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CATALOGU Shay.

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OF

TREES AND SHRUBS

NATIVE OF AND INTRODUCED IN THE

HORTICULTURAL GARDENS

ADJACENT TO

mon tiruLTURAL EALL,

IN

FAIRMOUNT PARK,

—

PmRILADELPHIA.

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O15 OCT 1892 Given by Dr. 7. Britten HBF

_ i ae. » eee.) Cee ) See ae

PREFACE.

In the following pages there has been no attempt made at
original work. On the contrary, the standard writings of Gray,
Engelmann, Chapman, De Candolle, Parlatore, Andersson,
Loudon, and Gordon have been freely used. It is hoped that
the names given will be found correct. It is, however, fair to
say that in some instances it was not deemed wise to adopt the
latest nomenclature, because, first, it is not yet accepted by
the garden authorities or recognized by amateur botanists, and
hence might confuse rather than aid; and, secondly, there is no
authoritative manual accessible in which they are so accepted.
This reserve, then, is to be considered in the interest of prudence
and not of exact science.

The alphabetical arrangement of orders, genera, and species
is a sin against botanical law, but appears to be demanded by the
needs of the Park.

The number of synonymes quoted has not been from choice,
but for the obvious purpose of aiding in the recognition of a
species under its most common disguises of name. It is the
more a matter of regret, as it has often caused the exclusion of
statements and descriptions of greater general interest. The
star (*) means that the plants opposite are yet desired.

PHILADELPHIA, March, 1880.

143064

CATALOGUE

OF

hee es LAND: SHRUBS

ADJACENT TO

—— 7
~* De
= >

HeettCULLURAG® HALL.

ANACARDIACEZ. Sumach or Cashew Family.

Trees or shrubs, often with a colored or milky juice; leaves without stipules
and alternate; flowers small, parts in fives except the pistil, which is single
(having, however, 3 stigmas), one-celled, and one-seeded; petals 5. Our
single genus (Sumach) has some species that are poisonous by proximity as
well as by contact. Bark of some species used for tanning, and leaves of
others for dyeing, and the milk of another in Japan for lacquering.

Rhus aromatica, Aiton. FRAGRANT SUMACH. A low, straggling, native
bush, with pale yellow scaly flowers appearing before the 3 small, toothed,
aromatic (when crushed) leaflets.

Rhus copallina, Zimmeus. DWwArr SUMACH. Native shrub, I to 7 feet
high, with young shoots and leaf-stalks downy; leaves often 2 feet long;
leaflets from 9 to 21, winged along the central axis; fruit covered with acid,
crimson hairs.

Rhus Cotinus, Zimnzus. VENETIAN SUMACH, SMOKE-TREE, Fuss AND
FEATHERS. European shrub, 6 to 8 feet high. Leaves smooth, ovate; fruit
half heart-shaped, and falling early, leaves the feathery stalks, to suggest the
name Smoke-Tree.

Rhus glabra, Zinnzus. SmMooTH SUMACH. Native shrub, 6 to 12 feet
high, with leaves bright green above and white beneath; fruit with acid, ‘
crimson hairs.

Rhus trilobata, Nué/a//. From the Southwest, and regarded as a mere

: variety of Xhus aromatica, Aiton.

. 5
| ’ ‘

6 . TREES AND SHRUBS

Rhus typhina, Zinneus. STAGHORN SUMACH. Native in the Park.
Large shrub, with branches and leaf-stalks densely velvety-hairy; fruit with
acid, crimson hairs; wood yellow.

ANONACEZ. Custard-Apple Family.

Trees or shrubs; 3 sepals, 6 petals in 2 sets; stamens many, surrounding
the fleshy pistils, which when ripe form a pulpy and often edible fruit; seeds
large, flat, and bony. Order characterized by no special properties except
the aromatic.

Asimina triloba, Dunal. PAPAW. Small native tree, ranging from New
York to Illinois and southward; fruit 3 inches long and edible.

AQUIFOLIACEZ. Holly Family.

Trees or shrubs; leaves simple; flowers white, small; stamens and cells of
the ovary of the same number; a single ovule or seed suspended from the
summit of each cell. Cultivated for the foliage chiefly.

Ilex Aquifolium, Zizn@us. EUROPEAN Hotty. A much-branched, low,
stiff tree, with thick, spiny-toothed leaves; flowers white and berries red.
Neither the varieties which it has produced nor itself are entirely hardy here.

Ilex glabra, Gray. INK-BERRY. Low native shrub, with a fondness for
the coast; leaves coriaceous evergreen, shining above, often black-dotted
beneath; fruit black. Common enough in New Jersey.

* Ilex levigata, Gray. SMOOTH WINTERBERRY. A low native shrub,
with smooth, lanceolate leaves. Common in the mountains of Pennsylvania.

Ilex mollis, Gray. Low shrub from Burgoon’s Gap, in Central Pennsyl-
vania; leaves thin, ovate or oblong, and soft downy on the under surface.

Ilex opaca, Aiton. AMERICAN HOLty. A hardy, white-barked, smooth,
native tree, with oval, wavy margined, and spiny-toothed leaves; berries red,

conspicuous in Christmas ornaments. Has an extended range along our
Eastern coast.

Ilex verticillata, Gray. BLACK ALDER, WINTERBERRY. Native shrub,
with oval, pointed leaves, which are downy on the veins beneath; white
flowers in clusters; bright scarlet fruit, showy. Common in low grounds.

Ilex variegata, var. Waterii, Nex falcata, and two new varieties from
Japan appear on the Park list.

ARALIACEE. Ginseng Family.

Of this family but a single species need be noted here :

Aralia spinosa, Zinneus. ANGELICA TREE, HERCULES’ CLus. Has large,
flat-topped, compound clusters of small, perfect or imperfect, dull-colored

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. .

flowers; 5 styles and 5 cells to the black or dark-purple, pulpy, stone-seeded
fruit; stem and stalks prickly; leaves large, compound, of many leaflets. A
large, unattractive native shrub, The ginseng of commerce is furnished by
other species of Ara/ia.

BERBERIDACE. Barberry Family.

“ Perfect flowers, with a stamen in front of each of the [separate] petals;
anthers opening by valves like trap-doors, hinged at the top.’’ Plants have
acid, bitter, and astringent qualities. Flowers yellow.

Berberis Aquifolium, Pursh. OrEGoN Grape. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high,
from West Coast region; leaflets 7, green, shining on upper surface, distinctly
spiny-toothed ; flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves. Has often been
confounded with the following:

* Berberis repens, Lind/ey. MOUNTAIN GRAPE. Shrub less than a foot
high; leaves of 3 to 7 leaflets, not shining on the upper surface; flowers clus-
tered on the ends of the stems. Ranges from the Pacific coast eastward to
the mountains of Colorado, where the fruit, after much fermentation and sugar,
makes a bad substitute for wine.

Berberis Canadensis, Pursh. AMERICAN BARBERRY. A small shrub
from the Southern Alleghanies; leaves wavy margined, teeth slightly bristle-
pointed ; yellow flowers few, in a cluster; petals notched at the apex; berries
red, oval. Not much valued for planting.

Berberis Japonica, De Candolle. JAPAN BARBERRY. Shrub several feet
high; leaves large, rigid, with 3 or 4 spiny teeth on either side; fruit-clusters
dark purple, very ornamental.

Berberis vulgaris. EUROPEAN BARBERRY. Upright foreign shrub, with
the leaves on the young branches reduced to spines, from the axils of which
the next season’s clusters of oblong bristle-toothed leaves proceed; flowers
many, in a drooping cluster; scarlet berries, narrowly oblong. The Park has
also the varieties asperma and purpurea, the latter having dark-purple leaves.
The related species 8. Fendleri, Gray, from New Mexico, is somewhat showy,
and might endure here. .

Akebia quinata, a recent introduction from Japan, belongs here.

BETULACE. Birch Family.

Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves; pistils and stamens in separate scaly
clusters on the same tree, 2 or 3 flowers under each scale. Wood valuable;
bark durable, used as a paper, for making canoes, for tiles covering houses,
for tanning leather; spray used for smoking fish. The peculiar odor of
“ Russia leather” is derived from the birch oil used in tanning.

Alnus. ALpER. Differs from the Birch only by minute floral characters.
It usually has a distinct, 5-parted calyx and 2-celled anthers; scales of the
fertile flowers at length become hard and woody. ‘Timber is of no great im-

A
/
4

_ With deeply-cut foliage, and slender, graceful growth. Recently introduced.

8 _ TREES AND SHRUBS

portance, being too small, though under certain circumstances it is durable
enough, sj.

oh.
Alnus firma, Siebo/d and Zuccarini. Branching, thick-trunked shrub, —
from Japan. “ag

Alnus glutinosa, Wil/denow. EUROPEAN ALDER. ‘Tree from Europe,
30 to 40 feet high, rapid grower, and said to be hardy. It has the following
varieties: *imperialis asplenifolia. IMPERIAL FERN-LEAVED ALDER.

ww

. ] >

- ese

laciniata. Cur-LEAVED ALDER. Large and handsome; showy leaves,
deeply cleft. Hardy.. . ;

* Alnus maritima, A/vhlenderg. SEASIDE ALDER. Small tree, growing
along streams in Delaware and Maryland; flowers in September, fruit de-
velops next season; leaves oblong, with a wedge-shaped base, green or rusty
on lower surface. eg

Alnus serrulata, 47ton. SmMooTH ALDER. A mere shrub, 6 feet high.
The common Alder of the Northern States as far west as Wisconsin.

Betula. Bircu. Has 3 sterile flowers under each scale; 4 stamens, each
with a I-celled anther; 2 to 3 fertile flowers under.a 3-lobed scale; seed with
a broad wing.

Betula alba, Z7zn@us. WHITE BircH. Tree of northern parts the world
around. 50 to 60 feet high; outer bark white, readily separated. A striking
tree in grounds. There are the following varieties in the Park: pendula.
With slender, drooping branches. From this, again, we have the garden
forms laciniata, with delicately-cut leaves,and Youngii. populifera, Spach,
is our Middle State form, has slender leaf-stalks, which cause the very long
pointed leaves to tremble in the slightest breeze. Tree 15 to 20 feet high.
purpurea. PurRpPLE-LEAVED BIRCH. With a rich purple-colored foliage.
pyramidalis. PyRAMIDAL BircH. A slender, spire-like variety, with a
rich green foliage.

Betula lenta, Z7zn@us. CHERRY BIRCH, SWEET or BLACK BIRCH. Native
tree of good size, with clear dark-brown bark and a rose-colored timber which
is valuable in cabinet-work ; heart-shaped leaves, closely double-toothed ; scales
of the fruiting flower-clusters “ with short divergent lobes.”

Betula lutea, J/ichaux the younger. YELLOW or GRAY BircH. (Betula
excelsa of American authors.) A good-sized native tree, with yellow or gray
bark peeling off in thin layers; wood white, and of less importance than that
of the preceding species; leaves slightly, if at all, heart-shaped.

Betula nigra, Z7nnzus. RIVER or RED Bircu. (Betula nigra, Michaux
the younger.) <A large tree, ranging from Massachusetts southward and west-
ward; wood light-colored, and leaves resembling those of the Alder.

Betula papyracea, 4‘ton. PAPER or CANOE BirRCH. A large tree, with
close-grained wood and strong bark which peels easily and which is used in
making the birch-bark canoes of the Northern waters. This species ranges
widely over the northern parts of the Continent, reaching sparingly into Penn-
sylvania.

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL, 9

BIGNONIACE, Bignonia Family.

Usually woody plants, with conspicuous, irregular flowers; fruit mostly a
pod containing many flat, winged seeds. The family is absent from Europe
and the Mediterranean region, but largely developed in the warmer parts of
the two Americas. Some species yield dyes, others timber, and a few produce

Bignonia capreolata, Zinneus. Cross-Vine. Climbing shrub, native to

a f the Southern United States, with rich orange-colored flowers 2 inches long;

4 leaves made up of 4 ovate leaflets and a branched tendril. The popular name

2) comes from a rude Maltese cross being found on a transverse section of the
: stem.

Catalpa. Trees with simple leaves and white or yellowish-white flowers
(which may be somewhat dotted within) in large pyramidal clusters; pod long,
slender, nearly straight, with the partition at right angles to the valves.

Catalpa bignonioides, Walter. Tree native of the Southeastern States;
bark light gray, exfoliating constantly, and hence not more than three lines
thick; leaves heart-shaped, and with an unpleasant odor when bruised ; flowers
124 inches in each diameter, with the lower lobe entire; seeds 2% to 3 lines

of wide. Long confounded with the following:

_Catalpa speciosa, Warder. Tree native of the Mississippi Valley from
Illinois south ; bark dark, only exfoliating slightly ; %4 to 1 inch thick; leaves
inodorous, slender-pointed; “flowers 2 inches in the vertical and a little
more in the transverse diameter ;” fruit 344 to 4 lines wide. Tree larger than
the preceding, of more straight growth, and wood of great value as posts and
railroad-ties from its imperishable character. It is now largely planted in the
West to meet those demands in future.

Catalpa Kaempferi, ? From Japan. Leaves smooth, 3-angled or
lobed, and flowers much smaller than those of the preceding species.

Catalpa Bungei, ——? A lately-introduced dwarf, with stout branches
and very large leaves.

Tecoma. TRUMPET-FLOWER, TRUMPET-CREEPER. The species we have
differ from Bignonia in having a 5-toothed calyx, pods flattened at right angles
to the partitions, and in climbing by rootlets instead of by tendrils. Some
unimportant uses are made of certain tropical species.

Tecoma grandiflora, De/aun. CHINESE TRUMPET-CREEPER. A culti-
vated species from China and Japan; wide-mouthed flower, 3 inches long.
This is about the northern limit of its hardiness in this country. Called in
cultivation Bignonia grandiflora.

Tecoma radicans, Yussieu. AMERICAN TRUMPET-CREEPER. Native
from Maryland south; flower tubular funnel-shaped,—i.¢., narrower than the
preceding. Called by florists Bignonia radicans.

Io TREES AND SHRUBS

CALYCANTHACE. Calycanthus Family.

Shrubs with opposite leaves; flower-leaves (sepals and petals) resembling
one another on the same flower, often many of them; fruit hollow like a rose-
hip. Flower mostly dull-colored, large, usually highly aromatic, as is also the
wood.

Calycanthus. CAROLINA ALLSPICE, SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB. “ Flowers
livid purple or dull red, soé¢avy in the axils [of the leaves] or terminating
leafy branches.”

Calycanthus floridus, Zzzn@us. Oval leaves, downy on the under sur-
face. The common “shrub” of the gardens. Native of the States to the south
of us, where the bark is said to be used as a substitute for cinnamon.

Calycanthus glaucus, W7//denow. The taper-pointed leaves glaucous-
white on the under surface and slightly rough above, 5 to 6 inches long.
From the mountains of the Southern States.

Calycanthus levigatus, Wi//denow. Oblong leaves thin, green, and nearly
smooth on either surface. Found from Southern Pennsylvania southward.

Calycanthus occidentalis, Hooker and Arnott. Leaves ovate, heart-
shaped at base, large, green on either surface, and slightly rough on the upper
one; flowers brick-red, 3 inches across. Native of California.

Chimonanthus. Flowers yellowish or purplish, growing along shoots
from which the leaves have fallen. Our single species in the Park is

Chimonanthus fragrans, Zzzd/ey. A half-climbing shrub from Japan,
with lance-shaped, pointed, smooth leaves; flowers small, but fragrant. Long
known in catalogues as Calycanthus precox. Barely hardy here.

CAMELLIACE. Tea Family.

Woody plants, with alternate, feather-veined leaves ; flowers large and hand-
some, usually growing in the axils of the leaves; fruit a thick or woody 5-
celled, 5- or more seeded pod; petals often united at the base.

Stuartia pentagyna, Z’/éritier. A fine shrub from the mountains of the
Southern States, with whitish, cream-colored flowers 3 inches across, the sepals
of which are slightly tinged outside with red; styles 5. Hardy. Stuartia
Faponica is also in the collection. The well-known Camellias belong here,
as also the Tea-plant of commerce: the latter is fairly hardy in the Southern
United States, and may sometime become of importance there.

CAPRIFOLIACEZ. Honeysuckle Family.

Shrubs (as a rule) with calyx and ovary united, the latter 2- to 5-celled;
stamens of the same number as, and borne on, the petals, which are more or

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. II

less united; leaves opposite; stipules none. A family with many showy flowers,
and having some astringent and purgative properties among its representatives.

Diervilla. BusH-HONEysUCKLE. The taper-pointed ovary crowned by
slender calyx teeth; fruit a many-seeded pod; flower regular, or nearly so,
and funnel-form. Low shrubs, usually free bloomers. Much confusion exists

_as to what forms now in cultivation can be regarded as genuine natural species

and what mere garden varieties.

Diervilla Japonica. De Candolle. A low, vigorous shrub, native of China
and Japan. It produces a profusion of rose colored flowers an inch or more
long. Commonly known in gardens as Weige/a rosea. In the opinion of
Josiah Hoopes, all the following may be regarded as forms of this species:
D. arborea grandiflora; D. amabilis; D. Desboisi; D. Granewegeni; D.
hortensis; D. tsolene; D. purpurata; D. Steltzneri; with a host of less
striking ones.

Diervilla multiflora, ? Hoopes regards this, with its small, deep-
crimson flowers, as a quite distinct species.

* Diervilla sessilifolia, Buck/cy. From the Southern Alleghanies. Has
sessile, ovate-lanceolate leaves and small yellow flowers.

* Diervilla trifida, 2/énch. Is a native of this region. Leaves oblong,
taper-pointed, with petioles; flowers light yellow, 3¢ of an inch long.

Leycesteria is related to the genus Lonicera, but has § cells and many
seeds in its mature fruit. The single species we have is

Leycesteria formosa, Wa//ich. A branching shrub, with hollow branch-
lets, and broadly lance-shaped, sharp-pointed leaves on hairy foot-stalks ;
flowers white and purple tinged, disposed in clusters at the ends of the branches;
berry intensely purple. From the Himalaya and Khasia mountain regions.

Lonicera. HONEYSUCKLES. Tubular flower, irregular, more or less bulging
on one side; ovary 2- to 3-celled and few-seeded.

Lonicera alpigena, Zimn@eus. Erect; leaves ovate or broadly lance-
shaped, smooth or nearly so; berries united in pairs, red. From the Alps of
Europe. Lonicera Sibirica of the gardens is probably but a variety of the
above.

Lonicera brachypoda, De Candolle. NEW JAPAN EVERGREEN HONEY-
SUCKLE. Stem twining; young branches covered with spreading hairs; flowers
fragrant, white and yellow. From Japan. Hoopes considers Lonicera Halli-
ana as a form of the above.

* Lonicera Caprifolium, Zimneus. EUROPEAN HONEYSUCKLE. Stems
twining ; flowers purple and white, or yellowish inside, fragrant ; leaves smooth.
** Flowers in early summer.”

* Lonicera ciliata, Muhlenberg. EARLY FLY HONEYSUCKLE. An erect
native shrub, much branched; thin leaves hairy on the under surface; yellow
flower, 3¢ of an inch long, “base of flower very unequal-sided ;” berries not
united in pairs.

a

I2 TREES AND SHRUBS

Lonicera Etrusca, Sav/7. ITALIAN or PERPETUAL HONEYSUCKLE. Twi-
ning, and much like Z. Cafrifolium (see above), except that the leaves are
downy and more blunt. It flowers through the summer.

Lonicera flava, Sims. YELLOW HONEYSUCKLE. Native twiner; flower
2-lipped, light yellow; leaves thick, nearly oval, and nearly white on both
surfaces,

* Lonicera grata, 47/on. AMERICAN WOODBINE. Twiner; flower 2-lipped,
white, with a slender pink tube; leaves obovate, smooth, white on the under
surface only. From the Southern States.

Lonicera hirsuta, Za/on. HAIRY HONEYSUCKLE. Flower yellow, sticky-
pubescent; leaves large, dull green, and hairy on the lower surface. From
the Northern woods.

* Lonicera involucrata, Baxks. Upright shrub; flowers yellow, clammy,
and embraced below by 4 large leaf-like bracts. Native of America from
Wisconsin to California.

Lonicera confusa, De Candolle. JAPAN or CHINESE HONEYSUCKLE.
Twiner, with separate somewhat hairy leaves; flowers in pairs from the axils
of the leaves, fragrant, reddish outside and white or yellow within. Known
in gardens as Lonicera Faponica.

Lonicera oblongifolia, Muhlenberg. SwAmMp HONEYSUCKLE. Upright |
native shrub; flower deeply 2-lipped, % inch long; berry purple; 4 small
bracts or leaves underneath the flowers.

Lonicera Tartarica, Zzzn@us. ‘TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE. Erect
branching European shrub, with ovate, heart-shaped leaves, short flower, and
bright orange or scarlet berries which are united in pairs. The white-flowered
form is L. Pyrenaica, and the red-flowered is Z. Szdzrica, of the gardens.

Lonicera Xylosteum, Zzzne@us. An erect hairy shrub; leaves entire, ovate
or narrower; flowers in pairs on a foot-stalk ; fruits united at the base, round.
From the Caucasian region. Known in Europe as the BoNy-WOoDED FLY
HONEYSUCKLE. Has produced some varieties.

Sambucus. Exper. Shrubs with compound (pinnate), more or less
toothed leaves, and a 3-seeded berry; flowers small, but forming flat-topped
masses.

Sambucus Canadensis, Zizneus. COMMON ELDER. Shrub, native;
leaves of 7 to 11 leaflets; flowers in June, and ripens its black or black- -purple
fruit in August; pith white. Berries and flowers of some importance in
domestic economy. :

Sambucus nigra, Zixneus. Shrub from Europe and Asia; one form,
laciniata, has the leaves deeply cut, resembling a fringe; and another, varie-
gata, has the leaves well marked with pale yellow bands.

Sambucus pubens, Michaux. ReD-BERRIED ELDER. Taller and harder
than the common Elder; leaves of 5 to 7 leaflets; fruit bright red; flowers
in May and matures its fruit in June; pith brown. Native. A variety with
much-dissected leaves is not uncommon.

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL, 13

Symphoricarpus. Shrubs with flowers in clusters, bell-shaped; fruit a
4-celled but only 2-seeded berry (the contents of two cells abort), Sym-
pAoria is a modification of the same name.

Symphoricarpus racemosus, J/ichawx. SNOWBERRY. Native shruh,
with whitish or rose-colored flowers loosely arranged among the leaves at the
ends of the branches; large berries clear white. Hardy and popular.

Symphoricarpus vulgaris, J/ichaux. INDIAN CURRANT, CORAL BERRY.
Native shrub, with whitish rose-colored flowers in close clusters in the axils of
the leaves; berries small and dark red. Has produced many varieties, the
best known of which is variegata, with yellow-blotched leaves.

Viburnum. ARrRowwoop. Shrubs with simple leaves; fruit containing
a single convex or round stone,

* Viburnum acerifolium, Zinmmeus. MAPLE-LEAVED VIBURNUM, Dock-
MACKIE. A low, rather slender, native shrub, with leaves lobed like a sugar
maple and 3 to 5 inches across; flowers small, whitish, and in a flat-topped
cluster; fruit red.

Viburnum Lentago, Zinneus. Native shrub or small tree, 1 5 to 20 feet
high; ovate sharp-pointed leaves, sharply toothed; flowers white, in a large
flat-topped cluster; berries bluish black, stones flat and hardly marked.

Viburnum Lantana, Zinn@us. WAYFARING TREE. A much-branched
shrub, with younger parts mealy downy; heart-shaped leaves 3 to 5 inches
across; flowers small and white, in dense flat-topped clusters, the marginal
ones like the others.

Viburnum lantanoides, Michaux. Hops_e-Busu. A limber, sprawling,
native shrub, with rooting branches; heart-shaped leaves 4 to 6 inches across;
younger parts with a mealy down, especially the lower surface of the leaf-veins;
marginal flowers of the cluster large and sterile, central ones small and fertile;
seed with 6 grooves. Cold damp woods.

Viburnum Opulus, Zinneus. CRANBERRY-TREE. Native shrub, § to 1o
feet high; leaves wedge-shaped or squarely cut off at base, lobes toothed to-
wards the apex; flowers marginal and central, as in the preceding species.
The sour fruit is used as a bad substitute for cranberries. The Snow-Ball Tree
or Guelder Rose is a cultivated form of this.

Viburnum plicatum, 7Aunderg. A showy Japanese species, which pro-
duces large masses of pure white flowers, and which has produced some
striking varieties.

CELASTRACE. Staff-Tree Family.

Shrubs with simple leaves; stamens on a ring-like disk in the bottom of the
calyx, and which sometimes grows over the 2- to §-celled ovary; seeds par-
tially or entirely enclosed in a soft bag-like covering. Some few reputed
remedies and fewer dyes are furnished by the group.

Celastrus. StTarr-TrRee. Flowers having pistils and stamens both in the
same flower, or, if separate, then on the same plant, or on different plants; disk

i ee en i ee a ee,

14 TREES AND SHRUBS

a mere ring at bottom of calyx; leaves alternate; fruit round. Our single
species is

Celastrus scandens, Zinneus. Wax-Work, CLIMBING BITTER-SWEET.
A native climber, with inconspicuous greenish flowers on the ends of the
branches; open fruit yellow inside, revealing the bright scarlet seed-cover.
Hence the beauty of the plant in autumn.

Euonymus. SPINDLE-TREE. — Flowers perfect; disk so large as almost to
conceal the young 3- to 5-lobed fruit; leaves opposite.

Euonymus Americanus, Zimn@us. AMERICAN STRAWBERRY-BusH. A
low native shrub, with thick ovate leaves and a rough 3-lobed fruit, which
is bright scarlet when matured; flowers greenish purple.

Euonymus atropurpureus, Yacguin. BURNING BUSH, SPINDLE-TREE.
Tall native shrub, with oblong leaves and a smooth 4-lobed fruit; flowers dark
purple.

Euonymus Europeus, Zizznueus. EUROPEAN SPINDLE-TREE, BURNING
Busu. A low European shrub, with lance- or oblong-shaped leaves and a
smooth 4-lobed fruit; the bag enclosing the seed bright orange-yellow. This
species has developed two varieties, z.e., a/bus and coccineus.

Euonymus Japonicus, 7hunberg. JAPAN SPINDLE-TREE, CHINESE Box.
Hardy only south of us. It, too, has produced a number of varieties.

Euonymus latifolius, C. Bawhin. BRoAD-LEAVED SPINDLE-TREE.
From Southern Europe. Leaves broadly ovate, and the fruit with acute lobes
or wings.

CONIFER. Pine Family.

Trees or shrubs which often secrete resin; leaves usually stiff, and often
needle-like ; flowers not conspicuous, having the pistils and stamens separated,
the former open and often under a more or less hard scale (as in the cones),
the latter in smaller, softer, often yellowish, scaly clusters. There are about
200 species over the globe. Wood important as a lumber, and sometimes ag
a fuel; bark of some (/Vem/ock) useful in tanning, and seeds of some species
(2.¢., Piston Pine) furnishing food to races of men.

Abies. Spruces. The latest general revision of the trees and shrubs
known to botanists as Coniferee is by Parlatore, and appears in the second
part of vol. xvi. of De Candolle’s Prodromus. In it he divides the entire
order into two tribes,—z.e., the cone-bearers proper, which he designates Adze-
tinea, and the Zaxinee, of which (latter) the Yewisatype. Under the gers
Pinus of Linnzeus he makes the following sections: Pinea, Cembra, Cedrus,
Larix, Pseudolarix, Picea, Abies, and Tsuga. This would relegate to the old
genus Pinus most of our American Coniferee. There appears to be so little
disposition to accept his classification that we have retained such groups as
Abies (Sprucest) and Picea (Firs) as distinct. The smaller group of 7suga

1 It is not practicable at present in this Catalogue to name the Spruces Picea, and the Firs
Abies, as Dr. Engelmann insists should be done, and doubtless as would be done in a strictly
scientific work.

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL, 15

abe fan we have placed under dies, which, for our purpose, may
defined thus :

Abies. Leaves flat and 2-ranked, or scattered, and more or less plainly
4-angled; cones drooping, and scales not falling away.

Abies alba, Michaux. WHITE or SINGLE SprRucE. (Pinus alba, Aiton;

Picea alba, Link.) Tree §0 feet high; leaves glaucous green, % to 3¢ of an
inch long; cones I to 2 inches long, oblong or cylindrical. Hardy and hand-
some. United States and far northward. This is different from Adzes alba,
Miller, which is Picea pectinata, the common Silver Fir of the Alps.

There are the following varieties: glauca, P/umd/y ; tree full size; leaves
white, silvery. minima, Avight. SMALLEST SPRUCE; leaves thickly set,
spreading, glaucous. nana, Loudon; a dense dwarf bush, 3 to 4 feet high.

Abies Alcockiana, Zindley and Veitch. Awcock’s Spruce. (Pinus Al-
coguiana, Parlatore; Picea Alcockiana, Carriere.) Tree 100 feet high;
leaves small; branchlets rough; cones reddish, pendulous, 2 to 3 inches long.
Japan, on the sacred mountain of Fusi-Yama, at an altitude of 6000 to 7000
feet.

Abies Brunoniana, Zind/ey. INDIAN HEMLOCK-SPRUCE. (Pinus dumosa,
Don; Abies dumosa, Loudon; Tsuga Brunoniana, Carriere; Picea Bruno-
niana, Spach.) India, 70 to 80 feet high. Hardy here.

Abies Canadensis, A/ichaux. HErMLOCK-SpRUCE. (Pinus Canadensis,
Linneus ; Picea Canadensis, Link ; Tsuga Canadensis, Carriere.) Large tree,
the pride of our cooler forests, with a straight trunk and drooping branch-
lets; cones small; leaves bright green on the upper surface and grayish white
on the lower. Hardy and well adapted for ornamental planting. Ranges from
Hudson Bay to the mountains of North Carolina, and in Northern regions, far
to the westward. Timber only second-rate. Under this species we have the
varieties—microphylla, Zind/ey ; a hardy dwarf, leaves small, dark green,
and rough on the edges. Milfordensis, Young, dwarf, globular in form;
shoots slender, drooping; leaves smaller than in the species. nana, Lawson ;
2 to 3 feet high; foliage spreading tufty. Besides these are enumerated—
hemispharica, Hoopes ; inverta, Hoopes; nana nigra, Hoopes; pendula; Sar-
genti; Shotwelliana ; variegata.

Abies Douglasii, Zind/ey. Doucias’ Spruce. (Pinus Douglasti, Sabine
MS. ; Tsuga Douglasti, Carriere; Pseudotsuga Douglasii, Carriere. See En-
gelmann, in Wheeler’s Report, vol. vi. p. 257.) Tree which on the coast of
Oregon and adjacent region attains a height of 300 to 350 feet, with a corre-
sponding diameter. In mountain-regions from Colorado to Mexico it is smaller,
though still a giant. Hardy, and has produced among others the follow-
ing varieties: fastigiata, Awigh‘; conical, compact, branches ascending.
* pendula, Parlatore? which is the Adies taxifolia pendula of the gardens.
Smaller shoots pendulous. * Standishiana, Gordon; foliage “ large, dark
glossy green, silvery below.” * Stairii, //ort.; variegated leaves of a silvery
whiteness. taxifolia, Loudon ; 30 to 40 feet high; leaves longer and greener
than those of the species. From mountains of Mexico,

1 The nomenclature of the Coni/era is so confused that we are obliged (most reluctantly)
to quote the more important synonymes, thus taking space which more willingly would have
been devoted to a fuller description of the trees themselves.

ae TREES AND SHRUBS

Abies Engelmanni, Parry. ENGELMANN’S SPRUCE. (Pinus commutata,
Parlatore; Picea Engelmannt, Engelmann.) Fine tree, with dark foliage, 40
to 100 feet high, according to situation. Ranges from British Columbia south
to Mexico along the main mountain-chain. Requires cold situations.

Abies excelsa, De Candolle. Norway Spruce. (Pinus Abies, Du Roi;

Abies Picea, Miller ; Picea excelsa, Link; besides many other synonymes.)
Leaves less than an inch long, dark green; branches numerous and drooping;
hanging cones 5 to 7 inches long. Hardy, and commonly introduced from
Europe, where it has a wide range. It is the “White Deal” of the English.
There are the following varieties, most of which are in the Park:

Altorferiana, /oofes. Originated in 1865 in the grounds of Hoopes Bro. &
Thomas, West Chester, Pa. It is a dense globular dwarf, with crested clusters
of sharp-pointed leaves terminating the branchlets. * brevifolia, Cris ;
is a pigmy, with minute leaves. Carpatica, Zowdon ; leaves long and dense.
Cephalonica, Par/atore ; compact tree, of medium size; leaves flat, rigid,
dark green; cones § to 6 inches long; erect. This is usually known under
the name of Picea Cephalonica, Loudon. I have placed it as a variety under
Abies excelsa for the simple reason that Parlatore does so, though I am bound
to say that the erect cones and disposition of the secondary branchlets (to say
nothing of more important characters) give it a very different appearance.
From Mount Enos, in Cephalonia. Handsome and hardy. Clanbrasiliana,
Loudon; is a dwarf, compact shrub, produced in Ireland. * denudata,
ffort.; with reflexed, spreading branches; leaves stout and appressed. * ele-
gans, Loudon. eremita, Anight; has bark yellowish red; leaves short,
reverted, and blunt-pointed. Finedonensis, Paz/,; the exposed younger
leaves are “pale yellow or straw color at first, then bronzy brown, at last
light green.”’ inverta, #. Smith; has branches drooping as in Weeping
‘Willows; leaves larger and brighter than in the species. mucronata,
Loudon; is a French dwarf, with dark-green leaves and rigid crowded
branches. monstrosa, Loudon, has branches and branchlets thick and
straggling. nigra, Loudon ; stout leaves, dark green; cones large. pendula,
Loudon; the leaves are larger ‘‘ than those of the species;’’ branches and
branchlets drooping. pyramidalis, 4o7t.; has branches crowded into a
complete mass, the outline of which resembles a Lombardy poplar. pygmeza,
Loudon; is a foot high, and pressed to the ground. stricta, Loudon ; is
3 to 4 feet high, and has erect branches and slender compressed leaves,
tenuifolia, Zoudon; has thin leaves, slender branches, and few branchlets.
variegata, Loudon; has some of the leaves and smaller branches blotched
with pale white or yellow, the rest remaining green. Besides the above there
are enumerated diffusa glauca, Donetti, conica, and elata.

Abies Fortunei, Zind/ey. INTERMEDIATE Fir. (Pinus Fortunei, Par-
latore; Abies Fezoensis, Lindley; Picea Fortunet, Murray.) From China.
60 feet high; leaves 1 to 1% inches long, terminating in a sharp, slender
point; cones erect, as in Picea.

Abies Menziesii, Loudon, MENZIES’ SPRUCE. (Pinus Menziesti, Doug-
las; Abies Fezoensis, Siebold and Luccarini; Picea Fezoensis, Carriere.)
Tree 60 to 75 feet high; leaves short, stiff, and very sharp-pointed ; pendulous
cones 3 to 4 inches long. Northwest coast of America; Rocky Mountain
region also. Hardy and of rapid growth. (The above name and distribution
are not in accordance with Dr. Engelmann’s latest determination. )

Abies Mertensiana, Zind/ey. CALIFORNIA HEMLOCK-SPRUCE. (Pinus
Mertensiana, Bongard ; Abies Albertiana, Murray, Picea Mertensiana of the
French gardens; 7suga Mertensiana, Carriere.) Tree 100 feet high, resem-

7
4
D .
a

.

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 17

bling our Ifemlock-Spruce, and replacing it on the West coast. Ranges from
Sitka and the head of Fraser River south to California. Branchlets hairy ;
timber soft, but hard to split,

Abies nigra, Poiret. BLACK or Dous_e Spruce. (Pinus nigra, Aiton ;
? gra, Link; Abies Mariana, Miller.) In cold situations it is a
vigorous tree, 60 feet high. Trunk tall, straight, and with the branches form-
ing a beautiful slender spire. Foliage short, stiff, rather square, dark green.

-Colder parts of North America, ranging southward along the mountains.

Usually growing near the white or single Spruce. Timber small, but fair in
quality; leaves used in making spruce beer. The variety pumila, Anighz,
is small and compact; only 3 to 4 feet high, There is also another variety,
elegans.

