tall-crowned. Size small. In old animals the pulp-cavity of the upper canines obliterates. The auditory bullae are greatly inflated, and the hind angle of the lower jaw is much produced backwards, forming a compressed semicircular process projecting behind the level of the condyle; the vomer does not divide the aperture of the posterior nostrils. The distribution is restricted to China and Korea. HYDROPOTES INERMIS. Hydropotes inermis, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 89 ; Hamilton, ibid. 1871, p. 258, 1873, p. 473 ; Brooke, ibid. 1872, p. 522, 1878, p. 916 ; Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 95, 1872, Hand- List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 166, 1873 ; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 789 ; Forbes, ibid. 1882, p. 636 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 321, 1884 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 32S, 1891 ; LydeJcker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 322, 1893 ; Hilzheimer, Abh. Mus. Naturkunde Magdeburg, vol. i, p. 171, 1906; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 956. Hydropotes affinis, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 524 ; Hilzheimer, Abh. Mus. Naturkunde Magdeburg, vol. i, p. 171, 1906. IV. s 258 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES (?) Hydropotes argyropus, Heude, C. R. Ac. Sci. Paris, vol. xcviii, p. 1017, 1884; Hilzheimer, Abh. Mus. Naturkunde Magdeburg, vol. i, p. 171, 1906. Hydrelaphus inermis, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 221, pi. xvii, fig. 2, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 266, 1901 ; Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 691, 1905; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 89, 1907 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. xl, p. 204, 1912. Hydropotes kreyenbergi, Hilzheimer, Zool. Anz. vol. xxix, p. 298, 1905, AbJi. Mus. NaturJcunde Magdeburg, vol. i, p. 171, pi. ii, 1906 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. xl, p. 205, 1912. CHINESE WATER-DEER. Typical locality Chin-kiang, China. Height at shoulder about 20 inches ; hairs coarse and thick, longest on neck and rump, on back and sides flattened and undulated from side to side ; general colour light rufous chestnut, stippled with blackish, the rufous most marked on head and backs of ears ; the individual hairs greyish white from the base for the greater part of their length, then blackish brown, and finally light chestnut, the dark rings giving the stippled appearance to the coat ; neck paler than back ; shoulders, limbs, and tail brownish chestnut ; under- parts, front of thighs, chin, throat, a narrow band on muzzle, a mark above each eye, and inner surfaces of ears white or whitish ; young sparsely and indistinctly marked with white spots running in longitudinal lines, especially on hind- quarters, and the hair of back softer than in adults, and uniformly chestnut, without annulations. The range extends from the Yang-tsi-kiang Valley to Korea (H. argyropus). 70. 7. 18. 15 (1551, a). Skull and skin. Island in Yang-tsi-kiang, near Chin-kiang; purchased in Shanghai market, November, 1868, by E. Swinhoe, Esq. Type. Purchased, 1870. 72. 9. 3. 4 (1551, b). Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Purchased, 1872. 72. 9. 3. 5 (1551, e). Skull and skin. Shanghai (? mar- ket) ; same collector. Same history. 72. 9. 3. 6 (1551, d). Skull and head-skin, immature. Same locality and collector. Same history. 72. 9. 3. 7 (1551, e). Skeleton, mounted, and head-skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 76. 4. 4. 1 (1551, /). Skeleton and imperfect skin, albino. Locality unknown. Purchased (Bartlett), 1876. 77. 7. 6. 1. Uterus, with live foetuses, in spirit. Yaug- tsi Valley. Presented by Dr. G. K. Barton, 1877. 80. 3. 30. 6-7. Two skulls. Wuku, near Kiu-kiang, Haukau district ; collected by C. Maries, Esq. This is the typical locality (misprinted Kinkian in Hilzheimer's 1906 description) of H. kreyenlcrgi, and is much too near Chin- kiang to admit of its water-deer being even racially distinct from the typical form of the species. Purchased, 1880. 88. 11. 31. 2-3. Two foetuses, in spirit, Kiu-kiang; collected by F. W. Styan, Esq. Purchased, 1888. FIG. 45. — SKULL OF CHINESE WATEE-DEEB (Hydropotcs incrmis). 0. 6. 27. 5. Skin, young. Pao-chi, Shen-si. Presented ty Father Huyh, 1900. 0. 10. 30. 1. Skin, female, mounted. Island in the Yang-tsi-kiaug. Presented by the Dulce of Bedford, K.G., 1900. 1. 3. 2. 22. Skull and skin. Ka-shing, Yang-tsi Valley. Presented by F. W. Styan, Esq., 1901. 6. 5. 14. 3. Skull and head-skin, female, Chin-kiang. Presented ly J. de La Touche, Esq., 1906. 6. 12. 5. 14-15. Two skulls. Chin-kiang. Same history. 7. 7. 3. 32. Skull. North China. Presented ly E. B. Hoivell, Esq., 1907. 8. 7. 25. 43. Skin. Kun-tun, north-western Fo-kien. Presented ly J. de La Touche, Esq., 1908. s 2 260 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 8. 11. 14. 8-12. Five skulls, of which at least two are female. Shanghai. Presented ~by F. W. Sty an, Esq., 1908. 13. 9. 13. 19. Skull and skin. Hwong-ti-tsze, Hupei ; collected by Mr. W. E. Zappey. By exchange with Museum of Harvard College, U.S.A., 1913. SECTION B.— TRAGULINA. Chevrotains, or Mouse-Deer, as the members of this group are commonly termed, are small artiodactyle ungulates resembling the Pecora (vol. i, p. 8) in the absence of upper incisors and in the possession of the power of ruminating, but differing in that the stomach has only three (in place of four) chambers, and by the complete development of the lateral metacarpals. Horns or antlers are invariably lacking ; and the main metacarpals and metatarsals may either remain separate or may be respectively fused into cannon-bones ; the fibula of the hind-leg is complete; and the navicular, cuboid, and ectocuneiform elements of the tarsus are united into a single bone. Four teats ; placenta diffuse. Face-glands, together with lachrymal pits and vacuities in the skull, invariably wanting, as are also tarsal and metatarsal glands. The feet are of a primitive type, the web on the .hind aspect of the pasterns consisting of a fold of skin which stops short midway between the lateral hoofs and the heels ; the back of the pasterns being open in its lower half, while the front .shows a long triangular depression, with its apex reaching the line of the lateral hoofs. Upper canines in males long and tusk-like (fig. 46). The range includes the tropical and subtropical forest- tracts of south-eastern Asia and the African equatorial forest- zone. FAMILY TRAGULDLE. As this is the only family of the section, its characters may be taken to be the same as those of the latter. It is divisible into the following two generic groups : — TRAGULIDyK 261 A. Main metacarpals and metatarsals fused, respec- tively, into cannon-bones, feet relatively long and slender, with the lateral toes small Tranulns. B. Main metacarpals and metatarsals * separate, feet shorter and stouter, with the lateral toes larger... Dorcatherium. I. Genus TRAGULUS. Tragulus, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. xiii, p. 27, 1779 ; Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. ser. v, vol. ii, p. 49, 1864 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 554, 1891 ; Merriam, Science, ser. 2, vol. i, p. 375, 1895 ; Stone and Rehn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1902, p. 128; Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol xi, p. 296, 1903 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 979. Memina, Gray, Med. Eepos. vol. xv, p. 307, 1821 ; nee G. Fischer, 1814. Meminna, Ayassiz, Nomenclator Zool., Mamm. p. 20, 1842 ; Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pp. xxvii and 172, 1843. Size small; main metacarpals and metatarsals fused, respectively, into cannon-bones; feet relatively long and slender ; muzzle with a large bare muffle ; coat fine and close ; with characteristic light markings on throat and chest ; skull elongated and compressed anteriorly, with premaxill£e reaching nasals; dentition: i. J, c. ^, p. jj, m. |, the molars selenodont and short-crowned, and the premolars in appo- sition with one another and their crowns triangular in profile ; tail short or medium. Eestricted to the forest-tracts of south-eastern Asia. The typical forms of the four species here recognised are respectively characterised as follows :— A. Upper-parts spotted with white ; chin and throat fully haired T. mcminna. B. Upper-parts not spotted ; skin of area between branches of lower jaw bare and glandular. a. General colour tending to dark smoky grey, at least on flanks, size larger, length of hind-foot about 5 «- to 6 inches T. javanicus. b. General colour, at least on flanks and edges of belly, rufous. b'. General colour bright rufous ; nape not darker than back ; size medium T. Stanley anus. c' . Back greyish, brightening to rufous on flanks ; a dark, sometimes black, nuchal stripe ; size smaller ; length of hind-foot about 4$ to 5 inches T. Tiancliil. '* These may more or less completely fuse in old age. 262 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES In referring all the unspotted chevrotains (with a possible reservation in the case of one or two forms) to three specific types or groups, the writer follows the lead of Bonhote, who in 1903 stated that he could not agree with those who, while using trinomials for continental races, refuse to allow them for insular races, on the plea that, as intermediate forms do not exist, they must be regarded as separate species. On the contrary, it is in every way much simpler and easier to look upon island forms, which are extraordinarily numerous, in the light of local races, or incipient species, referable to a few variable specific types. When these races are very numerous, this renders it practically impossible to give a full definition of the species, or a " key " to its local forms ; and in such cases the only course is to give the leading characteristics of the typical form under the specific heading, and the local variations from this type under the headings of the \ arious races. Even size cannot be taken as a definite specific character, since one of the island forms included under the heading of the larger T. javanicus is scarcely superior in stature to the smaller T. Jcanchil. I. TEAGULUS MEMINNA. Moschus meminna, Erxleben, Syst. Eegn. Anim. p. 322, 1777 ; Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 104; Elliot, Madras Journ. vol. x, p. 220, 1839 ; TicJcell, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. i, p. 420, 1841 ; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xi, p. 96, 1842 ; Tennent, Nat. Hist. Ceylon, p. 58, 1861. Meminna indica, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 63, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 172, 1843, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 246, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 97, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 167, 1873 ; Kelaa.rt, Prodromus Faunae Zeylan. p. 81, 1852 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 269, 1862 ; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 155, 1863 ; Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 269, 1867 ; McMaster, Notes on Jerdon, p. 98, 1870; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 516, 1884. Tragulus mimenoides, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, p. 914, 1841. Meminna malaccensis, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 172, 1843. Tragulus meminna,* Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 5, vol. ii, p. 160, pi. x, 1864 ; Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 483 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 189, 1891 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 385 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 555, 1891 ; Flower and LydekTter, Study of * Frequently spelt memminna. Ti;.\<;ruh.K 263 Mammals, p. 306, 1893 ; Merriam, Science, ser. 2, vol. i, p. 375, 1895 ; Lydekker, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 253, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 272, 1907 ; Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 296, 1903 ; Hauxwell, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xviii, p. 902, 1908. INDIAN CHEVROTAIN, or MOUSE-DEER : MEMMINNA. Typical locality probably southern India; the range includes the larger forests of Peninsular India and Ceylon, and, according to Hauxwell, Burma. The type species (vide Merriam, op. cit.). Size relatively large, shoulder-height 10 to 12 inches, basal skull-length about 3|- inches (97 mm.); no naked FIG. 46. — SKULL OF INDIAN CHEVROTAIN (Tragulus mcminna). glandular area on under side of chin and throat ; tarsus hairy all round, except behind, close to the hocks; tail short; general colour brown, darker or paler, minutely speckled with yellow; the individual hairs brown at base, black towards end, with a yellow ring a short distance from tip ; sides spotted with white or buff on a brown ground, the spots elongate and passing into longitudinal bands ; under-parts white ; throat with three white stripes, one in the middle pointed in front, and an oblique one on each side. 50, a. Skin, young. Madras. Presented ly Sir Walter Elliot. 264 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 38. 3. 13. 47. Skin, young, formerly mounted. Northern Circars ; collected by Mr. J. Turner. Purchased, 1838. 42. 5. 26. 19. Skin, formerly mounted. Locality unknown; collected by J. Gould, Esq. Type of M. malaccensis. Purchased, 1842. 45. 8. 12. 9 (679, a). [ Skull and skin (formerly mounted), 46. 4. 10. 10. | immature female. Eastern Ghats. Skull figured in Gray's Catalogue of Ungulata, 1852. Purchased (Bartlett), 1845. 47. 4. 10. 3. Skin, female, formerly mounted. India. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1847. 67. 4. 12. 431. Spirit-specimen. Locality unknown. Lidth de Jeude Collection, purchased, 1867. 76. 5. 30. 5. Skull and skin. Peradenya, Ceylon ; collected by E. Boate, Esq. Purchased, 1876. 77. 3. 14. 1. Skull and skin, female. Kandy, Ceylon; collected by A. Whyte, Esq. Purchased, 1877. 77. 11. 1. 8. Skin, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 79.11.21.588. Skin, immature. Dekhan; collected by Col. T. Sykes. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 657. Skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 91. 6. 8. 1. Spirit specimen. No locality. Presented ~by Sir W. J. Ingram, Bart., 1891. 94. 10. 21. 6. Skin, young. Trivandrum, Travancore. Presented by H. S. Ferguson, Esq., 1894. 1. * * *. Skull. India. Presented ~by E. Lydekker, Esq., 1901. 4. 1. 12. 1. Skin, female, mounted. Ceylon. Purchased (Gerrard), 1904. 12. 11. 28. 124. Skin, mounted, and skull. Hulekal, near Sirsi, Kanara ; collected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq. Presented by the Bombay Natural History Society, 1912. 12. 11. 28. 125. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 13. 8. 22. 88. Skull and skin, female. Chamarajnagar, south Mysore ; same collector. Presented by E. Van Ingen, Esq., 191 o. THAGULIDJ-: 265 13. 8. 22. 89. Skull and skin, female. Wokkoli, south Coorg ; same collector. Presented It/ the Bombay Natural History Society, 1913. II. TBAGULUS STANLEY ANUS. Moschus (Tragulus) stanleyanus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 65. Tragulus stanleyanus, Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, pi. xxxiii, 1850, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 249, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 98, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 168, 1873, partim ; Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 5, vol. ii, p. 160, 1864 ; Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 483 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 327, 1884; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, pp. ~188 and 191, 1891, partim; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 385, Journ. Malay Mus. vol. ii, p. 106, 1908; Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 296, 1903. Typical locality not definitely known, but probably some part of the Malay Peninsula. Size medium ; a bare glandular area on under side of chin and upper part of throat; general colour typically bright rufous, not darker on neck than on back. The distribution is probably restricted to the Malay Peninsula and adjacent islands. The races are distinguished as follows :— A. General colour rufous. a. Size larger T. s. stanleyanus. b. Size smaller T. s. rufulus. B. General colour yellower T. s. perflavus. c. General colour orange T. s. formosus. A.— Tragulus stanleyanus stanleyanus. Typical locality as above. Size and colouring as under heading of species. 48. 10. 11. 6. I Skull and skin. Locality unknown. 48. 12. 12. 1 (827, a). \ Type. Skull figured in Gray's Catalogue of Ungulata, 1852. Presented by the Earl of Derby, 1848. 53. 8. 29. 38. Skin, mounted; collected by Mrs. Walk- ingshaw. Locality unknown. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1853. 266 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 53. 8. 29. 40. Skin, three days' old fawn. From an animal born in London. . Same history. 67. 4. 12. 293. Skull, immature female, referable to this or one of the allied races. Locality unknown. Lidth de Jeudc Collection, purchased, 1867. B. — Tragulus stanleyanus perflavus. Tragulus perflavus, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 251, 1906 ; Lyon, ibid. p. 653, 1907, vol. xxxvi, p. 481, 1909. Tragulus stanleyanus perflavus, Thomas and WrougJiton, Journ. Malay Mus. vol. iv, p. 128, 1909. Typical locality Batam Island, Khio Linga Group. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Colour a yellower rufous than in preceding races ; area of white throat-markings small. For dimensions see p. 294. 9. 4. 1. 488. Skull and skin. Tanjong Turut, Batam Island ; collected by H. C. Eobinson, Esq. Presented ly the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909. 9.4.1.489. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector Same history. 9. 4. 1. 490. Skull and^skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 4. 1. 491. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 4. 1. 492. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 4. 1. 493. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. Same locality and Same history. Same locality and Same history. Same locality and Same history. Same locality and 496. 9. 4. 1 collector. 9. 4. 1 collector. 9.4. 1 collector. 9. 4. 1 collector. 9.4. 1 collector. 9. 4. 1. 499. collector. 494. -Skull and skin, female. 495. Skull and skin, female. 497. Skull and skin, female. Skull and skin, female. 498. Skull and skin, female. Skull and skin, female. Same history. Same locality and Same history. Same locality and Same history. TRAGULID^ 267 C. -Tragulus stanleyanus rufulus. Tragulus rufulus, Miller, Proc. Washington Ac. Sci. vol. ii, p. 227, 1900 ; Thomas, Journ. Malay Mus. vol. ii, p. 106, 1908. Tragulus javanicus rufulus, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 296, 1903. Tragulus stanleyanus rufulus, Thomas and Wroughton, Journ. Malay MKS. vol. iv, p. 129, 1909. Typical locality Pulo Tioman, off Johore. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Similar to typical T. stanleyanus in colour, but considerably smaller in size. 8. 1. 25. 24. Skull. Juara Bay, Pulo Tioman. Presented by H. C. Robinson, Esq., 1908. 8. 2. 25. 22. Skull and skin. Pulo Tioman ; collected by H. C. Robinson, Esq. Presented ~by the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1908. 8. 1. 25. 23. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. D. — Tragulus stanleyanus formosus. Tragulus formosus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi, p. 34, 1903, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 251, 1906. Tragulus javanicus formosus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 688, 1904. Tragulus stanleyanus formosus, Thomas and Wroughton, Journ. Malay Mus. vol. iv, p. 129, 1909. Typical locality Pulo Bin tang, Rhio Linga Group. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. General colour bright orange ochery, darkening to ochery rufous on neck and limbs, and lightening to orange-buff on flanks ; hairs drab with black tips ; crown, middle line of nape, and back black, much mingled with ochery rufous, which renders nuchal stripe inconspicuous ; under-parts tinged with yellowish drab. For dimensions see p. 294. 9. 4. 1. 484. Skull and skin. Pulo Bintang ; collected by H. C. Robinson, Esq. Presented ly the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909. 268 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 9. 4. 1. 486. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 4. 1. 487. Skull and skin. Sungei Biru, Pulo Bintang ; same collector. Same history. in. TKAGULUS JAVANICUS. Cervus javanicus, OsbecJc, Beise Ostind. und China, p. 367, 1765. Moschus javanicus, Baffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiii, p. 262, 1822 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 64 ; nee Gmelin, 1788. Tragulus javanicus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 173, 1843, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 249, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 98, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 168, 1873; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 269, 1846 ; Blyth, ibid. vol. xxvii, p. 277, 1859, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 155, 1863 ; BonJiote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 296, 1903. Tragulus fuscatus, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxvii, p. 278, 1859. Tragulus napu, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 5, vol. ii, p. 158, 1864, and most later writers. Typical locality Java. Size typically large, shoulder-height about 13 inches ; a naked tract on throat ; tarsus naked behind ; tail relatively long; general colour typically yellowish or rufous brown, passing into smoky grey on sides ; hairs of back black- tipped, but without pale subterminal ring; forehead and nape blacker; under-parts white; throat and fore part of neck brown, with five more or less distinct white stripes, a median stripe on the chest, and two oblique white lines on each side of front of throat, which may coalesce ; rump rufous ; tail brown above, white below. The distributional area extends from Sumatra, Borneo, and Java, together with the neighbouring isles (such as those of the Ehio Linga Group), through the Malay Peninsula and adjacent islands, to southern Tenasserim, as well as to Annam. A.— Tragulus javanicus javanicus. Typical locality Java. General characters those given under head of species. No specimen in collection. TRAGUL11M-: 260 B.— Trag-ulus javanicus napu. Moschus napu, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Ma mm. vol. iii, livr. 37, pi. 329, 1822. Tragulns napu, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 7, vol. ii, pp. 106 and 158, 1864; Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 483; Stanford, Jonrn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xlvii, pt. 2, p. 166, 1879, i'ltuiKt ]>rit. Iittliii, ^fainiu. p. 557, 1901; Flower and Gar sou, ( 'at. Osteol. Mus. E. Coll. Sura. pt. ii, p. 328, 1884 ; Jentink, Noli-* Ley den Mus. vol. xi, p. 25, 1889 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 71, 1891, p. 585 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 190, 1891 ; Lydeliker, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 256, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 275, 1907 ; Stone and Eelm, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 27 ; Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiii, p. 186, 1900, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 439, 1903, vol. xxxvii, p. 6, pi. i, 1909 ; Schneider, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. xxiii, p. 133, 1905 ; Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxiv, p. 628, 1908. Tragulus javanicus napu, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 296, 1903. Typical locality Sumatra. Very similar to typical race ; general colour orange-buff, faintly washed with blackish ; sides and under-parts greyish ; a moderately distinct dark nuchal stripe, throat-markings normal, the outer dark pair similar in colour to rest of neck ; total length about 22^ inches (572 mm.). 51, 1. Skin, female. Sumatra ; collected by Sir J. Stamford Baffles. Presented by Lady Raffles. 51, c. Skull and skin, immature. Same locality and collector. Same history. 79. 11. 21. 243. Skin. Purlis, Malay Peninsula; collected by Dr. J. Cantor. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 85. 8. 1. 351. Skin. Bankasun, Tenasserim ; collected by W. Davison, Esq. Presented by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1885. 85. 8. 1. 352. Skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 85. 8. 1. 353. Skin, female. Probably same locality ; same collector. Same history. 85. 8. 1. 354. Skin, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 91. 11. 6. 4. Skin, young. Same locality and collector. Presented by Dr. W. T. Stanford, 1891, 270 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 99. 6. 12. 4. Skin, immature female. Deli, Sumatra. Presented by Theodore Barclay, Esq., 1899. 13. 5. 26. 1. Skin, albino, of this or one of the allied races. Eawang, Malay Peninsula. Presented ~by Mungo Park, Esq., 1913. 14. 12. 8. 225. Skull and skin. Bankachon, southern Tenasserini. Presented ~by the Bombay Natural History Society, 1914. 14. 12. 8. 226. Skull and skin. Same locality. Same history. 14. 12. 8. 227. Skull and skin. Same locality. Same history. 14. 12. 8. 228. Skull and skin, female. Same locality. Same history. 14. 12. 8. 229. Skull and skin, female. Same locality. Same history. 14. 12. 8. 230. Skull and skin, female. Same locality. Same history. C. — Tragulus javanicus canescens. Tragulus canescens, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiii, p. 185, 1900, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxvii, p. 5, foot-note, 1909 ; Thomas and Wroughton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. iv, p. 536, 1909. Tragulus javanicus canescens, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 296, 1903, Fascicule Malay, vol. i, p. 41, 1903. Typical locality Trong, Lower Siam, whence the range extends into the Malay Peninsula. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Differs very slightly, if at all, from the Sumatran T. j. iiapu ; in the original description comparison was made with one of the Ehio Linga races, instead of the true napu. No specimen in collection. D.— Tragulus javanicus borneanus. Tragulus borneanus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xv, p. 174, 1902 ; Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxiii, p. 550, 1907. Tragulus javanicus borneanus, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 296, 1903. Tragulus napu borneanus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xl, p. 64, 1911. TKACiULlD.E 271 Typical locality British North Borneo. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Closely allied to T. j. napii, but slightly smaller, with the throat-markings a little darker, and the light gorget rather wider. Specimens from the neighbouring Pulo Laut are slightly inferior in size to those from the mainland. 90. 12. 15. 3 (1980, b). Skull and skin, female. Sarawak, N. Borneo. Presented ly Dr. G. D. Haviland, 1890. 92. 2. 8. 6. Skin. Baram, Sarawak ; collected by A. H. Everett, Esq. Purchased, 1892. 94. 6. 8. 3. Skin, female. Bongon, N. Borneo; same collector. Purchased, 1894. 0. 8. 4. 1. Skull and skin, young. Baram. Presented ly Dr. C. Hose, 1900. 10. 4. 5. 119. Skull and skin; the latter mounted. Poeroek Jihoe, Barito Valley, S. Central Borneo ; * collected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq. Presented ly 0. Thomas, Esq., 1910. 10. 4. 5. 120. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 10. 4. 5. 121. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 10. 4. 5. 122. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 10. 4. 5. 123. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 10. 4. 5. 124. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 10. 4. 5. 125. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 10. 4. 5. 126. Skull and skin, young female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 10. 4. 5. 127. Skull and skin, young female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 10. 4. 5. 129. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 10. 4. 5. 130. Skin. Same locality and collector. Same histwy. " The reference of the specimens from this locality to the present race is provisional. 272 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES E. — Tragulus javanicus nigrieans. Tragulus nigricans, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ix, p. 254, 1892;'Nehring, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1894, p. 223 ; Hollister, Philippine Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 39, 1912. Tragulus javanicus nigrieans, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 296, 1903. Muntiacus nigrieans, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxviii, p. 13, 1916, errorim. Typical locality Balabac, Philippines. Size and colour-plan very similar to T. j. napu, but upper- parts strongly washed with black, the hairs being white at base, orange in middle, and black at tip ; white throat- stripes, when present, very narrow and sharply defined, with an arrangement recalling that obtaining in T. stanleyanus, there being a dark area between them and the white on the under side of the lower jaw. Typical (and only) locality Balabac Island, Philippines. 91. 11. 28. 2. Skull and skin, young. Balabac ; collected by the Steere Expedition, 1887-88. Type. Purchased, 1891. 94. 2. 1. 16. Skull and skin. Balabac. Pur chased, 1894. 94. 6. 8. 4. Skull and skin. Balabac; collected by A. H. Everett, Esq. The throat-markings are obsolete. Purchased, 1894. 94. 7. 2. 45. Skin, young. Balabac ; same collector. Same history. F.— Tragulus javanicus terutus. Tragulus canescens terutus, Thomas and Wroughton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. iv, p. 536, 1909. Typical locality Terutau Island, Straits of Malacca. Smaller than, but otherwise similar to, T. j. canescetvs ; the dark on the nape distinctive of T. j. unibrinus is wanting. 9. 11. 1. 159. Skull and skin. Terutau Island ; collected by H. C. Eobinson, Esq. Type. Presented ly the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909. 9. 11. 1. 160. Skull and skin, immature. Same locality and collector. Same history. TRA<;rLIl>.i: 273 9. 11. 1. 161. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 11. 1. 162. Skull and skin, immature. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 11. 1. 163. Skull and skin of a rather younger animal than the last. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 11. 1. 164. Skull and skin, subadult female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 11. 1. 165. Skull and skin, immature female. Same locality and collector. Same history. G.— Tragfulus javanicus umbrinus. Tragulus umbrinus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiii, p. 191, 1900. Tragulus javanicus umbrinus, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 296, 1903. Typical locality Pulo Lankawi, Straits of Malacca. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Generally similar to T. j. canescens, but smaller and much darker, with the throat-stripes blackish brown and almost devoid of pale speckling, and the under-parts strongly tinged with fulvous grey. General colour deeper and brighter orange-buff than in T. j. canescens, and the blackish clouding much in excess of buff; sides and flanks darker than in the latter owing to the greater admixture of brown ; entire nape and sides of neck blackish seal-brown ; lateral dark throat - stripes of the latter colour, with scarcely any buff speckling. 9. 11. 1. 166. Skull and skin, female. Lankawi Island; collected by H. C. Robinson, Esq. Presented ly the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909. H. — Tragfulus javanicus pretiosus. Tragulus pretiosus, Miller, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 144, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 253, 1906, vol. xxxvii, p. 6, pi. ii, fig. 1, 1909. Tragulus javanicus pretiosus, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 296, 1903. Typical (and only) locality Linga Island, Ehio Linga Group. IV. T 274 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Colour richer and yellower than in T. j. napu ; black clouding on back slightly in excess of ground-colour ; a well-defined narrow blackish nuchal stripe; dark throat- markings a mixture of black and dull ochery rufous, white ones normal ; total length about 22^ inches (566 mm.). For other dimensions, see p. 294. No specimen in collection. L— Tragulus javanicus pretiellus. Tragulus pretiellus, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 253, 1906, vol. xxxvii, p. 6, 1909. Tragulus pretiellus pretiellus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 165, 1911. Typical (and only) locality Pulo Bakong, Ehio Linga Group. Type in U.S. National Museum. Smaller than T. j. pretiosus, with relatively larger cheek- teeth ; otherwise similar ; brighter coloured than T. j. lutescens (infra) ; total length about 20 inches (501 mm.). For other dimensions, see p. 294. No specimen in collection. J.— Tragulus javanicus parallelus. Tragulus pretiellus parallelus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv, p. 165, 1911. Typical locality Pulo Sebang, Rhio Linga Group. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Very close to T. j. pretielhis, but with less suffusion of black on upper-parts, and less tinge of huffish on middle portion of under-parts, where there is no greyish grizzle, owing to absence of black tips to hairs. No specimen in collection. Here it may be mentioned that Tragulus formosus and T. perflavus, from the Ehio Linga Group, were originally regarded as members of the present species, more or less nearly related to T. j. pretiosus, but are now classed as races of T. stanleyanus (supra, pp. 266-67). TRAGULID.-K 275 K. — Tragulus javanicus lutescens. Tragulus lutescens, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi, p. 32, 1903, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 251, 1906, vol. xxxvii, p. 6. 1909. Tragulus javanicus lutescens, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 688, 1904. Pulo Sugi Bawa, Khio Linga Group ; also occurs in Pulo Jan. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. About the size of T. j. pretiellus, with well-defined black nuchal stripe ; general colour paler than in preceding races, on back orange-buff clouded with blackish brown, the latter not in excess of former tint; on flanks the buff fading, through straw-yellow to cream ; dark throat-markings heavily shaded with black. For dimensions, see p. 294. No specimen in collection. L.— Tragulus javanieus flavieollis. Tragulus flavieollis, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi, p. 33, 1903, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 251, 1906, vol. xxxvii, p. 7, 1909. Tragulus javanicus flavieollis, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 688, 1904. Typical (and only) locality Pulo Sugi, Khio Linga Group. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Closely related to preceding race, but yellower, without a dark nuchal stripe, and the dark throat-markings only faintly shaded with black ; general colour essentially as in T. j. lutescens, but the tawny element more decidedly yellow, especially on cheeks and neck ; size probably larger. No specimen in collection. M.— Trag-ulus javanicus bancanus. Tragulus bancanus Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 576, 1906. Typical locality Banka Island, east of Sumatra. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. T 2 276 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Closely related to T. j. napu, but brighter in colour, with a rather smaller skull. No specimen in collection. N.— Tragulus javanicus nigrieollis. Tragulus nigrieollis, Miller, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 145, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 253, 1906, vol. xxxvii, p. 7, pi. iii, fig. 1, 1909. Tragulus javanicus nigrieollis, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 688, 1904. Typical (and only) locality Pulo Sinkep, Ehio Linga Group. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Generally similar to T. j. pretiosus, but slightly larger, and ground-colour more clouded with black ; flanks light buff, as in T. j. lutescens ; throat-markings normal, the dark ones black, faintly speckled with brown, like sides of neck; total length about 22J inches (566 mm.). For other dimensions, see p. 294. No specimen in collection. 0.— Tragulus javanicus nigroeinctus. Tragulus nigroeinctus, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 250, 1906, vol. xxxvii, pi. 7, pi. iii, fig. 2, 1909. Typical locality Pulu Kundur, Ehio Linga Group ; also occurs on Pulu Karimon. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. General colour much as in T. j. pretiosus, but the black clouding — due to the hair-tips — so strongly developed as almost completely to obscure the ground-colour on back ; neck and throat black, the latter without markings ; no white on under-parts ; tail, unlike that of all the other Ehio Linga races, yellow below; total length about 19| inches (502 mm.). This race differs from T. j. annce (p. 279) by the shorter ears (length about 30 mm. against 37 to 38 mm.), the marked contrast in colour between neck and back, and ^the presence of a faint eyebrow-stripe in the lighter-coloured individuals. 277 9. 4. 1. 476. Skull and skin. Pulo Karimon, Rhio Linga Group ; collected by H. C. Robinson, Esq. Presented by the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909. 9. 4. 1. 477. Skull and skin. Same locality and Same history. Skull and skin. Pulo Kundur; same Same history. Skull and skin. collector. 9. 4. 1. 478. collector. 9. 4. 1. 479. collector. 9. 4. 1 collector. 9. 4. 1 collector. 9. 4. 1. 482. and collector. 480. Skull and skin. 481. Skull and skin. Same locality and Same history. Same locality and Same history. Same locality and Same history. Skull and skin, female. Same locality Same history. 9. 4. 1. 483. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. P. — Tragrulus javanicus sebucus. Tragulus sebucus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xl, p. 64, 1911. Typical locality Pulo Sebuko, off south-eastern Borneo. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Similar in size and general colouring to T. j. pretiellus, but blacker above, and the hindmost pair of dark throat- markings almost clear blackish, instead of mingled blackish and ochery. Compared with T. j. nigricans (p. 271) the present race is smaller, with a less distinct nuchal stripe, and a considerable difference in the throat-markings. Basal length of skull 90 to 94 mm. No specimen in collection. Q.— Tragrulus javanicus billitonus. Tragulus napu, melanistic variety, Jentirik, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xiii, p. 209, 1891; Willirik, NaturJc. Tijdschr. Ned.-Ind. vol. xlv, p. 198, 1905. Tragulus billitonus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 578, 1906. Typical locality Billiton Island, east of Sumatra. Nearly related to T. j. pretiellus and T. j. umlrinus, but CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES darker and duller in colour than former, and lacking the bright tint on flanks, neck, and head, and less dark than latter, with a well-defined nuchal stripe instead of a diffused dark colour all over neck. No specimen in collection. R. — Tragfulus javanieus amoenus. Tragulus amoenus, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 439, 1903. Tragulus javanieus amcenus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 689, 1904. Typical locality Pulo Mansalar, off Sumatra. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. A yellowish, dark-necked race, approximating to T. j. niyricollis, but smaller and more richly coloured, with normal throat-markings, in which the dark stripes are blackish. General colour orange ochery, darkening towards ochery rufous on legs, and fading to yellow-buff on flanks, with a black suffusion produced by black hair- tips. Basal length of skull 101 to 108 mm. No specimen in collection. S.— Trag-ulus javanieus jugularis. Tragulus jugularis, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 440, 1903. Tragulus javanieus jugularis, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm,, Suppl. p. 689, 1904. Typical locality Pulo Mansalar, off' Sumatra. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Size much the same as in T. j. amcenus; no white anywhere, that portion of the chin which is white in other races being coloured like the cheeks, while the light throat - stripes are indicated only by a stronger grizzling of tawny ochery amid the black; in other respects the general colouring, except on under-parts, inner sides of legs, and lower surface of tail, very nearly as in T. j. amcenus, but the neck less speckled with tawny ochery, and cheeks and eyebrow-stripes rather more suffused with black. No specimen in collection TUAGULID^E 279 T.— Tragulus javanicus annae. Tragulus annae, Matschie, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1897, p. 157 ; Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 250, 1906. Tragulus javanicus annse, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Sup-pi, p. 689, 1904. Typical locality unknown. Type in Berlin Museum. A small race, with dark chestnut-brown upper-parts, suffused with blackish, due to the black-tipped hairs; neck deep blackish brown, without light bands on fore part, or on anterior part of breast ; flanks dirty light brown ; under- parts rusty grey, with a narrow blackish brown median stripe. No specimen in collection. U.— Tragulus javanicus bunguranensis. Tragulus bunguranensis, Miller, Proc. Washington Ac. Sci. vol. iii, p. 113, 1901. Tragulus javanicus bunguranensis, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 296, 1903. Typical locality Bunguran Island, China Sea. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Colour-pattern essentially as in T. j. nigricans, but size greater and equal that of T. j. canescens ; general colour uniform ochery, fading to buff on flanks, with the bases of the hairs grey, and both back and flanks distinctly but not excessively darkened by the black hair- tips ; throat-markings as in T. j. nigricans, but white stripes apparently even more restricted.* Teeth uniformly larger than those of last- named race. No specimen in collection. V.— Tragulus javanicus batuanus. Tragulus batuanus, Miller, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. xlv, p. 2, 1903. Tragulus javanicus ratuanus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 689, 1904, errorim. Typical locality Batu Island, off Sumatra. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. * For further details reference may be made to original description. 280 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES A large race (basicranial length 102-105 mm.), with wholly black neck and throat-stripes, and the black of the neck extending forwards over the face and cheeks to a greater degree than in any races except T. j. annce, T. j. jugular is, and T. j. lunguranensis, from all of which the present form is distinguished by the normal pattern of the throat -markings ; general colour ochery with a deep shading due to the black hair- tips, neither colour distinctly in excess ; on flanks the ochery fading to buff, and the black suffusion rather less pronounced than on back. No specimen in collection. W. — Tragrulus javanicus versieolor. Tragulus versieolor, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. v, p. 535, 1910. Typical locality Nhatrang, Annam. A medium-sized chevrotain distinguishable from other members of the genus by the marked contrast between the colouring of the fore and hind halves of the body, the former being fulvous and the latter grey. Although much smaller than is usual in T. javanicus, it seems to be a member of the present group since it has the coarse coat of T. j. napu, and cheek-teeth of nearly the same size. In point of size this chevrotain exceeds but little the members of the T. kanchil group, which is represented in Annam by T. k. affinis (p. 286). Basal length of skull 95 mm. 6. 11. 6. 38. Skull and skin. Nhatrang, Annam; collected by Dr. J. Vassal. Type. Purchased, 1906. 6. 11. 6. 39. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 10. 3. 10. 6-7. Two skins. Same locality and collector. Purchased, 1910. IV. TKAGULUS KANCHIL. Moschus javanicus, Gmelin, Linn.'s Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 174, 1788; nee OsbecTf,, 1765. Moschus kanchil, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiii, p. 262, 1822 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 64 ; Jentirik, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. v, p. 181, 1883. 281 Tragulus kanchil, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 173, 1843; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 268, 1846 ; Blytli, ibid. vol. xxvii, p. 276, 1859, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 15, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 483, Mamm. and Birds Burma, p. 44, 1875 ; Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 5, vol. ii, pp. Ill and 159, pi. ix, 1864 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, pp. 72 and 79 ; JentinJc and Biittikofer, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xix, p. 64, 1897 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 189, 1891 ; Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 296, 1902 ; Stone and Eehn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 128 ; Schneider, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. xxiii, p. 133, 1905 ; Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 442, 1903, vol. xxxi,p. 56, 1906; Lyon, ibid. vol. xxxiv, p. 628, 1908. Tragulus pygmaeus (ex Moschus pygmseus, Erxleben), Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 250, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 99, 1872 (kanchil). Tragulus javanicus, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 5, vol. ii, pp. 103 and 157, pi. ii, fig. 1, 1864; Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 483 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. E. