Ofr-

(/

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF

OIRT OF"

Received
Accessions No^-.

Shelf No~.

UNITED STATES CONSULAR EEPORTS.

CATTLE

AND

DAIET FAEMING-

II

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1888.

;•'*

GERMANY. , 389

GERMANY.

BREEDS OF CATTLE Itf GERMANY,

CATTLE IN HESSE-NASSAU AND PRUSSIA.

It has been found very difficult, in the commercial city of Frankfort-on-
the-Main and its neighborhood, to obtain any information and data rela-
tive to the number, races, properties, and condition of cattle in the prov-
ince, of which said city is the commercial center. The country around
Frankfort is thickly dotted with thriving cities and villages, and the divis-
ion of landed property has proceeded to such an extent as to make farms
or estates of a hundred or several hundreds of acres a rare exception. The
populousness of the country, moreover, insuring a ready sale of all the
finer and more delicate products of the soil, the raising of which is facili-
tated by a mild and equable climate, has tended to make the raising and
maintenance of cattle comparatively unreraunerative. Thus it is, that
cattle-breeding and raising is comparatively unknown in the province of
Hesse-Nassau, and that one but seldom sees such herds of cattle as
abound on the extensive meadows of Northern Germany and the Nether-
lands.

The temperature of this city and province, although lying entirely above
the 50th degree of latitude, is very moderate and equable, indeed. The
mean temperature during the thirty years from 1851 to 1880 was 9.9° Cel-
sius ; in the warmest year of those thirty years it was 11.3°, and in the
coldest 8.2°. The mean temperature in winter is 1.1°, in spring 9.6°,
in summer 18.9°, and in fall 9.8°, all of the centigrade scale. The highest
point the thermometer reached in the thirty years referred to was 36.6°,
on July 21, 1865, and the lowest 2 1 .3°, on January 7, 1861. The mean at-
mospheric pressure during said years was 753Awm, and varied between
750.8mm (in 1853) and 757.6mm (in 1854).

The province of Hesse-Nassau embraces the circuits of Onsseland Wies-
baden, and contains an area of 15,692 square kilometers, on which is
maintained a population of 1,554,376 inhabitants. The following table
will show the number of cattle k;, said province in the years 1873 and 1883,
as found by the official census, viz :

Circuit of Cassel in 1873 .1 270,001

Circuit of Cassel in 1883 _• 272,266

Increase in 10 years 2,265

Circuit of Wiesbaden in 1873 206,367

Circuit of Wiesbaden in 1883 219,450

Increase in 10 years 13,083

Total in the province of Hcsse-Nassr,u :

In 1873 478,633

In 1883 489,451

Total incroaso in ten years . 10,818

390 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

This increase in tho province of ITesse-Xassau. by far exceeds the aver-
age increa.se in the Kingdom of Prussia, which, although almost twenty-
two tunes tlu» si/.e oi said province, increased only 1)0,075, namely:

Nr. i. •.'•>' •:- ot'iMttle in 1 lie Kingdom of Prussia :

i,, 1-7:5 e,r>30,r,u

bovr im ivu-e of %, 075

TIIK OH I GIN OF KTKOPKAN CATTLE.

The original ancestor of the European races of cnttlo is called, by
scientists \\ho have investigated the subject, Jios primiffenus, of which
original race vestiges can be followed up as far as tho proofs for tho
presence of human beings themselves go. At present this primitive
form of cattle is only found in the wild Park steer of Chillinghain,
Scotland, although the climate lias considerably reduced his form. This
race, however, can only be considered as the wild typical form of Euro-
pean cattle, it having entirely disappeared from Europe, excepting the
reduced race of Scotland referred to. The two great groups of cattle
which have inherited the type of the Bosprimifjenus are:

(1) Tim lowland cattle of Northwestern and Western Europe, notably
in Holland, Freisland, on the Lower Elbe, in the plains of Dantzig, in
Flanders, in the Ardennes, in Picardy, ^Normandy, and Bretagne, and
in tin1 i ^tern countries of England (Shorthorns).

d') i ue steppe-cattle of Southeastern and Easter;;, Western audXortli-
ern Europe, the .Romanic race in Italy, the cattle of Scotland and Wales.

>"»-xt to the race of Jlos prhniyc-H ?*,<?, and as a, branch and modification
then of. the race called Bos frontosus was discovered, from which are
descended the variegated cattle of Switzerland (Berner, Simmenthaler,
Saanenthaler, and JM-eiburger), the similarly-typed races of the Tyrol
and Sal/burg (Zillerthaler, Duxthaler, Pinzgatier, &c.}, tho Miesbacher
tyjie of I'pper liavaria; the Egerland and Voigtland cattle of Bohemia
and Saxony, ami probably, also, the hornless cattle of England, Scotland,
and Norway, and the cattle of Westmoreland, Cumberland, Lancashire,
and Devonshire. J-'rom another branch of the original Bos primifjcnus,
the !>'>> hrni-hicrrvftt are descended the gray-brown and lighter or
daiker gi'ay cattle of Switzerland (Schwytzer, Graubindener, Monta-
i'on.T. Obernimthaler, ^lurzthaler, Pusterwalder, ami Allgauer); also
iiM»si of the, types of tli« Pyrenees iml t»ho neighboring departmenls
(Landes, (iascogne, Garonne), as xvell ;rs-fhe dwarfed cow of Shetland.
< )i'« -oiir-i' the many c'Ussings l»e< wen these original races and their de-
scendant s have jtrodneed n:i.'ntv<Mi.s intermedir.te breeds, notably in JMid-
dh- and Southern Germany, in Austria, in Middle and Eastern France.
and in England, which it; is impossible now to trace with certainty to
either of the great original races mentioned. It; will appear from the
fure^oing >tafenienis that ;t description of t lie diiferent ty]>es or races of
cattle of Middle liui'oj.e, might be uttem))ted, from various diiferent
s of view, according to the predilection of tho party describing

M-III. ( )r-e mi-lit choose the geographical standpoint describing simply
the cattle now existing in the dilVen-ut countries or regions, without
reler f-nee t - » afiinity or descent ; anot her would (lesci'ilx1 tho groups and
races of cattle, which, although not contiguous geographically, would
seem to him to have, descended from the same original type, while still
another would make color the distinguishing feature of this classifica-
tion. But all these divisions are subject to certain objections, audit re-

GERMANY. 391

mains, therefore, only to take the different types as we now find them
and describe them without any attempt at classification.

I.— THE ^vECKAR BACE.

This is the leading type of cattle in the Kingdom of Wurtemberg.
It is of red color, of large and rather heavy body and deep belly. Other

The live
exceeds the
well adapted

for the butcher, but inferior as draft-animals. "When fattened they
reach a weight of nearly 2,000 pounds. The calves are unusually large
and heavy when born.

II. — THE SlMMENTHALER EACE.

This race is indigenious in the valley of the Siinmc, Switzerland, and
is the race mainly used in Southern Germany to improve the German
cattle. Its leading features are : Head small and light, with gentle yet
lively expression ; horns fine and good, pointed forward and upward ;
neck short ; body well rounded in the ribs ; rump broad and long ; tail
usually sitting high ; color generally red, but often variegated ; weight
averages 1,500 pounds for cows and from 2.400 to 2,600 pounds for bulls.
Observations concerning the increase of weight made at Hohenheim, in
the Simmen Valley, gave the following results : Animals of one-fourth
to one year were fed daily 10 pounds of hay- value, while their average
weight was 475 pounds. Heifers, in their second year, received 22
pounds daily, their average weight being 700 pounds. Cows, big with
calf, in their third year, averaging in weight 1,000 pounds, were given
in feed 28 pounds hay-value per day. The increase of weight was as
follows for each 100 pounds of hay- value consumed: With animals of
one-fourth to one year, 7.14 pounds; with animals of one to two years,
6.12 pounds ; with animals of two to three years, 3.82 pounds. Observa-
tions continued during a whole year of rational feeding and its results
made with this kind of cattle showed the following results, viz: Quan-
tity of food consumed 17,193 pounds of hay-value, or 47.2 pounds daily,
or, taking an average weight of 15500 pounds, 3.14 pounds for each 100
pounds of body weight.

(It may be proper to state at this point that the expression "hay-
value," used in the foregoing statement, means the nutritive properties
of the different kinds of feed reduced to the nutritive value of hay.)

The cows so fed yielded an average quantity of 1,S23J quarts (of 4
pounds each) of milk and one calf of an average weight of 93 pounds.

The fattening of this cattle is accomplished with hay and salt alone,
the hay in that country being far richer than that of the prairies. The
principal markets for fat cattle are Saanen, Chateau d'Oeux, and Eouge-
mont.

III. — THE LIMBOURG EACE.

This type is found in the Belgian province of Lirabourg and in a part
of Wurtemberg, notably in the districts of Gaildorf, Aalen, Ginund, and
in the valleys of the Eoth and Leine. The color of this type is silvery-
yellow, with now and then a, white spot on the forehead. The hide is
very line and pliable, making usually numerous folds on the neck, run-
ning from the well-developed dew -lap to the top. The head is long,
narrow, and often shows a curved profile. The horns are fine, round,

302 CATTLE AND -DAIRY FARMING.

and generally turned forward and upward. The chest is not well do-
vdoprd: the b-'dy small; average weight of cows G50 to 800 pounds;
oxen reach l.tluo t > 1.700 pounds. They are good milk givers, yielding
per year about 1.SUO iiici's of milk, of which 10 pounds will make 1J
pounds uf build.

IV.— Tin: FKIESDORP RACE.

The original home of tin's race is Middle Franconia, in Bavaria, notably
thediMiicfs of Ansharh. Lt'utershausen, Feuchtwangen, Dinkelsbuhi,
"\YasserirudingcM, (lir.i/cnhaasci). and SlerriedeiL The race lias become,
on account of its good points, o';e of the most favored of Germany.
They excel as draft and butcher animals. The head is strong and long;
chot broad and dee]): back straight. The legs arc high, yet strong.
The color is pecnliai, being mainly a yellow-red, variegated after the
manner of the tiger. (.:f course, theie are exceptions, such as black
and brown variegations: but such specimens are not considered desir-
able. The live weight of cows is 1.000 to 1,100 pounds, of oxen 1,300
to l.SOO. Average cows yield l.oOO liters of milk per year; large ones,
weighing between 1.100 and l.Lf 50 pounds, 2,000 liters. Sixteen liters
of milk > ield >i pound of butter. The calves are unusually large. Tho
principal market for draft oxen of this type is Ansbach.

V.-TriE ALE RACE.

This is one of the best milk-giving races of Germany. It is pre-emi-
nently th'e cow of the small farmer of Southern Germany, who looks to
tin; row not only for the milk to Mipply his house, demand, but who
a!>-> pu;s her {•> the plow and wagon, it is;»j small type, scarcely ever
exceeding ^00 pounds in weight and falling often below 050 pounds.
They thrive on scanty feed. Their color is yellowish-red. The calves
are usually very small. Thi.j race is now being improved by crossing
it willi the Sim luenl baler race.

VI.— Tin: SCHWAB IT ALL RACE.

This race is so railed because for many decades it has been mainly
bred in the region of Sehwabisch Hall. They are a rather heavy dark-
red t > chestnut-brown iare, showing more or less while only about- the
head. The cows weigh from <S5*Mo 1.000 pounds, and the oxen from
1.750 to l.'.MH) pounds. The latter, on account of the strength and rcg-
ulaiity of their limbs, are much sought as draft animals, the more be-
cause they are easily fattened, when no longer lit for draft purposes,
and furnish excellent meat.

VII.— Tin: Dr-i-rii RACE.

This race is the leading representative of the, lowland races, and is
mainly >oii-h! in the nei;j!iborhgod of large ci! ies, where the sale, of
fi e>ii milk is profit able. ! i ea n be !'ou nd. however, in all parts of *>ort h-
ei'u Germany, \vhr: e feed is abundant. The finest/ and heaviest speci-
mens of this I vpe are bred in the :i; i ^hborhood of Ley den. The head of
the I lolhtnd cat i le is loii1:. narrow, a i id li^ lit. with bi'oad mouth and hornh
;Jways pointing forwai'd, ihrii- bi.ick tips being usually turned upward.
The long neck, with bin indiii'erenily d.-veloped dew-hip, fre<pieutly
show.s a slight dej)ressionon tint ridge. Chest and back are broad, auci

/

on!

GERMANY. 393

the lino of tho back, with rare exceptions, straight to the tail. The
body is long, limbs flat and high, hind legs of cows often inclining to be
knock- kneed. The most profitable of this kind of cattle are bought in
Frieslaud (in the north of Holland); these are very heavy, with fine
bones, delicate skin, and in color mostly white with black, gray-blue,
gray, or even dark-brown spots. Their live weight averages 1,300
pounds. It has been ascertained that the efforts to increase the size
and beauty of this cattle, which have been quite successful, have resulted
in diminishing their milk-giving properties, so that a decrease of 150
liters per year, as compared with former estimates, has been established.
The average amount of milk now is about 2,700 liters per year, the cows
yielding about 27 liters per hundredweight of hay- value, these 27 liters
making about 2 pounds of butter. The cows require plenty of feed,
but remain lean while giving milk; when permitted to "stand dry,"
that is, when no longer milked, they fatten quickly. By reason of their
weight they make good draft-animals, but much depends in each case
upon the formation of the skeleton, especially the position of the legs.

VIII. — THE MONTAFONEE EACE.

This is a branch of the Schwylzer race. It does not belong to thk
heavy races as the former, but is of medium weight. Cows average
about 1,100 pounds. The color is mostly black, to black-brown, with
gray mouth, a gray stripe along the back, and light hair in the ears.
The head is small, forehead broad, horns white at tho base, otherwise
black. The neck is short, dew-lap much developed, chest broad. The
back inclines to making a slight downward curve (sway-back). The udder
is large. The quantity of milk yielded by good cows amounts frequently
to 1,900 liters. The milk is of good quality, 100 liters giving 10 pounds
of butter and 17 pounds of cheese. The oxen feed well, grow very heavy,
make good draft-animals, and are easily fattened ; the meat, however,
is coarse-grained. The home of this race is the valley of Montafone,
from Bludenz to Schluns, near the Lake of Constance, the latter place
being the principal market.

Although the Montafoner cattle are naturally a pasture-cattle, yet
they thrive very well in stables, and hence have spread over a largo
part of Germany.

IX.— THE MIESBACHER EAOE.

This race is a combination of the Pinzgauer and Fruitiger races, and
has its home in the Bavarian mountains in the neighborhood of Mies-
bach, Holzkirchen, and Tolz. It is a small race, cows averaging only
750 to 850 pounds, but the form is that of finely shaped mountain cattle;
color usually white with yellow or red spots. The yield of niilk reaches
2,100 liters per year.

X. — THE PINZGAUER RACE.

From their original home in Austrian Salzkammergut this race has
spread into the adjoining regions of the Tyrol and Upper Austria as far
as Wels. They are also found in the neighborhood of Eras and Saint
Florian and in the Bavarian mountains. The principal markets for them
in Salzkammergut are : Salzburg, Althennig, Obcrndorf, Oberalm, Mana-
Plain, Saint Leouhard, and Saalfelden; in the Pinzgau: Mittersill and
Zell-on-the-Lake; in the Pongau : Saint Johann aud Nerfen; in the

394 ••ATILJ: A.M> u.unv I'

LniiLTUii : Mauti-rndorf. Outside of the province of Salzburg important
markets are: /iianielkarn in l_'i>pcr Austria, Kulstein in the Tyrol, and
Til tnuinh1 ; i'i I pprr I> '.vai i:i.

Tin . .• *i!y ivil to red-brown, with a while stripe coin-

ir.encia;: •uiuer.*. widening between the rump bones and

then narrow!; the tail. Sometimes iliis white iield extends

over the loin ! ICL;S. The skin is fine and elastic. The head

is short, broad :•. -yes; herns liiudy shaped, pointing outward

upwind, • tips. The neck is thin, with well formed

\ iii-her at the, shoulders than behind;
iirabs correct. They are a fine mountain

i-;.( , . c[ ^ood sfiiik»?rs. They make good draft -

i . lilii!^' a superior quality of meat. The

i-t,' -,;:-:u t :»o annual yield of milk is estimated

;it :.'.'•'.' e a jioui'd oi' butter.

XL— 'i'lii; ALTAJATT.I; ]?ACK.

Ori ' in tin* _vl))ii5e regions of S'.nithofen, Inimenstadt and

FiS -'• •:• reason of its aiiapiability to nil the purposes

of tlie snia'l : . I livo antl tlirive on scanty food, and its

hiii u'-j 'i ' : i- >-'•- sji • i r a iar^'o exd nt of country, and

is now lu'ii'.u' impurh ;l \t-ry hit'.uely into Saxony, iladen, Prussia, Bo-
homii'. and I'Vi-n I\>1 L llin;.irary. Although the smallest of the

brown-.u'ray ; a<-i -t su' middle, size, Tiie cows weis.Tli 850 to 1,000

pounds Tin < r yellow-brown, always showing the black

doc-i . d ide'alon^ the loins aiuf neck. The skeleton

is n iMh, ;n that oiMhe yioiitafoner and Ki^i races. The bead is

Kina',: :-t, with well-tleveloped dew-lap, horns

vvlii . ting d;irk:'r towards tlio points, which are

hlack: i dwell knit. The ehest, as with all good

miln , i< no1 v« ;y wide, but rhe smaller ribs are wide, the belly

bi'oad and ...,;. Tl c fine remarkably heavy as compared with

tii«- i-d- - and iMilN. < 'ovv.s of 7.">0 1o IKK) ])otinds, consuming a quantity
ol ii-«-d C'(jnal tosiboiil .'•'' pounds of Jiay-valuc, yiehl J,r».S') liters of milk
]•»•!• >•;!!•. fi' \vhirli 10 liu-rs make a- pouiid <>;' butter. Experiments
; e sho\\ n that, a consnt?!i:ti:n of .100 jiounds of hay-
vaine ]-i"(liic( ; wii ii the Allganer race :!!>.: 5S liters of milk which made
-.-'5J . u1 [!olhn:d race yielded -5.-0 liters, wbich

. ' 1 .7' J ]•()!! i ds of butter, and the ordinary laml-co\vs of Saxony 23.10
lii«'i - ' i i • ai d l.TS pminds <if hnis :•. '{'lie All.^;juer race therefore
ex« -races nam»-d in (juantity as \vell as in quality of

mil;- '1'he t, :, ... . »'d characteristics of that of

itain cattle : ii is con , ,-. ami tough. Tiieleading
i :' •' •' Soutlinfen, \Stanffen, and Immenstadt.

•: h*1 imals is i hv middle of< >ctober, at which

u wit Ii their herds iVoiii tlie Alps to the valley.
;- • ' HHxirrn stable with hollow iron columns,

cement <:iihs, niiiiiin^ \ ati .. jmd ^ocd vc.ntil;:tion.

XII. — Tj;i; SCMWYTXKl! ItA'1}'.

-in the Swiss canton of Schwytz; it is

SOJIH lii s ;il>n call«-(] tin- •• \l\x\ raee,v after the, v/ell-known mountain
"nfi:' ;. ! n. Ii is now 1, red . ii^\vever, not only in said

canton, hu: ;.!•» in the cantons of St. (ialle ( 'nterwalden, Zurich,

V

GERMANY. 395

Lnzern, and Uri. Tin's race, like the Allgauer, is much resorted to to
improve the cattle of Bavaria and Wurtemberg. The crossing of the
Allgauer and the Schwytzer stock, too, is much practiced to produce a
still heavier and more milk-yielding race.

The Schwytzcr race is the heaviest and most valuable of the brown-
gray races, the cows reaching a weight of 1,400 to 1,650 pounds, and the
bulls ofteu weighing more than 2,GOO pounds. The bones are massive
and heavy, head heavy and broad, mouth large, horns not very fine, of
light color, with black tips, ears very large with a yellowish bush of hair
protruding from them. The color of the animals ranges from a dark
brown to a light gray, with no variation except that the color lightens
along the back and at the feet and mouth. The hair is fine, shining,
and smooth, the skin soft, but not thin. The neck is strong but not
short, dew-lap very large, chest deep, back straight and long. With
proper feeding, the cows of this race are the best milk givers of all the
mountain races, the milk, moreover, being very rich. The oxen become
very heavy, are excellent draft-animals, and fatten easily. The calves
of this race are the heaviest of all the mountain races. It is claimed by
some that it is difficult to acclimate the race, which, if true, may be be-
cause it is difficult to find in other countries pastures so rich and abun-
dant as those of their native cantons.

XIII. — THE YOICHITLANDER; EACE.*

This type of cattle is found in Saxony, Anhalt,*in parts of Bavaria,
and Bohemia. A race of less than medium size, they do not excel in
anything except a certain hardiness, which enables them to thrive on
scanty feed and still to furnish somewhere from 1,200 to 1,400 liters of
milk per year. The oxen are easily fattened, and the meat is of very
desirable quality.

XIY. — THE ANGKELN EACE.

This race sits in the low countries of Schleswig, between the German
and the Baltic Oceans. There is considerable of stock-breeding in that
country of rich and expansive meadows, and large numbers of young
cows are annually sent from there into Mecklenburg, Holstein, and
Pomerania to stock the dairies of those countries. They are red-
brown, of medium size, frugal feeders, and good milk givers. A branch
of this race, called Tondern cattle, is much sought by large estate-own-
ers, because heavier and better built and in other respects superior to
the ordinary run of the race.

XV. — THE PODOLISCHE EACE.

Originally imported from Southern Eussia, this race has become chiefly
remarkable from the fact that it has brought the disease known as
"rinderpest" into Germany, on which account it is still looked upon
with distrust. But its meat is so desirable, and its power of resistance
against disease and the influences of climate so great, that nevertheless
it is much sought. The percentage of deaths among this cattle, in case
of the prevalence of "rinderpest," is less by two-thirds than among
other races, while foot and mouth disease and lung diseases are very
rare among them. It is not much known in the interior of Germany as

* For portrait of Voightland cow, see report on Voightland cattle,by Consul Bullock,
of Annaberg.

39fi CATTLi; AND DAIRY FARMING.

yer, but it is claimed that 7,~> per cent, of all the beef consumed in
Vienna, ami a large part of th.it consumed in Paris, is of oxen of the
J'odoliau race. The cut shows the build of the animal, its color, and
peculiar horns. It is claimed that this race is a direct descendant of
i he /•'•»*• fji-imifjcnux. It is bred for meat alone, being1 unfit for draft
purposes ami yielding but little milk — not more than one-fourth of other
races of its size.

XVI.— THE uMUEZTHALER ItACE.

This race has also made but littlo progress into the interior of Ger-
many, having as yet penetrated no farther than the extreme south-
eastern parts of Bavaria. They arc of gray color, somewhat heavier
.than the Podolians, yield more milk, and represent ;i sort of connecting
link between the steppe and the mountain races.

PRICES OF GERMAN CATTLE.

Tiie following arc the prices of the d life rent races of cattle herein de-
scribed in German marks — 1 mark equal to LM cents — excepting the
All) and Podolian races, of "which i have been unable to ascertain the
price. The figures refer to specimens of from four to five years of age :

Unco. ' Milch cows.l Bulls.

, ' N,ckar

450

to COO

COO

to 800

'J SiniiiM-M t haii-v

G< 0

800

800

1, 000

400

4:">i)

500

(5(10

4 Trit-silorfer ..

f. Alb

400

4 CO

500

GOO

(i S. !iw:ii) Hull

IJOO

400

400

COO

600

1^ Nli in! il'i .]!'•'•

f ,Q

GOO

500

coo

coo

7 CO

7CO

800

n ]>;...,, iU,,r

GOO

500

G: 0

1 All -an. r

400

500

GOO

'_' Si !i \v v; /,(•]•

r.oo

800

r.oo

800

;; Voi :iitl iu«i<-r

550

4r)0

550

1 Am:. !n ..

400

550

400

550

5 l'..'!i,lH,-h,.

U Miii/.tiialc-r

GOO

8oO

GOO

800

CATTLE EXPORTS TO TIIE UNITED STATES.

The Frankfort district, and indeed the entire- Prussian province of
Ilesse-Xassau, is a cattle-purchasing community, 1he number of cattle
bred falling very largely below the- number consumed and needed.
lii-n<-e there is no export of cattle from this neighborhood. The freight
1'or cattle from this point to Antwerp would cost about $18 per car hold-
i,-,/ nine head, or su per head; attendance, i'eed, and other incidental
expenses would amount to about £1.50 per car, making 50 cents per
head ; in all, •Vi'.fJO per head to Antwerp. From that point the White
Star liii" of steamers to the United States charge £(i, or $29.20, to New
York, making the total cost of transportation £.'jl.70 per head.

IMPROVEMENT OF CATTLE IN GERMANY.

In conclusion it. may be stated that the efforts of the farmers and cat-
tle-breeders of ( lerniany to improve, their stock have been as intelligent
i\-\ they have been jter. severing, and that the result of these efforts has

*r

t -••!.

&

5&3£

'

m

e i

fe '

GERMANY. 397

been and is a typo of cattle in the different regions of the country en-
tirely adapted to the necessities thereof. Thus it may be said that iu
general the finer milk-yielding mountain-races are found in the more
mountainous parts of the Empire, while the heavy cattle for draft and
butchering purposes may be seen in large herds on the extensive meadows
of the north.

FEKDJKAND VOGELEK,

Consul- General.
FKANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN,

January 26, 1884.

CATTLE IN GERMANY.

REPORT EY COXST7L SCHOENLE, OF VARMEN.
DEED-BOOKS AND CATTLE-BREEDING.

It is a historical fact that rational and methodical animal-breeding
goes hand in hand with the social and economical status of a people.
Wherever civilization and the consequent economical relations of a
people arc not gradually developed, there the domesticated animals re-
main more or less in their full originality, and the primitive breeds are
retained; as, for instance, the small pony-like horse in Upper Silesia
and Lithuania, the Merino sheep in Spain, and the high-boned, flat-
ribbed hogs in Gallicia and Poland. It is therefore but natural that
we find the first systematicalfctirid successful breeding of live stock iu
England, where it was improved by experiments and supplemented by
scientific methods, thus producing cultivated breeds, which possess a
larger inbred producing power than the primitive breeds, which are
characterized by a relatively small producing power and by -one-sided-
ness in their performances. England, the cradle of noble-animal breed-
ing, was the first European country which introduced and utilized the
so-called cattle and herd books, in which not only the breed but also the
color, age, and origin of the animals are minutely entered. In course of
time these record books show far-reaching pedigrees, such as the English
'• Shorthorn Herd-book," founded in the year 1822, exhibits. These herd-
books furnish very valuable material for the improvement of the knowl-
edge of animal-breeding andforthe critical examination of the breeds and
families of animals.

The American stock-raisers availed themselves of the excellent breed-
ing methods of the English, and have since then improved them con-
siderably, and the competition into which American stock-raisers were
able to enter with their fellows in the Old World is, to a great extent, to
bo attributed to their intelligent and advanced breeding methods. In
the United States the great value of the herd-books was soon realized,
so that the first American herd-book, issued by Mr. Lewis F. Allen in
the year 1846, met the hearty approbation of agriculturists as well as
stockmen, and its usefulness was so keenly felt that since that time
similar herd-books have made their appearance in difierent parts of the
country.

France, Holland, and Switzerland are also iu the enjoyment of general
herd-books, while Germany does not yet possess a general one, for the
one issued by Mr. Stettegast, in 1807, is but a private enterprise, and has

398 CATTLE -AND 'DAIRY FARMING.

only reference to certain districts. There are, however, strenuous efforts
being made by several local cattle-breeding associations for the intro-
duction of a general herd -book, and the German Cattle-breeding and
Herd-book Society, founded in Berlin in the year 1880, has already laid
down the fundamental principles for such a record book.

CATTLE-BREEDING OF GERMANY.

Live stock in Germany is comparatively not very dense in any district.
Northern and Northeastern Germany, with the exception of Schleswig-
Holstein and the marshy districts in Oldenburg, is especially poor in
cattle and stand in striking contract with the proportionate cattle
richness in the fertile regions of South, Middle, and Western Germany.
The head center in cattle-breeding is to be found in the Kingdoms of
Bavaria and Wurtemberg, where 3,000 to 4,000 head of cattle average
to a German square mile. The poorest districts in cattle are East Pom-
erania, the province of Brandenburg, the Lunneburger Heath, and the
low German moorlands with but 500 to 700 head to a square mile.

This district (Barmen), the narrow Valley of the Wupper, being flanked
by a chain of wooded hills on both sides, and the soil being clayish and
stony, is chiefly and almost exclusively devoted to industrial pursuits.
Agriculture could find neither encouragement nor development, and in
consequence thereof cattle-breeding could not bo fostered. Cattlo-
breeding not having the least foothold in this district, all the cattle have
to be imported for dairy and slaughtering purposes. In preparing this
report 1 am, therefore, unable to furnish the desired information as to
cattle-breeding in this district, so am constrained to dwell but on the
general features of the stock of cattle, and lay the most stress on the
compilation of statistical tables and the^omparative statements of the
status of these cloven-footed animals in other German districts and
other European countries.

THE SEVERAL BREEDS IN GERMANY.

There are but few distinctly pure breeds in Germany, as the Dutch.
(Flemish), East Friesland, Munsterland, Holstein, and Algau breeds.

The Dutch breed takes the first rank and furnishes the best and most
prolific milch cows. They are generally heavy built and of red-check-
ered color.

The East Friesland breed is of a lighter frame, of dark-checkered
color, and as to the quantity of milk second only to the Dutch cows.

The Munsterland is the next best breed. These cows are of a medium
size, of reddish color, and their yield of milk is comparatively copious.

The Holstein breed is somewhat inferior to the foregoing, but is, how-
ever, of great productiveness and furnishes large supplies of slaugh-
tering cattle for the English markets.

The Algau breed is the main one in Southern Germany and is fre-
quently used for interbreeding purposes in Bavaria and Wurtemberg.

Other breeds produced by heterogeneous crossings, and consequently
mixed ones, are to be found all over Germany, nearly every district
throughout the German Empire possessing its peculiar breed.

In Southern Germany Swiss cattle are very frequently drawn upon
for breeding purposes, and in the eastern provinces occasional crossings
take place between German and Kussian stock. On the whole these
local breeds have not been improved in their succeeding generations.
The Dutch and East Freisland breeds, which are driven into almost
every German district, may be considered the predominant pure breeds
in Germany.

GERMANY.

CATTLE AND PUODUCT SUPPLY OP BARMEN.

399

As said in the preface, the immediate surroundings of Barmen and
Elfcwrield and the adjacent territory are covered with wooded hilis and
the soil is rather sterile. Consequently neither agriculture nor cattle-
breeding could strike any root. The cows are kept only for dairy pur-
poses, there is neither butter nor cheese production going on, the bulk
of butter and cheese is drawn from Friesland, Holland, Switzerland,
and the southern provinces. Cows are obtained either from the Man-
sterlaud or the Friesland or the Dutch breeds. The Munsterlaiid. cows
yield from 10 to 15 liters of milk a day, and their price averages from
$57.12 to $64.26; the Friesland cows yield from 14 to 20 liters of milk
a day, and their price ranges from $71.40 to $85.68; the Dutch cows
yield from 20 to 28 liters of milk a day, and their price is in the average
from $99.96 to $107.10. The last breed is the finest and the most valuable
one, and as the importation over the borders is closed from time to time
on account of contagious cattle diseases in Holland, these cows can be
procured very often with great difficulty. All the cows in Barmen and
in its neighborhood are fed on grains and grounds and hay, and during
the summer months partly on clover, and are generally kept in the sta-
bles. Very few of them are driven into the pastures. These milch
cows usually yield milk for a year or fifteen mouths; then they become
dry, when they are fattened for the butcher. Those cows are replaced
by a fresh supply from Mnnsterland or Friesland or Holland, and this
process is continually repeated.

TOTAL NUMBER OF CATTLE IN GERMANY.

The census of live stock in Germany is taken every ten years. The
last one was taken January 10, 1883. The following statement exhibits
the aggregate number and the different kinds of • cattle in the whole
German Empire in the year 1873:

Calves below one-half year 1,469,581

Young cattle from one-half to two years ' 3,545,572

Cows 8,961,221

Oxen 1,564,741

Bulls 235,587

Aggregate number of cattle in 1873. 15, 776, 702

The number of cattle in the German Empire averaged 1,600 head to a
German square mile, and 38.4 to every one hundred inhabitants in 1873.
The census of 1883 is not obtainable at this time ; the aggregate number
will, however, most likely exceed that in 1873 but very little. The excess
in cattle of home demand is comparatively small, the surplus is exported
to England and a small lot to France. The surplus in 1876 amounted
to 56,942, in 1878 to 24,582, in 1880 to 90,224, and in 1881 to 86,893 head
of cattle.

The cattle census in the Kingdom of Prussia resulted as follows:

Yean.

C.it tie to a
German
square lu lie.

Cattle to
every one
hundred in-
habitants.

Total cattle.

1883

1,395

32

8, 735, 589

1873 .

1 361

35

8, C39, 514

96, 075

400

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

The number of cattle in the two provinces of Westphalia and Rhenish
Province, large portions of which belong to this consular district, is ex-
hibited in the following table:

Prorince.

Tears.

Cattle to a
German
square mile.

Cattle to
every one
hundred in-
habitants.

Total cattle.

1873

1,537

32

567, 975

7)o

1883

1,438

25. 7

526, 503

18)3

2,003

27

982, 631

Do

1883

1,956

23.7

966,880

There is to be observed a, slight decrease in both of these provinces,
and the increase in the Kingdom of Prussia, as the respective tables
show, is rather insignificant.

The census of cattle taken in the Government district of Dusseldorf
January 10, 1873, resulted in 204,609 head, as against 200,458 January
10, 1883.

The number of cattle in the municipal district of Barmen amounted
to 1,005 head in 1873 and to 1,322 in 1883, and in the municipal dis-
trict of Elberfeld to 1,120 in 1873 and to 1,587 in 1883. The number
of households owning cattle in the Kingdom of Prussia amounted to
3,124,040 in 1883 as against 2,977,953 in 1873.

CATTLE CENSUS OF EUROPE.

The following table exhibits a synopsis of the stock of cattle in the
several principal European states, with the exception of Turkey :

Number

Number

Countries.

Aggregate
number.

to a Ger-
man square

Countries.

Aggregate
number.

to a Ger-
man square

mile.

mile.

Great Britain

C 125 491

1 412

France . .

11 °84 414

1 171*

4 118 113

2 691

Portugal...

528 474

3°0

950 000

165

2 904 598

320

2 103 319

284

Italy

3 489 125

648

Russia . ... ...

22 770 000

214

993 291

1 3'>7

15 776 702

1 606

Austria ... .

7 425 212

1 362

1 238 898

1 784

5 279 193

*897

1, 377, 002

2 309

Greece...... ... .... .

109 904

121

Belgium . . .

1 242,445

2 322

CLIMATE AND TEMPERATURE OF BARMEN.

As to the climate and temperature of Barmen the following is referred
to. The calculation is based on the system of Celsius : Altitude, 154.8°;
mean temperature, 7.3° ; in January, 1.2° ; in July, 13.7°. The fore-
going calculation is the result of twenty- three years' observation. The
rainfall averaged 700mm per annum.

CATTLE SLAUGHTERING IN GERMANY.

Since the communication by railroads and steamboats has become so
extensive and so universal, the transportation of live stock for slaughter-
ing purposes has attained enormous proportions, and the cattle markets
of old have given way to large stock-yards, and in nearly all the large

GERMANY.

401

cities private slaughtering rooms bave been replaced by common
slaughter-bouses which are generally attached to the stock-yards for
the accommodation of the butchers. The central stock-yards in Berlin
are the largest and most frequented in Germany, and form, in fact, the
central point of cattle dealing for North and Middle Germany. They
are as extensive and as well provided with all the modern improve-
ments and accommodations as the Chicago stock-yards. The principal
cattle market in these yards takes place every Monday, and on that
day 35,000 head of live stock change hands on the average.

There are similar stock-yards in several other German cities, as, for
instance, in Breslau, Magdeburg, Nuremberg, Wurzburg, Stuttgart,
&c., and all these stock-yards are connected with the railroad depots
by special tracks which enable the direct transport of cattle to these
establishments. The stock-yards in Elberfeld, which have been opened
Juno 16, 1879, supply the densely populated Berg-Markish territory
with most of the slaughtering cattle. There is also a slaughter-bouse
attached to these yards.

ELBERFELD ABATTOIR.

The following two exhibits embrace the number of animals slaugh-
tered at the Elberfeld abattoir within the period from June 16, 1879,
to October 1, 1883. In the first exhibit the so-called grand cattle is
divided into two species, viz, oxen or steers having a live weight of 400
kilograms or more ; (2) cows or heifers. At the beginning of this year
slaughtering-cattle were divided into four classes, as will be seen in the
second exhibit, viz :

(1) Oxen or steers, having a live weight of 400 kilograms; (2) cows,
having a live weight of more than 400 kilograms ; (3) cattle, having a
live weight from 250 to 400 kilograms; and (4) neat cattle, having a live
weight from 130 to 250 kilograms. The first two divisions include the
heavier, the third the lighter, stable and grass fed animals, while the
fourth class includes animals of small size, and their meat is almost
exclusively used by the hog butchers for making sausages.

EXHIBIT I.

Description.

1879-'SO.

18HO-'81.

1881-'82.

Oxen or steers, alive, 400 kilograms or more

3 893

6 110

7 007

3 098

4' ]H8

4 009

8 488

11 986

12 599

Sheep

10 534

10 113

10 394

Hope, slaughtered, over 3.1 kilograms

11 388

14 761

14 403

Hogs, slaughtered, up to D5 kilograms

33

31

57

Horses

123

icy

225

EXHIBIT II.

Description.

1882-'83.

Description.

1882-'83.

Oxen or steers, alive, more than 400 kilo-

Calves

15 842

grams

Cows, alive, inoro than 400 kilograms. ..
Cattle, alive, from 'jr>0 to 400 kilograms.
Neat cattle, alive-, from 130 to £50 kilo-

10, lf)7
1, O.V2
2,181

Sin rp
JIojjs, slaughtered, over 35 kilograms. .
Hops, slaughtered, up to 35 kilograms..
Horses...... ...... ...... ..

12, 987
26,492
68
338

1,333

H. Ex. 51-

-26

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.
Fioin the above tables it will soon that the number of slaughtered

1'iii' fulh>Y\ing table gives an inside view into tlie movements of the
. i June ]('», 1870. to October 1, 1SSI5.

Years. ; raml Ho^ Cnlyeg • sluvp>

P. '••_": • i:4,21G !», 4aO ! !4,H77

M.iiL :;«.«;•».» 14,;;:-J if.,u:!i
r;. :;.--'j ;>:>, ~r,G n;,c7i

The avu :._•• weight of the s Jan filtered animals is as follows: Of
Hi steers enumerated it: tiie lirst < olumn of Mxhibit II, 325
kilogiiims: of cows iii ih;« second column, U75 kilograms; of cattle iu
the tliiru .•,'!::;;;. 17D ki-->^. ains : of neat cattle in fonitl) column, 75
kiloyranis: of calves i,: iifti; column. 40 kilograms; of shoe*?) in sixth
c" liiinn _- Iiiloriiams i' h ,t^s iu seventh column, ('5 kilotu*rniiis.

Ali a.'nii.al.s s'aii^hteri'd i:i iiic .Kibei-fold innn:cii)iil shin^hter-house
arc (ii . - .:. ones. JIIH' nearly all of thorn are bought at the adjoining
. >' -.

i':u:.! .laiiuary to August fattened cattle are brought in by cattle-
deali the central stock-yards in .Berlin, or directly IVom the

Ian.-- :/2.:: i;. Silesia, J'oscn, Kasi I'nissia, and the landed estates
dcl/ar.:. ':';,. trade in ^rass fed cattle lasts from August to
Jai ::.,- this jjerio'l the niarkot is not well frequented by

bulc] thc\ ^TCIK I'jilly c-btain thoir cattle iron the cattle markets

in Suhvahi), '•/ '. stj»haliii, and Xeiiss, .H!u:nish Province. The cattle
which are it: >;-:,; to ill-- Mlborfold stock-yards during this period
coiii! , . iiirg, Ija.'i'jvev, IVorn the iiastnres on the

Ilahr. and tht Lov.'or IMiine, a!id a small part from Holland. Most
of tl ;<i'i : •••;'.: ••;; . are brought in from the ])rovinccs of Wost-

phalia ai /! li: Westphalia. Hanover, and Holland furnish most

<•!' the c; '!:»•:•; ; c,;!:;- iVom th'.* central stock-yards in J>erlin, and

ironi \"i • khinelaiKi. I logs are brought in from West-

p!i:di;i. • . iciii, and Mecklenburg.

'\ '!,- i'. scon that the valley of tlie Wupjyjr must bo furnished

\vit!i . for i!;<i chiiry and the buleho:1 IVom ilifferont parts of

'. :« ni • ny.

PIJICErf 01- CATTLE.

price ; >:• laughti !i;!;.:-cattle averages, for lii^i quality, from $119

tojjrjn.l , i.l ! nn $107.10 to $1 1-1.-4 ; ibi- third qual-

ify. IVom •• liO.-ll to .•?'>'.). i,'<i; !br 1-iijrth (jitaiity. IVom £7<>.10 1o $80'.02; for

ilily. Iron; •: iOi> -IS to >'l M.L1-} ; oi' scccnd quality. iVom

;^1"J. i:'.:- :' of third quality. 1rc;iM s!»0. !-l to S07.5S.

i, conncctioii that in (icrmany and throughout

I'nro] • (':»;• slauuhtei'ing are not s;»!d 'ny the li\"e weight, as it is

done in ihc L'nii . ' here is, liowever, a iivel\ agitation going

on I1; ' '•]..: M! and on t he continent to imitate the I'nited States in this
i'<^;/e^[ and lo :!•: ••• •'!;:••;• (his j-ational and ifractical j;i"thod.

Stilts arid local ca; (Ic-Hi.-urance companies, l>oth based on terms of
reciprocity of their member.:!, work hand in hand and alongside of each

GERMANY. 403

other. These insurance societies are very numerous throughout Ger-
many, and redound principally to the benefit of small fanners, and, on
tin- whole, are immagod very economically. The average premium on
the insurance policy is 3 per cent., and the amount of compensation for
animals that have to be butchered on account of accidental injuries,
or that have died, averages 75 per cent. The animal goes into the
possession of the insurance company. Is the injured animal still fit for
the slaughter-house, it will then be sold to a butcher at a low price.
When the animal has died, only the hide can be utilized, and the car-
cass is utilized for fertilizing purposes. The insurance system has
developed to a high degree in the Government district of Dusseldorf.
The different cattle-insurance societies within this district numbered
6,623 members, the insured animals of the bovine race 14,519, and the
amount for which animals were insured was 2,889,862 marks, and
the premium paid in reached the sum of 88,767 marks in the year 1882.

IMPORTATION OF AMERICAN BEEF CATTLE INTO GERMANY.

In view of the fact that the consumption of beef meat is proportion-
ately increasing in the ratio to the annual increase of the population in
Germany, and in the face of the comparatively high price of beef cattle,
it may be worth while for American stock breeders and exporters to se-
riously consider the question whether the importation of American beef
cattle into Germany would not eventually turn out to be profitable.
The stock cattle, independent of milch cows and oxen, is continually in-
creasing in the United States. It has increased from 1870 to 1880 about
66 per cent., and the aggregrate number of stock cattle in the United
States, will, at this writing, probably not fall below 27,500,000, while
its increase in Germany is very slow and out of proportion to the in-
crease of population. German stock-raisers are even now somewhat
alarmed at the prospect that American cattle-breeders may import large
quantities of beef cattle into Germany in the near future, as a start has
lately been made by importing lean cattle to Schleswig-Holstein, where
they were fattened for the market, and the venture has proved to be sat-
isfactory. The import duty for steers and cows is $1.42 J per head; for
oxen, $4.76 per head, and for young cattle up to two and a half years
old 95J cents per head. In consideration of all these facts the time may
not be very distant when the United States will add a new article to its
German export list and that, as soon as the requisite dispositions for the
safety of the animals will have been completed on board the steamships,
American beef cattle may.be landed at German sea-ports, and the Ger-
man laboring classes, on whose tables good and substantial beef meat
is quite a rarity, may be supplied with cheap and wholesome American
beef.

WOLFGANG SCHOENLE,

Consul.

UAITED STATES CONSULATE,
Barmen, November 23, 1883.

40-4 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

• CATTLE BREEDS OF GERMANY.

Rr.POUT 7,T COMMERCIAL AGEXT WAKEK. OF DUSSELDOEF.

The different breeds of cattle in Germany may be divided into threo
heads, the lowland breeds, the mountainous breeds, and the middle
breeds.

For milk-producing, cattle are cultivated in Germany, (a) in the low-
lands (plains, marshes, &c.), with good soil and stable feeding, the Dutch
breed, and (b) in tlie mountainous and rocky regions, where the soil is
heavy, the Simmenthal, the Montafun (Swiss breeds), and the Algau
(from the Algau, in Bavaria) breeds. The object of cattle-breeding in
Germany is chietly for milk, butter, beef, and labor. There is compara-
tively little cheese made here ; it is imported mostly from Holland and
Switzerland.

THE DUTCH BREED.

The Dutch breed (Fig. 1) is very largely cultivated in the districts of
Cleve and liees, on the boundaries of Holland, Kegierungs-Bezirk
Dusseldorf, and in the lowlands of Lower Uhineland (Nieder-Kheinland).
This cow belongs by nature to lowlands of a moist and marshy charac-
ter and where there is much green vegetation. It lias a small and long
head; horns short and projecting over the forehead, with the points
turned a little upwards; month sharp; neck thin and long, with scarcely
any dew-lap; the body is long arid big, with an even back; feet high ;
skin tender; color black and white, red or brown and white, gray and
white, white or black, and mostly spotted. The rows are not beautiful,
but they produce large quantities of milk, breed heavy calves, good
working oxen, and are also fine meat. In this immediate neighborhood
(Dusseldorf) they are mostly kept in stables, and the one I visited a few
days ago contained forty head.* The proprietor informed me that the
average yield of milk for each cow was from 14 to 15 liters! per day.
One Oldenburg cow amongst the lot was pointed out to me as giving 25
to 30 liters per day. Live weight of the Dutch row is from 0,30 to 750
kilograms, and the market value here is from 4(K> to (100 marks (1 mark
is equal to about 2.'i.8 cents American money). In consequence of this
breed of cattle being easy to get accustomed to strange climates and
the wonderful capacity of the cows for producing milk they are kept in
the neighborhood of large cities. Fine and valuable breeds are obtained
by crossing them with other breeds. The cehjbn:led Durham cow is a
cross breed from the Dutch cow.

SIMMKSTIIAL KKFKD.

Simiwnthal lies between Stockhorn and Xiesen, near Tlinn, in Switz-
erland. This valiey abounds in fertile fields and luxuriant pastures
extending high up on the slopes of these mountains. It is divided by a
rivulet, the Simme, and furnishes the celebrated yellowish-red spotted
cattle of the canton Jiein, \\hich have been most frequently imported
to cross with the native caitlcof Southern Germany. The middle breeds
produced from the crossing are said to be very excellent cattle. In
Swit/crland the prices remain high, and the inquiry this year (1883) has

* '!!;<• ;ivcr;iLCf <l:iily r<ol o! !'<><, <1 ibr <•.»< ',1 <-,,\\ amounted to about 35 cents,
t Liter — OLIO quart.

GERMANY. 405

been on the increase. Particularly in the Simmenthal* the demand ex-
ceeds the supply. The live weight of a Simmon thai cow ranges from GOO
to 750 kilograms (Fig. 2). The oxen vary from MOO to 1,000 kilograms.
Milk of the Simmenthal cows is sweet and contains much fat.

SWISS OE RIGI BREED.

The cattle of the Swiss or Rigi race are very large and heavy ; live
weight, from 750 to 800 kilograms. The muscles and bones are heavy
and strong, and the body in general well developed. Color is dark-
brown to light gray, with light yellow about the belly. This breed re-
quires much food and is hard to get accustomed to strange climates.

MONTAFUN BREED.

Next to the Simmenthal in importance is the Montafun Valley. It
lies south of Bludenz, in Tyrol, and is about 50 miles long, is very pop-
ulous, and has rich pastures. The lower parts of the valley are watered
by the river 111. The fields yield summer wheat, rye, barley, oats, po-
tatoes, and flax. Labor is done in the fields entirely with the spade,
and even the wagons used on these farms are drawn by human hands.

The Montafun cow (Fig. 3) belongs also to the heavy race. The live
weight is from 450 to 500 kilograms. The oxen are proportionally large
and heavy. A still heavier breed is obtained by crossing it with the Rigi
breed. The bones of the Montafun cattle are strong and of middling
sizes, color similar to the Rigi breed, mouth, ears, and back being a
little lighter. A dark- brown color is preferred. The head is large and
broad, horns white at the base and changing to black towards the ends,
neck of medium size, with a large dew-lap. The limbs are well formed,
udder large, and indicating a good supply of milk. With good feeding
each cow will y;eld 2,000 to 2,500 liters of milk yearly, which, owing to
its richness in fat, is used chiefly for making butter and cheese. Ow-
ing to the superiority of this breed the cattle are frequently exported.
There is an annual market at Schruus (1,956 feet above the level of the
sea) in September, and the cows bring an average of 150 to 240 marks
a head. The sale, though, of the bettor specimens of these cows, is said
to have somewhat impaired the home breed.

ALGAU BREED.

This breed comes from the Algau Mountains, in Wurtemberg and Ba-
varia. (Fig. 4.) The cows are a little smaller than the Montafun breed,
but they are quite distinguished in Wurtemberg, Bavaria, and Saxony
for giving large yields of milk that contain much fatty substance. In
fact, the Algau cows of Saxony are said to surpass all other breeds
there for producing milk, as the following figures of the comparative
quantities of milk will show :

Cans.t

Native cows 23.16

Oldenburg 24.25

Amsterdam 25.56

Algau}: 27.38

* It is said that the best cheese is made upon pastures 3,000 feet above the level of
the sea, in the vales of Simrne and Saanen, and in the Emmenthal. The best cows
there yield in summer between MO and 40 pounds of milk daily, and each cow pro-
duces by the end of the season of four months 2 hundred-weight of cheese.

t A Dresden can is equal to 0.933 liter.

t About 12 cans of the milk of the Algau cow are required to give 1 pound of butter,
while there are 14 cans of milk necessary from the Dutch cow.

406

CATTLE AND JDAIRY FARMING.

Live weight of Algau cow is from 400 to 450 kilograms. Those I
saw a few days ago in a stable here were said to weigh as much as
500 to 600 kilograms. They are also excellent for labor and fattening.

A good Algau cow will yield 2,500 to 2,800 cans of milk yearly, which
is only a little less than the bes,t Holland cows are capable of producing.
The trade in these cattle is pretty lively, and the market is held at
Southofen (2,249 feet above the sea-level) in the middle of September
and at tbe end of October. The first is the most important.

The Algau beed is very widely distributed over Germany. Excel-
lent breeds of cattle are to be found all over Germany, principally in
Wurtemberg, Bavaria, Thuringia, Khineland, and Sclileswig-Holstein,
which may be classified as follows :

I. — Wurtemberg : (1) Alb, (2) Teck, (3) Neckar, (4) Schwabisch Hall, (5) Limburg.

II. — Bavaria, Thuringia, and Ehineland: (a) (1) Upper Main, (2) Itz Main, (3) Ox-
enfurth, (4) Scheinfeld. (6) (1) Glau (river Glau), Fig. 6, (2) Donnersberg, (3) Birk-
enfeld. (c) Native Bavarian cattle: (1) Miesbach, (2) Kellheim, (3) jSpesshardt, (4)
Eolm Mountain, (d) Hessen Nassau : (1) Vogelsberg, (2) Westerwald.

III. — Schleswig-Holztein :* Marshland: (1) Eiderstedt, (2) Ditmarsh, (3) Breiten-
berg, (4) Wilstermarsh. Alluvial soil: (1) Angel, (2) Tondern.

FATTENING CATTLE IN GERMANY.

Beet-root food. — A great source of agricultural economy to Germany
is the culture of the beet-root Here it has not only proven valuable
in the manufacture of sugar, but also for fattening cattle, and dairymen
estimate it very highly for feeding purposes. The pressed beets from
the factories (L e.^ the residue left after the juice has been removed) fur-
nish also highly nutritious materials for food. For all practical pur-
poses the nourishing value of this residue may be estimated in propor-
tion to the amount of protine or nitrogenous substances it contains.
In general there is in every 100 parts of the fresh or 30 parts of the
dried substance 2 parts albuminoids, 18 parts non-nitr6genous matter,
6 per cent, pure fiber, and 3.4 per cent, ashj the fat may be reckoned
as 2 per cent.

According to an analysis by Gohren, pressed beets contain :

Per cent.

Water 73.668

Ash 1.544

Albuminoids 1.599

Carbohydrates t 18.383

Fiber.......... 4.575

Fat 221

Nutritive value, 1: 11,4.

Heidepriew gives as the results of his analyses of the clean ash of the
residue from three different factories, the following figures :

Constituents.

(a)

<&)

<e)

Potash '

85.88

20.84

30.76

6.31

12.34

4.93

11.59

26.71

21.58

7.96

22.27

4.28

3.63

0.96

3.19

5.28

7.43

4.92

1.88

2.91

2.22

gilica it.

20.97

4.76

25.23

Chlorine .. > . - ...............

1.54

0.71

1.54

These cattle arc very largely exported to England for beef,

PLATE 193

ef r

ICE C E LLAR

CORNHOUSE,
T HOUSE & SH

/ENTRANCE'V

h

t/>

J

r1! PUMP

-^ DUNG BASIN

• ! il

T) 0

'/

*° >l

"1 t%

W 0

^

H
r w

bl

I

DWELLING HOUSE
IN CELLARS:
MILK-ROOMS
POTATO-PARTITIONS.

POULTRY.

0

ENGLISH GARDEN
v ^^^ FIRS

ORCHARD

M A I

O A D

SKETCH OFA FARMHOUSE AND SURROUNDINGS,

ON THE DECLIVITY OF THE "SEVEN MOUNTAINS",
ABOUT 6 ENGLISH MILES DISTANT FROM THE RHINE.

Juhus Bien & Co. Lit/i.

GERMANY.

407

When sugar-bec^t residue is covered in pits for safe-keeping, and to
likewise increase its digestible value, there takes place very shortly
afterwards, with a rapid rising of temperature, a lively fermentation,
and alcohol and acetic acid and 'lactic acid and ammonia are formed.
The so-formed acid residue may be preserved for a long time.

The chief constituents of this acid residue, as determined by Professor
Maecker, are as follows : Water, 75.54 per cent.; dried substance, 2446
per cent. ; nitrogen in dried substance, 1.22, in the fresh, 0.03 per cent.
In the fresh and dried substance there are contained, respectively,
2.573 per cent, and 10.519 per cent, albuminoids.

Cotton-seed cake : Of the latterly imported food stuffs into Germany
for animals, that of cotton-seed cake stands very high as a valuable
material for fattening cattle, owing to its containing much albumen (40
to 50 per cent.) and a considerable amount of fat (10 to 20 per cent.).

STATISTICS OF OX FATTENING.

The following table of calculations on the fattening of oxen have been
furnished by Mr. Valentine Pfeifer, the proprietor of a cattle farm in
the Rhenish Province, who has continually in his stables about forty
head of oxen of the Alsatian and Glau breeds, they being considered
here the best for labor and fattening. The manure is removed from the
stables at intervals of every three and four months, the racks being so
arranged that they can be raised in proportion to the accumulation of
the manure. The food consists of beet-root residue, chaff, hay, oil cake,
and wheat clover ( Weizen Klee). They are fed three times daily. Dura-
tion of labor of the oxen is limited to two years. Afterwards they are
turned over to the fattening stables (Masts tall). According to the books
kept the fattening lasts about forty-four clays.

Six oxen fed with various quantities of the above food by Mr. Pfeiffer
for fattening :

Weight on the 10th of March : (I) 1,040 pounds ; (2) 1,080 pounds; (3)
1,225 pounds; (4) 1,145 pounds ; (5) 1,200 pounds ; (6) 1,210 pounds.

They were put up for fattening on the 5th of September, and showed
the following progress :

Date.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

September 5

Pounds.
1 403

Pounds.
408

Pounds.
1 245

Pounds.
1 220

Pounds.
1 410

Pounds.
1 393

September 12 .

1 420

425

1 283

1 245

I 450

1 398

September 19

1 460

415

1 300

1 250

1 450

1 400

September 26 . .... .

1,460

435

1 310

1 263

1 425

1 390

October 3

1,456

,435

1,330

1,245

1,370

PRICES OF GERMAN CATTLE.

The last market report for this fall, published by reliable authority,
states, among other facts —

The position of our northern land owners has not exactly improved, and many of
them are necessarily forced to reduce their expenses as much as possible.

In the lowlands of Northwestern Germany heifers of first quality
bring $100 to $105 ; calves, born in February and March, 832 to 836;
good bulls, 8 120 to $143. In the Angel district (Schleswig-Holstein)
there are paid for heife*s of first quality 870 to 88G. Older cows for
milking off, 854 to 860. Denmark is, in these parts, the best purchaser.

408 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

The prices in Switzerland remain also high. In the valley of Simmen
the demand exceeds the supply. In Bavaria the trade is likewise lively.
The Voigtland, red-breed cattle, are in good demand, especially for
labor.

Since the natural fertility of the lands of Germany has long become
more or less exhausted, the question of manure must bo viewed as of
the greatest importance, and the state of cattle-breeding may be ac-
cepted as a good scale by which the prosperity of the agriculture in the
country is to be estimated. In those, parts of the country where there
is much cattle-breeding the highest standard of agriculture exists.

WM. D. WAMEK-,

Commercial Agent.
UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL AGENCY,

Dusscldorf, Xovcmlcr 3, 1SS3.

CATTLE IN PRUSSIA.

T?F COXSUL-GEXERAL BH EWE it. OF BERLIN.

STATISTICS RELATING TO CATTLE IN GERMANY.

In compliance with circular instruction of July IS, 1883, I have now
the honor to submit a report respecting cattle in Prussia.

It has not been possible for me to obtain oflicial information relating
to all the points mentioned in the circular, and it was only with the
greatest dilliculty that the tables inclosed were obtained from private
sources. A great deal of literature on the subject matter is extant in
Germany, and every point respecting breeding, treatment, and the
physiology of the various breeds has been thoroughly discussed by men
who have made the1 subject a special study for years, and whose opin-
ions are entitled to respect. The result of their researches and inves-
tigations, as given to the world respecting cattle and cattle-raising, is of
the greatest value.

CATTLE CENSFS OF GERMANY.

According to the census of l.SS,'», the increase in the number of cattle
since IST.'i has l/een !."> per cent, in many provinces, and as much as 40
per cent, in others.

The greatest number of breeding bulls is found in Mecklenburg,
Western Prussia, and the Duchy of Brunswick. About 50 per cent, of
the cattle in Germany is in t lie Kingdom of Prussia, where, in 1S73, there
were 8,(j3!),,jll head, and in ISS.'J, S,73.~>,5.~)!) head.

CATTLE IN EASTERN FRISIA.*

The cows of Eastern Frisia are especially remarkable for the abun-
dance of milk which they yield. These cattle in form and build are
heavier even than the Dutch cattle and stronger in the bone. A great
many of them are sent to Mecklenburg and Pomerania, where, with ordi-
nary good treatment . great results are obtained. Pasturage in Frisia
is jjood and plentiful, as the majority of breeders devote, nearly the

* Tli' n-jxiit of Coii.Niil Wilson, <»f IJrrim-ii, deals at Irngtli \vith Frisian cattle.

GERMANY.

409

whole of the land to grazing. Although the soil is remarkably fertile
but few farmers ever grow grain or even potatoes, inferring to pur-
chase snch articles.

There is no doubt but that this course brings more proflt, as there is
but little expense incurred in raising the cattle and the profits from the
sales of breeding and fat cattle are large. All the manure of the cattle
is used upon the meadows, and the meadows are alternately mown and
pastured. The manure is made most useful, for as soon as it is covered
by the after-growth it becomes dissolved and assimilates with the soil
and its strength is not destroyed by the sun.

The dairy products are of the most excellent quality, although the
quantity is hardly as great as the plentiful pasture would seem to war-
rant.

The following statement respecting cattle in Eastern Frisia, although
not official, is quite reliable, it having been obtained from trustworthy
private sources :

Soil: Loamy, sandy.

Average size of cow : Length, 2.55 meters; height, 1.31 meters at wither; height,
1.32 meters at rump.

Feeding : Up to tlie seventh week sweet milk, mixed with fine hay after first rao nth ;
buttermilk after eighth week, mixed with oat-meal and barley. In winter, liret year,
beets, hay, and 4 to 6 liters of barley-meal daily.

Average live weights of steers : Three years, 1,120 pounds ; four years,- 1,510 pounds ;
five years, 1,875 pounds; six years, 1,620 pounds; seven years 1,4:>0 pounds; eight
years, 1,520 pounds ; nine years, 1,400 pounds ; average annual yield of milk of cows,
2,600 quarts.

Cultivated grasses : White clover and ray-grass.

CATTLE IN GRAND DUCHY OF OLDENBURG.

The great dairies around Berlin rely almost entirely for their supply
of milch cows upon the cattle bred on the marshy pastures on the coast
near the Jahde Bay and the Weser.

The breed differs from the Frisian inasmuch as it shows a heavier
head and stronger horns and the buttocks are less broad.

In weight the cattle approach that of the Holland breeds. The live
weight of cows will average about 1,200 pounds and that of oxen from
1,500 to 1,800 pounds. The udder in these cows is very largely devel-
oped and the yield of milk is considerable, reaching as much as 3,000
quarts a year from well-kept animals.

Like the Frisian breed these cattle require good pasture and also do
well with ample stable food. The very best specimens of Oldenburg
cattle are found in Budjahdingen.

The following statement contains some carefully collected information
respecting these cattle:

Cattle in Oldenburg.

Age.

Length.

Height—

Weight.

'At withers.

At ramp.

2^-vcjir-old steers * .

Meiers.
2.53
2.13
2. 14

Meters.
1.48
1.41
1.43

Meiert.
1.56
1.46
1.52

Pounds.
1,278
1,160

986

4-year-old cow . ............

3-year-old cow. ............. . ...... ..........

410 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

Soil: Sand; clay.

Average yield of milk : '2,900 to 3,500 quarts per year ; 6£ quarts per day ; 14 to 16
quarts of milk to 1 pound of butter.

Cultivated grasses : Red clover ; ray grass.

Handling products : Butter exported. Cheese made only for domestic use.

Feeding: Calves receive mother's milk two weeks; then skimmed milk and fine
hay. At five months they are taken to pasture. Winter feed consists of two-thirds
straw, one-third hay, 1 to 3 pounds of oats.

CATTLE IN SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN.

In the lower portions of Schleswig-Holstein crossings with English
breeds have led to great improvements in cattle, and they are now ex-
ported to England in great numbers.

The butter produced here, also largely exported to England, is of an
excellent quality, and the refuse from the great dairies is used with ad-
vantage for fattening hogs. The breed of cattle raised here form the
connecting link between the lowland and highland cattle, and there are
eight distinct varieties deriving their names from the several counties
of the province. The cattle of Eiderstedt have been crossed with En-
glish Shorthorns. The calves receive their mother's milk only daring
the first few weeks. After two or three weeks, warmed skimmed milk
is given them, and they are in a few months taken to pasture. The fat-
tening commences in the third or fourth year, according to their devel-
opment. The steers then reach a dead weight of from 800 to 1,000
pounds. Many of them are sent to the London markets, where they
bring very good prices, whilst others go to Hamburg, from whence the
meat, after being smoked, is shipped in great quantities.

The quality and quantity of dairy produce of the Eiderstedt cows are
above the average, while those of the county Ditmarsh are rather
inferior in their yield of milk. In Wilstermarsh and at Breitenburg,
both the cattle for the dairy as well as for slaughter are very superior.
Cows between three and four years of age attain a weight of about 900
pounds.

The most remarkable of all the cattle of Schleswig-Holstein are the
cattle of Angeln and Tondern. At the age of five or six years the cows
of Angeln and Tondern weigh between 800 and 1,000 pounds, and in the
most favorable milking time produce daily 9 to 12 quarts of milk, which,
by its fatty richness is especially adapted for the production of butter.

Fed plentifully these cows average an annual yield of 3,500 quarts of
milk. Full pasture is given from May (after the cows have calved)
until the end of October, the cows remaining out day and night. Every
field has plenty of water, either in ponds made for the purpose or in
large troughs filled from wells.

In the northern parts of Schleswig a breed of cattle is to be found
which, although smaller than that of Angeln and Tondern, is remarkable
for its magnificent build in the bone as well as for its adaptability for
fattening. Being somewhat hardened by the manner of its rearing and
its confinement to rather short pasturage, this breed is capable of won-
derful improvement. Many are sent to neighboring countries, where
they become longer in limb and still coarser in the bone, heavier in the
head and horns and less neat in form, but are excellent for slaughter or
the dairy.

Stock-breeders in the northwestern portion of our own country have
for the last few years imported these cattle for the purpose of improving
their own herds. In color these breeds are gray, or of a bluish-black
wiih white spots.

GERMANY.

411

The following two statements regarding the cattle of Schleswig-
Holstein will prove interesting:

Cattle in Schlcswig, Comprising Angeln and Tondcrn.

Dcsciiption.

Length.

Height —

Weight.

Pounds.

880
805 to 8UO

To withers.

To rump.

Steers of from two and one-fourth to three and one-

Meters.

2.62
2.53

Meters.

1.36
1.32

Meters.

1.43
1.39

Cows from three

to seven years ...

Soil and temperature: Similar to Holstein, and an extensive growth of liazeluut
and blackthorn affords protection to the cattle against high winds.

Average yield of milk : 2,200 to 3,000 quarts milk; very rich and fat; ahout 10
quarts to 1 pound of butter.

Feeding and housing : Calves intended for rearing are tied up from December to
April; from ten days to two weeks they receive mother's milk, after this sweet
skimmed milk, of which from 8 to 10 quarts are given. From May until October the
cows are pastured, but housed during the cold nights.

Holstein cattle.

Description.

Length.

Height-

Live
weight.

Pounds.
1,220
1,790
1,380

At withers.

At rump.

Steer twenty months old .. . .

Meters.
2.51
2.88

2.85

Meters.
1.48
1.48
1.41

Meters.
1.44
1.48
1.46

Steer, three years old

Cows, three years old

Remarks : In the report, the cattle of both Schleswig and Holstein have been grouped
under one heading, but in the statistics it has been found necessary to make a divis-
ion of the two provinces, the basis of the former being the Wilstermarsh cattle, that
of the latter the Angeln and Tondern cattle.

Average yield of milk : 2,600 to 3,500 quarts. Average annual income per cow from
butter, cheese, &c.,$70.

Feeding : Calves receive mother's milk two weeks only ; in three months they are
sent to pasture. Winter feed consists of cut straw, with beets and hay and 3 or 4
pounds of oats.

CATTLE OF DUTCH DESCENT.

The marshy tracts of land situated at the mouth of the Weichsel and
!N"ogat are among the most fertile river lands on the Baltic coast. They
form a great delta-shaped plain which extends from Thorn to Dantzic.

In the thirteeneh century Dutch colonists brought cattle to this place,
from which the breed now reared there sprung. It is, however, by no
means equal to the Dutch breed, either in the yield for the dairy or for
fattening.

In color great variety is found, ranging from a grayish-red to a
spotted black. In cultivating the breed no regard has been paid to
anything but producing the largest possible quantity of milk, which is
rather watery and obtained at the cost of the strength of the animals.

The yield of milk is estimated at from 15 to 20 quarts a day during
the first few months after calving, and an annual yield of from 2,500
to 3,000 quarts.

412

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.
STATISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS.

Statements respecting their herds which I have obtained from several
stock-breeders have enabled me to compile the following tables :

Statistics alt out n y results of a five-years' trial of Frisian, Schlcsii'iy, and Silesian cattle

on a stock-farm in Saxony.

ScLleswi COYTS.

Frisian cows.

Yield calculated to j Yield calculated to

Aver- ri'Milt from 1 ! Aver- result from 1

Silesian COWH.

Yield as calculata:!
Aver- tori suit from 1

Year. a^o an- cwt. of hay or its ai;i- an- cwt. of hay or its i aj;e :m- • cwt. of hav or its

j irial equivalent. | nual I equivalent. nual | equivalent.

vitM of yield ofi yieidofl

milk. , milk.
j Milk. Batter.

Milk.

milk. |
Batter. Milk.

Butter.

' Q'/arttr. Quarts. Pounds. , Quarts.

1 &~S •( 1 1 : i "o \ \ '{ "i'7

Quarts.
27
•) i
20

Pounds. Qt'.crtx.' Quarts.
] h 2.411 24

I 2J .T.,;; 2:!

Poundt.

if

!->,) o[ 810 28 2 2' li7G

Ib^l . .'; 050 ' 30 '- '<> 13''

i 1 1

Statistics compiled from examination of various specimens of caltle from several farms in

Cattle of Swiss origin. Length.

Ilei-lit—

I

ivo
iglit

r°c^vit^" To ru

1)]).

Meters.

£;ppv "1 V(-^T-^ i •'. (.0

2Ictcrx. i J/c//'
J. f.L 1.

""i.3"'i i.

1.42 1.

i.:o i.

",-. Po
51 ;

41
4 ! i

5i> ;

inds.
315

281
085

( 'ow .") \ r" • s 2 4,;

( n'v - yearn " '"'J

Cow 7 ye i' s : 2 (J7

An77Ka? aicrn^i' j/li'ld <>f milk, iCc. : 2,OCO quarts, of which 100 quails averaged 8 p-.iundn

of batter and

C; pounds ..f i-ln , so.

1 ini :. r -. ;;j. :;7 inclios.

tsiilt of competitive trial of coa^ of various l-vcd* on l!,c model farm of a landcdpro-

iriclor in JJolaU'in.

Xanic of br< ( d.

>. 'I/!;;' Avoraco Avorn^-

t , 1 •V"M '"•r<hl-v
lllu

Q.tnr's. . (hnirtt. ! Quarts.

Average yield.

Highest. | Lowest.

:: Olil«:nlmrc (from lircitc -nlicr")

4 nlrlrnlmr-H (fi..m 'I'ond.-in)

:: Avr-hin;

4 Dutch

:i Swiss (from Sinimenthal) 11,010] .'?, (i.-i)

:i Lavaiian (from Uayicuth) j 11, 721 I :!, (J08 H .

14,200 :«,r,-iO : I'i I 0,142

Quarts.

'

1,415
•2, 502

PRUSSIAN PRIZE CATTLE.

I am unable to £ive the number of ditterent, breeds of cattle in Ger-
many, or even in Prussia, or the percentage of cattle belonging to each
breed.

•%»

-t>*j£

^- » { - •* .

M

tf -,

GERMANY. 413

I am informed that at the agricultural department here a census has
been taken during the present year by which this information will be
given, but as the report has not yet been made public the department
declines to supply me with the required information. From my own in-
vestigation I am led to believe that the different breeds of cattle in
Germany have not been kept as separate and pure as in our own country,
but have been so crossed that but comparatively few herds remain in
their original purity.

But comparatively few cattle are raised in the immediate neighbor-
hood of this city, as the province of Brandenburg, in which Berlin is
situated, is not well adapted for grazing purposes, the surface being
level and the soil light and sandy.

Exhibits A,* hereto annexed, are photographs of an East Frisian bull
and co'w ; Exhibits B,* of an Oldenburg bull and cow ; Exhibits C, of a
Wilsterrnarsch bull and cow; Exhibits D, of a Breitenburg bull; Exhib-
its E, of an Angeln bull and cow ; Exhibits F, of a Bavarian bull and
cow; and Exhibit G, of a Pomeranian bull.

These cattle were all exhibited and received prizes at the late Ham-
burg Exhibition.

M. S. BREWER,

Consul- General.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE-GENERAL,

Berlin, December 27, 1883.

CATTLE IN OLDENBURG, JEVERLAND, AND EAST FRIESLAND.

REPORT BY CONSUL WILSON, OF BREMEN.
INTRODUCTORY.

In answer to circular letter under date of July 18, 1883, desiring cer
tain information regarding the breeding and raising of cattle in this
consular district, I have the honor to submit the following report :

This industry is principally carried on in the Duchy of Oldenburg,
Jeverland, and East Friesland, and is the chief employment of the
farmers. Cattle raised in other parts of this consular district are simi-
lar to the Oldenburg or Budjadinger breed, but not of such pure blood.

I am indebted to Mr. John G. Gross, consular agent for the Grand
Duchy of Oldenburg, Jeverland, and East Friesland, for the following
valuable information, obtained by him by visiting various parts of his
agency and the farms of the principal breeders and raisers of this justly
celebrated breed of cattle, and conversing with them and with the public
officials who are interested in this business.

SOIL AND CLIMATE.

Before entering into particulars concerning the breeding of cattle in
the Duchy of Oldenburg, Jeverland, and East Friesland it is necessary
to give a general description of the soil and climate of this district, which
contains about 8,395 square kilometers, with about 530,000 inhabitants.

The soil must be divided in two parts, each entirely different from
the other. One part is called the marsh or marshes, and stretches along

* See report by Consul Wilson, of Bremen, for duplicates of Exhibits A and B —
an East Frisian bull and cow and an Oldenburg bull and cow.

414

CATTLF. AND DAIRY FARMING.

the coast of the North Sea from Holland to Schleswig-IIolstem, and is
formed by tht1 deposits of the sea and the different rivers flowing into
it. The other par* is called the (ieest or Geesthuul, composed of sand
and bog of a very light nature. The cattle bred on this soil, of course,
are of a lighter nature, hut nevertheless good milkers, as is shown
hereafter.

The marsh land may be divided into three different regions, viz :

(«) The re-ion of the alluvium outside of the dikes or dams, which
is more exposed and is overflowed by high tides.

(//) The region of the old pastures, grazing land, and that used for
tillage, all of which are protected by high dikes or dams against high
tides.

(r) The region of the mixed marsh-land, that is to say, ciayish sand,
the transition from heavy clay to lighter soil.

It is natural, therefore, that the quality of the soil in the marshes
mast be a very different, and that witli the change of the soil the weight
of the cattle corresponds, while beamy of the form depends less on the
nature of the soil, but more or less, if not entirely, upon the intelligence
of the breeders.

The (u'Oiliind is diluvium and consists of a light sandy soil peculiar
to the plains of North (rcrmany. in which sand. hog. or moor prevails ;
in some places loam covers the soil, which in general is greatly in want
of lime, as without it or good marl the cultivation of the better or more
profitable sorts of heri'agvs lor fodder is very limited, and for this rea-
son the breeding of heavy cattle is limited in the same manner. While
the mai'Mi is entirely cultivated, only GO per cent. of. the Geestland is
cultivated, the rest being barren or uncultivated heather or bog.

TILLAGE AND GRAZING- LANDS.

The following table will show how the farmers in the Du^hy of Olden-
burg make use of their land; also in what manner cattle-breeding is
dependent on the quality of the dill'erent. soils :

lYii'iiorv or soil.

Jlnctitffg. > llcclftn-x. Hectares.
iii, T.'.n L'.~>. 11.") , 103, 045

•JS.OTT 37, Ui:u llJ-J,3lrt)

(53, 0\',o | HO."., 444

T<.t;'l number-

'r;- of cattle on every 100

l:ct t'll'-.i oi' UlfU.

I.' •:-• s. Cattle. Viz*. Sheep.

Ilorsra.

Cattle.

Pigs.

Sliecp.

' I- :>•:') 7'i, <\" r.'.Tr-: ].->:;n

,,.,

77. 09

12. noo

1R. 202

y.ami

7 1 . 05

Total

GERMANY. 415

The preponderance of cattle-breeding in the marshland is evident,
and the quality of the race for milking, breeding, and slaughtering pur-
poses so far exceeds the races in the Geestlands that it is not necessary
to enter into more particular details than is shown in the annexed tables
of these latter races, they being of too inferior quality to improve the
breed in the United States.

According to a statement made by the director of the statistical de-
partment at Oldenburg, the comparative value of the cattle raised in the
Weser marshes, classed in the three groups hereinbefore mentioned, may
be stated to amount per metric square mile of cultivated land for Class
A, from $37,750 to 845,000 5 Class B, from $30,000 to 837,750 ; Class C,
from $22,500 to $30,000 ; whilst the value of the cattle raised on the
Geestlands amount only for first class land, from $18,500 to 822,000 ; for
second class land, from $14,500 to $18,000 for third class land, from
$7,000 to $12,000 or 14,000 per metric square mile.

The better the soil the larger is the number of horses and cattle kept
thereon in the marshes, whilst in the Geestlands sheep are prominent,
next agriculture and peat digging.

Nearly all farmers in the marshes are proprietors of the land they
use; nameable nobility, abounding in other parts of Germany, does not
exist there, therefore larger estates than from 8 to 40 hectares in the
marshes and from 15 to 60 hectares in the Geestlands are but seldom
met with.

CATTLE AND CATTLE-BREEDING- IN THE MARSHES.

The foregoing appears necessary to the- understanding of the follow-
ing:

For the promotion of cattle-breeding in the district of the marshes
several institutions have been established; the principal are:

(1) The selection of bulls for covering purposes by delegates of the
interested farmers, veterinary surgeons, and some Government offi-
cials.

(2) The institution of the herd-book, keeping a pedigree- of bulls and
cows selected for registry.

(3) The different cattle shows.

Selection of lulls. — I have to remark that only such bulls may be used
for covering purposes as have been selected by this commission, which,
in general, is appointed by breeders and graziers in every district of
the public administration. For the best bulls premiums are granted
by the Government amounting to from $50 to $75 per head, according
to the form and the breed. This system, in general, enjoys the approval
of the farmers and breeders, as it guarantees that their cows are only
to be covered by well-formed and well-conditioned bulls.

Herd-looks. — The institution of the herd-book, although introduced
here only a few years ago, has served greatly to improve the breed of
the cattle; the register it contains gives tfce breeders a clear insight
into what effect they may obtain in strict pure breeding of selected
cattle. The first section of the statutes point out the exact aim which
the breeding has to obtain ; therefore the different animals are selected
by a commission which may in no instance deviate from this rule. The
institution of the herd-book has only been in use here for five years ; in
East Friesland it is to be introduced soon. In the marshes of the
duchy were registered 1,195 head of cattle; in the Geestlands, 819;
total, 23OU head.

416 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

Cattle .sJuics. — This institution, imported from England, meets here
with great approbation, and has developed itself since 1S3(> (when the
iirst eat tie .-how was held near Brake) very favorably, so that now in
nearly every district of the marshes annual cattle shows take place,
which serve greatly to im])rove, by comparing the result of the different
breeds, and the maniXT of breeding in the diilerent districts.

The- cattle in the duchy and East Friesland may be divided into —

(a) Cattle raised on the marshes of the river Wescr.

(b) Those raised raised in Jeverland.
((•) Those raised in East Friesland.
(d) Those raised in Geestlands.

(a) TliC marshes on the river AVeser embrace the district of Brake,
Budjadiugeu, and Elslleth, bounded on the north and northeast by the
North Sea, on the east by the river Weser, and on the west by the river
Jade. The cattle raised in these districts are called in the interior the
Oldenburg or Budjadinger race, and are in great demand for breeding
purposes nearly everywhere. Although the cattle are more or less re-
lated to the races raised in Holland and East Friesland, they possess
distinct marks which characterize their origin. The head, for example,
does not agree with the Holland breed; the forehead, the cheeks, arid
the parts of the mouth arc broader, and the head is shorter ; the mou'.h
shows a dark, but not black pigment; the palate, roof of the mouth
shows the came; the horns of most animals are short with an outward
curve, and sometimes on young animals are rather strongly developed ;
the formation of the forepart of the body shows a '.so a difference with
the Holland breed, falsely called in the United States the Holstein
breed.

"Whilst the pure Holland breed shows a back ^iow which promise
good milkers, the breeders thereof appear to have overlooked the de-
velopment of the fore parts, whereas the cattle in the marshes show a
wide and dee]) breast, well formed, close shoulders and broad withers,
with ribs, which, since the introduction of the herd-book, take more
and more the round barrel-form ; the backbone appears long to satis-
faction, and shows in its construction good formation of kidneys and
hips, and very seldom now shows an inclination of curving downwards
(hollow back) ; the croup or hind quarter between the hips corresponds
with type peculiar to the cattle of the marshes, but sometimes might
be longer ; by careful breeding the root of the tail has greatly improved.
in its situation ; formerly showing a more or less tendency to be promi-
nent, it now hardly raises above the straight backbone line; the shanks
of a good cow of the marshes present themselves lull lleshed, and the
ilesh between the shanks sinks stifiiciently deep.

The fat cat -le, in the Weser marshes neve;- prove, delusive in their
weight, in general they delivr larger weigh! than ihey promise while
living. The udder and milk-tokens an; in most all cases well developed,
and are never known to deceive : wherefore the cow of the marshes may
be put down as a good milker, the particulars of which will be shown
in the table annexed.

The district in which the Jevcrland race is bred embraces the dis-
trict of .Jeverland on the left, bank of the river .lade ; its boundaries are:
on the north, the Xorth Sea ; on the west, East Friesland ; on the south,
the district of Varel ; andon the east, the river Jade. The cattle produce
of this dis? ! lei embraces dairy products, rearing calves lor breeding pur-
poses, and fattening for slaughtering, in their whole, appearance these
cattle show in a much larger degree than the Bndjadinger cattle their
near relation to the cattle raised in the north part of Holland. The

GERMANY.

417

head, in proportion to its breadth, is somewhat longer; the pigment of
the mouth in general of black color; the horns are flue and of a cylin-
drical form ; the form of the neck corresponds with the form in the other
marshes. The expansion of the breast, and the firmness of the shoul-
ders, however, do not reach that of the cattle in the Y\7eser marsh. The
form of the ribs is more Hat ; nevertheless the total impression of the
fore parts of the trunk or body is satisfying, showing that breeders
know what they aim at; the hind quarter in all its parts is well de-
veloped ; a trilling curving or sinking of the backbone before the croup
is sometimes met with as well as a faulty elevation or situation of the
root of the tail; the color is, in general, with only a few exceptions,
black and white, four white legs, the tail half black and white, with a
small white star on the forehead ; the eyelids and the exterior part of ears
are black. The milk- tokens must be called excellent. This race boasts
of a fine skeleton, fine skin and hair, but in general it is not so heavy as
the race raised in Holstein. The Jeverland race may be called excel-
lent milkers, easily fed, with corresponding capability to be fattened.
The aim of the breeders here in general is to get good milkers.

The East Frisian race is reared solely in the district of the Landdros-
tey, or county of Anrich, which is bound on the north, as are all the
marshes, by the North Sea, on the west by North Holland, on the east
by Jeverland, and on the south by the district of the Landdrostey,
Osnabruck. This country contains only on the sides of the sea and
rivers the marshland mentioned before, whilst the land lying more in
the interior consists of bog and sand.