Abies obovata, Zoudon. OBOVATE-CONED SprucE. (Pinus obovata,
Antoine.) Altai Mountains, where it reaches 100 feet in height; slender scat-
tered leaves bright green and sharp-pointed ; cones egg-shaped.

Abies orientalis, Poiret, ORIENTAL Spruce. (Pinus orientalis, Lin-
neus ; Picea orientalis, Carriere.) Region of the Black Sea. 75 feet high.
Hardy, and presenting a dense mass of foliage.

* Abies Pattoniana, Feffrey. PATTon'’s GIANT Spruce. (Pinus Pattoni-
ana, Parlatore; Abies gracilis, Hort.; Abies Williamsonii, Newberry ; Abies
Hookeriana, Murray; Picea Californica, Carriere; Tsuga Hookeriana, Car-
riere.) Mountains of Northern California, where it grows 100 to 150 feet high
certainly, and is by some said to attain a much greater height. Leaves 3-sided,
blunt-pointed ; branches and branchlets woolly; ripe cones light brown,

Abies polita, Sebold and Zuccarini. TIGER’s-TAIL Spruce. (Pinus
polita, Antoine; Abies Torano, Siebold ; Picea polita, Carriere.) Japan, 80
to 100 feet high. Branches pendulous; conés 3 to 4 inches long, bright green
when young, chestnut brown when older.

* Abies rubra, Poiret. ReED or ArcTic SprucE Fir. (Pinus rubra,
Lambert ; Picea rubra, Link; Abies nigra, var. rubra, Michaux.) Much
like the Black Spruce, of which it has generally been regarded as a mere variety,
save that the cones are reddish brown and the wood brownish. Northern parts
of North America, where it is the last tree to disappear as we approach the
pole. Grows 60 to 70 feet high. Timber fair in quality. There is also a
varitty coerulea, a slender dwarf, 6 or 8 feet high; “ fuliage bluish gray ;
cones violet-colored.”

Abies Smithiana, Loudon. “INDIAN SpRucE Fir.” (Pinus Smithiana,
Lambert ; Abies morinda, Hort. ; Picea morinda, Link.) Eastern and South-
eastern Asia, 100 feet or more high; Teaves 214 inches long, very sharp-
5 branches horizontal or pendulous ; cones 4 to 6 inches long. A

utiful tree, but not quite hardy here.

Abies Tsuga, Siebo/d. JarAN HemLock-Spruce. (Pinus Tsuga, An-
toine; Tsuga Sieboldii, Carriere; Abies diversifolia, Hort.) Japan. A
medium-sized tree, with branches drooping at the ends; cones small, Variety
nana, Siebold, is 3 to 4 feet high, and cultivated in pots by the Japanese,

Araucaria. Male and female flowers on different individuals; cone-scales
are deciduous, and have each usually a single seed attached; “ leaves stiff,

2

|

18 TREES AND SHRUBS

flattened, pointed, and more or less spreading.”’ In other respects the genus
essentially resembles the Pines, Firs, etc.

Araucaria imbricata, Pavon. CHILI PINE. (Araucaria Chilensis, Mirbel ;
Abies Araucaria, Potret; Pinus Araucaria, Molina. There are, besides, other
synonymes, the enumeration of which would be out of place here.) Tree from
Southern Chili, growing but a little below the snow-line. In Chili it grows
150 feet high. The nuts it produces are over an inch long, and they furnish
to the Indians of the region an inexhaustible supply of food. It is even pre-
dicted that in England (where it is hardy) it will in time prove of as much
value as a source of food as the Spanish chestnut is in Spain. Hardy in the
Southern United States, but its hardiness here is very doubtful. The other
species of the genus are absolutely tender with us.

Biota. Differs from the Arbor Vite, Thuja (which see), mainly in having
no wings to the seeds. There are but two species, which, however, have pro-
duced a great number of varieties.

Biota orientalis, Doz. CHINESE ARBOR VITA. (7huja orientalis, Lin-
neus,; Cupressus Thuja.) From China and Japan, where it grows 20 feet
high. Not so desirable for planting here as our own Arbor Vite. The fol-
lowing are its varieties :

Antarctica, ——-? * argentea, //ort.,; has silvery-white variegated
branchlets. * arthrotaxoides, /or¢.,; is a close dwarf shrub with much-
contorted branchlets. aurea, /fovt.; is the DWARF GOLDEN ARBOR VITA,
a globular, dense shrub, never more than 5 feet high, with branchlets in winter
yellow or yellowish green. elegantissima, o//isson ; has the tips of all the
branches golden yellow in autumn. Gordon calls it the finest of all the varie-
ties. * falcata, Lindley; grows 15 feet high in Japan, where it is used to
form hedges. ‘Takes its name from the falcate or sickle-shaped recurved scales
to the cones. This same variety has also produced a dwarf form. filiformis,
? is on the list of Parsons & Sons, as furnished to the Park; probably a
form of pendula. * funiculata, Hort.,; has very slender simple branchlets,
which are quite green, and which have small, sharp-pointed leaves. glauca,

_ Pince ; this plant appears as if dusted with meal or with silver, from the glau-

cous powder on the leaves and branchlets. gracilis, Carriere; includes the
variety ‘“ /renelozdes of the Belgian gardens.” It is a slender, erect, compact
form, with small, sharp foliage, and comes from Northern India. intermedia,
——?; catalogue of Hoopes Bro. & Thomas gives this as furnished the Park.
Meldensis, Lawson; resembles a red cedar when young, and is probably a
hybrid. * monstrosa, Carriere; has few, short, twisted branches, and thick,
blunt-pointed leaves. Nepalensis; is placed by Gordon under graci/is (see
above). * Pekinensis, Gordon; a large tree found near Pekin. pyra-
midalis, Zxd/icher; is the TALL CHINESE ARBOR VIT&; tall tree, “ re-
sembling the upright cypress in shape.” semperaurescens, Lemoine; keeps
its golden color the year through. * Sieboldii, Z7d/icher ; known to the
Chinese as Peacock’s Tail, from its close fan-like branchlets and compact gen-
eral outline. ‘Cultivated in pots by the Chinese.” triangularis, //or7. ; is a
dwarf variety, with the branches arranged in a triangular instead of a fan-
shaped manner. variegata, Zvd/icher,; has the branchlets variegated with
gold and green. Zuccariniana, //ort. ; is a dwarf of globular outline, deep
green color, and said “ to come true from seed.”

Biota pendula, Zndlicher. THE WEEPING ARBOR VITA. (Biota orten-
talis pendula, Parlatore,; Cupressus pendula, Thunberg,; Thuja pendula,

\

\e.

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 19

Lambert.) “ Bush or small tree, with slender, drooping branches and branch-
lets ;”’ the latter sometimes even thread-like, and collected in clusters along
the branches. The garden variety flagelliformis belongs to this species.
Generally cultivated in China and Japan for its peculiar appearance.

Cedrus. CEDAR. Male and female flowers on same tree; leaves ever-
green and many in a cluster; cones smooth, oval, erect, and with the scales

_ separating from the axis; seeds 2 under each cone-scale, containing much

turpentine. Fine trees from India or Northern Africa,

Cedrus Atlantica, M/anetti, Mount ATLAS CEDAR, AFRICAN CEDAR.
(Pinus Cedrus Atlantica, Parlatore; Cedrus Africana, Gordon; Abies At-
lantica, Lindley; Pinus Atlantica, Endlicher.) From the mountains of
Algiers, where it grows 100 feet high, and has, when old, a flat top. Hardy
here under slight protection and in favorable localities.

Cedrus Deodara, Zoudon. DEODAR or INDIAN CEDAR. (Pinus Deo-
dara, Roxburgh ; Abies Deodara, Lindley ; Cedrus Indica, De Chambr.) In
the Himalayas it grows to a great size. Its success here is very doubtful.

Cedrus Libani, Barretier. CEDAR OF LEBANON. (Pinus Cedrus, Lin-
neus,; Abies Cedrus, Poiret; Larix Cedrus, Miller.) This historic species is
hardy as far north as Philadelphia. It is a magnificent tree, with wide-
spreading horizontal branches, and, in the old trees, a flat top. Apart from
its associations, it is worthy a place in every park. It was once supposed to be
peculiar to Mount Lebanon, but is now well known to have a much wider range
in North Africa. Among its varieties are argentea, Loudon, which has leaves
of a silvery white hue on eitherside. nana, Loudon ; is a dwarf, not exceeding
3 feet in height, with short shoots and leaves smaller than those of the species.
* pendula, Avigh¢; has slender pendulous branches, which contrast strongly
with the horizontal branches of the original species.

Cephalotaxus. Much like the Yews. Male and female flowers on differ-
ent plants, the female flower with the ovule enclosed in a cup-like organ, 3 or
4 of them being collected into a sort of head; the male clusters are also
aggregated into a head.

Cephalotaxus drupacea, Siedo/d. PLUM-FRUITED CEPHALOTAXUs. (Ce-
phalotaxus Fortunti femina, Carriere; Podocarpus drupacea, Hort.; Taxus
baccata, Thunberg; Taxus Faponica, Hooker.) A compact evergreen, 30
to 40 feet high. From China and Japan. Hardy here, and is an addition to
our list of trees.

Cephalotaxus Fortunei, Hooker. FORTUNE’S CEPHALOTAXUS. ( Cepha-
lotaxus filiformis, Knight ; Cephalotaxus Fortunei pendula, Carriere; Cepha-
lotaxus Fortunei mas, Hort.) Chinese tree, 40 feet high, having slender
drooping branches, and requiring care to make it succeed here.

Cephalotaxus pedunculata, Siede/¢d. LONG-STALKED CEPHALOTAXUSs.
(Zaxus Harringtonia, Loudon; Taxus Sinensis, Knight.) Japanese tree,
20 to 25 feet high, with many spreading branches, which often encircle the

stem in whorls.

—

Cryptomeria. A group of Chinese and Japanese trees, with woody, glob-
ular cones, the scales of which have divided or fringed edges; male and

se ——_
.

20 TREES AND SHRUBS

female flowers on the same tree; leaves sharp-pointed, 4-sided, and somewhat
curved,

Cryptomeria elegans, Veitch. ELEGANT JAPAN CEDAR. (Cryptomeria
Faponica elegans, Hort.; Cryptomeria gracilis, Hort.) Large Japanese tree,
which will hardly succeed here.

Cryptomeria Japonica, Dow. JAPAN CEDAR. (Cupressus Faponica,
Thunberg ; Taxodium Faponicum, Brongniart.) From China and Japan,
where it grows 50 to 60 feet high. Occasionally hardy here. It has, among
others, the following varieties: nana, /ortune ; not over 3 feet high, and, as
Gordon says, resembling a Juniper. spiralis, //or¢., has the leaves mostly
incurved and twisted and placed spirally around the younger shoots.

Cunninghamia. A middle-sized tree from the warmer parts of China,
having the sexes on different branches of the same tree. The proper cone-
scales are reduced to mere rudiments ; whilst the bracts (outside) are greatly
enlarged, sharp-pointed, and toothed, in fact resembling in place and function
the true scales. We have here a single species:

Cunninghamia Sinensis, 2. Brown. CHINESE CUNNINGHAMIA. (Cun-
ninghamia lanceolata, Van Houtte; Abies lanceolata, Desfontaines; Pinus
lanceolata, Lambert; Araucaria lanceolata, Hort.) Hardy in England, but
somewhat doubtful here.

Cupressus. Cypress. A handsome genus of about 17 species, most of
which, however, will not stand our climate. It may be characterized thus :—
Trees and shrubs with fruit composed of hard, shield-shaped scales, which
separating at maturity allow the winged seeds to escape; foliage either small,
scale-like, and appressed, or larger leaves, which are longer, linear, sharp-
pointed, and opposite.

Cupressus funebris, Zadlicher. WEEPING or FUNERAL CYPRESS. (Cze-
pressus pendula, Hort.) 1s from Japan, and in the Park list, but probably too
tender for our climate.

Cupressus Lawsoniana, A/urray. LAWsON’s CypREss. (Chamecyparis
Boursierti, Carriere; Chamecyparis Lawsoniana, Parlatore.) A most strik-
ingly handsome tree from Northern California, reaching there a height of
100 feet. The slender branchlets and bluish-green feathery foliage are pecu-
liarly beautiful. Tolerably hardy here. It has the following varieties: aurea,
Waterer ; variegated with scattered golden-colored branchlets and leaves.
This variety has also produced one (at least) new form. argentea, //o7‘. ;
SILVER-LEAVED LAwson’s CypREss; has in the younger shvots a decidedly
bluish-gray (glaucous) color, compacta, //oopfes,; is a compact form origi-
nating in the grounds of the late William Reid. erecta, /Yor¢. ; is a pyramidal
variety, with branchlets of a bright green color. gracilis, //or¢.,; ‘a dense
bush with beautiful feathery appearance and a deep glossy green color.”
lutea, Nol/isson ; has all the smaller branchlets of a conspicuous golden color.
nana, //ort.; is not more than 2 feet high; compact in form:and with many
small, imbricated, glaucous branchlets; leaves small and ovate. ‘This has also
produced a form, axgentea, now in the Park. Nicea, ?; also appears in
the grounds. pendula alba, /au/, has drooping branchlets of a bright
silvery hue.

Cupressus macrocarpa, //artweg. LAMBERT’S CYPRESS. (Cupressus
Lambertiana, Gordon; Cupressus Retnwardti, Hort. ; Cupressus Hartwegt,

—— ese od gi ee

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 21

Carriere.) From California, where it grows 60 feet high. It is among the
finest of the Cypresses. In outline it is said to resemble a Cedar of Lebanon,
Probably rather tender for this region, though it is considered remarkably
hardy in England.

Cupressus Macnabiana, M/urray. McCNAn’s Cypress. (Cupressus glan-
dulosa, Hooker; Funiperus Macnabiana, Lawson.) A somewhat compact
. glaucous shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, from Northern California. Probably hardy
here.

Cupressus Nutkaensis, Hooker. NoorKA SounD Cypress. (Chame-
cyparis Nutkaensis, Spach; Thuia excelsa, Bongard; Thuiopsis borealis,
Fischer.) <A large tree from the Northwest coast of North America, The
timber is soft, white, and balsamiferous. Tree has a strong odor. It is among
the hardiest of the genus.t Variety variegata, //ort.,; is a form of the
above having yellowish or whitish branchlets intermixed with the green.

Cupressus sempervirens, Zinneus. UPRIGHT CYPRESS. (Cupressus fas-
tigiata, De Candolle ; Cupressus stricta, Miller.) A spire-like tree, resembling
in outline a Lombardy Poplar. From Greece and Asia Minor. In the Park,
but probably too tender to succeed.

Cupressus thyoides, Zimneus. WHITE CEDAR. (Chamecyparis sphe-
roidea, Spach; Thuja spheroidea, Hort.) Our common White Cedar, which
ranges from New England to Wisconsin, and from New Jersey south. Tree
30 to 70 feet high, with a general resemblance to Red Cedar. It has decided
claims as an ornamental tree or shrub. Its timber is of very considerable
value. Quite hardy. Variety variegata, Exd/icher, differs in its yellow
branchlets, intermixed with green. Its color and hardiness make it desirable
for us.

Cupressus torulosa, Doz. TWISTED or BHOTAN CyPREss. (Cwupressus
Cashmeriana, Hort.; Cupressus Nepalensis, Loudon; Cupressus pendula,
Griffith.) A \arge tree from India. In the Park list, but regarded by Hoopes
as tender.

Juniperus. JUNIPER. Trees, large or small, of considerable importance.
Male and female flowers separated, sometimes on different parts of the same
tree, at other times on different trees. Fruit a small berry-like body, with
usually a strong odor, and enclosing I to 3 hard seeds. There are from 30 to
40 species enumerated.

Juniperus Bermudiana, Zinneus. BrERMUDA CEDAR, PENCIL CEDAR.
( Funiperus oppositifolia, Minch; Funiperus Barbadensis, Linneus; Funi-
perus Cedrus Bermuda, Ray.) Beautiful species. In the Park collection,
but probably too tender for this latitude. Its wood is well known in the
common lead-pencils.

Juniperus Chinensis, Zinnaus. CHINESE JUNIPER. ( Funiperus dimor-
pha, Roxburgh? ; Funiperus diecia, Makoy.) This hardy foreigner is chiefly
remarkable for having the male and female flowers on different trees, which
are very unlike in their appearance,

1 Since the above was written, doubts have been cast on the hardiness of this species here.
See Gardener's Monthly, March, 1880, p. 70.

22 TREES AND SHRUBS

Juniperus communis, Zinneus. COMMON JUNIPER. ( Funiperus minor,
Fuchs.) Tree seldom exceeding 20 feet high. Common to Northern America
and the northern parts of Europe and Asia. It is a hardy species, thriving in
almost any soil. The natural shaggy habit of the plant may be remedied by
binding and trimming. It has the following varieties: Alpina, Zizneus ; is
the dwarf, prostrate form which appears in some books under the name of Ca-
nadian Funiper. Its beautiful foliage makes it very effective as an ornamental
creeper on rock-works. compressa, Carriere, is a small variety, with a
compact, pyramidal head. Cracovia, Loddiges ; known as the Cracow Funi-
per, and is a hardy, straggling bush, which is a native of Poland. Hibernica,
Loddiges. IRISH JUNIPER; is a stiff, erect, column-like shrub, beautiful in its
proper place, but decidedly the opposite when not in keeping with its sur-
roundings. Usually hardy here. Suecica, Loudon. SWEDISH JUNIPER; is
rather larger than the Junipers hitherto mentioned, and indeed has produced
fair timber. Outline of the tree is conical, owing to the upward tendency of
the branches.

* Juniperus conferta, Parlatore. CROWDED-LEAVED JUNIPER. ( Funi-
perus littoralis, Maximo.) From Japan, and probably hardy here. Differs
but slightly from Funiperus rigida ; has, however, the “‘ leaves more crowded,
grosser, and triangular.” Berries are brown-colored.

Juniperus Davurica, Pal/as. DAVURIAN JUNIPER. A low, prostrate
shrub from Siberia, with each sex (on different trees) having peculiar leaves.

Juniperus densa, Gordon. DENSE or BusHyY INDIAN JUNIPER. ( Fenz-
perus recurva densa, Hort.; Funiperus recurva, Hort.) Was been regarded
as a variety of the common Juniper. Hardy shrub, about 6 feet high, with
yellowish-green foliage and round, small, 3-seeded berries. From India at
high altitudes, where it is used for incense and for making yeast.

Juniperus drupacea, Zadi/7, PLUM-FRUITED JUNIPER. (Arceuthos
drupacea, Antoine; Funtperus latifolia arborea, Tournefort; Funiperus
major, Bellonius.) This, for a Juniper, is a fair-sized tree, and is perfectly
hardy. It is considered by Gordon the finest species of the genus. Native
of Syria.

Juniperus excelsa, Bieberstein. TALL CRIMEAN JUNIPER. (This species
has such a host of synonymes that no attempt at enumeration will be made.
See Gordon’s Pinetum.) From the eastern end of the Mediterranean region,
where it grows 30 to 4o feet high; here it is hardly more than a shrub, and is
more than likely to be injured by the winter. Though in the Park, it can
hardly be considered as an available tree. We have of it the following variety:
stricta, Rodlisson ; is a tall, slender, or narrowly-conical spire, of a silvery
glaucous color. Hardy in England; but doubtful here. It also appears in
collections as Funiperus stricta, Hort.

* Juniperus flaccida, Schlechtendal. LoosE-GROWING JUNIPER. ( Yuni-
perus gracilis, Endlicher ; Funiperus fetida flaccida, Spach.) Mountains of
Mexico, where it becomes 30 feet high. Hoopes advises it here for pot-culture.

Juniperus hemisphericus, Pres/. GLOBULAR JUNIPER, HEDGEHOG JUNI-
PER. ( Funiperus communts hemispherica, Parlatore; Funiperus echino-
formis, Ruiz; Funiperus nana hemispherica, Carriere.) A dwarf, globular
shrub, only 1 to 2 feet in diameter. The thick branches and spreading, sharp-
pointed leaves make the name of Hedgehog Funiper very appropriate for this
species. It is perfectly hardy here, though it comes from the barren and
parched side of Mount Etna. The variety monstrosa, /Yoofes, originated

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 23

on the grounds of Hoopes Bro, and Thomas in 1870. It “has stout, erect
branches from every part of the plant, which are of a silvery glaucous color.”
How hardy or permanent it may be does not yet appear.

Juniperus Japonica, Carriere. JAPAN JUNIPER. ( Yuniperus Chinensis,
Linneus; Funiperus procumbens, Siebold; Funiperus Chinensis procumbens,
Endlicher.) A \ow, spreading bush from Japan. Hardy in England, and
probably so here. It has the varieties—alba, Standish; from Japan, the
* smaller branches and branchlets of which are white; commonly known as the
White Variegated Japan Juniper. aurea, Fortune, known as the GOLDEN
VARIEGATED JAPAN JUNIPER; has the smaller branches and branchlets of a
golden-yellow color, and is quite a handsome shrub.

Juniperus macrocarpa, Sidthorp. LARGE-FRUITED JUNIPER. (For the
long list of synonymes of this species, Gordon’s Pinetum may be consulted.)
A desirable shrub, 1o feet high in its Mediterranean home, but not quite hardy
here. It is in the Park list, however.

Juniperus nana, Willdenow. Under this name Gordon gives what others
have considered as a form of the Juniper common to the colder parts of North
America. Hardy here, of course.

Juniperus oblongata, Loudon. OBLONG-FRUITED or CAUCASIAN JUNIPER.
( Funiperus reflexa, Parlatore; Funiperus communis Caucasica, Endlicher.)
A hardy bush, 4 to 6 feet high, from the Western Caucasus and the Taurian
Mountains. Leaves rigid, sharp-pointed, green on one side and glaucous on the
other. The branches turn upwards at the ends, but the slender branchlets

droop. Handsome, and hardy here.

’

_ es occidentale, Hooker. WESTERN JUNIPER, RocKyY MOUNTAIN
Juniper. (List of synonymes too long to quote here: see Gordon’s Pine-
tum for 13 of them.) A middle-sized, beautiful tree, but not hardy here.
Engelmann separates-from this Juniperus Californica, Carriere; the latter,

i besides its structural peculiarities, coming from lower grounds. The Park has
also the variety Parsonii.

Se ee eee

3 Juniperus Oxycedrus, Zinneus. PRICKLY CEDAR. ( Funiperus Mons-
peliensium, Lobel; Funiperus Oxycedrus Phenicea, Dodon.) Shrub or small
tree from the Mediterranean shores. The fruit is large for a Juniper, and is
used for flavoring gin. In the Park; but its hardiness is doubtful.

l * Juniperus pachyphlea, 7Zorrey. THICK-BARKED JUNIPER. This
striking tree from Arizona and New Mexico might be worth a careful trial
here. In its home it grows on cold, exposed, often barren situations, and this
suggests a trial of it here. It has a thick white bark, strikingly like that of
White Oak at a distance.

Wz Juniperus Pheenicea, Zinneus. PHCENICIAN JUNIPER. ( Yuniperus te-
tragona, Minch; Funiperus Langoldiana, Hort.; Cupressus Devoniana,
fort.) Small tree from the South of Europe, requiring here great care and

a warm situation to make it succeed. In outline it is a beautiful pyramid.

The Park also has the variety Lycia, Loudon ; from the South of Europe.

It is quite as handsome as the species, but no hardier. From this tree the

olibanum “ used as incense in religious ceremonies on the Continent” is ob-

tained. It is also the Cypress-Leaved Cedar of the Greeks.

Juniperus pseudo-Sabina, fischer. Simerian Juniper. A_ dense
4 spreading bush, 3 to 4 feet high; from Siberia. It is not certain that it will

24 TREES AND SHRUBS

succeed here, but from its cold home we might infer that it would endure our
winters. Leaves are different in shape on different parts of the shrub.

Juniperus prostrata, Persoon. PROSTRATE JUNIPER. ( Yuntperus Sabina,
Linneus.) <A creeping shrub, ranging from the Lakes to Northwest America.
Hardy. Beautiful ornament to rockeries, a vigorous grower, and of a dark-
green color. Sometimes spreading over 30 feet in circumference when it is
not more than 3 feet high.

Juniperus recurva, Dow. RECURVED-BRANCHED JUNIPER. ( Funiperus
incana, Hamilton, Funiperus repanda, Hort.) The sexes of this plant are
on different trees, which differ widely in appearance. The rough bark scales
off. Old leaves are chaffy, and these, with the peculiar bark, serve at once to
indicate the tree. In India (its home) the berries are burned as incense. In
some places it becomes a large tree, in others remains a mere shrub. It is
rather tender here.

Juniperus rigida, Szedo/d. STirF-LEAVED JAPAN JUNIPER. ( Funiperus
communis, Thunberg.) From China and Japan, where it grows 25 feet high.
Handsome, but requiring care and protection here.

Juniperus Sabina, Zzzn@us. SAVIN JUNIPER. ( Funiperus cupressifolia,
flort.; Funiperus Lusitanica, Miller; Funiperus Lycia, Pallas.) Common
to the mountains of Europe and to the colder parts of North America. With
us it is usually prostrate; in Europe it rises 6 to 7 feet high. Rather too rugged
for ornament, though its hardiness commends it. Used as a remedy. It has
the following varieties: cupressifolia, Azton (not recognized by Gordon) ;
has leaves of a ‘silvery glaucous hue.”? nana, //o7v?.,; is a dwarf carpet
Juniper; rather out of place with us. tamariscifolia, 47fon; TAMARISK-
LEAVED SAVIN. variegata, Loudon, has white, lemon-colored, and dark
leaves intermixed on the same shrub.

Juniperus Sheppardii, //ov¢. GLAuCcoUS CHINESE JUNIPER. ( Funiperus
spherica glauca, Fortune; Funiperus sp. North of China in catalogues ?)
There appears to be really much doubt as to the true relations of this small
tree. Gordon positively asserts it is different from F spherica. The foliage
is so brightly glaucous as to render the tree conspicuous even at a distance.
From the North of China.

Juniperus spherica, Lindley. GLOBULAR-FRUITED JUNIPER. ( Fun?-
perus fortunet, Van Houtte; Funiperus Chinensis Smithii, Loudon.) A
handsome tree from Northern China, where it grows 30 to 4o feet high. Its
beauty makes it a desirable acquisition to our parks, but its hardiness is rather
doubtful.

Juniperus squamata, Doz. ScALY-LEAVED NEPAL JUNIPER. ( Fuz7-
perus recurva, Hamilton; var. squamata, farlatore; Funiperus dumosa,
Wallich; Funiperus Lambertiana, Wallich; Funiperus rigida, Wallich.)
This is a handsome trailing species, which does well on rockeries. It comes
from Nepal and Cashmere. Spirituous liquor is made from the berries. The
Saragealag also are used in preparing yeast and also in preparing “ arrack”’
rom rice.

Juniperus taxifolia, Hooker. YEW-LEAVED JUNIPER. ( Funiperus oblonga
pendula, Loudon; Funiperus pendula vera, Hort.,; Funiperus communis
pendula, Hort.) Shrub with spreading branches which have pendulous ends;

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 25

the sharp-pointed leaves are dark green below and glaucous or silvery above.
Island of Choo and the North of China,

Juniperus tetragona, Sch/echtendal. 1s a low, much-branched shrub in
the Park. It comes from the mountains of Mexico, and its entire hardiness
remains to be proven. .

Juniperus thurifera, Zinneus. SPANISH JUNIPER. (Cedrus Hispanica,

Tournefort; Funiperus Hispanica, Miller.) Tree from Spain and Portugal,

30 to 4o feet high, forming in outline a close cone, with the tips of the
branches curved upwards and inwards; berries large and dark. Growth here
is somewhat precarious.

Juniperus Virginiana, Zimnmeus. VIRGINIAN RED CEDAR, RED CEDAR.
( Funiperus arborescens, Minch; Funtperus Caroliniana, Hort) Native to
the entire eastern coast of the United States; 30 to 40 feet high; regular but
variable in outline,—7.e., branches erect or pendulous ; shape of head spire-
like or globular. Hardy in cultivation. We have also the varieties—Bar-
badensis, Avigh/; a tall, compact form from Florida and the Bahama
Islands; also known as F. Bedfordiana. * Caroliniana, Loddiges ; upright;
berries very small, and violet when ripe. * dumosa, Carriere; is a bushy
variety which Hoopes does not regard as of sufficient interest to cultivate.
glauca, //ort. ; is distinguished from the species only by the leaves being of a
** glaucous white color.”” humilis, //o77¢. ; is a dwarf, branching form which
becomes a dense mass 2 to 3 feet high. pendula, Hort.; WEEPING RED
CEDAR; of which there are 3 forms,—7.e., the “male, with shorter and more
numerous branchlets ; the female, with longer, more slender, and fewer branch-
lets; and the third variety, of a light glossy green, and the handsomest of
the three. alba variegata, Hort. ; has whitish leaves and branchlets along
with the green ones. aurea variegata, Hor?.; some golden-colored branch-
lets appear with the green ones. ‘‘ Triomphe d’Angers” (?). Waukegan,
Meehan (?) Dwarr RED CEDAR.

Se LarcH. Male and female flowers in separate clusters, but on the

same tree; leaves deciduous, single or in handsome clusters, which terminate
in scaly round buds; cones small, often red when young.

Larix Americana, Mfichaux. AMERICAN LARCH, HACKMATACK. (Adies
microcarpa, Lindley; Pinus microcarpa, Lambert; Pinus Larix rubra,
Marshall.) A valuable timber-tree, ranging from Canada to Virginia, but
most common in the cooler parts. It grows, in the most favorable locations, 75
feet high and 2 feet in diameter.

Larix Europza, De Candolle. EUROPEAN LARCH. (Pinus Larix, Lin-
neus; Abies Larix, Lamarck ; Larix excelsa, Link.) A strikingly handsome
tree; hardy, and of rapid growth; cones longer than those of the American
Larch. Promises to be important here in tree-culture for economic purposes,
There are the following varieties: * alba, End/icher ; WHttTE-FLOWERED
EuRoPEAN LarcH. glauca, ? * pendula, Loudon; GoODSALL's
Weertnc Larcu; has hanging branches. * repens, Loudon ; wide-spread-
ing and hanging branches. rubra, Zadlicher ; has red flowers.

Larix Dahurica, 7urczaninow. DAHURIAN LarcH. (Larix Europea
Dahurica, Loudon; Larix Gmelini, Ledebour; Pinus Dahurica, Fischer.)
A dwarf shrub from the cold mountains of Northern Siberia.

F i

ie TREES AND SHRUBS

Larix Griffithii, Hooker. SikkIM LARCH. Adies Griffithiana, Lindley,
Larix Sikkimensis, Hooker.) From the higher parts of Bhotan, Sikkim, and
Nepal. 30 to 60 feet high. It is said to be an “ inelegant species ;’’ in other
words, not ornamental. )

* Larix Kamtschatica, Carriere. KAMTSCHATKA LARCH. (Pinus
Kamtschatica, Endlicher ; Abies Kamtschatica, Ruprecht; Abies Sibirica,
Fischer.) A middle-sized tree from the Kamtschatka region, which would
doubtless prove hardy here.

* Larix Ledebourii, Ruprecht. ALTAIAN LARCH. (Pinus Ledebourit,
Endlicher, and many other,synonymes.) A large tree from the Altai Moun-
tains of Siberia; bears some resemblance to the European Larch. Cones,
however, are very smail.

Larix Lyallii, Parlatore. LYALL’s LARCH. (Pinus Lyallii, Parlatore.)
A middle-sized tree from Northwest America, in the Cascade region. Its most
striking peculiarity is the woolly covering of the leaf-buds and young shoots.

Larix leptolepis, Stebo/d. SLENDER-SCALED JAPAN LARCH. (Pinus lep-
tolepis, Endlicher,; Pinus Larix, Thunberg; Larix Faponica, Carriere.)
A slender tree, 40 feet high, from Japan, where it is much prized and is called
MONEY PINE.

Libocedrus. A genus quite near to Thuja (Arbor Vite), differing chiefly
in having the scales of the cones joined edge to edge, and each scale having
but one unequally-winged seed.

Libocedrus decurrens, Zorrey. DECURRENT-LEAVED ARBOR VITA.
(Libocedrus gigantea, Low; Thuja gigantea, Hort.; but not of Nuttall.)
Tall tree from the Sierras of California, making superb lumber. Leaves are
decurrent along the branchlets. Called WHITE CEDAR by the Californians.
Not hardy here, but in the Park catalogues.

Picea. Firs. Leaves somewhat 2-ranked; cones erect at maturity, and
the scales falling away from the axis.

Picea amabilis, Zizd/ey. WESTERN SILVER Fir. (This tree is involved
in so much doubt that I give nosynonymes.) Dr. Engelmann regards the tree
cultivated in Edinburgh under this name as the one so named by Douglas, but
he considers it as merely a variety of GRANDIS, to which (variety) he gives the
name of DENSIFOLIA, and describes it thus: foliage dense, clustered on upper
side of branches, like that of Mordmanniana ; leaves dark glossy green above,
with two very conspicuous white bands below. Large tree from Oregon and
British Columbia.

Picea Apollinis, Rauch. ApoLtLo SILVER Fir. (Finus Cephalonica
A pollinis, Gordon, in first edition of Pinetum; Adzes Apollinis, Link; Abies
pectinata Apollinis, Endlicher.) Tree 60 to 70 feet high; head spreading;
smooth yellowish bark without the resin-blisters so characteristic of the S/ver
firs. Native of Greece. ;

Picea balsamea, Loudon. BALM OF GILEAD Fir. (Pinus balsamea,
Linnaeus; Abies balsamifera, Michaux, in part; Abies balsamea, Miller.)
Eastern and colder parts of North America, extending southward along the

mountains; 60 to 70 feet high. Handsome when young. Wood of no great

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 27

value, The Park has the following varieties: longifolia, Zowdon ; with longer
leaves and more erect branches than the species. variegata, Anig//; foliage
somewhat variegated with white.

Picea bracteata, Loudon. LEAFY-BRACTED SILVER Fir. (Pinus brac-
teata, Don ; Abies bracteata, Hooker.) A \arge, beautiful tree from California,
with linear-lanceolate, acute, hard leaves. Its hardiness is more than doubtful

here.

Picea Cephalonica, Loudon. We have doubtfully placed this (after Parla-
tore) under the head of Adzes excelsa.

* Picea concolor, Enge/mann. (Pinus concolor, Engelmann ; Abies con-
color, Lindley.) Often mistaken for Adies grandis (“by the Rocky Moun-
tain botanists’’), which, however, is confined to California (and the region
to the north), where both are found. It is “a stately tree,” with foliage 1
to 3 inches long and at first pale glaucous, then dull green, It extends into
Southern Arizona.

Picea Cilicia, Rauch. CILICIAN SILVER Fir. (Pinus Cilicia, Carriere ;
Picea Pichta alba, Hort.; Picea longifolia, Hort.) A tall, handsome tree,
50 feet high, growing in the mountains of Asia Minor along with the Cedar
of Lebanon. f

Picea firma, Gordon. JAPAN SILVER Fir. (Pinus firma, Antoine; Abies

_ firma, Siebold and Zuccarini ; Abies bifida, Siebold and Zuccarini.) Leaves

solitary, thickly placed, sharp, blunt-pointed or even notched at the end. Tall
tree from Japan. Hardy here.

Picea Fraseri, Loudon. FRASER’S SILVER Fir. (Pinus Fraseri, Pursh;
Abies Fraseri, Lindley ; Abies balsamea B Fraseri, Spach.) A small tree from
the mountains of North Carolina, “rarely as much as 30 or 40 feet high ;”’
often “mistaken for Picea balsamea, from which it is distinguished by its
shorter, denser, and more erect foliage, as well as by the very compact shape
and numerous small branchlets.””—/oopes. Picea Hudsonia “ of the gardens,
often considered as a form of Fraseri, is a sterile dwarf form of [Picea] ba/-
samea.”’—Engelmann,

Picea grandis, Loudon. GREAT CALIFORNIA SILVER Fir. Pinus grandis,
Douglas ; Abies grandis, Engelmann.) A \arge, valuable timber-tree, attain-
ing in California and the region to the north a height of 240 feet. ‘ Leaves
glossy green, I to 2 inches long; cones 2 to 4 inches long, scales twice as
broad as high.”—£age/mann. Tree not well known. Thoroughly hardy
here. I omit the garden varieties Z/aviana and /asiocarpa here, as neither
appears as such in the last edition of Gordon’s Pinetum, and, further, both are
relegated to what we have named Picea concolor.

