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Rev. Father Coma

Catholic Immigration
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Farm Guide

By
REV. FATHER COMA

Rector of St. Joseph’s Church
Beeville :

In the diocese of Corpus Christi, Texas

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FEB -5 1916 |

Rt. Rev. Paul Joseph Nussbaum, C. P. D. D.
Bishop of Corpus Christi, Texas

What Is Beeville?
Where Is Beeville?
What Beeville Has!

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Beeville is a modern little city with a progressive citizenship
numbering 5,000 souls.

Beeville is a city of beautiful residences; fine climate and un-

surpassed possibilities as a city of great future.

Beeville is surrounded by a fine farming country; the soil pro-
duces diversified crops that are reyenue-producers.

Beeville’s tributary territory is superior as a cattle-raising
country; here are grown the finest cattle in the ibd.

Beeville is located on the Gulf Coast.

Beeville’s winters are mild; the summers are cool, the Gulf
breeze sweeping over the land making the nights ideal.

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Beeville is advantageously located in the center of a great coun-
try; it is in the center of the south’s best section and surrounded
by a country that looks to it as a wholesale center.

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Beeville has two railroads entering the city with prospect of
third in the near future.

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Beeville has numerous industries but is eager to locate others
still and the citizenship stands ready to assist in financing such
enterprises,

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Beevile has an excellent educational system; both public and
parochial.

Beeville is a city of religious inclinations: located here are
churehes of all denominations.

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Beeville, Bee County, Texas, is an excellent place to settle and
unbiased information will be furnished either by Father John
Coma of St. Joseph’s Catholic Church, P. O. Box 206, or the Young
Men’s Progressive League. <A fee of 25 cents will be charged to
cover the expense of correspondence involvi ing on Father Coma.

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The San Antonio & Aransas Pass Railway

-REACHES

Best Towns and Best Lands in Central and Southwest Texas

——— CONNEC LS

With All Important Roads, See The Map!

For Information Address
GEO. F. LUPTON, General Passenger Agent J. C. MANGHAM. General Freight Agent
SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS

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From left to right. Top row: Mr. Engle, City Commissioner; C. E. Williamson, Mayor; Dan

Troy, County Clerk. Middle row: Mr.
Chureh; C. P. Bidson, City Marshall.
Judge; Mr. Barber, County Treasurer.

Fenner, County Surveyor; Rev. John Coma, Pastor St. Joseph's
Bottom row: Stafford Rees, Tax Assessor; J .M. Cox, County

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Bee County Cannot Be Surpassed As A
Cattle Raising Section

Some of the world’s finest herds have had their origin in Bee County.
Residents of all states, sections and lands come here to buy animals
for a starter.

W. il; Staton, in the cattle business here for twenty odd years, has
sent his cattle to all climes. His business has reached magnificent
proportions; so large that every week he has at his ranch prospective
buyers from other states.

Mr. Staton makes a specialty of Registered and Grade Red Polled,
Durham and Hereford Cattle.

His cattle are all immune from tick fever and are dipped; and can be
shipped to any section.

DURHAM HEREFORD

RED POLLED

MR. STATON oolicits correspondence.

By Inquiry you will find that his herds are well known and hightly sought after

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BEEVILLE MISSIONS.

Top—Our Lady of Victory, Beeville, Texas.
Middle—Blessed Sacrament, Normanna, Texas.
Bottom—Sacred Heart—Pettus, Texas,

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Resident and Day Educational Institution, for Young Ladies
and Misses. The sixty-lifth academic year opens September,
1915. Primary, Preparatory and High Schools. Schools of
Music, Painting, Dramatic Art, Plain and Ornamental needle-
work.

The Ursuline Nuns have stood in San Antonio for sixty-
four years, for all that is best in education and culture, but
above all for Truth and Religion. <A lofty coneeption of life,
a high sense of duty, a noble type of womanhood, thorough
scholarship, physical health and vigor are the standards set
up for your daughters.

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(30 )

LAREDO, TEXAS

Top row, left to right—Rev. Thomas Coma; Msgr. C. Jaillet; Rev. J. Montana.
Middle row, left to right—Rt. Rev. D. Manucy; Rt. Rev. Peter Verdaguer; Rt. Rev.
John C. Neraz. Bottom row, left to right—Rev. L. Plana; Msgr. Francis Neinsen:
Rev. A. Serra.

LAREDO, TEXAS

Top row, left to right—Rev. Emilio Ylla; Rev. Alfred EK. Berthoin; Rev. E. Coll.
Middle row, left to right—Rev. C. M. Brachet; Rev. A. Larroque; Rev. A. M. Souchin.
Bottom row, left to right—Rey. Peter Puig; Rev. Louis Genolin; Rev. Felipe Caballero.

x St. Augustine Church, Laredo, Texas, Rev. José Coma, Pastor. se
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i and semi-weekly newspapers; she has four railways with twelve “4
ref passenger trains leaving and arriving daily, an adequate water supply, ret
KS a good fire department, twelve churches of various denominations, NC
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ret police force; is operated under a most liberal charter approaching me
se that of commission form of government; Laredo has an army post 4S
xy of considerable importance; many beautiful plazas, a fine climate, ret
ret and beautiful buildings, two ice factories, a planing mill, cotton gins, %
% several brick plants, a steam laundry, street cars, electric lights, ret
KS natural gas, railway shops, and various other industries in full swing. x
% She has splendid coal mines adjacent to the city; Laredo’s fertile uy
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!) Reverend Mother Jeanne
Chezard de Matel, Foundress of
the Order of the Incarnate Word
and Blessed Sacrament. Born in
Roane, France, Nov 6.th, 1596.
Died in Paris, September 11th,
1870.

(2) Rev. Mother Claire, died in
1898.

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in 1892.

(3) Sister Dominiv, (L.8.,) died
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A FEW CHURCHES OF CORPUS CHRISTI

DIOCESE.

Top—Immaculate Conception Church, Goliad, Texas: Middle, left

Refuge, Refugio, Texas; Middle, right—St. Francis de
Bottom—St. Gertrude, Kingsville, Texas,

Paula, San

Our Lady of
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Top—st. Boniface, German-Bohemian, Corpus Christi, Texas. bay
Middle—Spohn Sanitarium, Sisters of Incarnate Word, Corpus Christi, Texas.
Bottom—Corpus Christi Church, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Academy
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and Blessed Sacrament

Corpus Christi, Texas

Boarding and Day School

( 42 )

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Boo racine C i GILBERT McGLOIN, Asst. Cashier rot
KS GEO. J. MERRIMAN, Asst. Cashier .
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Universal Farming

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COFRYRIGHTED 1915

By JOHN KASMEIER
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(48)

UNIVERSAL FARMING

As Practiced By A Scientific Farmer

CHAPTER I,
Preservation of Rainfall and Moisture.

OO much cannot be said of the importance of conserving the rainfall in all
sections of the country where corn and cotton are raised. If we stop to
consider that we have a rainfall averaging 30 to 50 inches annually, we will
realize that we have sufficient water to raise the average crop, if the rain-

fall is properly distributed throughout the growing season, or can be conserved so
that the moisture will be within reach of the growing crops when needed.

Usually considerable rain falls during the winter. Unless this can be retained
in the soil, it is of no benefit to the crops of the succeeding summer when the rain-
fall is meager.

By my method of preparing the ground in the fall with storage furrows to catch
the water and hold it till needed, sufficient moisture can be conserved from the
winter rains to make a good crop in the driest summer. We usually, even in the
driest summers, get one or more rains. One good rain, under my method of farming,
as hereafter explained, is sufficient to mature the crop.

It frequently occurs during the growing season that the farmers cry for rain
to save their crops. A good hard rain comes, and then they say that the rain did
more harm than good, the ground being wet only a couple of inches deep, the
ereater part of the rain running off, leaving the field to become a steaming bed,
when the hot sun comes out, to wilt and scald the plants. As a matter of fact, if
ihe soil had been prepared according to my method, the rain would all have been
caught and stored, and would have been sufficient to insure a bumper crop. When
not properly prepared to retain the water the soil is wet for only a slight distance
below the surface. Below this is the dry earth. The hot sun, acting upon this
combination, causes a hot steam to arise, ruining the crop, not only wilting the
plants but penetrating the roots. If the soil is wet deep, as it should be if the proper
preparation is made, such results are not seen. This is seen in the case of slow
rains, falling for several hours. The slowness with which they fall allows the
moisture to penetrate to the sub-moisture, cooling the roots of the plant as well
as the portion above the surface and having a beneficial effect. My method of
holding a heavy rainfall and allowing it to soak in, makes the sudden heavy shower
the same as a slow rain, in its effect upon a growing crop, These sudden showers
generally last not longer than thirty to sixty minutes, hence the necessity of having
the furrows arranged to take care of the water, and prevent if running off.

On about the 17th day of June, 1911 three to four inches of rain fell in two
hours. My fields had been prepared for such a rain. Ten hours after the rain
my cotton and tomato patches looked like big lakes, while fourteen hours after
the rain there was still water standing in the fields. The next day I examined my
field and found that the soil was thoroughly soaked clear to the subsoil. <A similar
examination made in my neighbor’s field adjoining, where no preparation had been
made for retaining such a rainfall, showed that the soil had been wet for a depth
of not more than two or three inches. The next rain fell July 19th. My field
had again been prepared to hold the rainfall with the result that I produced approx-
imately a bale and a half of cotton to the acre. My neighbor produced between
300 and 490 pounds seed cotton per acre on the same kind of land. The topography

( 49 )

UNIVERSAL FARMING

of both farms being approximately the same. These two rainfalls and what
moisture ! had preserved the previous year, made my heavy yields. It is a well
known fact that generally other fields had no submoisture or season in the ground
at planting time in the year of 1911.

The principal upon which I work for the preservation of moisture is the
preparation of deep furrows in the subsoil, which in the process of putting in the
crop are covered with loose earth. These furrows are in consequence made storage
reservoirs, holding the moisture against evaporation until the furrows are pen-
etrated by the plant roots. This produces as much good as possible from all rains.
The soil will keep the water of a sudden shower from running off,—-the dams holding
it until it sinks in, clear to the submoisture. These methods as applied to differen!
crops are fully explained in the succeeding chapters. The writer considers this
one of his greatest discoveries.

CHAPTER II.

Subsoiling.

plant roots can be spread in search of moisture and nourishment, which are

stored there by methods described elsewhere in this work. Second, by breaking

up the hard ground, it allows the water to penetrate and bring into the loose
soil the natural fertility that would otherwise be locked there in such a form as to
be of little use in raising a crop. Third, the subsoil furrows which in dry times
act as storage reservoirs, in wet seasons act as drains, draw off the surplus
water that would otherwise be held by the solid earth to stagnate about the roots
of the plants.

Stitt has a three-fold use. First, it supplies a loose bed in which the

Although not so necessary on rich bottom land, subsoiling is of great service
on any kind of land, and work spent with a subsoil plow will always be well repaid.

The method of susboiling the ground should be used in the preparation of the
soil for all crops, grain, gardens, orchards and forests, vineyards, alfalfa and in
fact all products of the soil.

To more clearly illustrate the effect of subsoiling upon plant growth, it is
often noticed, the prolific growth of crops, grass or other vegetation at places
where old ditches have been covered up, or where stumps have been removed, or
at any place where the soil has been disturbed to any great depth.

The subsoiling should be as deep as possible,—the deeper the better. Don’t
be afraid of going too deep. The subsoiling is accomplished very successfully with
a Georgia stock, using a bull-tongue, or with a potato digger, with the outside
prongs removed.

The special method of subsoiling for the different crops are given in the
succeeding chapters.
CHAPTER III.

Fertilizing,

spent in fertilizing the land. My favorite artificial fertilizers are cotton
seed hulls and meal, with hydrated lime. This combination seems to be
about what the soil of our great southern country needs.

ale HERE is no money spent on a farm which brings greater returns than that

Before going further into this subject, I will suggest that if the methods I
detail appear too expensive for general use, they be tried first on a single acre.
The yield from this acre, in excess of what would have been made without the

( 50)

PRESERVE THE FIORTILI£CY OF YOUR SOIL.

Do not allow torrential rains to wash away your fertile top soil. Catch the rain and make it
ubserviant to your crops. We will tell you how to do this. Plow your fields deeply in the fary
ind early winter, manure them well. The rain that will come then will perculate your ground,
arrying chemicals and moisture with them.

CIRCLE DITCHES.

To prevent the washing away of the fertile top soil, plow circle ditches and make water furrows,
vhich will retain the moisture for the time of drought and preserve the fertility. This is what our
oble Southern farmer did before the war. Thus he over-filled his granaries and smoke houses. If
e had known that the family quarrel in 1860 had turned into a war he could have bought the British
avy with his wealth. What can you do Mr. Farmer?

UNIVERSAL FARMING

treatment prescribed, will pay for the necessary fertilizer for several acres the
next year, and by the third year, the farmer should be so thoroughly convinced
of the value of the method that he will consider the purchase of fertilizer in
generous quantities not an experiment but an investment.

There are, of course, other valuable fertilizers which go to waste on almost
every farm, such as barnyard manure, wood ashes, rotten wood, ete. All such
should be saved and applied to the land. Besides enriching the soil it makes it
much easier to cultivate and prepare for moisture-storing. When a wood lot is
cleared, if the ashes are saved and kept dry until they can be applied to a cul-
tivated field, they will bring sufficient return to pay for the clearing.

Of course the best fertilizer of any kind is barnyard manure, as 1t contains
the necessary phosphates and other chemicals needed to promote plant growth and
development, and mature the fruit.

In order that the reader may be fully advised as tu the methods smployed
in fertilizing, the subject will be first taken up in a general way; that is, tlhe methods
of applying fertilizers for any kind of crop, will be first outlined, and then the
special methods for the different kinds of crops will be taken up separately.

Barnyard manure, when it is available in sufficient quantities, should be spread
broadcast before the ground is broken in the fall or early winter, so that if may
be thoroughly mixed with the soil in the process of cultivation, and its strength
may be distributed by the water perculating through the soil.

Artificial fertilizers are always applied cheapest and with best results in fur-
rows, the plan for the different crops being deseribed in detail later.

Barnyard manure when spread broadeast over the ground, should be applied
in the fall or early winter, at least sixty to ninety days before seeding. It should
be immediately turned under, before it has time to dry out and lose its strength.
The land should be turned to a depth of eight to ten inches, and while the plowing
is being done, the subsoiler should be run behind the plow in each furrow.

Where there is a scanty supply of barnyard manure, the ground should be
turned in the same manner, and then lister furrows opened up. The manure is
then applied in the lister furrows, and then the subsoiler is used in these furrows,
thoroughly mixing the fertilizer with the soil, If the subsoiling does not fully
cover the manure, it should be run around a bull tongue, small plow or cultivator,
and thoroughly covered.

If artificial fertilizers are used, or cotton seed meal, it should be applied in the
Jister furrows after it has been subsoiled, just before planting time. Here it is
covered up by the opening of the plant rows.

In fertilizing it is first necessary to have an analysis made of the soil to ascertain
what chemicals are needed. This information can be secured by sending samples
of the soil to your nearest experiment station. After it is ascertained what chemical
your soil lacks, my method is to use the necessary chemical mixed with cotton
seed meal. As much cotton seed meal can be used as desired, the more the better.
No matter what the amount of cotton seed meal used, I find it always advisable
to use 600 or 800 pounds of phosphate per acre. However, this may vary for the
different qualities of soil. The foregoing applies to any and all crops.

My method of applying the fertilizer for cotton is to use about four sacks of
meal mixed with the amount of chemicals required per acre. This is distributed
with a fertilizing machine in the subsoil furrow hereafter described, three to four
inches deep, from fifteen to thirty days before planting time. At planting time,
when the lister furrows are opened up to receive the seed, the opening up of these
furrows will partly cover up the subsoil furrow containing the fertilizer. The

(52 )

UNIVERSAL FARMING

fertilizer should remain undisturbed in the lister furrow until after the cotton
plant is four to six inches high, or until it has been worked with the harrow or
weeder three or four times. Then the fertilizer is thoroughly stirred with a Georgia
stock, using a bull tongue six to eight inches wide and about fourteen inches long.
This subsoil or fertilizer furrow should be opened or stirred after every cultivation
of the cotton, until it is found that the spreader roots have begun to find their
way into the subsoil furrow. After this do not disturb it any more.

In case cotton is planted flat upon a bed, the fertilizer or subsoil will be
entirely covered up as soon as the cotton is worked or weeded, The same operation
of stirring should be applied to cotton planted in this manner as when it is plantea
in the bottom of the lister furrow as heretofore described.

The plain cotton seed meal is also used with the planter at the time cotton is
planted, the usual combination planter and fertilizer machine being used in this
work. The writer find it exceptionally desirable to mix with the cotton
seed meal an equal part of dry sand. The using of sand not only causes the fertilizer
to work better in the planter, causing a more even distribution of the fertilizer,
but in soil containing very little sand, the sand so used in the fertilizer makes a
vood moisture preserver. About one sack of meal per acre is used in this manner.
However, as much meal as desired can be used in the plant rows. I have found it
undesirable to use any chemicals or other kind of fertilizer under the plant row
of cotton at planting time, except cotton seed meal. Chemical fertilizers of various
kinds should be constantly stirred in order that they may be thus distributed
through the soil. If such fertilizers are placed under the plant rows it is impossible
to properly stir them, and it is often found that a fertilizer when used in this
manner has never distributed itself through the soil, but lay there undisturbed
and was of no use to the plant, as the roots went on through the fertilizer bed
into the unfertilized soil. Only enough meal should be used in the plant row to
give the plant a healthy start. After the plant has attained a few weeks’ rapid
growth, caused by this fertilizer in the plant row, the roots will extend out and
enter the subsoil furrow containing the thoroughly mixed fertilizer. It will be
readily understood that by applying this method the fertilizer is put where if
is reached by the ends of the roots which absorb by far the greatest proportion
of the nourishment for the plant, instead of putting it in such a position that the
roots pass through the fertilizer into the unfertilized ground beyond. ‘This also
applies to other crops.

Where cotton seed meal or any chemical fertilizers are used, they may be
applied in subsoil furrows, either before or after crops have been planted, but
not to be applied after the roots begin to enter the subsoil furrows. As heretofore
described, the fertilizer should be stirred after each cultivating.

It is deemed best, however, to apply the fertilizers before planting time, but
it is often the case the farmer is behind with his work, and has not the time to
apply fertilizers beforehand. Satisfactory results can be obtained by applying
after planting.

If barnyard manure is used as a fertilizer it should be distributed in the lister
furrow before subsoiling, The running of the subsoiler through the listec furrow
afterthe manure has been placed in the furrow will thoroughly mix and have a
tendency to cover it. By fertilizing in this manner only one-half the usual amount
of manure is required. If lime is used it should be placed with the manure in the
same furrow and mixed at the time of the subsoiling which thoroughly mixes
the manure, lime and earth together. When barnyard manure is used in this
manner it should be applied less than thirty days before planting time. This like-
wise applies to all other crops.

The following is an old German method of making and preserving manure
which is found to be extremely useful, as follows:

(53 )

UNIVERSAL FARMING

Gess pools are dug near the barns, and also ditches leading from the barnyard
to the cess pools, so that all liquids from the yards will be drawn into the pools
and retained. The cess pools should be cemented to hold water. Dry manure
is thrown into the pools, where it is allowed to remain until desired for use. This
is done in order to keep the manure so wet it will not heat.and burn from dryness.

The writer cannot too highly recommend the use of barnyard manure as a
tertilizer, because of the fact that it is not necessary to apply as much phosphate
when it is used, as barnyard manure preserved according to the method just
described possesses and retains all the elements necessary to promote plant growth.
However, it is much better to use 600 or 800 pounds of rock phosphate per acre;
the more manure used, the less phosphate required.

A valuable method of fertilizing where land is plentiful, is to sow cow peas,
wheat, rye, oats, ete., and turn under just before the crop begins to mature. ‘Lhe
writer has increased his production of corn from twenty to sixty bushels per acre
by this method.

Use of Phosphates,

If the growth of your cotton stalk is excessive and does not produce a good
vield, use from 800 to 1000 pounds of phosphates to the acre. How do I know that
it takes 800 to 1000 pounds of phosphates? Because experience has shown me
it takes 150 loads of manure, and that amount of manure contains 800 to 1000
pounds of phosphates.

Had I little more rain the past season I would have increased my yield of
cotton per acre to double what it was. Instead of raising 2300 pounds I would have
raised close to 5000 pounds per acre. I fully believe that the time will come when
we will raise four to five bales to the acre, by using my methods of cultivating
and fertilizing.

In addition to heat, light, and moisture certain chemical compounds, such as
calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium, are essential to plant growth. These
occur in the soil in the form of sulphates, nitrates and other soluble cormpounds,
and are absorbed by plants by means of their root fibres, especially the root hairs.

It is readily seen that continual cultivation of the soil will eliminate these
essential elements through solution and drainage. This is especially true in regard
to the phosphorous and nitrogen.

It is highly essential, then, that this loss be made good through the use of
fertilizers. Barnyard manures are especially rich in nitrogen and phosphorous,
which gives them great value as fertilizers.

Cotton seed meal contains a high per cent of nitrogen, and should be used
freely on land that has been cultivated for several years.

Cotton, corn, or any other plant may have a prolific growth, and look healthy,
but not produce a good crop of fruit, In such cases the soil is badly in need of one
or more of the above elements.

It is a good plan to always use a little lime as it is valuable in exterminating
insects.

CHAPTER IV.

Care of Plant Roots.
T IS often noticed by cotton growers that although the cotton plant appears to
be flourishing and fruiting well, the early fruit falls off, bushels of them being
scattered over the ground, and the cotton is late maturing. This is the result

of too deep cultivation. The feeder roots are cut off by the deep cultivating,
as fast as they are formed. Consequently, the young fruit has no means of sus-

(54 )

UNIVERSAL FARMING
tenance, and dies. After the cotton is laid by, new feeder roots, however, put out,
and new fruit starts, but it is late, and all of the early crop is lost.