I only mention here the cattle produce of the marshes, as those on
the bog and sand lands are too small and insignificant to be mentioned
in this report. The production of cattle in the marshes embraces, as
in Jeverlaud, about 75 per cent, for breeding purposes, and about 25
per cent, for the dairy. The latter are kept mostly to raise the calves,
which are in general sold when one year old to the interior of Ger-
many— to Saxony, Frankfort, and the southeast part of Prussia, at very
good prices. The form of the animals is not so finely shaped as those
in the Weser marshes and Jeverland, although, in their appearances
they show the greatest resemblance to the Holland and Jeverland races.
The color of the cattle is about 80 per cent, black and white, and about
20 per cent. red. The first-named color is preferred, because its sale is
more certain ; the latter color is kept more for home use. A few months
ago the institution of the herd-book was introduced. It does not, how-
ever, find the same approbation as in the Weser marshes. The breed-
ers, however, try to improve their cattle by importing bulls from the
north of Holland, in which it appears they succeed very well. The
number of cattle raised in this part, that is to say, on the marshes,
amounted, horses, sheep, and pigs included, as follows:

Date.

Horses.

Cattle.

Sheep.

Pigs.

1822

25 943

102,559

49 401

25 307

2$, 018

129,935

81,143

27,773

January 10, 1873

24, G.'{2

131,048

07, 008

17, 079

25, 609

125, 785

64,397

31,207

This enumeration shows clearly that the farmers did not keep pace

with their neighbors in Holland and Oldenburg; that, on the contrary,

they have lost ground in their competition with those breeders who

summon their whole energy to improve their cattle in the manner

H. Ex. 51 27

418 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

wanted by breeders and buyers of the interior of Germany, the United
States, Italy, and France, who in many instances pay prices double the
amount that may be obtained in the ordinary way of disposing of the
overproduce.

The cattle raised in the Geestland are, as before stated, not of any
consequence for breeding purposes. In stature they are small, or rather
insignificant, although it is not to be denied that they possess good
milking qualities. Breeders exert themselves to improve their cattle
by importing bulls from the province of Drenthe, in Holland, and it is
stated that the result obtained by the cross-breeding has been very sat-
isfactory, although the lightness and sterility of the soil do not assist
them in producing such cattle as their endeavors deserve.

SUPERIORITY OF THE OLDENBURG CATTLE FOR EXPORT.

For exportation to the United States, the Oldenburg cattle raised on
the Weser marshes must be put down as one of the best qualified races.
To all parts of Europe, to the south of Germany, Prussia, east and west,
Kussia, Galicia, and even to the Sandwich Islands, these cattle have
been exported. To Galicia last year there were exported thirty-eight
head of exquisite registered cattle, destined to serve there as the com-
mencement of breeding this race pure. Those cattle were bought here
by a commission of the Royal Agricultural Society, at Lemberg. For
this year the exportation, including the number bought by this commis-
sion and private estate holders, not obtainable, is said to be still larger.
For several years the cross-breeding with the Shorthorn race was more
prominent here, but since the laws of Great Britain prohibited the ex-
portation of live cattle to the English ports, the farmers have relaxed
in favoring this race, and returned to the pure Oldenburg breed, much
to their own satisfaction and profit.

PRODUCT AND EXPORT OF MARSH CATTLE.

To compare the production and export in the Weser marshes I repeat
here the result of the census taken thereof on the 10th of January, 1883.
This census was taken at a very unfavorable time, when all salable
beasts had been disposed of and the new production had not refilled
the place :

District

Cattle
conn ted on
January
10, 1883.

Number of
cattle ex-
ported to
different
countries in
Europe.

79 448

22,984

94, 108

6,183

Total — —

173, 558

29, 167

In the present year the demand for cattle for breeding purposes has
been more active, in consequence of which the stock of first rate cattle
is rather low and prices rule higher than before. Last year the medium
price for non-registered bulls of one and a half to two years was $100
to $125 ; for elder animals of this sex, $150. Cows, delivered from two
to four calves, cost $100 to $125. Heifers, according to quality, $100 to
$225. Bull calves, $60. Cow calves, $45 to $55. For registered cattle

GERMANY. 419

the prices were remarkably higher, from 10 to 50 per cent., according
to their descent and quality. Purchasers must be very careful in buy-
ing the pure-bred Oldenburg cattle. Many a head of cattle passes for
the pure Oldenburg race, as the Holstein cattle from Holland, which
never saw Oldenburg nor Holstein.

EXPORT OF CATTLE TO THE UNITED STATES.

As to the best way of transporting cattle to the United States, this
is done by the way of Brake-Nordenham to Bremerhaven, thence by
steam to Xew York, Baltimore, or New Orleans. The freight for a full-
grown beast will amount to about $30 to $36, in the common way of
shipping. The cost for transport and maintenance whilst on the Voyage
would amount to about $5 to $10 per head, including feeding and wait-
ing on board. This cannot, however, bo exactly stated, as much de-
pends on the number of animals sent. If many are to be sent, then a
waiter is necessary, who would cost, passage going and coming included,
about 8100, more or less, according to the accommodation required. The
same amount to ship by way of Hamburgh, or by way of Amsterdam
or Rotterdam for cattle from East Friesland.

PORTRAITS OF OLDENBURG AND EAST FRISIAN CATTLE.

In order to compare the cattle bred in the marshes with other animals
bred in Holland, France, and England, I transmit herewith several pho-
tographs of the Oldenburg and East Frisian race, prize cattle at the
agricultural fair at Hamburg this year.

Xo. 1 of the accompanying photographs represents an Oldenburg bull
of rather the old style, short and rather clumsy in bones. He does not
answer the requirements of the herd-book union. The formation of
the head and neck is coarse and fails in beauty. The parts of the
shoulders and the formation of the ribs certainly are well developed,
but the root of the tail lies too high ; the hind quarters are hardly sat-
isfy ing ; the formation of the flesh near the ankle-bones or spring-joints
is not full enough. The animal shows crooked hind logs, although the
ankle-bones are normal. The animal is too short, and the line of the
back answers but imperfectly the requirement of the herd-book union.
The animal shows but few good milk-tokens, but more the signs of be-
ing easily fattened. He was raised on an estate between Brake and Old-
enburg, on a mixed soil. His color is black and white, with a white
star on the forehead.

Xo. 2 of the accompanying photographs is a cow of the pure Oldenburg
breed. Owing to the unlucky position in which the waiter kept her
head, she does not represent herself so favorably as might be wished.
This is much to be regretted, as the picture does not give a good idea
of the form of the beast, which is one of the best sort, with a very
straight-lined backbone. Finer hip joints or thighs are seldom met
with. The ankle, leg-bones, and spring-joints are normal, and for her
sln» has a very line head and breast; the depth of the latter is such
as formerly was seldom met with. The form of the shoulders, ribs,
hips, hind quarters, and thighs :-iv such as is required by the herd-book
union. The milk-tokens are very good and do not deceive. Her color
is black and white, with white star on the forehead.

No. 3, a full-bjooded Shorthorn cow about four years old. This ani-
mal was bred in the vicinity of P,iak««, and answers in form, &(•-., those
demands which are required of this race. She was, at the time df the

420 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

Hamburg exhibition, rather overfed. Head, collar, and shoulder-
blades are very good, as well as tlie back, hips, and hind quarters.
Nevertheless, the. breeders in the marshes, with only a single exception,
do not approve of this race. The extreme formation of fat at the root of
the tail is not desired in the interior. For that reason the Oldenburg
race is preferred. The thighs of the animal are highly developed, as well
as the form of the breast, together with slender horn and bone for-
mation. The standing of the hind legs is good, with normal ankle-
bones or spring-joints. This animal is easily fattened, but the milk-tokens
leave something to wish for. To this animal a iirst prize was awarded
at the exhibition at Hamburg. The picture has the same fault as the
others. The waiter, as well as the photographer, did not know what
they were about ; otherwise the head of the cow would not have been
held as represented, the backbone receiving thereby an appearance as
if it was not straight-lined. Color is white and brownish red.

Xo. 4 of the photographs is a prominent bull of the Oldenburg or
Ludjadinger race. The picture does not do justice in this case. The
animal's head is kept far too high and out of place by its waiter, through
which the backbone does not show the straight line it really possesses
by nature. The standing of the hind legs is a normal one, the form of
the thighs perfect, as also the form of the breast. The form of the head
answers the original Oldenburg type ; shoulders, back, hips, and the
form of the hind quarters or croup are good, whereas the ribs might
have been of a more round or barrel form. In general the cows of this
breed combine good milking with fattening qualities. Color black and
white, white legs, with white star on forehead.

Xo. 5 of the accompanying photographs represents a heifer about
three and a half years old, by Magnate, out of an Oldenburg cow, pure
Oldenburg breed. The form of the neck and head scarcely answers the
requirements of the herd-book union. The neck is short and thick;
head rather full and heavy ; back and form of ribs good, as also the
form of the hips and of the hindquarters or croup; the thighs are satis-
factory, but the breast is too much trussed up. The ankles or spring-
joints Vre good, whereas the breast might have been a little deeper and
liner ; the signs of easy fattening are more prominent than those of milk.
Color white and black, with blase on the forehead.

Xo. 0 represents a bull of the East Frisian race, three years old, born
near Jemgum, East Eriesland; is a good specimen of its race. Shows, by
the unlucky position in which the head is kept, a slight downward
curving in the backbone, which in nature is not the ease ; the animal
otherwise presents itself favorably, and its oifspring, according to the
statement of its owner, are renowned for being led fat and showing
good milk-tokens. Color black and white, lour while legs, and a blase
on the, forehead.

Xo. 7 of the accompanying photographs, a Polled Angus bull, im-
ported from England, is kept on an estate1, in the south of Holstein.
The fanners in the marsh do not approve of this race, wherefore its intro-
duction here, though tried several times, did not succeed. The picture
shows the bull very favorably, bui also shows Jar too many corners oil
the, lore, part, of the hind legs. The picture is mentioned here only to
show the diiheivnee between the. several races. Color black, with
rather mouse-colored hind legs.

Jiy the kindness of L. Vissering, esq., King's counselor of the agri-
cultural depaitmenl ;md president of the principal agricultural society
of East Eiiesland, ai. Donnim, I am enabled to present the photo-
graphs of cattle bred in East Ericsiand, >'os. 8, 9, and H), herewith.

GERMANY. 421

No. 8 is an East Frisian cow, representing one of the finest milk cows
of the race. Color black and white, white blase, four white legs, tail
half black, half white 5 is a first-rate milker, easily fed, and very en-
during in all climates.

No. 9 is likewise an East Frisian cow, bred in that province, but now
in the possession of a Mr. Peters, counselor of the agricultural depart-
ment of Pomerania, is a very fine specimen of the red-colored race, said
to be descended from the Anglian race. The animal is about seven
years old, a very good milker, and very hardy. The best specimens of
this race are raised in the district of Norden andAurich.

No. 10 represents an East Frisian bull, now three and one-half years
old, raised in East Friesland, now the property of the crown prince of
the German Empire. The animal is a fair specimen, if not one of the
fairest specimens, of his race, but shows rather heavy formation of bones,
and is rather long-legged, with a slight downward curving in the back-
bone. The formation of the head is normal, but the root of the tail
rather prominent. Color black and white, blase, white legs, and black
tail. These cattle are very enduring and will stand a passage across
the ocean as well as the Oldenburg or Bucljadinger race.

HOUSING, FEEDING, AND BREEDING.

Herewith I close the descriptive part of the cattle raised in my dis-
trict, to enter more particularly upon the housing, feeding, and breed-
ing of the cattle, and the disposition made thereof.

The cattle in the marshes pass from six to seven mouths of the year in
the open air on meadows, which give plenty of nourishing and whole-
some food, by which the more or less spare winter-feeding is fully com-
pensated. The pastures are abundant in grasses, but rather poor of
plants or herbages. For seventeen milch cows, in general, 10 hectares,
or 25 acres, are required of good middling marshlands. To show the in-
crease of weight of cattle grazing on good pastures in the marshes the
following statement was given me by a well-to-do farmer in this vicinity:
From May to October, last year, this gentlemen fed, on meadows meas-
uring 20.1993 hectares, or about 46 acres, forty -two oxen, sixteen sheep
and calves, and one filly. For thirteen days the oxen were fed on meadows
of which the grass had been cut before. ' The result of the feeding dur-
ing one hundred and sixty-two days on meadows, for the oxen, was
from 517.45 kilograms at the beginning to 731.45 at the end. The
highest increase in weight was 303 kilograms, or G cwt, ; the lowest
amounted to 221 kilograms, or nearly to 4J cwt. The average daily
increase amounted to about 3 pounds. Another farmer in the Weser
marshes last year fed eight oxen on his best pasture grounds. They
had lost during the winter housing and bad feeding about 5 cwt.

When put on the pastures, on May 4, Nos. 1 to 4 weighed about 30
cwt. and Nos. 5 to 8 about 35 cwt. When sold, on November 3, Nos. 1 to
4 weighed about 5G cwt. and Nos. 5 to 8 about 51 cwt. Average aug-
mentation of weight per head, about 4 cwt., or about 43.5 per cent., or
per day per head about 2 J pounds. The result of this grazing shows
the value of the grass in the marshes for fattening cattle.

In the marshes it is common with the farmers to keep a larger number
of cattle than their stables can accommodate during the winter. The
overplus, in most every instance consisting of young animals, are
usually sent to farmers in the Geestlands, there to be fed. The price
paid for such feeding varies from $7 to $9 per head. This low price of
course does not allow a feeding with good, nourishing fodder, the ani-

422 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

mals mostly being fed on straw, so that in general these cattle return
in a very lamentable state or condition when the grazing time com-
mences. For some time several of tho farmers in the Wescr marshes,
Jeverland, and East Friesland have desisted from this old plan and
are finding for their cattle better and larger accommodations, and feed
them during the winter with more nourishing fodder, consisting of beans,
cracked grain, and the different sorts of oil-cakes and rice. The rough
forage is used in its natural state uncut, while cabbages, turnips, &c.,
are cut.

The housing of the cattle during the winter corresponds with the
method in Holland. The feeding cribs, contrary to the method in use
in the south of Germany, are situated a little lower than the floor in
which the cattle stand, so as to give them more ease when rising. The
whole arrangement in the stable enables the farmer to keep the cattle
cleaner and clean them easier than otherwise would be the case. There
is, also, a considerable saving of space and litter. In the marshes the
calving of the cows in general takes place in the months from Novem-
ber to February, as this period is considered by all interested the most
favorable, as it enables the breeders to bring the young calves to the
grazing grounds early in spring. If brought there when younger the
animals would hardly be able to withstand the inclemency of the
weather. The new-born calves are not allowed to suck at the cows.
The milk taken from the cows during the first three weeks only is given
to them. After this time they are fed on buttermilk, bread soup, to
accustom them gradually to a more consistent food. Cow and bull
calves are fed just the same. To many of our farmers in the United
States, this feeding may appear irrational, but experience shows that
calves fed in this manner progress far more favorably than those fed
for a longer period on milk, as these come -into the pasture grounds
with a tender stomach and with a luxuriant layer of flesh on their car-
casses, which is not desired.

'.The young heifers, after^the completion of their second year, are led to
the bull. 13y this time th'ese young animals have reached the develop-
ment particular to the cattle bred in the marshes, so that they are able
to support the embryo and to calve without injury to themselves.

Bulls when thirteen to fourteen months old cover cows. It is much
to be regretted that for some time the breeders of these valuable ani-
mals when they are at their best development, sell the bulls to foreign
breeders without any consideration as to the want at home. The Gov-
ernment and the unions of the herd-book try to put a stop to this in-
jurious disposition, but without any avail. The prices paid by foreign
breeders being so high as to enable the proprietors of such bulls to re-
turn the premium they received on the condition that the animal had
to remain at least one year in the district for which the premium was
granted.

Another factor in the breeding of the cattle in the marshes is the
climate, which, to those not born and bred there, appears less than
agreeable. The average fall of rain amounts to about 707 millimeters
annually. In consequence of this climate, of which the middle* tem-
perature in summer seldom raises over 8° Beaumur, together with the
more or less hardy rearing which the cattle in the marshes must endure,
the latter may be classed as thoroughly sound and healthy. In no part
of the northerly marshes do less diseases among cattle appear than here;
contagions diseases, if any prevail, are brought here, and are sooner
extirpated than in any other district. The broad chest of these cattle
and their sound lungs prevent any pulmonary diseases. For a series of

GERMANY. 423

years no contagious diseases have been observed in this district ; if
brought in from Holland and other adjacent countries they always were
localized and arrested in the places infected, wherefore I can oniy repeat
my former ass- -rt ion that the- cattle in the marshes are the most hardy
and healthy race of North Germany and Holland.

Having already reported in the foregoing on the disposition made of
the overproduce of these cattle by the breeders, I only need refer to
the annexed tables, in which further particulars are to be found.

AMERICAN CATTLE AND HOGS IN OLDENBURG.

Concerning the importation of live cattle from the United States to
this district, I have to state that so far I find it to be confined to a few
head. These did not come up to the expectations, showing too much
of the Shorthorn blood, thereby taking a long time to fatten; so that
this importation ceased after the first trial. Lately, however, liv.e pigs
of the Poland-China race have been imported from the United States
with some success. These importations would no doubt have been
more numerous if a reliable connection with breeders in the United
States was easier to obtain. As it is, the commission, shipping, and
expenses charged greatly enhance the prices. A respectable commis-
sion appointed here for sale or exchange of cattle for breeding or graz-
"ing purposes would, no doubt, greatly assist in the transaction of the
cattle business, and certainly in a short time would render a good
account.

IMPORTS OF MEATS AND DAIRY PRODUCTS.

Of other cattle produce imported here by way of Bremen and Ham-
burg, I have to mention besides canned meats, salt beef in barrels, salt
pork in barrels, butter, and cheese. The salt beef, not only used for
ships' provisions but also for inland consumption, is of some moment,
whilst the importations of salt pork in barrels, by reason of the pro-
hibitive import laws of Germany, consist only of those qualities used
for ships7 provisions — salt bacon, as well as refined lard, for inland con-
sumption being strictly prohibited, the import thereof has entirely
ceased. In official quarters in Berlin it would appear that the seafar-
ing people of Germany are not considered subject to trichynosis, other-
wise the exemption as above stated would not have been allowed.

The importation of butter or margarine is limited, as butter is over-
produced here, and commands in the Bremen and Hamburg markets
prices nearly 10 to 25 per cent, higher than other butter. The consump-
tion of American butter and margarine is more or less confined to the
more saving class of the population, whilst the poorer classes eat none
at all, in lieu thereof eating raw smoked bacon.

PERCENTAGES OF THE DIFFERENT BREEDS OF CATTLE IN THE

DISTRICT.

The percentage of the pure bred Oldenburg, Jeverland, and East
Frisian cattle is about 65 to 75 per cent, in either province, whilst the
Shorthorn cattle, bred only in the Weser marshes by one or two breeders,
amount to about 10 per cent. The remainder is of a mixed breeds, not
necessary to enumerate. For dairy purposes nearly 25 per cent, are
bred, the remainder for breeding, slaughtering, or exportation. '

BEST tfATTLE FOR EXPORT TO THE UNITED STATES.

I am of the opinion that the best cattle to be imported into the United
States from Germany, to improve the breed there, without any doubt

424

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

are the Oldenburg or Budjadinger race. Exact prices are not obtain-
able, as they vary from $100 to $200, according to age, quality, &c.

SPECIAL STATISTICS OF THE MARSH CATTLE.

In conclusion I submit answers to the questions transmitted with
circular, giving names of breeds, country, size of cattle at maturity,
milking qualities, origin of breed, topography of country, substratum,
&c.

Name of breed.

Annual
averagf
yield of
milk.

Milk to
poauds
of batter

Milk to
pound of
cheese.

Size at maturity,
measured on
the fore parts (in
meters).

Live weight.

Cow.

Bu]l.

Ox.

Cow. Bull.

Ox.

Oldenburg, bred in
the Weser marshes
Joverland race

Cwt.

61
68
50
64 to 84
50 60

35
38 to 39
38
35 38
33

Not made.
16
X<>t made .
16
Not made .

1.49
1.39
1.34
1.32
1.50

1.51
1.42
1.36
1.47
1.52

L57
1.48
1.29
1.61
1.60

Cwt. Cwt

14 to 15 16tol8
12 13 14 15
9 11
12 14 16 17
14 16 20 22

Cwt.

17 to 20
15 J7
12

18 20
20 22

Geestland races

Ost Frisian rac,e
Shorthorn race

Breed.

Age at
maturity.

Weight of
meat at
maturity
of ox.

Color.

Description.

How long bred
pure.

Wesermash

Tears.
3i to 4

4 5

3 4
4

4 5

Cwt.
8to9

8 9

6 6.72
0 11

10 12

Black and
•with whit
on forehea

White and
and four
feet.

White and b
Black and w
white legs
on forehea
black sad i
back ; abo
per cent, i
White and
some blue-
or mouse
ored.

wrhite
3 star
d.

black
nrhito

lack

Head shorter, as
with the Hoi-
laud race; short
legs ; structure
perfect.
Head longer ; legs
finer and longer;
very good milk-
ers.
... do

A long tune, ex-
cept now and
then crossed with
Shorthorns.

A long time.

Do.

Said to bo of the
An glia r,a!ce ;
breed a long time.

Twelve to fifteen
years.

Jeverland ...........

Ost Friesland

hite;
; star
1 and
le on
ut 20
ed.
red;
black
•c ol-

....do

Fine looking ani-
mals but -ather
too fat for inland
consumption;
require at least
one year more
grazing than
the othur races.

Snorthoro, . ....

Breed.

Origin of breed.

Product.

Labor.

Moat.

Milk.

Cheese.

Pure Oldenburg breed with
few exceptions.

<*)

(*)
$50 to $80
O

(*)

$90 to $135

100 125
75 90
85 90

100 125

$70 to $80

70 80
60
70 80

CO 70

(t)
$25
'» =5

W

OstFriesland

•

Now said to be original; now
and then crossed with Hol-
land breed.

* None required.

t None produced.

J Not used for labor.

I ANY.

Topography.

425

Altitude

above

Mean

Die trick

high-

tempera-

Summer.

"Winter.

water

ture.

mark.

Feet.

°R.

°/J.

°7?.

'' to 1 •"•

5 to 0

7 to 8

1 A to 2i

3 10

5 7

8 9

H 24

Crt -uliinil ... .

15 40

7 8

7 8

1 2

Ost Frieslai(d

2 2i

5 6

7 8

U 2k

Soil.

District.

Alluvial.

Loam.

Clay.

Sandy, &c.

Wesermarsli ,

Entirely

All

Jeverland ....

i

Geestlund

None

t

If one.

A

Ost Friesland

i

r

1

Substratum.

District.

Limestone.

Sandstone.

Granite.

Clay.

Gravel, &c.

Wesermarsh

None.

"Nono.

Xone.

All.

Kone.

(Teverland

All

None

Ooostland

Xonc

None.

None

•

Oat Friesland

Uone.

Xouo.

None.

1

None.

Cultivated grasses.

District.

Timothy.

Clover.

Ryo
grass, &-C.

"Wesermarsh

(*)

D

(*)

Geestland

JL

1

OstEricsland .

r

TJB

None.

* Natural grasses.

Method of housing. — In stables built of bricks and thatched with reed, very healthy
and warm in the winter. In summer, from April 30 to November 1, animals are feed-
ing on the meadows.

feeding. — Grass in summer. Hay, grain, beans bruised, oil-cakes, and different sorts
of turnips in winter.

lirecdinrf. — The bulls used for public use are selected by a commission. The herd-
book is open for registry.

Handling products. — The live cattle are either sold at public sales or by private con-
tract, or are sent into the interior by private commissioners. Butter and cheese are
disposed of at Brem en or Hamburg.

JOHN M. WILSON,

Consul.

426 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

CATTLE IN SAXONY.

I have thi1 homu lo icply to circular issued from the Department of

State -I ifi.N IS. 1*^0.

The importance of the subject I immediately comprehended, and set
to work 10 furnish all the information I could obtain, and hence the ap-
paient delay in responding.

] found the ^reatest dilliculty ill procuring1 the desired information,
especially that which would enable me to complete the tables or blanks
furnished by ;he Department. At last 1 applied to the statistical bu-
reau of Saxony lor what information they could furnish me, to report to
the Derailment, of State. T-hey replied in the following communication:

[Translation.]

Th<' respectfully- under.- .Igned board of manage rs deeply regret being unable- fully
to an-=wt r tin- ouestious contained in thoeircuh>r issued by the Department of State,
V>~a-hiuutoi!. <>u tin.' l~th of .July last, as inquiries ivlativi' to the tliii'iision of the vu-
rioii.-. breeds <:f futile ami ihe feeundity of the offspring to he met with throughout
the country have, ii}) to this time, not been inst ituved. J.y means of the researches
made i:i the year l^.-MJ concerning tin- amount of hulls kept throughout ihe country,
some valnahle information ha.1-1, hov/cvcr. hern gained with reijard to the h re eels of
hulls used for hreediiie; jturposes. As one is, at any rate, aide to draw conclusions,
from the hulls in exigence, to the cut or tendency of the hreedinir. the undersigned
hoard of managers have the honor «{' suhmittin^ to tl:e rcnsulate the resul'.s of tho
investi^aiiou under consideration in one of the snpph !.'ie:;ts ; in addition to which
we heLT to M'hjoin to 1liej circular, whicli we do hereby return, a variety of jottings
appertaining to ihe aieas used for farming ]>ur})o>-(\s, the live weight, and Ihe Gelling
value »jf the heusts, together with the re-nils of the latesr censi;< of animals.

'i!;e Kingdom of .Saxony does not only import vast quantities of cattle to he hutcli-
ered for the market, hut also introduces numhers of Oldeuhurg and Dutch cows, giv-
ing fresh milk, cr jrreal \\i\h young, which, subsequently to hei;:g milktMl until they
cease TO yield any more, are, slaughtered, or, like imported heifers, used for hreeding
purpe<: .-. On); Voigtiand draft oxen and fattened ones, (>r such as are undergoing
a course of feeding, are exported in rather large <;r.;;nf ities. The Voigtiand cattle,
whii 'i fornt* rly \vei-e in v<.-ry hrisk demand, not only on account of the uncommon
rich lie? • of tin Ii milk, hut nl.--o Uy reasoii of their he ing strikingly adapted to lie stall-
fed, and, in partieuiar. o\viri'.; to th-'ir servicoahleness as L'eastn "!' ••'••H>) are less fre-
quonlly used lor hreeding purposes than they formerly \\ere. The extension of this
breed \\hiih is l]je rjp.ly one !iidi;:en<tus to 1 his country, is hut very I riiiing, since it
is not to he me! \vith i:!;ywhei'e < xce]it in the vicinity oi 1'iauen, Oelsnitx, and Aucr-
haeh. consequenl iy, .;;; an ana of 1 1,',1,-J? lieetaro. The stock c.i' jjure Voigtiand heasts
]jad formerl\ i>een di i;ini.-hed hy ex|>ortation. whicli was cari'ied to iuunoderate
leri'^t h^. '1 h'- efforts mrdo l;v husbandmen and farmers of late to supply t h° markets
wit ii a^ miK-ii mill: as ]\<^ sihlf has more and moi'e di.slod-.-d or suppdanled Miigtland
cows. The Yei<.M h,ui 1 cattle, a reddish bro\vn or hay-colored i-reed. of small build or
Mature, have v.hite horns v.ith black tips, ami tails wiih white CIM'.S oi-pulnts.

Ace.ompanyin^ the jibove communication were a set of tables embody-
ing Jill Ihr infnrijiuti/;]) obtainable irom their cattle census oiMSSo.

While they do not conform slrietly to the requirements of the blank
tables fuini.hed bylhe Department, J have tiioi:;^ht ii advisable and
best to copy and transmit them in the form received from the statisti-
cal bureau. The labor was ^i'eat, and the courtesy corresponding, by
the statistical bureau, which I duly acknowledged in aj)pro])riate terms,
and [)roiiii>(-d i-eciprocal (ourlesicsat any t ime by t his consulate, or any
Department of t lie (lovcrnment of the ("nited Stales, when desired.

The courtesy, not ojily in this insianee, but ai all times, and by all
departments of the Saxon Government, has always been complete and
satisfactory, and it ;;ives jne ^reat pleasure- to assure the. Department
of it.

JOS. T. MAKOJN",

UNI'M;I.» STATES CO.N^TL/.TI:, Consul.

7>/v;.v(/c-;i, Xorcwhcr 1^0, 18S5.

GERMANY.

427

SAXON AGRICULTURAL AND CATTLE STATISTICS.

Areas that ,x,

* ,T,i*( t- proved productive, in an agricultural point of view, together with the areas
appropriated to herbage for fodder, in the Kingdom of Saxony,

[Prepared at the roynl Saxon statistical office, and translated and transmitted by Consul Mason, of

Dresden.]

Departments of ad-
ministration.

*&

•£.**

l|

s *

"3 9"s

|1I

Population in the
3 ear 1880.

H

Area that proved productive in an agricultural
point of view in 1878.

Arabic
land and
land cnlti-
\ated as
gardens.

Meadow
ground.

Pastur-
age.

Vine-
yards.

Sum total.

Shrievalties:
Bantzen .......

Hect.
285. 2
299.4
179. 3
468.3

351,326

808, 512
707, 826
1, 105, 141

Hect.
246, 973. 23
433, 685. 73
356, 735. 44
461, 899. 91

Hect.
124, 138. 04
240, 584. 91
244, 270. 98
203, 274. 31

Hect.
34, 538. 27
49,057.12
35, 286. 42
67, 255. 37

He*.

4, 230. 93
3,829.31
2, 826. 97
4, 592. 46

Heel.
0.46

1,263.04
IS). 3?
0.12

Hect.
162, »57. 70
294, 734. 38
282, 403. 70
•275, 12?. 26

Leipsic
Zwickau

Kingdom

308.1

2, 972, 805

1, 499, 294. 31

872, 268. 24

186, 137. 18

15, 529. 67

1, 282. 95

1, On.5, 218. 04

Departments of ad-
ministration.

The following herbages for fodder and grasses were aultivated as
main crops or produce in the year 1878.

In addition to which
spurry, &c., was culti-
vated as an after or a
later crop.

Clover.

Sg

O CD

o <n

il

HI

H

1

i

Timothy grass,
meadow cats'-
tail grass.

Eye-grass.

Lucern.

Various kinds of
other grasses.

W

Shrievalties:
Bautzen. ..»

Hect.
15, 560. 62
26, 809. 20
24, 727. 13
23, 237. GO

Hect.
39. 85
36.32
5.61

Hect.
204. 6J
17.00
9.06
0.34

Hect.
0.88
3, 195. 66
55.16
3, 944. 85

Hect.
20. 04
150. 50
317.6?
81. 97

Hect.
18.91
221.16
214.15
66.00

Heet.

228. 21
4, 3-10. 04
1, 794. 96
6, 196. 70

Hect.
16, 079. 12
34, 769. 94
27,123.70
33, 527. 46

Hect.
2, 166. 33
811. 80
191. 08
308. 92

Leipsic

Zwickau
T^ipg'lom

CO, 984. 55

81.78

231. 07

7, 196. 55

57G. 14

520. 22

12, 559. 91

111, 500. 22

3, 478. 13

Breeds and number of bulls used for breeding purposes in Saxony in 1880.

Departments of administration.

Low country breeds.

cagSSf | English breeds.

Spotted
mountain
breeds.

Dutch.

1

O

Dessau.

Old Margraviates.

£

Tc

p

Wilstormarsh.

Breitonburg.

Simmo Valley.

6

g

5

Shrievalties :
Bautzfn. ................

232

261
181

200
1,003

520
373

1
10
8
3

1
5
8
49

10

1

3

1

4

16

1

3
9
46

~58~

n

3

Zwickau

"Kingdom

11

'

813

2,102

22

5

17

G5

63

428 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

Breeds and number of lulls used for breeding purposes in Saxony in 1860— Coutiuued.

Gray

^w

||

mountain

°^5

breeds.

>2

f^S

11

o5

a §

« •£

Departments of administration.

£

^

s|

1

I8

I

1

WalzVall

Gl«n Vallc

•pnBr>3jOA.

Crossing c
tlovith
breeds.

Dubious b

!!1

i

ShifeTritie*:

51

5

499

26

820

1, 935

Cf>l

148

1 019

3 lttl

Leipsic . . ..... ..........

388
303

17

4

"fl

6

130

672
426

48
59

628
805

2,612
2, 4CO

Kin c'dojii ..... ........................

34

5

9

136

2, 248

281

3,272

10, 128

880

Diffusion or extension of the various kinds of molds or vegetable earths in Saxony.

Hectares.

Per
cent.

23.21
15.42
13.76
10.76
6.57
5. GO
5.22
5.00
3.48'
3.11
2.98
2.11
2.69

Collective area belonging to—
Diluvium . . ... ....... . ..... . .... .......

348, 048
231, 275
206, 371
161, 376
98, 509
85, 393
78, 309
74, 767
52, 242
46, 597
44, 661
31,711
40, 508

Granito and syenite...... .....................................................

Clay-slate . ............ . . .............

The formation of peat (brown coal)

Tbe lower new red sandstone (new red conglomerate)

The formation of gray wacke .................. . ......... ............

Square stone (broad stone)

Total

1, 499, 767

100. 00

STOCK OF CATTLE IN THE KINGDOM OF SAXONY.

[Statement prepared at the royal Saxon office of statistics, and translated and transmitted by Consul

Mason.]

On tlio 10th of January last a general census of cattle, or brute poll,
was taken throughout the German realm, and almost at the very same
time investigations were made relative to the selling price and the live
weight of the beasts. The results of both the official enumerations in
question, as far as the Kingdom of Saxony is concerned, have been pre-
pared and duly submitted to us. It consequently is in our power to
compute or estimate the aggregate value and the collective weight of
the cattle kept in the country. In Saxony both the average selling
value and the average live- weight of an animal of middling quality have
been ascertained by the instrumentality of the agricultural district asso-
ciations. According to the middling selling value of the various ani-
mals with regard to the prefectships, the total stock of cattle throughout
Hie country is valued at 238,761,208 marks.

GERMAN V.

429

The same is composed as follows, viz :

Number of live animals.

Description.

Number.

Estimated
total value.

Value pet
head.

Horses.

1 8riO

Mark*.

Mark*.

3 OC1

4 O'H

•> i<>i 3(jg

Y'7 1

Still ions three years old and excfkedintT that age

156

117 795

79 ''39 354

fi7H fl

120 8SG

83 CG6 210

18

3 930

218 Q

20

2 034

78 3

Neat or horned cattle.

1*5 600

457 164

20 3

40 382

») 400 r.04

Pawns or vonn" animals from one-half year to two years old

118 703

1 } 7"y 064

1°4 0

Hulls two years old and oxceedinrr that ago

4 903

1 M4'i 'i'JO

^•"4 8

Other oxen or bulls two years and exceeding that age

°9 085

7 730 C81

k'fi() 4

Cows two years old and exceeding that ago

441! 050

106 4''7 055

2JO 7

651 329

1'Jl 018 6'*8

Sheep.
Fine wooled sheep kept for shearing purposes, less than one year
Fino wooled sheep kept for shearing purposes, one year old and
Improved sheep bred for butcher less than one year old . ....

9,843
31, 2G7
T5 41°

101, 303

787, 338
300 810

10.4
25.2
10 9

Improved sheep bred lor butcher, one year old and older.......

42 473

1 238 619

•><) v

10 75'}

' 140* H97

13 0

39 255

793 995

20 '*

149 037

• 3 434 5'?8

Swine.
Suckinc pi^s and porkers less than one year old

2g9 568

8 654 014

30 6

I"roedin<T sows (farrows) upwards of one year old ....

28* 287

2 gosi 014

99 2

Other swine one year old, and exceeding that age

44 095

5 30 J 489

118 6

355 550

16 765 047

Goats.
Ktds less than ono year old .

21 466

233 nor>

10 8

95 031

1 6'<7 7CO

17 °

116 547

1 870 825

Tbe live weight has only been ascertained with regard to horned an-
imals and swine.

Desoiiption.

Number.

To+al weight.

Average
weight.

Horned cattle.

15 006

Pounds.
j 512 175

Pound*.

Q(J 9

Calves from six weelis to six months old

40 382

7 580 129

187 7

Fawns or yoiin<T animals from 11 halt' yoar to two years old

118,703

47, 488, 723

40" 1

Dulls two years old and exceeding that a^o

4 903

4 647 113

047 8

Other oxen and bulls two years old, and exceeding that nge
Cows two years old and cxcecdin0' that a^e .....

29, 685
44" 050

26. 358, 360
351 131 055

F 87. 9
794 3

Domed, cattle in ^cnoral ... ...........

05 t 3"9

438 717 555

Swiru.
Sucking pigs and porkers less than ono year old

282, r,G8
28 ''87

16, 259, 158
(j 917 497

57.5
2°0 2

Other swine ono year old and older

44 695

11 821 841

264.5

Swine in general .............

355 550

34 308 496

430

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

CATTLE CENSUS, OR BRUTE POLL, OF THE KINGDOM OF SAXONY.

[Taken January 10, 1883.]'
Cattle belonging to households (farms) including such leasts as are temporarily absent.

Description.

Shrievalty of—

Total in

1883.

In 1873.

Bautzen.

Dresden.

Leipsic.

Zwickau.

Number of owners of cattle :*
(1) Settled

32, 890
1,247

2,533
1,411

5,465

2,508
1,136
14, 424

1,105

989
3,236
71,128

43,462
4,166

4,440
2,443

9,530

3,765
3,119
26,940

1, 874

1,511
6,456
133, 540

36, 773
5,224

4,270
1,504

7,429

.4, 455
686
25, 482

1,794

1,119
. 2, 694
115, 873

50,352
2,606

4,363
8,569

9,004

2,857
7,588
25, 743

1,277

1,284
17, 299
121, 509

163, 477
13, 243

15, 806
8,954

31. 428

13, 585
12, 529

92, 589

6,050

4,903
29, 685
442,050

156, 836
12,506

I 56,633

6,885
| 113,317

6,885

5,909
40, 443

424,785

(2) Unsettled ..."

Calves up to 6 months old1:
(3) Up to 6 weeks

(4) From 6 weeks to 6 months (males)
(5) From 6 weeks to 6 months (fe-
males) .......

Fawns, or young animals from one-half
year to 2 years old :
(6) Bullocks (cattle for breeding) . . .

(8) Female fawns ....

(9) Bullocks actually used for breed-
ing purposes (in 6)
Horned cattle 2 years old and over :
(10) Bulls (cattle for breeding) at
least 2 years old

(11) Any other bulls or oxen.. ..

(12) Cows

Total number (3 to 8 and 10 to 12) .

102, 830

191, 744

163, 512

193, 243

651, 329

647, 972

* The number of owners apply to all live stock, cattle, horses, mules, asses , sheep, goats, and swine.
Horses, mules, and asses in Saxony.

Description.

Shrievalty.

Total in
1883.

Total in

1873.

Bautzen.

Dresden.

Leipsic.

Zwickan.

Foals:

. 251
425
461

3
10, 562
62
2,957

549
705
836

103
26, 179
3,114
9,444

613

1,113
1,611

39

28, 521
2,801
8,895

437

818
1,116

11
17, 001
67
8,192

1,850
3,061
4,024

156
82,263
6,044
29,488

1,538
2,214

2,153

136

76, 475
5,765
27, 511

Horses three years old and over :
Stallions for breeding purposes
Used for agricultural labor ........

Allother

Total

14,721

40, 930

294
6

7

43, 593

42F
7
12

27,642

126, 886

115,792

174
2
4

274
3
3

1,164
18
26

26
86

Sheep in Saxony.

Description.

Shrievalty.

Total in
1883.

Total in
1873.

Bautzen.

Dresden.

Leipsic.

Zwickan.

Fine-wool^! sheep for shearing pur-
poses, merinoes:

1,032

2,608

2,689
6,691

876
2,441

2,597
8,743

3, 864
12, 338

2,206
8,433

5, 259
17, 278

7,178
18, 233

5,411
20, 815

960
2,638

1,681
5,211

2,289
7,566

9,848
31, 267

15,412
42, 473

10, 782
39,255

j 108,465
} 50,238
| 48,130

One year old and over

Improved sheep bred for the butcher:
Less than one year old...... ..... .

AM other sheep :
Less than one year old

16, 337

38, 181

74, 174

20,345

149, 037

206,833

GERMANY.

Swine and goats in Saxony.

431

Description.

Shrievalty.

Total in
1883.

Total in
1873.

Bautzen.

Dresden.

Leipzic.

Zwickau.

Swine :
Less than one year old, including

30,182

2,265
4,878

86, 216

11, 569
12, 427

114, 772

11,754

15, 782

51, 398

2,699
11,608

282, 5C8

28, 287
44, 695

One year'ouleand over:

Other swine at least one year old.
Total

37, 325

110, 212

142, 308

65, 705

355, 550

301, 369

Goats:

6,545

30, 759
1,416

6,287

24,640
2,641

4,025

12, 267
1,403

4,609

19,777
2,178

21, 466

87, 443
7,638

One year old and over:
fiho goats

Any other, at least one year old . .
Total

38, 720

33, 568

17, 695

20, 5G4

116, 547

105,487

Bees in Saxony.

Shrievalty.

Total num-
ber of bee-
hives.

Hives with
movable
honey-combs
aniou <* this
total.

11 344

5 375

15 657

4 300

14 783

6 304

11 972

5 891

Total in 1883

53, 756

21, 870

Total in 1873

64, 367

18, 579

SILESIAN CATTLE,

REPORT BY CONSUL DITHMAIt, OF BEE SLAV.
INTRODUCTORY AND EXPLANATORY.

In accordance with instructions contained in the circular of July 18,
I inclose herewith the result of investigations regarding the altitudes,
climate, soil, and cattle food-products of Silesia and its native and other
breeds of cattle, with such information as was obtainable regarding the
best breeds for the dairy, for work and for slaughter, the percentage
of the various breeds kept in the province, and the amount and mode
of export hence. In the absence of any printed statistics on these sub-
jects, and of any work describing the native cattle of Silesia and the
foreign breeds and crosses considered most desirable, I have been ob-
liged to depend upon personal inquiry, verbal and in writing, and on
the assistance of several gentlemen who were in position to obtain the
most trustworthy information on the subject of the inquiries f notably
Mr. A. Korte, author of a standard work on "The wool sheep," whose
business in the last six weeks obliged him to traverse the province
nearly from end to end; Professor Galle, dean of the philosophical
faculty of the Breslau University, who furnished the altitudes and mean
temperature of the country ; Dr. Neefe, director of the Breslau statis-
tical bureau, and Messrs Leo Sachs and Paul Puschmann.

432 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

SILESIA— AREA, CLIMATE, SOIL, TOPOGRAPHY, ETC.

Silesia, the southeastern province of the Kingdom of Prussia, has an
area of 15,550 square miles, extending from north latitude 40. 49 to 52.04,
and from east longitude 31. -1 to 30.50. It is divided into three admin-
istrative districts, Upper, Lower, and Middle Silesia, officially known
by the names of their capitals, Oppeln, Liegnitz, and lireslau. The
county of Cilatz, still known by its old designation, belongs to Middle
Silesia. The southern parts of Middle and Lower Silesia are mountain-
ous ; tbe rest of the province is Hat, with the exception of some spurs
of the Giant Mountains, which rise abruptly from the lowlands, the
Trebnitz Hills, and the hilly portions of Upper Silesia. About 54 per
cent, of the area is hilled land and gardens, 9.07 meadow laud, 1.09
pasture laud, and 29.07 woodland.

The temperature, both summer and winter, is uniform throughout the
province, the winter mean being —1.4 to —2.4 C., the summer + 17.3 to
+ 1S.3C., and the annual mean +7 — 8 0. In the highlands of the Satie-
ties and in Upper Silesia, at nn elevation of 050 to 1,300 feet, the mean
winter temperature is — 1.7 to —.3.7 (\, and that of summer +15 to
+ 17.2 C. On the highest peak of the mountains, the Schneekoppe,
5.292 feet above the sea, the mean summer temperature is + 8 C.; win-
ter observations have only recently been made, and the mean lias not
yet been fixed. Breslau, situated nearly in the center of the province,
at an altitude of nearly 400 feet, has a winter mean of —1.9 C. and a
summer mean of +17.3 C.

The greater part of the province is drained by the Oder River, a
s.^iall portion in the southeast by the Vistula, the wedge-shaped western
extremity and the mountain district near the source of the Elbe (Sile-
sian side of the Giant Mountains) by the latter river. As the country
through which the. Oder Hows is for the most part but little higher than
the surface of the river at ordinary high water, the stream has had to
be diked nearly its entire length, the dikes at some places buing within
a few yards of the river bed, at others nearly half a milo distant. Once
or twice in each year all the land within the dikes is inundated, and not
infrequently the water overflows the banks. AVithin the banks the soil
may be termed alluvial • not much ellbrt is made to cultivate it, but it
is good meadow land and yields line crops of hay.

The highlands of the Sudctic range, with their valleys, possess a
fruitful loamy soil of no groat depth, being underlaid by granite, green
sandstone, slate, basalt, and old limestone.

The soil on the left bank of the Oder is mostly clayey, with a consid-
erable admixture of sand, bui is esteemed for all agricultural purposes
superior to that on the right bank, which is mainly sand and sandy loam,
resting principally on recent limestone :>nd red sandstone (coal forma-
tion). The altitude ranges from about 32-S fed at the point where the
Oder leaves the, province, to about 2,139 feet, the highest cultivated
point in the Giant Mountains, and 4,200 iVet. the highest point of sum-
mer pasturing. The. two highest peaks are the Schneekoppe, ill the
Giant Mountains, over 5,000 feet, and the. Schnecberg/ in the Glatz
Mountains, over 4, 500 feet. (These IKM.^S an-, applied to certain sec-
tions of the mountains; the entire range is known as the Sudetics.)

Grasses. — The grasses cultivated ;-re p-d clover, white clover, timothy,
rye .grass, esparset te (on lim'-shiiic soil), im-crm*, aisd perradella. in
addition to these grasses, Indian con:, sown in drills, is cut g'reen for

GERMANY.

433

fodder (the grain does not ripen), and lupines, vetches, and fodder beans
arc also largely planted.

In my annual report for 1879 the number of hectares sown in grasses
and other fodder plants was given, and as the proportion does not prob-
ai)ly vary materially from year to year, except that a larger amount of
Indian corn stalks is now produced — the figures are here reproduced.

Articles.

Hectares.

Articles.

Hectares.

2"> 1C,')

Serradolla

2 950

21,256

1 ''79

1 877

Rye grass .......

1 009

MaLfie

8,975

Timothy

470

203, 187

989

5,041

Other fodder plants

16 703

Root-feed. — Prominent among the articles of food, alike for dairy and
for mea.t cattle, are the potato-mash "swill "produced by the 1,083 dis-
tilleries within the province, the " grains " from its 965 breweries, the
best residuum or pulp from its 50 sugar factories, and the offal of its
numerous potato-starch factories. I have before me a statement show-
ing the amount of arable land, of wood and meadow land, water, &c.,
of an estate of 617 hectares in Lower Silesia, wherein, in the column
devoted to live stock, occurs the following : " Cattle fattening — food pro-
cured from sugar factory and distillery." The exceptions to this method
of feeding are the cattle farms and stables in whose immediate neigh-
borhood the factory offal is not to be obtained. In such places potatoes,
beets, and turnips form a part of the winter food.

HOUSING.

As a general rule cattle are confined in stables the year round, the
land being considered too valuable for grazing, except for a few weeks
in the late summer and autumn, before the stubble is plowed under.
The stables are mostly warm and dry, and surrounded by the farm-
yard, into which the cattle are sometimes turned for a few hours7 airing.
Exceptions to the rule of dry and warm stables are, however, not
wanting. In the mountain districts alone the cattle are pastured
throughout the summer, and stable-feeding is practiced only in winter.
The small farms in the lowlands, and such farm laborers and mechanics
as are able to keep a cow, let their cattle graze along the waysides and
ditches, feeding in the stables only night and morning.

CATTLE-BREEDING IN SILESIA.

As regards cattle breeding, this is systematically neglected by the
small farmer, while many owners of large estates view the matter solely
with an eye to present profit, without regard to the permanent improve-
ment of their stock. They pay little attention to blood or pedigree,
contenting themselves with the purchase of a few fine bulls selected
from some stock of good repute, either at home or abroad.

DAIRY FARMING IN SILESIA.

Mill:. — More care has been bestowed upon the treatment of dairy
products in recent years than formerly, resulting partly from the estab-
lishment of a Government dairy school in Upper Silesia. Dairy asso-
ciations, disposing of 8,000 to 20,000 liters of milk each per day, are of
recent origin, but are already numerous. Dairy farms within easy dis-
H. Vs. 51 28

43-i CATTLE AXD DAIRY FAKM1MG.

tance of this city tret -£ routs ])or liter for their milk, retailors soiling
it i' i ''I to U cents j in the i.-oiintry the usual contract pi ice is L'j cents
per liter.

r>utfi)\ — Tlie <rood reputation of Silesian butter dates, it is asserted,
from the middle a.u'es. and is still deserved. As an article, that \vill keep,
a::d. then-fore, adap.ed for exporting, it is considered equal to the
]\leek!enber,u' and Danish butter. The mountain butter .it present com-
mands the highest price in this market. Good table butter costs from
L'S.1, to ;),>'[: cents per pound. In midwinter the. price is frequently
higher.

ChecNC. — riieese-making' has not attained any £Teat ])erfection or
proportions, and little technical skill has been developed by the manu-
facturers, resides some imitations of Swiss, Limbuiger, and Dutch
C!K ese. small Silesian cheeses, called " koppenkiuse," are produced.
The>e are sold mainly in the province and in the Benin retail market.
Foreign chee.-e, notably English, Dutch, French, Swiss, Italian, and
llussiaii. is sold here in considerable quantities.

CATTLE FAIKS IX SILESIA.

In recent years cattle fairs, initialed by the Government, have* done
much toward improving the breeds of cattle in Sih-Ma. as well as other
parts of Prussia. A lively competition (Vr the premiums offered for
the best bulls, cows, and oxen lias been incited among' the owners of
the larger estates by these exhibitions.

CATTLE mPOHTS AXD EXPORTS OF SILESIA.

Although many foreign cattle are imported forbn edinir and dairy pur-
poses, but few animals, are purchased abroad for f<i; teiiia^. Some lean,
coarse eal tie are brought from the ea>t ami southeast by dealers to be
laiti ned for the market, but their number is com para lively insi^miicant.
Cat lie a:c exi.orteil hence to Saxony. Berlin, the western and l.'hine prov-
ince-. and some to Hamburg. From Hamburg they some! imes ^o to
Filmland, but lh(k shi])mcnts to that country from heie disvc.r are inl're-
cjnei^. The export <;{' fat entile from Silesia amounis to fr<$Mi ,"H>,O()() to
'70.<;00 head ]>er a.nnum. Besides the best (imdilies of slaughter cattle,
son>e woi'kinjj;" oxen ai e also exported. A:iio:i!!' the best caitle lor ex-
port heii'-e are the ( )ideiibn; :.;• breed lor working oxen, h.iviiti;' hard
jjoofs and ^K^at endiu'ance; the Wilsteruiarsch (Ilolstein) and Dulch
(•ro.-^. an abiii:d;;iMje oi' milk and ;:ood nu-;;t 5 ShcH'thorn ar;«l Oldenburg
cross, t !M- jbi n.( r making mncli fat t he lat ier m;;/h mcnv, and combined
])vodnein;.: the best bnlrli'-r's meat. The Shorlli.U'n has a soil hoof,
disqualify iu^' 't as :• \ •.•(>> i;er.

'i he Jiei;;hi l';om hci ci t o 1 i ambu r<r for a carload of 10 to 1.3 cattle of
an i:\eia.uc weight of 1. <10{) ]>o'.in<ls is .*}..")(). including fare «>!' ;»! icndaut.
rli!ii''. L'l lo ,'iii hoiiis. rj he cattle are clost'ly t"tlu ; vd to t he lioiH1 ol ilio
car. ai'ii are DIM her fed nor watered on the road.

As a. I'iile. l!;e l;«-:.t sl;;u;j liter ra.ttle are purchased by the dealers lor
export, h-avinii t lie poorer dcscript ions for c{Hisnmpti(Mi \vi; h;:i toe prov-
ii:c'-. At llieL.st cratlle imirkot in this rity ,'!(>! hi ad \vere ofiei'ed, 1 17
be i :;;.:' oxen. -17 cows. f.i'h(i ]>ri<'es )>a:d (slauirhiered wi'i-Jit) \\ero
$>14.()1 !o .vl-J.js per cwt., < \einsivt1 of market lees or oeir.n tax, for
'» prime ;'< i! i le, $1 1 (>«i to .(;1!.';() r/ir metln:m. and >;\ >('>(> !o ^7.11: ior
]•'()!• lots. J,\|io;t cattle felrh on the farms, live wei :iit. .^l) ."»J jiercwl.
for p:;i ie sh-i rs. $7.M to .^S.oJ ior ;;(iod (|iiaiil\\ and ?s."j.i>.> to ><) •{ '•, ior
lean annuals. The eal lie- for export arc shipped at
ciiy and p»ay LO city dues.

GEKMANY. 435

CIJARACTEftTSTirS OF SILESIAN TATTLE.

The number of cattle in Silesia on the lOtli of February last was
1,394,145. The breed peculiar to the country, tuowu »& the ^ilc^ian
race (Schlesisches Landvieb), lias many excellent cbaracterieties. The
cows yield a fair quantity of rich milk, and both cow and ox are highly
prized as draught cattle. They are hardy, of great endurance, easily
fed, and their flesh is palatable and nutritious. They are essentially
the poor man's cattle, and are to be found in their original purity mainly
on the smaller estates. Their color is red, and red and white, and their
horns are similar to those of Ayrshires. With their long legs, broad
chests, and small haunches, however, they do not meet the demands
either of the cattle fancier or of the English butcher.

An offshoot of this race, differing but slightly in appearance, but giv-
ing a still better quality of milk, though less in quantity, is called the
"'Silesian mountain cattle" (Schlesisches Gebirgsvieh), also red, or red
and white, but usually white-backed. These mountain cattle have been
crossed with the Sirnmenthal (Switzerland) and the Algau (Bavarian
highlands) cattle with the best results. The few animals from the Zil-
lerthal, in the Tyrol, brought hither by some Protestant exiles many
years ago, have also been crossed with the Silesian mountain and the
Simmenthal breeds, but without any marked improvement. A cross of
the lowland cattle with the Shorthorn cattle, continued through sev-
eral generations, has produced a breed known as the Silesian Shorthorns,
combining the best qualities of both races. The Silesian cattle are thus
described:

Silesiau cattle of the plains.

Name of breed : Silesian lowland cattle.

Annual average pounds of milk : 5,000.

Milk to pounds of butter: 14 to 1.

Milk to pounds of cheese: 7 to 1.

Size at maturity : Cow 140, bull and ox 160 centimeters high.

Live weight at maturity: Cow 900, bull 1,200, ox 1,000 pounds.

Ago at maturity : Four years.

Weight of meat at maturity: 600 to 700 pounds.

Color : Red, and red and white.

Description : Long legs, medium breadth, normal chest, small haunch, horns com-
paratively small.

Origin of breed: Known only as Silesian.

Product : Oxen and cows esteemed as workers ; moat regarded as good : milk of ex-
cellent quality.

Silesian mountain cattle.

Name of breed : Silesian highland cattle.

Annual average pounds of milk: 3, (500.

Milk to pounds <•;' butter: 12 pounds to 1.

Milk to pom-, is of 6 pounds to I.

Name of country: Giant Mountains and county Glatz.

Size at maturity: O>w 1^5, hull 140, ox 160 centimeters high.

Live weight: Co\v, 700; bull, 1000; ox, DUO pounds,
at matnritv: four years.
Jit <>f juc.-it at matnritv : 500 to 600 pounds.

Color: Red, and red and \\!iit<>, mostly whit

iption: Long legs, broad chest, "small rump.

Origin of breed : Silesia.

Products: Good working cattle ; difficult to fatten, but meat considered good; TCJlk
of excellent quali:y.

These cattle are highly valued by the small farmers in the mcnntain disf
They are hardy, and can be kept at much, less cost than imported bresdfl*

43 G CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

IMPORTED BREEDS IN SILESIA.

On many of the larger estates and dairy farms none but imported
breeds are kept, chiefly those from Holland, Frisia, Oldenburg, Scliles-
wig-Holstein, and England. The Dutch cattle are the most numerous,
but deteriorate here, owing either to the climate or to the difference in
the food, or perhaps to both causes. Fresh stock is imported every few-
years by some farmers, others import only fresh bulls, while still others
cross with other breeds, such as the Silesian, the Wilstermarsh, and
the Oldenburg. The Dutch cattle, with the exception of the large Am-
sterdam breed, are black, and black and white; the latter are mainly
dun-colored. The Dutch cows and their crosses give a large quantity of
milk, less rich than that of the Silesians. The average yield is from
6,000 to 7,000 pounds per annum. Their live weight is 1,300 to 1,400
pounds.

THE FAVORITE BREEDS IN SILESIA.

Taking at random 400 of the larger estates in various parts of the
province in order to ascertain which is the most favorite breed, I find
that on these estates the following cattle are kept :

Breeds of cattle. Estates.

Dutch cattle of more or less pttro blood 141

Dutch and Silesian cross 35

Dutch and Oldenburg cross VJO

Dutch and Swiss cross 10

Dutch and Shorthorn cross 9

Dutch, English, and Shorthorn cross 6

DutchandZillerthal cross • 1

Dutch and Wilstermarsh cross 12

Dutch and English cross 1

Dutch and German cross.. 7

Dutch, Old en burg, and Swiss cross 2

Dutch and Miirztlial ( Sty riau) cross 1

Dutch and East Frisian cross 1

Dutch, Swiss, and Wilstermarsh cross 1

Dutch and Algau (Bavarian) cross o

Dutch and Dantzig cross 4

Dutch and Tondern (Holsteiu) cross..... 1

Dutch, Silesian, and VVilsterraarsh cross 1

Dutch, Oldenburg and Wilstermarsh cross 1

Dutch and Ayrshire cross 1

Mixed Dutch and other races 14

Silesian Lowland *7

Silesian Highland 1

Silesian and Oldenburg cross 1'3

Silesian and Swiss cross 1

Silesian and Schleswig cross 1

Silesian and Shorthorn cross 3

Silesian Highland and Swiss cross ~

Silesian and Frisian cross 1

Oldenburg !•>

Oldenburg and Shorthorn cross

Oldenburg and Wilstermarsh cross 3

Oldenburg and Swiss cross 1

East Frisian 9

East Frisian and Wilstermarsb, cross 2

Wilstermarsh

Wilstermarsh, Montafim, and Swiss cross 1

Wilstermarsh and other Holsteins 2

Wilstermarsh and mixed breeds ...

Cows of various breeds and "Wilstermarsh bulls

Shorthorns 4

Shorthorns andAyrshires 1

Shorthorns and mixed breeds.... ^

GERMANY. 437

Breeds of cattle. Estates.

Ayrshiros •*

Swiss \\

Swiss with various crosses 3

Dant/ig

Murzthal 1

Algan « 3

Old German 1

Tondern 1

Mixed breeds of various races 9

PRODUCTS FROM DUTCH. COWS IN SILESIA. j

Tho following answers were received to inquiries addressed to two
large estates keeping Dutch cows :

From the vicinity of Strehlcn, midway between Breslau and the mountains.

Breed : Dutch, of pure blood.

Annual average quantity of milk : 2,800 liters.

Quantity of milk to pound of butter: 100 liters to 7 pounds.

Country of origin : Holland.

Size at maturity : 140 to 150 centimeters high.

Live weight: 1,000 to 1,200 pounds.

Age at maturity : Four years.

Weight at maturity : 550 to 650 pounds.

Color: Black and white.

Description : Broad chest, broad haunches, small neck and tail, horns curved for-
ward.

Bred pure since 1872. We import 20 head of young cattle from Holland every three
to three and a half years.

Labor : Valued at 48 cents per day.

Meat : Worth $7.85£ to §8.57 per cwt., live weight.

Milk : We get 2} cents per liter from cheese factory.

Cheese: Worth at factory $5.71 to $5.95 per cwt.

Method of housing : In plastered stables.

Feeding: Nine mouths tk-y ; three months green fodder.

Breeding : For dairy and fattening purposes.

From Masselwitz, on the Oder, a few miles above Breslau.

We keep an average of 60 cows, 2 bulls, 24 working oxen, and 15 to 30 slaughter
oxen.

The cows are mostly Hollanders, with a few Silesians. They yield an average of
8 to 9 liters of milk daily. Fifteen liters of milk required for 1 pound of butter; 7
liters for 1 pound of cheese.

Cows at maturity are 140 to 150 centimeters high; weigh 900 to 1,000 pounds ; are
50 to 60 centimeters across hips, and 40 centimeters across back. Fattened weight,
1,100 to 1,400 pounds. The color of Dutch cattle is usually black and white, but a
few are also dun and white ; head and tail small, horns curved inward.

The Hollanders were kept pure-blooded for ten years. Last year began crossing
with Simraenthal bulls.

The milk is sold to city dairies for 2f cents per liter.

The working oxen are of the Bavarian breed; red, large horns; quick gait ; yoke
on head.

Soil is partly loam, partly sand.

- ' CENSUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF CATTLE IN SILESIA.

As already stated, the number of cattle in the province on the 10th
of February last was 1,394,145. Of these there were in Upper Silesia
,401,223, ill Lower Silesia 412,653, and in Middle Silesia 520,269. lu
1873, the number of cattle in the entire province was 1,351,431, consist-
ing of 810,695 cows over two years old, 202,355 of these being used as
working cattle in the fields; 139,042 calves under six mouths old;
296,714 young cattle from six months to two years old, including 11,208

4',} 8 CATTLE ANt> DAIRY FARMING.

I);;]1-- re:K ed for breed in T purposes : 1.'>,S09 bulls (breeding animals) over
two yeais old. 'iidl'1.171 oxt u over two years old. In ]S(jl the entire
number < •{' cattle was l.U! )()..">! H, inHnd'n.ic lis.J.srj cows over two years
• •Id. lu 1^-10 ili:'rt' were MT.LMio head of cattle. 510.17.") bcinu' cows up-
ward of two years old ; and in 1S10 the figures were (iSl.UOl entire num-
ber. and .".;N. l(i:> cows over two \ears. The propoi lion o(' cows to the
entire number in U^J 1 was unable to obi:: in.

Consul.

UNITED STATIC CO^ULATF,,

JJnaUiii, JS'oi'cmbcr JO, l.c.S-i.

CATTLE in TII\JSII;GIA.

itrrriXT J;Y CO.\$CL MOVHEI;. OF ^o^'XKrrno.
Di:.<r-i.;rrif)X or TlIl'iriNGIA.

TTmrina'i-i is n, rjionntainons disfrict in Central Oon-^ny. lyinff !n
fllxMii 'J. -• - t-.).'^!0 i!,;«;rif iide, and about ."io3 to 51° 4.V latitude. Its mean
tlt'Viitioii isal'out 1 ..'!.".!) ieet, anJ its mean an.'iual temperature is about
o'..:,3 Jji'-aniuur. Tlie oilirial reeord 1'nr Cobiii'.u1 (altitude, inn; feet) is as
follows: iX'eeiniKT to IVbruary.— ().7;>O; .March io May, C.;;° ; June to
^Xiifjiisi, 1,'5.7.'P: !Sc])teiiiber to .November, o'.CtJ^ (Reauiuur).

(t>uite one half of tins ten'itoiy is covered with forests of spmee ami
fn. \uili o< ciisional line ;;>in\-e^ of beech, oak, an<1 mnplo. The soil is
samly, \vii!i a s:ib.>tratum of eiay-slate in the southeastern half and of
l»or|»hyiy i.) t he norilnvestern. Fertih.i meadows aiid j)leasanl valleys
abomid Ilirou^Isniit the (list rie.t, v. tiich yield ;\ ^ood quantity of line,
swei-i pTa>s. 'i he cnlli\a!ed ^rjis<»'s ate \\--\\ Hover and luce? lie.

The inhabitants are Hassed r,s an au'l'ieub ural ]K o]>le, but itisanote-
'l'('iii:i\ !,:•! i:i;it iseaily ail the manual labor of the i,, un, the plowing,
1 :i •' M;U 'in;:, tiie ]»h: in i!1;;'. the hasm;:'. tiie iiai ve^i in "-. and the/ shovel-
\'- .-•, is ('one 1-y t lie xvoinen, Aviiile i he men ;:ie eii hev m \ he :irmy or are
MJ;. -.-.MM! in the man uia' -lories for dolls, toys, dales, poiceiain, and glass-
waie, vJiieh ;u.o,i:id in this ri-^ion.

DK.SC'.V.PTION OF Tirn CATTLE or Tiirr;ixr;iA.

•'--•. — 'i'he c;;i i le \\\ Tliuriis/riit e.'ubi'.K'.' a variety of breeds, such a9
t'. I . ilbrojiner, t lie Franki. !i, and t iie (i !;»n. all of wiiicii

b • spi nnjj I M.I 1 1 die I' a .: ian i.iee, which is it -e!!' an oli'sprin^ oi' the
>S\viss-ii"own a.'fltiie Fararibcr^er bre- ;is. i'ort'ie puj-po<vis of this
ivpoi't it \\ill be sullieienti to fonfine atb-i/i i«»n to tiie All.^aner cattle,
which aie i»icd i:i »Soiit!iein Tl.iirin.'.'ia towards the iJavarism fronlier;
t" ihe i Icilbronner biet-d, whi'-ii is a crn.vs m' nieied ^immcnthaler
(Sv, i | and the I-'rjinkish cat tie. bein^ found mo>:j plentifully in the
J)uUednm (,f 3Ie!iiin;;en ; ;tud to the (Ihtu race, v, iiit ii is ihc picvaiiing
•Stock i!i li.e. iiinir i.ioii lit ;.iii( »iis i'c;^'io!(S.

/ ••• Al'^ ', brtcil. — j is the « oncurienl teslimoTiy of all dairymen

lliai. n. / [Hire st(,ck can be s<i! i.- lac; orily bred in Thunn^ia. 'J he near-
csj appi.iacii to ii is in tiie southern portion <>f the district, in the v«ii-
!e,\ i . i' i :ie It/c, wiierc (he A 1 leaner catiic aic found in the be.sleomliliou.
iiui even iit'ie URIC is a iioUcLauie juodiiiotiUoii of the liner character-

GERMANY. 439

istics of the breed, as it is found in Prankish Bavaria. The head is
borne less proudly, the cye-s are less bright, and the horns are less sym-
metrical. The neck is short and stoat, the back strong and rather long,
the chest and rump broad, the body deep, the ribs barrel-shaped, the
bag nearer square than round, the teats long and with a tendency to
flatness, and the color varying from a dark brown to a whitish yellow.
They are not dainty in respect to food, and easily adapt themselves to
changes of location and diet. The cows of this breed reach a living
weight of from 900 to 1,200 pounds. They average about 2,500 quarts
(5,000 pounds) of milk per year, the milk being rich, and the quantity
continuing without much variation until the animals are from twelve to
sixteen years. While at pasture it is reckoned that about 10 or 11
quarts of their milk produce about 1 pound of butter, while in winter
from 12 to 15 quarts are necessary. It is also estimated that with these
cows 100 pounds of hay produce 25 quarts of milk and 2J pounds of
butter.

The Heilbronner breed. — The Heilbronner cattle, which appear in
Meiningen, are excellent milk-givers, some of them producing as many
as 10 quarts daily, but the average is about 10 quarts. The milk is
rich, and they can usually be milked until about four weeks before the
time of calving. On an average about 10 quarts of their milk is re-
quired for 1 pound of butter or for 5 pounds of cheese. They are more
compact than the cattle of the Allgauer breed. Their color is not uni-
form, but varies from a dark red to a yellowish hue. They have a
well shaped body, a deep and broad chest, a heavy rump, a smallish
head, bright eyes, short, smooth, whitish horns, fine hair, symmetrical
legs, and a brisk motion. They weigh from 750 to 3,000 pounds, the
ox being about 300 pounds, and the bull 500 pounds heavier than the
cow.

The Glan breed .—-The Glan cattle, which are really the cattle of the
country, are somewhat rougher-looking animals than either of the
breeds already mentioned, and this is doubtless owing, in part, to the
less favorable circumstances in which they live. Their origin is respect-
able, since they came from pairing the red Swiss with the old and now
extinct native Thuringian cattle, but hard usage* and a somewhat rig-
orous regime have eliminated many of the finer qualities of their ances-
tors. They are stout, rough-haired, dirty-hued, unintelligent-looking
animals, varying in size from that of the compact Jersey to the average
American ox. The weight of the cow is from 700 to 1,000 pounds, the
ox 1,100 pounds, and the bull 1,400 pounds. They are supposed to
attain their maturity at the age of live years, but they show no failure
of strength and productiveness until they are from eleven to fifteen
years old. They average about 9 quarts of milk and one-half pound of
butter per day.

SIZING- CATTLE IN THURINGIA.

Cattle are sized in this country by taking their height from the ground
to the top of the fore shoulder, as horses are sized in most countries.
The girth is never taken into account. The Allgauer and Heilbronner
cow stands about 140 centimeters (4 feet 2 inches), and the bull and the
ox about 150 centimeters (4 feet G inches). The Glan cow stands about
145 centimeters, and the ox and bull about 155 centimeters.

COWS AS DRAFT-CATTLE.

A noticeable- feature of industrial life in this region is the almost uni-
versal use of the cow as a draft- animal. In the labor of the farm

440 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

women take the place of men and cows the place of oxen. Compara-
tively few horses ami oxen are seen, but nearly every family, especially
in the country ami small villages, owns at least one cow, and they use
th-'in, either singly or in pairs, lor all kinds of draft-work. Instead
of a voice, a narrow piece of wood passes across the forehead, just beneath
the horns, to each end of which a chain or leather trace is attached,
pacing thence through lug-holes in a surcingle around the waist to
whipple-trees that are fastened to the load. Thus the strain comes
upon the forehead and neck. The, cows wear iron shoes like oxen.
They are worked the year around, their owners claiming that it makes
but little difference in either the. quantity or quality of their milk. All
grades of cattle are used in this way, even the dainty Allgauer being
sought iiy many farmers primarily on account of their powers as draft-
animals. Such usage through many generations has. I think, produced
a kind of masraline- grossness and stoutness in the cows which is not.
noticeable in their native homes and normal condition.

HOUSING CATTLE IN TIIUIIINGIA.

The ordinary cattle-barn is a long, low, stone building, with a stone
floor, a (> to S foot post, a vaulted ceiling, and space in the roof for
storing fodder. But it is a very common thing to iiud only one build-
ing on the farm, the family occupying one end of the basement and
the cattle the other, with the fodder in the loft. Or the whole base-
ment may be given to the cattle, the family and the fodder sharing the
second iioor between them; or else the family takes the whole of the-'
second story and sends the fodder into the attic. There is a movement
u gains, t this practice, especially in the larger towns and among the in-
surance companies, because, it is believed to be responsible for very
many fires. The bedding most in use is, in the few large cilies, straw;
but in the country and most of the towns and villages it is the newly-
giown part of the spruce- and tbu fir, chopped fine, the coarser part of
the branches being retain-ed for lire-wood. It is claimed that this kind
of bedding is subsequently valuable as a dressing for the land.

CATTLE-FEEDING- IN TE.UBINGIA.

The methods of feeding are quite similar in all parts of the district.
The cuttle are usually fed three times a day, and the bill of fare embraces
hay, straw, u scalded food," and occasionally turnips. The, allowance
for each cow is an equivalent of -5 pounds of hay daily. The hay em-
braces red clover, lurern, and the native grass of the country, which is
of a line, nutritious quality, and is usually cut two and three times be-
tween .June and October. The straw (oat, rye, and barley) is gelierally
chopped, and about two-thirds more, in weight is allowed thnu of hay.
The "scalded food," which is used much in dairies and in cold weather,
consists usually of rye-bran broth or of a thin mixture of oatmeal and
water, which is supposed to stimulate the milk-producing powers.
Owing to the, use. of the, cows as draft-animals, pasturage, as it is
practiced in most countries, is almost unknown here.

BREEDING CATTLE AND HANDLING THEIR PRODUCTS.

There is no "gentle breeding" of stock in this region. No calf is

<{born to the purple," unless it may sometimes happen to be the offspring

oi a favorite animal on some one- of the two or three "model farms"

ich are under ducal patronage and direction; but each one. if he

GERMANY. 441

escapes the butcher's knife while he is of tender age, must, as a rule,
'serve an ignominious apprenticeship in the traces, preparatory to being
hitched to the plow or to some other wearisome load. There is rarely
ever a warm place prepared for the cow at the interesting periods of her
life, and the calf, dropped upon a cold stone floor or upon a bed of
needle-like spruce tips, may consider itself fortunate if it is allowed to
feed in the natural way the first fortnight of its existence, before being
brought to the skiinmed-milk trough or to the sour-milk bucket.

Bat 1 should say that there are several il model farms" in the district,
where the best Swiss stock is kept and where the housing and care are
more comfortable. Even here the verdict is that the best-blooded stock
will not breed pure, and that the cross between the Frankish and Sim-
menthaler cattle gives the best results.

The treatment of the calf is about as follows: Sweet milk until the
eighth or ninth week, in daily quantities of about one-fifth the weight
of the calf, with one-half pound of coarse oat-meal and 1 pound of hay
in the ninth week ; in the tenth and eleventh weeks, about 14 quarts
of milk, 2 pounds of coarse oat-meal, and 5 pounds of hay daily j in the
twelfth week eight quarts of milk, 4 pounds of oat-meal, and 10 pounds
of hay daily ; in the thirteenth week, 4 quarts of milk, 3 pounds of
oat-meal, and 10 pounds of hay daily, by which time the calf is sup-
posed to be able to gradually abstain from all liquid food and to confine
tself to grass and hay.

THURINGIAN BUTTER AND CHEESE.

Very little cheese is made in Thuringia, the reason being that it is
considered more economical to sell or consume butter and milk, which
are eaten very freely, and buy cheese from Holland and Switzerland.
Cheese-making was tried a few years ago at the 1'osenau farm, in South-
ern Thuringia, but it was soon given up for lack of satisfactory results.
The ordinary Swiss cheese retails hero at 30 cents a pound. Milk
retails at about 4 cents a quart and butter at 30 cents a pound. Tak-
ing all cattle together, the average yield of milk is about 2,400 quarts
yearly for eleven years. This would represent a money valjie of about
$1,056. Ten quarts of milk are supposed to yield 1 pound of butter,
which would represent a money value of $792.'

RESULTS OP BREEDINGS IMPORTED STOCK.

It is generally held that imported breeds, such as Holsteins, Short-
horns, and Jerseys are superior in the United States to what they are
in their native homes. Such a result is not obtained in this country,
but I am convinced that this is owing quite as much to lack of proper
location and treatment as to any other cause. Such stock is almost
never u trained for condition" here, and the indifferent treatment which
it receives, and the hard work to which all grades of cattle are put, do
not furnish suitable data for judging what any breed is capable of be-
coming. The most that I feel warranted iu saying is, that there is no
breed here whose present condition, whatever may have been its ante-
cedents, would warrant the experiment of importing them into the
United States.

DISTRIBUTIVE STATISTICS.

The population of the district under consideration is about 1.800,000,
and the number of cattle is estimated at 475,000, of which 10J per cent,
are of the Allgauer breed, 10J per cent, of the Heilbrouner breed, 31 J

442 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

per cent, of the Prankish breed, and 47J per cent, of the Glan breed.
It is difficult to say what percentage is bred for the dairy, because the
stocks have for -a long time been selected with quite as much reference
to their powers as draft-animals as to their dairy qualities. All
through the rural districts the cow must be a good draft-animal, and
then the more milk she gives the better. It cannot be said that posi-
tively bad results have attended this method of selecting cattle, for,
while the cows quite generally supersede oxen and horses in farm-work
and in miscellaneous drawing, they yield a good average quantity of
rather rich milk. The stock of cattle is just about equal to the home
demand for food, but that is because the people are large bread-eaters
rather than gieat meat-eaters. The most of the meat is eaten in the
villages and large towns. The flesh is fairly good, but it is not remark-
able either for its sweetness or its juiciness. The demand for beef is
lessened by the amount of sausage and other swine-flesh that is con-
sumed.

The accompanying table presents the main facts of this report in a
more compact form.

GEOKGE F. MOSHER,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE.

tivnnvbvrg, JSoveniber 10, 1883.

SPECIAL STATISTICS CONCERNING TIIURINGIAN CATTLE.

Iffaner, Heiibronuor, rranfcisn, ana uian, an going under collective name or
ikinh cattle. The annual average production of milk is 4,800 pounds; 10 to 12
•cs make 1 pound butter, and 10 to 12 quarts make 5 pounds cheese. The size at
urity is: Cow, 14'2 centimeters; bull, 149 centimeters; ox, 152* centimeters. Live

All can er, Heilbronuor, Prankish, and Glan. all going under collective name of
Franl
quarts
maturity

•weight is : Co\v, 750 ; bull, i.^O ; ox, 1,300. Ago at maturity, 5 years. Weight of meat
at maturity: Cow, 4;,0; ox, 1.000; bull, 950. Color, dark brown to yellowish. De-
scription : 'Head short and wide; eyes bright; horns short, smooth, whitish, with
black points; neck short and stout; back strong, long, and level; ribs barrel-shaped:
body deep ; rump heavy ; tail slender; bag long, squaiiah, and clean ; teats long and
flattish. Pure breeding not successful and hardly exists. Cross between Siinmeu-
thalcr and Prankish probably one hundred and fifty years. Origin of breed is Swiss
through Prankish or Bavarian channel. Product : Labor, $500 to $2,500; meat, $75;
milk, Sl,0.r;6; butter, $7'J<J.

Topography: Altitude, 1,350 feet; mean temperature, 6.5° Reaumur; summer, Jane
to August 13.72° R. ; winter, December to February, —0.73° li.

Substratum : Porphyry and clay, slate, gravel, &c.

Cultivated granges: Timothy, red clover, and lucern.

The cattle are housed in stone barn, stone floor. The equivalent of 25 pounds of
hay, daily (hay, chopped straw, scalded food), is the food. Breeding not carefully at-
tended to. Stock is handled rudely and not with care to best results. Flesh con
Boiucd in district. Milk and baiter bold at market or consumed at home.

VOIGTLAND CATTLE.

REPORT BY CONSUL BULLOCK, OF ANNABEKQ.

In Saxon-Voigtland, in the consular district of Annaberg, cattle-
raisers give much attention to the Voigtland race of cattle, Avinc^
long ezporieiuw bas proven to be well suited to the climatic conditions
prevailing here. This breed of cattle has its home in Saxon and Ba-
Tarian-VoigUaud, that is, in Southwest Saxony and the Bavarian Ober-

• From ground to top of fore shoulder. .

P LA T E 213

G H T LAN D COW.

P LAT E 212

Ju.h us'Si an A Co JJith .

VO I G H TLAN D B U LL

GERMANY.

443

Pfalz. Voigtland is a well cultivated highland, with an average el ova-
tion of 1,300 feet, and an annual moan temperature of 48° Fahrenheit.
The animal rainfall is L't) inches, ami the time between the first and

last snowfall of the year is about one hundred and fifty days.

ORIGIN OF THE BREED.

Iii the early part of the present century Zillerthal (Tyrol) cattle were
brought into Voigtland, and the origin of the present breed of Voigt-
land cattle dates from the time of this cross.

CHARACTERISTICS.

The following are the distinguishing features of this race of cattle:
The body color is chestnut-brown, without marks ; the tuft of the tail
yellow, and udder bright red. Bright red is also the color of the mem-
brane of the eyelids, of the tongue, and of the mouth. The body is long
and well arched, the back broad, with full thighs, and the hide is thick
and soft. Average live weight, 750 to 850 pounds. Yearly milk pro-
duction, 375 to 400 gallons. The cattle of this race are very hardy and
are easily fattened, and are much sought alter for beef. They are,
however, not of rapid growth.

The measurements of a bull and seven cows of the Voigtland race
gave the following results :

Lines of measurement.

Bull.

Cows.

Inchea.
8J

Inches.
6

X;UTO\V part of forehead

9

6|

Broad part of forehead . ... . ........

9

Che^k .'

6i

6i

17

17

Plate 1 shows the head of a three-and-a-half-year-old bull ; Plate 2
the head of a four-year-old cow, with the following measurements:

Lines of measurement.

BnlL

Cow.

Inches.
5

Inches.
43

7*

1

M

8

17J

17J

48

471

44sf

49;

48J

Plate 3 shows a Voigtland cow exhibited at the Bremen cattle-show
of 1882.

GEO. E. BULLOCK,

United States Consul.
ANNABERG, April 30, 1884.

444 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

CATTLE-BREEDING IN WURTEMBERG.

RETORT I'.Y CONSTL CATLIN, OF STUTTGART.
CATTLE CENSUS OF ^VURTEMBERO.

A cattle census made throughout the Kingdom of Wurtemberg, on
the 10th day of January last, showed that there were in the Kingdom
on that day iHM.loi) head of cattle, valued at IGlKllVvjlS marks (about
$-10,000,000), and weighing in the aggregate r>:U,LMi.YJ(,)u' pounds. They
were subdivided in age and sex as follosvs :

Description. Number. ! "Weight.

Yalue.

Calves 0 weeks to
From 0 inonlli^ t>>
J'-.iU ami OMI-M, 2

fi in out hs .

!ih 200

8 21 H 422

(•-,040,015
27,399,161
o(> 53-) 7^3

'J 11,202
*1(K) 7V>

42. 412,011
47 ."84 ()1")

459 737

1(J7 ,!15 '".)J

105,403,090

Total

904, 139

207, 100, 148

109,425,318

* In. lading 7,524 breeding build.

The population of the Kingdom (see census of 18SO) was 1,971,118 ;
its area is 7,07,") square miles. There is. therefore, one head of cattle to
every LM8 of population, and 117.8 head of cattle to every square mile
of area.

There are to be found in the Kingdom, in all, five principal breeds:
the Simmenthaler. Alontafoncr, Allgauer, Limburger,andXeckarschlag;
the two iirst of which are imported, the others native stock.

THE SIMMEXTIIALER. BREED.

As early as the middle of the last century the importation of Simmen-
thaler cattle from Switzerland into Wurtemberg began, though at first
in small numbers. This breed derives its name from the valley of the
Simme, from which locality it seems originally to have sprung, though
most of those at present purchased come from the Canton Glarus, and
some from the vicinity of Jicrne. Dr. Von lluetl'. director of the Royal
Veterinary School in this city, in his work on " Die Kncen des Eiudes,"
thinks that many indications point to this breed as the future one for
Germany, and this opinion gains all the more weight from the fact that
the Simmenthaler race, better than any other, fullills all three of the
conditions (breeding, milk, and labor) requisite to good cattle. Many
Wurtemberg agricultural associations, including those at Stuttgart,
Ludwigsburg, Jleilbronn, Urach, ^liinsingcn, Kirchheim, Xurtingen,
Rottweil, Palingcn, Marbach, Warblingen, Varhingen, Kottenburg, and
Tubingen, use the Simmenthaler breed for the improvement of their
stock.