Picea magnifica, M/urray. Pompous SILVER Fir, Rep Fir of the Sierras,
(“ Abies nobilis, var. robusta, in Hort., Dickson and Turnbull; Abies cam-
pylocarpa, Murray ; Abies amabilis of the California botanists; Pseudotsuga
magnifica, McNab,”"—Engelmann. California tree, 10 feet in diameter, and
over 200 feet high.

Picea nobilis, Zoudon. Noni_e Si_ver Fir, Rep Fir of the Cascades.
( Pinus nobilis, Douglas; Pseudotsuga nobilis, Bertrand; Abies nobilis, Lind-
ley.) Tree from Oregon, 200 feet high. Foliage rigid glaucous. Hardy here,
The variety glauca has the leaves “ silvery-white color.”

—— ee

28 TREES AND SHRUBS

Picea Nordmanniana, Loudon. NORDMANN’S SILVER Fir. (Pinus Abies,
Du Roi, in part; Abies Nordmannia, Link; Picea pectinata leioclada, Hort.)
Tree common in Black Sea region at a considerable elevation. Grows 100 feet
high. Timber of good quality. Hardy here.

Picea pectinata, Loudon. COMMON EUROPEAN SILVER Fir. (Pinus Abies, .
Du Roi; Parlatore,in part ; Abies taxtfolia, Desfontaines ; Abies Picea, Lind-
ley; Abies pectinata, De Candolle; Pinus Abies pectinata, Lamarck.) This
well-known tree, so common in the Alps, is found also extensively diffused
over Europe, except on the northern mountains. Cultivation has produced
the following varieties: * fastigiata, Booth ; leaves small, branches erect,
slender, compressed, resembling a Lombardy Poplar in outline. Originated
at Metz. * pyramidalis, or¢. ; somewhat like the preceding, save that the
ends of the branches droop slightly; of German origin. * nana, Knight;
slow, couple of feet high; produced in France. pendula, Godfrey; has the
branches and branchlets all drooping; is of French origin. * tortuosa,
Booth; is a German variety, with branches and branchlets much twisted.
variegata, //or¢., has straw-colored and green leaves variously intermixed.

Picea Pichta, Zowdon. PITCH SILVER FIR, SIBERIAN SILVER FIR. (Pinus
Stbirica, Turcz.; Abtes Sibirica, Ledebour,; Picea Stbirica, Hort.) Leaves
dark green above, somewhat lighter on under surface, 1 inch long. From
the mountains of Central Asia. Not more than 50 feet high, and with dense
head. Perfectly hardy here. Well suited for ornamental planting.

Picea Pindrow, Zoudon. UPRIGHT INDIAN SILVER Fir. (Pinus Pin- .
drow, Royle; Abies Pindrow, Spach; Abies Webbiana affinis, Hort.; Picea
Lferbertiana, Madden; Zaxus Lambertiana, Wallich.) Tree from the
mountains of India at an elevation of several thousand feet above the sea;
branches flat, horizontal, and in whorls (circles around the stem). Its dark o
foliage produces a most gloomy forest. From 80 to 125 feet high. Timber
second-rate. In the Park; but its hardiness here is very doubtful.

Picea Pinsapo, Zoudon. PINSAPO Fir. (Pinus Pinsapo, Botssier ; Abies
Pinsapo, Boissier.) Tree 60 to 70 feet high, from the mountains of Southern
Spain and Northern Africa. Leaves % inch long, sharp or obtuse. Hardy
here. The variety variegata, //or¢., has “some of the leaves and smaller
shoots straw-colored and intermixed with the green ones.”

Picea Veitchii, Hov¢. VEITCH’S SILVER Fir. (Pinus selenolepis, Par-
latore ; Abies Veitchii, Lindley.) ‘Tree from 100 to 135 feet high. From the
sacred mountain of Fusi-Yama, Japan.

Picea Webbiana, Zoudon. Wess’s INDIAN Fir. (Pinus Webdbiana,
Wallich, MSS.; Abies Webbiana, Lindley ; Abies spectabilis, Spach.) ‘Tree
70 to 80 feet high. From the higher mountains of India, A tender but very
striking tree, with purple cones 5 to 7 inches long which furnish a violet-colored
dye.

Pinus. The Pines Proper. Male and female flowers in different clusters
on the same tree; the former (male) in scaly clusters, the latter (female) be-
coming a woody cone, under the scales of which the usually winged seeds are
found. Leaves in clusters of 2, 3, or 5 (in a single instance 1) which are
surrounded at base by a more or less conspicuous dry thin sheath,

Pinus Austriaca, //éss. AusSTRIAN PINE. (Pinus Laricio nigricans,
Parlatore; Pinus nigra, Link; Pinus Laricio Austriaca, Endlicher ; Pinus

|
.

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 29

nigrescens, Hort.) A native of Southern Central Europe, where it grows 120
feet high. Timber valuable. Hardy here, and advised by Hoopes for hedges
destined to afford protection to stock or tender plants. It has a dense sym-
metrical form, and the oblong cones shine as if varnished. It is, unfortunately,
attacked in the leaves by some as yet unknown fungus which causes them to
turn yellow. The variety variegata, Lawson, has green and straw-colored
leaves on the same branchlets,

* Pinus aristata, Enge/mann. AWN-CONED PINE. A characteristic tree
of the alpine summits of the Rocky Mountains, where it grows from gooo feet
above the sea-level upwards, nearly or quite to the limit of tree-growth, Its
increase in size appears to be extremely slow. ‘The leaves are remarkably
persistent, and have been known to remain on the tree at least 16 years. The
tree probably attains an age of from 600 to goo years.

Pinus Ayacahuite, Zhirenberg. AYACAHUITE PINE. (Pinus strobilt-
Jormis, Engelmann, here are a number of other unimportant synonymes. )
This species is a native of Mexico, especially of the southern parts, at from
7ooo to 8500 feet above the sea-level. It bears a striking likeness to the
Common White Pine, and grows in its home 100 feet high.

* Pinus Banksiana, Zaméert. BANKS, GRAY, or NORTHERN PINE, SCRUB
PINE. (Pinus Hudsonica, Poiret; Pinus rupestris, Michaux.) Native of
the northern parts of the United States, thence as far north as Hudson Bay.
Rather small in size, not exceeding 40 feet in height. Timber is said to
be light and tough. Considered quite ornamental in England, though in its
native haunts it is unsymmetrical and straggling,

* Pinus Brutia, Zenore. CALABRIAN CLUSTER PINE. (Pinus Pyrenaica,
Lapeyrouse, in part; Pinus Lotseleuriana, Carriere. We have adopted the
above name—7.ec., Brutia—on grounds of expediency alone: see 7. Pyrenaica
of this Catalogue.) Tree 70 feet high, from the mountains of Calabria;
branches spreading; leaves bright green, and timber said to be good, Hardy
here, so that on grounds of utility as well as of ornament it is entitled to culture
with us.

Pinus Bungeana, Zuccarini?. CHINESE LACE-BARK TREE. (Pinus ex-
corticata, Gordon.) Tree from Northern China. Not large-sized; leaves
short and stiff. Coming from a cold and desolate region, it does well here.
The outer bark is shed each season: hence the nearly vertical branches have a
white color, which produces a most striking effect.

Pinus Cembra, Zinnaus. Swiss STONE PINE. Long ago introduced
into cultivation from the higher regions of the Alps, where it forms conspic--
uous forests. The wood is soft and fine-grained, and much used in carving.
Considerable quantities of resin are also derived from it. Hardy, and grows
well in even poor soil. The Park has the following varieties: Sibirica, Zou-
don ; is the SIBERIAN STONE Pine; found in Eastern Siberia, where the large
seeds are eaten. pygmea, Fischer ; is from the more barren parts of Eastern
Siberia, and hardly more than 3 feet high, but with spreading branches
“sometimes 12 feet long and 3 inches in diameter.”

Pinus cembroides. There is much confusion regarding the use of this
name. See /inus edulis, Engelmann, of this list.

Pinus contorta, Douglas. Twistep-BRANCH Pine. (Pinus Boursiert,
Carriere.) ‘Tree of the Rocky Mountains and of the Western coast from

30 TREES AND SHRUBS

Central California northward. Along shore it protects the other vegetation,
though it is never large and hardly ever symmetrical in its growth. In British
Columbia the Indians eat the tender inside bark in early spring. Hardy.

Pinus densiflora, Stedo/d and Zuccarini. DENSE-FLOWERED JAPAN PINE,
(Pinus Faponica, Antoine; Pinus rubra, Siebold, in part.) From Japan, —
where it grows about 40 feet high. Timber of fair quality. The resin is in
general use in Japan for healing wounds. Hardy.

Pinus edulis, Zxzge/mann. Nut PINE, PINON PINE. This has been re-
garded as a form of Pinus cembroides, Zuccarini, from which it appears to be
distinct, and it has also been confounded with Pius monophyllos, Torrey and
fremont, the larger nuts of which are edible. It is a low scrubby tree which
is rich in resin. It is common in Southern Colorado, Arizona, and New
Mexico. Hardy, but the timber contains much resin, and is of little value save
as fuel. Nuts also edible.

Pinus Elliottii, Axge/mann. FE viottT’s PINE. From South Carolina,
and reaching south to Georgia and Florida. A handsome tree, which, as it
is hardy in the southern part of this State, is worthy of a trial in protected
situations here.

Pinus excelsa, Wallich. Lorry BHOTAN PINE. (Pinus Dicksonii, Hort. ;
Pinus pendula, Griffith; Pinus Indica, Manetti.) Native of India, especi-
ally on the higher grounds, where at an altitude of from 6000 to 10,000 feet it
appears to be common and to reach an altitude of 150 feet. Timber good,
compact yet soft, white, and yielding a fragrant resinous turpentine. The
drooping branches have given it the name of DROOPING Fir. Desirable tree
in parks. Hardy here.

_ Pinus flexilis, Zames. AMERICAN CEMBRAN PINE, FLEXIBLE-BRANCHED
PINE, Rocky MOUNTAIN WHITE PINE. (Pinus albicaulis, Engelmann ;
Pinus Shasta, Carriere.) A middle-sized tree, native of Colorado, New
Mexico, Arizona, and Southern California. Quite valuable, and of slow
growth, but handsome in shape. ‘The flexibility of the branches is said to be
due to the thick elastic bark covering them.

Pinus Gerardiana, Wallich. GERARD’S PINE. (Pinus Neosa, Govan.)
Tree 50 feet high, from the Thibet region, where it ranges to an altitude of
12,500 feet above the sea-level. It is called by the Orientals the Sweet Nut
Pine, from its edible nuts. It secretes resin in large quantities. The tree is
reasonably hardy here.

Pinus insignis, Douglas. OREGON PITCH-PINE. (Pinus Californica,
Loisel.) One of the most beautiful of the West Coast Pines. It branches
from the ground up. Hardy in England, but not likely to be so here, though
it is in the Park collection.

Pinus inops, So/ander. JERSEY or SCRUB PINE. (Pinus Virginiana, Mill.
Dict.; Pinus variabilis, Pursh.) A low branching tree, of no special value
except as fuel. It grows in poor and sandy soil from New Jersey to Kentucky
and southward, Hardy enough, but not very ornamental in parks or other
public grounds.

Pinus Koraiensis, Stedo/d and Zuccarint. COREAN PINE. (Pinus Strobus,
Thunberg. ‘The tree so named by Linnzeus is our common White Pine.)
It is 30 to 40 feet high, and cultivated in China and Japan. Native of the cold

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 31

shores farther north on the peninsula of Corea, where the seeds are eaten and
the tree is known as the SEA-SHORE or MARITIME PINE, Hardy here.

Pinus Laricio, Potret, CoRSICAN PINE. (Pinus altissima, Banks ;
Pinus Corsicana, Hort.) A tall, handsome tree, 80 to 130 feet high, from the
Mediterranean region. It is rapid-growing and short-lived. Timber is long-
grained, white, and said to be easily worked and valuable. Hardy and attract-
ive in our region. The Park has the varieties—Caramanica, Loudon ; tree

‘smaller, head rounder and more bushy, than the species. Leaves very dark

green, and the slender branches with red bark. Calabrica, De/amarre ;
“has branches densely clothed with leaves which are longer than those of the
ordinary form.’’ Hardy and desirable. pygmea, Rauch, is a dwarf moun-
tain form, with branches lying flat on the ground, and with leaves short, rigid,
and slightly curved. The other varieties hardly merit notice here.

Pinus Lambertiana, Douglas. SUGAR PINE, LAMBERT’S PINE, GIANT
Pine. (The distinct character of this tree has, fortunately, kept it clear of that
curse of modern botany,—7.e., synonymes.) The most beautiful tree of the
California mountain region, It attains a height of 200 feet and upwards, with
a corresponding diameter at base. Its general outline is that of our White
Pine. The lumber is of great value, being soft, straight-grained, light, and
durable. The cones are often 14 inches long and § inches through. The
edible seeds are either used fresh or prepared in cakes for winter use. The
tree is hardy here, and of rapid growth.

Pinus Massoniana, Zamédert. CHINESE PINE. (Pinus Sinensis, Lam-
bert ; Pinus sylvestris, Lour.? not of Linneus.) A medium-sized tree from
China. It appears to be hardy here. Branches somewhat drooping. Of no
great value.

Pinus mitis, A/ichaux. YELLOW PINE, SHORT-LEAVED YELLOW PINE.
(Pinus variabilis, Michaux the younger.) Native tree, once common over the
eastern and southern portions of the country, but now becoming very scarce
in the New England States. Timber is valuable especially for ship-building
purposes. Once much used here for flooring. Tree when cared for in open
grounds becomes quite handsome.

Pinus monticola, Dowg/as. MOUNTAIN PINE. (Pinus Strobus monticola,
Nuttall.) Tree from Northern California and Oregon; resembling in appear-
ance and in size our White Pine. ‘Timber like the White Pine, but said to be
more tough. Hardy.

Pinus Mugho, Bauhin. MucHo PINE. (Pinus montana, Du Roi ?
Pinus sylvestris Mugho, Bauhin.) A hardy dwarf Pine from the mountains
of Central Europe, of no special value as a timber-tree; wood red. It has
produced the following varieties: nana, Loudon; a dwarf not more than 3
feet high, from the Styrian Alps. rostrata, An/oine ; 30 feet high, but with
large branches spreading over the ground. Wood is resinous and durable.
rotundata, Lind; is a small tree with a straight stem. From the Tyrol.

Pinus parviflora, Siebo/d. SMALL-FLOWERED JAPAN PINE. (Pinus Cem-
bra, Thunberg, but not of Linnaeus.) 1s asmall tree from the colder islands
of Japan, on high places. Also cultivated in the islands of Japan, Hardy
here.

Pinus pungens, M/ichaux. TABLE MOUNTAIN Pine. A middle-sized tree,
ranging along the mountains from Georgia to Pennsylvania. The most char-

32 ' TREES AND SHRUBS

acteristic feature of this species is the stout, sharp, and somewhat recurved
prickles which terminate the scales of the ovate cones. The cones remain on
the tree a long time, and confer upon it a peculiar appearance from the whorls

or Clusters, which are so striking. The tree is of but little value,—too small

for timber, and not rich in turpentine; not even a handsome tree, but still one
which commends itself as a species for the Park because of its hardiness.

Pinus Pyrenaica, Lafeyrouse, in part. PYRENEAN PINE. (Pinus
Laricio, var. tenuifolia, Parlatore; Pinus Hispanica, Cook. 1 have adopted
the name /. Pyrenaica solely on grounds of expediency. See Pinus Brutia
of this Catalogue.) Tree 60 to 80 feet high, from mountains of Spain and of
France. Beautifully conical in outline, attractive in both bark and foliage,
and hardy, it should form one of the chief evergreen ornaments of our Park,
Timber white and with but little turpentine.

Pinus resinosa, Azton. RED PINE. (Pinus rubra, Michaux the younger.)
An indigenous tree, 50 to 80 feet high, ranging from “ Massachusetts to Penn-
sylvania, and Wisconsin and northward.’”’ Bark smoothish; red wood solid,
“not very resinous,’ and valuable, The tree may fairly be regarded as orna-
mental.

Pinus rigida, Afi//er, PircH PINE, Sap PINE. (Linus teda rigida,
Aiton; Pinus trasert, Loddiges; Pinus Loddigestit, Loudon.) ‘Yree is of
middle size, native to, and common in, the Middle States. Hardy. Orna-
mental, owing to its irregular outline and open growth. Timber is knotty and
often too full of sap. Tar may be made in small quantity from it.

Pinus Strobus, Zinu@us. WHITE PINE, WEYMOUTH PINE. This tree
may fairly be called the glory of our forests. It ranges from Vermont to Vir-
ginia, and along the northern border, where it is most common, west to the
Mississippi. It is of rapid growth, and hence desirable either in parks or in
forests, attaining sometimes in 20 years a diameter of 2 feet. It grows in its
native forests from 125 to 165 feet high, and frequently is 6 feet through.
It is so valuable that unless prompt means be taken to preserve or plant it, its
practical extermination is nearathand. There are in cultivation the following
varieties: * brevifolia, Booth; with the leaves short, numerous, and com-
pressed around the shoots. nana, Anight, from I to 3 feet high, with very
slender leaves. *nivea, Avight; leaves erect, dense, dark green when
mature, but white on upper surface when young. ‘There are other less impor-
tant varieties,

Pinus sylvestris, Zézwz@us. ScorTcH Fir, ScotcH PINE. (Pinus Gene-
vensis, Bauhin; Pinus Rigensts, Fischer ; Pinus uncinata, Don.) Native
of Northern and Central Europe. Grows from 60 to 100 feet high. It makes
up the bulk of the Norwegian pine forests, and is of great commercial value,
«It is the Red and Yellow Deal of England.” It produces much turpentine,
and will grow in nearly any soil, being besides quite hardy and ornamental,
From it there are the following varieties: * Altaica, Lededour ; is a compact
tree, with short, stiff leaves. * argentea, Stevens, has cones and leaves of
silvery color. * horizontalis, You; has the branches spreading in a hori-
zontal direction. * latifolia, Gordon ; is a robust, rapid-growing form, with
larger leaves than the original tree. * monophylla, //odgins,; leaves 2 or
3 in a cluster, but twisted to resemble a single leaf. * nana, //or?. ; is
one to two feet high, but spreading over the ground; ‘leaves and branches
stunted.” * variegata, //or7.; has some straw-colored mixed with the green
leaves.

a re Cl

.-

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 33

Pinus teda, Zimneus. LOBLOLLY or OLDFIELD PINE, ToRCH PINE,
FRANKINCENSE Pine. (Pinus Virginiana tenuifolia, Plukenet.) Tree
ranging from Delaware southward along the coast, sometimes under favorable
conditions becoming 100 feet high. It takes complete possession of worn-out
fields in the Southern States, so that nothing else will grow on them. This
species is not rich in turpentine, neither is the timber of first-rate quality. It
does, however, answer for fuel.

The above list includes (along with some which are not thoroughly hardy)
most of the desirable Pines for the Park. Many familiar names, especially
those of Western species, will be missed. It is to be remembered, however,
that many of these fail to stand our winters, and notably so those from the

Pacific coast. 4

Podocarpus. The most striking peculiarity of this large genus is the long
peduncle which supports the succulent fruit. Male and female flowers are
usually on different trees.

Podocarpus Andina, Pépfig. PLUM Fir, ANDES PopocaRpus. (/Podo-
carpus spicata, Pippig; Vaxus spicata, Dombey; Prumnopitys elegans,
Philippi.) Tree from the Andes of South Chili, 40 to 50 feet high. Probably
hardy here. :

Podocarpus Japonica, Srebo/¢d. JAPAN PopocarRPus. (Podocarpus lan-
ceolata, Hort.) Isa small tree which is quite common in Japan. Leaves 4
to 8 inches long and ¥% inch wide; thick, stiff, and blunt-pointed. Hardy
here.

Pseudo-Larix. Differs from the ordinary species of Larix (Larches) chiefly
in having deciduous scales to the cones. There is but a single species :

Pseudo-Larix Kaempferi, Gordon. GOLDEN LARCH, CHINESE LARCH.
(Larix Kaempferi, Fortune; Abies Kaempferi, Lindley ; Pinus Kaempferi,
Lambert.) Tree from China, 130 feet high; cone-scales widely diverging ;
cones 3 inches long. May be considered as hardy.

Retinospora. This name is used simply because it is so generally accepted
in garden literature; and it is not to be regarded as indicating a genus in a
strictly botanical sense. The plants composing it really belong to Cupressus
or to Chamecypfaris, from which they are distinguished mainly by the resin
in the seed-coats.

Retinospora ericoides, Zuccarinit. HEATH-LIKE RETINOSPORA. (Cha-
macyparis ericoides, Carriere ; Cupressus ericoides, Hort. ; Funiperus ericoides,
Hort.) Low shrub from Japan. Fairly hardy here. The Japanese cultivate
itin pots. The whole plant becomes dingy red as cold weather approaches.

Retinospora filicoides, Veitch. FerN-LIke RETINOSPORA. (Xetinospora

obtusa filicoides, Hort.) 1s a handsome, free-growing tree found in Japanese -

gardens.

Retinospora filifera, Standish. Tureapy JAPAN Cypress. Tree 50
feet high; from Japan, where it is much cultivated for ornament. The varieties
aurea and pendula are likewise much cultivated there. gracilis, Veitch; is
a recent importation, with very slender shoots. variegata, //vofes; is ‘‘an

3

34 TREES AND SHRUBS

elegantly-marked form, the young branchlets and leaves being conspicuously
tinted with golden yellow.”

Retinospora leptoclada, Zuccarin?. SLENDER or FLAT-BRANCHLETED
RETINOSPORA. (LRetinospora squarrosa leptoclada, Siebold ; Chamecyparis
squarrosa leptoclada, Endlicher.) A large bush from Japan, and much culti-
vated there. The foliage is of a bright glaucous-green color, closely arranged
on the numerous little branchlets, making a compact mass.

Retinospora lycopodioides, Standish. C1iuB Moss-LIKE RETINOSPORA.
(Retinospora monstrosa, Hort.) Tree from Japan. Leaves arranged all
around the branches, and either sharp-pointed or scale-like. Hence, from the
general resemblance to the Club Moss, its common name.

Retinospora obtusa, Svebo/d. OBTusE-LEAVED JAPAN RETINOSPORA.
(Chamecyparis obtusa, Endlicher ; Chamepeuce obtusa, Zuccarini; Retino-
spora Fusinoka, Zuccarint.) A lofty tree, forming the greater part of the
forests in the mountains of Nippon, Japan. The timber, owing to its white-
ness and compactness, takes a polish and lustre almost like silk, says Gordon,
In consequence it is used by the Japanese in erecting temples and in making
sacred utensils. Hardy here, but requiring some shade to bring out the full
beauty of its leaves. There are the following distinct varieties: argentea,
Fortune ; which has some of the leaves and branchlets silvery white, contrast-
ing with the green. aurea, /ortune,; has golden-colored spray and leaves
which contrast well with the green. Of this variety there are other forms.
compacta, //oofes ; is dwarfish, with a regular conical outline and fan-shaped
branchlets terminating the branches; a well-marked variety. gracilis, Hoopes ;
produced by Messrs. Otto & Achelis, of West Chester, Pa.; is a pale yellowish-
green form, with slender, erect branches.

Retinospora pisifera, Siebo/¢d. PEA-FRUITED RETINOSPORA. (Chame-
cyparis pisifera, Endlicher.) From the island of Nippon, Japan. Tree small
and slender. The branches, branchlets, and foliage together form a dense
mass. ‘The fruit is small, and of “‘numerous imbricated scales.”’ The Park
has, as varieties of the above, variegata and nana variegata.

Retinospora plumosa, ort. PLUME-LIKE JAPAN RETINOSPORA. (e-
tinospora pisifera plumosa, Hort.) Is a compact form, with small, bright-
green leaves and small branches. Hardy, and a rapid grower. Of this there
are these varieties in the Park: argentea, //ort. SILVER-PLUMED RETINO-
SPORA; with the tips of the shoots at first perfectly white, but turning green
later. aurea, //ort.; branchlet tips of a permanent golden color. Hardy.
This is the same as the 2. fzszfera of the gardens.

Retinospora squarrosa, Szebo/d. SQUARROSE-LEAVED RETINOSPORA.

(Chamecyparis squarrosa, Endlicher; Cupressus sqguarrosa, Lawson.) A

small, slender-branched shrub or tree from Japan, with bluish-green leaves
which are recurved at the tips. Hardy here, and handsome. It, too, has
produced some varieties, though none of any great value.

The following forms are in the Park, but their permanency can yet hardly
be stated :

Retinospora cristata, //oofes. A compact dwarf, with the young branch-
lets in tufts and of a golden-yellow color.

Retinospora elegantissima, Hoofes. ‘ Habit dwarf and regular; growth
compact and delicate; foliage yellow-tinted.”

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 35

- De eS ee

Retinospora Hoggii pendula, //oofes. Is a pendulous form, not unlike
R. filifera, but more graceful and drooping in character,

Retinospora pygmea, Veitch. Smallest-sized form of Retinospora ; bright,
lively green color, and exceedingly ornamental.

_ Salisburia. Male and female flowers on different plants; leaves fan-shaped,
veined like ferns; deciduous.

® Salisburia adiantifolia, Sth. GINKGO, MAIDEN-HAIR TREE. (Ginkgo

biloba, Linnaeus; Salisburia Ginkgo, Salisbury.) A tall, straight tree, with
an elongated conical head, and a bark suggestive of some of the poplars. Not
rare now in this country. From Japan, but hardy here.

Sciadopitys. Male and female flowers on the same plant, but in different
clusters. The most striking peculiarity is in the cones, where the scales are
thin and leathery and have bracts adhering to them. Under each scale are 7
to g free seeds. The single species in the Park is S. verticillata, Srebo/d
and Zuccarint. UMBRELLA PINE. (/inus verticillata, Siebold; Taxus ver-
ticillata, Thunberg.) It has strangely-whorled branches (encircling the stem)
and leaves, the latter being 2 to 4 inches long and 2 lines wide, there being
often 30 to 40 in a whorl around the stem.

Sequoia. Male and female flowers in separate clusters but on the same
tree. Cones small, oval, with 3 to § winged seeds under each scale.

Sequoia gigantea, Zorrey. BiG TREE OF CALIFORNIA. (Wellingtonia
gigantea, Lindley and others; Washingtonia gigantea, Kellogg.) From the
Sierras of California at middle altitudes, where it grows nearly 300 feet high
and 30 feet in diameter. It was formerly supposed that these trees were over
3000 years old. It now appears probable that they are far short of this great
age ; most likely not more than 1800 years old. It is in great danger of exter-
mination from the destruction of the old trees for timber, and the killing of the
young ones by fires made to clear the ground of underbrush and so allow the
grass to grow for the bands of sheep which overrun the region. Not entirely
hardy.

Sequoia sempervirens, Zndlicher. CALIFORNIA REDWOOD. ( 7axodium
sempervirens, Lambert; Taxodium Nutkaensis, Lambert.) Almost as large as
the *‘ Bic TREE,” and even less hardy with us. Common about Monterey, Cal-
ifornia. This species is being rapidly consumed for lumber, and it is to the
Pacific coast what the White Pine is to this.

Taxodium. Male and female flowers on the same branches but in different
clusters. ‘ Fruit of several thick, shield-shaped scales united into a globular
cone.’ Seeds 2 on the base of each scale.

Taxodium distichum, Richard. BALD Cypress. (Cupressus Virginiana,
Plukenet ; Cupressus disticha, Linnaeus.) A deciduous-leaved tree growing
from Delaware southward, in low wet grounds. A most valuable timber, now
coming into general use in finishing houses, etc. It attains a very large size,
especially on the rich bottom-lands of the West and Southwest. Hardy here.

Taxodium mucronatum, 7enore ; which is by some regarded as a mere
variety of the above, is found in Mexico forming extended forests. To it the

r
J
‘

7 “yo. ee

36 TREES AND SHRUBS

great Montezuma Cypress at Chapultepec (in Mexico) belongs. It has a
diameter of 30 feet near the ground. This species is not hardy here.

Taxus. YEW. This small group of shrubs and small trees is character-
ized by having the male and female flowers on different individuals; the
former of a few naked stamens, the latter a naked ovule in a small disk which
becomes cup-shaped. Heart-wood usually red. From the temperate and
colder parts of the globe. In this somewhat perplexing group Gordon has
been mainly followed.

Taxus adpressa, Anight. SHORT-LEAVED JAPAN YEW. ( Zaxus ¢ardiva,
Lawson; Taxus baccata adpressa, Carriere; Cephalotaxus tardiva, Siebold ;
Cephalotaxus adpressa, Hort.) Shrub from Japan; 3 feet high, with many
spreading branches. Hardy here. It has a variety stricta, Standish ;
which is robust in appearance and has erect leading shoots.

Taxus baccata, Zinneus. COMMON YEW. (7Zaxus baccata vulgaris,
Endlicher.) 1s asmall tree or large bush from Northern Europe. Stem short,
but branches many and spreading; smaller branches drooping; leaves a
gloomy green. Of this we have the varieties—argentea, Loudon ; SILVER
VARIEGATED YEW; which has silvery white striped leaves changing to straw-
color. *Cheshuntensis, W. Paul; CHESHUNT YEW; is pyramidal in out-
‘line, has small leaves, and is of rapid growth. Dovastoni, Loudon, Dovas-
TON’s YEW (which is cursed with many synonymes); has the form of the
species, except that its branches are horizontal and its branchlets very drooping.
Of this variety there is a variegated form which has the young leaves golden-
edged, which, as they become older, change to a bright green with silver
edging. erecta, Loudon, ERECT YEW; is a slender, stiff, erect variety,
which is more commonly known in gardens as 7axus erecta. ericoides,
flort.; HEATH-LIKE YEW; is I or 2 feet high, with small dark foliage and
small erect twigs. fastigiata, Zoudon, IRISH YEW; has the outline of a
Lombardy Poplar, the branches being stiff and erect; leaves in tufts or scat-
tered, but not in 2 rows as most Yews have; berries also are oblong instead of
round. The variety has also produced 2 (at least) variegated forms. * fructu-
luteo, Loudon ; has berries of a striking golden color, glauca, Carriere ;
leaves dark green on upper surface ‘‘and bluish and glaucous gray on the
under. Bark of the young shoots is a rusty-brown color.” nana, W. Paul;
is a solid little dwarf, with leaves longer and darker than the species. sparsi-
folia, Zowdon,; which is the same as the variety monstrosa of the gardens;
has the leaves arranged around the branches, but the branches spreading.
* variegata, Loudon; has the leaves edged with a golden-yellow color.

Taxus brevifolia, Nuéta//. CALIFORNIA YEW. (Zaxus Boursieri, Car-
viere; Taxus baccata Americana, Douglas; Taxus Lindleyana, Murray ;
Taxus occidentale, Nuttall.) A middle-sized tree from our Northwest coast ;
leaves long (nearly an inch), slightly curved; branches slender, very long,
drooping, and with a yellowish bark.

Taxus Canadensis, Wil/denow. CANADIAN YEW. ( Zaxus baccata Cana-
densis, Loudon; Taxus baccata minor, Michaux ; Taxus procumbens, Lod-
diges ; Taxus Canadensis major, Knight.) This in a wild condition is a much-
branched, straggling, half-creeping shrub, and, so far as shape or outline is
concerned, it has little or no beauty. It may, however, be pruned into almost
any shape. Has a rather sombre hue in winter. The variety Washingtont,
Hort., has a vigorous growth, with large, somewhat curved leaves slightly
tinged with a rich golden color. It is also known in gardens as 7Zaxus Wash-
ingtoni and Zaxus Canadensis aurea.

LP
f
{

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 37

Taxus cuspidata, Siedo/d. Aprupt-PoINteD Yew. Is a desirable, tall,
handsome shrub or small tree with ascending branches, and leaves very dark
green above and lighter green below. Does not appear hardy, if one may
judge from its absence in our nurseries. From Japan.

Thuiopsis. Japanese trees, with whorled pendent branches, the smaller
twigs being very numerous and 2-ranked. The leaves are opposite, over-
lapping, or sickle-shaped, and sharply pointed. The small cones have cori-
aceous, round scales, under which are 5 seeds; the seeds have a notched wing.

Thuiopsis dolabrata, Stedo/d. HATCHET-LEAVED ARBOR VIT&. Thuja
dolabrata, Thunberg ; Platycoides dolabrata, Spach.) Tree 40 to 50 feet high,
with branches drooping at the points. According to Thunberg, “ it is a lofty,
vast, and beautiful tree, of all evergreens the fairest.”” It requires a rather
moist situation. The following varieties appear in the collection: nana, Sve-
bold ; is the Dwarf Hatchet-Leaved Arbor Vit, and also appears in gardens
and in garden lists under the name of Z7hutopsis dolabrata letivirens. Itisa
variety seldom over 4 feet high, with the leaves and branchlets of a light green
color, like an erect Club Moss. The Japanese cultivate it in pots. Also a de-
sirable rock-work ornament. variegata, Fortune; VARIEGATED HATCHET-
LEAVED ARBOR VITA; differs from the species in having branchlets and leaves
of a pale yellow color intermixed. The form known as 7huiopsis borealis,
Fischer, is Cupressus Nuthkaensis, Hooker, of this Catalogue.

Thuja. ARsBor ViIT#&. Sexes separated in small clusters, but on the same
branches, the male (stamens) each having 4 anther-cells, the female clusters of
a few scales, each of which bears a pair of erect ovules. Spray flat, bearing
awl-shaped scales and blunt-pointed scales, the latter shorter than the others
and united to the branch. Gordon’s Pinetum has been mainly followed in
these species.

Thuja gigantea, Nuttall. GIANT ARBOR VIT#, YELLOW CyPRESS.
( Thuja plicata, Lambert ; Thuja Douglasii, Nuttall; Thuja Menziesii, Doug-
fas.) One of the striking trees of our Northwest coast, growing often 150 feet
high. The inner bark is used by the Indians to make cloaks, mats, sails, ropes,
and clothing. It does not appear to be entirely hardy here.

Thuja occidentalis, Zinmzus. AMERICAN ARBOR VITA, WHITE CEDAR.
Native; from the cooler parts of Pennsylvania, northward, forming often exten-
sive cedar swamps. Grows 20 to §0 feet high; yields a pungent oil ; wood is
durable, but too soft to hold nails firmly. The foliage becomes rather dingy
as cold weather approaches. It has the following varieties: * argentea, Car-
riere; has some silvery white color along with the green. compacta, A.
Smith ; is conical in outline and compact in growth. cristata, Crips ; has
the crested and spreading small branchlets recurved and cockscomb-shaped.
densa, Gordon, is the variety compacta of Stendish; a conical bush, with
stout, compact branches and horizontal, fan-shaped branchlets of a fine glossy
color. This has also been called 7 huja Caucasica, Hort. globosa, ‘fort. ;
is a dwarf bush, round in outline and very dense. Hoveyi, Hort. ; Hovey’s
AMERICAN ARBOR VIT4; is also known as 7huja Hoveyi, Hort. ; a compact
round bush, with flat spray and branchlets: a slender form, originating in
America. pendula, Gordon ; branches along the main stem reverted, and
the branchlets for the most part clustered or tufted towards the end of the
branches and still more declined. variegata, Loudon; has some of the
branchlets of a pale yellow. verveneana, //ort. ; a golden-tinted variety
produced in Ghent. It has produced a new form also.

TT . Yulee a” 2% i eee rae)

38 TREES AND SHRUBS

Thuja plicata, Don. Noorka SOUND ARBOR VITA. ( 7huja occidentalis
plicata, Loudon ; Thuja occidentalis asplenifolia, Hort. ; Thuja odorata, Mar-
shall.) Becomes quite a tree; has the branchlets strangely twisted ; foliage is
a deep bright green. Variety minima, 2. Smith, is an exceedingly compact
little form, of very slow growth.