The same is true of corn, potatoes, tomatoes and all other kind of crops. It has
often been noticed by any farmer, while cultivating potatoes, sweet or Irish, that

iNnaeee <2 S—= aoc?

This illustration shows how deep cultivatioa cuts off the feeder roots making the crop of cotton short

and late. The figure to the left shows how proper cultivation preserves the roots.

when he reaches the end of a row he has to stop to take the roots off his plow.
Now, these roots are the very life of the plant. After they are cut off by deep
cultivation, if the season is too dry for new roots to start, the crop is largely or
entirely lost. But even if new roots do put out, the crop is either late, or else has
not time to mature at all.

If you want to raise good crops, you must give your plants a chance to get all
the nourishment and moisture possible, and this can be done only by preserving
ithe only means the plant has of securing moisture and nourishment--its roots.
Cultivate and save the roots, and the roots will save the plant.

The writer always preserves the plant roots by shallow cultivating after the
plant is up and growing, by constantly turning the soil to the plant. Deep plowing
being done before planting time,

It can be clearly seen the disastrous effect deep cultivation has upon the growing
plant. Roots are the only method the plant has to extract its nourishment from
the soil. Therefore it is very plain to be seen that if the roots are destroyed, as
shown in figure No. 4, the plant will be greatly retarded in its effort to grow and
produce a good crop of fruit. The proper way to cultivate is to carefuliy guard
these roots and continually throw dirt to the plant row; instead of the roots being
destroyed they will be protected, and the entire plant will have a network of small
feeder roots runing through the soil for several feet around the plant, enabling
it to extract any moisture and nourishment which may be in the soil.

By referring back to the preceding chapter, it is noticed the essential chemical
compounds necessary to promote plant growth and production. These compounds
are not all deposited down deep in the earth, but are mixed thoroughly throughout
the cultivated soil. The tap root extending deep into the subsoil, do not provide
the plant with the above chemical compounds. They will, however, provide some
moisture, and in most cases will produce a stalk or plant, but will not attract and
provide enough of the chemicals to give the necessary vitality to the piant. The
roots which attract and take up the chemicals and fertilizer necessary to produce
vitality, are the small net-work of fibers and spreader roots, which Dranch out
and run in all directions near the surface. These are the roots which are destroyed
by deep cultivation. The small root, which is generally disregarded, is of vital
importance and should be preserved and cultivated and not destroyed.

( 55 )

UNIVERSAL FARMING

CHAPTER V.—See. I.

Preparation of Soil.
COTTON.

HE secret of my success in raising all kinds of crops Hes in the preparation
of the soil before seeding, more than in the cultivation of the growing crops.
The soil should be cultivated just as thoroughly and with as close attention
to detail before planting time as possible. <

As cotton is perhaps the most important crop in the consideration of the readers
of this book, I will take up first the raising of cotton as typical of my methods,
diagrams are used.

First,, in the late or early winter, as soon as the ground is cleared, it should
be broken to a depth of six to eight inches. It is left lying in this state until spring.
After each hard, beating rain, the ground should be harrowed or disked two or
three inches deep, to produce a mulch. If not enough rain falls to settle and pack
the soil at all, it should be harrowed and then rolled. The purpose of packing the
soil is to preserve all of the moisture underlying the mulch.

Thirty days before planting time, furrows should be opened with a 14-inch
lister. These furrows should be four to five feet apart, according to the fertility
of the soil. It will be noted that this furrow takes out all of the worked soil to the
bottom of the first plowing, or about eight inches. These furrows are opened for
two purposes, to allow deeper subsoiling and to provide a place for putting the
fertilizers.

The subsoiling should be done, running a Georgia stock (or a potato digger
with the prongs removed) through the furrows made with the lister. The subsoiling
should be carried as deep as possible, in order to preserve all of the moisture
derived from any rains. In case fertilizers are used, they should be placed on top
of the subsoil furrow about thirty days before planting time. Manure, if used,
should be put in the furrow before subsoiling. Thus the subsoil furrow is made
a rich moist bed which attracts the roots of the cotton plants, forming a trough
from which they may be fed.

Just before planting time rows should be opened with a 14-inch iister. These
rows are opened half way between the subsoil furrow, and should not be opened
until ready to plant. The soil is thrown out of these furrows into the subsoil
furrows, effectually sealing the moisture and fertilizers in these furrows, where
it is found by the spreading roots of the cotton plant. The loose soil above these
furrows prevents evaporation of the moisture. In dry seasons, the cotton seed
should be planted at the bottom of these new furrows, on the hard ground. After
the ground has been turned in fall or winter if hard beating rains shouid fall and
the ground becomes packed, care should be taken when opening plant rows to not
allow the lister to throw ail loose soil from the furrow. Enough loose soil should
remain in bottom of furrow to cover seed, care being exercised to see that the
seed is planted on hard ground in bottom row. The method for wet seasons is
given elsewhere.

Atter the plants have begun to grow, the dirt should be filled in around them
with a weeder or harrow. This operation should be repeated until the ground
is again level. After this, start to work with the cultivator, but at no time cutting
deeper than 1 to 2 inches, throwing the dirt gradually to the plant.

Shallow cultivation is essential, as it prevents the falling off of the fruit and
promotes early maturing of cotton. It preserves the feeder roots, shown illustration
No. 4, (which depicts the cotton as laid by) which are the roots which give the

(56 )

SEE il

This picture shows cotton roots entering the subsoil furrow. The stalk at the right was not
grown in the spot shown, but had been pulled up and placed there to show the length of the roots.
The long root shown was over 7 feet in length. The other stalk was grown in the exact position
shown. The picture also shows the heavy yield of cotton.

3 ye AR er Le Fe)
‘ or Pk MD ey CARE EOE Cal . AL SF PY Sat 8 is ed

Coty

This picture shows another view of cotton roots running along near the surface and entering
subsoil furrow.

UN TWVER SA EAR MENG

erowth to the fruit. Under the old method of cultivating, cutting down a con-
siderable depth, these feeder roots are cut off, while under my method, they are
left intact, as shown in figure No. 4.

Where on-half bale of cotton has been produced per acre, under favorable
conditions and seasons, the same amount or more can be produced on the same land
under unfavorable conditions, without the use of fertilizers, provided the same

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This illustration shows cotton after laying by. It shows also the formation of the roots near the surface
of the ground, running down into the subsoil furrows.

method of subsoiling, moisture preservation, care of plant roots and cultivation is
carried out as set forth in this book. This also applies to all other products.

We desire to impress upon the reader the importance of planting cotton seed
on the hard soil in the bottom of the furrow, assuming, of course, that the cotton
is to be planted in furrows, instead of flat or beds. It is noticed that when cotton
is planted it often fails to make a stand. This is especially true where the soil is
dry and there has not been enough rainfall to put a season in the ground, in the
winter and early spring. The lint around the cotton seed acts as an insulator, and
it takes plenty of moisture to break through this insulation and germinate the
seed, causing it to sprout. The hard unworked soil lying underneath the worked
zround is always moist, provided, of course, there is any moisture in the earth
at atl, and by planting the seed on top of this ground, and covering two or three
inches deep, the seed will attract and draw enough moisture from ihe hara@ ground
underneath, to germinate the seed, and will always produce a good stand, providing
the seed is good.

As an example to show what the above method will do, the writer planted
cotton on the 7th day of June, 1911, on ground where a potato crop had been raised
and gathered the same year. The ground was hot, dry and loose, and contained
no moisture whatever as deep as it had been worked. After the potatoes were dug,
furrows were opened and cotton seed planted on top of the hard unworked ground
in the bottom of the furrows. The ground was so dry and loose that it was very
hard to open the furrows, as the loose, dry soil would slide back into the furrow,
filling it up again behind the plow. The seed was covered two or three inches
deep. Neighbors and friends laughed and ridiculed, saying nothing would come up
in such ground, but they were entirely mistaken, for in seven days this cotton was
up and thriving, and produced a double stand, which was later thinned out. Three
days later a good rain fell, washing the loose soil over and completely covering the
cotton four to six inches deep. The plant rows and field had been prepared to
retain any rain fall. A few days later a small “V” shaped harrow was run over the
rows and the cotton was uncovered. On the 19th of July another rain fell. This
field produced 1200 pounds of cotton per acre, and if the frost had not killed the
plant, it would have produced at least one bale per acre.

(58 )

This Picture shows a party of business men in specting Mr. Kasmeier’s fields, and also studying
his methods of farming. These men unanimously approve of his system. This picture was taken
before the second picking.

: _———ee . sl mo

The above photograph depicts John Kasmeier, Jr., calling the young boys and girls attention to
five bales of cotton, which was raised by his father on three acres of land, during the dry season of
1911. Young Mr. Kasmeier says, when he grows up to be a man, he is going to raise this many bales
upon two acres of land, by using his father’s method of plowing, fertilizing and cultivating.

UNIVERSAL FARMING

This cotton was thinned out leaving stalks from 14 to 20 inches apart, and one
stalk only in a place. In dry seasons especially, care should be taken to leave only
one stalk every fourteen to twenty inches on land without fertllizers. On highly
fertilized land stalks should be spaced two to three feet apart. depending upon the
fertility of the soil. This gives the one stalk the chance to secure all of the moisture
and nourishment in the ground around the plant, which will be enough to sustain
the plant and mature all the fruit on the stalk. Whereas if two stalks had been
allowed to grow where only one should have been, the moisture and plant nourish-
ment existing in the ground would have been divided between the two stalks, with
the result that neither would have received enough nourishment to properly make
mature its fruit. Better to have one stalk with a few good large bolls than to have
two stalks producing nothing.

Two Bales per Acre.

If we want eggs for Christmas, we set our incubators in January, February or
Mareh. Chickens hatched then will lay in October, November and December.

So, if you want to raise two bales of cotton to the acre, you must get an early
start. Try this method.

First, fertilize and furrow five feet apart, 30 to 60 days before planting time.
Use two thousand pounds of cotton seed hulls, three hundred pounds hydrated
lime, to the acre. Put your hulls in the lister furrows first, then mix the lime with
200 pounds of fine dry sand and 3800 pounds of wood ashes. Mix it aii thoroughly.
It must be perfectly dry when mixed, so that the fertilizer distributor will distribute
it evenly. This mixture should be distributed in the lister furrow, where the hulls
have been previously placed. Then take a heavy Georgia stock with a bull tongue
from three to four inches wide, and from twelve to fourteen inches long and and
go through the lister furrow which contains the hulls, lime and ashes, as deep
as the team can pull it. Then with a walking or riding cultivator or Georgia stock,
thoroughly cover the fertilizer. Wait until you get a good rain, then with your
Georgia stock and bull tongue, go through the fertilizer furrow again, and cover
again in the same manner as the first time. Then a week before planting time,
about May ist for the district between the 33rd and 37th parallels, take four hundred
pounds of cotton seed meal, 800 to 1000 pounds ground rock phosphate and about
460 pounds of dry sand, mix thoroughly, again open the furrow containing the hulls,
lime, sand and ashes, and distribute the cotton seed meal phosphate and sand
with the fertilizer distributor in this same furrow, and cover up as before.

This method will make you, on land where you formerly raised about a hundred
pounds of seed cotton to the acre, a bale to a bale and a half to the acre; and on
land that formerly brought you half a bale to a bale to the aere, two bales to the
acre and upwards. Your furrows must be five feet apart, on land that formerly
produced a hundred pounds; and on land that produced more than that, three feet
apart. The stalks ought to stand in the rows fourteen inches to eighteen inches
apart, and one stalk only remember, only one stalk in a place. In the eotton planted
with the rows five feet apart, there should be one stalk,—just one stalk and no more,
every two feet.

I cannot impress upon the intelligent citizens, farmers and truckers too strongly
fo save every bit of manure and wood ashes they possibly can. Wood ashes are
safest kept in galvanized or other meatal containers, and should be kept carefully
covered, as ashes for fertilizer should be kept perfectly dry. Whenever you clear
an acre of ground and burn up the brush and logs, take the ashes home wnile they
are dry. With that amount of ashes, hulls, lime and meal applied as above to a
worn-out acre of ground, you will have two acres instead of one, in amount of
product. The only difference of cotton or whatever you plant on the ground being
that the worn-out acre will have the best product. So save your ashes and save
them while they are dry. Also save rotten logs and decayed leaves. By using

( 60 )

UNIVERSAL FARMING

such things you will not have to use so much of the hulls. If we all used these
methods throughout our great American cotton belt, instead of planting close to
forty million acres and getting only from ten to fourteen million bales, half of which
is only shoddy cotton for which we get shoddy prices, we would raise from tifteen
to twenty million bales of the finest staple on twelve to fifteen million acres of
land, and could put the remaining twenty to twenty-five million acres in corn, a
few potatoes, sweet potatoes, wheat and feed with which to fatten our hogs, cattle
and sheep. If we farmers will do that, we will have our billion dollar cotton crop
as money in the bank, and you bet we can live at home and when you young men and
women marry you need not start a poor house. And when you young farmers
unite, what a mightly giant you will be! All business will be basea upon you and
you will then be monarchs indeed.

Preparing Wet Land for Cotton.
The method of preparing low or wet land for the raising of cotton. The ground

is first turned, then beds or rows thrown up six to eight feet apart. A
subsoiler is run through the middle of the furrow between the rows. These

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This illustration shows the method of preparing beds in low, wet lands for planting cotton. These
beds are also used on other lands in exceptionally wet seasons. This cut shows the subsoil furrow
between rows, which contains the fertilizers.

furrows not only provide a moisture preserver and fertilizer bed for dry
periods, but in case of too much rain they act as drain ditches to carry away
surplus water. Planting should be done on top of these beds. In the case of wet
bottom land these beds need not be destroyed, but can be used from year to year
for cotton, planting on top of the beds and cultivating as usual, and keeping the
subsoil furrows open. This form of beds should be used on high land as well as low
land in wet, rainy seasons.

See. 2.
CORN.

In the cultivation of corn, it is very important that the land be carefully
prepared, as corn will not stand hot winds of the south as well as cotton, The
writer has secured satisfactory results in raising corn even in dry years when others
have failed, by carefuly preparing and working the ground before planting in
accordance with the following two methods:

First, where subsoil furrows are used not only between rows but in the plant
rows.

Under this method we will consider the raising of corn with and without
fertilizers, as follows:

( 61 )

KA Rae

This gives you an idea what fertilizer will do. After four years labor and fertilization Mr. Kasmeier raised 4] tons
of cane on one acre of land besides one and one-half tons of fodder. Still how indifferent we are with
our_fertilizer. We burn it up to get rid of it.

(a) For corn break your land deep and fertilize it well. Before planting use a harrow or a disk. Then lay
off youg field three feet apart, plant two feet in the drill and one stock to the hill. The first
ploughing should be as deep as possible, the remaining shallower. Stocks of corn in
photo are 14 inches high, the roots 38 inches high.

(b) The same crop of corn after maturing

UNIVERSAL FARMING

The method of subsoiling and fertilizing where a sufficient amount of manure
cannot be obtained to spread broadeast but where manure or chemical fertilizer
and cotton seed meal are used is as follows: The ground is turned in the same
manner and at the same time as above described, eliminating the use of the sub-
soiler at the time of the turning. After the ground is turned, lister furrows should
be opened as for cotton. If manure is used, it should be spread in this furrow,
after which the subsoiler is used. This mixes and turns under the manure. If
chemicals and cotton seed meal are used it should be applied in furrows after
subsoiling is done or about planting time. When the planting furrow 1s opened up
with the lister, the subsoil furrow containing the fertilizer will be partially or
wholly covered up. Before planting, a subsoil furrow is run in the bottom of the
plant row. This shows the subsoil furrow under the plant row and also between
rows. The use of subsoil furrow in the planting row gives a loose seed bed. It is
a good plan to apply cotton seed meal in the planting row after subsoiling.

Where no manure or fertilizers are used the ground should be broken and
prepared in the same manner as above, using the same method of subsoiling both
in the plant rows and between the rows.

Too much cannot be said regarding the subsoil method, as subsoil furrows are
exceedingly valuable not only to retain the moisture but to retain the substance
of the fertilizers which is carried down by the percolation of waver tnrough the
loose, well worked soil. These furrows are especially valuable where the land is
rolling and such fertilizing material is liable to be carried out of the soil by water
percolation at the time of heavy rains.

Second, where corn is planted flat. Under this method we also consider the
raising of corn with or without fertilizers as follows:

Where manure is spread broadcast over the ground, and turned under as more
fully described under “Fertlizing,”’ it can be further stated that the subsoiling
should be done-at the time the ground is turned. At planting time the usual lister
furrow between the plant rows is opened up and subsoiled. If artificial fertilizers
are to be used they should be used in this furrow as more fully described elsewhere.
Before corn is planted, the rows should be laid off with a subsoiler, subsoiling about
14 inches deep. The operation leaves the ground practically flat, after which the
corn is planted four to five inches deep on this subsoil furrow. If cotton seed meal
is used in this furow, it is used with the planter, using the usual attachments.

In raising corn without fertilizers, the usual subsoil furrows are run in the
bottom of lister furrows between rows, thirty to sixty days before pranting time.
At planting time the plant row is also laid off with the subsoiler in the same
manner as described above. This subsoiling is done to provide moist beds to
receive the corn roots.

In cultivating the usual harrow is used before the corn comes up, after which
cultivation is carried on in the usual methods from three to four inches deep while
fhe corn is still young, continually throwing the dirt to the corn. The cultivation
of the corn by this method will cover up the lister furrow between rows containing
the moisture. After the corn is four to six inches high, deep cultivation should be
discontinued, and the corn should be cultivated to a depth of only one to two inches.
The subsoil furrow should be kept open until it is found that the roots of the corn
have begun to enter into it, after which it should not be disturbed.

See. 3
IRISH POTATOES.

In preparing land for Irish potatoes, if manure is to be used broadeast, the land
should be prepared and fertilized as described elsewhere. The land should be

( 64 )

UNIVERSAL FARMING

turned from ten to twelve inches deep and the same method of running the subsoiler
behind the turning plow should be used. If the farmer has not the facilities to
work his land in this manner, the writer finds it advisable and agreeable to co-
operate with his neighbor, one to do the plowing, the other following close behind
with the subsoiler. This work should be done as early as possible or at least sixty
to ninety days before planting. If the ground is prepared in this way, as stated
before, the subsoiler is not used at the time the land is turned. In the case manure
is distributed in the subsoil furrow and it is not entirely covered by the subsoiler,
a bull tongue should be run around the furrow and manure fully covered. ‘This
is especially necesary if chemicals are used. When potato planting time arrives,
ihe furrow containing the manure or fertilizer should be thoroughly stirred by
opening up with a shovel plow or sweep. This also provides a furrow to receive
the seed potato. After the potatoes are planted 18 to 20 inches apart, the seed
should be covered 5 to 6 inches deep by running around with a bull tongue or small
plow. After the potato has sprouted and all danger of frost is past, a light harrow
should be run over the top of the row to take about two inches of soil off the top
of the plant. Harrowing between rows should be done to keep down weed growth.
During cultivation, the soil should be constantly added to the plant by running
around the row with a bull tongue. Care should be taken not to disturb or tear
up the plant bed. This operation will, after the plant has reached a good growth,
result in forming a bed with a furrow between rows. In case of dry weather and
when going through the furrow the last time, or at any time, if conditions become
dry and rain is needed, the sweep should be lifted up every five to ten feet, thereby
making a small dam across the furrow which will cateh and retain any rain which
may fall.

Before gathering time the furrows between the rows in which dams have been
constructed, should be opened, if rain has been plentiful and the ground is wet,
so that the potato beds may dry out as thoroughly as pessible, before the crop
is gathered.

Sec. 4.
ALFALFA, WHEAT AND OATS.

In the raising of alfalfa, wheat, oats, ete., a great increase in stand and pro-
duction can be obtained by carefully preparing the soil, using the same methods
employed in preparing soil for cotton, except that every furrow should be subsoiled.
Before the seed is planted the land should be turned deep and each furrow sub-
soiled as deep as possible. This plan provides a vast field of moisture preservers
consisting of subsoil furrows which receive the roots and promote growth, which
in the case of alfalfa is very essential, the success of the crop depending upon a good
stand the first year.

Sec. 5.
TOMATO AND SWEET POTATOES.

In the cultivation and raising of tomatoes and sweet potatoes the writer finds
vreat results by preparing the ground in the same manner as for Irish potatoes
and if manure or fertilizer is used this is also applied in the same manner. When
planting time arrives the fertilizer or subsoil furrows are opened up in the same
manner as for Irish potatoes, after which the fertilized soil is turned back into the
same furrow. This is done merely to stir and mix the fertilizer with the soil and
forms a rich mellow bed for the plants.

In the planting of tomatoes the subsoil furrow is opened and turned back again

as described above. This forms a small rich bed to receive the tomato plants. The
same method of constantly turning the soil to the plant is used, forming the same

( 65 )

x

ONAN

Te

Picture showing potatoes and cotton; the rows of potatces are six feet apart. The land for these
potatoes was prepared in January. It was listed and fertilized, and subsoiled eighteen inches deep,
Potatoes were planted ‘in dark of moon’ in February. They were dug the last part of June and

yielded 120 bushels per acre, six feet apart.

After the harrowing, potatoes as shown in this picture, leaving the cotton six feet apart and the

ground in fine shape, no furrow, no vines, no weed. In a good season the branches of the cotton will

interlock across, this stretch of six feet. If you don’t believe it, try the system.

UNIVERSAL FARMING

furrows between rows. Small dams should also be constructed between rows as
more fully described in other articles, to retain the rainfall. The advantage of
these small dams and the subsoil furrow between the plant rows can be readily seen.
The water retained by the dams will filter through into the subsoil furrow, which
forms a vast bed of moist rich soil for the reception of the plant roots. One or
{two rains will be sufficient to make a good crop provided care has been exercised
to follow the above method.