Weight and f otnl. — According to a statement made by Professor Rau,
of Uohenheiin, and covering the peiiod from 1S38 to 1850, the Simmen-
thaler cattle at that place had an average weight (on the hoof) of 1,30G
pounds, and an average, yearly yield of 2,570 kilos of milk to a daily
average consumption equivalent to .'57 pounds of hay. According to a
previous reckoning made at the same place the average weight of the

GERMANY. 445

cows was 1,300 to 1,350 pounds, and of bulls, 2,200 to 2,300 pounds on
the hoof. The ten-months cattle of this breed are found to consume an
average of 19.15 pounds of hay, and gained during six months' daily ob-
servation 1.135 pounds in weight per day. Of summer fodder, i. c.,rcd
clover, lucern, and bran, the one-and-a-half-year-olds consumed 26.73
pounds (estimating 4J pounds of grass, clover, &c., to 1 of hay), and
gained daily 1.98 pounds in weight. The older cattle consumed exactly
3 pounds of stall-fodder to every 100 pounds of their own weight. To
keep the fully grown stock in good condition, however, only the equiva-
lent of 1J pounds of hay for every 100 pounds of their own weight should
be fed them.

Animals from three months to one year old are fed daily 19 pounds
to an average weight of 475 pounds, i. e., about 4 pounds for every 100
pounds of weight.

Cattle in their second year are fed daily 22 pounds to an average
weight of 700 pounds, i. e., about 3 pounds for every 100 pounds of
weight.

Cows while with calf, and in their third year, are fed 28 pounds to an
average weight of 1,000 pounds, i. e., 2-^ pounds for every 100 pounds of
weight.

There is reckoned to every 100 pounds of fodder an average increase
in weight as follows : Cattle of both sexes, 3 months to 1 year, 7.94
pounds; cows, 1 year to 2 years, 6.12 pounds; cows (in calf) in their
third year, 3.82 pounds.

As the result of observations conducted for one year, it has been
found that the Simmenthaler cows average 7,294 pounds of milk and
one calf, averaging 96 pounds weight, per annum. In a year, subdi-
vided into 174 days of winter fodder, 134 days of summer fodder, and 57
days of autumn fodder (365 days in all), they average 17,193 pounds of
fodder, or 47J pounds daily ; or, on an average weight of 1,500 pounds
to the animal, 3.14 pounds of fodder to every 100 pounds of weight.

On a basis of 100 pounds of fodder to every 6 pounds of calf praduced,
there may be reckoned also 45£ pounds of milk for every 100 pounds of
fodder. The Simmenthaler milk produced at Hohenheim yields 12 to 15
per cent, of cream, and contains, according to chemical analysis, 11 to
13 per cent, of solid substance.

Characteristics of Simmenthaler cattle. — The distinguishing character-
istics of the Simmenthaler cattle are as follows : Small, light head, with
gentle, lively expression, and fine horns pointed well forward and up-
ward, and in most cases rather Hat at the roots, more oval than round
in form, and in the bulls often somewhat rough, and pointing back-
ward and downward. Keck fine, rather short, with a strong dew-lap ;
body well rounded at the ribs and locked at the loins. The hind quar-
ters are broad and long and frequently with prominent caudal bone.
The latter characteristic, though a natural one in the races of mountain
cattle, is much condemned by many in Germany, though it involves no
real ground for prejudice to the animal. The fundament is very low
and remarkably regular, the upper parts are strongly provided with
muscles, the parts under the knees are fine, and the "hoofs well made
and hard. The udders are well formed, though not giving the same
flow of milk found in the German cows. The hide is in some cases very
fine and tender, but in many others very coarse, with rough hair and
with a somewhat bullish look. In this respect a marked difference de-
clares itself between the Simmenthaler breed and the Frutiger breed,
and its explanation is found in the varied conditions of pasturage and

446 . CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

climate. The disposition of the animals of this breed is remarkably
good-natured, almost playful. Their gait is very broad and sure, one
might almost say graceful. The weight on the hoof averages, in the
pure Simmenthalers, about 1,400 pounds, and in the stocks tired from
them 1,000 to 1.200 pounds.

THE MONTAFQNER BREED.

This, the second-mentioned imported stock in Wurtemberg, is one de-
veloped from the Schwytzer stock by breeding, and further by change
in climate, pasture, and conditions of soil. The Montafoner cattle are
lighter than the Schwytzers and heavier than the Allgauers, the cows
averaging about 1,000 to 1,200 pounds. Their color is black or dark
brown, with the same characteristics as the Schwytzer breed, namely,
the mouth shaped like a deer, light-shaded stripes over the back and
light tufts of hair in the ears ; the head is short, with wide forehead,
and the horns white only at the base, the remainder being black ; the
neck is short and compact, with thick folds ; the shoulders are broad
and the back has a tendency to curve downwards. The haunches are
also broad ; the caudal bone often too high ; the limbs compact, stout,
and the udders large. In good cows the annual yield of mjlk is as high
as 1,900 liters, and of a quality giving 9J pounds of butter and 16 J
pounds of cheese to every 100 liters. The oxen are tough, good for
hauling, and are quite easily fattened, but give a coarse-fibered meat.
The original home of this breed is in the Montatbner Valley, which opens
into the valley of the Upper Rhine, a few hours distant from the Lake
of Constance. Inasmuch as the Montafoner cows are not so fastidious
as many others in regard to fodder, they are much used in Wurtemberg
for crossing in localities where sour grasses abound, as, for instance, at
Waldsee, Ehingeu, Tettnang, and Saulgau. In general the Montafoner
breed may be said to be easy of acclimation.

THE ALLGAUER BREED.

This breed is to be classified among the dark-brown mountain cattle,
and is the smallest and most varied in shade of them all. It is princi-
pally found in or near the Swabian Alps, but owing to its usefulness
has spread over the lowlands as well, is found in considerable numbers
in the neighborhood of Wangen and Isny, in this Kingdom, and is im-
ported in large numbers for breeding purposes to Saxony, Baden, Prus-
sia, Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary.

The cows average 800 to 900 pounds in weight, and vary greatly in
color. The head is small and handsomely formed 5 the mouth black and
broad ; the horns white at the base and black at the point: the neck
short, with good and well-defined folds; back and haunches broad and
compact ; caudal bone generally high, but not so frequently rising above
the level of the back as in the case of the Simmenthaler and Montatbner
breeds; the chest, as is generally the case with good milch cows, is not
very wide or deep, for which reason many Allgauer cattle are com-
plained of as being hollow shouldered ; the ribs of the belly are, however,
wide ; the belly itself is broad and deep, and the whole frame muscular
and compaqt. The oxen are strikingly large in comparison with the
cows and bulls, and the calves when born are also disproportionately
large. Cows weighing 700 to 800 pounds, and consuming a daily aver-
age equivalent to 25 pounds of hay, yield 1,900 liters of milk per annum.

GERMANY. 447

It takes 10 liters of their milk to make 1 pound of butter. According
to a comparative trial made in Saxony the Allgauercows produced 29.38
liters, the Holland cows 25.26 liters, and the Saxon cows only 23.16 li-
of milk to every 100 pounds of hay, or its equivalent^ consumed.
The meat of the Allgauer breed, on the other hand, is less valuable than
that of the other breeds mentioned, its fiber being coarse, dry, quite
red, and very tough.

THE LIMBURGER BREED.

Under this title two breeds exist, one originating in the province of
Limburg, in Belgium, the other, and the one which this report more
properly concerns, in the neighborhood of Schwiibisch Hall, in Wurtem-
berg. This latter breed is found most in use in the vicinity of Gaildorf,
Aalen, Gmund, and on theestates of Count von Rechberg and Baron von
Wollwarth. Their color is tawny-yellow, pea-yellow, and silver-yellow
(silberfalb), mostly without any marks; the skin is fine, so that it not
only tails in graceful folds upon the neck, but also frequently in trans-
verse folds. As distinguishing marks of the race may be mentioned
yellow horns and hoofs; as well as flesh-colored and almost hairless skin
around the eyes. The head is long, narrow, light, and in many cases
with curved profile ; the horns fine, round, and in most cases projecting
upwards and forwards. The chest is but little- developed; the shanks
generally flat, with but few muscles, and ungainly in shape. It is a
light country breed, giving a good yield of milk, and, moreover, notice-
able on account of the fine fiber of its beef. The cows are very small in
comparison with the oxen bred from them, weighing only GOO to 700
pounds, while the oxen weigh as high as 1,600 to 1,600 pounds on the
hoof. The cows give about 1,800 liters of milk per annum, 10 pounds
of the milk giving about 1J pounds of butter.

/•

THE NECKAR BREED.

This is a race special to Wurtemberg, having its origin in the neigh-
borhood of Heilbronn on the Neckar, whither, as long ago as the end of
the .last century, bulls were imported from Bern for crossing with the
native stock, but later this crossing was carried on in such a manner
that an especial value came to be attached to the thoroughly red cattle,
resulting in the development of an intermediate breed, rarely parti-
colored, which now widely exists in the counties of Heilbronn, Neckar-
sulin, and Leonberg. It was formerly much easier to obtain cattle of
the single color from the Simmeuthal region, inasmuch as here, as
everywhere, the effect of prevailing fashion in cattle-breeding made
itself f<'lt, though, of course, limited somewhat with reference to the
animal's usefulness. Thus, for instance, Kychner relates that formerly
in the Canton Bern only red cattle were in demand, while later, a de-
mand suddenly sprung up for parti -colored ones, even though the latter
were prejudicial to trade. Formerly only delicately made cattle were
sought for ; afterwards they could not be found coarse enough. For years
past the Neckar breed has maintained its pure red color, with a large and
somewhat heavy body and low belly. Its form, as regards the head and
horns, is lighter than is found in the breeds sired from Swiss bulls.
The folds of the flesh are thick ; the breast finely developed, and the
haunches regulai, with a much better caudal bone than is found in the
Simmeuthalers. The bones are short, the hind legs somewhat curved,

448

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

and the skin rather thick. A cow on the hoof averages 1,000 to 1,200
pounds weight. Tliis breed gives a better quality of milk, and a ten-
derer hurt' than the Simmenthaler. Tiie oxen are also much in demand
cis draft animals, and can be fattened to a weight of 1,800 pounds,
Calves when born are generally large and heavy.

PRICES OF •WTRTKMBEKOr CATTLE.

The average price at which a bull or a cow of the iive breeds above
described can be purchased in the localities where they respectively
originate is as follows :

Breed.

Bull.

Cow.

*JTarkt.

6<ii)

Marks.

450

330

*>00

500

4lH)

Xeckar

450

350

* The mark equals 23. S cents.
WEIGHT OF "WURTEMBKRG- CATTLE.

The average weight of a bull, ox, and cow of the five different breeds,
when slaughtered, is as follows:

Breed.

Bull.

Ox.

Cow.

Kilos.

Eilof.

Kilos.

•\'l"iu«-r .

•I* o

3"0

"Nliii t 1 inc-r

•iuO

450

Neck'1!1"

4"U

350

300

CATTLE-BREEDING AT TILE AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL AT UOHENHEIM.

In the preparation of this report I have made it my duty to visit the
agricultural school at Ilohenheim, about r> miles to the eastward of
this city, and long and widely known throughout all Europe as one of
the ion-most institutions of its kind on the contuient. The school oc-
cupies a large collection of buildings, which were built as a residence
for the Duke Karl, of Wurtcmberg, about one hundred years ago, and is
surrounded by spi.cious farm lands devoted to the practical excmpliii-
cation of the instruction given in the various branches of agriculture.
Prominent among the branches to which attention is given is cattle-
breeding, which is here carried on systematically and on the latest sci-
entitic principles. 1 was much grali{ie<l by being enabled to make a
personal inspection of the line collection of Simmenthaler stock, some
eighty or ninety in all, forming t ii" li nesi collection in \Vurtemberg and
probably on*- of the finest in Germany. Through I he kindness of Pro-
fessor Dr. \ ossler, a leading and eilieienf member of the iacultv, I. am
so fortunate as to have been placed in possession of a great variety of
interesting information on this and kindred subject::. I subjoin here-
with Professor Vossler's answers to my various questions as follows, viz:

GERMANY.

449

Question. How many breeds of ca ttlo 'are to be found in Wurtemberg I Which are
native and which imported ?
Answer. The breeds of cattlo in Wurtemberg may bo classified as follows, viz :

NATIVE.

Yellow and red (of which but few exist).— (1) Alb ; (2) Tcck ; (3) Schwabisch Hall ;
(4) Limburger ; (5) bree'ds (principally the Neckar race) resulting from crossing of
the foregoing breeds with others, chiefly with yellow, red, and parti-colored Simmen-
thalers.

Grayish brown. — (G) Allgauer ; (7) breeds resulting from crossings of Allgauera with
Schwitzers, Montafouers, and Simmenthalers.

IMPORTED.

Red and spotted.— (8) Simmeuthaler.

Grayish-brown.— (9) Montafoner; (10) Schwitzcr (Rigi).

Lowland breeds. — (11) Hollander (striped).

MISCELLANEOUS.

(12) Ansbacher (Triesdorfer) ; (13) Durham; (14) Gurtenvieh ; (15) the White Ros-
enstein stock from the royal grounds at Rosenstein.

Question. Do tho imported breeds, when suitably located and managed, produce in
Wurtemberg offspring superior to that produced by the same breeds in their original
homes ; and, if so, is this superiority more marked in the succeeding generations than
in the first ?

Answer. The breeding capacity of the Simmenthaler and Montafoner races remains
about the same, while in the case of the striped cattle tho yield of milk often dimin-
ishes somewhat.

Question. Which would be the best method for exporting these breeds from Wur-
temberg to the United States ?

Answer. Young cattle from good stock might probably bo exported, provided care
were taken that young calves and cows in calf were not subjected to great; suffering
on the sea voyage, and that the costs of transportation were not too high.

Question. What is the average purchasing price paid for a bull and a cow in the
original home ?

Answer. For animals of the two races principally imported for renewing and im-
proving the native Wurtemberg stock, the following prices are paid, viz :

Description.

Aco.

Weight.

Prices.

Simmenthaler :
Bull »..

Years.
11

Kilos.
600

Marks.
3 200

¥

600

1 000 to 1 600

Montafoner:
Bull

n

550

COO

Cow . .

2

450

400

Question. What is the estimated value in Wurtemberg of a good bull, ox, and cow
of each breed ?

Answer. Of the Simmenthaler breed, a bull, 300 to 1,000 marks ; an ox, 400 to 600
marks ; and a cow, 300 to 600 marks. Of tho crossed breeds, a bull, 200 to 500 marks j
an ox, 300 to COO marks ; and a cow, 200 to 400 marks.

Question. What is the estimated number and value of cattlo in Wurtemberg per
breed, according to the last census ?

Answer. According to the enumeration made without regard to race, on the 10th of
January, 1863, there were in Wurtemberg, of the cattlo comprised in this enumera-
tion, about two-thirds Simmenthalers and crossings of Sinimenthalera with native
stock, and the remainder of Allgauers and crossings with them.

Question, What percentage is bred for the dairy and tho butcher?

Answer. There are no cattlo exclusively raised as beef cattle in the Kingdom.
Calves from eight days to four weeks old and unfit for breeding, old cows and bulls
and oxen, which have been fattened after having served as draft animals for several
years, are sent to the butcher

Question. Does the stock increase or decrease, and what is the cause?
H. Ex. 51 29

450 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

•
An<\v;T. The>t" 'k «{' rattle Increases, but that of sheep decreases, as will bo seen

by the following btaiciueiit :

Year. i CattU-.

8:25,707 ! OTti, CO.")
H04, U'J MV, 104

Deer

Qu« sti<>M. I> tli-' Muck of the country sufficient lor home demand, ami it' there is ;i
mes of ir ?

rtion to area and population, "\Yurteinberg isihe largest cattle-
f (iermauy. The ratio for all Germany is J*U.'J cattle to every squttro
• • : ."• cat tie \<> every H'u inhabitants, \vhen-as in WurteinbVrj; it is 4^.5 to
L-verv Sijuare l^ili'im-icr ami -1? 10 i-vrry I1 '() inhabitants. The Mirpli!.-. is ex])orted
]irii,c iji:u;\- to l-'rance (as, lierf), \<> 1.5avaria, and to North Germany (for breeding and
draft [)urpo>! >). Tlu.- export from Upper .Suabia and the Black J'orest generally
J.JOOH to S\vit y.erlnml. lni})ortatious, and those only lor breeding purposes, are made
principally from Swit/erland. aiul very few from Hcilhiml.

Question. Vrhich section of Wurtemberg is most favorable for grazing and cattle-
breeding ?

Answer. Strictly speaking a regular system of pasturage is only found in the Allgau
region (eounties of Wangeu and Leutkirch), but the conditions mn-essary to cat'tle-
]i-..--<\''\i are everywhere faverable. Tlie ]ilaces at which tlie breeding of Simmen-
ilialt-rs ;tnd breed.-, crossed from them is conducted mast systematically and carefully
are Komvell. ihe Folders, llohenheim, and in the vicinity of lleilbronn.

()u>--' i"''.. \\ "iiat proportion of the population is engaged in cattle-raising and agri-
cultural pursuits?

Answ ;. About -l-'/J ]u-r cent, of the population arc employed in such pursuits, in-
cluding cattle-breeding and the dairy business.

STABLING, FEEDING, AND BREEDING.

HtaWnnj. — The stubles in use are generally strongly built ones, in
which the entile are tied to tlie fodder trough. Stalls in which the
cat lie- can walk about are, seldom used, and then only for younger ani-
mals. Dung is removed daily.

/.', , iiin(t. — Calves up to twelve or fourteen weeks are fed on milk. But
little prepared and much cut fodder is given. In summer in the stall
greev. I'c Ider is given. Pasturage is found only in the Allgau region.

lirudiny. — In ihe main carefully conducted. Stock is renewed by the
purcha-e of foreign bnMs. Kalis are officially inspected. About L'O
1h<>io!!uhl>ied bulls ;ire annually sold from llohenheim.

•KEEPING AT KIKCIIEEnr VNDEU TECK.

In the course of my inquiries on tlie subject, I have had occasion, upon
the emu icons invitation of Oberanitmann Loellund, president of the
A'ji icainn ,il I)i>trict Association at Kirch hcini under Te('k, to visit that
town. Hie center of a fertile and prosperous grazing district, distant
about two hours from Stuttgart, and to inspect the system of bull-keep-
ing as conducted there for years past. The result may be summarized
as follows:

GERMANY.

451

Statement showing the annual and aggregate costs, expenses, and losses of purchasing and
maintaining six breeding lulls at Kirchhcim under Teck, in Wurlemberg, during a period
of five years.

1878-'79.

1879-'80.

1880-'81.

1881-'82.

1882-'83.

Total.

Yearly
average. .

EXPENDITURES.

Marks.
1 299 CO

Marks.
678 75

Marks.
1 040 °5

Marks.
1 493 l>0

Marks.
887 00

Marks.
5 328 80

Marks.
1 065 76

Fodder

1 879 28

1 521 88

1 393 45

1, 517 44

1 4«Ji oi

7, 733. 00

1 546.61

'452 16

*249 93

201 90

317.81

459. 08

1, 740. 94

348.19

30 70

12 00

14 18

17 60

5 °3

79 69

15 94

Stable expenses

37 99

49 69

1C G7

14 50

24. 07

143. 22

28.66

Salt

14.00

12.00

14.40

11.20

16.00

67.60

13.52

10 64

6 70

7 60

13 96

6.76

45.66

9.13

Total

3 724 37

2 530.95

2 748.79

3, 315. 71

2,819.15

15, 138. 97

3, 027. 81

RECEIPTS.

Service of bulls

1 5G4 00

718 00

700 00

1 714 00

913 00

5 699.00

1 139.80

Dun(T and <rutto . .

' 640. 20

517 10

578. 40

523. 80

539.60

2, 799. 10

559. 82

Total

2 204 20

1 235 10

1 3G8.40

2 237.80

1 452.60

8, 498. 10

1 699.62

Excess of expenditures over
receipts

1 590 17

1 °95 85

1 3SO 39

1 077.91

1 3CG. 55

G 640. 87

*1 328.19

* To this should be added the amount paid the bull-keeper for services, 420 marks, making a total of
1,748.19 marks in all.

TOPOGRAPHY OF KIRCIIIIEIM UNDER TECK ( WURTEMBERG) .

Altitude: 310 meters (1,017 English feet) above the level of tho sea. The highest
point in the district is 810 meters above the level of the sea.

Mean temperature : (Yearly average) : Celsius, 8.8° ; E6aumur, 7°; Fahrenheit, 48°.
Summer: (in August): Celsius, 17.6°; E6aumur, 14°; Fahrenheit, 64°. Winter (in
January): Celsius, —1.5°; Reaumur, —1.2° ; Fahrenheit, 29°.

Soil: Alluvial. The valley bottoms are partly filled with soil from the mountain
slides. Loam everywhere predominates, and rarely mixed with sand. Clay is found
everywhere. In the lower, brown jura sand is very plentiful, as the product of sand-
stone.

CATTLE-BEEEDING- AT EOTTWEIL.

Among the points in the Kingdom where cattle-breeding has been
carried on scientifically, with more or less success, is the neighborhood
of Eottweil, a flourishing town in the Black Forest section. With a view
of obtaining such information as was practicable in that quarter on the
subject embraced in this report I addressed a letter of inquiry to Oeco-
nomierath Burkhardt, president of the Eottweil Agricultural Associa-
tion, and received the following reply :

EOTTWEIL, October 21, 1883.

In reply to your favor of the 19th instant 1 have the honor to state as follows : The
county (district of Eottweil) has for many years past ranked among the foremost in
regard to cattle-breeding. Although the sale of animals for breeding purposes is
always a very considerable one, and the extraordinarily high prices obtained for
choice stock result in the sending elsewhere of tho finest specimens, yet no reaction
is noticeable. Bred since forty years in one direction (crossing with the Simmen-
thulcr) a homogcneousuess of race has been developed, so that experts at once recog-
nize the animals, even when exported to long distances, as tho "Kottweil" breed. A
very efficient cause of the present condition of our cattle-breeding may be mentioned,
tho keeping of township bulls as practiced iii the district for forty years past.

For the renewal of stock, which takes place every three or four years with original
Simmenthaler bulls (no cows have been imported for twenty years past), only well-
built and delicately-shaped specimens are selected, the thick-skinned, hollow-shoul-
drjvd, heavy breed, that yields little milk, having for a long time been abandoned.

In consequence of tho system of cattle-shows with premiums, introduced by the
centralstelle for agriculture, a considerable progress in cattle-breeding has been noted
in Wurtemberg. As at present in the district of Eottweil the hoof disease— showing,

452 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

however, no malignant symptoms — prevails quite generally, the present momeut would
be unfavorable for an inspection.

I have had the honor to state herewith that which is in general uipst essential con-
cerning cattle-breeding in our distinct, and I leave it to the consideration of your
honor to favor us perhaps at some other time with a visit.
With highest regards,

Oeconomierath BURKARDT,

JFYe»ufeftl of the Agricultural Union.

CATTLE-BREEDING AT KIRCHBERG.

At Kirchberg, in the Black Forest section, great attention is paid to
cattle-breeding, and several distinctive points of interest in connect ion
\rith the subject will be found in the subjoined letter from Oecono-
mierath Schoffer, the president of the Koyal Farming School at that
point, who writes me, under date of October 22, as follows :

KlRCHBKRO, NEAR SULZ, Octoi*T S3, 1883.

In answer to your favor of the 19th of October I have to say that the breed of c
stalled hero is identical with that kept at the Royal Academy at Hohenheim, and
that in regard to the rearing of young cattle only this difference exis <. \-..-. that in
Kirchberg a thorough system of grazing is carried out. Near the farm buildings
there are two inclosures of about 3 hectares each, provided with facilities tor water-
ing the animals, where the young cattle, from spriug (about May 10) until the cud
of October, graze without the supervision of herdsmen. So long, during spring and
autumn, as the nights are cool and flies not troublesome the animals go out at dawn
to graze, returning in the evening to their stalls, where they are daily wa^ied. As
soon, however, as the summer days grow warm and flies begin to be annoying, the
animals are allowed to graze from 4 o'clock in the afternoon on through the whole
night up to 6 o'clock in the morning, remaining during the daytime in the cool stalls.
While tnere they are provided with as much corn-straw as they like— and this, during
wet weather, they seom to prefer ; no other fodder is given them in* the stalls. The
two graziug-grounds are ordinarily used alternately fox four weeks at a time, so
the herbage gains strength before the cattle graze upon it. As soon as one iuolosure
has remained for some time idle the dung is carefully broken np and the weeds are
mown off. Besides the dung of the grazing animals the grounds are only manured
every few years with wood ashes. From the ago of about sis months np to the age of
pregnancy, which is here about two and a half years, only the female cattle grate
duriug summer, whilst the young males are cared for the same as at Hohenheim. A
very stxopg bodily development and excellent health are found by an experience of
thirty years to be the results of the above-described system of rearing by grazing.

This is the only feature distinguishing cattle-breeding here from that at Hohen-
heim, and I think that it would scarcely be worth while to come here personally, es-
pecially as at present the grazing is over with for this year.
With highest regards,

Oeconomierath SCHOFFER,

CATTLE-BREEDING AT BAVEXSBURG.

From Ravensbnrg, situated in the Swabian uplands near Lake Con-
stance, in the southeasterly part of the Kingdom, it is reported in the
last chamber of commerce report, as follows :

The new law about bulls will, without doubt, contribute very much to the improve-
ment of cattle-breeding, although the poorness of the soil in Oberschwaben runncs
some difficulty and renders the keeping of township bulls almost impossible. It is
to be hoped that through a better choice of bulls the brown cattle will be reserved to
the Oberland, and will be able to resist successfully the encroachments of the parti-
colored race as tar as dairy nses are concerned. Where breeding prevails, the quicker
growing parti-colored cattle are in their right place, and should be bred pore,
whilst the aimless system of crossings between brown and red cattle, now prevailing
in many places, should be opposed by every possible means. A further incentive to

a better breeding and rearing of cows will be the higher price for the milk, obtained
in many households and dairies in Oberschwaboii through the introduction of the
cold-water method, which we are g1-
Only lately the dairy at Sigmarshol
*»Molkerei Genossensehaft ** (dairy
showing in its last year's business.

cold-water method, which we are glad to state is coming more and more into Toene.
Only lately the dairy at Sicuiarshofim was remodeled according to this system. Tho
" Molkerei Genossenschaft » (dairy aJMlialtMi) at Aiohstetton alao makes a very good

GERMANY.

453

CATTLE-BREEDING AT HEIDENHEIM.

From the district of Heidenheim, in the northeasterly part of the
Kingdom, it is reported that the stock of eat tie has both increased and
improved during a series of years abundant in food, through a more
general introduction of the Siinmeiithal blooded stock. In the district
referred to there was founded in 1SSJ "die Molkerei (lenossensehat't "
(dairy association) at (1crsti»uen. numbering lifty-seven members, and
producing daily from 1.100 liters of mill;, IM to SO pounds of butter, and
100 to 100 pounds of cheese. The butter is sold to Ulm, Stuttgart, &c.,
and also somewhat to North Germany, the cheese principally to Ulm.
From Kottweil it is reported that the condition of the cattle is satisfac-
tory, and that in just recognition of its importance greater attention is
directed to it from year to year. The race bred in the district has found
a lively sale at good prices; unhappily many a fine young animal must
besold to meet the deficit caused by the bad prices of corn.

In the district of lleidenheim the total number of cattle brought to
market in 188- was, to tho Il5 fairs in Crailsheim, 3,70;> head; the 12 in
Eilwangen, 15,005 head; the 10 in Gieugon, 5,701 head; tho 13 in
Grnund, G,877 head.

Prices of Hcldenhcitn cattle.

Cattle.

Markets.

Highest average prico.

Lowest average price.

Month.

Trice.

Month.

Price.

Ox

Cnil^hoim

JfarJte.

410.00
K& to

315.00

us. oo

166.00

i-jy. oo

\pril

J/hrif.
317.00

.".*». oo

24S.OO
321.00

285.00

ISO. (\)
235.00
103. 00
200.00
161.00
190.00
53.50
20:.. 00
I5i>. 00
75.00

Ball

Kll\vau>rou

tlo

> i r

A ut; ust ami Sept ember..

January

Crailsheim

do

(\-tobor .

Cow

March

n

abcr

•

C5 muiul

do

: v

Heifer
Yearling...

Elhvaniron

Xovi'ir.bor

IVivmbor

Mav

G tn n ml

A]i"il

Cniilshcim

KllwiiiiTn

July...:

M:l V and NoViMlllKT

September

Kobruary .......

do

January

QiogonT

Ginned

Juno . ....

:iber ........

IT ion "on

IVivmbor . .

112.20

13500
13000

GlllUHil

September and October. .

April "

*Here the yearlings are not separated from tho heifers.

AT IIEILBRONN ON THE NECKAR.

In Heilbronn a district eattle exliibitiou took place from the 12tli to
the 14th of May, to which one hundred and twenty-nine exhibitors sent
one hundred and seventy-one eattle, all more or less worthy of notice.

CATTLE TRANSPORT YIA THE ST. GOTHARD.

The chamber of commerce at Heilbronn reports that since the open-

Df the St. Gothard tunnel 100 to oOO oxen of the best quality have

bri-ii sent from Italy to South (lennany. costing ]»er 100 pounds on

thf hoof onl\ •) marks '-l.~M) in 3!iian and Alessandri;:.

and bringiuj; 3S to ±2 marks ($0.50 to 810.00) in Mannheim and Frank-

454 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

fort. It is reported that the freight for these oxen, inclusive of 20
marks (£5) duty, amounts, from Milan to Mannheim, to 70 marks ; conse-
quently about 5 marks per hundred weight on the hoof, and the dealer,
therefore, without calculating1 losses through accident, makes a gain of
3.5 marks per hundred weight, at which high rate of profit it seems
probable that the dealer may have paid a portion of the duty.

IJut this new competition will not prove permanently dangerous, as
the quality of the meat of the Italian ox does not come up to that of
the ox raised in Wurtemberg, and docs not keep so well. The low
prices in Italy are ascribed to the fact that Austrian cattle are prohib-
ited in Germany, and the fattened cattle from Austria, instead of going
directly thither as formerly, are now said to pass first through Italy.
On the other hand another very important element is to be noted in re-
gard to our cattle trade, viz, the supplying of beef to the Parisian market
from France exclusive^, as has been the case for some time past.

CATTLE TRADE AT CALW.

From Calw it is reported : "The prices of cattle are everywhere good,
and constitute, with hops, the principal source of income of the farmer.
In consequence of the use of spoiled provender the hoof disease seems
to have quite generally attacked the cattle. Although it is easily treated,
it has yet caused great disturbance in the cattle trade. This trade has
been a lively one during the entire year past, fat and ileshy cattle being
always in demand and fat oxen, which form a principal article of ex-
port from the southwestern part of the Black Forest, being sold direct
at the fairs and out of their stalls by the peasants to butchers and whole-
sale dealers. Milch cows and cows about to calve were also in demand
and brought good prices.

CATTLE-FAIRS IN 1832.

To live cattle-fairs in Ileilbronn were brought 02 bulls for breeding,
1,1G2 fattened oxen, 1.7-14 draft oxen, 2,212 bulls, 2,251 milch cows, 1,327
head of young cattle, 3. DUO pigs, 120 horses. In Hall were brought to
market 4,387 oxen, 3.020 cows, 3.260 head small cattle 5 whereof were
sold 2. 8] 2 oxen, 1,003 cows, 1,800 head small cattle, witii a total product
of 1*750,303 marks. To the three cattle-fairs in Kunzelsau were brought
1,200, Bold 400 head, with a product of 81,401 marks; average price per
hundred weight on hoof: Fattened cattle, 3U marks; draft-cattle, 21
marks; young cattle, 18 marks. To the cattle-fair in Ehingen, 1,150
h'-ad were brought. At seven cattle-fairs in Calw were sold about 500
head of cattle, 300 to 400 horses, and about 1,500 pigs. In Xagold were
sold 4S2 oxen, S53 cows and small cattle, 1,880 pitf>, with a total produce
of 330.307 marks. In IJottweil were brought to ten fairs, 700 horses,
2.s>05 oxen, 2,305 cows, 3,208 yearlings, 544 bulls, 100 goats, whereof
then; were sold on an average two-thirds.

CLIMATE OF WUKTE3IBERG.

Thf Kingdom of AVurtemberg lies at a varying elevation of from 135
t;> 1.151 meters (on the average 500 meters) above the. level of the sea,
and extends from 25° .'12' £0" to 2S^ ()' ;j(>" east longitude, and from 47°
3.7 to -i!P 35' 30" north latitude.

The mean temperature for the last ten years averaged -f- (5.7° IN'-anrnur
tin- year round; in spring, -j- 0.4°; summer, 4- 13.0°; autumn, -f (>.IP,
and in winter, — 0.2° It.

GERMANY.

455

In regard to agriculture the climate ranges from "summer-corn" to
"middling wine" climate, the " winter«corn " climate predominating.

Spring begins in the latter part of March and lasts till the end of May,
followed by three warm summer months. September and October are
usually very sunny autumn months, while November forms the transi-
tion to winter, which in general is not severe or very snowy, on the con-
trary, often too mild and rainy. On the whole Wurtemberg, like all
Western Europe, has milder winters and warmer summers than are to
be expected according to its mean geographical latitude.

SOIL OF WURTEMBERG.

According to its geology and the character of its soil, which is inti-
mately connected therewith, the country may be divided into the six
following groups :

Hectares.

Group 1. Colored sandstone 142,370

Group2. Shelllime 561,514

Group 3. Red marls 261,614

Group 4. Black and brown jura 296, 214

Group5. White jura 327,284

Group 6. Tertiary sandstone 404,383

Area of the whole country

DISTRIBUTION OF AREA.

The entire area of the Kingdom is subdivided as follows:

1, 950, 379

Description.

Hectares.

Per cont.

50 682

2 G

828 385

42.5

277, SCO

14.2

38 295

2.0

Vinoyarda . ... . . .... .......... ..

20, 135

1.3

84, 130

4.3

C04, 918

31.0

Streams lakes <fcc . .. . ..................

12, 681

0.7

27 293

L4

Total .. . .

1,950 379

100.0

MEAT SUPPLY OF WURTEMBERG.

The veterinary surgeon of Stuttgart reports that during the year
18815 there were slaughtered in the city limits the following number of
animals, viz :

Description.

Number.

Total
weight.

Average
"weight.

5 611

Pounds.
3 340 184

Pounds.

595

Bulls

524

' 327* 419

624

Cows

750

999 59Q

399

7 093

2 305* 1''4

324

Swine1

24 807

3 512*481

141

Calves

40 680

Sheep

2 259

Total

81, 724

456

CATTLE AXD DAIRY FARMING.

Xo corresponding figures covering the entire Kingdom are obtainable,
though an approximate estimate may be gained from the statement that
Stuttgart's population is about one-seventeenth of that of all "Wurtem-
berg. As above stated by Professor Dr. Vossler, of llohenheirn, much
beef is exported, principally to France, to other parts of Germany,
and to Switzerland. 1 learn further that some considerable quantities
are sent as far as Uelgium, and even across the channel to England.

MEAT PRICES AT STUTTGART.

I append herewith a statement showing the current prices at which
the various kinds of meat are sold in the Stuttgart markets (week end-
ing November L'5), viz :

Description.

. j Trice per 100 pounds-

Tietnil price
per kilogram (2
pounds).

Oil the hoof.
G

Slaughtered.

Beef

JfnrJx

i :wtf>ir»
2 20 to :,i;

l\ %

1 42

2 j :tf
1 1 :<o

ll

Marks.
r.o t o so

40 to 72
61
60
64
(}2
60
40

Harki.
1.30 to 1.48
1. 10 to 1.48
1.40
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.20
.80

Do

Pork

Do

Veal

Do

Mint >n

Do

ASSOCIATION DAIRIES IX WURTEMBERG.

Agriculture is carried on in Yuirtemberg chiefly by small farmers,
and consequently, in the individual branches of agricultural production,
the technical and economical advantages pertaining to farming, when
carried on on a large scale, can only be enjoyed by the greater part of
Wurtemberg agriculturists by means of association. For this reason
efforts have been made for some years past to establish regularly organ-
ized associations among the rural population, with joint and separate
guarantees to the members, and for the purpose of producing butter and
cheese from milk. Up to the present time two such associations have
been founded in Yuirtembc.rg, concerning the origin, institution, and
methods of which the following remarks furnish some explanation in
connection with the accompanying regulations :

THE DAIRY ASSOCIATION AT AICUSTETTEN.

The borough of Aichstetten is situated on the southeastern frontier
of \Vurtemberg, in the county of Leutkirch (belonging to the Donau-
kreis), and distant only about 3 kilometers from the Jiavarinn frontier,
on the little river Aitrach, and on the high road once much frequented
from Leutkirch to Memmingcn, in the \Vurtcmberg Allgan.

The altitude of the place being (JOO meters and the Alps being near
at hand, the- climate is rather harsh, damp, foggy, and windy, and is
especially marked by sudden changes of temperature, wit h frequent
hoar and spring frosts and late springs. The conditions of the soil are,
on the whole, favorable; hut. as 1 he climate is less so to the, cultivation
of commercial products and fruits, circumstances naturally suggest to
the farmer chielly the raising of provender for cattle, ami the cultivation
of corn, and tin- de-riving of the principal part of his revenue from the
keeping of cattle.

GERMANY. 457

Aichstetten numbered, on the 1st of December, 1880, 826 inhabitants.
Its area comprises 1,441 hectares, of which 800 are arable land, 260
meadow, 21 pasture, and 360 wood.

The live stock amounted, according to the census of 1873, to 117
horses, 1,019 head cattle, and 120 swine. Sheep are not kept.

The classification of property of those citizens, numbering about 100,
who chiefly occupy themselves with agriculture, is at present as follows :
Farmers who own above 20 hectares are counted among the large pro-
prietors; farmers with 10 to 20 hectares among the middling, and those
under 10 hectares among the small ones. According to this division
there are at present at Aichstetten twenty large, forty middling, and
forty small proprietors. There are no large estates, properly so called ;
according to the rating generally prevailing, and especially in North
Germany, concerning landed estates, the large proprietors would count
among the middling, so that, according to this scale, only middling and
small farmers are to be found at Aichstetten.

THE ASSOCIATION DAIRY AT ALLGAU.

Dairies have been established in the Allgaufor a long time past, and
there is considerable cheese manufactured, not ordinarily, however, by
the farmers themselves, but by " cheesers" (Kiiser), to whom the farmers
furnish the milk at a fixed price (for some years past at 8 to 9 pfennigs
per liter), whilst the waste of buttermilk and whey is returned to the
furnishers of the milk. Under these conditions, the sale of the milk
has become more and more a matter of monopoly for the "Kiiser;"
they fix the price of the milk, and the farmers have been able to do
nothing against this one-sided arrangement, as the individual farms are
mostly too small to enable their owners to manufacture their own cheese
profitably, and, moreover, as, owing to the lack of larger towns in the
vicinity, a direct sale of the milk is impossible. Besides, dairy manage-
ment had not kept pace with recent improvements, and the preparation
of butter had in many cases continued defective. A thorough improve-
ment of these conditions could only be looked for by the formation of
associations among the farmers, who would jointly and practically look
after the making of butter and cheese. At the same time it was to bo
expected that the introduction of the principle of association into agri-
culture would exercise a favorable effect also on its other branches.

In order to attain the desired aim, it was first of all necessary to
bring the new method of dairy management to the notice of the farm-
ers in the Wurtembergish Allgau. An agricultural exhibition held at
Leutkirch in the autumn of 1879, by the twelfth agricultural district
association, offered the wished-for occasion. With it was connected a
dairy exhibit, in which, at the expense of the royal centralstelle for agri-
culture, the making of butter and cheese after the latest methods (to-
gether with the separator-arrangement) was for a few days practically
illustrated. This special exhibit aroused the highest interest among
the great number of country people who attended. On the 28th of Sep-
tember, eight resident farmers, owning 152 cows in all,resolved upon the
founding of an association for the common handling and sale of the
milk, and charged a committee with the preliminaries for the establish-
ment of a dairy building of their own. But various obstacles caused
delay, and it was not until the 29th of January, 1880, that the associa-
tion was definitely organized as "The Wiirtembergische Molkerei
Aichstetteu, eiugetragene Genossenschaft " (registered association).

458 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

The principal obstacle vanished when a copious supply of fresh spring-
water was found at an easy depth and attaining even in the hottest
summer weather a temperature of not over 10° Celsius. This valuable
discovery necessitated the construction of a pump work; but as heating
by steam also recommended itself as cheaper, cleaner, and more easily
regulated, it was decided to purchase a boiler of six atmospheres and a
motor of 4-horse power. The latter pumps water and works the churn,
while the steam heats the cheese-vat and warms the entire building. In
the cellars especially has the moist, equalized warmth engendered by
steam-heatiDg proved unusually favorable to the ripening of the cheese.

Upon entering the dairy building, which is built in a pleasing style
on a small hill in the center of the village, and forms one of its orna-
ments, we first come to the vestibule, which serves at the same time
for the reception of the milk. According to the regulations milk must
be delivered unstrained, as in this state the presence of foreign sub-
stances and of impurities can be much more easily detected. It is twice
strained, then weighed, and the quantity delivered by each furnisher is
credited in his milk-book and also in the register of the association. In
the vestibule are also a number of test-glasses, used in determining the
percentage of cream which the milk of each furnisher contains.

At the left of the lobby we enter " das Aufrahmungslokal," a high and
well ventilated hall, provided with long cement troughs sunk in the
floor. In these the milk vessels, containing 40 liters each, are placed on
lath-racks ; the capacity of cooling-troughs is 2,300 liters. The water
for feeding them is pumped into cast-iron reservoirs, which are under
the roof.

During the first one and one-half to two hours the water is allowed to
flow in and run off with full force, after which no further flow is necessary.
According to the method of Swarz the principal process of extracting
the cream takes place after two hours and is finished in twenty-four
hours ; any farther extraction of the cream, is avoided, as otherwise the
cheese loses in weight and becomes thin.

The cream, which is taken off after twenty-four hours, remains for
another twelve hours in cold water, so that it is put into. the churn with
a temperature of 10° Celsius. The churn used is an improved Lehfeldt
"Kollbutterfass," from the "Centralmolkereimagazin" of F. H. Schmidt,
at Munchen. It contains 250 liters of cream and can turn out 50 pounds
of butter at a time. The churning process requires forty-five minutes ;
the butter is taken out of the churn at 12° Celsius, is left for an hour in
fresh water, and then put under the kneading machine. The kneaded
butter is then made into rolls of 1 pound each, which are marked with
the stamp of the association, packed in wet parchment paper, and then
again placed for an hour in quite cold water, after which they are
shipped away by post in boxes of 4J kilograms each. The Aichstetten
butter has grown greatly in favor on account of its fine taste and of its
keeping well. The daily shipment amounts to 75 kilograms, and the
demand cannot be supplied. A yield of 3J to 3J kilograms of butter
from 100 kilograms of milk is about the highest result obtained.

At the right of the lobby there is the " Kasereilokal^ where stands a
cheese-vat with a capacity of 1,000 liters. It is of wood, copper-bot-
tomed, and warmed by steam from below. In manufacturing u Back-
stein cheese " the skimmed milk warmed to 33° Celsius is curdled with
liquid rennet. The Aichstetten " Backstein" cheese is distinguished,
besides its good appearance, by its excellent taste, and, in spite of its
being less rich, always brings the highest prices paid for this sort of
cheese.

GERMANY. 459

Besides "Backstein" cheese round cheese (Kundkase) is manufact-
ured. Also here the milk is curdled at 33° Celsius and worked to 40°
Celsius.

Round cheese is sold at present at 80 pfennigs; "Backstein" cheese
at CO pfennigs, and butter at 2.20 to 2.40 marks per kilogram, while
peasants' butter sells only at 1.60 marks. The yield of cheese amounts
from 9 to 10 kilograms of Backstein, and a little less round cheese, from
every 100 kilograms of milk.

Tlie whey is given to the milk furnishers, who take back on every
3 kilograms of furnished milk 2 kilograms of whey, and on every 10
kilograms of milk 1 kilogram of buttermilk, which remains perfectly
sweet.

From the " Kasereilokal," in which, besides the cheese- vat, are placed
the butter kneader, the stretching table, and the press, we come to the
machine hall, where, in addition to the horizontal steam engine, the
pump and the churn are placed. In a separate room stands the boiler,
which is heated with Buhr lump coals. The daily consumption of coal
is 2 centners, which, at Aichstetten, costs 1£ marks per centner. The
entire space underneath is occupied by the cheese cellars, which are
high and well ventilated and fulfill all the necessary conditions for the
proper ripening of the cheese.

The whole establishment, with its carefully- scoured cement doors, and
the cleanliness prevailing everywhere, gives a very favorable impres-
sion, as compared with the old, smoke-blackened, cheese-kitchens of
the Allgau district.

Under the roof are apartments for the cheese-maker and the appren-
tices, and room for storing wood, &c.

The dairy was opened on the 5th of July, 1880. The entire plant cost
25,628 marks, the chief items of which are the building, 11,710 marks;
the steam-engine, the boiler, and the fountain, 7,255 marks; the inte-
rior fittings, 4,539 marks ; the ice cellar, 707 marks, and sundries, 1,364
marks. To cover these outlays a loan was raised under the joint and
individual guarantee of all the members of the association. Accord-
ing to section 12 of the statutes, on every kilogram of milk furnished
to the dairy 1 pfennig is due to the treasury of the association. One-
half of the money thus raised is applied to payment of interest and the
canceling of the loan, while the other half goes to defraying current
expenses and to the accumulation of a reserve fund. On every kilo-
gram of furnished milk members receive on account 9 pfennigs; "what-
ever beyond that is obtained by the management is paid to them yearly
as their share of the profit, after the deduction of all charges. The
quantity of milk daily used averages 1,500 kilograms. The price per
kilogram amounts to 12 J pfennigs, without; the whey. Every kilogram
is taxed 1.3 pfennigs for the expenses of the association.

This new enterprise, to which His Majesty the King, upon the sugges-
tion of the ministry of the interior, has granted a considerable subsidy
from the fund of the royal central stelle for agriculture, shows, after almost
two years of existence, a steady, thrifty progress. As the best proof of
the recognition it finds among the people it may be stated that the mem-
bership of the association has increased from eight to thirty, owning in
all two hundred and eighty-five cows. The association exercises, both
directly or indirectly, a salutary influence upon the revenue of its mem-
bers, who thus obtain an assured and more profitable sale of their milk,
while the growing of provender and* breeding of cattle are improved.
But not less important is the favorable influence which such an as-
sociation may exercise in a moral point of view on its members as well

460 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

as on the whole community through the fact that working and caring
for a common enterprise draws men nearer to one another and teaches
them the better to agree together. The system and cleanliness indis-
pensable in the dairy business find their way by and by into the stalls of
the cattle and the dwellings of the families, bringing with them all their
blessed sanitary benefits.

THE DAIRY ASSOCIATION AT HELDENFINGEN.

Sooner than might have been expected the example of Aichstetten has
been followed and a second Wurteinberg Dairy Association has been
organized at Heldeufi,ngen.

The village of Heldenfiugen is situated near the eastern frontier of
Wurtemberg, in the county of Heidenheim, belonging to the Jagst
district, on the elevated plateau of the Swabian Alps, about 650 meters
above the sea. Its climate is severe, belonging to the zone of winter-
corn, windy, rather dry, less favorable in general to the growth of com-
mercial products and fruits. The soil is a strong, calcareous, clayey one,
the product of the disintegration of the white Jura, partly flat, stony,
and frequently too dry, as the surface water is quickly absorbed.

Heldenfingen has 830 inhabitants, owning in all an area of 950 hec-
tares, used for agricultural purposes ; there are 880 hectares arable land,
30 hectares meadows, and 40 hectares pasture laud.

The stock of cattle amounted on the 1st of April, 1881, to 55 horses,
531 head of cattle, and 80 swine.

The distribution of the property in areas is as follows : The greatest
proprietor has GO hectares ; seven great proprietors have each 30 to 50
hectares ; twenty middling proprietors have each 10 to 30 hectares,
and one hundred and fifty-seven small proprietors have each under 10
hectares.

This shows that small proprietors are in a large majority in Helden-
fiugen, and that real estate is here still more divided up than it is in
Aichstetten. Under these circumstances greater results in point of
economy can only be obtained through the association plan.

In Ileldenfingeu, as in the whole Wurtenibergish Alps region, the cul-
tivation of corn has occupied hitherto by far the greater area and con-
stituted the principal source of income of the farmer. Although the
stock of cattle has been considerably improved in the last decades by
the increased growth of clover, which is especially important on account
of the small area of meadow land, yet the farmer could not reap the full
benefit of it, as the direct sale Of milk was impossible, owing to the dis-
tance from larger towns and the railroad, and dairy management was
unknown or confined to the preparation of an inferior quality of butter,
which had to be sold at correspondingly low prices (1.50 marks per kilo-
gram).

Whilst Aichstetten is situated in a locality where dairy management
has been in vogue for a long time and forms the most important branch
of agricultural industry, so that the question there consisted merely in
an essential improvement of an already existing branch of trade, the
improved dairy system as introduced in Heldenfingen was for that place
quite a new branch and one hitherto unknown there.

The first impulse to it was given in Heldcufingen in the autumn of
1881 through a lecture delivered by the itinerant instructor iu agricult-
ure for the Jagst district concerning the recent progress made in dairy
matters and thehigher yield of milk consequently to be obtained through
the association plan.

GERMANY. 461

In the lecture it was also pointed out that one of the most important
conditions for the successful management of a dairy, viz, pure, fresh
water, now existed through the parish of Heldenfingen having but a
short time before joined the rough Alps water-works system, thereby re-
ceiving good spring water in abundance from the pumping station hi
the Eyb Valley, near Geisliugen, 29 kilometers distant.

On the 5th of December, 1880, thirty farmers resolved upon founding
an association for the common handling and sale of milk, and charged
a committee of live members with the work necessary for the carrying
out of the resolution.

The members of the committee, under the guidance of the president
of the association, Schultheiss Bosch, visited the dairy at Aichstetten,
and from the favorable impression thus derived soon agreed to estab-
lish a similar institution in Heldenfingen, and in so doing to profit by the
experiences gained at Aichstetten.

But as there, so also at Heldenfingen, the final realization of the'en-
terprise encountered various difficulties. Doubt as to the usefulness and
profitableness of the business took more and more hold upon not only
the adversaries, but also upon those who had hitherto been friends of
the project, and the president of the association very properly reported
to the Royal Centralstelle for agriculture in regard to the discord
among the members of the association that " a regular April shower
had occurred, followed by heavy spring storms."

But when the members' disposition had finally grown more favorable
it was found possible to commence building in June, 1880, and the
dairy was opened on the 10th of October, 1881.

The dairy building is neat in style, and is constructed like that at
Aichstetten, according to the newest plans, but is more spacious in
dimensions. It has the necessary facilities for the Swarz skimming
method, for the working of the cheesery by steam, and for the steam
heating of all the rooms. The total cost for building and construction
amounts to 24,000 marks, viz :

Marks.
For the building of the house, inclusive of the purchase of the building lot.. 14, 000

For boiler, 5 steam stoves, steam and water pipes, dairy constructions 6,000

For the ice cellar, water reservoir for cooling water with ice, construction of
an elevator in the cheese cellar, fencing in of the ground, &c 4,000

To meet these expenses a loan was raised under the joint and indi-
vidual guarantee of all the members, the interest on which is paid, and
the cancellation of which takes place according to the statutes here-
after printed, on the same safe basis as at Aichstetten, 1 pfennig on
every kilogram of milk furnished being first withheld for the treasury
of the association.

A water pump was not required in this dairy, as the water from the
pipes of the rough Alps water-works rises by its own pressure as high
as the upper rooms of the building. The water has in winter a temper-
ature of 6° Celsius, in summer of 10° Celsius, and must therefore in the
latter season, through the use of ice, be cooled to its winter tempera-
ture.

The new dairy at Heldenfingen may be considered a gratifying re-
sult of the establishment of the Alps water-works, built by the aid of
the Government, for otherwise the former lack of water in that region
would have rendered the idea of founding a larger dairy impossible.*

As at Aichstetten, the making of fine table butter and of good
Backstein cheese is the aim of the management.

*See report on water- works in rough Alps, Consular Reports, No. 10, p. 268.

4(1*2 CATTLK AND DAIKY 1'Ainil^G.

The thirty members among whom there are seven large, twelve mid-
dling. and eleven small proprietors, own in all one hundred and twenty
milch cows, consequently only 1'onr cows on an average to each, wliile
at Aichstetten tin ie is an average of twelve cows to each. Some larger
partners furnish the dairy 0«j to 70 kilograms of milk daily, the smallest
only (i kilograms. showing that the new enterprise oilers even to the
smallest producer an opportunity of profitably selling his milk, an op-
port unity which he formerly lacked entirely.

At first <•.";!> kilograms of milk were handled daily, from \\hicli about
121 kilograms of butter and T-0 kilograms of Kackstein cheese were ob-
tained: but arrangements have been made looking to the handling of
1,.')OU kilograms of milk daily. The butter and cheese are of an excel-
lent quality, and the former iinds a ready sale at -.-0 marks (whilst
ordinary peasants" butter brings only 1.3d marks), the latter at CO to 70
pfennigs per kilogram. The butter, like that from Aichstetten, is
shipped principally to Berlin, Leipsig, Stuttgart, and other large towns.
Members receive for every kilogram of furnished milk 8 pfennigs; what
is obtained beyond that is, after the deduction of all expenses, yearly
divided in shares of proiit,

To this enterprise also His Majesty the King has, upon the sugges-
tion of the ministry of the interior, granted a considerable subsidy from
the funds of the ('entralstello for agriculture.

AYhocver ( iiters the dairy premises and notes the cleanliness and
systematic detail everywhere prevailing gains an extremely favorable.
impression of the new enterprise. One can well understand why the
people of lleldentingci! speak with sonic pride of their dairy, which
in the whole neighborhood and even beyond wins a name for the quiet
Alpine village and promises to become a source of material welfare for
its inhabitants.

CONCLUSION.

The latitude given by the circular of instruction calling for this re-
port has enabled me to cover a wide range of subjects, and to go into
details and statistics which I trust will prove of value to American
stock-breeders and those engaged in kindred pursuits. As has been
already stated, V.'iirtcmberg is the, leading Herman state in these
branches of agriculture, and the subject therefore derives an increased
importance for this consular district. As appendices to my report will be
found :

Translation of a decree (June 1''. 1^~''J), from the ministry of the interior providing
for t lie earrvinrr on I of 1 lie lav," in regard to bull-keep in*/. '

Trai!1 la lion of the statute: of 1 lie J.)airy Asocial iiai, (re-is'.eivd company at Holdeu-
fiii^e:).'

Tal'ie sho' ;••_•• eo.-t, expenses, ;:;id out lays Of bull-keeping at Kirchhoim. under
TerU.i

Table showing lii" pern nlu.i^i of area in (\-idi ^foln.^ical ^ronp, and in the cutiro
I\ in'_r(l(iiji <i|' \\'IM icrhlM-i'1: subdivided as ]'i'^;irds cult i\ ;.1 ion.

1 ;ili!r . -ho \vinv, i !,<• percentage of eadi of i lie varioiiH kinds of products raised upon
the arable • nrfaee of ea< li I'limp, ;ii"! of i he enlire Kingdom.

'1 lie e!j;ii ,i, ti i i t .i s, ]n odui't i \ i ness, vVe., of Ilie Siinnien(Ii;dcr and Al leaner breeds
of r :1 ! le, iilid < heir i , -p. el ivc >

1 ;,l>o forwiiid as inclosni'cs, &c.. J'.ccompanying this report, and
il lustra I ivc of it, the following :

• . in /m/iitr rnc'-ht') of breeds of rows l.ieni ioned ii^ t lie report", viz :
nthaler; f-J; Ai'-an; r ; (::; s;ili\vrbi>.-|, llnllei ; (-1) Limbumer : (5) Alb:

* I'nbli-hed in Ihe .sil])ple)i)en t .

t i'iilili-h'-d in body of i r-jiorl , a.-: inserted b\" the eousul.

GERMANY.

463

'• Hohenheim Thier Album," being a collection of twelve photographs of animals of
the various breeds, taken from life.

'* DieRacen des Rindes, " an illustrated work by Dr. von Rueff, lato director of the
veterinary school at Stuttgart.

Photograph of the Royal Agricultural School at Hohenheim (near Stuttgart).

Official copy of the law providing for the keeping of township bulls in Wurtemberg.

Plan of the royal domain at Kirchberg, Wurtemberg.

I desire to express my obligations to Professor Dr. Vossler of the
Eoyal Agricultural School at Hohenheim, to Assessor Zeeb, of the Eoyal
Centralstellefor agriculture, to Oberamtmanu Loeflund, president of the
District Agricultural Association at Kircnheim under Teck, and to Dr.
von Kueff, late director of the veterinary school at Stuttgart, for val-
uable information furnished me in the preparation of this report.

GEORGE L. OATLIN,

UNITED STATES CONSULATE, Consul

Stuttgart, November 28, 1883.

Table showing the percentage of area in each geological group, and in the entire Kingdom of
Wurtemberg, subdivided as regards cultivation.

,

j"

o .

'a

B

a

fi

M

53

§

r— ' r}

1

I

Z

S 0

•*" o

ft

Description.

O -S

H

a

«

-§

3

H^

3$

*o ffl

Q
H

H

7

M

H

T

5

w

Buildings courts and roads

2 52

2 95

3 00

2 72

1 8">

2 31

2 6

22 73

50 61

30 11

40 90

46 77

48 05

42 5

7.49

I9 14

15 17

18 97

6 69

17 48

14 2

Gardens and fields ...... . ..... . ..

1 10

1 90

2 4°

3 10

1 05

1 81

2 0

0 15

2 75

3 64

0 55

0 05

0 10

1 3

"Woods

69 61

23 90

39 47

26 °4

39 79

24 95

31 0

Streams lakes &c . .

0 33

0 59

0 67

0 49

0 18

1 23

0 7

Pasture laud . )

C 43

Barrens quarries >

3 07

3 86

5 59

7 03

19 65

4 07

) 57

Marl aud sand-pits ... J

I 14

Total

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 00

100 0

Ta&/e shoicing tlw percentage of each of the various kinds of products raised upon the arable
surface of each of the above groups, and of the entire Kingdom.

g

«

£

g

^

£

1 .

f.
•

f|

li

L

3~S

cT

II

Description.

M|

Bl

^1

I c*

s!

5 °

H

0^

rf

*i§

s3

a^

£8

g

g

s

g

2

g

"S«S"

O

O

o

o

O

w°°

Per ct.

P«r c«.

Per ct.

Per cf .

Perct.

Per c«.

P^rcf.

Winter-spelt

15 40

2r 98

22 63

26 63

23 42

25 90

23 64

Oats

17 98

12 49

13 72

10 15

18 84

14 44

14 90

Barley .. .

2 73

11 23

8 98

10 11

9 44

13 49

10 76

Other winter and summer corn

12 91

11 90

14.22

8 89

8 36

9 17

10 43

Clover lucorn &c

9 45

'10 62

9 38

9 09

10 76

12 00

10 60

Potatoes

11 90

8 63

11 29

9 98

5 36

5 58

7 88

Marketable products, hops, tobacco, &c
Esculents, red beets, sweet turnips, cab-

3.22

4.52

3.86

3.70

2.03

3.99

3.73

, &c

3 46

4.79

3 89

3 30

2.16

2 73

3 49

Beans, peas and green corn

2 07

3 87

3 08

o 52

2 28

2 38

2 90

21 58

9 97

8 9.1

9 63

17 35

10 39

11 67

^

Total

100. 00

100. 00

100. 00

100. 00

100. 00

100. 00

100.00

464 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

CHARACTERISTICS OF WURTEMBERG CATTLE.

The characteristics, productiveness, &c., of the Simmenthaler and
Allgauer breeds of cattle and their respective crossings are as fol-
lows:

SimmentJialer and crossings.— Their color is red and yellowish brown ; brown and
white speckled, and wheat-breatl colored. The head is strong and broad ; neck short
and broad ; horns often rather heavy ; back straight ; caudal bone often high ; belly
deep and well rounded; chest wide; legs well formed and strong. Bred pure in
Hohenheim since 1835. Origin, Canton Bern, Switzerland. This breed arrive at
maturity at three years of age, when the weight of meat is from 48 to 60 per cent, of
live weight. They are excellent for draft purposes and capable of doing a largo
amount of work. The meat is rather coarse fibered, but good. The size of the cow at
maturity is as follows: Height, 1.45 meters; length, 2.24 meters; haunches, .66 me-
ter. The bull: Height, 1.50 meters; length, 2.30 meters; haunches, .68 meter. Tho
ox varies greatly. The weight of the cow is from 350 to 700 kilograms ; bull, from
500 to 1,000 kilograms ; ox, 500 to 1,000 kilograms. Tho annual average product of
milk is from 2,000 to 2,500 kilograms, of excellent quality, 25 to 30 kilograms pro-
ducing 1 pound of butter. Cheese of excellent quality is made ; 11 kilograms of milk
producing 1 kilogram of cheese.

Allgauer and crossings, — Brown, grayish brown, with light streaks around the
mouth and over the back. Fine bone; the body small, but well shaped ; head short
and broad; horns, light; back straight ; legs well formed. Originally from the west-
ern part of the Tyrol. Mature at three years of age, when the weight of meat is from
f>0 to 60 per cent, of live weight. Good powers of endurance. The meat is finer than
the Siramenthaler. Their size is as follows : Cow, 1.24 meters high ; 1.94 meters long,
and haunches, .54 meter; bull, 1.40 meters high; 2 meters long, and haunches .60 me-
ter ; ox, varing greatly. Weight : cow, 300 to 500 kilograms ; bull, 400 to 700 kilo-
grams ; ox, 400 to 600 kilograms. The annual average production of milk is from
2,100 to 2,400 kilograms; 20 to 22 kilograms producing 1 kilogram of butter; 9 kilo-
grams of milk producing 1 kilogram of cheese. The milk and cheese are of very good
quality.

CATTLE BREEDS OF BADEN.

REPORT BY CONSUL BELLOW, OF KEHL.

The three best varieties of cattle existing in the Grand Duchy of Ba-
den are the Messkirch cattle, the Baar cattle, and the Black Forest
cattle.

MESSKIRCH CATTLE.

The finest breed of Baden is the Messkirch cattle.

The district of Messkirch belongs to that hilly part of Southern Ba-
den which extends from the Lake of Constance to the Swabian Alp.
The chief town of this district is Messkirch, with 2,000 inhabitants.
The Swabian Alp, with parts of the Black Forest, forms a plateau
which is called the Heuberg. This chain of hills has an altitude of
about 2,000 feet above the level of the sea. Tho soil consists, princi-
pally, of gray and yellowish limestone. There is a great scarcity of
water, on account of the many crevasses in the ground, which absorb
the rains and prevent the formation of sources. The climate is that of
an unsheltered highland. The height of the barometer is 26.3 Paris
inches. The average temperature during the year is +6.35° Celsius;
the warmest mouth is July, with an average temperature of 4-15.26°
Celsius ; the coldest month is January, with — 2.67° C. From the fore-
going it will be seen that the climate is quite severe, but, notwithstand-
ing, it is advantageous for cattle-breeding. This circumstance is at-
tributed to the calciferous nature of the ground. The original cattle of

GERMANY. 465

the Messkirch district were small, of a fine structure, red in color,
short but pointed head, and strong, short horns. They were very pro-
ductive in milk, and frugal regarding their fodder. Toward the year
1830, however, the stock-breeders began to import bulls from the Swiss
cantons of Zurich and Schwy tz, and soon a great change was observed.
This was first done in Messkirch, but the example was immediately fol-
lowed by all stock-breeders in the whole district, so that twenty-five
years afterward the Swabian Alp cattle had very nearly disappeared.
The variety obtained by this interbreeding is distinguished by its great
fleshiness, abundance in milk on the one hand, and strength and en-
durance for labor on the other. The importation of cows from Swit-
zerland did not have good results ; they did not become used to the
climate. The number of cows in the Messkirch district was 5.000 in
1880, and 76 bulls. These bulls are the property of the community,
which pays for feeding and attendance. Even the stables where these
animals are kept belong to the community. The Government prescribes
that one bull must be kept for every eighty cows. The inspection of
the bulls in 1882 in the Messkirch district gave the following result :
Among seventy -six bulls there were —

First-class (very good) 35

Second-class (good) 30

Third-class (proper for breeding, but of ugly shape) 10

Fourth-class (unfit for breeding, with defective constitution) 1

As a rule cows are covered for the first time at the age of one and a
half years, and calve generally at two and a quarter years. Cows which
calve before they have reached their full growth never become very
strong nor productive in milk. The inclosed photographs, for which I
am indebted to the courtesy of his excellency the state minister of the
Grand Duchy of Baden, are all of the Messkirch breed and show to
good advantage their build &c. ; they were purposely obtained for this
report, and are good average specimens of these cattle.

PECULIARITIES OF THE MESSKIRCH CATTLE.

The Messkirch cattle are nearly all checkered ; the different kinds
are:

(1) Yellow checkered, light yellow or dark yellow on the back with
irregular, clearly defined white spots.

(2) Ked checkered, hair on the back red, mostly red or yellowish,
sometimes dark red with dim white spots.

(3) White checkered, white back, flanks red hair, head and feet white.
Besides these there are animals which are either all red or all yellow,

the head is white, some have little yellow or red spots around the eyes.
Statistical comparisons made in 1873 show that the yellow and red
checkered color is most prevalent in the Messkirch district.

The nostrils, the same as the membranes of the mouth -cavity, arc
without color ; the horns and hoofs are yellow, resembling wax. The
tuft of hair over the ears is of the same color as the hair on the back.
The end of the tail is mostly white. Black or brown spots on the nos-
trils are marks of the descent from the original Swabian Alp cattle.

Red or yellow checkered animals with white head, yellow horns and
hoofs, colorless nostrils, and white end of tail are most frequent in the
Messkirch district.

H. Ex. 51 30

46(7 CATTLE AND DAIRY* FARMING.

SIZE AND WEIGHT,

Size ami weight of all breeds of cattle vary considerably; the Mess-
kirch breed are no exception to this rule. Animals which get good and
abundant 1'ood will be much heavier in weight than those whose food is
insnlh'cicnt. The following table will show the average sizes obtained
bv actual measurement:

-,-• i XumlifT Average ' Average

' <>!' animals., height, ' length.

Ft. in. Ft. in.

4 '2 ' 5 ]

4 4 5 0

3 10 4 0

Tin4 measurement of eighty animals at maturity gave average height,
4 feet 1 inch ; length, 1 feet 10 inches.
The weight is as follows :

Pomuls.

( ulvt-ft ui iLf 1 1 MIL- of tlu-ir liin h 70 to K">

!s of onr year 4:!0 (570

i - of I v.-.> years 770 1,030

Co\vs ivu, ] a v. i-'._'..! of UOu 1,400

»'•-..!, i-i-.-icli a \Vt-i^ht of 1. 100 1, i'.OO

a a \vi-i.u3n of l,JrUO t>,4UO

MEASl.'KKS OF Sl^TAKATE LDILS.

'J'lie lengtli of the neck is on an average 1 foot 2 inches. The skin of
the neek is line and wrinkled. The withers are large and round, and
are in a horizontal direction with healthy animals. The loins have an
average length of 1-1 inches.

.Iccrayc measurement of dijl'crt at pai is of animal*.

Kind.

77. in. Jnchrs. Inclrs. j Inchft.
1 H 7 L'2 'JO

17 C> L'O ! 1*

i o : .L 21

21

AND Fi

Jiy far tlie greater number of tin; calves that are born each year are
raised; the price is invariably high, so that the butchers are often
"hliged to take their .supply from other sections. Some of the male
calves are >n\<\ a Her t \\ elveor fifteen months for breeding; the majority
of the males, however, are castrated after six or eight weeks and sold
a f;cr I u o years or kepi for labor.

Moxt of the .Me-skirch stock-breeders let the calves (male as well aB
female) suck during six or ei-ht weeks. After that time the calf gets

GERMANY.

467

sweet creamed milk with some corn-ineal in it, and a little hay; this is
continued for six months, then the calf gets, during three months, hay
and water mixed with salt and corn-meal.

In winter the food of the grown-up cattle consists of hay, chopped
straw, and beets ; twice a week they get a mixture of malt and oil-cake.
The cattle of the small farmers are mostly fed upon straw and very lit-
tle hay and very often on beets. In summer the food consists of Swed-
ish and lucern clover. The stables are very defective and unhealthy
for the cattle. The greater part are too low, too small, and often over-
crowded. Good and spacious stables with excellent ventilation are
found on the large farms. The temperature in the stables of the little
old farm houses is always too warm, but notwithstanding, the health of
these cattle is excellent ; this is partly explained by the fact that they
are used to poor quarters ; it also demonstrates that they are very hardy
stock and do better under such circumstances than any other breed of
cattle.

. MEAT PRODUCTION AND FATTENING.

Calves which are sold three or four weeks after their birth to butchers,
have a live weight of 100 to 120 pounds-; calves which suck good milk
have a weight of from 250 to 300 pounds after two to three months.
The average price paid for calves by butchers is as follows : calves from
three to four weeks old, $10; two to three months old, $30; three to
four months old, 845.

An ox of first quality, having a weight of 1,500 pounds, produces 840
pounds of meat, 120 pounds of tallow, 100 pounds skin, and 100 pounds
must be deducted for the head, feet, and bowels.

An ox of second quality produces 680 pounds of meat, 60 pounds of
tallow, 100 pounds skin.

A cow of first quality, of a live weight of 1,300 pounds, produces 680
pounds of meat, 90 pounds skin, 100 pounds of tallow.

A cow of second quality produces 550 pounds of meat, 80 pounds of
tallow, 90 pounds skin.

The average is about 103 pounds of meat to 200 pounds live weight.

MILK PRODUCTION.

In the years named eighteen cows produced the following :

Tears.

Quantity
of milk.

Price per
liter.

Total
•value.

1878

Liters.
27 100

Cents.
4

$1 084

1879

26 138

8|

915

1880

27, 422

B|

950

Total

80 660

2,949

From this must be deducted milk used in the house, 3,285 liters, milk
for food of sixteen calves which are born on an average in a year, at 1J
gallon a day during two months, 5,760 liters, leaving a total of 71,615
liters or 17,904 gallons.

A cow of the Messkirch breed produces each day on an average If
gallons of milk, or 540 gallons a year in three hundred milk days.

The specific gravity of the milk, fresh from tbe cow, is from 29 to 33
per cent. After twenty -four hours the cream shows 10 to 12 per cent,

£68 CATTLE - AND ? DAIRY - FARMING.

One and one-fourth, gallons of milk furnish 1 pound of cheese; 6 gallons
(24 liters) give 2 pounds of butter. In regard to milk production the
Messkirch breed is not inferior to any of the best milk-producing breeds
of Austria and Tyrol.

EXHIBITIONS OF CATTLE AND MARKETS.

At the International Cattle Exhibition at Vienna in 1873 the medal
of progress was awarded to the Agricultural Association of Messkirch
for the exhibition of twenty young cows and two bulls. At an exhibi-
tion in Mannheim in 1869 the above-named association obtained the
first prize for a collection of the best breeding-cattle. Markets are held
the first of every month in the cities of Messkirch, Pfullendorf, and Stet-
tin. In 1880 there were sold at these markets about eight hundred and
seventy oxen and cows and about sixteen hundred young cows. The
Messkirch cattle have already found favor in several foreign countries.
A great many young cattle are sold every year to the stock-breeders in
Alsace, Wurtemberg, and even in Switzerland. Cows sell from $70 to
$150, bulls from $70 to $100, and calves, from two to four months, for
$15 to $25.

THE BAAR CATTLE.

The district called the Baar is a plateau in Eastern Baden, which is
bounded on the north by the Black Forest, northeast by the Neckar,
south by the Swiss Jura, and west by the Wutach Valley. This plateau
extends from north with a slight descent towards the south. In the
northern part of this plateau, extending in a southern direction, there
are three parallel chains of mountains ; The eastern chain is a branch of
the Black Forest, and consists principally of limestone, with narrow
strips of anhydrite; the middle chain commences at Donaueschingen,
where the sources of the Danube are, and ends at Doggingen. These
mountains consist mostly of shell-lime and dolomite. The western
chain, which commences at Hochemmingen, in Wurtemberg, is of sili-
ceous nature. At the foot of these three chains of hills commences a
plain with rich meadows, which are, abundantly watered by many little
water-courses. This part of the Baar is one of the most fertile districts
of Baden. The altitude of this plateau above the level of the sea is from <
2,100 to 2,400 feet.

The Baar cattle are a checkered cattle; they are red, light red, and
yellowish in color, mixed with white. The red spots are mostly on the
back, neck, shoulders, flanks, and shanks. The breast, belly, and legs
are generally white. The skin in general is colorless ; the horns and
hoofs are light yellow. The size of this variety is not always the same ;
in some parts of the district the oxen are much stronger and larger than
in others, while the difference in the size of cows is not so considerable.
The average height obtained by measuring thirty animals was : cows, 4
feet 1 inch ; oxen, 4 feet 7 inches ; bulls, 4 feet 4 inches. 'The length
taken from the top of the shoulder to the upper part of the thigh is:
cows, 5 feet ; oxen, 5 feet 2 inches ; bulls, 5 feet 2 inches. The height is
consequently 81 per cent, of their length. The head of the Baar cattle
is broad, strong, and bony. The forehead is straight, smooth, and with-
out any cavities; it measures between the horns 8 to 9 inches, on the
temples 9 to 10 inches. The upper end of the forehead is heavily cov-
ered with hair, which spreads downwards in the form of a semi-circle.
The length of the forehead is 10 inches. The total length of the head is
1 foot 8 inches. The ears are straight, and stand in a horizontal posi-

GERMANY. 469

tion. - The eyes are lively ; the glance is clear, quiet, and attentive ; the
iris is of nice brown color. The nape is strong. The back is strong and
muscular, but has the disadvantage of being somewhat too low and deep;
the Badish veterinarians claim that this is caused by defective feeding
during the time after the ablactation, and by the fact that the crib is
placed too high for the young animals. The length of the back is : cows,
4 feet ; oxen, 4 feet 1 inch ; bulls, 4 feet 4 inches. The skin of the Baar
cattle is rough and thick ; it is a good tanning material on account of
its durability.

The live weight of cows is from 1,000 to 2,000 pounds; oxen, which
are not fattened, weigh 1,200 to 1,400 pounds ; bulls reach a weight of
2,000 pounds. The sizes of the animals vary according to tdie section
of country where they were raised, and the food and attendance which
has been given to them.

The best and largest animals of the Baar cattle are to be ipund in the
villages of Mundelfingen, Pfohren, Aasen, Suodthausen, Geisingen, and
Unadingen, which are the central points of the breed. Twenty years
ago they commenced introducing this breed into the Black Forest dis-
trict, and it has flourished in the limestone section of this range of hills,
but in the red sandstone district it has not done well, and few, if any,
of these cattle are now to be found in that section.

The food and manner of feeding the calves is the same as with the
Messkirch cattle. In summer the grown-up cattle are fed on clover,
lucern, and esparcet grass. One-half of all the cattle are driven to the
pastures. In winter the food consistsof hay, straw, beets, lentils, &c.
Oxen that are worked get mostly chopped straw and beets. In summer
the animals are fed three times a day, in winter twice.

The different kinds of fodder cultivated in the Baar district are, the
red clover, the white clover, and other grasses, such as Lolium perenne,
Italicum, Avena elatior, Dactylis glomerata. Lucern and esparcet are cul-
tivated on a large scale, as they furnish three crops a year. It is a gen-
eral custom in this district to grow fodder plants on a field during two
years, and to plant it with corn or barley the third year.

STABLES.

The stables are usually connected with the barns and dwelling houses.
The height of the stables is on an average 8 feet, the width 10 feet ; the
length depends upon the number of cattle. The floors are mostly of
wood ; underneath the floor there are pits or reservoirs to receive the
urine. Those stables I have seen were insufficiently ventilated and
lighted. Cribs and racks are made of wood.

MILK PRODUCTION.

The cows of the Baar cattle are very abundant in milk. The average
quantity produced by a middle-sized cow is 2,100 liters or 520 gallons
per year. A cow specially fed is able to produce 2,600 liters, or 600
gallons. Three gallons of milk furnish 1 pound of butter, and 1J gal-
lons produce 1 pound of cheese.

FATTENING.

The fattening has of late not made much progress, because cheap
food, such as the distilleries and sugar factories can furnish, was scarce,
and the existing breweries could not produce all the material required.

470 CATTLE AND; DAIRY -FARMING.

Another cause was the poor crops. The fatteni 11.14- ()i the oxen com-
mences after three to lour years. They fatten very easily ; ihe back,
the loins and the shanks are very lleshy. The me.it, especially of ani-
mals which were not used for labor, is soft, succulent, and of excellent
taste. Tin- weight of the meat in proportion to the live weight is (JO per
cent.

The Baar cattle are much used for labor, for the Baar district consists
mostly ot' small farms and the fanners prefer oxen to horses for plowing
the fields. The bony, strong, and stout constitution, the strong back
and muscular legs, together with its safe gait, make the Baar cattle
very useful lor labor. Two oxen usually suliiee to draw a plow.

The Baar cattle have been exported to different sections of Germany,
where, they have thriven well. They require less food and attendance
than the Swiss cuttle from the Canton Bern, from which the Baar cattle
descends. For instance, trials having been made to keep Baar cows in
the lllack Forest have had good success, while the same trials made
with Swiss cattle" have entirely failed.

NUMBER OF CATTLE IN THE BAAR DISTRICT.

The number of cattle existing in the Baar district is 21. 000 head.
The percentage of the live stock as to age and sex, is as follows:

vs

Per cent.

r>9.7

•11 OVlT

1 ; years

ir> r>

•; Io !•> ),ln-i' lis

r> o

•ii !'n>m

i! t<> ] %J inontlis

11. (i

VI-H h'SS

1 ll;il! i! months old - -

1». 0

]'.;;! Is nvrr H years

JJulls Jf.'h.s than 1 ears

PRICES OF BAAR CATTLE.

Tows are worth from *.">7 to -9120; pregnant cows from two to three
years .<«;<) to slOO; oxen from three to four years, * 70 to 8lLiOj bulls,

THE BLACK J OREST CATTLE.

'i'he lliack Forest variety exists all over these mountains, andean be
called the proper original Baden cattle, except in a lew districts contig-
uous to Switzerland, where they have been mixed with Swiss cattle.
The fust impression these animals make is not a good one. They are
small, from .'» feet ! inches to .'» feet S inches in length, and .'> feet to
•'• feel .s inches in height. The animals of the pure hreed are light
yellow; lace and skull white: the shape is line: the head broad, the
same us to t he snout : the horns are thin and not long; the back is short
and straight ; the Hanks arc strongly built ; the shanks are muscular,
but meager : the legs are vigorous, but often crooked ; their gait is light
character, these animals are very good-natured and
arc very docile. Although the cows do not require
(luce about -l.")0 gallons of mill; in ,°>()0 days of the
I)." Miack Forest cattle is not as good as that of the
Maden. in Himmcr the oxen and cows are driven to
: iu winter the\ get hardly anything but chopped!
ht raw and ha\ to ea i .

GEKMANY. 471

The fact that this breed has remained pure during several centuries
is explained by the fact that the farmers in the mountains do not have
money enough to introduce foreign bulls. In the districts north from
the Black Forest the fodder plants are more abundant, and the breed
of cattle there, although bearing a great resemblance to the above-
described breed, are much larger and more fleshy. The cattle of this dis-
trict have been cross bred with Siinmenthal and Baar cattle. The prin-
cipal occupation of the farmers of this section is to raise young animals
until they are two or three years old, and to sell the?Ji afterwards to the
adjacent countries, such as Alsace, Wurtemberg. &c.

ODENWALD CATTLE.

In the Odenwald there is a breed which are adapted to the poorness
of the soil (colored sandstone). These animals measure on an average
3 feet 10 inches in height and 4 feet 6 inches in length. The hair is
generally brown; the head narrow and short; the back is a little bent;
the legs are weak and the shanks thin. The milk production is not
large, nor are these animals fit for fattening. Cows sell for $35, oxen
for $30, and bulls for $42.

THE NECKAR CATTLE.

In the northern hilly part of Baden, embracing the districts of Bretten,
Bruchsal, Heidelberg, and Wertliein, exists a variety which is generally
called the Neckar cattle. These cattle meet the requirements of the
small farmers, as they reach maturity very fast. The average height
is 5 feet 6 inches for oxen and 5 feet for cows. The average length for
oxen is 5 feet, and for cows; 4 feet 10 inches. The color is mostly brown
or brownish red; tho head small, the neck short; back straight and
fleshy ; legs very short and muscular. The breed is less fit for dairy
than for fattening.

Weight.

Description.

Meat
weight.

Live
weight.

Pounds.
600

Pounds.
1 020

420

750

Calf of fourteen days

60

100

Bulls cost $60 to $75; cows, $50 to $60; calves, $7 to $9.

CATTLE CENSUS OF BADEN.

The Badish Government has done very much for the improvement of the
live stock of Baden, especially by importations of Swiss spotted cattle
(Simmenthaler), and by a law establishing the quality and number of
bulls to be kept in every community. The last cattle census, made in
1880, states the total number of horned cattle in Baden to be 630,480
head ; bulls, 8,397 ; cows, 474,555 ; oxen, 112,559 ; calves, 34,969. This
gives an average number of 58 cattle to a square mile.

For the inclosed photographs of the Messkirch breed of cattle, I am
indebted to the courtesy of his excellency the states minister of theGrand

472

CATTLE AND DAIRY- FARMING.

Duchy of Baden, who, upon hearing that I was engaged in the prepara-
tion of a report on the Badish cattle, instructed the proper persons to
have these photographs taken and sent to rne free of charge.

FRANK M. BALLOW,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Baden, October 14, 1884.

Special statistics of Badisli cattle.

Name of breed and
district.

Average
milk in 300
days.

Milk to
1 pound
of
butter.

Milk to
1 pound
of
cheese.

Size at maturity.

Live weight.

Aver-
age
of 50
cows.

Aver-
age
of 10

bulls.

Aver-
ago
of 20
oxen.

Aver-
age
of 21
cows.

Bulls.

Aver-
ace
of20
oxen.

Messkirch cattle ; dir-
trict of Messkirch,

Gallons.
475 to 500

500

Gallons.
•i

3j to 3$

Gallons.
li to 12

1

Ft.
4&

4

Ft.

«A

Ft.
4J

Lbs.
1,200

MOO

Lbs.
1,800 to 2, 400

1,000

Lls.
1,194

1,300

Baar cattle; greater
part of the district
of Donaueschingen,
Baden

MESSKIRCH CATTLE.

Maturity : Age, 1 J to 1-J- years, frequently 1 year ; weight. 660 to 900 pounds ; 430 to
600 pounds of meat, 52 to 55 per cent, of weight.

Color: Yellow, with white spots, sometimes red-yellow; nostrils colorless; horns
and hoofs yellow.

Description : Fine shape, proportionately high and long ; back straight ; shanks
and flanks vaulted ; legs of middle length, muscular ; the croup is about 2 inches
higher than the withers.

Breeding : The breeding commenced forty-five years ago. The original cattle were
the Swabian Alp, cattle of small size, one-colored, either red or yellow. It was very
frugal and productive in milk.

Product : This breed is excellent for labor on account of their strength and endur-
ance. They are much sold for fattening; the meat is healthy, succulent, and of ex-
cellent taste ; milk very good, resembling Swiss milk, containing more caseine than
any other breed.

BAAR CATTLE.

Maturity : Age, 4 years generally ; weight, 500 to 1,000 pounds.

Color: Mostly white, with red, yellow, or brown spots on the flanks ; head and feet
white.