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 326, 1884 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 385 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 556, 1891 ; Floiver and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 305, 1891 ; Thomas and Hartert, Novit. Zool. vol. ii, p. 492, 1895 ; Lydekker, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 257, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 276, 1907 ; Miller, Proc. Washington Ac. Sci. vol. iii, p. 115, 1901. Typical locality Sumatra. Size relatively small, basal skull-length about 3| inches (85 mm.) ; a naked glandular area on lower surface of chin and upper part of throat; tarsus bare behind, and carpus almost so ; tail relatively long ; typically the general colour brown, tending more or less to rufous ; back in old individuals nearly black, but always more or less mixed with rufous or yellow, from some of the hairs having a yellow ring near the end ; sides paler ; nape and upper surface of neck almost or quite black, contrasting with the light brown of sides ; under-parts white, variously mixed with light rufous and usually with a median narrow brown or rufous line through- out the breast, in front of this a brown cross-band and on fore part of neck an arrowhead-like brown mark, sometimes incomplete, with three white stripes, one median, within the arrow-head, the other two diverging, one on each side, outside of it, the last two joining on throat; rump rufous, insides of thighs and intermediate space white ; tail rufous- brown above, white below, 282 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Distribution very similar to that of the preceding species, but including Cambodia and Cochin China. A.— Tragulus kanchil kanchil. Tragulus kanchil kanchil, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxiv, p. 628, 1908. * Typical locality Sumatra. General characters those of the species. 1361, a. Skeleton, female, mounted. Sumatra. Purchased ( Warvnck). 79. 6. 28. 19. Two skins. Pajo, Sumatra; collected by Herr Karl Bock. Purchased, 1879. B.— Trag-ulus kanchil longlpes. Tragulus kanchil longipes, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxiv, p. 628, 1908, vol. xl, p. 66, 1911. Typical locality, Little Siak Valley, eastern Sumatra. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Distinguished from typical race by greater length of hind-foot, which ranges from 131 to 145 mm. against from 114 to 128 mm. in the former. Whether such slight differences as distinguish this and the next form from the typical race are worthy of recognition, is very questionable. No specimen in collection. C.— Tragulus kanchil luteicollis. Tragulus kanchil, JentinJc, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xiii, p. 209, 1891. Tragulus luteicollis, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 579, 1906. Typical locality Banka Island, east of Sumatra. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Distinguished from typical race by slightly larger size (basal skull-length 85-91 mm., against 84-83 mm.), generally duller colour, especially on sides of head and neck, and less black on upper-parts. General colour mixed dull ochery or TRAGULID^: 283 orange-buff and black, but nuchal stripe almost wholly black flanks with less black, and the ochery buff paler. No specimen in collection. D. — Tragrulus kanchil subrufus. Tragulus subrufus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi, p. 39, 1893, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 254, 1906. Tragulus kanchil subrufus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 690, 1904. Typical locality Sinkep Island, Ehio Linga Group ; also found on Linga Island. Very similar to typical race, but general colour slightly more yellow, and uuder-parts much more strongly suffused with fulvous ; ground colour orange-buff, slightly more yellow than that of T. k. kanchil, but less bright than in T. h. natunce. For dimensions, see p. 294. No specimen in collection. E,— Trag-ulus kanchil rubeus. Tragulus rubeus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi, p. 40, 1903, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 254, 1906. Tragulus kanchil rubeus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 690, 1904 ; Thomas and Wroughton, Journ. Malay Mus. vol. iv, p. 128, 1910. Typical locality Pulo Bintang, Ehio Linga Group. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Similar to T. k. subrufus, but brighter coloured, and with rather larger skull and cheek-teeth. For dimensions, see p. 294. 9. 4. 1. 502. Skull and skin, female. Pulo Bintang ; collected by H. C. Robinson, Esq. Presented ly the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909. 9. 4. 1. 503. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 4. 1. 504. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector, Same history. 283: CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES F. — Tragulus kanchil fulvieollis. Tragulus fulvieollis, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxiv, p. 650, 1908. Typical locality Pulo Bengkalis, off Sumatra. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Distinguished from typical T. kanchil by its larger size and lighter colour. No specimen in collection. G.— Trag-ulus kanchil earimatae. Tragulus carimatae, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 55, 1906 ; Lyon, ibid. vol. xl, p. 67, 1911. Typical locality Karimata Island, between Borneo and Billiton ; the range also including Pulo Panebangan. Distinguished from typical race by the slightly larger and broader skull, and the distinctly stouter cheek-teeth. There is a tendency to a stronger suffusion of buff on the under- parts and to the more pronounced development of the nuchal stripe. No specimen in collection. H.— Trag-ulus kanchil brevipes. Tragulus brevipes, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 443, 1903. Tragulus kanchil brevipes, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 689, 1904. Typical locality Pulo Bangkaru, near Sumatra. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Differs from typical race by the much shorter ears and feet, the paler colouring, and the slender muzzle of skull ; general colour a fine grizzle of black and light orange- buff, with the former tint somewhat predominating ; flanks huffish yellow slightly suffused with black ; outer sides of legs bright orange-buff; nuchal stripe clear black, contrasting with the slightly grizzled dull orange-buff of sides of neck ; 285 throat-markings normal, the brown stripes strongly grizzled, darker than sides of neck, and confluent in front. The small feet and pale colouring approximate to T. k. pallidus, which is, however, still paler, with a short and stout muzzle to skull. No specimen in collection. I.— Tragulus kanchil pallidus. Tragulus pallidus, Miller, Proc. Washington Ac. Sci. vol. iii, p. 116, 1901. Tragulus kanchil pallidus, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 296, 1903. Typical locality Pulo Laut, S. China Sea. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Smaller and paler than typical race, with the black clouding of upper-parts inconspicuous, but the dark nuchal stripe well defined ; general colour light ochery buff, faintly clouded by the black hair-tips, and more strongly so on mid- dorsal line and across loins. No specimen in collection. J.— Tragulus kanchil fulviventer. Tragulus fulviventer, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 65, Cat. Rumi- nants Brit. Mus. p. 98, 1872 (partim), Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 168, 1873 (partim) ; Stone and Rehn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 131; Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 445, 1903. Tragulus kanchil fulviventer, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7. vol. xi, pp. 292 and 296, 1903 ; Thomas and Wroughton, Journ. Malay Mus. vol. iv, p. 128, 1810. Typical locality apparently Singapore. Much smaller than typical race, with the under-parts suffused with fulvous ochery, the brown throat-markings relatively deep in colour, with a rufous transverse stripe under the throat at the apex of the triangular patterned area, connecting the colour at either side of neck, and the white stripes strongly developed ; skull intermediate between that of T. k. hosei and that of T. k. affinis. 286 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 52, a. Skull and skin. Singapore (?).* Bequeathed ~by Gen. T. Hardwicke, 1835. 53, a. Skull and skin. Singapore (?).* Type. Same history. 53, b. Skin, immature. Singapore (?).* Same history. 85. 8. 1. 363. Skin, female, mounted. Singapore; collected by W. Davison, Esq. Presented ly A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1885. 85. 8. 1. 364. Skin, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 4. 1. 500. Skull and skin. Changi, Singapore ; collected by H. C. Eobinson, Esq. Presented ly the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909. 9. 4. 1. 501. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. K.— Tragrulus kanchil affinis. Tragulus affinis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, see also Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 169, 1873, where this form is included under the heading of T. fulviventer. (?) Tragulus ravus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xv, p. 163, 1902, vol. xvi, p. 41, 1903. Tragulus kanchil affinis, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi, pp. 293 and 296, 1903, Fascic. Malay, vol. i, p. 42, 1903 ; Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. v, p. 536, 1910.- Typical locality probably the northern part of the Malay Peninsula or Tenasserim (not, as stated by Gray, Singapore). T. ravus, from Trong, Lower Siam, was identified with this race by Bonhote, who stated that specimens from the Malay Peninsula were inseparable from the type of T. affinis. Thomas has, however, suggested that the latter may be a more southern type, in which case ramis will have to stand for the northern form. Slightly smaller and paler than T. k. fulviventer, without the transverse rufous stripe ; skull with the auditory bull«3 smaller and less inflated than in T. k. hosei (p. 298), in which the whole skull is smaller. 38. 7. 13. 2 (853, c). Skin, immature. Malay Peninsula (?). Purchased (Stevens), 1838. * Not Java, as originally stated. TRAGULin.i: 287 38. 8. ]. 13 (853, i). Skin, female. Malay Peninsula. Type. Purchased (Sotherby), 1838. 79. 11. 21. 244. Skin, female. Malay Peninsula ; collected by Dr. J. Cantor. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 85. 8. 1. 355. Skull and skin. Bankachon, southern Tenasserim ; collected by W. Davison, Esq. Presented by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1885. 85. 8. 1. 356. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 85. 8. 1. 357. Skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 85. 8. 1. 358. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 85. 8. 1. 361. Skull and skin. Salanga Island, off Malay Peninsula ; same collector. Same history. 85. 8. 1. 362. Skull and skin. Taroa, Malay Peninsula ; same collector. Same history. 3. 2. 6. 79. Skull and skin, female. Biserak, Jalor, Malay Peninsula. Presented by ff. C. Eolinson, Esq., 1903. 3. 2. 6. 80. Skull and skin, female. Same locality. Same history. 4. 4. 7. 7. Skull and skin. Siracha, Siam. Practically a topo-type of T. ravus. Presented by T. H. Lyle, Esq., 1904. 6. 10. 4. 44. Skull and skin, female. Kuala Tembeling, Pahang, Malay Peninsula ; collected by H. C. Eobinson, Esq. Presented by the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1906. 6. 11. 6. 40. Skull and skin. Nhatrang, Annam ; collected by Dr. J. Vassal. ' Purchased, 1906. 8. 3. 9. 22. Skin. Near Moulmein, Tenasserim. Presented by Mrs. W. T. Blanford, 1908. 14. 12. 8. 231. Skull and skin. Bankachon, southern Tenasserim. Presented by the Bombay Natural History Society, 1914. 14. 12. 8. 232. Skull and skin. Same locality. Same history. 14. 12. 8. 233. Skull and skin. Same locality. Same history. 14. 12. 8. 234. Skull and skin. Same locality. Same history. 288 CATALOGUE OF UNGULA.TES 14. 12. 8. 235. Skull and skin, female. Same locality. Same history. 14. 12. 8. 236. Skull and skin, female. Same locality. • Same history. 14. 12. 8. 237. Skull and skin, female. Same locality. Same history. L. — Tragnlus kanchil ravulus. Tragulus ravulus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi,p. 41, 1903. Tragulus kanchil ravulus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 689, 1904. Typical locality Pulo Adang, Butang Group, off Malay Peninsula. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Similar to T. Jc. affinis (ravus), but smaller, with the neck paler and the nuchal stripe less pronounced. No specimen in collection. M. — Tragulus kanchil lancavensis. Tragulus lancavensis, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi, p. 41, 1903. Tragulus kanchil lancavensis, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 690, 1904. Typical locality Pulo Langkawi, Straits of Maladoa. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Similar to T. k. affinis (ravus), hut general colour slightly more yellow, and under-parts strongly suffused with orange- buff ; upper-parts bright ochery buff, with a yellow tinge. 9. 11. 1. 167. Skull and skin. Pulo Langkawi ; collected by H. C. Eobinson, Esq. Presented by the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909. 9. 11. 1. 168. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 11. 1. 169. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. N.— Trag-ulus kanchil lampensis. Tragulus lampensis, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi, p. 42, 1903. Tragulus kanchil lampensis, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 690, 1904. TRAGULID^E 289 Typical locality Pulo Lampi, Mergui Archipelago. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Similar to T. k. lancavensis, but general colour much more yellow, and under-parts strongly suffused with brig-lit orange-buff. No specimen in collection. 0.— Trag-ulus kanehil russeus. Tragulus russeus, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xvi, p. 444, 1903. Tragulus kanehil russeus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 689, 1904. Typical locality Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Group, off N.W. Sumatra. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Generally similar, both in size and colouring to T. k. fulviventcr, but the brown throat-stripes less dark, and the light ones frequently nearly obsolete, and in some cases wanting; general colour orange-ochery, somewhat paler on flanks, and darkening to raw-sienna on neck and outer sides of legs; back with a black suffusion (due to hair-tips), predominating over the ochery, and deepening on shoulders into a clear black nuchal stripe; on neck and flanks the suffusion much less and disappearing on lower part of latter, where the colour passes into the raw sienna of the legs and the pale orange-ochery suffusing the under-parts ; region usually occupied by white throat- stripes with a peculiar mottled appearance due to the white being mostly replaced by clear orange-ochery, not contrasting strongly with gorget and dark stripes, both of which are distinctly grizzled, like sides of neck, No specimen in collection. P.— Trag-ulus kanehil russulus. Tragulus russulus, Miller, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. xlv, p. 3, 1903. Tragulus kanehil russulus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 689 1904. Typical locality Batu Island, near Sumatra. Near akin to T. k. riisseus, but the general colour less dark, a less extensive yellowish suffusion on under-parts, iv. u 290 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES and throat-markings invariably normal in pattern; skull and teeth rather smaller than in T. k. russeus ; general colour rather dark orange-ochery ; neck and limbs brighter than body, dark clouding on back only slightly developed, but deepening anteriorly into a faintly grizzled black nuchal stripe. No specimen in collection. Q.— Trag-ulus kanchil hosei. Tragulus kanchil hosei, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 293, 1903. Tragulus virgicollis, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi, p. 37, 1903. Tragulus kanchil virgicollis, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 690, 1904. Tragulus hosei, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxiii, p. 549, 1907. Typical locality Baram Valley, Sarawak, Borneo. Distinguished from T. k. fulviventer by its superior size, rather paler colouring, and absence of orange throat-band ; general colour black strongly grizzled with rufous, which becomes yellower and predominant on flanks; skull (basal length 86 mm.) with very large and much inflated auditory bullse, but otherwise very similar to that of T. k. affinis, although larger. 79. 5. 23. 3. Skull and skin. Sarawak; collected by A. H. Everett, Esq. Purchased (Gerrard), 1879. 79. 5. 23. 7. Skeleton, female, mounted. Same locality and collector. Same history. 79. 5. 23. 8. Skeleton, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 0. 8. 4. 10. Skull and skin, female. Baram Valley. Type. Presented ly Dr. C. Hose, 1900. 8. 7. 17. 21. Skull and skin, female. Borneo; collected by Dr. C. Hose. Presented ly the British North Borneo Co., 1908. 8.7.17.22. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 8. 7. 17. 23. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 10. 4. 5. 128. Skull and skin. Moera Island, Barito Eiver, south-central Borneo; collected by G. C. Shorfcridge, Esq. Presented ly 0. Thomas, Esq., 1910. R.— Tragulus kanchil everetti. Tragulus kanchil everetti, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 295, 1903. Tragulus natunte, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi, p. 88, 1903. Tragulus kanchil natunse, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 690, 1904. Typical locality Bunguran Island, Natuna Group. Generally similar to T. k. liosei, but rather smaller, and richer in colour, the flanks being rufous instead of deep buff; skull rather smaller (basal length 83 mm.), with larger cheek-teeth, much smaller auditory bulla3, and the pre- maxillse continuing of the same width for some distance in advance of nasals, and then bending sharply downwards, instead of sloping gradually downwards as in T. k. affinis, or narrowing abruptly as in T. k. Jwsei. Miller described his T. natunce as similar to typical race but smaller and yellower, the ground-colour of the back being bright tawny ochre instead of yellowish buff, and the black clouding not in excess of the lighter colour. 94. 9. 28. 21. Skull and skin, female. Bunguran Island ; collected (October) by A. H. Everett, Esq. Type. Purchased, 1894, S. — Tragulus kanchil pierrei. Tragulus kanchil pierrei, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. ?„ vol. xi, p. 293, 1903. Typical locality Bien Hoa, lower Cochin China. Nearly related to T. k. affinis, with which it agrees in size, but general colour of a uniform dull yellowish brown, without any admixture of black ; this sufficing to distinguish it from all other races described up to April, 1903. Basal length of skull 76 mm. 61. 4. 12. 6. Young skin, mounted. Cambodia ; collected by Monsieur Mohot, 1859. Purchased, 1861. 61. 4. 12. 7. Skin, mounted. Same locality and collector. Same history. 61. 4. 12. 20 (853, /). Skull. Pachebone, Cambodia; same collector. Same history. 78. 6. 17. 18. Skull and skin. Bien Hoa, lower Cochin China. Type. Presented ~by Monsieur Pierre, 1878, u 2 292 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES T.— Trag-ulus kanchil pelandoc. Moschus javanicus, Gmelin, Linn.'s Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 174, 1788 ; nee Cervus javanicus, Osbeck. Moschus pelandoc, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 66, 1827. Tragulus pelandoc, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxvii, p. 277, 1858 ; Stone and Rehn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 131 ; Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi, p. 37, 1905. Tragulua kanchil pelandoc, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 296, 1903. Tragulus focalinus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi, p. 35, 1905. Tragulus kanchil focalinus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 690, 1904. Typical locality Java. Miller has stated that Hamilton Smith's Moschus pelandoc cannot be definitely identified, but that it appears to be nearly allied to the typical Sumatran T. kanchil; and he accordingly proposed a new name for such specimens of Javan kanchil s as came under his observation. Until, how- ever, the so-called T. focalinus can be definitely proved to be distinct from T.. k. pelandoc, it may be regarded as inseparable therefrom. A grey-necked race specially characterised by the great width and distinctiveness of the tawny eyebrow-stripes and the contrast between the grizzled grey of the neck and the tawny head and body ; no dark nuchal stripe ; throat- markings normal. General colour raw-sienna, gradually paling, through buff, to creamy buff on flanks ; hairs drab with black tips, the latter producing a faint dark clouding on back but not on flanks ; neck coarsely grizzled grey, the hairs black with a buffish terminal or subterminal ring; crown blackish, its hair with inconspicuous tawny annula- tions ; skull with a shorter muzzle and narrower auditory bullse than in typical race. Bonhote remarked that one specimen which came under his notice resembled the type of the present race on the throat and the typical kanchil on the nape. 51 a, 52. Two skins of fawns. Java ; collected by Dr. T. Horsfield. Presented ly the Hon. East India Co. 293 9. 1. 5. 834. Vries Bay, Java Skull and skin. Parigandaran, Dirk-de- collected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq. Presented ly W. E. Balston, Esq., 1909. ality and collector. Same history. ality and collector. Same history. ality and collector. Same history. Same locality and Same history. Same locality and Same history. Same locality and Same history. Same locality and Same history. ing female. Same Same history. Same locality and Same history. Same locality and Same history. ing female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 1. 5. 850. Skull and skin. Batavia, Java; same 9. 1. 5. 837. 9. 1. 5. 838. Skull and skin. Skull and skin. Same Ic Same k 9. 1. 5. 839. Skull and skin. Same Ic 9. 1. 5. 840. Skull and skin, female. collector. 9. 1. 5. 841. Skull and skin, female. collector, 9. 1. B. 842. Skin, female, mounted. collector. 9. 1. 5.. 843. Skull and skin, female. collector. 9. 1. 5. 844. Skull and skin, very y( locality and collector. 9. 1. 5. 845. Skull and skin, female. collector. 9. 1. 5. 847. Skull and skin, female. collector 9. 1. 5. 848. Skull and skin, very y< collector. 9. 1. 5. 851. Skull and skin, female. Same history. Tassik-malaja, Preanger, Java ; same collector. Same history. 9. 1. 5. 852. Skull and skin, female. Tjilatjap, Java ; same collector. Same history. 9. 1. 5. 853. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Sam.e history. KACIALLY UNDETERMINED SPECIMENS, OF WHICH THE LOCALITIES ARE UNKNOWN. 45. 11. 24. 2. Skin. Purchased (Thomas), 1845. 47. 4. 30. 3. ) Skin, mounted, and imperfect 47. 4. 30. 9 (079, &). ) skeleton, immature female. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1847. 294 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 48. 11. 5. 2 (853, &). Skull, female. No history. 50. 11. 22. 28 (853, a). Skull, immature. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1850. 53. 8. 29. 39. Skin, five-days'-old fawn. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1853. 56. 5. 6. 67. Skull. Presented by W. Theobald, Esq., 1856. 60. 3. 18. 29 (853, h). Skeleton, female, mounted. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1860. 67. 4. 12. 294-6-7. Three skulls, immature. Lidth de Jeude Collection, purchased, 1867. 68. 12. 29. 36 (853, g). Skeleton, mounted. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1886. MEASUREMENTS, IN MILLIMETRES, OF ADULT KHIO-LINGA CHEVROTAINS. (From Miller.) Name. Locality. Sex. Total length. Head and body. Tail. Hind foot. Hind foot with- out hoofs. T. stanleyanus formosus Pulo Bintang Male 620 540 80 142 129 » » M J? 600 530 70 137 124 s> j j yj Female 650 570 80 143 \m 693 593 100 145 131 T. jaranicus lutcscens Pulo Sugi Bawa COO 510 90 131 117 Male 563 488 75 131 117 3 > M Pulo Jan Female 592 505 87 129 115 Male 575 503 72 130 118 T. stanleyanus perflamis Pulo Batam Female 620 535 85 135 122 T. jai-anicufi pretiostts Liuga Male 625 545 80 135 120 )> » Female 628 548 80 138 124 T. jamnicvs pretiellus Pulo Bakong 675 605 565 515 90 90 140 122 125 108 575 500 75 123 107 Male 533 473 60 119 105 » Pulo Sebang 615 535 SO 135 119 IT. javanicus nigrocinctus Pulo Kundur 610 575 525 490 85 85 138 137 123 122 625 525 100 142 128 » pj Female 537 137 120 . - 598 513 85 140 126 T. javanicus nigncollis Sin'kep Male 620 540 80 138 123 ) J ) • 655 570 85 143 130 Female 645 560 85 143 128 T. kanchil rubeus" Pulo Bintang Male 670 540 590 465 80 75 147 119 133 106 612 547 65 118 105 Female 543 478 65 125 113 T. kanchil subruftis Sinkep 540 470 70 125 113 ( Male 528 450 78 118 108 j} Linga 500 450 50 119 105 " Female 500 450 50 118 105 These measurements, which are only a few of those given by Miller, will serve as a standard in cases when other races are contrasted with the above in the matter of size. TRAGULID.E 295 II. Genus DORCATHERIUM. Dorcatherium, Kaup, Oss. Foss. Darmstadt, pt. 5, p. 92, 1836; B&timeyer, Abh. scliweiz. pal. Ges. vol. x, pt. 2, p. 72, 1883; Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Mainm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii, p. 153, 1885 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 385. Hyemoschus, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. xvi, p. 350 1845, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 96, 1872. Hyomoschus, Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 682 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 329, 1884. Hycemoschus, Riitimcyer, Abli. scliweiz. pal. Ges. vol. x, pt. 2, p. 78, 1883. Size larger than in Tragulus ; main metacarpals and metatarsals separate, or the latter alone uniting partially or wholly into a cannon-bone in old age; feet shorter and stouter with larger lateral toes ; skull relatively short, with premaxilke not reaching nasals ; dentition : i. §, c. j, p. 3^4, m. | ; tail medium. Typified by D. naui (Kaup, op. cit. 1836; from the Upper Tertiary of Eppelsheim, Hesse-Darmstadt, which differs from the existing species by the presence (at any rate in many cases) of the first lower premolar. At the present day the genus is restricted to the equa- torial forest-zone of Africa. DOKCATHEKIUM AQUATICUM. Moschus aquaticus, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 35, 1841, p. 68; Owen, Anat. Vertebrates, vol. ii, p. 487, 1866. Hyemoschus aquaticus, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. xvi, p. 350, 1845, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 42, pi. xxxi, 1850, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 248, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 99, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 169, 1873; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 269, 1862; Milne- Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 5, vol. ii, p. 133, 1864. Hyomoschus aquaticus, Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 682 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 329, 1884 ; Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. x, p. 26, 1887 ; Pousargues, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 7, vol. iv, p. 87, 1897. Hycemoschus aquaticus, Riitimeyer, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. x, pt. 2, p. 78, 1883. Dorcatherium aquaticum, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 385 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 306, 1891 ; Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 515, 1899, Game Animals of Africa, p. 386, 1908. 296 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES WATER-CHEVEOTAIN. Typical locality Sierra Leone, West Africa. The only existing species ; type of Hyemosclius. Shoulder-height about 13 to 14 inches ; three pairs of lower premolars ; tail rather bushy ; general colour olive to chestnut-brown, profusely spotted and striped on the body with white or yellow, the thick and irregular stripes being longitudinal and for the most part restricted to the flanks ; throat and upper part of chest with light and dark markings comparable with those of Tragulus ; tail white below. Distribution, at the present day, co-extensive with that of genus. The following races have been named : — A. General colour dark olive, with very little speckling except on neck ; light markings on back white and distinct D. a. aquaticum. B. General colour more rufous, heavily speckled all over upper-parts ; light markings on back straw- coloured and indistinct. a. General colour darker rufous, with light mark- ings extending on to shoulders, and face with distinct dark chevron D. a. batesi. b. General colour lighter rufous, with light mark- ings stopping short of shoulders, and face without distinct dark chevron D. a. cottoni. A.— Dorcatherium aquaticum aquaticum. Dorcatherium aquaticum typicum, Lydelclter, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, vol. i, p. 113. Typical locality Sierra Leone. General colour dark olive, without any distinct speck- ling except on neck ; light markings on back white, distinct, and numerous; face dark in middle line, elsewhere olive- brown with a tinge of rufous, a distinct white flank-band running from shoulders along flanks to join transverse loin- band, and two flank-bands below this ; spots on back forming distinct and continuous transverse bands ; tail with much brown above. 44. 8. 22. 1. ) Skin, mounted, and skull, imma- 44. 9. 5. 1 (680, a). I ture female. Sierra Leone ; col- lected by Mr. J. Whitfield. Presented ly the Earl of Derby, 1844- TRAGULID^E 297 44. 9. 7. 1. I Skin, mounted, skull, and scapula1. 46. 2. 28. 1 (680, 1). ) Same locality and collector. Type. Same history. 46. 11. 2. 1 (680, d). Skull and limb-bones. Gambia; same collector. Same history. 46. 11. 2. 3 (680,0). Skull and skin, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 46. 11. 19. 10 (680, c). Skeleton, immature. Sierra Leone ; same collector. Same history. 680, e. Skeleton. Gambia. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1854. 58. 5. 4. 452 (680,/). Skeleton. Gambia. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1858. 14. 1. 19. 3. Skin, mounted, and skull, female. Ashanti. Presented by the Zoological Society, 1914. 13. 11. 21. 16. Body-skin. Mount Barclay, Liberia; collected by E. H. Bunting, Esq. Purchased, 1913. B.— Dorcatherium aquaticum batesi. Dorcatherium aquaticum batesi, Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, vol. i, p. 113. Typical locality Cameruns. General colour rufous brown, heavily speckled all over upper-parts; ligbt markings on upper surface yellowish and indistinct ; face with a blackish chevron running from muzzle to eyes ; a distinct yellowish flank-band joining transverse rump-band ; tail brown at base with little white at tip. 5. 5. 23. 26. Skull and skin. Efulen, Cameruns ; col- lected by G. L. Bates, Esq. Type. Purchased, 1905. 6. 4. 4. 1. Skin. Afikpo, Cross Eiver, Southern Nigeria. Presented by J. C. Cotton, Esq., 1906. 7. 11. 19. 4. Skin (scalp separate). Oban, .40 miles from Calabar, Southern Nigeria ; collected by P. A. Talbot, Esq. Presented by Mrs. P. A. Talbot, 1907. 8. 6. 28. 3. Skin. Same locality and collector. Purchased, 1908. 12. 10. 28. 57. Skull and skin, young female. Same locality and collector. Purchased, 1912. 298 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 12. 10. 28. 74. Skull. Same locality and collector. . Same history. 14. 2. 20. 1. Body-skin. Little Otomi Bush, Ikon district, Southern Nigeria, north of Cameruns frontier. Presented ly N. W. Thomas, Esq., 1914. C. — Doreatherium aquatieum cottoni. Dorcatherium aquatieum cottoni, Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, vol. i, p. 113, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 387, 1908 ; Alexander, From Niger to Nile, vol. ii, p. 393, 1907. Typical locality Ituri Valley. General colour still more rufous than in last, with light markings on back and flanks less distinct, less numerous, and not extending on to shoulders; face without distinct dark chevron ; flank-band yellowish and almost disappearing midway between fore and hind limbs, no lateral bands below it ; tail with much white and apparently more bushy. 6. 6. 2. 3. Skull and skin. Ituri Valley. Type. Presented by Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton, 1906. 7. 4. 23. 2. Skin. Ituri Valley. Presented ly R. S. Reid, Esq., 1907. 7. 7. 8. 229-230. Two skulls and skins. Bima, Welle Valley ; collected by Capt. G. B. Gosling. Presented ly Capt. Alexander Gosling, 1907. SECTION C.— TYLOPODA. In this section three pairs of upper incisors are present in the young, the outermost of which persists throughout life, the lower canines are differentiated from the spatulate, forwardly directed lower incisors, and the anterior pair of premolars, when present, separated from the other cheek- teeth, which are tall-crowned and selenodont ; only the two main toes (3rd and 4th) are developed in each foot, the terminal segments of which carry nails instead of hoofs, and have a broad fleshy pad inferiorly. on which the animal walks ; the rnetacarpals and metatarsals are severally fused into cannon-bones for the greater part of their length, but their lower extremities (vol. i, p. 2, fig. 1, c) are divergent and 209 lack the pulley-like ridges and grooves on their articular surfaces found in the two preceding sections ; in the tarsus the navicular and cuboid remain distinct. The skull is devoid of either horns or antlers. The stomach has no distinct third compartment (maniplies), and the interior of the first (paunch or rumen) lacks the villi of the Pecora, while both the first and second chamber are furnished with large cells in which water can be stored ; the placenta is diffuse, and the female has either four or two teats. With regard to the structure of the feet in this group, Pocock remarks that, with the exception of Oreotragus, all ruminating artiodactyles " walk upon the cutaneous pad forming the sole and heel of the hoof, and upon more or less of the inferior edge and apex of the nail in front. The camels [and llamas] form no exception to this rule, the only difference being that the small nail does not invade the area of the sole to anything like the same extent, and that the sole and the heel are continued further backwards." At the present day the group has a remarkably discon- tinuous distribution, the camels being restricted to the Old World, and the llamas to South America; in the Tertiary period it was, however, abundantly represented in North America, as it also was in Eastern Europe. FAMILY CAMELID^E. As this is the only existing family of the section, its characters may be regarded as the name as those of the latter. The two existing genera are distinguishable as follows :— A. Size very large, back with one or two fleshy humps, ears small Camelus. B. Size much smaller, back without hump, ears larger Lama. I. Genus CAMELUS. Camelus, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 65, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 90, 1776 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 297, 1827 ; Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 100, 1872 ; Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii, p. 139, 1885 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 558, 1891 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 972. 300 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Typical locality probably Arabia. Size very large, back with one or two large fleshy humps in median line ; dentition of adult : i. J, c. \, p. f , m. |= 34 ; anterior premolar placed nearly midway between second tooth of that series and canine ; lower incisors somewhat proclivous, with outer pair the largest ; skull elongated, with overhanging occiput, orbits encircled by bone, and premaxillse not articulating with arched and rather long nasals; ears relatively short and rounded; feet broad, with toes imper- fectly separated ; tail of medium length, tufted ; hair nearly straight, not woolly ; teats four. No face-glands, but a pair of occipital glands. Kestricted at the present day to Asia and Africa, but known in a wild state only in the neighbourhood of the Gobi Desert of Central Asia. The genus is typified by the single-humped Camelus dromedarius, but as this species is unknown in the wild state, it does not come within the purview of this Catalogue. CAMELUS BACTKIANUS. Camelus bactrianus, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 65, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 90, 1766 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 297, 1827 ; Hutton, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 162, 1846 ; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 253, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 100, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 170, 1873; Radde, Reisen Ost-Siberien, p. 238, 1861; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 271, 1862 ; Severtzow, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 170, 1876; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 696 ; Przewalski, Petersb. Mitt. Erzb. vol. xii, p. 17, 1876 ; Blanford, Eastern Persia, vol. ii, p. 97, 1876, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 558, 1891 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 330, 1884; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. fnd. Mus. pt. ii, p. 191, 1891 ; Flower and LydeJcker, Study of Mammals, p. 296, 1891 ; Little- dale, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 446 ; Lesbre, Arch. Mus. Lyon, vol. viii, p. 1, 1903 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 973. Typical locality Eastern Europe or Western Asia. Larger and more clumsily built than the typical species, with two dorsal humps, a thicker coat, shorter limbs, and feet more callous and better adapted for hard and rocky ground. Camels occur wild in the neighbourhood of the Tarim Valley and other parts of Chinese Turkestan, but it is CAMELID.*: 301 probable that the?e are the descendants of domesticated herds. The same may be the case with some of the wild camels in the vicinity of Lob Nor and on the fringes of the Gobi, although it seems quite likely that others— like the horses of the same area — may be truly wild. 94. 2. 8. 1. Skin, mounted, of a wild or feral individual. East of Lob Nor, Chinese Turkestan. Presented ~by St. George Littledale, Esq., 1894. II. Genus LAMA. Lama, Cuvier, Lemons Anat. Comp., Tableau gen. 1800; Desmarest, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vol. xxiv, Table, p. 31, 1804; G. Fischer, Zoognosia, vol. iii, p. 351, 1814 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 386. Lacma, Tiedemann, Zoologie, vol. i, p. 428, 1804. Auchenia, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. p. 103, 1811 ; Cuvier, Regne Animal, vol. i, p. 25, 1817 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 298, 1827 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. E. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 338, 1884 ; nee Thunberg, 1789. Dromedarius, Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphib. p. 31, 1830. Auchenias, Wagner, Wiegmanris Archiv Naturgesch. vol. i, p. 349, 1843. Llama, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 254, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 10i; 1872. Neoauchenia, Ameghino, Rev. Argent. Hist. Nat. vol. i, p. 242, 1891. Size much smaller than in Camelus, and back without hump ; adult dentition normally : i. ^, c. -]-, p. f , m. f = 32, but anterior premolars sometimes wanting ; upper premolars small ; lower incisors long and procumbent, with the outer pair smallest ; skull with less prominent ridges and relatively larger brain-chamber than in typical genus, and premaxillae 'articulating with relatively short and broad nasals ; ears rather long and pointed ; feet narrower, with the toes, each of which has a distinct plantar pad, more separated than in Camelus ; tail short ; coat long and woolly ; teats two. Eestricted at present day to western and southern South America. The two species (as represented by wild forms) are distinguishable as follows : — A. Size larger, callosities on limbs L. glama. B. Size smaller, no callosities on limbs L. vicugna. 302 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES I. LAMA GLAMA. Camelus glama, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 65, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 91, 1766. Lama glama, Cuvier, Lemons Anat. Comp., Tableau gen. 1800; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 387. Lacma peruana, Tiedemann, Zoologie, vol. i, p. 428, 1804. Auchenia lama, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. p. 103, 1811. Auchenia glama, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 299, 1827. Camelus lama, Blainville, Osteographie, Camelus, pi. ii. Llama glama, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 260, 1852, Cat. Euminants Brit. Mus. p. 101, 1872, Hand-List Euminants Brit. Mus. p. 172, 1873. Neoauchenia glama, Ameghino, Eev. Argent. Hist. Nat. vol. i, p. 242, 1891. LLAMA (domesticated), GUANACO or HUANACO (wild). Typical locality Peruvian Andes. The type species ; first known in Europe by the domesti- cated llama (L. glama glama), and likewise including the long-woolled alpaca (L. g. pacos). As represented by the wild guanaco, the species is dis- tinguished by its relatively large size (typically about 3 feet 7 inches at shoulder), stout build, long head, darkish fawn- brown colour, blackish face, and the presence of bare callo- sities on the limbs. The two wild races are distinguished as follows : — A. Size larger; basicramal length 11 £ to llf inches. L. g. huanacus. B. Size smaller; basicranial length 9f inches L. g. cacsilensis. A.— Lama grlama huanacus. Camelus huanacus, Molina, Saggio Storia Nat. Chile, vol. i, p. 317, 1782; Gmelin, Linn.'s Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 170, 1788; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 55, 1827. Auchenia huanacus, Illiger, Abh. Ak. Sci. Berlin, 1811, pp. 108 and 111, 1815.* Auchenia huanaca, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 299, 1827. Auchenia guanaco, Meyer, Nova Acta Ac. Goes. Leop.-Car. vol. xvi, p. 552, 1833; Schreber, Sdugthiere, vol. v, pp. 1803 and 1806, 1839. Auchenia llama, Waterhouse, Zool. Beagle, Mamm. p. 26, 1839, * Separate copies are stated to have been issued in 1811, CAMELID.M 303 Auchenia lama, Brandt, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb. vol. iv, p. 1, 1845 ; Burmcistcr, Descript. PJiys. Rep. Argent, vol. iii, p. 457, 1879. Lama guanaco, Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. vol. i, p. 153, 1847. Llama guanacus, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 257, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 101, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 171, 1873; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 272S 1862. Llama pacos (fera), Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 260, 1852. Auchenia huanacus, Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 300, 1891. Lama hnanachus, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 387 ; Lahille, Ensayo Mam. Repub. Argent, p. 31, 1900 ; Prichard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii, p. 275, Through the Heart o/ Patagonia, p. 253, 1902 ; Scliarff, Origin of Life in America, p. 406, 1911 ; Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. viii, no. 19, p. 1, 1913. Lama huanacos, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 669. Lama huanacus, Matscliie, Sdugeth. in Ergebnisse Hamburg. Magal- Tiaen. Sammclreise, vol. iii, p. 19, 1898 ; Berg, Comun. Mus. Buenos Aires, vol. i, p. 260, 1900 ; LydekJcer, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 375, 1901. Lama huanacha, Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 36, 1907. GUANACO or HUANACO ; WILD LLAMA. Typical locality probably the Chilian Andes, whence the range extends southwards to Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Size relatively large ; shoulder-height about 3 feet 7 inches ; basal length of skull 11 J to llf inches (291- 295 nim.). 37. 3. 15. 46 (78, &). Skin, mounted. Southern Tierra- del-Fuego ; collected during the voyage of H.M.S. " Beagle." Presented ~by Admiral Sir R. Fitzroy, K.C.B., 1837. 674, a. Skeleton, immature. Chile. Purchased (Zoological Society). 674, /. Skull. From an old skin collected in Patagonia or Tierra-del-Fuego during the voyage of H.M.S. " Beagle." Presented ~by C. E. Darwin, Esq. 44. 10. 7. 34 (674, I). Skull. Chile ; collected by Mr. T. Bridges. Figured in Gray's Catalogue of Ungulata, pi. xxiv, 1852. Purchased, 1844. 46. 1. 22. 4. Skin, young, mounted. Locality unknown. Purchased ( Warwick), 1846. 54. 5. 11. 2. Skin, young, mounted. Locality unknown. Purchased (Baker), 1854. 304 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 55. 7. 3. 1. Skin, young. Locality unknown. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1855. 90. 2. 20. 15. Skull. Fox Point, Falkland Islands; collected during the voyage of H.M.S. " Challenger." Presented "by the Government, 1890. 