Thuja Standishii, Gordon. STANDISH’s JAPAN ARBOR VIT&. (7huja
gigantea Standishi, Parlatore?) Is a handsome, good-sized tree from Japan.

Thuja Tatarica, Zoddiges. TARTARIAN or SIBERIAN ARBOR VIT#.
(Thuja Tatarica Wareana, Hort.; Thuja Sibirica, Linneus; with a host
of other synonymes.) This is a beautiful, regularly conical, small tree, dark
green in color and compact in growth. Hardy. Hoopes, who is a most com-
petent authority, insists that this is but a form of 7. occidentalis. Under 7.
Tatarica Gordon places 7. pyramidalis both of Tenore and of Carriere.

The following newer or less-known varieties of 7huja occidentalis appear :
rotundata, Hoofes,; which is a dwarf, deep green in color, and dense in
structure, with a peculiar crested appearance. Doii, Doe; a variegated form,
with yellow-speckled stems and leaves. Buchanani, Doe, is another varie-
gated form, with abundant yellow dots on the foliage. lutea, Doe; a con-
spicuously golden-yellow variegated shrub, which retains its color both in the
sun and with age. The variety nana, /Yvofes, is a different plant from that of
the same name by Gordon and Carriere. Variety Brinkerhoffii is of a
conspicuous golden yellow, and very attractive in early spring.

Besides the above there are Thuja occidentalis ericoides, Hort. ; which
is Retinospora Ellwangeriana, Barry. Thuja occidentalis excelsa of the
garden lists, which may be 7huja excelsa of Bongard, which is Cupressus
Nutkaensis, Hooker. Thuja glauca, Hort., is Biota orientalis glauca, Pince.
Thuja Japonica, /ort., is Biota orientalis Siteboldit, Endlicher. Thuja
occidentalis, Hort., is Biota orientalis monstrosa, Carriere. The popular
little Tom Thumb Arbor Vite Gordon puts under Retinospora Ellwangeriana,
Barry.

Torreya. Male and female flowers in the axils of the leaves, but on dif-
ferent trees. ‘ Anther-cells 4, attached to the under side of the shield-shaped
scale.’ The female flowers maturing into a I-seeded stone fruit. A small
group of trees from California, Florida, China, and Japan, the wood of which
is yellow, heavy, and fine-grained, but both stem and leaf have an unpleasant
odor when bruised.

Torreya Californica, Zorrey. CALIFORNIA NUTMEG, STINKING YEW.
( Zorreya myristica, Hooker.) A tree from the California Sierras, 20 to 40 feet
high. Foliage is beautiful, and the bark is little like that of an ordinary
conifer.

Torreya grandis, Fortune. (Caryotaxus grandis, Henk. and Hochst. ;
Cephalotaxus grandis, Hort.; Cephalotaxus umbraculifera, Siebold.) It ap-
pears in Gordon's Pinetum under the last name. From the mountainous parts
of the north of China, where it becomes a good-sized tree. This species is
devoid of the unpleasant odor which characterizes the others.

Torreya nucifera, Zuccarini. NUTBEARING TORREYA. From Northern
Japan, where it becomes a good-sized tree. Not much tested here yet.

Torreya taxifolia, Arvzott. Tree from Florida; handsome, but with the
aan bad odor of the group. Called also STINKING YEw.

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 39

CORNACEZ. Dogwood Family.

Mostly shrubs or trees; leaves simple; flowers inconspicuous; calyx-tube
adherent to the ovary in the fruitful flowers, and its short lobes free; stamens
equal in number to the separate parts of the corolla; fruit is a berry or a stone
fruit with a single suspended ovule or seed in each cell. This family is one
of some importance to mankind, furnishing valuable hard-wood, food, and
important remedies.

Aucuba. Pistils and stamens on different plants; flowers are dark purple,
inconspicuous, in clusters from the axils of the opposite leaves, which are
often marbled with yellow, and are thick, shining, and evergreen. The single
species we have is:

Aucuba Japonica, 7iunderg. The mature red berries of which are quite
handsome. From Japan.

Cornus. CORNEL, DoGwoop. Flowers perfect, in close or flat-topped clus-
ters; sometimes with a conspicuous flower-like involucre, which encloses many
small flowers; leaves opposite, or nearly so; bark very bitter, and once much
used as a tonic.

Cornus alternifolia, Zimmeus. ALTERNATE-LEAVED CORNEL. Branches
green or green and streaked with white; ovate leaves, alternate or sometimes
nearly opposite, long-pointed, whitish on the under surface; fruit blue, on red
stalks. Native and common.

* Cornus asperifolia, Michaux. RouGH-LEAVED DoGwoop. Young
branchlets are rough pubescent; leaves rough hairy on the under surface, soft
and downy on the upper; seed small, nearly round, and nearly smooth, with
very slight furrows. Native of the States along the middle Mississippi River,
where it becomes a small-sized tree.

Cornus florida, Zimmzus. COMMON DoGwoop, FLOWERING DoGwoop.
Too well known to need a description, and attractive enough for a place in
any grounds. Native to the Park.

* Cornus circinata, Z’/éritier. RouND-LEAVED CORNEL or DoGwoop-
Dark-green branches somewhat warty-dotted ; roundish leaves woolly on under
surface and 5 inches long; fruit blue. Native.

Cornus Japonica, Thunberg. JAPAN DoGWooD-TREE. Leaves whitish
on the under surface; flowers whitish, and in heads, which are surrounded by
an involucre (like that of our Flowering Dogwood, but smaller).

Cornus mas, Zinneus. EUROPEAN CoRNEL or DoGwoop. A large shrub
or small tree; leaves oval; flowers yellow (coming before the leaves), in a
small cluster, and surrounded by a small 4-leaved involucre. Native of the
East, and ranges widely over Europe and Asia. Fruit edible.

Cornus paniculata, Z’ Héritier. PANICLED CORNEL. A much-branched
native shrub, 4 to 10 feet high, which has pure white flowers and plenty of
them.

40 TREES AND SHRUBS

Cornus sanguinea, Zizmeus. EUROPEAN RED OsIER. An erect shrub
from Europe; leaves somewhat downy on the under surface; flowers white;
fruit dark purple or blackish, not edible; young branches purple. Native also
of Asia.

Cornus sericea, Zimnm@us. SILKY DoGwoop, KINNIKINNIK. Branches
purplish, younger branchlets, stalks, leaves, etc., a lighter dull color; 3 to 8 feet
high. Native. Used by the Indians of the Lake Superior region as a substitute
for tobacco.

* Cornus stolonifera, Michaux. RED OsIER DoGwoop. Young smooth
branches of a bright red or slightly purple color; leaves ovate, slightly rough
on both surfaces, and whitish on the lower; flowers white. Native. Multi-
plies freely by ‘‘suckers.”’ The Cornus alba of the gardens is only another
name for the same species.

Cornus stricta, Zamébert. STIFF CORNEL. A low shrub common in wet
places to the south of us; smooth branches brown or red; leaves smooth and
green.

Nyssa. Sour GuM TREE, TUPELO, PEPPERIDGE. Tree with male and
female flowers united or separate on the same tree or separated and on different
trees; flowers greenish, crowded, and inconspicuous; leaves alternate and
entire. Our species,

Nyssa multiflora, Wangenheim ; is a large common tree; leaves shining
green in summer and bright crimson in autumn. The tough, hard-splitting
wood once much used for making wagon-hubs, a demand which is now more
generally met by the Rock-Elm.

CUPULIFER. Oak Family.

Trees or shrubs with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves. Male
and female flowers separated, but on the same plant; female flowers solitary,
clustered, or spiked, furnished with a cup-like often prickly involucre (as in the
acorn, beech-nut, and chestnut); seed-leaves thick, fleshy, and often edible.
An order of great importance to man.

Carpinus. IRoN-Woop, HoRNBEAM. Staminate flowers in drooping cy-
lindrical clusters, small; fertile flowers loosely spiked ;.when mature the fruit-
leaves are 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, and somewhat notched on one side.

Carpinus Americana, Jfichaux. AMERICAN HORNBEAM, BLUE or
Water BeecH. A middle- or under-sized tree, with ovate, toothed leaves and
5- to 7-nerved fruit-bracts; bark smooth, white or grayish white; wood, when
dry, very hard and elastic.

Carpinus Betulus, Zizn@us. EUROPEAN HORNBEAM. Leaves ovate
elliptical, fruit-leaves 3-nerved. Grows in Europe and Asia, and is much used
abroad as a hedge-plant.

Castanea. CHESTNUT. Cupule 2- to 4-flowered, forming a prickly, hard
bur 2- to 4-parted when ripe. Wood and fruit both important to man. Here
we follow Gray as to the relation between the European and the American
Chestnut.

te. aa. SU =
—

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 41

Castanea vesca, Zinneus. EUROPEAN CHESTNUT. Leaves acute at
either end, teeth sharp; nuts 3¢ inch to I inch across, 2 to 3 ina bur. Native
of Europe and Asia.

Variety Americana, Michaux. AMERICAN CHESTNUT. Leaves acute at
hase ; teeth less sharp and nuts smaller and sweeter than those of the European
Chestnut. Native in the Park.

* Castanea pumila, A/ichaux. CHINQUAPIN. Oblong leaves white and
downy on the under surface; single nut ina bur. Nuts edible and sweet. A
small native tree.

Corylus. Haze.-Nut, FILBerT.t “ Involucre enclosing the large bony
nut, leafy, coriaceous.”’ Sterile flowers in hanging cylindrical clusters, anthers
of a single cell.

* Corylus Americana, Walter. Witp Hazet-Nut. Pointed leaves
. round, heart-shaped ; fruit enclosed in the 2 nearly separate, cut-toothed bracts,
which are thickened at base. A common native.

Corylus Avellana, Zinneus. CoMMON EuROPEAN HaAzeL-Nut. Fruit-
ing bracts distinct, cleft at the apex into palmate lobes. Native of the Medi-
terranean region. Variety purpurea, Loudon, has purple leaves, and is
sometimes called atropurpurea in gardens.

Corylus Collurna, Zinn@us. CONSTANTINOPLE HAZEL. (Corylus Pontica,
Koch.) Lower fruit-leaf ovate-lanceolate, somewhat divided, upper one
larger, many-cleft, with the divisions long-pointed and much prolonged beyond
the nut. Eastern Mediterranean region.

Fagus. BrecuH. Staminate flowers in a small head; female cluster a
cupule with 2 flowers, which when ripe is 4-parted and contains 2 sharp-angled
triangular nuts.

Fagus ferruginea, Aiton. AMERICAN BEECH. Leaves oblong or ovate,
pointed, sharply toothed, the straight veins pointing to the teeth. A noble
native tree, the wood of which is hard and valuable. Common in cold woods.

Fagus sylvatica, Zinneus. EUROPEAN BEECH. Leaves broader and
shorter, somewhat hairy, wavy-toothed, and some of the veins pointing to the
notches of the leaves. There are the following varieties of it in the Park:
colorata, 4/fh. De Candolle; is known in gardens as purpurea, or Purple
Beech; has leaves variously purple or copper-colored. cristata, Loudon ;
has the crisped leaves in small clusters. heterophylla, Loudon ; is sometimes
called /aciniata and asflenifolia; its leaves are variously cut or incised.
pendula, Zoddiges ; is a garden form with drooping branches.

Ostrya. Hop HornseAM. Each ovary with two long stigmas, and this
and the nut into which it develops-are in a closed bag. These bags are
gathered into a hop-like fruit-cluster. The single species with which we are

1 « Phillis
Was shape into a nuttee tree,
That all men it might see ;
And after Phillis, Philiberd
This tree was cleped.’’—From Loudon, p. 2017.

42 TREES AND SHRUBS

concerned is Ostrya Virginica, Wil/denow. A small tree, native of the Park,
with sharply double-toothed leaves; seed-sac is hairy at the base. Wood
hard when dry.

Quercus. OAK. ‘Cupule [acorn-cup] I-flowered, scaly, and entire, nut

hard’’ and depressed globose, round, or cylindrical. In the following deter-

mination of the Oaks the best has been done that was possible in want of suffi-
cient material and in the absence of the authorities for the names.‘ It is
thought, however, that though but provisionally given the names are in the
main reliable and represent the latest authoritative views upon the Oaks.

Quercus alba, Zzzneus. WHITE OAK. Native tree, which matures its
fruit in a single year (annual-fruited) ; leaves more or less deeply sinuate-
toothed or lobed; under surface pale or glaucous, upper surface bright green ;
acorns edible, but astringent (hence not pleasant-tasted). A most hardy tree,
and a most valuable timber.

Quercus alnifolia, Pick. Mountains of Cyprus; shrub or small tree;
leaves I to 1% inches long, % to I inch wide. Evergreen in its native land.
Is this the Q. al/noides of the Catalogues?

Quercus aquatica, Walter. WATER OAK. Tree maturing its fruit in two
years (biennial-fruited) ; leaves thick, smooth, and shining, somewhat undulate
or lobed at tip. Maryland and southward. Q.laurifolia, AZichaux, is given
by De Candolle as a variety of this, and by Chapman as a variety of Q. Phel-
Zos,and in Arboretum Muscaviense as a variety of Q. zmbricaria (see Q. lauri-
folia of this list). Wood tough, but said by Michaux not to be desirable, and
the bark is not much used in tanning.

Quercus bicolor, Wil/idenow. SWAMP WHITE OAK. Annual-fruited; of
the Chestnut Oak group; leaves obovate or oblong, variously lobed ; soft downy
along the under surface; upper scaleS of the acorn-cup with long slender tips.
A tall tree, furnishing good timber. It is the Q. Prinus tomentosa of Michaux
the elder in his history of the Oaks. Q. A/@ichauxiz, Nuttall, is regarded by
Engelmann as a sub-species of Q. dicolor. Q. pannosa of the German gardens
appears also to belong here.

Quercus castanefolia, C. 4. Meyer. Is a biennial-fruited species from
the Caucasian region; leaves 3 to 6 inches long and I to 2 inches wide,
acutely or obtusely sinuate-toothed, with prominent nerves beneath. This
tree must not be confounded with another (Q. Prinus monticola, Michaux)
to which the above name has also been given.

Quercus Catesbei, Michaux. TURKEY OAK, BARREN SCRUB OAK. Is
a small, biennial-fruited tree, ranging from North Carolina to Florida; leaves
smooth, thickened, deeply divided, and lobes bristle-pointed. Valuable only
as a fuel.

Quercus Cerris, Zizmzus. TURKISH or BURGUNDY OAK. (Quercus
haliphieos, Lambert; Q. Austriaca, Willdenow.) ‘Tree with biennial fruiting ;
leaves oblong or obovate, sinuate or lobed. Widely distributed over Southern

1 It may not be out of place here to state that the mere name ofa plant is incomplete unless
the authority for the name follows. For example, the same name may have been given to two
very different plants by different authors. In such a case the addition of the authority to the
name proper at once removes all doubt.

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 43

and Central Europe. It has produced a number of well-marked varieties, of
which the Park has—bullata, Zewdon ; apparently a garden form, with blis-
tered or rough leaves. laciniata, London; with narrow almost pinnately-
divided leaves, the lobes of which are acuminate. pendula, ANe///; is a
garden form with conspicuously drooping branches. subperennis, 4/p/. De
Candolle ; has long been cultivated in British gardens under the name of Q.
dentata, Watson. To this same variety Alph. De Candolle refers both Q. Cerris
Futhamensis, Loudon, and Q. Cerris Lucombeana, Loudon; which has also
produced a form (c77sfa) with curled-edged leaves. May not asplenifolia and
Comptonifolia of the gardens be the same ?

Quercus cinerea, Michaux. UPLAND WILLOW OAK. From Virginia
southward. A small, biennial-fruited tree; leaves oblong, hairy beneath ; acorn
with a saucer-shaped cup. @Q. Phellos, Spach, is a synonyme. ‘The variety
pumila, Ye Candolle, or Q. sericea, Willdenow, is placed under Q. pumila,
Walter, of this list.

Quercus coccinea, Wangenheim. SCARLET OAK. Large, biennial-fruited,
native tree of the Black Oak group; the smooth, deeply-cleft leaves turning
red in autumn. Wood open-pored, making bad staves, poor fuel, and is seldom
used in the arts. Bark, however, used in tanning. It is sometimes wrongly
called SPANISH OAK, which is Q. falcata, Michaux.

Variety tinctoria, Gray. QUERCITRON, YELLOW- BARKED, or BLACK OAK;
is now generally regarded as a variety of the above, “ with more pointed and
longer buds, broader less lobed leaves, and more pointed acorns.’’ It is
Q. Americana, Plukenet, according to Loudon. The bark is used in tanning,
and the cellular tissue furnishes the quercitron dye. Wood is open-pored, but
made into staves for barrels to hold the less penetrating liquids. Wood fair
in quality, but by no means equal to that of the White Oak. There are other
less important varieties.

Quercus dentata, 7hunberg? Native of Japan. Acorn matures in a
single year; young branches densely brownish hairy; obovate leaves wavy
margined or lobed, lobes obtuse, but with short projecting veins. (From
want of proper material, and from having no authority for the name, it is not
certain that this may not be the form of Q. Cerris cultivated in British gardens
as Q. dentata.)

Quercus falcata, Michaux. SPANISH OAK. A _ good-sized, biennial-
fruited tree, ranging from New Jersey to Illinois and southward; acorn
roundish ; leaves deeply and sharply lobed, lobes somewhat scythe-shaped,
except the straight terminal one. Wood poor, but bark may be used in
tanning.

Quercus Georgiana, J/. A. Curtiss. GEORGIAN Oak. A biennial-fruited
shrub of the Black Oak group; leaves smooth, narrowly oval or obovate, entire
or wavy-toothed, or even lobed. ‘ Acorn-cup shallow, with its scales nearly
glabrous, obtuse, and appressed.”” Regarded by Engelmann as coming very
near Q. palustris. Confined, so far as now known, to Stone Mountain, in
Georgia.

Quercus heterophylla, Afichaux the younger. BArTRAM’s Oak. A
biennial-fruited, good-sized tree, with oblong or somewhat wedge-shaped more
or less lobed leaves. Considered by Alph. De Candolle as a mere variety
of Q. aguatica, and by Engelmann regarded as a hybrid between Q. Phellos

44 TREES AND SHRUBS

and Q. coccinea. From its range increasing as we know it better, and from
its being found away from either of its alleged parents, it will likely come to
he regarded as a distinct species. Specimens of the tree have been obtained
for the Park collection through the exertions of Hon. Eli K. Price.

Quercus Ilex, Zinneus. EUROPEAN EVERGREEN or Hotty OAK. Fruit
annual; young branches and under surface of leaves velvety hairy; leaves
thick, leathery, elliptical to oblong, margins toothed or entire, smooth on upper
surface. Ranges throughout the Mediterranean region and to Central Europe.
Has many: varieties, of which the following are in the Park collection:
Ballota, 4/ph. De Candolle ; has the base of the leaves round and the under
surface quite hairy; common in Spain and Algiers, and by many regarded as
a distinct species. crispa, Zoddiges, is a garden form with curled edges to
the leaves. There are also less clearly marked varieties, such as /aurzfolia and
rotundifolia.

Quercus illicifolia, Wangenheim. BEAR or BLACK SCRUB OAK. Is a
biennial-fruited branching bush of the Black Oak group; leaves obovate,
wedge-shaped at base, with 3 to 7 angular lobes, white hairy on the under
surface. Barren ground from New England to Kentucky. Of no particular
use. It is the Q. Banisteri, Michaux.

Quercus imbricaria, Michaux. LAUREL or SHINGLE OAK. Tree 40 to
50 feet high, biennial-fruited, with narrow-oblong, thick, entire, or wavy
margined leaves, which are smooth and shining above and downy beneath.
From this latitude south, but most common west of the Alleghanies. Wood
not first-class, but may be split into shingles. There is a garden form of this,
—latifolia.

Quercus laurifolia, Michaux. LAUREL-LEAVED OAK. A good-sized
tree, with biennial fruit; leaves entire or lobed, lanceolate, or oblong, and
widest about the middle. Often regarded as a variety of Q. aguatica, but now
separated from this by Engelmann. Southern States.

* Quercus Leana, WVuifall. LrEA’s OAK. Ranges through Southern Ohio
and Illinois sparsely. Regarded by Drs. Gray and Engelmann as a hybrid
between Q. imbricaria and Q. coccinea. Others think it will prove a distinct
species, as it has already been doubtfully recognized by Alph. De Candolle
(though in his case probably on insufficient grounds). Leaves 3 to 6 inches
long, 1% to 4 inches wide, margins lobed, when mature smooth on both
surfaces, lobes bristle-tipped ; fruit like that of the Scarlet Oak.

Quercus lyrata, Walter. Overcup OAK. Fruit annual; obovate oblong
leaves, 7- to g-lobed, hairy beneath, crowded on the ends of the branches;
roundish cup, with rough scales, which almost enclose the large nut. Swamps
of the Southern States, where it attains a large size and furnishes a most
valuable timber.

Quercus macranthera, Fischer. LARGE-FLOWERED OAK. (Q. pubes-
cens, Szovits.) Annual-fruited; from the mountains of Caucasia and Georgia;
branchlets densely covered with spreading hairs; leaves obovate, entire mar-
gined or somewhat deeply lobed, brown hairy on the under surface.

Quercus macrocarpa, Michaux. Mossy Overcup OAK, Bur OAK.
Annual-fruited large tree of the White Oak group. Known by its large acorns
with fringed margin to the cup, which more than half covers the nut, and often
distinguishable by the corky ridges to the branches; leaves oblong, decidedly

Ss Se

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 45

wavy cut or lobed. Ranges from New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky.
The variety oliveformis, A/ichaux, is another form, with smaller acorns in
more shallow but still fringed cups; leaves vary greatly, from being entire to
very deeply divided; branches may or may not be corky.

Quercus Mongolica, Fischer. MONGOLIAN OAK. Annual-fruited ; leaves
obovate, wedge-shaped towards the base, and towards the top somewhat wavy
or lobed.

* Quercus Muhlenbergii, Zxge/mann. YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK, YELLOW
Oak. ( Quercus castanea, Muhlenberg; Quercus Prinus acuminata, Michaux.)
Middle-sized tree, with leaves strikingly like those of the chestnut; annual-
fruited ; bark pale and thin; wood very tough. Common with us. The
original name (castanea) is now given to a Mexican oak.

Quercus. myrtifolia, Wil/denow. MyrTLE-LEAVED OAK. (Quercus
Phellos, var. arenaria, Chapman; Q. aquatica, var. myrtifolia, Alph. De
Candolle.) From the Carolinas and Georgia. An evergreen shrub; leaves
ovate to round, heart-shaped at base, 14 to 2 inches long, thick, margins rev-
olute; acorn-cup % inch wide, shallow, its scales ovate-triangular and blunt-

pointed.

Quercus nigra, Zinne@us. BLACK-JACK, BARREN OAK. A small annual-
fruited tree, with broadly wedge-shaped, somewhat 3- to 5-lobed leaves; the
coarse scaly cup is top-shaped. (Quercus ferruginea, Michaux; Q. Mary-
landica, Catesby ; and Q. guingueloba, Engelmann, are synonymes.)

= Quercus palustris, Du Rot. SWAMP, SPANISH, or PIN OAK. A good-
sized tree of the Black Oak group. Native to the Park. Biennial-fruited ;
leaves deeply cleft, sinuses rounded, lobes divergent and acute; acorn over
inch long, but cup very flat and shallow; limbs rather drooping. Timber
is of middling quality only.

Quercus Phellos, Zinneus. WiLtow OAK. An annual-fruited native
Oak, 30 to 50 feet high, with thick, entire, willow-like leaves, by which it is
well distinguished from all the other Oaks in our region. Low woods from
New Jersey to Kentucky, but more common southward. @Q. Phellos cinerea
is placed under Q. cinerea.

* Quercus Prinus, Zinneus. CHESTNUT OAK. A branchy, middle-
sized, annual-fruited native tree; leaves oblong, wavy, blunt-toothed, rounded
at base, sharp at tip; acorn long and ina thick cup. Variety humilis, A/ar-
shall. DWARF CHESTNUT OAK, or CHINQUAPIN OAK. (Q. Prinus, var. Chin-
capin, Michaux the younger; Q. prinoides, Willdenow.) Has undulate, hardly
sharp-toothed leaves; sessile acorns in moderately deep cups which have
swollen scales. It is a mere shrub here, but becomes a tree 30 feet high west

-of the Mississippi. Variety monticola, Michaux. Rock CHESTNUT OAK.
(Quercus montana, Willdenow.) This Dr. Engelmann regards as a distinct
species, and as the form on which the original Q. Prinus was founded by
Linnzus. Bark of young trees smooth, of old, rough and furrowed; leaves
thick, pale on lower surface; fruit with a deep rough cup and an acorn { to
1% inches long and 1 inch thick. It is most common in the Southern
mountains,

Quercus pubescens, Zoddiges’ Catalogue. (Loudon, p. 1731, under Q.
pedunculata, is not the pubescens of Willdenow. For the latter, see Loudon,
p- 1736, where Q. danuginosa, Lambert, is given as a synonyme. )

46 TREES AND SHRUBS

Quercus pumila, Walter. RUNNING OAK. Shrub from South Carolina,
which spreads by its stolons and hence forms extensive thickets. The Park
has the variety sericea? (Q. sericea, Willdenow; Q. Phellos sericea, Aiton),
which has narrow or ovate-lanceolate leaves, always silky white on under
surface, 4 inches long, 1% inches wide.

Quercus Robur, Zinneus. ENGLISH or EUROPEAN OAK. From Europe
and Western Asia, where it sometimes forms vast forests; fruit matures in a
single year; leaves vary much in shape, from obovate to elliptical-cordate,
obtuse or acute at base, margins lobed, lobes obtuse or acute ; hemispherical
acorn-cups, with hairy, ash-colored scales. The various forms are now divided
by the best authorities into two sub-species:

Sub-species pedunculata ; has short petioles to the leaves and long pedun-
cles to the fruit. It is divided into many varieties, of which the Park has the
following: Apennina, 4/ph. De Candolle. From the drier regions of Southern
Europe; young leaves covered on the under surface with dirty-colored whitish
hairs, but smooth or nearly so on the upper surface. It is Q. pubescens, Lod-
diges. here is also a variety Afennina under the next sub-species, with which
the above must not be confounded. fastigiata, Zamdéert; has the flowers
collected in erect clusters. It comes from Calabria and Southern France. The
varieties of the gardens Ayramidalis cucullata and pyramidalis punctata belong
here, foliis variegata, Loddiges; has leaves variegated with white and red.
Haas, A/ph. De Candolle ; has the branches velvety or smooth; leaves with
large obtuse lobes, and with short stellate hairs on the under surface, and also
hairy on the upper surface; acorns large. laciniata, A/ph. De Candolle.
Leaves elongated, nearly entire or irregularly gash-lobed, lobes acute or obtuse.
From the English grounds, where it appears also under the names of Q. fiZict-
folia, Q. Fennessi, and Q. pedunculata heterophylla. purpurascens, A/ph.
De Candolle ; has purple leaves. Q. purpurea, Loddiges, and var. folits cuprets
of the gardens, appear to belong here. Thomasii, 4/64. De Candolle ; has
rather hairy young branches and leaves, and also large fruit.

Sub-species sessiliflora; has longer petioles to the leaves and shorter
peduncles, or none, to the fruit. Its varieties are as follows: aurea, AA.
De Candolle. Branches smooth or nearly so; leaves oblong, deeply cleft or
undulate-lobed, lobes obtuse, smooth above and slightly hairy beneath. The
forms aurea maculata, aurea tricolor (aurea bicolor), albo mucronata, folits
pulverulentis, appear to be mere variegated garden sports of the above.
bullata, A/ph. De Candolle. From Asia Minor; has branches and leaves
smooth; leaves deeply lobed; scales of the acorn-cup are somewhat enlarged.
The same name is also given to a variety of a quite different tree from Gua-
temala. communis, 4/ph. De Candolle. Branchlets nearly smooth; leaves
large, sparsely hairy, and not deeply lobed. This form often appears in parks
under the name of Q. sesstlifiora, Salisbury. A synonyme is Q. /berica, or
Spanish Oak. It comes from Southern Europe and Western Asia. parvi-
folia, A/ph. De Candolle. V.eaves 1 to 3 inches long and ¥% to 1% inches
wide, ovate lobes wavy dentate and somewhat pointed. From France, This
form is the Q. sessiliflora, Loudon ; and Q. laciniata of some lists comes under
the same head.!

Quercus rubra, Zinneus. Red Oak. A biennial-fruited, large tree,
growing naturally in the Park, It furnishes an open-pored, poor timber, strong,

1 We cannot at present say whether var. Loveti, Lovet’s Cut-Leaved Oak, belongs to the
sub-species Jedunculata or sessiliflora, \t has ‘*cut foliage of a rich dark shining green
color.”’

:

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 47

but not durable; leaves cleft about half-way down, notches in the leaves broad,
lobes sharp- or bristle-pointed, turning dark red in autumn ; acorn large, nearly
as broad as long, in a rather shallow cup. Engelmann considers Q. amdbigua
of Michaux a form of this; and Q. dorea/is is another name, given on account
of its high northern range. * Variety runcinata, Zmge/mann; is a narrow
lobed dentate leaved form from near St. Louis, Missouri.

Quercus sideroxyla, Humboldt and Bonpland. Is a biennial-fruited, tall
tree from the temperate regions of Mexico. Leaves oblong, or with a wedge-
. shaped base, with spine-tipped teeth above the middle, slightly hairy on the
under surface. Young branches velvety.

Quercus Suber, Zinmneus. CoRK OAK. This tree is a native of Southern
Europe, and common in Portugal and France, whence much of the cork in
the market is derived. Annual-fruited, smallish tree, with the young branches
and under surface of the leaves velvety hairy ; leaves oval or oblong, acutely
toothed, or sometimes entire; acorns long, cylindrical, nearly half immersed
in the cup. Of great importance in the arts. The museum of Horticultural
Hall shows specimens grown in Carolina, as Michaux long ago asserted it
could be.

Quercus stellata, Wangenheim. Post OAK, RouGH or Box WHITE OAK.
( Quercus obtusiloba, Michaux, in Gray’s Manual; Q. villosa, Walter.) Small,
annual-fruited tree of the White Oak group. Wood dense and durable; thick
leaves deeply cleft into obtuse wavy lobes, grayish downy on under surface,
paler and rough above. Native, and common in poor soil.

Quercus tinctoria, Bartram. See Q. coccinea, var. tinctoria, of this Cata-
logue.

Quercus Toza, Bosc. PYRENEAN OAK. (Quercus Pyrenaica, Willde-
now; Q. Tauzin, Persoon.) Branches pubescent; leaves 2 to 4 inches long
and % to 1% inches wide, obtuse, heart-shaped or wedge-shaped at base,
upper surface dark green and covered with stellate hairs, densely brown hairy,
more or less deeply lobed or cleft. From Southwestern Europe. The Arbo-
retum Muscaviense places Q. camata of the gardens here.

Quercus Turneri. TURNER’s OAK. Under this name two distinct trees
are known, and in want of proper material we cannot decide which one is
intended by the invoice. They are either Q. Lusitanica, Wedd, var. brevi-
cupulata, 4/p4. De Candolle, with leaves obtusely or sharply crenately toothed,
and densely hairy on the under side; or Q. Turneri of the gardens, which is
QO. pseudosuber, Santi, the leaves of which are ovate or oblong, teeth spiny-
tipped, and both branchlets and leaves with very short stellate hairs; bark
corky. Probably the latter is intended.

* Quercus undulata, Zorrey. “A scrubby White Oak of the Rocky
Mountain region, and through Arizona; annual-fruited ; very variable in foliage
and to some extent also in stature and habit.”” Acorns edible, rather sweet,
though still astringent.

Quercus Vallonea, XAofschy. GREAT PRicKLY-CuPpPED OAK. (In part
Quercus A-gilops, Linneus.) Younger parts densely covered with very short,
stellate white hairs; oval leaves obtuse or cordate at base, irregularly and
sharply toothed; cup nearly globose, the upper scales of which are linear and

ot * ' 7)

48 TREES AND SHRUBS

recurved; acorn proper an inch in diameter. From Southern Europe. The
variety dvevicrenata is from Palestine. The acorn-cups are an article of com-
merce and largely used in tanning.

* Quercus virens, Azton. Live-OAK. Southern States, from Southern
Virginia south along the coast or in low grounds; biennial-fruited, large tree,
furnishing a most durable and valuable timber; branchlets hairy; oblong and
obtuse leaves, smooth and shining on upper surface and hoary on lower; fruit
on a long peduncle. There are two varieties. The hardiness here of both the
species and its varieties is more than doubtful.

The following are found in the Park invoices and recognized in the Arbore-
tum Muscaviense, but so far as we can see are not to be found (at least under
the same names) in the Prodromus of De Candolle:

Q. ajudaghiensis, Stevens; cf the Q. rubra group.

Q. Afghanistanensis, zh.

Q. Hartwissiana, Stevens; of which Q. Jéerica of the gardens is quoted

as a synonyme.
Q. Pannonica, #/h. Catalogue. HUNGARIAN OAK,

Q. pectinata, ort. Said to be an elegant variety and,near Q. Robur
pedunculata filictfolia.

The remaining names on the Park invoices we have no sufficient material for
determining, and hence for the present they are wholly obscure to us, though
doubtless in most instances well known to propagators :—atropurpurea, Bombyx
glabra, concordia, Fordit, Hudsonica. Under Q. Robur pedunculata there are
given zigra, nigricans, and rubjcunda. Besides the above there are zodz/is,
Speensis, ? sanguinea, Zungin splendens, and heterophylla Hentzet ?

EBENACE. Ebony Family.

Hard-wood trees; leaves entire and alternate; petals united into a more or
less lobed corolla; ovary with a single seed hanging in each cell; berry with
large, hard-coated seeds. The ebony of commerce is furnished by foreign
species of this order,

Diospyros. PERSIMMON. Flowers with the pistils and stamens separate
or together; 4 to 6 lobes to the calyx and corolla each; stamens variable in
number according to the species; persistent calyx adhering to the fruit, which
is edible when fully ripe or after severe frost.

Diospyros costata. Said to be a new introduction from Japan; unknown
to us.

Diospyros Kaki, Zizmm@us. JAPAN PERSIMMON. Parts of the calyx and
corolla in 4; corolla-lobes obtuse; stamens 16 to 24, adnate to the corolla;
leaves ovate or elliptical, 3 to 5 inches long by 1% to 2 inches wide. The
fruit is an important article of food in Japan, where it has long been cultivated

)

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 49

and has produced many varieties which vary in size, shape, and flavor.
Worthy of introduction here, as, after being fairly started, it endures the
climate well.

Diospyros Lotus, Zinneus. Parts of the calyx and corolla each in 4;
leaves ovate, acute, upper side smoothish, lower side pubescent, 2 to 3 inches
long, I to 1¥ inches wide; lobes of corolla acute, margins hairy; berry the
size of a cherry. From Southern Europe and Central Asia.

Diospyros Virginiana, Zinn@us. V1RGINIAN PERSIMMON. Leaves lance-

shaped or oblong; stamens of the sterile flowers about 16, of the fertile flowers

8, imperfect ; flowers pale yellow ; fruit about an inch in diameter, edible when
well ripened or well frosted. Native tree, 20 to 60 feet high; wood hard and
dark.

ELAZAGNACEZ. Oleaster Family.

Shrubs or small trees with silvery scaly hairs; flowers small and with the
sexes usually separate; corolla none; calyx-tube of the fertile flower enclosing
the ovary and forming a berry outside the enclosed true fruit.

Elzagnus. Has the flowers usually perfect.

Elzagnus argentea, Pursh. SILVER-BERRY. Shrub with “ oval silvery
leaves and mealy edible berries.”” From our far Western and Northwestern
regions.

Elzagnus hortensis, M/arschal/. Shrub or tree, often spiny; lanceolate
leaves densely white scaly or with stellate hairs on the under surface, greener
on upper surface. From the Mediterranean region. The variety angustifolia,
Marschall, is also found in some gardens.

Elzagnus longipes, said to be a recent introduction from Japan, is
unknown to us.