Description: Short, pointed head, fleshy shoulders, very straight back, and thin,
short legs.

Breeding : This breed was never pure ; it is a cross-breed of original South Baden
cattle and Swiss bulls. Swiss bulls from Canton Bern were first introduced into this
district about one hundred years ago.

Product : Very good for labor. The meat is of medium quality, milk of middle
quality, and cheese good.

PLATE 215

Julius Bien&Co

COW MESSKIRCH BREED IBAOEN)

PLATE 218

'uhus Bi&n A Co.lrith

BULL, MESSKIRCH BREED (BADEN

GERMANY. 473

CATTLE AND CATTLE PRODUCTS IN BADEN.

REPORT BY CONSUL SMITH, OF MANNHEIM.

I have the honor to report in reply to circular letter issued from the
Department of State July 18, 1883, that the breeding of domestic ani-
mals in the Grand Duchy of Baden is conducted, in a very limited and
primitive manner, by peasant farmers who occupy small farms. No large
grazing herds are seen.

Baderr possesses, peculiar to itself, four breeds of cattle, viz, Hinter-
walder, Messkircher, Odenwalder, and Neckar.

An important result can only be realized in Baden when cattle can be
fed on soil which has a substratum of lime. A substratum of granite
and sand is not favorable to the growth of foreign cattle. Even where
lime exists, refreshing of the blood is required by continued importation
of fresh animals, especially male breeders. Breeds original to marshy
countries have beeu transferred to the plains of the Bhiiie, where the
soil is sandy, without success in retaining their original characteristics.
The best cattle for transportation in Baden is abreed called Messkircher,
produced by a cross with a Swiss breed called Simmenthaler. Breeders
of cattle have ascertained to a certainty that the breed called Simmen-
thaler in South Germany is the best for crossing with other breeds, es-
pecially these brought up on a lime soil.

The colors are as follows :

Hinterwalder. — Dappled white and yellow.

Messkircher. — Dappled white and yellow and dappled white and
red.

Odenwalder. — Grayish brown.

Necltar. — Dappled white and yellow.

The total number of cattle iu*Baden is 650,000.

The percentage of the different breeds is Hinterwalder and Mess-
kircher about GO per cent., Odenwalder and Neckar about 40 per cent.

The annual production of milk is about 480,000,000 liters.

The increase or decrease of cattle stock depends upon the crop and
prices of hay, turnips, &c., such increase or decrease vary ing from 5,000
to 40,000 heads.

In 187G, when the crop of grass was very small, the total number of
cattle in Baden was only 568,000 ; yet in 1879, when the crop of grass
was plentiful, the total was 665,000.

The stock seems to be sufficient for demand. From the average stock
of 650,000 head about L'00,000 head are killed each year, enough for the
general requirements of the people. There is not much meat eaten by
the common people. Meat once a week is the usual customary diet.

There is no excess in the demand for foreign cattle. If cattle are im-
ported they come from the adjoining countries of Wurtemberg and Ba-
varia. The insufficiency for a home demand is not noticeable.

On occasions when the crop of grass .has been very poor in Upper
Silesia and upon the marshy grounds of Holland, cattle have been sent
from there to Baden and sold at low prices.

Cattle supplies are not drawn to Baden from the United States. The
cattle of Baden are mostly, with a few exceptions in the Schwarzwald,
stall-fed from their birth, making a different meat from that of the
grazing animals of America. The meat of German stall-fed animals is
hard and marbled with fat and lean.

474

I'nli >s ; leaden the meal, would bo objected

toby Hii H-Jcd meat. Consequently the, ex-

Moital to iladen ha.-1 not laUen place.

1:> si and ;i: i;;il m; i nod in Germany

Is b\ rail. ; , the rail wagons and on arrival

at di-.siin, '••' . ' ;\:!.ii%L';ited \vitli yreat
t-aii1.

Sllrt'] L'(] Id';;' (listai!(V> Itl'c !.!i,.'il iVoitl tillMVa^OllS

iu';\ . 'i'lie slieep, ac-

coiii]);»,nicd by a sh«']i l\" conducted to some

neighboring can be Ibunil. "'''v'iii-n the whistle

ot'the en.uin< Hi c noti lies tlie.do.i:', wiio with aston-

ishing i d ^ilh tlie olu-dieiice and precision

<•!' drilled > . wagons and ])rocced iij)on (heir

journey.

The cstiTiuiicd : -\] :••;!•-•(• !'(;r all ".uliincc :; cd U;od r.-j I'oc.ic is about £5
per lie;:'! t»ni})ioyed :ibout ibur

days.

A'AIU.) 31. SM1TIT,

Consul,

UNITED STA'I'j

;;;' /?. RUM. K;:,.X.
n ;i,; . .. i i. ; ;. : • :> :;no -jo-j ; :»i.i

, • .

i. ! r.'O I ^IKI j '.mo

i i .il. i ... ;i I.i.il i -4n<) i .J'D

• . . ; •: •!' •) MM ; IDi.)

: ml yi iov; color ; HM-.V

: ':. ;, i«'l ! <»r iiiilk in larjr*1

; : i ' i | i i ; : i i ( ! s ( i !' i i i i 1 k

: • . !i:i ! : I !)'•;.• I-HYO b;\"ii

' • . • ; l;i IK!. T!>o color is

:. •• , ; . [;; odp.cp] ; • !i< \- vanlc

; ;ii I1" -(1 •• •" t-.il-i'^cl.

GERMANY. 475

. — This race is borne-bred, of a grayish-brown color ; tbey are used as
work cattle and are good milkers; 24 pounds of milk yield 1 pound of butter; vory
little th^ee manufactured, stall-fed.

Necktr. — A hoinc-bred race crossed with Simmenthal, the original coming from
Switzerland; they have been bred pure for about lii'ty years. In color they are dap-
pled white and yellow, As milkers and butter producers they rank with the Oden-
walder, and are used for the same purpos fed.

The weight of meat at maturity in all of the above is one-half of the live weight.

The manufacture of cheese is insignificant; only some common cream and hand
cheese is made.

The ordinary method of housing is pursued; hay after-grass, roots, turnips, carrots,
potatoes. Timothy, clover, r\ • <^.c., grow < ing is at a low

point, and does not famish a good example for other countries. Products are mostly
used for homo consumption.

BAVARIAN CATTLE.

REPORT P,T CONSUL HARPER, OF MUNICH.

The neat cattle of Bavaria are good for the combined purposes of
draft, beef, milk, butter, and cheese, but no variety among them equals,
the Shorthorn, the Jersey, or the Holstein in its specialty.

The use of the ox extensively and of the cow occasionally for draft
has probably been the main obstacle to the differentiation of superior
dairy qualities in Bavaria, as "well as in some other countries of conti-
nental Europe. The breeds that would take the highest prizes and
command the highest prices for the production of butter, cheese, and
beef must not be praised as the Bavarian cattle are for speed and
strength in harness. The yoke, if not unknown here, is at least a great
rarity. The ox pulls by traces, attached to a stick about 16 to 18 inches
long, lying across his forehead and tied to his horns ; and he works
either singly or in double team, as occasion requires.

It is only within a generation or two that the breeding of neat cattle
for dairy specialties has been commenced in Bavaria, and if any variety
has had time to acquire a definite character with surpassing excellence,
the fact has not yet been made known by general reputation.

Bavaria has no dairy product celebrated for quality or quantity. It
has no world-famous brand of butter or cheese. It exports beef cattle,
but not in large numbers. It will probably never import much beef or
dairy produce from any source ; nor do I see any reason to anticipate
that there will ever be any very great increase or decrease of the stock
of neat cattle. The dairy breed will doubtless continue to improve for
many years to come.

Since, in my opinion, there are no neat cattle here that can be ex-
ported to the United States with profit, I have not thought it desirable
to study the methods, routes, and costs of exportation.

JOSEPH W. HARPEK,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

MunicJi, January 14, 1884.

TOPOGRAPHY AND TEM. OF IVVV.v :

It is impossible to give the < ^rnperature of entire districts, but only

1 1. name a place which represents tin !' the climate in each district.

As tho difference of the temperatures in the whole Kingdom of Bavaria is not very
great, the average variation of temperature may be stated as inside 0.5°, aa. appears
from the following table.

476 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

The heights and temperatures refer to each selected place in the named district.

District.

Representative place.

Alti-
tude.

Temperature (centigrade),
1879-1882.

July.

January.

Year.

Upper Bavaria :
Near mountains .....................

Munich .

Feet.
1,689
1,939

1,105

541

470
1,290

784
1,119
1,320
693
696

10.99

17.10

17.28

18. 88
18.89
16.85

17.41
16. 52
16.60
18.39
16.50

-3.96
-4.27

-3.94

-2,77

-1.64
-4.47

-3.90
-4. 73
-4.52
—4.11

7.64
7.07

8.37

9.04
9.41
7.02

7.76
7.09
7.33
8.68
6.65

Traunstcin

Lower Bavaria :
I^ear Kelheim

Palatinate :
"North

South

North Upper Palatinate . . . .......

"Weiden

Upper Franconia :
Main valley - ... ......

Bamberg .. .

Fichtel ifo'untains

BavTenth .............

Middle Fraconia

Ansbach

Lower Fraconia, main valley

Wurzburg .

Swabia>...

-5.09

The above figures are calculated by the Royal Bavarian meteorological central station.

SOIL OF BAVARIA.

Alluvial : Alluvial soil exists in the valleys of all larger rivers of the country, prin
cipally those of the Danube and its tributaries and of the Rhine and Main. The allu-
vial formations of the Danube consist principally of coarse and lime sand and marly
deposits. The same character pervades the alluvial of the tributaries of the Danube
coming from the south, viz, Iller, Lech, Isar, and Inn. In those tributaries rising in
the north, viz, the Naab, Regeu, and Ilz, as alluvials, quartz, mountain pebbles, and
sand loam predominate; but in the valleys of Laber, Altmuhl, and Wornitz limy al-
luvials abound.

The alluvials of the Rhino consist chiefly of quartz, pebbles, clay, and sand. In the
Main Valley we find mountain gravel and sand only here and there. Near Wurzburg
limy pebbles are found.

Loam: Supposing loam ground to be the opposite of limy or marly clay ground,
the following are the principal localities where it is found: (1) A great part of the
Bavarian Alps, in Upper Bavaria and Swabia. (2) In the Bavarian plateau south of
of the Danube, of Swabia, Upper Bavaria, and Lower Bavaria. (3) In the territory of
Franconia-Jura, from Ulm over Nordliugen, Eichstadt, and Regensburg, northward to
Bayrouth and Lichtcnfels, in the districts of Swabia and Upper Palatinate, Middle
Franconia and Upper Frauconia. (4) In the shell-lime plateaus between Rotheuburg,
Wurzburg to Kissengen and Melrichstadt, in the districts of Middle and Lower Fran-
conia. (5) On the shell-lime plateau of the Palatinate, from Hoinburg, Blieskastel,
Pinnasens, over Zweibruckeu, Sickinger-High, toLaudstuhl, and in the plain of the
Rhine.

Clay : Under the supposition concerning loam ground above mentioned, clay
abounds, mixed with sand, in the following districts: (1) In the mountain districts
of thq Bavarian and Upper Palatinate forests, districts of Lower Bavaria and Upper
Palatinate. (2) In the Fichtel Mountains and in the district of Upper Franconia.
(3) In some places in the Keuper territory, in the district of Middle Franconia, and
finally in the coal territory of the western part of the Palatinate.

Sand : Sand soil predominates here and there, mixed with loam, in the Molasse ter-
ritory of the Alps of Upper Bavaria and Swabia. Clay sand exists tn the mountain
districts of East Bavaria, Upper Palatinate, and Lower Bavaria, and in the granito
mountains of Fichtel, in Upper Franconia, and in the Keuper territory of Middle Fran-
conia, Upper Franconia, and a part of Upper Palatinate ; also in the territory of the
colored sandstone in Lower Franconia (Spesshardt) and at the end of the Haardt
Mountains of the Palatinate.

SUBSTRATUM.

Limestone : Limestone is the substratum of the soil in the following sections of the
country: (1) In the Alps, Upper Bavaria, and Suabia. (2) In Franconia, Jura,
mouth of the Danube (a small spot excepted between Abensberg and Regensburg),
in tko districts of Swabia, Upper Palatinate, Middle and Lower Franconia. (3) In
the shell-lime territory of Middle, Lower and Upper Frauconia. (4) In the shell-lime

GERMANY. 477

district of Southwest Palatinate, and on a small strip on the east lino of the Haardt
Mountains.

Sandstone : Sandstone formations exist in the substratum of the following sections
of the country : (1) Marly sandstones alternate in the south Bavarian plateau of the
districts of Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, and Swabia. (2) In the Keuper Mount-
ains of Middle, Lower, and Upper Frauconia ; also in parts of the Palatinate. (3)
Clay slate alternates in the northwest parts of the Fichtel Mountains and in the
Franeonia forests. (4) In the Spesshardt and adjoining sections of Lower Franconia.
(5) Mixed with basalt, in the Rhone Mountains of Lower Francouia. (6) In the
Haardt Mountains of the Palatinate. (7) In the coal districts of the western Pala-
tinate.

Granite : Granite and mountain rock (gneiss unicalate) compose the substratum
in the following districts: (1) In the Bavarian and Neuburger forests and Lower
Bavaria. (2) In the forests of Upper Palatinate, along the line of Bohemia. (3) In
the middle of the Fichtel Mountains, and in the Muuchberg gneiss circle, district of
Upper Franconia. (4) In the Lower Spesshardt, near Lower Franconia and Aschaf-
fenburg.

Clay : Clay-stone (clay-slate, coal-slate, potter-slate) is found : (1) In the northern
part of Upper Palatinate (environ of Waldsassen). (*2) In the clay-slate district of
the Fichtel Mountains and Franconia forests (Upper Franconia). (3) Mixed with
sandstone in the Keuper districts of Upper, Middle, and Lower Franconia, here and
there in the Upper Palatinate. (4) In the coal mountains of the western Pala-
tinate. (5) In the northern part of the Bavarian plateau, particularly near Straub-
iug, Pfaflenhofen, in the main district of Lower Franconia, and in the plain of the
Rhine Valley.

Gravel : Gravel in a conglomerated form is found in the territories mentioned as of
alluvial soil, principally at the base of the Alps extending through the districts of
Upper and Lower Bavaria and Swabia.

CULTIVATED GRASSES.

Timothy: Timothy (Phlcum pratense) is cultivated in preference, bat not often, in
those districts where there are no meadows, mixed with clover and other grasses for
the development of new meadows. According to the cultural statistics of the year
1878 in Bavaria 10.1 per cent, of the total average is cultivated as grazing land for
cattle.

Clover: Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is cultivated most, and monopolizes the
largest acreage of land. It is used green or as dried clover hay. For green fodder in
Franconia, the Steyerrnarkcr green clover is preferred. Red clover prospers in nearly
all kinds of soil where the vegetation of this specialty, because of too frequent culti-
vation, has become uncertain ; there the Swedish clover (Trifolium Jiylridum) is cul-
tivated with success. White clover is chiefly cultivated for specially-made sheep
pastures. Lucern clover (Medicogo cativa) is most in favor on the Jura plateau.
Esparsette clover (Onobrichicsatiua"), Turkish clover, is cultivated chiefly in the shell-
lime districts. French clover (Trifolium inearnatum) is uncertain; it prospers the
best in the wine regions and is mostly cultivated as a substitute in case of failure of
seed clover.

Eye grass, $c. : Italian rye grass mixed with red clover instead of clover is culti-
vated seldom as hill-side seed ; also mixed with other kinds of grass and clover for
cultivating new lands. The English rye is but seldom cultivated. The French rye
(Avcna elatior) is used as a top grass for cultivating fodder grass mixed with different
kinds of clover.

HOUSING, FEEDING, AND BREEDING CATTLE IN BAVARIA.

Methods of housing : The stables are, with few exceptions, good ones, and solidly
built. The recently built ones are mostly with iron arches, stone pavement, and
open drains. In the mountain regions the stables are still of wood, low, and badly
ventilated.

Feeding : In the mountains a greater part of the cattle feed in the Alpine pastures
between May and October. On the plains they are generally fed in the stables and
only put out to fall pasture after the meadows are mowed.

The pasture in the Alps, where no overcrowding takes place, where pastures are
manured and changed, is excellent, particularly in Allgau. In the mountains of
Upper Bavaria the Alpine economy is still not as good as it should be.

In general the feeding of cattle has become better in consequence of more extended
fodder cultivation. The vegetable cultivation has increased considerably and the use
of vegetable waste and stroiit: fodder is important.

478

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

In places where the cultivation of grain is carried on to a disproportionate extent
or where horse-raising prevails, the neat ,cattlo still suffer for the want of food, as in
Ingolstadt, Straubing, and in tho whole Rotthal Valley.

Breeding : Where the breeders possess sufficient knowledge, and understand the
superiority and value of native pure-bred stock, their avocation is lucrative. Numer-
ous unions have been formed for the encouragement of improvements in breeding
stock. Some years ago a preference existed in favor of tho Siimnentkal cattle from
Switzerland, which were frequently crossed with other breeds. Now this method is
disappearing, and the conviction prevails that when well cared for and well bred the
Bavarian cattle are equal in every way to the Swiss.

HANDLING CATTLE PRODUCTS IN BAVARIA.

The most of the Bavarian breeds furnish excellent cattle for working and fattening,
and the Bavarian beef is well and favorably known at home and abroad and com-
mands a good price. The oxen are tho principal source of income of cattle-breeders,
and they are bred with excellent judgment. Being trained to work they are much
sought after in tho many cattle markets by dealers from other countries, especially
from North Germany, where, after they are three or four years old, they are worked
and then fattened.

The Bavarian oxen are easy going, fast steppers, represented to be better than
horses in pace, and are very enduring, tough, good and frugal eaters, fatten quickly,
attain heavy weights, and furnish a tender and palatable meat.

The dairy business is carried on largely only in tho south of Bavaria, but, since the
last five years, has been extending. The Allgau cheese now compares favorably with
Emmenthal, but, as yet, in quality, is not quite its equal.

Bavarian table butter from tho centrifugal dairies goes in large quantities, mostly
in an unsalted state, to North Germany and, slightly salted, to England. With tho
increase of dairies, breeding and fattening of hogs has also increased, both in quan-
tity and quality in Bavaria.

Special statistics of Bavarian cattle.

Name of breed.

Annual average
of milk.

Milk to
pounds of
butter.

Name of district.

Height from
ground
to withers.

Length of
body.

Girth behind
the shoul-
ders.

g

3

3

H

k
O

i

U

1

M

O

1

i

6

Lbs.
5.500
5,060
5,500

5,500
3,300

G.GOO

4,400
4,400

5, 500
3, 300

4,950
4,400

Quarts,
10. 5 to 12. 3
10. 5 11. 4
10. 5 11. 4

10. 5 11. 4
9. G 11. 4

9. G 11. 4

10.5 12.3
10.5 1L4

10. 5 12. 3
10.5 11.4

10.5 11.4
10. 5 11. 4

Upper Bavaria
do

Dispersed through
nearly all Bava-
ria.
Middle Franconia
In Middle Franco-
nia and Lower
Bavaria, and es-
pecially in Up-
-,<cr Palatinate.
In Suabia, JSfeu-
burg. Upper
13 a v aria, and
partly in the re-
in a iii ing dis-
tricts.
Palatinate
In the three Fran-
co nia districts
and in tho Up-
per Palatinate.
Middle Franconia.
Upper Franconia
and Upper PaJ-
atinate.
Upper Bavaria
Upper Franconia .

Int.

:.;!. ]
M. i
5G.G

52.3

52.3

51.2

51.2
55.1

53.1

49.8

50.0

Ins.

'.. .,

55.1

52.7
54.3

55.1

.-,-?. r,

55. 3

53. 9
51.2

53.5

Ins.

G4."6
G4. 5

G0.~5

G1.4

GO.'s
63.7

Ins.
62.8

Gl.O
Gl.O

61.4
O'J. 9

61.0

,.

61.0

57.4

61.0

Ins.
61.0
Gl.O
Gl. 0

62.9
G2.9

61.0
64.9

,,,

02. n

UL». u

57.0

Ins.

G6."9
78, f>

GL'."6

GG.~9

G0.~9
62.9

Ins.
78.7

70. 0

™.o

76.7

Tu.T

71.9

71.3

"'

78.7

u

70.9

Ins.

78.7
78.7

::.:
81.8

77.1

77."l

80.3

73.8

Ins.

94."4
91.3

7&7

84.*G
83."c

Miesbacher*

Ansbacher*
Kelheimer *..............

All"-auer*.

Glan Donnersberger t
Scheinfeldert

Ellin ^er t

Voi^tlandert.,-.

Murnau-Wcrdenfelsert..
Bayreuther Scliecken t - -

* To make 1.1 pounds of fresh cheese it takes from 22 to 2G.4 pounds of rich milk; 28.2 to 33 pounds
of half-skimmed milk ; 33 to 37.4 pounds of skimmed milk.

t For 1.1 pounds of Limburger cheese it takes 7.9 quarts of sour milk ; 4.4 .to 5.2. quarts of good milk -.
B.2 to G.I quarts of half-skimmed milk.

GERMANY.

' statistics of Bavarian cattle— Co

Name of breed.

Live Teigbt.

Percent.of mea( at ma-
turity to live weight.*

Color.

- • "
Description of.

Cow.

Bull.

Ox.

Pinsgauer ....

Cwt.
11. 8-15. 7

9. 8-13. 7
11. 8-17. 7

11. 8-13. 7
8. 8-10. 8
7. 8- 0. 8

7. 8-13. 7
8. 8-10. 8

8. 8-11. 8
"7. 3- 0. 3

6. 8- 9. 8
8. 8-12. 7

Out,

12. 7-15. 7

15. 7-17. 7
17. 7-19. G

11. 8-17. 7
9. 8-11. 8
8. 8-12. 7

10. 8-14. 7
11. 8-15. 7

11. 8-16. 7
7. 8-11. 8

S. 8-12. 7
11. 8-15. 7

Cwt.
14. 7-19. 6

13. 7-17. 7

15. 7-17. 7-
19. -6

15. 7-17. 7
12. 7-15. 7
9. 8-15. 7

14. 7-17. 7

12. 7-16. 7-
19.6

12. 7-16. 7-
19.6
13.7-15.7

9. 8-15. 7
11. 8-17. 7

52-56

47-40
47-49

50-52
50-55
50-55

50-55
50-55

50-55

52-60

52-56
47-49

Red, brown, and
white on the back.

Yellow and spot-
ted.
....do

....do

Red-brown, with
spot on the head.

"Well-formed animals,
with deep body and
good developed flesh.
Middle to large, rather
fleshy; large-boned.
Very large and heavy;
fleshy; long legs and
large-boned.
Largo and heavy, some
with long legs; found
chiefly In the low
grounds.
Light to medium
weight ; well - pro-
portioned ; very fru-
gal and tough.
Light to medium
weight; well-propor-
tioned, with good
milk marks.
Medium weight, with
fair forms ; line ; good
milk marks.
Medium weight, with
fair forms; fine; good
milk marks ; excel-
lent for work and
fattening ; particu-
larly used in North
Germany, and in
much demand.
Do.

Medium weight, with
excellent body ; very
straight and deep ; in
much demand.
Rather large ; well
formed; delicate.

Largo to heavy ; rather
fleshy; large-boned.

Miesbacher. ...........

Simmenthaler

Ansbacher

AU^auor

Glan Donnersberger. . .
Scheinf elder

Plain yellow, with
light marks.

do ...

Plain yellow, with
dark marks.
Plain light brown,
with light mouth.

Plain yellow-
brown, with dark
marks.
Yellow and red,
spotted.

Voigtlander

Murnau-Werdenfelser .
Bayreutlier Schecken . .

* Of this weight it is understood that the meat in the four quarters, with tallow and kidney grease,
are included.

Of all the races the Miesbacher and Simmentlialer are the most mature at two to
three years of age. The Kelheiiner, Sclieinfelder, and Voigtlander mature only at
five years of fy*e.

At the end of the first year all theee animals reach half of their weight at maturity.

480

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

Name of breed.

How long
bred pure.

Origin of breed.

Working
quality.

Product.

Meat.

Milk.

Pinegauer

Miosbacher....

Sinimentbaler .
Ansbacher
Kelbeiiner
Allgauer

Glau Donners-
berger.
Schcinfelder . . .
Ellinger

A century . .

30 years

....do
125 years
A century ..
do ,

....do

....do
60 years
A century . .
20 years

Still in for-
mation.

Excellent .
Fair

First rate.

Much, but
not lino.
...do

Fair and very
good quan-
tity.
Fair to good.

Do.
First rate.
Fair.
First rate.

Good.

Fair.
Very good.
Fair.
Good.

Fair.

Pinsgau and Simmentbal cross.

Swiss >.

... do

Ostf ries and Bern

Excellent .
do

. do

Swiss (gray and brown) ....

....do

tittle and
indifl'er-
cut.
Fair

....do
....do
....do

Bavarian race

do

Red Bavarian and Allgau mixed .
Tyrol . . ....

....do

....do
....do
do

Voigtlander . . .
Mornau - Wer-
denfelser.
Beyrenthor
Scliecken.

Gray Swiss, Wurzthal, and
Montefamor mixed.
Bavarian, mixed with Born and
Miesbacn.

....do
Fair

....do

Much, but
not fine.

Cheese. — The dairy is developed mostly in Suabia and Neuburg, next in Allgan,
where they make round cheeses like the Swiss in form, and in Upper BaVaria. In the
last-mentioned places the milk is worked into butter and Limburger cheese. In the
remaining part of Bavaria the dairy is not much developed, as they keep the cattle
for purposes of breeding and fattening.

CATTLE IN TEE DUCHY OF BRUNSWICK

REPORT BY CONSUL FOX.

In compliance with Department circular of July 18, received October
3, 1883, 1 have the honor to transmit herewith a report on the various
breeds of cattle maintained in the Duchy of Brunswick. I hope to be
able to make a supplementary report in regard to the subject at an early
day.*

There are at present four representative breeds of cattle in the Duchy
of Brunswick, viz, Holland, Oldenburg, Harz, and the common kind,
so-called "Landviehrasse"; the two latter have their origin in the
duchy. The Harz cattle, which were introduced some fifty years since,
taking their name from the Harz Mountains, where they were first
reared, and the common breed, which have existed from, time imme-
morial, are crossed with the imported Holland and Oldenburg animals,
the ofispring resembling the latter to a great extent. The importation
of the offspring into the United States could hardly be recommended,
as the original breeds would most naturally have the preference. The
Harz animal, on the other hand, has proven to be a most suitable one
for the raw climate of the Harz Mountains, and attempts to cross them
with other breeds in order to obtain better individual qualities have
always resulted in failure, so that now the greatest care is observed to
breed them as pure as possible. Wherever an intense system of agri-
culture is maintained, especially in those parts of the duchy devoted to
the culture of the sugar-beet, and where food is plenty, the Holland
and Oldenburg breeds are to be found, they having been either imported
directly, bred from imported animals, or are the result of crossing. The

* " Harz cattle for export to the United States " immediately follows this report.

GERMANY.

481

keeping of these animals is dependent more upon economical than upon
natural circumstances, and as my colleagues in the various districts
will have given more perfect information in regard to them than I pos-
sibly can glean here, I have omitted them in filling out the forms sent
by the Department. With good housing and feeding the Holland and
Oldenburg cattle prosper as well here, and the yield both for dairy and
butcher is as abundant, as in the lauds of their nativity. I beg to in-
close tables showing the number of cattle in Brunswick, as well as other
statistics in regard to them taken from the official report of the Ducal
Brunswick Bureau of Statistics for the year 1883. The percentage of
the several breeds, as well as the percentage bred for dairy and for
butcher is not to be obtained, since the animals are rarely reared for
the butcher exclusively, but the cows and oxen are used first for several
years for dairy and labor, respectively, before they 'are fattened for con-
sumption. The stock is not sufficient to supply the demand ; numbers
of steers and pregnant heifers are annually imported from Holland and
Oldenburg. For the beet-sugar industry a large number of Bavarian
draft oxen are imported and a smaller number of Breitenberger and
Glauer. Shorthorns are also imported and crossed to some extent, in
order to increase the meat product. Swiss cattle are to be found only
in small numbers. There is no export worth mentioning except to the
neighboring Prussian province of Hanover and of fattened animals to
the larger cities. In Hanover the Brunswick cattle are crossed with the
local cattle in order to obtain draft animals.

WILLIAMS C. FOX,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Brunswick, December 4, 1883.

BETJNSWICK CATTLE STATISTICS.

Comparative statement showing the number of cattle in the Duchy of Brunswick in the
years 187 3-'83, with increase and decrease, respectively.

[From official census taken January 10, 1883.]

Districts.

Whole number
counted.

Increase or decrease
since 1873.

Average to 1 square
kilometer.

Average to 1,000 inhab-
itants.

1873.

1883.

+Increasc;
— decrease
absolutely.

Per

cent.

1873.

1883.

Per

cent.

1873.

1883.

Per
cent.

I

3,325
8,221
21,675

42, 809

3,244
3,110
22, 878
4G,4!>3
12,409
2,647

- 81
- 105
+1, 203
+3, 684
- 160
+ 74

-2.43
-3.26
+5.55
+8.61
-1.27
+2.88

10.90
10.73
19.43
29.04
28. 89
45.94

10. 63
10.36
20. 51
31.69
28.49
40.85

-0.27
-0.37
+1.08
+2.65
+0.40
+0.91

245. 95
185.79
261.64
401.09
599. 58
611. 01

226.40
148. 62
?61. 50
404. 09
565. 79
626. 81

-19.55
-37. 17
- 0.14
+ 3.00
+33. 79
+15.80

III...

IV...

V

12, 569

VI

2, 573

Total in duchy.

86, 172

90, 787

+4, 615

+5.35

23.32

24.63

+1.31

350.41 j 343.48

-IH

H. Ex. 51 31

482 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

PRICES AND WEIGHT OF BRUNSWICK CATTLE.

TABLE B. — Statement showing Belling price and live weight of cattle in the Duchy of Brunt-
wick.

[From official census taken January 10, 1883.]
TOTAL SELLING PRICE.

Districts.

Calves not 6
weeks.

Calves from
6 weeks to 6
months.

Animals from
6 months to 2
years.

2 years and over.

Bulls
(breeders.)

Steers and
oxen.

Cows.

I

Marte.
4,680
3,744
25, 760
58,730
19,410
3,350

MarJct.
18, 340
8,788
114, 855
374, 940
84, 770
18, 240

Karlct.
89,886
64,665
699, 440
1, 809, 400
390, 600
118, 350

MarJcf.
7,685
10, 200
44,800
206, 400
20, 000
2,000

291,085

Harks.
11,250
81, 375
289, 080
1, 711, 660
77, 100
400

Marks.
4C5, 300
582, 930
3, 443, 280
8, 157, 900
2,130.800
544, 950

II „

TTT

IV

V ....

VI

Total in duchy.

115, 674

619, 933

3, 172, 341

2, 170, 865

15, 325, 160

Description : Ago at maturity, two and a half years ; weight of meat at maturity,
350 to 400 pounds, unfattened ; single colors, light reddish, brown, chestnut-brown
to brown-black. Head comparatively broad and short. Horns not particularly fine ;
are turned back. Rump and tail epiphysis slightly high. Udder small. Legs short
and fine-boned, small and very compact hoofs. They have been bred pure since
1830. The origin of breed was a cross of the local animals with those of Tyrol, and
are splended draft animals. The meat is of middling quality j milk fat and cheese
good.

Topography: Altitude, 300 to 500 meter; mean temperature, 4.85° to 5° C. ; sum-
mer, 11.56° to 12° ; winter, 1.51° to 0.5°. Soil transition from loam and clay to sand.

Substratum : Ancient crystalline stone, graywacke, slate, and chalk, with mixture
of diorite and porphyry.

Cultivated grasses: Red clover, Trifolium pratensc, often mixed with timothy
(Phleum),of late with Arthyllis vulneraria.

HARZ CATTLE FOE EXPORT TO THE UNITED STATES.

SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT BY CONSUL FOX, OF BRUNSWICK.

Supplementary to my previous report on the subject, I beg to say
that the best Harz cattle to import into the United States for breeding
purposes would appear to be young animals, yearling bulls and heifers,
and from three to four years old cows. The president of the Brunswick
Central Agricultural Association, to whom I am indebted for informa-
tion upon the subject, advises that in the event of the purchase of such
animals being determined upon, the parties interested address Mr. Kreis-
thierarzt Trolldenier, in Blankenburg, on the Harz. This gentleman is
a member of the official commission charged with the selection of breed-
ing animals for the duchy.

The price of the cattle will be about as follows :

Yearling bulls $47 60

Yearling heifers , 35 70

Pregnant heifers 57 12

Young cows b3 30

I - ."-

-

GERMANY. 483

Cost of transportation from Blankenburg to Hamburg and Bremen,
respectively :

Hamburg.

Bremen.

$7 49

$7 04

Car-load (10 cows or 12 heifers) ...

27 11

23 97

Nine square meters is taken as half a car-load, in which four cows or
five heifers can be placed. The person accompanying must be provided
with a third-class railway ticket.

WILLIAMS C. FOX,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Brunswick* January 18, 1884.

SPECIAL STATISTICS CONCERING HARZ CATTLE.

The following information was requested in order to properly locate, under similar
conditions in the United States, such foreign domesticated animals as have proved by
long experience to have been profitable in their native homes :

Annual average quantity of milk .liters*.. 1,200 to 1,600

Quantity of milk to 1 pound of butter do 11 to 12

Quantity of milk to 1 pound of cheese do 3

Live weight (cow) pounds.. 700 to 800

Methods of housing : In summer the cows are driven into sheds at night ; the heifers
remain in the fields. On account of the scarcity of straw the animals" stand on boards
on which sawdust is strewn.

Feeding : Hay, with a supplement of corn.

Breeding : Breeding very extensive. Calves are suckled by the mother from six to
eight weeks.

Handling products : The milk is placed in earthen pans ; after the cream has been
taken off, it is heated; small round cheese (Harzkiise) are manufactured from the
curd.

CATTLE IN THE GKAND DUCHY OF HESSE-DAKMSTADT.

REPORT BY COMMERCIAL AGENT SMITH, OF MAYENOE.
DESCRIPTION OF DUCHY.

I have the honor to make the following statement in response to cir-
cular instruction of the 18th July last, received October 3.

The Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, within which this consular
office is situated, lies between the degrees of 49° 24' and 50° 517 north
latitude, and 25° 32' and 27° 19' east longitude, at the northern ex-
tremity of the upper valley of the Ehine, which stretches from Basle to
Mayence, possessing a length of about 190 miles and a breadth of about
14 to 28 miles, with an elevation above the sea at Basle of 800 feet, and
at Mayence of 268, and sinking from south to north. In Hesse-Darm-
stadt this valley has its greatest width and lowest depression.

The duchy is made up of three provinces, two of which are south of
the river Main, and one north of it ; between which two divisions runs

*lliter=2.113 pints.

484

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

a narrow strip of Prussian territory, while tholUiine flows between tbe
two southern provinces, which provinces are known as Starkenburg,
lUiine-llesse. and Upper liesse. The area of the entire duchy amounts
to 1,897,254.71 square acres, 746,285.22 in Starkenburg; 339,535.06 in
Rhine-Hesse, and 811. 4o 1.43 in Upper Hesse; upon which, in 1880, lived
(>;>b'.340 human beings; 394, 574 in Starkenburg. 277,152 in Rhine Hesse,
and LMl. Oil in Upper Hesse. Of the 1.897,254.71 acres mentioned,
1,812, 008. 03 were devoted to agricultural, pasturage, vineyard, or forest
purposes, as follows :

Provinces.

Farm mid
garden laud.

Grass, mead-
ow, and
past are laud.

Yin eland.

Forest land.

S metre ft errs.
;';i" Kt'.'.i ]c.">

Square acres.
£•"> 4, "3 (>'»

Square acres.
1 U(:4 36

Square acres.
313 1)37 13

Rhiue-llesse

•>,;4 [>•',(] iCir)

] "> i r>o of)

93 jui 40

]G '537 40

147 tGO 4")

45 ''7

°G'' 714 83

LppLi. -Lit .•>.>«

°4 811 0(J

59° 989 3G

Starkenburg can be best designated as the district lying between the
lUiine, Main, and Iseckar, by which rivers it as almost completely en-
circled. The valley of the lihine forms the western part of the province,
to which on the north the valley of the Main is adjoined, while to the
east of the former of these valleys and in a southerly direction from the
latter runs the Odenwald Mountain range. This Odenwald is a wooded
mountain district between Darmstadt and Heidelberg, and has a length
of about 40 miles and a breadth of from 21 to 30. Its highest points' are
1,059, 1.809, 1,83-4, 1,GZ9, and 1,024 feet, respectively. More than one-
half of Starkenburg is of a ilat character, consisting, for the most part,
of a sandy soil, which toward Odenwald seems to be much mixed with
the remains of rocks of a primitive and volcanic origin, by which its
bearing capacity is materially raised. Small scattered tracts of clay,
clay marl. loam, and turf also appear, which bring about a high degree
of fertility. In its most northerly part, in its foreparts, and throughout
the Gersprenz Valley the Odenwald exhibits an exceedingly rich loamy
soil; in its entire western part, so far as agriculturally available, it pos-
sesses chietl.y a loamy to clayey soil ; while in its entire eastern and
southeastern parU a commoner loamy soil of colored sandstone pre-
vails.

IJhine-IIesse is the most fertile of the three provinces, and the small-
est. It is of a hilly nature, and is bounded on the north and east by
the lihine. Its soil is composed of intermingled areas of calcareous
marl, clay marl, porous silicious earth, and chalky loam, not plastic, and
quartz-sand. The soil of the- province, is throughout very rich, but suf-
fers in certain places from dryness.

Upper Hesse lies high above the sea, and has no large plains. It is
in part; of an undulating character, and partly of a rough, unfertile
mountainous nature. The eastern and western divisionsof the province
are wholly unlike, the soil of the, ^estrrn portion being very fertile,
while that of the eastern is very poor.

CLIMATE C'K JIKSSK-DAKMSTADT.

In Starkcnbnrg, in the valleys of the lihine, and Main, the climate is
in general of a mild South-German type, which, in consequence of the
vicinity of the, wooded Odenwald and the influence of the lihine and

GERMANY.

485

Main, are subject to weather changes, and especially to fogs, while that
part of the flat land lying between the Khine and Odenwald, which is
without forests, suffers in summer at times from dryness, because the
storms and clouds upon passing the Ehine hasten to the Odenwald. The
Odenwakl with slight exceptions, possesses a very fine mountain cli-
mate that is mild. The climate of Upper Hesse is much rawer than
that of Starkenburg, and more like the climate of Northern Germany.
Ehine-Hesse, hilly, poorly watered, and almost forestless, is a warm
vineland, whose soil and air become very warm at midday during the
summer months and quickly cool at eventide, so that in the spring-time
frosts at night are often productive of much damage to vegetation.
The average temperature, fall of rain, &c., of Hesse-Darmstadt, taken
from the observations of fourteen years, from 1866 to 1879, inclusive,
at Darmstadt, Starkenburg, Mayence, Ehine-Hesse, and Giessen, Upper
Hesse, are :

Average temperature.

Seasons.

Darmstadt.

Mayenco.

Giessen.

Winter ... ..•

f>R.
_j_l 31

°.R.
_l_ A 3

OJ2.

i o 28

7 79

7 14

6 62

Summer

15 OQ

15 31

13 50

7 98

7 81.

6 88

For the year

8 005

7 C42

6 840

Average fall of rain.

Seasons.

Darmstadt.

Mayence.

Giessen.

Winter

c. c.

14 23

c. c.
1° 69

c. c.

16 28

Spring

15 59

13 82

13 15

Summer

21 84

19 26

10 fir»

Autumn. ...........

16 90

15 12

16 29

ITor the year

68 56

60 89

gc r,7

Average number of rainy and snowy days each year.

Season.

Darmstadt.

Mayence.

Goissen.

Eainy.

Snowy.

Rainy.

Snowy.

Rainy.

Snowy.

Winter

39 40
47 14
49 01

14.80
4.93

31.00
40.80
48. 00
38.00

13.10
4.93

""LTO

38.50
42. 00
48.21
43.50

18.00
0.08

""S." 80

Spring

Summer ....

45.50
181, 04

3.80
23.~53~

Fortkeyear

152. 80

19.73

172.21

27.28

CATTLE IN THE DUCHY.

Hesse-Darmstadt is adapted to the raising of cattle, but. in the trans-
ated language of the general-secretary of the Duchy, " the breeding of
jattle in Hesse is an old, but alas, in no'wise a very satisfactory story."

e natural types of the cattle of the Odenwald* and Vogelsberg,* as
1 as those of the Donnersberg,* were of such a character that they

* Mountains in Hesse.

48.G

CATTLE AND DAIKY FARMING.

would have furnished an excellent basis for breeding purposes had the
subject received that attention from the authorities and people that it
eminently deserves, but, except by a few small farmers and communi-
ties, the matter has been neglected to such an extent that it has become
a question of serious concern to all. The matter is further complicated
by the fact that the small territory constituting Hesse-Darmstadt is
owned by a host of proprietors, of which there are 165,535, or about
that number, of whom 59 per cent, control less than 1 hectare;* 25.20
per cent., between 1 and 5 hectares; 10 per cent., between 5 and 10; 3.80
per cent., between 10 and 20 ; while only 2 per cent, hold more than 20
hectares. This, while advantageous to the, people in one respect, is very
unfavorable to cattle-raising. The Odenwald race has almost entirely
died out, and the Vogelsberg, a small, strong species, good for food
and draft purposes, is in nearly a similar condition. The Starkenburg
and Ehine-Hesse cattle are now being somewhat improved in isolated
quarters through the introduction of Simmenthal bulls. In years past
the various agricultural associations endeavored to raise the character
of the cattle of the Duchy, but want of proper fodder and other causes
conspired to thwart their aims. The Schwytz Brown cattle were first
tried until 1869, but it was found that they did not cross well with the
native cattle of Hesse, and the spotted cattle of the Simmenthal, be-
tween which and the native races of Hesse a relationship is said to
exist, are, now being used with much better success. After this ex-
perience with the Schwitz the coarse, red-spotted cattle of the Bernese
Oberland were selected, but as the milk-giving capacity of this species
had received little or no attention from the Swiss it was discovered
that a mistake had been made in turning to this variety, and in recent
years the finer, yellow-spotted cattle, especially the Saanenthal, have
been chosen in order to bring about an increase of milk, which trial
has not been long enough in operation to state results to any extent.
More attention is also being now given to the feeding of cattle than
formerly. The chief obstacle, as already stated, in the way of success-
ful breeding has been the want of ample pasturage, by reason of the
small size in general of the farms in Hesse, and also the lack of encour-
agement from the state.

CATTLE STATISTICS OF HESSE-DARMSTADT.

According to an enumeration of cattle made in 1873, there were then
in the Duchy the following number of animals :

Provinces.

Young cattle 6 months to 2
years old.

Animals over 2 years old.

Grand
total.

Calves
lesa than
0 months
old.

Between
6 months
and 2

years.

Bulls for
breeding

Total.

Breeding
steers.

Other
steers and
oxen.

Cows.

Starkenburg

12, 104
15, 748
5,423

23, 156
31,567
11,113

524
681
455

62, 036
79, 909
42, 993

624
717
342

3,913

8,737
1,017

57, 499
70, 455
41,634

97, 296
127, 224
59, 529

Upper Hesse
Rhine-Hesse ......

Total Grand Dnchy.

33, 275

65, 836

1,640

184, 938

1,683

13, 667

169, 588

284, 049

The Grand Duchy has in round numbers about nine hundred and
forty thousand persons to nourish, who require per head on an average

*One hectare is a very little less than 2£ acres.

GERMANY. ' 48 f

about 120 kilograms* of inilk, 15 kilograms of butter, and 7.5 kilograms
of cheese, amounting in all to about GOO liters! of milk each, and
560,000,000 liters for tho entire population, that is, more than double
the quantity which the Duchy itself produces, which in 187G amounted
to only 264,983,824 liters. According to the same statistics the average
quantity of milk per cow was :

Liters.

In Starkenburg, about 1,680

In Upper IIcssc, about 1, 500

In Rhino-Hesse, about 1,900

In Grand Duchy, about 1,G50

It is also estimated that Hesse is obliged to draw annually from out-
side sources the flesh of about seven thousand five hundred and fifty
oxen.

Hesse-Darmstadt thus presents a poor field to the view of those who
are seeking fine types of breeding-cattle.

JAS. HENRY SMITH,

Commercial Agent.
UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL AGENCY,

Mayence, November 23. 1883.

CATTLE IN THE RHINE PROVINCE.

REPORT BY CONSUL SPACEMAN, OF COLOGNE.

In reply to circular of July 18, 1883, requesting information as to cat-
tle-breeding in this consular district, I have the honor to report as fol-
lows:

There is no cattle-breeding of any importance in the immediate neigh-
borhood of Cologne. The stock in the greater part of this district is
not sufficient for home demands, but the deficiency is generally supplied
by Holland. In the whole Ehine Province the total number of cattle
Is about 1;700,000, including from 800,000 to 900,000 cows. The prin-
cipal breeds are the Birkenfeld, Westerwald and Eifel, named after the
sections of country in which they are raised.

THE BIRKENFELD BREED.

The best kind for export to the United States is the Birkenfeld. If
well fed and properly cared for they grow very large and give a good
supply of milk, they being stronger than the other kinds and better
able to endure severe weather. This species is the same as the cele-
brated Oldenburg breed, Birkenfeld now belonging to -the Duchy of
Oldenburg and being a narrow strip of ground near Treves and south
of the river Moselle. Tho cattle were formerly sent from Oldenburg
to Birkenfeld, and have since remained a pure breed. At the age of
four years the best animals command the following prices : For a cow,
1125 to $150, and for an ox or bull. 8175 to $190. A one-year-old bull
costs from $100 to $115.

THE WESTER WALD BREED,

The Westerwald is a mountainous region cast of the Rhine and be-
tween the valleys of the Sieg and Lahn, and the cattle in this district

* A kilogram = 2.2040:213 pounds avoirdupois. t A liter = 1.76077 pints.

488 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

are smaller than those in Birkenfeld and the F.ifel. but the quality of
their meat is much liner. A good cow eosts about £ 1-10, and an ox or
bull -$105, while a one-year-old bull can be bought for 875.

THE EIFEL DREED.

The- Kifel is also a mountainous district, about 45 miles in length
and 1* 1 miles in breadth, situated between the rivers Ixhine, Moselle,
and later. The cattle here are very strong, and are used for agricult-
ural purposes and often in place of horses. They are not recommended
for export, on account of the peculiar country and soil to which they
are accustomed. They cost about the same as the Birkeufeld breed,
although they are much smaller.

HOUSING AND FEEDING.

The generality of these different breeds of cattle are kept in stables
during a greater part of the year, and graze in the meadows after the
grass is cut. Plenty of good water is indispensable to the health
of the animals. While in stables, and if in the neighborhood of sugar
manufactories, they are fed upon the remains of sweet turnips, 'which
are considered very excellent for food, and in other places they receive
hay, bran, the refuse from distilleries, cut turnips, and oil and linseed
cakes.

The only species which is in the open air most of the year is the
Birkenfeki or Oldenburg. They give milk for almost nine months of
the year, and during the lirst three months as much as the remaining
six together, the quantity varying in the iirst montLs from 15 to 18 liters
per day.

CATTLE-MARKET OF NEUSS.

The principal market for the sale of cattle is in the city of Neuss not,
far from Cologne. Animals are sent there for sale from the Rhine
LYovinee, Birkenfeld, Holland, &c., and a large proportion of the buy-
ers are ! 'elgians.

SHIPMENT OF CATTLE TO THE UNITED STATES.

The mo.-t convenient and cheapest way of sending cattle to the United
States from here is by rail to Antwerp, a distance of 157 miles from
Cologne, and from there by steamers to New York. The cars vary in
si/I-, but one of is square meters accommodates nine cattle, and costs

>. SO francs or 817.11 to Antwerp. A man must be employed, at the
rate oj' >• 1.10 per day, to accompany the animals, and 75 cents is charged
for '-leaning and disinfecting the ear at the, end of the journey. II ay
for feeding costs »o cents, rnakingthe total expenses to Antwerp $10.30,
or -'-.!."> for each animal. .From there they can be shipped to New York
;:i the steamers of the White Cross Line at the following rates: £0 (or
•*: I.1'*, no, each for full-grown cattle, .C.~> (or $:M.,T>) each for yearlings, and
.!J ' 'or •• M>.17) each for calves. These sums include all charges.

The annexed statements give the statistics for cattle-breeding in this
consular district, as far as 1 have, been able to obtain them.

SA:\H;J;L «I>ACKMAN,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSTLATJ:.

Cologne, December 197 1885.

GEEMANY.

General statifstics concerning Rliinc Province cattle.

489

1

|

Size at maturity.

Live weight.

Name of breed.

Annual average
production of
milk.

5|

Is

TH 01

Name of
country.

•W'S

^*o

.•

•

^

.J

I

9

o
0

1

H
O

a

1

5

Pounds.

Liters*

Liters.

Feet.

F^f

Fwf.

Hi

i&».

i6«.

Birkenfelder. .

9,708

16

8

Birkenfeld...

4g

4«

1,900

2,400

2,400

Westerwalder .

7, 600 to 8, 250
7, 700 to 8, 250

16
16 to 17

8
8

AVesterwald .
Efiel

%

4

H

1,200
1,400

1,800
2,000

1,800
2,000

*A liter is .22009687 of a gallon.
Topography.

Name of country.

Altitude.

Mean tem-
perature.

Summer.

Winter.

Birkenfeld - .

Feet.
980 to 1,030
980 to 2, 300
980 to 2, 300

°F.
44 to 47
44 to 4T
44to5i

°F.
61 to 63
61 to 63
61 to 66

o F.
26 to 30
26 to 30
26 to 35

Westorwald . . ............ ... ........

Eifel

Name of coun-
try.

SoH.

Substratum.

Cultivated grasses.

Birkenfeld

"Westerwald
Eifei

Chalky

Slate

Fine grass in cultivated dis-
tricts, and in many parts of
the country fine lucern clover.
Fine grass and common clover.
Short grass and white clover.

Basalt

Basalt

Volcanic tufa, basalt, and tra-
chyte, and in some parts of
the Eifel trias formation.

Volcanic tufa, &c.

DESCRIPTION, ETC.

BirTcenf elder : This breed is of reddish-yellow (more red than yellow) color ; the cow
is about 4 feet 6 inches high and very long in proportion to height ; the dewlap is very
large, horns of ordinary size ; they arrive at maturity in four years, or after changing
teeth. The product is 4,800 liters of milk or 600 pounds of cheese ; meat, 1,025 pounds
for cow and 1,250 pounds for ox (dead weight). For the first four or five weeks calves
receive milk direct from the cows ; afterwards they are fed upon a mixture of ordinary
milk and linseed cake. Animals are only housed'during the severest winter weather,
and then placed in ordinary stables. In winter the animals are fed upon white turnips,
bran, refuse from distilleries, oil and linseed cake, and in summer upon grass and
hay.

Westencalder : This breed is fawn color, with white faces or head, very large neck
and dewlap, and very long in proportion to height ; the horns are not very long and
stand upright. Age at maturity the same as Birkenfeld. The product is 3,700 to
4,000 liters of milk or 400 to 500 pounds of cheese ; meat, 650 pounds for cow and 950
pounds for ox. Directly after their birth calves are taken from the cows and fed
with good milk for the first month, and afterwards with a mixture of sour milk and
buttermilk ; if this should prove too much of a laxatixe the sour milk is mixed with
a paste made of linseed powder and warm water. The animals are housed most of
the year, but are turned out in the fields after tho grass is cut. The feed is bran,
sweet turnips, and beets.

Eifel. — Dark brown color, with white spots, ordinary form, the neck and dewlap not
being so large as the Birkenfeld. Age at maturity same as above. The product is
3,800 to 4,000 liters of milk or 475 to 500 pounds of cheese ; meat, 750 pounds for cow
and 1,050 pounds for ox. Tho calves of this breed are treated and fed in the same
manner as the Westerwalder. The animals are kept in ordinary stables during the
severest winter weather ; their food consisting of turnips, refuse from distilleries, &c.

Tho principal markets for the sale of butter and cheese are in Cologne, Cobleuce,
nnd Mayence, where they are sent by boat or rail.

480 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

DENMAKK.

DANISH CATTLE,

EE POET BY CONSUL RYDER, OF COPENHAGEN,

I have herewith the honor to inclose, duly filled out, the form annexed
to the circular from the Department under date of 18th July last, with
reference to cattle-breeding, and at the same time have the honor to
present the following observations relating to this matter :

Denmark possesses two breeds of cattle, namely, the Eed Danish and
the Black Spotted Jutland. The first named constitute the cattle herds
of the islands, as also of those of a few districts in the southern part of
Jutland, whilst the Black Spotted are to be found throughout all the
Jutland districts. Side by side with these two breeds are to be found,
in a few districts, more especially in Jutland, some of the Shorthorn
cattle.

THE RED DANISH CATTLE.

This is one of the most noted milking breeds in existence. This breed
has been formed by improving on the well known- Angeln breed from
Schleswig, which, with more abundant foddering and care, has in Den-
mark been brought to greater size and with larger development in
milking qualities.

The Ked Danish breed, when full grown and in good milking condi-
tion, has a weight of from 900 to 1,050 pounds and as a rule their
first calving season takes place at the age of two and one-fourth to
two and one-half years. After the first, and in part after the second
calving periods, they do not give their full yield of milk, but neither do
they require such generous foddering. There are large numbers of
these cows which give an annual yield of 8,000 pounds of milk; and it
is not infrequent amongst the best cattle herds to find cows giving 10,000
pounds of milk in the course of a year. In the bountiful-fed herds it
is frequently a matter of difficulty to keep the cow dry some time before
calving. In order, however, to spare and strengthen the animal, every
method is employed to run her dry for the space of six to eight weeks.

In the inclosed form of the cattle circular, it will be observed that
the average annual milk yield is put down at 6,500 pounds ; but this is
to be understood as being the average twelve months7 yield during tbe
cow's entire life period; so that its yield whilst a young cow is also in-
cluded therein.

The Eed Danish cattle are almost entirely used as dairy herds, and,
while in good milking condition the cow remains thin. Not only does
she convert all her food into milk, but appears also to perform the same
operation with the fat and muscles of her body; but so soon as she falls
off in her milking qualities and begins to run dry she fattens easily.

BLACK SPOTTED JUTLAND BREED.

These cattle are about the same size as the Danish red breed, although
of somewhat heavier build, and with bodies of slightly greater breadth
and depth.

DENMARK.

491

The Jutland breed of cattle are used both for dairy and meat purposes,
and are exported annually in large numbers in a, fattened condition
from Jutland to the English markets. The midland, northern, and
more especially the western districts of Jutland have from, early times
been noted for the superiority of their breeds and a large number of
heifers and young cows are every year bought up in these districts for
removal to other parts of the Kingdom.

During the last fifteen to twenty years the Jutland breed has been
greatly improved, both in regard to milking qualities and in its earlier
maturity.

The average quantity of its milk yield as given in the inclosed circular
form, is attained by all good cows of the Jutland breed, and this amount
is exceeded by not a few of them. At the same time this breed is of such
thriving character that the bullocks can attain'a weight of 1,000, to 1,100
pounds at the age of one asd one-half years, and a weight of 1,300 to
1,400 pounds at the age of two and one-half years.

The object constantly kept in view in Jutland is the development of
milking qualities, whilst retaining at the same time a broad, deep, and
well built body.

NUMBER OF CATTLE IN DENMARK.

In the year 1881 there were in the Danish islands 586,497 head of
cattle 5 in Jutland, 883,581— total in Denmark, 1,470,078.

EXPORTS OF DANISH CATTLE.

The export of cattle from October 1, 1881, to September 30, 1882
was 99,759 head, with an average export for the decennium from Oc-
tober 1, 1871, to September 30, 1881, of 84,550 head.

Of these exports about 60,000 head, annually are sent to the English
markets in fattened condition, and about 30,000 to Germany as lean
cattle.

DANISH CATTLE FOR THE UNITED STATES.

Parties desirous of introducing Danish cattle into the United States
as breeding stock will meet with no difficulties in the way of trans-
portation, as there has for some years been in existence a regular line
of Danish steamers running between Copenhagen and New York, carry-
ing emigrants and cargo at about the current going rates of frieght
from the English ports.

The cost of the Danish cattle will also be considerably less than for
the English Shorthorn, Ayrshire, and Durham breeds.

HENRY IB. RYDER,

Consul
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Copenhagen, December 31, 1883.

Special statistics concerning cattle in Denmark.

Red Danish
cattle.

Jutland cattle.

Annnal average production of milk

Pounds.
6 500

Pounds.
5,800

Milk to 1 pound of butter

28

26

Live weight :
Cow
Bull

900 to 1,4 50
1 200 to 1 400

900 to 1, 100

1,400

Ox

1,200 to 1,400

492 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAKMllsG.

ReA Danish cattle : Color, red ; product, milk, butter, and skim cheese, '.they have
been bred pure in Denmark for thirty to forty years. Origin of breed, Angel Schleswig.

Jutland cattle: Color, black; age at maturity, three to three and a half years;
weight, 800 to 900 pounds ; product same as Red Danish. The origin of breed is Jut-
laud ; they have always been bred pure.

The cattle are housed in cow-sheds from October 1 to the middle of May. The cows
and heifers are tied into the stalls. The feed for a cow in milk is 8 to 10 pounds of
corn and like, 8 to 10 pounds of hay, straw and some roots (about 20 to 40 pounds of
roots). Heifers are put to the bull at fifteen to eighteen months old. The butter-
milk and whey are used for feeding pigs.

Topography, $c. : Altitude, slight; mean temperature, 74° C.; summer, 15.4° C., win-
ter, 0.5° C. Soil, clay ; the subsoil consists of a marly clay, of glacial origin, contains
large bowlders, and known as " bowlder clay." Timothy, clover, rye grass, &c.,
are cultivated.

THE ANGELN CATTLE OF DENMARK.

REPORT BY CONSUL RYDER, OF COPENHAGEN.

I have the honor to transmit a report on cattle of the Angeln breed
in Denmark.

A woody landscape, with comparatively small fields, surrounded by
sheltering live hedges; a fertile, genial soil, with good grass growth,
and cattle, which, from remote times, have always been raised for their
milking qualtities, with a full ignoring of meat production, and, in
former times, with a contracted breeding increase, as also a sparse
winter foddering, and finally, a certain care taken by the population in
watching over the good descent of the cows on the mothers' side — tbe$e
are the chief points from the influences of which the Angeln breed has
been formed.

There may have been other causes of which I am ignorant ; for ex-
ample, special qualities of soil and grass, which might have influenced
this interweaving ; but to allow that the Angeln breed springs from
doubtful crossings in remoter times, that the breed sprung from English
cattle which one of England's kings had presented to his sister, the
dowager duchess of Holstein, is not needed to show their peculiar quali-
ties. A close observation will show that the same causes which in these
days keep up the Angeln breed can be accepted as having been suffi-
ciently potent in course of time to form the breed.

As the most prominent features of the better class of animals may
be mentioned a fine, and, considered as milking cows, a regular construc-
tion of bone, to which may be added a somewhat small and delicate
head (with long lower jaw), also fine, white, slightly up-curved horns,
a lean and rather angular body, thin, fine neck, a fine and, frequently,
loose, smooth skin, and finally well-developed milk organs, and, as a rule,
large hind quarters. The Angeln cow, as compared with the island
cattle of this country, may be considered as under the average size.

According to reports the weight of a four-year-old bull or five-year-
cow averages 750 to 800 pounds, which may, however, be considered
as somewhat high.

These well-known features of structure in the Angeln cows are in
such close connection with the general life-conditions of the race that
in all chief respects they easily allow of being guided thereby.

Owing to the great stress laid on the milking properties of the covr,
and to the fact that the offspring are either sold at a young age for
breeding purposes or as lean cows for grazing, for the promotion of
the milking qualities, the cattle movement for the meat production as

DENMARK. 493

a general trade Las not exercised any important influence on the de-
velopment of the race, as lias been the case in Jutland. The effect of
this tendency to form families and races, which is very general in An-
gelaud, must not be estimated too lightly, for it has been the means of
keeping the good stock together. In the Augeln breeding the greatest
importance is attached to the cow and the least to the bull. The bull
here is always young, but this has both its weak as well as its strong
sides in land husbandry.

The cattle interests in Angeland have thus in full measure reaped the
benefit from the breed, having stood ready and fully developed when
the demand of the present day for improvement began to make itself
felt, as the neighboring countries, to a large extent, have sought it for
breeding. It is only the Dutch cattle which in that respect offer op-
position to the Angeln breed.

When the Angeln breed was first introduced into the country can
scarcely be stated with any certainty. The oldest known herds date
from thirty to forty years back, but it is possible that the importation
took place earlier than that in the island of Fyen, which was at that
time the highway for cattle from South Jutland to the islands and to
Copenhagen.

Even if the chief part of the cattle which came that way were from
North Schleswig and Ballum, still it may be supposed that some An-
geln cattle may have followed the stream. This importation has gradu-
ally become very considerable.

Although there have naturally occurred several crossings with the
allied groups of cattle in the islands, still it comes probably nearer the
truth if one considers the extension of the Angeln breed to be due more
to the introduction of the cattle on the spot than to crossing therewith.

The cattle census of this country shows very plainly what part the
Augeln cattle play, not only in the islands, but in Jutland.

On taking the census there were ascertained to,be of Angeln bulls and
bulls of native breed as follows :

Districts.

A.ngeln.

Native
races.

1866.

1 981

10 891

266

4 833

1871.

1 9C1

7 907

'266

4 208

1870.

2 380

7 091

In Jutland . ................... . . . . ... . ... . ....

300

4 376

From 1871 the breed of Angeln cattle makes rapid progress, whilst
the foddering at the same time becomes more plentiful, and the require-
ments for a larger milk yield is awakened.

On the islands the Angeln bulls have increased in the last five years
21 per cent, and in Jutland 13 per cent. With this increase it cannot
be doubted but that the race has been introduced into unadaptable dis-
tricts. Accustomed to sheltered fields in its native home, and delicate
of structure, it naturally calls for attention and care in its treatment.
But it has also been shown that it can thrive well and increase its milk-
ing powers, even in a severe climate, when it receives a continued lib-
eral and regular course of feeding the whole year round.

494 CATTLK AND DAIRY FARMING.

When 0110 is unable to bestow such nourishment on tho Angeln cattle,
it would bo advisable not to keep thoin, because, just us they are able
to make a return lor their liberal koop. they are liable to recede where
the soil, climate, and natural conditions are unfavorable. Xot only do
they fall off in their milking qualities, but they sink under attacks of
consumption.

\Vlien the breed of Angela cattle began to be cultivated in this coun-
try strong, nourishing fodder was far from being common, and even on
the larger estates much less fodder was given than in later times.

The ruling principles in breeding wore to preserve and to further
develop the fineness in the breed, and mainly from a scanty feeding
and from the early stage of calving of the young cows this fineness was
at times carried to a dangerous extent. Gradually, however, a reaction
took place in this respect, and subsequent to the agricultural meeting
in Copenhagen in 1800, there commenced a demand for greater body
development, whilst at the same time a more liberal foddering became
general. J>nt it was also shown that the Angela cattle did not disown
their natural thriving tendencies, for the breed by degrees willingly
submitted to the new requirements demanded of them, and even in such
herds, where most advancement had been made in the direction of line-
ness, but where, however, health had been preserved, good results could
be obtained.

Those movements inbreeding Angela cows, and the results therefrom
in later times, are contrary to the belief that when the necessary fine-
ness has boon reached in any productive breed and becomes a sign of
race or descent, that then a very considerable structural development,
both as regards body and bone surface, and therewith a corresponding
life existence, may be given to the animal without any sensible loss
therefrom in iineaess, whilst the producing properties are increased at
the same time.

Sufficient attention has not always been given to these points, and
those who have cither received their views of the Angela breed from
the period whoa the general desire was for elegance, or from those herds
of the- present day, whore, they pertinaciously hold to the same, and W!K>
have scarcely paid attention to the movements of the last ten years in
the advanced herds of tho country, can yet be astonished at what they
have noticed in the. Iineaess and so-called one-sided consequences in
daiiy thrift. In those parts of this country, where one only in the
later years has begun to understand what dairy thrift really means, it
has been very hard for them to got rid of the scare which the remem-
brance of by-gone days associated with the ideal of a good milch cow.
The above-mentioned experience in regard to the development of the
line Angcln breed in the last ten years wiil, however, without any doubt,
soon help to dissipate this scare once, for all. Kvou if it bo taken for
granted that the Angela cattle in their native home have, as before
staled, a weight of 7."io to 800 pounds each, which calculation is from
1S77. and thus included the progress, small as it is, which the breed
lias made even in its native home, still this weight is probably not a
little above what the, lino Angela cattle weighed from the year 1800.
I Jul even if one goes out from 7.~>0 to 800 pounds for a five-year-old cow
a considerable iner-ase in weight can be seen in the Aagoln cattle, now
in t his count ry.

For the year is.Sl the following weights have been given of Aageln
cows on a Danish farm, namely, 17 head of cows, 0 live- years old, that
had calved weighed OIL* pounds per head; M head of cows, seven 4 years
old. thai had not calved, weighed 1,0,1S pounds per head; three-year-old

DENMARK.

495

heifers weighed 820 pounds per head ; two-year-old heifers 798 pounds
per head.

Crabel places the milk yield of an Angeln cow of 750 to 800 pounds at
2,300 to 2,500 liters of milk. This milk yield was obtained with the fol-
io wing daily fodder: 8 to 10 pounds hay; 3 pounds wheat-bran; 2 pounds
peas ; 2 pounds oats ; 1 pound bruised meal ; 10 pounds buts, or else 8
to 10 pounds hay ; 5 pounds barley ; 3 pounds oats ; 2 pounds wheat
bran and straw.

It is not stated what the above-mentioned 17 cows that had calved
yielded of milk in the year, but it is pretty certain that any 17 head of
six-year-old cattle of the farm's herd will yield much more during the
year, and which would be equivalent to 6.2 times their weight of body.

If the average weight is taken of one to two year 'and of two to
three year old heifers, together with that of the 17 cows, which prob-
ably will not be far from agreeing with the proportions between the
older cows and the heifers on the farm, an average weight of 838 pounds
will be obtained, and which for an average milk product in the year for
the whole herd of 6,100 pounds will give a proportion of about 1 : 7.2.

Thus there is not only a considerable increase in weight of body but
also in absolute and relative yield of milk. Even supposing that the
herd on this farm is somewhat superior to those on others, it still does
not weaken what has been maintained, as most surely the greatest part
of the Angeln herds in this country will be able to show a similar, even
though it be a somewhat smaller progress.

HENRY B. RYDER,

Consul.

CONSULATE OP THE UNITED STATES,

Copenhagen April 20, 1882.

BUTTER EXPORT OF DENMARK.

REPORT BY CONSUL RYDER, OF COPENHAGEN.

I have the honor to present a report on the butter exports from this
Kingdom to Great Britain, together with the relative position taken
by this country under this head as compared with the other important
exporting lands.

The steady and extensive progress which has been maintained by this
country in this important branch of dairy produce during the last eight-
een years is of very striking character, and is brought prominently to
light in the following statistical returns, showing the quantities and
estimated value in round numbers of the exports in the past years:

Export* ofDanbli luttcr from 1866 to 1883.

Year.

Quantity.

Value.

Tear.

Quantity.

Value.

lF6fl

Cwts.
67 305

$1 526 000

1875

Cwls.

OA« 171

Af* rtAA AAA

f 80 589

2 033 000

1876

°05 195

fi ^79 ft 00,

18i8

79 437

2 290 000

1877

18C3

103 613

2 794 000

1878

049 407

707* ArtA

1870

]oy" 013

3* 6°8* 000

1879

1871

140 857

3 904 000

1880

Of)/) -I C7

0 fpy AAA

1872

173 574

4 905* 000

1881

1873

201 558

5 849* 000

1882

304 7T>

o QOi no A

1874....^.

22G 053

6 618 000

1883

353 584

10 457 000

496 CATTLE AXD DAIRY FARMING.

In connection with this movement it is of interest to take note of the
information conveyed through English statistical returns of the butter
imports into that Kingdom during the same period from the chief
butter-exporting lands, viz, the United States, Uelgium, France, and
Holland.

Jt will be sullicient here to give these import returns for the year
1883, which were of the following nature, viz:

From— Quantity. Valu

Cu-fg.

Tnit t-<l Statos 1 -!'J. 1 1;:: $2, 73.'{, OUU

In ]_• .I.: 1 11 5if. tins 1, '.'Tft, 000

Fi aiict- ."o;;. L'l'i) , I'J, C.Mt, ot'O

Holland ^, -Co i "20, 4'M, OuO

Upon critical investigation, however, of the returns for previous
years, it is seen that tiie butter exports from the United States have
been subjected to considerable lluetuatinns: that whilst these exports in
1809 only amounted 17,203 cwts., they had in iS70 reached up to 118,1.'$!
cwts., continuing still on the increase for some years, when in 1870
they had attained their maximum point of 301, 0,~vi cwts. From that
date they have apparently been on the decline until in 1882 they are
only seen to amount to 51.240 cwts., again rising, however, in 1883, to
120,103 cwts. The imports from Belgium are likewise seen to have
been retrograding. They would, appear to have reached their highest
stage at the close of the sixth decade to the commencement of the
seventh, when, in 1871, the imports from that country are credited with
in,.")3i) cwts. All the subsequent years show a gradual decline, and at
the present day they ligurc for little more than one-half of the amount
attained in 1871.

The butter exports from France to Great F.ritain have, on the other
hand, been maintained without any perceptible changes, whilst the ex-
ports from Holland are found to have met with a very considerable in-
crease; but this rapid increase is more apparent than real. It is with-
out doubt in great measure due to the very large production and export
from that country in the latter years of spurious butter, and which in
the Fnglish ret urns are not classed under a distinct rubric, but are indis-
criminately mixed up with real butter: thus, whilst the exports from
Holland in 1872 were only 209,001 cwts.. in the year 1883 they iignre
for the large amount of 988,200 cwls. As before mentioned this great
increase is chielly made up by the heavy exports of butterine, &c.

In instituting a comparison between the exports from Denmark for
the year 1883, with those from (he, other previously mentioned lands,
it. will be seen that the exports from this Kingdom are, nearly three;
times as large as the exports from the United States, nearly seven
times as large as those from Belgium, and are only interior to those
from France and 1 lolland.

It is at the same time of interest to cxamin" the estimated values
which are placed upon (he butler from the different countries in the
Fnglish statistical ta!>!e>, these.valuations in the returns for the year
1883 being denoted as follows, viz :

Per rwt.

Danish ImttiT $21) .r>i)

l-'n-neh hut ter 2."> 00

j'el^ian I »ut ter 25 00

I'n i fed States l)ii tier 22 .r>0

Duteh l>utt« r .. 20 00

DENMARK. 497

The Danish butter thus being placed at the head of the list as regards
value and at considerably higher rate than its competitors, next com-
ing France and Belgium, thereafter the United States, and last of all
Holland j the low values for this country being again influenced as be-
fore remarked, by the large amount of spurious butter included in the
returns. The total estimated value of these butter exports from the
above-mentioned five countries in 1883 closely approached $48,000,000.

Whilst passing these figures under review it must not, however, be
forgotten that the estimated values of these tables are based upon the
aggregate imports from each country, and that it chiefly tends to shoAV
that the high position held by this Kingdom is mainly owing to her ex-
ports consisting on the whole of a high standard class of butter ; whilst
a far greater proportion of inferior butter is included in the exports from
the other countries, and it must on no account be taken for granted from
these tables that Danish butter at all times commands the highest prices
in the English markets, as it is a well known fact that it by no means
obtains the prices paid for the fresh, sweet, unsalted classes of English
and French butter.

From France the imports may be said to consist of two kinds. The
one coming from the northern part of that country is sweet and unsalted
and made up in pieces of 2 to 3 pounds weight, packed in small boxes of
willow bark, whereas the other sorts are from the collected purchases
from the smaller land -owners throughout the country, but salted and
packed in ordinary butter casks. This sweet, unsalted butter of England
and France can at all times command in the English markets the higher
price of 4 to 6 cents per pound above that of the very finest quality of
Danish butter.

In the latter case a small quantity of this sweet, unsalted butter, packed
in the same way as the French article, has likewise been exported from
this country ; but the long sea route and the present restricted steam
intercourse with the English ports, have prevented any great develop-
ment in the manufacture thereof, whilst the French producers, being on
the other hand favored by a short sea route and almost daily steam
communications, are enabled to secure the full advantages of these ex-
treme prices. The sweet, unsalted description of butter is almost ex-
clusively directed to the great London market, whereas in the great
Manchester market and other large northern towns in England, Danish,
French (salted), Dutch, and American butter is chiefly to be met with.

^'ithout question the sweet, unsalted butter must be considered as the
finest and most renumerative description for export, and which the
producers in the northern parts of France are fully alive to. Here it is
equally felt that more satisfactory results could be obtained for the Dan-
ish butter if it could only be exported with all safety in the sweet, un-
salted state, but, unfortunately, it is too liable to injury during the
lengthened period of transport under the present restricted means of
steam communication between the two countries. The great importance
of a more rapid and more frequent intercourse with the great London
market is now so keenly felt here by the agricultural classes that pe-
titions have been sent in from all the agricultural societies to the home
ministry for subsidies in aid of proposed line of steamers to run from
the port of Esbjen, on the west coast of Jutland, with a biweekly serv-
ice. It is calculated that a sea voyage from that port to London may
be accomplished on ordinary occasions within thirty hours, and that,
with an appropriate regulation of the time tables for the different rail-
ways in connection with Esbjen, that the entire transport can be made
in such short space of time as to allow this description of unsalted but-
H. Ex. 51 32

498 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

ter to be brought on the London market in perfectly sound condition ;
and it is now earnestly hoped by the agricultural community that the
so long desired step in futherance of a fuller development of this im-
portant branch of their interests may iii the very near future be carried
out in one way or another with successful results.

HENRY B. RYDER,

UNITED STATES CONSULATE, Consul.

Copenhagen, September 29, 1885.

UNION DAIRIES IN DENMARK,

REPORT EY CONSUL RYDEM, OF COPENHAGEN.

I have herewith the honor to present a report on a subject which is
being much discussed in agricultural circles here, as to the advantages
or otherwise derived by the class of small landed proprietors, in con-
nection with their relations to the present extensively developed sys-
tem of union dairies.

It is now taken for granted that butter produce, in so far as it may
be intended for exports, must be packed in casks of a net weight of 75
to 100 pounds, and that it is useless to maintain that the butter is
equally as good whether it is sold in half firkins or in packages of larger
size, for the simple reason that so long as English customers demand
the larger packing, so long it will be necessary to comply with their
wishes. The small producers thus find themselves unable to complete
the delivery of their butter in such large packages without incurring
the risk of finding .the lower contents losing its freshness before the
packing can be completed, and are compelled to choose between two
modes of procedure viz, either they must dispose of their milk to the
union dairies, which collect their supplies from many small producers,
working the same under one system and producing butter therewith on
a large scale, by which means butter can be packed and brought into the
trade exactly in the same way as from the large estates, or it is left to
these small producers to pack their own butter, selling it in small jars to
the neighboring dealer, who purchases butter in these small packages
for the purpose of repacking after careful sorting into casks of the
required size, and then bringing them into the trade for export.

This last method, in order to meet with successful results, demands
that the butter production amongst the small farmers shall have at-
tained such development as to admit of a sufficient supply of good and
uniform character being obtainable, so that the dealer, with careful se-
lection, will be enabled to offer this jar butter when repacked in casks,
in the same good uniform condition as butter of first class quality from
the large estates.

The Union Dairies, in the beginning of their career, had many diffi-
culties to contend with in their attempts to produce butter of good
quality ; but with the introduction and great; development of the cen-
trifuge system, these obstacles mav now be said to be removed, inas-
much as the centrifuge can thoroughly separate the cream from the milk
in a short time, even in such instances as where the milk may have lost
much of its freshness from the longer period which may have elapsed
during the lengthened stage of its transport to the dairy. Owing to
this improved system of working the milk, the Union Dairies have
largely developed during the last four years in all parts of the King-
dom, and such sanguine expectations are entertained of their.operations

DENMARK. 499

being crowned with complete success tbat a still further development
is promoted by the great feeling of sympathy in their fnvor.

That these dairies obtain a large amount of butter from their milk,
and that they are in a position to bring this butter direct to the
markets and there obtain equally as high prices as for the best butter
from the large estates, seems to be the general opinion amongst the
small landed proprietors, and that they can obtain better returns for
their milk through the medium of these dairies than by any other course
of procedure.

The home production of butter amongst the small proprietors is looked
upon by them as a hopeless contest against such conditions, partly from
the difficulty in producing a first-class quality of butter with their lim-
ited supply of milk, and partly from their inability to dispose of their
butter at full prices as corresponding with its quality.

Many are of the opinion that much illusion exists with regard to
these dairies. These Union Dairies, they urge, have to carry on their
operations under very great difficulties, and this is especially the case
in the thinly-populated districts of Jutland, where the milk has to be
collected from the widely-spread farms over a large area.

These difficulties with which the Union Dairies have to contend, they
maintain, are too much underrated by the public, just as much as
the difficulties attending home production are overestimated, and it thus
remains an open question how far this feverish hurry which has been
displayed in the erection of so many new Union Dairies, year after
year, before actual necessity has allowed sufficient time for ample tests
of experience, is really matter of congratulation for the interests of
Denmark's important branch of dairy drift.

Few proprietors of large dairies will be ready to admit that it is so
easy a matter to produce butter of the finest quality, and at the same
time always to obtain the highest prices of the first-class article. On
the contrary, they are too often accustomed to receive complaints from
their customers over the slightest falling off in the fineness of their but-
ter, and that it is only with the aid of a good dairy staff and by con-
stantly being on the alert that these complaints can be prevented and
all errors redressed. The attention of these large dairy proprietors
is continually directed towards the proper feeding of the cows and care-
fully watching that the fodder mixtures are good and appropriate; that
the milk from such cows as are not in a normal condition is carefully
set aside for separate treatment lest it should be injurious to the other
milk, or even a doubt bo entertained thereof. After dwelling on this
phase of the subject the question must naturally arise, in what way do
the Union Dairies, which receive the milk from fifty or sixty different
filaces without having any knowledge or control over the cows7 fodder-
ing or their general condition, contrive to carry on their operations suc-
cessfully ? Furthermore, whilst the large dairy owners have always con-
sidered as a main point for the production of fine butter that the milk
.should be conveyed as quickly as possible after milking to the dairy
for cooling, and whilst it has always been regarded of absolute neces-
sity that the milk should be removed from the stables at least twice
during the milking, so th.it it may at once be strained and cooled be-
fore losing any of its freshness, or injured by any acid formation or from
the action of warm and impure air — how, then, it is asked, do the
Union Dairies manage to counteract these evils with the evening's milk,
which has been allowed to lay over night at the supplying farm, from
which it is brought together with the next morning's milk? They thus
strongly question if butter of first quality can be produced under these
circumstances.

500 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

In support of these views it is stated that at the exhibition lately
held here over dairy products, out of fourteen exhibits sent in from the
Union Dairies, the position of lirst-class butter was not awarded to
them in any single case, and it must not bo supposed that this was
due to want of proper management in the dairies, as it is fully acknowl-
edged that these are conducted with a very able staff of managers and
assistants, but must rather be attributed to the diiiieulties which they
have to contend with, which the ablest of dairy fanners is unable to
overcome entirely. AYith the Union Dairies it is not simply a question
of slight eivors, but rather an unfavorable character throughout, which
in part is displayed in the shape of an unpleasant taste and an unsatis-
factory quality, with such peculiar outer appearance that it does not
bear the least resemblance to the finest quality of butter from manorial
estates.

This pervading unpleasant taste and peculiar outer character, which
are characteristics of the butter from the Union Dairies, leaves no doubt
but that the same defects and dilliculties are common to all of them.

For the production of line butter good and properly treated milk is
first of all the main requisite. Whether the milk used in these dairies
possesses these requirements it is difficult to say, and perhaps the
managers themselves are not certain on that score, as, practically speak-
ing, il is received by them without the least control or knowledge of its
nature. J-iut if these dairies are not supported in this respect by the
furnishers in the most conscientious manner, then the discontinuance
of their work will undoubtedly only be a question of time. In brisk
times of trade, it would appear that difliculty is often found by them in
disposing of their produce, as lirst-elass quality, and that the prices ob-
tained vary between those of iirst and second class, and that in dull
seasons the sales are attended with considerable ditiiculty; and as before
stated in same degree as these ditliculties have been underrated, so
have the dilliculties attending the home production been overestimated.

It is maintained that no ditliculty need exist for the production of fine
butter by the small proprietors, as no later than some six or seven years
back the produce of these small owners stood at such a high {standard
that they could display a large exhibition of butter in jars and half lir-
kins. to which nearly lialfof the exhibits were awarded prizes.

The want of I'ninn Dairies was not then felt, and it is doubtful if at
that time these small pioducers would have been satisfied with the
prices they now receive for their milk fiom the union dairies. In those
daysihere existed in all the towns a numerous class of butter-packing
dealers, who purchased this jar butter Cor subsequent sorting and re-
packing. \\'ith the introduction of the Union Dairies these dealers have
all nearly disappeared, for the simple reason that too small a quantity
of faultless l)iit ter from these small farmers is now brought to hand to
admit of any similar repacking with advantageous results. Complaints
\\ere frequent, however, on the part oflhe small producers that when
they did supply these dealers with but lei- in jars of best standard qual-
ity, and which was subsequently ivsold by these dealers at the prices of
lirM-class butter, that they nevertheless had only received at their hands
t he prier of second Has.-, ; and that t hey could not be satisfied that the
dealer should thus be reaping an advantage of LM to i.5 cents on every
pound of hut ter, simply because il was delivered in jars.

The producer should, however, bear in mind t hat where he disposed of
his butter in jars at the price of second class that he was obtaining a
ii"t pric.- therefor, whilst, the dealer who again resold to the trade at
first-class prices had to submit to several drawbacks and charge^ suck

DENMARK. 501

as shrinkage in weight, cost of transport, &c., which may fairly be es-
timated at 5 to G per cent.; so that the complaints on this score were
more imaginary than real.

The results from these divergent views would appear on the one hand
to advise caution on the part of the public in the too hasty erection of new
Union Dairies before sufficient knowledge and experience has been ac-
quired, and not to allow themselves to be too blindly led by prejudiced
statements and calculations. It should be remembered that whilst it is
fully admitted that these dairies have been under the supervision of a
very able and skilled staff of managers and assistants, that nevertheless
their productions so far can scarcely be said to have been instrumental
in any way towards raising Danish butter to that high standard of repu-
tation which it at present holds in the foreign, more especially the English,
markets ; and it need not either be feared that any advantages or good
which these dairies under various conditions have been able to effect will
be lost or injured by giving ample time for a proper and minute consider-
ation of their system of operations, and at the same time the small pro-
ducers should be taught that before this thorough investigation has
taken placea they should not put too implicit confidence in the public
opinion that these dairies are their only hope. They should remember
that in former clays they were fully able to furnish a high class standard
of butter, and that they then went to their work with pleasure. If they
will again devote the same zeal they will again realize the fact that it
does not call for a much greater amount of labor to produce a good qual-
ity of butter than it does to make an inferior article ; it only requires
more steady attention and judgment. They must not either place too
great weight on the general complaint that they do not obtain full value
for their produce when they are forced to sell first-class butter in jars
for prices paid for a second-class article, as that complaint is without any
real foundation. It is hardly to be imagined that the producer who can
obtain the needful assurance of making good butter, and can dispose of
it at the price of second-class quality, will not find it more to his inter-
ests so to act, rather than to content himself with the sale of his milk to
the Union Dairies.