99. 2.. 22. 12. Skin, female. Province of Buenos Aires. Presented ~by the La Plata Museum, 1899. 2.1.1.111. Head-skin, female. Choquecamati, Bolivia ; collected by Mr. P. 0. Simons. Presented ly 0. Thomas, Esq., 1902. 2. 10. 16. 1. Skin, mounted. Patagonia. Presented ly the Zoological Society, 1902. B.— Lama glama caesilensis. Lama huanachus caesilensis, Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. viii, no. 19, p. 8, 1913. Typical locality Cacsile, Nunoa, Peru. Type in Eoyal Swedish Museum of Natural History. Considerably smaller than preceding race, the basicranial length being 9| inches (244 mm.) in the type specimen. No example in collection. II. LAMA VICUGNA. Camelus vicugna, Molina, Saggio Storia Nat. Chile, p. 313, 1782; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 58, 1827. Auchenia vicugna, Illiger, Abh. Ak. Sci. Berlin, 1811, p. 108, 1815 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 300, 1827; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 334, 1884 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 300, 1901. Llama vicugna, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 256, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 101, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 170, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 272, 1862. Lama vicugna, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 387 ; Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 378, 1901 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 37, 1907 ; Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. viii, no. 19, p. 3, 1913. VICUGNA. Typical locality probably Peru, whence the range extends to southern Ecuador and central Bolivia. Size about one-fourth less than that of L. g. huanacus CAMEL1D.E 305 (shoulder-height about 2 feet 9 inches ; basicranial length about 8-j-J inches = 220 nim.) ; build more slender ; head shorter ; colour lighter, without black on face ; no bare callosities on limbs. 46. 7. 28. 20 (675, b). Skin, mounted, and skin, female. Bolivia; collected by Mr. T. Bridges. Purchased, 1846. 46. 10. 16. 16. Skull. Same locality and collector. Same history. 61. 1. 18. 3. Skeleton, immature. Locality unknown. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1861. 96. 10. 7. 29. Skin, mounted. Catamarca, Argentina. Presented by the La Plata Museum, 1896. 97. 10. 3. 18. Skin. Junin, Peru ; collected by Mr. J. Kalinowski. Purchased, 1897. 2. 1. 1. 112-113. Two skins, female. Choquecamate, Bolivia ; collected by Mr. P. 0. Simons. Presented bij 0. Thomas, Esq., 1902. SECTION D.— SUINA. Large or medium-sized Artiodactyla, with neobunodont * molars, absence of complete fusion of third and fourth meta- carpals and metatarsals to form cannon-bones, and the skin either covered with sparse bristly hairs, or more or less nearly naked ; no cranial appendages. The distribution includes the greater part of the world, exclusive of Australia and New Zealand ; but to what extent the Suina now inhabiting south-eastern Asia have been introduced by human agency is uncertain. The existing members of the section are divisible into the two following families t :— A. Head with an elongated mobile snout, terminating in an expanded, truncated, nearly naked, flat, oval disc in which the nostrils are pierced Suidce. B. Head with a broad and rounded bristly muzzle... Hippopotamidce. * Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 124, 1899 ; a term denoting a type of tubercular (bunodont) dentition with traces of a selenodont structure ; whether this is a distinct modification or a derivative from decadent selenodontism is still uncertain. t The writer follows Trouessart and Max Weber in regarding the peccaris as a subfamily of Snider instead of a separate family. IV. X 306 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES FAMILY L— SUHLE. Head terminating in an elongated mobile snout, the tip of which forms an expanded, truncated, nearly naked, flat, oval disc containing the nostrils, and supported by a prenasal bone ; feet narrow, with four toes in front pair, the hoofs of the two middle ones in each pair with their adjacent surfaces flattened, and those of the lateral ones not applied to the ground in walking ; teeth typically forty -four, but the number frequently reduced by suppression of one or more pairs ; incisors rooted ; molars elongated, with the outer and inner pair of tubercles connected by intermediate ones, and not forming distinct trefoils; no descending flange to mandible. Distribution co-extensive with that of section. The family is divisible into the two following sub- families :— A. Four toes to both fore- and hind-limbs ; upper canines curving more or less upwards or outwards ; stomach simple, except for a larger or smaller cardiac pouch ; no dorsal gland ; at least 4 teats Stiinw. B. Hind-feet with only three functional toes; upper canines directed downwards ; stomach complex ; a dorsal gland ; 2 teats Dicotylince. SUBFAMILY i. — SUIN^E. Four complete toes to each foot ; teeth typically forty- four, but often reduced by the suppression of one or more pairs; upper canines curving more or less outwards or upwards ; stomach simple, except for a more or less developed cardiac pouch; no dorsal gland; at least four teats ; tail well developed ; third and fourth metacarpals and metatarsals completely free. The distribution is limited to the Old World, extending at the present day so far eastward as New Guinea, although there is very strong probability that the Papuan forms were introduced by human agency. The subfamily is divisible into the following generic groups : — 30? A. Summits of upper canines of males completely abraded by attrition of lower pair. a. No osseous tuberosities on or above sheaths of upper canines ; ears not distinctly tufted Sus. b. Two pairs of osseous tuberosities on and above sheaths of upper canines Potamochcerus. B. A facet worn on lower surface of upper canines by attrition of lower pair, leaving the summits more or less nearly entire. a. Last molar in each jaw brachyodont and normal Hylochosrus. b. Last molar in each jaw hypsodont and abnormally complex Phacochoerus. c. No abrasion of upper canines (which are very long and slender) by lower pair Babirussa. I. Genus SUS. Sus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 49, 1758, ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 102, 1766 ; Blasius, Sdugeth. Deutschlands, p. 508, 1857 ; Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mas. p. 326, 1869 ; Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, passim, 1899 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 281, 1891 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 956, 1912. Aper, Pallas, Misc. Zool. p. 16, 1766 ; Bafinesque, Analyse de Nature, p. 56, 1815. Centuriosus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 17, 1868, p. 40, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 347, 1869, Hand-List Thick- skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 66, 1873. Scrofa, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 38, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 345, 1869. Euhys, Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 339, 1869, A nn. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. x, p. 435, 1873, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 57, 1873. Aulacochcerus, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xi, p. 435, 1873, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 58, 1873. Dasychcerus, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xi, p. 435, 1873, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 58, 1873. Dentition : i. f , c. -{-, p. J, m. f = 44 ; outer upper incisors and first upper and lower premolars not infrequently wanting in adults ; summits of upper canines completely abraded by wearing against the lower pair ; molars brachyo- dont and of the normal neobunodont type ; skull long, high, and narrow, without osseous tuberosities above or on sheaths of upper canines ; ears not distinctly tufted. Young usually striped longitudinally. The distribution is co-extensive with that of the sub- x 2 308 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES family, except that, with the exception of the occurrence of one species in the Eastern Sudan, it does not include Ethiopian Africa. The genus is divisible into the two following subgeneric groups : — A. Size large or medium ; tail usually of moderate length ; 6 pairs of teats Sus. B. Size small; tail very short ; 3 pairs of teats Porcula. 1. SUBGENUS SUS. Size large or medium ; tail usually of moderate length ; six pairs of teats.* Distribution co-extensive with that of genus. The species here recognised f are distinguishable as follows : — A. Young striped ; no warts on face. a. Lower canine with hind surface wider than outer one. a'. Face typically not banded; last molars complex. a". Nuchal crest moderate S. scrofa. b". Nuchal crest taller S. cristatus. V. Face typically banded ; last molars simpler. c'. A brownish streak on muzzle 8. vittatus. d'. A whitish streak on muzzle S. leucomystax. b. Lower canine with hind surface narrower than outer one. b'. Size medium; head moderate ; tail- tuft small S. celebensis. c'. Size large; head very long ; tail-tuft large ... S. barbatus. B. Young uniformly coloured ; face with warts S. verrucosus. I. SUS SCBOFA. Sus scrofa, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 49, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 103, 1776 ; Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 389, 1822 ; Griffith, Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 287, 1827 ; Jenyns, Brit. Vert. Anim. p. 39, 1835 ; Bell, British Quadrupeds, p. 358, 1837 ; Owen, Brit. Foss. Matnm. and Birds, p. 426, 1846 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 158, 1860, pp. 183 and 448, 1868, p. 30, Cat. Carnivora etc. Brit. Mus. p. 337, 1869, Hand-List Thick- skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 60, 1873 ; Blasius, Sdugeth. * So far as recorded. f The views of Major are in the main followed on this subject. SUID^E 300 Deutschlands, vol. i, 517, 1857 ; Severtzow, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 387, 1876 ; Blanford, Eastern Persia, vol. ii, mm. FIG. 47. — EIGHT UPPER (A) AND LOWER (B) CHEEK-TEETH OF WILD BOAR (821$ scrofa). nat. size. From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe. p. 86, 1876 ; Danford and Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 275 ; Harting, Extinct Brit. Anim. p. 76, 1880 ; Thomas, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, vol. v, p. 195, 1889, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1911, p. 140, 310 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 1912, p. 392; Tristram, Fauna Palestine, p. 3, 1884; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. E. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 348, 1884 ; Lataste, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. xxxix, p. 163, 1885 ; Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii, p. 260, 1885, Horns and Hoofs, p. 353, 1893, Brit. Mamm. p. 255, 1895, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 278, 1901, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 388, 1908; Radde, Zool. Jahrb. vol. iv, p. 1068, 1889; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 195, 1891 ; Flower and LydekJcer, Study of Mammals, p. 283, 1891 ; Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, 1899, vol. xxvii, 1900, passim ; Anderson and de Winton, Mamm. Egypt, p. 354, 1902 ; Millais, Mamm. Gt. Britain, vol. iii, p. 63, 1906 ; Scharff, European Animals, p. 44, 1907 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 31, 1907; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 453, 1910, ed. 7, p. 452, 1914; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 225, 1910 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 957, 1912. Sus setosus, Boddaert, Elenchus Anim. vol. i, p. 157, 1785. Sus setosus, var. a. aper, Boddaert, loc. cit. 1785. A B FIG. 49. — TRANSVERSE SECTIONS OF LOWER CANINES OP Stis scrofa (A) AND Sus verrucosus (B). i, inner, h, hind, o, outer surface. From Stehlin. • Sus europaeus, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. vol. i, p. 265, 1811. Sus scropha, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. v, p. 205, 1836. Sus fasciatus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 184, 1843. Sus scrofa fasciatus, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere, Suppl. vol. iv, p. 322, 1844. Sus scrofa, var. celtica, Strobel, Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. vol. xxv, p. 79, 1882. WILD BOAR or WILD SWINE. Typical locality Germany. Size moderately or very large; face without warts; muzzle relatively short ; lower canine (fig. 48) with outer surface markedly less in width than hind one, which is oblique and next in width to the inner surface — the widest of the three ; last upper molar typically large, with a distinct third ridge (fig. 47) ; general colour brown, with an SUID.K 311 individual tendency to blackish, greyish, or rufous ; face, cheeks, and throat with a grizzling of whitish hairs, which does not, however, form definite markings ; bristles of nape long, but not forming a conspicuous crest ; under-fur (occasionally wanting) thick and woolly ; young brown with blackish stripes. The range formerly included the whole of the afforested districts of temperate Europe, from Ireland and Scandinavia FIG. 49. — SIDE VIEW OF SKULL, WITH THE LOWER JAW DETACHED, OF WILD BOAR (Stis scrofa). \ nat. size. From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe. eastwards, but is now limited to the countries south of the Baltic ; eastwards it appears to include all temperate Asia north of the line of the Himalaya. The better-known races are distinguishable as follows :— A. Colour dark, without marked contrast between body and limbs. a. Size very large ; upper skull-length 17f inches S. s. attila. b. Size smaller; skull-length 15 to J6£ inches S. s. scrofa. 312 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES c. Size smaller;* skull-length 14£ inches... S. s. lybicus. d. Size smaller; skull-length 13| inches S. s. castilianus. e. Size smaller; skull-length 11£ inches; face banded S. s. meridionalis. f. Size slightly smaller; skull-length 11 f inches ; face not banded ; no under-fur S. s. boeticus. B. Colour lighter, with a distinct contrast between body and limbs (which are black) S. 8. nigripes. A B FIG. 50. — FRONTAL (A) AND PALATAL (B) ASPECTS OF SKULL OP WILD BOAR (Sus scrofd). \ nat. size. From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe. S. s. barbctrus, S. s. moupinensis, and S. s. sennaarensis (the last two of which are only provisionally included under the present specific heading) are too imperfectly known to be definitely classified. * One specimen only. 313 A.— Sus serofa scrofa. Sus scrofa ferns, Gmelin, Linn.'s Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 207, 1788; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 13 ; Nehring, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1890, p. 9. Sus scrofa scrofa, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 392. Typical locality Germany. Size relatively large, upper skull-length ranging from about 15 to 16£ inches (380-410 mm.); woolly under-fur developed ; third ridge of last upper molar distinct (fig. 47). 58, a. Skin, young. Europe (?). Type of £ fasdatus. No history. 713, m. Skeleton. Germany. Transferred from Zoological Society's Museum. 43. 12. 29. 12. Skin, young. France. Purchased (Lefebre), 1843. 58. 5. 4. 38 (713, i). Skull, immature female. Europe.* Purchased (Zoological Society), 1858. 58. 5. 4. 42 (713, k). Skull, young. Europe. Same history. 59. 9. 6. 100 (713j). Skull. Wiirtemberg; collected by Dr. A. Giinther. Purchased, 1859. 62. 3. 20. 6. Skull. Germany. Purchased, 1862. 92. 8. 3. 1. Skin. Waldleiningen, Baden. Presented by H.R.H. the Grand Duke Louis of Hesse, 1892. 13. 2. 22. 1. Skull and skin, young. Valescure, Var, France. Presented ty W. E. de Winton, JEsq., 1913. B.— Sus scrofa meridionalis. Sus scrofa meridionalis, Major, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. vol. iii, P.V. p. 119, 1881, vol. vi, p. 346, 1883, Zool. Anz. vol. vi, p. 295, 1883 ; Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 68, 1899. Sus scrofa var. sardous, Strobel, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. vol. xxv, p. 221, 1882 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 226, 1910 ; Dehaut, Hist. Zool. Pal. Corse et Sardaigne, fasc. 4, p. 64, pis. i, ii, 1912. Sus meridionalis, Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 960, 1912. Typical locality Sardinia ; the range may include Corsica (vide Dehaut, op. cit.). * Specimens of which the locality is uncertain may belong to other races. 314 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Smaller than typical race, the upper skull-length about 11 J- inches (300 mm.); talon of third upper molar obsolete; colour generally similar, but a light band on each side of the face, which unites with its fellow on under surface of the muzzle to form a chevron. Major and Dehaut regard this race as nearly related to the Malay S. vittatus, between which and S. scrofa it is stated by the former writer to be almost exactly intermediate ; probably no under-fur. No specimen in collection. C.— Sus scrofa castilianus. Sus scrofa castilianus, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, pp. 391 and 392 (Abs. P.Z.8. 1912, p. 13) ; Miller, Cat.Mamm. West. Europe, p. 960, 1912 ; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mamm. Mus. Madrid, p. 133, 1912. Typical locality Burgos, Northern Spain. Intermediate in point of size between typical race and the undermentioned S. s. bceticus : length of upper surface of skull about 13f inches (353 mm.); under-fur present. 11. 10. 5. 3. Skull and skin. Quintanar de la Sierra, near Burgos ; collected by Eev. S. Gonzales. Type. Presented ly the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, 1911. 8. 7. 7. 32, 33. Two skulls and skins, female. Same locality ; collected by Srs. S. and N. Gonzales. Purchased, 1908. D. — Sus scrofa boeticus. Sus scrofa boeticus, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, pp. 391 and 393 (Abs. P.Z.S. 1912, p. 14); Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 960, 1912. Typical locality Goto Donana, Huelva, Southern Spain. Smaller than preceding race — length of upper surface of skull about llf inches (324 mm.), without under-fur. 95. 9. 4. 16. Skull and skin, female. Almonte, Seville. Presented ly the Lord Lilford, 1895. 8. 3. 8. 12. Skull and skin. Goto Donana. Type. Presented ly Abel Chapman, Esq., 1908. 8. 3. 8. 13. Skull. Same locality. Same history. SU1D.K 315 E.— Sus scrofa barbarus. Sus scrofa, var. barbarus, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 43. Sus scrofa barbarus, Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 338, 1869; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 389, 1908. Typical locality Morocco. Imperfectly known, but stated to have a shorter and less abundant coat than French wild boars, from which it also frequently differs by its rather darker colour. From 33 to 35 inches is the probable shoulder-height, although a still taller stature has been suggested. * * * *. Skin, immature, mounted. Morocco ; collected by E. W. A. Drummond, Esq. Purchased (Zoological Society}. 62. 12. 26. 1 (713, v\ Skin and skeleton. Barbary. TyPe(-)- Purchased (Zoological Society), 1862. 64. 12. 4. 1. Skeleton. Barbary. Presented by H. Christy, Esq., 1864. 12.10.17.1. Skull and skin, immature. Morocco; collected by Major H. F. Brooke. Presented ly the Zoological Society, 1912. F.— Sus scrofa sennaarensis. Sus sennaarensis, Fitzinger, Sitzber. If. AJc. Wiss. Wien, vol. xix, p. 365, 1864; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 32, Cat. Carni- vora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 338, 1869 ; Hartmann, Zeits. Erdlcunde, vol. iii, p. 349, 1868. Sus vittatus sennaariensis, Major, Zool. Anz. vol. vi, p. 296, 1883. Sus scrofa, Anderson and de Winton, Mamm. Egypt, p. 354, pi. Ixiii, 1902. Sus scrofa sennarensis, LydeJcJcer, Game Animals of Africa, p. 390, 1908. Typical locality Sennar; the range also including Kor- dofan and neighbouring districts. Imperfectly known, coat stated to be very dense and bristly, and dull olive-black variegated with yellow in colour. Keference to present species provisional. No specimen in collection. 316 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES G.— Sus scrofa lybicus. Sus lybicus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 31, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 338, 1869, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 65, 1872. Typical locality Xanthus, Asia Minor ; the range may include Syria. Described on the evidence of the undermentioned skull, which measures 14J inches in length, and is stated to differ from all skulls of German wild boars. 44. 7. 13. 7 (713, a). Skull, female. Xanthus, Asia Minor. Type. Presented by Sir Charles Felloivs, 1844. 14. 4. 17. 1. Skull and skin. Karajasi, Tiflis, Asia Minor. Presented ~by the Tiflis Museum (through Col. Kaznakow), 1914. 14. 4. 17. 2. Skull and skin, female. Same locality. Same history. H.— Sus scrofa attila. Sus attila, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, pp. 391 and 393 (Abs. P.Z.S. 1912, p. 13) ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 960, 1912. Sus scrofa attila, Lydekher, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 452, 1914. Typical locality Kolozsvar (or Klausenburg), Transyl- vania ; limits of range to eastward not yet ascertained. Considerably larger than typical race, upper skull-length about I7f inches (452 mm.); woolly under-fur present; general colour apparently rather lighter than in typical race. This eastern representative of the wild boar bears almost exactly the same relation to the typical German animal as is presented by the maral or eastern red deer (supra, p. 126) to the red deer of Western Europe ; and if the maral be regarded as a subspecies rather than a full species, the same view must be held in the case of the eastern wild boar. 3. 3. 12. 1. Skin, mounted. Volhynia, Eussian Poland. Presented ~by Count Josef Potocki, 1903. 12. 1. 23. 1. Skull and skin. Kolozsvar, Transylvania; collected December, 1911. Type. Presented ~by Frdulein Sarolta von Wertheimstein, 1912. SUID.E 317 14. 3. 19. 1. Skull and skin. Soborin, Comitad Arad, Hungary. Same donor, 1914. The following specimens are provisionally referred to this race : — 87. 12. 22. 2. Skull, female. Northern slope of Western Caucasus. Presented ~by St. George Littledale, Esq., 1887. 91. 8. 10. 1. Head, mounted. KW. Amurland. Presented ly the Hon. Walter Rothschild, 1891. 92. 3. 16. 10. Skull. Northern side of Western Cau- casus. Presented ly St. George Littledale, Esq., 1892. I.— Sus scrofa nigripes. Sus scrofa, var. nigripes, Stanford, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xliv, pt. ii, p. 112, 1875, Zool. Second YarJcand Mission, Mamm. p. 79, 1879; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 195, 1891 ; /. H. Miller, Field, vol. cxx, p. 284 (fig.), 1912. Sus scrofa nigripes, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 279, 1901. Typical locality Tien Shan, in the Kashgar district. Co-types in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Size large ; general colour light dull brown, without admixture of black hairs ; feet and much of the rest of the legs black ; a pale hair-brown woolly under-fur present ; ears darker than head and back, and a black ring round each eye ; occipital plane forming a more obtuse angle with base of skull than in Hungarian race. 12. 7. 27. 1. Skull. Tien Shan ; collected by J. H. Miller, Esq. Purchased, 1912, J.— Sus scrofa moupinensis. Sus moupinensis, Milne-Edwards, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vii, Bull. p. 93, 1872, Bech. Mamm. p. 377, pis. Ixxx and Ixxxi, 1874; Lydekker, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 283, 1907 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. liv, p. 205, 1912. Sus vittatus moupinensis, Major, Zool. Anz. vol. vi, p. 296, 1883. Sus cristatus moupinensis, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 266, 1900. Typical locality Moupin, Sze-chuan, Western China. Type in Paris Museum. 318 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Said to be in a considerable degree intermediate between £ scrofa and S. mttatus. 96. 11. 4. 4. Skull and skin. Sze-chuan ; collected by Berezowski. By exchange with Tring Museum, 1896. II. SUS CRISTATUS. Sus scrofa, Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831; Elliot, Madras Journ. vol. x, p. 219, 1839 ; McCleland, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 150 ; Adams, ibid. 1858, p. 531 ; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 139, 1863 ; Blanford. Journ. Asiat. Bengal, vol. xxxvi, p. 197, 1868; Anderson, Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. xxi, p. 341, 1889 ; nee Linn. Sus cristatus, Wagner, Munch. Gelehrt. Anz. vol. ix, p. 535 (misprint for 435), 1839 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 27, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 333, 1869, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 62, 1873; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xliv, pi. ii, 1875, Mamm. and Birds Burma, p. 43, 1875 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 345, 1884 ; Murray, Zool. ofSind, p. 54, 1884 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 193, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 560, 1891 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 283, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 354, 1893, Great and Small Game of India, p. 258, 1900, Game Animals of India, p. 277, 1907 ; Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 375 ; Wroughton, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxi, p. 1194, 1912 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 454, 1910, ed. 7, p. 453, 1914. Sus indicus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 185, 1843 ; Hutton and Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 135, 1846 ; Cantor, ibid. p. 261, 1846 ; Kelaart, Prodr. Faunce Zeylan. p. 78, 1852 ; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxix, p. 105, 1857 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 277, 1862 ; Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 241, 1867 ; MacMaster, Notes on Jerdon, p. 59, 1870 ; Stolizcka, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xli, pt. ii, p. 228, 1873; Lydekker, ibid. vol. xlvi, p. 287, 1876; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 416, 1884. Sus aper, vars. alpomus et isonotus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, p. 911, 1842. Sus affinis, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 71, 1847. Sus zeylonensis, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xx, p. 173, 1852, vol. xxi, p. 351, 1853, vol. xxix, p. 105, 1860. Sus bengalensis, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxix, p. 105, 1860. Sus vittatus cristatus, Major, Zool. Anz. vol. vi, p. 296, 1883. Typical locality probably the Malabar coast. Size typically large, the shoulder-height ranging from 28 to 36 inches ; distinguished from typical S. scrofa by the greater development of the nuchal crest, or mane, and the SUID^E 319 larger size and greater complexity of the last, or third, inolar in each jaw, as well as by the taller build and the scantier coat, under-fur being absent. The trans-Gangetic form was separated as S. bengalensis on account of the supposed less development of the parietal constriction of the skull. The distributional area includes India — to a considerable height in the Himalaya — Ceylon, Burma, Tenasserim, Siam, part of the Malay Peninsula, and some of the adjacent islands. The Tenasserim representative of the species is small. A. -Sus cpistatus eristatus. Sus eristatus typicus, Lydekker, Or eat and Small Game of India, p. 261, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 279, 1907. Typical locality probably the Malabar coast. General character those of the species. 716, b. Skull. India. Bequeathed by Gen. T. Hardwicke, about 1835. 716,0. Skull, young. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 716, o. Skull, wanting tusks. India. Presented by Sir John Boileau. 38. 3. 13. 48 (716, v). Skull. Nilgiri Hills, Travancore. Type of S. affinis. Purchased (Turner), 1838. 38. 3. 13. 49 (716, k). Skull. Malabar. Purchased (Turner), 1838. 45. 1. 8. 86 (716,/). Skull. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 45. 1. 8. 87 (716, e). Skull. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 88 (716, d). Skull. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 89 (716, c). Skull, immature. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 91 (716, i). Skull, with milk-teeth. Nepal. Same history. 45. 1. 8. 92 (716,y). A similar specimen. Nepal. Same history. 52. 11. 12. 1 (716,|?). Skull. India. Purchased, 1852. 56. 5. 6. 57 (716, /). Skull. Nepal Tarai; collected by W. Theobald, Esq. Presented by Dr. T. Oldham,, 1856. 56. 5. 6. 58 (716, m). Skull, immature female. Same locality and collector. 's'""^ history. 320 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 56. 5. 6. 59 (716, n). Skull, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 58. 6. 24. 123 (716, w). Skull. Sikhim. Presented ly B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1858. 58. 6. 24. 124 (716, «). Skull. Same locality. Same history. 58. 6. 24. 125 (716, t). Skull. Same locality. Same history. 86. 2. 1. 6. Skull. Sitid. By exchange with the Karachi Museum, 1886. 1. 6. 20. 2. Skin, mounted, and skull. From a herd kept by H.M. Queen Victoria in Windsor Forest. Presented ly H.M. King Edward VIL, 1901. 1. 6. 20. 3. Skull and skin, female. From the Windsor herd. Same history. 3. 2. 6. 76. Skull and head-skin, immature. Jalor, Malay Peninsula. Presented ~by Messrs. H. C. Robinson and N. Annandale, 1903. 6. 5. 28. 1. Skin, mounted, and skull. Central Provinces. Purchased (Ward), 1906. 12. 11. 17. 1. Skin, mounted. Wardha district, Central Provinces. A very large old grey boar. Presented ~by F. C. Anderson, Esq., 1912. B.— Sus eristatus jubatus. Sus jubatus, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx. p. 745, 1906. Sus eristatus jubatus, Lydekker, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 283, 1907. Typical locality Trong, Lower Siam. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Smaller than typical race, with proportionately smaller and nearly bare ears. No specimen in collection. C.— Sus eristatus jubatulus. Sus jubatulus, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx, p. 746, 1906. Sus eristatus jubatulus, LydeJcJcer, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 283, 1907. Typical locality Pulo Terutau, off the Malay Peninsula. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. SUID.E 321 Similar to preceding race, but smaller. 9. 11. 1. 152. Skull. Pulo Langkawi, off the Malay Peninsula ; collected by H. C. Kobinson, Esq. Presented by the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909. 9. 11. 1. 153. Skull. Pulo Terutau; same collector. Same history. 9.11.1.154. Skull, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9.11.1.155. Skull, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9.11.1.156. Skull, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9. 11. 1. 157. Skull, young female, imperfect. Same locality and collector. Same history. 9.11.1.158. Skull, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. III. SUS LEUCOMYSTAX. Sus leucomystax, TemmincJc, Siebold's Fauna Japan., Mamm. p. 6, pi. xx, 1842; Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 466, 1870, p. 640 ; Gray, ibid. 1868, p. 26, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 333, 1869, Hand- List Thick -skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 61, 1873 ; Nehring. Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1885, p. 142, Zool. Garten, vol. xxvi, p. 325, 1885 ; Stelilin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 69, 1899 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1905, vol. ii, p. 357 ; AoJfi, Annot. Zool. Japon. vol. viii, p. 339, 1913. Sus vittatus leucomystax, Major, Zool. Anz. vol. vi, p. 296, 1883. Sus vittatus japonica, Nehring, Zool. Garten, vol. xxvi, p. 336, 1885. Typical locality Japan, including the Islands of Hondo, Shikoku, and Kiushiu. Apparently allied to S. vittatus, but provisionally allowed to rank as a separate species, as the fauna of Japan is in general markedly distinct from that of Malaya. General colour blackish brown, with a streak from angles of mouth to lower jaw and under-parts white ; ears densely haired ; skull relatively wider than in S. scrofa with a higher lachrymal. The white muzzle-streak is stated by Nehring to occur occasionally in S. scrofa. The range includes Formosa; the two races usually recognised being distinguished as follows :— A. Size larger, ears larger S. I. leucomystax. B. Size smaller, ears smaller S. I. taivanus. IV. Y 322 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES A.— Sus leucomystax leucomystax. Typical (and only) locality Japan. Size large, with relatively big ears. 67. 7. 8. 22. Skeleton, young, provisionally referred to this race. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1867. 70. 20. 10. 38 (1595, a, I). Skull and skin ;. collected at Shanghai by E. Swinhoe, Esq. Purchased, 1870. 80. 3. 20. 29. Skull. Japan ; collected by H. Pryer, Esq. Purchased (Jansori), 1880. 5. 5. 30. 28. Skull and skin, female. Washikaguchi, Hondo ; collected by M. P. Anderson, Esq. Presented ly the Duke of Bedford, K.Q., 1905. B.— Sus leucomystax taivanus. Porcula taivana, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 360. Sus taivanus, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 383, 1870, p. 641 ; Gray, ibid. 1867, p. 240, 1868, p. 26, Hand-List ThicTc-sJcinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 61, 1873 ; Aoki, Annot. Zool. Japon. vol. viii, p. 340, 1913. Sus vittatus taivanus, Major, Zool. AUK. vol. vi, p. 296, 1883. Typical locality Formosa. Smaller than typical race, with proportionately smaller ears. The under-mentioned specimens represent the type of the race. 68. 10. 9. 1 (1594, /, m). Skull, without lower jaw, immature, and lower jaw of a second and older animal. S. W. Formosa. Presented ly E. T. Collingwood, Esq., 1868. 70. 2. 10. 39. Skin. Formosa ; collected by E. Swin- hoe, Esq. Purchased, 1870. 70. 2. 10. 40. Skin, immature. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 41 (1594, 1). Skin, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 42 (1594, c). Skin, young. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 43 (1594, /). Skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. SUID.E 323 70. 2. 10. 84 (1594,;). Skull, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 85 (1594, h). Skull. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 86 (1594, jfe). Skull, young female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 87 (1594, i). Skull, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 70. 2. 10. 88 (1594, a). Skull and skin, immature female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 96. 5. 2. 1-2. Two skins. Formosa ; collected by P. A. Hoist, Esq. Purchased (Danfelt), 1896. 9. 4. 1. 507. Skull and skin. Pulo Bintang, Ehio Linga Archipelago ; collected by H. C. Eobinson, Esq. Presented by the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909. In addition to the above, the following name has been proposed for a wild swine from Vladivostock, regarded by its describer as a continental race of the present species : — Sus leucomystax var. continentalis, Nehring, Sitzber. Ges. Nat. Freunde, 1889, p. 141. IV. SUS VITTATUS. Sus vittatus, Miiller and Schlegel, Verh. Zoogd. Ind. Archip. vol. i, p. 172, pi. xxix, 1842 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 442, 1868, p. 25, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 331, 1869 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 277, 1862; Major, Zool. Anz. vol. vi, p. 296, 1883 ; Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xiii, p. 89, 1891, vol. xxvi, p. 175, 1905 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 359, 1893, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 284, 1907 ; Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 446, 1903, vol. xxx, p. 748, 1906; Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 69, 1899; Volz. Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. xx, p. 513, 1904 ; Steck, Eev. Suisse Zool. vol. xiv, p. 33, 1907; Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxiv, p. 628, 1908 ; Bauschke, Arch. Naturgesch. 1911, p. 1. Sus scrofa, var. Giebel, Sdugethiere, p. 225, 1855. Aulacochcerus vittatus, Gray, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 58, 1873. Type of Aulacochcerus. Typical locality Sumatra. Type in Leyden Museum. General colour dark brown variegated with reddish brown, Y 2 324 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES with a black spinal stripe, rising into a crest on the neck, where the bristles are tipped with rufous ; typically a broad reddish brown band along middle of muzzle, broadening at angles of mouth and on sides of upper lip, whence it extends backwards to disappear on sides of neck, in old animals frequently obsolete ; no warts or tufts on face; ears moderate ; tail-tuft small and flattened ; young striped with alternating black and reddish brown bands; canines as in S. scrofa (p. 310); skull of moderate length and slenderness, but of unusual height, owing to the depth of the lower jaw, with a short muzzle, in which the anterior upper premolar is approximated to the canine, while the .interval between the first and second lower prernolars, like that between the canine and outermost lower incisor, is also unusually short ; last molar in each jaw short and simple. The range includes Sumatra, Java, Flores, the Malay Peninsula, etc. The following " key " to the local races (with the exception of the third and last) is modified from one given by Miller. A. Upper skull -length less than 11£ inches (290 mm.).* a. Length of upper tooth-row about 3T5g inches (83 mm.) 8. v. andamanensis. b. Length of upper tooth-row about 3f inches (95 mm.). ft1. Palate wider S. v. nicobaricus. c1. Palate narrower, the width not greater than maximum width of m. 3 S. v. mimus. B. Upper skull-length exceeding 11 J inches (290 mm.). a. Upper molars larger S. v. niadensis. b. Upper molars smaller. b1. Width of palate (last molars included) less than half the length of upper tooth- row to point of tusk. 62. Width of parietal constriction greater. b3. General colour yellower S. v. milleri. c3. General colour redder S. v. vittatus. c2. Width of parietal constriction less. c3. Colour greyer, teeth smaller S. v. andersoni. d3. Colour redder, teeth larger S. v. rhionis. S. v. floresianus should come -in this group. SUID^E 325 c1. Width of palate (last molars included) equal to or greater than half the length of upper tooth-row to front of tusk. c2. Skull-length about 13* inches (342 mm.) S. v. peninsularis. d2. Skull-length about 12* inches (310 mm.). ds. A small diastema behind tusk S. v. babi. e3. No diastema behind tusk' S. v. natunemis. A.— Sus vittatus vittatus. Typical locality Sumatra. Bristles of head and body subterminally ringed with reddish brown, which communicates a rufous tinge to the entire coat. 43. 12. 27. 1 (1362. a). Skin, mounted. Locality unknown, and reference provisional. Purchased (Franks), 1843. B. — Sus vittatus milleri. Sus milleri, Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 176, 1905. Typical locality Java. Type in Leyden Museum. Yellower and lighter than typical race, with the light band on the muzzle yellowish brown ; bristles on head and body more sparse, with the subterminal ring yellowish brown. 55. 4. 14. 1 (1362, 6). Skull. Java ; collected by Dr. A. K. Wallace, O.M. Noticed by Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xix, p. 532. Purchased, 1855. C.— Sus vittatus floresianus. Sus floresianus, JentinJc, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 178, 1905. Typical locality Flores. Type in Leyden Museum. Described from the skull, which, although smaller than in the typical race — upper length 10 J inches (260 mm.), against 13 inches (330 mm.)— is very thick, massive, short, and wide, with a bony maxillary protuberance below the 326 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES infra-orbital foramen, and the preniaxillse terminating abruptly in front of the incisors instead of being prolonged some distance in advance. No specimen in collection. D.— Sus vittatus andamanensis. Sus andamanensis, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxvii, p. 267, 1858, vol. xxviii, p. 271, 1859, vol. xxix, p. 103, 1860, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 141, 1863 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 29, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 336, 1869, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 64, 1873; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 195, 1891; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 562, 1891 ; LydekJcer, Horns and Hoofs, p. 358, 1893 ; Stehlin, Abli. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 69, 1899; Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxiv, p. 752, 1902, vol. xxx, p. 754, 1906. Sus cristatus andamanensis, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 265, 1900. Sus vittatus andamanensis, Major, Zool. Anz. vol. vi, p. 296, 1883 ; Lydekker, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 284, 1907. Typical locality Port Blair, S. Andaman Island. Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta. A small race, standing about 20 inches at the shoulder, and externally very similar to a dwarf S. cristatus, but distinguished from that species by the simpler structure of the last molar, which in the upper jaw normally carries only two transverse ridges and a talon ; general colour blackish, with a brown tinge on the mane. Miller, although regarding it as a member of the S. vittatus group, emphasises the affinity of this race to the Tenasserim form of S. cristatus. 67. 6. 18. 1 (1497, a). Skull, wanting lower jaw. Andaman Islands. A lower jaw (1497, /) sent with this specimen represents another individual. Presented by W. Theobald, Esq., 1867. 67. 9. 28. 6 (1497, b). Skull, female, wanting tusks. Same locality. Same history. 68. 3. 21. 78 (1479, c). Skin and skeleton. Andamans ; collected by Capt. Train. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1868. 67. 10. 5. 22. Skin, very young, mounted. Zoological .Gardens. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1867. SUID.I; 70. 8. 17. 2 (1497, d). Skull, female. Andamans. Presented ly Surgeon-General F. Day, 1870. 88. 3. 20. 3. Skull. Andamans; collected by Dr. F. Stoliczka. Presented ly R. Lydekker, Esq., 1888. E.— Sus vittatus nieobaricus. Sus nieobaricus, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxiv, p. 755, 1902, vol. xxx, p. 754, 1906. Sus vittatus nieobaricus, Lydekker, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 284, 1907. Typical locality Great Nicobar Island. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Eather larger than £ v. andamanenyis, with markedly larger cheek-teeth ; colour wholly black ; tail with a sparse, nearly uniform growth of long black hairs. No specimen in collection. F. — Sus vittatus peninsularis. Sus peninsularis, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx, p. 749, 1906. Sus vittatus peninsularis, Lydekker, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 284, 1907. Typical locality Johore, Malay Peninsula. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. The largest of all the races, the upper skull-length being about 13 J inches (342 mm.). No specimen in collection. G.— Sus vi tatus rhionis. Sus rhionis, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx, p. 749, 1906, vol. xxxi, p. 256, 1906; Thomas and Wroughton, Journ. Fed. Malay Mus. vol. i, p. 127, 1910. Typical locality Karimon Island, Ehio Linga Archipelago. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Skull narrower than in typical race, with the interparietal constriction so strongly developed that its width is less than that of the nasals at their base. 9. 4. 1. 508. Skull and skin. Karimon Island, Ehio Linga Group ; collected by H. C. Eobinson, Esq. Presented bijtlie Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909. 328 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES H.— Sus vittatus andersoni. Sus andersoni, Thomas and Wroughton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. iii, p. 441, 1909, Journ. Fed. Malay Mus. vol. iv, p. 127, 1910. Typical locality Batam Island, Ehio Linga Archipelago ; the range also includes Bintang and Karimon Islands. Differs from S. v. rhionis by the greyer colour of the adult and the redder tint of the young, as well as by the smaller teeth, especially the second upper incisor and the premolars. 9. 4. 1. 509. Skull and skin, female. Bintang Island, Ehio Liriga Archipelago ; collected by Mr. E. Seimund. Presented tythe Government of the, Federated Malay States, 1909. 9. 4. 1. 510. Skull and skin, female. Batam Island, Ehio Linga Group ; same collector. Same history. 9. 4. 1. 511. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Type. Same history. 9. 4. 1. 512. Skull and skin, female. Karimon Island, Ehio Linga Group. Same history. I.— Sus vittatus niadensis. Sus niadensis, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx, p. 751, 1906. Typical locality Nias Island. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Like typical race, but with larger second and third molars. No specimen in collection. J.— Sus vittatus babi. Sus babi, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx, p. 752, 1906. Typical locality Pulo Babi, off western Sumatra. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Similar in size to typical race, but colour much darker and skull wider. No specimen in collection, SUID.E 329 K.