Elzagnus parvifolia, Roy/e. SILVER Moon, FALSE OLIVE. Has the
branchlets white scaly; smallish elliptical leaves on under surface white
scaly, with a few brown scales intermixed, upper surface naked, green. Shrub
from India and China, Not rare in cultivation, under the name of £. reflexa.

Hippophz. Male and female flowers usually on separate plants ; staminate
flowers in deciduous clusters, with a single flower under each scale and 2 small
leaf-like organs embracing the stamens; female flowers solitary, with the seed
enclosed in a tubular 2-cleft cup.

Hippophe rhamnoides, Zimmeus. SALLOW THORN, or SEA Buck-
THORN. Is a thorny shrub widely distributed in Europe and Asia; leaves
linear to lance-shaped ; silvery flowers and leaves appearing at the same time;
fruit bright orange, edible, though only used extensively by Tartars and other
semi-civilized races.

Shepherdia. Has the male and female flowers on different plants, the
male with 8 stamens on the disk; “fertile flowers with an urn-shaped 4-cleft
calyx enclosing the ovary, teeth of the disk closing the orifice.”’

4

i ei Tw sel

50 TREES AND SHRUBS

Shepherdia argentea, Nv//a//. BUFFALO-BERRY. From the far West.
Has small oblong leaves, which are green on both sides; scarlet fruit edible,
but acid,

- Shepherdia Canadensis, Nétal/, CANADIAN SHEPHERDIA. Small shrub
which ranges widely over the northern and colder parts of America; leaves I
to 2 inches long by half as wide, green on upper and silvery and rusty scaly on
under surface; fruit red, intensely bitter, but sometimes eaten; branchlets also
rusty scaly.

ERICACE,. Heath Family.

A large family of trees and shrubs (few herbs), with simple and usually

alternate leaves ; flowers mostly regular, and with parts in 4 or 5; petals mostly
more or less united, sometimes free; stamens as many or twice as many as the
lobes of the corolla, anthers generally opening by pores at the apex. Prop-
erties various: astringent, sometimes with volatile oils, sometimes poisonous,
or again the fruit edible, as in the Blueberries and Huckleberries. Family is
divided into a number of well-marked saé-orders, which for our purposes must
be thrown together.

Andromeda. Calyx free from the 5-celled ovary, the 4- to 5-toothed or
lobed corolla falling after flowering, but the calyx remaining and becoming
dry, valvate in the bud. Shrubs. ‘

* Andromeda ligustrina, A/whlenberg. A native shrub, 4 to Io feet high;
obovate leaves thin and green; small globular flowers scaly-pubescent, in
branching clusters.

Andromeda Mariana, Z7zz@us. STAGGER-BusH. Flowers in “ um-
bel-like clusters,” each flower. inch long, cylindrical oval; leaves thick,
shining, veiny ; leaf-like sepals fall with the leaves. A native shrub, I to 4
feet high. ‘The popular name is probably derived from the reputed poisonous
action of the leaves on lambs and calves.

Andromeda polifolia, Zizneus. Shrub 1 to 2 feet high; native of our
colder bogs; leaves smooth, entire, glaucous ; margins revolute; corolla nearly
globular.

Andromeda speciosa, Michaux. Shrub ranging from North Carolina to
Florida; 2 to 4 feet high; the white corolla open bell-shaped; deciduous
leaves I to 2 inches long, oval, sparingly toothed; flowers in clusters along
the leafless branches of the previous year. This species may be hardy with us.
It has the following varieties in the Park: viridis, Duhame/,; which is the
A. cassinefolia of the gardens; and pulverulenta, AZichawx ; a white glaucous
form,

See Azalea, under Rhododendron.

Possibly some of the hardier tree-forms of Arctostaphylos from the Western
coast might be worthy of trial in the Park,

Calluna. HEATHER. Bell-shaped corolla 4-parted, persisting and drying
on the shrub; calyx free from the ovary.

es sO,

a

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. * gy

* Calluna vulgaris, Sa/isbury. (Lrica vulgaris, Linnaeus.) This, the

ical Scotch Heather, may now be regarded as a native of this continent.

lyx more conspicuous than the corolla; stamens 8, each with a pair of de-
flexed, horn-like appendages on the back; a low evergreen shrub, with small,
crowded leaves; the rose-colored or whitish flowers crowded on and usually
terminating the branches.

Cassandra. Lraruer-Lear. Calyx free from the ovary; corolla a cy-
lindrical 5-toothed cup; pod when ripe splitting into 2 layers, of which the
inner is in Io pieces; anthers opening upwardly by tubular beaks.

Cassandra calyculata, Don; is a much-branched, low, native shrub, with
oblong leathery leaves; common about our colder bogs.

Clethra. WuiTe ALDER, SWEET PeppeR-BusH. Calyx free from the
ovary; corolla of 5 separate oblong petals; style slender and 3-cleft; shrubs
or small trees with deciduous leaves; flowers white hoary and terminating
the branches.

* Clethra acuminata, Afichaux. Thin oblong leaves finely serrate;
clusters of flowers drooping. Small tree in the mountains from Virginia
southward.

Clethra alnifolia, Ziz2@us. Obovate leaves entire towards the base but
sharply toothed towards the apex; clusters of flowers upright. Shrub along
the coast and inland from Maine south. Flowers attractive and fragrant.

Epigea. Grounp LAUREL, TRAILING ARBUTUS, MAY-FLOWER. Calyx
free from the ovary; anthers 10, opening lengthwise. Our only species—
repens, Limneus—is a creeping woody plant, with thick, roughish, oval leaves
and very fragrant rose-colored or white flowers, appearing early in spring.

Kalmia. AMERICAN LAUREL. Calyx free from the ovary; short, broad
corolla more or less distinctly 5-lobed, with 10 pockets, into which the anthers
of the recurved stamens are placed. Evergreen shrubs, with thick leaves,
usually conspicuous and sometimes poisonous flowers and leaves.

Kalmia angustifolia, Limneus. LLAMBKILL, SHEEP LAUREL, WICKY.
Leaves narrowly oval, opposite or in threes, paler on the under than on the
upper surface; the crimson-purple flowers 4 to ¥% inch in diameter; fruiting
pedicels recurved. <A native shrub, 4 feet high, or under.

Kalmia glauca, Aiton. Native of the colder Northern bogs; 1 to 2 feet
high; leaves oblong or linear, margins revolute, whitish beneath; flowers
purple- or lilac-colored, less than % inch across.

Kalmia latifolia, Zinmeus. LAUREL, CALICO-BUsH. A common native
of our mountains and hill-sides; fram 2 to 10 feet high; leaves lance-ovate,
thick, shining, spotted often with brown; flowers 4 to 3¢ of an inch in
diameter, white, rose-colored, or crimson, somewhat clammy.

K. pumila and K. rubra appear to be mere garden forms which were
invoiced to the Park.

52 ; TREES AND SHRUBS

Ledum. Lasrapor TEA. Calyx free from the ovary; corolla regular,
deciduous, petals nearly distinct ; pod opening through the partitions; leaves
evergreen.

Ledum latifolium, Azfon. Shrub 2 to 3 feet high, ranging widely in
North America in the colder parts; leaves broadly linear to oblong, obtuse,
under surface covered with a rusty wool, somewhat fragrant when crushed;
stamens § to 7.

Leiophyllum. SAND MyrTLe. Calyx free from the ovary; pod opening
through the partitions; petals separate ; stamens 10, exserted; anthers opening
lengthwise.

Leiophyllum buxifolium, Z//o/t. JERSEY PINK. A spreading, branch-
ing, evergreen native shrub, 6 inches to a foot high, with small white flowers
in clusters on the ends of the branches. Commonrin the adjacent pine barrens
of New Jersey, whence it is often brought in early spring to the city for sale.

Leucothoe. Calyx free from the ovary; not becoming fleshy after flower-
ing; pod globular but flattened on top, 5-lobed; corolla 5-toothed; anthers
10, opening by a pore at top, near which each cell has sometimes one or two
erect horn-like bodies.

* Leucothoe axillaris, Doz, anthers without horn-like projections ; flowers
in spike-like clusters from the axils of the thick shining leaves of the previous
season; nearly sessile leaves oblong or oval, the fine teeth bristle-pointed.
Shrub is 2 to 4 feet high. From the lower parts of Virginia, and may succeed
here.

Leucothoe Catesbzi, Gray. (Andromeda Catesbei, Walter.) Anthers
without horns; flowers as in the preceding species; leaves with petioles, taper-
pointed. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high; branches spreading or even pendulous.
«« Flowers exhaling the unpleasant odor of chestnut blossoms.’’ Mountains of
Virginia and southward.

* Leucothoe recurva, Buckley. Anthers with 2 horn-like appendages ;
branches and flower-clusters recurved-spreading ; ‘leaves lanceolate or ovate,
taper-pointéd.”” Low shrub from the mountains of Virginia and southward.

Leucothoe racemosa, Gray. (Andromeda racemosa, Linneus.) Branches
and flower-clusters erect; flowers cylindrical; anthers with 4 horn-like ap-
pendages ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sharp-pointed. Near the coast, from
Massachusetts southward; 4 to 6 feet high.

Menziesia. Calyx free from the ovary; fruit a pod, opening through the
partitions; roundish flower 4-toothed, white or greenish white; stamens 8,
anthers opening by oblique pores at the tips; leaves deciduous. Our single
species is:

Menziesia ferruginea, var. globularis, Gray. Leaves thin, oblong, blunt-
pointed, with a gland-like tip, hairy on upper surface and on margin, lighter-
colored and hairy on lower surface. Shrub from along the mountains from
Virginia southward.

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 53

endrum. Sorrel-Tree, Sour-Woop. Tree often 40 feet high,
with large (3 to 5 inches long) sour leaves on petioles an inch long; calyx-lobes
nearly distinct; corolla somewhat hairy, cylindrical-ovate, contracted above;
anthers opening by slit-like pores; white flowers in one-sided racemes on the
ends of the year’s branches. Our species,—Oxydendrum arboreum, De
Candolle,—ranges from Pennsylvania and Ohio southward along the mountains.

Rhododendron (including Azalea and Rhodora). Calyx free from the
ovary; pod-valves at maturity separating from the central seed-bearing part ;
ae deciduous, regular, or irregular, ‘‘ but not contracted at the orifice ;”
stamens long and slender, usually twice as many as the lobes of the corolla,
bent downward ; anthers opening by a round terminal pore and destitute of any
horn-like appendage.

We include here simply recognized sfectes, and not the hundred or more
beautiful varieties and hybrids which have been produced by cultivation and
the names of which appear on the Park invoices.

Azalea section of Rhododendron ; has the corolla usually long, funnel-
form, and sticky outside; 5 stamens.

* Rhododendron arborescens, Zorrey. Shrub 3 to 1o feet high; flowers
fragrant, rose-colored, 2 inches or more long, appearing after the leaves, the
latter slightly hairy along the margin, greener on the upper than on the lower
surface; calyx-lobes narrowly oblong, somewhat large and conspicuous.
Pennsylvania southward along the mountains.

Rhododendron calendulaceum, 7Zorrey. FLAME-COLORED AZALEA.
Shrub 3 to Io feet high; the bright, large, orange-colored or flaming-red
flowers appearing with the leaves, not fragrant; calyx very small and incon-
spicuous. It ranges from Pennsylvania through the Southern mountains.

Rhododendron flavum, Dow. PontTic AZALEA. (Azalea Pontica, Lin-
mzus.) Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, from the Levant; varies greatly in its flowers,
and hybridizes so freely that it has produced a great number of garden forms.
Honey made from this species in its native country is said to be poisonous.

Rhododendron nudiflorum, Zorrey. PINXTER FLOWER. Shrub 4 to 6
feet high, common on our hill-sides; flowers appearing with or before the leaves,
from a light rose-color to bright purple. The tube is but little longer than the
spreading part of the flower. ‘It varies greatly in the wild condition, pro-
ducing in the South yellow flowers. Hybrid forms are common in cultivation.

* Rhododendron Rhodora, Don. (Rhodora Canadensis, Linnaeus.) A low
shrub ranging from Pennsylvania northward in the cold bogs; flowers irregu-
lar, purple or rose-color, hardly an inch long (tube very short), appearing
before the leaves, which are I to 2 inches long.

Rhododendron viscosum, 7Zorrey. CLAMMY AZALEA, WHITE SWAMP
HONEYSUCKLE. Shrub 4 to 10 feet high; flowers appearing after the leaves,
white or slightly rose-colored; branchlets bristly hairy.

Section of Rhododendron proper has the corolla open bell-shaped, stamens
10; leaves thick. -

Rhododendron Catawbiense, Michaux. Shrub from 3 to 20 feet high ;
younger parts not scaly-scurfy; flower-stalks glandular hairy; leaves 3 to §

> Pa Te © oe ye

- Ss weve,

54 TREES AND SHRUBS

inches long by 2 inches wide; flower lilac purple, lobes rounded, 1% inches
high, and somewhat broader; branches erect. High mountains of Virginia
and Georgia. ‘This species has been most prolific in new forms under cultiva-
tion, especially when crossed with 2. ardoreum from India and with 2. Pon-
ticum from the Levant.

Rhododendron Indicum, Sweet. (Azalea Indica, Linneus.) Is the
common Azalea of the florists. From Japan and China. Common in conser-
vatories,

Rhododendron maximum, Zizn@us. MOUNTAIN LAUREL, GREAT RHO-
DODENDRON. Is from 3 to 15 feet high; branchlets erect, younger parts not
scaly-scurfy ; flower-stalks sticky hairy; flowers nearly white or rose-colored,
greenish-spotted in the throat; leaves 4 to lo inches long. Common in our
mountains along the streams.

Rhododendron Ponticum, Zzzn@us. Is alow shrub from the Levant;
leaves lanceolate, tapering towards the base; flower purple, open bell-shaped ;
branches stiff, erect.

Rhododendron punctatum, Andrews. The evergreen leaves lanceolate,
not very thick; branches spreading or drooping, 4 to 6 feet high; flowers rose-
colored, 1 inch long, wide-spreading, exceeding the stamens and pistils.
Southern mountains.

EUPHORBIACEZ. Spurge Family.

‘Plants with mostly milky, acrid juice, and flowers of very various struc-
ture,’’ but which usually have the sexes separated (on the same or on different
plants). ‘The ovary and fruit commonly 3-celled, and with a single or at
most a pair of hanging ovules or seeds in each cell.” A hard family to limit
by description, and, with us being mostly herbaceous, but few come within the
limits of this Catalogue. Perhaps no family of plants is characterized by a
greater diversity of products: foods, poisons, drugs, caoutchouc, oils, all come
from this family.

Buxus. Box. Pod 3-horned and 3-celled, each cell with 2 ovules or
seeds; bracted flowers in clusters, usually in the axils of the evergreen, oppo-
site leaves. Wood much used in the arts, especially for finer work.

Buxus Japonica, Muller. JAPAN Box. Readily recognized by the rudi-
mentary ovary, which is as long as the calyx; otherwise much like the common
Box. The leaves vary much in color.

Buxus sempervirens, Zzznz@us. COMMON Box. Well known by its
small, thick, dark-green leaves. Native of the Mediterranean region. Varies
much in the color of its leaves, and has the following varieties in cultivation :
argentea, SILVER-VARIEGATED Box; aurea, GOLDEN-VARIEGATED Box;
myrtifolia, MyrTLE-LEAVED Box; suffruticosa, DwArF Box; thymifolia,
THYME-LEAVED Box.

Buxus Sinensis, ? CHINESE Box. Is described in the catalogues as
a “native of China; with large foliage, greatly diversified in the various kinds,”
which are given as—varieties * angustifolia, NARROW-LEAVED CHINESE

‘

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL, 55

Box ; * latifolia, BRoAp-LEAVED CHINESE Box; * longifolia, Lonc-LEAVED
CHINESE Box; * rotundifolia, RouND-LEAVED CHINESE Box; all of which
are said “ to be distinct and quite handsome.”

Ricinus. Parma Curisti. Characterized by the large clusters of flowers,
the fertile being above and the staminate below; stamens many, in several
bundles; the 3 red styles each 2-parted above and united below; the large
prickly 3-lobed mature pod containing 3 large bug-like seeds. The Park has
the species

Ricinus communis, Zinn@us. CAsSTOR-OIL PLANT. Which is a large
herbaceous annual, but from its conspicuous character is deemed worthy a place
here. Its chief beauty is its large foliage (the leaves being 1 to 2 feet across),
which is orbicular in outline and deeply 7- to 9-cleft. Native of India.

HAMAMELACE. Witch-Hazel Family.

“« Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves, deciduous stipules, small flowers
in heads, spikes, or little clusters, the calyx united below with the base of the
2-styled ovary, which forms a hard or woody 2-celled and 2-beaked pod, open-
ing at the summit. Stamens and petals, when present, inserted in the calyx.”
—Gray. :

Corylopsis. Corolla of § upwardly dilated petals; filaments of the stamens
awl-like ; stigmas 2, small and knob-like. We have in the Park but a single
species :

Corylopsis spicata, —— ? This shrubby plant comes from Japan.

Fothergilla. Calyx-lobes squarely cut at summit; corolla none; the
numerous stamens all perfect. The Park has the single species

Fothergilla alnifolia, Zinneus. Shrub from the Southern swamps along
the Eastern coast; oval or obovate leaves somewhat hairy on the under surface,
toothed towards the apex.

Hamamelis. WitcH-Hazer. Parts of the flower in fours, except the
ovary, which is single and cleft above into 2 styles; suspended ovules single
in each cell.

Hamamelis Virginica, Zinmeus. A native shrub, 6 to 10 feet high; ob-
ovate crenately toothed leaves pubescent; yellow flowers, petals long and
narrow, appearing in the fall, and fruit remaining undeveloped through the
winter, The well-known Pond’s Extract comes from this plant, it is said.

Liquidambar. Sweet Gum, Birstep. Male and female flowers separate,
buton thesametree. Neither calyx nor corolla; stamens very numerous; styles
2; seed-vessels aggregated into a head, seeds wing-angled. Our species is

Liquidambar styraciflua, Zinneus. Branches with corky wings; leaves
roundish in outline, but with 5 to 7 sharp-toothed lobes; juice exuding hardens
intoa gum. Large tree, common from Philadelphia south.

56 TREES AND SHRUBS

HYPERICACE. Saint John’s-Wort Family.

Plants occasionally woody, with opposite, entire, usually sessile leaves, which
are dotted with translucent and blackish spots; stamens many, mostly more or
less plainly united into bundles at the base; many-seeded. Family character-
ized by active, often acrid, properties.

Hypericum. The type genus has the same characters as the family. Of
it we have two species to be noted here:

Hypericum Kalmianum, Zzznz@us. KALM’s ST. JOHN’s-Worvt. Branch-
ing shrub; styles 3; stamens very numerous; 4-angled stem with crowded,
glaucous, oblanceolate leaves. Native, from the Niagara Falls and northern
Lake region.

Hypericum prolificum, Zzzz@us. SHRUBBY ST. JOHN’s-WorRT. Low,
branching shrub, with the branchlets 2-angled; lanceolate oblong leaves nar-
rowed at the base. Of this the variety densiflorum, Gray, is much more
branched, crowded with small leaves. Common in the pine barrens of New
Jersey, and ranges thence southward.

JUGLANDACEZ. Walnut and Hickory Family.

A rather small but important group of trees, with alternate, pinnate leaves;
stamens and pistils separate, but on the same tree, the former in scaly, droop-
ing, elongated clusters, the latter single or in a small cluster or spike; calyx
adherent to the several-celled but one-seeded or one-ovuled ovary. The
group comprises most valuable timber and fuel, and is also accredited with
some remedial properties.

Carya. Hickory. Sterile flowers in clustered, hanging catkins, each
with 3 to 10 short stamens; fertile flowers with no petals; husk of the fruit
splitting at maturity more or less completely into 4 valves, from which the nut
falls.

Carya alba, A’wéta//. SHELLBARK or SHAGBARK Hickory. Bud-scales
about 10. Tree characterized at once by its long exfoliating strips of bark ;
leaflets 5, of which the 2 lower are much the smaller; all are taper-pointed ;
fruit somewhat flattened. This is reckoned the best of all the hickory-nuts.
The tree as a timber is large and valuable.

Carya amara, Muttal/l. BITTERNUT, SwAMP Hickory. Bud-scales about
6; bark of the tree close and smooth; leaflets 7 to 11; fruit roundish, indis-
tinctly 6-ridged, thin-shelled, and kernel bitter. Timber not the best, though
still valuable. A common native tree.

Carya oliveformis, Nuétal/. Pecan Nut. Leaflets 13 to 15, tapering
to a slender point, somewhat curved, toothed; nut edible, olive- or somewhat
cylindrical-shaped. Large tree, native to the rich bottom-lands of Illinois and
southward,

win aod AS eit

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 57

Carya porcina, Neéfa//. PiGNuT, Broom Hickory. Leaflets § to 7;
fruit with husk variably “ pear-shaped, oblong, or oval ;” thick-shelled, large
nut, oblong, kernel bitter when fairly tasted. Wood valuable, red at heart;
bark rough.

Carya sulcata, Nw/fal/. WrESTERN SHELLBARK Hickory. Bark as in
our shellbark, but leaflets 7 to 9, quite downy on under surface; the large,
thick husk angular above the middle; nut 1 to2 inches long, and often
angular, pointed at the ends; heart-wood not dark. * From Pennsylvania west-
ward and southward,

Carya tomentosa, Nuéta//l. MocKER-NuT, WHITE-HEART Hickory.
Bark close, rough, and adherent; pointed leaflets 7 to 9, when young with a
resinous odor; thick, hard-husked fruit globular or nearly so; thick-shelled
nut roundish, 4-ridged near the summit, only I inch in diameter. The variety
maxima, Ax/fta//, however, has a thick-husked fruit 2 inches or more in diam-
eter. This species is common, and furnishes a valuable wood for certain

purposes.

Juglans. WALNUT. Sterile flowers in single (not clustered) catkins;
stamens 12 to 40; fertile flowers with a 4-cleft calyx and 4 small green petals;
fruit-husk not splitting as in the hickory; leaves, bark, and shoots often strong-
scented. ;

Juglans cinerea, Zinneus. BUTTERNUT. Native tree of middling size;
bark smooth and white; young branches sticky hairy; stamens about 12; nut
2 inches long by about I to 1 inches through, with sharp, rough longitudinal
ridges. Timber of no great value.

Juglans Mandschurica, Maximowicz. _MANCHOORIAN WALNUT. Tree
from the Amoor River region; stamens about 8; fruit as in the preceding,
except that the ridges of the nut are thicker.

Juglans nigra, Zinneus. BLACK WALNUT. Young branchlets hairy but
not sticky; nut round, or nearly so, ridged, but not deeply or sharply. One of
the largest and most valuable of all our native trees.

Juglans pendula, ——? Found in the invoices, but otherwise unknown
to us.

Juglans regia, Zimneus. ENGLISH WALNUT. Tree widely distributed
over Southern and Central Asia, and not a mative of England. Oval leaflets
entire and nearly smooth ; husk of the fruit brittle and readily separating from
the roundish, wrinkled, light-brown nut when ripe. The following varieties
are in the Park: laciniata, Cas. De Cando/le ; with the § to 6 pairs of leaflets
much divided; nut attenuated at the apex. monophylla, Cas. De Candolle ;
has not more than a pair of entire-margined leaflets to the leaf. preepartu-
riens, Cas. De Candolle ; 4 pairs of sessile, ovate, entire, leathery leaflets.

Jugians rupestris, Zxge/mann. Isa large shrub or small tree from New
Mexico, characterized by its numerous, 17 to 23, narrow, long-pointed leaflets,
and its small fruit, the nut of which is not more than ¥% inch in diameter.

Pterocarya. Differs from Carya chiefly in its fruit, which is 2-winged and
does not open at maturity,

58 TREES AND SHRUBS

Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Spach. (P.Caucasica, C. A. Meyer.) Leaves with
12 pairs of leaflets, which are toothed and on the under surface along the pri-
mary veins slightly hairy. Tree from the Caucasian region. There are
besides in the Park invoices two other less important names,—z.e., devigata
and Sinensis.

LAURACE. Laurel Family.

This is the true Laurel Family: our Laurel belongs to the Ericacee, or
Fleath Family, Trees or shrubs abounding in spices and aromatics; leaves
‘simple, alternate, usually with transparent dots; flowers (calyx only) regular,
sepals 4 to 6, not united to the ovary, in 2 series; anthers opening by uplifted
valves; ovary I-celled, with a single hanging ovule, which (ovary) matures
into a berry or a stone fruit. Cinnamon, Cassia bark, and Camphor are among
the products of the foreign species of this order.

Lindera. Shrubs with the male and female flowers usually on different
individual bushes, appearing before the leaves in close clusters along the
branches; sterile flowers with 9 stamens, of which the 3 inner ones have the
filaments lobed and glandular at base; fertile flowers with a globular ovary
surrounded by rudimentary stamens; calyx bright yellow; fruit red, oblong
or oval, ;

Lindera Benzoin, Metsner. Spice-BUSH, BENJAMIN BusH. Is a common
native shrub, 6 to ro feet high; leaves downy (at first) on lower surface.

* Lindera melisszfolia, Blume. Shrub 2 to 3 feet high; leaves thick,
silky on both surfaces. Native from North Carolina southward,

!

Persea. Rep Bay. Flowers perfect; stamens 9, with anthers, the 3 outer
ones turned outwards and the others inwards; 3 glands form a circle inside all
these; anthers each opening with 4 valves,—z.e., 2 above and 2 below.

Persea Carolinensis, Mees. CAROLINA RED Bay. Is asmall tree grow-
ing from Delaware south; leaves oblong; berries blue on a red stalk.

Sassafras. Male and female flowers almost exclusively on different trees,
greenish yellow; male with 9 stamens inserted in 3 rows, the innermost set
with a pair of stalked glands at base of each; anthers 4-celled, and each
opening by 4 valves; female flowers with 6 rudiments of stamens around the
ovary; mature fruit blue.

Sassafras officinale, Vees. SASSAFRAS. Ovate leaves entire or variously
3-lobed; young branches somewhat warty, green or yellowish green; bark
aromatic, that of the root especially when growing in rocky places, a popular
source of a domestic supposed remedial tea. Common in our woods, and a
native of the Park.

Tetranthera. Flowers with the pistils and stamens almost entirely on
different trees; sterile flowers with 9 stamens in 3 rows, fertile ones with 12
or more rudimentary stamens; mature fruit red.

Tetranthera geniculata, Mees. Has yellow flowers coming before the
leaves, which are oblong and hairy on the midrib below; branchlets zigzag.
From the swamps of Virginia and southward.

D2 we ie) eee ie

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL, 59

LEGUMINOSZE. Pulse or Bean Family.

Flowers mostly irregular,—?.e., with a large roundish upper, a scythe-shaped
smaller lower, and 2 usually unsymmetrical side-petals ; fruit a single, more or
less 1-sided, continuous or jointed pod; stamens 10, 9 more or less combined
and 1 free, or all separate; leaves alternate, often compound, leaflets entire ;
stipules nearly always present.

A large, widely-diffused, and most important family, furnishing timber,
fibres, gums, dyes, and other articles of economic value. In it we have peas,
beans, lentils, kidney-beans, lupins, clover, liquorice, tragacanth, and indigo.
Among the poisons it produces Cytisus Laburnum, Physostigma venenosum
(the African Ordeal bean), and in our own country the Sophora speciosa, which
furnishes an alkaloid that acts in the same manner as the Physostigma does.
Besides these, there are, in the West, the so-called Loco plants, which year by
year destroy great numbers of sheep and horses. These are supposed to be
Oxytropis Lamberti and two or three species of Astraga/lus.

Albizzia. Has small regular flowers crowded into heads along the stem ;
pale rose-color; 5 petals united into a funnel-shaped lobed cup, from which
the long stamens protrude; pod flat and thin; leaves twice pinnate.

Albizzia Julibrissin, Durazzsin7. SILK-FLOWER, SILK-TREE. (Acacia
Fulibrissin, Willdenow.) The popular name derived from the long, shining
tufts of stamens, which give a silky appearance to the tree; leaflets very
numerous, halved in appearance; pod broadly linear, 5 to 6 inches long,
contracted between the seeds. Native of Asia, but partly naturalized in the
Gulf States.

Amorpha. FAatse INpIGo. Shrubs with leaves composed of many leaf-
lets; flowers with a single petal (the upper one), which is wrapped around the
10 nearly separate stamens, clustered in dense spike-like heads.

* Amorpha canescens, Nuéfa//, LEAD-PLANT. Shrubby at base, I to
3 feet high, white downy all over; leaves of 10 to 25 pairs of small, oval,
nearly sessile leaflets; small, late flowers violet purple; pods with a single
seed. Grows from Michigan southwestward. Its presence is regarded popu-
larly as an indication of lead.

Amorpha fruticosa, Zimneus. FALSE INDIGO. Shrub of middle size;
younger branchlets and leaflets slightly pubescent ; leaves of 5 to 13 pairs of
oblong (3¢ to 1% inches long) leaflets; flowers early, violet-colored; pods
generally 2-seeded. Pennsylvania, westward and southward. A. fragrans,
Sweet, is a variety of the above, and is common in gardens.

* Amorpha herbacea, Walter. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high; branches red or
purple; leaves of 15 to 35 smallish-dotted leaflets; pod 1-seeded ; flowers white
or blue. Native of pine barrens from Florida to North Carolina.

Caragana. PrA-TrEE. Flower’ irregular; stamens 10, of these g are
united at base and 1 is free; pod linear, several-seeded ; leaves clustered, of
several pairs of leaflets (instead of the end leaflet there is frequently a minute
spiny point); flowers on short stalks, not more than 3 together; lower petal
(keel) nearly straight.

ea an iA iia iii aie iii. A = ee aa ”——CCUDCUCe
'

ma TREES AND SHRUBS

Caragana arborescens, Laméert. SIBERIAN PEA. Large shrub or small
tree, with 4 to 6 pairs of leaflets (and a soft tip instead of the end leaflet),
which are oblong and somewhat downy ; flowers early, single, yellow. Native
of Siberia.

Cercis. RrEpD-BupD, JUDAS-TREE. Leaves simple ; irregular flower, appear-
ing to be (but not truly) papilionaceous, coming before the leaves, in conspicu-
ous red clusters; thin flat pod narrow, more or less winged on one side. The
name Judas-tree comes from the old English idea that it was on this the traitor
hanged himself.

Cercis Canadensis, Zizneus. AMERICAN RED-BuD. Tree 20 feet high,
covered in spring with a profusion of bright-red or somewhat purple clustered
flowers; leaves heart-shaped, pointed. Native in the Park.

Cercis Japonica (?). JAPAN Rep-Bup. A recent introduction from
Japan; said to be hardy, and to have bright rose-colored flowers which are
larger than those of our native species.

Cercis Siliquastrum, Zzzz@us. EUROPEAN RED-BupD. Shrubby in the
North. Has large flowers, which are raised on a stalk out of the calyx, and
broad, almost kidney-shaped leaves; flowers bright rose-colored or sometimes
white. From Europe.

Cladrastis. Tree with yellow wood and white irregular flowers, which
hang in clusters from the ends of the branches; stamens barely united at base;
bases of the leaf-stalks hollow and covering buds for the ensuing year.

Cladrastis tinctoria, Rafinesgque. YELLOW Woon. (Virgilia lutea,
Michaux the younger.) A beautiful small tree, with smooth bark; leaves of
7 to II oval leaflets; stipules none; keel-petals separate. Native of the
western slope of the Southern Alleghanies.

Colutea. BLADDER SENNA. Shrubs with irregular flowers, not prickly;
upper petal spreading, lower petal strongly curved upwards and inwards on
long united claws; the inflated bladder-like pod raised on a stalk clear of the
calyx, several-seeded, and somewhat “ flattened on the seed-bearing side.”

Colutea arborescens, Zimmv@us. COMMON BLADDER SENNA. Leaves
with 7 to 11 oval or oblong leaflets which are somewhat notched or squarely
cut at the apex; flowers yellow, 5 to 10 in a loose bunch; the thin inflated
pod large. Shrub from Europe.

Colutea cruenta, Azton. ORIENTAL BLADDER SENNA. Leaves with
obovate somewhat glaucous leaflets which are notched at the end; flowers
yellowish brown or reddish, 4 to 5 in a loose cluster; pod opens before ripen-
ing by aslit. Native of Southern Europe, and barely hardy here.

Cytisus. “Leaves of 1 or 3 leaflets, or the green branches sometimes
leafless; stipules minute or wanting; calyx 2-lipped or 5-toothed. Keel
straight or somewhat curved, blunt, soon turned down. Style incurved, or even
curled up after the flower opens. Pod flat. Seeds with a fleshy or scale-like
appendage at the scar. Low shrubby plants.” — Gray.

awe > eee ee oe, is en eee,

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 61

"

-- Cytisus albus, Ziné. Wire Broom. Slender branches round; leaves
simple or of 3 sessile, linear oblong leaflets; flower-clusters in long racemes ;
__-very hairy pod 2-seeded, Native of Portugal.

Cytisus capitata, Yacguin. Stems erect, branchlets hispid ; leaflets hairy,
ovate, elliptical; the numerous head-like clusters of flowers at the ends of the
branches ; calyx and legumes rough hairy. Native of Southern and Central
Europe.

Cytisus scoparius, Ziné. Scotcu Broom. The angular branches
nearly smooth; leaves compound, of 3 leaflets, or the highest ones simple ;
‘flowers solitary, on a little foot-stalk in the axils of the leaves; seed-pod hairy
along the margin. Native of the sandy and woody parts of Western Europe.
** Broom tops in large doses are emetic and purgative, in small doses they are
diuretic and mildly purgative.”

Desmodium. TiIcK-TREFOIL. Flowers irregular, 9 of the stamens more
or less united at base ; pod flat-jointed, narrowed at the joints and separating
at them when mature, usually provided with hooked hairs by which they
attach themselves to passing objects.

Desmodium racemosum, De Cando//e. Is an erect, somewhat shrubby
plant from Japan; the smooth branches angled; leaves with 3 ovate acute
leaflets which are slightly hairy on the under surface; pod in this species has
not the usual hooked hairs. :

Genista. Flowers irregular, 9 stamens more or less united; leaves simple ;
lowest petal nearly straight, reflexed when the flower is fully open; pod flat.

Genista tinctoria, Zizm@us. DYER’s GREEN-WEED. Is a low shrub, with
sharp-angled erect branches; not thorny; leaves lance-shaped; flowers yel-
low, % inch long, in moderately close clusters on the ends of the branches.
Naturalized from Europe.

Gleditschia. Honry-Locust. Flowers somewhat irregular, perfect or
imperfect, in narrow clusters, stamens 3 to 10, separate; petals much alike, all
% narrow and spreading; pod flat, with one to several flat seeds.

Gleditschia Caspica, Desfontaines. CASPIAN Honey-Locust. The 3-
cleft thorns flat, slender; leaves often bipinnate, leaflets obtuse, elliptical
lanceolate. From the Caspian Sea region.

Gleditschia macrantha, re ha LARGE-THORNED Honey-Locust.
Heavy thorns with many conical branches; main stem thorny; leaflets lance-
shaped, nearly an inch long, toothed, somewhat stiff; pod large, thick, and
containing a bitter pulp. Native country unknown.

Gleditschia monosperma, Walter. ONnrE-SEEDED Honey-Locust. A
small tree, growing from Illinois south and southwestward, with slender thorns
and oval rather obtuse leaflets, and one-seeded ovate pulpless pods.

Gleditschia Sinensis, Zamdbert. Cuinesk Honey-Locust. (G/leditschia
horrida, Willdenow.) With heavy thorns, and obtuse ovate elliptical leaflets ;
pod elongated and compressed. Native of China.

62 TREES AND SHRUBS

Gleditschia triacanthos, Linnaeus. CoMMON Honey-Locust. Large

native tree, ranging from this State south. Thorns often much branched,
somewhat flat at base; leaflets small lanceolate to oblong, slightly toothed ;
pods ro to 18 inches long, flat curved and often twisted, containing a sweetish
pulp. Tree sometimes utilized in hedges.

Gymnocladus. Tall tree, without thorns; leaves large, compound;
flowers white or nearly so, perfect or imperfect, hanging in clusters from the
ends of the year’s branches; stamens 10, all distinct; pod very hard, flattish,
and oblong in outline, with a little sweetish pulp and several hard thick seeds,
¥4 inch or more in diameter.