During the season of 1911, which is known to have been an exceptionally dry
vear, the writer obtained excellent results in the raising of tomatoes and sweet
potatoes, by this method where all others failed.

How to Dig and Care for Sweet Potatoes.

Great care should be used in digging and storing sweet potatoes to prevent
bruising and freezing. The writer finds it a good plan to never dig potatoes while
the ground is wet and if dug while the ground is wet or damp, the potatoes should
be allowed to remain in the field until they are thoroughly dried, before placing
in cellar or ricks in field. If potatos are stored while wet, the wet soil adhering to
the potato will cause black spots to form which later develop into dry rot.

Sweet potatoes if stored in cellars should be piled upon shelves made of slats
to allow for circulation of air, the shelves to be placed in vertical rows about one
foot apart. Another good plan, to keep potatoes in cellars, is to pack them in dry
sand in layers one foot thick.

In storing in ricks in fields, a successful method is to first make a flooring of
logs or long fence posts. Then lay crosswise on top of this a flooring of corn stalks.
This forms a flooring which permits air circulation. The potatoes are then placed
on the floor in shape of a mound, covering them first with corn stalks, after which
the rick is covered with enough earth to prevent freezing. An opening should
be left on top of rick to provide for air circulation. The ends of the logs in floor
should be left uncovered to allow the air to enter under the floor and pass through
the potatoes and out at the top. In case of extremely cold weather cover ends of
logs and also top to keep out cold freezing air. The potatoes will go through a
process of sweating when first racked. The bottom vents should remain open until
the potatoes stop sweating after which the bottom vents can be permanently closed.

In transporting potatoes from field, wicker baskets should be used, instead
of wire baskets as the latter bruises the potatoes. The handling of potatoes in
sacks also injures and bruises the potato.

It is very important that the potatoes be harvested before the vines are touched
by the frost, as a very light frost on the vines before the potatoes are harvested
will cause them to rot soon after being stored. In ease that the frost should touch
the vines before the potatoes are dug, the vines should be immediately cut off or
pulled up before the effect of the frost injurs the potatoes.

Sec 6.
ORCHARDS AND FORESTRY.

The system of subsoiling as described elsewhere in this book may be and is
extremely valuable for orchards and also for planting forests. In orchards the
rows of trees should be planted flat or above the subsoil furrow. The subsoil
furrows from one and one-half to two and one-half feet deep or as deep and wide
as possible should be made under the row before the trees are set out, and also
between rows. The orchards should be kept clean by cultivating and the subsoil
furrow between rows should be opened or re-subsoiled every year in the fall. As

( 67 )

UNIVERSAL” FARM ENG

it is usually the custom to place orchards on hill-sides, it is deemed advisable to
lay off rows around the hill so the drainage will not be too heavy, but should be
so located that the orchard will drain in case of excessive rainfall. The roots of
the trees will run along the ground to the subsoil furrow where in case of ex-
ceptionally dry weather, a sufficient amount of moisture will be found. A good
plan is to place in these subsoil furrows dead leaves, rotten wood, corn stalks or
anything which will have a tendency to enrich the soil and hold the moisture. This
forms a fertilized bed from which the trees receive a great amount of nourishment.

Those desiring to put in forests will find the same theory of subsoiling useful
as if would insure the preservation of a great amount of moisture, especially with
the assistance of small dams constructed across the furrows. The roots of trees
will eventually hunt low moist places, the moisture being more useful at the ends
of the roots than near the body of the tree. This suggestion is especially valuable
for railroads and others who are more vitally interested in forestry. Where forests
are put out or planted on a large scale, a traction engine should be used in plowing
and subsoiling, the subsoil furrows being carried down as deep as possible.

You have often, perhaps, wondered why it is that large forests do not grow
in parts of Oklahoma and Texas, and on the great plains and why it is difficult
te grow orchards. The soil is just as rich as where trees of all kinds flourish, and
the weather is even more favorable. <A long study of the question has convinced
me that these are the reasons: First, there is not sufficient moisture to make the
trees flourish; second, the rain that does fall is not properly conserved, running
off before it has time to penetrate, on accounts of the winds keeping the ground
clear of leaves that would otherwise preserve the moisture,

Such trees as do get a start, sueh as our trees in central and western Oklahoma,
have roots going straight down to the submoisture. These roots are barely sufficient
to keep the tree alive and give it a meagre growth, but the feeder roots, that make
a tree flourish and grow large, are almost entirely lacking, on account of th absence
of moisture in the soil where the feeder roots would naturally grow.

I am convineed that if forests were treated in the same manner as orchards
according to the methods I have described above, we could raise just as good forests
on the uplands of the territory between the 20th and 25th meridians as in the river
bottoms of this district or in any other state.

If our prairie countries were planted in forests and cultivated by methods
discussed in this book, practically the entire rainfall would be retained, preventing
the great overflows of our rivers and streams, thereby saving immense tracts of
land from overflow.

What Forestry Has Done.

“Many people in this country think that forestry had never been tried until
the Government began to practice it upon the National Forests. Yet forestry is
practiced by every civilized country in the world, except China and Turkey. It gets
results which can be obtained in no other way, and which are necessary to the
ceneral welfare. Forestry is not a new thing. It was discussed two thousand years
azo, and it has been studied and applied with increasing thoroughness ever since.
The principles of forestry are everywhere the same. They rest on natural laws,
which are at work everywhere and all the time. It is simply a question of how
best to apply these laws to fit local needs and conditions. No matter how widely
countries may differ in size, climate, population, industry, or government, provided
only they have forests, all of them must come to forestry some time as a matter
of necessity.”

( 68 )

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A grove of young trees in the Author's front yard, Beeville, Texas

UNIVERSAL FARMING

“The more advanced and progressive countries arrive first and go farthest
in forestry, as they do in other thing. Indeed, we might almost take forestry as
a yardstick with which to measure the height of civilization. On the one hand,
the nations which follow forestry most widely and systematically would be found
to be the most enlightened nations. On the other hand, when we applied our yard-
stick to such countries as are without forestry, we could say with a good deal of
assurance, by this test alone, ‘Here is a backward nation. ”

“The countries of Europe and Asia, taken together, have passed through all
the stages of forest history and applied all the known principles of forestry. They
are rich in forest experience. The lessons of forestry were brought home to them
by hard knocks. Their forest systems were built up gradually as the result of
lardship. They did not at first spin fine theories and then apply those theories
by main force. On the contrary, they began by facing disagreeable facts. Every
step of the way toward AS forest use, the world over, has been made at the sharp
spur of want, suffering, or loss. As a result, the science of forestry is one of the
most practical and most directly useful of all sciences. It is a serious work,
undertaken as a measure of relief, and continued as a safeguard against future
calamity.”

Sec. 7.

CULTIVATION OF HIGHLY MANURED SOIL.

By following my method of farming, immense crops may be raised on highly
manured land. I raised a heavy crop of cotton on a portion of a cattle pen worked for
the first time, upon which others, including an expert farmer, had made a failure
under their method, although under much more favorable conditions. ‘This land,
though covered with manure 4 to 6 inches deep, produced under my theory of farm-
ing over one bale of cotton to the acre, this being the first time the soil was cul-
tivated. Some of the most expert farmers of the state attempted to demonstrate cot-
ton raising on highly manured land, but only produced two bales off of four and one-
half acres. This four and one-half acres had been farmed four years prior to this
season, but had been used as a feeding pen in the past. My experience with this crop
disproved the theory that too much manure is detrimental. It may, however, be
injurious to crops to use too much manure if the land is not properly’ cultivated.

See. 8.

PREPARING VEGETABLE BEDS.

Land for the raising of all kinds of vegetables should be well fertilized with
manure, if same is obtainable, and carefully prepared, by deep plowing in the
winter, the same as for other crops, using a little lime at the time of turning
land. “About 2 or 3 weeks before planting time, or long enough time to allow the
ditches, reaching the plant from beneath, and thereby preventing wilting even in
the hottest weather.

All small vegetables, such as radishes, lettuce, turnips, onions, ete., should be
planted on these beds in rows, six to eight inches apart. This is done to allow the
surface of the bed to be worked very shallow and kept loose, allowing the moisture
corttained in- the bed-to be drawn-near*the surface, where- it issreaehed-by the
roots. In hot climates water should always be applied on the roots, and never on
the plants. The planting in rows allows space for:applying commercial fertilizers
and cotton seed meal. About 20 pounds of cotton seed meal and 10 pounds of potash
should be used in a row, say 100 feet long. This fertilizer should be applied between
every row, three to four inches deep, and covered. The use of cotton seed meal

(70 )

— noe ee —- — SS — aoe: oe

=>

= ‘ a
ae x “= MAK es

A CABBAGE PATCH IN FEBRUARY IN SOUTHWEST TEXAS.

Garden scene near Beeville, Texas, on the S. P. and S. A. & A. P., connecting links with the

other States in the Gulf Coast district, the winter hot house of the United States. This was taken
in January, 1915. The cabbage is as solid as a rock, the average weight is 10 pounds, the speci-
mens shown wegh 18 to 20 pounds. What do you think of the chubby children?

UNIVERSAL) EA RIE TENIG

provides a good supply of nitrogen, which gives health and vitality to the plants.
The fertilizer used in this manner should be stirred and worked often, care being
used not to disturb roots of plants.

Cabbage should be planted, cultivated and fertilized in the same manner as
tomatoes and sweet potatoes, that is, by fertilizing early in lister furrows that have
been subsoiled, and opened up and stirred at planting time, which makes the plant
row in the same row containing the fertilizer.

Peas, beans, ete., should be planted in rows two feet apart, the land for same
having previously been prepared in the same manner as for other crops. When
ready to plant, a furrow is run, as deep as possible, with a Georgia stock and bull
tongue. Cotton seed meal (and hulls if obtainable), and potash are then applied
in these furrows and then covered up. The beans, peas, etc., are then planted flat,
half way between these rows containing the fertilizer, about the same amount of
meal and potash, as above issued.

Too much cannot be said in regard to preparing and fertilizing the land before
planting time, and if you expect to get good results in gardening, select only the
best of seed, regardless of the price. Money invested in good seed is money well
spent. Deal directly with reputable seed house, and always keep a complete record
of all seed planted, by so doing you can soon learn the best quality of seed to buy.

CHAPTER VI.
A Word of Advice to Farmers.

Kind reader, I would request your kind attention, and a close study of every
word in this little book, which deals with systematic and scientific gardening and
farming, and also the eare of orchards, vineyards, forests and small fruits of all
kinds. :

Before going further I would like to call your attention to the method of
farming, soil and water preservation of the noble southern farmer of sixty years
ago, who was in those days commonly called by the plantation negroes “Old Massa.”
When this good old Massa settled upon a tract of virgin land in the beautiful south
and cleared from the land the mighty forest, he planned and developed a system
for preserving every furrow of the precious soil. He constructed circular ditches
and water furrows to take care of the heavy rains in such a manner as would
preserve the soil. When the tourist in these days visited the Sunny South, he
noticed the wonderful progress of our great cotton belt. Where before had stood
the forests covering the hills and the valleys, appeared a scene of prosperity. The
conditions then were brought about by the employment of scientific methods of
holding and tilling the soil. This “Old Massa” was, in other words, a business
farmer with a system, and this kind of farming, just Hke any other business run
on a system, was bound to succeed. The world at large in those days would call
the cotton industry a golden treasury. All this was through him, the “Old Massa,”
heing a business farmer.

But what happened since those days? Has your father or yourself, dear reader,
practiced this “Old Massa’s” methods or followed in his footsteps? Have you made
the same success at farming? We must bow our heads in sorrow,—we have not!
Look at the hills that at one time towered, monuments to prosperity! Look at
them now, robbed of their crown of prosperity, devastated by haphazard farming
methods, done by rooters rather than farmers.

Now, kind reader, it matters not in what walk of life you may be, whether a
railroad president, an oil king, a banker, merchant or farmer, we should get together.
Let us practice and continue to improve our farming along scientific methods
instead of pursuing our course of murdering soil. We shape our own destiny.

(72 )

UNIVERSAL FARMING

Our future progress and prosperity depend upon co-operation and improved methods
of cultivating the soil.

Dear brother farmer, we do not appreciate and have been slow to accept the
assistance that has been offered by our government and business organizations.
Look at our experiment stations that have been established throughout the entire
country and the demonstration trains run by the railroads. Are these for the
benefit of railroads and business men alone? No, they are for the farmer also.
They try to improve and help him in his work, but the farmer is slow to accept.
These stations are backed by the railroads and the business people, and not by the
farmers. ‘The experts at these stations frankly admit that they do not know all
about farming—but neither do we. We can, by co-operating with these stations
and using improved methods, greatly increase our production upon land that we
have in the past pronounced worthless.

You may look about you and you will see farmers selling their blooded
stock. Why? Because they just naturally have not made enough feed to keep
them and they themselves seek a country where it rains regularly, and are again
disappointed. The result is you hear the familiar ery, “High cost of living.”
Therefore, lef our seven million farmers and gardeners get together and co-
operate with our business men such as I have mentioned above, and | am con-
fident that we will reduce the high cost of living. It will then be a pleasure to
farm and market our products. System is what we most need. Without system
none of our railroads, factories or governments could have succeeded. If system
succeeds with a large concern, then it will sueceed with the farmer. The union
Pacific railroad employs 25,000 men. Suppose the president of this road should
throw the reins with which he controls the system, into the hands of his 25,000
employees to manage. Do you believe that the trains would be run on time? We
are compelled to admit there would soon be no railroad. So it is with our vast
army of farmers who have no system and no living, and blame our railroads and
banks and merchants as the cause. On the other hand TI am confident that if you
farmers without a system would get together and employ improved methods in
your farming and systematically market and handle your products, you would then
cease to blame the large concerns, and would work together with them —then what
a mighty power you would be!

The farmer, with his up-to-date implements and machinery, has not made
the same progress that has marked other lines of business. In fact, his methods
will not compare with those of the farmer with the wooden plow of sixty or seventy
years ago.

CHAPTER VII.
A FEW USEFUL METHODS.

To Make Fruit a Sure Crop.

O insure a crop of all kinds of fruit every year, I use a method that I learned
from an neighbor in northern Alabama. He had always raised fruit, of good
size quality, even when others raised none. His method was this: After a
hard freeze in the winter, when the ground had been chilled to a considerable
depth, he would haul leaves and scatter deep over the ground for a radius of about
five or six feet about the tree and weight them down with brush or chunks of
vood. This would keep the frost in the ground, and also the moisture. When the
warm days came, even though the ends of the roots would be livened up, the sap
would not start, on account of the roots near the tree still being cold and the bloom
would be kept back until all danger of frost was over. The result was that when
the sap did start and the tree bloomed, the blossoms stayed on, and produced fruit.
The moisture preserved in the ground by the leaves helped to develop the fruit

(73 )

Blossoming Time In Southwest Texas

UNIVERSAL FARMING

and a fine crop always resulted. For the same purpose I have used cotton seed
hulls, spoiled hay, straw and other things of the kind. It is a good treatment for
apples, peaches, plums or any kind of fruit.

The writer has improved upon the method of his neighbor in northern Alabama.
He has not only studied fruit culture in the sand hills, but also in the river bottoms.
It will be noticed that wherever the frost is retained in the ground around the
roots, the bloom is always late, consequently the fruit is not killed by the frost.
Where orchards are located on sides of sand hills, and where the ground has been
frozen in the winter, a mulch is formed in the sand one to three inches deep when
the ground begins to thaw. This mulch acts as an insulator on the frost below
the mulch, and retains it there long enough to hold the sap down, thereby pre-
venting an early bloom. This same theory likewise applies to gumbo districts,
that is, when the thaw starts it forms a mulch one to three inches deep on top of
the ground and holds the frost the same as on the sandy hillsides. Where orchards
are located in sandy loam, this will not be the case, as the ground thaws out much
‘faster, and furthermore never freezes as deep. It is very essential to use the leaves
and hay around the trees after a hard freeze to keep the frost in the ground. This
should be applied usually in January or February. If hard freezes continue after
this has been applied, this insulation should be removed, allowing all the frost
possible to enter the ground, after which it should be covered again, and left until
the trees bloom.

As to smutty corn for feeding. Never feed whole. In shucking, be very careful
to throw out all the worst ears, or don’t shuck them at all. Then take this corn,
shell it and have it ground into chops. For feeding take three parts of corn chops
and one part of cotton seed meal, and moisten same. This will prevent blind
staggers.

Another feed the value of which I would like to impress upon the intelligent
farmers and truckers is wheat straw. We should all try to sow a few acres of
wheat. In the first place, you will save many a dollar on flour, for which you
now pay a dollar and a quarter to a dollar and a half for forty or fifty pounds.
You can easily raise in Oklahoma and Texas from ten to fifteen bushels of wheat
to the acre. By doing so, an acre would net you from fifteen to twenty dollars, and
in addition would produce from one to one and one-half tons of feed. On the
same land can then be planted June corn, Kaffir corn, or a crop of sweet potatoes
can be raised by planting runners from the vines planted early in the spring.

The wheat straw should be carefully stacked so as to keep it from spoiling,
and in the fall take your feed cutting machine, which is driven by a small gasoline
engine, and chop up and store the straw away in your barn. To feed, mix three
parts of corn chops, one part of cotton seed meal, and the straw chops. Add a
little salt, if desired, and sprinkle over it enough water at feeding time for each
feed, to keep it from being dusty. Feed just enough so there will be none left in
the trough. Use good tight troughs, made of wood. By using this feed, you will
need no hay. This feed is good for horses, mules, cows, sheep, ete. To fatten
steers, use 3 parts cotton seed meal, 1 part corn chops and the straw chops.

Every good farmer should own a gasoline engine. It is a cheap power and the
invention of the gasoline engine has made it possible for every farmer to grind

his own feed as it should be ground, at a minimum cost. All feed should be ground
on the farm.

(76 )

UNTVERSAT SE ARMING

MY DEAR READER:

You can readily see that it takes moisture and fertility to raise a crop. We
see large and flowery advertisements describing the beauties and fertility of the
soil. And this is occurring all over the country to induce people to go to the farm.
Let anyone who seeks to imigrate to the farm, first investigate the land, see
what the climate is, the length of the season, and the productiveness of the soil.
If it will produce twenty-five bushels of corn or more, fifteen or twenty bushels
of peas or beans per acre, it will be worth twenty-five dollars per acre.

If it will produce fifty to seventy-five bushels of corn feterita, or beans per
acre it is worth a hundred dollars or more. Always find out what kind of water
and how deep to it. Be sure that the water is good for irrigation, then you should
bear in mind that you must irrigate to make farming a success. And by the system
set forth in this book, by preserving the moisture in the early fall and winter it
would only require from fifty to a hundred thousand gallons of water per acre,

and make a full crop.

Irish potatoes would yield from two to three hundred bushels per acre. Sweet
potatoes from three to five hundred or more bushels per acre. Corn from one
hundred to two hundred bushel per acre. Wheat, oats, rye, peas, beans, from
twenty-five to seventy-five bushels or more. Mangel-Wurzel from forty to one
hundred tons per acre. Sorghum for silage, from twenty to sixty tons per acre.
Cotton from one to two bales per acre. Or anything else you plant will make a
full crop or perhaps twenty-five times as much as it is made on an average without
the water or fertility and fertilizing.

Now we ean tell you from the very best authorities that in the semi-arid belt
it takes on an average of eighty acres to make a car load. But in following our
svstem i. e. by improving the land through fertilization and irrigation, you can
produce a carload from 1-2 acre.

Now we want to give you this information concerning the present system or
farming to prevent thousands of people coming into the country and settling under
such a condition as will discourage them and ruin them and throw them back into

the cities.

Under the system set forth in this book, millions of aeres could be turned into
propsperous homes. ‘Take pains in plowing the land in the fall or early winter from
ien to fourteen inches deep; keep the surface rough by using the cultivator, and at
intervals, raise it to create little ditches. Then before planting in the spring it
should be plowed again from five to eight inches deep, not disturbing the subsoil.
After the first planting the cultivation should be from six to eight inches and deeper,
the second, third, fourth, fifth, and more or less should be from three to four inches
deep so as not to disturb the roots. This will place your field in a level condition.
But the land must be kept clean.

When irrigating allow the water to run in the center between the rows,
whether it is corn, cotton or potatoes or whatever it should be. If your land should
be sloping you should first go through the center with a large sweep or cultivator,
raising up said cultivator at intervals, according to the slope of your land. This
will create a little dam. You may then allow your water to run down to the far end.
Yo do this you will have to cut the litthe dams in the center to allow the water to
reach the last dam and when the first to the second is filled then close your second
dam and so on till they are all filled and closed.

(76 )

UNIVERSAL FARMING

The land purchaser should investigate the land that he intends to buy to see
what underlies the land. You can easily do this by taking a tiling spade or a post-
hole digger. Hardpan or waxy clay will not allow the water to penetrate
and nothing can be grown on such land. See whether the soil contains alkali
or not. There are two kinds of aleali, solid white and black. This land is of no
benefit and is worthless. Also be sure to see that the land has not too many wash-
outs as such land is hard to build up.

Our Government is puzzled to know how to reduce the high cost of living and
if will be puzzled as long as they work under the old system of farming. . J. Hill,
the great railroad magnate and Missouri Farmer always ends his speeches by
saying, “What are we going to feed those millions with, the growing population.”
We say under our system, “Don’t Worry.” All we want is co-operation with the
Government in marketing our product direct to the consumer.

Therefore we invite our brothers to co-operate with us in this great work
in revolutionizing our farming industry. And by so doing, reduce the cost of
high living.