— Sus vittatus natunensis. Sus, sp., Thomas and Hartert, Novit. Zool. vol. i, p. 660, 1894, vol. ii, p. 492, 1895. Sus natunensis, Miller, Proc. Washington Ac. Sci. vol. iii, p. 117, 1901, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx, p. 753, 1906. Typical locality Pulo Laut, northern Natuna Islands. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Like S. v. labi, but colour lighter, and rostral portion of skull shorter and wider. In general appearance very similar to the small Tenasserim form of the typical race of S. cristatus, but smaller ; general colour brownish, con- trasting strongly with the black feet and legs. No specimen in collection. L.— Sus vittatus mimus. Sus miinus, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx, p. 753, 1906. Typical locality Simalur Island, off western Sumatra. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Similar in colour and skull-characters to S. v. babi, but much smaller. No specimen in collection. M.— Sus vittatus timoriensis. Sus timoriensis, Midler and Schlegel, Verh. Zoogd. Ind. Archip. vol. i, pp. 42, 173 and 178, pi. xxxi, figs. 1-3, 1842; Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xiii, p. 95, 1891, vol. xxvi, p. 180, 1905. Sus scrofa, var. Giebel, Sdugethiere, p. 225, 1855. Sus timorensis, Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamtn. Brit. Mus. p. 278, 1862 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 28, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 335, 1869, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 60, 1873. Typical locality Timor ; the range also includes Kottia, but not Macassar or Ternate, which are inhabited respectively by £ celebensis and " S. niger" Probably a hybrid form, crossed with semi-domesticated breeds ; the skull, according to Jentink, being markedly different from that of the pure-bred S. v. floresianus. No specimen in collection. 330 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES The Papuan swine described under the following names are regarded by Stehlin (Abh. schiveiz. pal. G-es. vol. xxvi, p. 292, 1899) and Bauschke (Arch. Naturgesch. vol. Ixxvii, p. 1, 1911) as the descendants of domesticated or semi- doinesticated animals introduced by human agency ; the latter writer considering that they are all derivatives from the 8. vittatus stock. In the Bismarck and Caroline groups more or less pure-bred £ vittatus occurs in a feral condition. Sus papuensis, Lesson and Garnot, Bull. Sci. Nat. vol. vii, pp. 80 and 96, 1826, Voyage " Coquille," vol. i, p. 171, pi. viii, 1826; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 135, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 107, 1868, p. 33, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 339, 1869, Hand-List Tliick-skinneu Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 60, 1873 ; Peters and Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, vol. xvi, pp. 666 and 698, 1881 ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 165 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 347, 1884; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 218 ; Jentirik, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xiii, p. 97, 1891, vol. xxvi, p. 188, 1905 ; Meyer, Abh. Zool. Mus. Dresden, vol. vi, p. 18, 1897; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 31, 1907; Bauschke, Arch. Naturgesch. 1911, p. 1; Dehaut, Zool. et Pal. Corse et Sardaigne, p. 64, pi. iv, 1912. Sus ternatensis, Meyer, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, vol. i, p. 276, 1877. Sus aruensis, Rosenberg, Malay Archip. p. 362, 1878. Sus aramensis, Rosenberg, op. cit. p. 368, 1878. Sus niger, Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 217 ; Jentirik, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xiii, p. 100, 1891, vol. xxvi, p. 190, 1905; Meyer, Abh. Zool. Mus. Dresden, vol. vi, p. 18, 1896. Typical locality New Guinea ; also recorded from the Admiralty and Bismarck groups, Jappen, Waigiou, Misul, Ternate, Salawatti, Tidore, Ceram, Batanta, and the Key, Aru, Yule, and Louisiade groups. Type in Paris Museum. 949, a. Skin, female, mounted. New Guinea. Presented ty the Earl of Derby, 1843. 50. 7. 20. 134 (50. 9. 6. 15—949, 5). Skin, mounted, and skull, immature. Touton Island, south coast of New Guinea. Presented by Capt. Owen Stanley, 1850. 60. 8. 27. 8 (1501, a). Skull, immature, provisionally referred to the present group. Locality unknown (? Ternate) ; collected by Dr. A. K. Wallace, O.M. Purchased (Stevens), 1860. 61.12.11.25(1501,6). Skull. Ternate ; same collector. Entered in Gray's Hand-List as S. timorensis ; referred by SUID.E 331 Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xix, p. 534, to a species akin to S. vittatus. Purchased, 1861. 66. 12. 30. 4 (1501, d). Skin and skeleton. Dampier Straits, north-west New Guinea; collected by K. Swinhoe, Esq. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1866. 90. 2. 20. 11-13. Three skulls. Wild Island, Admiralty group ; collected in 1875 during the cruise of H.M.S. " Challenger." Presented by the Government, 1890. 13. 6. 18. 113-115. Three skulls and skins. Letakusa Valley, New Guinea ; collected by C. B. Kloss, Esq. Presented ~by the Wollaston Expedition, 1913. 13. 6. 18. 116-118. Three skulls. Same locality and collector. Same history. V. SUS CELEBENSIS. Sus celebensis, Midler and Schlegel, Verh, Zoogd. Ind. Archip. pi. xxviii bis, fig. 1 , 1842 ; Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 331, 1869; Nehring, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1888, p. 9, Abh. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1889, p. 11, pis. i and ii, Zool. Anz. vol. xiv, p. 45, 1891 ; Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xiii, p. 96, 1891, vol. xxvi, p. 182, 1905; Meyer, Abh. Zool. Mus. Dresden, vol. vi, p. 27, 1896 ; Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 70, pi. x, 1899; Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 662, 1904 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 32, 1907. Dasychcerus celebensis, Gray, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. "Brit, Mus. p. 59, 1873. Sus verrucosus celebensis, Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xix, p. 537, 1897 ; Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. p. 895, 1898. Typical locality Northern Celebes. Type in Leyden Museum. According to Jentink, the wild swine of Celebes is to a considerable degree intermediate between S. vittatus and S. verrucosus, having the facial markings and striped young of the former and lower canines like those of the latter. Typically a distinct tuft of light-coloured bristles on hind portion of each cheek; in half -grown individuals a broad yellowish or brownish band on the sides of the muzzle, and thence towards under surface of neck, this band being more or less visible in adults; a pair of small warts on muzzle above angles of mouth ; a crest of long black bristles between ears, continued along nape ; young striped ; skull 332 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES short and high; lower canines of the type of those of S. verrucosus (infra) ; enamel of molars thick. In addition to Celebes, the range includes Menado, Gorontalo, Saleyer, Batjan, Morotai, and Macassar, and the Philippines. The races are distinguishable as follows .— A. Size medium ; premolars low. a. Skull medium. a'. Cheek-teeth larger S. c. celebensis. b'. Cheek-teeth smaller S. c. nehringi. b. Skull longer and lower S. c. philippinus. c. Skull still longer and lower S. c. mindanensis. d. Skull very narrow and relatively low S. c. ceramicus. e. Skull broader. :>. Skull of a rather older individual. Same locality and collector. Same history. 10. 4. f>. 158. Skull. Same locality and collector. /SV nue history. B.— Sus barbatus gapg-antua. Sus barbatus, Nehring, Zool. Anz. vol. viii, p. 347, 1885 ; Volz, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. xx, p. 518, 1904. Sus gargantua, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx, p. 743, 1906. Typical locality S.E. Borneo. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Skull longer — upper length 22J inches (570 mm.) — and lower than in typical race, with marked overhanging of the occipital surface. No specimen in collection, unless Nos. 10. 4. 5. 132-3 and 10. 4. 5. 158, entered under the heading of the preceding race, should belong to the present one. C. — Sus barbatus oi, Sus oi, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xv, p. 51, 1902, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx, p. 791, pis. xl, etc. 1906, vol. xxxi, p. 255, 1906 ; Lydekker, Field, vol. civ, p. 327, 1904 ; Jentink, Notes Ley den Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 155, pis. iii and iv, 1905 ; Kloss, Journ. Straits Asiat. Soc. vol. xlv, p. 5, 1906; Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxiv, p. 626, 1908; Thomas and Wroughton, Journ. Fed. Malay Mus. vol. i, p. 127, 1910. Sus barbatus, Volz, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. xx, p. 518, 1902 ; Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 662, 1904 ; Schneider, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. xxiii, p. 128, 1905. Typical locality Indragiri Valley, eastern Sumatra : also occurs on Pulo Kundur, Pulo Batam (opposite Singapore), and other islands in the Rhio Linga Archipelago. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Stated to differ from typical Bornean race by the shortness of the last lower molar, which has two transverse ridges and a talon (which may be so large as to simulate a third ridge) ; and by the rather larger bodily size. No specimen in collection. 342 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES D.— Sus barbatus ahaenobarbus. Sus ahaenobarbus, Huet, Le Naturaliste, vol. ii, p. 5, 1888, partim ; Nehring, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1894, p. 190 ; Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xix, p. 535, 1897 ; Elliot, Cat.Mamm. Field Mus. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 32, 1907 ; Hollister, Philippine Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 38, 1912, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlvi, p. 338, 1913; Dehaut, Zool. et Pal. Corse et Sardaigne, p. 64, pi. iv, A, 1912. Sus barbatus var. palavensis, Nehring, Abh. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1889, pp. 22 and 32, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1890, p. 11 ; Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xix, p. 535, 1907. Sus barbatus ahaenobarbus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. p. 894, 1899, Suppl. p. 662, 1904. Sus barbatus palavensis, Hollister, Philippine Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 38, 1912, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlvi, p. 338, 1913. Typical locality Palawan, between Borneo and Mindoro, Philippines. A dwarf race of the species, with a relatively short and wide skull, measuring 12 inches (304 mm.) in length, by 5| inches .(145 mm.) in breadth. The skull figured by Huet as that of the present race really belongs to his S. marchei ( = $. c. philippensis), and vice versa. No specimen in collection. E.— Sus barbatus balabacensis. Sus barbatus balabacensis, Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xix, p. 534, 1897 ; Hollister, Philippine Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 38, 1912, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlvi, p. 338, 1913. Typical locality Balabac, between Borneo and Palawan, Philippines. Skull longer and narrower than that of S. ~b. ahcenobarlus, the length being 12 £ inches (313 mm.), and the width 5 inches (126 mm.). 94. 6. 8. 7. Skull, aged female. Balabac ; collected by A. H. Everett, Esq. Purchased, 1894. 94. 6. 8. 8. Skull. Same locality and collector. Type. Same history. 94. 6. 8. 9. Skull, old female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 94. 6. 8. 10. Skull, immature female. Same locality and collector. Same history. SUID^E 343 F.— Sus barbatus calamianensis. Sus calamianensis, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, p. 114, pi. xx B, fig. 2, 1892 ; HolUster, Philippine Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 38, 1912. Sus barbatus var. calamianensis, Nehring, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, vol. xxxvi, p. 191, 1894, Zool. Garten, p. 46, 1895 ; Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xix, p. 535, 1897. Sus barbatus calamianensis, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. p. 825, 1899. Typical locality Calamianes, Philippines ; also occurs on Calion Island, in the Calamianes group. Skull broader than in S. 1. ahamobarbus, the length being 12^ inches (315 mm.), and the width 6 inches (146 mm.). No specimen in collection. 2. SUBGENUS PORCULA. Porcula, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi, p. 423, 1847 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 33. Size very small ; tail short ; three pairs of teats. Eestricted to the forest-tract at the foot of the Eastern Himalaya. VIII. SUS (POECULA) SALVANIUS. Porcula salvania, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi, pp. 423 and 503, pis. xii and xiii, 1847, vol. xvii, pt. 2, p. 48, pi. xxvii, 1848, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 115; Horsfield, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 192, pi. xxxvii ; Gray, ibid. 1868, p. 33, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 340, 1869, Hand-List Thick-skinned. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 65, 1873 ; Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 244, 1867 ; Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 470 ; Sclater, ibid. 1882, p. 546, pi. xxxvi ; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 421, 1884 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 195, 1891 ; Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 28, pi. xvii, 1899 ; Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1909, p. 170. Sus salvanius, Garson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 413 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 363, 1891 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 285, 1891 ; Lydekker, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 266, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 285, 1907. Sus salvianus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. p. 827, 1898, errorim. Sus (Porcula) salvianus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 663, 1904. Typical locality the Sikhirn Tarai;* the range also includes that of Nepal and Bhutan. * The moist forest-tract at the base of the eastern Himalaya. 344 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Size very small, shoulder-height about 11 J inches; no distinct spinal crest; ears small and bare; tail very short (1£ inches); no woolly under-fur; general colour brown or blackish brown ; young striped ; last upper molar in jaw very short, its length being considerably less than that of the two teeth immediately in front. 53. 8. 16. 16 (54. 6. 3. 7 [1077, «]). Skull, foot-bones, and mounted skin. Sikhim Tarai. Presented ly B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1853. 53. 8. 16. 17. Young skull and skin. Same locality. Same history. 1077, 1. Skull. Same locality. Same donor. 58. 6. 24. 71 (1077, d). Skull and skin, the latter mounted. Same locality. Same donor, 1858. 58. 6. 24. 72 (1077, c). Skeleton. Same locality. Type; skull figured by Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi, pi. xxiii. • Same history. 79. 11. 21. 666 (1077,/). Skin, mounted, and skull. Same locality ; collected by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Transferred from India Museum, 1879. 79. 11. 21. 667. Skin, young, mounted. Same locality and collector. Same histoi*y. II. Genus BABIRUSSA. Babirussa, Bafinesque, Analyse de Nature, p. 56, 1815 ; Lesson, Man. Mamm. p. 337, 1827; Gray, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 67, 1873. Babiroussus, Gray, Med. Bepos. vol. xv, p. 306, 1821. Babiroussa,*F. Cuvier, Dents Mamm.. p. 257, 1825. Babyrussa, Burnett, Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. vol. xxviii, p. 352, 1830. Porous, Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphib. p. 17, 1830 ; Stehlin, Abh. sclnveiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvii, Appendix, 1900. Babirusa, Lesson, \Nouv. Tdbl. Begne Anim., Mamm. p. 162, 1842; Deninger, Ber. nat. Ges. Freiburg, vol. xviii, p. 1, 1910. Dentition : i. §, c. \, p. f , m. f = 34 ; molars, especially the last, simpler than in Sus ; canines (fig. 51) long, slender, recurved, growing from persistent pulps, and destitute of enamel, those of the upper jaw piercing the skin of the face some distance in advance of the eyes, and not wearing against the lower pair; in female canines quite small. srih.r. Young probably without stripes. The genus is regarded by Stehlin as related to Sus vcrruco&us. The range is restricted to the islands of Boru and Celebes. Deninger, who adopts Stehlin's theory of the " neobuno- dontism " of the molar teeth of the Suina (supra, p. 305), is of opinion that Babirussa is nearly related to the selenodont genus Merycopotctmus, of the Indian Siwaliks ; both genera agreeing in the parallelism of the two lines of cheek-teeth, the general contour and small size of these teeth, the form and direction of the tusks, and certain other features. BABIRUSSA BABYEUSSA. Sus babyrussa, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 50, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 104, 1766 ; Erxleben, Syst. Eegn. Anim. p. 188, 1777 ; Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 391, 1822 ; Griffith, Animal Kingdom, vol. iii, p. 408, 1827 ; Schinz, Natuges. Sdugetli. p. 247, 1824, Synop. Mamm. p. 352, 1845. Aper orientalis, Brisson, Eegn. Anim. p. 76, 1762. Babirussa alfurus, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Eegne Anim., Mamm. p. 162, 1849. Babirusa babirusa, Deninger, Ber. nat. Ges. Freiburg, vol. xviii, p. 4, 1910. Babirusa orientalis, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 461, 1910. BABIRUSA. Size relatively small and build slender ; ears small and pointed ; skin rugose and nearly bare, or smooth and hairy. Typical locality Boru. The two races are distinguished as follows : — A. Skin smoother, skull shorter and broader B. b. babyrussa. B. Skin rougher, skull longer and narrower B.b. celeb ensis. A.— Babirussa babyrussa babyrussa. Typical locality Boru (between Celebes and Cerain). Skin comparatively smooth, clothed with short bristly hairs, thickest at root of tail ; general colour whitish grey, tinged, especially on head, with yellow, female and young darker; skull short and broad, with tips of nasals not narrowed to a point between roots of canines. 60. 8. 27. 6 (718,0. Skull. Collected by Dr. A. E. Wallace, O.M. ; entered in Gray's Hand-List as having been 346 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES obtained in Borneo, but probably the specimen mentioned in Wallace's Malay Arcliepelago, small ed. p. 299, as having been collected in Boru. Purchased, 1860. B. — Babirussa babyrussa celebensis. Sus babirussa, Quoy and Gaimard, Voyage Astrolabe, Zool. vol. i, p. 125, pis. xxii and xviii, 1830; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. iv, pis. 300-302, 1842 ; nee Sus babyrussa, Linn. Sus babirousa, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. v, p. 216, pi. xxiii, 1836. Porcus babyrussa, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthierc, Suppl. vol. iv, p. 301, 1844, vol. v, p. 509, 1855 ; SteJilin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvii, Appendix, 1900. Sus babyrussa, Schinz, Synop. Mamm. p. 352, 1845; nee Linn. Babirussa alfurus, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 443, pi. Ixxxiii ; Gray, ibid. 1868, p. 42, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 349, 1869, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 67, 1873 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 356, 1884 ; nee Lesson. Sus babirusa, Guillemard, Cruise of " Marchesa," ed. 2, p. 326, 1889. Babirusa alfurus, Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 287, 1891 ; LydeMer, Horns and Hoofs, p. 364, 1893 ; Meyer, Abh. Zool. Mus. Dresden, vol. vi. p. 15, 1897 ; Sarasin, Celebes, vol. iii, p. 108, 1901, vol. v, p. 37, 1905 ; Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1909, p. 172 ; nee Lesson. Babirusa celebensis, Deninger. Ber. Ges. nat. Freiburg, vol. xviii, p. 7, 1910 ; Lydekker, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 460, 1914. Typical locality Celebes ; the range includes some of the neighbouring islands. Skin furrowed and wrinkled, nearly bare in adult ; general colour brownish grey ; skull narrow, with the tips of the nasals forming a sharp point between the bases of the canines. 60. 8. 27. 7 (718, m). Skull, immature. Collected by Dr. A. E. Wallace, O.M., probably in Celebes. Purchased, 1860. 71. 5. 19. 7. Skin, mounted. Celebes. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1871. 96. 6. 24. 2. Skin, mounted. Lipopang, Celebes ; col- lected by Dr. C. Hose. Purchased (Gerrard), 1896. 0. 3. 30. 18. Skull. Same locality and coUector. Purchased (Gerrard), 1900. SUID.E 347 0. 3. 30. 19. Skull. Same locality and collector. Same history . 1. 10. 3. 1. Skull. Monano, Minahassa, Northern Celebes. Presented ly N. Samwell, Esq., 1901. 9. 11. 30. 1. Skull. Soemalta, northern coast of Celebes. Presented ly A. S. Williams, Esq., 1909. 9. 11. 30. 2. Skull, wanting tusks. Same locality. Same history. FIG. 51. — SKULL OF BABIBUSA (Babirussa babyrussa celebensis). From Gray, Hand-List of Thick-skinned Mammals. Of the following specimens the localities are not definitely known, so that they may possibly include representatives of the preceding as well as of the present race : — 718, a. Skull. No history. 718, j. Skull. No history. 718, i. Skeleton. Purchased (Zoological Society). 38. 4. 16. 32 (718, 6). Skull. Purchased (Stevens), 1838. 46. 3. 13. 3 (718, d). Skull (fig. 51). Figured in Gray's Hand-List, pi. xxvii, fig. 2 Purchased (Argent), 1846. 48. 12. 6. 1 (718, e). Skull. Purchased (Stevens), 1848. 51. 10.23. 1(718,0). Skull. Presented bij G. Daniels, Esq., 1851. 348 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 58. 5. 4. 43 (718, h). Skull. Purchased (Zoological Society], 1858. 59. 8. 16. 4 (718, k). Skull. " Borneo " = (?) Boru. Purchased (Wright), 1.859. 67. 4. 12. 209. Skull, young. Figured in Gray's Hand- List, pi. xxvii, fig. 1. Lidth de Jeude Collection, purchased, 1867. 67. 4. 12. 221 (718, o). Skull. Same history. 67. 4. 12. 222 (718, p). Skull. Same history. 67. 4. 12. 223 (718, q). Skull. Figured in Seba's The- saurus, vol. i, pi. ii, fig. 3, 1734. Same history. III. Genus POTAMOCHCERUS. Koiropotamus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. xxvii, 1843, nomen nudum. Choiropotamus, Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 185, 1843, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. x, p. 282, 1852 ; nee Chceropotamus, Cuvier, 1822. Potamochcerus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 129, 1854, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. xv, p. 65, 1855, ser. 4, vol. xi, p. 434, 1873, Oat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 340, 1869, Hand List Thick- skinned, Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 56, 1873 ; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 359 ; Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 70, 1899 ; W. L. Sclater, Fauna S. Africa, Mamm,. vol. i, p. 273, 1900. Nyctochcerus, Heuglin, Nova Ada Ac. Ctes. Leop.-Car. vol. xxx, Nachtrag 2, p. 7, 1863. Dentition : i. f , c. -}-, p. 4, m. |- = 42 ; teeth of the same general character as in Sus, but the canines (the summits of the upper pair of which are completely abraded by the lower ones) smaller and the molars of a relatively simple type, with thick enamel ; in adult male skulls (fig. 52) a bony tuberosity or ridge above the root of the upper canine and a second on the sheath of the same, the upper ridge in aged individuals developing a horny capsule ; ears with terminal tufts of long hairs ; coat more abundant, less bristly, and frequently much more brightly coloured than in Sus. Young striped. The thickness of the enamel of the molars, coupled with their simple structure, suggests affinity with Stis celebensis and S. verrucosus. SUID.E 349 At the present day the genus is restricted to Ethiopian Africa and Madagascar, but Stehlin is of opinion that certain large swine from the lower Pliocene of Attica and India, originally described as Sus crymantkius, S. giganteus, and S. titan, really belong to Potamochcerus. The following is a " key " to the species :— A. Coat long, sparse, and more or less dark in adult ; dorsal crest long and mainly black ; facial tuberosities strongly developed. a. Parietal region of upper surface of skull shorter. a'. Muzzle more slender (?) P. larvatus. b'. Muzzle less slender (?) P. chceropotamus. b. Parietal region of upper surface of skull longer P. hassama. B. Coat and facial tuberosities as in A ; colour and colour-pattern as in B P. intermedius. c. Coat shorter, denser, and more or less rufous ; dorsal crest short and white ; facial tuber- osities less developed than in A P. porcus. I. POTAMOCHCERUS LARVATUS. Sus larvatus, F. Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Paris, vol. viii, p. 447, pi. xxii, 1822. Phascochcerus larvatus, Jardinc, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. v, p. 232, 1836, partim. Choiropotamus africanus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 185, 1843, partim. Potamochcerus africanus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 131, 1854, 1868, p. 34, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 341, 1869, Hand- List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 56, 1873, partim. Potamochcerus madagascariensis, Grandidier, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1867, p. 85. Potamochcerus edwardsi, Grandidier, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1867, p. 318 ; Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xv, p. 45, 1875 ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 92. Potamochcerus larvatus, Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 363, pis. xxv and xxvi, fig. 2 ; Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 17, pi. x, 1899 ; Rothschild, Powell-Cotton's Abys- sinia, p. 481, 1902, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 632; Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 28, 1910. Macrocephalus larvatus, Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 34, 1907. Typical locality Western Madagascar; the range also including the eastern districts of that island. Chiefly distinguished from the next, and typical, species by its smaller size, and, it is said, th§ more slender muzzle. 350 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES The alleged absence of flattening and lateral angulation in the nasal region, and the massiveness and simple character of the premolars, do not appear to be constant characters. Coloration almost indistinguishable from that of some of the eastern representatives of the next species. As the name larvatus antedates cheer opotamus, the former inust stand if the insular and continental forms are regarded as specifically inseparable. The two Malagasy races are chiefly distinguished by size. A.— Potamoehcerus larvatus larvatus. Typical (and only) locality Western Madagascar. Size relatively small, with the flat portion of parietal region of skull narrow (16 mm.). No specimen in the collection. B. — Potamoehcerus larvatus hova. Potamochcerus larvatus hova, Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 32, 1910. Typical (and only) locality Eastern Madagascar. Larger than typical race, with the facial profile still straighter, and the parietal region wider (26 to 40 mm.). 74. 3. 11. 1 (1659, a). Skin, mounted, and skull, young. Ambodiagne, west of Antananarivo ; collected by Mr. E. Bartlett. Purchased, 1874. 74. 10. 9. 1 (1659, b). Skull. Tamatave Forest ; colJected by Mr. A. Crossley. Figured by Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. op. cit. pi. iv. Purchased, 1874. 97. 9. 1. 162. Skull .and skin. Ampitambe, Eastern Madagascar ; collected by Dr. C. J. Forsyth Major. Type. Purchased, 1897. 8. 3. 25. 1. Skin, mounted. Madagascar. Purchased, 1908. II. POTAMOCHCEEUS CHCEKOPOTAMUS. Sus africanus, Gmelin, Linn.'s Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 220, 1788; Schreber, Saugthiere, vol. i, p. 327, 1791 ; Thunberg, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. Peter sb. vol. iii, p. 320, 1811 ; Blainville, Osteographie, Sus, pi. viU, fig. 1, partim ; Flower and LydeJcker, Study of SUID.E 351 Mammals, p. 286, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 362, 1893. Sus koiropotamus, Desrnoulins, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. vol. xvii, p. 139, pi. cxxxix, fig. 2, 1831. Phascochoerus choeropotamus, Lesson, Nouv. Tdbl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 162, 1842. Potamochcerus africanus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 131, 1854, 1858, p. 58, pi. lix, 1860, p. 443, 1868, p. 34, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 341, 1869, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 56, 1873 ; Flower and Gar son, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 355, 1884; Bocage, Journ. Sci. Lisboa, 1890, p. 29 ; Matschie, Sdugeth. Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, p. 101, 1895. Sus capensis, Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 277, 1862, nomen nudum. Potamochcerus chceropotamus, Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 366; W. L. Sclater, Fauna S. Africa, Mamm. vol. i, p. 274, 1900; Rothschild, Powell-Cotton1 s Abyssinia, p. 481, 1902, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 632; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 391, 1908 ; Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 14, 1910 ; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 133, 1912 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 456, ed. 7, p. 455, 1914. Sus choeropotamus, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 523, 1899. Sus larvatus, Nicolls and Eglington, Sportsman in S. Africa, p. 78, 1892. Potamochcerus capensis, Rothschild, Powell-Cotton's Abyssinia, p. 481, 1902. Potamochcerus koiropotamus, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxiii, p. 339, 1914. BOSCH-VARK; Busn-PiG. Typical locality probably South Africa. The type species. Larger than P. larvatus, to which it is in other respects very similar ; typically the coat long, and intermingled with elongated bristles, between which the skin is frequently visible ; dorsal crest strongly developed, often extending forward to ears, its constituent bristles dark brown or blackish, with more or less conspicuous white tips ; ears, inclusive of margins and tufts, black externally ; forehead generally grey ; a broad blackish ring on muzzle in advance of the tuberosities ; general colour variable, but frequently dark grey or blackish ; in old males the facial tuberosities strongly developed (fig. 52), the upper ones forming a pair of convex crests elevated considerably above the nasal plane, and the second pair reaching that plane ; postorbital portion of skull relatively short. 352 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES The range includes Southern, Central, and Eastern Africa as far north as Kenia, British East Africa. FIG. 52.— SKULL OP SOUTHERN BUSH-PIG (Potamochcerus chosropotamus). From Gray, Hand-List of Thick-skinned Mammals. The following is a provisional " key " to the species : — A. Eyes not ringed with black. a. Parietal region of skull broad (39 to 44 mm. or more). a'. Muzzle with a black ring P. c. choeropotamus. V. Muzzle wholly black P. c.johnstoni. b. Parietal region of medium width (24 to 26 mm.) P. c. maschona. c. Parietal region very narrow (15 to 18 mm.). c'. Colour very dark, largely black, black and rufous when immature P. c. dcemonis. d'. Colour less dark, mingled black and rufous, mainly rufous when immature... P. c. nyasce. B. Eyes with black rings P. c. keniw. A.— Potamoehcerus ehceropotamus choeropotamus. Sus choeropotamus typicus, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 523, 1899. Typical locality South (?) Africa. Colour variable, but very generally dark grey ; parietal region of skull relatively broad, the width in adults reaching as much as 42 or even 47 inm. 38. 4. 16. 81 (715, a). Skull, female. Damaraland ; SUIDJB 353 collected by Capt. Sir J. E. Alexander. Type of " Sus i'i(/>rn.sis." Purchased, 1838. 40. 6. 24. 5. Skin, mounted. Cape Colony. Purchased (Dr. Krauss), 1840. 40. 6. 24. 6. A similar specimen. Same locality. Samt history. 40. 6. 24. 7. Skin, young, mounted. Same locality. Same history. 43. 12. 7. 20. Skin, young. Cape Colony. Purchased (Verreaux), 1843. 51. 5. 5. 3 (1364, a). Skull (fig. 52). South Africa. Figured in Gray's Hand-List, pi. xxiii, fig. 2. Purchased (Argent), 1851. 62. 3. 30. 3 (1364, b). Skeleton (diseased). Probably South Africa. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1862. 67. 4. 12. 220 (1364, c). Skull. Probably South Africa. Noticed by Lonnberg, op. cit. p. 16. Lidth de Jeude Collection, purchased, 1867. 10. 6. 17. 3. Skull. South Africa. Presented by 0. Thomas, Esq., 1910. B.— Potamoehcerus ehceropotamus maschona. Potamochcerus chceropotamus maschona, Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 20, 1910 ; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, Suppl. p. 21, 1911. Typical locality Coguno, Mashonaland (west of Lake Nyasa) ; the range includes Portuguese East Africa. General colour as dark as in typical race, being frequently rufous brown, more or less intermixed with blackish or black, but parietal region of skull narrower (24 to 26 mm.) ; dorsal crest strongly tipped with white. 3. 6. 4. 2. Skull. Mazoe, Mashonaland, N. E. Ehodesia. Noticed by Lonnberg, op. cit. p. 16. Presented "by J. ff. Darling, Esq., 1903. 6. 11. 8. 135. Skull, imperfect, and skin. Coguno, Inhanibane, Mashonaland. Noticed by Lonnberg, op. cit. p. 21 ; may be regarded as the type ; collected by Mr. C. H. B. Grant. Presented by C. D. Rudd, Esq., 1906. 9. 12. 4. 91. Skull, imperfect, and skin, immature iv. 2 A 3F4 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES female. Mperokosa, Northern Ehodesia; collected by S. A, Neave, Esq. Noticed by Lonnberg, loc, cit. Purchased, 1909. 7. 10. 25. 3. Skull, very old boar. Portuguese East Africa, probably Beira. Noticed by Lonnberg, op. cit. p. 16. Presented ly F. V. Kirly, Esq., 1907. C.— Potamoehcerus ehceropotamus daemonis. Potamochoerus ohoeropotamus daemonis, Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 367, pis. xxv, fig. 1, and xxvi, fig. 3 ; Rothschild, ibid. 1906, p. 632; LydekJcer, Game Animals of Africa, p. 397, 1908; Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 26, 1910. Potamochoerus daemonis, Rothschild, Poivell-Cottoris Abyssinia, p. 481, 1902. Potamochoerus koiropotamus daemonis, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxiii, p. 339, 1914. Typical locality Kilimanjaro, East Africa. Smaller than the last, and darker than any of the other races, adults being deep black, and immature individuals mingled black and rufous, the rufous predominating on the back and forehead, and black on sides of neck, chest, and limbs ; flat portion of parietal region narrow (about 18 mm.). 94. 4. 24. 4. Skull and skin, female. Kilimanjaro; collected by Kev. W. Morris. Type. Noticed by Lonnberg, op. cit. p. 16, where a Berlin specimen is stated to be the type. Purchased, 1892. D.— Potamochoerus ehoeropotamus nyasae. Potamochoerus ehoeropotamus nyasae, Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 367, pis. xxv, fig. 3, and xxvi, fig. 1 ; Thomas, ibid. p. 938 ; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 392, 1908 ; Lonnberg, ArUv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 24, 1910 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 456, 1910. Sus ehoeropotamus nyasse, LydeTcTcer, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 523, 1899. Potamochoerus nyasae, Rothschild, Powell- Cotton's Abyssinia, p. 481, 1902. Typical locality Nyasaland. General colour of adult very dark ; muzzle and fore part of neck wholly black ; forehead dirty grey mixed with black, and a black eyebrow-stripe ; dorsal crest commencing behind ears, where it is much mingled with white ; back and sides mingled rufous and black, the rufous predominating on the SUID^E 355 former; tail huffish grey, with hlack tuft. In immature individuals the rufous much more predominant. Flat portion of parietal region of skull very narrow (ahout 15 mm.). 93. 5. 2. 43-44. Two skins, young. Zomba, Nyasaland ; collected by A. Whyte, Esq. Presented ~by ,s'/V B. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., 1893. '.)."». .">. 0. 4. Skin, mounted, and skull. Same locality and collector. Same history. 93. 7. 25. 12. Skull, female. Near Lake Mweru, N. E. Ehodesia ; same collector. Same history. 94. 3. 8. 19. Skull. Same locality ; collected by Sir A. Sharpe, K.C.M.G., C.B. This and the preceding specimen are provisionally identified by Major, op. cit. p. 366, with the race represented by the undermentioned skins ; the present skull being figured in pis. xxv, fig. 4, and xxvi, fig. 4 (wrongly numbered 94. 3. 18. 9). Both skulls are also noticed by Lonnberg, op. cit. p. 16, under different racial headings ; no. 94. 3. 8. 19 being regarded as the type of the present race, which, according to Major's somewhat confused account, it is certainly not. Same donor, 1894. 94. 6. 7. 9-10. Two skins, one immature. Zomba and Mpimbi; collected by A. Whyte, Esq. These and one of the preceding Nyasa skins must be regarded as the co-types. Same history. 97. 1. 12. 4. Skin, female, mounted. Nyasaland; same collector. Same donor, 1907. 97.10.1.260-262. Three skins. Zomba ; same collector. Same history. 98. 6. 23. 1. Skull. Zomba. Noticed by Lonnberg, op. cit. p. 16. Presented by Sir Alfred Sharpe, K.G.M.G., C.B., 1898. 7. 9. 17. 7. Skin, mounted. Southern Nyasaland, By exchange, 1907. E.— Potamoehcerus choeropotamus johnstoni. Potainochoerus johnstoni, Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 367, pis. xxv, fig. 3, and xxvi, fig. 1 ; Rothschild, Powell- Cotton's Abys- sinia, p. 481, 1902, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 632; Lydelcler, Game Animals of Africa, p. 395, 1908. Potamochcerus chceropotomus johnstoni, Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 22, 1910 ; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, Suppl. p. 21, 1911. 2 A 2 356 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Typical locality Ngaravi Valley, N. W. Nyasaland. Size rather larger than in P. c. nyasce ; general colour very similar to that of typical race, but the muzzle, except for a whitish spot on each side, wholly black, as are the limbs, tail-tuft, and a patch on the cheeks ; back, on each side of the white-tipped dorsal crest, yellowish brown, darkening, through brown, to black on flanks ; parietal region of skull very broad (44 mm.). 91. 5. 9. 5. Skull, female. Ngaravi Valley, N. W. Nyasaland. Type. Noticed by Lonnberg, op. cit. p. 16. Presented ly Sir H. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., 1891. 7. 2. 14. 1. Skull and mounted skin, referred to this race by Lonnberg (op. cit. pp. 16 and 22). Fort Manning, 1ST. E. Ehodesia. Purchased (Ward), 1907. F. — PotamochoBPus ehceropotamus keniae. Potamochcerus chceropotamus kenise, Lonnberg, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. ix, p. 66, 1912, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. vol. xlviii, no. 5, p. 132, 1912. Typical locality forests near Nairobi, B. E. Africa. Type in Eoyal Swedish Museum, Stockholm. Face white, with the ears, a patch round eyes, and a streak above whiskers black ; dorsal crest from behind ears to middle of back black with long white tips, and similar bristles on loins ; sides of back rich rufous mingled with black ; flanks, sides of neck, under-parts, and limbs black. 4. 11. 5. 17. Skull, imperfect, and wanting lower jaw. Kenia district, B. E. Africa. Presented by Capt. Ii. Meinertzhagen, 1904. 12. 7. 2. 9. Skull and skin, female. Kidori, Tana Valley, B. E. Africa. Presented by G. Blaine, Esq., 1912. 12. 7. 28. 1. Skin. Mau Forest, above Njoro, B. E. Africa. Presented ly C. W. Woodhouse, Esq., 1912. 13. 3. 19. 11. Skeleton and skin, old boar. Urnbagasi Valley, B. E. Africa. Presented ly the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society, 1913. SUID.K III. POTAMOCHCEEUS HASSAMA. Nyctochcerus hassama, Heiiglin, Nova Acta. Ac. Cces. Leop.-Car. vol. xxx, Nachtrag 2, p. 7, 1863, Beise Nord-Ost Afrika, pp. 97 and 277, 1877 ; Nehring, Zool. Garten, vol. xxxvi, p. 50, 1895. Potamochoerus hassama, Major, Proc. Zoc. Soc. 1897, p. 368 ; Both- schild, Powell-Cotton's Abyssinia, p. 481, 1902; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 395, 1908 ; Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 37, 1910. Sus choeropotamus hassama, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 523, 1899. ASSAMI. Type of Nyctoch&rus. Typical locality Abyssinia. Type in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt-am-Main. Apparently allied in external characters, as well as in the development of the facial tuberosities, to P. cheer opotamus, but the parietal region — of which the flat portion is com- paratively narrow, although rather less so than in P. c. nyasce — much longer, both actually, and relatively to the rest of the skull. No specimen in collection. IV. POTAMOCHOERUS POROUS. Sus porcus, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 50, 1759, ed. 12, vol. i, p, 108, 1766; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 286, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 363, 1893 ; Bryden, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 531, 1899. Sus penicillatus, Schinz, Monogr. Sdugeth. pt. x, p. 12, 1848, Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 152. Potamochoerus penicillatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 131, pi. xxxiv, 1854, 1858, p. 58; Sclater, ibid. 1861, p. 62, pi. xii ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 279, 1862 ; Noack, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. ii, p. 197, 18b7 ; Pousargues, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. vol. iv, p. 90, 1896 ; Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 71, 1899. Potamochoerus porcus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 36, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 349, 1869, Hand-List Thick- skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 56, 1897, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xv, p. 45, 1875 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 356, 1884 ; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, pp. 363 and 369 ; Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvii, pi. x, fig. 7, 1900 ; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 396, 1908 ; Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 3, 1910 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 456, 1910, ed. 7, p. 455, 1914. Sus choeropotamus porcus, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 523, 1899. 358 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES BED EivER-Hoo. Typical locality West Africa. Compared with P. chceropotamus, the coat is shorter and denser, so that no portion of the skin is visible ; dorsal crest short, white, and conspicuous, commencing, as a rule, a little behind the ears ; general colour typically reddish brown or rufous, but in adults the upper portion of the forehead, between the eyes and ears, black, whitish in one race ; ears black with more or less of the upper portion of the margins of part of the tufts whitish ; in immature individuals the forehead, except for the admixture of black hairs, coloured like body ; facial tuberosities generally much less developed than in typical species, the upper pair not projecting above nasal plane (fig. 53). The range extends from the Gabun, Cameruns, and adjacent districts to the Belgian Congo. The following is a tentative. " key " to the local races : — A. Facial tuberosities of skull, when known, not projecting above nasal plane. a. Forehead and muzzle black. a'. Parietal region narrower (42-47 min.) P.p. porcus. V . Parietal region wider (49-58 mm.) P.p. pictus. b. Either muzzle or forehead whitish. b'. Size smaller, muzzle whitish P.p. ubangensis. c'. Size larger, forehead whitish P. p. albifrons. B. Facial tuberosities of skull projecting slightly above nasal plane, and upper one of each side connected with the lower one by a bony arch... P. p. congicus.* A.— Potamoehcerus porcus porcus. Typical locality Upper Guinea. General characters those of the species; flat portion of parietal region moderately wide (about 42-47 mm.) ; muzzle black. 64. 7. 16. 2 (715, &). Skull, female. West Africa; collected by Mr. Dalton. Purchased, 1864. 65. 5. 3. 3 (715, c). Skull. Niger Valley; collected by Dr. W. B. Baikie. Noticed by Lonnberg, op. cit. p. 8. Purchased, 1865. * Possibly identical with albifrons. SUID.E 359 65. 5. 3. 4 (715, d). Skull. Same locality and collector. Noticed by Lonnberg, loc. cit. Same history. 71. 5. 27. 6 (1363, e). Skull and skin. Gabun. Noticed by Lonnberg, loc. cit. Presented by Monsieur P. B. die Chaillu, 1871. 71. 5. 27. 6* (1363, /). Skull and skin, immature. Same locality. Same history. 12. 6. 20. 12. Skull and skin, very young. Bibianaha, Gold Coast. Presented by Dr. H. G. F. Spurrdl, 1912. B. — Potamoehcerus porous pictus. Choiropotamus pictus, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. x, p. 281, 1852. Potamochoerus porous pictus, Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 7, 1910 ; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, Suppl. p. 2, 1911. FIG. 53. — SKULL OF CAMERUN Busn-Pic, OR RED BIVER-HOG (Potamochmrus porcus pictus}. From Gray, Hand-List of Thick-skinned Mammals. Typical locality Cameruns, W. Africa. Flat portion of parietal region wider than in typical race (49-58 mm.) ; muzzle black. 