Of this, however, every one must be left to judge for himself; but if
these small proprietors remain of the opinion that the Union Dairies are
so advantageous to them, then at least there must be such earnestness
in their relations to each other that by careful attention to the fodder-
ing of their cows and by treating them in every way with the same care
and supervision as if they themselves intended to use the milk, as well
as by proper attention to speedy straining and cooling, so that they will
at all times be in a position to deliver their milk supplies in perfectly
sound condition. If the Union Dairies cannot place full reliance on such
active support from the producers, their position will be hopeless, as it
need not require a prophet to foretell that when they pay 1 cent for the
milk and only get back three-fourths of a cent in the shape of butter,
no great length of time must elapse before they will be forced to bring
their works to a close, and all concerned will be of one mind, that in
such case it will be a day of bitter disappointment when the small
producers find themselves again compelled to make use of the milk for
home production after having arranged their operations on such footing
as to be free from the work and when they have also entirely got out of
the required habit and practice.

HENRY B. BYDEK,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Copenhagen, August 25, 1885.

502 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

HOLLA:ND.

DUTCH CATTLE.

REPORT BY CONSUL ECKSTEIN, OF AMSTERDAM.
HUNTING UP CATTLE STATISTICS IN HOLLAND.

In compliance with the instructions contained in the Department cir-
cular of the 18th of July last, and in the memoranda accompanying the
same, received by me on the 4th of October, I have the honor herewith
to return a series of forms such as sent with the said circular, being
filled out and containing as much and as authentic information as ob-
tainable, and further to report on the subject as follows, viz :

Observing that the matter at issue is regarded to be of great impor-
tance to the agricultural interests of the United States, and that the
Department desires and expects that in investigating the same it be so
exhausted as to leave as little as possible to surmise or speculation, I
have to express my regrets that in performing the task assigned to me
I found myself so utterly unaided by any practical experience in farm-
ing, stock-raising, and dairying, and my own knowledge of those pur-
suits so limited and superficial.

Eealizing my shortcomings in these respects, it became the more neces-
sary that I should make, as%I did, the greater efforts to secure informa-
tion, data, and material of such persons as are generally held to be
amongst the best authorities on the subject in this country.

Strange as it may seem, it is nevertheless true that here in Amster-
dam I could obtain no information or be in any way facilitated in the
premises beyond ascertaining the names and places of residence of cer-
tain parties to whom to apply for attaining my object.

Amongst others I was directed to Mr. J. P. Amersfoord as one of th3
persons most widely known for possessing an intimate knowledge of
and having much practical and diversified experience in affairs pertain-
ing to farming and stock-breeding, £c.

He is the owner and proprietor of one of the finest estates in this
country, and of a country-seat, named "Badhoeve," situated near the
little town of Sloten, on the turnpike between Amsterdam and Haarlem,
about an hour's drive from this city.

There I called upon him, explained to him the object of my visit, and
received from him courteous offers of such assistance as it was possible
for him to render me.

I left in his hands a copy of the forms and of the memorandum, a few
of which I had previously printed, to be left with the parties whom I
expected to ask for, and, if possible, receive the required information,
data, or statistics for this report.

Mr. Amersfoord prepared, and, several weeks thereafter, furnished
me the filled up forms herewith inclosed.

I send them just as received from him, believing that any attempt on
my part to sift and transcribe the information they contain might have
impaired the value thereof, and that on coming into the hands of some

HOLLAND. 503

person fully understanding the subject, as it doubtless will, it can be
made available to better advantage.

As I could not be anyways sure, however, to what extent and at
what time Mr. Amersfoord would serve me, I considered it necessary
to apply in still other quarters for the indispensable data and statis-
tics.

With this object in view I went to Wageningen, there to confer with
Jongkindt Coning, esq., the director of the state agricultural school,
and, also, to Beverwyk, to meet G-. J. Hengevald, esq., who for a great
many years was a teacher in the Government veterinary school, at
Utrecht, and who is the author of one of the best and latest published
works in this country on " Cattle, its different sorts, breeds, and im-
provement."

Mr. Coning being seriously ill at time of my visit kindly sent for one
of his assistants for me to confer with, and with him, as in the case of
Mr. Amersfoord, I left copies of the forms and memoranda, after re-
ceiving his assurance that he would fill out the forms for me should he
find it practicable to do so, and give me any other information that he
could.

The result of my visit to Mr. Hengeveld was substantially the same.

After waiting about six weeks I received from the parties mentioned
certain data and statistics. The forms, however, they did not fill out.

The assistant director of the state agricultural school, in writing to
me, explains his reasons for returning the forms in blank, in substance,
about as follows :

Matters relating to the live-stock interests of the Netherlands are of too vital im-
to portance permit of answering such radical and interesting questions as are indi-
cated or involved in or by most of the headings of the forms desired to be filled out
otherwise than in the most correct way.

"With the data at present on hand for this purpose it would be impossible to do this.
In such manner as, with great difficulty, he could now answer those questions, he
would not want to be responsible for their correctness.

Ho would not say, however, that it was impossible to fill up the lists so as to con-
vey perfectly authentic and trustworthy information, but to do so would require pre-
vious investigation and research for at least two years, and cause a large expendi-
ture.

NAMES AND DISTRIBUTION OP CATTLE BREEDS IN HOLLAND.

In now proceeding to answer the questions contained in the memo-
randum accompanying the cattle circular of July 18, 1883, 1 'begin by
giving a statement showing the several breeds of cattle in this country,
and where located, and in giving their names confine myself to the
designations given them by the assistant director of the state agricult-
ural school, from whom I obtained my information on this point, as
follows :

Groninger breed. — This breed is found principally in the province of
that name, and, also, in considerable quantities in Northern and South-
ern Holland.

Frisian or Friesland breed. — Outside of the province of Friesland this
breed of cat&e exists in large numbers in the province of Drenthe, where
the conditions for raising it are said to be particularly favorable.

Holland or Rollandisli breed. — This breed is found in a pure state in
the environs of "De Beemster" and "De Purmer," being appellations
for certain districts in the province of North Holland, formerly embrac-
ing the long-since drained lakes so named. It is supposed here that
the Shorthorns of England descend from this breed.

504

CATTLE AND DAIEY FARMING.

Flemish or Zeeland breed.— Centuries ago this breed was extensively
raised in nearly all parts of Holland, but exists now only in Zeeland
and on the islands of Southern Holland. The perfect type of this breed
is preserved in the well known picture of " Potter."

Geldrian breed. — Most of the cattle found on alluvial soil are said to be-
long to this breed, but its perfect type is best preserved in the southern
part of the province of Gelderland.

Drentish breed. — This breed, in a pure state, is found in the province
of Overyssel. It is represented to me that best blooded well fed Drent-
ish cows can hardly be distinguished from "Ayrshires" of Scotland.

Friesland-Drenthish- Geldrian breed. — This cross-breed is found in the
provinces of Overyssel and Groninger in addition to the provinces
whose names it bears.

Groninger-Fricsland- Geldrian breed. — This cross-breed exists in the
province of Utrecht, in Northern and Southern Holland, and on the
south of the "Y," and, of course, in the provinces after which it is
named. It has been extensively substituted in parts of this country
where pulmonary diseases had decimated the stock, and where the in-
troduction of, or replacement by, other and different breeds became
necessary.

Flemish- Geldrian-Holland breed. — This is a cross-breed of cattle found
principally, in Northern Brabant, and in Limburg.

Native and English breeds. — The only province in which cross-breeds
of native and foreign (English) origin exist to any extent, is Zeeland.
This was formerly, also, more or less the case in Groningen, but the
practice of raising this sort of stock there has been abandoned.

MISNAMING DUTCH CATTLE IN THE UNITED STATES.

In this connection it may be proper that I should allude to the fact
that in the United States there prevails a practice of writing and speak-
ing of certain or all breeds of Dutch cattle as "Holsteins." So doing
seems to be very annoying to farmers, stock-raisers, and to other parties
in this country, as there exists no breed of cattle and never did, as I am
informed in Holland, named "Holsteins."

If notice would be taken of this matter, and the practice referred to
discontinued, it would be greatly appreciated by a large number of
people here.

PERCENTAGE OF THE SEVERAL BREEDS IN HOLLAND.

The following statement shows the percentage of each of the several
breeds of cattle in the Netherlands, viz :

Denomination of breeds.

Percent-
age.

Denomination of breeds.

Percent-
age.

Groninger breed

7

Flemish-Geldriajs. Holland breed

15.5

Friesland breed

18 2

23.8

Holland or Hollandish breed

7.1

Crossed^ with foreign breed hardly to

Flemish or Zeeland breed

3 8

2.5

Geldrian breed _ ,

7.1

DrenthiBh breed

1.4

Total ...

100

Friesland-Drenthish-Geldrian breed . ..

13.6

HOLLAND. 505

IMPROVEMENT OF BREEDS BY TRANSFERENCE TO FOREIGN HOMES.

As to foreign and imported breeds producing in their new homes
offspring superior to that produced by the same breed in their orig-
inal homes, and that this superiority is more marked in the succeeding
than in the first generation, it is contrary to and not borne out by the
experience of farmers and cattle-breeders in this country.

The possibility of such results being attainable is not gainsaid or
questioned here, but it is held that to attain such results requires the
existence of various and most favorable conditions, which, in certain
parts of the United States or in other countries, may obtain, but they
do not seem to obtain in this country, or if they do they have as yet
not been discovered

Efforts have been made, time and again, in different sections of Hol-
land, by many of the most practical and experienced farmers and stock-
breeders, to improve still further, if possible, native breeds by crossing
them with best breeds brought in from. England and elsewhere, and so
has inbreeding of such best imported breeds been tried quite as often
and by many parties in many places, but with almost the invariable
result in both cases of finding in the offspring certain deterioration or
degeneracy, so that inbreeding of such imported stock as a practice
is abandoned, whilst experiment, from time to time, has not wholly
ceased.

It must not be understood, however, and as is explained to me, that
the offspring of such imported breeds showed inferiority in all particu-
lars ; on the contrary in many cases the offspring of such foreign breeds
showed superiority in one or in another respect as compared with same
breeds in their original homes, but, as a rule, they proved inferior in
more essential particulars, and therefore the importation, breeding, and
raising of such foreign cattle, no matter how fine the breed, has gener-
ally been unprofitable.

BEST DUTCH CATTLE FOR EXPORT.

With reference to the question as to "the best animals to export," I
believe that in stating what Mr. Amersfoord says in relation thereto will
be the best answer I can make.

He says, in substance, this :

AVo who, in this country, may reasonably claim to be thoroughly conversant with
this matter, consider and always recommend animals one year old*to be the best for
export purposes; for milk breeds we recommend the North Holland and Frisian,
and for both milk and beef the Groninger, which, in fact, deserves to be called the
"Hereford" of Holland, and is generally conceded to be one of the noblest breeds of
cattle to be mot with anywhere.

PRICES OF DUTCH CATTLE.

Regarding " the purchasing prices of the animals" it is hardly prac-
ticable to speak in positive terms.

The prices paid for thoroughbred stock vary so greatly at all times
and seem to be contingent upon such a variety of circumstances that
it appears to bo difficult to determine what really is the regular price
or fixed market value at any time.

During the summer last past when cattle of this class commanded,

506 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

generally speaking, a much higher price than in the previous year, the
prices realized were about as follows, viz :

Florins.*

Calves, lieifers, under one year old 125 to 150

Yearlings 225 300

Cows, from two to three years old . 250 450

Cows, over three years 600 600

Bull calves, nnder one year old 200 350

Bulls, at from one to two years old 350 800

BEST ROUTES OF TRANSPORTATION TO THE UNITED STATES.

Eegarding " the best routes of export" I have to remark that that has
not been recently and is not at present a matter of choice for Americans
requiring transportation for cattle from this country to the United
States, as for the last few years they have been obliged to ship the
stock they purchased here from ports outside of Holland, and where
such freight was accepted or where transportation for cattle could be
obtained — usually at Antwerp and at one or more English ports.

It is represented to me, and I am more than disposed to believe, that
the best routes for shipping cattle from this country to ours are or
would be from the ports of Amsterdam and Eotterdam.

But as the steamers plying between these and American ports are all
carrying passengers, and are, therefore, prohibited from taking cattle
on board, and as hitherto the cattle exports to the United States have
been too unimportant and irregular to induce any steamship company
here to make special arrangements for the cattle traffic or carriage,
there exists now no opportunity to ship cattle from either of those
ports.

COST OF TRANSPORTATION TO THE UNITED STATES.

As to "the cost of exportation and the estimated expenses for attend-
ance and food en route," I would offer the following observations :

The cattle of this country found to be best adapted and most desir-
able for breeding purposes and the improvement of the stock in the
United States should be, and usually are, procured in the provinces of
Groningen, Friesland, and North Holland.

When bought in Friesland and Groningen it should be on condition
of being delivered, by the different farmers of whom obtained, at a
given time at the nearest railroad station or at the most convenient and
nearest point or place for conveyance by water to Amsterdam or Rot-
terdam.

The cost of such transportation naturally differs very much and can-
not be exactly stated. It is in accordance with or as the number of
cattle at any time to be shipped is large or small, and the distance
longer or shorter, but it does not amount to very much at any time per
head of cattle in cases of large shipments being made.

Cattle purchased in North Holland can conveniently be, and gener-
ally are, driven from the farms to Amsterdam gr Eotterdam.

The cost of transportation from this port or from Eotterdam to
Gravesend, England, is, as near as I can ascertain, about JE1 per head
for steers, cows, and heifers, and Ws per head for calves.

The present freight rates for shipping cattle in considerable numbers

* Florins = 40.2 cents.

HOLLAND.

from Gravesend to New York are as follows, exclusive of charges for
attendance and food en route :

Per head.

Full grown cattle £6

Yearlings 5

Calves 4

The expense for attendance on cattle en route is ordinarily not very
much, especially in cases of large shipments, as three or four persons
are said to be sufficient to* take proper care of a hundred or more head
of cattle.

Besides, it would appear that suitable parties, farmers, or farmers'
sons can almost alway be found amongst intending emigrants who for
a reasonable, small sum of money are willing and pleased to undertake
the attendance and care of the cattle, and who in such cases have no
passage money to pay, that being included in the freight-charge for
the stock.

Food, hay, and straw is usually provided by the owner or shipper of
the cattle; tne cost varies and cannot be stated precisely, but no extra
charge is made for carrying such supplies.

When cattle are shipped via the port of Antwerp they are, as a rule,
taken there by rail from Amsterdam or Rotterdam.

The railway freight rates are at present as follows, viz :

Description.

From Am-
sterdam.

From Rot-
terdam.

Fratics.
21 57

Francs.

14 P8

21.57

14 88

32.38

22.33

32 38

22.33

In chartering a whole car, and if not more than 16 lull-grown animals
and 20 calves are put in, the charge is 43.14 francs from Amsterdam
and 29.76 francs from Rotterdam.

If a larger number of cattle are taken in a car, as is at the option of
the shipper, the price for a car is then raised 25 per cent.

The present regular ocean freight rates for shipping cattle from Ant-
werp to New York or Boston are, as I am informed by Antwerp ship-
brokers and agents, as follows (inclusive of food and water) :

Cow

Yearling..
Calf..,

£8
7
6

Attendance en route 4s. per head.

In shipments of 100 to 200 head at a time better arrangements, they
say, can be made.

508-

CATTLE -AND . D AIR Y? FARMING.

CATTLE CENSUS OF HOLLAND.

The following tabular statements show the total number of cattle,
classified under the separate heads of bulls, milch-cows, calves and heif-
ers, beef cattle, and working oxen, in the different provinces and in the
Netherlands from I860 to 1870: from 1871 to 1880, and in 1881 and
1882, viz:

Tears.

Groningon.

Fricsland.

Drentho.

O

Gelderland.

Utrecht

North Holland. (

1

1
1

North Brabant.

Limburg.

H

Bute.
I860 to 1870

1,753
1, 795

1,787
1,596

57,194
51, 187

43, 007
42, 097

33, 655
37, 252
40,541
39, 939

7.046
7,571
8,069
7, 210

3, 129
3, 258
3,083
3,142

148, 605
146, 255
136, 798
133, 647

48, 497
54, 905
60, 942
62,541

4,787
4,075
4,559
5,010

2
2
3
2

332

368
472
475

39, 567
40,007
39, 602
39, 507

22, 602
24, 877
24, 312
25, 077

756
1,173
1,325
1,207

25
30
28

u

1,467
1,672
1,762
1,711

80, 669
83, 442
81,006
81, 655

33, 537
36, 906
38, 952
39, 636

2,823
3,024
2,887
2,731

1,261
1,325
1,152
1,125

1,095
1,434
2,074
1,728

92, 279
96, 342
94, 920
91,882

64,457
71, 790
72, 165
73, 026

11, 837
13, 226
13, 121
12, 722

1,774

1,847
1,713
1,553

969
1,079
1,313

1,190

54,854
60, 991
60, 099
60, 472

17, 110
21, 170
22, 622
22, 935

816
974
1,633
1,401

41
21

42

1,218
1,494
1,538
1,445

108, 647
109, 482
110, 766
111, 498

26,950
30, 97G
31, 725
32, 269

3,639
4. 744
4,971
5,463

3

2,498
3,005
2,658
2,504

136, 657
146, 564
145, 139
145, 050

43, 179

49, 372
54, 348
52, 522

11, 470
12, 641
12, 887
13, 083

8
2

429
786
975
973

27, 470
27, 149
26, 024
26, 333

22,715
25, 939
27, 671
27, 300

3,305
4, 584
4,934
5,385

133
71
59
111

640
836

886
873

103, 014
102, 359
99, 800
99,533

58,258
61, 333
63, 019
61, 753

9,668
9,529
10, 325
10, 326

4,649
4,215
3,810
3,674

555
607
634
638

47, 018

47, 463
47, 663
47, 282

18, 054
20, 105
20, 270
20, 106

1,063
1,935
1, 813
2,101

2,590
2,487
2,338
2,330

14, 085
16,334
17, 182
16, 275

895, 974
911, 241
884, 914
878, 956

389, 023
!434, 625
456, 567
457, 104

57, 210
63, 476
66, 524
66,709

10, 486
10, 040
9,219
8,892

1871 to 1880

1881

1882

Milch-cows.
1866 to 1870

1871 to 1880 .

1881

1882

Calves and heifers.
1866 to 1870 ...

1871 to 1880

1881

1882

Beef cattle.
1866 to 1870

1871 to 1880

1881

1882 ~

Working oxen.
1866 to 1870

1871 to 1880 .....

40
115
41

1881

1882

1 The statement next following shows the total number of cattle of
every description in each of the provinces and in the Netherlands from
1851 to 1860 5 from 1861 to 1870; from 1871 to 1880; and in 1881 and
1882:

Provinces.

1851 to 1860.

1861 to 1870.

1871 to 1880.

188L

1882.

101, 406
189, 284

102, 483
202, 534
62, 988
117,612
171, 422
75, 997
141,515
192,218
53, 284
171, 185
65, 611

97, 845
208, 495
66, 455
126, 369
184, 639
84,235
146, 696
211,584
58, 529
178, 272
72, 597

93, 519
205, 385
65, 739
125, 849
183, 993
85,668
149, 000
215, 032
59,663
177, 840
72, 718

80,883
204,412
66, 280
126, 858
180, 911
86, 040
160, 675
213, 109
60,102
176, 159
72,457

Fries land ..

Overyssel ...

108, 400
157,104
72, 931
141,043
179,011
47, 564
150, 576
58, 760

Golderland

Utrecht . .

North Holland....

Sonth Holland ..

Zeelaml

North Brabant .

Total «.

1, 260, 841

1,358,249

1,435,716

1,434.406

1,437,936

HOLLAND. 509

DECREASE IN THE CATTLE OF HOLLAND.

The agricultural report of the Netherlands covering the year 1881,
and which has only recently been published, shows that the cold and
rough weather in the months of April and May of that year was ex-
tremely damaging to the pasture lands, and that farmers who already
had their stock out in pasture were compelled to house them again or
turn them into their meadows or hay fields.

It was not until June that the growth of grass began to revive, and
the prospect for a good hay year seemed better.

Still the first cut of hay turned out but a very indifferent product
both as to quantity and quality, whereas the second mowing, owing to
almost constantly prevailing rains, resulted far more disastrous and
yielded in many places hardly any hay crop at all.

In consequence thereof it was found that at the end of the year 1881
the stock of cattle in the country had decreased by over 35,000 head
as compared with same period of 1880.

A further decrease in the number of cattle is now reported as having
occurred in 1882, amounting to about 6,500 head; caused by the scar-
city of fodder, grass, clover, hay, and straw during the winter of 1S81-'S2.

But as the last and the current years proved both to be far more
favorable grass years and yielded abundant hay crops, the decrease of
about 4,100 head in 1881 and in 1882 will, most likely, soon be made
up for again, if that is not the case already.

STOCK RECUPERATIVE POWER OF HOLLAND.

A temporary decline in the numerical condition of the stock of cattle
occasions in this country no particular uneasiness, as it is generally
and well understood that the country's recuperative powers in this re-
spect are very great, and that under anyways favorable circumstances
its efficacy for stock-raising is prodigious.

As an illustration hereof the following is stated : In 1866 the stock
of cattle, in consequence of the cattle-plague, had been reduced to
1,302,600 head, and in 1867 there were again 1,361,300 cattle in the
country, and in 1870, 1,410,800; thus in the comparatively short space
of time (four years), the increase amounted to 108,200 heads.

So has it happened in 1864 and in 1871, that on account of the scarcity
of grass, clover, hay, and straw the stock showed a shrinkage of 45,300
head in the former and of 34,800 head in the latter year as against the
previous years respectively, but it was in both cases replenished in the
course of but few years.

From facts and figures above stated may, in a measure, be deduced
that the stock of this country is more than sufficient for home demands,
and that such is actually the case will be further realized by a glance
at the figures given below, and representing the exports of cattle from
this country during the last five years and during the nine months of
the current year, viz :

Exports of Dutch cattle.

Tears.

Number of
cattle.

Years.

Number of
cattle.

1878 ,

134 711

1881

144 436

1879

138, 130

1882

154 018

1880

144 421

1883 (9 months)

99 955

510 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

Of the stock exported two-fifths or thereabouts consisted of calves
and heifers (young cattle), and the other three-fifths of beef cattle and
milch cows, &c.

The countries to which nearly all the surplus cattle were and are gen-
erally shipped, are: Belgium, England, Germany (Prussia), and the
United States.

IMPORTS OF LIVE STOCK INTO HOLLAND.

The imports of live stock into Holland are comparatively so trifling
as hardly to deserve mention, but as they figure in the customs returns
of the country I would state that in 1878 they amounted to 4,414 head :
in 1879 to 2,837 head; in 1880 to 1,561 head; in 1881 to 275 head;
and in 1882 to 1,406 head.

IMPORTS OP AMERICAN CHEESE, BUTTER, AND OLEOMARGARINE.

Whilst it is hardly necessary to say that this country produced more
butter and cheese than is required to supply the home demand and that
very large quantities are annually exported, I would remark, neverthe-
less, that the imports and consumption of foreign, especially French and
Swiss, cheese are quite considerable.

It is possible that certain kinds of American cheese would, in limited
quantities, find a market here if proper efforts to introduce them would
be made, which hitherto has not been done.

That enormous quantities of oleomargarine are annually imported
into this country, and that the bulk of it comes from the United States,
are well known facts.

In my report on this subject of September 12, 1882, 1 gave the esti-
mated quantity imported during the year ended June 30, 1882, as hav-
ing been about 80,000 tierces. I am now informed that the transactions
in the article have since been most satisfactory, and that the imports of
it have still further and greatly increased.

MEAT IMPORTS FEOM THE UNITED STATES.

The meat imports from the United States, corned beef, in barrels and
cans, and canned beef, tongues, &c., have fallen off very much within
the last year or two, but this seems to be owing more to the fact that
these articles no longer find their way so generally into the houses and
on the tables of the wealthy and well-to-do classes here as was formerly
the case than to anything else.

PICTURES OP DUTCH CATTLE.

I inclose two photographs of representative animals, owned by Mr.
Ainersfoord, the breed, color, and peculiarities of the same being noted
thereon.

D. ECKSTEIN,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Amsterdam, November 30, 1883.

m

HOLLAND.

511

DUTCH MILCH COWS.

Extracts from, the milk list kept at the Badhoevc (Lath farm) m the lake of Haarlem, Hol-
land.

[The milk was weighed every Saturday.]
PRODUCT FROM THE COW WOUTJE.

The Woutje was born in May, 1875, and bought when a calf at the market in Ley-
den, South Holland. The following is her milk record for six years, viz, 1878-'83:

Tear.

Milking
weeks.

Total,
yield.

34

Kilos*]
2 790

38

8 594

43

4 571

36

3 423

39

2 527

38

4 441

Erery kilogram of milk may be considered a liter.
Woutje's calves.*

When born.

Name.

Color.

Name of bull.

April 1 1878

(337) Bloosje female

Black ; white head and belly ...

(270) Zeean.

March 3 1879

(394) Chloria male

do . . . . .... .

(288) Zore

March 3 1880

(516) Dahlia female

do

(327) Aron.

July 5 1881

(653) Eland male

do

(394) Chloris.

July 5 1881

(654) Elders male

do

Do

1882

No calf '

February 4 1883

(841) Geesjo female

Black ; white head and belly . . .

(639) Erst.

* Figures in ( ) represent Nos. of animals in Mr. Amersfoordt's herd-book.
PRODUCT FROM COW 6UZETTE.

This cow was calved in the Lake of Haarlem March 12, 1871. Nothing further is
known of her antecedents than that she came of Dutch breed. The record shows that
the Suzette had her first calf February 20, 1874, and her subsequent calves on May 8,
1875; May 14, 1876 ; May 20, 1877 (no calf in 1878) ; March 20, 1879. The Suzette was
sold, dry, on April 20, 1880.

Milk record for seven years.

Year.

Number of
milking
weeks.

Total
yield.

49

Kilos.
4 697

40

4*802

42

5 124

40

5* 271

48

3 980

Z'J

4 578

18

980

512

CATTLE AND DAISY FABMING.

ch cattle.
of Badhoeve,

§ !

^ •'•

•S ^=

c?

•JCQ

o o

Q

£3

<*%
Ǥ,

=s*

o 4J
o 5 p

Diluvial sands
Polders, Geest,
All sorts of all

Good
4 liters for
Butter 4 p
4 per cent

^*f cf

How long b
pure.

"W

&!

OS

* ._

) ,_ -

C^3 ^3 S

no o FQ

; 3

.

IP!

. t» 0 . ® 0 i J^fcJ a) 4> 0

• a£> -A ^^ ® 43 o^q o

:w<i :H <5 <l H

:

! s . co

«

8:113

d li
fine

w s t» ;

il|j

rflS^.S

g 2 £-3

sc"rt

-

II

il

:§ §,-s3

;* say

!| l*|

It !i

a ^

.8 i§83 ii

1 :S

S22 IS S

i i i : il

: S-g !«|

HOLLAND.

513

=4

1

!>
I

if

CO

i&s

*f-

O C-l O 00 O I

CO O O CI C^l i

<N ci.ri c-: ^i

^ Irt t- CO
00 Cfc^ 00

3 S3 5!

o> cJoi o

H. Ex. 61-

514

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

Substratum.

Cultivated grasses.

Rye-grass,
&c.

M

Breeding.

Breeding country.
Do.
Breeding.
Very few breeding.
Very few breeding.

Breeding.
Breeding.
Do.

1
5

>>

3 ......

?::::::

^.2 °^55 °

-.::::;:

Feeding.

i i i

^
1

H ; w; 11 : :

Gravel, &c.

J

j

i

i

.=

j

Straw, heath, turnips, rye, spurry
Cheese factory
Distillery feeding, Schiedam

"Fflftdinsr ...

t

.E

1

^

•s i
S |

2 .2
5 «
coo »

i-e-s §

0

I S?|-^i

"3 oo '

tg-5 ^S3 :

'3

5

: i| : i il

jling round the wall. .
se-rooms, stabling in

: :# : : :S

i ill ; ;l

•'; jl j j ;|

iil; ill

Methods of housing

!

<

4t

i

I

1
i

s

^

j

.—

Dvered hay-stacks, cheese-houses, sta
ovable hayricks, butter cellars, chee
the middle of the house.

iro-A f.irin.,ahnda fnr tillacTA

i

i

i
i
i

I]

a

1

i

;
_-

;

.

f

j

i

"S

'S

1

c : i ; ©
5 : : : £

1

0
3
H

•:::::«

j!i.Mj|

I ! a

. i O

: la

Districts.

&*.

B

OS ^Ofc

1

: : :•«•«* :

§1

I

i

11 1

WB *1&

'33 |||

ill 313

i j il» ! i

HOLLAND. 515

THE CATTLE OF HOLLAND.

REPORT BY CONSUL WINTER, OF ROTTERDAM.

In compliance with circular of July 18, 1883, and its memoranda of
August 25, 1883, I have prepared the following report upon the cattle
of Holland.

To obtain tfye necessary information I addressed Mr. C. J. M. Jong-
kindt Coning, director of the Government agricultural school at Wag-
eningen, and I transmitted to him a copy of the forms annexed to the
cattle circular. In his reply he intimated, however, that the filling out
of those forms was impossible to him, as such would require a special
study.

I have, however, succeeded in obtaining the following information,
for the greater part of which I am indebted to the above-named gen-
tleman, and the balance was obtained from official and reliable sources.

THE DIFFEBENT BREEDS IN HOLLAND.

The different breeds and their percentage in the Dutch stock are as
follows:

Per cent.

Grpningen breed 7.02

Frisian breed* 18.15

Holland breed 7.08

Flemish or Zeeland breed 3.83

Gelderland breed 7.08

Drenthe breed 1.42

Frisian-Drentbe-Gelderland breed 13. 61

Groningen-Frisian-Gelderlnml b:\ cd 23.81

Flemisfi-GelUerland-Holland breed 15.52

Miscellaneous breeds ,, 2.48

The Frisian breed is considered as very good breeding cattle, and is
principally found in the provinces of Friesland and Drenthe.

The Holland breed is principally found in the Purmer and the Beem-
ster, in the province of North Holland. This is probably the breed
from which the Shorthorns have been raised in England, although it
is still doubtful whether the Flemish cattle must not be considered as
the primitive breed of the Shorthorns.

The Drenthe breed is so much like the Ayrshire breed of Scotland
that it is nearly impossible to distinguish a thoroughbred Drenthe cow
from an Ayrshire cow. The best animals of this breed are found in
Sallaud, province of Overyssel.

The Flemish or Zeelaud breed was found all over the Netherlands
about two centuries ago, and the type of it has been preserved in the
celebrated painting of " Potter's bull." In present times it is only found
in the province of Zeeland and the southern parts of South Holland.

The following statements are herewith transmitted :

A.— Number of bulls, milch cows, calves, and heifers, fat cattle and
oxen in each province and in the whole country of the Netherlands
during 1881, and the average number of the last ten years.

B.— Increase or decrease of cattle in 1881, as compared with 1880.

The decrease of about 35,300 head of cattle iu 1881 was principally
caused by the bad harvest of grass and hay in 1881.

C.— Total numbers of cattle during the last twenty years.

* So-called Holstein cattle.

516

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.
PRICE OF DUTCH CATTLE,

The average prices of cattle in the principal markets of the Nether-
lands during the last five years were as follows :

Cattle.

1878.

1879.

1880.

1881.

1882.

Amsterdam :

Florins.
280

Florins.
285

Florin*.
''70

Florins.
°50

Flaring.
200

360

270

250

2^0

240

45

36

36

36

30

9

9

g

3

10

Leenwarden :
Fat cattle

305

275

260

305

225

235

230

200

190

211

64

4°

50

30

54

Fat calves ............. ......

53

51

50

30

42

750

8

7

7

5

Gronigen :
Fat cattle

245

200

225

250

200

250

Ordinary cattle ...........................

165

150

160

150

185

Rotterdam :

200

270

275

275

250

Cows

250

230

235

2'>0

230

Calves

55

60

62

60

70

Touog calves .......... .....................

12

10

10

10

10

Zwolle:

205

280

260

Calves • . .

48

35

CATTLE IMPORT AND EXPORT OF HOLLAND.

The following statement shows the number of cattle imported
and exported from the Netherlands during the last five years :

intr

Tear."

Import.

Export.

1882 ..

1 406

154 916

275

144, 436

1880

1,561

144,421

1879

2,837

138,130

187&

4,414

134, 711

In 1882 1,152 head of cattle were imported from Germany and 228
from Belgium ; of the total number of cattle exported in 1882, 64,060
were exported to Belgium, 44,586 to England, 45,816 to Germany, and
351 to the United States.

EXPORT OF DUTCH CATTLE TO THE UNITED STATES.

The best methods of exportation of breeding cattle to the United
States are via London or via Antwerp.

The best animals of the Dutch cattle for exportation for breeding pur-
poses are those of the Holland and Frisian breeds. The prices are 800
to 900 florins* for bulls, 250 to 400 florins for cows, 200 to 250 florins for
heifers, and 120 to 150 florins for calves. The through rates from Rot-
terdam to New York or Boston vary from £4 to £5 for a calf; from £5

* Florin =40.2 centa American.

HOLLAND.

517

to £6 for a heifer; and from £6 to £7 10s. for a cow or bull, and in addi-
tion 10 per cent, primage and sufficient fodder for twenty days.

The average price of hay is $20 per ton, and of straw from $12 to $14
per ton.

JOHN F. WINTER,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,
Rotterdam, December 27, 1883.

A. — Number of cattle in the Netherlands.

Provinces.

Bulls.

Milch COW9.

Calves and
heifers.

Fat cattle.

Oxen,

1871-'80.

1881.

1871-'80.

1881.

1871-'SO.

1881.

1871-'80.

1881.

1871-'80.

1881.

3,795
3,238
308
1,672
1,434
1,079
1,494
3,005
786
836
607

1,787
3,083
472
1,762
2,074
1,313
1,538
2, 658
975
88G
634

51, 187
446, 255
40, 007
83, 442
96, 342
60, 991
109, 482
146, 564
27, 149
102, 359
47, 463

43, 007
136, 798
39, 602
81,096
94, 920
60, 099
110, 766
145, 139
26, 024
99, 800
47, 663

37, 252
54, 905
24, 877
36, 906
71,790
21,170
30, 976
49, 372
25, 939
61, 333
20, 105

40,541
60, 942
24, 312
38, 952
72, 165
22,622
31, 725
54, 348
27, 671
63, 019
20, 270

7,571
4,075
1,173
3, 024
13, 226
974
4,744
12, 641
4,584
9,529
1,935

8,069
4,559
1,325
2,887
13, 121
1,633
4,971
12, 887
4,934
10, 325
1,813

40

30
1,325
1,847
21

115
3
28
1,152
1,713
1

Friesland

1'rentho ............

Gelderland

Utrecht

North Holland . .

South Holland

2
71
4,215
2,487

59
3,810
2,338

North Brabant

Total

16, 334

17, 182J 911, 241

884, 914

434, 625

456,5671 63,476

66, 524

10,040

9,219

Provinces.

Total

1851-'6a

1861-'70.

1871-'80.

1881.

101, 406
189, 284
54,762
108, 400
157,] 04
72, 931
141, 043
179,011
47, 5fc4
150, 576
58, 760

102, 483
202, 534
62, 988
117, 612
171,422
75, 997
141,515
192,218
53, 684
171,185
65, 611

97,845
208, 495
. 66, 455
126, 369
184, 639
84, 235
146, 696
211, 584
58, 529
178, 272
72, 597

93, 519
205, 385
65, 739
125, 849
183, 993
85, 668
149, 000
215, 032
59,663
177,840
72, 718

Drenthe ...... . ..... . ..

Overyssel. .................. ......... ............

Gelderland

Utrecht

North Holland

South Holland

\ Total

1, 260, 841

1, 358, 249

1, 435, 716

1, 434, 406

B.— The increase (+) or decrease (— ) of cattle in 1881 against 1880.

Provinces.

Bulls.

Milch cows.

Calves and
heifers.

Fat cattle.

Oxen.

Total.

Groni^en

_j_ 30

865

187

4- 44

—166

— 1 144

Friesland

— 153

— 4 737

—2 176

4- 426

_ i

— 6 641

Drenthe

4- 36

1 630

2 328

4- 135

4- 2

— 3 785

+ 8

— 3 258

— 1 420

- 246

±33

— 4 949

Gelderland

-f309

1 303

1 4G6

1 100

— 66

3 6°6

Utrecht

+128

*782

4- ' 39

4- 445

— 6

— 176

North Holland

165

339

2 216

170

2 890

South Holland

—288

7 757

4-L 236

— 699

— 7 614

Zeeland

3

776

4- 4

423

+ g

1 190

North Brabant......

— 78

1 62

— 255

—304

1 136

Limburg .

985

146

123

Total

380

23 093

9 136

1 989

695

518 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

C. — Number of cattle in the Netherlands during the last twenty years.

Years.

Xnmber.

Tears.

Number.

1861 .

335 300

1872

377 000

1862

374 000

1873

432 100

1863 . .

, 380 600

1874 .

1 469 100

1864

334 800

1875

456 700

1865 .

314,100

1870

439 200

1868

302 600

1877

433 000

1667

, 361, 300

1878. ...

,456 500

1868

1 368 200

1879

1 461 500

1869

1,401,900

1880..

, 469 700

1870

1 410 800

1881

1 434 400

1871

1, 37ft. OOC

RUSSIA. 519

BTJSSIA.

CATTLE-BREEDING IN RUSSIA.

REPORT BY CONSUL-GENERAL STANTON, OF ST. PETERSBURG.
LACK OF CATTLE STATISTICS IN RUSSIA.

Referring to the Department's circular of July 18, 1883, 1 have the
honor to transmit herewith a translation of a document forwarded to
this office from the Russian department of agriculture.

In the letter accompanying this document the director of the depart-
ment of agriculture, General Razeffsky, informs me that the minister
has just appointed a committee of experts to inquire into the system of1
cattle-breeding in Russia, both from an economic and technical point
of view.

The proceedings of the committee will be published in a separate re-
port and sent in due course to the consulate-general.

This report shall be translated and forwarded to the Department im-
mediately upon its receipt.

' I regret that the information supplied by the department of agricult-
ure should be so meager and indefinite, but transmit it, hoping it may
contain possibly something of interest.

I am promised full replies for Finland, and still hope to secure fur-
ther details for Russia.

CATTLE BREEDS IN RUSSIA.

The cattle raised in Russia are principally local breeds and seldom
crossed with foreign varieties.

They are mostly small, the height over the shoulder being from 1
meter to 1.15, the minimum being 0.90, the maximum 1.35 meters. The
difference in height is due to surrounding conditions.

A great many foreign breeds have been imported for private estates ;
but up to the present time there are no regular breeding establishments
for mixed varieties.

MILKING QUALITIES OP RUSSIAN CATTLE.

Only the Kolinogory cattle, the product of crossing local cattle with
Dutch breeds, which exists at the mouth of the Diiina, present a regu-
lar and settled type.

They are remarkable for their yield of milk, and are the favorite breed
in St. Petersburg, where a great number of cows of this breed are
brought.

520

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING

The followiDg table gives some particulars as to the Russian and Kol-
mogony cows :

Breeds.

Live
weight.

Milk producing —

Quantity of milk.

1 pound
butter.

1 pound
cheese.

Average.

Maximum.

Kilos.
240 to 400
200 320

100 £20

Pounds.
25 to 27
22 20

24 27
27 32

Pounds.
8 toll
8 11

8 11
8 11

Liters.
1,400 to 1,800
1,200

800 2, 200
1, 800 2, 400

Liters.
2,400
2,000

2,400
3,000

Vologda and Kostroma

Cowsin different parts of Tver, Nov-
gorod, and other governments, and
on the rivers Oka, Dnieper, &c...

Some cows give five times their own weight in milk.

The proportion of killed animals to their live weight is generally 3 to 7.

Feeding. — Russian cows are principally grazed. The winter food is
very moderate. Hay or straw is the staple food, some little strength-
ing matter, as from 1 to 5 pounds of Hour or bran per head being added.

Color. — The color of the cows is various, but some colors are peculiar
to certain parts. In a great many districts, for instance, black cattle,
with white heads, bellies, and feet prevail 5 in others, red prevails in-
stead of black.

Form. — The form, however, is almost the same everywhere. The
animals are small, and mostly short-legged. They have an elongated
body, a straight or slightly concave back, sloping hind-quarters, and
long tail. The udder is not very prominent, but is considerably devel-
oped at the upper part and extends forward.

Rearing calves. — The manner of rearing calves is very middling and
even careless.

MEAT PRODUCT.

In the southern and eastern provinces cattle are bred as beasts of
burden and for their meat.

Varieties.

Meat

Tallow.

Gray Tcherkasky .

Kilos.
400

Kilot.
48

288

32 to 48

Don i. . . ..

SCO

32 48

224-272

32 48

Simbrisk ... .

(?)

(?)

(?)

(?)

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

St. Petersburg, December 20, 1883.

EDGAR STANTOX,

Consul- General.

ADDENDA TO RUSSIAN CATTLE REPORTS.

In view of the efforts which are being made for the development of
the beef product of Russia for export, the following statistics and in-
formation, compiled principally from a report by Consul-General Stanton

RUSSIA. • 521

on the resources of Russia, and published in Consular Beports, No. 51,
are given, to supplement the rather meager reports from that country
in response to the cattle circular:

AREA AND POPULATION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE.

The Russian Empire has an area of nearly 395,000 geographical miles,
or about one-sixth of the land on the globe. From Ararat to Kolo, the
southern and northern extremities, there are 700, and from the eastern
and western extremities, Eastcape to Kalish, 2,500 geographical miles.

The frontiers extend over 6,370 geographical miles, 4,350 miles of
which are sea-coast. Unfavorable climate and formation, however, limit
this littoral, as far as commerce is concerned, to the relatively small por-
tions of the Baltic, Black, and Japanese Seas.

The Empire is divided naturally into three great districts, viz :

Districts.

Square
kilometers.

Inhab-
itants.

5 389 6°8

85 000 003

799 755

6 000 000

Siberia and Central Asia ..

15 512 869

9 000 000

Total . .

21 702 232

100 000 000

European Russia, with one-fifth of the total area, has nearly six times
as many inhabitants as all the other districts together. It is divided
generally into two zones, the one embracing all the territory without
and the other all that with Blackearth, these two zones being again
subdivided into nine groups of governments or provinces.

PROVINCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUSSIA.

For a more comprehensive classification of his subject, Consul-General
Stan ton, in the report already referred to, has grouped the u govern-
ments" as follows:

Northern group. — Archangel, Olonektz, and Vologda. These are the
least populous districts of Russia, forests and tundra predominating.

Central group.— St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Tver, Pskoff, Smolensk,
Moscow, Kaluga, Vladimir, Yarosloff, Kostroma, Nijni-Novgorod, Viatka,
and Perm. Agriculture is successfully carried on in all these govern-
ments.

Baltic group. — This group consists of the following provinces: Es-
thonia, Livonia, and Courland. The average crops in these three prov-
inces is much greater than those of the thirteen governments of the
central group. Wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, oats, and potatoes are
principally cultivated, the latter being largely used for distilling pur-
poses. Considerable attention is paid to horse-breeding, there being
375,000 in this group, an increase of 32 per cent, since 1851. Cattle have
increased 42 per cent, since 1851. The district possesses about 1,006,000
head. Sheep number 1,0-47,000, 917,000 of which are native breeds.
The increase since 1851 is about 70 per cent. Swine number 360,000,
having increased since 1851 33 per cent. Forests have decreased since
1855 45 per cent., and their protection and extension is a question of
vital importance. Distilling, brewing, and milling are extensively car-
ried on in this district.

522 • CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

Western group.— This group embraces the six governments of Mohi-
leff, Vitebsk, Vilna, Kovno, Grodno, and Min^c, has an area of 306,476
square kilometers, and a population numbering 6,185,000. Spring and
winter wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, oats, potatoes, and flax are culti-
vated. Horses numbered in 1876 1,499,000, and receive considerable
attention. Cattle numbered 2,519,000; sheep, 2,042,000, 371,000 of
which were fine-wooled breeds ; swine, 1,570,000 5 goats, 220,000. Forests
have been greatly devastated, and have decreased in area more than
3,000,000 desiatines (over 8,000,000 acres). Distilling, brewing, and
sugar-making are carried on extensively in this group.

Vistula group. — This group includes the former Kingdom of Poland.
The consul-general was unable to give statistics of any account regard-
ing this group. Notwithstanding its dense population this group is a
grain-exporting one. Horses in 1870 numbered 754,000 ; cattle, 2,232,000 ;
sheep, 4,180,000; swine, 1,104,000, and goats 15,000. Forests have
been greatly devastated. Distilling, brewing, and sugar-making are,
as adjuncts to agriculture, extensively carried on. Statistics concern-
ing Polish cattle will be found in the report from Consul Eawicz, of
Warsaw.

Southicestern Blackearth group. — This group includes the three gov-
ernments of Kief, Podolia, and Volhynia, and is one of the most favored
districts of Russia both as to soil and climate.

Beet roots play an important r61e in this group. About 115,957 desia-
tines were planted, producing 99,242,650 poods.

In 1871 the horses in this group numbered 866,000, having increased
Sp per cent, in twenty years; cattle numbered 1,500,000, having de-
creased 11 per cent.; sheep, mostly native breeds, 2,420,000; swine,
1,258,000; goats, 85,000.

Southern Steppe group. — This group includes the governments of Bes-
sarabia, Cherson, Yekaterinoslaff, Taurida, and the Don Cossacks dis-
trict, which are more or less characterized by the word steppe.

The greatest part of the grain production of this group is exported.
In 1876 the horses numbered 1,185,000; cattle, 3,427,000; sheep,
13,174,000, of which 7,097,000 were merinos; swine, 787,000; goats,
139,000. But little forest exists, and that little is neglected or wasted,
and has decreased 35 per cent, since 1840.

• Distilling, brewing, and sugar-making are carried on, though the lack
of fuel militates against these industries.

Central Blackearth group. — This group consists of the governments of
Toola, Eiasau,HJrel, Koorsk, Yoronesh, Tambroff, Pensa, Karkoff, Pol-
tava, and Tchernigoff. Cereals, fruit, and oleaginous and fibrous plants
thrive in this group.

The proportionately small amount of grazing land in this group has
its influence on the breeding of domestic animals. Horses number
4,358,000; cattle, 4,137,000; sheep, 10,841,000, 1,537,000 of which are
merinos; swine, 3,057,000; goats, 141,100. Forests play an unimportant
r61e in this group, and have decreased 20 per cent. . Pensa, Tamboff,
and Orel have the most, Toola and Poltava the least forest land.

There are in this group 68 sugar-mills, whose annual production is
valued at 13,172,000 rubles ; 745 distilleries, whose production is valued
at 80,355,200 rubles; 70 breweries, producing 1,242,700 rubles beer;
940 oil-mills, producing 2,159,400 rubles oil, and 47 tobacco works, pro-
ducing 3,304,000 rubles tobacco.

Eastern and Southeastern group. — This group includes the govern-
ments of Kasan, Simbirsk, Saratoff, Samara, Oufa, Orenburg, and As-
trakan. The soil of this group is fertile, except in Astrakan, where its
fruitfulness is affected by the salty character of the earth.

RUSSIA. 523

RUSSIAN CATTLE.

Russia possesses more cattle than any other country in Europe, but
is surpassed in this respect by both the United States and South Amer-
ica. Of the many native breeds lew if any are worthy particular notice.
The Cholmogory, originally a cross between Dutch cattle and a native
breed of Archangel, is the best known race. It dates from Peter the
Great's time, is used for improving other native breeds, and is kept up
by constant import of Dutch bulls. The breed is mainly owned by
peasants.

With regard to cattle Russia may be divided into three zones, the
northern, southern, and southeastern. In the first cattle are kept
chiefly for dairy purposes and manure. The breeds kept are native,
often crossed with foreign breeds, are small in stature, and not particu-
larly large milkers. The Russian races develop slowly and possess on
the average from 7 to 8 poods of coarse, unsavory meat. West Russian
and Cholmogorian cattle weigh from 17 to 20 poods.

In the second zone cattle are kept as beasts of burden and for their
meat. They are largely exported , and, though poor milkers, are esteemed
for their meat and as workers.

In the southeastern zone oriental breeds are kept chiefly for their
meat and tallow. . They yield less meat than those of the southern zone
and are poor milkers.

PICTURES OF RUSSIAN CATTLE.

Under date of December 5, 1884, Consul-General Stanton transmitted
to the Department sixty photo-lithographs of Russian cattle, which were
supplied by the director of aguriculture in St. Petersburg. These pict-
ures represent cattle in the northern and central groops only and in Fin-
land, viz:

Northern group.— Government of Archangel, four representing cows
of the " Cholmogorian" breed and four of unspecified cattle; Govern-
ment of Vologda, seven cows and seven oxen, evidently of the common
breeds of the country.

Central group. — Government of Perm, nine cows, five of which are
hornless, and all evidently the common scrub race of the country.
Government of Yiatka, five cows, fully as inferior as those of Perm,
and evidently of the same breed. Government of Kostroma, fifteen
cows and three bulls. One of the cows is designated " native cow;"
the others are not designated. All are superior looking animals to
those of Perm and Viatka. Government of Yarosloff, four cows seem-
ingly the same breed as those of Kostoma.

Finland. — A cow and bull, breed not designated. They would seem,
however, to be a cross between the Finnish and Ayrshire cattle, which,
according to the report from Helsingfors, would seem to constitute a
large portion of the cattle of Finland.

As it would serve no practical purpose to publish the sixty engrav-
ings of Russian cattle which accompanied Consul-General Stanton's
report, selections are herewith given, which, with the cuts of Polish
cattle given with the report by Consul Rawicz, of Warsaw, will, it is
thought, fairly represent the breeds of the Empire.

524

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

CATTLE IN THE BALTIC PROVINCES.

EEPORT BY CONSULAR AGENT BOMBOLDT, OF HIOA.

I have the honor to inclose herewith a report having reference to the
breeding of cattle in this consular district, but I regret to say that the
information I have been able to collect upon this subject is very limited,
as pure bred cattle are very rarely found in these provinces, where stock-
raising is in a primitive state. The domestic cattle in their present con-
dition would not be recommend able for export. The only cattle fit for
exporting are the Podolian (prairie breed from the south of Russia),
which is renowned for its contentedness with regard to food and atten-
tion, as also for its large size and excellent quality of meat. The risk
of spreading the cattle plague in other countries must be taken into con-
sideration in this connection. By continual and exact experiments in
breeding the Podolian cattle in the United States it could be ascertained
whether this very useful cattle would not lose its disposition to disease,
under the influence of the soil and climate there. These cattle cost here
from $40 to $60 per head. In Libau a large slaughtering establishment
has been formed this spring with the view of exporting fresh meat to
England, and it has its own steamer, fitted with refrigerators, running
regularly to London, The cattle, especially Podolian, come from the
interior of Russia by rail to Libau.

The best manner of export to the United States would be via England.
The cost from Eiga to England for cattle varies from about $18 to $20
per head. The stock is increasing and is sufficient for home demand.

PET. BOMBOLDT,

Consular Agent.

UNITED STATES CONSULAR AGENCY,

Riga, November 8, 1883.

Special statistics concerning cattle in the Baltic provinces.

Name of breed.

Annual ave
age product
of milk.

Habitat.

Live weight

Cow.

Bull.

Angola ..... ....................

Pounds.
4,900
4,800
4,800

Russia.
Baltic ]
Livonic

Pounds.
850
1,040
1, 000

Pounds.
1,350
1,670

Cholmogorifln ...........

and Curonia. ... ....

Domestic cattle (cross-breeds) : Of middle size and mostly small of stature ; color,
brown and reddish, also gray and white. Age at maturity, threo to four years, when
their weight is from 540 to 725 pounds. Origin, a cross between foreign and domestic
cattle. They are not used for labor. Weight of meat, 290 to 300 pounds. They pro-
duce from 276 to 324 gallons of milk yearly. Product of cheese not known.

Topography : Altitude, 90 feet ; temperature, summer, 66° F. ; winter, 13° F. ; soil,
alluvial and sand, with some loam ; substratum, clay.

Cultivated grasses : Timothy, clover, and rye grass.

Housing : in stables, on the dung mixed with straw and loft there until spring.

Feeding : In winter, hay, straw, bran ; in summer, pasture.

Breeding: Angeln, Oldenburg, Cholrnogoren, country, and cross- broods.

Products : Milk and cheese.

*: '

m

I

PLATE 248

v. §

Julius Sien A Co.Jjith.

SKULL OF YAROSLAFF BULL

RUSSIA, 525

CATTLE IN FINLAND.

In compliance with circular of the 18th July, 1883, 1 have herewith
the honor to forward answers to the several questions referred to therein.
There is an export of cattle from Finland to Sweden, but there is no
import except a few now and then from Ayrshire, for breeding pur-
poses.

HERMAN DONNEE,

Vice and Acting Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Hei&ingforsj June 26, 1884.

SPECIAL STATISTICS CONCERNING CATTLE IN FINLAND.

Name ofbreed, #c.: Ayrshire, pure and half blood, crossed with original Finnish
breed. Color, red and white, spotted, sometimes roan. They are the well-known
Ayrshire type ; have heen bred pure for thirty years; originally from Scotland. Ago
at maturity four years, when the weight of meat is from 400 to 700 pounds. Size at
maturity : 'Cow from 50" to 80" ; ox, from 50" to 86''' ; while the bull at two and one-
half years is from M" to 80". Live weight: Cow, 800 to 1,000 pounds; bull, 1,200 to
1,300 pounds; ox, 1,000 to 1,100 pounds. Annual average production of milk from
3,200 to 6,000 pounds; from 23.3 to 26 pounds of milk produce 1 pound of butter; the
average product being 180 pounds. No cheese is made in the neighborhood.

Topography of Finland : Altitude, 300 feet. Mean temperature, -f-3.7° C. ; summer, -f-
11.7°, July being the- warmest (mean temperature, -t-17°); winter, —4.3° centigrade
from November including April (January mean temperature, — 7.8°). Soil, alluvial
unsatisfactorily spread ; loam rnergel very scarce but plenty of vegetable moor soil ;
clay glacial and field clay; sandy, &c., rollstone gravel, down sand, and glacial sand.

Substratum: Granite, clay, gravel, &c.

Cultivated grasses : Timothy most cultivated and is gaining ground every year; red
clover is cultivated, but more of Swedish "alsike" (Arifalim hybridum) ] for pasture
while clover is mixed; rye-grass does not stand the Finnish winter; Holcus lanatus
and Alopecarua pratensis are much used.

The cattle are housed for nine months and are at pasture only for three months ; hay,
oats (crushed), linssed cakes, wheat bran, oat, acorns, and straw are used for feed ;
on large farms the herds are usually kept pure and bulls imported from time to time
from Ayrshire ; on small farms crossed breeds are prominent. The butter is all ex-
ported to St. Petersburg and London.

POLISH CATTLE.

REPORT BY CONSUL XAWICZ, OF WARSAW.

I beg to acknowledge the receipt of the cattle circular of July 18
last, and in reply to transmit the following report on the condition of
the cattle-raising industry in Poland.

The number of the Polish and foreign breeds is exceedingly limited,
and in no proportion whatever to the demands of the local stock-
breeders. Owing to the cheapness of the local milk and meat products
and the competition with the " Steppe" and peasant cattle, the raising
of the foreign breeds is entirely neglected.

The purchasing prices of the animals produced by this country are
exceedingly variable, in consequence of the striking differences in their
sizes and qualities.

526 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

A marketable milch cow weighs from 400 to 900 pounds, and
from 20 to 65 rubles, while the price of an ox weighing from 600 to 1,100
pounds varies from 38 to 110 rubles and above.

The total number of cattle in the Kingdom of Poland amounts to
2,700,000 head, out of which number 700,000 head are in possession of
large landed proprietors, while 2,000,000 head belong to the peasantry.

Nearly the whole of the Polish cattle stock is exclusively bred for
the milk products to supply the local demands, and only the old and
worn out animals are sold to the butchers of villages and smaller
towns.

The larger towns and cities of the country supply their demands with
cattle drawn chiefly from the "Steppe" governments of Eussia.

The city of Warsaw, for instance, consumes annually about 65,000
head of the "Steppe" and only 3,000 head of native cattle, while the
whole Kingdom of Poland consumes about 85,000 head of cattle.

Some of the larger landed proprietors draw considerable numbers of
oxen from the Eussian "Steppe" governments of Volynia, Podolia, and
Bessarabia, fatten, and export them to Berlin and Vienna.

As regards the home demands of the dairy products it may be safely
stated that hitherto almost everywhere, with the exception of larger
towns, they were regulated by the amount of produce.

As a curious fact and illustrating the above, two towns situated in
the government of Lubin, namely: Krasnik, 4,000 inhabitants, and Ea-
chow, 1,900 inhabitants, some ten years ago, with 15 per cent, less popu-
lation, consumed 360 and 120 gallons of fresh milk daily, respectively ;
at present the former consumes 1,120 gallons and the latter 400 gallons;
this cannot be attributed to the increase of welfare, but to the increased
production of milk in the vicinity.

The foregoing data have been collected by my order through some
competent party, and as far as I compared them with other statements,
I find them fully representing the actual state of the cattle-breeding
industry in this country.

As to the blank forms sent me, I beg respectfully to express my
regrets that I am unable to fill them up, for want of the statistical
offices and the prohibition of keeping such offices by private parties.

I inclose five photographs of Polish cattle types.

JOSEPH EAWIOZ,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

W arsaic, November 3, 1883.

•

HUNGARY. 527

HUISTGABY.

MEAT AND DAIRY CATTLE IN HUNGARY,

EEPOET BY CONSUL STERNE, OF EUDA-PESTH.

I herewith beg to submit all the general and statistical information
which I have been able to obtain in response to the Department's cattle
circular of July 18, 1883 ; at the same time I deem it proper to remark
that many of the details of my report have been kindly furnished me
by the honorable minister of commerce ol Hungary and Mr. Tormay,
the director of the veterinary academy of Buda-Pesth.

CATTLE RAISING- IN HUNGARY.

As to generalities, I shall begin by stating the results reached in
Hungary by the systematic breeding with the cattle native to the state,
and also the results reached by the introduction of cattle of foreign
breeds.

Though Hungary has been making great efforts in the last decade to
throw off its purely agricultural character, it retains such to a great
extent at this day. Like that of few other European countries, her
land is more generally adapted to agriculture and her people are by
long-acquired habits more inclined to the occupation of farming.

Thus also the raising of cattle was always an industry of great im-
portance to the state, only exceeded by that of grain production. The
great competition, however, in late years, by other countries, has made
grain-raising so unprofitable that, also considering the favorable results
reached in other countries by stock-raising, the people have found it
proper to turn their attention more in this direction, and though it is
only recently comparatively that systematic efforts have been made, I
think the state has already cause to congratulate itself on the results
secured thus far.

HUNGARIAN MEAT AND WORK CATTLE.

It being natural that the native cattle is best adapted to the country
of its home, much attention has been given to improve and perfect the
home race, and this has resulted so successfully that the Hungarian
cattle may already be considered very superior animals, especially for
the butcher and heavy work. For these purposes there have therefore
been very few experiments made in the introduction of animals of for-
eign race.

CROSS BREEDS FOR DAIRYING.

Of late, however, it has appeared that u dairy farming " is the more
profitable branch of stock-raising. The country is therefore making its
experiments and applying the results of these more in this direction.
Though the experiments with foreign breeds have not been generally
satisfactory, there have been a few which have resulted so well that

528 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

for dairy farming these have already been accepted as standard stock,
and they no doubt will soon largely replace the native cattle for the
purpose, though these cannot be called unprofitable dairy animals
either.

The most satisfactory of these experiments have been had with the
cattle from the Alps (Switzerland and the Tyrol), and these are already
practically bred in the north and west of Hungary, also on the eastern
border on the higher situated pastures of the Karpathian Mountains
and their valleys. Of the the above the u Eed Spotted" (the "Pinz-
gauer" race) and the "Brown cattle" (the race "Brachiceros") deserve
to be specially mentioned.

Positively bad results have been made with the cattle from Holland
and Oldenburg and those from the northwest coast of the continent
generally.

STATE ENCOURAGEMENT OF CATTLE-BREEDING.

In this work for improvement the people are greatly assisted by
the government of the state, not only by very instructive and commend-
able methods of instruction, but also by financial aid where such is
needed ; there are other privileges granted as a further stimulant to
those who will be guided by the system adopted.

To go into details : The state has been divided into breeding districts,
in each of which model farms have been established, mostly on lands
belonging to the Crown. These farms are managed and held either by
the state authorities or by the wealthy gentry, some of whom show ex-
ceptional energy and enterprise in this field. They are stocked with
the best breeding stock suitable to the locality, either of the native or
foreign races.

From these centers the individual farmers or breeders, and also village
consumers, are supplied with breeding animals on very favorable terms
of payment, upon the condition that the progeny be placed at the dis-
posal of the mother establishment for further sale and distribution.
Thus the state is being stocked only with such animals as have proven
by experiment and practice to be best adapted not only to the country
at large but also to the separate districts, and in the same proportion
mongrel, defective breeds are gradually being extinguished. In a short
time seventy-six such model farms have been created, one of which alone
contains four hundred native bulls. With such a system it can be rea-
sonably expected that soon a complete change can be brought about in
the direction proving to be the most practical.

THE WHITE CATTLE OF HUNGARY.

There are two races of cattle in Hungary which can be called native ;
the so-called "White cattle" and the "Buffalo." Of these two the
former seems to be very well adapted for domestication in the United
States and becoming thus of special interest. I shall here give a short
sketch of the animal as far as my limited knowledge of the subject in
its technicalities will safely permit me to venture. I hope, however, the
people of the United States may be able to draw practical conclusions
from this sketch, the foregoing g eneralities, and the statistical results
accompanying my report.

I herewith transmit two photographs of Hungarian cattle, "the White
native," referred to at length in my previous dispatch. I think these
pictures are very fine ones.

HUNGARY. 529

The horns of the cow are exceptionally short.

As a race the "White cattle" belong to the group "Bos taurus prinri-
genius," commonly called "Podoliau" and it exists more particularly in
Eastern Europe. Although the animal here in Hungary is not consid-
ered quite perfect as yet, it is claimed that, of the race, those here have
thus far reached the highest state of perfection, and the systematic
breeding applied will no doubt soon develop the perfect animal.

Meat and labor qualities. — The qualities mainly recommending it are
two ; capacity for fa tteningandthe quantity and quality of meat produced,
and their great usefulness as working animals. The latter quality
makes them especially valuable hero where the ox is the principal
motor, and I think that this should equally recommend them to the
"Far West77 of the United States, where the breaking up of the new soil
makes the steady, heavy work of the ox more practical than the light,
quick work of the horse. As a sample I am informed that a pair of oxen
will easily plow about 1£ acres of laud G inches deep per day. As to
their fattening capacity I must add .the caution that the animal does not
mature as rapidly as that of some other races.

The " White cattle" is raised in all parts of Hungary, since it prospers
on every class of soil; the poor sandy, the peat and clay, or the rich-
est alluvial. For localities at an elevation of more than 3,500 feet above
sea-level the animal is not adapted. It is, therefore, found more partic-
ularly where grain production is practiced, thus enabling it to be made
useful as a draft animal, while being also near the distilleries for fatten-
ing.

Description. — In the physical description accompanying this report
the good average animal is spoken of.

The color is a silvery white or gray, with black mouth and nostrils, and
the tail ending in a long black tassel. Animals of a pure white color
with a pinky mouth are found occasionally, but these are not popular
owing to their sensitiveness to the influence of the weather. The head
is small, the line of the forehead straight and covered with a more or less
thick and soft tuft of hair; the nose is slightly rounded. The head of
the bull is more massive, with coarser outlines, the hair a little darker
and more inclined to curl.

The immense and beautiful horns grow a little horizontal from the sides
of the head before they curve up and outward; many specimens over a
meter in length are found, those a yard long being quite common. Per-
fection in the correct shape of the horns is highly valued, this being one
of the signs of purity of race. Besides the horns have a commercial
value as a substitute for whalebone, and, when properly mounted, make
beautiful articles of decoration. Altogether the head gives the animal
quite a noble, majestic appearance.

The eyes face rather outwardly, are very large, black, almond-shaped,
lively, and frequently more fiery than desired.

The ears are firm, reasonably hairy, and point sidewise, not droop-
ing.

The neck is broad, carried high, and is from 10 to 15 per cent, longer
than the head, measuring each from the line of the forehead.

The back is long, broad, and very muscular, sway-backed or otherwise
poorly shaped animals being rarely met with; the croup is broad and
strong ; the tail is also strong.

The sides of the beast are broad, long, and deep, in consequence of
which the chests have extra large dimensions, which, with their very
capable lungs, cause the animal to be so specially well adapted as draft
animals.

H. Ex. 51 34

530

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

The withers are long and broad ; also the loins, though these are
sometimes found longer than they should properly be.

The limbs are very strong and firm; the shoulder muscular, finely
shaped, and compact; the forearm is flat, very broad, and covered
with visible muscles; the knee is broad; the shin short without coarse
bones ; the sinews clearly defined ; the fetlock very shapely and in good
porportion, and the hoofs so strong and firm that it becomes necessary
to shoe working animals only on the roughest roads.

Measurement and weight. — The following is a detail measurement of
good average animals:

Description.

Bull.

Cow.

. . . . Meters

55
25.2
22.3
61
65
224
154
212
54
245
157
224
1,381
1,812

54.3

24.5
19.5
62
63
218
150
191
55
237
156
212
1,214
1,480

.... do

do

. . do

Length of back to point of last rib «.

do

Total length from Hue of forehead to point of ' ' ilium. "

do

Height aFwithers .......... ^..

do

do

do

. . do

Total height as above of extra animals

do

do.. .

Weight of medium animals . .

. . . . pounds

Fattening qualities. — As to their capacity for fattening, it may serve
as a sample that a certain herd of seven hundred and forty-two old,
long- worked oxen were brought in one hundred and eighteen days of
fattening from an average weight of 1,260 pounds to 1,565 pounds.
Younger animals have been known to gain as much as 3.54 pounds per
day in distilleries, and equally good results have been secured with
first-class farm feeding. In short, it is claimed, after many tests, that
no race of cattle will compare with this one in the results of systematic
fattening.

Dairy qualities.— I am informed, as to their quality for the dairy, that,
in more favorable localities much better results have been reached than
those stated in the statistical table herewith ; that these showings allude
only to medium animals under medium circumstances.

Price. — In price they range as follows: Bulls of medium to first-class
quality are worth from $80 to $120 for three-year-olds, and from $60 to
$100 for two-year-olds; exceptionally fine animals, of course, in propor-
tion more. Cows are worth from $32 to $60 ; year-old calves of either
sex from $20 to $40. Upon application I can furnish the addresses of
breeders of the more thoroughbred herds.

THE HUNGARIAN BUFFALO CATTLE.

I have not been able to obtain an accurate description of the other
race of native cattle of Hungary, the "Buffalo," but from my personal
observation and information I can say the following :

The Buffalo is a black, shaggy, uncouth-looking animal, with rather
horizontally lying head, backward drooping, short, and heavy horns ;
it is far more docile than its appearance would indicate, and on account
of several of its traits it might justly be called the mule of Hungary.
Its extreme toughness and, if I may call it so, its modesty in require-

HUNGARY. 531

ment of food and care, are its most remarkable qualities. It is there-
fore specially popular in localities where food is neither plenty nor good,
and everywhere it receives the treatment of a u step-child" in this re-
spect.

It is fond of the water and thrives best in swampy sections, will, in
fact, decrease in size if kept in too dry localities. It is a very good
work animal where speed is not required, displaying again in this the
equanimity of the mule. The milk is noted for its richness.

The Buffalo is raised, in numbers of any consequence, only on the
low bottom lands of the Danube, the Theiss, and the Brave, all these
districts being noted for their dampness. For the same reason I think
he could be practically introduced in the southern portions of the United
States; in Florida, for instance, where, as it is, the domestic cattle do
not thrive so well.

There are also a few herds of thoroughbred Buffaloes kept up here
with the object of maintaining the quality of the race. First-class
specimens can be had for from $50 to $100.

HOUSING AND FEEDING.

The usual manner of keeping the cattle here is as follows :
In summer they are allowed the run of the fields ; these not being
fenced, the animals are in charge of herders, large herds being under
professional herders, while the women or children look after the animals
of the smaller farmers.

In winter the small farmers keep their stock in stables. The large
herds are kept in sheds, which are protected towards the north, while
the south sides are open to allow the animals the run of the adjoining
paddocks during day-time ; sometimes they are kept altogether unpro-
tected during winter, since the animal can easily stand 4J° F. below
zero. But all have to be fed during winter, Hungary seemingly not
having those grasses from which, as in our "Far West," cattle can make
their own living during winter. The small farmer feeds cut feed, while
the large herds receive straw, corn-stalks, a little corn, and poor hay.

BREEDING IN HUNGARY.

Inbreeding is never deviated from, crosses being altogether disquali-
fied as .breeding stock.

The bull is permitted to run with the herd in March, remaining with
it three or four months. Calves begin to be dropped in January, and
it is claimed that those which are dropped on the snow are the hardiest
and best.

Breeding begins with the third year, the bull being considered fully
capable until his ninth, and the cow until her thirteenth, year.

Working cattle are broken in at four, and remain fully fit for work
during eight, years.

For fattening they are considered ripe at four, but are at their best
when seven, years old.

HUNGARIAN BUTTER AND CHEESE MAKING.

The country consumes much milk and sweet cream, not so much
butter being used for the table as in the United States. The people
are very exacting as to the quality of these things, and use only

532 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

butter. Lately the system of making butter from sweet milk by sepa-
rators is becoming quite popular. Cheese is made after the method of
Holland and Switzeikind, the fat, half fat, and the cream sorts. I
have nor seen any cheese, hero of the character of our u Western He-
serve" brand.

CATTLE CENSUS OF HUNGARY.

The proportion of cattle raised for the butcher and the dairy will be
&ceii in the following statements, the natives being raised principally
for the butcher, and the Ked Spotted and the Brown nearly altogether
for the dairy.

The census of 1SS1 showed:

Per cent.
Native White cattle C.O

1'ed SIM )! ted >_>()

Urown c;i;;le It;

13ul!'a!o ;u:d crosses - 10

100
The following were the numbers of each and of all:

Native :

liulls 31,703

rows I,f>:i5, DGO

Yoiinir cattle 1, 4(j;{, l;}2

Oxen 1,033,720

Total 4,0(>4,f>14

L'ed Spotted and Brown :

lluils 14,722

( '•> v.s 1 41H), 2f>7

Yomitf stock 404, 124

Oxen 119,071

Total Red Spotted and P.rown 1,0:57,774

Oxen of di tie rent races in fattening 11."), 28(5

linltaloes '. 93,804

years 32, lHf>

This seems to be and is, in fact, a very small increase for such a period
in a country which is so well adapted for cattle raising, and to whose
interest it is as much as I have pointed out. I believe, however, that
the next census will show far more satisfactory results, since the syste-
matic ellbrts have been br^mi only at the end of the last decade; but
what is of more value, the results as to quality and tin4 profits in conse-
quence will prove undoubtedly more, satisfactory.

I am informed that tii(i larger proportion of the above increase has
been made in the dairy branch, and it is anticipated that this interest
will nearly double in a lew years.

IMI'OKTS or CATTLE INTO TTUNCiAllY.

Hungary is able to raise and is raising all the, cattle needed at home
for any purpose, and produces a surplus in cattle for 1 ho, butcher. In
consequence, there is nothing imported but the animals for breeding
purposes, and these, as J have shown, come nearly altogether from the

HUNGAKY. 533

Tyrol and Switzerland. . Besides this, the territory is usually barred
against the countries to the south and east, Servia and Koumania,
-which are the only states also having a practical surplus. This prohibi-
tion is in consequence of certain cattle diseases frequently occurring
there.

IMPORTS OF CANNED BEEF FROM THE UNITED STATES.

Specially from the United States the only article imported connected
with this branch is canned beef but this in such small quantities that
it hardly deserves being recorded, and I do not anticipate that the im-
port from the United States will assume larger proportions or be of
any other character.

f A1 EXPORTS OF HUNGARIAN MEATS AND MEAT CATTLE.

The export of the surplus of Hungary meets with similar difficulties
in the direction of Germany as that of the United States, experiences
with the products of swine. Germany seems to be as much afraid of
Hungarian cattle diseases as of the "dreaded American trichinae."
Shipments of live cattle to Germany are therefore prohibited. The
only practical outlet is Austria and its provinces ; but to show how
"protection " is becoming the " parole" all over Europe, I may mention
that though perfect free trade exists within Austria-Hungary, both be-
ing within one and the same customs district, the former state has
lately made quite a serious attempt to exclude the cattle of the latter;
the attempt, however, has failed, and I will therefore not go further
into the details of it.

Italy is open to Hungarian cattle and beef, but seems to find them
too good or too dear for her demands.

Repeated efforts have been made to export dressed beef in refrigator
cars to France (Paris), but the obstructions and difficulties proved too
great and the ventures failed. For veterinary, sanitary reasons (?)
Germany would not allow dressed beef to pass through its territory
(somewhat as she objects of late to American pork passing through in
transit). The beef therefore had to be taken by the roundabout way
through Northern Italy, which proved too tedious, and I suppose too ex-
pensive to make the undertaking practical or profitable. During the
coming summer the new Arlberg tunnel route will be opened, and this,
it is hoped, will give a more direct route to France and, at the same
time, make Switzerland a possible field of export.

Hungary and Austria, belonging as stated to one and the same cus-
toms district, there is no official statistics kept of the interstate trade,
the exact number of cattle shipped from the one to the other is there-
fore not known. The railroads show that during 1883 there were
183,000 head of cattle shipped from Hungary to Austria ; nearly half
of this number went to Vienna alone. Of course, many were taken
across the border on foot, but there is no record of these. Many of the
cattle thus taken to Austria, outside of the larger cities, are work-oxen,
a good pair of such being worth about $200 to $220.

HEALTHINESS OF HUNGARIAN CATTLE.

The cattle of the Hungarian race are peculiarly free from disease, and
the experience of many years has proven more particularly that the
oriental cattle plague, though it is at home at. no great distance to

534 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

the south and east of Hungary, never occurs spontaneously amongst
the Hungarian cattle. Serious losses to large herds never occur here,
like those frequently caused in other countries by lung and other dis-
eases.

The "autrax" and " treumatic affections" are the only diseases from
which the cattle suffer occasionally, but serious losses never follow in
consequence.

COST OP TRANSPORTATION TO THE UNITED STATES.

Buda-Pesth not being a sea-port, made it impracticable for me to gain
the information as to the expenses connected with a probable shipment
to the United States.

For superintendence of or the looking after such shipment while in
transit the expense will not be excessive. Experienced people here
would, no doubt, be glad to have such an opportunity to go to the United
States cheaply, and would probably be satisfied with the compensation ol
simply having their passage paid.

ROUTES OF EXPORT TO THE UNITED STATES.

The most practical route to ship, because the most direct, would be
via Hamburg or Bremen, but it is a question whether Germany would
permit such transportation through its territory. She may, however, be
induced to make an exception when it can be shown that such shipment
does not mean competition for any of her established fields of export.

Another route would be via Fiume or Trieste on the Adriatic. This,
however, would involve an overlong sea- voyage for cattle. There re-
mains the route through Northern Italy to France arid one of the lat-
ter's sea ports, or, what would make these still more practical, the route
to France via the "Arlberg tunnel" and Switzerland.

OUTLOOK FOR CATTLE-RAISING IN HUNGARY.

In resumption I may give it as my conviction that in the near future
Hungary will become a more important factor of Europe in the way of
meat and dairy product supplies. Her central position and peculiar
adaptation for stock-raising should have made her this long ago; but
it is only of late that she has become fully aware of the importance of
this interest or industry to the state, not only on account of its higher
profitableness but also for other reasons, as I have shown at the begin-
ning of my report.

I must say again, however, not only the people but also the govern-
ment of the state are working in the most commendable manner to-
wards a practical reconstruction of its resources, and they will no
doubt succeed as much as earnest and practical efforts are deserving
of success.

HENKY STEBtfE,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Buda-Pesth, April 16, 1884.

HUNGARY.

Special statistics concerning cattle in Hungary.

535

Race.

Height at maturity.

Live-weight at ma-
turity.

Color.

Cow.

Ox.

Bull.

Cow.

Ox.

Bull

Hungarian cattle, " White
cattle," "Fodolian race."
Red Spotted

Meters.
1.55

.46
.22
.30
.43

.38

Meters.
1.66

1.53
1.27
1.55
1.52
1.45

Meters.
1.55

1.52
1.28
1.36
1.50
1.39

Lbs.
1,215

1,249
950
990
1,171

1,149

Lbs.

*1,260

1,392
1,105
1,469
1, 282
1,304

Lbs.'
1, 381

1, 878.
1,459
1,436
1,613
1,193

Light gray and white.

Red spotted.
Badger-gray colored.
Red-spotted, dark.
Light cream colored.
Black.

Brown cattle, ' 'Brachiceros"
Pinz^auer

Marienbofer

Buffalo

Race.

1
Weight of
meat at ma-
turity, t

Age at ma-
turity.

How long bred
purely.

Average
quantity of
milk per
year.J

Milk
contains
fat.

Hungarian cattle, "White
cattle," "Podolian race."
Red Spotted

Per cent.
53. 8 to 66. 6

56. 7 to 64. 0
53. 2 64. 8
52. 0 qO. 9
53. 3 62. 5
51. 0 59. 0

Tears.
4

2ito3
3 3}
3 3£
2 3
4

Al

So
Al
Sh
Sh
Al

Gallons.
180

405 to 517
440 550
380 495
334 404
190 214

Per cent.
7.58

4. 80 to 6. 41
3. 35 4. 66
3. 89 6. 11
3. 61 4. 48

Feral centuries.
ways . . . ,

Brown cattle, " Brachiceros "
Pinzgauer

ice 1740
ice 1728

Marienhofer

Buffalo

Race.

Milk contains
cheese fat.

Total result of the products.

Remarks.

1

1

I

:3

Butter.

Cheese.

Hungarian cattle, " White
cattle," " Podolian race."
Red Spotted

Pr.ct.

5.63

4.35

3.81
4.17

4.18

Trs.
8

3

4
4

3J

7

Pr.ct.
60.2

60.3

59.0
57.0

57.9

54.0

Galls.
180

460

494
438

369
208

Pounds.
133

208 to 247

195 221

182 206

144

Lbt.
212

442

442
347

217

Description in text.

Long, deep, heavy cattle
with coarse hones.
Strong hut not coarse hones.
Strong hones, and choice as
to quality of food.
Tender animals, producing
very heavy oxen.
Description in text.

Brown cattle, "Brachiceros"
Pinzganer

Buffalo

•In working condition.

t Percentage of gross weight, including some tallow in the outside weights, the inside weights for
nnfattened, good-conditioned animals.
1 Calculated for three hundred days of milking.

§ Net weight of meat hy per cent, from gross weight,
jj Supposed total of year of three hundred milking days.

556 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING

Special statistics concerning cattle in Hungary — Continued.

Conditions of temperature.

Suits of grasses,
&c.

1

H

a

Z^

t.

No.

Origin of the race.

^ _

t? _.

c. ^

fl

c t

<=• "i

z ^

*C rt

j.5

T. ~

u '~

o ^

b

jj

C ^

~ ~J ^^

^ >

C)

"Q

O

tt. tt

~ ~

5 J2

o 5

Kr C3

'— ~

<; ^

U | H

^

1 Hungarian cattle, native of Hungary j *!'*

'21
!'.'!

ni ?

4ti i

300 to 1, 500

1

1

1

2

•Siinruenthaler, native of Switzerland -. ^

~^ 4^J 500 3,000

1

1

3

Brown cattle, native of Bavaria H']I* 71^ 45 }

400 4,000

1

4 Red Spotted, native of the Tyred S.MV

m

4J2 j 350 4, 000

1

1

[) ' (* T't -am -cnl <i* (-il Ti'itivo nf .^trria.

500 1, 200

1

1

6

1

....

Topography.

Charaeterof the
soil.

Substratum.

rvCiuarks.

so.1

i Dry or damp, j Flat or hilly.

I

5

71

_2

ti

~~ ' j

c ' c

H c
Ij x

_c

1
1

C

t>J

O

1
1

1
1

1

1 Dry Flat and hilly ..

1
1

1

;

i
i

i
i

1 1

1
1 '....

1

Does not do so well
on granite.
Docs best where in-
dicated "1."
Practical for high lo-
cal inns.
Dot-.s specially well
on chalky soil.
Results obtained not
so favorable.

I
3 do i do

4 ... do do

5 .. do Ilillv

1

....

0 Iknijp and dry..1 Flat and hilly. ..

•i

!

Fahrenheit.

* Iieaurnur.

ic.-^iilt.-i liave been reached where marked " 1. "
Jitdilid udf/litu of tin' (Hjl'cniit }>arl< of animals of iltc Jlnmjnrian race of cattle.

Parts. d.-.v

I
Medium rondi- Lar^e well-fattened
tioucd ox. ox.

/'(.Mn/7*. /

T.ivc \v( i"ht ' 7r t

'cr ccn>.' PuTi.ilf. '1'crctiit. I'vinds.
1 1'ii) 1 774

Per cent.

SK in :."d ii'ii us . fill

7. ]H ^^ 7. r,l Jd4
•l.'.-j ::- :!.'.•:! 42
li'. u.-< ]!)l i ](1. 17 1U7
111 11 '

5. 85
2. 40
10.80

l'i < t inid inoutli 14

I..MI 21 I.J-'O 'J4
K. If. inr, | i). 17 , 212
H. 1L' Hi:, ; f). d!) • I'll!

TJ. :>-j ; 147 j i •_'.(;() 2:w

2c. (iii , L'.i ' : ui. !"> 4,ril
7-, j (5.47 140
::. > , ::.- ;t. i>:i r>l
.'!. ;;« :;:, 2. hf, | :;:i

4. 7.S (14 f>. 52 : (/.»
J'.'O. "0 ], ICO i 100. (it) 1.774

l..'!7
] I . !»<•
Il.Ofl

]•«. r»4

25. 90
7. !)0
2.01

i.*r,

3. KG

100.00

'J'allow (,}

l'i'ir.(|iiart«T with one-half ln-;id <i"

Hili.|..|ii;iIt«T ! IM;

llemaininu two quarters 1 "•!'

J'.n-aHt i !

Hi-art, livt-r, kidiicv-., spleen, and tongue 27

I n«H liV blnoil A'r- '

Entrails and lun^. .. .'!•>

Total Htim . . 7 .--I

DOMINION OF CANADA. 537

DOMINION OF CANADA.

PROVINCE OF ONTARIO,

OPERATIONS OF CANADIAN CATTLE COMPANIES IN THE UNITED

STATES.