After studying this little book you can raise anything for your home or kitchen,
let us can all that is possible and if you have a good receipt tell your neighbor.
Here are a few receipts of value in canning and preserving:

Chow Chow receipt: Twelve quarts of tomatoes; six quarts of cucumbers; one
dozen sweet peppers; three heads of cabbage; one dozen onions; 1 gallon of vinegar;
two boxes of mustard, one tablespoon full of blaek pepper ground; one-half cup
of sugar; let vinegar come to a boil, mix mustard in a little bowl and stir smoothe
with water and then stir it into boiling vinegar.

Tomatoes: Remove the skins from the tomatoes by boiling a few in clear
water. Take one pound of sugar to one pound of fruit, and thin slices of lemon,
and let all stand together over night. Pour off the juice and let boil, skimming
well, then put in tomatoes and let boil for half an hour. Take out the tomatoes
in a dish and let cool. When syrup has thickened put the tomatoes in jars, and
pour over them the syrup.

Sausage: Here is a receipt that you may find very useful to make sausage.
Kighteen pounds of lean and twelve pounds of fat pork, nine tablespoons of salt
and six of pepper and four of sage. Grind in sausage grinder.

If you should desire more good receipts in canning and preserving of fruits
and vegetables, get the Capitol Cook Book, published by Von Beeckman Jones,
Printers, Austin, Texas.

THE SYSTEM OF FARMING IN A NUTSHELL AND WHAT TO PLANT. ..

First break the land in the early fall or winter. There are six elements essential
to successful farming.

First: Preservation of the fertility of the soil, by making cirele ditehes and
water furrows, and ridges high enough to retain the heavy rainfall. These furrows
and ditches are located so as to prevent water from washing the soil away.

Second: Preservation of rain fall and moisture.

Third: Fertilizing.

Fourth: Sub-soiling.

Fifth: Care of plant root, by shallow cultivation.

Sixth: Pure seed.

Remarks:

UNIVERSAL FARMING

Legame crops, use nitrogen or hydrated lime, they are soil buillers, take care
of the fertility of the soil, and the soil will make you prosper and be content.

What to plant. Soy beans, early yellow if grown for seed, plant rows three
feet. apart, two to three plants to the foot in the drill. Inoculate your beans
with nitrogen before planting, also all peas, beans, clover and alfalfa, cultivate
beans with weeder before they come up. Several cultivations should be given after
they are up.

Field corn. Oklahoma White Wonder, Thomas corn or Boone County Corn,
plant corn as early as possible, first cultivation as deep as possible and the other «
shallow.

Cotton. Rouden Big Bowl, Simpkins Prolific, Russell B. B. Prolific, Hawkins
extra Early Prolific. These are Mr. Kameier’s favorites and we are sure they
will be yours.

Potatoes. The Red Triumph, Early Ohio or Extra- Early Bovee and Irish
iobbler.

All crops should be cultivated as mentioned above. For pasture, sow inoculated
hairyvetch, between the corn rows at the last plowing of the corn, it will furnish
you with pasture throughout the fall, winter and spring, but where you are building
up worn-out land it should not be pastured, but plowed under when sowed in
February or March, it can be cut in June for hay, second growth for pasture during
summer. Soy beans planted in March, two and one-half feet apart, it takes about
four pecks of seed to the acre, cultivate three times after they are up, this will
make one of the finest hays on earth. Harvest Soy beans as soon as pods are
formed. Soy beans for silage. One row of beans and one of corn, the required
amount of seed to the acre is two pecks of corn and two pecks of beans, this also
applies Feterita for planting, with the beans and also black hull white Kaffir corn.
Red Top Cane and late Mammoth Soy beans also are good for silage.

Here are the greatest producers known for silage under favorable season and
irrigation, tonnage per acre, Soy beans and corn, thirty tons, Kaffir corn and beans,
twenty-five tons; seed ribbon and mammoth Soy beans, forty tons, Mangel Wurzel,
non-silage, one hundred tons and more.

Vegetables for each farmer to plant to furnish his own kitchen; Carpinteria
Pole Lima Beans, Earliest Red Speckled Valentine, Hodson Green Pod, Early Burpee’s
Stringless, Currie’s Rust-Proof Wax, Dwarf Prolific, Bush Lima, Keeney’s Rust-
less Golden Wax Beans, Glory of Enkhizen Cabbage, a comparatively new Cabbage
from Holland.

The Brimmer Tomato, the Matchless, and the Pondorosa Tomato.

Table Beets. Crosby’s Early Egyptian, Early Model. This beet is a perfect
elobe shape and small tap roots and in flavor it cannot be beat and splendid for
pickling purposes.

Carrots. Cgantenay, the best carrot for table use. Be sure and get this carrot.
It is also a stock feed.

Cauliflower. King of the Market, or Early Danish Snowball.
Lettuce. California Cream and Butter.

Mushmelon. Defender. Watermelon. The Tom Watson, Alabama Sweet,
Rocky Ford, Seminole.

Onions. Southport White Globe, Bermuda.

Parsley. Dwarf Perfection.

(78 )

UNIVERSAL FARMING

Peas. Alaska, a variety of remarkable earliness

Sweet Potatoes. The Pride of Kansas, The Vineless.

Pumpkins. Tennessee Sweet Potato, a good variety for making pies and for
other cooking purposes. And the Common Field or the Big Tom.

Spinach. The True Victoria, and the New Zealand.

Brussels Sprouts, another member of the cabbage family. Copenhagen, a new
early cabbage. Alsi the Early Jersey Wakefield, The Solid South, All Head Early,
Sure Head, Late Flat Dutch, and the American Perfection Drumhead Savoy.

Cucumber. Improved Long Green, Green Prolific Pickling.

Peas and beans for the field. Mammoth Yellow Soja. It is not necessary to
feed corn, cotton seed meal or any oil food whatever when feeding Soja beans. It
is the only crop that furnishes a balance ration in one crop, it’s drought resisting,
it is impossible for any weed to grow where the Soja bean is growing. The Whip-
porwhill, Red Ripper, and Taylot.

The Jerusalem Artichokes are very prolific and the best hog feed that I know of.

Try a peck of Virginia corn. It often grows to a height of sixteen feet. It
and Soja beans produce 40 tons per acre.

Mangel Wurzel, Mammoth Prize Long Red, Golden Tankard, and the Silesian
Sugar. Also try the Large Yellow Belgian Carrot for stock feeding.

Plant in June or July the white Navy bean. Never cultivate your beans when
they are in bloom. Always cultivate beans and peas of all kinds shallow, and
never work them while the dew is on them.

If you use tobacco we would recommend the following:

For Cigarettes. Improved Long Leaf Gooch, Granville County Yellow, Improved
Hester, and the Hyco and Bradley Broadleaf.

For cigars. Florida Sumatra, Imported Havana, Vuelta de Abajo and the
Choice Havana. The above mentioned are good for both cogars and pipe tobacco.

For the tobaco plant bed. Fix same as you would your cabbage plant bed.
The plant should be highly fertilized and should be prepared a month before the
seeds are planted. Said bed should be covered about four to six inches deep with
rough barnyard manure or straw. It should be thoroughly soaked with water if
it is dry. Leave it in that condition until seeding time comes, about the first of
February, in the light of the moon.

Then rake off the barnyard manure and sow your seed, rake them in about
a half inch, then spread over some old sacks weighted down with about
an inch or two of rough straw. In about six or eight days examine the bed
by raising up the sack which is covered with straw. If you find said bed dry
sprinkle water over the top of the straw. Look after them every day or so and
if you notice the plants are coming up take off the sack and the straw and only
cover them up in case of a hard rain and a frost. All seeds should be soaked in
luke-warm water twenty-four hours before planting.

Seed beds for cabbage, tomatoes, cauliflower, and all replanting plants the
beds should be prepared in that manner. Preparing your tobacco patch, fertilize
said patch heavy with hog manure. Break up said patch about a month before
planting, then losen up said patch about four or five inches deep in a nice smooth
condition, then plant. First cultivation should be from four to five inches deep, the
other cultivations should be shallow. Always cultivate your tobacco patch and
all other crops with a small oval-shap bed around the plant.

Tobacco does well throughout the cotton belt and there is no other fertilizer
that will give tobacco the fine Havana flavor as hog manure. This is a study of
forty years. Try it. Don’t forget to plant all the beans and peas that you can.
They are soil builders and money makers. Try the Velvet beans, the famous forage
and soil building plant. The only trouble is that there is no plow that will turn
twenty-five tons; seed ribbon and mammoth Soy beans, forty tons, Mangel Wutzel,

(79 )

UNIVERSAL FARMING

under said velvet beans, but by writing me a letter and enclosing $5.00 I will send
you a device whereby you can turn the most rankest growth under, even corn
that is ten or fifteen feet high. By making up a club of five members and sending
me five dollars I will send you this device.

You should never fail to plant a half acre of the Mammoth Russian Sunflower,
Which is one of the best egg producers known and it will make you all the bean
poles that you want. They should be pointed while they are green and so that
they will not get wet.

Try a peck of White Velvet Okra. The pods are perfectly round, smooth
and of an attractive white velvet appearance.

Sow close to your corn and cotton patch some buckwheat. It is a great blossom
plant and then keep a few bee hives. These bees and buckwheat will help you
make a prolific crop, and also a few pounds of honey which should be in every
household.

To every hundred tons of silage you should have at least twenty tons of pea
hay, and oats hay. When fed it should be chopped up fine. Also four tons of
eotton seed meal or corn meal. This will make you one of the finest fattening
rations knovyn. Also to every hundred tons of Mangel Wutzel use the above in-
gredients. Plant beans and peas; they will make you independent With the feed
mixture dampen enough water which is sweetened with molasses and salt to taste.
This will prevent blind staggers and many other diseases.

Always keep a package of Bug Death. ‘This preparation is sure death to the
potato bug.

The time required for garden seed to germinate. Beans, beets, corn, cucumber,
cauliflower, jettuce, onions, peas, radish, tomatoes, and turnips, if the ground is
warm, from five to six days. Carrots, celery, parsnips, pepper, from ten to fifteen
days. If the ground is cold it will take again as long and ninety per cent of them
will decay and won't come up.

Maturing of different garden crops. Beans, peas, anl lettuce from forty to
sixty days. Beets, cabbage, cauliflower, egg-plant, watermelon, mushmelon, pepper,
onions, radish, squash, tomato, and turnips, from forty to one hundred and sixty
days.

Number of plants and trees to the acre at given distances:

In rich and highly fertilized soil and for irrigation and where no irrigation
is used plant about one-third this amount. This table is for irrigation:

Different plants Inches in row. Inches in drill. No. of plants
COP nee ee eee eect 36 12 14,250
(B70; F Hoe We perce eee eat eee Cen ee ten, Cree ee 36 36 4,480
RSA STON Ain (O(0) 0 0 Vaieecepserteee ae asst aie Ure lr ee et 36 12 14,520
Wie tarea Pate so eae ae eee ee 36 3 58,030
COE a) Oe a= anaes Tot Ce Bono 36 20 7,500
Cawlitlower --22.22 2552S ee ee 36 24 7,290
GEER TR Staats cea eo ee oe ie eek ced nee 18 4 144,000
Mable -e@et.-..22-.. 2.42 2 eee 18 4 144,000
EDC 2c) eee eg eee eee eee em RSE eae 30 12 18,000
ATAU IND > E82 castes ata se ete are oe 18 12 29,000
| BXGY GENO) SH Mer eeneranetiee eee ee eee e A ea a tah 36 12 {5,000
Sweets po tate) a. 22.43.. ee 36 18 9,680
Wine rinell ome sek tex ese <A eeer eeri tne ae anon 192 {92 170
Concordierap ess. \-<c--5 ee ee nies 120 72 726
Blackberries. sons ek bee ee eee 60 36 2,900
BLOUC OyWollcete OUR Go UeeeeMeeeec eat MeenG Re Sh eT 8 192 192 170
Peachiand apples... ees ee eee 192 192 170

UNIVERSAL FARMING

Corn and soy beans, the early yellow, mature about the same time, for silage.

Here is a standard variety of sweet corn. Adams, Mohawk, Mammoth and
Mexican.

Rhubarb and pie plant culture. Sow in drills eighteen inches apart and one
inch deep. Thin out the plants to six inches apart. In the fall prepare the per-
manent bed by trenching two feet deep, mixing a liberal quantity of manure with
the soil. Into this set the plants about five feet apart each way. The stalk should
not be cut until the second year. One ounce should give about five hundred plants.

Plant more beans, but try the Tepary bean, the most drought resisting bean
known.

Inoculation. Formogerm High-bred Nitrogen gather bacteria, discovered in
i886 by Hellricgel, a noted German scientist. This scientist proved nitrogen is
taken out of the air.

Do not forget that cooking adds twenty-five to fifty per cent to the value of
cookable feeds, such as Mangei and other root crops, especially corn and cotton seed
meal. Do not buy worn-out land. If you should buy worn-off land the fertilizer
factories will surely reap the benefit of your labor, and you will be a pauper all
vour life, and it will take four generations to build up this worn-out land. Now
kind reader, listen. Land that you have to fertilize at the expense of five dollars
per acre, taking four generations at twenty-one years to the generation, this
would make sixty-four years, you have then fertilized your acre sixty-four times,
which would bring up your land to three hundred and twenty dollars per acre,
besides the first payment. Now, what is worn-out land worth?

If you are looking for good land, come and see us at Beeville. We will acquaint
vou with our expert.

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SUF Fiabe Ney

UNIVERSAL FARMING

THE WHY OF THE SILO.

(From the Kansas Experiment Station.)

Permanent farm prosperity can come only in proportion to the amount of live
stock carried on our farms. This is the history of the world’s operations. The silo
will enable every farmer to carry three times as much live stock as he is now
keeping and will relieve him of the uncertainty heretofore existing in feed supply.

The silo is not new and untried. Silage is not an experimental feed. For
fifty years silos and silage have been used in the old countries, and for twenty-five
years have been regarded as a necessity in those sections of th United States in
which it has become necessary to exercise economy in the saving of feed grown, and
in the most economical feeding of all kinds of live stock.

The economy of the silo is apparent when it is realized that one ton of cured
forage will make three tons of silage, so that on farms where the forage has here-
tofore been cut and cured the quantity and feeding value has diminished two-thirds
in original quantity and value as compared with the same feed placed in the silo.
Consequently a field providing cured forage for twenty head of stock will provide,
in silage, feed for sixty head.

The important economy, however, in silage lies in its superior feeding value
as compared with the cured feed. Silage retains all of the food constituents together
with all of the succulence and the palatability of the green crop. Every farmer
knows the value of green corn fed to the dairy cow, the fattening steer, the sheep
horse or hog, when pastures are dry and short. This indicates the value of an equal
quantity of silage given the animal in mid-winter. Good silage is in feeding value
the equal of the green crop.

Silage, in fact, is the equal of June pasture. Isn’t it wonderful that by means
of the silo it is possible to supply live stock in the winter with the pasture of June?
The Indiana experiment station has established the value of silage compared with
pasture. In these experiments milch cows and steers were alternately pastured
on clover and timothy and blue grass and fed silage in a dry lot. The result, in
each instance, showed silage the equal of the pastures named.

Experience of eastern farmers has demonstrated how the silo takes the place
of pasture where land is too high-priced for pasture, also in sections where native
grasses have been exterminated and where no pasture substitute has been found.
The silo is as valuable for summer feeding as for winter feeding.

Summarizing the advantages of the silo and silage, the facts are: The silo
saves all the feed by making use of the entire crop; stores economically and safely;
provides a succulent feed the equal of the green plant; reduces cost of ration;
stimulates the milk flow; produces growth and beef cheaply; and reduces to a
minimum the labor of saving feed and feeding.

Crops for Silage.

Numerous crops are available for silage. Any crop makes good forage cured
ean be more or less successfully siloed. Corn is the king of Silage crops. In sections
where other crops outyield corn in grain and forage or are of more certain yield,
such can be safely depended upon for filling the silo. In Kansas, Oklahoma,
Nebraska and Colorado, Kaffir, cane and milo are the principal silage crops. Ex-
perience has proven these the equal of corn, and many farmers are now filling
their silos with these in preference to corn. The more certain yield of thes drouth-
resisting crops makes it safe to say that the silo can be filled every year.

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UNIVER SA CoA RR MoAeNsG

The Kansas experiment station fed dairy cows corn and cane alternately with
results establishing the equality of cane to corn silage in the production of milk.
On cane silage the herd increased in weight and lost that increase when put back
onto corn silage. This would indicate that cane silage has a greater value than
corn silage in beef feeding.

Cowpeas and oats either separately or in combination are successful silage
crops, although on account of the smaller tonnage than that of other crops named
they are not generally grown for silage except as they may be used as catch crops.

Alfalfa is successfully siloed. However, hay cut at the right time and properly
cured is so good that it is not considered profitable to place it in the silo, except
in case it may have become wet and consequently difficult or impossible to cure,
when it may be saved to the best advantage in the silo. The first crop of alfalfa
is on many farms saved in the silo when it has been rained on in the windrow
or cock. Alfalfa so siloed may be fed during the summer and early fall and gotten
out of the silo before the corn, Kaffir or milo is ready.

Siloing Corn Fodder.

In numerous instances the silo has proved its value on farms on which fattening
cattle are fed through the cutter as is the green crop, and through the blower of
the cutter is run a sufficient quantity of water to thoroughly wet the cutfodder.
This, packed in the silo, makes the corn stalks soft and palatable, increases the
digestibility, and easily doubles the feeding of the corn fodder. In Kansas, Nebraska,
Missouri and Illinois, this has become a common practice. The silos are first filled
with the green feed and when emptied are filled with corn fodder as above described.

When to Cut for Silage.

For best results mature crops should be siloed. Cut corn when it is in the
dent stage, Kaffir, cane and milo when just past the dough stage. These are ideal
conditions under which to silo these crops. However, should the weather be so
unfavorable that the crop is rapidly drying up, either of these crops can at this
stage be siloed, saving thereby the largest possible tonnage and the fullest possible
feed value. It must be realized, however, that no immatur crop has reached its
fullest feeding value, and for this reason should be allowed to stand until the food
constiuents exist in the largest quantity, which is just before the hardening of
the seed. :

The silo appears to great advantage in the economical storing of feed from one
year to another. Silage put up this year and not fed is as valuable for feeding
next year, or for that matter five years hence, as it was the year of filling. This
is an important feature in that in years of plenty crops may be siloed and held for’
feeding during the lean years. It is in this respect that the silo is an insurance
policy on the feed required for the live stock. Live stock farming cannot be
successful unless a sure and certain method of feeding accompanies it. The silo
furnishes this.

Storage Economy in Silos.

The economical storage of feed is a strong point in favor of the silo. A ton
of silage in a silo thirty feet high occupies forty feet. A ton of hay in a mow
four hundred cubic feet. A ton of hay, therefore, occupies ten times as much
space as an equal quantity of silage. The silo affords the most economical structure
in which to store and house feed. The cutting, curing and hauling of hay into the
mow costs $1.50 per ton. To place silage in the silo costs 60 to 75 cents per ton.

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TURNIPS IN FEBRUARY IN SOUTHWEST TEXAS.

CARROTS GROWN IN WINTER IN SOUTHWEST TEXAS.

UNIVERSAL FARMING

Principle of the Silo.

The silo is a receptacle for the storing of green feed, the successful storing of
which necessitates the exclusion of air by the structure itself and through the
settling of the mass. It is for this reason that silos are built air-tight and pro-
portioned so that the height is twice the diameter. The pressure from above is
necessary in the air exclusion and as an aid in bringing about the change necessary
for the preservation of the silage. The top of the silo is sealed air-tight as a result
of the rotting of eight to ten inches of the surface silage between the time of filling
and the time of opening at the beginning of the feeding period. The sides of the silo
must be smooth and perpendicular, permitting the unobstructed settling of the
silage. The preservation of the green crop with all its original succulance and
palatability for the live stock is parallel with the canning and the preserving of
fruit, and the same essential principles prevail.

Silo Makes Feed Saving Easy.

The daily hauling of feed through wind and mud and the chopping of feed
out of snow and ice is the most expensive operation on the farm. The silo does
away with all this. The winter’s feed is placed in the silo in a few days in the fall
of the year while the weather is fine. Instead of mowing, raking and forking the
sorghum into cocks in which the feed dries out, leeches and rots from the rain
and snow, the feed is placed on the wagon and hauled to the silo. In the silo it is
protected from the weather, is handy for feeding, and the acme of convenience
and economy is accomplished. With the silo the winter’s feed saving is completed
at one operation. The silage is fed in bunks or in the barn, and all of it is eaten.
One beef man reports feeding 1,500 steers with one team and two men. What other
method feeding can result in such economy of labor?

Size Silo to Meet Requirements.

To feed silage in the best possible condition after the silo is opened and feeding
has once begun, it is necessary that one and a half to two inches of silage be fed
trom the entire surface of the silage daily. It is necessary, therefore, that the
size of the silo be such as will permit feeding this amount for the feeding period.
When the silo is so large that this amount cannot be fed, then there is depreciation |
in the value of the feed on account of continued exposure of the silage to the air.

A silo thirty feet deep will permit the feeding of 1 1-2 inches in depth per day
for 240 days. A silo 24 feet deep will allow the feeding of 1.2 inches per day for
the same time. The diameter must therefore conform to the size of the herd
if 1 1-2 to 2 inches of silage is to be fed per day. The mean weight of silage per
cubic foot for a silo 30 feet deep is 39.6 pounds, and allowing 40 pounds of silage
will feed one cow one day. If the silo is 24 feet deep there will be required 1.14
cubic feet of silage to give the desired weight.