56. 12. 30. 7. Skin, young. From an animal born in London Zoological Gardens. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1856, 360 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 57. 3. 5. 2. Skin, young. This and the next specimen were from the offspring of the animals represented by numbers 60. 7. 22. 9 and 61. 1. 18. 7. Purchased (Bartlett), 1857. 57. 8. 3. 1. Skin, young. Vide No. 57. 3. 5. 2. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1857. 60. 7. 22. 9-10 (1363, a). Skin, mounted, and skeleton. Cameruns. Type. Skull (fig. 53) figured in Gray's Hand- List, pi. xxiii, fig. 1. The animal lived in the London Zoological Gardens from 1852 to 1860. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1860. 61. 1. 18. 7. Skeleton, female. Cameruns. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1861. 67. 10. 5. 2. Skin, young, mounted. Menagerie-born. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1867. 94. 7. 25. 1-2. Two skulls. Benin, Nigeria. Presented ly E. Millson, Esq., 1894. 4. 10. 12. 9. Skin, immature, mounted. Cameruns. Purchased, 1904. 6. 5. 25. 1. Skin, immature, mounted. Cameruns. Purchased (Ward), 1906. 12. 10. 22. 76. Skull, immature. Oban district, Southern Nigeria. Presented ly P. A. Talbot, Esq., 1912. C.— Potamoehcerus poreus ubangensis. Potamochcerus poreus, Alexander, From Niger to Nile, vol. ii, p. 394, 1907. Potamochcerus poreus ubangensis, Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 10, 1910 ; LydeJclcer, Game Animals of Africa, Suppl. p. 21, 1911. Typical locality Ubangui Valley, northern Belgian Congo. Smaller than the other races, with the flat portion of the parietal region of the skull much narrower (26 mm.), and the whole muzzle whitish. 7. 7. 8. 258. Skull and head-skin. Ubangui Valley. Type. Presented ~by the Alexander-Gosling Expedition, 1907. SUID/E 361 D.— Potamochoerus poreus albifrons. Potamochoerus albifrons, du Chaillu, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. 1860, p. 301, Adventures in Equatorial Africa, p. 422, pi. Ixii, 1861. Potamochoerus poreus albifrons, Lonnberg, ArJciv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 11, 1910. Typical locality near Cape Lopez, western French Congo. Type probably in the Boston Museum, U.S.A. Larger than the preceding race, with the muzzle black ; forehead mainly white, except for a triangular black area between the ears ending in a point about three inches below the line of the eyes ; skull -characters unknown. No specimen in collection. E. — Potamoehcerus poreus congieus. Potamochcerus poreus congicus, Lonnberg, ArJciv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 14, 1910. Typical locality Lower Congo. Type in Eoyal Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. A provisional race, founded on the skull, which is much larger than that of P. p. ulangensis, with the flat portion of the parietal area narrow (31 • 5 mm.), and the facial tuber- osities more developed than in any other race, the upper ones projecting slightly above the nasal plane, and being connected in old males by a bony arch on each side with the lower pair ; nasal region wider than in P. p. pictus. Whether this type of skull is really distinct from that of P. p. albifrons has still to be proved. No specimen in collection. V. POTAMOCHCERUS INTEEMEDIUS. Potamochcerus intermedius, Lonnberg, ArJciv Zool. vol. vii, pt. 6, p. 38, 1910; LydeJcJcer, Game Animals of Africa, Suppl. p. 21, 1911 ; ScJioitteden, Rev. Zool. Africaine, vol. ii, p. 138, 1912. Typical locality Euwenzori district, Upper White Nile, Uganda. Intermediate in general characters between P. chceropo- tamiLS and P. poreus, and therefore suggestive that all the forms of bush-pig are no more than local races of the Mala- gasy P. larvatus. Schouteden considers this bush-pig to be 362 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES much nearer to P. choeropotamus than to P. porous. Coat long and coarse and dorsal crest long and parti-coloured, as in the former, but general colour and colour-pattern like those of the latter. 6. 7. 1. 188. Skull, immature, referred by Lonnberg, op. dt. p. 16, to this species. Eastern Kuwenzori; collected by E. E. Dent, Esq. Presented by the Ruwenzori Expedition, 1906. 6. 7. 1. 189. Skull, half-grown female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 6. 12. 4. 71. Skull, old boar. Same locality ; noticed by Lonnberg, op. cit. Same history. 7. 12. 18. 1. Skin. Upper White Nile, Uganda, 4000 feet ; collected by E. J. Cuninghame, Esq. Purchased, 1907. IV. Genus HYLOCHCERUS. Hylochoerus, Thomas, Nature, vol. Ixx, p. 577, 1904, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii, p. 193. To a considerable extent intermediate between Potamo- chcerus and Phacochwrus, the molars being of the brachyodont type of those of the former, while the upper canines are abraded in the fashion characteristic of the latter, and there is but one pair of upper incisors; the skull conforms in general features to the Sus and Potamochcerus type, although in its depressed form and the markedly lower occipital region it foreshadows that of Phacochcerus. Dentition : i. %^, c. -J-, p. f , m. f = 32 or 34 ; outer lower incisors frequently shed early, and in some instances perhaps never developed; upper canines of males very large and thick, with facets worn on their lower surfaces by the attrition of the lower pair, so that their summits remain more or less nearly entire ; last molars in each jaw brachyodont and normal in structure; face with a pair of large fungus-like warty growths below the eyes ; ears relatively small and not distinctly tufted ; terminal disc of muzzle relatively large ; coat very coarse, sparse, and uniformly dark-coloured ; prenasal ossicle welded to nasals ; occipital surface of skull broader and lower than in Potamochcerus ; forehead wide and SUID.E 363 concave, and sides of nasal region sloping evenly outwards, .as in the next, without the sharp lateral angulation of the nasals found in Potamochcerus and Sus. Coloration of young apparently unknown. The distributional area is probably co-extensive with the great forest-tract of equatorial Africa, in which it is known to extend from the Cameruns in the west, to the Ituri and Semliki Valleys in the east, while northwards it reaches southern Abyssinia. HYLOCHCERUS MEINERTZHAGENI. Hylochcerus meinertzhageni, Thomas, Nature, vol. Ixx, p. 577, 1904, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii, p. 193 ; Rothschild, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 632; M. Eothscliild and Neuville, Bull. Soc. Philom. ser. 9, vol. viii, p. 141, pis. i-xi, 1906; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 396, 1908, Suppl. p. 22, 1911, Field, vol. cxxi, p. 488, 1913; Allen, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiii, p. 49, 1909 ; Ward, Eecords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 457, 1910, ed. 7, p. 456, 1914; Ldnnberg, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. vol. xlviii, no. 5, p. 136, 1912. (?) Hylochcerus ituriensis, Matschie, Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. ser. 5, vol. i, p. 9, pis. i-v, 1906. (?) Hylochcerus meinertzhageni ituriensis, Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 398, 1908, Suppl. p. 24, 1911 ; Allen, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiii, p. 49, 1909. (?) Hylochcerus gigliolii, Baldacci, Publ. R. Prim. Stud. Super. Fircnzc, 1909, p. 1. Typical locality the Kenia district of British East Africa : the range co-extensive with that of the genus. Size very large, build heavy, and limbs relatively long ; coat long, coarse, and wholly black, becoming sparse in old age ; skin blackish grey. The external characters by which H. ituriensis, from the Ituri Valley (with which H. yigliolii, from the Upper Congo, is almost certainly inseparable), is stated to be distinguished appear to be mainly features of immaturity; the under- mentioned skull from the Semliki does not appear to be racially separable from that of the type. The two races here recognised are distinguishable as follows : — A. Molars broad, with much cement H. m. meinertzliageni. B. Molars narrower, with less cement H. m. rimator. 364 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES A.— Hylochoerus meinertzhagreni meinertzhagreni. Typical locality the Kenia district of British East Africa : the range extends northwards to Abyssinia, Cheek-teeth broad and heavy, with a large development of cement in the valleys. 4. 11. 5. 14. Skull and portion of skin. Nandi Forest, B. E. Africa. Type. Presented ~by Capt. R. Mdnertzhagen, 1904. 4. 11. 5. 15. Hind half of skull, wanting lower jaw, female. Same locality. Same history. 5. 5. 16. 1. Skeleton and skin, immature female. Nyeri, B. E. Africa. Presented ly C. W. Hayivood, Esq., 1905. 5. 10. 21. 1. Skull, Semliki Forest. Probably represents H. ituriensis. Presented ~by Litut.-Col. J. J. Harrison, 1905. 5. 10. 21. 2. Skull. Same locality. Same history. 7. 1. 12. 1. Skull, immature, wanting lower jaw. B. E. Africa. Presented ly C. W. Hay wood, Esq., 1905. 12. 7. 28. 9-10. Two skins. Mau Forest, above Njoro, B. E. Africa. Presented ly C. W. Woodhouse, Esq., 1912. 12. 7. 28. 11. Skull, imperfect, and skin, female. Same locality. Same history. 12. 7. 28. 12. Skin. Laikipia Escarpment, B. E. Africa. Same history. 12. 7. 28. 13-14. Two skulls and skins, young. Same locality. Same history. 12. 7. 28. 15. Skin, mounted, and skull. Mau Forest. Same history. 13. 3. 2. 6. Fore part of skull. Salle Forest, Mount Gore, Abyssinia. Presented ly S. C. G. Clarke, Esq., 1913. B.— Hyloehcerus meinertzhagreni rimator. Hylochoerus rimator, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 2 (Abs. P.Z.S. 1906, p. 1) ; Matschie, Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. ser. 5, vol. i, p. 8, 1906 ; Allen, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiii, p. 49, 1909. Hylochoerus memertzhageni rimator, LydeJcJcer, Game Animals of Africa, p. 398, 1908. Typical locality Ja Valley, Cameruns. Generally similar to typical race,* but cheek-teeth, * Vide Allen, op. cit. SUID.K 365 especially the last molar ill each jaw, markedly narrower, with less cement in the valleys. 6. 2. 21. 1. Skull, female. Ja Valley, Cameruns; col- lected by G. L. Bates, Esq. Type. Purchased, 1906. 8. 6. 23. 13. Skull and skin, immature. Cameruns ; same collector. Purchased, 1908. 14. 4. 16. 1. Skin, mounted. Cameruns. Presented "by the Roiuland Ward Trustees, 1914. V. Genus PHACOCHCERUS. Phacochcerus, Cuvier, Eegne Animal, vol. i, p. 236, 1817 ; Owen, Phil. Trans. 1850, p. 481 ; Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 359, 1869, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 69, 1873; W. L. Sclater, Fauna S. Africa, Mamm. vol. i, p. 276, 1960 ; Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvii, p. 376, 1900. Phascochcerus, F. Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Paris, vol. viii, p. 451, 1817. Eureodon, Fischer, Mem. Soc. Moscou, vol. v, p. 373, 1817. Phocochorus, Voigt, Uebersicht Naturgesch. p. 422, 1819. Phascochaeres, Cretzschmar, Atlas to Rilppells Reise nordl. Afrika, p. 61, 1826 ; Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. v, p. 219, 1836. Phascochaerus, Griffith, Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 289, 1827. Phacocherus, Smuts, Enum. Mamm. Cap. p. 60, 1832. Phacellochoerus and, Phacellochaerus, Hemprich und Ehrenberg, Symbol. Phys., Mamm. vol. ii, pi. xx, 1832. Dinochoerus, Gloger, Handbuch Naturgesch. vol. i, pp. xxxii and 131, 1841. Macrocephalus, Elliot (ex Frisch, 1775), Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 32, 1907. Dentition : i. J, c. -}-, p. §, m. f = 34 ; outer incisors and anterior premolars lost early, and in some cases all the teeth except the canines and last molars wanting ; upper canines, which are devoid of enamel except at the tips, very large, massive, and longer than lower pair, the attrition of the latter forming merely a facet on the lower surface of the former and not touching their summits ; last molars in both jaws, very large, hypsodont, and formed of a closely packed series of small parallel and vertical subcylindrical denticules ; canines of females relatively large ; face much flattened, with a very wide muzzle, and two pairs of triangular warty tubercles, the upper and larger pair situated immediately 366 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES below the eyes (fig. 54); ears small and triangular; coat sparse and bristly, almost completely shed in adults, with the exception of a mane on the neck and a terminal tail-tuft ; skull wide and long, much depressed, with a deeply concave profile, a very short postorbital portion, and no lateral angulation of the nasal region ; prenasal ossicle separate from nasals. Young uniformly coloured. The range embraces suitable localities throughout Ethio- pian Africa. PHACOCHCERUS ^THIOPICUS. Aper aethiopicus, Pallas, Spirit. Zool. fasc. ii, p. 2, 1767. Sus sethiopicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, vol. i, p. 223, 1768 ; Erxle- ben, Syst. Regn. Anim. vol. i, p. 187, 1777 ; Griffith, Animal Kingdom, vol. iii, p. 833, 1827. Phacochcerus sethiopicus, Cuvier, Eegne Animal, vol. i, p, 1817 ; F. Cuvier, Dent. Mamm. p. 217, pi. xxviii, 1822 ; J. B. Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 424, 1829 ; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 185, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 48, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 353, 1869, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 69, 1873 ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 78, pi. xvii, 1860, p. 443 ; Giebel, Sdugethiere, p. 236, 1855 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 279, 1862 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. xix, pt. 1, p. 39, 1864 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 363, 1884 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 197, 1891, Fauna S. Africa, Mamm. vol. i, p. 277, 1900; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 289, 1891 ; Nicolls and Eglington, Sportsman in S. Africa, p. 77, 1892 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 370, 1893, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 517, 1899, Game Animals of Africa, p. 399, 1908, Suppl. p. 23, 1911 ; Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 276, 1899; Eothschild, Powell- Cotton's Abyssinia, p. 482, 1902, Alexander, From Niger to Nile, vol. ii, p. 394, 1907 ; Drake-Brockman, Mamm. Somali, p. 100, 1910 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 458, 1910, ed. 7, p. 457, 1914. Phascochcerus asthiopicus, F. Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Paris, vol. viii, p. 450, pi. xxiii, 1817. Phacochcerus barbatus, Temminck, Mon. Mamm. vol. i, p. 29, 1827. Phascochcerus edentatus, I. Geoffroy, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. vol. xiii, p. 320, 1828. Phacochcerus typicus, A. Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. vol. ii, p. 90, 1834. Phacochcerus pallasi, Van derHoeven, Nova Ada Ac. Cxs. Leop.-Car. vol. xix, p. 171, 1839; Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 63, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. xi, p. 246, 1853. ' Phacochcerus aper aethiopicus, Beichenbach, Pachyderm, p. 35, 1846. SUID.E 367 WART-HOG. Typical locality South Africa; range co-extensive with that of the genus. Shoulder-height reaching about 30 inches ; general colour of the sparse coat brownish grey, with a more or less distinct FIG. 54. — HEAD OF WART-HOG (Phacochcems irthiopicw). rufous tinge ; very large upper tusks measure as much as from 25 to 27 inches along the convexity, but the length of lower ones seldom exceeds 6 inches. The local races, according to a scheme by Lonnberg, are distinguished as follows : — A. Postorbital portion of skull very short and wide, its length and breadth percentages to skull- length being 10 and 13 £ ; interorbital width large, 36'5% B. x. xtliiopicm. B. Postorbital region less wide, 10 • 9-10 • 5 and 11 • 9- 11-6 % ; interorbital width less, 34 "7-33% P. *. delamerei. c. Postorbital region of medium length and width 13-4 and 13-1%; interorbital width less than in any other race, 30% P. ss. africanus. D. Postorbital region much the same as in last, 14 and 14%; interorbital width considerably greater, 38'8 % P. x. massaicus. E. Postorbital region of medium length but narrow, 18'7 and 11%; interorbital width relatively small, 32-3% P. x. sundevalli. F. Postorbital region very long and very narrow, 15-4 and 6-3 % ; interorbital width as in last, 32'3% , P. x. xliani. A.— Phacochoerus sethiopicus aethiopieus. Phacocho3rus aethiopicus typicus, Kirby, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 527, 1809. Typical locality South Africa. Size medium ; some of the lower anterior teeth usually 368 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES retained in old age ; postorbital portion of skull very short and wide, the respective percentages to the skull-length being 10 • 3 x 13 3 ; interorbital width also great, 36 • 5 per cent. 74, a (719, t). Skull, from a stuffed specimen. South Africa. Presented by Dr. W. J. Burchell, 1817. 719, a. Skull, female. South Africa. Presented by J. C. Taunton, Esq., 1836. 50. 8. 24. 24-30. Nine imperfect skulls and upper jaws. South Africa. Purchased (Argent), 1850. 6. 1. 22. 5 (765, b). Skeleton, female, provisionally referred to this race. Locality unknown. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1862. 62. 9. 26. 1. Left upper tusk, from a stuffed skin, pro- visionally referred to this race. Locality unknown. Length along outer curve 15 1 inches. Presented by H. Merry weather, Esq., 1862. 71. 7. 3. 4 (719, o). Skull, young. Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony. Purchased (Gerrard), 1871. 81. 5. 11. 2 (719, r). Skull. South Africa. Presented by E. G. Brcakes, Esq., 1881. B.— Phacochoerus sethiopieus sundevalli. Phacochcerus sundevallii, Lonnberg, Sjostedt's Kilimandjaro-Meru Exped., Mamm. p. 54, 1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 937. Phacochoerus aethiopicus sundevalli, Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, Suppl. p. 23, 1911. Typical locality Natal; the range probably includes at least a portion of the Transvaal, and may extend still further north. Type in Koyal Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. Postorbital region of skull moderately elongated but narrow, 13- 7x11 per cent.; interorbital width relatively small, 32-3 per cent. ; the one upper and one or two pairs of lower incisors persistent. 46. 6. 2. 75 (719, a1). Skull, female, provisionally referred to this race. Transvaal ; collected by J. Wahlberg. By exchange with the Stockholm Museum, 1846. 83. 7. 28. 11. Skin, female, probably belonging to this or sriit.v; :;i;«> a nearly allied race. Uuifule Valley, Mashonaland ; collected by F. C. Selous, Esq. Purchased, 1883. 86. r>. :». ,\ Skin, mounted, racially identical with the preceding specimen. Sarna Valley, Mashonaland ; same collector. Purchased, 188(i. The following specimens, according to Lonnberg, represent a race allied to, and yet distinct from, P. se. sundevalli, the inter orbital region being still narrower : — 91. 9. 5. 3 (719, w). Skull. Ukanga, Nyasaland. Noticed by Lonnberg, Proc. Zool Soc. 1908, p. 939. Presented by Sir H. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., 1891. 91. 9. 5. 4 (719, x). Skull, female. Same locality. Same history. 93. 7. 2. 29-30. Two skulls. Shiri Highlands, Nyasaland ; collected by A. Whyte, Esq. Same donor, 1893. 93. 7. 25. 11. Skull. Near Lake Mweru, N. W. Rhodesia ; collected by E. Crawshay, Esq. Same history. 94.3.8.17. Skull. Same locality and collector. Noticed by Lonnberg, op. cit. p. 938. Same donor, 1894. 94. 3. 8. 17. Skull, immature. Same locality and collector. Noticed, loc. cit. Same history. 8. 2. 14. 1. Skull. Angoniland, South Uganda. Noticed, op. cit. p. 937. Presented by C. B. Storey, Esq., 1908. 8. 2. 14. 2. Skull, young. Same locality. Noticed, loc. cit. Same history. The following specimens accord with this race in the relative narronmcss of the interorbital region : — 8. 1. 31. 6. Skull and skin, immature female. Athi Valley, British East Africa. Presented by the Master of Belhaven, 1908. 12. 7. 28. 2. Skull and skin, immature. Man Forest, above Njoro, British East Africa. Presented by C. W. Woodhousc, Esq., 1912. 12. 7. 28. 3. Skull and skin, immature. Same locality. Same history. 12. 7. 28. 4. Skull, immature. Same locality. Same history. iv. 2 B 370 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 12. 7. 28. 5. Skull, immature. Same locality. Same history. 12. 7. 28. 6. Skull, old boar. Same locality. Interorbital width 4J inches. Same history. 12. 7. 28. 7. Skull, old boar. Same locality. Interorbital width 4J inches. Same history. 12. 7. 28. 8. Skull, immature. Same locality. Same history. C.— Phaeoehcerus sethiopieus massaicus. Phacoclioerus massaicus, Lonnberg, Sjostedfs Kilimandjaro-Meru Exped., Mamm. p. 54, 1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 937, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. vol. xlviii, no. 5, p. 142, 1912. Phaeoehcerus aethiopicus massaicus, Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, Suppl. p. 23, 1911. Typical locality Masailand (Kilimanjaro-Mem district), German East Africa. Type in Eoyal Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. Postorbital region of medium length and width, 14 x 14 per cent.; interorbital width relatively great, 38-8 per cent. 95. 4. 3. 42. Skull, immature, provisionally associated by Lonnberg, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 938, with this race. Uganda. The relative shortness of the postorbital region may be a feature of immaturity. The following specimens accord with this race in the great relative width of the interorbital region, which is considerably greater than in the British East African specimens entered under the heading of the preceding race : — 1. 8. 9. 54. Skull and skin, immature. Malo, Uganda. Presented by Sir H. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., 1901. 1. 8. 9. 55. Skull and skin, immature female. Same locality. Same history. 1. 8. 9. 56. Skull and skin, immature. Same locality. Same history. 5. 4. 3. 41. Skull, female. S. W. Ankoli, Uganda. Interorbital width 5J inches. Presented by Lieut.-CoL C. Delme-Radcliffe, 1905. SUID.E 371 5. 4. 3. 42. Skull, female. Same locality. Interorbital width 5J inches. Same history. 5. 4. 3. 43. Skull, female. Same locality. Same history. D.— Phaeoehcerus sethiopieus delamerei. Phacochcerus delamerei, Lonnberg, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 240, K. SvensJca Vet.-Ak. Handl. vol. xlviii, no. 5, p. 140, 1912. Phacochoerus aethiopicus delamerei, Lydeklcer, Game Animals o Africa, Suppl. p. 23, 1911. Typical locality Northern Somaliland. Proportions of postorbital region of skull much the same as in typical race, although the width is rather less, 10*9- 10*5 x 11 '9-11 '5 per cent.; interorbital width relatively great, 34 • 7-33 per cent. There has been some doubt with regard to the locality where this race is found, but it is practically certain that one or other of the undermentioned skulls presented by Lord Delamere was taken from the north Somali animal of which the head is figured on page 401 of Game Animals of Africa. 0. 3. 27. 16. Skull. Somaliland. Co-type. Except for some vestiges in the mandible, both upper and lower incisors have been worn away. Presented ~by the Lord Delamere, 1900. 0. 3. 27. 17. Skull. Same locality. Co-type. Two pairs of lower incisors are retained. Same history. 6. 5. 4. 12. Skull and skin, female, provisionally referred to this race. S.W. of Berbera, Somaliland. Presented ly Dr. R. E. Drahe-Brockman, 1906. E, — Phacoehcerus sethiopieus seliani. Phascochoeres seliani, Cretzschmar, Atlas to EuppelVs Eeise nordl. Afrika, p. 61, pis. xxv and xxvi, 1826 ; Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. v, p. 219, pi. xxiv, 1836. Phacochoerus edentatus, /. Geoffroy, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. vol. xiii, p. 320, 1828. Phacelochcerus haroja, Hemprich and Ehrenberg, Symbol. Phys. pi. xx, 1836. Phacochoerus aeliani. Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 185, 1843 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 280, 1862 ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 276, pi. xx, 1871, p. 236; Blanford, Zool. Abyssinia, p. 241, 1870; Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvii, pi. x, fig. 6, 1900 ; Lonnberg, Sjostedt's Kilimandjaro- Meru Exped. p. 53, 1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 937. 2 B 2 372 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Phacochoerus sclateri, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. vi> pp, 189 and 263, 1870 ; Sclater, ibid. p. 404, 1870. Phacochoerus haroia, Lonnberg, Sjostedt's Rilimandjaro-Meru Exped* p. 53, 1908. Typical locality Abyssinia. The upper incisors shed and the lower ones usually worn down to the roots in aged animals, which may retain only the canines and last molars ; postorbital region very long and very narrow, 15-4 X 6'3 per cent. ; interorbital width as in P. ce. sundevalli, 32 • 3 per cent. 719, v. Skeleton and skin. Abyssinia ; collected by Dr. Eiippell. Co-type. Purchased. 69. 2. 2. 12 (765, c). Skeleton, mounted. Annesley Bay, Abyssinia ; collected by W. Jesse, Esq., during the Abyssinian Expedition, under Lord Napier of Magdala. Presented by the Viceroy and Council of India, 1869. 69. 10. 24. 47 (719, q). Skull. Zulla, Abyssinia; collected by Dr. W. T. Blanford during the above-mentioned expedition. Noticed by Lonnberg, with measurements, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 937. Same history. F.— Phacochoerus sethiopieus fossor. Phacochoerus aethiopicus fossor, Scliwarz, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 266, 1913. Typical locality Ketekma, Bagirmi, N.W. Central Africa. . Type in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt-am-Main. Skull heavier than in P. ce. celiani, with the profile less concave in the frontal but more so in the nasal region, the occiput lower and wider, the jugal deeper and placed less nearly vertically, and the lower canines more procumbent, but directed more backwards at tips. 7. 7. 8. 257. Skull and skin, immature female, pro- visionally referred to this race. Yo, Lake Chad district. Presented ly the Alexander-Gosling Expedition, 1907. G.— Phacochoerus aethiopicus bufo. Phacochoerus africanus bufo, Heller, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. Ixi, no. 22, p. 2, 1914 ; Allen. Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. Iviii, p. 324, 1914. SUID.K 373 Typical locality Lado Enclave. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. .Differs from P. ce. celiani by the greater breadth and length of the postorbital portion of the skull, the more nearly flat interorbital region, and the greater extension of the premaxilke beyond the sockets of the tusks, as well as by the lack of elevation in the parietal and occipital crests, and the smaller auditory bulke. Incisors are retained in the adults. 9. 7. 15. 2. Skull. Lado Enclave. Purchased (Giza Zoological Gardens), 1909. H.— Phaeoehcerus aethiopicus africanus. Sus africanus, Gmelin, Linn.'s Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 222, 1778 ; Griffith, Animal Kingdom, vol. iii, p. 332, 1827. Phascochcerus africanus, F. Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Paris, vol. viii, p. 452, pi. xxiii, 1817; Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 593, 1822; A. Smith, Cat. S. African Mus., Mamm. p. 16, 1826; Lesson, Man. Mamm. p. 341, 1827. Pliacochcerus africanus, F. Cuvier, Dents Mamm. p. 213, pi. Ixxxvii, 1825 ; /. B. Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 424, 1829 ; Peters, Reise Mossamb. vol. i, 181, 1852; Giebel, Sdugethiere, p. 237, 1855; Kirk, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 656 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. E. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 360, 1884 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 197, 1891 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 289, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 370, 1893, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 517, 1899; Matschie, Sdugeth. Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, p. 100, 1895; Elliot, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. i, p. 109, 1897; Lonnberg, Sjdstedfs Kilimandjaro-Meru Exped., Mamm. p. 53, 1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 936 ; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 133, 1912 ; Newberry, Klio, vol. xii, p. 397, 1912. Phascochaerus africanus, Griffith, Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 289, 1827, partim. Phacochrerus aethiopicus africanus, Inverarity, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 521, 1899; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 400, 1907, Suppl. p. 73, 1911, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 458, 1914. Macrocephalus africanus, Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 83, 1907. Typical locality Cape Verd, Senegambia. Size very large, probably greater than in any other race, the upper skull-length being I7f inches (445 mm.) ; post- orbital region relatively long and wide, 59 X 58 mm. = 13 '4 x 13-1 per cent. ; interorbital region relatively narrow, 30 per cent. 374 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 46. 8. 7. 24 (719, J). Skull. Cape Verd. Topo-type. Presented by T. Tatum, Esq., 1836. The reference of the following specimen to this race is provisional : — 65. 5. 3. 5 (719, u). Skull. Nigeria; collected by Dr. W. B. Baikie. Purchased (Stevens), 1865. SUBFAMILY ii.— DICOTYLIN^E. Fore-feet with four and hind-feet with three complete toes ; 32 teeth, the dental formula being i. §, c. -}-, p. f , m. f ; upper canines comparatively short, straight, and directed downwards ; stomach complex ; a dorsal gland ; 2 teats ; tail rudimentary ; upper ends of third and fourth metacarpals and metatarsals united. The distribution is restricted to the New World, where peccaris range from Arkansas and Texas to the Eio Negro of Patagonia. VI. Genus DICOTYLES. Tayassu, Fischer, Zoognosia, vol. iii, p. 284, 1814 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 384, 1912 ; recommended for suppression in favour of Dicotyles by "fiat" of International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature, 1914, vide Zool. Anz. vol. xliv, p. 285. Dicotyles, Cuvier, Eegne Animal, vol. i, p. 237, 1817; Griffith, Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 289. 1827 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 58, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 351, 1869 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub.) vol. ii, p. 33, 1901 ; Loomis, Amer. J. Sci. vol. xxx, p. 383, 1910 ; Houv, Anat. Hefte Wiesbaden, Abt. 1, vol. xl, p. 717, 1910. Notophorus, Fischer, Mem. Soc. Moscou, vol. v, p. 373, 1817. Dicotylus, Bowdich, Anal. Nat. Classif. Mamm. p. 71, 1821. Adenonotus, Brookes, Cat. Mus. p. 11, 1828. Dycoteles, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. v, p. 234 (1836) ; Blyth, Cuvier' s Anim. Kingdom, p. 131, 1840. Dicotyle, Gervais and Ameghino, Mamm. Foss. Amer. Sud. p. 110, 1880. Dycotyles, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. viii, p. 54, 1896. Olidosus, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiv, p. 120, 1901. Tagassu, Elliot (ex Frisch), Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 66, 1904. Tayassus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 658, 1904, SUID.K 375 Small, tailless, pig-like animals, with thick bristly coats, small, ovate, erect ears, and a large glandular area rather behind the middle of the back, which secretes a strongly- smelling musky oleaginous substance. The subfamily is divisible into the two following sub- genera (genera of many naturalists) : — A. Mane and dorsal crest long, and reaching rump ; nasals and sides of cranial rostrum flattened; palate broad.... Dicotyles. B. Mane and dorsal crest shorter and not reaching rump ; nasals and sides of cranial rostrum not flattened; palate narrow Pccari. 1. SUBGENUS DICOTYLES. Mane and dorsal crest long and extending backwards to rump ; upper surface of nasals and sides of cranial rostrum flattened, the latter not divided by zygomatic ridge, which rises abruptly to top of skull, where it dies out above second premolar; palate broad and flat, without ridge between anterior premolar and inner surface of canine ; no depression on preorbital portion of zygomatic root. The distributional area extends from Mexico to Paraguay. I. DICOTYLES PECARI. Tayassu pecari, Fisher, Zoognosia, vol. iii, p. 285, 1814; Allen, Butt. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 165, 1902 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 384, 1912. Sus albirostris, Illiger, Abli. Ak. Sci. Berlin, 1811, p. 115, 1815 (separate copies are stated to have been issued in 1811). Dicotyles labiatus, Cuvier, Eegne Animal, vol. i, p. 237, 1817; Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, pp. 394 and 620, 1822 ; Griffith. Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 290, 1827 ; Eengger, Sdugeth. Paraguay, p. 322, 1830 ; Tschudi, Fauna Peruv. p. 217, 1844 ; Frantzius, Arch. Naturgesch. vol. i, p. 296, 1855 ; Burmeister, Syst. Uebersicht, vol. i, p. 325, 1855, Descrip. Phys. Eepub. Argent, vol. iii, p. 472, 1879 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 45, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 352, 1869, Hand-List Thiclc- skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 54, 1873; Alston, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Mamm. p. 108, pi. x, 1882 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Ostcol. Mus. E. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 343, 1884 ; LydeJcJcer, Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt, ii, p. 251, 1885, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 383, 1901 ; Flower and LydeMer, Study of Mammals, p. 290, 1891 ; Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 209, 1899 ; Weber, Sdugethiere, p. 652, 1904. Notophorus pecari, Fischer, Mem. Soc. Moscou, vol. v, p. 373, 1817. 376 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Adenonotus labiatus, Brookes, Cat. Mus. p. 11, 1828. Dycoteles labiatus, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. v, p. 236, pi. xxvii, 1836. Dicotyles albirostris, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere, Suppl. vol. iv, p. 306, 1844. Sus labiatus, Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 281, 1862. Tagassu pecari, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 66, 1904, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 35, 1905, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (ibid. vol. viii) p. 35, 1907. Tayassu albirostris, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiv, p. 120, 1901 ; Goldman, ibid. vol. xxv, p. 189, 1912. Tayassus albirostris, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 659, 1904. WHITE-LIPPED PECCARI; WARI. The type species. Typical locality Paraguay. Size relatively large (length of head and body about 40 to 46 inches) ; general colour typically dark reddish brown and black, passing into rufous on face and crown, with the upper lips, top of nose, chin, throat, breast, and under-parts white. The following three races are recognised : — A. Breast and under-parts white D. p. pecari. B. Breast and under-parts grizzled black and fulvous. a. White face-markings more extensive than in typical race D. p. ringens. b. White face-markings still more extensive D. p. spiradens. A.— Dicotyles pecari pecari. Tayassu pecari pecari, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 384, 1912. Tayassus albirostris albirostris, Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, vol. xxv, p. 189, 1912. Typical locality Paraguay. Face-markings of moderate extent ; under-parts white. 152, 1. Skin, young (?). Brazil. Purchased, 1835. 42. 8. 17. 1. Skin, mounted. Brazil. Purchased (Clausen), 1842. 43. 2. 20. 6 (721, b). Skull, immature. Brazil. Purchased (Stevens), 1843. 43. 9. 27. 24. Skin, female. Bahia, Brazil. Purchased (Brandt), 1843. SUID/E 377 45. 2. 13. 4 (721, a). Skull, immature (from an old skin). Brazil. I'vrchased (Cross), 184.\ 46. 6. 1. 27. Skin. Santa Catherina, Brazil. Purchased (Parzudald), 1846. 47. 4. 6. 8 (721, d). Skeleton, female. Brazil. Purchased (Barker), 1847. 47. 4. 6. 9 (721, c). Skeleton. Brazil. Same history. r»l. S. '27. 76 (721, c). Skull. Para, Brazil. Purchased (Stevens), 1851. 61. 4. 8. 2 (721,/). Skeleton. Brazil. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1861. 62. 12. 15. 112-113. Two young specimens, in alcohol. British Guiana. Purchased (Leadbcater), 1862. 84. 2. 8. 17. Skull. Taquara, Eio Grande do Sul, Brazil ; collected by Dr. H. von Ihering. Purchased, 1884. 84. 2. 8. 18. Skull. Same locality and collector. Same history. 99. 2. 22. 10. Skull and skin. Entre Eios. Presented by the La Plata Museum, 1899. 3. 7. 7. 121. Skull and skin, female. Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil ; collected by Mr. A. Eobert. Presented by Mrs. Percy Sladen, 1913. .">. 7. 7. 122-123. Two young skulls. Same locality and collector. Same history. The following specimens from British Guiana are pro- visionally referred to this race : — 10. 5. 4. 67. Skull and skin, very young. Eio Supinaam Valley, British Guiana. Presented by F. V. McConnell, Esq., 1910. 10. 6. 12. 1. Skull. Lama Creek, British Guiana. Presented by B. Howell Jones, Esq., 1910. 10. 9. 29. 32. Skull and skin. Supinaam Valley. Presented by F. V. McConnell, Esq., 1910. 11. 6. 7. 49. Skull and skin, very young. Moon Mountains, southern British Guiana. Same donor, 1911. 11. 12. 15. 5. Skull, young. Barttca Grove, Essequibo Valley, British Guiana. Same history. 12. 12. 19. 13. Skull and skin. Bonasica Creek, British Guiana. X«»w donor, 1912. 378 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 12. 12. 19. 14. Skull and skin. Same locality. Same history. 12. 12. 19. 15. Skull and skin. Same locality. Same history. 13. 6. 8. 14. Skull and skin. Manarica Creek, Essequibo Valley. Same donor, 1913. 13. 12. 12. 4. Skull and skin, very young. Supinaam Valley. Same history. B. — Dicotyles pecari ringens. Tayassu albirostris ringens, Merriam, Proc. BioL Soc. Washington, vol. xiv, p. 121, 1901. Tayassu pecari ringens, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 166, 1902 ; Miller, List Mamm. N. Amer. p. 384, 1912. Tagassu pecari ringens, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 66, 1904, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 37, 1905. Typical locality Apazote, State of Campeche, Mexico. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Similar in general characters to typical race, but with a greater extension of whitish face-markings — the light area including the whole muzzle from tip to midway between nose and eyes, and extending backwards along sides of lower jaw to below ears — the presence of an ill-defined white band above each pair of hind-hoofs, and the grizzled black and fulvous under-parts. No specimen in collection. C.— Dicotyles pecari spiradens. Tayassu albirostris spiradens, Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxv, p. 189, 1912. Typical locality Talanaanca, Costa Eica. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Resembles D. p. ringens in size and colour, but still more white on face, sometimes extending to eyes; molars wider and first lower premolar smaller. Distinguished from T. p. pecari by more convex profile of brain-case, the narrower front portion of lower premolars, and more evenly tapering lower cheek-teeth row. No specimen in collection. SUID/E 379 2. SUBQENUS PECARI. Pecari, Reichenbach, Bildergal. Thierwelt, pt. vi, p. 1, 1835 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 383, 1912. Mane and dorsal crest shorter than in typical subgenus and not covering rump ; upper surface of nasals and sides of cranial rostrum not flattened, the latter divided by a more or less pronounced zygomatic ridge ; palate long and narrow, with a more or less distinct anterior median ridge, and a depression in preorbital portion of zygomatic root above premolars. Kange co-extensive with that of genus. The two species are distinguished as follows :— A. Skull with slight basal angulation of nasals, palatal ridge, and preorbital depression D. (P.) tajacu. B. Skull with strongly marked basal angulation of nasals, prominent palatal ridge, and deep preorbital depression in anterior zygomatic root D. (P.) angulatus. II. DICOTYLES (PECAEI) TAJACU. Sus tajacu, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 50, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 103, 1766. Sus tajassu, Erxleben, Syst. Begn. Anim. p. 188, 1777. Dicotyles torquatus, Cuvier, Regne Animal, vol. i, p. 237, 1817 ; Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 393, 1822 ; Griffith, Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 289, 1827 ; Rengger, Sdugeth. Paraguay, p. 322, 1830; Tschudi, Fauna Peru, p. 216, 1844; Frantzius, Arch. Naturgesch. vol. i, p. 296, 1855 ; Burmeister, Syst. Ueber- sicht, vol. i, p. 327, 1855, Descrip. Phys. Repub. Argent, vol. iii, p. 473, 1879; Baird, Mamm. N. Amer. p. 627, 1857; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 206 ; Tomes, ibid. 1861, p. 287 ; Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 208, 1899. Adenonotus tajacu, Brookes, Cat. Mus. p. 11, 1828. Dycoteles torquatus, Jar dine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. v, p. 234, pi. xxvi, 1836. Dicotyles tajacu, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 186, 1843 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 280, 1862 ; Sclater, List Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 19, 1862 ; Alston, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Mamm. p. 102, 1882 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, pr 344, 1884 ; Lydehker, Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii, p. 252, 1885, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 371, 1901 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. 'Mus. pt. ii, p. 196, 1891; Flower and Lydeklcer, Study of Mammals, p. 290, 1891 ; Elliot, Synop. N. Amer. Mamm. (Field. Mus. Zool Pub. vol. ii) p. 33, 1901 ; Weber, Sdugethierc, p. 652, 1904. 380 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Notophorus torquatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 44, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 351, 1871 ; Hand-List ThicJc- sJcinned Mamm. Brit Mus. p. 53, 1873. Tayassu tayassu, Stone and Cram, American Animals, pi. facing p. 30, 1903. PECARI TAJACU. Typical locality Brazil. Smaller than D. pecari, the average length of the head and body being about 36 inches ; general colour dark blackish grey, with a white or whitish band passing across the chest from shoulder to shoulder. The following races are recognised : — A. General colour grizzled grey or tawny. a. Skull relatively large, long, narrow, and vaulted .... D. t. tajacu. b. Skull smaller, shorter, wider and depressed D. t. torvus. B. General colour almost uniform black D. t. niger. A. — Dieotyles tajacu tajacu. Typical locality southern Brazil. Skull relatively large, long, narrow, and vaulted ; general colour grizzled grey or tawny. 720, i. Skull. Locality unknown.* No history. 38. 4. 16. 86. Skull. Locality unknown. Purchased (Stevens), 1838. 41. 12. 20. 1(35,6). Skin, mounted. Locality unknown. Presented by E. Cross, Esq., 1841. 55, li. Skin, immature, mounted. No history. 43. 5. 16. 8 (720, a). Skull. Organ Mountains, Brazil ; collected by Dr. Gardner. Purchased, 1843. 44. 2. 7. 11. Skin, young. Locality unknown. Purchased (Leadbeater), 1844. 50. 11. 22. 49 (720, c). Skull. Locality unknown. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1850 55. 12. 26. 154 (720, d), Skull. Locality unknown. Same history, 1855. 56. 12. 30. 2 (720, e). Skeleton. Locality unknown. Same history, 1856. * The reference to this race of specimens of unknown locality is provisional. SUIDJ-: 58. 5. 4. 44 (720,/). Skull. Locality unknown. Same history, 1858. 58. 5. 4. 116 (720, g). Skeleton, mounted, Locality unknown. Same hint on/. GO. 2. 11. 15. Skin, young, mounted. Locality unknown. Purchased (Vcrreaux), 1860. 67. 4. 12. 207. Skin. Locality unknown. Presented by Capt. Milner, 1867. 84. 2. 8. 19. Skull, immature female. Taquara, Eio Grande do Sul ; collected by Dr. H. von Ihering. Purchased, 1884. 97. 10. 3. 17. Skull. Chanchamayo, Peru; collected 'by Mr. J. Kalinowski. Purchased, 1897. 1. 2. 7. 53. Skull and skin, young. Pereque, Sao Paulo, Brazil; collected by Mr. A. Eobert. Purchased (Beckett), 1901. I. 6. 6. 80. Skull and skin, somewhat older. S. Francisco, Sao Paulo; same collector. Same history. 3. 7. 7. 126. Skull and skin. Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil; same collector. Presented by Mrs. Percy Sladen, 1903. 3. 7. 7. 127. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector. Same history. 3. 7. 7. 128. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and collector. Same history. 8. 8. 19. 1. Skull and skin. Villa Eica, Paraguay. Presented by the Hon. W. H. Hugessen, 1908. 8. 8. 19. 2. Skull, imperfect, and skin. Same locality. Same history. 10. 5. 4. 56. Skull and skin. Eio Supinaam, British Guiana. Presented by F. V. McConnell, Esq., 1910. 10. 11. 10. 10. Skull and skin. Bartica Grove, Essequibo Valley, British Guiana. Same history. II. 12. 15. 3. Skull and skin. Same locality. Same donor, 1911. 11. 12. 15. 4. Skull and skin. Same locality. Same history. 12. 6. 5. 31. Skull and skin. Bonasica Creek, British Guiana. Same donor, 1912 12. 12. 19. 10. Skull and skin. Bonasica Creek, British Guiana. Same history. 5. 11. 1. 20. Skull and skin, young. Georgetown, Demerara; collected by S. B. Warren, Esq. Purchased, 1905. 