REPORT BY COXSTTL PARKER, OF SHERDROOKE.

The Cochrane Cattle Company, of which Hoii. Mr. Cochrane, of the
Hill Hurst Farm, Compton, is the president, owns very extensive grass
lauds near the Rocky Mountains in the British Northwest, where the
company is breeding and grazing large numbers of cattle. With these
herds the managers are now using Polled Angus and Hereford bulls to
produce the best crosses with the native stock, and grades of Shorthorn
and native parentage, which constitute the base of the herds. Expe-
rience has established it as a fact, they think, that the grade cattle pro-
duced by this crossing of the Aberdeens and Herefords with the rank
and file of the herds, endure the rigors of the climate better and fatten
more easily than any grades that they have been heretofore able to se-
cure. The Dominion Cattle Company now has a lease from the Chero-
kee Indians of 284,000 acres of pasture lands, and also of a large body of
land near the former in the Pan Handle of Texas. Upon these lauds the
company has located forty thousand head of cattle, mostly .grades of
native Texas and Shorthorn parentage, and not a few of them the chil-
dren of second crossings of these grades with Shorthorn sires. The man-
agers say that this continued crossing of grades of Shorthorn and Texan
extraction with Shorthorns produces coarseness and leggiuess to an ex-
tent that renders the cattle harder to fatten and slower to mature. That,
in short, the third or fourth generations produced by that kind of cross-
ing will not become sufficiently fat for butcher's use upon grass alone,
and that herdsmen who have followed that line of crossing persistently
are now only able to sell cattle to the feeders. To correct this tendency
Polled Angus and Hereford bulls have been introduced, and the results
in the herds of the Dominion Cattle Company give promise of being
highly satisfactory.

The methods of this company are perhaps worthy of a short digres-
sion from the main subject in hand. It occupies a breeding farm of 7,000
acres, near Emporia, Kans., which is used not only to breed the best
lines of pure blooded cattle, but also to thoroughly acclimate imported
stock before it is sent forward to the herds. To this farm the thorough-
bred stock from Cookshire and other Canadian breeding establishments,
and the imported cattle from Scotland and England, after coming from
the ninety days7 quarantine at Point Levi, are sent in the autumn, and
remaining there over winter, are supplied to the herds in the spring.
Thus an effectual quarantine of seven to eight months is provided
against the possibility of sending diseased animals to the herds. For
first crosses with native cattle in the West and South nothing is supe-
rior to the Shorthorns. But for additional crosses the hardihood, com-
pactness, and beeliiiess of the Aberdeen s and Herefords greatly commend

538 CATTLE AND -DAIRY FARMING.

them. Another point in their favor is that they are what herdsmen
call " good rustlers 5" that is to say that they are active feeders and will
find the grasses and assimilate them with a readiness that makes them
superior for grazing cattle to most other breeds.

The growing favor with which these cattle are received by breeders
in the United States indicates that they regard them much in the same
light in which they are looked upon by the Canadian breeders. Sales
were made during the past fall from two eastern township herds. One
by Mr. Cochrane, in Chicago, from the Hill Hurst Farm herd, of sixty
Polled Angus bulls and heifers, all of which brought prices that appear
almost extravagant, and the other by W. B. Ives from the Cookshire
herd. This latter took place in Kansas City, Mo., where forty Polled An-
gus bulls and heifers were sold at prices which averaged $540 each.

BENJ. S. PARKER,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

SherbrooJce, December 19, 1885.

THE MOST SUITABLE CATTLE FOR CANADIAN FARMERS.

REPORT BY COMMERCIAL AGENT BOBBINS, OF OTTAWA.

As indicating the extent of cattle-raising in Ontario, the latest census
report shows that there were 160,207 killed or sold during the year 1880,
and that there were 23,263 working oxen, 782,243 milch cows, and
896,661 other horned cattle in the province. Many of the better grades
of fat cattle are exported to England, and considerable attention is be-
ing given to the improvement of stock for this market, whilst most of
the stock cattle are marketed in the United States ; large numbers go-
ing to the sections bordering on the Saint Lawrence. The class exported
to the States are mostly of the native or Canadian breed, and with* the
change of feed and care prove profitable for both beef and dairying pur-
poses.

THE SHORTHORN AND THE HEREFORD,

In 1880, by an order in council, a committee of eighteen prominent
citizens of Canada was appointed to investigate the various agricultural
interests of Ontario, and was known as the Ontario agricultural commis-
sion. A large amount of testimony was taken, especially on the cattle
question, and in February 1881, their report was completed. I herewith
submit as a part of this report an extract embracing the conclusions
arrived at by the commission, as follows:

The evidence obtained as to the qualities of the Polled Angus, more particularly
as beefing cattle; the proofs of the success they have achieved in the prize ring, and
the estimation in which they are held by the British salesman and butcher, give them
the strongest claims to attention by Ontario breeders.

The statements as to the size, weight, and early maturing, as well as extraordinary
milking qualities said to belong to the Holsteins, commend them also to closer obser-
vation and strict scrutiny.

Coming to the breeds more familiar to the farmers of this province it is clear to
every one that for general use, and for the combination of beefing and milking quali-
ties, the Jerseys are not to bo thought of. They must be regarded as useful for their
own particular and pacific purpose of yielding a copious supply of very rich milk, and
as suited exclusively to butter-dairying purposes or for private family use.

DOMINION OF, , CAN ADA. 539

The Ayrshires have a far closer relationship to the common cattle or natives than the
Jerseys, possibly than any other breeds, although that is an open question. And the
Ayrshire bulls may bo found of service in maintaining and perpetuating or reviving
the functions where they appear to have fallen off or to be declining. The Ayrshires
can be brought to a fair size for market, and, some tendency to milk fever excepted,
owing to the great activity of their milking functions, are a hardy and thrifty race of
cattle. But it is impossible to say that they are the breed to which the general
farmer can look for the means of putting his herd on the most profitable and economi-
cal footing.

The Galloways have the merit of being good beefing cattle if well fed, and of endur-
ing hard fare if such be their fate. They may, also, from the absence of horns, be a
little better adapted for a shipping trade than others. But they take no high place
as milkers, unless it be in isolated instances, and in the presence of the Durham and
Hereford it is not possible to say they are the breed on which the ordinary farmer
should place reliance. There may, however, bo situations in so wide a country as
Ontario, not to say Canada, where the hardiness of the Galloway would make it of
value.

The Devons as draft-cattle, and rich if not very copious milkers, may suit those
who have special need of animals possessing such qualities, while for the home mar-
ket they produce meat of a rich and excellent quality ; but as a breed to furnish the
grade steer or heifer needed by the Ontario shipper they will never, it may safely be
predicted, take a high place.

The fact is, that for the object the commissioners have in view, namely, the several
combined requirements of the Ontario farmer, the competition for first place lies
between the Durham and Hereford alone. Of either of these two noble breeds there
are a sufficient number in Ontario to supply the ordinary demand, although the Dur-
hams being the most numerous the opportunity for selection by buyers is greater, and
the services of Durham male animals can be as a rule most easily secured.

For attaining a given size and weight in a, given time and at the earliest period of
its life, always assuming its treatment to be liberal and judicious, the Durham cannot
be beaten. The prepotency, too, of the Durham male is universally recognized, and
there is enough Durham blood in most of the present farm stock of Canada to make
assimulation easy and to secure certain results. By careful selection, too, of bulls
from milking families the dairyman may secure in the Durham the means of beefing
his cows profitably when needful to do, "without diminishing the supply of the milk
on which he primarily depends for his profits. The only danger, if there be danger,
in the Durham, is that by too close breeding, and perhaps pampering, a delicacy of
constitution may be engendered and disseminated. Such a possibility has been hinted
at, and while it ought not to tell for one moment against the use of the Durhams at
the present time, it makes it all important (1) that no opportunity should be lost of
giving the Durham stock in Ontario the benefit of imported blood ; (2) that the in-
telligence and vigilance of breeders and veterinary surgeons should always be on
guard against such a possibility ; (3) that the knife should bo used unsparingly when
anything short of the most vigorous constitution is detected, and (4) that all legiti-
mate encouragement should be given to a second breed of cattle capable, approxi-
mately, of holding its own against the renowned Shorthorn.

That breed, so far as Ontario is at present concerned is, if the evidence be correct,
the Hereford. Strong in its prepotency, all but equal in early maturity in the stall,
and more than equal in the pasture to the Durham ; with a constitution in which,
so far, no trace of or tendency to any weakness has been detected and with good
milking qualities, the Hereford may yet prove to bo a useful factor in the great work
of giving to Ontario a class of cattle adapted to*the varied demands of such a country.

THE NATIVE CATTLE OF CANADA

The foregoing conclusions are based upon a large amount of testi-
mony given by prominent cat tie- growers before the commission, and
representing all portions of the province. I would also in this connec-
tion call attention to the common grade of cattle, which are said to have
considerable merit for beefing and dairying purposes.

Prof. "W. Brown of the agricultural college at Guelph, in a report to
the Agricultural Association of Ontario, in 1882, says :

The Canadian : I know of no class of cattle so well deserving a first-class notice in
these pages as the Canadian. There is a distinct typo entitle'! to this name. I do not
mean those with a touch of the Ayrshire, Devon, or any others, not even the Short-
horn grade; but that moderate sized, milking, wiry, active stamp well known to
the average farmer. I claim that the Canadian deserves more notice than has ever

540 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

been given to it. pub'ic and s])eciiic: given a recogni/.ed position that cannot bo
doubted. Our experience of this breed has been intimate and very satisfactory. "We
hold by clear and substantial evidence for eight \earsihat the Canadian cow takes
no m«-;in place as a milker, a mot her, and a field for wide work both for beef and dairy
purposes. Miu-h of this is due to her distinct character in more respects than oue.
She is decidedly content with her average circumstances, miserable as they be at times;
can do as well in the bush as in the clover fields, and responds with her best when
tlie thermometer i> at ^eio or in>- in the shade. Her quantity of milk is not so large
as the Ayishire for .six weeks after calving, but far ahead in continuance, and there-
fore (,n an average equal : in cream it is unquestionably superior to the Ayrshire. No
one vsrll acquainted with tin- breeds would choose (la; Ayrshire, against the Canadian
where hardships and profits, under ordinary condit ions, were elements ; HO also in re-
gard to a common .source for cheap production of beef with Shorthorn or Hereford
bull : other bulls have not as ye! been suflicieni ly tried except the Ayrshire and Devon.
which cannot compare with these two. "While small as a heifer, the Canadian cow
is roomy as a breeder, and this affords field enough for such purpose. 1 am confident
that a proper select ioii of the milking Canadian would add immensely to the dairy
and heeling interests, of the ce.unirv.

It is also in evidence that the farmers of Canada, do not as a rule,
take the best of care of their stock. 31 r. flolin Clay jr., a witness before
the commission, speaks very strongly on this subject, he says:

I believe my remark about the farmers badly housing and feeding their cattle in
the winter applies generally to farmers in Canada. Their buildings are as a rule
drafty and cold, and the amount of food they give to their cattle is not enough to
keep up their frames. This practice, is very general throughout Canada. Although
you \\ ill lind some of our fanners who keep t heir cattle in very good condition, I be-
lieve the percentage of farmers in Canada who neglect the proper feeding and hous-
ing of their cattle is fully GU per cent.

11. 15. KOBBIXS,

Commercial Agent.
UNITED STATES COMMKRCFAL AGENCY,

Ottawa, October 3, 1885.

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING IN ONTARIO.

PF.l'ORT OF COXtUL PACK, OF POET SAKNIA.
Till: NATIVE CATTLE EKED OUT.

In compliance with Department circular, under date of July 18, 1883,
I send here\vith such information as 1 have been able to obtain (by act-
ual observation and otherwise) touching the breeding of cattle in
Canada. For a number of years back the Canadian farmer has shown
commendable zeal and much ^ood judgment in the direction of the im-
provement of his cattle. By crossing the native cattle M'ith imported
breeds from Ijirope the old style of ox and co\v have nearly disappeared
tVdm the pastures, the distinctive features of the Shorthorn, the Gallo-
M ay, t he Hereford, t he Ayrshire, and other breeds are clearly observable
in the various farm-yards of Ontario, and in many sect ions of this prov-
ince purely native, cattle, would be regarded as a 'curiosity.

CANADIAN TOLLED ANdt'.S CATTLE.

On the .'50th of October last 1 visited the stock farm of the Messrs,
(leary Ilros., near London, and through the courtesy of Mr. John deary
I was shown the splendid herd of 1'olled Angus cattle owne'd by his
linn. J saw in one inclosure, arranged in such a manner as to be seen

DOMINION OP CANADA. 541

from every part of the building, one hundred head of these peculiar cat-
tle, some of which were imported direct from Scotland by the Messrs.
Geary, and others were bred from imported stock on the farm where I
saw them. In color they are intensely black; they have no horns, are
short-legged, heavy -bodied, with small bone, and in appearance they
were very healthy. They are good feeders and very docile and hardy.
I am informed that when a number of these cattle are turned out to
pasture, that they do not scatter over the field as do other breeds, but
are usually found feeding close together like geese or sheep. The beef
from the Polled Angus ox is said to be of excellent flavor, and the dif-
ferent layers of lean and fat are distributed in such a manner as to
resemble variegated marble, and in the market it is frequently desig-
nated as marble beef. From careful inquiry in relation to the charac-
teristics of this breed of cattle, I am convinced that they would be a
source of profit to the farmers of our Northern and Middle States ; of
one thing I am certain, the animals of this breed are in appearance
much improved by the transition from Scotland to Canada, or rather,
the animals bred in Canada from imported Polled Angus stock are
superior in size and general appearance to the cattle from which they
were bred. Some fine specimens of this stock were recently sent from
the farm of Geary Bros, to Kansas, and Mr. John Geary informed me
that he frequently receives orders by mail from various points in the
United States for animals of certain weight and other characteristics
to suit the purchaser, and he volunteered a compliment to the Amer-
ican buyer by the remark that in filling these orders, as he invariably
did (he possessed suitable stock for the purpose), he had always re-
ceived a ready response by way of draft or otherwise from the pur-
chaser in full payment as soon as the animal had reached its destination.
The following extract in reference to the Polled Angus I take from
the report of the Ontario agricultural commission for 1881 :

The victories won by the Polled Aberdeens in the prize ring would be too numer-
ous to recapitulate here. Suffice it to say it was a Polled Angus bullock that carried
off Prince Albert's cup at Poissy in 1862, the competition being between all the
breeders of the world; that a Polled Angus yearling bull won the gold medal of his
class, at Paris, in 1878; that a Polled Angus has repeatedly gained the chief prizes
at Birmingham, and carried off the champion cup on at least three occasions at the
Christmas cattle-show in London, the last of these triumphs being at the show for
1880. The Tillyfour herd now exists no longer. Oa the i26th of last August it was
sold by auction and dispersed. The accompanying plate supplies a very excellent
illustration of the Polled Angus breed, of which some very tine animals are to be
seen at the agricultural and model farm at Guelph.

Professor Brown says of these Aberdeen Polled cattle :

I am very well acquainted with the Aberdeen Polled, and it is well known that for
early maturing it is equal to the Shorthorn, though not so far as our experience goes
equal to it in improving other breeds or in attaining a greater weight in a certain
time. At the present time we may call them our second best beefing breed.

But in the eye of the British buydr of fat cattle Polled Angus does
not rank second even to the great Shorthorn. Mr. Hall, in his evidence,
says:

Of the cattle which come into the English market those which rank highest in
point of quality are the Aberdeen Scot. They are the breed known as the Polled
Angus. The fat Galloway ranks about equal with the Polled Angus; but a middling
Galloway is just about as bad a bullock for a butcher as you can select; he kills very
coarse indeed. The Galloway will bring more per pound than any other breed, ex-
cept the Aberdeen, but he does not cut as streaky as the Polled Angus. * * *
Next to the Polled Angus or Scot in point of quality I put the English Shorthorn or
Durham.

542

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING-

Mr. Hall adds farther on:

For the purpose of getting good grades I would recommend your farmers to cross
your native cattle with Shorthorn, and only to cross once. I would also recommend
the Polled Angus as an animal for improving your stock ; I think the Polled Angus
crossed with the Shorthorn would give you an excellent animal for the butchers— that
is, one cross. I would take a thoroughbred Shorthorn cow and cross her with a Polled
Angus bull. I would also cross the Polled Angus with your native cows. I do not
think thoroughbred steers sent over to England would fetch any more than other
cattle. Whether you would succeed in making anything better than a Shorthorn I
would not venture to say, because you have sent some extraordinary cattle into Eng-
land.

The evident merit of the Polled Angus breed (writes the secretary
of the Ontario agricultural commission) has induced the commissioners
to notice them quite fully. One writer says, with reference to crossing
the Polled Angus with the Shorthorn :

It is probable that the size of the Shorthorn would be somewhat reduced, which
might not be a disadvantage, but his quality would not be impaired ; indeed there can
hardly be a doubt that the quality of the meat would be improved. On this point,
however, we are not left to reason or conjecture, for the cross has been tried with
most happy results. A distinguished Scotch authority says : " Of all the varieties
of cross-bred cattle there is none more satisfactory or remunerative than the Polled
Angus, or Aberdeen, and the Shorthorn. It grows to a large size, shows great apti-
tude to fatten, and when killed the fat and lean are found to be distributed through-
out in the most desirable proportions.

My object in making special mention in the present report to the
Polled Angus breed is to call the attention of the American stock-
breeder to a breed of cattle having many excellent qualities, and a breed,
too (as compared with many other kinds and qualities of cattle), of
•which but little is known.

NUMBER AND BREEDS OF BLOODED CATTLE IN ONTARIO.

By reference to the following table it will be observed that for the
year ending May 31, 1882 (which is the last available information upon
this point), there were but two hundred and seventy head of Polled
Angus cattle in this province :

Number of each class of thoroughbred cattle in Ontariojby county municipalities, as re-
turned May 31, 1882. .

Counties.

Thoroughbred cattle.

Durham.

Devon.

Hereford.

Polled

Angus.

Gallo-
way.

Ayrshire.

Total.

240
891
321
433
394
190
488
688
496
507
587
1,111
G48
591
433
1,125
670
139
272
316
429

34
32
67
6ft
23
37
71
60
83
42
51
151
51
8
30
36
13
8
24
80
37

33
41
13
40
16
0
8
36
32
35
28
50
19
3
7
125
18
7
5
10
1

25
1
19
5

17
87
24
50

m

14
34
40
41
51
54
65
24
10
23
77
5
12
34
9
12

79
48
54
130
11
28
54
136
89
87
67
77
160
16
48
52
42
9
5
119
49

434
550
498
724
490
281
660
983
699
678
794
1,468
913
628
551
1,424
754
184
340
486
529

Norfolk

Wetland

g
5
23
8
6
7
14
5

Sirncoo .. ..... ....

Middlesex

Oxford . ... ... .... ... .

10
9
6
9
.....

1

Wellington . ...

Dufforin ... ..

W'ontwortli

Halton..

DOMINION OF 'CANADA. 543

Number of each class of thoroughbred cattle in Ontario, fyc. — Continued.

Counties.

Thoroughbred cattle.

Durham.

Devon.

Hereford.

Polled
Angus.

Gallo-
way.

Ayrshire.

Total.

462
741
7G7
457
328
142
151
158
289
106
85
133
89
08
127
70
109
193
173
15
176
17
38
25

36

27
33
52
45
13
29
7
18
17
23
26
5
5
16
9
2
55
46
3
48
1
20
4

11

22
0
21
12
14
2
10
17
22
8
40
25
2
11
1
5
13
37

23
27
24
35
28
32
25
31
32
39
15
3
3
2
26
10
21
12
83
4
27
2
4
2

20
127
17
88
121
173
117
123
545
263
307
293
202
79
139
93
140
31
86
5
202
5
2
2

552
948
847
659
538
375
326
335
908
452
447
501
329
101
321
183
287
306
427
29
496
I>6
68
40

4

6
4
1
2
6
7
5
9
6
5
4
2

Russell

10
2
2
2
27

16
1
3

Al^oma ..............

1
7

Total

15, 385

1,438

841

270

1,189

4,496

23, 619

' MILKING QUALITIES OF THE POLLED ANGUS.

With regard to the milking qualities of the Polled Angus, my obser-
vation does not lead me to speak authoritatively. On this point I may
quote Lord Airlie, of Scotland, the owner of a herd of Polled Angus
cattle. In his reply to a writer in Korth British Agriculturist he says :

I observe that the writer of the article states that the Polled Angus cows are bad
milkers. It is the fashion to say so ; and no doubt, if you breed exclusively for show-
yard purposes and for beef producing, you may have a number of indifferent milkers.
The same might probably bo said of any herd, certainly of the Shorthorns. But if
you want dairy cows, and selefct the right animals, you will have nothing to complain
of.

fie further says :

I have at present seventeen Polled Angus cows in my dairy. The greater number
of these give from 12 to 14, and sometimes 16 Scotch pints for a considerable time
after calving.

The milk is admitted to be much richer than that of either the Short-
horn or Ayrshire. As regards the length of time for which they will
continue to give milk, Lord Airlie says :

My cow, Belle of Airlie (1959), dam of Belus (749), as pure a Polled Angus as any
in the herd-book, used to be milked all the year round.

TRANSPORTATION OF STOCK TO THE UNITED STATES.

By a glance at the map of Ontario, it will be seen that nearly every-
township in the province is in close proximity to a railroad. The Grand
Trunk and Canada Southern with their numerous branches, furnish ex-
cellent means for the transportation of stock. These roads connect at
both the eastern and western frontiers of Ontario with the various
American lines which lead to every State and Territory of the United
States. Of course the cost of transportation depends upon the distance.

544 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

The rate per mile for both freight and passengers by Canadian rail-
ways is about the same as that charged by the railroads in the United
States. The competing lines of railway in this province may be re-
garded as a sufficient guarantee against an overcharge in the item of
freight.

FEEDING AND HOUSING CATTLE IN ONTARIO.

As to housing cattle, all stock breeders agree in recommending warm
and well ventilated stables. There are different kinds of stables, but the
most convenient method appears to locate the stalls in a large and roomy
stone basement. The cattle are usually tied with chains fastened to a
collar of leather which encircles the neck, the animals facing each other
with an alleyway between them. Corn fodder, or green unmatured corn-
stalks, is a favorite food for cows, and is freely fed to milch cows dur-
ing the last weeks of July and the month of August. This food, it is
claimed, keeps up a steady flow of milk and keeps the animal in good
condition. Canadian farmers cut their hay earlier than formerly, as
they say grass allowed to shrivel and bleach in the sun and rain loses
much of its nourishment ; hay, to retain its sweetness, must be cut early
and dried quickly in the sun.

CHEESE MAKING IN ONTARIO.

Previous to the year 1864 factory cheese-making had not been known
in Canada. At about the date mentioned (as I learn from the report of
the Ontario agricultural commission, Mr. Harry Farrington, of Her-
kimer County, New York, settled in Oxford County, Ontario. Mr.
Farrington commenced the manufacture of cheese as he had previously
done in New York State, and, to use the language of Mr. Ballantyue (a
witness before the commission above referred to), " a deep debt of grati-
tude is due to Mr. Farrington for having established this new and thriv-
ing industry in Canada." To show the growth of this industry, I may
be permitted to refer to the following figures : In 1857, 1858, and 1850,
the exports of cheese from Canada to the United States — the reciproc-
ity treaty being then in force — was 124 cwts., 117 cwts,, and 323 cwts.,
respectively ; in 1860, 1863, and 1864, 1,110 cwts., 466 cwts., and 1,138
cwts. The highest money value of cheese exports in any of the above
years was $16,199. In 1879 and 1880, the exports of cheese from Can-
ada amounted to no less than 43,441,112 pounds, the declared value be-
ing $4,094,046, or nearly 10 cents per pound. Of this, 40,368,678 pounds
was the produce of Canada; 3,000,000 pounds of American cheese for
the same period apparently found its way to a foreign market, through
Canadian ports. The following table shows by counties the quantity oi*
milk used, the quantity and value of cheese made, and the quantity of
cheese on hand as returned for three hundred and six factories in De-
cember, 1882. Also the total number of factories in the province for
the same year. It will be seen that whilst the returns show four hun-
dred and seventy-one factories in Ontario, reports were received but
from three hundred and six, leaving one hundred and sixty-five facto-
ries in the province from which no returns were made for the year
1882:

DOMINION OF CANADA.

545

County.

Factories.

Milk used.

Cheese made.

Value of
cheese.

Cheese on

hand.

Total
number.

Number
making
returua.

12
25
18
5
4
12
16
7
6
25
31
7
33
8
8

3
3
5
G
19
10
10
20
49
5
10
43

a

4
9
31
1C

5
13
4
5
3
9
11
4
2
16
15
2
18
7
8
3
2
2
2
4
13
7
10
6
27
4
14
42
5
3
8
27
5

Pounds.
3, 054, 764
12, 164, 098
2, 841, 510
3, 183, 416
259, 112
7, 306, 141
12, 232, 175
3, 269, 5G6
525,000
22, 688, 777
25, 578, 094
1,970,522
24, 123, 724
5, 461, 005
6, 860, 290
4, 165, 804
1, 901, 204
356, 340
644, 398
2, 902, 802
12, 423, 333
3, 466, 800
8, 454, 817
3, 373, 799
19,138,414
2, 308, G46
9, 063, 770
26, 000, 000
4, 169, 440
2, 379, 626
5, 684, 132
24, 415, 660
3, 445, 946

Pounds.

293, 576
1,17;
269, 217
318, 344
25, 849
705,404
1, 190, 212
317, 092
52, 500
2, 191, 082
2, 494, 035

$32, 070
125,720

28, 832
5,917
3,060
75, 995
132, 110
34,213
5, 322
241,130
268, 550
21,712
209, 465
59, 256
6B, 520
40, 097
17, 673
3, 934
6, 935
30, 751
133, 853
37, 326
89, 700
37, 397
197, 775
24, 639
101, 659
300, 000
43, 973
25, 454
60, 202
271, 861
34, 975

Pounds.

pi 04ft

^Norfolk

Wdll Mid

491

r> ruce ....

Middlesex

191, 475
1, 883, 919
530, 989
639, 328
402, 141
164, 226
34, 142
53, S12
278, 850
1, 228, 751
642, 048
820, 295
349,284
1, 823, 329
231, 930
919, 619
2, 600, 000
411, 591
234, 121
558,731
2, 492, 857
341, 098

P«rth

324

5,486
50

Peol ,...,.

±rinco T^?^5dinrton"*"

ijomios ana ^ ^r +

Leeds and Grenville

3,762

2,229

Victoria

Total

471

306

265, 813, 755

25, 502, 431

2, 767, 085

12,342

The proportion of cream to milk from well-fed and well-kept cows of
good breed is stated at from 14 to 16 per cent. ; this is regarded as an
average. When milk is exchanged at the factories for cheese (as is the
custom in this country), the amount allowed is 1 pound of cheese for 10
pounds of milk.

TREATMENT OF DAIEY CATTLE.

In reference to the treatment of dairy cattle, I may say that a good,
warm, well- ventilated stable, a liberal supply of food, and an abun-
dance of fresh water, are indispensable ; coupled with these kindness and
gentleness of manner should ever be characteristics of the dairyman. I
would urge (even at the risk of being considered sentimental) the prac-
tice of forbearance and kindness toward all domestic animals, in the
first place because it is right and in the next place because it pays.

CLIMATE OF ONTARIO.

Although I have not been able to obtain such information as would
enable me to fill out the forms sent me by the Department having ref-
erence to climate and other subjects, yet the annexed table will I trust
be of interest as showing the comparative meteorological register for
the seven years, 1876 to 1882, as recorded at the Toronto Observatory,
in latitude 43° 39' 4" north and longitude 5h 17' 33" west.
H. Ex. 61 35

54U

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

Temperature.

Barometer.

Years.

1!

ss

SJ

;t

II

1882
1881
1880
1879
1878
1877
1876

45.42
46.06
45.43
44.16
47.09
46.10
43.98

o

4-1.21
+1.86
41. 22
— 0.05
+2.88
41.89
-0.23

o

-5.60
-4.96
-5. 59
-6.86
-3.93
-4. 92
-7.04

o

89.9

92.7

89.9

89.5

95.4

88.8

92.9

-17.4
-15.1
- 8.3
-8.9
-9.0

107.3 15.70

107.8 16.61!

98. 2 15. 96

98. 41 17.10!

104.4; 15.11

36.0 29.6515
40. 9! 29. 6311
30. 8! 29. 6359

34. 1
28.6

-13.9 102.6 16.19 33.2
- 9. 5 102. 4, 15. 68 42. 1

29. 5647
29. 6346
29. 6017

4- 0353
4-0149
4. 0197
+.0191
-. 0515
4. 0184

30. 447
80. 461
30. 823
30. 319
30. 123
30. 352

-.0146 80.350

28. 781
28. 911
28. 800
28. 948
28. 607
28. 71
28. 703

1.666
1.550
1.523
1.871
1.516
1.640
1.647

Years.

1882.
1881.
1880.
1879.
1878.
1877.
1876.

r

0. 265
0.283
0.260
0.267
0.293
0-275
0.263

Cloudiness.

0.63
0.62
0.62
0.63
0,62
0.60
0.66

+0.02
+0.01
+ 0.01
+0.02
40.01
—0.01
+0.06

Wind.

N. 47 W.
N. 50 W.
8. 80 W.
"ST. 72 W.
N. 63 W.
N. 62 W.
N. 51 W.

2.11
2.70
2.86
3.18
2.25
1.80
1.98

Si

10.42

9.91

10.54

10.36

8.32

8.33

9.29

42.86
42.35

+2.98
+2.80
+0.76
+0.77
+1.73

Years.

1882.
1881.
1880.
1879.
1878.
1877.
1870.

Rain.

20. 587
21. 138
30. 922
22. 515
43. 390

21. 885
21. 063

- 7.518

- 6.967
+ 2.817

- 5.500
+15. 285

- 6.220
— 7. 042

110
123
140
170
132
116
117

Snow.

42. 5
57.6
44.0
60.5
51.0
37.8
113.4

S "«

si

e*H ^

i!

-27. 42
-12.32
-25. 92
- 1.42
-18. 92
-32. 62
+45. 48

209
191
193
188
202
204

n

1

S fl

<C CM
O

O

-a
a

£»

o

•3

204
187
198
391
195
206
171

I,

2, 169. 5

0.47

VALUE OF WEATHER REPORTS.

Farmers in this country are just beginning to appreciate the weather
reports which are bulletined at the various telegraph stations, through-
out the province, and this system, which gives with a reasonable degree
of correctness information concerning the approach of storms, is par-
ticularly valuable during the season of harvest.

SAM'L D. PACE,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Port Sarnia, November 17, 1883.

DOMINION OF CANADA. 547

THE CATTLE OF ONTARIO,

REPORT LY CONSUL HOWARD, OF TORONTO.
HOW ONTARIO BECAME POSSESSED OF BLOODED CATTLE.

The province of Ontario was largely settled by sturdy well-to-do farm-
ers from England and Scotland, who brought with them to their new
home not only their native, social, and political peculiarities, but also
the agricultural axioms and tenets of their fatherland. So that shortly
there appeared in Canada a farm, here? that was a transcript, as far as
the new locality and the changed conditions would permit, of the Scot-
tish farm and surroundings; a farm there that was, as far as possible,
a copy of the one that had been left in England. And in time cattle
familiar to the eye of the settler, and of the sort that had been in a
generous sense his friend "at home,'7 came to be seen in the new fields
and gave evidence not only of their owners' prosperity, but of that in-
herent sentiment that cherishes old associations — that delightful con-
servatism that clings to old friends. So the stately Durhams soon dig-
nified the fields of the English emigrant and gladdened his eyes with
their magnificent proportions, while the Ayrshire cow filled 'the Scotch
farmer's heart with gladness and his pail with milk. And at one time
the character of the herd — whether Durham or Ayrshire, Galloway or
Devon — might almost have been determined by the name of the owner.
This natural method of selection, if it may be called such, has not been
without its lasting benefit. Through it there has been introduced into
Canada a much wider variety of cattle than would otherwise have been
the case — none of them adapted to all uses, of course, but each race ex-
celling in some desirable quality. In later years national sentiments
have ceased to govern cattle-breeding in so large a measure, and to-day
cattle are bred for certain known and admitted excellencies, and the
breeder selects his herd in accordance with the object in view — as stall
feeding, grazing, the dairy, or family use.

THE CANADIAN SHORTHORN.

Of all the different breeds in Canada the one first deserving of notice?
both by its superiority in numbers as well as its early introduction into
the country, is the Durham, or Shorthorn, as it is much oftener called at
the present day. The superiority of this breed of cattle for beef pur-
poses was for many years unquestioned, and might, perhaps, be so still
had not the art of Shorthorn breeding been turned from its legitimate
line into unscientific and fatal courses. A kind of bucolic dilettanteism
sprang up among breeders of this race of cattle, and in the development
of family lines the general improvement of the race as a whole was al-
most entirely lost sight of. Starting undoubtedly with an honest desire
on the part of the most skillful of the English breeders to perfect the
Shorthorn race of cattle, their very success founded a royal family of
Shorthorns so powerful in its influence that it may well be doubted if
the Duchess family, as a family, have not done Shorthorn breeding more
harm than good. The whole result of breeding in the years that fol-
lowed the death of Mr. Bates, that most conscientious and intelligent
of English breeders, was simply to produce and perpetuate a pedigree.
Very soon the natural result of such a vicious system was seen in iin-

548 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

potent bulls, barren cows not able to bring forth even a pedigree, weak-
ened constitution, diminished size, but greater fineness of bone and that
"thoroughbred look" that to many eyes compensated for the absence
of the best marks of the earlier race and the plebian families. A pam-
pered life, incestuous breeding, and a disregard of the true idea of de-
velopment, brought the inevitable result of such a method. Though,
fortunately, while the inherited weakness of the "royal family" kept
its numbers small, the scarcity kept the prices up, and therefore in two
ways prevented the average breeder from the folly of buying a pedigree
with a bull " thrown in," and allowed him to go on with the develop-
ment of his " plain " bred cattle, according to common sense and yet
truly scientific principles. I judge the evil, however, to have been less
in Canada than in the United States, for the Canadian farmers, in a
certain sense, had inherited the Shorthorn idea, and have not swerved
from it in any material degree. They had a natural eye for a *k beef
critter," and that, together perhaps with the inability to pay $30,000
for a six-months' heifer, kept them in the more legitimate paths of im-
provement. During all this time it is to be observed that the Short-
horn, among all other beef breeds, was "facile primus." If then, as
now, other breeds of cattle had been pushing the Shorthorn to the wall
and making that race fight for its honors, ifc is safe to say that the
breeders of this magnificent race of cattle would have been saved from
the folly of attempting to ennoble a single family by false and unscien-
tific methods at the expense of the rest of the race. The danger from
this cause is now, fortunately, passed, probably never to return, for the
other beef breeds — the Herefords, the Aberdeens, and the Galloways —
are pressing the Shorthorn so hard for their honors that the breeders
of the latter animal have no time to waste in looking for a better rule
of breeding than " the selection of the fittest." The Shorthorns were
among the first pure-bred animals to be introduced into the province,
and they have held their predominance in numbers to the present time.
Professor Brown, of the Ontario Agricultural College, to whom I am
largely indebted for the materials for this report, says there are three
hundred and fifty herds of pure-bred cattle of all classes in the province
of Ontario, and of the total number of pure-bred bulls nine-tenths, and
of the total number of pure-bred cows six-sevenths, are Shorthorns.
The preponderance of this breed may also be seen from the fact that at
the fat stock show held in this city December 14 and 15, 1883, there
was no animals shown except Shorthorns and their grades. The earliest
herds to be established in this province were those of Messrs. F. W.
Stone, John Suell & Sons, James J. Wright, James Cowan, and William
Douglass during the years 1853, ?54, '55, since which time Shorthorn
herds have become widely extended, the principal ones being in the
counties of Wellington, Brant, Middlesex, Waterloo, Ontario, Perth,
York, Oxford, Bothwell, Simcoe, Huron, and Bruce. As a race of cat-
tle the Shorthorns are generally admitted to be superior for stall-feeding
purposes, maturing early and taking on flesh Qvenly and rapidly. I
have given at the close of this report some figures bearing upon this
subject derived from the fat stock show, to which reference has already
been made. I was present at the Toronto Industrial Exhibition, last
September, when there was a large display of Shorthorn cattle of all
ages and representing a wide extent of the province. It was a very
creditable display indeed, and one that would have been difficult to ex-
cel anywhere. But while equally good animals could probably be
found in the United States I am of th e opinion that the prices hero are
considerably lower than with us. I quote at considerable length the

DOMINION OF CANADA. 549

report from the agricultural college of Ontario concerning the Short-
horns on the college farm :

Wo can speak highly of the milking properties, in quantity and quality, of the
most of our cows of this breed — making good calves or reliable milkers, as the case
may have been. We have nothing to say against the sure breeding of the cows, but
our four bulls in these years have not given satisfaction in this respect. Without ex-
ception they have caused delay, loss, trouble, and extra expense, why,I am not pre-
pared to say ; two were imported and two Canadian bred ; none were ever in such high
flesh as those of some other breeds. If 'tis said the choice of individual bulls was bad,
then the reply is that three independent judges did so ; if management by want of
practical knowledge is charged, then the same management had to do with the other
bulls that have stood so well. If the Shorthorn requires on an average more draw-
ing-room attention than other beefing breeds, then it had better be acknowledged at
once, and I don't think their admirers need bo ashamed of the fact. We have fattened
Shorthorn grades, Hereford grades, Devon grades, Ayrshire grades, and Galloway
grades for beef both in the stall and on pasture, and nothing equals the Shorthorn in
giving that stamp to produce weight in the shortest time on Ontario conditions— growth
of youth on good pasture and finishing in the stall.

TOE CANADIAN AYRSHIRE.

In the report of the Agricultural and Arts Association of Ontario for
the year 1882 the number of Ayrshire cows in the province is estimated
at three hundred and bulls at one hundred, scattered through the
counties of York, Ontario, Simcoe, Peel, Halton, Wentworth, Fronte-
nac, Lanark, Carlton, Russell, and Prescott, with a few in Oxford and
Northumberland. The Ayrshire cow has long been famous the world
over for an enormous yield of 'milk, rich in cheese-making properties,
and in Canada she seems to have fully maintained her pre-eminence in
this particular. Speaking from nothing but my own observations, I
should say that the Canadian Ayrshire would average somewhat large
than the same breed in the United States. This I think may probably
be the result of the natural beef- breeding tendencies of Canadian farm-
ers and the unconscious influence of Shorthorn neighbors. The report
from the agricultural college concerning this race of cattle is as fol-
lows :

We have had a pretty thorough test of the Ayrshire cattle. In sure breeding we
have no cause to complain nor can anything bo said against their adaptability in
raising a calf. Every cow we have has to be milked three and four weeks previous to
calving — an imperative necessity to avoid milk fever ; after calving, two of our best
have regularly suckled two calves and, in addition, have had to be milked with the
hand twice daily for two or three weeks, depending upon the time of year, whether on
grass or in stall. We have not, however, been treated to that continuance of milk
that I was intimate with in the Lothian of Scotland — the great flow lessening more
rapidly and dribbling too long. I do not attribute this to actual poorer pasture or
keep otherwise, but to the great difference in climatic condition and the want of that
important variety of grasses secured only in permanent pasture. It is not true in our
experience that the Ayrshire cow gives a lack of milk on comparatively bare pasture,
in which regard she is on an average decidedly inferior to the Canadian, but it is true
that her milk is of that blue tyjie — not so rich in cream— as characterizes them in
their own country. * * * Practically, then, as regards the pure Ayrshire, they
require good treatment in order to maintain their famous milking properties, and I
am of opinion that an infusion of new blood is as often needed as in any other breed
— not so much a change of bull from other herds in this country as that of a directly
imported one.

As to prices I am quite sure that Ayrshires of pure blood of average
excellence can be bought for much less money in Canada than in tho
United States.

THE CANADIAN HEREFORDS.

This breed is comparatively a newcomer in Canada, although Mr. F.
W. Stone began importing them into this province in 18GO, much to the
amusement of the Shorthorn breeders, who had a curiously satisfied faith

5,~>0 CAT ILK AMJ DAIRY FARMING.

that their favorite was the nc jtlia* ultra of a beef animal and that any
attempt to »M|nal. much more surpass, it was simply ridiculous. The
Hereford* came, however, and t hey came to stay, and in the last few
Ye,i: - have >o piessed tin- Short horns lor their laurels that it has long
sinee i •( ascd to be a matter lor mirth with the Shorthorn men. As
nearly as 1 can <,ret at it, the comparative merits of the breeds are about
likeiiiis: The Shnithoni is the better lor stall feeding', the Hereford for
u ,i, mu. The Shoi thorn breeders generally concede this. I doubt if
i!,- Hereford breeders will concede anything. The Jlerefordson the
college farm are reported as follows:

T' ;• ' il 1 .- < \hi!ejted a \ TV clear and steady lino of conduct all throughout-
Nil ;r<i;ii>le in Lie. -}\;\, and no petting required. The Hereford is a good mother,
- c th'1 I )evon in uur experience, and ahead of its dangerous compeers, the

<: •• \.b.'rd«M'ii Poll. We have been charged with partiality and lack of prac-

experienee in ea! i !e life by one of our American critics — especially in comparing
'i fords and Short horns. Thi-> is n.ot true, and I trust will never be so. As respon-
! (lovernment and guiding a .irrand country it is above all things our
; i i jtort jnsl lio\v ir is in every case — no coloring, no exaggeration,
ill r>',ate:. leiii nt' ;;ii\ tiling whatsoever. To say more is unnecessary; to say
li-.ss \\ lt n lil savor ol' \vant of interest. The lien lord. I i-rpeat . has shown a uniformity
i;. cimdnei (jaite exceptional along with tlio Devon; without grain winter and sum-
n.i :•. !»ran ; epted. and the usual treat alter calving, the Hereford keeps fat on
pasture ,. ,<i in >faMe. ne\-er falling of!', even Avhen suckling, (ireedy enough, no
d'tubt— down to the hur>e inanni'O — not a specialty, as showing a want of something,
i-tent looking out tor liUinh* r oiie. We have no lireed, as a whole, nor in-

ing on-eds, thai can tou;-h the Hereford in maintain ing ilesh on pasture.

Tin- fattening steer from the Hereford bull and Canadian [native] cow is
fi'iitc characteristic. Tlie, marking is strong and uu'iuest ionable. The build is a
lit re ford in alnio^i every detail, the pig ham (as age advances), the round, compact
barrel, longish 1,1111)1-. doejt twist, and the general lo\v, chunky set of the whole

'i'he Hcivfonls have been gaining very rapidly in form for the last
few vears. and are no\v in ^n-al demand as stock bulls on the ranches
and in tin; °;reai herds of the plains. One prominent Hereford breeder
says in a private note to me:

V than one year there Irivehrrn live new breeders of Hereford's added to

the li>i in i;i.\ imniediate. vicinity. The demand both here and in theWc.st is increas-
ing \ O'V la.-i .

Anoilier. a breeder of both Slioi'thorns and Herefords, writes:

My iiiiiu-es^iot! i- (although a Shorthorn I>rccdfr1 that the Hereford cattle are the

be • Lrra/.ers of any hreed. particularly for the Western States — i. c., they will make

In > f<»u pasture (|iiickcr than any other breed: of good constitution ; suited

Soiiiherna well a ^ t lie Western St a! es. They are yearly in greater demand.

If we had lift;, i i :•!•:• many, they would sell in the Western United States. In the

I.,-; to ir vear'-i more Herefords have l»er-n irnpoiied into Canada from England than

any oih ; lin-i d.

The Ileicford is invariably red, with a white lace. They numbered
in 111" province, in 1-SS'J seventy bulls and two hundred cows.

Fora medium -si/ed be< iin^ breed, with a fairly good dairy attdch-

it, 1 h<- I )evon.s have 1 ln-ir adinii crs. They are a very handsome race .
o!' e;ittlc. deep red, with line shapely horns, and of a very uniform ap-
pearaiH-e. l'(|i' v,orl;in.u- oxen they are nneipialed, bein^ always well
matched, strong, and active. They are hardy and hearty. The report
Ol'theiii from tin- A.-rrieultnral college is as follows:

The remarkable feat i. re of the iJevon wiih us has been a uniform conduct — no
comin'r arid going i:i any tiling, '"it an even run •>!' breeding, health, ami good doing
nnder'all conditions. Snmin. r and winter t'n Devon i.-> equally at liome — plump on

DOMINION OP CANADA. 551

pasture and in good heart in the stall without grain. They have also been particularly
good mothers, nursing their calves in a manner superior to anything in our experience.
The Devon calf is always a full calf on its milk alone— rolling in fat, and with all the
build, of an old animal. Tho particular character of the breed and rich milk give
these fesults. After weaning and all up to heiferhood breeding, there is a distinct
heartiness and vigor, on the small scale as regards size ; there is no stunting according
to their kind, but one has to know the kind in order to appreciate the dili'erence be-
tween them and the larger beefers. Wo have never got much milk from a Devon, but
in quality it is second only to the Jersey. The bull attains a greater size and weight
proportionally to the cow than the same thing in most other breeds. The

Devon cow, therefore, is a milker in quality and moderate quantity, while the bull
gives a frame to the steer that compares well with others for beef carrying. But the
steer will not mature so early as the Shorthorn, Aberdeen Poll, and Hereford, nor even
attain the same weight on an average.

The Devons number in the province about forty cows and twenty
bulls.

THE CANADIAN BLACK POLLS.

The Aberdeen or Poll Angus is the same animal. The Galloway is
now regarded as a distinct breed, but I am told by a large importer and
a gentleman who has dealt in these cattle for many years that forty
years ago they were all considered as one race of cattle, but that the
respective breeders, living at the extremes of Scotland, after awhile
naturally separated the cattle in their classification, and the one race
became two ; each one with a herd-book of its own. They are all, how-
ever, hornless, all black, and all Scotch. The Aberdeens are larger and
finer—more like the Shorthorns — indeed it is not improbable that the
original race has somewhere a Shorthorn cross. They are immense
mountains of flesh and not without an odd beauty. The Galloways
are coarser haired, smaller, and said to be hardier. The gentleman to
whom I just referred told me that he imported some Galloways as many
as twenty-five years ago, but that there was no demand for them and
they gradually disappeared. Recently, however, they have commenced
to be called for, and there is now quite a demand for them. This month
he sent forty-seven head of Galloways from this city to Illinois, at an
average price of $300. He brought them from Scotland in September.
Of the Aberdeen Polls, Professor Brown says :

We hold the honor of having introduced this breed to Canada. * * * Our ex-
perience thus far is somewhat irregular: Health and breeding have been very good;
milking sure, in moderate quantity and rich, with plenty of flesh, both in stall and
on pasture, yet wo have to record an indefinite sort of instability difficult to explain—
I speak now of the iirst imported animals and their progeny, not of 1881 purchases.

so, as everybody knows, but not a whole herd of one kind. There has been no sick-
ness actually. Wo have on hand four very fine steers — the first cross of an Aberdeen
Poll with Shorthorn grade cows — with which we trust to convince the province ere
long as to the eminent beefing properties of the Black Diamonds of the north of Scot-
land.

ONTARIO JERSEYS.

There are two celebrated herds of Jerseys in this province, and sev-
eral smaller ones. Mr. Fuller's herd has been made famous by the rec-
ord of his Mary Anne of St. Lambert, that made 27 pounds 9J ounces of
butter in seven days, and as a result the Stoke Pogis blood is in great
favor. At one time the same danger threatened Jersey breeding that
has been referred to in speaking of the Shorthorns, viz : Family fashion

552 CATiLi: AND DAlItY FARMING.

as opposed t<> the general improvement of the whole race. Fortunately,
however, theclaim that the .Jersey was the best butter cow on earth was so
soon challenged that it became the common interest of all Jersey breed-
ers to improve the race as a whole, and no sooner has one " family " gone to
the front than another has outstripped it, and the different strains of
blood have become so mingled by anxiety of breeders to cross for merit —
the only irue theory of breeding — that it is almost impossible to tell which
is the most potent blood element in any particular animal, and quite as
impossible to say which is the best of a score of Jersey "families" as it
is to lind a straight pedigree, with no ontcrosses in any. At the pres-
ent time an Alphea, a Coomassie, a Kex, a Signal, a Jersey Belle of Seit-
uate, a Kuiotas, or a Stoke Pogis, and a hundred others, means very
little and is worth very little in the name, unless the immediate ances-
tors have a butler record at the scales. The general demand for a "test"
has benefited immeasurably the whole Jersey race and destroyed at once
and forever the silly "family" folly and the still sillier "color" craze.
It is possible that the whole Jersey race is of such uniform excellence
that all that is needed at any time or in any place, is a little extra iced
and a little extra care to create a "family."' At all events, henceforth,
there is no royalty in Jerseys, and "the best cow wins." Prices are
higher in Canada, on the average, than in the United States, and if we
needed a market we could find a profitable one here.

CANADIAN IIOLSTEINS.

There are, some llolsteins in Canada, but not many. Their admirers
claim for them size and an immense yield of rich milk, and consider
them the best "general purpose cow" in the world.

GENEKAL REMARKS.

Considering that facts bond fide from breeders would be of much more
value than any amount of theory or guess, 1 sent out printed interrog-
atories to many of the leading breeders in Ontario, and although 1 did
not receive as many replies as 1 could wish, yet such as I have received
i have placed as far as possible in tabular form at the close of this re-
port. Jt is almost the universal custom among the Shorthorn breeders
to allow the cows to suckle their calves for from four to six months, and
I judge the same practice prevails generally among the other beeiing
breeds. Of ordinary eat tie for slaughter this province has a large sur-
plus, which seeks a market, both in the United Slates and England. I
have given some figures elsewhere upon this point. Of the pure bloods
there is re, illy no surplus, although some bulls of the beeiing breeds,
and cows to a less extent, are sold in the, United States, and on the
other hand others are brought in from there. The. trade in these ani-
mals is unique and has not yet acquired a steady How in either direc-
tion; if the United Slates had a surplus of almost any breed except
Shorthorns. A vrshires. and Devons, I think a m;:rkef could be found
here. ( ';m;ida seems to I >e sufficient ly supplied with those named.

In the following tables 1 have endeavored to present in as compact a
form as possible! lie faets offered by t he vai ious breeders who have fur-
nished me information. These, reports from various herds represent
ftrcrfKjcfi in these herds. The question concerning- soil, grasses, &<•.,
were generally answered. 'The altitude and mean temperature of the
different localities were not generally known. The Toronto Observatory

DOMINION OF CANADA.

f>53

gives the elevation of Toronto above Lake Ontario at 108 feet, and the
approximate elevation above the sea, 350 feet ; the mean temperature
for 1882 was 45.42° ; highest, 89.9° ; lowest, 17.40.

The herds represented in these tables are, many of them, large prize-
winners. In- one or two instances there seems to be an evident anomaly,
but I have given the figures as they were given to me. The same num-
ber refers in each case to the same herd.

WALTER E. HOWARD,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE, •

Toronto, December 29, 1883.

Special statistics concerning Ontario cattle.

Breed and
herd So.

ra

9

1

d

Months in milk.

C~l

0

r3

*o .

•^

*S

1

Milk for 1 pound 1
butter.

Milk for 1 pound 1
cheese. |

Age at maturity.

Live weight at
maturity.

Weight of meat
at maturity.

Price.

1

%

w

*

o

1

1

&

Q

i

Cow calf.

j

Shorthorn :
1

15
6
5
2
5
4

10
14
3
8
4
3

35
6

5
10

45
44
34
15
22
23

30
26

30
62
23
25

100
18

4
45

Lbs.

4
3
3
3
4
3

6
5

£te

,300
,£00
,700
,600
,700
,600

1,050

Lls.
2,400
2,500
2, 300
2,000
2,400
2,200

1,600

Lbs.
2,000
2, 400
2,200

Lbs.

Lbs.

Lbs.

$150
300
200
250
250
150

125
150

$100
400
150
250
200
150

125

$120
200
150
250
150
100

50
60

$150
300
100
250
150
100

50

2

7

1,000
1,020

1,400
1,450

i, 266

1,475

3

4

5

2,100
1,800

1,225
1,200

800

1,850
1,600

1,000
1,400

G

9

9
10

4,050
7,000

25
25

10

Ayrshire:

2

3
4

100
150
• 75
125

100
300
50
100

"ioo

25
35

50
125
10
30

10
10
10

7

8

8

9

6,000
5, 700
5,000

8

5

23

20

9

10

5

C

950
900

1,500

1,050
1,700

2,000

1,800

500
600

975

600
1,200

1,360

1,170

G....

Hereford:
1

2....

3

450

300
75
200

250
75

200

Devon:
1

6,000

20

10

C

3

1,4.00
1,300

1,900
2,000

950

1,250

100
300

125
400

Galloway :

GENERAL AVERAGE.

N

EC

Ijd

1

1 .

1

<n

§.

o .

o o

"2

© §

§ 9

a .

Breed.

Origin.

1

1

ri

2|

3|

^ o

o

1

SS

i

jft

^

tc

x&.?.

o

220

8

4,050

25

pi

Ayrshire

6

238

fli

5,925

24*

91

6

Hereford

159

3

1

g

20

10

g

Galloway

Scotland . ....

1

45

9

3

554

CATTLE AND DA I Li i J-'AKMINd.

•S'j.'Hf/Y'7 *t.-:ti-tlL$ concu'iiiii'i Ontario caith — Contii.ueu.
CI:M-:I;AL AVI:KAHI:— ronriimcii.

Price.

7.V. /',. i Ll>*. \ ].'•,: I LI*. J | ^ |

A • • • • : i'1 1. •;.".• i ' ij.'i.'i' :' "i ' J ]>airy.i ]-jo', 135 "4. 48

ul !.'• L1. I'M i.tjj !i7."i i i,:;<;'i i.iTu r,eei''..l 4.".o ....... ;;IM -j.-.d

1.4'"' 1,'J U5J ; l,2.r)U ('.... Jill) | 125 ; 75 75

. 1.: 'J, i nj : '..do... I o'JU ' 4U;J ; '_VO L'UU

i 1

.' [t-an t. n;]h-r.
a; '.ire.

T,r • \. .;' ^-. •- Soil.
~ < 7. ^

Substratum.

Cultivated ^ra

I',:'. 0

C1ioitl orn 1 Loan

. . . do . .

LimoHt o n o and

ver.

Timothv. rod

clay. and orchard prass.

(.'lay ami loam ! Clay and gravel ..] Timothy and rod do-

i ver.

Loaia Limestone; and Timothy, red clover,

and orchard grass.
Timothy and red clo-
ver.

Tim ot h y, red an d
\\-liito clover, alsike,
and orchard.
Limestone and Timothv and clover.

1
1 I.

(.'Invalid loam ____ , Limestone, clay, | Timothy and clover.
and gravel. ' rod-top, an d 1)1 u c-

Cla;.-;.nd sandy... Clay .............. Timothy and clover.

Vniious ...... ' ____ , Lin'ipst OIK and ; Timotliy and red do

}_ria\'(l. V<T, and a variety t

7'iukn iliiek ]):tstiu-e.
............ . ('lav . . '1 Jinotkv and red do-

Clay and 1; am do Do.

-'.]•"' Alluvial, surnh Limcsf on n niui ' Timotliy :.i,d clovrr
and loam. gravel. al.sike, t r, foil, an. I

oi'diard grass.

DOMIEION OF CANADA.
Care and attention.

555

Breed.

Herd No. |

Kouaing.

Feeding.

Breeding.

Compared with
same breed in na-
tive homo.

Shorthorn

1

"Warm stables ..

Turnips hay, peas

Select best bulls

s

....do

Bank-barn sta-

outs, and bran
(.•hopped and mixed.
Sncklo oalvc.s seven
months; chopped
feed.

Ureed heifers at iiftren
months, but, don't let
them suckle calves
first year.

Improved.
Do.

4

bio.

Do.

«>

Stables 11 ii dor

Turnips and hav

Select best bull to pro-

I [eld their own.

Ayrshire

0
1

bank barn.
Tied in stalls...

S t o n o stables

"Whole hay, sliced
roots, and buck-
wheat

duce flesh quickly
and early maturity.
Breed heifers at two
years and avoid close
relationship.

Do.
As good.

9

under barn.

Select sires of best milk-

Improved.

T

ing strain.

4

Chained in

Steamed chopped

Do.

*,

warm stables.
W^irm stables . .

corn-stalks, roots,
and clover.
Four quarts of meal

Quite equal.

Q

.. .do

half bushel roots,
and hay.
Turnips chopped

Not improved.

Hereford . .

1

V

Stables and
sheds.
Stablo under

straw, and half hay.
Few roots and meal.'..

Turnips, carrots and

Use best bull and keep
best females.

Have bred somo
better.
U ehl their own.

DeTon . . .

1

bank barn.
Stone stables

hay.
Four quarts of bar-

About the same.

Galloway .

1

under barn.
Looae boxes and
stalls. Daily
exorcise.

ley twice a day. wet.
Small quantities of-
ten, turnips with
straw and hay.

Careful selection of
pure bred bulls.

Improving.

Some Shorthorns entered at the fat-stock show, Toronto, December 14 and 15, 1883.

Thoroughbreds.

Age in days.

Weight.

Grades.

Age in day s.

Weight.

Steer...

1,342

Pounds.
2 200

Steer

1 379

Pounds.
2 120

Do

1,336

1,920

Do ..

1*095

2 230

Do

947

2 110

Do

1 095

2 150

Do

545

1,220

Do

977

1 930

Cow ... .

2 139

1 9°0

Do

910

1 930

Do

2,645

2,250

Do

910

1 950

Do

1 714

1 690

Do

646

1 420

Rteer

1,245

2 350

Do

639

1*410

Do...

1,714

2,350

Cow ..

1,336

2,050

Do

880

1,700

Do

730

1,570

Daring the two days of the show twenty-two thoroughbred Shorthorns were sold at
auction, averaging $128; the highest figure reached was $375 for a three-yeara-old
bull, the lowest, $40, for a yearling heifer.

556 CATTLE AND DAIKY FAIIMIXG.

GRADE AND NATIVE CATTLE.

The number of grade and native cattle in the province of Ontario is given in the
following table for the years 1882 and 1883 :

Description.

1883.

1882.

17 086

14 5GG

691 808

665 382

322, 154

272, 208

790 949

610 5°7

Total

1 821 997

1 562,683

In 1882 the number of thoroughbred cattle of all kinds was estimated at 13,000.
I

CATTLE IN ONTARIO.

REPORT BY CONSUL HAZELTON, OF HAMILTON.

I have the honor to transmit this report with inciosures in compliance
with " Cattle circular of July 18, 1883," issued by the Department of
State.

The total number of thoroughbred cattle in Ontario is about 23,704,
of which 15,385 are Durham (Shorthorn), 4,496 Ayrshire, 1,438 Devon,
1,189 Galloway, 841 Hereford, 270 Aberdeen Poll, and 85 Jersey.

These are distributed through the several counties of the province,
as shown in accompanying table * inclosed. In addition to these about
fifty Holsteins have been imported this year from Holland for breeding
purposes. There are several breeders of blooded cattle in Eastern On-
tario to whom I am indebted for information received concerning the
breeds kept by each. Most of their herds have been bred pure since
imported, which is about twenty years. All say that these breeds are
superior in Ontario to the same breeds in their native countries, main-
taining that the cold dry climate of Canada is eminently fitted to im-
part constitution and quality to pure-blooded cattle.

In Ontario the Durham takes the lead, comprising 65 per cent, of
the entire number. It is a good milker, produces superior beef, is not
especially expensive to raise, and when crossed on a native cow the
grade is very satisfactory. It is the oldest of the imported breeds, and
its qualities are better understood by fanners generally than those of
any other.

The Ayrshire stands next in favor, being celebrated for its cheese-
producing qualities. It comprises about 19 per cent, of the entire num-
ber, but is not increasing.

The Hereford is hardy, and is chiefly celebrated for its beef-producing
qualities. Mr. Frederick W. Stone, of Guelph, a m an of large experience
in breeding stock, writes me regarding the Hereford as follows :

The Herefords thrive well on good pasture, stand heat better than many breeds, also
cold, are generally of good constitution. I think they are the best grazers of any pure
breed of cattle, and superior to any to cross on the native cattle in the Western and
Northern States. The percentage of Herefords is 3£.

* A printed table (Canadian official), containing the same statistics covered by
Consul Hazelton's table here referred to, with the exception of eighty-five Jerseys in'
Wentworth County, will bo found embodied in the report from Consul Pace, of Port
Sarnia. For this reason Consul Hazelton'a table is omitted.

DOMINION OF CANADA. . 557

The Devon possesses many of the qualities of the Durham and is pre-
ferred by some, although not generally a favorite. Of these the per-
centage is 0.

Galloways comprise 5 per cent. These are without horns, are aver-
age milkers, and produce an excellent quality of beef-

The Aberdeen Poll is also chiefly celebrated for its beef-producing
qualities.

The price of bulls of the several breeds above named ranges from $50
to $200 each, according to age and quality, those from one and one-half
to two years old being preferred.

The number of each of these breeds, excepting the Durham, in On-
tario, is so small that they may be fairly said to be on trial. A disposi-
tion to investigate the qualities of the same exists largely among the
farmers, however, and a small number of one of the choice breeds may
be found frequently on the stock farms, where they are kept for breed-
ing purposes.

Very few are sold outside the provincess so far as I can learn, but the
surplus finds its principal market at home.

EXPOET OF FANCY JERSEYS TO THE UNITED STATES.

The number of Jerseys in Ontario is so small that it was omitted en-
tirely from the cattle reports of 1882. There is a herd of this breed, num-
bering eighty-five, near Hamilton, owned by Valancey E. Fuller, whose
letter I inclose. In this herd is the celebrated cow "Mary Anne of St.
Lambert, " which has made an average of 3£ pounds of butter per day for
one hundred and fifty consecutive days. The reputation of this cow
has extended to the United States, resulting in a demand for Jerseys at
high prices. In answer to which Mr. Fuller has sold and delivered to
various parties in the United States during the months of October and
November, twenty-four of these cattle of various ages, at prices ranging
from $400 to $6,000 each, amounting in the aggregate to the sum of
$40,000, no other breeding cattle having been shipped from here during
the past year. These have been shipped from here by rail at an expense
ranging from $25 to $50 each, according to distance and circumstances.
Heifers and young bulls are delivered with less cost and trouble than
milch cows and older bulls. With the latter a man is usually sent to
attend the same as required, thereby increasing the cost of delivery in
the amount paid for railroad fare, wages, and personal expenses of the
attendant. Several of the yearlings have been delivered by express.
These were tied in small movable wooden stalls made for that purpose,
and in that manner put on board the express car and carried to their
destination.

I inclose cuts of the celebrated Jersey cow "Mary Anne of St. Lam-
bert," and "Oakland's Cora," of the same herd, furnished me to-day by
the owner.

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.

The increase of stock in this province is considerably in excess of the
home demand. The surplus in this district finds its principal market
in the United States.

Of the whole number of cattle in Ontario the percentage bred for the
dairy is 42, for the butcher 17.

The soils of Ontario are variable, but all are well adapted to grazing
purposes.

In the western half of the province there is a great depth of alluvium,
chiefly Erie and Saugeen clays and Artemesia gravel, which form the

558

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

bases of the soils. In the eastern part, say east and north of a line
drawn from Kingston to Collingwood, the average depth of alluvium
does not exceed a few feet, and is generally of Laurentian or Hurouian
origin. The middle section partakes of the nature of both the others.

The pastures are generally rich, and the country abounds in lakes and
streams.

J. F. HAZELTOX,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Hamilton, January 10, 1884.

Special statistics concerning cattle in Eastern Ontario.

Na.me of breed.

Annual av-
erage yield
oirmilk.

Milk to
pound of
butter.

Milk to
pound of
cheese.

Live weight, average.

Cow. Bull. Ox.

Age at

Ayrshire

Aberdeen Poll

Devon

Durham

Galloway

Hereford

Hols tern

Jersey.'

Pound*.
6,000
6,000
5,500
5,500
6,000
6,000
6,500
6,500

Pounds.
23
24
23
22
24
24
26
20

Pounds.
10
10
10
10

Lbs.
800
900
900

1.000
950

3,000
950
800

Lte.

1,200

1,500

1,500

1,01)0

1,500

1,600

1, 500

1,200

Lbs.
1,400
1,600
1,600
1,800
1,600
1,800
1,600
1,400

Tears.

Pounds.

750
900
900
1, 000
900
950
800
700

Name of breed.

Color, <tc.

bred
pure.

Ayrshire

Aberdeen Poll....

Devon

Durham *

Galloway .,

Hereford

Holatein

Jersey.,

Spotted, red and white ; fine sharp head ; heavy behind ;
long horns.

Black ; no horns ; heavy

Brown; long bodies ; well shaped

Dark4m>wn; shorthorns; heavy quarters

Black; no horns; ungainly

Red with white face ; short legs; long bodies

Spotted, black and white; horned; large

Gray ; small limbed ; smooth

Tears.
20

10
20
25
10

11

Scotland.

Do.
England.

Do!

Do.

Holland.
Jersey.

Altitude, 250 feet above the level of the sea. Mean temperature, 45.42° ;
summer, 67.66°; winter, 33.17°. Soil: A few feet of alluvial in Eastern Ontario,
great depth in Western Ontario, and middle section an average ; loam, clay, sand, &c.,
to some extent ; all three in Eastern Ontario, according to location. Substratum :
Limestone, large quantity ; sandstone to some extent ; granite, very little ; clay and
gravel, large quantities.

Cultivated grasses : Timothy and clover are among the principal crops ; rye-grass
not abundant .

Housing, feeding, $-0.: The cattle are housed in good barns with sheds . attached,
most of them tied up in winter at night ; others in stalls and boxes, depending on
kind and value of animal. Good mixed hay, a few roots, and a small quantity of
chopped oats, corn, peas, or barley in winter constitute the feed. For breeding the
male and female of good constitution and qualities are used. The product is sold
generally to farmers and breeders to improve their stock.

JERSEYS IMPROVED BY IMPORT.

Mr. Valancey E. Fuller to Contul

HAMILTON, ONT., December 17, 1883.

DEAR SIR : As you are aware the character of the soil in and around Hamilton is
from a light sandy, gravelly soil to a stiff clay, and this part of Ontario is underlaid
by limestone.

DOMINION OF CANADA. 559

Jerseys Lave been bred within GO miles of Hamilton for the past eight to ten years.

I have now on uiy farm 5 miles from Hamilton the largest herd in Canada, number-
ing 85 head. There aro in Ontario about GOO thoroughbred Jerseys.

In my herd is the cow Mary Anne of St. Lambert (four years old), who has made the
largest weekly yield of butter, 27 pounds 9J ounces in seven days, ar.d the largest yield
ever made for five consecutive months of one hundred and fifty-five days, 511 pounds
8£ ounces, and an average of 3^ pounds of butter per day for one hundred and fifty
consecutive days. She, like the majority of my herd, was raised in Canada, near
Montreal, as were a majority of her ancestors, proving clearly the Jerseys are capa-
ble of standing our extremely cold dry climate, inasmuch as the thermometer goes as
low as 20 degrees below zero at Montreal, and the winter there is a very severe cold
one. It is, however, very dry.

My experience of the Jerseys bred for any length of time in Ontario or the province
of Quebec is that they increase in size very materially ; that their constitution is
very greatly strengthened, and that consequently they aro larger milkers than with
less constitution and size. This size is attained without losing their characteristic
faculty of being able to convert their food into milk very rich with butter fat. I
attribute this increase in constituton and size very greatly —

(1) To our climate, believing the same experience holds good with cattle as with
human beings, the nearer wo approach the north pole the more robust and vigorous
do the race of men (and I think cattle also) become. The dryness of our winter pre-
vents the extreme cold being so much felt, and imparts vigor to the system. I con-
sider the cold bleak winds of the Atlantic coast far more trying to tho cattle than
our climate. Certain it is that (save in very extreme range of temperature) the Jer-
seys yield quite as large if not larger quantities of milk in a cold dry clear day than
in' a milder damp one in winter. We have no artificial means of heating our stables,
yet the cattle never suffer from the cold. They are let out daily ; in fact our custom
is to rear many of our finest yearlings in the barn-yard and wo consider the results
most beneficial. Certain it is, that when our Jerseys, imported from tho island of Jer-
sey, have spent two to three winters with us they not only improve very materially
in constitution, but are heavier milkers. Their progeny begot and dropped in this
country have better constitutions.

(2) The limestone which underlies all our soil in this part of Onatrio also contributes
largely to the development of bone and constitution.

(3) The rich clover which abounds on good farms has in no slight degree assisted in
making the Canadian Jerseys famous.

You have passed for mo in one month stock sold to tho United States amounting
to no less a sum than §40,000 for twenty-four head, many of them under two years
old. These prices demonstrate tho value they realize, and I am convinced that in our
climate and with our grasses and pastures the Jerseys will thrive and improve.

The average production of milk in my herd is about 4,000 pounds per annum for
heifers two to three years old, and from 5,000 to 7,000 pounds of milk for mature cows,
though I have cows who give from 7,000 to 8,000 pounds of milk per annum.
Yours, truly,

VALANCEY E. FULLER.

J. F. HAZELTON, Esq.,

American Consul.

CATTLE AND CATTLE PRODUCTS IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO.

REPORT BJ COMMERCIAL AGENT BUFF2NGTON, OF CHATHAM.

I liave the honor herewith to submit the report requested by the
cattle circular of July 18. I regret that, owing to an insufficient num-
ber of accurately recorded experiments by the breeders of the district,
many blanks in the tabular form remain unfilled, while many of the
statements filled in cannot lay claim to more than approximate accuracy.

CATTLE-BREEDINa IN THE CHATHAM DISTRICT.

It is only within the last few years that, alarmed by occasional fail-
ures of the grain crops, the agriculturists in this district began to de-

560 CATTLE AND ]>AIKY J'AKMIM.;.

vote special attention to the improvement of their herds upon scientific
principles, and. as yet, the number able to state, with any decree of def-
initeness, the particular merits or demerits of any certain breed, reduced
to iigures, is indeed limited.

It is evident that this level, moist, generous, pasture-producing conn-
try is admirably adapted to stock-raising, as with the common, or
"scrub" animals, interspersed with a small number of good grades and
occasionally a i'cw thoroughbreds, it bears an enviable reputation as a
cheese and butter producing district, and OIK- that is 1'uliy justilied by
the large and continually increasing output of the factories. I'ntil re
cently the fanners had nor awakened to the advantages to be derived
from securing the besr and most profitable fodder utilizers to consume
the surplus Iced of the farm.

The Ontario government has extended every cncoura gement to stock-
raisers, and maintains, jit a considerable annual <uiijay, an agricultural
college and model farm at Guelph. where stock-breeding on scientific
principles leceives merited attention. The advantages afforded by this
institution would, from the number of its students, seem to be fully ap-
preciated by the agricultural community. Its teachings and reports,
which are freely circulated, furnish information a:'-; to the relative qual-
ities of the various breeds of cattle. \'c., not easily attainable by the
average farmer, few of whom have either facilities or patience to insti-
tute the comparisons there conducted, and which are so useful to the:
herd- owner.

The number of thoroughbreds in this district is not inconsiderable;
and most of them are selected, imported males. The favorite shipping
animal is the Durham grade — either a lirst or second cross of a pure
breed male, on a common or grade, cow — which is in general favor. The
peculiar merits claimed for it are rapid growth, early maturity, and
large size. Some phenomenal weights arc on record, and at a period
when the ;; scrub'7 animal is too young for profitable fattening.

The Ayrshire is in high esteem by dairymen, and produces excellent
general-purpose grades from thoroughbred Durham males.

The native, or Canadian breed — the old bush-rambling cow, with per-
haps a strain of liner blood — is a good milk< r and to a Shorthorn bull
produces excellent general-purpose stock, remarkable for hardihood and
milking qualities, under conditions of temperature and diet ruinous to
a thoroughbred.

What breeders in this locality are anxious to secure is — (1) a weight-
carrying frame; (~) an earh mat urcr. say from two to three years;
('•>) a good fora er ; (1) iinc ilesh and minimum oil'al : (5) sure breeders
and good nurses.

Kxtcnsive observation by the largest breeders here confirm them in
favor of — fl) Shorthorn grades fur weight, early maturing and stall feed-
ing ; (-'; 1 1 ere ford grades for hardiness and gra/ing disposition; (•'>) Aber-
deen Poll grades for an even average; (!, (lailoway grades for hardi-
ness and line Ilesh- (."») Devon grades for good nursing and sure breed-
ing.

DOMINION OF -CANADA.

561

RELATIVE YIELDS OF THE DIFFERENT BREEDS.

To aid in an understanding of the relative merits of the respective
breeds I embody herewith a table showing the results of nearly five
thousand tests made at the Agricultural College and Model Farm :

Breed.

Average weight
of cow.

Duration of milk-
ing season.

Milk, per season.

g

y

ua
f

£

«M
0

«i

0 3

us
£

Cream by weight

Batter
from—

a

0

"*

g'a

0

Value per sea.
son of—

jj

1

0

g

*l

O

c
<s

1

j

Shorthorn . ......

Lbs.

,570
,450
,300
,150
340

Dai/s.
170
220
170
190
180
200
200
190
210
220
2CO
240

Lie.
2, 550
3,060
2,380
3,040
2, 340
3,570
2, 800
2, 470
5,250
4,400
2,500
4,800

97
106
111
109
97
106
113
105
101
102
103
95

1

11

13}

7§
2

<1

34
6*

Lbe.

y

6

•i

4*

9

9

5
37
8

Lbs.

1

X6*.

Z6*.
12
11
Hi

$19
30
18
23
17
27
21
181
39
33
19
3G

ni

10

1

ill

'?

21
11
57
19J

$22
18
16

$30
42
27

46

40

Aberdeen ^rade
Aberdeen Poll grade ..
Hereford

2

3
N

501
40

»«

^

11*

11
18
19
11
35

26
26
45
23
58

Hereford grade. .......

,100
,050
,250
,000
1,030
740
950

Galloway . . .....

34

Jersey -.«-. ..... .

Canadian

Hi

29

54

NUMBER AND KINDS OF CATTLE IN THE CHATHAM DISTRICT.

The number of cattle in three counties, as per report of the Provincial
Bureau of Agriculture, with a classified list of thoroughbreds, is given
below.

County.

Thoroughbred.

Grade and native.

1

to" .

i«J

2!

3*

i

All cUsses.

1

A

o «

^

-££2
*£§
§5^

1— e

1
O

Essex

.434
550
600

251
161

35

n, cso

16, 960
15, C89

4,633
8,622
11, 145

10,292
17, 056
20, 262

9,742
17, 035
15, 787

25, 292
43, 949
47, 791

Kent

Total

1,644

447

42, 329

24,400

48, 210

42,564

117, 032

Durham.

Devon. Hereford.

Aberdeen /-»«ii/vi«r
Poll. Galloway-

Ayrshire.

246
391

488

34 33
32 41
71 8

25 17
1 37
5 34

79
48
54

Kent

Lambton .. . ...... .

RELATIVE VALUES OF CATTLE FEED.

The following results of a critical test as to the relative value of va-
rious diets in their effects on the different breeds will not. I conceive, bo
without interest in this connection, as illustrating their particular idio-
syncrasy as to fodder :

[From Model Farm Report.]

Corn fodder newly cut and drawn from the field when green, cut into inch lengths,
packed into a common rough stone root cellar half under ground, and weighted with
600 pounds per superficial square yard, can be preserved, except adjoining such a wall,
for an indefinite time in a condition lit for animal food, at a cost not exceeding $1 per
ton, exclusive of cultivation.

In competition with Swede turnips, ensilaged corn fodder gave 15 per cent, less milkf
30 per cent, less butter, and a poorer marketable butter in color.

H. Ex. 51 3G

502 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

Pan'.aiMM \vheat can ho very economically used in the fattening of cattle— 9 pounds

jit-r In ;; T per day u':Vt :i d;:i!\ increase of 'J pounds per head ])er day, at a cost of 4$
cents p( r pound 'i - the live weight.

Jiice meal \i\ th<- fattening of cattle gave a daily increase of 1.61 pounds per head
i r ilav, hv tin1 use of ('• ponmN per head per day, at. a cost of about 7 cents per pound.

ML: requires a large amount of other fooils in association,

muds p, r ! .11! per day gave ;; daily increase of 'J.I i pounds per head per
i.iav. ..' a en--t oi 7 cent - pi i' p»und live weight .

t • •, ' • , ,', tool t! • hiiihesl place in :i daily rate- 01' increase in the fattening of cat-
',;,- : . head daily gave'J.:>l pounds per head per day. at a cost of 5£ cents

per pound ol'thf add" d animal weight.

IV;; meal gave ihe si uond IK-M daily rate of increase at the least eost of all the reg-
nl;:r cattle-feeding grains. Kight and one-half pounds per head daily gave a rate of
•j.-j- pounds, a: :: e; it off) cents per pound of the weight added to the animal.

A pure-bred Si > :;:: ni steer can be brought to a weight of 1,700 pounds -when one
i: jo; uli under i wo years old, or a daily rat o of increase equal to 2 J pounds per day.

n ford gvado t-teer calves can be made to average Oil pounds in 'Job days, or a
rate (.(••;; pounds p.-r day.

A1; Tdeen ]\'U grade steer calves can be m:rb to average 7^0 pounds in 'J73 days,
or ;i rate of \!'^ ])o:nids ]ier day.

] >nr!!!g v:i uier. a !, 000-pound steer will consume daily 10 pounds hay, 3'J pounds
in; nips, -1 pounds bran, and i> pounds of a mixture of grain, upon which it will add
•J. 1 L ] oiinds to i i > live weight.

On.- pound of added weight to a 1,000-pound steer can ho obtained from the use of
various materials that contain 11 pounds of dry substances chemically.

]; ,- a largi variety of experiments v/ii h several clashes of cattle and many kinds of
food, weiind tlie ae'tual : <;st of adding 1 pound to the live weight of a 1.000-pound an-
iiaa] is G c< ni s to th.: i'eedrr who grov.s his own materials, and nearly 1'J cents when
ih • 1'ij.ni i - bor.glit in the regular market— manure and manag/'ment not considered.

Sugar beet, weight for weight with mangels and turnips, and in association with
equal kinds and quantities of other foods, gave the highest returns in feeding cattle,
or '-'.70 pounds per head per day.

M •,: . •'.:'• iiounds per liead per day under similar conditions to the sugar beet.

: <!<!• d;J.:'.0 ])ounds per day io liie average steer that weighed 1,001
. • : :; nns similar to mangels and pugar bee,.

'i 1; ••;• . ; a simple natural reason, or a hidden chemical one, in the fact that

hv the !'-f of levs L'TaHi and more roots, cattle gave ji greater daily return, in livo
;>'.

COST OF CHATHAM CATTLE.

Selling ]>i-icc.'s vary widely, not only ^vitli the brood but also with
ihe ]>ai ••; iciil,:r merits o!.1 the animals. (Jood j)iire bred bulls, lit for
service, can be had at i'roni sl()() t<> 6->0(), and yonnger animals at con-
siderably lower j)rices, although it is not unasiiai to Jiear of fancy prices

beiliir 1 .:>:'l !'"!' C\\T^ good stoek.

rA-:*nr Y,:<rc)\iT o:- T.n-; ciiATHA^r DISTRICT.

The beei' iiade is })rinei})ally witli dreat Uritain, and is found to
grovr more, jii-olilabld as better stock is introduced. Uoeves of 1,500
jiounds and ii])wards ]>:iy \v<Ml, and, as is obvious, Iho per capita cost
of u.'ai'keting a steer of 'j ,000 jiinnuls or one oi' 1 ,800 to 2,000 pounds
ig the same, size is, lor thai consideration, as well as a demand in
the foreign market !or heavy stock, a desirable attainment. The aver-
age ruling iiu'iin-s for some tii.ie past have, been from oA to 5;{ livo
v. eight, while lui' extmrl, ])i'iees Iiave rnled higher, bettor stock being
re< j n ired .

IJefore the abiogationof the, reeijti'ocity treaty considerable traffic
in eui:le was carried on between the I'niled States and this province,
via !'«;! Huron, Detroit, and liud'ah), notably the latter. This has since
greai !y dimini.-'lied, \\ hiN- t lie export to the Jiril ish markets has largely
incn-ased.

Notwithstanding the small proportion of thoroughbreds in the dis-
ir.id, then- isalways a large surplus of excellent, stock suitable for beef,
a fair proportion of which passes muster for the export trade. There
iu no hick of buvers at the barnyards and at the agricultural fairs.

PLATE 267

p. O O r s

s, : L O

C L'T f O O D I

ROOT S

f A R M BUILDINGS OF THE F U T U R L

e*

(/) -I

i s

[ —
LLJ

L. a.
O ^

Z
<

_J
Qu

MILK, CREAM ft BUTTER TESTS

:-,

"It

a

I

PLATE 259

.

MILK C R b~ A M & B UTTER T E SI

DOMINION OF CANADA.

563

CATTLE IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES NOT PROBABLE.

I am not inclined to think that any considerable importai «ttle

from the United States is likely to occur, as the only requirement here
is for No. 1 thoroughbreds, and the wide-iiwuke shippers are keenly
criticising foreign stock, of which, owing to their trans-Atlantic trade,
opportunities of making selections from the most famous herds are not
lacking.

1 have pleasure in attaching to this report a plan of the model stock
building, Experimental Farm, Guelph, trusting that it will not be con-
sidered extraneous to the subject, and an illustrated test of the milk,
cream, and butter producing capacity of several breeds, made by Pro-
fessor Brown, under the direction of the Ontario Government.

H. C. BUFFINGTON,

Commercial Agent.

UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL AGENCY,

Chatham, October 3, 1883.

Special statistics concerning cattle in Southwestern Ontario.

Name of breed.

Annual average
yield of milk.

Milk to pounds
of butter.

Milk to pounds
of cheese.

Live weight.

Age at maturity.

"Weight of meat
at maturity.

Color.

Cow.

Bull.

Ox.

Canadian

Lbs.

4, 800
2, 550
2, 340

3,570
3.9GO
2,800

Lbs.
25
22J
'24
25
M

23
25J
24

Lbs.
Hi

12
11}

»*

11

16J

ul

Lbs.

950
1,550
1,300
1,300
1,100
1,450
1,050
1,250
1,000

Lbs.
1 200

Lbs.

Months.
24
22-24
28
30
32
2°-')4
25-27
30-34
32-36

Lbs.
950
,000 to 2, 000
, 300 1, 500
,300 1,500
, 300 1, 500
1,450
, 000 1, 200
, 250 1, 300
1,000

Variable.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Chiefly red.
Chiefly dark.
Variable.

Shorthorn

1,700 to 2, 000
1.500
1, 500 1, 600

Hereford

Aberdeen grade . . .
Hereford grade
Shorthorn grade. . .
Devon . . ..

1, 400 1, 800
1, 200 1, 400
1, 300 1, 500 •

Galloway .

2,470

5,250

Ayrshire

Name of
breed.

Description of
breed.

Origin of
breed.

Product.

Labor.

Meat.

Milk.

Cheese.

Canadian ..

Shorthorn .

Hereford...

Aberd eon
grade.

Hereford
grade.
Shorthorn
grade.

Devon

Galloway . .
Ayrshire...

Small, quick,
wiry.

Good frame ;
quick grow-
er.
Good feeders ;
plump.
Well built;
not consid-
ered hardy
stock.
Plump and
rugfri.
: rapid
grower.