Gymnocladus Canadensis, Zaméert. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. Tree
large and valuable both for ornament and its timber. Ranging from Penn-
sylvania southward. Pod 6 to Io inches long and 2 inches across.

Laburnum. ‘Leaves of 3 leaflets; stipules inconspicuous or wanting.
Calyx with 2 short lips, the upper lip notched, keel incurved, not pointed,
ovary and flat pod somewhat stalked in the calyx; seeds naked at the scar.
Trees or shrubs with golden-yellow flowers in long hanging racemes.””— Gray.
The following species of Laburnum have at one time or another been placed
under Cydisus : see page 60.

Laburnum Alpinum, Grisebach. ALPINE LABURNUM. (Cytisus Alpinus,
Miller.) A smooth small tree, with round branches and ovate-lanceolate leaf-
Jets which are round at base; fruit-stalks and calyx slightly hirsute; smooth
few-seeded pod with a distinct margin. Native of the Alps and Apennines in
Europe. Has produced a number of varieties under cultivation. Wood hard
and of some value.

Laburnum grandiflorum, Grisebach. LLARGE-FLOWERED LARBURNUM.
(Cytisus grandiflorus, De Candolle.) Angular branches often smooth; clus-
tered leaves either single or of 3 ovate-lanceolate leaflets; flowers on little
stalks, either single or in pairs; legumes woolly. Native of Portugal.

Laburnum vulgare, Grisebach. GOLDEN CHAIN, COMMON LABURNUM,
BEAN TREFOIL-TREE. (Cytisus Laburnum, Linneus. ) Low-branching tree
with smooth green bark; leaves of 3 thin, grayish, oval, bluntly-tipped leaflets
which are % inch to 2 inches long; pod one-seeded, one side thicker, some-
what curved, and tapering toa slender base. It should be remembered that this
attractive species produces seeds which are a violent emetic poison. Native
of Europe. Wood hard and of some value. Under cultivation this tree has
developed a number of well-marked varieties.

Robinia. Locust-TREE. Flowers irregular, handsome, white or rose-
colored, hanging in long clusters; 9 stamens more or less united at base;
leaves compound, leaflets netted-veined; leaf-stalks hollowed out at base and
covering the buds for the next season ; young pod stalked in the calyx, mature
pod thin, flat, several-seeded, and with a narrow border on the seed- -bearing
side. Trees or shrubs often with prickles or spines in place of stipules at the
base of the leaf foot-stalk.

Robinia hispida, Zimwzeus. BristLy Locust, Rosr Acacia. Shrub 3
to 8 feet high, with leaf-stalks and young branches covered with spreading
bristly hairs; leaflets 34 inch to 1% inches long, obovate or oval to nearly round,

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL, 63

conspicuously bristle-tipped at the apex; the scentless flowers large and deeply
rose-colored; pods rough glandular hairy, Common in cultivation, but a native
of the Southern Alleghanies.

Robinia Pseudacacia, Zinneus. COMMON Locust. Middle-sized tree,
with yellow, elastic, durable wood which in some of the arts is of great value.
Leaves smooth, oblong, paler on under than on upper surface ; fragrant flowers
white or cream-colored. A common native on the rocky sides of our Alle-
ghanies.

Robinia viscosa, ]¢n~enat. Small tree, with branchlets and leaf-stalks

clammy and glandular; flowers scentless, somewhat tinged with rose-color,
‘in short, compact clusters; pods rough, sticky. Native of Virginia and
southward.

Sophora. Trees or shrubs (seldom herbs) with irregular flowers; stamens
nearly or quite separated; pod not jointed, but often much contracted around
the seeds; leaves pinnate; flowers cream-colored in

Sophora Japonica, Zinneus. JAPAN SOPHORA. ‘Tree from Japan, 40 to
50 feet high, with leaflets (11 to 13 to each leaf) oval, smooth, and acute;
flowers in somewhat dense clusters. From these flowers a dye used to color
the dresses of the mandarins is made, and all parts of the tree are reputed
to possess purgative properties. A species from the Mexican boundary—S.
secundiflora, Zagasca—produces beans which are known to be intoxicating in
very small doses and violently poisonous in larger ones. An alkaloid (Sophoria)
has been discovered in them by Dr. H. C. Wood.

Wistaria.t Woody climbing vines, with large drooping clusters of con-
spicuous blue irregular flowers; calyx with shorter teeth on the upper side;
pod thick, knobby, many-seeded, and opening late.

Wistaria frutescens, De Candolle. Native along the streams from West
Virginia to Illinois and southward; side-petals of the flower with a short ear
on one side at base and an awl-shaped one on the other.

Wistaria Sinensis, De Candolle. CHINESE WISTARIA. Wing- (or side-)
petals with a small ear-like appendage on one side of the base only. A taller
climber and more profuse bloomer than our native species.

There are other species and a host of varieties in cultivation, but all of less
note.

LYTHRACEZ. Loosestrife Family.

Characterized by the calyx enclosing though not united to the ovary, which
is I- to 4-celled and many-seeded ; petals and stamens inserted on the calyx,
the latter lower down; leaves simple, not pellucid dotted; anthers opening
lengthwise. Not remarkable for any special properties: some of its represent-
atives are astringent, and one yields the dye “‘ henna” with which the Arabian
women color their nails pink.

1 The orthography of this name, as given by Nuttall. who founded the genus, is Wisteria ;
but, as it is intended to commemorate the late Dr. Caspar Wistar, of Philadelphia, it is

obvious that the spelling (Wistarfa) above given, and adopted by the best authorities, is the
better one,

64 TREES AND SHRUBS

-Lagerstreemia. Flower of a 6-lobed calyx and 6 wavy long-clawed

petals; the numerous stamens are long and slender, rising from the bottom of
the calyx, the 6 outermost ones larger than the others; oblong, thick, many-
seeded pod 3- to 6-celled.

Lagerstroemia Indica, Z7zzeus. CRAPE MYRTLE. A small tree from
the East Indies. Scarcely hardy here, but enduring the winters on the Eastern
Shore of Maryland. Flowers very attractive from their rose- or flesh-colored
masses.

MAGNOLIACEZ. Magnolia Family.

Trees or shrubs; bark aromatic and bitter; leaves usually large, with de-
ciduous stipules and mostly entire; flowers generally large, solitary, parts in 3,
calyx and corolla more or less alike; pistils, and usually the stamens, numerous
on a long central axis; seeds one or two to each carpel. Most common in
North America, India, China, and Japan.

Liriodendron. TuLip-TREE. ‘Sepals 3, reflexed; corolla bell-shaped,
of 6 broad greenish-orange petals ;”’ long stamens with large anthers, which
open outwardly; carpels (the fruit-scales) with a wing-like style and a small,
thicker seed-end, which never opens,

Liriodendron Tulipifera, Zznzmeus. TuLip-TREE, YELLOW POPLAR,
WHITEWOOD. A noble native tree, of great use in the arts; leaves 3-lobed,
the terminal lobe being cut off nearly square; fruit-cone 24% to 3% inches
long.

Magnolia. Sepals 3, petals 6 org; stamens short, and anthers opening
inwardly; carpels fleshy, and red or rose-colored in fruit, producing a cone,
when mature opening on the back, allowing the red seeds to fall out, where
they often hang suspended by the long threads.

Magnolia acuminata, Z7zn@us. CUCUMBER-TREE. Native tree of middle
size; the yellowish-green flowers, 3 inches across, appearing in May or June;
thin leaves pointed at each end and somewhat downy on the under surface.
The cucumber-like fruit used in whisky as a tonic and antimalarial remedy in
the olden time.

Magnolia Campbellii, Hooker. From India. This is distinguished from
the other species by having the bud-scales acting as stipules, and from them
leaves are developed. It is a large tree, reaching in its home 150 feet in
height.

Magnolia conspicua, Salisbury. This is the Yalan of the Chinese.
Hardy with us, save that its large white flowers are sometimes killed by spring
frosts. The obovate pointed leaves (young ones downy) appear after the flowers.
A most profuse bloomer. JA/agnolia Thurberi of the gardens is probably a
form of this.

Magnolia cordata, Michaux. YELLOW CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA. Hardy,
though from the Southern States; leaves ovate and flowers lemon-colored.
Small tree.

Magnolia Fraseri, Walter. EAR-LEAVED MAGNOLIA. (JA/agnolia au-
riculata, Lambert.) A middle-sized tree growing from Virginia south; hardy

:
:
:

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 65

here; leaves produced into ear-like lobes at base; a foot long; flowers white,
somewhat narrowed into a claw.

Magnolia glauca, Zinneus. Sweet Bay. A small native tree ranging
from Massachusetts south in the swamps along the coast; leaves oval or
oblong, thick, whitish on the under surface; the white or cream-colored fra-
grant flowers 2 to 3 inches in diameter. The flowers are known to produce in
some people a species of hay fever. It has developed a variety with longer
leaves,—z.¢., longifolia.

Magnolia grandiflora, 7inmm@us. MAGNOLIA, GREAT-FLOWERED MAG-
' NOLIA. ‘Tree evergreen in the Southern States, of which it is a native; only
half hardy here. Leathery, oblong leaves 6 inches to a foot long, somewhat
rusty on the under surface. The fragrant flowers white, 9 inches across.

Magnolia Kobus, De Candolle. (Magnolia gracilis, Salisbury.) A small,
slender-growing tree from Japan, with flowers cup-shaped, dark purple with-
out and white within; leaves obovate, pointed at either end, young ones
pubescent, older ones smooth, appearing after the flowers,

Magnolia macrophylla, AM/ichaux. LARGE-LEAVED MAGNOLIA. This
is a small tree, with leaves 2 to 3 feet long, oblong, heart-shaped at base, white
on under surface; flowers white, rather strong-scented, a foot across, oblong
petals often with a red spot at base. Southern States; but hardy here.

Magnolia purpurea, Cur‘ess. -PurPLE MAGNOLIA. (Magnolia obovata,
Thunberg.) Hardy Japanese shrub, 4 to 8 feet high; flowers purple outside,
whitish inside, appearing before the oval dark-green leaves.

Magnolia Umbrella, Zaméert. UMBRELLA MAGNOLIA. (Magnolia tri-
petala, Linneus.) Small tree, with the large leaves crowded and spreading
from the ends of the branches like an umbrella, and surrounding a flower
which is 6 inches or more across.

The Park has also the following hybrids: AZ. Alexandrina; M. Lenne; M..
Norbertiana ; M. Soulangiana ; M. speciosa; and M. 7hompsoniana.

Trochodendron. A peculiar Japanese genus, of a single species:

Trochodendron aralioides, S/ebo/d and Zuccarint. Tree with neither
sepals nor petals; stamens many; carpels more or less united, berry-like and
indehiscent; leaves are arranged in remote whorls and last 3 years, thick in
texture and rhomb-shaped. Flower-clusters terminate the branches.

MALVACEZ. Mallow or Hollyhock Family.

Readily known by the stamens being united around the style; anthers
kidney-shaped and 1-celled; calyx-lobes touching edge to edge, and petals
with edge overlapping edge in the bud. The order has mucilaginous and
demulcent properties, and furnishes the following (among other) fibres: Pari-
tium elatum gives Cuba bast; Aibdscus cannabinus gives Indian Hemp;
Gossypium furnishes the various kinds of Cotton.

Hibiscus. Anthers on outside of, not on the top of, the stamineal tube;
ovary 5-celled, cells many-seeded ; stigmas 5, small and knobike.. The Park

5

66 TREES AND SHRUBS

has a single species,—7.e., Hibiscus Syriacus, /izneus. TREE H1piscus
or SHRUBBY ALTHA of the gardeners. Shrub 6 to 8 feet high, with leaves
wedge-ovate, 3-lobed ; variously-colored flowers 3 inches across (often double),
situated in the axils of the leaves. There are about 10 varieties of this species

in the Park.

.

MYRICACEZ. Sweet Gale Family.

Low shrubs; leaves resinous dotted and often fragrant; flowers with pistils
and stamens either on different plants or on different parts of the same plant,
always in scaly clusters, without either true calyx or any corolla; fruit a 1-
seeded fleshy or dry stone fruit, often covered with wax. Family character-
ized by aromatic, tonic, and astringent properties.

Comptonia. SWEET FERN. Sexes on different parts of the same plant;
the staminate clusters in cylindrical, the pistillate in round bur-like heads %
to 3¢ of an inch in diameter; nut surrounded by long-pointed scales.

Comptonia asplenifolia, A7¢ov. Has linear or lanceolate, downy, double-
toothed, aromatic leaves. Native on our barren hills. Infusion of the leaves
a domestic remedy in dysentery.

Myrica. BAYBERRY, WAX MyRTLE. Stamens and pistils usually on dif-
ferent plants; the flower-clusters from lateral scaly buds; 2 to 8 stamens to a
male flower; fertile flowers with an ovary having 2 slender stigmas and
surrounded by a few small scales.

Myrica cerifera, Zzzucus. Shrub 2 to 8 feet high, with fragrant, mostly
entire, lanceolate leaves, the hard small nuts covered with wax and looking
like berries. Most common along the Atlantic coast.

Myrica Gale, Zizneus. SWEET GALE. Leaves somewhat wedge-shaped,
notched towards the apex; small nuts crowded and furnished with wing-like
scales.

OLEACE, Olive Family.

Corolla united in a more or less elongated cup, or nearly or quite separated ;
stamens fewer than the 4 to 5 lobes or parts of the corolla. Free ovary usually
2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Trees or shrubs with “ bitter tonic
and astringent properties.’’ Some, as the olive, yield a fixed oil.

Chionanthus. The white flower with 4 very long narrow petals; stamens
2, short, barely adherent to the lobes of the corolla; fruit round and fleshy,
with a I-celled, 1-seeded stone.

Chionanthus Virginicus, Zizv@us. FRINGE-TREE. Grows from Penn-
sylvania south, and is a most strikingly handsome tree in cultivation,

* Forestiera acuminata, Po7ret. Is a low shrub, with the sexes on differ-
ent individuals; flowers crowded in scaly buds from the axils of the last year’s
leaves; corolla absent, and calyx falls early. Native of the river-banks from
Illinois southward.

La ST” hc Oe

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL, 67

Forsythia. Low hardy shrubs from China and Japan, with bright-yellow,
conspicuous flowers which appear in early spring before the leaves; flowers
bell-shaped, 4-lobed, stamens 2, ovary with several seeds in each of the 2
cells. °

Forsythia suspensa, Va//. Branches weak, needing support; ovate leaves
thin, dull green.

Forsythia viridissima, ? Shrub with erect, strong branches; leaves
thickish, lanceolate, bright green.

Fraxinus. Calyx small, or wanting entirely; petals 2 to 4, or even none;
fruit I-seeded, with a wing 3¢ of an inch to I inch or more long; leaves simply
compound.

Fraxinus Americana, Zimneus. WHITE ASH. Petals none and calyx
small; fruit round cylindrical at base, narrowly winged from the apex only;
leaflets 5 to 9, oblong, pointed, pale or somewhat downy on the under surface;
young shoots and leaf-stalks smooth. A large, valuable native tree, most
common in low grounds. The Park has also varieties aucubefolia, with
gold-spotted foliage, juglandifolia, and lutea. It still requires varieties
* pannosa and * punctata, the former with hairy shoots and large sharp-
pointed leaves, and the latter with yellow-spotted foliage.

Fraxinus excelsior, Zimnzeus. ENGLISH or EUROPEAN ASH. Flowers
some unisexual, others hermaphrodite; petals none and calyx small; leaves
bright green, of 5 to 6 pairs of oblong or lance-shaped, toothed leaflets ; fruit
flat and narrowly oblong. From Europe, where it attains a height of from 60
to 80 feet. A tree of great value, and one also to which an infinite number
of uses has been ascribed by the superstitions of the past. It has long been
cultivated, and has produced a large number of varieties, among which the
most important are—aurea, GOLDEN-BARKED; heterophylla; Jaspidea,
with striped bark; atrovirens, with dark-green foliage; angustifolia, WiL-
LowW-LEAVED ASH, with light-green foliage; monophylla, SINGLE-LEAVED
AsH; pendula, with drooping branches and small leaves. The Park has the
above varieties. It yet requires * myrtifolia, a small tree with small leaves,
as well as other less important forms.

Fraxinus Elonza Japonica is by some regarded as a form of F. excelsior.
It comes from Japan, however, and has long, drooping branches and small,
light-green leaves.

Fraxinus Ornus, Zinmm@us. FLOWERING ASH. (Ornus Europea, Per-
soon.) Tree 20 to 30 feet high, from Southern Europe; barely hardy here.
The manna of commerce is derived from this tree. Some of the flowers are uni-
sexual, others are hermaphrodite, with 2 or 4 small, greenish, fringe-like petals;
leaves with § to g small lanceolate or oblong leaflets; winged fruit linear
oblong.

Fraxinus pubescens, Zaméert.. RED AsH. A rather small native tree,
of no great value; flowers without petals, and the male and female flowers on
different trees usually; fruit linear to oblong, seed-bearing part somewhat 2-
edged; leaflets 7 to 9, pale, entire or nearly so; young shoots and leaf-stalks
soft downy.

— ee — Ts lene -_

68 TREES AND SHRUBS

Fraxinus quadrangulata, A/ichawx. Bivue AsH. Large native tree,
growing from Ohio to Wisconsin and southward; furnishing good timber;
calyx remaining on the base of the flat fruit, which is oblong and winged all
around; leaflets 4 to 7, ovate and veiny.

7

Fraxinus sambucifolia, Zaméert. BLACK or WATER ASH. A small
native tree, with tough wood which is used in basket-making; fertile flowers
without a calyx; wing extending clear around the seed of the narrowly ellip-
tical fruit ; leaflets 7 to II, sessile. ,

* Fraxinus viridis, Afichaux the younger. GREEN ASH. A middle-
sized native tree, with 5 to 9 ovate bright-green leaflets which are toothed
towards the apex; acutely 2-wing-margined fruit tapering upwards gradually
into the narrow wing.

The group of Ash Trees is among the most troublesome of any named in
this list. The numerous varieties, and the reckless use of old and useless coining
of new names, combine to produce much confusion in this genus.

Ligustrum. PRIVET or PRIM. Short funnel-form corolla, white or
yellowish white, lobes spreading obtuse; berry black, with from I to 4 seeds;
leaves thick, short-petioled, and entire. The common form, introduced here
from Europe, is

Ligustrum vulgare, Zimu@us. Its chief value is in making good and
ornamental hedges. ‘There is also another species, L. Japonicum, 7hunderg,
from Japan, which is characterized by broader Jeaves and larger and looser
masses of flowers. It is not hardy here. L. coriaceum is a mere garden
form.

Olea. OLive. Short corolla 4-cleft, with spreading lobes; fruit 1 celled,
1-seeded, stone hard.

Olea illicifolia, ? is described as a very elegant evergreen. Hardy
Japanese shrub, with holly-like leaves.

Syringa. Lizac. Shrubs with flowers which are tubular below and
spreading above; fruit a 4-seeded pod, flattened at right angles to the internal
partitions ; seeds with a narrow border or margin. The large clusters of
fragrant flowers constitute the charm of these plants.

Syringa Josikea, Yacguin. Jostka’s LitAc. Shrub 6 to 8 feet high,
native of Transylvania; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, wrinkled, not hairy, white
on the lower surface; flowers bluish purple.

Syringa Persica, Zinneus. PERSIAN LILAC. Leaves narrowly ovate;
flowers pale lilac purple, or often pure white; border of corolla flat; flower-
clusters not so compact as in the common species.

Syringa vulgaris, Zinneus. ComMMOoN LILAc. Shrub from Eastern
Europe or Persia; leaves ovate, with heart-shaped base; flower-clusters large
and compact, flowers *Jilac;” pale violet or even white lobes moderately
spreading. It has produced a host of beautiful varieties, now in common
cultivation in gardens.

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 69

PLATANACE, Plane-Tree Family.

Trees ; leaves alternate, deeply divergently lobed ; flowers in globular heads,
male and female on the same plant, but not in the same heads; calyx and
corolla both wanting; male flowers of many stamens mixed with small scales;
pistillate flowers of upwardly enlarged ovaries, and mixed with the scales.

Platanus occidentalis, /imm@eus. AMERICAN PLANE, SYCAMORE, BuT-
TONWoop. Large, well-known native tree along our river-banks. Bark
white, separating in thin sheets; leaves squarely cut or heart-shaped at base,
lobes short but sharp, scurfy downy on under surface, remaining so until old;
fertile heads solitary, an inch in diameter when mature. Wood valuable for
certain purposes.

Platanus orientalis, Zimmeus. ORIENTAL PLANE. Distinguished from
the preceding by its leaves being somewhat more deeply divided, becoming
smooth sooner, and by the heads of fruit and flowers being larger.

RHAMNACE., Buckthorn Family.

Shrubs or trees with simple and usually alternate leaves; stamens of same
number as the petals and offosite to them, inserted on the disk lining the
bottom of the calyx; ovary with a single young seed in each of its 2 to 5
cells. The family has bitter astringent and cathartic properties.

Berchemia. Swuppie-JAcK. Woody twiners climbing over neighboring
bushes and trees; disk almost filling the bottom of the calyx; ovary maturing
into a 2-celled stone fruit with a thin purple pulp; calyx free from the ovary.

Berchemia volubilis, De Candolle. A common plant in the Southern
States ; leaves oblong, feather-veined ; flowers greenish white, in small clusters
terminating the young branchlets.

Ceanothus. New Jersey TEA, Rep Root. Disk adhering to the calyx;
petals small, 5, somewhat hooded or incurved at the summit, spreading, on
slender claws; ovary 3-celled, maturing into a hardish 3-seeded pod; flowers
white. :

Ceanothus Americanus, Zinnezus. This species strictly is the New
Jersey TEA, and was during the Revolution used as a substitute for the
imported article. It is a shrub I to 2 feet high; root dark red; leaves ovate,
distinctly 3-veined, pointed, finely toothed; flowers in summer crowded into a
somewhat dense cluster on the ends of the branches.

Ceanothus ovalis, Bigelow. OvAaLt-LEAVED CEANOTHUS. Native on dry
rocks from Vermont to Wisconsin and westward; smaller than the preceding,
with oval leaves acute at each end, somewhat larger flowers, and blooming in

spring.

Frangula. ALpeR BuckTHORN. Our single species, F. Caroliniana,
Gray, is a shrub or small tree without thorns; flowers hermaphrodite, calyx-

ee
‘

OE

y —_— =~ 7 a

70 TREES AND SHRUBS

lobes, petals, and stamens nearly always 5; “leaves with nearly straight, par-
allel veins ;’’ seeds convex on the back. This species grows in wet places
from New Jersey south, and has rather large oblong leaves, with the flowers
single or in small clusters in the axils; fruit black, 3-seeded. By most
authorities this genus is now united with

Rhamnus. BuckTHoRN. Differs from the above mainly in the seeds,
which are grooved or concave on the hack; leaves feather-veined. Flowers
greenish white and with the sexes usually separate.

Rhamnus alnifolius, Z’ //éritier. ALDER-LEAVED BUCKTHORN. A low
native shrub, with oval, sharp-pointed, straight-veined leaves; fruit 3-seeded,
and flowers without petals ; stamens 5.

Rhamnus catharticus, Z7zu@us. COMMON EUROPEAN BUCKTHORN.
Petals present; stamens 4; ovate leaves finely serrate; fruit 3- to 4-seeded.
Introduced from Europe, and used for hedges on account of its thorny branch-
lets. Is a violent cathartic, and as such is used in veterinary surgery.

Rhamnus infectorius, Zizzz@us. STAINING BUCKTHORN, AVIGNON
Berry. A spiny shrub from Southern Europe, with 4 petals, 4 stamens, and
usually a 4-seeded berry; leaves ovate-lanceolate, finely toothed, male and
female flowers on different plants. This species is one of the sources of the
Yellow or Persian Berries ‘used by dyers in calico-printing.”’ From the bark
of two other species the Chinese prepare a beautiful green dye for their silks.
It is now imported under the name of Chinese Green Indigo.

ROSACE, Rose Family.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate leaves and regular flowers; petals
separate; stamens mostly many, free from one another, and inserted on the
calyx. Pistils one to many, usually separate; seeds one to several. This im-
portant order is mostly destitute of noxious qualities, the common exception
being in the “leaves, bark, and kernels of some cherries and the like,’ which
contain prussic acid. The family is divided into a number of well-marked
natural groups.

Amelanchier. JUNE-BERRY, SERVICE-BERRY. Calyx-tube adhering to
the ovary and becoming a small succulent fruit, enclosing the 5 ovaries, each
of which is divided by a partition, so that the fruit shows Io cells; styles 5.
Trees or shrubs with the petals long and narrow and clustered along the then
leafless branches.

Amelanchier Canadensis, Zorrey and Gray. SHAD-BUSH, SERVICE-
BERRY. A conspicuous species of several forms, but ranging in size from a
small shrub to a tree 30 feet high, distinguished by its attractive white flowers
(on the leafless branches), which appear in early spring. A common native, of
wide range. It has produced a number of forms under cultivation.

Cotoneaster. Ovary included in and when mature adherent to tube of the
calyx; cells of the ovary and styles each 2 to 5, each cell 2-ovuled; mature
fruit of 2 to § hard nutlets; stamens many, inserted in the mouth of the calyx.
‘Trees or shrubs, erect or decumbent.

* ae ee eS Ss be x 4 _
——
. > 7 ‘4 ay »

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 71

Cotoneaster baccilaris, Wa//ich. ‘* Has obovate leaves and many-flowered
cymes. It is a native of Kumaon.”’ Has produced some varieties,

Cotoneaster buxifolia, /Va//ich. Box-LEAVED CoTONEASTER. A white-
flowered evergreen with ovate leaves, which are woolly on the under surface.
From Neelgherry, in India. Hardy in England, where its beauty is much
praised,

Cotoneaster frigida, Wallich. (Pyrus Nussia, Don.) A hardy, tall
shrub with white flowers and bright-red fruit; leaves elliptical, thick woolly
on the under surface when young; branchlets woolly. From colder parts of
India.

Cotoneaster laxiflora, ¥acguin. Leaves oblong, blunt at either end, smooth
_above and woolly on the under surface. Flowers pink.

* Cotoneaster vulgaris, Zind/ey, COMMON COTONEASTFR. Native of
Siberia and the colder parts of Europe. Hardy. Flowers white or flesh-
colored; fruit reddish, roundish ; deciduous leaves an inch long.

* Cotoneaster microphylla, Wallich. SMALL-LEAVED COTONEASTER.
Flowers white; berries scarlet; small, leathery leaves an intense green. A
very handsome shrub.

Crategus. HAwTnHorNn. Stone-fruited trees or shrubs with thorny branches
and flowers in flat-topped clusters terminating the branchlets; leaves deeply
toothed or lobed and toothed; cells of the ovary as many as the styles, which
are I, 2,or 5. Fruit of some species eaten by boys and birds.

Crategus estivalis, Zorrey and Gray. SUMMER HAw. Small tree from
the Southern States; with ovate leaves, which are thick, wedge-shaped towards
the base, and somewhat bluntly toothed above the middle; flowers I to 6 ina
cluster; acid fruit large, red, and juicy, “ used for tarts.”

Crategus apiifolius, J/ichaux. PARSLEY-LEAVED THORN. A small tree,
native from Virginia south; smooth downy when young; leaves with a broad
or heart-shaped base, deeply 5- to 7-cleft, lobes sharply cut-toothed; ovoid
fruit deep red; “ flowers rather large.”

Crategus coccinea, Zinn@us. SCARLET-FRUITED THORN. Flowers
large, 3¢ inch across, many in a cluster; ovoid fruit % inch across, bright red
or scarlet; leaves ovate, slightly lobed, but with many sharp teeth. Has several
varieties.

Crategus cordata, Aiton. WASHINGTON THORN. Small tree from the
States south of us; with many small 5-styled flowers in a flat-topped cluster ;
fruit bright red, { inch or less in size; leaves triangular or heart-shaped,
variously 3- to 5-cleft-toothed. Used as a hedge-plant.

Crategus Crus-galli, Zinmeus. CockspUR THORN. Native shrub or
small tree, very thorny, valuable as a hedge-plant; leaves thick, firm, lanceo-
late or obovate, deep green, and toothed above the middie; flowers large;
fruit edible, bright red.

Crategus flava, Aiton. YeLLow Haw. Small tree from Virginia south-
ward; flowers rather large, few in a cluster; fruit slightly pear-shaped, yellow-

- _—_ ~° ve ware ur

>

72 TREES AND SHRUBS

ish, greenish, or reddish; leaves smooth or a little oni: ovate, with tapering
base deeply toothed ahove the middle. This species has a well-marked variety,
pubescens, Gray, which is known in gardens as C. elliptica, Aiton.

Crategus glandulosa of the gardens appears to be simply the variety
prunifolia, Zorrey and Gray, of C. Crus-galli.

Crategus orientalis, Bosc. EASTERN THORN. Low tree from the East,
readily known by its hoary-white branches, its 3-lobed leaves, which are downy
on the under surface, and its large, yellowish-red, edible fruit.

Crategus oxyacantha, Zimneus. ENGLISH HAWTHORN. Introduced
for use and ornament from Europe; flowers not large, many in a cluster; fruit
coral-red; Jeaves broadly wedge-shaped at base, deeply lobed and toothed
above. It has produced many varieties in color of the flowers, etc., and to it
some nominal species are reduced.

Crategus parvifolia, 47/ox. DWARF THORN. Native of “pine barrens
from New Jerséy south. Shrub 3 to 6 feet high, downy, with thick, firm, spatu-
late, obovate crenate leaves. These, as well as the mostly solitary flowers,
almost sessile; the large fruit pear-shaped or globular, greenish and yellowish.”

Crategus prunifolius, Bosc, of the gardens is now regarded as simply a
form of C. Crus-galli, which see.

Crategus Pyracantha, Pevsoon. EVERGREEN THORN. Introduced from
Europe, but now grows wild near Philadelphia. The evergreen leaves are an
inch long, broadly lance-shaped, and with small blunt teeth; flowers many ;
fruit bright red, very small.

Crategus pyrifolia, Azfon, of the gardens is a form of C. tomentosa, Lin-
m@us, Which see.

Crategus tanacetifolius, Persoon. TANSY-LEAVED THORN. From the
Orient; has hairy, sharply-cleft leaves with lobes few-toothed; fruit globose,
yellowish green.

Crategus tomentosa, Zzmneus. BLACK THORN. Tall, common native
shrub, with many large flowers and large orange or scarlet fruit in a cluster ;
soft hairy when young; thickish oval leaves sharply and deeply toothed, taper-
ing below into a margined foot-stalk. Very variable, a fruit of some forms
quite pleasant-tasted.

Exochorda. A bush from China, with regular flowers, and § pistils united
by their inner faces to the central axis, each having 2 suspended ovules on a
conspicuous cord, which remains after the carpels have fallen.

Exochorda grandiflora, ——? (Sfirea grandiflora.) Leaves lance-
shaped and entire; white flowers conspicuous, in clusters on the ends of the

branches.

Kerria. JAPAN CorcHorRus. Chinese and Japanese shrub, with light-
green branches terminated by yellow flowers; fruit dry, seed-like.

Kerria Japonica, De Candolle. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, irregularly
toothed. In the natural condition it has 5 petals and numerous stamens; now
much changed by cultivation.

nd te

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 73

Potentilla. CrnQueroiL, Five-FinGer. Usually herbs, with the 1-seeded
fruits heaped into a little head; calyx with 5 small leaves alternating with its
lobes and outside of them. We have in the Park a single shrubby species :

Potentilla fruticosa, Zinmeus. SuRUBBY CINQUEFOIL. Is from I to 4
feet high, branched and silky; compound leaves made up of § to 7 entire,
broadly lanceolate leaflets. Native.

Prunus. Prum, CHERRY, PEACH, ALMOND, etc. Trees or shrubs with a
single pistil, which develops into a stone fruit; flowers white or rose color, or
white with a rose blush. The edible fruits are well known. In Eastern coun-
tries the fruit and bark of some are used as remedies. The genus was formerly
divided into a number of others, such as Amygda/us, the Almond, Peach, and
Nectarine group; Cerasus, the Cherry group.

* Prunus Alleghaniensis, Porter. A branching straggling shrub, seldom
thorny; leaves lanceolate to obovate; flowers 2 to 4 in a cluster; fruit dark
purple, globose ovoid, under ¥% inch in length, stone “ with a shallow groove
on one side anda broad flat ridge on the other.” From the mountains of
Pennsylvania. !

* Prunus Americana, Marshal/. Wi_p YELLOw or RED PLUM. (Cera-
sus Canadensis, Loiseleur.) Ovate leaves conspicuously pointed, sharply
double-toothed ; flowers white, not many in a cluster, appearing about the
time the leaves do; orange or red fruit over % inch in diameter, or larger
in cultivation; stone sharp on each margin; pulp of fruit pleasant, but skin
astringent, bitter, and sour. A thorny native, 8 to 20 feet high.

Prunus Caroliniana, Azton. MocK-ORANGE. A small tree from the
Southern States, with the white flowers in clusters from the axils of the thick,
evergreen, broadly lance-shaped, entire leaves. Hardiness doubtful.

Prunus Cerasus is the common garden RED CHERRY. Now growing in
portions of the Park.

* Prunus Chicasa, Michaux. CHICKASAW PLUM. Native shrub 6 to 12
feet high. Somewhat thorny; leaves long and narrow, sharp-pointed, finely
toothed ; fruit round, well tasted, and over % inch in diameter.

Prunus Lauro-Cerasus, Zimneus. CHERRY LAUREL. (Cerasus Lauro-
Cerasus, Loiseleur.) \eaves thick and leathery, broadly lance-shaped, sparingly
toothed, resembling those of the common Orange. Not hardy. Poisonous,
from the abundance of prussic acid.

* Prunus maritima, Wangenheim. Bracu PLuM. Low shrub, native
along our sea-shores; flowers white, appearing in early spring; leaves oval,
sharp-pointed, decidedly veiny, deeply and doubly serrate; fruit 4% to I inch
in diameter, stone sharp on one edge and a little grooved on the other.

Prunus nana, ? DwarF or FLOWERING ALMOND. Has short clus-
ters of mostly double flowers appearing before the leaves in spring, naturally
rose-colored, but by variation white, A low, much-branching shrub, intro-
duced into cultivation from the Calmuck region in Asia.

Prunus Pennsylvanica, Zinneus. Wid Rep CHERRY. (Cerasus
Pennsylvanica, Seringe.) A small indigenous tree with shining green, smooth,

v4 TREES AND SHRUBS

finely-toothed leaves, which appear about the same time as the clusters of long-
stalked flowers; round fruit sour and small. Prunus borealis, Pozret, of the
gardens and the older works, belongs to this species.

Prunus pumila, Zizneus. DWARF CHERRY. (Cerasus pumila, Michaux.)
A trailing native shrub, not over 18 inches high; obovate leaves tapering
towards the base and toothed towards the apex; flowers 2 to 4 in a cluster.

Prunus serotina, Zhirhart. WILD BLACK CHERRY. (Cerasus Virginica,
Michaux.) Large native tree, with handsome, valuable wood, and broadly
lance-shaped, taper-pointed, thick leaves, which have small incurved teeth and
a shining upper surface; fruit a little bitter, but not decidedly unpleasant.

Prunus Virginiana, Z7zn@us. CHOKE CHERRY. (Cerasus Virginiana,
Loiseleur.) Large shrub, with leaves (coming before the flowers) oval, ab-
ruptly pointed, sharply single- or double-toothed; flower-clusters short and
dense; fruit becoming dark crimson, when it is barely edible. Prunus
rubra, Az/on, is the same species.

Pyrus. PEAR, APPLE, etc.t Shrubs or trees in which the calyx grows
fast to the ovary and becoming engorged forms the edible fruit. Often thorny;
flowers in flat-topped clusters, or occasionally single; style 2 to 5; fruit weil
known and of great service toman; best developed in cold rather than in warm
climates ; wood compact, used somewhat in the arts. It has been proposed as
a substitute for boxwood in coarse engraving, though probably better material
will be found.