382 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES B. — Dicotyles tajacu torvus. Tayassu torvus, Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasliington, vol. xii, p. 164, 1898. Dicotyles tajacu torvus, Lydekher, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 382, 1901. Tagassu torvus, Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 35, 1907. Tayassu torvum, Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 46, 1912. Typical locality Santa Marta district, Colombia. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Skull relatively small, short, wide, and depressed. The reference of the following specimens to this race is provisional : — 97. 11. 7. 56. Skull and skin, young. Cachavi, Ecuador ; collected by Mr. W. F. H. Eosenberg. Purchased, 1897. 99. 10. 3. 65. Skull and skin, young. Near Bogota, Colombia ; collected by Mr. G. D. Child. Presented ly 0. Thomas, Esq., 1899. 14. 11. 6. 2. Skull and skin. Eio Cesar Valley, Colombia ; collected by W. K. Pomeroy, Esq. Presented ly the Zoological Society, 1914. C. — Dicotyles tajacu niger. Dicotyles torquatus, Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 262 ; nee Cuvier. Tayassu niger, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxii, p. 476, 1913. Typical locality Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Type in American Museum of Natural History, New York. Differs from both the preceding races by the general colour being nearly uniform black instead of grizzled grey or tawny. 97. 11. 7. 56. Skin, young female, provisionally referred to this race. Cachavi, Ecuador. Presented ly 0. Thomas, Esq., 1897 SUID^K :;s:i III. DICOTYLES (PECARI) ANGULATUS. Dicotyles angulatus, Cope, Amer. Nat. vol. xxiii, p. 147, 1889 ; Weber, Siiugetliiere, p. 652, 1904. Tayassu angulatus, Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xii, p. 165, 1898 ; Merriam, ibid. vol. xiv, p. 120, 1901 ; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 30, 1903 (angulatum). Dicotyles tajacu angulatus, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 381, 1901. Tagassu angulatum, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 63, 1904, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (ibid. vol. viii) p. 34, 1907. Pecari angulatus, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 383, 1912. Typical locality Guadelupe Valley, Texas. General characters those of D. tajacu, but palate with sharp ridge reaching from first pre molars to bases of sockets of canines ; nasal bones more angulated in median line ; last upper pre molar quadrangular, with four main tubercles and intermediate tubercles ; molars wrinkled ; sides of cranial rostrum deeply excavated above premolars. When only one form of peccari with this type of skull and dentition was known, the writer regarded it as a race of D. tajacu, now that a number are recognised, it is convenient to allow specific rank to this type, of which the local races are distinguishable as follows : — A. Size larger. a. Shoulder-stripe white ; sides of body black and white D. a. angulatus. b. Shoulder-stripe yellowish ochery, narrow ; sides greyer D. a. humeralis. c. Shoulder-stripe broad ; sides whitish D. a. yucatanensis. d. Shoulder-stripe indistinct, very narrow ; sides grizzled grey D. a. crassus. e. Shoulder-stripe indistinct; sides mixed greyish and brownish black D. a. sonoriensis. f. Shoulder-stripe wide and tawny D. a. crusnigrum. B. Size smaller; sides grizzled black and buff D. a. nanus. A.— Dicotyles angulatus angulatus. Pecari angulatus angulatus, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 383, 1912. Typical locality Guadelupe Valley, Texas. General colour black and white, shoulder-stripe white. The range includes Texas and north-eastern Mexico. No specimen in collection. 384 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES B. — Dicotyles angulatus sonoriensis. Dicotyles angulatus sonoriensis, Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. xx, p. 469, 1897. Dicotyles tajacu sonoriensis, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 382, 1901. Tayassu angulatus sonoriensis, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiv, p. 120, 1901. Tagassu angulatum sonoriense, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 64, 1904. Pecari angulafcus sonoriensis, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 383, 1912. Typical locality San Bernadino Valley, Sonora. Mexico. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Larger and paler than typical race, with bigger ears and feet, and smaller and simpler molars ; general colour greyish and brownish black, with a sharply contrasting black dorsal stripe, and the light shoulder-stripe indistinct ; young pale reddish brown, with a black dorsal stripe. 12. 7. 3. 1. Skin, mounted. Sonora. Presented by I. N. Dracopoli, Esq., 1912. C.— Dicotyles angulatus humeralis. Tayassu angulatus humeralis, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiv, p. 122, 1901. Tagassu angulatum humerale, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 63, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 35, 1905, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (ibid. vol. viii) p. 34, 1907. Pecari angulatus humeralis, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 383, 1912. Typical locality America, State of Colima, Mexico. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Generally similar to typical race, but flanks greyer, head yellower, dorsal stripe more pronounced, and shoulder-stripe yellowish ochery ; skull of female larger, with longer row of cheek-teeth. The range extends from Colima to Tehuantepec. 98. 3. 2. 151. Skull and skin. Sinaloa, Southern Mexico ; collected by Mr. P. 0. Simons. Purchased (Price), 1898. SUID.K :;sr, D.— Dicotyles angulatus crassus. Tayassu angulatus crassus, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiv, p. 124, 1901. Tagassu angulatum crassum, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mas. Zool Pub. vol. iv), p. 64, 1904. Pecari angulatus crassus, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 383, 1912. Typical locality Metlaltoyuca, State of Puebla, Mexico. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Size larger and coat coarser than in typical race ; general colour grizzled grey, with a black dorsal stripe; shoulder- stripe very narrow and indistinct. No specimen in collection. E.— Dicotyles angulatus yucatanensis. Tayassu angulatus yucatanensis, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, vol. xiv, p. 123, 1901. Tagassu angulatum yucatanense, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 63, 1904. Pecari angulatus yucatanensis, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 383, 1912. Typical loc ility Tunkas, Yucatan. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. General colour much whiter than in typical race, with the shoulder-stripe very wide and conspicuous ; female not larger than male ; nasals more acute and shorter than in D. a. anf/ulatus. F.— Dicotyles angulatus erusnigrum. Tayassu erusnigrum, Bangs, Ball. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. xxxix, p. 20, 1902. Tagassu erusnigrum, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 65, 1904. Pecari erusnigrum, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 383, 1912. Typical locality Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama. Type in Harvard College Museum. Specially distinguished by the width and tawny colour of the shoulder-stripe. No specimen in collection, iv. 2 c 386 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES G.— Dicotyles angulatus nanus. Tayassu nanus, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiv, p. 102, 1901. Tagassu nanus, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 62, 1904. Pecari nanus, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 384, 1912. Typical locality Cozumel Island, off Yucatan. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. A dwarf island-race, characterised by its grizzled black and buff general colour, dark dorsal stripe, and wide buffish shoulder-stripe. No specimen in collection. FAMILY II.— HIPPOPOTAMID^E. Head terminating in a broad, rounded muzzle, at the summit of which are the nostrils; feet four-toed, with the middle pair, at least, connected by membrane, and all four touching the ground in the ordinary standing posture ; incisors and canines growing from persistent pulps, the upper curved and directed downwards, the lower incisors straight and procumbent, and the canines curved and directed upwards ; molars with trefoil-shaped dentine islands (fig. 55) ; a descending flange to hind part of mandible, and lateral aspect of gape S-shaped. Kestricted at the present day to Ethiopian Africa, but in the Pleistocene and Pliocene spread over a large part of the Old World, including England. I. Genus HIPPOPOTAMUS. Hippopotamus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 74, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 101, 1766 ; Gielel, Sdugethiere, p. 217, 1855 ; Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 356, 1869 ; Lydekker, Pal. Indica (Mem. Geol. Surv. India), ser. 10, vol. iii, p. 47, 1884, Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii, p. 277, 1885, Game Animals of Africa, p. 403, 1908; W. L. Sclater, Fauna S. Africa, Mamm. vol. i, p. 269, 1900 ; Anderson and de Winton, Mamm. Egypt, p. 356, 1902. HIPPOPOTAMID^E 387 Tetraprotodon, Falconer and Cautley, Asiatic Researches, vol. xix, p. 51, 1836 ; Owen, Odontography, p. 566, 1840-45. Tetraproctodon, Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 356, 1869, errorim. Dentition : i. fEf, c. \, p. |, m. f = 42 or 44 ; size, at least in the existing species, very large, and the head dispro- portionately big, with an extremely broad muzzle, very prominent eyes, and small rounded ears; body elongated; tail and limbs short, the latter with the digits closely approximated, connected up to the hoofs by membrane, and thus almost incapable of lateral expansion. Distribution co-extensive with that of the family. The Pliocene subgenus Hexaprotodon, as typified by H. sivalensis, has three pairs of subequal incisors in each jaw. HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS. Hippopotamus amphibius, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 75, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i, p. 101, 1769; Schreber, Sdugthiere, pi. cccviii, 1791; A. Smith, Illustr. Zool. S. Africa, vol. i, pi. vi, 1838: Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 188, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 491, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 356, 1869, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. p. 71, 1873; Peters, Saugeth. Mossambique, p. 180, 1852, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1854, p. 367 ; Wolf, Zool. Sketches, vol. i, pi. xxvii, 1861 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. p. 284, 1862; Garrod, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. xi, p. 11, 1880; LydehJcer, Pal. Indica (Mem. Geol. Surv. India), ser. 10, vol. iii, p. 47, 1884, Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii, p. 277, 1885, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 532, 1899, Game Animals of Africa, p. 403, 1908 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 365, 1884 ; Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 619; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 197, 1891, Fauna S. Africa, Mamm. vol. i, p. 269, 1900 ; Nicolls and Eglington, Sportsman in S. Africa, p. 65, 1892 ; , Matschie, Saugeth. Deutsch-Ost-Africa, p. 98, 1895; Selous, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 533, 1899; Rothschild, Powell-Cotton's Abyssinia, p. 480, 1902 ; Anderson and de Winton, Mamm. Egypt, p. 356, 1902 ; Boussac, Rev. Scient. ser. 5, vol. i, p. 425, 1904 ; Wolf, Ber. Senckenb. Ges. vol. xli, p. 7, 1910 ; Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 270, Cambridge Nat. Hist., Mamm. p. 273, 1902; Miller, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. Ixiv, no. 7, p. 3, 1910; Maurer, Anat. Anz. vol. xxxviii, p. 145, 1911; Lonnberg, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. vol. xlviii, no. 5, p. 136, 1912 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. Iviii, p. 323, 1914. Hippopotamus abyssinicus, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 158, 1842 ; nomen nudum. Hippopotamus typus, Duvernoy, C. R. Ac. Sci. Paris, vol. xiv, p. 33, 1846, 2 C 2 388 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Hippopotamus (Tetraprotodon) amphibius, Falconer. Journ. Ac. Sci. Philad. ser. 2, vol. i, p. 237, 1849, Pal. Mem. vol. ii, p. 405, 1868. Hippopotamus senegalensis, Falconer, Journ. Ac. Sci. Philad. ser. 2, vol. i, p. 237, 1849 ; Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 357, 1869 : quoted — but not recognised as a species, as if from Desmoulins, Journ. Physiol. vol. v, p. 354, 1825, where, however, according to Miller (1910), no such name was given. Typical locality Nile Valley. Size very large — length of head and body about 14 feet ; two pairs of incisors in each jaw, the inner pair in lower jaw FIG. 55. — PALATAL ASPECT OP SKDLL AND LOWER JAW OF HIPPOPOTAMUS (Hippopotamus amphibius). much larger than the outer; neck very short and line of back but little arched ; skin, with the exception of bristles on the muzzle and tail, nearly naked, and forming heavy folds on neck, shoulders, and sides of chest. The distributional area formerly included suitable locali- HIPPOPOTAMID;E 389 ties over the greater part of Ethiopian Africa, exclusive of the forest-tract, and in the Pleistocene embraced a large part of Europe. The five following races are recognised : — A. Width of orbit not exceeding height. a. Skull with moderate preorbital constriction and convex upper surface H. a. amphibius. a' . Size larger, colour darker. a2. Orbits less prominent H. a. amphibius. b2. Orbits more prominent H. a. tschadensis. b'. Size smaller, colour lighter H. a. Jcoboko. b. Skull with deeper preorbital constriction and flatter upper surface H. a. constrictus. B. Width of orbit exceeding height, and flattening of skull still greater than in b H. a. australis. A.— Hippopotamus amphibius amphibius. Hippopotamus amphibius amphibius, Schwarz, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xiii, p. 31, 1914. Typical locality Nile Valley. Skull with moderate preorbital constriction, convex upper surface, long mandibular symphysis, and relatively large cheek-teeth. The reference to this race of the undermentioned Gambian specimens, and also of those of which the locality is unknown, is provisional. 726, b. Fore part of lower jaw, with canines and incisors. Locality unknown. No history. 726, rf. Skull. Gambia, West Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby, about 1848. 726, j. Skeleton, imperfect. West Africa (?), Gambia ; collected by Mr. Dalton. Same history. 41. 1. 14. 45 (726, e). Lower canine, immature. Locality unknown ; collected by Dr. G. Mantell. Purchased, 1841. 46. 3. 19. 1 (726, c). Lower canine. Locality unknown ; collected by Mr. Harnett. Purchased, 1846. 51. 11. 10. 12 (726, b). Skull, young. Locality unknown. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1851. 68. 2. 12. 1. Skull, female. Locality unknown. Presented by Executors of Dr. H. Falconer, 1868. 390 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 74. 6. 4 2. Skull. White Nile. Presented ly Sir Samuel Baker, 1874. 83. 12. 20. 1. Skin, mounted. Nile, from an animal presented to the Zoological Society by the Pasha of Egypt. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1883. 87. 12. 29. 1. Skull. Kilwa Kisi-wani, south of Zan- zibar. Presented ly Lieut. W. C. EM, R.N., 1887. 87. 12. 29. 2. Skull, female. Same locality. Same history. * * * *. Foetus in alcohol. Figured Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 491, and Cat. Carnivora, etc., p. 357. Purchased. 5. 8. 25. 1. Skin, mounted. Lower Zambesi. Miller, op. cit. refers the Zambesi hippopotamus to the present, and not to the southern race. Presented ly J. Rowland Ward, Esq., 1905. 7. 10. 25. 2. Skull. Portuguese East Africa (? Beira). Presented ly F. Vaughan Kirly, Esq., 1907. 7. 11. 17. 2. Skull, immature. Pangani Valley, Por- tuguese East Africa. Presented ly Rear-Admiral R. Montgomerie, G.B., 1907. 8. 4. 3. 8-9. Two skulls. Luenta Valley, Portuguese Zambesia. Presented ly Mr. C. H. B. Grant, 1908. 12. 12. 8. 1. Skull, with damaged brain-case. Inham- bane, Portuguese East Africa. Presented ly T. Thompson, Esq., 1912. 12. 12 8. 2. Skull, in very similar condition to the last. Same history. 726, I. Front of lower jaw, with canines and incisors. Locality unknown. No history. 41. 1. 14. 45 (726, e). Lower canine, immature. Locality unknown; collected by Dr. G. Mantell. Purchased, 1841. 46. 3. 19. 1 (726, c). Abnormally elongated lower canine, from an aged animal. Locality unknown. Purchased (Harnetf), 1846. B.— Hippopotamus amphibius tschadensis. Hippopotamus amphibius tschadensis, Schwarz, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xiii, p. 31, 1914. Typical locality Katuna, Bornu, N.W. Africa. Type in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt-am- Main. HIPPOPOTAMI!) 1. 391 Nearly allied to typical race, but with the orbits more prominent ; distinguished from H. a. australis (infra) by the much shorter and wider facial region and the more forward direction of the orbits. 10. 9. 30. 1. Skull, provisionally referred to this race. Lagos, Southern Nigeria. Presented ly J. R. Norman, Esq., 1910. 15. 2. 3. 1. Skull, very large, provisionally referred to this race. Zaria Province, Nigeria ; collected by Capt. G. F. Abadie. Presented ly Major-Gen. H. E. Abadie, C.B., 1915. C.— Hippopotamus amphibius kiboko. Hippopotamus amphibius kiboko, Heller, Smithson. Misc. Collect. vol. Ixi, no. 22, p. 1, 1914. Typical locality Lake Naivasha, British E. Africa. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Size smaller than in typical race, colour lighter, and ears and tail-tip more thickly haired than in If. a. australis ; skull with very broad nasals, relatively small rostral con- striction, and great elevation of orbits and occipital crest above the deeply hollowed interorbital region. The orbits are more nearly circular than in //. a. australis, and more prominent than in H. a. eonstrictus, which also differs by the greater rostral constriction and shorter mandibular symphysis. 14. 1. 7. 1-2. Two skulls, provisionally referred to this race. Lower Baringo Valley, B. E. Africa. Presented ty G. Elaine, Esq., 1914. D.— Hippopotamus amphibius eonstrictus. Hippopotamus eonstrictus, Miller, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. liv, no. 7, p. 1, 1910. Hippopotamus amphibius eonstrictus, Heller, Smithson. Misc. Collect. vol. Ixi, no. 22, p. 1, 1914. Typical locality Angola. Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington. Skull lighter than in typical race, with the preorbital constriction deeper, the upper surface more flattened, the muzzle less expanded, the mandibular symphysis shorter, and the cheek-teeth smaller. No specimen in collection. 392 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES E.— Hippopotamus amphibius australis. Hippopotamus australis, Duvernoy, C. JR. Ac. Sci. Paris, vol. xiv, p. 333, 1846 ; Miller, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. liv, no. 7, p. 3, 1910. Hippopotamus capensis, Falconer, Journ. Ac. Sci. Pliilad. ser. 2, vol. i, p. 237, 1849 ; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 142, 1863 ; Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 357, 1869 ; quoted — although not recognised as a species —as from Des- moulins, Journ. Physiol. vol. v, p. 354, 1825, where, however, according to Miller (1910), no such name was given. Hippopotamus amphibius capensis, Heller, Smithson. Misc. Collect. vol. Ixi, no. 22, p. 1, 1914. Hippopotamus amphibius australis, Schwarz, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xlii, p. 32, 1914. Typical locality Cape Colony. Skull apparently still more flattened than in H. a. tschadensis, so that the width* of the orbit is greater than the height. 726, a. Skull. South Africa. No history. 51. 12. 23. 4. Skull, young. South Africa. Purchased (Stevens), 1851. 63. 11. 12. 51. Skull. Cape Colony. Formerly in Museum of Linnean Society. Purchased (Stevens), 1863. 69. 8. 13. 2. Skull. Natal ; collected by Mr. B. Isaacson. Purchased, 1869. 13. 1. 31. 1. Pair of lower tusks. South Africa. Presented ly J. C. Lyell, Esq., 1913. II. Genus CHCEROPSIS. Diprotodon, Duvernoy, C. P. Ac. Sci. Paris, vol. xxix, p. 277, 1849 ; nee Owen, 1838. Chcerodes, Leidy, Proc. Ac. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 52; nee White, 1846. Chceropsis, Leidy, Journ. Ac. Sci. Philad. ser. 2, vol. ii, p. 213, 1853 ; Gratiolet, Eecherches Anat. Hippopotame, p. 202, 1867 ; Milne- Edwards, Eech. Mamm. p. 77, 1868 ; Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 357, 1869 ; Macalister, Proc. B. Irish Ac. ser. 2, vol. i, p. 494, 1873 ; Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1873, p. 445 ; Chapman, Proc. Ac. Sci. Philad. 1893, p. 185; Beaux, Zool. Anz. vol. xl, p. 227, 1912 ; PococJc, Field, vol. cxxi, p. 336, 1913. Ditomeadon, Gratiolet, Gervais1 Zool. et Pal. Gen. ser. 1, p. 250, 1860, Eecherches Anat. Hippopotame, p. 202, 1867. Diproctodon, Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 357, 1869, errorim. HIPPOPOTAMI!). K Dentition : /. if, e. ]-, p. |, m. § = 38 ; build comparatively light; bodily size and head relatively small ; eyes not markedly prominent ; limbs proportionately much longer than in typical genus, with the feet (fig. 56) approximating in general characters to those of pigs, the lateral digits, although touching the ground, free from webbing, and the two middle toes, in spite of a basal web, subspatulate, and capable of a considerable amount of lateral spreading. Eestricted at the present day to West Africa. CHCEROPSIS LIBERIENSIS. Hippopotamus minor, Morton, Proc. Ac. Sci. Philad. 1844, p. 14 ; nee Desmarest, 1882. Hippopotamus liberiensis, Morton, Journ. Ac. Sci. Philad. ser. 2, vol. i, p. 232, 1849 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 365, 1884 ; Lydekker, Pal. Ind. (Mem. Geol. Surv. India), ser. 10, vol. iii, p. 47, 1884, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 532, 1999, Game Animals of Africa, p. 412, 1908 ; Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 612; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 280, 1891 ; Eendall, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 543, 1899 ; Weber, Sdugethiere, p. 646, 1904. Diprotodon liberiensis, Duvcrnoy, C. R. Ac. Sci. Paris, vol. xxix, p. 277, 1849. Hippopotamus (Tetraprotodon) liberiensis, Falconer, Journ. Ac. Sci. Philad. ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 237, 1849, Pal. Mem. vol. ii,p. 405, 1868. Chcerodes liberiensis, Leidy, Proc. Ac. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 52. Choeropsis liberiensis, Leidy, Journ. Ac. Sci. Philad. ser. 2, vol. ii, p. 213, 1853 ; Milne- Edwards, Rech. Mamm. p. 77, 1868 ; Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 357, 1869, Hand-List Thick- skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 79, 1873 ; Macalister, Proc. R. Irish Ac. ser. 2, vol. i, p. 494, 1873; Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1873, p. 445 ; Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. x, p. 29, 1885; Chapman, Proc. Ac. Sci. Philad. 1893, p. 185; Beaux, Zool. Anz. vol. xl, p. 227, 1912. Ditomeadon liberiensis, Gratiolet, Gervais' Zool. et Pal. Gen. ser. 1, p. 250, 1860, Recherches Anat. Hippopotame, p. 202, 1867. Hippopotamus (Tetraprotodon) liberianus, Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 284, 1862, errorim. Tetraproctodon liberiensis, Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 357, 1869, misquotation of Falconer's Hippopotamus (Tetra- protodon) liberiensis. Hippopotamus (Choeropsis*) liberiensis, Lydekker, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 451, 1914. Typical locality St. Paul's River, Liberia. Type in Museum of Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science. * Errorim, Chceropotamus. 394 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES Size approximately that of a large wild boar ; body shorter than in Hippopotamus, with the line of the back much arched, and the croup sloping away behind ; skin much as in typical genus. Distribution, at the present day, co-extensive with that of the genus. 50. 7. 5. 1 (1312, a). Cast of type skull. Original from St. Paul's Eiver, Liberia. Presented ly Dr. S. G. Morton, 1850. FIG. 56. — FORE-FEET OF PIGMY HIPPOPOTAMUS (Chceropsis liberiensis), A, AND ORDINARY HIPPOPOTAMUS (Hippopotamus amphibius), B. From Pocock, The Field, 1913. 87. 9. 15. 1 (1312, b). Skin and skeleton, mounted. Du Queah Eiver, Liberia ; collected by Dr. J. Biittikofer. Noticed by Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 612. Purchased, 1887. 8. 10. 22?. 1. Skin, immature, mounted. Liberian frontier of Sierra Leone. Presented ly J. Rowland Ward, Esq., 1908. 14. 6. 21. 1. Skull and skin, old and large female. Moa Valley, Daru, Sierra Leone ; collected by E. M. S. Baynes, Esq. Purchased, 1914. INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES abyssinicus, Hippopotamus, 387 acapulcensis, Cervus, 167 acapulcensis, Odocoileus, 167 acapulcensis, Odocoileus virgini- anus, 167 aceros, Sikaillus, 107 Achlis, 238 acuticornis, Dama, 100 acuticornis, Panolia, 100 Adenonotus, 374 Adenonotus labiatus, 376 Adenonotus tajacu, 379 aeliani, Phacochcerus, 371 aeliani, Phacochoarus aethiopicus, 371 aaliani, Phascochceres, 371 sethiopicus aeliani, Phacochcerus, 371 aethiopicus aethiopicus, Phaco- chosrus, 367 aethiopicus africanus, Phaco- chcerus, 373 aethiopicus, Aper, 366 aethiopicus bufo, Phacochoerus, 372 aethiopicus delamerei, Phaco- chcerus, 371 aethiopicus fossor, Phacochoerus, 372 aethiopicus massaicus, Phaco- chcerus, 370 aethiopicus, Phacochcerus, 366 aethiopicus, Phacochcerus aethio- picus, 367 aethiopicus, Phacochcerus aper, 366 aethiopicus, Phascochcerus, 366 aethiopicus sundevalli, Phaco- chcerus, 368 aethiopicus, Sus, 366 aethiopicus typicus, Phacochcerus, 367 affinis, Cervus, 141, 142, 185 affinis, Cervus wallichi, 142 affinis, Hydropotes, 257 affinis, Sus, 318 affinis, Tragulus, 286 affinis, Tragulus kanchil, 286 africanus bufo, Phacochcerus, 372 africanus, Choiropotamus, 349 africanus, Macrocephalus, 373 africanus, Phacochcerus, 373 africanus, Phacochcerus aethiopi- cus, 373 africanus, Phascochaerus, 373 africanus, Phascochcerus, 373 africanus, Potamochcerus, 349, 351 africanus, Sus, 350, 373 ahaenobarbus, Sus, 342 ahaenobarbus, Sus barbatus, 342 Ahu, 226 ahu, Cervus, 226 albicornis, Cervus, 71 albicus, Cervus, 124, 221 albifrons, Cervus elaphus, 124 albifrons, Potamochoerus, 331 albifrons, Potamochcerus porcus, 361 albipes, Cervus, 24 albipes, Prox, 21 albirostris albirostris, Tayassus, 376 albirostris, Cervus, 149 albirostris, Dicotyles, 376 albirostris ringens, Tayassu, 378 albirostris spiradens, Tayassu, 378 albirostris, Sus, 375 albirostris, Tayassu, 376 albirostris, Tayassus, 376 albirostris, Tayassus albirostris, 376 albus, Cervus capreolus, 219 albus, Cervus elaphus, 124 Alee, 229 alee, Alcelaphus, 230 Alee alces, 230 (Alee) alces, Cervus, 230 Alee americanus, 234 396 INDEX alee, Cervus, 230 (Alee) coronatus, Cervus, 280 Alcelaphus, 229 Alcelaphus alee, 230 Alces, 228 alces, Alee, 230 Alces alces, 230 alces, Alces, 230 Alces alces alces, 232 alces, Alces alces, 232 Alces aloes americanus, 234 Alces alces bedfordiae, 234 Alces alces columbfe, 236 Alces alces gigas, 237 Alces americanus, 234 alces americanus, Alces, 234 Alces antiquorum, 230 Alces bedfordise, 234 alces bedfordi£6j Alces, 234 alces, Cervus, 230 alces, Cervus (Alee), 230 Alces columbae, 236 alces columbae, Alces, 236 Alces europseus, 230 Alces gigas, 237 alces gigas, Alces, 237 Alces jubata, 230 Alces lobata, 234 Alces lobata coronata, 231 Alces machlis, 230 Alces machlis americanus, 234 Alces machlis bedfordiae, 234 Alces machlis gigas, 237 Alces machlis meridionalis, 232 Alces machlis typicus, 232 Alces machlis uralensis, 232 Alces machlis yakutskensis, 234 Alces malchis, 230 Alces muswa, 234 Alces palmatus, 230 alces, Paralces, 231 alfredi, Axis, 62 alfredi, Cervus, 62 alfredi, Cervus (Rusa), 62 alfredi, Melanaxis, 63 alfredi, Eusa, 63 alfurus, Babirusa, 346 alfurus, Babirussa, 345, 346 altaicus, Moschus, 5 altaicus, Moschus moschiferus, 5 amboinensis, Sus, 335 amboinensis, Sus celebensis, 335 amboinensis, Sus verrucosus, 335 ambrosianus, Ussa, 89 americana americana, Mazama, 200 americana borealis, Mazama, 160 americana citus, Mazama, 212 americana couesi, Mazama, 164 americana gymnotis, Mazama, 173 americana jucunda, Mazama, 202 americana lichtensteini, Mazama, 165 americana macrourus, Mazama, 161 americana, Mazama, 156, 199,200, 209 americana, Mazama americana, 200 americana, Mazama (Dorcela- phus), 156 americana mexicana, Mazama, 165 americana nelsoni, Mazama, 168 americana nemoralis, Mazama, 170 americana osceola, Mazama, 162 americana peruviana, Mazama, 175 americana savannarum, Mazama, 174 americana texana, Mazama, 163 americana thomasi, Mazama, 168 americana tolteca, Mazama, 167 americana truei, Mazama, 169 americana typica, Mazama, 159 americanus, Alee, 234 americanus, Alces, 234 americanus, Alces alces, 234 americanus, Alces machlis, 234 americanus americanus, Odocoil- eus, 159 americanus borealis, Odocoileus, 160 americanus, Cariacus, 156 americanus, Cervus, 234 americanus, Cervus dama, 155 americanus couesi, Odontoccelus, 164 americanus, Dorcelaphus, 156 americanus louisianae, Odocoileus, 162 americanus louisianae, Odontoccel- us, 162 americanus macrourus, Odocoil- eus, 161 americanus macrourus, Odonto- ccelus, 161 americanus, Moschus, 199 americanus, Odocoileus, 156 americanus, Odocoileus america- nus, 159 INDEX 397 americanus, Odontocoelus, 156 americanus osceola, Odocoileus, 163 americanus osceola, Odontocoelus, 163 americanus, Paralces, 234 americanus savannarum, Dorcela- phus, 174 americanus texensis, Odontoccelus, 163 amcenus, Tragulus, 278 amoenus, Tragulus javanicus, 278 amphibius amphibius, Hippopota- mus, 389 amphibius australis, Hippopota- mus, 392 amphibius capensis, Hippopota- mus, 392 amphibius constrictus, Hippo- potamus, 391 amphibius, Hippopotamus, 387 amphibius, Hippopotamus am- phibius, 389 amphibius, Hippopotamus (Te- traprotodon), 388 amphibius kiboko, Hippopota- mus, 391 amphibius tschadensis, Hippo- potamus, 399 andamanensis, Sus, 326 andamanensis, Sus cristatus, 326 andamanensis, Sus vittatus, 326 andersoni, Sus, 328 andersoni, Sus vittatus, 328 andicus, Cervequus, 193 andreanus, Cervus, 107 andreanus, Sika, 107 angulatum crassum, Tagassu, 385 angulatum humerale, Tagassu, 384 angulatum sonoriense, Tagassu, 384 angulatum, Tagassu, 383 angulatum yucatanense, Tagassu, 385 angulatus angulatus, Dicotyles, 383 angulatus angulatus, Pecari, 383 angulatus crassus, Dicotyles, 385 angulatus crassus, Pecari, 385 angulatus crassus, Tayassu, 385 angulatus crusnigrum, Dicotyles, 385 angulatus, Dicotyles, 383 angulatus, Dicotyles angulatus, 383 angulatus, Dicotyles (Pecari), 383 angulatus, Dicotyles tajacu, 383 angulatus humeralis, Dicotyles, 384 angulatus humeralis, Pecari, 384 angulatus humeralis, Tayassu, 384 angulatus nanus, Dicotyles, 386 angulatus, Pecari, 383 angulatus, Pecari angulatus, 383 angulatus sonoriensis, Dicotyles, 384 angulatus sonoriensis, Pecari, 384 angulatus sonoriensis, Tayassu. 384 angulatus, Tayassu, 383 angulatus yucatanensis, Dicotyles, 385 angulatus yucatenensis, Pecari, 385 angulatus yucatanensis, Tayassu, 385 annae, Tragulus, 279 annae, Tragulus javanicus, 279 annamiticus, Cervus porcinus, 58 annamiticus, Hyelaphus, 58 Anomalocera, 193 Anomalocera huamel, 196 anomalocera, Xenelaphus, 196 Antifer, 186 antiquorum, Alces, 230 antisensis, Cervus, 196 antisensis, Furcifer, 196 antisensis, Hippocamelus, 196 antisiensis, Cariacus, 196 antisiensis, Cervus, 194, 196 antisiensis, Cervus (Elaphus Fur- cifer), 196 antisiensis, Cervus (Furcifer), 196 antisiensis, Creagoceros, 196 antisiensis, Furcifer, 194 antisiensis, Mazama, 196 antisiensis, Mazama (Xenela- phus), 196 antisiensis, Odocoileus, 197 Aper, 307 Aper sethiopicus, 366 aper, aethiopicus, Phacochoerus, 366 aper, vars. alpomus et isonotus, Sus, 318 Aper orientalis, 345 aplodonticus, Sika, 107 apura, Subulo, 199 aquaticum aquaticum, Dorcather- ium, 296 398 INDEX aquaticum batesi, Dorcatherium, 297 aquaticum cottoni, Dorcatherium, 298 aquaticum, Dorcatherium, 295 aquaticum, Dorcatherium aqua- ticum, 296 aquaticum typicum, Dorcather- ium, 296 aquaticus, Hyernoschus, 295 aquaticus, Hycemoschus, 295 aquaticus, Hyomoschus, 295 aquaticus, Moschus, 295 aramensis, Sus, 330 arcticus, Cervus tarandus, 254 arcticus, Kangifer, 254 arcticus, Rangifer, var. sibiricus, 244 arcticus, Eangifer, var. spitz - bergensis, 243 arcticus, Rangifer tarandus, 254 arcticus, Tarandus, 254 argyropus, Hydropotes, 258 arietinus, Sika, 107 arietinus, Sus, 333 aristotelis, Cervus, 71 aristotelis, Cervus (Hippelaphus), 71 aristotelis, Cervus (Rusa), 71 aristotelis heteroceros, Rusa, 72 aristotelis leschenaulti, Rusa, 72 aristotelis nigra, Rusa, 72 aristotelis, Rusa, 71 aristotelis unicolor, Rusa, 72 aruensis, Sus, 330 asiaticus, Cervus canadensis, 136 asiaticus sibiricus, Cervus, 137 Assami, 357 atheneensis, Ussa, 89 atlanticus, Cervus elaphus, 122 attila, Sus, 316 attila, Sus scrofa, 316 Auchenia, 301 Auchenia glama, 302 Auchenia guanaco, 302 Auchenia huainel, 193 Auchenia huanaca, 302 Auchenia huanacus, 302, 303 Auchenia lama, 302, 303 Auchenia llama, 302 Auchenia vicugna, 304 Auchenias, 301 Aulacochcerus, 307 Aulacochcerus vittatus, 323 Aulochcerus vittatus, 335 aureus, Cervulus, 21, 24 aureus, Cervus, 24 aureus, Cervus (Stylocerus) , 24 aureus, Muntiacus, 24 aureus, Muntiacus muntjak, 24 aureus, Stylocerus, 24 aurita, Mazama, 214 auritus, Cervus, 176 auritus, Cervus (Subulo), 214 auritus, Coassus, 214 auritus, Subulo, 214 australis, Hippopotamus, 392 australis, Hippopotamus amphi- bius, 392 Axis, 48 Axis alfredi, 62 Axis axis, 49 axis, Axis, 49 Axis (Axis) axis, 49 (Axis) axis, Axis, 49 axis, Axis (Axis), 49 (Axis) axis, Cervus, 49 axis, Cervus, 49 axis, Cervus (Axis), 49 axis, Cervus (Hippelaphus), 49 axis ceylonensis, Cervus, 53 Axis duvaucellii, 93 Axis (Hyelaphus) porcinus, 55 Axis maculata ceylonensis, 53 Axis maculatus, 49 Axis major, 49 axis major, Cervus, 70 Axis mantschuricus, 110 Axis minor, 49 Axis nudipalpebra, 49 Axis oryzus, 55 Axis pennantii, 71 Axis peronii, 64 Axis porcinus, 54 (Axis) porcinus, Cervus, 54 Axis pseudaxis, 116 (Axis) pumilio, Cervus, 54 Axis sika, 107 Axis taivanus, 111 axis unicolor, Cervus, 70 axis zeylanicus, Cervus (Rusa), 53 azarse, Blastoceros, 189 azarae, Cervus, 189 babi, Sus, 328 babi, Sus vittatus, 328 babirousa, Sus, 346 Babiroussa, 344 Babiroussus, 344 Babirusa, 344, 345 Babirusa alfurus, 346 Babirusa babirusa, 345 INDEX 399 babirusa, Babirusa, 345 Babirusa celebensis, 346 Babirusa orientalis, 345 babirusa, Sus, 346 Babirussa, 344 Babirussa alfurus, 345, 346 Babirussa babyrussa, 345 Babirussa babyrussa babyrussa, 345 Babirussa babyrussa celebensis, 346 babirussa, Sus, 346 Babyrussa, 344 babyrussa, Babirussa, 345 babyrussa, Babirussa babyrussa, 345 babyrussa babyrussa, Babirussa, 345 babyrussa celebensis, Babirussa, 346 babyrussa, Porcus, 346 babyrussa, Sus, 345, 346 bactrianus, Camelus, 300 bactrianus, Cervus, 138 bactrianus, Cervus canadensis, 138 bahrinja, Cervus, 93 baicalensis, Cervus canadensis, 134 bajovaricus, Cervus, 124 balabacensis, Sus barbatus, 342 balticus, Cervus, 124 balticus, Cervus (Capreolus) capre- olus, 221 bancanus, Muntiacus, 15 bancanus, Muntiacus muntjak, 15 bancanus, Tragulus, 275 barandanus, Cervus unicolor, 85 barandanus, Rusa, 85 barandanus, Ussa, 85 Barasingba, 94 barbarus, Cervus, 120 barbarus, Cervus elaphus, 120 barbarus, Sus scrofa, 315 barbatus ahaenobarbus, Sus, 342 barbatus balabacensis, Sus, 342 barbatus barbatus, Sus, 340 barbatus calamianensis, Sus, 343 barbatus, var. calamianensis, Sus, 343 barbatus, Euhys, 339 barbatus gargantua, Sus, 341 barbatus oi, Sus, 341 barbatus palavensis, Sus, 342 barbatus, var. palavensis, Sus, 342 barbatus, Phacochcerus, 366 barbatus, Sus, 338, 341 barbatus, Sus barbatus, 340 Barking Deer, 14 Barren-Ground Caribou, 254 baryceros, Ussa, 89 basilanensis, Cervus unicolor, 85 basilanensis, Melanaxis, 85 basilanensis, Eusa, 85 batesi, Dorcatherium aquaticum, 297 battyi, Odocoileus, 164 battyi, Odocoileus virginianus, 164 battyi, Odontoccelus, 164 batuanus, Tragulus, 279 batuanus, Tragulus, javanicus, 279 bedfordi bedfordi, Capreolus, 225 bedfordi, Capreolus, 224 bedfordi, Capreolus bedfordi, 225 bedfordi melanotis, Capreolus, 225 bedfordise, Alces, 234 bedfordiae, Alces alces, 234 bedfordiae, Alces machlis, 234 bedfordianus, Cervus, 133 bengalensis, Sus, 318 bezoarticus, Mazama, 189 bezoarticus, Mazama (Blasto- ceros), 189 bezoarticus, Blastocerus, 188, 189 bezoarticus, Cervus, 188 bezoarticus, Odontoccelus, 189 bezoarticus, Ozelaphus, 189 biedermanni, Cervus, 137 biedermanni, Cervus canadensis, 137 billitonus, Tragulus, 277 billitonus, Tragulus javanicus, 277 bira, Mazama, 209 bisulca, Mazama, 194 bisulca, Mazama (Xenelaphus), 194 bisulcus, Equus, 193 bisulcus, Hippocamelus, 193, 194 bisulcus, Xenelaphus, 194 Black-tailed Deer, 182 blakistonius, Sika, 107 Blastoceros, 186 Blastoceros azaree, 189 (Blastoceros) bezoartica, Mazama, 189 (Blastoceros) campestris, Cervus, 189 Blastoceros comosus, 189 (Blastoceros) dichotoma, Mazama, 187 Blastoceros dichotomus, 186, 187 Blastoceros paludosus, 187 400 INDEX Blastocerus, 186 Blastocerug bezoarticus, 188, 189 Blastocerus campestris, 189 (Blastocerus) paludosus, Cervus, 187 bceticus, Sus scrofa, 314 bolivari, Cervus elaphus, 121 boninensis, Cervus (Eusa), uni- color, 88 boninensis, Cervus unicolor, 88 borealis, Mazama americana, 160 borealis, Mazama virginiana, 160 borealis, Odocoileus americanus, 160 borealis, Odocoileus virginianus, 160 borealis, Tarandus, 239 borne anus, Tragulus, 270 borneanus, Tragulus javanicus, 270 borneanus, Tragulus napu, 270 borneensis, Sus, 336 borneensis, Sus celebensis, 336 borneensis, Sus celebensis, 336 borneensis, Sus verrucosus, 336 Bosch-Vark, 351 brachyceros, Cervus, 175 brachyceros, Ussa, 89 brachypus, Sikaillus, 107 brachyrhinus, Sika, 107 brachyrinus, Sambar, 92 breviceps, Melanaxis, 89 brevipes, Tragulus, 284 brevipes, Tragulus kanchil, 284 bricenii, Mazama, 207 bridgemani, Cervulus, 31 brookei, Cervus, 80 brookei, Cervus unicolor, 80 brookei, Rusa, 80 Brow-antlered Deer, 100 bufo, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, 372 bufo, Phacochoerus africanus, 372 bunguranensis, Tragulus, 279 bunguranensis, Tragulus javan- icus, 279 buruensis, Hippelaphus, 92 Bush-Pig, 351 cacsilensis, Lama glarna, 304 cacsilensis, Lama huanachus, 304 calamianensis, Cervus, 59 calamianensis, Cervus (Hyela- phus), 59 calamianensis, Hy elaphus, 59 calamianensis, Rusa, 59 calamianensis, Sus, 343 calamianensis, Sus barbatus, 343 californica, Cervus maral, 133 californica, Mazama hemionus, 179 californicus, Odocoileus hemionus, 179 californicus, Odontoccelus hemi- onus, 179 cambojensis, Cervulus, 78 cambojensis, Rucervus, 78, 98 Camelus, 299 Cainelus bactrianus, 300 Camelus glama, 302 Camelus huanacus, 302 Camelus lama, 302 Camelus vicugna, 304 campestris, Blastocerus, 189 campestris, Cariacus, 189 campestris, Cervus, 188 campestris, Cervus (Blastoceros), 189 campestris, Cervus (Elaphus Blas- tocerus), 189 campestris, Cervus (Mazama), 189 campestris, Cervus vulgaris, 125 campestris, Dorcelaphus, 189 campestris, Furcifer, 189 campestris, Mazama, 189 campestris, Ozotoceros, 189 canadensis asiaticus, Cervus, 136 canadensis bactrianus, Cervus, 138 canadensis baicalensis, Cervus, 134 canadensis biedermanni, Cervus, 137 canadensis canadensis, Cervus, 131 canadensis, Cervus, 129 canadensis, Cervus canadensis, 131 canadensis, Cervus (Elaphus), 129 canadensis, Cervus elaphus, 129 canadensis, Cervus maral, 129 canadensis, Cervus (Strongylo- ceros), 129 canadensis, Elaphus, 129 canadensis eustephanus, Cervus, 136 canadensis luehdorfi, Cervus, 133 canadensis merriami, Cervus, 132 canadensis nannodes, Cervus, 133 canadensis occidentalis, Cervus, 132 canadensis sibiricus, Cervus, 135 INDEX 401 canadensis songaricus, Cervus,136 canadensis, Strongyloceros, 129 canadensis typicus, Cervus, 131 canadensis wachei, Cervus, 137 cauadensis wardi, Cervus, 138 canadensis xanthopygus, Cervus, 134 caiiescens terutus, Tragulus, 272 canescens, Tragulus, 270 canescens , Tragulus j avanicus , 270 canus, Capreolus capreolus, 223 canus, Odocoileus hemionus, 181 canus, Odontocoelus hemionus, 181 capeiisis, Hippopotamus, 392 capensis, Hippopotamus amphi- bius, 392 capeiisis, Potamochcerus, 351 capensis, Sus, 351 Capra pudu, 215 caprsea, Capreolus, 219 Caprea, 218 caprea, Capreolus, 220 Capreolus, 218 capreolus albus, Cervus, 219 capreolus balticus, Cervus (Capre- olus), 221 Capreolus bedfordi, 224 Capreolus bedfordi bedfordi, 225 Capreolus bedfordi melanotis, 225 capreolus canus, Capreolus, 223 Capreolus capraea, 219 Capreolus caprea, 220 Capreolus capreolus, 219 capreolus, Capreolus, 219 (Capreolus) capreolus balticus, Cervus, 221 Capreolus capreolus canus, 223 Capreolus capreolus capreolus, 221 capreolus capreolus, Capreolus, 221 (Capreolus) capreolus, Cervus, 219 Capreolus capreolus thotti, 223 Capreolus capreolus transsylva- nicus, 222 capreolus, Cervulus, 220 capreolus, Cervus, 219 capreolus, Cervus (Capreolus), 219 Capreolus dorcas, 219 Capreolus europaeus, 219 Capreolus fossilis, 219 Capreolus leucotis, 194 Capreolus manchuricus, 224 Capreolus melanotis, 225 capreolus plumbeus, Cervus, 219 IV. Capreolus pygargus, 226 (Capreolus) pygargus, Cervus, 226 Capreolus pygargus firghanicus, 227 Capreolus pygargus pygargus, 227 Capreolus pygargus tianschanicus, Capreolus rhenanus, 221 capreolus thotti, Capreolus, 223 Capreolus tianschanicus, 228 Capreolus transsylvanicus, 222 capreolus transsylvanicus, Capre- olus, 222 Capreolus vulgaris, 219 Capreolus vulgaris niger, 220 Capreolus vulgaris varius, 220 Cariacus, 154, 175 Cariacus americanus, 156 Cariacus antisiensis, 196 Cariacus campestris, 189 Cariacus chilensis, 194 Cariacus clavatus, 169 Cariacus columbianus, 182 Cariacus gymnotis, 173 Cariacus gymnotus, 173 Cariacus leptocephalus, 185 Cariacus leucurus, 162 Cariacus macrotis, 176 Cariacus macrotis columbianus, 182 Cariacus mexicanus, 165 Cariacus nanus, 213 Cariacus nemoralis, 170 Cariacus nemorivagus, 209 Cariacus osceola, 162 Cariacus paludosus, 187 Cariacus palustris, 187 Cariacus peruvianus, 175 Cariacus punctulatus, 182 Cariacus rufmus, 205, 208 Cariacus rufus, 200 Cariacus savannarum, 174 Cariacus similis, 185 Cariacus simplicornis, 209 Cariacus spinosus, 174 Cariacus superciliaris, 203 Cariacus sylvestris, 189 Cariacus tema, 205 Cariacus toltecus, 167 Cariacus truei, 169 Cariacus virginianus, 156 (Cariacus) virginianus, Cervus, 156 Cariacus virginianus, var. couesi, 164 Cariacus virginianus mexicana, 165 2 D 402 INDEX Cariacus virgultus, 179 Cariacus whitelyi, 212 Caribou, 240, 246 caribou caribou, Eangifer, 246 caribou, Cervus tarandus, 246 caribou, Rangifer, 246 caribou, Eangifer tarandus, 246 caribou sylvestris, Eangifer, 248 carimatae, Tragulus, 284 carimatae, Tragulus kanchil, 284 Carpathian Deer, 125 cashmeerianus, Cervus, 146 cashmerensis, Cervus, 146 cashmeriensis, Cervus, 146 cashmirianus, Cervus, 146 cashmirianus macneilli, Cervus, 145 cashmirianus yarkandensis, Cer- vus, 139 cashiniriensis, Cervus, 146 casperianus, Cervus, 146 caspicus, Cervus, 151 caspius, Cervus, 126 castilianus, Sus scrofa, 314 caucasicus, Cervus, 126 cebifrons, Neosus, 336 cebifrons, Sus, 336 celebensis amboinensis, Sus, 335 celebensis, Babirusa, 346 celebensis, Babirussa babyrussa, 346 celebensis borneensis, Sus, 336 celebensis celebensis, Sus, 332 celebensis ceramicus, Sus, 335 celebensis, Dasychoerus, 331 celebensis mindanensis, Sus, 334 celebensis minutus, Sus, 334 celebensis nehringi, Sus, 333 celebensis philippensis, Sus, 333 celebensis, var. philippensis, Sus, 333 celebensis philippinensis, Sus, 333 celebensis, Sus, 331 celebensis, Sus celebensis, 332 celebensis, Sus verrucosus, 331 Centuriosus, 307 cephalophus cephalophus, Ela- phodus, 35 cephalophus, Elaphodus, 34 cephalophus, Elaphodus cephalo- phus, 35 cephalophus fociensis, Elaphodus, 38 cephalophus ichangensis, Elapho- dus, 39 cephalophus michianus, Elapho- dus, 36 ceramicus, Sus, 335 ceramicus, Sus celebensis, 335 ceramicus, Sus verrucosus, 335 cerasina, Mazama tema, 207 Cerf d'Antis, 196 cerrosensis, Mazama hemionus, 180 cerrosensis, Odocoileus, 180 cerrosensis, Odocoileus hemionus, 180 cerrosensis, Odontocoelus, 180 Cervequus, 192 Cervequus andicus, 193 Cervulus, 10 Cervulus aureus, 21, 24 Cervulus bridgemani, 31 Cervulus cambojensis, 78 Cervulus capreolus, 220 Cervulus crinifrons, 33 Cervulus fese, 32 Cervulus lacrymans, 25 Cervulus micrurus, 30 Cervulus moschatus, 15, 21 Cervulus muntjac, 12, 15 Cervulus muntjac grandicornis, 20 Cervulus muntjac tamulicus, 21 Cervulus muntjac typicus, 14 Cervulus muntjac vaginalis, 22 Cervulus pleiharicus, 16 Cervulus reevesii, 28 Cervulus sclateri, 26 Cervulus sinensis, 31 Cervulus subcornutus, 12 Cervulus tamulicus, 24 Cervulus vaginalis, 14, 21 Cervus, 46, 116, 172 Cervus acapulcensis, 167 Cervus affinis, 141, 142, 185 Cervus ahu, 226 Cervus albicornis, 71 Cervus albicus, 124, 221 Cervus albipes, 24 Cervus albirostris, 149 Cervus alee, 230 Cervus (Alee) alces, 230 Cervus (Alee) coronatus, 230 Cervus alces, 230 Cervus alfredi, 62 Cervus americanus, 234 Cervus andreanus, 107 Cervus antisensis, 196 Cervus antisiensis, 194, 196 Cervus aristotelis, 71 Cervus asiaticus sibiricus, 137 INDEX 403 Cervus aureus, 24 Cervus auritus, 176 Cervus axis, 49 Cervus (Axis) axis, 49 Cervus axis ceylonensis, 53 Cervus axis major, 70 Cervus (Axis) porcinus, 54 Cervus (Axis) pumilio, 54 Cervus axis unicolor, 70 Cervus azarae, 189 Cervus bactrianus, 138 Cervus bahrinja, 93 Cervus bajovaricus, 124 Cervus balticus, 124 Cervus barbarus, 120 Cervus bedfordianus, 133 Cervus bezoarticus, 188 Cervus biedermanni, 137 Cervus (Blastoceros) campestris, 189 Cervus (Blastocerus) paludosus, 187 Cervus brachyceros, 175 Cervus brookei, 80 Cervus calamianensis, 59 Cervus campestris, 