The following table shows the ratio between diameter of silo and number of
cows to be fed:

Dia Ferme (SILO Min Lee bees eee ere eee ae eee 10 12 14 16 18
NTIS ST Ot COWS lOO el © eee eee 12 {7 23 30 38

The table shows the amount of silage which will be consumed per day for a
feeding season of 240 days:

No. 40 Lbs. 30 Lbs. 20 Lbs. 10 Lbs.
Cattle Per day. Per day. Per day. Per day.
40 eek 48 tons 36 tons 24 tons 12 tons
D (Vk 96 tons 72 tons 48 tons 24 tons
LY atte he eT ee. 144 tons 108 tons 72 tons 36 tons
A) A ee es 192 tons 144 tons 96 tons 48 tons
50 ae 240 tons 180 tons 120 tons 60 tons

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UNIVERSAL FARMING

Cost of Filling Silo.

The cost of filling the silo involves cutting the green feed, hauling to the cutter,
the power required for operating the cutter, and the cost of the labor involved in
each operation. It will be apparent that the cost of hauling from the field to the
silo will depend upon the distance the feed must be hauled; upon the acres of
ground to be cut over; the necessary help and teams hired—in fact, wholly upon
the conditions existing on each particular farm. The economical and convenient
way of filling is for the farmer to exchange work with his neighbors as he does
in haying or threshing.

At the Iowa station for a period of eight years it has cost from 60 to 75 cents
per ton to fill the station silos. The higher cost was due to a long haul of and
rainy weather when the hauling and loading were more difficult. These figures
include every item of cost, including interest on investment in teams, wagons and
machinery.

The following statement, furnished by a very successful dairy farmer, gives
a fair idea of the cost of filling the silo: “We hire an extra man or two and make
long days with the regular help during the filling season. We have our own outfit,
silo cutter and engine (16-horse gasoline), also corn binder. We use our regular
low wheel flat rack wagons and have two pitchers in the field.

Ro ee Tea See. CURT Vie TS ose ae ne eee tee erect a ron eee ne eee $16.00
(Croverd Nou ave key am OMEN ALA OO LRA Ets Ot beeen enn Pon Aaa tenia a babe eenen mene oo See 10.00
Caiee vale, CMI, WIG (ONE PAM a2. ass occ cee tcm on etemcnctetee cect ceem ee 15.00
PEPE RL Pa ANNOND: <Q! OMG IN 22-2 oacee 2 ec acetate oe ee crap. aaieetlc, Meee tee, ee, 5.00
AN yay 2 TENN TOL Td tae ONS 0 ae eee cw kane eon he eee a eee ee ae te ne 5.00
SIP EY MEATS "Ol ASU TS e etcetera Sag, 3.60

MOAI GOST THOU: ay ea sitende ets cok Se cee ee Ba Nee ine aces $54.60

“This crew will put in from 85 to 90 tons per day, thus it costs around 60 to
65 cents per ton to fill the silo.”

Men who make a business of furnishing the power and cutting machinery for
filling silos write Kansas Farmer that they take filling contracts at 25 to 35 cents
per ton. ‘These figures include no expense for labor except a man to look after
engine and cutter.

Silo for Summer Feeding.

On many farms there is no pasture, and on many more there is a scarcity of
pasture, and in either case is precluded the possibility of keeping the live stock
the farm owner desires. On such farms silage will take the place of pasture. The
use of silage is cheaper and much less laborious than soiling methods. The summer
silo will supplement short pastures and maintain the milk flow or keep the calves
and young cattle growing. On thousands of farms the summer silo has become
a necessity, and while in the middle west farmers generally may not yet be
thinking much about the summer silo, it nevertheless holds for them possibilities
of which many have not thought.

Size of Silo and Acres Required to Fill.

The relation of the size of the silo to the amount of silage to be used daily and
the number of acres of crop required to fill the silo and to feed the dairy herd of
from 14 to 50 cows at the rate of 30 pounds of silage per day is shown in the table
following:

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UNIVERSAL FARMING

Number 240 days at Acres of corn

of 30 pounds At 15 tons Inside Depth of

COWS. Per day. Per acre. Diameter. Silage
Al () Rea ae eee 36 tons 214 to 3 acres OMCs eatite
O() ease ee eee 72 tons 4% to 5 acres LZ) 106, 30 ft.
= | Pas arene ie 108 tons 7 to 8 acres 14 ft. BPA ie
Le) eee Se eee 144 tons 9 to 10 acres {8 ft. 29 ft.
Fs () eee ee eee {80 tons 114 to 12 acres XO) itt 30 ft.

It will be noted from the foregoing table that the smallest silo considered has a
capacity of 36 tons for feeding 10 cows 240 days.

The above tables are figured on the basis of a feeding season of 240 days, or
approximately eight months. This may be considered generally a long season,
but many years the season is this long. The object of the stlo is to improve the
feeding operations and to do so feed must be provided when it is needed. In other
words it is urged that in the silo enough feed must be placed to meet every possible
requirement of the farm live stock.

Erroneous Ideas About Silos.

It is not unusual to receive an inquiry asking if if is a fact that the acid of
silage is injurious to the digestive organs of the animal and if silages does not
cause cattle to lose their teeth, ete. These are mistaken ideas, and wholly without
foundation in facet. Silage is not detrimental to the health of animals. On the
other hand, it is advantageous. Good silage is only slightly sour. The mild acid
is extremely palatable and in general is highly beneficial. The feeding of silage
is not experimental.

Silo Pays for Itself Annually.

An investment in a silo will pay one hundred per cent dividend per year. Many
silo users have written that their silos paid for themselves the first year. It saves
the forty per cent of the corn crop which heretofore has each year gone to waste.
if saves all feed in the most palatable condition and with its highest feeding value.
Silage keeps the herd thrifty and growing throughout the feeding season, whereas
ordinary winter feeding methods do not accomplish this. The feeder with a silo
has butcher-beef in his herd for sale at any time.

Silage for the Steer.

At the Kansas experiment station a herd of 2-year-old steers was selected and
divided into three lots. One lot was fed silage, alfalfa, corn and Kaffir; the second
did not receive silage; the third had Kaffir roughage in the place of silage. Each
Jot was finished with the addition of cottonseed meal to the grain ration. The
results of the test showed that the first lot fed silage made 100 pounds of gain
at a cost of $4.91; the second lot, which received the same kind of feed except the
silage, made 100 pounds of gain at a cost of $5.44; and the third lot, in which Kaffir
roughage was substituted for silage, made gains at a cost of $6.68 per hundred;
lot 2 at 4.70; and lot 3 at $4.50. These results show the value of silage in the fattening
of beef cattle.

Silage vs. Grain for Milch Cows.

The farmer who milks cows—like the beef feeder—does not so keep his records
as to show the actual comparative results obtained from feeding a ration composed
largely of silage as compared with his former feeding methods. He knows, however,

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UNIVERSAL FARMING

that the silage-fed cow produces a larger milk flow than the cow eating dry forage,
and that the cow milks longer and that his cream check is larger. These are the
essential results to him.

The Ohio experiment station obtained 96.7 pounds of milk and 5.08 pounds of
butter fat per hundred pounds of dry matter, when fifty per cent of the dry matter
was derived from silage and 18 per cent derived from grain. The cows produced
81.3 pounds of milk and 39 pounds of butter fat per hundred pounds of dry matter
when 57 per cent of the dry matter was derived from grain, no silage fed. The
average net profit per cow—over cost of feed—was $5.86 with the silage ration,
and $2.40 with the grain ration. These are figures showing the extent to which
silage can be made to take the place of grain fed to mileh cows. For practical
purposes a ration of 30 to 35 pounds of silage per day with 6 to 7 pounds of alfalfa
hay—which is all the hay a cow eating the above quantity of silage will consume—
is a satisfactory ration for milk production.

Silage Consumed by Different Kinds of Stock.

Winter calves, eight months old, will eat 15 to 25 pounds of silage per day.
Winter breeding cows, 30 to 50 pounds.

Beef ranging in age from 18 to 22 months will eat during the first period of
fattening 20 to 30 pounds of silage, and during the finishing stage, 12 to 20 pounds
per day.

Milch cows will eat 30 to 50 pounds of silage per day, depending upon the weight
of the animal and amount of milk produced.

Winter breeding sheep will eat 3 to 5 pounds per day. Fattening lambs require
2 to 3 pounds, and fattening sheep 3 to 4 pounds.

Hogs will eat 3 to 5 pounds per day, varying, of course, with the size of the
hog. It should be kept in mind that silage will enter into the winter feeding of the
hog to the same extent only that pasture does in the summer season.

Horses not at work can be fed 15 to 20 pounds of silage per day, safely, and
horses at work 10 to 12 pounds.

Lyons, Okla., Nov. 10, 1942.

Gentlemen—Sirs—To whom it may concern: As to silo, I have had one
for twenty-two years, filled every year but two. Reason for not filling the two,
I thought I had more feed than I needed—but to quite an disadvantage—not so much
milk, and more grain. Spring came, feed all gone. No man can feed steers or cows,
or sheep, as cheaply on pasture as with a silo, by one-third to one-half. On silage,
with 20 acres of land, good land—if not good, cows will make it so—twenty head
can be kept, on same. The cost for filling here is about 35 cents per cow per
month, taking corn on hill. Can fill with cowpeas, ete. The kind of silo I would
recommend would be cement. There are three kinds, solid wall, hollow wall, of
blocks, and a cement plank, 3 inches thick, {0 inches wide, 30 inches long, joints
broke and hooped. For a warm climate, cement will not give trouble from shrink-
ing when empty, and will stand wind better. With a balanced ration milk cows
will keep fat, for beef I have been aéquainted with silos since 1878.

Kaffir Makes Good Ensilage.

Kaffir will make a very good silage. I have seen Kaffir silage from quite a
number of silos this year, and have found it to be almost if not quite as good
as corn silage. The addition of cowpeas to Kaffir will make it almost ideal, If you

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UNIVERSAL FARMING

have your Kaffir planted rather thickly, the cowpeas might not make a very rank
growth. The practice of growing cowpeas in the same field with corn is very
generally practiced in the South, with splendid results and is well worth a trial—
G. C. Wheeler, Kansas Agricultural College.

A Silo Makes the Farm Larger.

Anyone who keeps as many as eight or ten cows cannot afford to be without
a silo. Siloing such crops as corn, Kaffir, milo and cane means the keeping of
more cows on the same acreage. The silo furnishes the best method possible for
storing and feeding the wasting of forty per cent of the total crop grown. When
crops are put into the silo they furnish a green feed for the winter and this serves
the same purpose as the grass does in the summer. In this way the farm animals
can be furnished with the best of feed during the entire year. Silage will take the
place of pasture during the dry summer or when the pastures are short. A cow
usually eats from 30 to 40 pounds of this feed per day.—O, E. Reed, Kansas, Station,
Manhattan.

Sorghum for Silage.

Ten years ago six of the beef cattle finishers in Boyle county, Kentucky, erected
seven silos, 34x40 feet, with a five-foot foundation, each having a capacity of 850
tons. We all filled them at first with corn grown from grain, checked about 3
feet 10 inches each way. ‘The second year I filled my silo with redtop sorghum
which had matured the seed and saw no difference in the feeding value between
the sorghum and corn silage. By the sixth year everybody had quit the use of corn
and was using redtop sorghum. There are a great number of silos throughout
this section now, and practically every one of them is filled each year with sorghum.

Last season I filled my silo twice and fed out two bunches of cattle. I can see
no difference in the feeding value of the corn and the sorghum silage, but I can
raise three times the tonnage of sorghum per acre as of corn grown for grain,

If there is a telephone line in reach of you, have a phone put in your house.
If there is none, get together with your neighbors and build one—J. K.

Kaffir Corn as a Food.
(Prize Letter.)

Kaffir corn ground into meal makes excellent bread and is very healthful.
Make as you would Indian corn bread. Use eggs, sour milk, soda, salt, and meal
to make a batter not too stiff. Dissolve the soda in water and stir in last, then
bake. It will be found to have a fine flavor. Kaffir corn also makes a very appe-
tizing breakfast food. Cook as mush and eat with sugar and cream. For ginger-
bread use half Kaffir meal and half wheat flour.—Mrs. J. L. Ratekin, Goldtwaite,
‘Texas.

Kansas Horse Plague.

The Kansas horse plague is nothing else but what they call throughout the
cotton belt, the blind, the sleepy and the wild staggers. It originates from smut in

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UNIVERSAL FARMING

dry ears or in drouth-stricken districts. It generally is the worst. This fine smut
accumulates on corn and in pastures. They inhale said smut through their nostrils
and that affects their brain and there is no cure for the same.

An old southern veterinary told this to my father and I have not heard of any
cure. Here is a preventive: As soon as you hear of horses dying of this disease,
take them in off the pasture and try feeding them with hay of any kind which
has been sprinkled with water containing half a pint of sorghum and a tablespoonful
of salt to a gallon of water. Where you have a chopping machine chop up your
hay and add to same corn chops or bran.

Plant Some Roots for the Stock.

Better plant a few roots for feed this winter. About half an acre of man-
sels and rutabagas. All kinds of stock seem to relish the mangels, and they keep
good all winter in the root cellar. This year intend to plant a piece to mangels
and stock carrots. The carrots are better for horses than any other kind of roots,
and they like them better. The mangels and rutabagas are fine for milk cows.
Sheep need something of the kind, and brood sows will almost winter on them.
So many can be raised to the acre that they make a very cheap feed.—A. B. J.,
Dalbo, Minn.

Row Culture for Alfalfa.

For growing alfalfa seed row culture is undoubtedly the best, and it has many
advantages for hay and in dry-farming. Alfalfa in rows 24 inches apart if kept
free from weeds will have three times the moisture it would have at 8 inches.
This gives it a better chance to establish itself. A deep furrow can be opened
with the lister, a heavy bull tongue run through afterward, and the ground then
cross-harrowed till it is smooth. The smoother the ground the less moisture will
evaporate. By this method on a loam soil or a soil with a compact subsoil a deep-
tilled bed is secured for the roots, to which the surplus moisture naturally drains.
In row culture a depression of a couple of inches would save the plants from getting
the full effect of the harrow teeth.—Norbert B. Behl, Kit Carson, Colo.

Why We Should Plow Deep.
(By E. R. Parson, Colorado’s Dry-Farming Expert.)

The only humus we have in the soil comes from the sod. This is the gold
of agriculture, and there is only one way to save it. Plow it under as deeply as
possible. The evils of surface farming can be seen in eastern Colorado today. The
humus is gone into the atmosphere. Here and there a field is ruined until even
fodder will not grow on it.

Pershing, Farrel, Green, and all the successful pioneer dry-farmers of a quarter
and half a century ago will tell you their bank accounts came from deep plowing.
G. L. Farrel, who last year made $4,000 on 100 acres of wheat by feeding it to hogs,
is farming on a 12-inch precipitation. He is a bona-fide dry-farmer in every sense
of the word; he plows eight to nine inches and often subsoils down to fifteen.

Which is better, to hold your moisture on the surface when the evaporation
is sometimes five per cent a day, or to plow deep and get into the subsoil where

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UNIVERSAL FARMING

it is less than five per cent a month? In thirty-five years I have never lost a crop
by drought or bought a pound of hay for my stock. I can understand though that a
peculiar combination of the weather with other elements might possibly affect
this record; but that is how it stands today, and all my neighbors know it. Deep
plowing did it.

The Ideal Seed-Bed for Wheat.

A well-pulverized, compact furrow slice, with a thin layer of fine, loose soil
over the surface, presents conditions that are favorable for the conservation and
proper movement of the soil moisture. When the furrow slice is well pulverized
and compact it makes good contact with the subsoil and offers conditions favorable
for the rise of the moisture from below. The fine, loose layer at the surface,
favorable to the development of the young plant roots, readily absorbs light rains,
and helps to prevent the escape of moisture by evaporation at the surface.

To secure an ideal seed-bed, plow early and follow very closely with the roller
and harrow. It is a good practice to roll and harrow, each morning, the land plowed
the day before. The disking of stubble land before plowing is frequently a decided
help in the preparation of ground for wheat. A common rotation in Ohio requires
that corn ground should be seeded to wheat. The best results are obtained by
plowing and fitting the ground, if the soil is heavy and compact, but if light and
open it may be prepared by thoroughly disking and harrowing.—Professor A. G,.
McCall.

As a general proposition it may be said that the sow that has pigs before she
is a year old will disappoint her owner.

Clover silage makes excellent hog feed in winter. They eat every bit of it.
Some waste in feeding corn silage to hogs.

Cut the silage into one-half inch pieces.

Distribute thoroughly in silo and pack well.

Keep bees at any rate. They are no trouble.

Corn cut too early makes sour, watery silage.

Corn cut for silage when kernels begin to glaze.

Good farming is impossible without good teams.

A little wet straw with oats sown on it seals the silo effectively.

Fertilizer Facts Worth Knowing.

The three main plant foods are ammonia or nitrogen, phosproric acid and potash.

The use of complete fertilizer involves a waste in all cases where the soil
already contains enough of any of the elements of plant food. This suggests the
importance of knowing your soils. This can be determined by a series of tests
with complete fertilizers and incomplete ones. It may generally be accepted that

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UNIVERSAL FARMING

soil that has received liberally of barnyard manure, or crops, particularly clover,
turned under, and if it produces a large growth of straw and fodder but light yields
of grain, needs phosphoric acid, the cheapest of the three chief fertilizer elements.

The same plant food that will produce thirty bushels of wheat is sufficient
to produce 165 bushels of potatoes or other vegetables in proportion, or several
hundred bushels of fruit. Where there is a scant supply of fertilizer it is well
to know this, so it may be used to the best advantage. Thirty bushels of wheat is
worth, we will say, thirty dollars, but 165 bushels of potatoes might sell for $80
or more, and the vegetables or fruit might sell for a couple of hundred dollars.

For early crops use highly available fertilizers—well rotted manure, avail-
able phosphoric acid and nitrogen. These can be taken by the plants freely as long
as the ground is moist. If for trees. grape vines, shrubs, permanent pastures, etc.,
the slower acting bone fertilizers are recommended. They should be put on more
liberally, though, because they become available slowly, by the action o fthe mois-
ture in the soil, and besides they are intended to give benefits for years.

Phosporie acid, as referred to in fertilizers, in South Carolina rock (the rock is
in other southern states also), treated with sulphuric acid to make it available. It
is also called phosphates and superphosphates. Nitrogen corresponds with nitrate
of soda or sulphate of ammonia. Potash to sulphate of potash and muriate of
potash. Common saltpeter is a combination of nitrogen and potash. Bone meal
furnishes nitrogen and phosphoric acid. Barnyard manure is a complete fertilizer
having ammonia potash and phosphoric acid in varying percentages.

If plants come with a rich, dark green color and grow luxuriantly, we may
conclude that the soil has enough nitrogen. If they are sickly and yellow, with good
weather conditions, it is a sign that nitrogen is needed. If potatoes grow large tops
and scant tubers, it indicates enough nitrogen but deficiency of potash. Plenty of
straw or stalk and light grain yield betrays presence of nitrogen in sufficient
quality but a deficiency of phosphoric acid. We feel safe in saying that three-
fourths of the land put in wheat this season should have 200 to 300 pounds of
phosphate per acre, and it would show astonishing results next harvest in earliness
of maturity, soundness of grain and increased yield.

How Lime is Applied.

In using lime on soils that need it, it need not be harrowed or plowed in unless
the work of planting is soon to begin. Usually it is best to apply the hydrated lime
broadeast some weeks before the crops are to be planted. When this is done the
lime will sink into the soil as it has a tendency to do.

Lime on cloddy, low or sour land may be used in amounts ranging from 400
pounds to a ton, or even more in some instances, depending of course upon the
character of the soil. European farmers use lime freely and it might not be out
of place here to remark that their average yields on some of the staple crops are
much greater than ours.

One good way to tell whether or not lime is needed in the soil is by the litmus
paper test. Take a piece of blue litmus paper, place in contact with a ball of moist
soil and if the blue paper turns pink the soil is acid and probably needs lime.
However, it may need lime and still not be in an acid condition.

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UNIVERSAL FARMING

Sow Cowpeas—Stop Buying Feed.

No complaint of the prices paid for dairy products in the last six months is
justified from the producer, but in too many cases the high prices received have
been paid out largely for feed, especially for mill deed. And this is not necessary,
for there is no farm in the West on which protein feeds cannot be grown with
which to balance the corn. In some sections, clover does well and in others alfalfa;
in some sections neither is a success, but where this is the case cowpeas can be
crown. If you are tired of paying $1.50 per hundred for bran, why not get some
cowpea seed at once and plant it in rows like corn, giving two cultivations, leaving
the ground level so mowing can be done easily. Planted within the next few days
either New Era or Whippoorwill cowpeas will mature and make an immense amount
of feed equal to alfalfa—y. K.

When cooking beets or mangel and feeding same to your brood sow always put
scraps of meat or fat bacon with it. It will take the place of tankage——J. K.

OHIO FARMER IS FARMING ON THIRTY ACRES OF GOOD GROUND.

Andrew Brown is Making a Success on a Small Area—Proves What Can be Done—
Not So Much the Number of Acres as Way Each Acre is Made to Produce.

It has been said, “People of moderate means should not farm too much land.
A man can start on twenty acres; forty acres will do; eighty is enough; 160 an
abundance; 320 a misfortune; and 640 a calamity.” One criticism of the American
farmer is that he has tried to farm too much land. He has worked on the principle
‘hat to increase his income he must increase the area of his farm, and the con-
sequence is that he has spread his efforts and probably has not made as much
real profit as he would have made by concentrating the same amount of labor
on fewer acres. With the increase in the value of land and the growing scarcity
of farm labor, the young man of limited means had much better start with a small
farm, say 20 to 80 acres, and practice intensive agriculture than to undertake to
pay for a larger area. It is not so much the number of acres that count as it is
the way each is made to produce.