Pyrus Americana, Chamisso and Schlechtendahl. AMERICAN MOUNTAIN
ASH, ROWAN-TREE, (Sorbus Americana, Marshall.) Small, slender tree,
native in the cooler parts of this State and northward; bark smooth; leaves
made up of about 15 bright-green, sharp-pointed, sharp-toothed leaflets ; clusters
of bright-scarlet fruit, ornamental in autumn, adhering even after the fall of
the leaves, each berry ¥ inch in diameter. Much like the following, which
comes from Europe:

Pyrus Aucuparia, Gdartver. EUROPEAN ROWAN. (Sorbus Aucuparia,
Linneus.) Larger tree, with blunter leaflets and larger berries (1% inch in
diameter), than the above. Introduced for ornamental planting.

Pyrus arbutifolia, Zizze@us. CHOKEBERRY. A common native low
straggling shrub, found in wet woods ; leaves simple, oval or obovate, thickish,
bright green, and finely toothed; ‘flowers white in flat-topped clusters on the ends
of the branches; purple or black berry nearly round, % inch in diameter.
Pyrus floribunda, Zind/ey, of the gardens appears to belong here.

Pyrus baccata, Zinneus. (Malus baccata, Desfontaines.) From Dahuria.
The leaves ovate, acute, smooth, equally toothed, and about as long as the
leaf-stalk; fruit apple-like in shape. Has produced some varieties in culti-
vation.

Pyrus coronaria, Zinmmeus. AMERICAN or GARLAND CRAB-APPLE.
(Malus coronaria, Miller.) Native species; small tree with the ovate leaves
roundish or heart-shaped at base and somewhat 3-lobed ; flowers rose-colored
or whitish tinged with rose-color, fragrant, as is also the greenish-colored
astringent fruit.

1 Pirus is now the accepted orthography of the above-named. We have, however, adhered
to the old, simply in order to avoid confusion in a mere list like this.

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL, | 75

Pyrus intermedia, Z£4rhart. INTERMEDIATE WHITE BEAM-TREE. From
Europe, especially the colder parts; with ovate lobed or deeply-toothed leaves
which are white hairy beneath; flowers in branching flat-topped clusters ; edible
fruit globose.

Pyrus Japonica, 7hiundberg. JAPAN QUINCE. (Cydonia FYaponica, Per-
soon.) Lowshrub, from Japan; thorny, smooth, with large scarlet, rose-colored,
or white flowers, which appear earlier than the oval or oblong, bluntly-toothed
leaves; young fruit with 2 ovules in each cell; mature fruit green, hard,
knotty, and worthless. A common showy plant, making beautiful hedges.

Pyrus salicifolia, Zivneus. W1ILLOW-LEAVED PEAR-TREE. About 20
feet high. Native of Siberia, Caucasia, and Persia. Leaves narrowly lance-
shaped, sharp-pointed, and white hairy on the under surface, blade thrice as
long as the leaf-stalk; flowers few in a cluster; buds covered with a white
wool.

Pyrus sambucifolia, Chamissoand Schlechtendah/. Small tree, native along
our northern borders, and closely related to the American Mountain Ash (see
above), but with oblong, obtuse, blunt- or sharp-pointed leaves. Once regarded
as a form of P. Aucuparia, and still known in some gardens as P. hybrida,
Monch.

Besides the species enumerated above, the following well-known trees
belong here: Pyrus communis, the CoMMON PEAR; Pyrus Cydonia, the
COMMON QUINCE; Pyrus malus, the APPLE-TREE.

Rosa. Rose. + Shrubs, usually prickly, with compound leaves of gener-
ally 3 to 12 toothed leaflets; stipules (small leaf-like organs) united to the
base of the common leaf-stalk; flowers large and conspicuous, either solitary
or in clusters, terminating the branches; seed enclosed in an urn-shaped
fleshy cup, which is contracted at the top and crowned by the calyx-lobes. A
well-defined natural group, with over 200 recognized species, of which nearly
or quite a hundred are now in cultivation, and out of these an innumerable
host of varieties has been produced. Besides the sense of the beautiful which
is gratified by this “Queen of Flowers,” the rose is also an important source
of employment to thousands who manufacture rose-water and attar. The
wood is valuable for certain fine purposes, and it has also been proposed as a
substitute for boxwood for the engraver’s use,—probably a poor substitute.
We cannot attempt even a list of the varieties in a brief synopsis like this.
Hence we will simply enumerate the common native and foreign forms the Park
has or ought to have.

* Rosa blanda, Aiton. EARLY WILD Rose. Styles separate, with the
stigmas closing the mouth of the calyx-tube; not a climber; prickles, if any,
weak ; leaflets 5 to 9, oblong and blunt-pointed, whitish or hairy on the under
surface; flower-stalk and calyx smooth; mature fruit nearly globular. Native.

Rosa canina, Jinneus. DoG Rose. European plant, now sparingly natu-
ralized here, much resembling our native sweetbrier; stipules large, lanceo-
late, nearly entire; leaflets about 7, oval, smooth, sharp-pointed and sharply
serrate; pink or whitish flowers in clusters of 3 to 5; prickles stout.

Rosa Caroliniana, Zinnzus. Swamp Rose. A not rare native, often
troublesome in low grounds; the distinct styles closing the mouth of the calyx
with their stigmas; leaflets 5 to 7, lanceolate to oblony, finely toothed except
at base; calyx and fruit glandular hairy; flowers often many in a cluster;
prickles rather stout, recurved.

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76 TREES AND SHRUBS |

Rosa cinnamomea, Zinneus. CINNAMON ROsE. From Europe; with
slender, scattered prickles, oval and coarsely-toothed leaves which are hoary
and glandular beneath; flowers pale red, small, and somewhat cinnamon-
scented, whence the popular name,

Rosa lucida, Zirhart. DWARF WILD Rose. Separate styles included
in the calyx and closing the mouth with their stigmas ; low bushy native, with
weak nearly straight prickles and lance-shaped < or broader leaflets which are
plainly toothed; calyx more bristly than the somewhat depressed fruit. Not
a climber.

Rosa multiflora, Zhunderg. MANY-FLOWERED RosE. From China
and Japan. Common and hardy here; climber; leaflets soft and somewhat
roughened; prickles scattered, slender; inodorous flowers in clusters, white,
pale red, or red; styles united and projecting.

Rosa rubiginosa, Zizmeus. SWEETBRIER. From Europe, but naturalized
here by the wayside and in old gardens. Climber; prickles strong and hooked ;
leaflets with brown glands on the under surface, small, double-toothed, and
downy; pink flowers usually single; fruit pear-shaped.

Rosa sempervirens, Zimneus. EVERGREEN Rose. From Europe, but
neither hardy nor evergreen here; leaflets thick, bright green, oblong; prickles
curved; flowers white; styles united and projecting from the calyx. The Ayr-
shire Rose of the British gardens is given by Gray as a variety of this, and by
Loudon as a variety of the European Field Rose (2. arvensis, Hudson). It
is more hardy than the &. sempervirens.

Rosa setigera, Michaux. CLIMBING ROSE, PRAIRIE Rose. A prickly,
climbing native, with the united styles protruding from the calyx and as long
as the stamens; with 3 to 5 ovate, sharp-pointed, sharp-toothed leaflets. A
vigorous grower, with flowers from white to deep rose-color.

* Rosa sulphurea, Aztoz. YELLOW Rose. From the Orient; young
shoots without prickles; 5 to 7 obovate, slightly-toothed, smooth, pale leaflets ;
flowers double and (as the name implies) sulphur yellow.

Beyond this we cannot go in this enumeration.

Rubus. BRAMBLE, RASPBERRY, BLACKBERRY, etc. Shrubs or hard herbs;
calyx neither becoming a fleshy tube or cup nor closing over the fruit; the
pulpy 1-seeded ovaries crowded on a central convex receptacle. A genus
furnishing many fruits, and some ornamental plants, and also a mild astringent
for medical use. It is widely distributed, and has many species.

Rubus cordifolius, Wethe and Mees. HEART-LEAVED BRAMRLE. An
unattractive German species, with the stem decurved-angled and grooved;
thorny; leaves of 3 to 5 round heart-shaped leaflets, which are white hairy
beneath; flowers small, white; fruit black with a whitish coating.

Rubus fruticosus, Zizmze@us. SHRUBBY BRAMBLE. From Europe. Erect
stem 5-angled and woolly; leaves of 3 to § ovate oblong acute leaflets, which
are white woolly on the under surface; flowers white or rose-colored; fruit
dark purple.

Rubus laciniata, Wi//denow. Foreign shrub of unknown nativity; with
round stem and strongly recurved prickles; 3 to 5 leaflets deeply cut and

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ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 77

toothed; white or rose-colored flowers in a loose cluster; wedge-shaped
petals 3-lobed at the apex.

* Rubus Nutkanus, Afocino. WHITE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY. Native,
from Michigan westward; no prickles, not bristly; leaves simple, 5-lobed,
coarsely toothed ; flowers large, white, and few in a cluster.

Rubus odoratus, Zinneus. Shrub with the “branches, stalks, and calyx
bristly with glandular clammy hairs ;”’ leaves 3- to §-lobed and finely toothed;
large flowers ** purple rose-color.”” Common in our colder woods.

Rubus rhamnifolius, Werke and Nees. Shrub from Germany, with stem
angled, grooved, and prickly, and not erect; leaflets 3 to §, round, pointed,
and hairy on the under surface. An unimportant species, with dark fruit.

Rubus strigosus, J/ichaux. WILD RED RASPBERRY. Native; erect;
younger parts covered with bristles or weak prickles, older parts prickly; |
leaflets 3 to 5, oblong, pointed, cut-toothed, and white on the under surface;
terminal one sometimes stalked, lateral ones never ; flowers small, white; fruit
light red, well flavored, and falling from the receptacle when ripe. .

Rubus tilizfolius, Werthe. LINDEN-LEAVED BRAMBLE. Native of Ger-
many; stem round and smooth; leaves with 5 ovate, heart-shaped, sharp-
pointed, slightly-toothed leaflets; prickles nearly straight.

Rubus triflorus, Richardson. DWARF RASPBERRY. Native; annual, {
herbaceous, without prickles; white flowers small, and fruit of but few grains;
3 to § leaflets thin, smooth, and sharp at both ends; flowers I to 3 ina cluster.
R. mucronatus, Seriuge, of the gardens belongs here.

Spirea. Shrubby or sometimes herbaceous; calyx short, usually 5-cleft,
neither thickening into a fleshy cup nor closing over the fruit; ovaries from 2
to 12, with several seeds and opening along the one side; stamens usually
numerous.

Spirza alba, Du Ror, of the gardens is S. salicifolia,—which see.
Spirza arizfolia, Smith, of the gardens is S. discolor,—which see.

Spirza betulifolia, Pa//as. BiRCH-LEAVED Spira&A. (Spire@a corymbosa,
Grays Manual; Spirea chamedrifolia, var. media, Pursh.) Shrub from
northern regions, with white flowers in close, compound, flat-topped clusters ;
leaves oval, smooth, and more or less toothed; ovaries 5, smooth.

Spirza callosa, 7hunberg. (Spir@a Fortuni.) Native of Japan. Shrub
with deep pink flowers in flat-topped clusters which terminate the branches;
** 10 glands at the mouth of the calyx ;”’ narrowly oblong taper-pointed leaves
sharply and unequally toothed,

Spireza discolor, Pursh, var. ariefolia, Watson. (Spirea ariafolia,
Smith.) Tall, slender, branching shrub, from Oregon, with a large, drooping,
compound mass of small yellowish-white flowers ; the roundish, blunt-pointed,
thin leaves with several blunt and topthed lobes (or often deeply cleft), more
or less soft downy.

Spirza Douglasii, Hooker. Doucias’ MEADOwW-SWeEeET. Shrub from
California and Oregon, with pink flowers in close, narrow clusters terminating

Pw Se eS! oe eee eee

7 TREES AND SHRUBS

the branches; blunt leaves broadly lance- -shaped, and under surface whiter
than the upper.

Spirea Fontenaysi, ? is “a fine-growing species with quite large
panicles of pure white flowers.”

Spirzea lanceolata, Potret. (Spirea Reevesiana). Shrub from China.
Flowers white, handsome, in simple clusters; leaves oblong or sometimes
3-cleft, serrate-toothed.

Spirza levigata, Zizmeus. From Siberia. Shrub with oblong, smooth,
entire leaves ; flowers white, disposed in cylindrical clusters along the branch-
lets; astringent leaves used in Siberia for tea, and the slender stems utilized by
the Cossacks for ramrods.

Spirzea opulifolia, Zzzeus. NINE-BARK. This species is now known as
Neillia opulifolia, Bentham and Hooker. Native shrub, with the bark sepa-
rating in thin layers; branches thin and recurved, heart-shaped leaves 3-lobed
and cut-toothed ; flowers white in flat-topped clusters; purplish pods inflated.

Spirza prunifolia, ——? PruM-LEAVED SpiRA@A. Slender shrub from
Japan ; flowers in simple clusters on the branches of the previous year, earlier
than the true leaves, which are ovate, smoothish above, and with fine, sharp
teeth. The form cultivated has full double pure white blossoms 4 inch in
diameter.

Spirzea salicifolia, Z7zu@us. COMMON MEADOW-SWEET. A smooth
native shrub, with narrowly oblong somewhat toothed leaves, which are often
wedge-shaped at base, and white or nearly white flowers crowded in a com-
pound cluster. Spirzea alba, Du Roz, of the gardens belongs here..

Spirza sorbifolia, Zzzn@us. Shrub from Siberia, with compound leaves
of 17 to 21 lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply-toothed leaflets ; flowers white, in
a spreading cluster terminating the branchlets.

Spirea tomentosa, Zimne@us. HARDHACK or STEEPLE-BusH. Native
bush, with simple, oblong-toothed leaves, which are white or-brown hairy on
the under surface; flowers purple, sometimes white in a crowded cylindrical
mass at the ends of the branches; young shoots also covered with white or
tawny hair.

Spirza trilobata, Z7zz@us. Spreading shrub from Siberia; leaves bluntly
toothed and 3-lobed; flowers white and rather showy.

Spireza ulmifolia, Scofodi, ELM-LEAVED SpiR@A. A compact shrub
from Siberia; broadly lance-shaped, deeply serrate, bristly-margined leaves ;
white down-like flowers in a dense hemispherical terminal cluster.

Spirzea vaccinefolia, Dox. A small erect shrub from Nepaul, with acute

smooth elliptical leaves, which are toothed at the apex and glaucous on the
under surface, the terminal flat-topped clusters few-flowered and downy.

RUBIACE. Madder Family.

Usually shrubs. Calyx and 2- to 5-celled ovary united, stamens equal in
number to the lobes of the corolla and on its tube; leaves opposite, entire,

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 79

with stipules or whorled and without stipules, The madder used in dyeing
comes from the root of Audia tinctorum. Other species are said to yield a

dye.
The single species with which we are concerned is

Cephalanthus occidentalis, Zinneus. ButTron-Busu. Shrub with the
dry fruit aggregated into a dense globular mass an inch in diameter and on a
long slender stalk; slender style much protruded from the 4-lobed corolla,
A common native, with lance-shaped or oblong leaves, 3 in a whorl.

RUTACE. Rue Family.

Leaves either simple or compound, with transparent puncture-like dots con-
taining an aromatic oil; stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals,
inserted on the receptacle or disk surrounding or elevating the ovary. Petals
not united; leaves opposite or alternate, without stipules. The Orange is now
placed in this order, which also contains many plants with medicinal properties.

Phellodendron. Ovary maturing into a berry-like stone fruit with 5 seeds;
flowers with pistils and stamens on different trees.

“ Phellodendron Amurense, Ruprecht. Tree native of Eastern Siberia;
leaves opposite, unequally pinnate ; leaflets 2 to 6 pairs, oblong-lanceolate and
long-acuminate, 3 or 4 inches long, serrulate, very slightly villous on the mid-
vein beneath, not punctate. Flowers green in axillary and terminal peduncu-
late corymbs. Parts of the male flower in 5, the female flower unknown.”’—
Sereno Watson.

Zanthoxylum. Flowers with pistils and stamens on different plants;
sepals (when present), petals, and stamens in the male flowers 4 or 5; pistils
2 to 5, distinct, though the styles are slightly united. Shrubs or small trees
with compound leaves, stems prickly.

Zanthoxylum Americanum, J/i//er. NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH, TOOTH-
ACHE-TREE. A prickly native shrub, with the yellowish-green flowers ap-
pearing before the leaves, which have g to 11 ovate leaflets; calyx wanting;
flowers in clusters in the axils ofthe leaves. ‘ Bark, leaves, and pods very
pungent and aromatic.”

* Zanthoxylum Carolinianum, Zamdert. SOUTHERN PRICKLY ASH.
A small prickly tree growing along the coast from Virginia southward; leaf-
lets 7 to 11, ovate-lanceolate, oblique; flowers in a flat-topped terminal cluster
coming after the leaves; calyx present.

Skimmia. An evergreen shrub from Japan, with perfect flowers and
simple leaves. The species here introduced is

Skimmia Japonica, 7hunderg; which has inconspicuous, white, fragrant
flowers, and bright-red berries which remain through the winter.

80 TREES AND SHRUBS

SALICACEZ. Willows and Poplars.

Trees or shrubs with the male and female flowers separated; with only a
single flower under each scale, but collected into scaly, often hairy, elongated
compact clusters; neither calyx nor corolla present; leaves simple alternate.
Wood light, and for*general purposes unimportant; bark containing a bitter
principle which was once much and still is a little used in fever and ague.

The young twigs and leaves form in times of great scarcity a fodder for stock,

and from the willows basket-ware is largely made.

Populus. PopLar. Scales of the flower-clusters cut or fringed at the
apex; stamens several, or more; stigmas long, and leaves usually broad, from
lance-shaped to broadly heart-shaped.

Populus alba, Zzznz@eus. ABELE, WHITE PorPLAR. A middle-sized tree,
introduced from Europe, but threatening to become a nuisance from its ten-
dency to spread by the roots; buds not sticky; leaves heart-shaped, wavy-
toothed or lobed, white cottony hairy on under surface. Used in England for
measures, tubs, and the like, and also cut into thin strips for veneering, having
a fine satiny gloss when finished.

Populus angulata, 47z/oz. ANGLED CoTToNnwoop. Branches sharp-
angled; leaves triangular heart-shaped, bluntly toothed, and on young shoots
very large. Native tree.

Populus balsamifera, Zzznzeus. BALSAM PoPLAR, TACAMAHAC. A
middle-sized native tree; buds glutinous and aromatic; branchlets round or
very slightly angled, and leaves lance-shaped or broader, but with tapering
points. The familiar BALM OF GILEAD TREE is the variety * candicans,
Gray, of this species. It has, however, broader leaves on hairy stalks.

Populus grandidentata, Afichaux. LARGE TOOTHED ASPEN. A large
native tree, with nearly round, deeply and irregularly toothed leaves, and
the flower-scales only slightly fringed.

Populus monilifera, Azton. CoTToNwoop, NECKLACE-PoPLAR. (/of-
ulus Canadensis, Desfontaines, in Prodromus of De Candolle, and of which P.
angustifolia, Yames, is considered a variety.) A large native tree, with
round or slightly angled young branchlets, and broadly triangular large leaves,
which are squarely cut or somewhat heart-shaped at base, and taper-pointed,
with hard and somewhat incurved and slightly hairy teeth.

Populus nigra, Z7zmzeus. BLACK PorLaR. From Europe. A tall tree
of very rapid growth, with very sticky buds and nearly triangular leaves, which
are green on both surfaces, heart-shaped at base, taper-pointed, and bluntly
toothed. The well-known LOMBARDY POPLAR, so conspicuous for its tall
spire and early death, though probably but a variety of this, is still known in
grounds as Populus dilatata, 47/oz. We have only the staminate tree here.

Populus tremuloides, AZichaux. AMERICAN ASPEN. A middle-sized
native tree, the buds of which are not sticky; the young leaves cottony, old
ones smooth, “ roundish heart-shaped and finely toothed.”” Populus Greca,
Aiton, of the gardens, formerly regarded as a native .of the Mediterranean
region, is now considered a native of this country and as coming under this
name.

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. Sr

Salix. Wi ttow. Sterile flowers usually with 4 stamens; fertile flowers
with 2 short stigmas and with a little gland on the inner side of the base of
the ovary; scales of the usually elongated compact flower-clusters not cut or
fringed. Of no great importance in the arts,

Salix alba, Zinneus. Wuite WILLow. A tree 50 to 8o feet high, natu-
ralized from Europe; flower-clusters appearing after the lance-shaped, pointed,
toothed leaves, which are somewhat white silky hairy beneath; stamens to
each flower 2; stigmas short, thick, and recurved. The form in more common
cultivation is variety vitellina, dndersson, which is S. vitedlina, Linneus, and

of the gardens.

Salix Babylonica, Zinneus. WEEPING WILLOW. A well-known, good-
sized tree from Persia and the Caucasian region, and of which bésides the
type form we have the variety Japonica, Andersson, from Japan. It is the
S. Faponica, Thunderg, and of the gardens. It is recognized by the broad,
symmetrical lance-shaped leaves with many long teeth, and by its numerous
long and loose flower-clusters. There is also the variety annularis, Fordes,
which is a monstrous form with narrowly lance-shaped leaves which are coiled
into a ring, whence the name of HoorpED WILLOW, often given to it.

Salix caprea, Zinneus. SALLOW WILLOW. European shrub or small tree,
with nearly smooth, ovate, entire or toothed leaves and conspicuous stipules ;,
male flowers in short or oblong heads, with a few scales at base; female heads
longer and loosely flowered, ovaries hairy and on a short stalk; flowers appear-
ing before the leaves. Variety pendula is the KILMARNOCK WILLOW, char-
acterized by its drooping branches which admit of training into a beautiful
weeping tree.

* Salix cordata, Muhlenberg. HEART-LEAVED WILLOW (a misleading:
name). Native shrub or small tree, loving wet grounds; lance-shaped or
broadly lance-shaped leaves, taper-pointed, sharply toothed, pale, and coming
immediately after the flowers; stamens 2, under the dark, hairy, persistent:
scales.

* Salix discolor, Muhlenberg. GLAUCOUS WILLOW. A common native
shrub or small tree with leaves lance-shaped to oblong, acute, “ irregularly
toothed at the sides ;’’ scales and ovary very hairy; stipules conspicuous, toothed,,.
lunate. Flowers appearing before the leaves.

Salix longifolia, AZuhlenberg. LONG-LEAVED WILLOW. Shrub or smallh
native tree, which flowers after the linear lanceolate, tapering leaves have
appeared; stamens 2; ovary stalked; stigmas very large, sessile.

* Salix lucida, Muhlenberg. SUINING WILLOW. (Salix pentandra,
Nuttall, and of the gardens.) Long loose flower-clusters appearing after the
broadly lanceolate, tapering, shining, toothed leaves; stamens 5, or sometimes
more, Native, 15 feet high.

* Salix nigra, A/arshall. BLAcK WILLOw. Much like the above, save
that it has narrower leaves, which are pointed at each end; stamens 3 to 6;
20 to 25 feet high. Native.

Salix petiolaris, Smith, var. sericea, Andersson. (Salix rosmarinifolius,
Pursh, and in gardens; Salix sericea, Marshall.) Native shrub, 1o feet high,
with flowers appearing before the leaves, which are lance-shaped, downy on
upper and grayish silky hairy on under surface; flower-scales blunt and
roundish; stigmas sessile.

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82 TREES AND SHRUBS

Salix triandra, Zizn@us. THREE-STAMENED WILLOW. (Salix. Villar-
siana, Fluggi, and in gardens.) European shrub or small tree with lance-
shaped, round-based, shining leaves, and slender flower-clusters 2 to 3 inches
long; stamens 3.

SAPINDACE. Soapberry Family.

Trees or shrubs; leaves compound or lobed; stamens usually not twice as
many as the petals, but when just as many then inserted alternate with
them; disk on which the petals are inserted lines the bottom of the calyx;
ovary 2- to 3-celled, with I to 3 or several ovules in each cell. An order not
specially characterized by active properties, though of some importance in
the arts.

Acer. Marie. Trees with lobed leaves and a 2-seeded, 2-winged fruit.
Sexes more or less separated functionally.

Acer campestre, Ziznz@us. COMMON ENGLISH MAPLE. A middle-sized
tree with leaves 2 to 3 inches across, and with about 5 broad, blunt lobes.
Mature fruit downy, and wings diverging so as to enclose no angle,—z.e.,
straight out. Hardy here. There is a variegated form in the grounds.

Acer dasycarpum, Z/rhart. WHITE or SILVER MAPLE. A fair-sized
native tree; flowers without petals, coming before the deeply 5-lobed gash-
toothed leaves, which are whitish on the under surface; young fruit hairy,
wings large, diverging. There are pendulous and cut-leaved varieties of this
species.

Acer macrophyllum, Pursh. SorrT MAPLE, BROAD-LEAVED MAPLE.
Large tree of our Pacific coast. Large heart-shaped leaves deeply 3- to §-lobed,
with the lobes again sharply cut; stamens 9 or 10, with hairy filaments; body
of fruit densely hairy. A most valuable timber tree, and for some purposes
the best substitute for hickory the Western coast furnishes.

Acer obtusatum, <A?fazde/, OBTUSE-LEAVED MAPLE. From the dry
mountains of Hungary and Croatia. Heart-shaped leaves with 5 obtuse lobes,
velvety on the under surface ; wings of the fruit not widely diverging.

* Acer Pennsylvanicum, Zizuz@us. MoosE-Woop, STRIPED DoGwoop.
A slender native tree with drooping greenish flowers appearing after the leaves,
which (the leaves) are 3 lobed, sharply double-toothed; fruit with large
spreading wings; bark green faintly or strongly striped with lighter lines.
Known in grounds often as A. striatum, Lambert.

Acer platanoides, Z7zz@us. Commonly called NoRWAY MAPLE. Euro-
pean tree, introduced here; broad, thin, smooth leaves with 5 lobes which
are conspicuously sharply-toothed, appearing before the flowers; stamens 5 or
more; juice milky. Wings of fruit 2 inches long. This species has produced
the varieties dissectum, with deeply-cut leaves, and laciniata, with the leaf-
lobes resembling claws.

Acer polymorphum, 7iwnderg. A Japanese species of recent introduc-
tion. Said to be hardy here, and promising to become with us a fair-sized
tree, it being in some of its varieties in its own country a dwarf. The Park
has on trial 4 varieties: of these, dissectum, palmatum, and septemlobum
were once regarded as distinct species,

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 83

_ Acer Platanus, Zimnmeus. SYCAMORE MAPLE. Large tree from Europe
and Western Asia. Leaves large, lobed, toothed, somewhat hairy on the
under surface; foot-stalk reddish; stamens 5 to 8; wings of mature fruit di-
verging widely. Hardy and ornamental. Has produced varieties with purple,
golden, and silvery foliage.

Acer rubrum, Zinneus. Rep Maple. A good-sized native tree, which
produces before the leaves appear a profusion of scarlet flowers (the fertile
ones drooping); 3- to 5-lobed leaves with acute sinuses, turning bright scarlet
in autumn.

Acer saccharinum, Wangenheim. Rock or SUGAR-MAPLE. A noble
native tree, with flowers appearing at the same time as the heart-shaped 3- to
5-lobed leaves, which are slightly hairy on the veins beneath, notches in the
leaves rounded; calyx-lobes hairy; petals none; wings of the large fruit only
slightly diverging. A valuable wood in the arts, furnishing the Birb’s-EvYE
and CuRLED Maple. The tree is better known still as the source of maple
sugarand syrup. The variety nigrum, Gray; B1.AcK SUGAR. MAPLE, was once
regarded as a distinct species (Acer nigrum, Michaux), and is distinguished
by having broader lobes and narrower notches to the greener leaves.

Acer spicatum, Zamdert. MOUNTAIN MAPLE. Native shrub, with
greenish flowers appearing before the 3- to 5-lobed, coarsely-toothed leaves,
which are downy on the under surface; stamens 5 to 8; flower-clusters erect,
and fruit with small wings.

Acer Tataricum, Zinneus. From Tartary. Leaves toothed, but not
lobed ; flowers in close erect compound clusters; wings of the fruit nearly
parallel.

fEsculus. Horse-CHestNutT, BucKEye. Trees or shrubs with 5 to g
leaflets from the summit of a leaf-stalk; young fruit 3-celled, each cell with 2
young seeds; in mature fruit a leathery rind encloses one or more large chest-
nut-like seeds; conspicuous flowers of 4 to 5 long-clawed petals; stamens
usually 7, often unequal.

Esculus flava, Aiton. SweEET BUCKEYE. Native tree, with the husk of
the fruit not prickly; flowers yellow; petals 4, of which the 2 upper are on
longer claws, but with smaller blades; stamens not protruding from the flowers ;
leaflets 5 to 7, smooth or nearly so. Known in some garden lists as Pavia
flava. * var. purpurascens, Gray. PURPLE-FLOWERED BUCKEYE. Flower
of a dingy purple. It is the 4sculus discolor, Pursh.

Esculus glabra, Willdenow. FrtTip BUCKEYE, OHIO BUCKEYE (erro-
neously named in some lists Pavia rubicunda or Pavia Ohioensis.) A favorite
native tree; flower of 4 rather small, upright, pale-yellow petals, shorter than
the slightly-curved stamens; fruit prickly when young; leaflets 5.

#Esculus Hippocastanum, Zinnzus. COMMON HoRSE-CHESTNUT. A
well-known tree, the fruit of which is prickly when young; conspicuous in
spring for its large dense pyramidal clusters of yellow- and reddish-spotted
white flowers; petals 5; stamens turned to one side; leaflets 7. Originally
from Asia. Cultivation has produced varieties.

ZEsculus parviflora, Walter. SMALL-FLoweRED or Dwarr Horsr-
Cuestnut. Hardy shrub from the Southern States, with white flowers in

.
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84 TREES AND SHRUBS

long clusters and 6 or 7 stamens which are thrice longer than the petals; fruit
smooth. In the Prodromus of De Candolle, under Pavia macrostachya, a
synonyme, /’avia edulis, Poiret, is found, which is uncited in some o er "
works. 7

fEsculus Pavia, Zinneus. RED BucKEYE. A smooth-fruited native —
shrub or small tree, with stamens no longer than the bright-red flower. It
appears in some catalogues as Pavia rubra.

Keelreuteria. A small tree from China, but hardy here; well known by
its toothed, pinnate leaves; 5 sepals; 3 or 4 petals, each with a small notched
scale on the inner surface of the claw; stamens 5 to 8, turned to one side; a
3-lobed, 3-celled inflated pod; flowers small, yellow, in large compound clus-
ters. Our only species is

Keelreuteria paniculata, Zaxm.

Negundo. AsH-LEAVED MAPLE, Box ELDER. Like the maple, save that
the pistils and stamens are on different trees, and the leaves are of 3 or 5 leaf-
lets. Our Eastern species is Negundo aceroides, A/énch; a small tree with
light-green branchlets and hanging clusters of small greenish flowers which
come with or before the leaves. The tree is a nuisance on well-kept grounds,
from the leaves falling the summer through, but, owing to the ease with which
it is cultivated, it is an important tree on our Western naked plains, as a per-
sistent thriver in bad soils and a hardy substitute for something better.

Staphylea. Shrubs with compound leaves. The perfect white flowers
with 5 erect petals, sepals, and stamens, the last inserted on the disk lining the
bottom of the calyx; styles 3; ovary 3-lobed and 3-celled, becoming a large,
more or less inflated, several-seeded pod.

Staphylea Bumalda, De Candolle. A Japanese shrub, with 3 oblong-
pointed, roughish, toothed leaflets, which have bristle-points in the notches of —
the leaflets; style hairy; mature fruit 2-horned.

Staphylea pinnata, Zzzz@us. EUROPEAN BLADDER-NutT. Shrub distin-
guished from the other species enumerated here by its 5 leaflets.

Staphylea trifolia, Zz7@us. AMERICAN BLADDER-NuT. Native shrub,
with 3 ovate, pointed, toothed leaflets and hanging clusters of white flowers ;
pods large and inflated; bark greenish and striped.

SAXIFRAGACE. Saxifrage Family.

A large natural order, but hard to define. For our purpose the characters
are: ‘* Ovaries partly or wholly united, and seldom any stipules; the herbs and
most of the shrubs of the family have only as many or twice as many stamens
and fewer styles or stigmas than there are petals or sepals. Flowers mostly”
perfect.”—Gray, School and Field Book of Botany, p. 131. The group con-
tains many handsome flowers, but, so far as utility goes, yields few remedial
agents or woods of use in the arts.

Deutzia. Shrubs from China and Japan, conspicuously distinguished by
their abundance of pure-white perfect flowers; 5 lobes to the calyx and 5

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 85

petals, the edges of which turn slightly inwards in the bud; stamens 8 or 10,
the alternate ones longer and in some species with a tooth on either side near
the top of the flat filaments.

Deutzia crenata, Siebo/d and Zuccarin?. Well known in gardens;
younger parts and leaves rough with short hairs ; leaves pale, oblong or ovate,
minutely and bluntly toothed ; filaments widening upwards and toothed near
the summit; usually called D. scaéra. It has produced varieties under culti-
vation.

Deutzia Fortunii, —— ? “is a new introduction, with dark-green foliage
and a large white bloom.” °

Deutzia gracilis, Stebo/d and Zuccarini. Is only 2 feet high; with lance-
shaped, dark-green, sharply-toothed leaves, and small white flowers with
toothed filaments,

Deutzia scabra, 7hunderg. Has roughish, finely and sharply toothed
leaves; flowers white, drooping, and filaments tapering upwards without teeth,

Hydrangea. Shrubs with flowers in flat-topped clusters, of 2 kinds; the
marginal ones with neither pistils nor stamens, and calyx enlarged and colored
to resemble a corolla; central ones inconspicuous, but with 8 to Io stamens
and 2 to § diverging styles; fruit opening on the top between the styles.

Hydrangea arborescens, Zinn@us. Small native shrub, with ovate,
heart-shaped, somewhat pointed, toothed green leaves; flowers in a flat-topped
cluster, of which the outer row may or may not be conspicuously enlarged.

Hydrangea Hortensis, De Candol/e. From China and Japan. Common
in cultivation. The variety Otaksa, recently introduced from Japan, is said by
Hoopes “to have corymbs of flowers of very large size, deep rose-color;
foliage larger than the species. Growth vigorous and attractive.”

Hydrangea deutziafolia, ? Also known as H. paniculata. ‘The
finest shrub of recent introduction, and especially beautiful. Flowers in very
large panicles, pure white; and the plant is entirely hardy.”

Hydrangea quercifolia, Bartram. OAK-LEAVED HYDRANGEA. Native
of the Southern States, but hardy with us; distinguished by its large oak-like
leaves and its conspicuous and numerous marginal flowers.

Hydrangea radiata, Walter. (Hydrangea nivea, Michaux.) With ovate,
heart-shaped leaves, pointed, and white woolly on the under surface, but green
above; enlarged marginal flowers not numerous. Native from Virginia south,

Itea. Native shrub, with alternate, pinnately veined, oblong leaves; 5-cleft
calyx (almost free from the 2-cefled ovary), in the bottom of which the 5
stamens and 5 lanceolate petals are inserted. Our species is

Itea Virginica, Zinnzus. With handsome, simple, elongated clusters of
small white flowers on the ends of the short lateral branches.

Philadelphus. Mock-ORANGE, SYRINGA. Calyx and 3- to §-celled ovary
united, though the lobes of the former are not prolonged beyond the top of the

.
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86 TREES AND SHRUBS

latter; leaves opposite; white or whitish flowers conspicuous, in clusters ;
stamens numerous. Flowers have a cucumber-like odor.

Philadelphus coronarius, Zizm@us. COMMON MocK-ORANGE. Much
cultivated; supposed to be a native of Japan. Shrub with ovate or oblong

leaves; flowers cream-color or white, in dense clusters. The P. Zeheri of the

gardens is now regarded as a form of the above.

Philadelphus Gordonianus, Zind/ey. Shrub from California; 6 to 12
feet high ; branches spreading or recurved ; ovate or oblong leaves with coarse,
sharp teeth; flowers white, 2% inches across, in loose clusters.