188 Cervus canadensis, 129 Cervus canadensis asiaticus, 136 Cervus canadensis bactrianus, 138 Cervus canadensis baicalensis, 134 Cervus canadensis biedermanni, 137 Cervus canadensis canadensis, 131 Cervua canadensis eustephanus, 136 Cervus canadensis luehdorfi, 133 Cervus canadensis merriami, 132 Cervus canadensis nannodes, 133 Cervus canadensis occidentalis, 132 Cervus canadensis sibiricus, 135 Cervus canadensis songaricus, 136 Cervus canadensis typicus, 131 Cervus canadensis wachei, 137 Cervus canadensis wardi, 138 Cervus canadensis xanthopygus, 133, 134 Cervus capreolus, 219 Cervus capreolus albus, 219 Cervus (Capreolus) capreolus, 219 Cervus (Capreolus) capreolus bal- ticus, 221 Cervus capreolus plumbeus, 219 Cervus (Capreolus) pygargus, 226 Cervus (Cariacus) virginianus, 156 Cervus cashmeerianus, 146 Cervus cashmerensis, 146 Cervus cashmeriensis, 146 Cervus cashmirianus, 146 Cervus cashmirianus macneilli, 145 Cervus cashmirianus yarkanden- sis, 139 Cervus cashmiriensis, 146 Cervus casperianus, 146 Cervus caspicus, 151 Cervus caspius, 126 Cervus caucasicus, 126 Cervus (Cervus) elaphus, 118 Cervus (Cervus) maral, 126 Cervus chilensis, 193 [Cervus] cistaunicus, 221 Cervus clavatus, 155 Cervus (Coassus) nanus, 213 Cervus (Coassus) peruvianus, 175 Cervus (Coassus) rufus, 200 Cervus (Coassus) simplicicornis, 209 Cervus columbianus, 182 Cervus columbicus, 172 Cervus comosus, 189 Cervus coronatus, 230 Cervus corsicanus, 120, 121 Cervus corsiniacus, 120 Cervus culionensis, 59 Cervus cyclorhinus, 107 Cervus (Dactyloceros) dama, 43 Cervus daima, 42 Cervus dama, 42 Cervus dama americanus, 155 Cervus (Dama) dama, 42 Cervus dama, leucaethiops, 42 Cervus dama, maura, 42 Cervus dama mesopotamise, 45 Cervus (Dama) mesopotamicus, 45 Cervus davidianus, 152 Cervus dejeani, 82 Cervus devilleanus, 107 Cervus dichotomus, 186 Cervus dimorphe, 93 Cervus duvaucelii, 93 Cervus dybowski, 112 Cervus dybowskii, 112, 149 Cervus elaphoides, 93 Cervus elaphus, 117, 120, 125, 133 Cervus elaphus albifrons, 124 Cervus elaphus albus, 124 Cervus elaphus atlanticus, 122 Cervus elaphus barbarus, 120 2 D 2 404 INDEX Cervus (Elaphus Blastocerus) campestris, 189 Cervus (Elaphus Blastocerus] comosus, 189 Cervus (Elaphus Blastocerus] paludosus, 187 Cervus elaphus bolivari, 121 Cervus (Elaphus) canadensis, 129 Cervus elaphus canadensis, 129 (Cervus) elaphus, Cervus, 118 Cervus elaphus corsicanus, 121 Cervus elaphus debilis, 124 Cervus elaphus elaphus, 122 Cervus (Elaphus) elaphus, 118 Cervus (Elaphus Furcifer) anbi- siensis, 196 Cervus elaphus germanicus, 124 Cervus elaphus hippelaphus, 124 Cervus elaphus hispanicus, 121 Cervus elaphus maral, 126 Cervus elaphus minor, 121 Cervus elaphus neglectus, 124 Cervus elaphus saxonicus, 124 Cervus elaphus scoticus, 123 Cervus elaphus typicus, 122 Cervus elaphus varius, 124 Cervus elaphus visurgensis, 124 Cervus eldi cornipes, 104 Cervus eldi eldi, 102 Cervus eldi frontalis, 104 Cervus eldi platyceros, 104 Cervus eldi siamensis, 104 Cervus eldi typicus, 102 Cervus eldii,'lOO Cervus equinus, 78 Cervus eucladoceros, 94 Cervus euopis, 107 Cervus eustephanus, 136 Cervus frinianus, 107 Cervus (Furcifer) antisiensis, 196 Cervus goudotii, 173 Cervus gracilis, 107 Cervus guettardi, 239 Cervus gymnotis, 173 Cervus hagenbecki, 138 Cervus hanglu, 146 Cervus (Harana) wallichi, 141 Cervus hastalis, 246 Cervus hemionus, 176 Cervus heterocerus, 71 Cervus hippelaphus, 66, 71 Cervus (Hippelaphus) aristotelis, 71 Cervus (Hippelaphus) axis, 49 Cervus (Hippelaphus) duvaucelli, 94 Cervus (Hippelaphus) equinus, 78 Cervus (Hippelaphus) frontalis, 104 Cervus (Hippelaphus) hippela- phus, 67 Cervus (Hippelaphus) japonicus, 107 Cervus (Hippelaphus) kuhlii, 61 Cervus (Hippelaphus) leschen- aulti, 71 Cervus (Hippelaphus) mariannus, 83 Cervus (Hippelaphus) moluccen- sis, 65 Cervus hippelaphus moluccensis, 66 Cervus (Hippelaphus) iiiger, 71 Cervus (Hippelaphus) peronii, 64 Cervus (Hippelaphus) philippinus, 84 Cervus hippelaphus timoriensis, 64, 65 Cervus hippelaphus typicus, 67 Cervus (Hippelaphus) unicolor, 71 Cervus hortulorum, 112 Cervus hortulorum hortulorum, 114 Cervus hortulorum kopschi, 115 Cervus hortulorum typicus, 114 Cervus humboldtii, 205 Cervus humilis, 215 Cervus (Hyelaphus) calarnianen- sis, 59 Cervus (Hyelaphus) kuhli, 62 Cervus (Hyelaphus) porcinus, 54, 55 Cervus hyemalis, 107 Cervus ignotus, 107 Cervus isubra, 133 Cervus jarai, 71 Cervus jarya, heterocerus, 71 Cervus jarya, nepalensis, 71 Ceryus javanicus, 268 Cervus joretianus, 10r Cervus kansuensis, 14 Cervus kopschi, 115 Cervus kuhlii, 61 Cervus labipes, 83 Cervus lacrymosus, 10 Cervus lepidus, 150 Cervus leschenaultii, 71 Cervus leucogaster, 188 Cervus leucurus, 162 Cervus lewisii, 182 Cervus lobatus, 234 Cervus luehdorfi, 133 INDEX 405 Cervus liihdorfi, 133 Cervus lyratus, 100 Cervus rnacneilli, 145 Cervus macneilli kansuensis, 146 Cervus macneilli macneilli, 145 Cervus macrotis, 176 Cervus macrotis, var. californi- cus, 179 Cervus macrotis, var. columbi- anus, 182 Cervus macrotis montanus, 178 Cervus macrourus, 161 Cervus major, 129 Cervus malaccensis, 78 Cervus manchuricus typicus, 134 Cervus mandarinus, 112 Cervus mantchuricus, 110 Cervus mantschuricus major, 112 Cervus maral, 126 Cervus maral californica, 133 Cervus maral canadensis, 129 (Cervus) maral, Cervus, 126 Cervus maral, var. sibirica, 134 Cervus maral, var. songarica, 136 Corvus mariannus, 83, 84 Cervus mauricus, 42 Cervus (Mazama) campestris, 189 Cervus (Mazama) clavatus, 155 Cervus (Mazama) leucurus, 162 Cervus (Mazama) macrotis, 176 Cervus (Mazama) macrourus, 161 Cervus (Mazama) nemoralis, 170 Cervus (Mazama) paludosus, 187 Cervus (Mazama) virginianus, 155 Cervus mediterraneus, 121 Cervus melas, 21 Cervus merriami, 132 Cervus mesopotamicus, 45 Cervus mexicanus, 165 Cervus minor, 55 Cervus moluccensis, 65 Cervus moschatus, 21 Cervus muntjac, 11 Cervus (Muntjac) philippinus, 84 Cervus muntjak, 11 Cervus nannodes, 133 Cervus nariyanus, 141 Cervus nemoralis, 170 Cervus nemori vagus, 209 Cervus niger, 71 Cervus nigricans, 86 Cervus nippon, 107 Cervus nippon manchuricus, 110 Cervus nippon mantchuricus, 110 Cervus nippon nippon, 108 Cervus nippon typicus, 108 Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus 112 Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus 141 Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus 224 Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus 94 Cervus Cervus Cervus 97 Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus Cervus nudipalpebra, 49 occidentalis, 132 paludosus, 186 palustris, 187 (Panolia) eldi, 100 peronii, 63 philippinus, 84 platyceros, 42 (Platyceros) dama, 43 porcinus, 54 porcinus annamiticus, 58 porcinus hecki, 58 porcinus porcinus, 56 pseudaxis, 112, 116 (Pseudaxis) hortulorum, (Pseudaxis) sica, 107 (Pseudaxis) sika, 108 (Pseudaxis) taevanus, 111 (Pseudocervus) wallichi, pudu, 215 (Pudu) humilis, 215 pumilio, 54 pygargus, 226 pygargus mantschuricus, (Rangifer) tarandus, 239 ratwa, 21 reevesii, 27 rhenanus, 124 richardsonii, 182 roosevelti, 132 ruceros, 94 (Rucervus) duvauceli, 93, (Rucervus) elaphoides, 93 (Rucervus) eldi, 100 (Rucervus) schomburgki, rufinus, 208 rufus, 67, 199 (Rusa) alfredi, 62 (Rusa) aristotelis, 71 (Rusa) axis zeylanicus, 53 (Rusa) equinus, 78 (Rusa) frontalis, 104 (Rusa) hippelaphus, 67, 71 (Rusa) kuhli, 61 (Rusa) mariannus, 83 (Rusa) nigricans, 86 (Rusa) peronii, 64 (Rusa) swinhoei, 81 (Rusa) tavistocki, 70 (Rusa) timoriensis, 63 (Rusa) unicolor, 70, 71 406 INDEX Cervus (Rusa) unicolor bonin- ensis, 88 Cervus russa, 67 Cervus russa moluccensis, 65 Cervus russa timorieusis, 64 Cervus sartorii, 205 Cervus savannarum, 174 Cervus schomburgki, 97 Cervus sellatus, 149 Cervus sibiricus, 135, 244 Cervus sica, 107 Cervus sica manchuricus, 110 Cervus sica typicus, 108 Cervus sika, 107 Cervus (Sika) hortulorum, 112 Cervus (Sika) nippon, 107, 108 Cervus (Sika) sika, 107 Cervus (Sika) taevanus, 111 Cervus (Sika) taiouanus, 110 Cervus similis, 185 Cervus simplicicornis, 208 Cervus smithi, 100 Cervus songaricus, 136 Cervus spinosus, 174 Cervus steerii, 86 Cervus strongyloceros, 129 Cervus (Strongyloceros) canad- ensis, 129 Cervus (Strongyloceros) elaphus, 118 Cervus stylocerus, 21 Cervus (Stylocerus) aureus, 24 Cervus (Stylocerus) mosckatus, 21 Cervus (Stylocerus) muntjak, 12 Cervus (Stylocerus) philippinus, 84 Cervus (Stylocerus) subcornutus, 12 Cervus (Subulo) auritus, 214 Cervus (Subulo) dolichurus, 199 Cervus (Subulo) nanus, 213 Cervus (Subulo) nemorivagus, 209 Cervus (Subulo) rufus, 199 Cervus (Subulo) simplicicornis, 209 Cervus (Subulo) siinplicornis major, 212 Cervus (Subulo) superciliaris, 203 Cervus (Subulo) tschudii, 212 Cervus swinhoii, 81 Cervus syka, 107 Cervus taevanus, 110 Cervus taioranus, 111 Cervus taiouanus, 110 Cervus tarandus, 239, 243 Cervus tarandus arcticus, 254 Cervus tarandus caribou, 246 Cervus tarandus grosnlandicus, 256 Cervus (Tarandus) platyrhynchus, 243 Cervus tarandus schottingi, 239 Cervus tarandus, var. sylvestris, 248 Cervus thoroldi, 149 Cervus tibetanus, 141 Cervus timoriensis, 63 Cervus timoriensis moluccensis, 65 Cervus timoriensis timoriensis, 65 Cervus timoriensis tunjuc, 66 Cervus toltecus, 167 Cervus transvosagicus, 221 Cervus tunjuc, 67 Cervus unicolor, 70 Cervus unicolor barandanus, 85 Cervus unicolor basilanensis, 85 Cervus unicolor boninensis, 88 Cervus unicolor brookei, 80 Cervus unicolor dejeani, 82 Cervus unicolor equinus, 78 Cervus unicolor francianus, 85 Cervus unicolor mariannus, 83 Cervus unicolor nigellus, 87 Cervus unicolor nigricans, 86 Cervus unicolor philippinus, 84 Cervus unicolor swinhoei, 81 Cervus unicolor typicus, 74 Cervus unicolor unicolor, 74 Cervus vaginalis, 21 Cervus virginianus, 155 Cervus vulgaris, 118 Cervus vulgaris campestris, 125 Cervus vulgaris montanus, 126 Cervus wachei, 137 Cervus wallichi, 141, 142, 146 Cervus wallichi affinis, 142 Cervus wallichi wallichi, 142 Cervus wapiti, 129 Cervus xanthopygus, 133 Cervus xanthopygus eustephanus, 136 Cervus yarkandensis, 139 Cervus yucatensis, 167 ceylonensis, Axis maculata, 53 ceylonensis, Cervus axis, 53 Chevrotain, Indian, 263 chilensis, Cariacus, 194 chilensis, Cervus, 193 chilensis, Creagroceros, 194 chilensis, Furcifer, 194, 196 Chinese Water-Deer, 258 INDEX 407 chiriquensis, Odocoileus roth- schildi, 172 chiriquensis, Odocoileus virgini- anus, 172 chilensis, Pudu, 215 chilensis, Xenelaphus, 196 Chital, 50 Chitra, 50 Chcerodes, 392 Choerodes liberiensis, 393 choeropotamus choeropotamus, Potarnochoerus, 352 choeropotamus daemonis, Potamo- chcerus, 354 choeropotamus hassama, Sus, 357 choeropotamus j ohnstoni, Potamo - choerus, 355 choeropotamus keniae, Potamo- chcerus, 356 choeropotamus mashona, Potamo- choerus, 353 chosropotamus nyasae, Potamo- choerus, 354 choeropotamus nyasae, Sus, 354 choeropotamus, Phascochcerus, 351 choeropotamus porcus, Sus, 357 choeropotamus, Potamochoerus, 350 choeropotamus, Potamochoerus choeropotamus, 352 choeropotamus, Sus, 351 Chceropsis, 392 Choeropsis liberiensis, 393 (Choeropsis) liberiensis, Hippo- potamus, 393 Choiropotamus, 348 Choiropotamus africanus, 349 Choiropotamus pictus, 359 chrysogaster, Moschus, 5 chrysotrichos, Ussa, 89 cinereus, Ussa, 89 cistaunicus [Cervus] , 221 citus, Mazama americana, 212 citus. Mazama simplicicornis, 212 clavatus, Cariacus, 169 clavatus, Cervus, 155 clavatus, Cervus (Mazama), 155 Coassus, 198 Coassus auritus, 214 Coassus humilis, 215 Coassus inornatus, 199 (Coassus) nanus, Cervus, 213 Coassus nemorivagus, 209 (Coassus) peruvianus, Cervus, 175 Coassus rufinus, 208 Coassus rufus, 199 (Coassus) rufus, Cervus, 200 Coassus simplicicornis, 211 Coassus superciliaris, 203 Coassus toltecus, 167 (Coassus) simplicicornis, Cervus, 209 Coassus simplicornis, 209 Coassus whitelyi, 212 colombertinus, Sambar, 91 columbse, Alces, 236 columbae, Alces alces, 236 columbiana crooki, Mazama, 185 columbiana, Mazama, 182 columbiana scaphiotus, Mazama, 184 columbiana sitkensis, Mazama, 184 columbianus, Cariacus, 182 columbianus, Cariacus macrotis, 182 columbianus, Cervus, 182 columbianus columbianus, Odo- coileus, 183 columbianus crooki, Odocoileus, 185 columbianus, Dorcelaphus, 182 columbianus, Eucervus, 182 columbianus, Mazama (Dorcela- phus), 182 columbianus, Odocoileus, 182 columbianus, Odocoileus columbi- anus, 183 columbianus, Odontocoelus, 182 columbianus scaphiotus, Odocoil- eus, 184 columbianus scaphiotus. Odonto- coelus, 184 columbianus sitkensis, Odocoil- eus, 184 columbianus sitkensis, Odonto- coelus, 184 columbicus, Cervus, 172 columbicus, Odocoileus, 172 columbicus, Odocoileus virgini- anus, 172 combalbertinus, Sambar, 91 comosus, Blastoceros, 189 comosus, Cervus, 189 comosus, Cervus (Elaphus Blasto- cerus), 189 concolor, Moschus moschiferus, 5 congicus, Potamochoerus porcus, 361 consobrinus, Sikaillus, 107 408 INDEX constrictus, Hippopotamus, 391 constrictus, Hippopotamus am- phibius, 391 cornipes, Cervus eldi, 104 coronata, Alces lobata, 231 coronatus, Cervus, 230 coronatus, Cervus (Alee), 230 corsicanus, Cervus, 120, 121 corsicanus, Cervus elaphus, 121 corsiniacus, Cervus, 120 corteanus, Ussa, 89 costaricensis, Odocoileus, 170 costaricensis, Odocoileus, virgini- anus, 170 costaricensis, Odontocoelus, 170 cottoni, Dorcatherium aquaticum, 298 couesi, Dorcelaphus, 164 couesi, Mazama americana, 164 couesi, Odocoileus, 164 couesi, Odocoileus virginianus, 164 couesi, Odontocoelus americanus, 164 crassicornis, Ussa, 89 crassum, Tagassu angulatum, 385 crassus, Dicotyles angulatus, 385 crassus, Pecari crassus, 385 crassus, Tayassu angulatus, 385 Creagroceros, 193 Creagroceros antisiensis, 196 Creagroceros chilensis, 194 crinifrons, Cervulus, 33 crinifrons, Muntiacus, 33 cristatus andamanensis, Sus, 326 cristatus cristatus, Sus, 319 cristatus jubatulus, Sus, 320 cristatus jubatus, Sus, 320 cristatus moupinensis, Sus, 317 cristatus, Sus, 318 cristatus, Sus cristatus, 319 cristatus, Sus vittatus, 318 cristatus typicus, Sus, 319 crooki, Dorcelaphus, 185 crooki, Mazama, 185 crooki, Mazama columbiana, 185 crooki, Odocoileus, 185 crooki, Odocoileus columbianus, 185 crooki, Odontocoelus, 185 crusnigrum, Dicotyles angulatus, 385 crusnigrum, Pecari, 385 crusnigrum, Tagassu, 385 crusnigrum, Tayassu, 385 culionensis, Cervus, 59 culionensis, Rusa, 59 curvicornis, Sambar, 91 curvostylis, Muntiacus muntjak, 19 cycloceros, Sika, 107 cyclorhinus, Cervus, 107 Dactyloceros, 40 (Dactyloceros) dama, Cervus, 43 daemonis, Potamochosrus, 354 daemonis, Potamochcerus chcero- potamus, 354 daemonis, Potamochoerus koiro- potamus, 354 dailliardianus, Ussa, 89 Daim, 43 daima, Cervus, 42 daimius, Sikaillus, 107 Dama, 40, 154 Dama acuticornis, 100 dama americanus, Cervus, 155 dama, Cervus, 42 dama, Cervus (Dactyloceros), 43 dama, Cervus (Dama), 42 dama, Cervus (Platyceros), 43 Dama dama, 42, 43 dama, Dama, 42, 43 (Dama) dama, Cervus, 42 dama, leucaetniops, Cervus, 42 Darua lichtensteini, 165 dama maura, Cervus, 42 dama mesopotamiae, Cervus, 45 Dama mesopotamica, 45 (Dama) mesopotamicus, Cervus, 45 Dama platyceros, 42 Dama platyceros, albus, 43 Dama platyceros, niger, 43 Dama platyceros, varius, 43 Dama rothschildi, 171 Dama vulgaris, 43 d'Antis, Cerf, 196 Dasychcerus, 307 Dasychoarus celebensis, 331 Dasychoerus verrucosus, 333, 336, 337 davidianus, Cervus, 152 davidianus, Elaphurus, 152 dawsoni, Rangifer, 251 dawsoni, Rangifer tarandus, 251 debilis, Cervus elaphus, 124 dejardinius, Sikaillus, 107 dejeani, Cervus, 82 dejeani, Cervus unicolor, 82 dejeani, Rusa, 82 delamerei, Phacochcerus, 371 INDEX 409 delamerei, Phacochoerus eethiopi- cus, 371 devilleanus, Cervus, 107 dichotoma, Mazama, 187 dichotorna, Mazama (Blastoccros), 187 dichotomus, Blastocerus, 186, 187 dichotomus, Cervus, 186 dickii, Odocoileus, 194 Dicotyle, 374 Dicotyles, 374 Dicotyles albirostris, 376 Dicotyles angulatus, 383 Dicotyles angulatus angulatus, 383 Dicotyles angulatus crassus, 385 Dicotyles angulatus crusnigrum, 385 Dicotyles angulatus humeralis, 384 Dicotyles angulatus nanus, 386 Dicotyles angulatus sonoriensis, 384 Dicotyles angulatus yucatanensis, 385 Dicotyles labiatus, 375 Dicotyles pecari, 375 Dicotyles (Pecari) angulatus, 383 Dicotyles pecari pecari, 376 Dicotyies pecari ringens, 378 Dicotyles pecari spiradens, 378 Dicotyles (Pecari) tajacu, 379 Dicotyles tajacu, 379 Dicotyles tajacu angulatus, 383 Dicotyles tajacu niger, 382 Dicotyles tajacu sonoriensis, 384 Dicotyles tajacu tajacu, 380 Dicotyles tajacu torvus, 382 Dicotyles torquatus, 379, 382 Dicotylus, 374 dimorpha, Rusa, 94 dimorphe, Cervus, 93 Dinochcerus, 365 Diproctodon, 392 Diprotodon, 392 Diprotodon liberiensis, 393 Ditomeadon, 392 Ditonaeadon liberiensis, 393 dolichorhinus, Sika, 107 dolichurus, Cervus (Subulo), 199 dolichurus, Subulo, 199 dorcas, Capreolus, 219 Dorcatherium, 295 Dorcatherium aquaticum, 295 Dorcatherium aquaticum aquati- cum, 296 Dorcatherium aquaticum batesi, 297 Dorcatherium aquaticum cottoni, 298 Dorcatherium aquaticum typi- cum, 296 Dorcelaphus, 154 (Dorcelaphus) americana, Maza- ma, 156 Dorcelaphus americanus, 156 Dorcelaphus americanus savan- narum, 174 Dorcelaphus campestris, 189 Dorcelaphus columbianus, 182 (Dorcelaphus) columbianus, Ma- zama, 182 Dorcelaphus couesi, 164 Dorcelaphus crooki, 185 Dorcelaphus hemionus, 177 Dorcelaphus hemionus eremicus, 180 (Dorcelaphus) hemionus, Maza- ma, 177 Dorcelaphus macrotis, 176 Dorcelaphus macrurus, 161 (Dorcelaphus), Mazama, 175 Dorcelaphus paludosus, 187 Dorcelaphus texanus, 163 Dorcelaphus virginianus, 155 Dorcelaphus virginianus macrou- rus, 161 Doryceros, 198 Doryceros nemorivagus, 209 Doryceros tschudii, 212 Dromedarius, 301 dubius, Hippocamelus, 193 dugenneanus, Sika, 107 duvauceli, Cervus (Rucervus), 93, 94 duvaucellii, Axis, 93 duvaucellii, Cervus, 93 duvaucelii, Cervus (Hippelaphus), 94 duvaucellii, Recervus, 94 duvaucellii, Rucervus, 94 dybowski, Cervus, 112 dybowskii, Cervus, 112 Dycoteles, 374 Dycoteles labiatus, 376 Dycoteles torquatus, 379 Dycotyles, 374 edentatus, Phacochoerus, 371 edentatus, Phascochoerus, 366 edwardsi, Potamochoerus, 349 Elnphoceros, 106 410 INDEX Elaphoceros mantchuricus, 110 Elaphoceros sika, 107 Elaphoceros taevanus, 111 Elaphodus, 34 Elaphodus cephalophus, 34 Elaphodus cephalophus cepha- lophus, 35 Elaphodus cephalophus fociensis, 38 Elaphodus cephalophus ichan- gensis, 39 Elaphodus cephalophus michi- anus, 36 Elaphodus ichangensis, 39 Elaphodus michianus, 36 Elaphodus michianus fociensis, 38 elaphoides, Cervus, 93 elaphoides, Cervus (Rucervus) , 93 Elaphurus, 151 Elaphurus davidianus, 152 Elaphus, 116 elaphus albifrons, Cervus, 124 elaphus albus, Cervus, 124 elaphus atlanticus, Cervus, 122 elaphus barbarus, Cervus, 120 (Elaphus Blastocerus) campes- tris, Cervus, 189 (Elaphus Blastocerus) comosus, Cervus, 189 (Elaphus Blastocerus) paludosus, Cervus, 187 elaphus bolivari, Cervus, 121 Elaphus canadensis, 129 (Elaphus) canadensis, Cervus, 129 elaphus canadensis, Cervus, 129 elaphus, Cervus, 117, 120, 125, 133 elaphus, Cervus (Cervus), 118 elaphus, Cervus (Elaphus), 118 elaphus, Cervus elaphus, 122 elaphus, Cervus (Strongyloceros) , 118 elaphus corsicanus, Cervus, 121 elaphus debilis, Cervus, 124 (Elaphus) elaphus, Cervus, 118 elaphus elaphus, Cervus, 122 elaphus, Eucervus, 118 (Elaphus Furcifer) antisiensis, Cervus, 196 elaphus germanicus, Cervus, 124 elaphus hippelaphus, Cervus, 124 elaphus hispanicus, Cervus, 121 elaphus maral, Cervus, 126 elaphus minor, Cervus, 121 elaphus neglectus, Cervus, 124 Elaphus occidentalis, 132 elaphus saxonicus, Cervus, 124 elaphus scoticus, Cervus, 123 elaphus typicus, Cervus, 122 elaphus varius, Cervus, 124 elaphus visurgensis, Cervus, 124 Eld's Deer, 100 eldi, Cervus eldi, 102 eldi, Cervus (Panolia), 100 eldi, Cervus (Rucervus), 100 eldi cornipes, Cervus, 104 eldi eldi, Cervus, 102 eldi frontalis, Cervus, 104 eldi, Panolia, 100 eldi platyceros, Cervus, 104 eldi platyceros, Panolia, 104 eldi, Rucervus, 100 eldi siamensis, Cervus, 104 eldi typicus, Cervus, 102 eldii, Cervus, 100 elegans, Melanaxis, 89 elegans, Sika, 107 Elk, 232 ellipticus, Sika, 107 elorzanus, Ussa. 89 Epieuryceros, 186 equina malaccensis, Rusa, 78 equina pennantii, Rusa, 72 equina, Rusa, 78 equina, Russa, 78 equinus, Cervus, 78 equinus, Cervus (Hippelaphus), 78 equinus, Cervus (Rusa), 78 equinus, Cervus unicolor, 78 equinus, Rusa unicolor, 79 Equus bisulcus, 193 eremica, Mazama hemionus, 180 eremicus, Dorcelaphus hemionus, 180 eremicus, Odocoileus hemionus, 180 eremicus, Odontocoelus hemionus, 180 errardianus, Sambar, 92 Eucervus, 116, 154 Eucervus columbianus, 182 Eucervus elaphus, 118 Eucervus hemionus, 177 Eucervus macrotis, 176 Eucervus pusillus, 182 eucladoceros, Cervus, 94 Euhys, 307 Euhys barbatus, 339 euopis, Cervus, 107 Eureodon, 365 INDEX 111 europaeus, Alces, '230 europseus, Capreolus, 219 europaeus, Sus, 310 eustephanus, Cervus, 136 eustephanus, Cervus canadensis, 136 eustephanus, Cervns xanthopvgus. 136 everetti, Tragulus kanchil, 291 excelsifrons, Rangifer, 253 excelsifrons, Eangifer tavandus, 253 Fallow Deer, 43 Fallow Deer, Persian, 45 fasciatus, Moschus moschiferus, 5 fasciatus, Sus, 310 fasciatus, Sus scrofa, 310 feae, Cervulus, 32 feae, Muntiacus, 32 fennicus, Rangifer, 243 fennicus, Rangifer tarandus, 243 (fera), Llama pacos, 303 ferus, Sus scrofa, 313 firghanicus, Capreolus pygargus, 227 flavicollis, Tragulus, 275 flavicollis, Tragulus javanicus, 275 floresianus, Hippelaphus, 92 floresianus, Sus, 325 floresianus, Sus vittatus, 325 focalinus, Tragulus, 292 focalinus, Tragulus kanchil, 292 fociensis, Elaphodus cephalophus, 38 Formosan Sika, 111 formosus, Tragulus, 267, 274 fornaosus, Tragulus javanicus, 267 formosus, Tragulus stanleyanus, 267 fortidens, Rangifer, 251 fortidens, Rangifer tarandus, 251 fossilis, Capreolus, 219 fossor, Phacochcerus sethiopicus, 372 francianus, Cervus unicolor, 85 francianus, Rusa, 85 francianus, Ussa, 85 frenatus, Sus, 333 frinianus, Cervus, 107 frinianus, Sika, 107 frontalis, Cervus eldi, 104 frontalis, Cervus (Hippelaphus), 104 frontalis, Cervus (Rusa), 104 frontalis, Panolia, 100 fulvicollis, Tragulus, 284 I fulvicollis, Tragulus kanchil, 284 ! fulviventer, Tragulus, 285 | fulviventer, Tragulus kanchil, 285 furcata, Mazania, 187 Furcifer, 192 Furcifer antisensis, 196 Furcifer antisiensis, 194 (Furcifer) antisiensis, Cervus, 196 Furcifer campestris, 189 Furcifer chilensis, 194, 196 Furcifer huamel, 194 furcifer, Tarandus, 240 fuscatus, Tragulus, 268 garcianus, Ussa, 89 gargantua, Sus, 341 gargantua, Sus barbatus, 341 germanicus, Cervus elaphus, 124 gigas, Alces, 237 gigas, Alces aloes, 237 gigas, Alces niachlis, 237 gigas, Paralces, 237 gigliolii, Hylochoerus, 363 glama, Auchenia, 302 glama cacsilensis, Lama, 304 glama, Camelus, 302 glama huanacus, Lama, 302 glama, Lama, 302 glama, Llama, 302 glama, Neoauchenia, 302 gonzalinus, Ussa, 89 gorrichanus, Ussa, 90 goudotii, Cervus, 173 gracilis, Cervus, 107 grandicornis, Cervulus muntjac, 20 grandicornis, Muntiacus, 20 grandicornis, Muntiacus muntjak, 20 granti, Rangifer, 253 granti, Rangifer tarandus, 253 grilloanus, Sika, 107 grcenlandicus, Cervus tarandus, 256 grcenlandicus, Rangifer, 256 grcenlandicus, Rangifer tarandus, 256 Guanaco, 302, 303 guanaco, Auchenia, 302 guanaco, Lama, 303 guanacus, Llama, 303 Guazupuco, 187 Guazuti, 189 Guemal, 194 Guemal, Peruvian, 197 412 INDEX guettardi, Cervus, 239 guevaranus, Ussa, 90 guidoteanus, Ussa, 90 Gymnotis, 154 gymnotis, Cariacus, 173 gymnotis, Cervus, 173 gymnotis, Mazama americana, 173 gymnotis, Odocoileus, 173 gymnotis, Odocoileus virginianus, 173 Gymnotis wiegmanni, 173 gymnotus, Cariacus, 173 hagenbecki, Cervus, 138 hamiltonianus, Hippelaphus, 92 Hanglu, 147 hanglu, Cervus, 146 Hangul, 147 Harana, 116 (Harana) wallichi, Cervus, 141 haroia, Phacochcerus, 372 haroja, Phacelochoerus, 371 hassama, Nyctochoerus, 357 hassama, Potamochoerus, 357 hassama, Sus choeropotamus, 357 hastalis, Cervus, 246 hastalis, Tarandus, 246 hecki, Cervus porcinus, 58 hemionus californica, Mazama, 179 hemionus calif ornicus, Odocoil- eus, 179 hemionus californicus, Odonto- coelus, 179 hemionus canus, Odocoileus, 181 hemionus canus, Odontoccelus, 181 hemionus cerrosensis, Mazama, 180 hemionus cerrosensis, Odocoileus, 180 hemionus, Cervus, 176 hemionus, Dorcelaphus, 177 hemionus eremica, Mazama, 180 hemionus eremicus, Dorcelaphus, 180 hemionus eremicus, Odocoileus, 180 hemionus eremicus, Odontocoelus, 180 hemionus, Eucervus, 177 hemionus hemionus, Odocoileus, 178 hemionus, Mazama, 177 hemionus, Mazama (Dorcela- phus), 177 hemionus, Odocoileus, 176, 177 hemionus, Odocoileus hemionus, 178 hemionus, Odontoccelus, 177 hemionus peninsulas, Mazama, 181 hemionus peninsulas, Odocoileus, 181 hemionus peninsulae, Odontoccel- us, 181 hemionus typica, Mazama, 178 hemionus virgultus, Odocoileus, 179 heteroceros, Rusa aristotelis, 72 heterocerus, Cervus, 71 heterocerus, Cervus jarya, 71 hipolitianus, Ussa, 90 Hippelaphus, 60 (Hippelaphus) aristotelis, Cervus, 71 (Hippelaphus) axis, Cervus, 49 Hippelaphus buruensis, 92 hippelaphus, Cervus, 66, 71 hippelaphus, Cervus elaphus, 124 hippelaphus, Cervus (Hippela- phus), 67 hippelaphus, Cervus (Rusa), 67, 71 (Hippelaphus) duvaucelii, Cervus, 94 (Hippelaphus) equinus, Cervus, 78 (Hippelaphus) frontalis, Cervus, 104 Hippelaphus hamiltonianus, 92 (Hippelaphus) hippelaphus, Cer- vus, 67 (Hippelaphus) japonicus, Cervus, 107 (Hippelaphus) kuhlii, Cervus, 61 (Hippelaphus) leschenaulti, Cer- vus, 71 Hippelaphus macassaricus, 92 (Hippelaphus) mariannus, Cervus, 83 Hippelaphus menadensis, 92 Hippelaphus moluccensis, 66 (Hippelaphus) moluccensis, Cer- vus, 65 hippelaphus moluccensis, Cervus, 66 (Hippelaphus) niger, Cervus, 71 Hippelaphus noevellianus, 92 (Hippelaphus) peronii, Cervus, 64 (Hippelaphus) philippinus, Cer- vus, 84 hippelaphus, Rusa, 67, 71 Hippelaphus timoriensis, 64 INDEX 413 hippelaphus timoriensis, Cervus, 64, 65 hippelaphus typicus, Cervus, 67 (Hippelaphus) nnicolor, Cervus, 71 Hippocamelus, 192 Hippocamelus antiseusis, 196 Hippocamelus bisulcus, 193, 194 Hippocamelus dubius, 193 Hippocamelus nemori vagus, 209 Hippocamelus pandora, 213 Hippocamelus sartori, 205 Hippopotamus, 386 Hippopotamus abyssinicus, 387 Hippopotamus amphibius, 387 Hippopotamus amphibius am- phibius, 389 Hippopotamus amphibius aus- tralis, 392 Hippopotamus amphibius capen- sis, 392 Hippopotamus amphibius con- strictus, 391 Hippopotamus amphibius kiboko, 391 Hippopotamus amphibius tschad- ! ensis, 390 Hippopotamus australis, 392 Hippopotamus capensis, 392 Hippopotamus (Chceropsis) liberi- ensis, 393 Hippopotamus constrictus, 391 Hippopotamus liberiensis, 393 Hippopotamus minor, 393 Hippopotamus senegalensis, 388 Hippopotamus (Tetraprotodon) amphibius, 388 Hippopotamus (Tetraprotodou) liberianus, 393 Hippopotamus (Tetraprotodon) liberiensis, 393 Hippopotamus typus, 387 hispanicus, Cervus elaphus, 121 Hog-Deer, 56 Homelaphus, 198 Homelaphus inornatus, 199 hortulorum, Cervus, 112 hortulorum, Cervus hortulorum, 114 hortulorum, Cervus (Sika), 112 hortulorum hortulorum, Cervus, 114 hortulorum kopschi, Cervus, 115 hortulorum typicus, Cervus, 114 hosei, Tragulus, 290 hosei, Tragulus kanchil, 290 hova, Potamochoerus larvatus, 350 Hthamin, 100 huamel, Anomalocera, 196 huamel, Auchenia, 193 huamel, Furcifer, 194 huamel, Xenelaphus, 196 Huamela, 193 Huamela leucotis, 194 huanaca, Auchenia, 302 huanacha, Lama, 303 huanachus cacsilensis, Lama, 304 huanachus, Lama, 303 Huanaco, 302, 303 huanacos, Lama, 303 huanacus, Auchenia, 302, 303 huanacus, Camelus, 302 huanacus, Lama, 303 huanacus, Lama glama, 302 Huemul, 194 humboldtii, Cervus, 205 humerale, Tagassuangulatum, 384 humeralis, Dicotyles angulatus, 384 humeralis, Pecari angulatus, 384 humeralis, Tayassu angulatus, 384 humilis, Cervus, 215 humilis, Cervus (Pudu), 215 humilis, Coassus, 215 humilis, Pudu, 215 humilis, Pudua, 215 Hydrelaphus, 257 Hydrelaphus inermis, 258 Hydropotes, 257 Hydropotes affinis, 257 Hydropotes argyropus, 258 Hydropotes inermis, 257 Hydropotes kreyenbergi, 258 Hyelaphus, 54 Hyelaphus annamiticus, 58 Hyelaphus calamianensis, 59 (Hyelaphus) calamianensis, Cer- vus, 59 (Hyelaphus) kuhli, Cervus, 62 Hyelaphus maculatus, 49 Hyelaphus porcinus, 55 (Hyelaphus) porcinus, Axis, 55 (Hyelaphus) porcinus, Cervus, 54,55 Hyelaphus porcinus pumilio, 55 hyemalis, Cervus, 107 Hyemoschus, 295 Hyemoschus aquaticus, 295 Hylochoerus, 362 Hylochcerus gigliolii, 363 Hylochoerus ituriensis, 363 Hylochcerus raeinertzhageni, 363 414 INDEX Hylochcerus meinertzhageni ituri- ensis, 363 Hylochcerus meinertzhageni mei- nertzhageni, 364 Hylochoerus meinertzhageni ri- mator, 364 Hylochoerus rimator, 364 Hyoemosclius, 295 Hycemoschus aquaticus, 295 Hyomoschus, 295 Hyomoschus aquaticus, 295 ichangensis, Elapliodus, 39 ichangensis, Elaphodus cepha- lophus, 39 ignotus, Cervus, 107 inconstans, Sus, 334 Indian Chrevrotain, 263 indica, Meminna, 262 indicus, Sus, 318 inermis, Hydrelaphus, 258 inermis, Hydropotes, 257 infelix, Sikaillus, 107 inornata, Mazama, 200 inornatus, Homelaphus, 199 interrnedius, Potamochcerus, 361 Isubra, 134 isubra, Cervus, 133 ituriensis, Hylochcerus, 363 ituriensis, Hylochoerus meinertz- hageni, 363 japonica, Eusa, 107 japonica, Sus vittatus, 321 japonicus, Cervus (Hippelaphus) , 107 jarai, Cervus, 71 Jarao, 73 jarya, heterocerus, Cervus, 71 jarya, nepalensis, Cervus, 71 Javan Eusa, 67 javanicus amoenus, Tragulus, 278 javanicus annae, Tragulus, 279 javanicus bancanus, Tragulus, 275 javanicus batuanus, Tragulus, 279 javanicus billitonus, Tragulus, 277 javanicus borneanus, Tragulus, 270 javanicus bunguranensis, Tragu- lus, 279 javanicus canescens, Tragulus, 270 javanicus, Cervus, 268 javanicus flavicollis, Tragulus, 275 javanicus formosus, Tragulus, 267 javanicus javanicus, Tragulus, 268 javanicus jugularis, Tragulus, 278 javanicus lutescens, Tragulus, 275, 294 javanicus, Moschus, 268, 280, 292 javanicus napu, Tragulus, 268, 269 javanicus nigricans, Tragulus, 272 javanicus nigricollis, Tragulus, 276, 294 javanicus nigrocinctus, Tragulus, 276, 294 javanicus parallelus, Tragulus, 274 javanicus pretiellus, Tragulus, 274 javanicus pretiosus, Tragulus, 273, 294 javanicus ratuanus^ Tragulus, 279 javanicus rufulus, Tragulus, 267, 283 javanicus sebucus, Tragulus, 277 javanicus terutus, Tragulus, 272 javanicus, Tragulus, 268, 281 javanicus, Tragulus javanicus, 268 javanicus umbrinus, Tragulus, 273 javanicus versicolor, Tragulus, 280 johnstoni, Potamochoerus, 355 johnstoni, Potamochoerus chcero- potamus, 355 joretianus, Cervus, 107 joretianus, Sika, 107 joubertianus, Sambar, 92 jubata, Alces, 230 jubatulus, Sus, 320 jubatulus, Sus cri status, 320 jubatus, Sus, 320 jubatus, Sus cristatus, 320 jucunda, Mazama americana, 202 jugularis, Tragulus, 278 jugularis, Tragulus javanicus, 278 Kakar, 14 kanchil affinis, Tragulus, 286 kanchil brevipes, Tragulus, 284 kanchil carimatae, Tragulus, 284 kanchil everetti, Tragulus, 291 kanchil focalinus, Tragulus, 292 kanchil fulvicollis, Tragulus, 283 kanchil fulviventer, Tragulus, 285 kanchil hosei, Tragulus, 290 kanchil kanchil, Tragulus, 282 kanchil lampensis, Tragulus, 288 kanchil lancavensis, Tragulus, 288 kanchil longipes, Tragulus, 282 kanchil luteicollis, Tragulus, 282 INDEX 41 r, kanchil, Moschus, 280 kanchil natunse, Tragulus, 291 kanchil pallidus, Tragulus, 285 kanchil pelandoc, Tragulus, 292 kanchil pierrei, Tragulus, 291 kanchil ravulus, Tragulus, 288 kanchil rubeus, Tragulus, 283 kanchil rufulus, Tragulus, 283 kanchil russeus, Tragulus, 289 kanchil russulus, Tragulus, 289 kanchil subrufus, Tragulus, 283 kanchil, Tragulus, 280 kanchil, Tragulus kanchil, 282 kanchil virgicollis, Tragulus, 290 kansuensis, Cervus, 146 kansuensis, Cervus macneilli, 146 Kastura, 4 keniae, Potamochcerus chceropo- tamus, 356 kiboko, Hippopotamus amphi- bius, 391 Koiropotamus, 348 koiropotamus daemonis, Potamo- chcerus, 354 koiropotamus, Potamochcerus, 351 koiropotamus, Sus, 351 kopschi, Cervus, 115 kopschi, Cervus hortulorum, 115 kreyenbergi, Hydropotes, 258 kuhli, Cervus (Hyelaphus), 62 kuhli, Cervus (Rusa), 61 kuhlii, Cervus, 61 kuhlii, Cervus (Hippelaphus), 61 kuhlii, Eusa, 61 Kwaroku, 111 labiatus, Adenonotus, 376 labiatus, Dicotyles, 375 labiatus, Dycotyles, 376 labiatus, Sus, 376 labipes, Cervus, 83 Lacma, 301 Lacrna peruana, 302 lacrymans, Cervulus, 25 lacrymans lacryrnans, Muntiacus, 26 lacrymans, Muntiacus, 25 lacrymans, Muntiacus lacrymans, 26 lacrymans sclateri, Muntiacus, 26 lacrymans, Sika, 107 lacrymans teesdalei, Muntiacus, 27 lachrymosus, Cervus, 107 Lama, 301 lama, Auchenia, 302, 303 lama, Camelus, 302 Lama glama, 302 Lama glarna cacsilensis, 304 Lama glama huanacus, 302 Lama guanaco, 303 Lama huanacha, 303 Lama huanachus, 303 Lama huanachus cacsilensis, 304 Lama huanacos, 303 Lama huanacus, 303 Lama vicugna, 304 lampensis, Tragulus, 288 lampensis, Tragulus kanchil, 288 lancavensis, Tragulus, 288 lancavensis, Tragulus kanchil, 288 lapponum, Tarandus, 239 larvatus hova, Potamochoerus, 350 larvatus larvatus, Potamochoerus, 350 larvatus, Macrocephalus, 349 larvatus, Phascochcerus, 349 larvatus, Potamochoerus, 349 larvatus, Potamochoerus larvatus, 350 larvatus, Sus, 349, 351 lasiotis, Odocoileus, 172 lasiotis, Odocoileus virginianus, 172 latidens, Sambar, 92 latidens, Sikaillus, 107 lemeanus, Sambar, 92 lepida, Eusa, 150 lepidus, Cervus, 150 leptocephala, Mazama, 185 leptocephalus, Cariacus, 185 leschenaulti, Cervus (Hipp- elaphus), 71 leschenaulti, Eusa aristotelis, 72 leschenaultii, Cervus, 71 leucaethiops, Cervus dama, 42 leucogaster, Cervus, 188 leucogaster, Moschus, 5 leucomystax, var. continentalis, Sus, 323 leucomystax leucomystax, Sus, 322 leucomystax, Sus, 821 leucomystax, Sus leucomystax, 322 leucomystax, Sus vittatus, 321 | leucomystax taivanus, Sus, 322 leucotis, Capreolus, 194 leucotis, Huamela, 194 leucotis, Xenelaphus, 196 leucura, Eeduncina, 162 416 INDEX leucurus, Cariacus, 162 leucunis, Cervus, 162 leucurus, Cervus (Mazama), 162 leucurus, Odocoileus, 162 leucurus, Odocoileus virginianus, 162 lewisii, Cervus, 182 liberianus, Hippopotamus (Tetra- protodon), 393 liberiensis, Chcerodes, 393 liberiensis, Choeropsis, 393 liberiensis, Diprotodon, 393 liberiensis, Ditomeadon, 393 liberiensis, Hippopotamus, 393 liberiensis, Hippopotamus (Choer- opsis), 393 liberiensis, Hippopotamus (Tetra- protodon), 393 liberiensis, Tetraproctodon, 393 lichtensteini, Dama, 165 lichtensteini, Mazama americana, 165 lichtensteini, Mazama virginiana, 165 lichtensteini, Odontocoelus, 165 lignarius, Sambar, 92 Llama, 301, 302 llama, Auchenia, 302 Llama glama, 302 Llama guanacus, 303 Llama pacos (fera), 303 Llama vicugna, 304 lobata, Aloes, 234 lobata coronata, Alces, 231 lobatus, Cervus, 234 longicornis, Sambar, 91 longicuspis, Ussa, 90 longipes, Tragulus kanchil, 282 longirostris, Sus, 339 Lophotragus, 34 Lophotragus michianus, 36 louisianse, Odocoelus virginianus, 162 louisianae, Odocoileus, 162 louisianse, Odocoileus americanus, 162 louisianae, Odocoileus virginianus, 162 louisianse, Odontoccelus americ- anus, 162 luehdorfi, Cervus, 133 luehdorfi, Cervus canadensis, 133 luhdorfi, Cervus, 133 luteicollis, Tragulus, 282 luteicollis, Tragulus kanchil, 282 lutescens, Tragulus, 275 lutescens, Tragulus javanicus 275 lybicus, Sus, 316 lybicus, Sus scrofa, 316 lyratus, Cervus, 100 macarianus, Ussa, 90 macassaricus, Hippelaphus, 92 Machlis, 40 machlis, Alces, 230 machlis americanus, Alces, 234 machlis bedfordiae, Alces, 234 machlis gigas, Alces, 237 machlis meridionalis, Alces, 232 machlis typicus, Alces, 232 machlis uralensis, Alces, 232 machlis yakutskensis, Alces, 234 macneilli, Cervus, 145 macneilli, Cervus cashmirianus, 145 macneilli, Cervus macneilli, 145 macneilli kansuensis, Cervus, 146 macneilli macneilli, Cervus, 145 Macrocephalus, 365 Macrocephalus africanus, 373 Macrocephalus larvatus, 349 Macrotis, 154 macrotis, var. californicus, Cer- vus, 179 macrotis, Cariacus, 176 macrotis, Cervus, 176 macrotis, Cervus (Mazama), 176 macrotis columbianus, Cariacus, 182 macrotis, var. columbianus, Cer- vus, 182 macrotis, Dorcelaphus, 176 macrotis, Eucervus, 176 macrotis, Mazama, 176 j macrotis montanus, Cervus, 178 j macrotis, Otelaphus, 177 macrourus, Cervus, 161 macrourus, Cervus (Mazama), 161 macrourus, Dorcelaphus virgin- ianus, 161 macrourus, Odocoileus america- nus, 161 macrourus, Odocoileus virgin- ianus, 161 macrourus, Odontoccelus ameri- canus, 161 macrura, Mazama americana, 161 macrurus, Dorcelaphus, 161 maculata ceylonensis, Axis, 53 maculatus, Axis, 49 maculatus, Hyelaphus, 49 INDEX -117 maculatus, Moschus moschit't-v- , us, 5 madagascariensis, Potamochcerttfi, 349 major, Axis, 49 major, Cervus, 129 major, Cervus axis, 70 major, Cervus mantschuricus, 112 major, Cervus (Subulo) simpli- cornis, 212 malabaricus, Muntiacus, 24 malabaricus, Muntiacus muntjak, 24 malaccensis, Cervus, 78 malaccensis, Meminna, 262 malaccensis, Eusa equina, 78 malchis, Alces, 230 manchuricus, Capreolus, 224 manchuricus, Cervus nippcn, 110 manchuricus, Cervus sica, 110 manchuricus typicus, Cervus, 134 mandarinus, Cervus, 112 mantchurica, Pseudaxis, 110 maritchuricus, Cervus, 110 mantchuricus, Cervus nippon, 110 mantchuricus, Elaphoceros, 110 mantschuricus, Axis, 110 mantschuricus, Cervus pygargus, 224 mantschuricus major, Cervus, 112 maraisianus, Ussa, 90 Maral, 126 maral californica, Cervus, 133 maral canadensis, Cervus, 129 maral, Cervus, 126 maral, Cervus (Cervus), 126 maral, Cervus elaphus, 126 maral, var. sibirica, Cervus, 134 maral, var. songarica, Cervus, 136 marchei, Sus, 333 margaritae, Odocoileus, 174 margaritae, Odocoileus virginia- nus, 174 mariannus, Cervus, 83, 84 mariannus, Cervus (Hippelaphus), 83 mariannus, Cervus (Eusa), 83 mariannus, Cervus unicolor, 83 mariannus, Eusa, 83, 84 marianus, Ussa, 83 marmandianus, Sikaillus, 107 Marsh-Deer, 187 marzaninus, Ussa, 90 masbatensis, Melanaxis, 90 maschona, Potamochcerus chcero- potamus, 353 IV. lliass;iK-U>. I'lliirni'h.iTlls. 370 massaicus, Phacochoerus sethiopi- cus, 370 maura, Cervus dania, 42 mauricus, Cervus, 42 Ma/iima, 153, 198 Mazama americana, 156, 199, 200, 209 Manama americana americana, 200 Maxama americana borealis, 160 Mazama americana citus, 212 Mazama americana couesi, 164 Mazama americana gymnotis, 173 Mazama araericana jucunda, 202 Mazama americana lichtensteini, 165 Mazama americana macrura, 161 Mazama americana mexicana, 165 Mazama americana nelsoni, 168 Mazama americana nemoralis, 170 Mazama americana osceola, 162 Mazama americana peruviana, 175 Mazama americana savannarum, 174 Mazama americana texana, 163 Mazama americana thomasi, 168 Mazama americana tolteca, 167 Mazama americana truei, 169 Mazama americana t37pica, 159 Mazama antisiensis, 196 Mazama aurita, 214 Mazama bezoartica, 189 Mazama bira, 209 Mazama bisulca, 194 Mazama (Blastoceros) bezoarfcica, 189 Mazama (Blastoceros) dichotoma, 187 Mazama bricenii, 207 Mazama campestris, 189 (Mazama) campestris, Cervus, 189 (Mazama) clavatus, Cervus, 155 Mazama columbiana, 182 Mazama columbiana crooki, 185 Mazama columbiana scaphiotus, 184 Mazama columbiana sitkensis, 184 Mazama crooki, 185 Mazama dichotoma, 187 Mazama (Dorcelaphus) ameri- cana, 156 2 E 418 INDEX Mazama (Dorcelaphus) colnmbia- nus, 182 Mazania (Dorcelaphus) hemionus, 177 Mazama furcata, 187 Mazama hemionus, 177 Mazama hemionus californica, 179 Mazama hemionus cerroseusis, 180 Mazama hemionus eremica, 180 Mazama hemionus peninsulas, 181 Mazama hemionus typica, 178 Mazama inornata, 200 Mazama leptocephala, 185 (Mazama) leucurus, Cervus, 162 Mazama macrotis, 176 (Mazama) macrotis, Cervus, 176 (Mazama) macrourus, Cervus, 161 Mazama nana, 213 Mazama nemoralis, 170 (Mazama) nemoralis, Cervus, 170 Mazama nemorivaga, 209 Mazama (Odocoileus) virginianus, 156 Mazama paludosa, 187 (Mazama) paludosus, Cervus, 187 Mazama pandora, 213 Mazama pita, 199 Mazama pusilla, 182 Mazama rondoni, 214 Mazama rufa, 200 Mazama rufina, 208 Mazama sartorii, 205 Mazama sheila, 205 Mazama similis, 185 Mazama simplicicornis, 208, 209 Mazama simplicicornis citus, 212 Mazama simplicicornis mexianae, 211 Mazama simplicicornis simplici- cornis, 210 Mazama spinosa, 174 Mazama superciliaris, 203 Mazama tema, 205 Mazama tema cerasina, 207 Mazama tema reperticia, 207 Mazama tema tema, 206 Mazama tschudii, 212 Mazama virginiana, 155 Mazama virginiana borealis, 160 Mazama virginiana lichtensteini, 165 (Mazama) virginianus, Cervus, 155 Mazama (Xenelaphus) antisiensis, 196 Mazama (Xenelaphus) bisulca, 194 Mazama zetta, 204 mediterraneus, Cervus, 121 meinertzhageni, Hylochoerus, 363 meinertzhageni, Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, 364 meinertzhageni ituriensis, Hylo- choerus, 363 meinertzhageni meinertzhageni, Hylochoerus, 364 meinertzhageni rimator, Hylo- choerus, 364 Melanaxis, 48 Melanaxis alfredi, 63 Melanaxis basilanensis, 85 Melanaxis breviceps, 89 Melanaxis elegans, 89 Melanaxis masbatensis, 90 melanotis, Capreolus, 225 melanotis, Capreolus bedfordi, 225 melas, Cervus, 21 melas, Prox, 21 Memina, 261 Meminna, 261 Meminna indica, 262 Meminna malaccensis, 262 meminna, Moschus, 262 meminna, Tragulus, 262 Memminna, 263 menadensis, Hippelaphus, 92 mephistophiles, Pudella, 217 mephistophiles, Pudu (Pudella), 217 mephistophiles, Pudua, 217 meridionalis, Alces machlis, 232 meridionalis, Sus, 313 meridionalis, Sus scrofa, 313 merriami, Cervus, 132 merriami, Cervus canadensis, 132 mesopotamise, Cervus dama, 45 mesopotamica, Dama, 45 mesopotamicus, Cervus, 45 mesopotamicus, Cervus (Dama), 45 mexianae, Mazama simplicicornis, 211 mexicana, Mazama americana, 165 mexicana, Reduncina, 165 mexicanus, Cariacus, 165 mexicanus, Cariacus virginianus, 165 mexicanus, Cervus, 165 mexicanus, Odocoileus, 165 mexicanus, Odocoileus virgini- anus, 165 INDEX 419 michaelinus, Ussa, 90 michianus, Elaphodus, 36 michianus, Elaphodus cephalo- phus, 36 michianus fociensis, Elaphodus, 38 michianus, Lophotragus, 36 microdontus, Ussa, 90 microtis, Sus, 333 micrurus, Cervulus, 30 micrurus, Muntiacus reevesi, 30 milleri, Sus, 325 milleri, Sus vittatus, 325 Mi-lu, 152 mimenoides, Tragulus, 262 mimus, Sus, 329 mimus, Sus vittatus, 329 mindanensis, Sus, 334 mindanensis, Sus celebensis, 334 mindanensis, Sus verrucosus, 334 minoensis, Sika, 107 minor, Axis, 49 minor, Cervus, 55 minor, Cervus elaphus, 121 minor, Hippopotamus, 393 minutus, Sus, 334 minutus, Sus celebensis, 334 mitratus, Sika, 107 moluccensis, Cervus, 65 moluccensis, Cervus hippelaphus, 66 moluccensis, Cervus (Hippela- phus), 65 moluccensis, Cervus russa, 65 moluccensis, Cervus timoriensis, 65 moluccensis, Hippelaphus, 66 moluccensis, Eusa, 65 montanus, Cervus macrotis, 178 montanus, Cervus vulgaris, 126 montanus, Eangifer, 249 montanus, Eangifer tarandus, 249 Moose, 232, 234 moschatus, Cervulus, 15, 21 moschatus, Cervus, 21 moschatus, Cervus (Stylocerus), 21 moschatus, Muntiacus, 15 moschatus, Muntiacus moschatus, 15 moschatus, Prox, 12 moschiferus altaicus, Moschus, 5 moschiferus concolor, Moschus, 5 moschiferus fasciatus, Moschus, 5 moschiferus maculatus, Moschus, 5 moschiferus moschiferus, Mos- chus, 5 moschiferus. Moschus, 4 moschiferus, Moschus moschi- ferus, 5 moschiferus, Odontodorcas, 5 moschiferus parvipes, Moschus, 8 moschiferus sifanicus, Moschus, 7 Moschus, 3 Moschus altaicus, 5 Moschus americanus, 199 Moschus aquaticus, 295 Moschus chrysogaster, 5 Moschus javanicus, 268, 280, 292 Moschus kanchil, 280 Moschus leucogaster, 5 Moschus meminna, 262 Moschus moschiferus, 4 Moschus moschiferus altaicus, 5 Moschus moschiferus concolor, 5 Moschus moschiferus fasciatus, 5 Moschus moschiferus maculatus, 5 Moschus moschiferus moschiferus, 5 Moschus moschiferus parvipes, 8 Moschus moschiferus sifanicus, 7 Moschus napu, 269 Moschus parvipes, 8 Moschus pelandoc, 292 Moschus pygmaeus, 281 Moschus saturatus, 5 Moschus sibiricus, 5 Moschus sifanicus, 7 Moschus (Tragulus) stanleyanus, 265 moupinensis, Sus, 317 moupinensis, Sus cristatus, 317 moupinensis, Sus scrofa, 317 moupinensis, Sus vittatus, 317 Mouse- Deer, 263 Mule-Deer, 177 Muntiacus, 10 Muntiacus aureus, 24 Muntiacus bancanus, 15 Muntiacus crinifrons, 33 Muntiacus fese, 32 Muntiacus grandicornis, 20 Muntiacus lacrymans, 25 Muntiacus lacrymans lacrymans, 26 Muntiacus lacrymans sclateri, 26 Muntiacus lacrymans teesdalei, 27 Muntiacus malabaricus, 24 Muntiacus moschatus, 15 2 E 2 420 INDEX Muntiacus muntjac, 12 Muntiacus muntjak, 12, 25 Muntiacus muntjak aureus, 24 Muntiacus muntjak bancanus, 15 Muntiacus muntjak curvostylis, 19 Muntiacus muntjak grandicornis, 20 Muntiacus muntjak malabaricus, 24 Muntiacus muntjak moschatus, 15 Muntiacus muntjak muntjak, 14 Muntiacus muntjak peninsulas, 18 Muntiacus muntjak pleiharicus, 16 Muntiacus muntjak robinsoui, 18 Muntiacus muntjak rubidus, 16 Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis, 21 Muntiacus nigricans, 272 Muntiacus pleiharicus, 16 Muntiacus reevesi, 27 Muntiacus reevesi micrurus, 30 Muntiacus reevesi pingshiangicus, 30 Muntiacus reevesi reevesi, 28 Muntiacus rubidus, 16 Muntiacus sinensis, 31 Muntiacus vaginalis, 22 Muntjac, 14 muntjac, Cervulus, 12, 15 muntjac, Cervus, 11 muntjac grandicornis, Cervulus, 20 muntjac, Muntiacus, 12 (Muntjac) philippinus, Cervus, 84 muntjac, Prox, 12 muntjac, Styloceros, 21 muntjac tamulicus, Cervulus, 21 muntjac typicus, Cervulus, 14 muntjac vaginalis, Cervulus, 22 Muntjaccus, 10 Muntjacus, 10 muntjacus, Stylocerus, 21 Muntjacus vaginalis, 14, 21 muntjak aureus, Muntiacus, 24 muntjak bancanus, Muntiacus, 15 muntjak, Cervus, 11 muntjak, Cervus (Stylocerus), 12 muntjak curvostylis, Muntiacus, 19 muntjak grandicornis, Muntiacus, 20 muntjak malabaricus, Muntiacus, 24 muntjak moschatus, Muntiacus, 15 muntjak, Muntiacus, 12, 25 muntjak, Muntiacus nmntrjak, 14 muntjak muntjak, Muntiacus, 14 muntjak peninsulae, Muntiacus, 18 muntjak pleiharicus, Muntiacus, 16 muntjak robinsoni, Muntiacus, 18 muntjak rubidus, Muntiacus, 16 muntjak, Stylocerus, 12 muntjak vaginalis. Muntiacus, 21 Musk-Deer, 4 rnuswa, Alces, 234 mystaceus, Sus, 337 nambi, Nanelaphus, 213 namby, Nanelaphus, 213 nana, Mazama, 213 Nanelaphus, 198, 214 Nanelaphus nambi, 213 Nanelaphus namby, 213 Nanelaphus pudu, 215 nannodes, Cervus, 133 nannodes, Cervus canadensis, 133 nanus, Cariacus, 213 nanus, Cervus (Coassus), 213 nanus, Cervus (Subulo), 213 nanus, Dicotyles angulatus, 386 nanus, Pecari, 386 nanus, Tagassu, 386 nanus, Tayassu, 386 napu borneanus, Tragulus, 270 napu, Moschus, 269 napu, Tragulus, 269, 277 napu, Tragulus javanicus, 268 nariyanus, Cervus, 141 iiatunse, Tragulus, 291 natunse, Tragulus kanchil, 291 iiatunensis, Sus, 329 natunensis, Sus vittatus, 329 neglectus, Cervus elaphus, 124 nehringi, Sus celebensis, 333 nehringii, Sus, 333 nelsoni, Mazama americana, 168 nelsoni, Odocoileus, 168 nelsoni, Odocoileus virginianus, 168 nelsoni, Odontocoelus, 168 nemoralis, Cariacus, 170 iiemoralis, Cervus, 170 nemoralis, Cervus (Mazama), 170 nemoralis, Mazama, 170 nemoralis, Mazama americana, 170 INDEX 421 nemoralis, Odocoileus virginianus, 170 nemoralis, Odoutocoelus, 170 nemoralis, Redunciua, 170 lu'inorivaga, Maxama, 209 nemorivagus, Cariacus, 209 nemorivagus, Cervus, 209 nemorivagus, Cervus (Subulo), 209 nemorivagus, Coassus, 209 nemorivagus, Doryceros, 209 nemorivagus, Hippocamelus, 209 nemorivagus, Passalites, 209 Neoauchenia, 301 Neoauchenia glatna, 302 Neosus cebifrons, 336 iiepalensis, Cervus jarya, 71 niadensis, Sus, 328 niadensis, Sus vittatus, 328 nicobaricus, Sus, 327 nicobaricus, Sus vittatus, 327 nigellus, Cervus unicolor, 87 nigellus, Rusa, 87 niger, Capreolus vulgaris, 220 niger, Cervus, 71 niger, Cervus (Hippelaphus), 71 niger, Dama platyceros, 43 niger, Dicotyles tajacu, 382 niger, Sus, 330 uiger, Tayassu, 382 nigra, Eusa aristotelis, 72 nigricans, Cervus, 86 nigricans, Cervus (Rusa), 86 nigricans, Cervus unicolor, 86 nigricans, Muntiacus, 272 nigricans, Rusa, 86 nigricans, Tragulus, 272 nigricans, Tragulus javanicus, 272 nigricans, Ussa, 86 nigricollis, Tragulus, 276 nigricollis, Tragulus javanicus, 276 nigripes, Sus scrofa, 317 nigrocinctus, Tragulus, 276 nigrocinctus, Tragulus javanicus, 276 uippon, Cervus, 107 nippon, Cervus nippon, 108 nippon, Cervus (Sika), 107 nippon manchuricus, Cervus, 110 nippon mantchuricus, Cervus, 110 nippon nippon, Cervus, 108 nippon ty pious, Cervus, 108 noevellianus, Hippelaphus, 92 Xotophorus, 374 Xotophorus pecari, 375 Notophorus torquatus, 380 nublanus, Ussa, 90 nudipalpebra, Axis, 49 nudipalpebra, Cervus, 49 nyaseB, Potamochcerus, 354 nyasse, Potamochoerus ch«>ropo- tamus, 354 nyasffi, Sus choeropotamus, 354 Nyctochoerus, 348 Nyctoch<*rus hassama, 357 occidentalis, Cervus, 132 occidentalis, Cervus canadensis, 132 occidentalis, Elaphus, 132 occidentalis, Strongyloceros, 132 Odocoelus, 154 Odoccelus virginianus louisiamr. 