The experience of Andrew Brown, a successful Ohio farmer, is an excellent
example of what can be done on a small farm. Mr. Brown is 76 years old, and has
been farming a 30-acre farm for over forty years, long enough to prove that it is”
possible to make a good living on a few acres, well tilled. He began in 1869, on his
father’s farm, and has lived there ever since. His land is well drained and fairly
fertile, producing from 50 to 60 bushels of corn, the same of oats and from 20 to
25 bushels of wheat. An interesting thing about this man’s experience is that he
has always followed straight grain farming and has kept up the fertility of his
soil without the use of much commercial fertilizer. The only live stock he keeps
is two horses, two cows and a few hogs, depending upon his grain for most of his
income. He has his farm divided into seven fields of four acres each. His crops
are corn, oats, wheat and grass. All barnyard manure is carefully saved and applied
to the land and occasionally a crop of clover is plowed under. By having only a
few acres to care for, crops are well tended, weeds are kept down and fences are
kept in good repair. He has been able to do his own work with the help of his boys,
consequently he has not been obliged to depend upon hired labor. He has a work-
shop and all repairs of farm implements are made right at home, thus saving ex-
pensive repair bills.

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UNIVERSAL FARMING

This farm is practically a self-sustaining institution, the farm, orchard and
garden furnishing the living for the family. The old log house has been remodeled
into a very comfortable modern farm house. The noticeable thing about the farm
buildings is that, while they are only ordinary, they are well cared for, and there
is an air of neatness about the place.

Mr. Brown has not only made a good living for himself and family, but has
been able to save enough money to loan to his neighbors. He has raised five
children, four boys and a girl, and given them a high school education. They have
all lived happily and well, on a thirty-acre farm.—T. L. Wheeler, College Agriculture,
Ohio State University.

Digester Tankage.

In making up a ration for any domestic animal, some consideration should be
ziven to the diet of the animal in its wild state. For instance, the hog in its wild
state, when it selected its own ration, fed upon animals as well as vegetable food.
Nuts, roots, ete., with grubs, worms and occasionally carrion, made up the balanced
ration, for which the hog had a natural craving. Under domestic conditions, the
hog is generally forced to subsist upon a straight vegetable ration. This is an
unnatural condition, ard the desire for meat food is shown in frequent attacks upon
poultry and also eating of the voung by the sow.

The hog’s ration should contain some animal matter. For this purpose there
is nothing ecuial to Digester Tankage. This feed is made from scraps and bones
from city markets and butcher shops. This material is cooked under high pres-
sure, and afterwards the grease is pressed out and the residue is ground, screened
and placed in bags ready for feeding.

Digester Tankage can be fed in any of several ways. At the Ohio Experiment
Station, very satisfactory results were obtained by feeding Tankage in the form
of a thin slop. Some feeders make a slop composed of Tankage, corn-meal and
middiimgs, while others feed it dry in feed-troughs.

The effect of feeding Digester Tankage to hogs can be readily seen in their
general appearance. They have a sleek glossy coat during the winter months, just
as they would have if running on a clover field. Then too, Digester Tankage
contains considerable Bone Phosphate of Lime, which goes to the building up of
the framework of the hog. Digester Tankage keeps the hogs in good healthy con-
dition, develops the fram-work, and makes a big saving in the cost of producing
pork.—T. L. Wheeler, College of Agriculture, Ohio State University.

Select seed corn in the field before harvesting.—J. Kk.

The Sorghum Crop for the Dry Farms in the Southwest.

(Written by A. H. Leidigh, Assistant Professor of Crop Culture, Kansas State College
of Agriculture, Manhattan, Kansas.)

The sorghums are adapted to withstand heat and shortage of moisture. They
are capable of lying dormant during long dry spells and then producing a splendid
growth upon receiving rain late in the season. Sorghums readily adapt themselves
to the conditions peculiar to Kansas and other southwestern states, and are among
the most reliable and profitable summer crops to grow. ‘They are quite as well

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UNTVER SAE rer i ENG

adapted to almost every part of the state as corn, and if grown will be found to be
very close competitors of corn, even in the best corn sections, while in the western
part of the state they produce larger yields than corn. In feeding value, their
grain, hay, and silage compare favorably with other crops.

The general term “sorghum” includes not only those sweet sorts erroneously
called “cane,” but also the kaffirs, broom corn, and several others. Those having
sweet juice which is comparatively lacking in sweetness are called non-saccharine
sorghums.

Saccharine Sorghums.

The saccharine sorghums are used for hay, silage and syrup. Our best varieties
are Black Amber, Orange, and Sumac. Black Amber is an early sort, and because
of this fact it is especially well adapted to the western part of the state. Orange,
a medium late variety, is extensively grown throughout the state. Sumac, a slightly
Jater variety, is becoming very popular in central and southeastern Kansas.

The non-saccharine varieties are grown for grain, hay and silage. Kaffir and
milo, of which there are many types, are the sorts grown most extensively in Kansas.
Kaffir may be successfully grown in all parts of the state, except in the extreme
northwestern counties, where it is not a reliable crop. The Blackhull White is the
most popular variety.

Milo is an early grain sorghum. It is adapted only to the western one-third
of the state. Dwarf vellow is the only milo we recommend. Milo will mature in
less time than Kaffir; it also stands more dry weather and is as good a yielder. In
feeding value kaffir and milo grain are about equal, but kaffir fodder is the better.
Experiments show that kaffir or milo is about 90 per cent as good as corn in
feeding value.

Soil Requirements and Seed Bad.

While the sorghums are adapted for growing on almost any kind of soil, they
produce best on fairly heavy, well-drained loams rich in humus; but when grown
on gumbo, hard-pan, sandy or other poor soils, they are more suecessful than
inost other crops.

These crops usually yield well with little care. <A thin top-dressing of barn-
vard manure applied to the field previous to planting would increase the yields
materially. Sorghums are excellent to plant on prairie sod or alfalfa sod. On land
which has been cropped for a number of years, the sorghum needs deep, thorough
preparation of the soil. The lower part of the seed bed should be well settled
and the surface soil quite loose. This condition can be best secured by fall plowing.
If the land is apt to blow, instead of plowing, fall listing is advisable.

Feed Units.

Feed Units—On a unit basis the relative feeding values of the chief nutrients,
Protein, Fat and Carbohydrates (as determined by the leading investigators) are
reduced to common terms and made into a direct ratio. One pound of protein is
considered of the same value as two and one-half pounds of Carbohydrates, and
one pound of fat is equal to two and one-quarter pounds of carbohydrates.

To find the feed units, multiply the protein content by 2.5 and the fat content
by 2.25 and add these to the carbohydrates content.

To find the nutritive ratio, divide total digestible carbohydrates, plus the total
digestible fat, multiplied by 2.25.

( 98 )

As an example to show how our land is wasted, Germany with all her 60,000,000 people could
live in Oklahoma and the entire population of the United States could live and prosper in the State
of Texas and would have products to export if the proper scientific methods and care were used in
farming the soil.

Sweet Potatoes, 300 bushels to the acre; Feterita, 75 bushels to the acre. There is no
country better adapted to this than the Gulf Coast of Texas.

UNIVERSAL FARMING

Illustrations below are based on Bulletin No. !1 of United States Department
of Agriculture.

Comparative Percentage of Feed Units fn

(COMET O ING SBN NID War VIA psec eee cree es Se ee ee ee 51.76 Per Cent
One-half the weight is sont iene

WUT BANG DS TBS RV SUN See ccs eeepc 2% 7 Bae 19.49 Per Cent
Ons-fifth only is nourishment.

(ORIN MPA ipo ae IIE eI Fee eee JA Av eleam Oe r

One-eighth only is nourishment.

Comparative Cost Per Feed Unit.

CORN MEAL at $1.00 per 100 pounds,

6 1-4 cents per feed unit.

WHEAT BRAN at. $1.25 per 100 pounds,

6 1-4 cents per feed unit.

COTTON SEED MEAL at $1.50 per 100 pounds.
3 cents per feed unit.

Cottonseed Meal and Hulls—A Good, Cheap and Sufficient Horse and Mule Feed

in Themselves.

According to the Wolf-Lehman standards of feeding, which are accepted as
authoritative the whole world over, a horse or a mule of one thousand pounds
weight doing moderate work, should have every day a ration, containing not less
than twenty-four pounds of dry matter, and it should contain at least:

0.6 Digestible Fat

2 |b. Digestible Protein

{1 lb. Digestible Carbohydrates.
0.6 lb. Digestible Fat.

A daily ration consisting of
5 lb. Cottonseed Meal

15 lb. Cottonseed Hulls

Contains:
2.3! lb. Digestible Protein
86 lb. Digestible Fat

Thus in these two really important components fully and liberally conforming
to the standard. The dry matter and carbohydrates necessary to balance the ration
are not deemed vitally important, since in the South these are almost always
abundantly supplied by some pasturage, or by any of the cheap hays and grasses
grown at home and thus advantageously utilized.

Cotton Seed Meal for Poultry.

The superiority of Cottonseed Meal as a food for cattle, Horses, Mules and Hogs,
either as a fat and flesh producer or for milk and butter has so long passed the
experimental stage as to admit of no discussion. Its use as a most valuable hog
feed, giving growth, flesh development and fecundity is alsa established beyond
controversy. That is equally valuable as a supplemental grain ration for horses

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UNIVERSAL FARMING

and mules under all sorts of conditions, and especially so for brood mares and
young colts, is also acknowledged by all who have given it a fair trial.

So, too, its use as a most superior food for all kinds of fowls is being dem-
onstrated in the yards of many poultrymen who have learend by experience and
test to give it first place as an egg producer, and for fat, flesh and condition.

For, as will be at once seen, the same high albuminoid content which produces
flesh and milk in cattle, development and fecundity in hogs, bone, muscle and
endurance in horses will give eggs, vigor and condition in fowls.

As in other cases, it should always be fed to poultry as a supplemental ration
only, and mixed always with some less highly concentrated food—corn chops, corn
meal, wheat bran, shorts or small grain, or with cottonseed hulls, if wet and soured.
Mixed in this way, about one-third to one-half cottonseed meal, it may be fed either
dry or wet into a thin dough, and the result will be quickly shown in added vigor,
rapid growth, glossier plumage and in increased egg production.

In fact, as with hogs, it seems to act almost entirely as a preventative of nearly
all diseases, and instances are absolutely unknown where any epidemic prevailed
in flocks having it as a habitual ration. On the contrary, numerous cases can be
cited where they have remained entirely immune and healthy while neighboring
flocks not having it have been destroyed by cholera and kindred diseases,

Professor W. A. Henry, dean of the Wisconsin Agricultural College, and perhaps
the greatest practical animal feeder in the world, under the heading, “Cottonseed
Meal for Horses,” quotes approvingly Gebek, a recognized authority on horse feeding
as follows: “Draft horses do well on a ration containing two parts of cottonseed
meal.” He then adds on his own account: “The use of cottonseed meal for horses
will be greatly extended at the South if experiments reveal equally good results.”
May this prophetic utterance be fulfilled. Numerous experiments have revealed
and confirmed these very results.

In truth cottonseed meal as a feed for horses has passed far beyond the stage
of experiment. To put cottonseed meal into the inside of an animal seems to me
to be a direct insult to a bountiful Providence. If our farmers were to take their
own freight free, cottonseed meal, feed it first to their farm animals, and next to
their farm lands—oh, what would come of it?

There are in the fifteen producing states to day 5,698,114 head of horses, 2,594,.99
head of mules; each one of these should eat at least one pound a day or four-.sacks
of cottonseed meal annually. This would mean a brand new demand on the cotton-
seed meal market alone in the states where it is produced, of 1,658,462 tons per
annum, or 500,000 tons more than is actually made.

The value of commercial fertilizers is determined by the amount and value of
their three ingredients, ammonia, phosphoric acid and potash, in the same way
the value of a horse feed may be ascertained by determining the amount and value
of its three principal components—protein, Carbohydrates and other extract. One
of the latest estimates, based on the value of many different animal feeds, places
their value as follows: Protein one and one-half cents per pound, carbohydrates
one cent per pound and ether extract five cents per pound, Let us now in the
light of these conservative valuations, compare corn, pre-eminently the leading
horse feed of the South—of America—with cottonseed meal.

A Ton of Corn Contains

40 per cent, or 200 pounds of protein, worth............................-.$ 3.00
70 per cent, or 1400 pounds carbohydrates, worth eee OO
5 per cent, or 100 pounds ether extract, wort! Reanae 5.00

Caving e. tOtal Value OL. <2ces.c-ncteicc-seim ssscbennanvnens aureeenetncaease $22.00

UNIVER SAL. OEVAR Mer NaG

Now One Ton of Cottonseed Meal Contains

40 per cent, or 800 pounds protein, worth ................ See S400
30 per cent, or 600 pounds carbohydrates; \worthe=.. 2 6.00
13) per Cent. Or 260 poundsrevniervexir ale tpsywiOlaU eee ene ne 13.00

(Gulia eat © eA awed Te reo eee te ee eee ere ene ce ewe ens 3231 18(()(()

In an official report of the Georgia Department of Agriculture, 1904, the State
chemist, Mr. John M. MeCandliss, on the subject of “Horse and Mule Feeds,” writes:
“When the Georgia farmer has failed to raise sufficient corn for his mules, the
cost of feeding his work stock, when he has to buy Western corn at ruling high
prices, must make a ruinious inroad on the net sum he gets for his cotton crop.
Many farmers feed their stock 20 pounds of shelled corn and 10 pounds of fodder
(blades) and think they are feeding them in the best manner. As a matter of fact
the poor mule gets out of this ration only two pounds of protein, when he should
at hard work, have nearly three; and gets over 19 pounds of carbohydrates when
a rational standard of feeding would only call for about 13, the nutritive ratio of the
corn and fodder ration being 1 9.6, when it should approximate 1 5.4. A comparison
of cottonseed meal with corn as to its feeding value shows the great superiority
of cottonseed meal.” |

With such unequivocal endorsements from the highest sources, cottonseed meal
must eventually come into its own as a horse feed. Mr. McCandless then gives the
following grain ration formulas: “Light work, 8 pounds ground corn and oats, 4
pound cottonseed meal; average work 10 pounds corn and cob meal, 24% pounds
cottonseed meal; hard work; i0 pounds corn and cob meal, 414 pounds cottonseed
meal.”

Let us give, in a word, my experience, rather than my views and conclusions,
on the horse feed problem: Several years ago, when I was a cotton crusher on a
small seale, (I am not now even remotely connected with that worthy calling) it
was at certain times better to do anything with meal than to sell it. There came
into my stock family unexpectedly two colts. Just like a baby, is never wanted until it
comes, and then immediately the household goes crazy over it; just so I took on
about my colts. At that time oats were about $36 per ton, and corn about $26.00.
I began feeding my mares on these expensive grains ground with a little cottonseed
meal dust in. They took to it all right, and before the colts were six weeks’ old
they were nibbling at their mother’s feed. Since more colts have come. The
oldest, now five years old, and none of them have ever passed a day in their lives
without eating some cottonseed meal. They have never been out of fix. The older
ones weigh 1100 pounds and are 16 hands high—decidedly larger than dams or sire.
They have carried me fifty miles a day without breathing deep.

Here is a clean-cut decisive example of cottonseed meal as a component part
of a horse’s ration.

I will simply add to the above testimony that for the past five years my stable
has consisted of 10 pleasure and work animals—one a mule that could pull a lion
out of his den—and every one of them have been fed with one pound or more of
cottonseed meal. I have never seen a sick one in that time, or one that was not
ready for work. I have had the good fortune to win some blue ribbons and silver
cups, and I may be pardoned for adding, and I do so in the interest of truth only,
that when I drive up to the church grounds the people’ look up and savy, “Who
comes?” HENRY C. HAMMOND,

Augusta, Georgia, June 20, 1907.
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UNIVERSAL FARMING

Nitrogen in Legumes.

Some of the points established by science and confirmed by practice are: That
legume bacteria gives us nitrogen from an inexhaustible supply, that these bacteria
do not thrive in acid soils, and that such soils are sweetened by limestone, which
is also in inexhaustible supply. It is a matter of common knowledge that legume
may be grown on any soil that is sweetened and contains sufficient mineral elements
of plant food. Another truth of science is that one product of crop residues and
other vegetable matter is humus, and that humus in the soil is the best means of
securing some control over what are called the uncontrollable factors in crop pro-
duction, heat and moisture.

The leguminous crops, such as clover and alfalfa, are not equal to grasses as
soil protectors, but are superior to grasses as soil fertilizers, since they increase
the total available supply of nitrogen in the soil. This is due to the action of
bacteria which are found on the roots of leguminous plants, and which take free
nitrogen from the air in the soil and make it available for the use of plants. More-
over, perennial legumes, such as clover and alfalfa, are very deep feeders and
take a part of the mineral elements of their food from the soil below the depth
of the feeding ground of ordinary crops.

Cottonseed Meal for Hogs.
‘Texas Experiment Station.

A good growing ration may be based on one pound of dry mixture per hundred
pounds of live weight. For quick fattening this may be doubled.

When ready to feed, add fresh water to the feeding ration sufficient to bring
a thin slop, about the consistency of buttermilk and give the hogs all they will
clean up.

All hogs eat it greedily and all thrive on it from the lordly head of the herd
to the tiniest grunted. But for “piggy” or suckling sows it is especially valuable,
giving to the pigs both before and after farrowing a growth and vigor attainable
with no other feed on earth.

As to the feeding value of cottonseed meal compared with corn, chemical
analyses, confirmed by years of practical tests, answer this. A hundred pounds of
corn contains from six to ten pounds of protein, four to six pounds of fat and about
sixty-five to seventy pounds of carbohydrates.

A hundred pounds of cottonseed meal contains from forty-five to fifty pounds
of protein, from eight to twelve pounds of fat and about twenty-five pounds of
carbohydrates.

The agricultural experiment stations and the agricultural books all teach us
these things:

First. To feed a balanced ration.

Second. That a balanced ration is one in which the three important feed ele-
ments, protein, fat and carbohydrates are combined in such proportions as to meet
the needs of the body in the best way at the lowest cost.

Third. That protein is the most valuable food constituent, supplying growth,
muscle, bone and lean meat, and by it the value of all feed is measured.

Fourth. That fat in feed supplies heat and energy and builds up fat in the
body, but makes no muscle or flesh.

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UNIVERSAL FARMING

Fifth. That under the general term carbohydrates are classed the starch and
sugars present in all feeds forming the cheapest and most abundant feeding material
and, like fat, giving heat and energy, but making no flesh, bone or muscle.

Sixth. That a balanced ration for hogs should contain about one pound of
protein to every five pounds of fat and carbohydrates.

Now, keeping these truisms in mind it is easy to see from the figures already
given that corn is seriously deficient in protein, is not properly balanced and is an
expensive and insufficient ration when fed alone; that cottonseed meal in protein
and fat combined is about five times, and in protein alone about six times as val-
uable as corn and while too rich in protein to be fed by itself when combined with
corn or cottonseed hulls in proportion of about two parts corn and one part cot-
tonseed meal, gives a ration which, with ordinary grazing, almost exactly fulfills
the scientific requirement for a balanced hog feed, and of which the committee
appointed by the Texas Swine Breeders’ Association to report upon the feeding
of cottonseed meal, after a thorough investigation, say in their formal report, “is
the most economical ration of which we have any record.’ When it is remembered
that this is the solemn and deliberate verdict of a committee of expert and scientific
swine breeders and feeders these words ring with importance to the whole bunch.
For they mean that in cottonseed meal and hulls, supplemented by her unques-
tionable climatic advantages and cheaper lands, the South can produce cheaper
pork than the great corn belt of the Northwest, and this can but mean the ultimate
transfer of the hog-producing center of the country from the Northwest to the
South, and an aded wealth and prosperity to our whole country.

Cottonseed Meal and Hulls Compared With Whole Cottonseed.

The Tennessee Experimental Station, in Bulletin No. 2, on “The Rational Use
of Feeding Materials,” issued April, 1903, gives together with many other materials,
the composition of seven of those foods most commonly used in this country and
then, using the basis of three cents per pound for digestive fat, the same for
digestible protein and five-eighths of a cent a pound for carbohydrates, find the
following valuable table of relative values:

ee

Crude Crude Carbo Value

Protein Fat Hydroits Per Ton
Mixcom cada klayiee eee 3.0 i Rie oC? ao
Wihtole= Corn Se ee errata 8.2 3.4 67.5 15.38
CG) Vc a ee re Ce SN ree en eee ee 8.4 4A 447 13.50
Corn Meal --..------------------------------e 5.3 3.5 59.3 12.68
NWON@GHS IBYCONM, scetse sere sen ecredoeearecese ase eeteche cosearduenentenassene 12.0 2.8 445 14.44
NW alae (CLO its BOTA CC eee 10.2 16.4 30.9 19.82
CottomeSeech iulll's eeeet ese ererenee ee eee Dope 1.6 33.5 6.46
Cronin Syereol IMIS ne cate cece: cc ccc erase SBy3) 10.9 20.1 30.23

These figures are significant and easily understood, but it must be kept in mind
that in addition to the amount of the various food elements contained there is also
to be considered their availability. This is particularly true in the case of whole
cottonseed. For, while it is extremely rich in food elements, it will be noticed
that the proportion of fat carbohydrates is so large as compared to the protein,
that there must necessarily be a large waste of fat in feeding. How, then, can these
valuable food constituents be utilized? The question is at once answered by a
glance at the elements of cottonseed hulls and cottonseed meal, the one rich in
carbohydrates and the other supplying in magnificent liberality the valuable protein
with a sufficiency of fat to balance the ration. This naturally brings up the ques-
tion as to whether the farmers may, with economy, exchange his seed for an equiv-

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UNIVERSAL FARMING

alent in feeding materials in the more available form of hulls and meal, and freed
from the more objectionable preponderance of fat. Upon this point that standard
agricultural journal, “The Southern Farm,” of Atlanta, Ga. in its issue of Novem-
ber 15th, says, in reply to a correspondent

OMI ANTICS ee ERS Rs cece sen Bee renee ert 61 lbs,

(Chin JEN ni apsyo) ayy eno Mele Won 6 Sp aneereme See eeweccrer ne een oe cee 20 lbs.