Small boned
and plump;
easily d-d.
Thick-K'-t ;md
himlv.
Small, dean-
limbed,
plump.

Native stock
with per-
haps a strain
of Durham.
Booth-Bates
families.

Good

Fair

Good
Indifi

Good
Stron

Too 6

Good
Fair .

Flesh good
but too

small.

Excellent and
heavy.

Flesh good ;
too light,
Ratherlight..

Light but ex-
cellent.
Large and

£00(1.

Fine but light

KathtT light..
Too light

Fine

Good.

Do.

Do.
Very good.

Superior.
Very good.

Indifferent

Good.
Do.

Very fair . . .

Moderately
good.
do

Very good . .
Excellent...

Good

erent..

?
mall...

Cross

Cross on na-
tivr or grade
cow.

Supeuor

564 CATTLE AND DAIEY FARMING.

Topography : Altitude, very little above the level of Lake Saint Clair, which is about
570 feet above sea-level. Mean temperature for 1882 was 44°. A very small difference
is noticeable in a record of thirty years. Mean for June, July, and August, 64.3°;
December, January, and February, mean 23.1°.

Soil : Twenty per cent, alluvial; clay-loam, 39 per cent., in some places 3 to 8 feet
deep ; clay, 16 per cent., 3 to 4 feet deep ; 25 per cent, sandy loam and gravelly.

There is absolutely no soil or substratum in this locality which can properly be
designated as stony. There is considerable lowland and some marshes not tit for
growing grain. Most of the land has a heavy yellow or blue clay substratum ; can-
not state the per cent., but by far the greater area may be thus classed. A small
part of the soil near the lakes is light, and has gravel or sandy soil as a substratum.

Cultivated grasses: Timothy, 40 per cent. ; clover, 40 per cent.; grass, &c., 20 per
cent. The principal grass crops are timothy and clover, some corn for feed broad-
cast, and a small quantity of various grasses ; large quantities of wheat and oat straw
are fed in winter.

Methods of housing, 'feeding, $c. : Most cattle have run of barn-yard and straw-stacks,
and are only housed when being stall-fed. Open sheds (a square usually) afford them
good shelter. In some places young stock are badly neglected in the matter of housing
(vide the plan inclosed). No system of feeding ; young stock are allowed to feed them-
selves, and attention only begins (save with fine animals) when it is intended to fat-
ten them. The most approved breeders cross the best attainable of male thorough-
breds on common or grade cows. No bull is suffered to go to his own progeny. A
second or third cross is preferred to a first.

Handling products: No trouble; plenty of buyers, who are always traveling the
country to make up cargoes for British markets and local butchers, keep up the
prices.

CATTLE IN PRESCOTT, ONTARIO.

REPORT BY CONSUL SLAGHT, OF PRE SCOTT.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS.

The production of a superior class of cattle, such as are found among
the best herds in this consular district, has been successfully accom-
plished by a careful selection and use of thoroughbred bulls only, and
experience has proved that the Durham and Hereford stand pre-emi-
nent, the Hereford being the larger and capable of attaining to a higher
standard in weight as beefing stock. But for smallness of bone and early
maturity the Durham is the favorite, and apparently more numerous.
The Durham bull is serviceable for breeding purposes at fifteen months.
The Ayrshire, or a well selected Canadian cow served by a Durham
bull, produces excellent results, giving a high grade of animal, com-
bining most desirable qualities for the dairy and also for beefing
stock. It is, however, by good feeding and proper housing that any
preference is claimed for the Durham ; if the animals are exposed to
cold and hardship, or insufficiently fed, the Hereford will surpass his
competitor. The cows at present comprising these herds are largely
of the Ayrshire strain, and under judicious management the average
product of milk per cow is 5,000 pounds during the season, and when
made into cheese 10 pounds of milk is required for 1 pound of cheese,
500 pounds of full cream cheese being placed to the credit of each cow
in the herd annually. For richness of milk the prize is conceded to the
Jersey cow. The special excellence of this herd is maintained by the
use of a thoroughbred Durham bull, and 20 per cent, more butter is
claimed for this herd from a given quantity of milk over any other herd
in this district. The Canadian cow is-placed by competent authorities
here as having been originally imported from Xormandy. These were
good milkers, arid partook very much in appearance of the Jersey and
Alderney breeds. By. cross breeding they are now classed at one-fourth

DOMINION OF CANADA. 565

Shorthorn. They are very enduring, and do good service in the dairy,
having also fair beefing qualities. The Galloway breed are represented
here to a very small extent. These cattle are appreciated more for their
labor than for milking or beefing qualities, being strong, hardy animals,
with heavy necks and shoulders. The thick covering of heavy black
hair which they possess forms a noticeable protection against this cold
climate; they are also without horns. Thus protected and unencum-
bered they appear to be peculiarly adapted for labor in the unbroken
forest.

DISTILLERY-FED CATTLE FOE EXPORT TO ENGLAND.

There are 1,200 head of cattle fattened for market annually at this
place. They are known as distillery fed, and are placed in the feeding
stall in November. Only such animals as are of good frame, three to
six years old, weighing at the time 1,000 to 1,100 pounds per head, are
selected for this purpose. The daily routine of feeding begins at 6
o'clock in the morning— all the hay they will eat in two hours. At 8
a. m., mash from the distillery, quite thick with meal, is given them.
At noon mash again, and at 2 o'clock p. m. hay. At 6 p. m. the troughs
are filled with mash, and the cribs with hay, which is an abundant sup-
ply for the night. This system of feeding is accompanied with good
housing, and produces very choice beef. The usual time occupied in
feeding as herein described is from six to seven months, and when these
cattle are taken from the feeding stall their weight is 1,500 to 1,600
pounds per head. The valuation on the spot will average $100 each.
They are at once shipped to England, and the cost of transportation to
Liverpool, including insurance, attendence, and food during the voy-
age, does not exceed $22 per head. Their valuation in the English
markets are from $140 to $150 per head, netting a handsome profit.

The prices for young cattle here are the following : For bulls eighteen
months old, $75 to $100 ; heifers, yearlings, $20 to $30 per head. Such
stock is not supposed to bo pure, although classed as high grade.

EXPORT TO THE UNITED STATES.

Transportation to the United States by direct and continuous rail-
road connections at very small cost. The twelve to twenty-four hours
occupied in transit from here to prominent marts in the United States
dispenses with the additional cost for care and food. Buyers from the
United States are constantly in Canadian markets for young cattle.
Beeves, however, are seldom exported to the United States from this
district.

In view of the important question of profit or loss to the dairyman
when the animal passes the age, or for other cause, when it shall cease
to contribute profitably to the dairy, attention is then directed to its
beefing qualities, and what appears to be most wanted is a grade ani-
mal that will attain to the greatest weight in the shortest time, and not
be injuriously affected by a change in food or climate. These desirable
qualities may be fully relied upon as characteristic of the Durhams and
Herefords. Therefore it is my humble opinion that these are the best
breeds to export to the United States.

HARRY L. SLAGHT,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Prescott, April 8, 1884.

CATTLE AND DAIRY- FARMING.

General ata'islic*.

Name of breed.

T

L

vc weiyl

it.

r u

5 s

L~

C "

• "*"* o

Cow.

Bull.

Ox.

11*.

Lbs.

10

Z&s.

900

Llg.
, 500

Lbs.
1,400

'2

10

1, 100

1,600

1,700

10

1, 100

,600

1.700

C, I ,: I

4, (JjQ

) : 800
10 i 900

,300
,500

Xone.
1,400

Colol,

i;nO
iS.'O

and -whit

lYars.

7 I Scotland ,

Island of Jersey.
• I Xoriuaiidy

Product.

Meat. MUk. i Cheese.

$28 00 I $30 00

35 00 | 30 00

35 oo i :;o oo

Nono. 'fir.O 00

'Jo 00 I 30 00

$35 00

35 00

35 00

Xono.

35 00

' Noi>>.' inado. t Milk and cream.

>"-nt. : '• T tl; dairy, 7~> ]>r-r rout. ; for tho butclior, 25 per cent. Excess of
• .i> itfd to Ki)_rl;>ml and United States.

ii'li , HOG ft <M : inoitn temperature, 42.3L ; snnnncr, GG°; Avinter,
.'11 . Soil: Ont'-lnilf loam, oiio-fuurtli clay, and one-fourth sandyj &c. Substratum:

. one-third granite, and one-third gravel, &c.
. L1 \vo-1hirds timothy and one-third clover.

. ,i' ' : V\'ooden stables; a stall for cac:li animal. They

•'!''' ' 'i '1 . nd cardi'd daily. (Jood beds, sawdust beingfreely used as an absorbent.
(Iraxiii'4 i i SUIIMIK r : hay. oatmeal, and 1/arley meal in winter; salt three times a week.
.ilvi'> conic iiiioju'oiii at Jit'tcfii months to two years of age. Vory littlo butter ex-
I'nrt«i trict. Local drmand for miliv and cream is large, liaising of

calyi.-s is r-xtrn: ively cu^a.^cd In. (,'hcc.so is exported.

CHEESE DAIRYING Ilf HASTIITGS COUNTY, ONTARIO.

tliT r.Y CONSUL /'A'/AY'/:, OF BELLEVILLE.

CATTLE AND 'J'lIJllK' nU'(;iJT AND KXPOIIT.

There a;v v< ;\ lev» pure-bird cattle- in this district. 1 could find but
two or linen person who made any pretensions to rinsing a. better than
ordin :ide. 'I'liei-e are now, however (liaving been introduced

within a lew nmnt lis past ), several line Durhains and Ayrshires, claimed
1'» l>e ;\1) -(>!u1"]\- pure, and ;L nio\'einent is being made for the introduc-
lion of some other )>ree«N. and moro inli'rcsl in and attention paid to
the lu-eeding o!' pure .-"-loek, all ol' \vhieli, in tlie future, v/ill materially
e'i: in .• ; :'' i hai'aeter of t he cat t le here.

! tin:! that in the county of Hastings, comprising the largest part of
distiiH — pojmhiti •:; nearly .lo.Oiii) — the census returns show live

31,085

11,472

DOMINION OF "CANADA.

567

The cattle are mostly Shorthorn grades and common Canadian, the
"grade" and Canadian, so called, being the greater proportion, proba-
bly nineteen-twentieths. None are raised or bred here for export. The
most of them are of a small size, some, when crossed with the Ayrshires,
weighing less than 1,300 pounds. The purer the breed the heavier the
stock. Few are slaughtered for market — merely sufficient for the ordi-
nary home demand — the cattle being of light weight. The heavier meats
come from districts west. None are drawn from the United States, nor
are any exported thither of any importance. Such as are exported go
to England. I find that in the last five years not over $20,000 worth
of cattle have been sent to the United States from this district, and these
at long intervals and of ordinary grades.

CHEESE MAKING-.

The main interest here in this connection is the dairy — the entire prod-
uct in fact going to the cheese factories. The yield is about $28 per
animal, on the average, over and above what is used in the family,
though in one instance a party who has a fair herd of Durhams and Ayr-
shires says his yielded him $40 per season for each cow over and above
such as lie used for his own family.

I have analyzed the returns of three of the principal cheese factories,
and I find as follows : Milk to each pound of cheese, No. 1, 9.602 pounds;
No. 2, 9.870 pounds; No. 3, 9.510 pounds.

Paid each patron or stockholder, per standard (of 3,000 pounds) of
milk, which is supposed to represent the average season's milking: No.
1, $28.37 ; No. 2, $26.49 ; No 3, $30. The average price for cheese was
about 9.90 cents.

I was unable to find any one who kept such accounts as would enable
him to get at the product of his cattle in other directions, labor, meat,
&c., or for the balance of the year. As stated, the main volume of the
product goes to cheese.

The northern portion of this county (Hastings) is admirably adapted
for grazing, and the beef and mutton and butter and cheese are of a
better quality than the southern. The water in the northern (Law-
rentian) portion is pure, while that of the southern (Silurian) district is
very hard.

FBED'K W. PEINCE,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Belleville, December 15, 1883.

Special statistics of cattle in the Belleville district.

Breed.

Color.

Milk to 1
pound of
butter.

Milk to 1
pound of
cheese.

Live weight.

Weight of
me.it at ma-
turity.

District.

Durham

Red find, red

Pounds.
29J to °4

Pounds.
9£ to 9J-

Pounds.
1 400 to 1 500

Pounds.
800 to 900

Ayrshire .......

and white.
....do

22* 24

91 9}

800 900

Ontario

Ordinary grade.

White and red..

24 25

9i 10

1, 300 1, 400

600 700

Remarks.— The yield of milk during the " season," as called, at the cheese manu-
facturers, averages 3,000 pounds ; for exceptional cases in pure breeds (see report here-
with), 4,000 pounds. Until quite recently, say two years, very few absolutely pure

568

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

l>rro<ls in district. Thcro arc luit the two crosses from Durham and Ayrshires in this
• listrift. Tlu« milk all ^oes to the cheese factory, except such as is used in the family.
From }>;m'-brt'(l stock, >}M prr season has been reali/.ed ; the average, as indicated by
chn->.' factory ret urns, is S'J^. 'J'he Durham matures at three year.-i of a<j;o.

Topography: Tim southern port ion of this district is from £U) to 1,£00 feet above
I'-vrl of the sea: The northern from f>00 to -J.niXi fr,-t. Mean temperature, 47.7°;
]iiurl'."<t (S.'ptemher^. (J- : lowest (February), 1GC. Soil: Alluvial, loam, and clay;
sandy in patches only. Substratum : Southern portion of district, Silurian limestone;
northern, Iluroniari and Laurentian granite; bowlder clay ill small portions. Tim-
othy ;4:;d clovi-r are the <-j;lt i vated <j;i;i>srs.

Honting, r\c<iin:t, .fr. : The cattle are housed in inclosed sheds. During the milking
:i ro'otd are the feed : when not, dry straw and grain once a day.

CATTLE IN THE CARLTON COUNTY, ONTARIO.

REPORT r,Y COXMKKCIAL AGI^XI XOBEIXS.

The consular district of Ottaw;; embraces a large extent of country,
with a great variety of soil and climate ; but for the purposes of this
report I shall confine my investigations to the county of Carleton, of
which Ottawa is the county scat.

TOPOGRAPHY.

As the published official reports fail to show the mean temperature
of Ottawa 1 have selected two of the nearest stations, viz, Pembroke
and Cornwall. Pembroke- is west and north and Cornwall south and
east of Ottawa, and the results given below will indicate tiie tempera-
ure of this district.

temperature in (a en quarter of the year 1831.

Stations.

Vv'iiit.-r. '

1

Spring.

Summer.

Autumn.

Tear.

Pembroke

« i

i -, o I

0
ri q

Cl 4

o
•)•{ .-

o
4° 01

< '(,; r;-,v;iil .

77!

S:5

07 4

ii04

43. 50

SOIL.

The soil of Cnrlefon County varies in the several townships, but clay,
sandy and black loams predominate. In this immediate vicinity there
is a good deal of limestone rock'. All the cultivated grasses do well,
limothy and clover being the. ruling classes. Of the improved land,
about one-half is reported as first class for agricultural purposes $ about
one-ouarter second class, and the remaining quarter third class. There
is considerable swampy land as yet unredeemed, as also a good deal
of land so rocky as to he unlit for profitable cultivation. The county
is generally well watered.

ATKKAfJI-; PRODUCTION.

The average, production of grain, <Src., is reported as follows: Fall
wheat, L'O bushels per acre; spring, \~> bushels; barley, 30 bushels;
oats, 35 bushels j rye, 20 bushels; peas, UO bushels; corn, 25 bushels;

DOMINION OF CANADA.

569

potatoes, 150 bushels; turnips, 450 bushels ; other root-crops, 420 bush-
els ; hay, 1 ton per acre.

ALTITUDE.

Ottawa Harbor, at foot of Eideati Canal, in the city of Ottawa, is
121.75 feet above tide-water mark at Three Bivers, a point midway
between Quebec and Montreal, and from which official measurements
are taken.

EXPLANATION.

The foregoing figures are taken from official reports, and the follow
ing are based upon results derived from actual experience had and ex-
periments made with the different grades of cattle in this county, se-
cured (by personal interview) from cattle raisers and experts, and which
are believed to be reliable :

Special statistics concerning cattle in the Ottawa district.

a5

*S

|«g

1

S

8

o«

"cS^

o

^

_£•>

g

a

-5«H

00 a <s

0

Name of breed.

Sex.

•"£

cJ

a

Color.

I

Origin of
breed.

0 S g

Pi

1

A

^8

a

a

C3

d

o^ o

Pi

CJ

o

?

o

,3
ta

J

|

||i

||o

1

fcO

i

<D

M

>*^

^5rt

i

Trs.

J'eef.

i&*

I

Zr*.

j»».

i&*.

Lbg.

TinrTiaTn

Bull

5

r,l

2, 000

Xtod njid ro3.n

25

England

Cow !

4

3

1, 400 to 1, GOO

....do . .. .

25

do ...

20

2

12

Devon

Bull .

5

4

1 500

Red

7

do

Cow.

4

4

1.300 to 1,400

....do

7

....do...

18

1

12

Ayrshire ......

Bull.

5

4

1, 500 to 1, 600

Roan .......

25

....do ...

......

Cow.

4-5

4

800 to 900

....do

25

....do ...

""36"

12

Cross between

Cow.

2-3

4J-5

900 to 1,000

Red and roan.

Canada .

30

1

12

Durham bull

and native

cow.

Common or na-

Cow .

2-3

4

800 to 900

All colors....

....do...

25

1

12

tive.

CONCLUSIONS.

There are a few Jerseys and a few Galloways in this district, but o*
the pure bloods the Durhams are the favorites. According to my best
information the predominant class of cattle in this district is a cross be-
tween the Durham bull and common or native cow; they mature early,
are good feeders, hardy, excellent milkers, of fair size, good beefers,
and hence profitable.

The friends of the Devon claim that equally good results follow from
the cross of a Devon bull with the native cow, and, as a matter of fact,
all crosses of the pure bloods with the native cow greatly improve the
stock. She seems to have the power and habit of perpetuating the char-
acter of her male consort rather than her own. Especially is this the
result of the first cross, but which is not so marked or distinctive in
subsequent issues.

E. B. BOBBINS, /

Commercial Agent.

UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL AGENCY,

Ottawa, October 3, 1883.

570

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

CATTLE IN THE SIMCOE DISTRICT.

EEPORT BY COMMERCIAL AGENT JAMES.

The principal breeds of cattle here are the Durhams and the Durham
grades, and some Ayrshires to a limited extent. The best method of
exportation, and the one mostly followed, to the United States from
this section is by rail to Buffalo, and to the old country they go princi-
pally by rail to Montreal and Quebec, thence per steamer. The animals
mostly exported are Durhams or Durham grades, on account of size
of carcass. The prices of fat cattle vary according to demand, bring-
ing from 3 to 5 and 6 cents per pound, live weight. For thoroughbreds
the prices range from $100 to $1,000, and often prices that seem fabulous.
The number of cattle in the county of Norfolk, Ontario, in which my
district principally lies, is somewhere in the neighborhood of 25,000, the
largest percentage of which are grades. About 40 or 50 per cent, are
bred for the dairy. The stock, I think, has slightly decreased, owing to
the ship ments to the United States and the old country. The supply is
in excess of the home demand. As regards the breeding of thorough-
bred Durhams it is found that animals of superior breeding are raised
here, and are annually bought up at very large sums and exported, and
have been able to carry away prizes from those bred at home. I have
had all the answers, as far as possible to obtain them, given in the in-
closed lists, and trust that such may prove satisfactory.

HENRY M. JAMES,

Commercial Agent.

UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL AGENCY,

Simcoe, December 7, 1883.

Special statistics concerning cattle in the Simcoe district.

Name of breed.

Average
yield of
milk per
day.

Milk to
1 pound
of but-
ter.

Milk to
1 pound
of cheese.

Live weight.

Ago at
maturity.

Cow.

BulL

Ox.

Durham and Durham grade . . ,

Pounds.
30
25

Pounds.
25 to 30
25 30

Pounds.
10
10

Pounds.
1,200
900

Pounds.
2,000
1,600

Pounds.
l.CTO

Tears.
4 or 5
5 6

Durham and Durham grade : These are largo stock, of rod or roan color ; originally
from England, and have been bred pure for many years. Weight of meat at maturity
s abont one- fourth lees than live weight. In Durhams the following strains are good
milkers: " Isabellas," "Rose of Sharons,"and "Sanpariels, " and in grades any of their
issue.

Ayrshire's : This breed is of medium size, red and white in color; originally from
Scotland, and have been bred pure for many years. Weight of metit at maturity one-
fourth less than live weight. They arc good milkers, and excellent for butter and
cheese.

This district is in Norfolk County, Ontario.

Topography, fyc : Altitude: 140 feet above Lake Erie, or from 700 to 716 feet above
sea level. Moan temperature : 1875, 43°.2 ; 1876, 46°. 4. Soil : One-half sandy and clay,
one-eighth clay, and three-eighths sandy, &c. Substratum: One-eighth limestone,
three-fourths clay and sand, and one-eighth gravel, &c. Timothy and clover are the
cultivated grasses.

Sousing, feeding, fyc: Cattle are generally kept in stalls in stables. Cut hay and
straw with chop, &c., and roots, such UN turnips, mangels, and beets are fed. They
are either thoroughbred, or in case of grades bred to thoroughbred bulls.

DOMINION OF CANADA. 571

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.
CATTLE-RAISING IN QUEBEC.

REPORT BY COXST7L PARKER, OF SHERBROOKE.
INTRODUCTORY.

I have the honor to transmit herewith such answers to the inquiries
made by the Department of State relative to the various breeds of
cattle, amount and quality of products, and the methods of handling
and disposing of the same, as I have been able to glean from the breed-
ers and dairymen and stock-growers of this portion of the province of
Quebec. I am aware that in many particulars the report is incomplete,
and that in others results are only approximated. But I have found
considerable difficulty in securing even the limited information thus
compiled.

A few general observations will, I think, serve to give a better un-
derstanding of the cattle industry in the Eastern Townships of the prov-
ince of Quebec, and of such features thereof as maybe of interest to the
herdsmen and farmers of the United States than any tabulated state-
ment can do.

THE NATIVE OR FRENCH CATTLE.

The native, or French cattle, as these are called, form the basis upon
which the various crosses with the imported breeds are made. These
cattle ;are not large, but they are hardy, light eaters, and yield fair
quantities of%ood, rich' milk, well calculated for profitable use in the
manufacture of butter and cheese. Cattle-breeders who have given the
subject careful attention are of the opinion that these native cattle,
which were introduced by the^ early French colonists, belong to the
great Channel family and are nearly related to the Jerseys and Guern-
seys.

THE BEST DAIRY CATTLE.

Senator Cochrane, who owns and operates at Compton, near Sher-
brooke, the best appointed cattle-farm in Canada, possibly, excepting
the great Government establishments at Guelph and Eougemont, has
found by long experience with the best-known breeds that the Jerseys
are by far the most profitable and best suited to this climate of any of
the highly -bred cheese and butter producers. The offspring of Jerseys
crossed upon the native Canadian stock are better for ordinary farm
use in places where good shelter and thorough care in winter are not
always attainable. But good results can only be secured here by prop-
erly housing and feeding stock during the long, cold winters.

CLIMATE OF QUEBEC.

In a climate where the mercury often sinks to 25 and 30 degrees be-
low zero, and occasionally to 40 degrees below, the importance of proper
Shelter and food must be fully realized.

CATTLE FODDER IN QUEBEC.

The seasons being too short for corn to mature other food products
must take its place. Among these hay and roots are the principal.

572 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

The country product's timothy, clover, and red top, or herd grass, in
great 'abundance. Before the development of the cattle industry, im-
mense quantities o hay were exported to the Tinted States. But now
much of the hay crop linds a market with the cattlemen, and t«he ship-
ments from this immediate locality show a corresponding decrease. The
lu-st roots are the white Swede turnips, sugar-beets, and carrots; the
turnip being the favorite. -For young cattle these arc1 boiled, pulped,
and mixed with chopped clover, hay, and either oil cake or cotton-seed
meal : while they are sliced or fed whole to mature animals. This is,
c-f course, on well -managed cattle ranches; among ordinary farmers
they are simply fed whole in connection with hav. It is probable that
Canadian cheese and butter owe more of their excellent quality to this
diet of rid) and succulent roots, and to one other cause, than to the pe-
culiar hreeds of the milch cows that yield the milk and cream from
which they are made. The one otln r cause is the frequent rains during
the summer and fall, which keep the grass always green and tender
until the frosts kill it down.

TIIK 3IOST si -ITAIJLK TJREEDS FOR QUEBEC.

The Canadian minister of agriculture (Mr. Pope) is also largely eft
gaged in breeding line cattle at Cookshire, in this consular district, and
the Dominion Cattle Company, of which Hon. W. B. Jves, member of
Parliament for the counties of Kichmond and Wolf, is the manager, has
its headquarters here. Presides these there are other breeders of thorough-
breds, and a great many extensive raisers of good-grade stock for the
butcheis and < xporters. The united testimony of all these tends to the
conclusion that the Polled Angus or Aberdeen stock and the Here-
fords are the best calculated to produce good beef cattle in this climate.

They are hardy, large, mature early, and their meat is of the best.
Breeders also regard them as much the best for crosses with the native
grades here, and under certain circumstances, in the South and West
also.

TIIK JERSEYS VS. NATIVE FRENCH CATTLE.

As before remarked the Jerseys and Jersey crosses with native cat-
tle are most popular here for dairy purposes. Mr. Cochrane and other
breeders of large experience regard them as being, in many respects,
superior to the, (lucriiscys. Ayr-hires or ])evons. The ease with which
they are kept in good condition and the richness of their milk are the
points urged in their favor. Some breeders have, at times, cherished
preferences for the Cnernseys on account of their superior weight, but
further experience has taught them that their inferiority to either of the
three great beef-producing breeds is too palpable for them to be re-
garded with favor for butcher's stock, while their smaller yield of milk
and butter will not permit them to become rivals to the Jerseys for
dairy purposes.

It would not be fair to the native stoelc of cattle to fail to add here,
that in the qualities required for the farm dairy, the Canadian cattle,
(•ven withoni the benefit of favorable1, crosses are really strong. They
are thoroughly acclimated, give, fair quantities of milk, and the yield of
butter and cheese is good. A compel cut dairyman estimates that the
av-rage Canadian cow, with ordinary treatment, will yield 5 quarts of
milk daily for at least six months in the year, after which it will slowly
fall off.

DOMINION > OF r CANADA.

DISPOSITION OF CATTLE AND CATTLE PRODUCTS.

573

As to the disposition of products, beef cattle are largely consumed
at home. The people of this section of Canada make use of a great
deal of meat, mostly beef and mutton, pork being used comparatively
little. Large numbers of fat cattle are shipped to England and Scot-
land, and a small number reach the markets of the United States.

Butter is made by the families of farmers, and either printed or made
into rolls for the local trade, or packed in tubs for exportation or to
supply the home markets during the latter part of the winter and the
early spring months, when the cows are mostly turned dry. Cheese is
made by farmers' families and in small factories, and sold to local deal-
ers or to exporters. Much Canadian butter and cheese reaches the
markets of New England, its superior quality enabling shippers to pay
the duty of 4 cents per pound to the American Government, and still
fiod ready and often profitable sales among our people. The shipments
of Canadian butter and cheese to England and Scotland, where they
are highly prized and bring fairly remunerative prices, have been grow-
ing larger year after year, and in the last three years have doubled
annually.

CONCLUSION.

I have thus endeavored to present the opinions of the stockmen and
dairymen of this section of Canada, and the results of their varied ex-
periences—gleaned from numerous conversations and interviews with
them — uncolored by any notions of my own. I sincerely hope that the
record may contain'sornething of value to the stock growers and farmers
of the United States.

BENJ. S. PAEKEE,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Sherbroolce, December 19, 1883.

Special statistics concerning cattle in the eastern townships of Quebec,

Name of breed.

Annual aver-
ago yield of
milk.

Milk to 1
pound of
butter.

Milk to 1
pound of
cheese.

Live weight.

Cow.

Bull.

Ox.

Canadian

Pounds.
1, 600 to 1, 900

Pounds.
10

Pounds.
5

Pounds.
700 to 1, 200
1, 200 1, 800
1, 200 1, 800

1,200 1,800
700 1, 100

Pounds.
900 to 1, 500
1, SCO 2, 400
1, 800 2, 400

1, 800 2, 400
900 1, 300

Pounds.
800 to 1,400
1, 700 2, 400
1, 600 2, 300

1, 600 2, SCO
800 1, 300

Polled Angus or

Jersey .

2, 000 to 2, 400

9

5

Breed.

Agent
maturity.

Weight of meat
at maturity. *

Color.

Origin of breed.

Canadian

Years.
3

2
2
2
2

Pounds.*
700 to 1, 500

1,200 2,400
1, 200 2, 400
1, 200 2, 400
700 1, 300

Fawn

Red, i
Red a
.Black
Fawn

, roan, spotted.,
'can, white

Supposed to have been in the
Channel Islands.
England.
Do.
Scotland.
Island of Jersey in the English
Channel.

Shorthorn .........

Hereford

Polled Angus
Jersey

Thoeo arc gross -weights ; subtract at least one-fourth to obtain net -weights.

574 ' CATTLE* AND DAIRY ' FARMING.

Topography , <fo. : Altitude, 500 to 1,050 feet above sea-level ; moan temperature
(estimated), 35° above zero ; summer, 60° above ; winter, 10° above. There are no
records kept here except those kept by the Grand Trunk Railroad. I did not know
thia in time to secure correct figures from the Grand Trunk general office at Montreal.
The soil varies in different localities so that it i3 fairly correct to designate mixed,
loam, clay, and sand, in equal proportions.

Cultivated graces are timothy, clover, and red top,

Housing, feeding, $c. : The cattle are kept in stalls and loose boxes on ground floors
of barns and sheds. Special care is taken on the breeding farms for thoroughbred
stock. Cattle are housed in basements of main barns with hay and straw in lofts, root
cellars near at hand, &c. The feed consists of hay, turnips, corn, barley, oatmeal, bran,
oil-cake, cotton-seed meal, &c. Timothy hay fed whole, but clover hay chopped and
mixed with pulped turnips, also with meal, bran, and oil-cake for young stock. Roots
fed whole or sliced for mature stock. Good grade cattle are made by crossing Short-
horns, Hereford, or Polled Angus on to native Canadian stock. The best dairy stock
is pure Canadian or pure Jersey or crosses of the two. Much care is taken by breed-
ers to keep their strains pure. Much of the beef products are shipped alive to England
and Scotland and much is consumed at home, while a fair per cent, goes to the mar-
kets of the United States. Beef cattle are generally well handled. Much butter and
cheese is produced. The cheese is exceptionally good and the butter about equal to
the average butter of the United States.

CATTLE IN THE GASPE BAY DISTRICT.

REPORT BY CONSUL HOLT.

Little attention has been given to the improvement of the breed of
cattle on this coast, consequently they are small and inferior, and of no
value to those who are interested in the selection, of animals for breed-
ing purposes. They consist' mainly of mixed breeds from Polled cattle
from the Magdalen Islands, and Jerseys and Canadian, of an average
live weight of from. 4 cwt. for the cow to C cwt. for the ox, and yielding
about 100 pounds of butter per cow annually.

GEO. H, HOLT,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE^

Gaspe Basin, October 6, 1883.

CATTLE IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

REPORT BY CONSUL WORDEN, OF CHARLOTTETOWN.

I have the honor to forward herewith the form which accompanied
the cattle circular of July 18, 1883. Many causes have operated to
hinder its compilation, and now it is with considerable doubt as to its
availability that I send it to the Department.

Tt is only within a few years that the farmers of this province have
begun to comprehend the advisability of improving the native cattle by
importations from England.

A farm was purchased by the local government some years since,
and a number of pure and well-bred cattle put upon it. Their progeny
have, from time to time, been sold at auction, and gradually the grade
of the cattle now bred on the island is being improved. This farm is
maintained at the expense of the local-government. No pains are taken
to give the farming community the advantage of the stock raised. At
present the character of the stock is not equal to that of Ontario,

DOMINION OF CANADA.

575

but, from observation, I consider it superior to the general average of
Quebec.

I doubt if the feeding of cattle receives the same amount of care that
is given to the system in Ontario. During the summer the island is
admirably adapted for grazing, and it seems as though a trade in cattle
with the United States might be of as much importance as is the trade
in the other products of the province. The Boston market would seem
to present a favorable opening for this branch of industry. At present
no cattle are sent to the United States from this consular district. A
few buyers of sheep and lambs find their way to the island.

W. A. WOEDEK,

Consul
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, August 7, 1884.

Special statistics concerning Prince Edward Island cattle.

Name of breed.

Annual
average
of milk.

Milk to 1
pound of
butter.

Milk to 1
pound of
cheese.

Live weight

Weight
of meat at
maturity.

Cow.

Bull.

Ox.

Shorthorns .. .............

Pounds.
3,000
5,800
6,000

5,500

Pounds.
30

Pounds.
10

Lbs.
1,400
1,000
1,300

1,000

Lbs.
1,800
1,400
1,700

Lls.
1,600
1,400
1,500

1,300

Pounds.

800
600
780

600

Other grades (crossing between the
Ayrshire and Gnrnsey bulls and
the native cows)

Remarks: The Shorthorns are well shaped; colors, white, roan, and red. They
were originally imported from England, and have been bred pure seven to twenty-five
years. The Ayrshires and Grade Shorthorns are similar to the Shorthorns, except
that they are of mixed colors. Other breeds are of mixed colors, medium shape, and
have been bred pure for one hundred years ; origin not known.

Topography, $c.: Altitude, 36 feet. Mean temperature, 39.33° ; summer, 47.58° ; win-
ter, 31.07°. Soil: Loam, clay, and sand. Substratum: Sandstone, clay, and gravel.
Cultivated grasses : Timothy and clover.

Housing, feeding, <fc.: The cattle are kept tied up or in loose boxes during winter
of six months. Hay, timothy and clover, roots ; turnips, mangels, potatoes, grain, oats,
and barley are fed. * Grain is housed or stacked, and thrashed in barns : nay chiefly
housed.

576 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAKMLNG.

MEXICO.

CATTLE-BREEDING IN NORTHERN MEXICO.

REPORT j?r coxsrL-cj:xj-:i:AL srnvx, OF HATAMOROS.

Preliminary. — A detailed and reliable account of the "breeding-cattle
in Northern Mexico, as called lor in the circular and memoranda, is a
very difficult task. Xo previous data being available, I have had to visit
the '• ranches" and iii(]iiire directly of u rancheros." Having selected the
cattle 1 desired, they were photographed, measured, and weighed, and as
lull a description given as possible.

Origin. — In all the histories of .Mexico and of individual States which
I have examined, they are spoken of as the cattle of the country de-
scended from tho*e brought over by the Spaniards.

Breed*. — Ikoughly speaking, there is only one breed, but in this there
are variations, showing that at least three breeds were originally im-
ported, the Longhorns, the Shorthorns, and the Polled cattle.

In Northern [Mexico the iirst is the most common, and is, so to speak,
the general class. In the same herds with the Longhorns are to be
found a considerable number of shorter-horned cattle, and occasionally a.
Jew J 'oiled cattle. The iirst are very large-boned, immense, gaunt
beasts. The Shorthorned are a little shorter and broader. The Tolled
cattle are nearly like the Longhorned in general build.

Uses. — These cattle, as a whole, are only good for and only used for,
beef and labor. Milk and cheese are only made in small amounts for
local consumption.

Milk. — In this city cow's milk i.-i sold along with goat's milk, and
rather exceeds the latter in quantity. In most of the other cities and
towns of Northern Mexico, cow's milk is usually scarcer and more goat's
milk is used. The increase of foreign population has increased the de-
mand for cow's milk. I know of no attempt to increase the milk-pro-
ducing qualities of cows. The cows are '• corraled " at night, milked in
tiie morning, and herded during the day on the open pastures.

A fair average cow will give about 4 quarts of milk per day for three
months. After three months the amount diminishes and the quality
deteriorates, so that milking is finally stopped at about six or eight
months after the calf was dropped.

The milk in good seasons seems 1o produce a light cream, and is rea-
sonably good if got pure and clean. Venders of milk sell it at so many
cnpfuls for o' cents. The. number of cups varies with the season, but
the price averages from 5 to 15 cents per quart. It lacks the taste and
quality found in good American cow's milk produced from the rich and
juicy grasses in the I'nited Slates.

liuttcr. — liiitter making is almost unknown, although there- are some
u ranchos" up-river where American kk rancheros'7 have dairies and make
considerable, hutter for local consumption.

(Jheexc. — A small amount, of a soil of cheese is made and has a limited
sale, it is usually made into round llat cakes weighing about a pound.
It resembles what i.; loc.dly called <"• ! Mitch cheese '' in some parts of the
United States. The general get up of the article was not inviting

MEXICO. 577

enough to encourage me to take a second taste. In general it may be
said that while thc.ro arc thousands of cattle within sight, a glass of
imlk is a difficult thing to obtain, and butter and cheese are unknown.
•nations of breed. — On the lowlands the cattle grow larger. The
hoofs spread out, the limbs are thicker, the horns are longer, and the
animals generally adapt themselves to their surroundings. In the high
regions the hoofs are smaller and tougher; the animals are agile, sure-
footed, and very hardy.

Colors.— In all this region the colors are numerous. Perhaps red is
the most prevalent, color, with black next. Besides the plain colors,
are the spotted or " paint" cattle. Some cream-colored cattle have very
beautiful glossy hair.

Grasses, &c. — All these cattle run wild, and feed the year round on
the wild grasses and bushes. The grasses are very numerous. In this
State the most common is the mezquite grass. Besides this are the
gama grass, buffalo grass, bunch grass, zacahuizte grass, Bermuda grass,
and a large number of others. After a rain, fifteen or twenty varie-
ties are often found along the road within a short distance.

Other foods. — Besides the grasses, cattle feed upon the leaves and
beans of the mezquite bush or tree (Algarobia glandulosa of Gray).
These beans are very fattening. The nopal and other varieties of the
cactus are also utilized in certain seasons as food for cattle. In some
cases these are gathered in piles, and most of the thorns burned off, so
that the cattle can eat them more readily.

Water. — Water is afforded by the various lakes, rivers, and pools.
The value of a pasturage is largely dependent upon the amount, loca-
tion, quality, and permanence of the water supply. In this State, par-
ticularly near the Gulf or river, are in the rainy season large laguuas of
fresh water. Some of these remain through the longest drought. In
the higher country water is scarcer, and in dry seasons many cattle die
from lack of water. Eivers in Northern Mexico are comparatively
scarce, and the lakes are still scarcer. This is a condition which obtains
all over Mexico, and, as the rainfall is not evenly distributed through
the year, renders irrigation necessary for agriculture. Sufficient moist-
ure for grass and water for stock is often unattainable and renders stock-
raising on many otherwise fine pastures very hazardous.

Tanks. — In some sections, dams have been constructed across arroyos
and other depressions in the soil where the water is held in reserve.
To some of these the cattle come long distances to drink. It is thought
that this system of tanks would, if properly carried out, bring much
idle land into use. In Texas, Capt. Richard King, of Santa Gertrudes,
Nueces County, who has one of the largest stock u ranches "in the world,
has made a large number of these tanks with excellent results. Either
from their effect, or from other causes, Captain King thinks that in his
section, between the Nueces and the Eio Grande, the rainfall is increas-
ing and becoming more evenly distributed. With this change he also
notes the advance of the mezquite bush, which now partially covers
hundreds of thousands of acres which, ten or fifteen years ago, were
open plains. The same changes, though less marked, are noticed in the
lowlands of this State.

IMPORTS OF IMPROVED STOCK.

In this State I learn of one importation of some twenty head, mostly
Durhams, with a few Jerseys. The importer informs me that he cannot
as yet give any reliable statement of the results. A very few improved
H. Ex. 51 37

578 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

stock are reported by Consul Scott, of Chihuahua, as having been im-
ported into that State. I have heard of a few other importations along
the frontier.

METHODS OF BREEDING.

Cattle graze on the plains the year round. Generally they keep
pretty close to one portion of the range, changing somewhat with the
time of the year and the supply of water and pasture.

Bulls.— The bulls run with the herd all the year. Calves are dropped
all the year round, but most generally in March, April, and May.

The bulls serve cows at eighteen months, but are most effective from
three to six years. After that age they get so heavy that they are not
so serviceable. They are then castrated, and broken to the yoke or
killed for beef. The bulls are not usually changed from herd to herd,
and hence breed in and in, to the great deterioration of the stock.

When full grown and ten or twelve years old they are very large, very
wild and fierce. A few are used for bull fights during fairs and find
their way to the slaughter-hoorse afterwards. To illustrate the disposi-
tion of the wild bullslt is stated that south of Soto de la Marina, in this
State, some roads are at times impassable, because the bulls attack any-
thing which comes in their way.

Oxen. — Bulls and oxen are used indiscriminately for work purposes.
One of each are often yoked together The males are not castrated
until two or three years old. The "rancheros" think that they grow
larger and faster by this method. They are often simply twisted or
pounded. As a result they are usually very staggy in appearance and,
as their final destination is the slaughter-house, the term "bull beef"
comes home to those who eat beef here with peculiar force. The horns
of oxen are longer than those of bulls and often reach a great length.
They are very strong, hardy animals. They are worked with a yoke
made of a straight stick of wood, in which are cut slight curves for the
neck. These sticks are lashed to the head and horns by means of raw
leather thongs. The pole of the two-wheeled cart is lashed directly to
the yoke stick. They are guided by a driver who goes in front and
carries a long pole with an iron brad in the end. This he usually allows
to rest behind him on the yoke. He accelerates their pace by punch-
ing the offending ox. A turn is made by punching one animal in the
ribs and striking the other over the head. A full stop is made by hit-
ting both over the head and getting in their way, kicking their noses,
&c. They will usually stand patiently so long as the goad is resting
on the yoke in front of them. In muddy weather or on the road they
are guided from the cart by punching, hitting, and the voice.

Cows. — Ileifers take the bull at about two years of age and cows usu-
ally drop one calf a year in March, April, or May. The calves run with
the mother until she turns them off, occasionally returning to take a
share of the milk supply for the next calf. With good years, when the
grass and water are abundant, the average annual increase in a herd is
about 66 per cent. Droughts or hard winters will reduce this increase.
Cows are never milked except near towns or where a few are selected
from a "rancho"to supply the milk needed. These are then milked
daily, vrith or without the calves, for a few months, then turned out and
their place supplied with fresh ones. Many of these cows grow to an
immense size, and the horns are as long or occasionally longer than
those of the oxen.

Branding. — A very important proceeding is the branding, which occurs
generally in the months of November, December, and January.

PLATE 268

<Y v

A .,

K .

A/

} .A

.

y

/V '

MEXICO, 579

Mezquite posts are set upright so as to make a large " corral," into
which the animals are driven by horsemen who have rounded them up.
These are very interesting occasions. One set of horsemen bring up one
herd, and by dint of shouts, lassos, &c., finally secure them in the "cor-
ral."

All those which have no brands are lassoed, led out, thrown down,
and branded with the owner's mark. This brand is usually some letter
or letters of the name, but is often only a design. The idea is to make
a mark, usually on the left side or hip, which cannot grow out or be
blurred or obscured by another brand. Besides the main brand is an
ear brand, and some cut is usually made in the ear.

When sold many sellers round up the cattle and add another or sell-
ing brand. All these brands are matters of record. Cattle cannot be
moved from one district (in Tamaulipas) without inspection.

When sold the seller invariably gives a written bill of sale, on which
the brands are " painted " or rather written. To illustrate more fully
the appearance of the cattle after branding I give herewith some speci-
mens of such brands on file in this office.

Wild cattle.— Besides the cattle which are regularly guarded and
wbich are comparatively tamo there are in the southern part of this
State many cattle belonging to large "ranches" which are absolutely
wild. Many" of these are never branded, are fierce, and roam about in
their section unmolested by man. A very intelligent gentleman who
has a large ranch in that portion of the State estimated that there might
be 50,000 such animals in this State.

Castrating. — With a few " rancheros n the castrating is done when the
stock are branded, but the great majority leave this until they are three
years old. In other cases they are " twisted " or pounded. It is claimed
that a worm causes some trouble when stock are castrated, but this is
denied by the most intelligent stock-raisers. The latter tell me that
there is r.o danger in castration, and that it should be done at six mouths,
and that this method gives a better growth, finer stock, and much bet-
ter beef.

Quality of beef. — The beef is dark red, and when reasonably fat is
juicy and fairly tender. As beeves are never fed even for slaughter,
and as so much is bull beef or very staggy, it is not so good as it might
easily be made. In hot weather the beef is very watery and the weight
of the carcass is greatly diminished by drying after slaughter.

Near Soto la Marina the beef is said to be finer than at any other
point in Mexico. The grasses are particularly nutritious and abundant,
and the prevalence of salt in the atmosphere keeps the stock in good
health and gives a finer taste to the meat.

Retail prices. — The prices vary in different cities and in different sea-
sons. In this city (Matamoros) where some fourteen are killed daily,
the price of the carcass is about 5 cents per pound Mexican coin5 and
beefsteak, say, 10 cents American coin.

How beef is Hold. — Most of the beef is cut into thin strips, the bone
being left out. Formerly a roast or steak could only be bought by pre-
vious arrangement, so that it would be properly cut. The American
idea has, however, prevailed, so that one can now get meat properly cut
for steak and other purposes. More than half is still sliced off into" thin
strips to be dried for future use. All the stands in the market have the
price per pound printed above. This price is regulated by the city which
owns the market building and rents the stands. While the price is thus
fixed very few if any buy by the pound. The buyer picks out what he
wants and negotiates to see how large a piece or how many slices he can

580 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

get for 12£ or 25 cents. A small piece is almost always thrown in as a
" pilon" or gift. The meat not sold is sliced, salted, and hung out to
dry in the sun.

'Beef at various ages.— From six months to three years the beef is coin
paratively good and tender. From three to seven years it is very tough .
After the seventh year it again begins to grow tender, and is at its best
in the fourteenth year.

Age. — Cattle mature at five or six years but continue to fill out a y ejir
or two longer. With fair care cattle live fifteen to eighteen years. Tl i oy
rarely live more than twenty years.

VALUE OF MEXICAN CATTLE FOR THE UNITED STATES.

Breeding cows. — The chief value of these cattle, so far as regards the
United States, is in th,e cows. These when exported to the plains of
Texas and the West make the basis of the finest herds in the world.
As I stated in a recent report (see Consular Eeports No. 31, July, 18>\)),
these cows breed very rapidly and surely. They and their descend-
ants retain the large size and red color of meat. They grow rapidly, arc
hardy, wild enough to be good "rustlers," and the second cross with
good bulls makes the best grass-fed beef that goes into our Eastern cities.
The first thought of the Western ranchman is to get Texas cows, which
are the same as the Mexican cows, except as improved by better hand-
ling, for the foundation of his herd.

If prices are too high in Texas he comes through to Mexico.

Experience has shown that with one or two crosses these cows pro-
duce much finer and more profitable beef cattle than do the average
cows in the United States. They are not so domesticated or effeminated,
and hence are better adapted to the rough ways of ranch life. It Ls
not at all likely that they would be of service in improving our breed
of milch cows.

Beef cattle. — When prices make it profitable large quantities of young
cattle are exported to the United States to be driven to the ranges to
grow and fatten for our markets. These cattle are simply frames, and,
fattened on the juicy grasses of our West, make good beef at four and
five years of age.

Duties. — All cows, heifers, and bulls entered for breeding purposes
are free of duty in the United States. Beef and other cattle pay 20 per
cent, on the original cost price.

Values. — The prices of all kinds of live animals as cattle, horses,
mules, sheep, goats, have greatly increased within a few years, nerds
of cattle, which five years ago were slow sale at $4 ahead as they ran,
now bring $10 to $15. Eanchmen hold cattle so high that buyers have
fallen off greatly and the movement is slight at present.

Export duty. — The demand in the United States sent a good many
buyers to this State last year. The export of cattle so alarmed the
State authorities that they passed a law levying an export tax, amount-
ing to $2.50 per head on cows and $1.25 on other cattle.

This tax applied if cattle were moved from one Mexican State to
another. Large transactions were broken off and sales for a time almost
entirely suspended. By a late law this tax has been reduced to $1 per
head on cows and 47 J cents on other cattle.

Markets. — The principal market and that which takes perhaps t\vo-
thiids of the surplus is the interior of Mexico. After supplying tbo
small local demands about one-third goes to the United States through
Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Some have been shipped by vessels

MEXICO.

58i

to Havana, and in the future this may be an important market for these
cattle.

Driving. — They are driven in herds by horsemen, getting food and
water en route. "Those for the interior are fattened outside and mar-
keted in the city of Mexico, San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, &c.

Those for the United States are used for breeding or fattened and
shipped East by rail. The opening of railways in Mexico will cause
some shipments to be made by rail.

Costs, &c.j of driving.— The cost and risk of driving vary greatly with
the route, season of the year, grass, handling, and condition of the stock.
From the interior of this State to this frontier the country is compara-
tively open, very level, and in good seasons has plenty of water and
grass. My averages show the losses on this route not to exceed 4 per
cent.

In the upper country, where grass and water are scarcer and the road
much rougher, the losses have reached 25 per cent, on the route from,
the place of purchase to the border. The cost per head from San
Fernando to this city, not including export dues, has amounted to $1
per head. This included going, buying, and returning pay of drivers,
losses en route, &c.

The best routes are more or less direct lines to the nearest American
town.

EXPORTS TO UNITED STATES.

The total of live animate exported from Mexico to the United States
for the year ending June 30, 1881, was $314,272, and for the following
year, $455,917, values in United States coin, nearly all of which passed
over this border. Of these amounts probably more than one-half were
cattle.

IMPORTS OF AMERICAN CATTLE PRODUCTS.

In the year ending June 30, 1882, Mexico imported from the United
States (values in United States coin) :

Description.

Quantity.

Value.

Horned cattle

head

793

$18 602

Lioathpr

0 571

8G1

Manufactures of leather:

pairs

CO 610

S5 TT

Saddlerv anil harness

31 497

All other manufactures of . .

29 844

Beef:
Fresh

None

Salted, or cured . .

];j G^G

1 r)01

Butter

104 597

26 lOi

Cheese

.. do ...

44, 400

o F,ur>

Condensed milk

1 36'J

Tallow

54:] 009

43 768

Total

248 252

«><s- CATTLE AND 1UIRY FARMING .

MEXICAN DUTIKS.

The following are the import duties on America', ealth- and Battle
products :

$1 00

fmoiv than l.S centimeters (7.03 inches) of sole ..per dozen.. If, 5() 1 dO

i, or pit fin k-atliiTot'sanie dina-iiMons .do.... J7 on i l uO

Lt-atluT. a!! i-hissef. for men, s;un,- diiiu-n.sions per do/en.. 1 C'O i 1 00

Leather, 1 •,.. tor children, not excei'diu^ 18 centiuioters <io ,"> I () ! 7>"

; ; i-l:i>.s.-s (!) 50

l<. ..'.•• < for , in ria^'es:

1 iuo, _:i'-> v>ii:ht .. ilo ' l! i

>• nkc , I or s:ilrcd, net \veiLrit • kilo'_rnm).s..: '24 \ f>D

I'.utr- r. n t M.-ijIit. including in this tliattiftlio inner wrapper do IM i 50

CIi t-s, . aJUiin.N.M ; \vught.mclndinsmtliis that oi'tLoiunorvri-aiipiT. kilo- 1

_: •• | 1 : 11 50

'i' .'."••. :/. .•;.-..<-,. ;H.( wriirht !iiln_:rains.. ('0 5(J

. , __ __]

* Kilir.i .IMI- ..•_'; jniuids. j Fit'ty-livo per cent.

In addition t,» ubovo di;tit s, ad,! '2 per rent.

Ti;«- ' nittcr \vas jr/ol);jbly entirely oleomargarine, i-nid ^onorally ;i most
disn-pntabic article. In the United States 1 use butter very freely, but
here, even the finest <{uality of so-called butter v/hich I ciiii import,
especially from Ne\v Orleans, is .so poor that j hardly taste it once a-
iiinijih. A small amount is used in cooking. It is not likely that butter
Avould kee]> (i;i;od lon^' oiiougli to make the journey unless packed in ice

CATTLE C?-:Nfc>rS OJ' :;ORTIIKH^ 3IKXI('().

The total <»f cattle ran only be estimated. Statistics cannot be. ob-
t. lined except in some cases, and they are chiefly remarkable for their
unreliability, in a former report 1 estimated the. number of cattle in
Northern Mexico at l,r>0(),()(){). In this, .State, I ::m informed tliat the
];- ; handed in to the, State, i icasnrer .^ave the total at: about ISO, COO. but
a e;:i;ntine; up by sections and "ranchoros" ^'ives nearly or '.juite 7 .">(),-
<.")'». ('on-n! r:!]i:i)bell forwards a similar list, from Nnevo l.eon ,ui\'in^
tli" total at JUV.T.'rx rj'hat list is jjrobably more nearly correct, as the
State is smaller, and cattle-raising is not the chief industry. Perhaps
L'50.00 : v.oulil 1)!- a fair estimate of t he number in that {Stale.

The jbllowinv is a rou^h apportionment:

Of I his ioial hardly .more than 1 p(-r cent, are ever i-iiiki 'i. 1 < Is total
has been ronsiderahiy reduced \vithi.n the, ]>ast three years, 'ine iiite-

MEXICO.

583

rior demand grows ouch year, and has greatly increased since railway
building begun. The higher prices in the United States have increased
the export that way. Then the local demand has been doubled by the
coming of so many Americans to the border towns. These demands
which have raised prices so greatly have made the "rancheros" more
careful to increase their stock, aud will in time cause some improvements
in methods of handling.

DISEASES.

There are various local diseases which occasionally attack these cat-
tle, but I have not succeeded in getting any reliable information. While
the reports promised me on these diseases are not to hand yet I have
been unable to hear of anything like pleuro-pneumonia. The diseases
which I have heard of are local, and, being caused by lack of water or
grass, or from heat, are not infectious except for the time and place. I
have not learned of any losses which would exceed twenty per annum in
one thousand, except such as were obviously caused by bad weather or
lack of water or grass.

CATTLE WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The following weights and measures are from actual experiments, and
while of course other animals would vary, these were fair average ani-
mals of each class, five or six years old, and may be considered a fair
average. The weights and measures are American :

§

11

1

0

i

ft

rt

a

1

|

i
£

2 .

|

i

1

d

1

Animal.

||

I P

i

•^

^1

P<

£ s

rfl tT

3

<H g

0

49

3s

w>S

£

M

'S

|a

a

2

1

i

I

|

s

tj

o

«

o

g

•

i

MJ

S

^

^

?

^

H

£

^

t>

In*.

Jr?«.

Jn*.

Lbs.

ib».

Cts.

Lbs.

i&x.

Lbs.

i&».

Lbs.

(7rt.

Bull . .

54 i

89

78*

C50

500

5

150

100

10

100

40

Ox

50

92

7<S

C50

470

5

140

9")

30

100

50

5

Cow

53

874

7i

450

300

5

85

C5

40

55

55

7

SOIL OF NORTHERN MEXICO.

The mountain ranges in Northern Mexico are of the same formation
as the Kooky Mountains in the United States, of which they are simply
the southern continuation.

The soil is strongly impregnated with limestone, deposits ; near the
coast are found large saline deposits. The " vegas" or low bottom lands
are alluvial deposits. Some, particularly near the Kio Grande and Gulf
of Mexico, are black, waxy, and very fertile. Others in the higher pla-
teaus are sandy or gravelly. The ranges, or grass Iands3 are thinly cov-
ered with soil, with, in many sections, large quantities of stones.

The coast portion of this State, Tamaulipas, extends back, say, 50 miles
and is particularly good for cattle. The first plateau is considered good
pasture for horses. Farther back the country is divided into valleys
by hills and mountain ranges. The nopal and other varieties of the
cactus family are found all over Northern Mexico. There are large sec-
tions where stones, cactus and thorny shrubs cover the thin soil, so that

584 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

it will support nothing but goats. Much of this barrenness is caused
by lack of regular rainfall.

CLIMATE.

The average temperature of the coast lands of Tamaulipas is
77° Fahrenheit. The coldest weather is usually in January. Near
Matamoras frosts occur every winter, and occasionally a little snow falls.
Farther down the coast the winters are much milder. The greatest
heat is usually in June, when 100° Fahrenheit in the shade is occasion-
ally reached. The temperature ranges in the nineties for some four
months, May, June, July, and August.

The difference between maximum and minimum daily heat is about
10° to 15°. The northers, a strong wind from the north, with or with-
out rain, blow at intervals in the colder months. These begin light and
warm in September and come, say, two per month until April. The most
severe ones are usually in December or January. Their duration is from
three to ten days. In the intervals the weather is comparatively cool,
say 70° to 80° in the middle of the day. For ten months the wind is
from the south. Without this wind the climate would be almost un-
endurable. The annual rainfall is about 33.65 inches, nearly one-half
of which often comes in the autumn. Up river the extremes of heat are
much greater, the temperature sometimes reaching 117° Fahrenheit in
the shade. The absence of the trade wind with the great heat makes
the climate very trying. In the winter the northers blow with great
force, and the temperature goes lower than near the coast. On the
higher plateaus the climate is more equable. Some portions, like Sal-
tillo, have a magnificent climate.

ELEVATIONS.

The coast portion of Tamaulipas is from 100 to 200 feet above the sea,
level.

This city, Matamoras, is 1G5 feet; Nuevo Laredo, 806 feet ; Piedras
Negras, 1,401 feet ; mouth of Pecos, 2,027 feet; near Presidio del Norte,
2,779 feet ; near Paso del Norte, 3,684 feet. These elevations are those
given in Major Emory's boundary survey. The Mexican Central Bail-
way gives the height of Paso del Norte at 3,756 feet; Chihuahua City
4,672 feet; Lerdo, 3,764 feet. The late Consul Wadsworth gives the
height of Saltillo in Coahuila at 5,217 feet.

CATTLE IN COAHUILA.

The sudden death of Consul Wadsworth of Saltillo, which occurred
on the 8th instant, has been a serious loss in the preparation of this re-
port. At the time of his death he was preparing a report not only upon
the points suggested in the circular but upon others which I had asked
of him. He was to have had photographs of cattle taken in Saltillo to
show more plainly the difference between the same animals on the coast
and on the plateaus. His zeal and ability were such as to warrant me
in expecting a very valuable report.

CONSUL SCOTT'S REPORT.

The report from Consul Scott, of Chihuahua, herewith transmitted, is
of special interest, because from his long residence there and ownership
of such cattle he is particularly well informed.

•I'

MEXICO. 585

OTHER EEPOETS.

I beg to call particular attention to the reports transmit ted from Con-
sul Campbell, of Monterey, and Vice-Consul Pridgen. of Piedras Negras,
and Consul Smith, of Nuevo Laredo.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

I give herewith four views of cattle. The first is the average typical
cow. She was about seven years old, of dark brown aud black colors.
She had been milked about three months. Although comparatively
tame it was with difficulty that she stood lassoed long enough to get
the view. The second view is the yoke of oxen ; both dark red in color.
The " off ox" was castrated at two years, and was about eight years
old. The " near ox "was castrated at about four years, and was decidedly
staggy. The horns of the latter had been sawed off. The yoke and
goad are shown in the illustration. The third view is of a " paint" bull,
red with large white spots. He was about six years old, and though
wild stood fairly still when driven into a corner of the lt corral" and
guarded by four or five men.

These views were taken at the " Matanza" (slaughtering place) of Mr.
Enrique La Pierre, a resident of this city, who owns a u ranche" some
14 leagues from the border. They were all carefully selected by him
so as to be fair average animals of their respective classes.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

As Mr. La Pierre refused to accept any payment for his trouble, I
desire to express here my obligations to him, not only as to the views
given but as to much valuable information concerning cattle.

I also beg to express my indebtedness to Don Feliciano San Eoman,
of Brownsville, Tex., for information. Mr. San Eoman has a large cat-
tle "ranche" near Soto de la Marina in this State.

WAENEB P. SUTTOX,

Consul- General.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE-GENERAL,

MatamoroSj December 31, 1883.

CATTLE-RAISING IN CHIHUAHUA.

REPORT BY CONSUL SCOTT.

With two or three exceptions the herds of cattle in this State are na-
tive Mexican, which are in most respects closely allied to the ordinary
Texas cattle of a few years ago. They have been raised in much the
same manner, running wild upon the plains, frequently wandering off
from 50 to 75 miles from the hacienda whose brand they bear ; which
brand is supposed to be respected by neighboring haciendados, and I
must say that property is generally secure from theft.

The laws regulating cattle-rearing are as good as can be found in any
country, and any cattle stealing is punished with hard sentences.

There are no cattle in this State that would be worthy of importation
to the United States for male-breeding. As a general rule the herds
have been seriously injured by long inbreeding and a surplus of poor

586 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

bolls on the haciendos. The cows are much superior to the bulls, and
those crossed with Shorthorns, Herefords, &c., make very desirable ani-
mals. The most marked improvement occurs in the first cross.

The nature of the climate (Chihuahua being within what is termed
the " summer rain belt") demands a class of cattle that will travel a
long ways to water, "when necessary eat the grass as they can ilnd it,
as no other food is ever prepared for them. Such a thing as a hay-
stack or straw-rick I have never seen in the State.

No shelter is ever prepared for them except to probably plant some
cottonwood along the ditches and streams of the farms. la many in-
stances nature provides this shade.

The climate is dry from October 15 until the following June, when
the rainy season sets in. During July, August, and September the
vegetation grows very rapidly, and the plains soon become covered with
a rich growth of fine grass of the beech, buffalo, and gramas kinds.

The cows are fine breeders, but I consider this more on account of
climate than of breed.

Chihuahua is a table-land sloping east from the foot-hills of the Sierra
Madre Eange (where the plains are about 6,500 feet above the sea) to
plains and valleys divided by small ranges of mountains from 4,000 to
5,000 feet elevation.

These cattle, when driven to Colorado and Kansas, fatten on the nu-
tritious grasses of those States very rapidly, and make good meat for
market.

The cows kept for dairy purposes are few indeed. They are poor
milkers, not averaging more than a half gallon a day, and are only
milked once in twenty-four hours.

But little butter and cheese are made. Butter is worth 62J cents per
pound, and a very ordinary article of cheese 15 cents per pound. Butter
pays a Federal duty of 24J cents a kilogram and cheese 14J cents a kilo-
gram, and in addition to this they both pay a State and city duty.

The State of Chihuahua (86,000 square miles) contains about two hun-
dred and fifty thousand head of cattle and not a fence, except around
some planted grounds. About twice a year each hacienda gathers its
cattle, which they term a " Rodeo." To these rodeos the neighboring
farmers are invited, and when the cattle are all in a bunch each set of
men select the stock of their respective farms and drive them home.

The climate is afl that could be desired for a stock country. It sel-
dom snows and is free from the cold north wind, termed li Northers " in
Texas.

The percentage of calves is large and would bo larger if they paid
more attention to the bulls, and killed off the old ones, which are only
in the way of service of their more vigorous juniors.

If some attention were given to proper food for the cattle during hard
seasons ; if hay were cut and stacked convenient to water, well-bred
grass-raised bulls from Texas introduced, &c., there would be a marked
difference in the cattle.

Sufficient crossing has been done to show the great benefits which
will result from systematic cross-breeding.

The Polled Angus has not been tried in this State as yet. Their
color is against them in a clear climate where the sun's ravs are so
hot.

There have been some small herds driven out of the State into New
Mexico and Arizona, principally for breeding purposes, which I am told
have done well. They go out via El Paso, Tex.

MEXICO. 587

They handle the cattle roughly, even killing them at times in running
them over the range. In this manner the cattle become wild and fail
to make that tlesh which they otherwise would.

LOUIS H. SCOTT.

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Chihuahua, Mexico, November 1, 1883.

CATTLE IN THE STATE OF NUEVO LEON.

REPORT BY CONSUL CAMPBELL, OF MONTEREY.
DIFFICULTY OF OBTAINING STATISTICS.

I have the honor to transmit a report on cattle in the State of Nuevo
Leon, Mexico, as per instructions from the Department of State July
18, 1883.

Owing to the great difficulty of procuring exact and reliable infor-
mation as to facts relative to cattle in this State my report will be nec-
essarily meager.

I have interviewed numbers of the most intelligent and reliable gen-
tlemen of the city, many stockmen of different parts of the State, be-
sides more than a dozen butchers of Monterey, from all of whom it
has been impossible to elicit the desired information. Some of them
had only a general vague idea, and most of them none at all. The
butchers could not tell the average weight of any class of live-stock,
nor the difference between the net weight and live weight.

After boiling down the many conflicting guesses, and mixing in my
own observation, which of necessity has been limited, I have gathered
together a few facts which I think can be relied on.

THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE STATE OF NUEVO LEON.

There is comparatively a small portion of the State utilized for stock-
ranges. The northern part is generally too dry and poorly watered by
earns, besides being covered with the stubby and thorny chaparral
which overshadows the grass to such an extent as to render it unfit for
grazing cattle. The middle and western, and a large part of the south
of the State are divided by mountain ranges into narrow valleys, which
are used for the purpose of cultivation, leaving the eastern and south-
eastern portions for raising cattle to any extent.

There are very few extensive ranches in the State, and even the lands
in these divisions devoted to grazing purposes are generally overgrown
by chaparral, rendering it extremely difficult for stockmen to corral
their cattle in order to count and brand them.

THE CATTLE OF NUEVO LEON.

Breed. — The breed of cattle is almost entirely of the old Spanish or
Mexican blood. They have large frames, are of various colors and are
hardy, good rustlers.

Meat. — The net weight of beef slaughtered for market, I would judge,
is about the same as cattle of the same grade and ;ige in the western
part of Texas, and the meat is tender, juicy, and of good flavor. The

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

stock-cattle in the eastern and southeastern part of the State keep in
excellent condition the year round, and are generally of fine size.

Work-oxen. — The work-oxen are generally large and weil-kept. The
native grasses are nutritious and abundant, when not choked out by
the chaparral.

NATIVE PREFERRED TO FOREIGN BREEDS.

The stockmen are paying no attention to the importation of foreign
breeds, preferring the native stock, which they say are more hardy, bet-
ter adapted 'to the climate, and hence better feeders, which is a very
important consideration, owing to tbe difficulties before mentioned.

.Cattle are only raised in this State for beef and work stock, and as
they already possess the qualities adapted to these purposes they see
no reason for a change or any improvement by crossing these with other
breeds. The improvement of cows for milk and butter purposes is en-
tirely overlooked and not thought of, although there is ample room
for it.

MILK, BUTTER AND CHEESE.

Good milch cows are very rare ; in fact you might say that there are
none at all. Goat's milk is universally used for domestic purposes, and
butter is as rare as manna. .Nearly all the butter used is oleomargar-
ine imported from the United States, of a very inferior quality, which
retails at GO cents a pound in Monterey. Of course such being the
facts there is no cheese manufactured from cow's milk in this State. A
little of an inferior grade is made from goat's milk. ..Ill the cheese con-
sumed here is manufactured near Monclora, in the State of Coahuila,
and that is not of the best quality. It is retailed here at about 30 cents
a pound. I am satisfied that if the stock was crossed by the Jersey,
Ayrshire, or some other good mills: and butter yielding breed, a very
fine milch cow would be the result. But as there is very little demand
here for cow's milk or butter, outside of a few hotels, I am afraid it
will be a long time before any one will have the enterprise to attempt
the experiment.

CATTLE EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES.

At least one- third of the cattle of this State have been shipped to
Texas or to other States in the last two years, which of course has en-
hanced their value very much. Two years ago cattle could be bought
in this State for an average of $5 a head ; now they command from $12
to $14 a head, which has put a stop to large purchases for shipment,
It will not compensate any one to buy cattle at the present prices too
far from railroad facilities and attempt to drive them through the coun-
try any considerable distance. The difficulties are numerous and ex-
pensive. It would be cheaper to buy them as near as possible to the
point where the prospective ranch is located, evren at apparently exor-
bitant prices. I know of one party who purchased 1,500 head of cattle
last spring near Lcnares, in this State, and attempted to drive them
through the country to a point near Piedras Negras, who lost 500 of
them before he reached his destination. Another party started from
near the same place lo the same destination a month later with 3,500
head and lost 20 per cent, of them, although he shipped the most of
them by rail the greater part of the way. These losses were caused by
the unreliability of Mexican herders, by which was caused stampedes

MEXICO.

589

en route, when the cattle would scatter through thre mountains, chapar-
ral, and' mesquite, getting beyond the control and recovery of the herd-
ers, others, for want of sufficient pasturage along the narrow valleys,
would give out and have to be left. So by the time they reached their
respective localities their cattle had cost them 25 per cent, more than
original cost and a world of trouble and vexation,

The cheapest and best mode of exportation of cattle from the eastern
or southern parts of this State is to drive them through to this placo
(Monterey), and ship from here via the Mexican National Kailroad,on
account of the difficulties and uncertainties and expenses before stated.
They can reach Laredo, Tex., from Monterey in eighteen hours,

Cattle census of Nuevo Leon, 1883.

Municipalities.

Number
of head.

Valnc.

Municipalities.

Number
of head.

Value.

250

$2, 500

Lampazos do Naranjo. ......

5 600

$56 000

AOclSOJO

650

6 500

3 000

30 000

Allt-mle

550

5, 500

Los Aldemas

2, 500

25, 000

560
650

5, GOO
«, 500

Los Herrenis and Marin
Meir y Koriega

3,800
450

38. 000
4, 500

DOO

3 000

5 000

50 000

12 700

12"' COO

Moutrniorelos .

3 000

30 000

1 f)00

15 000

Monterey.

1 090

18 035

//•lib ^ ', j-^

500

5 000

Par;ts

1 650

16 500

g 200

82 000

Pesquei'ia Cliica

1 250

12 500

970

fl 700

RavonesandSiibinas Hidalgo

12 450

124 500

9 000

90 000

2 000

20 000

6*400

64' 000

Santa Cataina,

400

4 COO

General Teran •

20, 200
3, 200

202, 000
32, 000

San Nicolas do los Garz.as...
San Nicolas Hidalgo

238

12, 000

2,380
120, 000

480

4 800

Santiago

1 900

19 000

450

4,500

Tallecillo

COO

6,000

150

1 500

Villaldaina . ..

1 000

10 000

350

3, 500

200

2 000

4f>0

4,500

1 500

15 000

Total ....

127 738

1 278 515

AN ENERGETIC DAIRYMAN WANTED.

In conclusion I would state that, if some enterprising dairyman would
start the ball by bringing to market pure, rich milk and fresh, palatable
butter, it would create a taste among the people for these luxuries and
a crying demand before much time for goodly quantities of both.

EGBERT 0. CAMPBELL,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Monterey, Mexico, November 15, 1883.

STOCK-RAISING IN THE STATE OF NUEVO LEON, MEXICO.

SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT BY CONSUL CAMPBELL, OF MONTEREY.

I have the honor to submit a supplement to my report on cattle in the
State of Nuevo Leon.

In regard to cattle I have nothing more of interest to add to my former
report on this subject.

This State is generally better adapted to raising sheep, goats, hogs,
horses, mules, and asses.

CATTLE AND -DAIRY FARMING.
SHEEP-FARMING.

n- latest attainable statistics, the number of sheep in
this State ;j.,aoximate l!(.)l»,'.)li>, the average value of which is 81 apiece.
Tin- breed is almost entirely the common Mexican or Spanish stock.
They attain a m«-d:um size at maturity, and are generally hardy. They
\ii-ld ab. MI: L'l pounds of wool each to the clip, twice a year, which
brings in this market IVom 111 to 11 cents a pound. Xearly all the wool
produced in this State is marketed at Monterey, very little being ex-
poited. It is Miipped to various factories in Mexico, to be manufactured
intn articles of vrear. The grade of wool is generally coarse, but sheep-
rai>ers are beginning to open their eyes somewhat to the advantages of
improving their breed, both for an increased yield of wool and a better
grade. I'm these people advance very slowly and cautiously towards
aiiv iimovai ion upon the old and well-known way. A few Texas merino
bucks have been imported. but the advantages of the cross is not yet
suliieicntly s.pparent to induce many to attempt the experiment at the

being generally well guarded by shepherds and trained
om invaded to any extent other dogs or wild animals.
HMC degree aliiictod with seal), but not sufficiently to
Cation,

very large llocks in the State, ranging from three thou-
sand to four thousand, but the largest flock numbers forty thousand.
The grcarest drawback to sh^ep-raising is occasional droughts, during
v,']i:--h SOUK iimes iV;.:n 5 to 10 per cent, perish for lack of water. Fresh
iiuuton retails at S cents a pound.

GOAT-RAISING.

it as remunerative as slice}), as they are more hardy,
s many diseases, and can get about better over the
imung the thorny bushes with which the ranges are

d cities large1 herds are exclusively devoted to the pro-
as goat's milk is almost exclusively used lor domestic
i he manufacture of cheese. The average yield of milk
\ {. which sells at 1U to 11 cents per quart.
• animals arc slaughtered for the market when kids
>nr months old, and are worth 75 cents each. They arc
country breed, and the improvement of the blood is
of. though i am satisfied, that the Angora would pay
!y, ev( n by exporting the Mohair.

I TOG -RAIDING.

iiiy great extent, as will be seen from the stib-
Thcy, however, pay a good profit. The hogs
the Spanish porker and Iliey/Hd hog of the
y hardy, being rarely attacked by cholera or

these killed for market is 1 7.~> pounds. They
'!•<! ehieily for the lard, which brings L'O cents
is worlh 1H_1, cents a pound. None is ever cured
•on used is principally by Americans, and is irn-
nitcd Slates, and sells at -10 cents a pound ; sugar-
are worth from 00 to 7."> cents a pound.

MEXICO. 591

About five hogs are slaughtered a day to supply the pork demand of
Monterey of 50,000 people. The people are fonl of it, but the majority
are compelled to eat cheaper meat— beef, kid, and mutton. The greater
p^rt of the lard consumed is brought from surrounding haciendas. No
disposition is manifested to improve their stock of hogs by foreign im-
portations, such as the Chester, Berkshire, and the like.

nORSE-RAISINO.

Horses are raised to a considerable extent when the population is
considered. The average price of horses raised in this State is $13.50
each. They are principally of the Braucho breed, of medium size, well
shaped, and very durable and hardy.

He is much better suited for the general purposes for which he is
needed and used here than the larger American horse. He can travel
farther in a day on less water and food than the American horse.

There are, however, a good many large- sized horses raised in the State
from imported stallions, and the number will be increased as heavy
American plows and general agriculture demand them.

A great many horses, especially mares, liave been bought and shipped
to the United States this year. I think 25 per cent, of the horses in the
State have been purchased and shipped beyond the Eio Grande in the
last twelve months.

MULE-RAISING.

All the mules used in the State are raised here. They will average
14 hands high, are generally well proportioned and very hardy. There
are some larger mules raised, but very few over 15 hands high. Many
have been bought by the Americans and carried into Texas this year.
They are used entirely for wagon and carriage purposes here, having
never been able to displace the ox from the plow.

THE BURRO.

TL or, as he is called in the United States, the ass, though a

modest and small animal, occupies a very important place in the in-
dustries of l\*exico, as is generally the case in all mountainous countries.
He is Indispensable and can never be superseded by the horse, mule, or
locomotive.

Perhaps when aerial navigation is perfected his dominions will be
somcv.h; ^ encroached upon, but even then he will hold an important
place in the industries of Mexico. Kind by nature, patient to a fault,
economical in his diet, he will eat his allotted rations of cactus at home,
and enjoy a modicum of old rags, paper, &c., when he comes to town
without complaint. Burdened with loads larger than himself, he sub-
mits to the cruel whacks of his master's " baston" without murmur.

He is faithful and true. He bears his rider with unerring step along
precipitous mountain ledges, and packs ponderous burdens of gold and
silver ore liom otherwise inaccessible mountain heights to the valleys
below. Fruits and agricultural products are brought by him from
" quiritas '' among rugged hills to the hungry of the cities, and with equal
good grace he tugs with his heavy loads of fire- wood from forests high
up the mountain sides to warm the shivering denizens of the city and
hamlet.

592 CATTLE AND DAIRY FA3JMIKG,

With all his valuable qualities and great utility he is worth oiily ?•*
in tlu> market.

Large droves of the ass are used to transport merchandise il^ci city
to village, and from hacienda to town over roads too rugged for w

TvOBT. C. CAMPBELL,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Monterey, December 3, 1883.

CATTLE-RAISING IN THE STATE OF TAMAULIPAS.

EEPORT BY CONSUL SMITH, OF NUEVO LAREDO.

In response to the cattle circular of July 18, 1883, 1 have the honor
to submit the following :

For the purposes of this report inquiries have been made on a territory
150 miles long and 75 miles wide.

THE TAMAULIPAS CATTLE-RANGE.

The features of this territory have often been described, but it may
not be amiss to state that the greater part of it is a plain, not strictly
prairie, but resembling very decidedJy rolling prairie, broken by some
ranges of low hills.

Covering this whole territory there is an abundant growth of a short
nutritious grass, upon which cattle thrive very finely.

Cattle require neither feeding nor shelter, or what would perhaps de-
scribe the ordinary practice more correctly, they receive no care except
such as relates to herding.

The soil is for the most part a sandy loam with a substratum of sand-
stone. Gravel is found on the hills. Clay is found in beds of no large
extent. Chalky limestone, which makes excellent lime, is found in
some localities.

Water is very scarce and is often found at long distances only, 10 to
12 miles. This is a great drawback to cattle-raisers, it being so that
cattle must of necessity be driven several miles to water. A drought
means loss and damage to cattle-owners. The drought of the present
year, which was exceptionally severe, was absolutely disastrous to many
men and seriously decreased the number of animals.

THE EFFECTS OF DROUGHT IN CATTLE -RAISING.

It is estimated that there are now about 40,000 head of cattle on this
range. The larger part of these are held by men who have large
ranches and own the water they need. Small cattle-owners are largely
damaged in time of drought for the scarcity of water, and because the
scorched grass is innutritions.

There are not many cattle near the Bio Grande, because of the facility
of escape by cattle-thieves across the river.

The old Spanish breed of cattle is the only one found here. It is as-
serted by stockmen that the heavier breeds of cattle cannot be made
profitable, owing to the fact that they cannot endure the long trips to
aud from water. They say it does not seriously hurt these light-bodied
animals to £o 10 miles a day for water, but that heavy-bodied animals

MEXICO.

would surely break down. Wliether or not the supposition is correct,
and so "far as I can learn it is only supposition, it serves a.s an effectual
objection to the introduction of other breeds. I havo no information
that any attempt has been made to introduce any other. 1. can con-
ceive that when some man demonstrates the feasibility of making wells
so as to insure a good water supply, the whole question will be changed.

MILK, BUT TEH, AND CHEESE.

Milk is only an incident. A man is content if he can get milk enough
for his family from ten to twenty cows. A cow is popularly supposed
to yield a gallon of milk a day, but half that quantity would be nearer
the truth here.

Butter is not made to any extent. The milk, as I have observed it, is
very thin and poor. Then the excessive heat renders butter-making
difficult.

A little cheese is made, put up in little cakes weighing about a pound.
They look as digestible as marble, yet people eat them and live.

THE GRASSES OF TAMAULIPAS.

There are no cultivated grasses. The short grass found on the plains
grows under apparently unfavorable conditions, and while there is prac-
tically a limited range, there is no motive to cultivate grasses. I do not
think that any one of the ordinary grasses cultivated elsewhere would
succeed here. I think the .excessive droughts which prevail would
make their successful cultivation impossible.

CATTLE EXPORTS.

Comparatively few cattle are kept on the ranches to maturity. The
sales are mostly of two and three year olds. The price is agreed on
between seller and buyer with reference to an average as they stand,
the buyer stipulating that they shall be in good flesh.

Only a very small number of fattened animals are driven. For the
most part the beeves exported come from small owners near the point
of export.

The larger part, almost all the cattle exported, are taken to points in
Texas and farther north for fattening. The cattle on the range are
neither sheltered nor fed, and are, therefore, in better traveling con-
dition than very fat animals.

No considerable number of cattle have been exported for breeding
purposes.

MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS.

When, as in this year, there have been heavy losses of cattle, and herds
must have the number of breeding animals increased, these are drawn
from the {State of Chihuahua by ranchmen living near the Sierras. No
breeding «attle have been imported from the States at this point dur-
ing the year.

A majority of the work animals are bulls. Some oxen are seen, but
comparatively few.

These observations have been very general from the fact that exact
data were impossible. The estimate of numbers of animals is the best
obtainable.

H. Ex. 51 38

5(J4 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

This immense territory ought to sustain hundreds oi1 thousands ol
cattle. The land is cheap, and it is plain that intelligent enterprising
men would iind this a most inviting lield.

STEPHEN 11. SMITH,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE.

3,'utco Laredo^ Dccer.iber -, ISS'i.

THE BREEDING CATTLE OF NORTHERN MEXICO.

I have the honor to submit to the Department of Sta.e the following
report in relation to "breeding animals" of my consular district:

This subject comprises one of the main industries and chief export
commodities of .Northern Mexico. The fact that Mexican cows and
mares are much sought by ranchmen of the Ur.itrd States for breeding
purposes, naturally engenders the inquiry as to the reason. It is not
becau- e they arr larger and finer than American stock, for such is not
the case. \Vhiie the cattle possess large bone and frame, still they are
wonderfully drticirni in liesh. ,.ud having long legs, exhibit entirely
too much light underneath the],:, thus evidencing a great need of flesh
and muscular development. Such is no doubt attributable to the fact
that they have been too much inbred, li cannot be the fault of the
country, for no region under the sun is better adapted to growing stock
than Noi th"i ;i Mexico. Climate, grass, water, and the general topog-
raphy of the country are decidedly favorable to animal comfort and
development. True, there are many localities where all kinds of stock
are penned during the night, and held under restraint by herders
during the daytime to prevent them from trespassing on unprotected
farms, and no animal of the cow or horse kind can fully develop under
such treatment. They need to range nomadically in order to have
anything like- a fair chance for size. J>e the causes what they may,
it is a generally iccogiii/ed fact that the Mexican stock is inferior
to ami much smaller than American raised animals. 'IJut the Mexican
cattle bring ••acclimated" and healthy, constitute an excellent medium
upon which to cross the. nnacelimated Dnrhams and other tine, bloods.
Such cross produces a large, healthy, compact: animal that is highly
cd b\ Southern and Western stock-raisers of the United States.
-I cross is estimated a! oO percent, in value above the ungraded;
lids of breves of lids class ( half breeds) are being trans-
from the prairies of Texas, .New .Mexico, .Kansas, .Nebraska, and
h> to ( 'idea go a ;;d Saint Louis, and sold in competition with stall-
f<-d cat t h- of ; hr Norihern and Middle. States.

opinion among Mock-growers who are familiar
•s of cattle, that a cross between the American
he acclimated rows oi' Me\ico. imparts feo the ofl-
health, vigor, si/e, development of liesh and eom-
;! com mon wit h ot her gra* !cs.

'f Northern Mexico can Ije purchased many thousand
• for breeding purposes, and at reasonable prices.

i;. .!. IMMIM.KN,

MEXICO. 595

CATTLE-BAISING IN SONOEA

REPORT BY CONSUL WILLARD, OF QUAYMAS.
BREED.