’

Philadelphus grandiflorus, Wil/denow. ULARGE-FLOWERED Mock-Or-
ANGE. A tall native shrub from Virginia and southward, with ovate toothed
leaves, and inodorous white flowers, either in clusters or alone. Much like
the previous species. Has produced garden varieties. '

*Philadelphus hirsutus, Vu¢ta//. UAtRY MocK-ORANGE. Slender
native shrub from Eastern Tennessee region; leaves small, ovate, hairy or
hoary, and sharply toothed; flowers small, white, single or 2 to 3 together.

Philadelphus inodorus, Zzzzeus. Shrub native of the high grounds in
the South; leaves entire, ovate; “small flowers scattered at the ends of the
diverging branchlets.”

Besides the above there are other species, which, like these, come very close
together, and also some well-known garden forms, as zzvadis and subpleno.

Ribes. CURRANT and GOOSEBERRY. Shrubs with alternate palmately-
veined and lobed leaves; calyx united with the ovary, and its lobes colored
like a corolla; stamens 5, on the calyx-throat; styles 2, more or less united ;
the 1-celled ovary becoming a juicy berry crowned with the dried flower.

Ribes alpinum, Zizzeus. ALPINE RED CURRANT. Shrub from the
mountains of Europe and of Siberia; thornless; leaves obtusely 3- to 5-lobed,
hairy on upper and shining on lower surface; clustered flowers with small
petals; anthers nearly sessile; fruit red. Runs into varieties.

Ribes aureum, Push. BUFFALO or MISSOURI CURRANT. Thornless
shrub, readily distinguished by its early yellow spicy-scented flowers and
tasteless black or brown berries.

Ribes cereum, Douglas. A low thornless shrub, native of our Northwest ;
with small, sticky, heart-shaped, 3- to 5-lobed leaves, and greenish-white
flowers; fruit somewhat glandular, ;

Ribes floridum, Zizn@us. WiLD BLACK CURRANT. Heart-shaped, 3- to
5-lobed leaves sprinkled with resinous dots, with 2 sets of teeth; flowers many
in a drooping, downy cluster. Thornless. *

Ribes prostratum, Z’//éritier. FrtT1D CURRANT. Thornless shrub,
native of the colder regions of the North; stems reclining; leaves heart-
shaped, acutely 5- to 7-lobed; flower-clusters upright; pale-red fruit and
pedicles glandular bristly; bruised leaves and fruit emit an unpleasant odor.

Ribes sanguineum, Pursh. RED-FLOWERED CURRANT. A _ thornless
shrub from our Northern coast; hairy, glandular, and sticky ; the lobed leaves

7
q
:

a

’
“
:

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 87

| whitish downy on the under surface; red flowers in drooping clusters ; berries
glandular, roughish, tasteless, The gardens have a number of varieties of
this handsome shrub.

Ribes speciosum, Pursh. Suowy FLOWERING GOOSEBERRY. From
California; leaves small and shining; flowers hanging bright red, 1 inch long;
stamens projecting an inch, resembling (as Dr. Gray states) a Fuchsia. Shrub
1o feet high, with strong, triple spines. ‘“ Berry dry, densely glandular
bristly.”

\

SCROPHULARIACE., Figwort Family.

Order (with us) mainly herbs, characterized by somewhat irregular, 2-lipped
flowers with 4 stamens in pairs of different lengths and occasionally a rudi-
ment of a fifth; pod 2-celled, with numerous seeds, placentz in the axis. This
large family has some bitter, tonic, astringent, and antiscorbutic properties
(though for the most part it is devoid of marked properties), and has many
showy flowers. Many of its species are root parasites. The Park has but a
single conspicuous woody species

Paulownia imperialis, Siedo/d and Zuccarini. A tree with large heart-
shaped downy leaves; introduced from Japan. Hardy here. Flowers violet-
colored, nearly 2 inches long, with an irregular lobed border, in large com-
pound clusters; stamens 4, shorter than the flower.

SIMARUBACEZ. Quassia Family.

Of which we have the single species

! Ailanthus glandulosus, Desfontaines; known by its large compound
. leaves ‘‘of many oblique, lanceolate, entire, or sparingly sinuate leaves ;”
) flowers small, greenish, in large branching clusters, the sterile with 10 stamens
and an abominable odor, the fertile with few or no stamens, but with 2 to 5
ovaries which develop into narrow, thin, winged fruit. From China.

STYRACACEZE. Storax Family.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple leaves; flowers with petals more or
less united; the stamens twice as many as the petals, or more, usually united
below; pistil of a 1- to 5-celled ovary united wholly or in part to the calyx,
and a single style.

Halesia. SNow-Drop, SILVER-BELL TREE. The handsome white flowers
in drooping clusters from the sides of the branches of the previous season;
ovary and calyx united; stamens 8 to 16; fruit 2- to 4-winged, with a single
seed in each of the cells. :

Halesia diptera, Zinneus. Distinguished by its stamens being nearly free
from each other, and by its 2-winged fruit. Native of Florida and Georgia.

ile he inital WS ee cere oh ree eee se

88 TREES AND SHRUBS

Halesia tetraptera, Linneus. Native of the States to the south of us,
characterized by its stamens being plainly united at base and by its 4-winged
fruit.

Styrax. SToRAx. Flowers in the axils of the leaves, on the season’s
growth; the indistinctly toothed calyx united only with the base of the 3-celled
ovary; the dry fruit with a single cell.

Styrax Americana, Zamdert. Native shrub with oblong smoothish leaves
which are acute at either end.

* Styrax grandifolia, Azton. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, whitish downy
on the under surface; flowers usually in clusters. Native shrub.

Styrax pulverulenta, A/ichawx. Leaves 2 inches long, lower surface
somewhat scurfy; flowers fragrant and single or few in a cluster.

Symplocos. Flowers yellow, in short clusters; numerous stamens united
in bundles, one of which is at the base of each of the 5 petals; fruit small,
1-celled and 1-seeded.

Symplocos tinctoria, Z’Héritier. A small native tree or shrub with
thick oblong leaves, which are sweet-tasted and eaten by cattle: whence the
common name of SWEET-LEAF or HORSE SUGAR.

TAMARISCINEA. Tamarix Family.

Foreign shrubs with scale-like leaves on slender branches, and with flowers
(white or purplish) having 4 or 5 sepals and petals and as many or twice as
many stamens, and a 3-styled, 1-celled, small capsule, which contains seeds
with a tuft of hair at the apex. Our only genus is Tamarix.

* Tamarix Gallica, Zzmnz@us. FRENCH TAMARISK. Comes from the
Mediterranean region; “ flowers rosy purple,’’ with 5 stamens and 5 petals.

Tamarix tetrandra, Pa//as. ‘Has pale-pink flowers,” with 4 stamens
and 4 petals, and is from near Astracan, in Asia. A manna-like substance,
much prized by the Arabs, is a product of another species of Tamarisk.

THYMELEACE, Mezereum Family.

Shrubs with entire leaves and perfect flowers; no corolla, but with a corolla-
like calyx; stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx; ovary free from
calyx, 1-celled, with a young seed hanging from the top of the cell. An order
characterized by tough bark and acrid properties. ‘The so-called Lace Bark
is a product of the order.

Daphne. Calyx funnel-shaped or tubular, with a spreading border; style
and 8 stamens not so long as the flower.

Daphne Cneorum, Zinneus. GARLAND FLOWER, TRAILING DAPHNE,
Trailing or spreading shrub from Central Europe, with evergreen, smooth,

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. 89

lance-shaped leaves; flowers pink, in fragrant, flat-topped clusters terminating
the branches; berries white. Hardy. Has some well-known varieties in
cultivation.

Daphne Gwenka, Siedo/d and Zuccarini. A twisted Japanese shrub, 2 to
feet high; leaves lanceolate, less than an inch long and a third as wide;
ac flowers appearing with the leaves about half an inch long; bark used in
Japan as a rubefacient, flowers as a cathartic, febrifuge, and anthelmintic.

Daphne Mezereum, Zinneus. A low branching shrub from Europe, with
purple or sometimes white flowers in clusters on the branches of the previous
. year, appearing before the smooth and lance-shaped leaves; berries red.

Daphne pontica, Zivneus. PONTIC DAPHNE, TWIN-FLOWERED SPURGE.
Shrub from Asia Minor, with greenish-yellow flowers, each partial stalk of
which bears 2 flowers.

Dirca. LEATHER-Woop, MoosE-Woop. Calyx simply tubular without
any border; stamens 8, these and the style longer than the flower.

Dirca palustris, Zinneus. Native shrub of wide geographical range,
with very tough bark and white very soft wood; flowers yellow, emerging
from dark, hairy scales before the leaves and in early spring; “ berry reddish.”
Bush 4 to 8 feet high, with jointed branchlets.

TILIACEZ. Linden Family.

Trees with large leaves and somewhat fragrant yellow flowers in a cluster
on a slender stalk to which a conspictous leaf-like appendage is united.

Tilia argentea, De Candolle. Tree from Hungary, with scales inside the
base of the petals; leaves white woolly underneath, and almost 4 times longer
than the foot-stalks supporting them. Variety pendula of this species is in
the Park.

Tilia Americana, Zimn@us. AMERICAN LINDEN, BAsswoop. One of the
finest of our native trees; flowers with a scale before the base of each petal;
leaves rather smooth on either surface.

Tilia Europza, Zinneus. EUROPEAN LINDEN. Flowers without scales
on the base of the petals; heart-shaped leaves somewhat oblique, slightly
downy on the under surface. A long-lived hardy tree in Europe, but short-
lived and subject to insect enemies here. Tilia platyphylla of the gardens
appears to be but a large-leaved form of this species. Of the European Lin-
den there are several varieties, as aurea, laciniata, lutea, vitifolia.

Tilia heterophylla, Ventenat. Wire LINDEN. ( Zilia alba, Michaux.)
Flowers with scales in front of the stamens; leaves large, silvery white on the
under surface. Most common along the mountains south of Pennsylvania.

URTICACEZ. Nettle Family.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees; without a corolla. Pistils and stamens usually sepa-
rated (more or less distinctly associated in U/mus, Planera, and Celéis).
Calyx not united to the single-seeded fruit.

go TREES AND SHRUBS

* Broussonetia. Tree with pistils and stamens separated; the male
flowers in elongated clusters; female flowers ( on same tree) in globular heads"
along with the bristly scales; mature ovary rising out of the calyx and forming
a fleshy fruit; style 1. ral Be

| oh

Broussonetia papyrifera, Ventenat; is our only species. A native of |
Japan; heart-shaped leaves entire or variously cut or lobed, rough on upper
and downy on lower surface. Inner bark is used by the South Sea Islanders ay
as a substitute for cloth.

Celtis. Trees with alternate, simple leaves, and stipules which usually fall
early; styles on long stigmas, diverging, and crowning the I- to 2-celled fruit,
which, when mature, is round and berry-like; lobes of the calyx and stamens.
5 or 6, * lower flowers mostly stamhinate and clustered, upper ones fertile and
mostly solitary on a slender peduncle.” The AMERICAN HACKBERRY, Celtis
occidentalis, Zinneus, is a native tree of middle size, with heart-shaped,
taper-pointed, netted-veined leaves; fruit round and somewhat sweet. Also
known as NETTLE-TREE. .

Maclura. Male and female flowers on different trees, the former in elon-
gated clusters, the latter crowded in a globular head, sepals 4, unequal; mature
fruit a greenish or greenish-yellow ball the size of an orange. Hence the name
of OSAGE ORANGE given to

Maclura aurantiaca, Mzutfal/; our native, large, spiny tree, which has
yellow wood and lance-shaped entire glossy leaves. From the Arkansas
region, where it is called BoIs D’Arc. Here it is kept trimmed down to hedge
size.

Morus. Trees with the pistils and stamens on different flowers of the same
tree and both forming elongated clusters; sterile flowers with 4 stamens; fertile
flowers when ripe aggregated into a fleshy mass longer than, but somewhat
resembling, a blackberry.

Morus alba, Zixmeus. WHITE MULBERRY. Leaves smooth, oblique at
base; fruit white, or light red, on slender stalks. Introduced from China
during the “ silk-worm mania.”

Morus nigra, Zizmmeus. BLACK MULBERRY. A middle-sized tree from
Persia, with rough leaves and well-flavored dark-red fruit (round or nearly
round) on short stalks.

Morus rubra, 7inm@us. RED MULBERRY. Native tree in the Park, of
small size, with roundish, heart-shaped, toothed leaves, which are rough on
upper and downy on lower surface; fruit long, dark purple. A good timber
so far as quality is concerned, but too small and scarce to be of any great
service.

Planera. Resembling Ulmus (see below), but has calyx only 4- to 5-
lobed ; ‘ flowers appearing with the leaves in small axillary clusters ;’’ fruit a
wingless nut.

* Planera aquatica, Gmelin. PLANER-TREE. Native, with small, ovate
leaves and a rough fruit, stalked in the calyx.

ADJACENT TO HORTICULTURAL HALL. gt

a

>

Ulmus. Em. Tree with perfect or nearly perfect flowers ; calyx 4- to 9-

# .

cleft, containing 4 to 9 long stamens, and a 2-celled when young, a I-celled
when old, fruit, which is winged all around; flowers in clusters on branches of
the previous year, appearing before the leaves. A group of valuable trees.

Ulmus alata, A/ichaux. WHAHOO, WINGED ELM. Small tree, native to
the west and south of us; flowers on slender, jointed stalks; fruit oval, 2-
toothed; leaves small, and branches with corky ridges. Notch of fruit reaching
almost to the seed-bearing centre.

Ulmus Americana, Zinneus. AMERICAN WHITE ELM. Large native

- tree, with flowers and fruit much as in the last, except that the teeth of the

fruit close up the notch, leaves also larger and thinner; branches ascending,
branchlets recurved, slender.

Ulmus campestris, Smith. ENGLISH ELM. Large tree, native of the
Old World, very variable in form and in its smaller characters. Has “ rather
short horizontal or ascending branches; leaves 2 to 4 inches long, mostly or
soon smooth.’”’ It has produced many varieties, among which the Park has
fastigiata, pendula, horizontalis, and punctata.

Ulmus fulva, M/ichaux. S LippERY E_m. A middle-sized tree, native of
the Park. Leaves rough on the upper and smoother on the under surface;
seed-bearing part nearly or quite in the centre of the fruit; flowers not on
slender stalks; buds rusty brown; wood tough, red, inner bark abounding in
mucilage, used for poultices and the like.

* Ulmus montana, Smith. Wycu ELM. Too near Ulmus campestris,
from which it differs chiefly in having the seed-bearing portion of the fruit in
the centre and not near the notched end. Introduced under the name of

Scotcu ELM.

Ulmus suberosa, the EUROPEAN CorK ELM, is regarded as a variety of
Ulmus campestris.

* Ulmus racemosa, 7iomas. CORKY WHITE ELM. Native tree, loving
river-banks ; leaves smooth, flowers on slender, jointed stalks; fruit oval,
hairy-margined; bud-scales and branches hairy or downy.

VERBENACE. Verbena or Vervain Family.

Petals united into a more or less irregular 2-lipped corolla; stamens of
different lengths; ovary 2- to 4-celled, splitting when ripe into 2 to 4 one-
seeded nutlets. An order furnishing many handsome flowers and some useful
products. The genuine Indian Teak is a large tree which belongs here
( Tectona grandis). The order has few if any real remedies.

Callicarpa. Nearly regular flowers in a cluster in or above the leaf-axils;
calyx 4- to 5-lobed ; the short corolla broadly tubular, 4- to 5-lobed, and shorter
than the 4 nearly equal stamens.

Callicarpa Americana, Zinnaus. FRENCH MULBERRY. Grows from
Virginia southward; the oblong toothed leaves are scurfy downy on the under
surface. Shrub to feet high; flowers bluish.

Boas

“TREES AND § SH RUBS. iz a 7
" Ridisis

Callicarpa purpurea Voscthehe, eccgeings tes

being covered with resinous glandular dots, and by the flo

up above the axils of the leaves. The anthers protrude ee from |
senses glandular. hoe

Lippia citriodora, Azwnth. LEMON VERBENA. (Aloysia citt
the gardens.) Shrub from Chili; with small, fragrant, white or tue
in long slender clusters; flower with the lower 3-lobed lip larger than
upper 2-lobed one, longer than the stamens; ovary 2-celled and 2-seeded.

7 Vitex. Irregular flowers in the axils of the divided Jerald che lip 3.
perted, upper 2-lobed; 4 stamens and style longer than the corolla; ovary

4-celled, the stone at maturity 4-celled,
4 . a, “~
: Vitex Agnus-castus, Zinneus. CHASTE TREE. From Southern E
Has leaflets entire, and flowers in sessile clusters towards the ous
” branches, Not hardy here. if p

Vitex incisa, Lambert. Shrub from China; with leaflets cleft or cut, ink
flower-clusters on peduncles, Hardiness here not absolute,

Ash, Green, 68.
_ Abies, 14. Northern Prickly, 79.

Acer, 82. Red, 67. F
#Esculus, 83. Single-Leaved, 67. ;
- Albizzia, 59. Southern Prickly, 79. |
Alder, 8. Water, 68. ]
Black, 6. White, 67.
White, 51. Willow-Leaved, 67. ;
Allspice, Carolina, 10, Asimina, 6. d
Almond, 73. Aspen, American, 80.
Dwart, 73. Large-Toothed, 80. J
Flowering, 73. Aucuba, 39.
Alnus, 8. Azalea, 53. F
Althzea, Shrubby, 66.
Amelanchier, 70. : BARBERRY FAMILY, 7. |
Amorpha, 59. Basswood, 89. 2.
ANACARDIACEA, 5. Bay, Carolina Red, 58. |
Andromeda, 50. Red, 58.
ANONACE, 6, Sweet, 65.
Apple, 74. Bayberry, 66.
American Crab, 74. Beam-Tree, Intermediate White, 75.
Garland Crab, 74. BEAN FAMILY, 59.
AQUIFOLIACEZ, 6, Beech, 41. ‘
Aralia, 6. BERBERIDACEA, 7.
ARALIACEA, 6. Berberis, 7.
Araucaria, 17. Berchemia, 69. }
- Arbor Vitz, 37. Berry, Avignon, 70.
American, 37. Buffalo, 50. “~
Chinese, 18. Coral, 13.
ae : Decurrent-Leaved, 26. Ink, 6.
Giant, 37. Silver, 49.
. Hatchet-Leaved, 37. Betula, 8.
Nootka Sound, 38. Betulacez, 8.
' Siberian, 38. BIGNONIA FAMILY, g.
. Standish's Japan, 38. BIGNONIACE&, 9. :
Tartarian, 38. Bilsted, 55.
Weeping, 18.. Biota, 18.
a Arbutus, Trailing, 51. Birch, 8.
a Ash, 67. BIRCH FAMILY, 8,
+e American Mountain, 74. Bitternut, 56. —
Black, 68. Bitter-Sweet, Climbing, 14.
Blue, 68. Blackberry, 76.
Pe - English, 67. Black-Jack, 45.
European, 67. Bladder- Nut, 84.
Ri Flowering, 67. : American, 84.
in Golden-Barked, 67. European, 84.

1 We have given but few technical specific names in the index, as they are arranged alpha-
betically their respective genera. oe 7 .
3

94

Bladder Senna, 60.

Bois d Arc, 90.

Box, 54.

Bramble, 76.
Heart-Leaved, 76.
Linden-Leaved, 76.
Shrubby-Leaved, 76.

Broom, Scotch, 61.
White, 61.

Broussonetia, go.

Buckeye, 83.

Fetid, 83.

Ohio, 83.

Purple-Flowered, 83.

Red, 84.

Sweet, 83.
Buckthorn, 7o.

Alder, 69.

European, 70.

Sea, 49.

Staining, 70.
BUCKTHORN FAMILY, 69.
Bush, Benjamin, 58.

Burning, 14.

Button, 79.

Hobble, 13.
Butternut, 57.

Buxus, 54.

Callicarpa, 91.
Calluna, 50.
CALYCANTHACEA, Io.
CAMELLIACEZ&, Io,
CAPRIFOLIACEZ, I0,
Caragana, 59.
Carpinus, 40.
CASHEW FAMILY, 5.
Cassandra, 51.
Castanea, 40.
Castor-Oil Plant, 55.
Catalpa, 9.
Ceanothus, 69.

Oval-Leaved, 69.
Cedar, Bermuda, 21.

Pencil, 21.

Prickly, 23.

Red, 25.

Virginian Red, 25.

White, 21.
Cedrus, 19.
CELASTRACE, I3.
Celastrus, 13.
Celtis, 90.
Cephalanthus, 79.
Cephalotaxus, 19.
Cercis, 60.
Cherry, 73.

Choke, 74.

Dwarf, 74.

Red, 73.

Wild Black, 74.

Wild Red, 73.

Chestnut, 40, 4. Sir

Chimonanthus, 10,
Chinquapin, 41.0 a
ro arratg 66,
-NOKEDEITY, 74. cata} )
Cinguefoil, 73.
Cladrastis, 60.
Clethra, 51.
Coffee-Tree, Kentucky, 62.
Colutea, 60.

Comptonia, 66.

CONIFER, I4.

Corchorus, 72.

CORNACE&, 39. ‘2:
Cornel, 39, 40. f
Cornus, 39.

Corylopsis, 55.

Corylus, 41.

Cotoneaster, 71.

Cottonwood, Angled, 80,
Cratzegus, 71.
Cross-Vine, 9.

Cryptomeria, Ig, 20.
Cucumber-Tree, 64.
Cunninghamia, 20.
Cupressus, 20, 21.
Cupuliferze, 40.

Currant, 86.

Alpine Red, 86.

Buffalo, 86.

Fetid, 86.

Indian, 13.

_ Missouri, 86.

Red-Flowered, 86.

Wild Black, 86.
CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY, 6.
Cypress, 20, 21.

Bald, 35.

Thready Japan, 33.

White, 37.

Yellow, 37.

Cytisus,60.

Daphne, 88.
Desmodium, 61.
Deutzia, 84.
Diervilla, 11.
Diospyros, 48.
Dirca, 89.
Dockmackie, 13.
Dogwood, 39.

Striped, 82.
DoGwoopD FAMILY, 39.

EBENACE&, 48.
EBONY FAMILY, 48.
ELAZAGNACE&, 49.
Elzeagnus, 49.
Elder, 12.
Box, 84.
Elm, Corky White, gt.
European Cork, gI.

; mus, I4.
-EUPHORBIACEA, 54.
_ Exochorda, 72.

Fagus. 41.
Fern, Sweet, 66.
-FiGwort FAMILY, 87.
am Fir, 26.
" Apollo Silver, 26.

Arctic Spruce, 17.
Balm of Gilead, 26,
Cilician Silver, 27.
European Silver, 28.
Fraser's Silver, 27.
Great Californian Silver, 27.
Indian Spruce, 17.
ad Intermediate, 16.
apan Silver, 27.
fy-Bracted Silver, 27.

Nordmann’s Silver, 28.
Pinsapo, 28.
Plum, 33.
Pompous Silver, 27.
Red, 27.
Red Spruce, 17.
Scotch, 33.
Siberian Silver, 28.
Upright Indian Silver, 28.
Veitch’s Silver, 28.
Webb's Indian, 28.
Western Silver, 26.

Five-Finger. 73.

Forestiera, 66.

Forsythia, 67.

Fothergilla, 55.

Fuss and Feathers, 5.

Genista, 61.
Ginkgo, 35.
GINSENG FAMILY, 6.
Gleditschia, 61.
Golden-Chain, 62.
Gooseberry, 86.

Showy Flowering, 87.
— Grape, Mountain, 7.
P Oregon, 7.
Green-Weed, Dyer's, 61.
Gymnocladus, 62.

4 Hackberry, American, 90.
Hackmatack, 25.

Halesia, 87.
HAMAMELACEA, 55.
Hamamelis, 55.
Hardhack, 78.

INDEX.

Haw, Summer, 71.
Yellow, 71.
Hawthorn, 71.
English, 72.
Hazel-Nut, 41.
HEATH FAMILY, 50.
Heather, 50.
Hibiscus, 65
Hickory, 56.
Broom, 57.
Hippophez, 49.
HOLLY FAMILY, 6.
HOLLYHOCK FAMILY, 65.
Honey-Locust, 61.
Caspian, 61.
Chinese, 61.
Common, 62.
Large-Thorned, 61.
One-Seeded 61.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY, I0.

Honeysuckle, Bush, 11.
Hornbeam, 40.

Hop, 41.
Horse-Chestnut, 83.

Common, 83.

Dwarf, 83.

Small- Flowered, 83.
Hydrangea, 85.

Oak Leaved, 85.
HYPERICACEA, 56.

Tlex, 6. ,
Indigo, False, 59.
Iron-Wood, 40.
Itea, 85.

‘ Juniper, 21.

Bushy Indian, 22.
Caucasian, 23.
Common, 22.
Crowded-Leaved, 22.
Davurian, 22.
‘Tense Indian, 22.
Glaucous Chinese, 24.
Globular, 22.
Globular-Fruited, 24.
Hedgehog, 22.
Japan, 23.
Large-Fruited, 23.
Loose-Growing, 22.
Oblong-Fruited, 23.
Pheenician, 23.
Plum-Fruited, 22.
Prostrate, 24.
Recurved-Branched, 24.
Rocky Mountain, 23.

Savin, 24.
.Scaly-Leaved Nepal, 24.
Siberian, 23.

Spanish, 25.

Stiff Leaved Japan, 24.
Tall Crimean, 22.

Juniper, Thick-Barked, 23.
Western, 23.
Yew-Leaved, 24.

uniperus, 21.
UGLANDACE&, 56.
uglans, 57.

Kalmia, SI.
Kerria, 72.
Kinnikinnik, 40.
Keoelreuteria, 84.

Laburnum, 62.
Lagerstroemia, 64.
Lambkill, 51.
Larch, 25.
Altaian, 26,
American, 25.
Chinese, 25.
Dahurian, 25.
European, 25.
Golden, 33.
Kamtschatka, 26,
Lyall’s, 26.
Sikkim, 26,
Slender-Scaled, 26.
Larix, 25.
LAURACEAZ, 58.
Laurel, 51.
Cherry, 73.
Ground, 51.
LAUREL FAMILY, 58.
Lead-Plant, 59.
Leather- Leaf, 51.
Leather-Wood, 89.
Ledum, 52.
Leiophyllum, 52.
LEGUMINOS&, 59.
Leucothoe, 52.
Leycesteria, IT.
Libocedrus, 26.
Ligustrum, 68.
Lilac, 68.
Common, 68.
Josika’s, 68.
Persian, 68.
Linden, American, 89.
European, 89.
White, 89.
LINDEN FAMILY, 89.
Lindera, 58.
Lippia, 91.
Liquidambar, 55.
Liriodendron, 64.
Locust-Tree, 62.
Lonicera, II.

LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY, 63.

LYTHRACEZ, 63.

Maclura, go.
MADDER FAMILY, 78.
Magnolia, Ear-Leaved, 64.

a re i
“INDEX,

oe. Great-Fl

es

Large-Leaved, Be 2
Purple, 65. — Sands ,
Umbrella, 65.
MAGNOLIACE#, 64.

MAGNOLIA FAMILY, Ns a on o

MALLOW FAMILY, 65.
MALVACEZ#, 65.
Maple, 82.
Ash-Leaved, 84.
Black Sugar, 83.
Broad-Leaved, 82.
English, 82.
Mountain, 83.
Norway, 82.
Obtuse-Leaved, 82.
Red, 83.
Rock, 83.
Silver, 82, 83.
Soft, 82.
Sugar, 83.
Sycamore, 83. _
White, 83.
May-Flower, 51.

Meadow-Sweet, Common, 78.

Douglas’, 77.
Menziesia, 52.
MEZEREUM FAMILY, 88.
Mo 755 85, 86,

Hairy, 86.

Large-Flowered, 86.
Mocker-Nut, 57.
Moose-Wood, 82, 89.
Morus, 90.

Mulberry, Black, go.

French, 91.

Red, go.

White, 90.

Myrica, 66.
MYRICACEZ, 66.
Myrtle, Crape, 64.

Sand, 52.

Wax, 66.}

Negundo, 84.

NETTLE FAMILY, 89.
Nettle-Tree, go.
Nine-Bark, 78.
Nutmeg, California, 38.
Nyssa, 40.

Oak, 42.
Barren, 45.
Barren Scrub, 42.
Bartram's, 43.
Bear, 44.
Black, 43.
Black Scrub, 44.
Box White, 47.
Bur, 44.
Burgundy, 42.
Chestnut, 45.

Turkish, 42.
Turner's, 47.
Upland Willow, 43.
Water, 42."

at Yellow-Barked, 43.
Yellow Chestnut, 45.
Pa noel OAK FAMILY, 40.
—_—- Olea, 68.
OLEACE#, 66.
OLEASTER FAMILY, 49.

d Olive, 68.

False, 49.
OLIVE FAMILY, 66.

Peach, 73.

Pear, 74.
Willow-Leaved, 75.
Pecan-Nut, 56.

Persimmon, 48.

Phellodendron, 79.

Philadelphus, 85.

Picea, 26.

Pignut, 57.

Pine, Austrian, 29.
Awn-Coned, 29.
Ayacahuite, 29.
Banks, 29.

Chili, 18.
Chinese, 31.
Corean, 30.
Corsican, 31.
Dense-Flowered Japan, 30.
Elliott's, 30.
Frankincense, 33.
Gerard's, 30.
Giant, 31.
Gray, 29.
Jersey, 30.
Lambert's, 31.
Loblolly, 33.
Lofty Bhotan, 30.

~ Mountain, 31.
Mugho, 31.
Northern, 29.
Nut, 30.
Oldfield, 33.
Oregon Pitch, 30.
Pifion, 30.
Pitch, 32.
Pyrenean, 32.
Red, 32.
Rocky Mountain White, 30.
Sap, 32.
Scotch, 33.
Scrub, 29, 30.
Short-Leaved Yellow, 31.
Small-Flowered Japan, 31.
Sugar, 31.
Swiss Stone, 29.
Table Mountain, 31.
Torch, 33.
Twisted-Branch, 29.
Umbrella, 35.
Weymouth, 33.
White, 32.
Yellow, 31.

PINE FAMILY, 14.

Pink, Jersey, 52.

Pinus, 28.

Pinxter-Flower, 53.

Pirus, 74.

Plane, American, 69.
Oriental, 69.

PLANE-TREE FAMILY, 69.

Planera, go.

Platanaceze, 69.

Platanus. 69.

Plum, 73-

Beach, 73.
Chickasaw, 73. ,

Plum, Red, 73.

Wild Yellow, 73.
Podocarpus, Japan, 33. :
Poplar, 80.

Balsam, 80.

Black, 80.

Necklace, 80.

White, 80.

Yellow, 64.

Potentilla, 73.
Prim, 68.

Privet, 68.
Prunus, 73.
Pseudo- Larix, 33-
Pterocarya, 57.

Pyrus, 74.

QUASSIA FAMILY, 87.
Quercitron, 43.
Quercus, 42.

Quince, Japan, 75.

Raspberry, 76.
Dwarf, 77.
White-Flowered, 77.
Red-Bud, 60.
Red-Root, 69.
Redwood, California, 35.

Retinospora, Club Moss-Like, 34.

Fern-Like, 33.
Flat-Branchleted, 34.
Heath-Like, 33-
Obtuse-Leaved Japan, 34.
Pea-Fruited, 34.
Plum-Like Japan, 34.
Slender, 34.
Squarrose-Leaved, 34.
RHAMNACEZ&, 69.
Rhamnus, 70.
Rhododendron, 53, 54-
Rhus, 5.
Ribes, 86.
Ricinus, 55.
Robinia, 62.
Rosa, 75.
ROSACE#, 70.
Rose, 75-
Cinnamon, 76.
Climbing, 76.
Dog, 75.
Dwarf Wild, 76.
Early Wild. 76.
Evergreen, 76.
Many-Flowered, 76.
Prairte, 76.
Swamp, 75.
Yellow, 76.
Rose-Acacia, 62.
ROSE FAMILY, 70.
Rowan, European, 74.
RUBIACE&, 78.
Rubus, 76.

INDEX.

RUE FAMILY, 79.

Rings

RUTACEA, 79. che
ot

St. JOHN ‘s-WorT FAMILY, 56.

SALICACEA, Bor “Loe
Salisburia, 35. >. ee
Salix, 81. >. 2 an
Sallow-Thorn, 49. ig
Sambucus, 12.
SAPINDACE&, 82.
Sassafras, 58.
SAXIFRAGACEZ, 84.
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY, 84.
Sciadopitys, 35.
SCROPHULARIACE&, 87.
Sequoia, 35.
Service-Berry, 70.
Shad-Bush, 70.
Shagbark, 56.
Shellbark, 56.
Shepherdia, 49. rr
Canadian, 50. ;
Shrub, Sweet-Scented, Io.
Silk-Flower, 59.
Silk-Tree, 59.
Silver-Moon, 49.
SIMARUBACEZ&, 87.
Skimmia, 79.
Smoke-Tree, 5.
Snowberry, 13.
Snow-Drop, 87.
SOAPBERRY FAMILY, 82.
Sophora, 63. \
Sorrel-Tree, 53. :
Sour-Wood, 53.
Spice-Bush, 58.
Spindle-Tree, 14.
Spirzea, 77.
Birch-Leaved., 77.
Elm-Leaved, 78.
Plum-Leaved, 78.
Spruce, 14.
Alcock’s, 15.
Black, 17.
California Hemlock, 16.
Double, 17.
Douglas’, 15.
Engelmann’s, 16.
Hemlock 15.
Indian Hemlock, 15.
Japan Hemlock, 17.
Menzies’, 16.
Norway, 16.
Obovate-Coned, 17.
Oriental, 17.
Patton's Giant, 17.
Single, 15.
Tiger's-Tail, 17.
White, 15.
SPURGE FAMILY, 54.
STAFF-TREE FAMILY, 13.
Stagger-Bush, 50.

FAMILY, 87.
Strawberry-Bush, American, 14.
Ss mach 5.

Su ACH FAMILY, 5.

weetb: 7

S brier-Gum, 55.

t Gale, 66.

GALE FAMILY, 66,

Symplocos, 88.
Syringa, 68, 85.

Tacamahac, 80.
TAMARISCINE, 88.
Tamarisk, French, 88.
Tamarix, 88.
a 35-

axus, 36.
Tea, Labrador, 52.
New Jersey, 69.
TEA FAMILY, Io.
Tecoma, 9.
Tetranthera, 58.
Thymeleacez, 88.
Tick-Trefoil, 61.
Tilia, 89.
-. TILIACE#, 89.
Thorn, Black, 72.
, Cockspur, 71.
Dwarf, 72.
Eastern, 72.
Evergreen, 72.
Parsley-Leaved, 71.
Scarlet-Fruited, 71.
Tansy-Leaved, 72.
Washington, 71.
Thuiopsis, 37.
Thuja, 37.
Torreya, 38.
Nutbearing, 38.
Tree, Big, 35.
Chaste, gt.
J Chinese Lace-Bark, 29.

, aiden- Hair, 35.
Pea, 59.

INDEX.

Tree, Planer, oo.
Rowan, 74.
Silver- Bell, 87.
Sour Gum, 4o.
Toothache, 79.
Tulip, 64.
Wayfaring, 13.

Trefoil-Tree, Bean, 62.

. Trochodendron, 65.

Trumpet-Creeper, 9.
Trumpet-Flower, 9.
Tupelo, 40.

Ulmus, 91.
URTICACE®, 89.

VERBENA FAMILY, oI.
Verbena, Lemon, gI.
VERBENACEA, OI.
VERVAIN FAMILY, oI.
Viburnum, 13.

Vitex, 91.

Walnut, Black, 57.
English, 57.
Manchoorian, 57.

Wax-Work, 14.

Whahoo, gt.

Whitewood, 64.

Wicky, 51.

Willow, Black, 81.
Glaucous, 81.
Heart-Leaved, 81.
Long-Leaved, 81.
Sallow, 81.
Shining, 81.
Three-Stamened, 82.
Weeping, 81. J
White, 81.

Winterberry, 6.
Smooth, 6.

Wistaria, 63.

WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY, 55.

Yellow-Wood, 60.

Yew, 36.
Abrupt-Pointed, 37.
California, 36.
Canadian, 36.

Short-Leaved Japan, 36.

Stinking, 38.
Yulan, 64.

Zanthoxylum, 79.

THE END.

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