PO aE TEA Gy Ges No) 9 Co a seep eee nace et Re ete) an eee 23 lbs.
One ton (2000 lbs.) of Cotton Seed Meal contains

CBSE IN GEO Tce Aamo ee nee ee ee ee ea ose 163 Ibs.

Of PMO Sp ORIG ACT, ae ea a ance gn 65 Ibs.

Oil Fa P20) 0 i eee se aire ee ss Se Remeltiee ane ene ee Ser ee See pase ne sare ee 46 lbs.

Allowing that the farmer carries his seed to the mill and gives the oil as toll,
he should carry back with him the resulting product, in meal about 750 lbs., and
about 900 lbs. of hulls.

It is a common question whether this is a profitable exchange for the farmer.

* * * * . * *

It is an accepted fact that the oil has no value as a food. It is pure carbon, and
beyond supplying a little temporary heat has no other effect.

But undoubtedly a farmer can feed more economically in using meal and hulls
than in feeding purely the raw seeds.

In exchanging the seeds for the meal the farmer does not dispose of any of
the valuable elements—nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid. The 750 pounds of
meal contains within a small fraction all the nitrogen that was in the ton of seeds.

What price, then, should cottonseed command when cottonseed meal is held
at $16.00 per ton?

The 750 Ibs. of Meal from the ton of seed at 75c per 100 Ibs................ $5.62
Add 900 Ibs. of hulls from this ton of seed, at 15c¢ per 100 Ibs.................$1.35
Cagmeevcisre Vode Chex GON Olr SCO. 2 cots ee ona euch oe eee $6.97

At these relative values the mill would get the product of oil (30 or 35 gallons)
to pay for the cost of grinding. At 20c per gallon this would give the mill $6.00
to $7.00 margin to cover all its expenses and profits.

Protein and Fat Constituents of Fifty American Feeding Materials With Their Rank
in Feeding Values.

From Experimental Station Bulletin No. 14, United States Department of Agri-
culture, compiled from many analyses by E. H. Jenkins, Ph. D., and A. L. Winton,
PieD.:

Ni. Ph. Pro. Fat
LOAM LS) {OC LiLo HM, PSTEEY Pla) OE Ea a soneere ti em oe eee Nee eee 50.814 18.01 68.82 1
TP UTUEE dsr ec] 2y etc RBM RS 2g) Cs Een ee ee eee 28.90 7.10 36.00 3
{Seri 2 Fy: 0 (IR eae eee ee Serr GRE a a 32.90 7.90 40.80 2
Ler V TON .S1K Uh "eve Gl st 210 Eeeeeeenne ie aes Sete te eee eae tent 29.40 6.30 35.70 4
SHUTS Th (SM. Eg SERS Sie secs ae ee ene canna” «| 6.26 35.67 5
Proesiy Dried: Brewers’ Grain....--2:-2::--.-00:-s--ccceatenonasee 19.90 5.60 25.50 6
PUES DEST 0 54 a ees ae eRe 23.20 1.70 24.90 8

UNIVERSAL. FARING

eit Ee Cle a eee ee ener 16.00 7.10 23.10 8
Winter Wheat Bran --.----- Ee Ar ee ee 16.00 4.00 20.00 10
Medium Fine White Middlings -.-.------------.------------ 15.60 4.00 19.60 14
Clean Standard Wheat Bran-....---------------------------------- 15.40 4.00 19.40 13
Standard Hominy Feed ....------------------------------------- 9.80 8.30 18.10 14
rena Ne et |e ree een ee sear ae 9.80 7.40 17.20 15
Clean, Coarse Wheat Bran-.----------------------------------------- 12.90 3.50 16.40 18
Clean Wheat Screenings = ee 12.50 3.00 15.50 19
Clean Barley Screenings... --------------------------------------- 12.30 2.80 15.10 20
Gorn and Oat Chops No. 4 Straight-....-.-.----.-.----.----- 9.60 440 14.00 23
Fancy Heavy Wheat Middlings..............----------- 10.48 2.07 12.55 25
DY oro a UKEP es ee ecard eee coro seaeee Bese ec 9.17 3.17 12.34 26
Bye PCO 22n-c2nea en -nnnne nen ec cence reece n cnt c cece ne nne scence emer 10.39 ‘lerfil 12.10 29
Winter Wheat Middlings -.....--..--------------------------------- 10.68 Ne 11.90 30
(lteetia, Cloygial JBiee V0 pes eee eng eee ne ote 6.94 3.97 10.91 32
@ottome Se ec yeu Sires nese eee eee 4.76 3.80 8.58 37
RPGS WWE, IBC WTOIOS? CaP RM oer cec este ceeecocececareans 5.40 1.60 7.00 39
GRAINS
(COM y JDOAS) pece eee cee serene Sse eee eases eee See eee BUSES ne SEE CEE EE SEereosecs 20.75 1 44 22,40 9
(OES) ee ce ce ne ca er See cence 11.80 4.96 16.76 16
Barley ------------------------csc-sscsseenecseeeeeccneeeneceececceeeneccceeetecesascenes casa 1.84 14.24 22
RAW IM@ AY cetaceans eeeenn saccade dete tiem see Racer eccoocn ser ceSaer 11.87 2.09 13.96 24
| BAO U ODS /) OWS ip ie a aero ce eo eo cece 10.02 2.24 12.26 27
RIO) neccectsteaeeeees Senta cee ease se ocd ocad geek Cece Scere neice oececr aoe cosmo 10.58 1.66 12.24 28
(G{O NIN, gee teem teed pete ee aS ee Rea ars eee essere cer oe 6.83 3.34 10.17 34
GREEN FODDER
PAT ven) othe dln 0 Ge see eee ee emer ee 4,84, 97 5.81 42
Pex] (CHOSE acc setec coer t re eae cece at nee eas ee cee cc eac use anccResseonsare=eeencar 444 Lil} 5.54 43
Kenmitune keype Gi GG AGS eoec- eee ene eee eee eee eee 4A2 1.30 5.42 hh
BUR Nirvan LAM V2 sees wear ene ree aces nee ee 3.06 1.49 4.25 46
Oye@INGG] GRASS ccessceccn tee ce occas cee ecs enero sect cosceepoacehonnecoass 2.61 90 3.51 48
(yer Sear 9 eee eee 1.67 79 2.46 49
(Benet aly. tl AN GVO UG (Gla tees cece nee eee cee eo mE 1.82 5A 2 36 50
HAY.
(Cisse Creal el ay ee ee 16.57 2.90 19.47 {2
PANT fr ca then pe Irn (6 Tg TN ee ee ers eee 14.28 2.15 16.43 17
1225 ek OU chico) re eee eee re ete eee eee ener ee DSP 232 14.64 24
WIMSSTSSIY Oy ail JByerervanWO ey (Cie e Se ae ene crc eee 9.16 1.83 10.99 31
Orrell Gas Sco eee ee 8.09 2.60 10.72 33
Chere raaerna Miah ete se 2 ee ee eet oe 7.46 Dan 9.08 35
STOR OVOL Or, BINGE! LEUGEINS Mates Settee Ae one ee ee 5.84 3.02 8.86 36
RYT AYON A ON? Ske ee ec toe cree ee ecm feo wor sca ene ne oreeers eer 5.87 2.47 8.34 38
OditcS thaw? ss ee ee ee ae ee 3.42 1.30 472 45
Corinto Gil ers ee ee eee ence eee eee 4 AT 1.57 6.04 4A
NW Wie eat eS yp seen epee cee 3.42 1.30 4.72 45
IRIS SS) Nese eae ears lec eer tos bepecpaahasenccesesececesb 2.98 {22 4.20 47

NOTE—PROTEIN is the nitrogen-containing albumen-like substance of plants,
similar in composition and character to the white of an egg. It is the most costly
form of food. and. generally speaking, has for its function the formation of FLESH
AND MUSCLE.

FAT is the Fat or Oil of the material, and its office is the production of fat
and heat in the animal system.

Whether this is too much for the mill is a question we cannot answer. If
called upon for an opinion, we would say it was not from the fact that we would
rather have the 750 lbs. of meal and 900 lbs. of hulls, either for feeding or fer-

( 106 )

UNIVERSAL FARMING

tilizing purposes, than the original ton of seed. It is easier to adjust a ration with
fhe separate materials. * * * <A safe and proper ration of Cottonseed Meal fo:
mileh cows depends somewhat upon the size of the animal. At some of the ex-

periment stations 6 to 7 Ibs. has been fed without bad effect.

ADDITIONAL TESTIMONY.

At a meeting of the South Carolina Live Stock Association held at Columbia,
S. C., on February 8th and 9th, an address full of practical advice, backed by
scientific knowledge, was delivered by the eminent Dr. Tait Butler of Raleigh, N.
C., on “Practical Stock Feeding in the South.” Dr. Butler is a recognized authority
on feeds and feeding and what he says should have a special weight and influence
throughout the entire South, and that part of his discussion touching the feeding
of horses, mules and colts is of special importanee to the Southern breeder.

In the official report of the general discussion which followed Dr. Butler’s
address, this occurs, Dr. Butler was asked:

“You speak of feeding horses cottonseed meal. What about the muscular
forming properties of cottonseed meal, on the animal compared to corn and oats?”

Dr. Butler: “There is enough known about feeding horses cottonseed meal
for me to state that if you had a horse that you were feeding 14 pounds of corn
daily, that you could take out four pounds of that corn and put in two pounds
of cottonseed meal and get better results. Not because corn is not the best feed
we have for supplying heat and energy, but there is another thing needed. When
that horse supplies you muscular energy he is burning up his muscles just as you
burn coal in a furnace to supply energy to run the machinery in your factories,
and he has got to have something to build up those wasted muscles, and corn does
not contain it in sufficient quantity. <A little cottonseed meal is better than an
additional amount of corn. When you are already feeding your horse clover and
ten pounds of corn, I would rather have two pounds of cottonseed meal added
than four pounds of corn. I would rather have two pounds of cottonseed meal
added than four pounds of oats. Corn is a splendid horse feed, but we are wasting
two million dollars a year in South Carolina feeding an all corn ration.”

“In what proportion would you feed corn and cottonseed meal?”
Dr. Butler: “That will depend upon your hay.”
“Plenty of hay?”

Dr. Butler: “An average ration for a thousand pound horse, doing real hard
work, is about 15 pounds of grain and 12 to 15 pounds of hay. Instead of 15 pounds
of fodder and 15 pounds of corn, I would take five pounds of peavine hay and 7 to 8
pounds of clover and then add ten pounds of corn and two pounds of cottonseed
meal, and get better results. If I had oats to feed and had some peavine hay or
clover hay, I do not think I would feed any cottonseed meal at all, because it is bad
to feed unless you can mix if with something else. If I did not have any peavine
or clover hay, I would certainly put some cottonseed meal in the ration of a hard
working horse, unless I had plenty of oats, and they were cheap.”

This is important testimony from the highest authority, and should interest every
farmer and horse owner in the South. We send thousands of dollars into the
Northwest every year for corn; we send into the Northwest every year thousands
of dollars worth of cottonseed meal. Nobody is benefitted by this. If we keep our
cottonseed meal at home to feed it will help us, and Dr. Butler says it will help
our horses—and Dr. Butler knows.

( 107 )

UNIVERSAL FARMING

FEEDING COTTON SEED MEAL TO DAIRY COWS.

So much, all of if commendatory, has been written about cottonseed meal as
a dairy food, indeed the greatest of them all, that I need not do more than refer
to the fact.

Prof. Henry of Wisconsin, the greatest friend of the dairy cow, says: “Not
only is dairying the leading animal industry of our country at this time, but so it
must continue indefinitely for the reason that the cow is a more economical pro-
ducer of food for human beings than is the ox or the pig.” Very recent experiments
at the South Carolina Station prove that for indefinite periods a ration of as much
as six pounds of cottonseed meal a day may be fed, the results being wholly ben-
eficial to the animal and her products. Half this amount fed daily to the 3,337,000
milech cows of the South would clean up our 1,400,000 tons of cottonseed meal in
nine months.

COTTON SEED MEAL AS A FLESH PRODUCER.

The next use of cottonseed meal is in feeding it to cattle and hogs for the
production of flesh. By this commendable use of meal we lose only 10 per cent
of its manurial value and gain the increased weight and the better quality of the
animal.

Booker, in Flour and Feed, gives the following statement, based on a report
of Jenkins of the Connecticut station, showing the relative value of nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid and potash in wheat bran, corn meal, linseed meal and cottonseed meal:

Pounds
Nitrogen Phos. Acid Potash
WU WADTORS i Levee Nae (GLO NO EN NS peace ence ea renee ATA 60.2 32.0
Goreme Nie all comes renee (4) 12s 8.0
Inimseeds Meals comtaimS te. e ese ee es 106.0 33.8 2.2
Cottonseed Meal contains... 134.6 60.6 25.8

Taking the nitrogen at 17¢ per pound, phosphoric acid at 6c per pound, potash
at 4%e per pound (all of which are low values), gives the following as manurial

values:

Vl ale chee OTS WER eeieee ete ee eee ta et So a epee eS eee $13.03 per ton of 2000 Lbs.
ayaa 13H He eee ee re ee ea cr un me ee eee eee oe 6.04 per ton of 2000 Lbs.
lkinseeG mical:. 2 =e eS ee ee DLO pelgtOntOnec O00 aoa
Cottonsecdamcale a5 ea a ee ee ee ee 2A eer LON. Ole OU0 Mbt cs

In feeding, the animal retains from 5 to 20 per cent.of the above elements, so
that, taking 20 per cent from the above values, and taking:

LS Vd ay ta 01 G29 0 IT: MRP RC Dc WE lpe ge 2) Da Aan reenter ee ren ye OU OLE ECTS)
Corman eal ab ee i a eae Ree eee ee ee OO CO
TUM See el nn eae eit eae ee gg 28.00 per ton
(COrtitiom Se eal marae ah sea eee eee aa ee ee 27.00 per ton
It costs to feed

WW Thieent lyre ee ee $11.57 per ton
COV Wee) enc ea ene nc cea race Se eae nm mene ena 19.16 per ton
UTSUTUS GG he sara ea sa i ee ace ee 6.45 per ton
(GOO TNS ee ele Teva eal pee ee 4.56 per ton

when the manurial value is utilized or realized.

( 108 )

UNIVERSAL FARMING

U. S. Consular report of October 9, 1906, says: “The fact that Germany, Den-
mark and the United Kingdom import $12,000,000 worth of cottonseed cake and meal
from the United States annually is evidence enough as to its worth because they
are the expert cattle feeders of the world.” I do not believe, gentlemen, that any
one in any country can use cottonseed products (meal and hulls) so cheaply as
you ean, if you use it scientifically. You raise your stock, you own your land, and
can get the nutritive value first at a nominal cost and can utilize the manurial value.

It will be seen from the foregoing statements that cottonseed meal contains by a
large percentage a greater amount of nitrogen (protein) than any other food. It
is, in fact, the most concentrated, cheapest and most nutritious of foods, and in
feeding, mixing it with hulls, bran, hay or other feeds it produces an ideal food,
There is nothing doubtful or experimental in this when the proper ration is given.
It would be wasting time to talk to you about the wonders of cottonseed’meal as a
food for animals. Its praises are sung by the chemist in his laboratory as he
proves its marvelous analysis and by the skilled feeder in the competitive tests.
The story is told in a thousand agricultural and experimental reports and in
innumerable works on nutrition and feeds. There is but one side to the case.

I do not wish to worry you with details, but I cannot refrain from placing
cottonseed meal and a few other foods side by side, that you may at a glance coms
pare the mountain and the mole hill.

DIGESTIBLE MATERIAL IN FEEDSTUFFS.

Dalrymple, in the Louisiana station, gives the following table, showing the
digestible material in ten pounds of each of the following feedstuffs:

- Pounds
Protein Carbohydrates Fat
\WMI@BN TOME WM Sep seteer eso ete BP cea eae has ORAS i. aes Oo i 1.21 1.92 mt
(CBN cates el ciel see ace ee Re a ia ene EAS ett Ree wee et 93 3.75 36
CEST EURYSY By era ra a eee ee a ee eNO Sone 1.69 1.22

“Of course, every one knows that protein and fat are the elements that count
and that cost. Carbohydrates are all right, but ‘the woods are full of it’ We find
it in every old feedstuff.”

Lamborne based the statement upon many actual tests that one pound of
cottonseed meal is equal to 1 3-4 pounds of corn, a ton or 2000 pounds of cottonseed
meal is equal to 3500 pounds of corn, hence when corn is worth 50e¢ per bushel, a
ton of cottonseed meal is worth $31.50. When corn is worth 60c a bushel, a ton of
cottonseed meal is worth $37.50. When corn is worth 70c a bushel a ton of cotton-
seed meal would be worth $43.75. When corn is worth 80c a bushel, a ton of cot-
tonseed meal would be worth $50.00.

I am not taking a shot at corn, the world’s greatest cereal; [am only demanding
for cottonseed meal that constitutional right accorded every citizen, a fair trial and
an honest verdict.

The dearest, the scarcest, the most necessary element in plant life is nitrogen.
There are silver, gold and diamond mines in various parts of the globe, but alas,
only one nitrogen mine in all the world—think of it—and the quantity is growing
Jess and less every day.

Distinguished chemists are working day and night trying to produce nitrogen
on a commercial basis. To date all their efforts are futile. The plants only know
the secret. They steal the illusive, volatile nitrogen from the air, the water, the
soil and the greatest nitrogen catcher of them all is the eotton plant. All the
nitrogen the animals get, the plants first found and gave them.

( 109 )

UNIVERSAL FARMING

The South is not a grain country, they say. Maybe not, maybe we are so busy
making cotton to clothe the world that we haven't time to bother with grain: but
while we are making humanity’s raiment the Lord is showering down upon us a
manna richer than that which He made to fall upon the Jews on their pilgrimage
from Egypt to Jerusalem.

TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY AND INCREASE THE QUANTITY OF BUTTER.

Heat a quantity of GOOD DEODORIZED COOKING COTTONSEED OIL to about
blood heat, and just before beginning to churn, add to the milk, using about one-third
of a teacupfal to each gallon of milk, and proceed as usual.

Good Cooking Oil can be bought from any progressive grocer at about sixty
cents or less per gallon, which is about 8 cents per pound.

A three-gallon churning of rich milk will take about half a pound of Oil. It will
hasten the coming of the butter, assist in its better collection, improve the quality
of both it and the buttermilk, and being returned as butter will give with the better
collection of the butter fat an increased yield slightly in excess of the weight of
the oil added and profit equal to the difference between the selling price of the
butter and the cost price of the Oil. But this is by no means the major advantage
of the practice. This is to be found in the decreased time and labor in churning
and in the improved flavor and softened texture of the butter and buttermilk.

NOTE—The quantity of oil to be used will be influenced by the percentage of
butter fat in the milk and the temperature of the weather. Hence, the richer the
milk, and the colder the weather the greater the quantity of Oil. It must be remem-
bered too that under the operation of that disgrace to American legislation, “the
Oleomargerine law” butter so treated is classed as “manufactured butter,” and
cannot be sold except as such.

CORN AND COWPEAS A FINE SILAGE.

We filled one silo last year with corn and cowpeas. It took 11 acres to fill a
120 ton silo and the silage is the best I have ever used or seen anywhere. The corn
and whippoorwill cowpeas were planted in the same row. In planting, corn was
put in one box and cowpeas in the other. We drove through and came back the
same rows, thus planting both kinds of seed in each row. When the corn was
right for siloing there were ripe cowpeas, green pods and blossoms all on the same
vines. We cut this crop with a six-foot mowing machine, taking two rows. The
cornstalks averaged twelve feet high with good ears that would have made thirty
bushels to the acre, and the pea vines were as tall as the corn. Another job of
filling was done with a late crop of corn and cowpeas planted the same way, but
cut with a corn binder. We then went over it with a mower anl raked up what.
was left. This proved to be a cheaper way than cutting, and we expect to follow
this plan hereafter. We consider corn and cowpeas handled this way to make as
near a balanced silage ration as can be had. Fed with a small amount of hay or
shredded fodder it would make an ideal food—cC. 8S. Perkins, Oswego, Kans.

LAXATIVE FOR COWS.

If the cows need a laxative, oilmeal is better than any kind of salts. Like
ensilage and roots, it is a natural laxative and helps to keep the cow in healthy
condition. When an animal is run down from wrong feeding a medicine has little
value. It is only by right feeding and clean, well-ventilated quarters and good care
that health and vigor may be restored.

(110)

UNIVERSAL FARMING

TO AVOID SCOURS IN PIGS.

A good remedy for scours in pigs consists in dissolving a chunk of quicklime
as big as your two fists in a bucket of water. Stir well and allow it to settle. Give
from one to two quarts of the clear liquid to each sow at feeding time, twice a
day if necessary. Begin soon after farrowing time ,and give two or three times
a week as a preventive.

HOW HOGS ARE SALT POISONED.

It is an accepted fact that salt is poison to pigs, and pretty deadly, too, if taken
in any material quantity. But often deaths are assigned to other than the true
causes in cases where salt is the agent. It will be said, perhaps, that no brine o1
salt in any form has been disposed of from the house for a considerable period
before deaths may have occurred, and that any mortality may not be attributed
to the poison. It, however, often happens in this way: Salt is occasionally care-
lessly put in the hog tub or may be bvine with salty sediments. The slowly soluble
salt settles at the bottom of the tub, so that it is only when the dregs are taken
out that the poisoning takes place. Some tubs and cisterns are not really emptied
for months, and then is the time that salt poisoning may oecur.

THE HOG AS A SOIL RESTORER.