162 Odocoileus, 153 Odocoileus acapulcensis, 167 Odocoileus americanus, 156 Odocoileus americanus ameri- canus, 159 Odocoileus americanus borealis, 160 Odocoileus americanus louisianae, 162 Odocoileus americanus macron - rus, 161 Odocoileus americanus osceola, 163 Odocoileus antisensis, 197 Odocoileus battyi, 164 Odocoileus cerrosensis, 180 Odocoileus columbianus, 182 Odocoileus columbianus colum- bianus, 183 Odocoileus columbianus crooki, 185 Odocoileus columbianus scaphio- tus, 184 Odocoileus columbianus sitkensis, 184 Odocoileus columbicus, 172 Odocoileus costaricensis, 170 Odocoileus couesi, 164 Odocoileus crooki, 185 Odocoileus dickii, 194 Odocoileus gymnotis, 173 Odocoileus hemionus, 176, 177 Odocoileus hemionus californicus, 179 Odocoileus hemionus canus, 181 Odocoileus hemionus cerrosensis. 180 422 INDEX Odocoileus hemionus eremicus, 180 Odocoileus hemionus hemionus, 178 Odocoileus hemionus peninsulas, 181 Odocoileus hemionus virgultus, 179 Odocoileus lasiotis, 172 Odocoileus leucurus, 162 Odocoileus louisianae, 162 Odocoileus margaritae, 174 Odocoileus mexicanus, 165 Odocoileus nelsoni, 168 Odocoileus osceola, 163 Odocoileus peruvianus, 175 Odocoileus philippii, 175 Odocoileus rothschildi, 171 Odocoileus rothschildi chiriquen- sis, 172 Odocoileus rothschildirothschildi, 171 Odocoileus sinalose, 166 Odocoileus spelaeus, 155 Odocoileus spinosus, 174 Odocoileus texanus, 163 Odocoileus texensis, 163 Odocoileus thomasi, 168 Odocoileus toltecus, 167 Odocoileus truei, 169 Odocoileus virginianus, 155, 156 Odocoileus virginianus acapul- censis, 167 Odocoileus virginianus battyi, 164 Odocoileus virginianus borealis, 160 Odocoileus virginianus chiriquen- sis, 172 Odocoileus virginianus columbi- cus, 172 Odocoileus virginianus costari- censis, 170 Odocoileus virginianus couesi, 164 Odocoileus virginianus gymnotis, 173 Odocoileus virginianus lasiotis, 172 Odocoileus virginianus leucurus, 162 Odocoileus virginianus louisianae, 162 Odocoileus virginianus macrourus, 161 Odocoileus virginianus margaritae, 174 (Odocoileus) virginianus, Mazama, 156 Odocoileus virginianus mexicanus, 165 Odocoileus virginianus nelsoni, 168 Odocoileus virginianus nemoralis, 170 Odocoileus virginianus osceola, 162 Odocoileus virginianus peruvi- anus, 175 Odocoileus virginianus roth- schildi, 171 Odocoileus virginianus sinalose, 166 Odocoileus virginianus spinosus, 174 Odocoileus virginianus texanus, 163 Odocoileus virginianus thomasi, 168 Odocoileus virginianus toltecus, 167 Odocoileus virginianus truei, 169 Odocoileus virginianus virgini- anus, 159 Odocoileus virgultus, 179 Odontocoelus, 154 Odontocoelus americanus, 156 Odontoccelus americanus couesi, 164 Odontocoelus americanus louisi- anae, 162 Odontocoelus americanus macr- ourus, 161 Odontocoelus americanus osceola, 163 Odontoccelus americanus texensis, 163 Odontocoelus battyi, 164 Odontocoelus bezoarticus, 189 Odontoccelus cerrosensis, 180 Odontocoelus columbianus, 182 Odontoccelus columbianus scaph- iotus, 184 Odontoccelus columbianus sitken- . sis, 184 Odontocoelus costaricensis, 170 Odontoccelus crooki, 185 Odontocoelus hemionus, 177 Odontocoelus hemionus californi- cus, 179 Odontoccelus hemionus canus, 181 Odontocoelus hemionus eremicus, 180 INDEX 423 Odontocoelus hemionus penin- sulae, 181 Odontocoelus lichteiisteini, 165 Odontocoelus iielsoni, 168 Odontocoelus nemoralis, 170 Odontocoelus rothschildi, 171 Odoutocoelus sinaloae, 166 Odontocoelus thomasi, 168 Odontoccelus toltecus, 167 Odontocoelus truii, 169 Odoiitodorcas, 3 Odontodorcas moschiferus. "> officialis, Sambar, 92 oi, Sus, 341 oi, Sus barbatus, 341 Olidosus, 374 Olleii, 126 orientalis, Aper, 345 orientalis, Babirusa, 345 orthopodicus, Sika, 107 oryzus, Axis, 55 osborni, Rangifer, 252 osborni, Rangifer tarandus, 252 osceola, Cariacus, 162 osceola, Mazama americana, 162 osceola, Odocoileus, 163 osceola, Odocoileus americanus, 163 osceola, Odocoileus virginianus, 162 osceola, Odontocoelus americanus, 163 Otelaphus, 154 Otelaphus macrotis, 177 Otelaphus punctulatus, 182 Otelaphus richardsonii, 182 (Oussa) Ussa, 60 outreyanus, Sambar, 91 oxycephalus, Sika, 107 Ozelaphus, 186 Ozelaphus bezoarticus, 189 Ozotoceros, 186 Ozotoceros campestris, 189 pacos (fera), Llama, 303 palavensis, Sus barbatus, 342 pallasi, Phacochcerus, 366 pallidus, Tragulus, 285 pallidus, Tragulus kanchil, 285 Palmati, 40 Palmatus, 40 palmatus, Alces, 230 paludosa, Mazama, 187 paludosus, Blastoceros, 187 paludosus, Cariacus, 187 paludosus, Cervus, 186 paludosus, Cervus (Blastocerus), 187 paludosus, Cervus (Elaphus Blastocerus), 187 paludosus, Cervus (Mazama), 187 paludosus, Dorcelaphus, 187 palustris, Cariacus, 187 palustris, Cervus, 187 Pampas Deer, 189 pandora, Hippocamelus, 213 pandora, Mazama, 213 Panolia, 92 Panolia acuticornis, 100 Panolia eldi, 100 (Panolia) eldi, Cervus, 100 Panolia eldi platyceros, 104 Panolia frontalis, 100 Panolia platycercus, 104 Panolia platyceros, 104 papuensis, Sus, 330 Para, 56 Paraceros, 186 paradoxa, Rusa, 67 Paralces, 229 Paralces aloes, 231 Paralces americanus, 234 Paralces gigas, 237 parallelus, Tragulus javanicus, 274 parallelus, Tragulus pretiellus, 274 parvipes, Moschus, 8 parvipes, Moschus moschiferus, 8 paschalis, Sikaillus, 107 Passalites, 198 Passalites nemorivagus, 209 pearsoni, Rangifer tarandus, 244 pearyi, Rangifer, 256 pearyi, Rangifer tarandus, 256 Pecari, 379 Pecari angulatus, 383 Pecari angulatus angulatus, 383 Pecari angulatus crassus, 385 (Pecari) angulatus, Dicotyles, 383 Pecari angulatus humeralis, 384 Pecari angulatus sonoriensis, 384 Pecari angulatus yucatanensis, 385 Pecari crusnigrum, 385 pecari, Dicotyles, 375 pecari, Dicotyles pecari, 376 Pecari nanus, 386 pecari, Notophorus, 375 pecari pecari, Dicotyles, 376 pecari pecari, Tayassu, 376 pecari ringens, Dicotyles, 378 424 INDEX pecari ringens, Tagassu, 378 pecari ringens, Tayassu, 378 pecari spiradens, Dicotyles, 378 pecari, Tagassu, 376 (Pecari) tajacu, Dicotyles, 379 pecari, Tayassu, 375 pecari, Tayassu pecari, 376 Peccari, 376 Peccari Tajacu, 380 pelandoc, Moschus, 292 pelandoc, Tragulus, 292 pelandoc, Tragulus kanchil, 292 penicillatus, Potamochcerus, 357 penicillatus, Sus, 357 peninsulas, Mazama hemionus, 181 peninsulas, Muntiacus muntjak, 18 peninsulse, Odocoileus hemionus, 181 peninsulas, Odontocoelus hemi- onus, 181 peninsularis, Sus, 327 peninsularis, Sus vittatus, 327 pennantii, Axis, 71 pennantii, Rusa equina, 72 Pere David's Deer, 152 perflavus, Tragulus, 266, 275 perflavus, Tragulus stanleyanus, 266 peronii, Axis, 64 peronii, Cervus, 63 peronii, Cervus (Hippelaphus), 64 peronii, Cervus (Rusa), 64 peronii, Rusa, 64 Persian Fallow Deer, 45 peruana, Xiacma, 302 Peruvian Guemal, 197 peruviana, Mazama americana, 175 peruvianus, Cariacus, 175 peruvianus, Cervus (Coassus), 175 peruvianus,*Odocoileus, 175 peruvianusj Odocoileus virgini- anus, 175 Phacellochaerus, 365 Phacellochcerus, 365 Phacelochcerus haroja, 371 Phacocherus, 365 Phacochcerus, 365 Phacochoerus aeliani, 371 Phacochcerus aethiopicus, 366 Phacochoerus aethiopicus aeliani, 371 Phacochoerus nethiopicus rethiopi- cus, 367 Phacochoerus aethiopicus afri- canus, 373 Phacochoerus aethiopicus bufo, 372 Phacochoerus aethiopicus dela- merei, 371 Phacochoerus aethiopicus fossor, 372 Phacochoerus aethiopicus massa- icus, 370 Phacochoerus aethiopicus sunde- valli, 368 Phacochcerus aethiopicus typicus, 367 Phacochcerus africanus, 373 Phacochoerus africanus bufo, 372 Phacochcerus aper aethiopicus, 366 Phacochcerus barbatus, 366 Phacochoerus delamerei, 371 Phacochoerus edentatus, 371 Phacochoerus haroia, 372 Phacochoerus massaicus, 370 Phacochcerus pallasi, 366 Phacochoerus sclateri, 372 Phacochoerus sundevallii, 368 Phacochcerus typicus, 366 Phascochaeres, 365 Phascochaerus, 365 Phascochaerus africanus, 373 Phascochoeres aeliani, 371 Phascochcerus, 365 Phascochcerus aethiopicus, 366 Phascochoerus africanus, 373 Phascochoerus choeropotamus, 351 Phascochoerus edentatus, 366 Phascochoerus larvatus, 349 philippensis, Sus, 333 philippensis, Sus celebensis, 333 philippensis, Sus verrucosus, 333 philippii, Odocoileus, 175 philippinensis, Sus celebensis, 333 philippinensis, Sus verrucosus, 333 philippiiius, Cervus, 84 philippinus, Cervus (Hippel- aphus), 84 philippinus, Cervus (Muntjac), 84 philippinus, Cervus (Stylocerus), 84 philippinus, Cervus unicolor, 84 philippinus, Rusa, 84 Phocochorus, 365 phylarchus, Rangifer, 245 phylarchus, Rangifer tarandus. 245 1NDFA 425 pictus, Choiropotamus, 359 pictus, Potamochoerus porous, 359 pierrei, Tragulus kanchil, 291 pingshiangicus, Muntiacus reev- esi, 30 pita, Mazama, 199 planiceps, Sambar, 92 planidens, Sambar, 91 platycercus, Panolia, 104 Platyceros, 40 platyceros, albus, Dama, 43 platyceros, Cervus, 42 platyceros, Ceivus eldi, 104 platyceros, Dama, 42 (Platyceros) dama, Cervus, 43 platyceros, niger, Dama, 43 platyceros, Pauolia, 104 platyceros, Panolia eldi, 104 platyceros varius, Dama, 43 platyrhynchus, Cervus (Taran- dus), 243 platyrhynchus, Rangifer, 243 platyrhynchus, Rangifer tarandus, 243 pleiharicus, Cervulus, 16 pleiharicus, Muntiacus, 16 pleiharicus, Muntiacus muntjak, 16 plumbeus, Cervus capreolus, 219 Polish Stag, 126 porcinus annamiticus, Cervus, 58 porcinus, Axis, 54 porcinus, Axis (Hyelaphus), 55 porcinus, Cervus, 54 porcinus, Cervus (Axis), 54 porcinus, Cervus (Hyelaphus), 54, 55 porcinus, Cervus porcinus, 56 porcinus hecki, Cervus, 58 porcinus, Hyelaphus, 55 porcinus porcinus, Cervus, 56 porcinus pumilio, Hjelaphus, 55 porcorelianus, Sika, 107 Porcula, 343 Porcula salvania, 343 (Porcula) salvanius, Sus, 343 Porcula taivana, 322 Porcus, 344 porcus albifrons, Potamochcerus, 361 Porcus babyrussa, 346 porcus congicus, Potamochcerus, 361 porcus pictus, Potamochoerus, 359 porcus porcus, Potamochoerus, 358 porcus, Potamochoerus, 357, 360 porcus, Potamochoerus porcus, 358 porcus, Sus, 357 porcus, Sus choeropotamus, 357 porcus ubangensis, Potamo- choerus, 360 Potamochoerus, 348 Potamochoerus africanus, 342,349, 351 Potamochoerus albifrons, 361 Potamochoerus capensis, 351 Potamochoerus choeropotamus, 350 Potamochoerus choeropotamus choeropotamus, 352 Potamochoerus choeropotamus dsemonis, 354 Potamochoerus choeropotamus johnstoni, 355 Potamochoerus choeropotamus keniae, 356 Potamochoerus choeropotamus maschona, 353 Potamochoerus choeropotamus nyasse, 354 Potamochoerus daemonis, 354 Potamochoerus edwardsi, 349 Potamochoerus hassama, 357 Potamochoerus intermedius, 361 Potamochoerus johnstoni, 355 Potamochcerus koiropotamus, 351 Potamochoerus koiropotamus dae- monis, 354 Potamochoerus larvatus, 349 Potamochcerus larvatus hova, 350 Potamochoerus larvatus larvatus, 350 Potamochcerus madagascariensis, 349 Potamochoerus nyasae, 354 Potamochcerus pencillatus, 357 Potamochoerus porcus, 357, 360 Potamochoerus porcus albifrons, 361 Potamochcerus porcus congicus, 361 Potamochoerus porcus pictus, 359 Potamochoerus porcus porcus, 358 Potamochcerus porcus ubangensis, 360 pretiellus parallelus, Tragulus, 274 pretiellus pretiellus, Tragulus, 274 pretiellus, Tragulus, 274 426 INDEX pretiellus, Tragulus javanicus, 274 pretiellus, Tragulus pretiellus, 274 pretiosus, Tragulus javanicus, 273 Procerus, 238 Procervus, 238 Prox, 10 Prox albipes, 21 Prox melas, 21 Prox moschatus, 12 Prox muntjac, 12 Prox ratva, 21 Prox reevesii, 27 Prox stylocerus, 21 Pseudaxis, 106 pseudaxis, Axis, 116 pseudaxis, Cervus, 112, 116 (Pseudaxis) hortulorum, Cervus, 112 Pseudaxis rnantcliurica, 110 (Pseudaxis) sica, Cervus, 107 Pseudaxis sika, 107 (Pseudaxis) sika, Cervus, 108 pseudaxis, Sikelaphus, 116 (Pseudaxis) taevanus, Cervus, 111 Pseudaxis taivanus, 111 Pseudocervus, 116 Pseudocervus wallichi, 142 (Pseudocervus) wallichi, Cervus, 141 Pudella, 217 Pudella mephistophiles, 217 (Pudella) mephistophiles, Pudu, 217 Pudu, 214, 215 pudu, Capra, 215 pudu, Cervus, 215 Pudu chilensis, 215 Pudu humilis, 215 (Pudu) humilis, Cervus, 215 pudu, Nanelaphus, 215 Pudu (Pudella) mephistophiles, 217 Pudu pudu, 215 pudu, Pudua, 215 Pudua, 214 Pudua humilis, 215 Pudua mephistophiles, 217 Pudua pudu, 215 pumilio, Cervus, 54 pumilio, Cervus (Axis), 54 pumilio, Hyelaphus porcinus, 55 punctulata, Reduncina, 182 punctulatus, Cariacus, 182 punctulatus, Otelaphus, 182 pusilla, Mazama, 182 pusillus, Eucervus, 182 pygargus, Capreolus, 226 pygargus, Capreolus pygargus, 227 pygargus, Cervus, 226 pygargus, Cervus (Capreolus) , 226 pygargus firghanicus, Capreolus, 227 pygargus mantschuricus, Cervus, 224 pygargus pygargus, Capreolus, 227 pygargus tianschanicus, Capre- olus, 228 pygmseus, Moschus, 281 pygmseus, Tragulus, 281 ramosianus, Ussa, 90 Rangifer, 238 Rangifer arcticus, 254 [Rangifer arcticus] var. sibiricus, 244 [Rangifer arcticus] var. spitzber- gensis, 243 Rangifer caribou, 246 Rangifer caribou caribou, 246 Rangifer caribou sylvestris, 248 Rangifer dawsoni, 251 Rangifer excelsifrons, 253 Rangifer fennicus, 243 Rangifer fortidens, 251 Rangifer granti, 253 Rangifer gro3nlandicus, 256 Rangifer montanus, 249 Rangifer osborni, 252 Rangifer pearyi, 256 Rangifer phylarchus, 245 Rangifer platyrhynchus, 243 Rangifer spitzbergensis, 243 Rangifer stonei, 251 Rangifer tarandus, 239 rangifer, Tarandus, 239 Rangifer tarandus arcticus, 254 Rangifer tarandus caribou, 246 (Rangifer) tarandus, Cervus, 239 Rangifer tarandus, var. cylindri- cornis, 241 Rangifer tarandus dawsoni, 251 Rangifer tarandus excelsifrons, 253 Rangifer tarandus fennicus, 243 Rangifer tarandus fortidens, 251 Rangifer tarandus granti, 253 Rangifer tarandus grcenlandicus, 256 Rangifer tarandus montanus, 249 Rangifer tarandus osborni, 252 Rangifer tarandus pearsoni, 244 Rtingifer tarandus pearyi, 256 INDEX 427 Eangifer tarandus phylarchus, 245 Eangifer tarandus platyrhynchus, 243 Eangifer tarandus sibiricus, 244 Eangifer tarandus spetzbergensis, 243 Eangifer tarandus stonei, 251 Eangifer tarandus sylvestris, 246 Eangifer tarandus tarandus, 241 Eangifer tarandus temenovse, 248 Eangifer tarandus typicus, 241 Eangifer terraenovse, 248 ratuanus, Tragulus javanicus, 279 ratva, Prox, 21 ratwa, Cervus, 21 ratwa, Stylocerus, 21 ravulus, Tragulus, 288 ravulus, Tragulus kanchil, 288 ravus, Tragulus, 286 Eecervus, 92 Eecervus duvaucellii, 94 Eecurvus, 92 Eed Brocket, 200 Eed Deer, 118 Eed Eiver-Hog, 359 Eeduncina, 154 Eeduncina leucura, 162 Eeduncina mexicaiia, 165 Eeduncina nemoralis, 170 Eeduncina punctulata, 182 Eeduncina savannarum, 174 Eeduncina similis, 185 Eeduncina virginiana, 156 reevesi, Cervulus, 30 reevesi micrurus, Muntiacus, 30 reevesi, Muntiacus, 27 reevesi, Muntiacus reevesi, 28 reevesi pingshiangicus, Muntia- cus, 30 reevesi reevesi, Muntiacus, 28 reevesii, Cervulus, 28 reevesii, Cervus, 27 reevesii, Prox, 27 regulus, Sikaillus, 107 Eeindeer, 240, 241 reperticia, Mazama tema, 207 rex, Sikaillus, 107 rhenanus, Capreolus, 221 rhenanus, Cervus, 124 rhionis, Sus, 327 rhionis, Sus vittatus, 327 Eib-faced Deer, 14 richardsonii, Cervus, 182 richardsonii, Otelaphus, 182 rimator, Hylochcerus, 364 rimator, Hylochoerus meinertz- hageni, 364 ringens, Dicotyles pecari, 378 ringens, Tagassu pecari, 378 ringens, Tayassu albirostris, 378 ringens, Tayassu pecari, 378 Eiver-Hog, Eed, 358 robinsoni, Muntiacus muntiak, 18 Eoe, 220 Eoebuck, 220 rondoni, Mazama, 214 roosevelti, Cervus, 132 rosarianus, Ussa, 90 rothschildi chiriquensis, Odocoil- eus, 172 rothschildi, Dama, 171 rothschildi, Odocoileus, 171 rothschildi, Odocoileus roth- schildi, 171 rothschildi, Odocoileus virgini- anus, 171 rothschildi, Odontoccelus, 171 rothscbildi rothschildi, Odocoil- eus, 171 roxasianus, Ussa, 91 rubeus, Tragulus, 283 rubeus, Tragulus kanchil, 283, 294 rubidus, Muntiacus, 16 rubidus, Muntiacus muntjak, 16 rubiginosus, Ussa, 91 ruceros, Cervus, 94 Eucercus, 92 Eucervus, 92 Eucervus cambojensis, 78, 98 (Eucervus) duvauceli, Cervus, 94 Eucervus duvaucelii, 94 (Eucervus) elaphoides, Cervus, 93 Eucervus eldi, 100 (Eucervus) eldi, Cervus, 100 (Eucervus) schomburgki, Cervus, 97 Eucervus schomburgkii, 98 rufa, Mazama, 200 rufina, Mazama, 208 rufinus, Cariacus, 205, 208 rufinus, Cervus, 208 rufinus, Coassus, 208 rufinus, Subulo, 208 rufulus, Tragulus, 267, 283 rufulus, Tragulus javanicus, 267, 283 rufulus, Tragulus kanchil, 283 rufulus, Tragulus stanloynrm<. 267 428 INDEX rufus, Cariacus, 200 rufus, Cervus, 67, 199 rufus, Cervus (Coassus), 200 rufus, Cervus (Subulo), 199 rufus, Coassus, 199 rufus, Subulo, 199 Eusa, 60, 64, 73 Eusa alfredi, 63 (Eusa) alfredi, Cervus, 62 Eusa aristotelis, 71 (Eusa) aristotelis, Cervus, 71 Eusa aristotelis heteroceros, 72 Eusa aristotelis leschenaulti, 72 Eusa aristotelis nigra, 72 Eusa aristotelis unicolor, 72 (Eusa) axis zeylanicus, Cervus, 53 Eusa barandanus, 85 Eusa basilanensis, 85 Eusa brookei, 80 Eusa calamianensis, 59 Eusa culionensis, 59 Eusa dejeani, 82 Eusa dimorpha, 94 Eusa equina, 78 Eusa equina malaccensis, 78 Eusa equina pennantii, 72 (Eusa) equinus, Cervus, 78 Eusa francianus, 85 (Eusa) frontalis, Cervus, 104 Eusa hippelaphus, 67, 71 (Eusa) hippelaphus, Cervus, 67, 71 Eusa japonica, 107 (Eusa) kuhli, Cervus, 61 Eusa kuhlii, 61 Eusa lepida, 150 Eusa mariannus, 83, 84 (Eusa) inariannus, Cervus, 83 Eusa moluccensis, 65 Eusa nigellus, 87 Eusa nigricans, 86 (Eusa) nigricans, Cervus, 86 Eusa paradoxa, 67 Eusa peronii, 64 (Eusa) peronii, Cervus, 64 Eusa philippinus, 84 Eusa steerei, 86 (Eusa) swinhoei, Cervus, 81 Eusa swinhoii, 81 Eusa tavistocki, 70 (Eusa) tavistocki, Cervus, 70 (Eusa) timoriensis, Cervus, 63 Eusa unicolor, 72 (Eusa) unicolor boninensis, Cer- vus, 88 (Eusa) unicolor, Cervus, 70, 71 Eusa unicolor equinus, 79 russa, Cervus, 67 Eussa equina, 78 russa moluccensis, Cervus, 65 russa timoriensis, Cervus, 64 russeus, Tragulus, 289 russeus, Tragulus kanchil, 289 russulus, Tragulus, 289 russulus, Tragulus kanchil, 289 rutilus, Sika, 107 salvania, Porcula, 343 salvanius, Sus, 343 salvanius, Sus (Porcula), 343 salvianus, Sus, 343 Sambar, 60, 73 Sambar brachyrinus, 92 Sambar colombertinus, 91 Sambar combalbertinus, 91 Sambar curvicornis, 91 Sambar errardianus, 92 Sambar joubertianus, 92 Sambar latidens, 92 Sambar lemeanus, 92 Sambar lignarius, 92 Sambar longicornis, 91 Sambar officialis, 92 Sambar outreyanus, 91 Sambar planiceps, 92 Sambar planidens, 91 Sambar simoninus, 92 Sambar verutus, 92 Sangnai, 100 sartori, Hippocamelus, 205 sartorii, Cervus, 205 sartorii, Mazama, 205 sartorii, Subulo, 205 saturatus, Moschus, 5 savannarum, Cariacus, 174 savannarum, Cervus, 174 savannarum, Dorcelaphus ameri- canus, 174 savannarum, Mazama spinosa, 174 savannarum, Eeduncina, 174 saxonicus, Cervus elaphus, 124 scaphiotus, Mazama columbiana, 184 scaphiotus, Odocoileus columbia- nus, 184 scaphiotus, Odontoccelus colum- bianus, 184 schizodonticus, Sika, 107 schomburgki, Cervus, 97 schomburgki, Cervus (Eucervus), 97 schomburgkii, Eucervus, 98 INDEX 429 schottingi, Cervus taramlus, 239 sclateri, Cervulns, 26 sclateri, M untiacus lacrymftns, 26 sclateri, Phacochcerus, 372 sections, Cervus claphus, 123 Scrofa, 307 scrofa attila, Sus, 316 scrofa barbarus, Sus, 315 scrofa, var. barbarus, Sus, 315 scrofa boeticus, Sus, 314 scrofa castilianus, Sus, 314 scrofa, var. celtica, Sus, 310 scrofa fasciatus, Sus, 310 scrofa ferus, Sus, 313 scrofa lybicus, Sus, 316 scrofa meridionalis, Sus, 313 scrofa moupinensis, Sus, 317 scrofa iiigripes, Sus, 317 scrofa, var. nigripes, Sus, 317 scrofa, var. sardous, Sus, 313 scrofa scrofa, Sus, 313 scrofa sennaarensis, Sus, 315 scrofa sennarensis, Sus, 315 scrofa, Sus, 308 scrofa, Sus scrofa, 313 scropha, Sus, 310 scudaensis, Sika, 107 sebucus, Tragulus, 277 sebucus, Tragulus javanicus, 277 sellatus, Cervus, 149 selosus, var. aper, Sus, 310 senegalensis, Hippopotamus, 388 sennaarensis, Sus, 315 sennaarensis, Sus scrofa, 315 sennaariensis, Sus vittatus, 315 sennarensis, Sus scrofa, 315 setosus, Sus, 310 sheila, Mazama, 205 Shika, 108 Short-faced Carpathian Bed Stag, 125 Shou, 141, 143 siamensis, Cervus eldi, 104 Siberian Roe, 226 sibiricus, Cervus, 135, 244 sibiricus, Cervus asiaticus, 137 sibiricus, Cervus canadensis, 134 sibiricus, Moschus, 5 sibiricus, Rangifer tarandus, 244 Sica, 106 sica, Cervus, 107 sica, Cervus (Pseudaxis), 107 sica manchuricus, Cervus, 110 sica typicus, Cervus, 108 sicarius, Sikaillus, 107 sifanicus, Moschus, 7 sifanicus, Mosclms ninschitVnis. 7 Sika, 105, 108 Sika andreanus, 107 Sika aplodonticus, 107 Sika arietinus, 107 sika, Axis, 107 Sika blakistonius, 107 Sika brachyrhinus, 107 sika, Cervus, 107 sika, Cervus (Sika), 107 sika, Cervus (Pseudaxis), 108 Sika cycloceros, 107 Sika dolichorhinus, 107 Sika dugenneanus, 107 sika, Elaphoceros, 107 Sika elegans, 107 Sika ellipticus, 107 Sika frinianus, 107 Sika grilloanus, 107 (Sika) hortulorum, Cervus, 112 Sika joretianus, 107 Sika lacrymans, 107 Sika minoensis, 107 Sika mitratus, 107 (Sika) nippon, Cervus, 107, 108 Sika orthopodicus, 107 Sika oxycephalus, 107 Sika porcorelianus, 107 sika, Pseudaxis, 107 Sika rutilus, 107 Sika schizodonticus, 107 Sika scudaensis, 107 (Sika) sika, Cervus, 107 sika, Sikaillus, 107 Sika surdescens, 107 (Sika; taevanus, Cervus, 111 (Sika) taiouanus, Cervus, 110 Sika yesoensis, 107 Sika yuanus, 107 Sikaillus, 106 Sikaillus aceros, 107 Sikaillus brachypus, 107 Sikaillus consobrinus, 107 Sikaillus daimius, 107 Sikaillus dejardinius, 107 Sikaillus infelix, 107 Sikaillus latidens, 107 Sikaillus marmandianus, 107 Sikaillus paschalis, 107 Sikaillus regulus, 107 Sikaillus rex, 107 Sikaillus sicarius, 107 Sikaillus sika, 107 Sikailus, 106 Sikelaphus pseudaxis, 116 Sikelaphus soloensis, 91 430 INDEX silkensis, Mazama columbiana, 184 similis, Cariacus, 185 similis, Cervus, 185 similis, Mazama, 185 similis, Reduncina, 185 simoninus, Sambar, 92 simplicicornis, Cervus, 208 simplicicornis, Cervus (Coassus), 209 simplicicornis, Cervus (Subulo), 209 simplicicornis citus, Mazama, 212 simplicicornis, Coassus, 211 simplicicornis, Mazama, 208, 209 simplicicornis, Mazama simplici- cornis, 210 simplicicornis mexianse, Mazama, 211 simplicicornis simplicicornis, Ma- zama, 210 simplicornis, Cariacus, 209 simplicornis, Coassus, 209 simplicornis major, Cervus (Sub- ulo), 212 sinaloae, Odocoileus, 166 sinaloaB, Odocoileus virginianus, 166 sinaloae, Odontocoelus, 166 sinensis, Cervulus, 31 sinensis, Muntiacus, 31 sitkensis, Odocoileus columbi- anus, 184 sitkensis, Odontocoelus columbi- anus, 184 smithi, Cervus, 100 soloensis, Sikelaphus, 91 songaricus, Cervus, 136 songaricus, Cervus canadensis, 136 sonoriense, Tagassu angulatum, 384 sonoriensis, Dicotyles angulatus, 384 sonoriensis, Dicotyles tajacu, 384 sonoriensis, Pecari angulatus, 384 sonoriensis, Tayassu angulatus, 384 spatharius, Ussa, 91 speleeus, Odocoileus, 155 spetzbergensis, Rangifer taran- dus, 243 spinosa, Mazama, 174 spinosus, Cariacus, 174 spinosus, Cervus, 174 spinosus, Odocoileus, 174 spinosus, Odocoileus virginianus, 174 spiradens, Dicotyles pecari, 378 spiradens, Tayassu albirostris, 378 spitzbergensis, Rangifer, 243 i Spotted Deer, 50 stanleyanus formosus, Tragulus, 267, 294 stanleyanus, Moschus (Tragulus), 265 I stanleyanus perflavus, Tragulus, 266, 294 stanleyanus rufulus, Tragulus, 267 ! stanleyanus stanleyanus, Tragu- lus, 265 stanleyanus, Tragulus, 265 • stanleyanus, Tragulus stanley- anus, 265 steerei, Rusa, 86 steerii, Cervus, 86 stonei, Rangifer, 251 j stonei, Rangifer tarandus, 251 Strongyloceros, 116 Strongyloceros canadensis, 129 (Strongyloceros) canadensis, Cer- vus, 129 Strongyloceros, Cervus, 129 (Strongyloceros) elaphus, Cervus, 118 Strongyloceros occidentalis, 132 Styloceros muntjac, 21 Stylocerus, 10 Stylocerus aureus, 24 (Stylocerus) aureus, Cervus, 24 stylocerus, Cervus, 21 (Stylocerus) moschatus, Cervus, 21 Stylocerus muntjacus, 21 Stylocerus muntjak, 12 (Stylocerus) muntjak, Cervus, 12 (Stylocerus) philippinus, Cervus,' 84 stylocerus, Prox, 21 Stylocerus ratwa, 21 Stylocerus subcornutus, 12 (Stylocerus) subcornutus, Cervus, 12 subcornutus, Cervulus, 12 subcornutus, Cervus (Stylocerus), 12 subcornutus, Stylocerus, 12 subrufus, Tragulus, 283 subrufus, Tragulus kanchil, 283 Subula, 198 INDEX 431 Subulo, 198 Subulo apura, 199 Subulo auritus, 214 (Subulo) auritus, Cervus, 214 Subulo dolichurus, 199 (Subulo) dolichurus, Cervus, 199 (Subulo) nanus, Cervus, 213 (Subulo) nemorivagus, Cervus, 209 Subulo rufinus, 208 Subulo rufus, 199 (Subulo) rufus, Cervus, 199 Subulo sartorii, 205 (Subulo) simplicicornis, Cervus, 209 (Subulo) simplicornis major, Cervus, 212 Subulo superciliaris, 203 (Subulo) superciliaris, Cervus, 203 (Subulo) tschudii, Cervus, 212 Sumatran Rusa 67 sundevalli, Phacochcerus aethiopi- cus, 368 sundevallii, Phacochoerus, 368 superciliaris, Cariacus, 203 superciliaris, Cervus (Subulo), 203 superciliaris, Coassus, 203 superciliaris, Mazama, 203 superciliaris, Subulo, 203 surdescens, Sika, 107 Sus, 307, 329 Sus aethiopicus, 366 Sus affiois, 318 Sus africanus, 350, 373 Sus ahaenobarbus, 342 Sus albirostris, 375 Sus amboinensis, 335 Sus andamanensis, 326 Sus andersoni, 328 Sus aper, vars. alpomus et isono- tus, 318 Sus aramensis, 330 Sus arietinus, 333 Sus aruensis, 330 Sus attila, 316 Sus babi, 328 Sus babirousa, 346 Sus babirusa, 346 Sus babirussa, 346 Sus babyrussa, 345, 346 Sus barbatus, 338, 341 Sus barbatus ahaenobarbus, 342 Sus barbatus balabacensis, 342 Sus barbatus barbatus, 340 Sus barbatus calamianensis, 343 Sus barbatus, var. calamianensis, 343 Sus barbatus gargantua, 341 Sus barbatus oi, 341 Sus barbatus palavensis, 342 Sus barbatus, var. palavensis, 342 Sus bengalensis, 318 Sus borneensis, 336 Sus calamianensis, 343 Sus capensis, 351 Sus cebifrons, 336 Sus celebensis, 331 Sus celebensis amboinensis, 335 Sus celebensis borneensis, 336 Sus celebensis celebensis, 332 Sus celebensis ceramicus, 335 Sus celebensis mindanensis, 334 Sus celebensis minutus, 334 Sus celebensis nehringi, 333 Sus celebensis philippensis, 333 Sus celebensis, var. philippensis, 333 Sus celebensis philippinensis, 333 Sus ceramicus, 335 Sus chceropotamus, 351 Sus chceropotamus hassama, 357 Sus chceropotamus nyasae, 354 Sus chceropotamus porous, 357 Sus cristatus, 318 Sus cristatus andamanensis, 326 Sus cristatus cristatus, 319 Sus cristatus jubatulus, 320 Sus cristatus jubatus, 320 Sus cristatus moupinensis, 317 Sus cristatus typicus, 319 Sus europaeus, 310 Sus fasciatus, 310 Sus floresianus, 325 Sus frenatus, 333 Sus gargantua, 341 Sus inconstans, 334 Sus indicus, 318 Sus jubatulus, 320 Sus jubatus, 320 Sus koiropotamus, 351 Sus labiatus, 376 Sus larvatus, 349, 351 Sus leucomystax, 321 Sus leucomystax, var. continent- alis, 323 j Sus leucomystax leucomystax, 322 Sus leucomystax taivanus, 322 Sus longirostris, 339 Sus lybicus, 316 Sus marchei, 333 432 INDEX Sus meridionalis, 313 Bus microtis, 333 Sus milleri, 325 Sus mimus, 329 Sus mindanensis, 334 Sus minutus, 334 Sus moupinensis, 317 Sus inystaceus, 337 Sus natunensis, 329 Sus nehringii, 333 Sus niadensis, 328 Sus nicobaricus, 327 Sus niger, 330 Sus oi, 341 Sus papuensis, 330 Sus penicillatus, 357 Sus peninsularis, 327 Sus philippensis, 333 Sus (Porcula) salvanius, 343 Sus porous, 357 Sus rhionis, 327 Sus salvanius, 343 Sus salvianus, 343 Sus scrofa, 306 Sus scrofa attila, 316 Sus scrofa barbarus, 315 Sus scrofa, var. barbarus, 315 Sus scrofa bceticus, 314 Sus scrofa castilianus, 314 Sus scrofa, var. celtica, 310 Sus scrofa fasciatus, 310 Sus scrofa ferus, 313 Sus scrofa lybicus, 316 Sus scrofa meridionalis, 313 Sus scrofa moupinensis, 317 Sus scrofa cigripes, 317 Sus scrofa, var. nigripes, 317 Sus scrofa, var. sardous, 313 Sus scrofa scrofa, 313 Sus scrofa sennaarensis, 315 • Sus scrofa sennarensis, 315 Sus scropha, 310 Sus sennaarensis, 315 Sus setosus, 310 Sus setosus, var. aper, 310 Sus taivanus, 322 Sus tajacu, 379 Sus tajassu, 379 Sus ternatensis, 330 Sus timorensis, 329 Sus timoriensis, 329 Sus verrucosus, 335, 336 Sus verrucosus amboinensis, 335 Sus verrucosus borneensis, 336 Sus verrucosus celebensis, 331 Sus verrucosus ceramicus, 335 Sus verrucosus, var. ceramicus, 335 Sus verrucosus mindanensis, 334 Sus verrucosus philippensis, 333 Sus verrucosus philippinensis, 333 ! Sus vittatus, 323, 336 I Sus vittatus andamanensis, 326 j Sus vittatus andersoni, 328 Sus vittatus babi, 328 Sus vittatus cristatus, 318 Sus vittatus floresianus, 325 Sus vittatus japonica, 321 j Sus vittatus leucomystax, 321 Sus vittatus milleri, 325 Sus vittatus mimus, 329 Sus vittatus moupinensis, 317 Sus vittatus natunensis, 329 Sus vittatus niadensis, 328 Sus vittatus nicobaricus, 327 Sus vittatus peninsularis, 327 Sus vittatus rhionis, 327 Sus vittatus sennaariensis, 315 Sus vittatus taivanus, 322 Sus vittatus timoriensis, 329 Sus vittatus vittatus, 325 Sus weberi, 333 Sus zeylonensis, 318 Swamp-Deer, 94 swinhoei, Cervus (Rusa), 81 swinhoei, Cervus unicolor, 81 swinhoii, Cervus, 81 swinhoii, Rusa, 81 syka, Cervus, 107 sylvestris, Cariacus, 189 sylvestris, Rangifer caribou, 248 sylvestris, Rangifer tarandus, 248 taevanus, Cervus, 110 taevanus, Cervus (Pseudaxis), 111 taevanus, Cervus (Sika), 111 taevanus, Elaphoceros, 111 Tagassu, 374 Tagassu angulatum, 383 Tagassu angulatum crassum, 385 I Tagassu angulatum humerale, 384 ! Tagassu angulatum sonoriense, 384 Tagassu angulatum yucatanense, 385 Tagassu crusnigrum, 385 Tagassu nanus, 386 Tagassu pecari, 376 Tagassu pecari ringens, 378 Tagassu torvus, 382 taioranus, Cervus, 111 INDEX 433 taiouanus, Cervus, 110 taiouanus, Cervus (Sika), 110 taivana, Porcula, 322 taivanus, Axis, 111 taivanus, Pseudaxis, 111 taivanus, Sus, 322 taivanus, Sus leucomystax, 322 taivanus, Sus vittatus. 322 tajacu, Adenonotus, 379 tajacu angulatus, Dicotyles, 383 tajacu, Dicotyles, 379 tajacu, Dicotyles tajacu, 380 tajacu niger, Dicotyles, 382 tajacu sonoriensis, Dicotyles, 384 tajacu, Sus, 379 tajacu tajacu, Dicotyles, 380 tajacu torvus, Dicotyles, 382 tajassu, Sus, 379 tarnulicus, Cervulus, 24 tamulicus, Cervulus muntjac, 21 Tarandus, 238 Tarandus arcticus, 254 tarandus arcticus, Cervus, 254 tarandus arcticus, Eangifer, 254 Tarandus borealis, 239 tarandus caribou, Cervus, 246 tarandus caribou, Kangifer, 246 tarandus, Cervus, 239, 243 tarandus, Cervus (Kangifer), 239 tarandus, var. cylindricornis, Ran- gifer, 241 tarandus dawsoni, Eangifer, 251 tarandus excelsifrons, Rangifer, 253 tarandus fennicus, Rangifer, 243 tarandus fortidens, Rangifer, 251 Tarandus furcifer, 240 tarandus granti, Rangifer, 253 tarandus grcenlandicus, Cervus, 256 tarandus groenlandicus, Rangifer, 256 Tarandus hastalis, 246 Tarandus lapponum, 239 tarandus montanus, Rangifer, 249 tarandus osborni, Rangifer, 252 tarandus pearsoni, Rangifer, 244 tarandus pearyi, Rangifer, 256 tarandus phylarchus, Rangifer, 245 (Tarandus) platyrhynchus, Cer- vus, 243 tarandus platyrhynchus, Rangifer, 243 Tarandus rangifer, 239 tarandus, Rangifer, 239 IV. tarandus, Rangifer tarandus, 241 tarandus schottingi, Cervus, 239 tarandus sibiricus, Rangifer, 244 tarandus spetzbergensis, Rangifer, tarandus stonei, Rangifer, 251 tarandus, var. sylvestris, Cervus, 248 tarandus sylvestris, Rangifer, 248 tarandus tarandus, Rangifer, 241 tarandus terraenovae, Rangifer, 248 tarandus typicus, Rangifer, 241 tavistocki, Cervus (Rusa), 70 tavistocki, Rusa, 70 Tayassu, 374 Tayassu albirostris, 376 Tayassu albirostris ringens, 278 Tayassu albirostris spiradens, 378 Tayassu angulatus, 383 Tayassu angulatus crassus, 385 Tayassu angulatus humeralis, 384 I Tayassu angulatus sonoriensis, 384 Tayassu angulatus yucatanensis, 385 Tayassu crusnigrum, 385 Tayassu nanus, 386 j Tayassu niger, 382 Tayassu pecari pecari, 376 Tayassu pecari ringens, 378 Tayassu peccari, 375 i Tayassu tayassu, 380 I tayassu, Tayassu, 380 Tayassu torvum, 382 ! Tayassu torvus, 382 ! Tayassus, 374 , Tayassus albirostris, 376 Tayassus albirostris albirostris, 376 teesdalei, Muntiacus lacryrnaus, 27 telesforianus, Ussa, 91 tema, Cariacus, 205 tema cerasina, Mazama, 207 tema, Mazama, 205 tema, Mazama tema, 206 tema reperticia, Mazama, 207 tema tema, Mazama, 206 ternatensis, Sus, 330 terraenovae, Rangifer, 248 terraenovae, Rangifer tarandus, 248 terutus, Tragulus canescens, 272 terutus, Tragulus javanicus, 272 Tetraproctodon, 387 Tetraproctodon liberiensis, 393 Tetraprotodon, 387 2 F 434 INDEX (Tetraprotodon) amphibius, Hip- j popotamus, 388 (Tetraprotodon) liberianus, Hip- I popotamus, 393 (Tetraprotodon) liberiensis, Hip- i popotamus, 393 texana, Mazama americana, 163 texanus, Dorcelaphus, 163 texanus, Odocoileus, 163 texanus, Odocoileus virginianus, 163 texensis, Odocoileus, 163 texensis, Odontoccelus ameri- canus, 163 Thameng, 100 Thamin, 100 thomasi, Mazama americana, 168 thomasi, Odocoileus, 168 thomasi, Odocoileus virginianus, 168 thomasi, Odontocoelus, 168 thoroldi, Cervus, 149 thotti, Capreolus capreolus, 223 tianschanicus, Capreolus, 228 tianschanicus, Capreolus pygar- gus, 228 tibetanus, Cervus, 141 timorensis, Sus, 329 timoriensis, Cervus, 63 timoriensis, Cervus hippelaphus, 64,65 timoriensis, Cervus (Eusa), 63 timoriensis, Cervus russa, 64 timoriensis, Cervus timoriensis, 65 timoriensis, Hippelaphus, 64 timoriensis moluccensis, Cervus, 65 timoriensis, Sus, 329 timoriensis, Sus vittatus, 329 timoriensis timoriensis, Cervus, 65 timoriensis tunjuc, 'Cervus, 66 tolteca, Mazama americana, 167 toltecus, Cariacus, 167 toltecus, Cervus, 167 toltecus, Coassus, 167 toltecus, Odocoileus, 167 toltecus, Odocoileus virginianus, 167 toltecus, Odontocoelus, 167 torquatus, Dicotyles, 379, 382 torquatus, Dycoteles, 379 torquatus, Notophorus, 380 torvum, Tayassu, 382 torvus, Dicotyles tajacu, 382 torvus, Tagassu, 382 torvus, Tayassu, 382 Tragulus, 261 Tragulus affinis, 286 Tragulus amcenus, 278 Tragulus annse, 279 Tragulus bancanus, 275 Tragulus batuanus, 279 Tragulus billitonus, 277 Tragulus borneanus, 270 Tragulus brevipes, 284 Tragulus bunguranensis, 279 Tragulus canescens, 270 Tragulus canescens terutus, 272 Tragulus carimatae, 284 Tragulus flavicollis, 275 Tragulus focalinus, 292 Tragulus formosus, 267 Tragulus fulvicollis, 284 Tragulus fulviventer, 285 Tragulus fuscatus, 268 Tragulus hosei, 290 Tragulus javanicus, 268 Tragulus javanicus amcenus, 278 Tragulus javanicus annae, 279 Tragulus javanicus bucanus, 275 Tragulus javanicus batuanus, 279 Tragulus javanicus billitonus, 277 Tragulus javanicus borneanus, 270 Tragulus javanicus bunguranen- sis, 279 Tragulus javanicus canesceus, 270 Tragulus javanicus flavicollis, 275 Tragulus javanicus formosus, 267 Tragulus javanicus javanicus, 268 Tragulus javanicus jugularis, 278 Tragulus javanicus lutescens, 275, 294 Tragulus javanicus napu, 268 Tragulus javanicus nigricans, 272 Tragulus javanicus nigricollis, 276 Tragulus javanicus nigrocinctus, 276 Tragulus javanicus parallelus, 274 Tragulus javanicus pretiellus, 274 Tragulus javanicus pretiosus, 273 Tragulus javanicus ratuanus, 279 Tragulus javanicus rufulus, 267 Tragulus javanicus sebucus, 277 Tragulus javanicus terutus, 272 Tragulus javanicus umbrinus, 278 Tragulus javanicus versicolor, 280 Tragulus jugularis, 278 Tragulus kanchil, 280 Tragulus kanchil affinis, 286 Tragulus kanchil brevipes, 284 1XDKX 435 Traguluslkanchil cariinatffi, 284 Tragulus kanchil everetti, 291 Tragulus kanchil focalinus, 292 Tragulus kanchil fulvicollis, 283 Tragulus kanchil fulviventer, 285 Tragulus kanchil hosei, 290 Tragulus kanchil kanchil, 282 Tragulus kanchil lampensis, 288 Tragulus kanchil lancavensis, 288 Tragulus kanchil longipes, 282 Tragulus kanchil luteicollis, 282 Tragulus kanchil natunse, 291 Tragulus kanchil pallidus, 285 Tragulus kanchil pelandoc, 292 Tragulus kanchil pierrei, 291 Tragulus kanchil ravulus, 288 Tragulus kanchil rubeus, 283 Tragulus kanchil rufulus, 283 Tragulus kanchil russeus, 289 Tragulus kanchil russulus, 289 Tragulus kanchil subrufus, 283 Tragulus kanchil virgicollis, 290 Tragulus lampensis, 288 Tragulus lancavensis, 288 Tragulus luteicollis, 282 Tragulus lutescens, 275 Tragulus meminna, 262 Tragulus mirnenoides, 262 Tragulus napu, 269 Tragulus napu borneanus, 270 Tragulus natunae, 291 Tragulus nigricans, 272 Tragulus nigricollis, 276 Tragulus nigrocinctus, 276 Tragulus pallidus, 285 Tragulus pelandoc, 292 Tragulus perflavus, 266 Tragulus pretiellus, 274 Tragulus pretiellus parallelus, 274 Tragulus pretiellus pretiellus, 274 Tragulus pretiosus, 278 Tragulus pygmaeus, 281 Tragulus ravulus, 288 Tragulus ravus, 286 Tragulus rubeus, 283 Tragulus rufulus, 267, 283 Tragulus russeus, 289 Tragulus russulus, 289 Tragulus sebucus, 277 Tragulus stanleyanus, 265 Tragulus stanleyanus formosus, 267, 294 (Tragulus) stanlevanus, Moschus, 265 Tragulus stanleyanus perflavus, 266, 294 Tragulus stanleyanus rufulus, 267 Tragulus stanleyanus stanley- anus, 265 Tragulus subrufus, 283 Tragulus umbrinus, 273 Tragulus versicolor, 280 Tragulus virgicollis, 290 transsylvanicus, Capreolus, 222 transsylvanicus, Capreolus capre- olus, 222 transvosagicus, Cervus, 221 truei, Cariacus, 169 truei, Mazama americana, 169 truei, Odocoileus, 169 truei, Odocoileus virginianus, 169 truii, Odontocoelus, 169 tschadensis, Hippopotamus am- phibius, 390 tschudii, Cervus (Subulo), 212 tschudii, Doryceros, 212 tschudii, Mazama, 212 tuasoninus, Ussa, 91 tunjuc, Cervus, 67 tunjuc, Cervus timoriensis, 66 typica, Mazama americana, 159 typica, Mazama hemionus, 178 typicum, Dorcatherium aquati- cum, 296 typicus, Alces machlis, 232 typicus, Cervulus muntjac, 14 typicus, Cervus canadensis, 131 typicus, Cervus elaphus, 122 typicus, Cervus eldi, 102 typicus, Cervus hippelaphus, 67 typicus, Cervus hortulorum, 114 typicus, Cervus manchuricus, 134 typicus, Cervus nippon, 108 typicus, Cervus sica, 108 typicus, Cervus unicolor, 74 typicus, Phacochoerus, 366 typicus, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, 367 typicus, Rangifer tarandus, 241 typicus, Sus cristatus, 319 typus, Hippopotamus, 387 ubangensis, Potamochcerus por- cus, 360 urnbrinus, Tragulus, 273 umbrinus, Tragulus javanicus, 273 unicolor barandanus, Cervus, 85 unicolor basilanensis, Cervus, 85 unicolor boninensis, Cervus, 88 unicolor boninensis, Cervus (Rusa), 88 436 INDEX unicolor brookei, Cervus, 80 unicolor, Cervus, 70 unicolor, Cervus axis, 70 unicolor, Cervus (Hippelaphus), 71 unicolor, Cervus (Kusa), 70, 71 unicolor, Cervus unicolor, 74 unicolor dejeani, Cervus, 82 unicolor equinus, Cervus, 78 unicolor equinus, Rusa, 79 unicolor francianus, Cervus, 85 unicolor inariannus, Cervus, 83 unicolor nigellus, Cervus, 87 unicolor nigricans, Cervus, 86 unicolor philippinus, Cervus, 84 unicolor, Rusa, 72 unicolor, Rusa aristotelis, 72 unicolor swinhoei, Cervus, 81 unicolor typicus, Cervus, 74 unicolor unicolor, Cervus, 74 uralensis, Alces machlis, 232 Ussa ambrosianus, 89 Ussa atheneensis, 89 Ussa barandanus, 85 Ussa baryceros, 89 Ussa brachyceros, 89 Ussa chrysotrichos, 89 Ussa cinereus, 89 Ussa corteanus, 89 Ussa crassicornis, 89 Ussa dailliardianus, 89 Ussa elorzanus, 89 Ussa francianus, 85 Ussa garcianus, 89 Ussa gonzalinus, 89 Ussa gorrichanus, 90 Ussa guevaranus, 90 Ussa guidoteanus, 90 Ussa hipolitianus, 90 Ussa longicuspis, 90 Ussa macarianus, 90 Ussa maraisianus, 90 Ussa marianus, 83 Ussa marzaninus, 90 Ussa michaelinus, 90 Ussa microdontus, 90 Ussa nigricans, 86 Ussa nublanus, 90 Ussa (Oussa), 60 Ussa ramosianus, 90 Ussa rosarianus, 90 Ussa roxasianus, 91 Ussa rubiginosus, 91 Ussa spatharius, 91 Ussa telesforianus, 91 Ussa tuasoninus, 91 Ussa verzosanus, 91 Ussa vidalinus, 91 Ussa villemerianus, 91 vaginalis, Cervulus, 14, 21 vaginalis, Cervulus muntjac, 22 vaginalis, Cervus, 21 vaginalis, Muntiacus, 22 vaginalis, Muntiacus muntjak, 21 vaginalis, Muntjacus, 14, 21 varius, Capreolus vulgaris, 220 varius, Cervus elaphus, 124 varius, Dama platyceros, 43 Veado Branco, 189 Veado Galheiro Grande, 187 Veado Mateiro, 200 Veado Pardo, 200 verrucosus amboinensis, Sus, 335 verrucosus borneensis, Sus, 336 verrucosus celebensis, Sus, 331 verrucosus ceramicus, Sus, 335 verrucosus, var. ceramicus, Sus, 335 verrucosus, Dasychcerus, 335 verrucosus mindanensis, Sus, 334 verrucosus philippensis, Sus, 333 verrucosus philippinensis, Sus, 333 verrucosus, Sus, 335, 336 versicolor, Tragulus, 280 versicolor, Tragulus javanicus, 280 verutus, Sambar, 92 verzosanus, Ussa, 91 Vicugna, 304 vicugna, Auchenia, 304 vicugna, Camelus, 304 vicugna, Lama, 304 vicugna, Llama, 304 vidalinus, Ussa, 91 villemerianus, Ussa, 91 virgicollis, Tragulus, 290 virgicollis, Tragulus kanchil, 290 Virginian Deer, 156 virginiana borealis, Mazama, 160 virginiana lichtensteini, Mazama, 165 virginiana, Mazama, 155 virginiana, Reduncina, 156 virginianus acapulcensis, Odo- coileus, 167 virginianus battyi, Odocoileus, 164 virginianus borealis, Odocoileus, 160 virginianus, Cariacus, 156 virginianus, Cervus, 155 INDKX virginianus, Cervus (Cariacus), 156 virginianus, Cervus (Manama), 155 virginianus chiriquensis, Odocoil- eus, 172 virginianus columbicus, Odocoil- eus, 172 virginianus costaricensis, Odocoil- eus, 170 virginianus, var. couesi, Cariacus, 164 virginianus couesi, Odocoileus, 164 virginianus, Dorcelaphus, 155 virginianus gymnotis, Odocoileus, 173 virginianus lasiotis, Odocoileus, 172 virginianus leucurus, Odocoileus, 162 virginianus louisiante, Odocoelus, 162 virginianus louisianse, Odocoileus, 162 virginianus macrourus, Dorcela- phus, 161 virginianus macrourus, Odocoil- eus, 161 virginianus margaritse, Odocoil- eus, 174 virginianus, Mazama (Odocoil- eus), 156 virginianus mexicanus, Cariacus, 165 virginianus mexicanus, Odocoil- eus, 165 virginianus iielsoni, Odocoileus, 168 virginianus nemoralis, Odocoileus, 170 virginianus, Odocoileus, 155, 156 virginianus, Odocoileus virginia- nus, 159 virginianus, osceola, Odocoileus, 162 virginianus peruvianus, Odocoil- eus, 175 virginianus rothschildi, Odocoil- eus, 171 virginianus sinaloaD, Odocoileus, ! 166 virginianus spinosus, Odocoileus, i 174 virginianus texanus, Odocoileus, i 163 virginianus thomasi, Odocoileus, 168 virginianus toltecus, Odocoileus, 167 virginianus truei, Odocoileus, 169 virginianus virginianus, Odocoil- eus, 159 virgultus, Cariacns, 179 virgultus, Odocoileus, 179 virgultus, Odocoileus hemionus, 179 visurgensis, Cervus elaphus, 124 vittatus andamanensis, Sus, 326 vittatus andersoni, Sus, 328 | vittatus, Aulacochoerus, 323 - vittatus, Aulochoerus, 335 vittatus babi, Sus, 328 vittatus cristatus, Sus, 318 vittatus floresianus, Sus, 325 vittatus japonica, Sus, 321 vittatus leucomystax, Sus, 321 vittatus milled, Sus, 325 vittatus mimus, Sus, 329 vittatus moupinensis, Sus, 317 vittatus natunensis, Sus, 329 vittatus niadensis, Sus, 328 vittatus nicobaricus, Sus, 327 vittatus peninsularis, Sus, 327 vittatus rhionis, Sus, 327 vittatus sennaariensis, Sus, 315 vittatus, Sus, 323, 336 vittatus, Sus vittatus, 325 vittatus taivanus, Sus, 322 vittatus timoriensis, Sus, 329 vittatus vittatus, Sus, 325 vulgaris campestris, Cervus, 125 vulgaris, Capreolus, 219 vulgaris, Cervus, 118 vulgaris, Dama, 43 vulgaris montanus, Cervus, 126 vulgaris niger, Capreolus, 220 vulgaris varius, Capreolus, 220 wacliei, Cervus, 137 wachei, Cervus canadensis, 137 wallichi affinis, Cervus, 142 wallichi, Cervus, 141, 142, 146 wallichi, Cervus (Harana), 141 wallichi, Cervus (Pseudocervus), 141 wallichi, Cervus wallichi, 142 wallichi, Pseudocervus, 142 wallichi wallichi, Cervus, 142 Wapiti, 129, 131 wapiti, Cervus, 129 438 INDEX wardi, Cervus canadensis, 188 Wari, 376 Wart-Hog, 367 Water-Chevrotain, 296 Water-Deer, Chinese, 258 weberi, Sus, 333 White-lipped Peccari, 376 White-tailed Deer, 156 whitelyi, Cariacus, 212 whitelyi, Coassus, 212 wiegmanni, Gyrnnotis, 173 Wild Boar, 310 Wild Llama, 303 Wild Swine, 310 Woodland Caribou, 246 xanthopygus, Cervus, 133 xanthopygus, Cervus canadensis, 133, 134 xanthopygus eustephanus, Cer- vus, 136 Xenelaphus, 193 Xenelaphus anomalocera, 196 (Xenelaphus) antisiensis, Ma- zama, 196 (Xenelaphus) bisulca, Mazama, 194 Xenelaphus bisulcus, 194 Xenelaphus chilensis, 196 Xenelaphus huamel, 196 Xenelaphus leucotis, 196 yakutskensis, Alces machlis, 234 yarkandensis, Cervus, 139 yarkandensis, Cervus cashmiri- anus, 139 yesoensis, Sika, 107 yuanus, Sika, 107 yucatanense, Tagassu angulatum, 385 yucatenensis, Dicotyles angula- tus, 385 yucatanensis, Pecari angulatus, 385 yucatanensis, Tayassu angulatus, 385 yucatensis, Cervus, 167 zetta, Mazama, 204 zeylanicus, Cervus (Eusa) axis, 53 zeylonensis, Sus, 318 LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W. 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED EARTH SCIENCES LIBRARY This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. LD 21^50m-6,'60 (B1321slO)476 General Library University of California Berkeley 1