It is usually thought to be a bad thing to sell grain off the farm and the man
who feeds all the grain he raises is praised as one who is keeping up his farm.
But when this grain is fed to hogs in a dry lot is it true that mueu good results
to the soil? We cannot see where any fertility gets back to the fields from whieh
the grain was taken. But should the grain be fed to hogs that have the run of the
fields the soil is being kept up if net actually increased in fertility. We may say
that we cannot get something for nothing but it is a fact that corn may be raised
year after year on a field and if that corn is “hogged down” or fed where it grew
the soil will gain in fertility and will produce larger crops at the end of a series
of years than at the beginning. To keep up the soil on the farm where the most
of the grain is fed to hogs it is necessary that the fields be fenced hog tight, and
that the hogs have the run of them whenever possible.

The fertilizing value of hog manure is above that of all other manures. A
300-pound hog produces manure of a total yearly value of $8.00. Hence you see
the by-product is almost as valuable as the hog. Remember, the great trusts made
their money chiefly out of by-products. You can do the same,

Keep a drove of hogs, say about twenty, in a quarter of an acr> in close; never
turn them out. Give them good shelter and enclose the shelter and have it high
and dry. A hog never likes to lie out in the rain or cold winter or summer weather.
This neglect robs the United States of many millions of hogs every year.— John
ixasmeler,

SHEEP “FINISH” RAPIDLY.

Sheep may be put through a feed lot and made in condition for the butcher
in ninety days, but with cattle it is a longer process. No other stock will make
the same showing that sheep will with ihe same care in the same time.

(ait }

UNIVERSAL FARMING

THE MULE COMPARED WITH OTHER STOCK.

The mule is the most valuable animal on the farm, no matter how he may be
compared. In growth and development he beats the horse; in service the mule
team heats the horse team; in cheapness of keep he comes out ahead of the horse,
and he does also in ability to stand rough care and hard usage.

In average selling price he excels everything on the farm. The average value
ol the hog on the market is $6.55; that of the sheep is $3.43; that of a beef animal
is $17.49; that of a milch cow is $32.36; that of the horse is $98.64, while the mule
stands above them all with an average value in this country of $107.84. A team
of first-class heavy mules often sell: for $500. And it does not eost so much to
raise a mule as it does to raise a horse.

Mr. R. A. Moore of the Wisconsin experiment station recommends the following
rotation: Clover, one year; timothy and clover, one year; peas, one year; small grain,
one year, and back again to clover. Or the timothy and clover may be omitted and
cultivated crop substituted. When this is done the manure should be applied to the
cultivated crop, otherwise apply it to the timothy and clover. Where peas are to be
sold directly from the farm, it is advisable to feed the other grain crops on the
farm. Continuous cropping with peas encourages bad weeds and fungous diseases.

In the case of new land, however, if is advisable to raise peas twice in suc-
cession, so that the ground may become rich in the bacteria that aid in the best
development of the pea crop. As a rule, these bacteria are lacking in new soils,
but will be present in unlimited numbers the second year the field is cropped to peas.

When seeding new lands it is well to scatter a load of soil per acre taken from
a field where peas have been successfully grown. This will enable the plants to
develop the nodules which contain the beneficial bacteria. Under normal con-
ditions of continuous cropping, grow the peas in rotation with other crops.

Always sow close to your hog lot in the fall a good patch of wheat or oats.
This gives you a fine grazing for your pigs, hogs or brood sows. In the middle of
June throughout the cotton belt if you desire break up said pasture good and deep
and plant it in sorghum, Kaffir corn or Mexican June corn. This will make you
tinder favorable season a full crop... K.

CRUDE PETROLEUM.

Crude petroleum is a good paint for the iron work of wagons, machinery and
tools. It is almost as cheap by the barrel as water.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture well knows the evils of surface farming;
so do some of our first agricultural states, and they have been trying to encourage
eood agriculture by offering prizes for corn contests. Who won these contests?
Was it the six-inch plowers? From 102 to 205 bushels of corn were raised by the
new generation who are taking these lessons to heart and plowing from 12 to pee
inches.

VALUE OF THE TOAD.

The prodigious appetite of the toad is advocated for the sure cure for the
scourge of grasshoppers in the far west. A Scotchman near Greely, Colorado, pro-
poses to start a toad farm on his ranch and sell the products. He asrerts this is a
common practice in Europe.

(112 )

This illustration is from an actual photograph of a truck garden in the
Gulf Coast Country of Texas.

Legumes of all kinds grow wonderfully in the Gulf Coast Country of Texas,
as evidenced by above photograph.

UNIVERSAL FARMING

We never know the worth of water till the well is dry, nor the worth of food
tit! the cost of living is high.

SALT FOR COLICKY CALVES.

Calves should be allowed to run on pastures as much as possible. It provides
exercise, and they do much better than if kept up. Many a good calf has been
ruined by under feeding, and this is no less true of over feeding. That is the reason
we have adopted a medium ration and stick to it. Handfed calves sometimes have
colie but it is not often fatal. TWo tablespoonsful of common salt in a pint of
water used as a drench never fails to give prompt relief.

Plainview, Colo.

HOT WATER FOR INFLAMED UDDER

When the cow comes fresh if the udder is swollen or inflamed bathe it in
water as hot as the hand can bear. It will relieve her, and she can be more easily
milked. Try this, too, sometime, when she holds up her milk. It almost always

works.

Grouse, Ore. MRS. GUS SMITH.

STARVING RUSSIANS EAT OWN CHILDREN.

St. Petersburg, March 13, 1911—Horrifying stories are reaching this city from
the famine zone in Central Russia where nearly 4,000,000 persons are starving.
in one of the communities the situation has become so desperate that mothers
and fathers have killed and eaten their own children. Gaunt, starving peasants
and women, emaciated and frenzied from suffering, fight over crusts and bones.
All the public granaries are empty despite government measures. No general relief
is in sight.

SUBSOIL THE GRASS LANDS.

The grass. in that upland meadow is not doing what it should. The sod is so
hard that but little of each rainfall penetrates it.

rom two to five times as much grass or hay could be produced by going over
it with a subsoiler, the kind that makes a slot in the sod and soil 15 to 20 inches
deep-—it does not throw up any earth-—merely presses it aside. These slots should
he from 2 to 20 inches apart and cut across the slope or grade, keeping the bot-
fom of the slot as near level as possible so as to retain all of the water.

Run the subsoiler as deep as your power will draw it. Don’t be afraid of get-
ting the bottom of this furrow or slot down into the clay. The grass roots will go
to the bottom of if and ultimately convert this clay into soil.

It will cost you about $1.00 per acre to subsoil your meadow or prairie lands
and the results will last from three to six years, when vou should again subsoil.

[f you are not satisfied with that prairie grass you are now raising, then attach
a seeder to the subsoiler and put in blue grass or Bermuda grass, either of which
will predominate within a year or so.

In some respects this is the most important subject treated in this book. Not
only should every farmer try it on his upland grass and meadow lands, but it is
applicable to all of the public domain where grass grows or can be made to grow.

The President of the United States has suggested the expenditure of $50,000,000
or more, to prevent the overflow of the Mississippi river. If the government would
use part of this sum subsoiling its western prairies and plains, as outlined here,

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UNIVERSAL FARMING

the assistance it would get in the work on the part of the various states, railroads,
great corporations and individuals, would within a few years effectually check any
more flood flows from the west. The increased grass growth thus created would
feed all the cattle of a continent.

This may look a stupendous undertaking on the part of the government. UH
Unele Sam had not “shook his fist” at so many of the large corporations, they would
be glad to take this whole task off his hands, pay me handsomely for showing them
this opportunity, and not only make billions of profit for themselves but furnish
us plenty of meat, as cheap as twenty-five years ago.

If by subsoiling, I am able to make prairie grass grow three and four feet high
on my farm, instead of six to 12 inches, where not subsoiled, then the same increase
of grass crop can be had in all the western grass regions. The government or ereat
corporations could subsoil much more cheaply than f, because they would use the
traction engines with gangs of subsoilers. Here is a conservation pan that is very
simple and easy of application. It would give thousands of men permanent empio.-
ment and result in an abundance of meat for everybody.

Fellow farmers, the above is good advice for Uncle Sam, but he usually takes
a long time to think and talk over such an innovation, and besides, it is an Oklahoma
method—ultra-American—at present Uncle Sam is looking, and sending commis
sions, to Europe to learn how to farm, finanee, govern, and do nearly every human
activity, In the meantime we farmers should subsoil our srass lands and get the
“cream” off of the business before Uncle Sam gets into it. Remember by subsoiling
vou can raise good alfalfa on your uplands—John Kasmeier.

SEWERAGE.
To the United States and to the States:

You must put an immediate stop to your municipalities wasting and = de-
stroying the sewage, the most of which would make a fertilizer of sreat value.
You shake the foundations of the government telling the trusts and radroads what
they must do and not do, but permit your cities to continue a move maportaat in
fraction of law, economic law, than those other corporations. The farmer needs thi
by-product of the city; the railroad needs the back Faul and we will pay for the
fertilizer. I will buy it, my neighbors and those using my methods will bay. ‘Lhe
demand is unlimited.

PIT SILOS.

Make them of cement the same as a cistern. They will be found invaluable by
all fruit and vegetable raisers.

Apples and potatoes should be ground before putting in the silo, Peaches may
be put in whole.

I presume you need not be told that this silage will fatten your hogs quickei
than distillery slops.

To remove silage for feeding use an elevator.

TO THE BANKERS.

You have often been misunderstood and misjudged by the farmers and public
in general, who do not see or understand the conditions you have to meet. Eterna!
vigilance is the price you pay for being ready to withstand a contraction or a
panic. In turn, many of you have misunderstood the conditions and problems that

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UNIVERSAL FARMING

confront the farmer. The most of you are college men, and all of you are students,
hence should lend a hand and help to solve some of the farm problems, not only
to be able to help the farmers, but to help yourself financially, physically and
morally.

You should own and operate a farm, and it should be the best operated farm in
your community. If you follow my method it will be a scientific experimental
station convenient to every farmer in the county and will pay you a better direct
return on your investment than the most of those notes in your vaults.

Dom t fail to teach your children, both boys and girls, practical farming. They
will live to see the day when the best farmers will, financially and socially, rank
above what we now call the learned and business professions.

Government statistics show that the foodstuffs imported by the United States
in the eight months ending with February 1910, were valued in the aggregate at
$262,000,000, as compared with $244,000,000 for the samc period of 1911 and with only
${45,000,000 for the same period of 1902. This shows that such imports have almost
doubled in value in ten years.

Part of this apparent increase in the American appetite for foreign foods is
due to the increased cost of foodstuffs in all the markets of the world but in great
measure is due to the increase of our city-dwelling population and the relative de-
crease in the production of our farms. In the item of breadstuffs, the imports have
iripled in value in the ten years.

This means that we are no longer an agricultural nation engaged in feeding
the world. Our exports of raw products are still very large, but they decrease
steadily, and our exports of manufactured wares as steadily increase. This is the
thing that is working many of the vital changes in our social constitution that are
so puzzling to some statesmen.

FOR SNAKE BITES.

In case of snake bite catch a chicken, a black one is best. Don’t kill it, but take
a sharp knife and split at the breast back and put it over the snake bite. The
ehicken will turn green. Repeat this process with fresh chickens until they fail
to turn green.

THE INDIAN RUNNER DUCK.

There is no duck so hardy for the farm as this breed. They lay large white
eges, rich in protein content, valuable for food or cake baking, and readily sellers
on the market. The middle of May is plenty early to have the young ducklings ©
appear. They grow fast and weigh from 4 to 5 pounds in & or {0 weeks and may
be marketed while the price is good, and young duck roasts are in demand in the
city restaurants. All surplus stock should be marketed as soon as mature, for a
duck will soon eat up its profit when growth ceases. The market is poor for the
overfat or the old flabby fat duck.

SWEET PICKLED GREEN TOMATOES.

{ bushel green tomatoes, 1 peck small white onions, 10e mustard seed, 10e all
spice, 5e cloves (whole), 5¢ bruised ginger 10c whole mace, broken small, 4 table-
spoonsful ground cinnamon, 4 tablespoonsful celery seed 1 gallon cider vinegar,
1 gallon water, (or enough to cover well the vinegar and water); sweeten with
brown sugar, about 2 pounds, or enough to taste good.

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UNIVERSAL FARMING

Cut up the tomatoes in slices about 1-4 inch thick, onions same; put in the
spices; cover with vinegar and sugar: boil two or three hours slowly until very
tender. Can while hot.

SUCCESS IN FEEDING LAMBS.

During the few years I have been feeding western lambs I have been led to
the conclusion that the foundation upon which the most successful operations must
rest is grass. By this I mean not only bluegrass, but clover and alfalfa as well.
It is not only beneficial to the lambs, but grass feeding is the best way to keep up
the fertility of the soil or to improve a wornout farm. Sheep manure put-on with
a spreader is quite stimulating to grass, and good sod turned under in its turn
brings good crops of corn and wheat. For best results in -handling the lambs they
must be protected from the wind, fed hay and grain regularly twice a day, just a
little less than will be eaten up clean, and given all the clean, pure water they will
drink. They need a little salt daily, and the lots should be kept clean with plenty
of bedding.—B. D. Lemert, Severance, Kans.

One of the important functions of lime that is often overlooked is that it pre-
pares land for leguminous crops. There are many types of soil not adapted = to
erowing such crops as alfalfa, clover, vetch, soy beans, ete., because of the acid
condition of the land or because of the lack of micro-Grganisms tliat are essential
for leguminous crops. Often by the use of hydrated lime the soil may be prepared
for these bacteria and hence the legumes grown. Lime is a very useful amendment
of stimulant for soil and its use ought to be more common.

Most of the methods of “breaking up” hens from setting are cruel and tire and
distress the innocent hens who are not to blame for their instinet. The kindest way
is the following: When it is necessary to stop the inclination, place the hen in a
nice clean coop, alone, with fresh grass, and all the fresh meat cut fine that she
will eat. The meat immediately increases the egg nourishment, and while the hen
is having a really good time, she is fast preparing herself to commence laying eggs.
It will take but two or three days before she forgets all about sitting, having other
affairs to attend to.

The quail is the farmer's friend and should be protected by him, instead of
being slaughtered, as they are the best exterminators of worms and insects in
the fields .

Helen Gould has brought about, through the legislature in several states, laws
forbidding the killing of quail for five years. This should be adopted throughout
the United States—then watch the insect go. It has been figured out that they
destroyed in one eastern state alone 3,200 tons of inseets. Thanks to Helen Gould
and watch those birds help us make a crop— J. k.

Now, kind Reader, if we study and practice this little book and ask the Almighty
Creator for his blessings and for Him to dwell with us, we are then bound to prosper,
for Christ says, “Whatever you shall ask my Father in My name, it shall be
granted.”

es BE)

The two seasons: Hunting and gardening. This crack shot of the Gulf Coast
of ‘Texas will tell you how to hunt rabbits in the cabbage fields of January, when

the Northener will look upon the snow-clad patch of ground behind his house.
Here is sport for young and old.

Guif Coast of Texas, the paradise of the state, where good old “Sol” does the
work withcut expense to you. Is it any wonder that the roses bloom perpetually ?
This clergyman thinks there is no better recreation in leisure moments than tending
a little garden patch, Notice his singular way of tightening the garden fence,

UNIVERSAL FARMING

An appropriate prayer for anyone, no matter what occupation he is engaged in.:
A RAILROAD MAN’S PRAYER.

“Oh, Lord, now that I have flagged Thee, lift up my feet off the rough road
and plant them safely on the platform of the train of salvation. Let me use the
safety lamp known as prudence, make all the couplings on the train with the strong
link of Thy love and let my hand lamp be the Bible; and, heavenly Father, keep
all the switches closed that lead off on sidings, especially those with a blind end.
Oh, Lord, if it be Thy pleasure, have every semaphore light along the line show the
white light of hope, that I may make the run of life without stopping. And Lord,
vive us the Ten Commandments for a schedule; and when LI have finished the run
on schedule time, pulled into the great dark station of Death, may Thou, the
Superintendent of the Universe, say, ‘Well done, thou good and faithful servant,
come and sign the payroll and receive a check for Eternal Happiness. ~

THE BEST SEED A NECESSITY.

That the best crops are grown from the best seed, every one believes. Yet how
indifferent in practice are some of us to the necessity of securing the best seed-
corn for our own use, an indifference that is probably the most costly of all our
faults.

NOTES OF INTEREST.

The first tariff was in 1789.

Silk was first made in 1850.
Homeopathy was introduced in 1825.
Women first voted in Wyoming in 1870.

The phonograph was first heard im 1377.

Sewing machines were first used in 1846.

The patent right law was enacted in 1799.

The first steamboat plied the Hudson in 1807.

The first adoption of standard time was in 883.

The capital was established at Washington, 1800.

The first canal was opened in 804, in Connecticut.

The first dental office was opened in New York in 1788.

The first assay office was established at New York in 1854.
The Department of Agriculture was made an executive one in 1888.

In 1767, William Lyle, of New York, made the first hot-air furnace.

The first President, Washington, was inaugurated April 30, 1789.

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UNIV ER SAE EAR MeN

Cotton was first raised in Virginia in 1621, and first exported in 1747. The first
cotton mill was operated in New Hampshire, 1803,

The first discovery of suinolouni maa 1860, in Pennsylvania.

Iron was discovered in Virginia ouvieo ahd gold in California in 1848.

The first ship to carry our flag sme Gn world was the ship Columbia, 1780-
1790.

The first woman to write M. D. after her name was Elizabeth Blackwell, in ‘849.

The first woman lawyer was Miss Mansfield, who hung out her shingle in 869.

The first agricultural fair was held at Georgetown, District of Columbia, in t8 0.

The first telegraph message was sent from Washington to Baltimore, May
Zt, 1844,

Vaccination was introdueed into the United States in 1800 by Dr. Waterhouse,
ot Harvard University.

To Connecticut belongs the honor of establishing the first experimental station.
This was in 1875.

The first State to add a star to the constitution of thirteen was [linois, admitted
December 3, 1818.

The first bridge of any kind erected across the Mississippi River was com-
pleted in January, 1855, at Minneapolis.

The first hospital was erected in Pennsylvania, February 7, 1751. The Penn-
sylvania Hospital it was called.

The first patent on a stove for burning anthracite coal was taken out by
Anthony Savage, of Pottsville, Pennsylvania. in 1830.

The first voyage of an American vessel around the world was made by the ship
Columbia, from Boston, starting September 36, 1787.

Edison’s telephone was first used at the World’s Fair, Philadelphia, 1876, but
it was two years later before there was one in public use.

The first steamer, the Savannah, crossed the Atlantic, from Savannah to Liver-
pool, in 1819, starting May 24 and crossing in twenty-five days.

The Weather Bureau was established in 1870, Increase Lapham and Henry
Paine framing the law which established the signal office at Washington.

As an example to show how our land is wasted, Germany with all her 60,000,000
people could live in Oklahoma and the entire population of the United States could
live and prosper in the state of Teras and would have products to export if the
proper scientific methods and care were used in farming the soil.

The quail is the farmer’s friend and should be protected by him, instead of being
slaughtered, as they are the best exterminators of worms and insects in the fields.

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UNIVERSAL- FARMING

Kind Reader, this book shows you that there are millions of acres of land
ruined all on account of the negleet of Uncle Sam in not taking up the system of
the noble Southern farmer, before the Civil War. Who took care of the precious
soil by making circle ditches and water furrows, so he could feed his present pop-
niation, and the future generations, by’ preserving the fertile soil. He knew that
it was only a paper title that he held on this land. So when he went to his eternal
rest he could turn over this land to his inheritance, just as he received it from the
Almighty land owner. That shows that he was not only a business farmer but also
a Christian farmer. But what has happened since then, our Government has made
no compulsion and you no doubt have helped to slaughter the fertile soil. So is
there any wonder at the cost of high living. Now kind immigrator to the soil, of
such land we want to guard you. We are sure that if you will come to the Gulf
Coast of Texas, in the Diocese of Corpus Christi or San Antonio, we can show you
thousands of acres of Virgin soil, that will produce most anything you plant and a
stock food that will yield from twenty-five to one hundred tons per acre.

You must take into consideration, if you intend immigrating to the farm, that
you will often have to contend with floods and droughts. This occurrence has pre-
vailed throughout the history of the world.

These conditions have prevailed up to the present time, as mentioned above.
lor instance, two of the Empires of Europe, one Russia, and the other Germany.
lkussia, in nineteen eleven, through crude farming and drought, lost through star-
vation, over five million people. Germany on the other hand had over 42 million
tons of perishable and staple product, and all through scientific farming and fer-
tilizing.

If you are contemplating on leaving your present location before you go else-
where, come and see us in Texas and especially, in the Diocese of Corpus Christi,
and San Antonio. Wherever you desire to locate look up the ads in this book. We
lave in these dioceses, some of the finest and most fertile land in the United States,
which can be gotten at reasonable prices.

JOHN KASMEIER.

(12s)

SES.

In Conelusion

IN concluding this little treatise, I desire to express my appreciation of the faet
that my theories will not perhaps be received enthusiastically everywhere. It may
be that some of my readers have far different ideas,—others may have tried approx-
imately the same method that I propose, without success. Far different con-
ditions exist in different parts of the country. Some conditions might not be suit-
able for the application of the method that I advise. Some farmers after trying
some of my methods, may declare them to be a failure. I would respectfully ask,
however, that before my methods are condemned that they be tried out fully
and in every detail. The first trial may not be entirely satisfactory,—some
little essential detail may be overlooked,—but I am confident from my own ex-
perience that a careful study and application of these methods will bring sure
results. I have tried them in widely varying soils, under different climatic con-
ditions, and in various parts of the South. I have no apology to offer for sub-
mitting them to the public, as I have been suecessful with farming, using these
methods, where my neighbors, using other methods, have failed. My friends
and the business men who are familiar with my work know that I have made
a success of it, and urged me to present my views to the public. I have now
done so, and if the knowledge submitted herein benefits only a few of my readers,
then I feel that this book will be the suecess that farming has been with me, under
the theories herein set forth.

Respectfully,
JOHN KASMETER.

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