In reply to circular and cattle memoranda, of July 18 last, received
at this office, I have the honor to report that the cattle of this district
are the long-horned Spanish breed, of medium size, principally raised
on wild pasture, and mainly used for labor and as meat. No butter or
cheese, save what is used for home consumption, being produced, and
that only in the northern section of the district.

PRICES.

The purchasing price of cattle is as follows : Stock-cattle, from one to
two years old, $8 to $10 per head ; three to four years and over, $12 to
$18 per head ; cows with calves, $16 to $30 each.

LACK OF STATISTICS.

No cuts or forms of animals are obtainable here, from the fact that
in none of the sections of this district is any record kept of the number
of cattle raised, its increase or decrease, nor the causes thereof, what is
butchered or exported, nor of dairy products. It is impossible to furnish
any statistics on these points.

EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES.

Up to one year ago but few cattle were exported to the United States
from this district. The number of cattle exported to Arizona and New
Mexico from this district for the quarter ending September 30 last,
was 5,284, which includes one, two, and four year <5lds and upward, the
most of which are claimed by the purchaser to be for breeding purposes.

I3IPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES.

As regards the means of increasing the exports of meats and dairy
products to this district from the United States, at present, there are
none.

SONORA AS A CATTLE-RANGE.

There is no reason why Sonora should not be a large and profitable
field for stock-raising, as the greater portion of the lands are more fit
for grazing purposes than for culture.

A. WILLARD,

Consul.

CONSULATE OF THE UNITED STATES,

GuaymaSj October 5, 1883.

59G CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

CATTLE IN LOWER CALIFOENIA.

KEroitT J;Y coxsi'L VIOSCA, OF LA PAZ.

The raneheros or cattle-breeders of the peninsula are still ignorant of
tin- lar superior breeds existinginothercountries. The cattle introduced
into the teriitory by the lirst Spanish settlors have continued to bo the
propagating breed, and not until a lew years ago did the fanners of
La L'az and around San Jose and (.'ape San Lucas, who are in frequent
business communication with the people of Upper California, learn the
existence elsewhere of other kinds of stock of greater superiority than
their long run our breed of Spanish cattle. Hence the introduction of
American breeding stock from California has practically evinced that
the oil'spring resulting from the native or Spanish and American cattle
are already giving much better results, and this has created consider-
able sensation among farmers and cattle-breeders here.

It would be very difticult to ascertain the total number of cattle in
the district, and more so the percentage of the two existing breeds.
The stock now in the country is not only sufiicient for home demands,
but also to partly supply the Gulf border States with dried beef and
tallow, besides slii: ping yearly an approximate amount of ID, 000 hides
to the United States and Europe, notwithstanding the mortality of
cattle, caused by the scarcity of rains during the previous years.

To make a report of any i lung near the requirement of the memoranda
is beyond possibility.

JAS. V 1OSC A,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE, '

La l^iZ) JJcccmbcr 0, 1833.

HONDURAS. 597

HONDURAS.

CATTLE IN HONDURAS.

REPORT BY CONSUL HERRING OF TEGUCIGALPA.
PASTURE LANDS OF HONDURAS.

Large herds of cattle are owned in the departments of Ste. Barbara,
Comayagua, and Tegucigalpa, but the largest are held in the depart-
ments of Olancho, Gracias, Yoro, and Colon.

Much of the country of Ste. Barbara presents a surface very uneven,
but the whole of it is covered, even the steep rounded hills from top to
bottom, with a living verdure, kept fresh and perennial by the mists
which hang about the summits, or condense into showers. In the val-
leys nearly every square league is abundantly watered by pure limpid
streams, swift and cool and healthy for cattle. Pine trees scattered
over the mountain sides afford all the shade that is needed, and along
the water-courses, palms, plantains, bananas, mangoes, and wild figs,
with many other plants and trees, grow most luxuriantly. Cattle eat
eagerly and fatten quickly on the leaves and tender twigs of the wild fig.

In the departments of Tegucigalpa and Comayagua are a few valleys
of large size, oue at the city of Comayagua, which has been cultivated
for centuries, and was at one time a well irrigated and productive re-
gion, where sugar-cane, cotton, maize, rice, and fruits were grown in
abundance, but the irrigating ditches have been neglected and the fields
have become wastes, whereon the thorny cactus blossoms undisturbed.
In the dry seasons the plain of Comayagua resembles certain parts of
the Indian Territory, or of Colorado. The soil is composed of washings
from the volcanic hills surrounding this great valley, and of ashes from
the volcanoes. It is doubtless rich in the mineral elements required for
the growth of vegetation, and needs nothing more than water and cul-
tivation to make it produce an abundance of food for man. Now, the
grass is scant, dead and brown, yet the live stock crop it freely,' and
seem to find in it ample nourishment to sustain life without loss of flesh.

The departments of Tegucigalpa, Choluteca, and La Paz are on the
arid slope of the Pacific. Here but little rain falls, and the pasturage
is, consequently, not so good as it is on the Atlantic Slope, where the
winds, laden with moisture from the warm waters of the Caribbean Sea,
are forced upward to a higher and cooler altitude and deposit their bur-
den in frequent showers. On the Western Cordilleras the rains come
from the winds that blow at certain seasons from the Pacific, and when
these rains fall vegetation springs up in most luxuriant profusion over
all these hills and in all these innumerable valleys, and every rod of
pasture is clothed with grass, fresh and nutritious, upon which cattle
quickly regain the flesh lost during the drought. When a long period
passes without rain, as has occured in this region, stock suffer greatly,
and sometimes have been known to starve.

The departments of Olancho, Yoro, and Gracias, surpass all others as
grazing regions, as those who have seen them readily concede. These

598 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

broad savannahs, stretching for many miles almost unbroken, are cov-
ered by a most luxuriant carpet of grass, and are crossed by hundreds
of small streams, rising in the gravelly hills of the gold-bearing district
west of the plains. The prairies are constantly refreshed by showers,
which, beginning in May, increase in frequency and duration, until in
November and early December, when they become almost continuous
rains, at times falling copiously every night, for two or three weeks,
But fortunately the days are usually clear and pleasant even in these
rainy seasons, and though the streams rise rapidly over night, they as
rapidly fall during the day.

CATTLE BREEDING IN HONDURAS.

Under such favorable circumstances cattle have ranged for centuries
on the plains and mesas of Honduras ; yet, no attempt' appears ever to
have been made to improve them by the introduction of improved blood,
by the selection of the best animals with which to add to size, strength,
or quality, or by other means known to breeders in other lands. There
is a want of proper management, and of attention to the easiest and most
natural methods. Bulls are not castrated until they are three years
old, and men who run cattle estates say that about one-fifth castrated
at this age die from the effects of the operation. They believe that more
would die if the operation was performed earlier, but they admit that
they have never known of a trial of the plan of altering very young
animals.

The custom of selecting for slaughter the strongest, smoothest, and
best bulls in the herd has doubtless done much to check the natural
tendency to the improvement of the breed, which, but for this custom,
might have been of great value, under the very favorable conditions
existing in the districts named, even without the use of any already im-
proved stock. Calves suck their dams much longer than they are al-
lowed to suck them in the United States. Frequently a cow may be
seen standing quietly, while a young calf tugging at a teat on one side,
is aided in emptying the udder by a yearling sucking away at a teat on
the other side. The spectacle has been seen of a cow suckling a calf,
while a heifer stood sucking the opposite teat, and at the same time gave
suck to her own newly-born scarcely dried by the sun, it had seen for
the first time only an hour or so before. .

Notwithstanding these disadvantages the cattle here are profitable
to their owners, are of excellent quality for beef, of large size and re-
markable docility ; and with the modern improved methods of treat-
ment and breeding, they could, of course, be made far more valuable.

DESTRUCTION OF CATTLE BY WILD BEASTS.

There are few dangers threatening cattle in Honduras. Chief among
those which do exist is that arising from the existence of the mountain
lion, the black tiger, or puma, and the cougar. These animals continue
to haunt the mountains and occasionally kill calves or yearlings. The
tiger is capable of Jdlling a grown bull. Fortunately the wild beasts
are not so formidable as in the north, and consequently losses from their
attacks are not very great. The killing of a cow or a yearling or two
by wild beasts occasions considerable excitement in the neighborhood
where it occurs, and usually results in a hunt which ends in the death
of the cattle destroyer.

HONDURAS. 599

THE CATTLE SPIDER.

Another drawback to the cattle industry is found in the existence of
a spider, which, it is said, rushes out of its burrow in the ground, when
disturbed by the tread of stock, and bites the animal at the first tender
place it reaches, which is just above the hoof; and this causes fever and
inflammation. The fever results in a separation of the hoof from the
skin, and the hoof falls off. An early application of aqua ammonia or
strong tobacco juice will stop the inflammation and prevent the loss of
the hoof.

STOCK RANGERS AND HERDERS.

By law all owners of cattle have the right to graze their stock upon
the Government lands; but no one has the right to inclose such lands
without first obtaining a concession from the Government of such right
or privilege. However, there is little or no need for fencing, as no causes
exist here that drive cattle from their accustomed range. No fierce
storms sweep over these savannas to drive cattle before them for days
without ceasing ; no frost ruins the grass ; no ice closes the streams ;
no snow covers the herbage, and shade is furnished by the scattered
live oaks, the pines, and by the hills. Stock that has become wonted
to any locality will find nothing to tempt or to drive it to stray. This
is decidedly favorable to the owner, since he is saved the expense of
fencing, and needs but few men to care for his herds. Indeed, it is
stated by those who have given the subject much study, that 50 cents
per head will pay all necessary expenses of keeping a herd of cattle in
Honduras. The native or Indian is by instinct, training, and inclina^
tion a vaquero, or herdsman. He can readily drive herds through the
forest paths among the hills, and as readily find any animals that stray
from the herd. He is a keen hunter, and therefore useful in protecting
the herd from attacks by wild animals. Such men can be hired for $100
to $150 per year. They are docile, faithful, and even affectionate to
those who den I justly with them. They are easily fed, for plantains,
bananas, yarns, and other food, upon which they usually live, grow in
every part of the country.

CATTLE TAXATION AND EXPORT DUTIES.

Ownership of stock is indicated by branding, as " out West" in the
United States. The various brands are recorded in the districts where
the herds are kept, and when there is a sale the brand is duly described
in the bill of sale. A tax of $2 per head is levied by the Government on
each sale of cattle, and a municipal tax of 50 cents per head upon
slaughtering. A duty of $2 per head is imposed upon bulls and steers
exported and of $10 upon each cow exported. As cows are worth only
about $18 whan exported, it will be seen that the export duty of $1G
practically prohibits the exportation of cows from this Republic. Slaugh-
tering heifers or cows capable of breeding is prohibited by law. So it
is evident that the Government of Honduras by these wise regulations
is fostering the interests of cattle-growers as well as of the country gen-
erally, for the restrictions upon the exportation and the slaughter of
cows are causing a rapid increase of the cattle in the country.

CATTLE INCREASE IN HONDURAS.

From the most trustworthy information obtainable, the increase, the
expense, and the income of herds of cattlo in Honduras are fairly rep-
resented by the following table, furnished by Mr. E. W. Perry, an intel-

CATTLi; AND DAIRY FARMING.

ligent expert in the cattle business, and it is based upon the supposi-
tion that the held is, in the be^iiniin^, (uunposed of 1,000 cows about to
drop their ih-st calves. The average annual hierease tliat will reach
maturity is assume. 1 to l>e M) per cent, of the number ol' bearing cows
in tlie herd. Practical ^ra/iers here declare thai an average yearly in-
crease of more than SO percent", may he confidently expected, but as no
carefully kept record.-; showing that to be true are obtainable, it is
deemed better to u>e the above as the basis of said table, which here
follows :

V:iliifof ^ , F\

i Cows. iIIoifiTs. Hulls. fbullsut j;^sot ! Expenses. Xet gain.

Onoyeui- l.OO'l! 4 -,) ' ; •. $4, OdO ' $1°. non

«1 rno ' $•> 000

1,-tl'O 1!, «,'()

Tin •• v.-us ;. , i ;. • - :,:iD r..oi L^MO

L;:r.i d':>so

I'ivo yc.ua L',:''-i ' iM-i . '. ' t > 11,:>i.'s ' -n; •'->;

Sx-.-..,!.- '', : - ' ' 1,:::::' "!,'_.;:'' ls:4-'0 (ifi. csd

4. 0_4 14, 450

Si-vrii yearn •) HIM I,'/-.) 1 il'.'i) , l'l l.'i.'i | s1) h.'ii

.">, -."i() 1 X S7!)

J ^..' VfUI.S ' ,"._">!. I'.!'1" 'J VJ *_', (i;:i 11"' ',:(M

(1 Mi ") 'i '» 1 ~">

>', !'ii" 4.") !ir>:}

^'-^'als •--•' --!('7 ' :;->;; ;;'rx;i ^,<~": ^'_^o

11,713 ; 77,107

Totals >-,'.•>; 7 .U,1;;''L» 1J,'_!.I'J , 'Ju'J, Ml» 'J71,1, i'..n -1(;, 4iij 'J1C, 348

It will be seen that at the ei d of ten years (he lierd will consist of —

3. OH i scrub cows, \vnich i;mv l>r va;:;.» d :i • slO each $10, 000

l.'.H'.D ^radc cows, vhicli may !»" v;ii ;:-;', ;;t s!2 caen 1(5,320

•J.-lJ'i j^radu cows, \vliidi may lif v:-].jc.l at 6l:"> cnch 4:5, -140

:'•.?! 1 radf co\\ s, \vliich hi;i !»:• vanu >i -• I s-jo each 7-1'J'W

Total 270, (320

The valuation of the above has been estimated as follows: 1,000 cows
of the original stock will be v.'oith &10 each for beef at the end of their
usefulness as breeders. The increase of the herd during the first three
years will include l.l'OO hull-breed and 100 three-quarter blood heifers,
valued at slU each/ The next three years there will be l.'-'OO half, 000
three-quarter, U,">(j seven-eighth, and '180 heifers of lii^her ^rade. all
valued at ^15 each. In the seventh and ei(uh!h years there would be
produced heifers as follows: S0«j h;df. MUO three-<jiiartcr breeds, and
L'jGOl- heifers of higher breedin.u', all valued at .^L'O ea(.-h.

The average vabu'of the bulls produced in lhik above herd has been
estimated at prices which would make the general average si S.IJS. The
l»rice, of animals mi^lil, by tiie continued use, of purely bred bulls, bo
made, almost or quite equal to animals <d'pure blood, but, in this estimate
it has been assumed that (hey are worth no more t han •YL'.j each at the
end of the first ten years, or rather when the last, calves shown in the
table shall be ready for market. The expense of the management of
such a herd for ten years will not exceed 10 percent, of the value of the
bulls.

KXPOUT.S ()]•' HONDURAS CATTLK.

The markets for the cat lie of Honduras ;ire found in the towns scat-
tered throu.uhouf the Jlcpublir and in 1hc adjoining Kcpnhlirs. rj'h(;
available statistics, showing the amounts received for export duties on

HONOUR A.6.

G01

cattle during the fiscal year ended with July of each of the following
years mentioned below, were as follows :

181

53.

ia

54.

18

*5.

Valuo.

Numbers.

Value.

Numbers.

Valne.

Numbers.

Trnxillo

$30 301

15, 150

$44, 880

22 443

$5, 920

2 960

3 111

1 555

5 477

2 738

4 057

2 0°8

2 060

1 030

892

446

Frontiers .. .. ...

59 433

29, 1 1C

17, 552

8,776

20, 607

13, 303

Totals

92 845

49 421

69 975

34 987

D7 476

18 737

There appears to Iiavo been a material shrinkage, year by year, in
the amount of duties from exports of cattle, while at the same time the
sum received at Truxillo, in the year ended with July, 1884, showed a
marked increase. That increase was due to the opening of a trade in
beeves between the port named and the West India Islands. That
trade was favored by concessions from the Honduras Government, but
even the advantage thus afforded failed to make the traffic profitable,
and it w.is abandoned after a trial of some two years. The losses which
resulted were heavy. The steamer Marco Aurelio, fitted for and used
in the exportation of cattle from Honduras to Cuba, has for some time
been offered for sale in New Orleans. This seems to indicate that her
owners see no hope of a profitable revival of that branch of the cattle
business. During the year 18S4-'85 exports of cattle from Truxillofell
from 22,443 to 2,960. The last-mentioned number were probably sent
to British Honduras, which gets from this Kepublicall the beef required
for consumption in Belize.

Puerto Cortes exports nearly as many cattle as Truxillo. In the year
ended with July, 1883, exports from Puerto Cortes numbered J,555.
During the following year the number increased to 2,738, or 76 percent.
In the year ended July 30, 1885, the exports fell off 710 animals, or 35
per cent. At Amapala, on the Pacific coast, 1,030 were exported in
1883-784, and only 446 were shipped thence in 1884-'85.

The most noteworthy changes in the value of exports of cattle from
this Republic are those shown by reports from the frontiers. When the
Cuban trade sprang up it drew to Truxillo many cattle, which would,
but for the new demand, have gone across the 'border to Guatemala,
to Salvador, and to other adjoining Republics. The result was that
receipts of export duties from the frontiers decreased some 70£ per cent,
in the year 1883-'84, when the Cuban trade was in its most active
stage. When the Cuban trade died exports by way of the frontiers in-
creased 45 per cent. These facts seem to indicate that the opening of
the trade with the Antilles diverted 45 per cent, of the surplus beeves
from their usual markets in adjoining countries, and also drew from the
Honduras domestic markets 25 per cent, of the beeves exported from
Truxillo.

It is a fact worthy of note that although exports from the ports of the
north coast increased in 1883-84, there was in the total exports of that
year a decrease of 11,524 cattle. Another curious fact is that, while ex-
ports by way of the north coast shrank from 25,181 cattle in 1883->84
to 4,988 in 18S4-'S5, the total exports through other customs districts
appear to have increased only 3,943 during that year.

These facts seem to warrant the inference that the supply of cattle is
increasing rapidly in Honduras. This inference seems to be the more

602 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

likely, since it is probable that few if any female cattle were represented
by the figures above quoted, because the export duties imposed upon
cows were so heavy as to be prohibitory.

CATTLE CENSUS OF HONDURAS.

Assuming that the average annual supply of beeves in this country
equals the number exported in 1882-'83, the supply would now be
27,684 greater than it was at the close of the month of July, 1883.

No official data later than the statistics for the year 1881-'82 are at
hand showing the number of cattle in Honduras. At the time named
there were reported 168,750 cows having young calves by them ; 191,283
cows not suckling their young ; 44,629 heifers, and 139,018 calves. These
figures show that there were at that time 404,662 cows nearly or quite
all capable of bearing young. If it be estimated that the average an-
nual increase of females that have since 1882 come into bearing has
equaled 40 per cent, of the supply of cows on hand at that date, there
would now be nearly or quite 600,000 cows in bearing in this .Republic.
The highest official authorities in Honduras confidently assert that
the above statistics represent at most no more than one-half of the
cattle production of the Kepublic. It is but reasonable to conclude
that if their opinion is well founded the country can now produce 400,000
beeves per year. On the other hand, if the statistics are nearly correct,
then it is safe to assume that the average yearly production of bulls is
more than 240,000.

MATURITY OF HONDURAS CATTLE.

Cattle here reach maturity at a late age. As a rule heifers are three
years old before they produce their first calves ; and bulls go until this
age before castration, and are four, five, or six years old before they are
slaughtered for beef. It might be reasonably supposed that beef from
animals so treated is tough and stringy and of poor flavor.

BUTCHERING AND COOKING.

It is not likely that there is in all Honduras a butcher's block, or
saw, or cleaver. A slice of steak or roast of neat shape is rarely, if
ever, seen. The meat is haggled from the bones in shapeless pieces,
and these, within three or four hours after the death of the bullock, are
cooking in the earthen pottery, which here supplies the place of iron
cooking utensils.

THE OUTLOOK FOR CATTLE-RAISING IN HONDURAS.

That Honduras offers many and great natural advantages to cattle-
men cannot be doubted. If a home market to absorb the surplus beeves
should be created, as by the establishment on the coast of a canning
factory, this country would equal, if in truth it would not far surpass,
any part of the United States as a cattle-growing region. Here no epi-
zooty or other disease of a serious nature has ever existed ; no storms,
or snows, or hard winters ; but spring, alternating with summer, and
both ever redolent of healthful perfumery and balmy breezes, which
play over broad prairies, covered by succulent grasses, and watered by
crystal streams and refreshing showers.

D. W. HERRING,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Tegucigalpa, March 24, 1886.

THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 603

THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

THE CATTLE INDUSTRY OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

REPORT BY CONSUL BAKER, OF BUENOS AYRES.

•

I have to acknowledge the receipt of the circular of the Department
of State, dated the 18th of July last, asking information relative to the
breeding-cattle of the different stock-growing countries of the world,
and annexing a series of forms to be filled with details in regard to
breeds, size, weight, average product of milk, butter, cheese, meat, &c.,
together with topography and conditions of climate, quality of soil,
kinds of cultivated grasses, and methods of handling, &c., in the locali-
ties where they are raised, these reports being requested, with a view to
the importation of new breeds into the United States for the purpose
of improving our own stock.

In reply I have to state that the information sought has no applica-
tion whatever to the Argentine Republic, since there are no breeds here
which it would be worth while to import into the United States. The
raising of cattle is, next to wool-growing, the most important industry
in this country, but the stock is exclusively crcole, and, so far as the
topics suggested in the circular are concerned, there is nothing what-
ever to communicate which would be of any use to the stock-breeders at
home.

It may seem paradoxical, yet it is true that while the Argentine Re-
public contains about 12,000,000 of horned cattle, it produces neither
milk, butter, nor cheese, while the beef itself is, generally speaking, so
inferior, at least in this part of the country, as to be the subject of uni-
versal execration. Such a thing as a dairy farm is unknown ; such a
thing as butter-making, in the true sense of the word, is a myth; such
a thing as a cheese-factory, if we except a cheap curd produced in Goya,
has never been attempted. In this immediate neighborhood you may
or you may not find milk enough for your coffee, but not elsewhere.
Nobody, with rare exceptions, keeps a milch cow. Butter, if it is used at
all, has until very recently been brought from Italy. Of late years, an
unsalted butter, the work of Spanish Basques settled near Buenos Ayres,
has been finding its way to market, but it is nothing more than coagu-
lated cream, while the cheese comes mostly from England or Germany.
Not long ago I visited an estancia stocked with 15,000 cattle, and we
did not have a mouthful of butter for our bread, while our coflee was
seasoned with condensed milk from Illinois.

ARGENTINE CATTLE RAISED EXCLUSIVELY FOR SLAUGHTER.

Cattle have never been raised in the Argentine Republic, either for
the milk, butter, or cheese they might produce, but exclusively for
slaughter; and their only product, for export entirely, is hides, horns,
bones, sinews, and a kind of jerked beef ( charqui) which finds a market
in Brazil and Cuba for the slaves. The science of husbandry is without
any development in the Argentine Republic. During all the years which
have elapsed since its conquest by the Spaniards, no attention what-

l;04 CATTLi: AND DAIRY FARMING.

ever has ever been paid to the improvement of the brood, and the
horned cattle which to-day feed upon the natural pasturage of the pain-
pa> are the descendants of those with which the country was originally
stocked.

INTRODUCTION OF HoRNED CATTLE INTO THE RIVER PLATE.

This occurred about the year l«">.~iO. According to the American ar-
chives in Seville,* J)on Pedro de .Mendoza was the lirst who introduced
horned cattle into the regions of t he Plate. lie brought for the colony
which he founded sixteen cows, two bulls, thirty-two horses and mares,
twenty goats, forty slice]), and eighteen dogs. It is further related, ac-
cording to details given by liny J)iaz de Guzman, that Ayola and Mar-
tine/, do Irala, the chiefs of the expedition, took several of those animals
with them to the interior, and that others were lost in the wastes which
an- found in the delta of the Parana Uiver near the present village of
San Fernando. .V little later. bV>;>, two brothers named Goes, who
came in company with Alvar Nunez Tabeza de, Vae-a, from P>razil,
brought their cattle, consisting of eight cows and a bull, with them to
Asuncion, Paraguay, where the new acquisition was received with
great enthusiasm.

From these two sources have descended the horned cattle which in in-
numerable herds now form the stock of the Argentine plains. From
that time to the present day the increase has been spontaneous, the
niiid climate and succulent grasses of the pampas being all the condi-
tions required for their rapid multiplication and diffusion. Dut thus
left to themselves, they have been permitted to degenerate by continu-
ous broeding-in, without any elfort ever having been made to improve
their original good qualities, until now, after a, lapse of three hundred
years, they are without any of the. characteristics which would make
them a desirable acquisition to cattle-breeders, unless perhaps it be the
quality of their hides, winch the rough life they have encountered have
made stronger and tougher than most hides which iind their way to
the markets of the world. Jn other respects, however, they have little
to recommend them in countries where- stock-breeding has had any de-
velopment.

AVI LI) CATTLE OF T1IE PAMPAS.

The cattle of this country came originally from the south of Spain,
and are said to exhibit still Ihe characteristics of the breed of that lo-
ealily. the range between the L'L!0 and -1-° of south latitude, in this
country not having exercised much influence, upon them. Indeed
they are as robust on the plains of Oran, the borders of the Verm ijo.
and in the subtropical forests of IMisiones as they are on the pampas
of liucnos Ayres. Their size, however, depends very considerably on
their pasturage. It is smaller on the dry and arid plains of Catamarea
and Santiago del Fstero, and larger on the luxuriant grasses of J5uenos
Ayres an; I Panda Oriental. It was not until the beginning of the seven-
teenth century that their diffusion over the pampas of Puenos Ayres
began to attract attention. The Indians, who inhabited those plains,
• •^i v- ho up to the time, of the conquest had no domestic animal, soon
learned the value of the horse, and used it fearlessly in their chase of
tin- deer, the ostrich, and the guanacho, but they paid little attention
><> the new eattle, \\liich wore increasing so rapidly around them. In-
deed it appears that while they used t he flesh ol horses, whet her domes-
t i<' or \\ ild. f./r their ordinary food, they had i"> relish for beef, and it is
only .- i IK-;- a e'unpai at ively recent period that, the Pehuenche.s and other

* Duminguez'H History ol'thu Argentine Republic,

THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

605

tribes living on the eastern slopes of the Andes commenced to use borned
cattle for food,* though they still prefer horse meat. In those early
days nearly all the cattle on the pampas were wild (alzados], and most
of them without owners. The reverse is now the case, and they are
comparatively tame, that is to say, they are accustomed to the presence
of men and allow themselves to be guided by them.t Even at the epoch
referred to, over a million hides were annually exported from the Plate.
The cattle-farms, or estancios, however, only contained a small propor-
tion of tame animals, the rest being wild were pursued on horseback
for their hides.

The manner of killing them was as follows: The mounted gauchos,
carrying in their hands a lance, with a sharp horizontal knife in the end,
gave chase to the animals, and approaching them on the full gallop, cut
their hamstrings as they ran, bringing them down with an address and
dexterity which were astonishing. When they had thus secured a suf-
ficient number, they returned and gave the coup de grace to the prostrate
animals by severing, with a perpendicular thrust, the spinal cord just
back of the horns. When the slaughter was completed, they removed
the hides, which they stretched on the ground with pins, and abandoned
the carcasses to the dogs and birds of prey. This system of slaughter-
ing is still sometimes practiced on animals whose poor condition make
them of no value except for their hides. In such cases they are driven
to the neighborhood of the slaughter-house ; and, after being skinned,
their bodies are used for fuel for the boilers, while their bones are pul-
verized for manure.

NUMBER OF HORNED CATTLE IN THE REPUBLIC.

The business of horned cattle has formed for nearly three centuries
the sole occupation of Spanish settlers and their descendants, and it is
still almost exclusively in the hands of the natives, as sheep-farming is
in that of foreigners. It is the general impression that the 'number of
horned cattle now in the Argentine Republic is not so large as in former
years, owing to the immense slaughter, principally for their hides, which
has heretofore been carried on. There are, however, no statistics based
on actual count to prove this fact. I give below the number supposed
to have been in the Republic in 1809, compared with the number esti-
mated for each province in 1881 :

Province of—

Number in
1860.J

Number in
1881.§

5 116 029

4 754 810

2 500 000

2 210 56'*

1 200 000

200 000

1 100 000

900 000

1 7G8 708

1 400 000

652 470

1 043 000

305 2°8

304 700

248 314

139 60'*

200 '"in

80 OOQ

28, 561

65, 493

72, 043
64 878

100, 000
]<>(> 108

93 "70

50 000

Saita

143 010

200 000

Total

13 993 090

11 554 275

* Description g6ographiquo et statistique do la Confederation Argentine, par V. Martin de Moussy,
vol. ii, p. GO.

1 Captain Musters, in his book "At Homo with tlio Pataponiai)s," speaks of tho immense numbers
of wild cattle which are found without owners in the forests on Hie headwaters uud tributaries of the
Rio Negro, and the western slopes of tho Cordilleras of the Patagonian Andes.

t Census of tho Argentine Kepublic, 1869.

§lbid., 188L

CATTLK AND DAIRY FARMING.
XTlNE KXrOKTS OF CATTLE PRODUCTS.

G06

Tin- importance of tin* cattle industry, in :i commercial point of view,
will appear froa) the custom-house Statistics, since the entire product,

after pro\ -itlii!-- fur a meaner home consumption, iiiids a market abroad.
Aci-onii;:;^ to those returns, the exports of the products of horned
cuttle stand for about one-third, while the exports of the sheep prod-
ucts stand for about one-half of the entire shipments abroad. To be
mere exact, it appears thai of the total exports last year, 5(>.5 percent.
were wool and sheep-skins, ."•-..' I pi r cent, were the }>reducts of liorned
cattle, while only il.L' percent, were agricultural, mineral, forest, and
manufactured products. The exports of the total pastoral industry,
compared with all other exports, for the last seven years are shown in
the following table, compik-d from ollicial sources:'

tni'int J'/ i>nl>tic from 1S70 i>) 1682.

1SSO.

1831.

R91.83G £41,351,831 $50, 507, 372 |$57, 770, 303 $49,142,494

483,?02j 2, 150,187 | 784,423! 1,495, 9:',5J 4, 241, GC9
!M,872 303,025! 2,4(;7,n:!}! 4112.703] 508,591

'.''• L10 • 7 :, l."4 113,3^4 '. 280,180 | 220,414

i

521,010 410, UOO

58. 440, 905

As ;i matter of : -special interest ill connection with the- cattle industry,
I ^'ive below the shijiments separately of each article produced during
the la >{ seven years, as taken from the custom-house returns:

J-\<-j>i;,-/.t of cuttle products from 1°?C> to 18^?.

1880.

1S82.

2, 4?*. r.IJ'J 2. 2^a>OJ 2, :i.'{H, .'29 1?. 7!»1,2W 2,192. ::7(i 2. !M.".. 427
h, 7:i-j,o-j:; :',:{, ooo.^^ivj,:',1;*;, ij')-_"jti, ii ;;, 479 22, 412, <;:n 20,906. oi;{
•,•:.:. i,fs.i:!9,'j:{i,('i(i:ii;,.r;o,>_ii)7 •j7,(;!rj,477:{4,7n:{,n492H12i'-1,r)ns

:;,,-';•; i ,;n -j, n:1-, ;.,! lj, 70(i. 7so 2, !"'". 4"' 2. !>i).'?, (Ml1 1, 410, '.'.'•3
c.'ii, 'i.-ii 1,122,1."!'.' .s.-n, 2fi !':H, :,i;:i i. 212. 7>4j 7si,7u9 S7:>, is:t

; i ; • ui'i, 41 -i, :;i - 4-2*2 ~>~.> '<-. 2."),- si,i»"-s 5;i 'j'Jo

4,149 14:;.7::i IH'.!i:,- 7. '!)! 2,417' l^.f.H:!

i, i.v;. ::-jd I,:MM.:;O ."., n'c, .-:M :;. r/ii, 477 l, CM.', 4!i7 l,;>:i(i. 770

2,('-Ji :,.".. r.C.o S.'r.', 2".!) i:.M,4.'.u l,lll,!M.ri

;.', !'!•; 1^7, 47J i,(.::i) 4.";{.i:a 02, 517

I v.nuld state that tiiere is ;m export duty on all the above articles of
7 per cent, on 1 In- value, except salted beef, animal-black, artificial .yuano,
a?id di ied blood, \\hieh arc tree of duty : and i hat all horned cattle ex-
ported from the count r\' pay a duty of 7-"> cent s per head.

Of ; hi- above exports it appears from th" cuslom house returns that
siboiil one-third of the hides ;•;<> to tlic i'nilcd States, the rest to Kn^;-
hui'i. I 'i ai:cc, Spain. Hel^ium, <N:c.; that the jerked nnd dried beef goes
principally to lir.j/.il. < 'uba, and Sj'ain : that two-thirds of the bones and

/ f.s oficialtH df: la Ji'ijiultluu Anjc.nlina^ IbTtJ-lH^iJ.

THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 607

bone-ash, go to England, the rest principally to the United States ; that
the horns go to England, France, Italy, and Belgium ; that the hide-
cuttings go to Belgium, Germany, United States, and England ; that
the animal oils go to France; that the live animals go to Chili and Bo-
livia ; that the animal-black goes to France 5 that the artificial guano
goes to the United States and England, and that the dried blood goes
to the United States.

The gradual decrease in the above shipments would seem to corrobo-
rate the general impression that there has been a decrease in the num-
ber of horned cattle in the country. According to the official estimates
already mentioned, it appears that there are about 2,500,000 less in the
Argentine Republic to-day than there were fourteen years ago. This
count does not include the number in the territories of Patagonia, Gran
Chaco, Pampa, and Misiones, which probably amounts to 300,000 more.

It will further be seen that over one-half are on the pampas of Buenos
Ayres, Santa F(S, and Cordova, the rest being scattered in smaller num-
bers over the uplands of the interior, and the mesopotamian provinces
of Entre Eios and Corrientes.

HOW CATTLE ARE MANAGED IN THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

It may be said that the cattle of the country are now all tame, in the
sense that they all bear the brand or mark of their owners, are accus-
tomed to the range of the estancia to which they belong, and allow
themselves to be handled by those whose duty it is to watch after
them and make uf> the rodeos, that is, bring them to the place where
they sleep at night. When the young bulls have been castrated they
go by the name of novillos; and the number of bulls left entire is about
one to every fifty cows.* It is very important that the men should con-
stantly watch after the animals, for if left to themselves they soon be-
come intractable and difficult to manage. Where the attendance is
negligent, they are readily frightened at the sight of a horseman, and
disastrous stampedes sometimes are the consequence. Where these
occur, it is only with infinite pains that they can be restored to former
docility.

When the number of bulls are allowed to become too numerous,
furious and fatal combats not unfrequently ensue, the cows taking part
in the deadly encounters, and thus the annual calving is apt to be re-
duced. A few years ago, during the civil wars in Uruguay and pending
the long siege of Montevideo, a great portion of the cattle on the aban-
doned estaricios having nobody to take care of them, returned to a wild
state (alzado), and upon the restoration of peace, it was found absolutely
necessary to kill all the old bulls and castrate the young ones in order
to tame the cows and make them easier to manage ; and even then it
took an enormous amount of time and the ruin of hundreds of horses
on each establishment, before the herds could be reduced to a tractable
condition. And the same thing occurs wherever, for any cause, the
cattle of an estancia are neglected. In a very few months they return
to a wild state, thus entailing great losses on the owners.

With proper attendance and careful management, however, it is as-
tonishing how easily the cattle of the Argentine Eepublic are handled.
The bulls exhibit none of the ferocity which is characteristic of those of
other countries, and even to supply the bull fights which are still al-
lowed to be exhibited in Montevideo, it is necessary to import the bulls
from Spain, those of the country not being sufficiently savage and fero-

* V. Martin <Jo Moussy, vol. ii, p. 110.

608 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

cious for the purpose. The cattle here seem to have such an instinctive
respect for a horseman that they run or yield at once, and seldom show
any obstinacy or resistance to his authority. A person on horseback
can quietly pass into the midst of the largest herds without fear, as the
animals will always at once open their ranks before him ; and they are
so accustomed to see tl.e people of the country dressed in clothes \pon-
chos) of bright hues, that the most glaring red colors do not enrage
them.

One thing, which the cstancieros have to guard against, where their
herds are newly formed of cattle collected at different places, is the ten-
dency of the animals to return to their former ranges ; and frequently
in cases of panic they scatter in all directions, and it is difficult to get
them together again. This desire of cattle to return to the places
where they were raised (qiterencios) is much stronger should the old
pasturage be better or the country more saline, the latter quality of the
soil greatly contributing to the increase of the herds of the river Plate.
In no other way can be explained the remarkable fact that in places
where there is a lack of salt, notwithstanding the beautiful appearance
of the pasturage, such as for instance is found in the southeastern parts
of Paraguay and in the provinces of Saint Catherine's and Saint Paulo,
Brazil, those parts of South America are not so suitable for the raising of
cattle as the pampas of Buenos Ayres, or even the mesopotamiau prov-
inces of Entre Eios and Corrientes. In these regions, in spite of the
dryuess and even aridity of the soil in some places, and of a pasturage
which is meager in appearance, the reproduction is so considerable that
it is estimated that a herd of cattle will double in three years. It is to
this quality of the soil that the beauty of the cattle on the Vermijo
Eiver is attributed, where, notwithstanding the exceedingly warm sum-
mers and the great annoyance from flies and mosquitos, they are fully
as large as those in the province of Buenos Ayres, and are seldom at-
tacked with epizooty.

WORKING CAT1LE AND MILCH COWS.

Owing to their natural docility, the taming of work cattle is accom-
plished without difficulty. They allow themselves at once to be put to
the plow or the wagon, though the manner of yoking them by the head,
which prevents them from using their horns, may greatly assist in their
domestication.* If they are not so strong or robust as those we have
at home, it is only because their food is less substantial j for, even while
performing the longest journeys, they have no other nourishment than
the grass they can pick up, when they stop to rest, on the pampas ; and
this is generally very scant along the highways or near the villages.
Properly fed these animals, which are largo and muscular, would be
capable of much more unremitting work.

For the same reason the cows give but little milk, and then only when
the calf is present; and it generally dries after three or four months.
On this account milk is almost unknown in the interior of the country,
in spite of the immense number of cows, and no butter is to be obtained
except in the immediate vicinity of the river towns, where the cows in a,
few cases are stabled and fed.

*The ox-yoke of the Argentine Republic is a simple bar of hardwood, slightly
hollowed out on the lower side, laid across the la-ads of the animals and lashed to the
honiH by hide thou;;.,. The Argentines insist that an ox can pull greater loads by
his horns than by his shoulders, but I doubt ifc entirely.

THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 609

WINTERING CATTLE.

Living entirely in the open air, and having no protection whatever,
no matter how severe the weather may be, and depending solely upon
the natural grasses of the country for their nourishment, the cattle be-
come very lean during the winter months especially if there has been
a drought during the summer, thus preventing the growth of vegetation.
Thus reduced in flesh, they become very susceptible to the cold; and
under such circumstances, when driving rain or snowstorms occur, with
the wind from the southwest, hundreds of thousands have been known
to perish in a single night.* In the spring they at once begin to im-
prove, though the young grass is so watery at first as to cause violent
purging; and many cattle are sometimes lost from this cause, especially
if they are in poor condition. The skins of cattle that perish from these
or other like causes are always removed, and are sold in the market under
the name of cpidemia hides, though of course the word is not intended
to convey the meaning that the animals died from an epidemic disease,
which seems to be ohe impression abroad. So soon as the succulent
grasses of the pampas begin to mature, that is, during the months oi:
November and December, the cattle begin to improve.

FROM THE ESTANCIOS TO THE SLAUGHTER-HOUSES.

The moment they have acquired sufficient strength and condition, and
will stand the long drives, the novillos are separated from the rest of
the herd and sent to the slaughtering establishments (saladcros) or the
city market (mataderos], an operation which sometimes requires a large
number of men (peones) and much care ; for pastured cattle are apt to
be quick in t!ieir'inovements, and a very little thing will cause them to
stampede in disorder and regain their old range. On the other hand,
unless occasional rests and breaks in the journey are permitted, since
the distance to be traveled is not unfrequently hundreds of leagues, the
animals become tired and the meat loses its natural taste (Ion gout). I
may add, however, that in the markets of Buenos Ayres u tired" meat
is the rule instead of the exception. It is on account of these long
drives, without water or food at proper intervals, that the beef sold in
the cities does not in any respect compare with that which you can ob-
tain on the estancios themselves, where ordinarily it is of most excellent
flavor.

REQUISITES OF AN ESTANCIA.

A cattle estanciaj in order to be considered first class, requires three
conditions, good quality of grasses, an abundance of water, and range
sufficient to hold and feed a large herd — conditions which, from the be-
ginning, the Spanish colonists seem to have well understood, in the
selections of the lands upon which are to-day be found the great cattle
farms of the country. The development, however, of the wool industry
during late years has had a tendency to drive the cattle farmers farther

*Mr. Darwin in bis "Naturalist's Voyage Around tlie World," page 133, says:
"While traveling through the Argentine Republic,! received vivid descriptions of a
late great drought, during which time so little rain fell that the vegetation, even to the
thistles, failed, the brooks were dried up, and the whole country assumed the appear-
ance of a dusty highway ; very great numbers of birds, wild animals, cattle, and
horsesjperished for the want of food and water. The lowest estimate of the loss of cat-
tle in the province of Buenos Ayres alone was taken at one million head."

t Mulliall's Hand-Book of the River Plate.

H. Ex. 51 39

(JlO CATTLE -AND DAIRY FARMING.

out from this city, the inner "camps," which furnish soft grasses being
in demand for the grazing of sheep. It is still easy to obtain most ex-
cellent estancia lands in the outside partidos (counties), while the Gov-
ernment sells its lands on the frontiers at prices which are considered
reasonable, but the demand for places in those localities is increasing
every year, and it now requires no little capital to buy and stock a cat-
tle farm anywhere near to a market.

Estancios for horned cattle usually vary from 1 to 10 square leagues
in extent, while those on the frontiers are even much larger. The es~
tanciero takes care to select a piece of laud, if possible, bordered by a
river or having water courses (arroyas) running through it or perma-
nent lakes (lagunas) of fresh water, and as free as possible from hem-
lock and burr. The grass of a stock farm is what is called paste fuerte
or coarse grass, which stands the dry seasons better than the meadow
grass or trefoil on which sheep are pastured, and which does not begin
to appear until the coarse grass has been entirely eaten down.* In
building his house the owner is guided by his taste or his means. In
former times, and it is still the case in some parts of the country, the
estanciero lived in a mud hut without a window, nowadays very lux-
urious residences can be found, even on the frontiers, furnished with
every modern convenience.

The corrals, generally near the house, are large folds for inclosing the
cattle when necessary, and are most important appendages to an estancia.
They are made of upright posts of hard wood. 7 feet high, fastened to-
gether by means of cross-bars and hide thongs. They are generally oval
or circular in form and strongly nVade, so as to securely hold a large num-
ber of cattle, the gate consisting of two or three transverse bars. The
grounds (monte) immediately surrounding the house generally comprise
from 10 to 50 acres, wired in, with a ditch on the outer side, and con-
sist for the most part of timber and fruit trees — generally peach, for the
reason that they are such rapid growers, arriving at maturity in three
years and serving the double purpose of fruit and fuel, besides making
fences.t These patches of timber are landmarks on these unending
plains, visible for many miles, and at a distance look like green hills,
whence the name which is given to them. In peach monies one-third of
the plantation is cut down at intervals, and is allowed to grow up
afresh from the stump ; and in this manner the supply of fruit and tim-
ber is. constant and abundant. Such a thing, however, as a vegetable
garden is almost unknown. The staff of an estancia usually consists of
a superintendent called major-domo, who represents the owner} a capi-
taz to oversee the peons or laborers, and from five to twenty of these
peons, according to the size of the estancia, who earn from $10 to $25
per month.

Where an estancia is very large in extent and the cattle are numer-
ous, there are established, at corresponding distances from each other

* In reference to this change from coarse to soft grasses produced by the pasturage of
horned cattle, Mr. Darwin (Naturalist's Voyage Around the World, p. 118) says of
the Argentine pampas : " I was very much struck with the marked change in the as-
pect of the country after having crossed the Solado Eiver.< From a coarse herbage we
passed on to a carpet of green yendure. I at first attributed this to some change in
the nature of the soil, but the inhabitants assured me that the whole was to be at-
tributed to the manuring and grazing of the cattle. Exactly the same fact has been
observed in the prairies of North America, where coarse; JJTUNS, between > and > feet
high, when grazed by cattle, changes into common pasture land. I arn not botanist
enough to say whether the change here is owin~ to the introduction of new ep-
ic the altered growth of the same, or to a difference in their proportional numbers."

See Mr. Atwater's account of the prairies, in Silliman's Journal, vol. i, p. 117.

t On many estancios poplar, eucalyptus, and willow plantations are now very (>••
tnon.

THE - ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. GJJ

and from the cstancia bouse, a number of smaller houses, called puestos,
with their appropriate surroundings of corral, monte, &c., where a peon
with his family resides and has charge of a portion of the cattle. By
means of these sub-establishments the animals are more evenly distrib-
uted over the grounds for grazing purposes and do not crowd each other,
but they are always in daily communication, with the major-domo.

NUMBER OF ANIMALS AN ESTANCIA WILL MAINTAIN.

The number of animals which can be supported on a square league
of laud varies a great deal, and depends upon the quality and quantity
of the grass. Where the pasturage is heavy and nourishing, that
amount of land will very readily sustain 3,000 horned cattle, and even
more, together with all the working cattle, horses, mares, and sheep in-
tended for the use of the establishment. On a " bad cainp," * however,
where the grazing is limited, owing to saliras, saladas, and other causes,
whereby the vegetation is not luxuriant, the number of animals must be
correspondingly reduced ; and even then, in times of drought, it fre-
quently happens that the cattle die of starvation, unless they are
promptly removed to a better pasture. It is generally assumed in the
province of Buenos Ayres that 9,000 square yards are required to sus-
tain a bullock the year round, but this only refers to those estancios
which have an abundance of both grass and water. Otherwise the esti-
mate at the present day is too large.

HOW THE STOCK IS HERDED.

The stock of an estancia of course depends upon its extent, but often
numbers 10,000 and even 15,000 head, divided into herds of 2,000 or
3,000 each, each herd being gathered up every night in its own rodeo,
an open space where each animal regularly chooses its own place to lie
down. Rere they remain until morning, when they again set off to
graze. In seasons of drought cattle sometimes stray great distances in
search of water, but unless they calve on their new pastures they will
return to their former range. Sometimes where there is scarcity of
water, the caUle are watered by a balde sinfondo, a hide bucket, which
is worked by a man on horseback in a very primitive fashion, the bucket
being pulled up over a wheel and thus emptied of its contents into a
long trough. In this manner one person can water 2,000 cattle per
day. .

To one who sees for the first time a cattle estancia, the facilities with
which large herds are managed is a source of continual wonder. The
animals need no immediate personal supervision whatever, saving at
most a daily gallop by a peon around the boundaries of the land; and
in order to bring them to their rodeos all that is necessary is for a peon
to set out on horseback, cracking his whip and shouting at the pitch of
his voice, and the cattle at once stop their day's feeding and troop off
to their appointed place— and all this in an open plain where fences are
almost unknown.! The gauclios evidently understand the natures of

* "Camp," used in ordinary conversation by everybody in the Argentine Republic,
is a contraction of the Spanish word campo and means "the country."

"The operation of counting the cattle on an ettancia would bo thought difficult,
where there arc ten or fifteen t housand head together, but ifc is managed on the princi-
ple that the cattle invariably divide themselves into little troops of from forty to one
lundred. Each troop is recognized by a few peculiarly marked cattle and its num-
ber is known ; so that om- being lost out often thousand, it is* perceived by its absence
from the tropellcw. During a stormy night the cattle all mingle together, but the
uext morning the tropellax separate as In-fore, so that eaeh animal must know its fellow
out of ten thousand others." (Darwin, page 145.)

U1J CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

horned cuttle, for the manner of subjecting tlnim to the dominion of man
is so easy and so perfect that it lias never been improved on by the
numerous foreigners who have turned their attention to cattle-breeding
in this country.

CATTLE YEESrs; SHEEP.

Tin- rearing of cattle is much less laborious in the Argentine Repub-
lic than that of sheep : but the latter pursuit is considered as the most
lucrative, for the reason that live or six sheep can be maintained on a
pasturage that would feed only one bullock. Notwithstanding this ad-
vantage and the fact that sheep reproduce themselves in a much shorter
time, the natives prefer rattle tanning, either from the fact that a much
smaller outlay of money is needed, or because no care or study is neces-
sary to render ihe pursuit successful. The, two industries, however, do
not at all conflict, for the reason that, while sheep are raised only in
pans of the eountry \\here the soft grasses abound, the cattle farms are
farther out and consist of the harder grasses. In many places, however,
the two industries, as also that of breeding horses for slaughter, are
more or less combined. The management of an cstanciais a very simple
routine of daily care, involving no hard work whatever. Almost every -
thinu'is ('one on horseback, every man, woman, and child belonging' to
the eMablishment having their own horse, which is generally kept sad-
dled all day long at the jmictujiic (a row of posts -with a horizontal bar)
ready for service at a moment's notice. No one thinks of walking even
a few hundred yards ; and it is not uncommon to see a man mount a
horse to go to the opposite .side of the road.

MARKING- THE YOUNG- ANIMALS,

The great business of an cutancia is the marking and castration of the
animals. This occurs generally in the months of May and June, the
season when the llies have disappeared and the weather has become
cool. The young cattle are altered at two years of age, and the losses
resulting Irom ii are about 4 percent. The marking is done at the
same time, and i: is a season of great amusement in camp-life. All the
peons of the establishment and many others from the neighborhood as-
si-mlilr in full force. The cattle are driven into the corrals, and each
animal in turn is caught over the horns with a lasso by a man on horse-
baek : another lasso (or the ubolax:') is quickly passed around his hind
legs, \vliich at once throws him to the ground, and the operation is com-
pleted in a moment. Then a red hot iron bearing the. owner's monogram
or mark, the purport of which is duly registered in the proper office, is
lirmK planted upon the poor brute's Jlank, while a- blue smoke curls up-
v.aid lro:a the palpitating llesh, thus leaving a mark which is indelible.
This is the only way that the owners can distinguish their cattle, there
being no bounds or fences to the various cxtdnciaN, and in case of sale
ihey must also have the brand of the purchaser. These, brandings are
oil en done so biingingly, or made so deeply that they great ly injure the
hide lor commercial purposes. The day's work, called ycrru, always
winds up with a feast of meat, cooked in the hide (carnc con cucro), than
which nothing can be more savory or delicious. No coals or wood, but
only bones are employed in cooking it, each man with his o\vn sheath
knife cutting oil' the piece that suits him best.

HORSEMANSHIP AM) DETERITY OF THE GAUCIIO CATTLE HERDERS.

T he jirn.ix or ijc.uf'tinx generally take advantage of these merry male-
ings to .show off their prowess or their accomplishments. The horse-

THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 613

manship of the gaucho is wonderful. On his saddle (recado), chiefly made
of untanned horse-hide and sheep-skin, he sits with the consciousness
that he is the horse's master. Indeed it is seldom that he puts his foot
in a stirrup— for the purpose of riding, never. And his dexterity in
throwing the lasso is equally astonishing. His aim is almost unerring.
Singling out a horse or a cow in the middle of a herd, he will bring him
down with unfailing precision. He will pursue an animal in full chase
across the plains, and when sufficiently near, he swings his lasso twice
or thrice around his head and then lets it go. The moment it touches
the runaway cow, the horse of the rider stops to receive the shock, and
and down goes the cow headlong to the ground. Another way which
he has of securing cattle is with the u bolos." These consist of two
balls (iron or stone) covered with hide and fastened at the end of two
short rawhide ropes, and thrown by means of another short thong, all
three being secured together. They are twirled around the head like
the lasso, and thrown at a distance of 60 or 70 yards with great precis-
ion 5 when, entangling the feet of the pursued animal, it is brought to
the ground with a violent shock. He is also exceedingly clever in plait-
ing bridles of untanned hide thongs, and his great ambition is to ca-
parison his horse with elaborate silver trappings, worth sometimes sev-
eral hundred dollars ; and when on horseback, dressed in his fantastic
costume of striped loose fitting cliiripds and his scarlet vacuua poncho,
falling gracefully over his shoulders down to his hips, he presents an
appearance which would attract attention anywhere. With the termi-
nation of the feast, they indulge in indiscriminate horse racing, and not
unfrequently, for betting is a besetting sin with the whole race, by night-
fall our gaucho has not only lost all his month's wages, but also his horse,
and it may be even his poncho. With many of these singular people,
however, this is scarcely looked upon as a misfortune ; and they are
not slow in recouping their losses by appropriating the first horse that
attracts their fancy.*

THE GREAT SLAUGHTERING ESTABLISHMENTS.

When the cattle of an estancia, as I have already stated, are in suffi-
ciently good condition from the spring pasturage to be able to undergo
the journey, they are sent off in lots either to the slaughter-houses of
the city (mataderos) or to what is known as the saladero. This is an es-
tablishment where cattle are slaughtered in large numbers, and all the
product of the animal, meat, hide, grease, bones, horns, and other refuse,
is collected and prepared for exportation. The erection of one of these
establishments requires the outlay of BO inconsiderable capital, and to
be successful it must have an intelligent and economical organization.
Without these, as the running expenses are always large, the business
not infrequently fails to give such profits as are commensurate with

* Ex-President Sarmiento, in his book " Civilization y Barbaric" page 23, says : " The
gaucho does not labor, he finds his food and raiment ready to his hand. If he is a
proprietor his own flocks yield him both. If he possesses nothing himself, he finds
them in the house of a patron or a relation. The necessary care of herds is reduced
to excursions and pleasure parties ; the branding, which is like the harvesting of farm-
ers, is a festival, tho arrival of which is received with transports of joy, being the oc-
casion of tho assembling of all the men for 20 leagues around, and the opportunity for
displaying incredible skill with tho lasso. The gaucho arrives at the spot on his best
steed, riding at a slow and measured pace ; he halts at a little distance and puts his
leg over his horse's neck to enjoy tho sight leisurely. If enthusiasm seizes him, ho
slowly disrnou4^s, uncoils his lasso, and flings it at some bull passing like a Hash of
lightning forty paces from him ; he catches him by one hoof, as ho intended, and
quietly coils his leather cord again."

Iil4 CATTLE AND DAI1JY FAK'MLV,.

the invest incut. On account of the amount of money required to start
a *(//"</'/•«. t IK- majority of them in th«' Argentine llepublic are the prop-
erty of joi!it->tock coMipanics. many foreigners who hnow the economic
uses to \\hich all ihc parts of llui animal can In- applied, having large
capital invested in these industries. As I have said, the time is passed,
when cattle \\i-re killed solely for their hides, and their carcasses were
lel't to rot on the pampas. Now ail the appliances of European science
and ait art- brought into requisition, and the entire animal is utilized.

One nfthe lirst conditions of a slaughtering establishment is that it
should l»e near a navigable water-course, where the largest sea-going
vessels can anchor and receive the product. Those in this country are
located on rhe Uruguay, Parana, and La Plata i'ivers. Several very
extensive ones ;>.ie at Ensenada, where is a line bay, large enough to
receive a tleet of vessels. Another condition is the possession of im-
'mense p.istuie grounds supplied with an abundance of water, so that
the animals, tired out by th< ir long drives on the road, maybe allowed
to rot and recuperate before going to their slaughter, for, independent
ol the worthlessness of tired meat, the hide is with difiietilty removed
from such animals, being easily cut during the operation, thus resulting
in unsalable :-t'>ck. It is also necessary to build deposits, respectively,
lor the salt, the meat, the hides, and the tallow ; a long open shed for
cutting and salting the meat, and oflices lor overseer, peons, &c., all of
whirl) are located conveniently to the slaughter-house proper.

in \\cli-organixcd Nftladcrns there are usually three4 corrals, the first
and larg. st being builr of very strong stakes or brick wails, opening
widely to receive the herds driven slowly in by the peons. The second
corral joins this and is only large enough to hold a number sufficient
for the day's slaughter ; and the third still smaller, and opening into the
preceding, holds a bout twenty head ai a time, and terminates in a narrow
passage, through which there runs, on ;i level with the pavement, a plat-
form car MI iron rails. Aiound this small corral there is a high gallery
on which one c; -• raik, while a bridge passes over the railway passage,
which is closed with folding doors. Through a pulley above these doors
is placed a long lasso, (he running knot of which i> in the hands of the
executioner, the other end attached to a yoke, of oxen led by a boy.
The executioner throws the lasso and cat (dies the nearest animal around
the horns, and calls !o the boy to pull. Thus t lie animal is dragged in-
stantly onto the platform, v, heiv instinctively he rests his head against
the. doors, v, hen the man plunges his knife into its neck between the
occipital and first vertebra1, thus severing the spinal cord. The animal
falls dead, the door opens, and the car is drawn outside, the doors clos-
ing behind the. carcass, \\hieh i.-; at once, deposited upon a paved way,
and t he car is ret 'ii ned to iis phir. , a lid another animal lassoed.

The ilium to'* r is done, \\jih extreme rapidity. The animals lying on
the pavement arc bled imm< d lately, the blood running in a trough to a
special tank and uiicdor made into artiiicial guano. The process of
skinning the animal occupies but a moment. 1( is then cut into quar-
ters, hung in an open shed on hooks, and then cut up into small strips,
so that nothing icmains but the bones. The meat, thus cut up is piled
under thick lasers of salt sevcial f'-et high, During these operations
a pai t of the grease is put aside, v. i.ile the. bones of t he limbs and carcass
are removed to g real, u oodeu 1 ubs, heaii d by pipes eon\ eying t he steam
from t ii< boilers, t hiiscxt i act ing all t he grease which may remain. These
vat s aie capable of holding upwards ol' t hilly carcasses. The hides are
salted and piled like the meat. The paunch and intestiuffe arc made
into guano. The- tongues, hoofs, tails, ears, horns, hide-cuttings, &c.,

THE. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 615

• -unsigned to their respective receptacles. When the skeletons are
removed from the boilers, all the grease has disappeared from them, only
a few ligaments and remnants of flesh remaining. The larger bones,
used for inaiiuiacoures, are then separated, and the rest are used for fuel,
the bone ashes being collected in barrels and sold abroad for manure.

In the space of about five minutes after it is slaughtered, the animal
has entirely disappeared. As to the meat, when it has become well
penetrated by the salt, after repeated turnings, at the end of about
five days, it is placed in an inclosure on horizontal lattice work, and thus
perfectly dried. After this it is piled in the open air upon a brick plat-
form and covered with hides to protect it from birds of prey, or to await
its sale. For transportation it is put up in barrels or bales securely
pressed. The grease, after having been refined, is run into pipes and
sold by weight. Some saladeros, to utilize the grease and tallow, have
soap and candle factories annexed to the establishments.

Such is a general resume of the usual operations of a saladero in good
condition. Ordinarily they can slaughter and take care of four hundred
animals per day, the work beginning at daylight. The men engaged
in these establishments possess a wonderful dexterity in their several
departments, and operate with a rapidity which is astonishing. The
season for active work begins at the end of the spring months, either
in November or December, when the animals are fat and can be slaugh-
tered to the best pecuniary advantage, and it comes to a close when
the frosts or the drought begins to cut down the pasturage. There are
now in the Argentine Republic not less than twenty-one of these great
slaughtering establishments, as follows: Eight in the province of Entre
Reos ; one in the province of Santa Fe, and twelve in the province of
Buenos Ay res, together representing a capital of over $6,000,000. The
annual number of animals slaughtered varies considerably, but gener-
ally reaches in this part of the Eiver Plate to a million head, though
in the last year or two this industry seems to be languishing.

CITY SLAUGHTER-HOUSES IN THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

In the city slaughter-houses (mataderos) there is but little of the sys-
tem which belongs to the saladeros, while there is displayed a great
deal more cruelty to the animals. Those of Buenos Ayres are located
to the southwest of the municipal -limits and consist of a large number of
corrals or pens surrounding an extensive inclosure in which are arranged
the necessary buildings and sheds. The animals are lassoed in the
pens by a man on horseback, and they are then forced through the
corral gate into the inclosure, bellowing and plunging in every direc-
tion in a vain effort to escape. Sometimes the animals are thrown down
by another lasso passed around their hind legs, when they are readily
dispatched ; but in most cases the butcher with an immense knife in his
hand takes his opportunity to hamstring the brute before him, thus at
once bringing it to the ground, when the knife is driven into its neck
behind the horns, severing the spinal cord. Frequently, however,
the hamstringing is only partially done or unsuccessfully attempted,
and the bleeding animal, infuriated in its struggle for freedom, the
chance of which is lessened every moment by the tightened lasso, the
wounded leg, and the loss of blood, suffers all sorts of torture from men
and dogs before it finally succumbs to its fate. This same brutal oper-
ation is at the same time going on in each one of the corrals ; while
scattered at intervals in the inclosure a number of men are engaged in
skinning and disemboweling the animals while others are cutting up and

tilli CATTLE AND DAIRY FAKMING.

the carcasses in carts for the different city markets. The sight
is a most repellant one, ami no' person with weak nerves or a humane
heart would care to witness it twice. All these city establishments are
under the control of the municipal authorities, not merely for the col-
lection of the taxes on each head but to inspect the meat; but the latter
duty is most carelessly attended to. and the amount of unhealthy beef
which is sold in the city of Buenos Ayres is, according to the physicians,
little less than appalling.

EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE ARGENTINE BREED.

Thus far in my report, I have exclusively referred to the native (creole]
breed of cattle of this llepnblic.* I have done this for the reason that
scarcely any other kind reaches the slaughtering establishments. It must
not be understood, however, that there are no blood cattle in the coun-
try. During the last few years very commendable efforts have been
made, especially in the province of Buenos Ayres, to improve the breed,
and some of the best breeding stock of Great Britain has been imported,
in some cases commanding extravagant prices. These have mostly been
Shorthorns or Durhams, though more recently some valuable acquisi-
tions of Hereford bulls have been made. The effect of these crosses
with crcolc cows cannot yet be fully determined. So far as the milk-
producing qualities of the cross is concerned, of course there is no ques-
tion ; but milk is just now a matter of small consideration among estan-
cicroSj who never milk a cow.

On two points, however, there is a very serious question. These are,
iirst. the quality of the hides produced by the cross; and, second, the
abiVlty of the cross to " rough it" during the long winter months.

* Mr. I >arwin, in his '' Naturalist's Voyage, around llic World/'' page 146, describes a
very curious native bleed which ho says ho met with on two occasions on the Upper
1 ruiruay River. I have never seen the breed, hut I give his description. Ho says :
" Thry aie called ndlu or Htatd. They appear externally to hold nearly the same rela-
tion to other cattle v Iiieli bull or pug dogs do to otherVlogs. Their forehead is very
nhort and broad, with the nasal end turned up and the upper lip much drawn buck ;
their lower jaws project beyond The upper, and have a corresponding upward curve;
hence their teeth are;. I ways exposed. Their nostrils arc seated high up and are very
open: their eyes project ouiward. When walking they carry their heads low, on a,
short in ,-k : and their hind legs are rather longer compared with the. front legs than
u--ua'. 'J heir bare teeth, their short heads, and upturned nostrils give them the most
ludicrous sell-confident air of defiance imaginable. Since, my return, I have procured
a skeliton head, which is now deposited in the College of Surgeons. Don F. Muni/, of
L;ix;in kindly collected for me all the information which he could respecting this breed.
I ' "i.i h 1.3 account ; t seems 1 hat about eighty or ninet y years ago they wcre> raio and
kejii •.[< curiosities at I'.uenos Ayres. The breed is universally believed to have origi-
nated among the Indians, southward of UK; Plata, and that it was witli them the
commonest kind. Kven at 1 h is day 1 hose, reared in the provinces, near the Plata, show
le.ss eivili/cd origin in being liereerthan common cat 1 lo, and in the. cow early
ing her lirst calf, if visited too of! en or molested. Jt is a singular fact that an
t met nre to the abnormal one of the itiatn breed, as 1 am informed by
haracter i/es (hat great extinct ruminant of India, the servitherium.
tnif, ;.nd a ninta bull and cow invariably produce niata calf. A
t he reverse cross, produces oli'spi ing ha \ ing an inter-
niata characters strongly displayed. When the past-
le feed wit h tongue, and palate, as well as common
l s, when so man\ eat t h- jterish, the >ii<ita breed \'j
uld be exterminated if not attended to; for the
live by browsing wit h 1 heir lips on the, twigs

:""1 '' ('d - : 1 hi- t he !/;>!/, in cannot, do so well, as 1 heir iips do not join, and heneo th< y
are found to perish before t h<« common cattle. This strikes me as a good illustration
of how little \ye are aide to jud-e from ihe ordinarv habits of life, on what circum-
htanees, oecnrii,M- jlt l«.n^r intervals only, the raruy or »',xt motion of a species may be
determined.'

THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. '617

In regard to the first point, I have the opinion of a large buyer of
hides, that so soon as the cross with Durham bulls became appreciably
felt in number, the price of Argentine hides would fall, owing to their
depreciation in quality. At present, I believe the hides of this part of
South America stand pre-eminent for their strength ; and it hardly seems
reasonable to suppose that to cross the native stock with a breed which
has for a century or more been carefully wintered and pampered will
have the effect to improve the quality of the hide. The reverse would
naturally seem to be the effect. For this reason there is a growing
preference manifested for the Hereford bulls, on the ground that they
have been bred in a more natural way, have a far stronger hide than
the Durham, and can better take care of themselves on the great plains
of the Argentine Republic. For it must be borne in mind that no pro-
vision is ever made in this country for protecting cattle from the weather.
Such a thing as cattle sheds or winter feeding is entirely unknown, and
the cold winds and severe storms which come over the southwestern
Andes prove fatal to immense numbers of the native cattle every year.
And it cannot be considered strange if the offspring of blooded stock,
which have received the best treatment of Europe, should be unable to
retain a vigorous and healthy constitution under the hard conditions
which they are subjected to here.

So far as the second point is concerned, it is probably true that the
Herefords are better able to stand the winters of this country than the
Durhams, but it is certain that neither has the enduring qualities of
the native cattle that for three hundred years, through all sorts of rough
weather, have become accustomed to look out for themselves. And it
must be admitted that, so far as body and weight are considered, the
native breed has much to recommend it besides its hide. In some re-
spects these cattle remind me of what at home we call the Texas or
Arkansas " stags," tall and long-bodied, with immense spreading horns,
of no prevailing color, but of all colors ; and when well filled out by the
rich pasturage of the pampas they present a most stately, not to say
handsome, appearance, the work oxen being wonderful specimens of
strength and docility. It is only in the province of Buenos Ayres that
any particular attempts have been made to improve the breed.

The last census (1881) classifies the stock of the province as follows :

Class.

Number in
.tho prov-
ince.

Value.

4, 037, 084

$38, 756, 006

English and other blood animals . ...

22 219

4, 443, 800

3801 059

7,721,180

Work oxen * °

88 008

2,810 256

221, 440

U, 200, 000

Total

4, 754, 810

59, 937, 242

MILCH COWS AND BUTTER-MAKING IN THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

The small number of milch cows in the province of Buenos Ayres
compared with the total number of cattle will attract attention, while
in the other provinces, could the figures be obtained, the discrepancy
would be still greater; whereas in the United States over one-third of
all the horned cattle of the country are cows kept for dairy purposes.
This shows the meager proportions which the latter industry has yet

lil> CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

assumed in the Argentine Republic. Indeed, in the census of this prov-
ince, which hasjuM been published, the figures are so insignificant that
no return." whatever are given of the amount of the milk, butter, and
cheese produced. Cows are never milked without the presence of the
calf to start the milk : and even then the cows are so unaccustomed to
the operation that they have, frequently to be kept lassoed to a stake.
Jn ihis city milk is either delivered at the door by milkmen (lecheros)
who come in t'lom the country on horseback bringing the lluid in tin
cans baianet d on each side of a pack-saddle; or, what is perhaps more
UMial. the cows with their calves tied to their tails, are driven through
the streets morning and evening, and the quantity which each customer
dcsiies is milked at his door. The appearance of these droves of cows
on the streets with their calves pulled along behind them is quite lu-
dicrous to foreigners, and illustrates the primitive condition of the dairy
induMiy in this country. Milk sells in this city for S cents a pint, and
butter for -10 to 00 cents per pound.

1 will not assume to say that Yankee churns are unknown in this
country, but a go;ul portion of the butter which finds its way to the
city is churned by the h.'thcros on horseback, on their journey to town,
by the men- jolting of some cream in the tin cans strapped across the
horse's ba-'k. Hut the most novel mode of making butter in the inte-
rior is to iill a bag made of hide with sour cream, then fasten the bag
to one end of a long hide rope and attach the other to the leather girth
around a horse's body, which is then mounted by a fjaudio and ridden
at a break- neck pace over the pampa for a sufficient length of time to
secure the making of the butter by bumping the milk-bag against the
ground. 1 doubt if a patent-right for this invention would sell in the
United States.

TRICES OF CATTLE IX TILE ARCEXTIXE REPUBLIC.

In regard to the prices of native animals, there are considerable iluc-
t nations corresponding to the season. Cattle that have been safely
wintered and have just entered upon the spring grasses, command bet-
ter figures than cattle that are in bad condition after a long drought
with the v, inter before them. Likewise for animals raised for slaughter
there is considerable difference in the prices according to the lo-
cality. In tin- upper provinces, far removed from market, the price
seldom ( xceeds slo to s!5 for steers: £!."> to slS for fat bullocks; milch
cows, sio to ?i:> with calf; without calf, $S to in. In this city for the
most pail n<,riUnx of two years sell for slO to *lf>: of three years, $15
to *JO ; fat. bullocks. fe,r *.">() to s-10 ; cows with calves, from *'l- to sOO;
work oxen, iijij."") jo s.jo. For I he great slaughtering and curing estab-
lishments (y,n!<<<i< >•<;:<) the cattle are bought at the cx'tHU'inK in droves at
Komuch a head, gem-rally from *«5 to sli* *' «I ror/r." * while for breed-
ing purposes the price is still less when sold in large numbers, say
from >'.) to s s pc; head all round.

''"•'''' r.'ic:i! ••':>' ih, cut ofT," ;i!nl is an expression v, hidi <i\vc> its r\ i.^lciicr To

• • " ' nf t hi | 'i i : !];i-c, f>f scp;ir;it inur :i |i;i! I nl' 1 hi' he! (1 colit ;illl-

•' "J'l :iM'l i !•• .H n» ill :i ! ;./. ml ;is to [lli.- fniiTiilicr of lir.-id, :iinl tin- JHM •cli;is«-r

i" "!l : " 'i i" I---'' i !•' ""::' .: it\ oi'c;ittl(! " cul-ofl," ;t* (In- j»ric«- ]MT licad lixcd l.d'or"

II.'UM!, •.',!' ;i!:ijii;il lie (.Id or \ oii!:.ur, d i^-jiM-d or lien It hy. At jtrcsciit it is

"!":•• i:^'!,-il i , ''••;, iiniinuls iiild the ( ori'ai. \\ IKTC 1 he ;;;it r'is opmrd only \vidc

'' ' ' ' • • > !'-! i-scMiK- of one :it :i Time. The nniiiKiN ni'e tini^ .-oanted, aw

tlx-.v ]i:i-s tliniij^li, l,y tii«. parties int ei e:-t.-(l ; andtlie inn:il.,-r l-ein- filled. I he ^ato

THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 619

CAPITAL REQUIRED TO START AN KSTANCIA IN THE ARGENTINE

REPUBLIC.

The outlay necessary 1'or starting1 ;t cuttlu cstancia depends upon its
location, and its annual product depends very much upon fortuitous
circumstances. In regard to the first point, of course the capital re-
quired will be greater in tbc province of Buenos Ayres than on the front-
iers, west and south, or in the interior provinces, for the reason that
the former lands, command higher prices, the prices decreasing as the
distance from Buenos Ayres increases. In regard to the second point,
it must be borne in mind that protracted droughts (secos) are not unusual
in this country, during which thousands upon thousands of stock die from
thirst and starvation, while the severe rain and snow storms of winter,
frequently carry off other thousands upon thousands of unprotected
cattle. For these two reasons any estimates on these subjects cannot be
implicitly relied upon. Mr. Ricardo Nap, a well-known statistician of this
city, has presented some figures, which for a good year I suppose may
be taken as approximately accurate. He assumes that a league square
of pasture-land, with the necessary buildings included, has been pur-
chased in the province of Buenos Ayres for $40,000 (a similar qual-
ity of land farther out can bo purchased for 820,000 to $30,000 per league,
while on the frontiers it can be obtained for $4,000 to $10,000 per league).
He then assumes that it is stocked with both cattle and sheep as fol-
lows:

10,000 slieep, al corte,fit $1.10 $11,000

1,000 horned cattle, al cortc, at $6 6,000

300 mares, at $4 : 1,200

50 saddle horses for uso, at $10 800

Outlay in tlie purchase of cattle 19, 000

The. capital fund for land and cattle will then be $59,000, gold; and
he calculates the annual product as follows:

2,500 sheep, sold to tallow establishments, at §2. $5,000

1,000 sheep, al corle, nt $1.20 1,200

150 horned cattle lor the butcher, at $14 2,100

100, al cortc, at $6 600

25 mares sold, at £ 1 100

Augmentation and product of the year 9,000

Also 400 quintals of wool, ;:t $12 *. $4, 800

Also 3 quintals of hair, at §^0 60

4,860

Gross proceeds 13,860

He deducts expenses as follows :

Salary of the manager, per annum $240

Salary of two servants, per annum 280

Salary of six shepherds and peons, per annum 1,080

Sundry expenses ] " ' 26

. 1,860

Which, according to his figures, leaves a net gain of 12,000

This is nearly 21. per cent, on the amount of the investment, and he
gives this as the lowest estimate; but, taking the years as thev run,
with the losses which almost inevitably occur from the causes I have
mentioned, and I doubt if the profit would exceed 12 to 15 per cent, on
the investment when the balance-sheet is fully made up. In good years,
and these do sometimes occur, the profit may even go to 30 percent.,
but this is not likely to happen very often.

620 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

It will be observed that there is no item in the above expense ac-
connt for food. This is because the animals on the place furnish the
aliment, which is almost exclusively meat, while the skins, hides, tallow,
an suet of the animals butchered lor consumption pays nearly it not
all the small expenses; aud, as Mr. Nap says, "it is exactly in the
absence of small expenses that the principal gains of the pastoral in-
dustry are found in the Argentine Itepublic," no other provision what-
ever, save what the pampas furnish, being required or at least ever made
use of for the maintenance of the animals when the pasturage gives
out.

The above estimate is made on the basis that the estaucia is partially
stocked with sheep — and I am informed that such estaucias are really
the most profitable — but many of those more remote from this city
are exclusively devoted to horned cattle. Three thousand horned cat-
tle being the number usually allowed to a league of land, it is easy to
change the calculations in the estimate to correspond to that basis.

Whatever may be the actual per cent, of profit which is realized from
cattle farming, it is yet certain that the business is lucrative, since those
who are engaged in this branch of industry have became the rich men
of the country, many of them having amassed immense fortunes. It is
true, however, that the increase in the value of their lands has in some
cases had more to do with their wealth than the product of the pasturage.
I know many cases where the value of well-situated estancias has
doubled in the course of a few years, to say nothing whatever of the
product.

FUTURE OF THE CATTLE INDUSTRY OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

I have undertaken in the foregoing pages to furnish the Department
with an exhibit drawn from the most reliable sources at my command
of this leading industry of the Argentine Republic, its history, its won-
derful development, its details, its products, and its profits. What I
have accomplished is perhaps hardly what might have been expected
in reply to the circular which was sent to me; but a strict compliance
therewith was impossible, from the fact that there are no horned
cattle in this country whose importation would be an improvement to
our existing breeds and to productions of the dairy. At the same time,
however, it has seemed to me that the manner in which the great cattle
estancias of the river a Plate are managed and made productive was
matter of sufficient interest, not merely to our cattle-breeders but to our
people generally, to warrant the extended mention I have made of them,
even though they offer but few points which it would be worth while
for us to imitate.

In my opinion, however, the cattle industry of this country, if not in
its infancy, is still in its undeveloped state, and that it will hereafter
assume far greater proportions and be prosecuted with far better results
than it has yet done. In the past cattle were only raised in this country
for their hides; at present they are raised for their hides and the prod-
uct of their carcasses. The time' is coming, with the influx of intelli-
gent labor from Europe, when to these the products of the dairy will
also be added. To this end it is necessary that an improved breed, per-
haps the cross of the Hereford with the native cow, shall take the placo
of the native (Creole) cattle, which at present constitute the stock of the
country. This change is no\r gradually going on, and a few more years
will shown a vast difference in the qualities of the breed, while the pro-
duction of milk, butter, and cheese will double, if not treble, the present

THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 621

value of the industry. I should not, indeed, be surprised if the Argen-
tine Eepublic should yet share with the United States the business of
supplying the Old World not only with its principal aliment, meat, at a
moderate price, but likewise with all the products of the dairy.

The introduction of blooded cattle and their crosses with the native
will of course require that they should also receive greater care ; but,
when there has been established a more intimate connection between
husbandry and the breeding of cattle, this also will come. Alfalfa and
other succulent grasses will be grown and harvested to secure them from
possible starvation during the winter mouths ; while sheds or great
belts of timber will be planted to protect them from destroying storms.
The country, all these years, has gone on the idea that the industry
needed no other care than the gathering of its produce ; and that, as the
millions of cattle, which fed on the spontaneous grasses of the pampas,
increased and multiplied without any attention from the proprietors,
there was nothing more to be desired. It is these natural advantages
which have in great part caused the negligence which has attended this
industry. Everything has been left to nature, without reflecting that
it is very necessary to assist it, and in some cases even direct it, in order
to have it yield its best results. But the old ways of the cattle-growers
will give place to the improved methods of other countries ; the advan-
tages which the Argentine Eepublic offers for the raising of cattle on
the largest scale will be supplemented by their scientific appreciation
and utilization, and the industry will take a new departure of increased
production and of increased wealth to the nation.

E. L. BAKER,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Buenos Ayres, November 21, 1883.

CATTLE AND DAJKY FAKMLNG.

URUGUAY.

CATTLE AND CATTLE-BREEDING IN URUGUAY.

'/'AUf'i.S i'K'J.M A Kill''}!;'!' (1TJJLIXHJ l> L\ < > • •- f'J.AJ; Itl^L'OUT Xn. 7;:, FOR FET>-

iT.i AT ]--:•. J:Y MK. J<-HLX /;. HACOX. rnAimf: J>'An-'Ai/{i-:s AT MONTEVIDEO.

The climate is by no means tropical, but temperate, somewhat similar
t(>l!i;il oi' tlie (.'in'stiiiit raii^'e <;!' ( |>per Italy.

Tin- iln-niiomeler ( l^iihrviilicii'.-- scarcely ever marks '.)."> decrees inthe
summer, llie general mean beiiii; about (>5, and should the degree of 90
remain for t\v> days it invariably ^ives rise to a thunder-storm, which
eoi)l> ;L5!d freshens the air in the most astonishing manner, The winters
are mild, and tlioii-'h frosts are i'rtMjnent in .June and July, they do not
al'leet 'the vegetation to any extent. The air is unusnally pure, the at-
mosnherr even in .Montevideo, notwithstanding (lie locution of the city
immediatel\ on the sea and river, quite dry. Indeed, the whole Ivepnb-
lie enjoys an enviable reputation for salubrity.

VALUE OP L.VIS'DS .VXD STOCK.

The a, L:\U- legate valnr <»!' real estato and stock was estimated oflicially
inl>s.")at s_'")7, 1!'!-, »!li\ and is now siij^jmsed to be at least a fourth
more, .<-ii.".Mi.,s70Ji.j. To this >hould be adde 1 abou! ^lilo.ODO.dUO in-
vested in other ])roperty, making in all ^4'Jl..s70,ri5.

rj ne ])roj>rietors ol the lands and sic^ek :ire reckoned at -1 1.700, and
it v,;l! be a little strange to knov." thai iiK'i'e than one-half of tiiis ]>rop-
erty is owned by foreigners, as will appeal1 iVom the ibllowini;' table
copied from the J'sxtcdlixticci-GcjiCi'dl fur bSS,"> :

:.,';.:>- : ;. nrn ;•.!;-<;. DID n

! !-.:•;

' | $10';. -in, :

, , in in •• c •

*i I ^

'. -'. 7!td, (

', : ' I'.T 17. . :.-•:,

r,, r,

'J7, M':I, s

.']

1 •. -1 f i'i, 7

II i ,

•1 -,.!()'

i , . I • ' ; L- it ii

"l! '\i''2 '.

i.:.<!i

V :

•1, h'li.

r.!,:"ll.

• • • i ; :

1 <V".'.

:<i, i ! i in

JI7.

7

I

1

.'('.I,

f>7.

•). 4L"J r, in. 7.-- ('

1 ">. '.

11 ; - < •

j

i •_•»»! i

1M

!

1 1. •-

URUGUAY.

623

Nationality of pro-
pdetors.

Department of Montevideo.

Other departments.

Total.

Proprietors.

Value of
property.

Proprietors.

Value of
property.

Proprietors.

Value of
property.

Nacionales (na-
tionalists)

$3,568
7,252

34, 717, 508
39, 973, 810

14, 669

10, 271

$68, 694, 014 00
94, 110, 760 00

18, 237
23, 523

$103, 411, 522
134, 084, 570

Eatrangeroa (for-

Total

10, 820

74, G91, 318

30, 940

162, 804, 774 00

41, 7GO

237, 496, 029

In proportion to the population the number of live stock is enormous.
According to tbe tax returns for 1883 there were in the Republic the
following: Horned cattle, 5,967,634 5 oxen, 92,767.

SLAUGHTER OF CATTLE AND EXPORT OF BEEF.

The inquiry very naturally suggests itself, What becomes of the in-
crease of such immense herds and flocks of cattle and sheep (8,000,000
cattle, 20,000,000 sheep) in a country containing only 700,000 inhabit-
ants?

The greater part of it is thus accounted for :

Of horned cattle (home meat supply), in which is included the beef fur-
nished to the respective naval squadrons in Monte videan waters, .head. . 502, 000

Live cattle exported per annum 102,000

Killed in saladeroa (slaughter-houses) per annum 704,000

Total 1,308,000

The exportation in 1883 showed as follows :

Jerked beef or dried meat pounds.. 76,706,770

Pressed meat do.... 3,326,751

Extract of meat do.... 1,099,630

Grease .- do 37,601,739

Tallow-skins do 11,547,590

Artificial guano (refuse meat, bones, &c.) do 9,000,000

Hair e do 3,250,102

Cow-hides * number.. 1,638,730

Living sheep do 142,000

These saladeros (literally, salting places) are peculiar to the river Plate,
especially to Uruguay and the Argentine Republic. In the vicinity of
Montevideo there are nine saladeros, the principal one being that at the
" Cerro " (little mount), across the bay from the city, where, according to
Mulhall, 200,000 head of cattle are killed annually, and he states that
"when the wind comes from that quarter the smell in Montevideo is
disagreeable." I must say that I have not as yet experienced this dis-
agreeable smell, nor can I find any one who has.

On the river Uruguay there are a dozen or more of these saladeros,
including the famous Liebig Extract of Meat Company. There are
from 600,000 to 700,000 head of cattle slaughtered at these saladeros
every season, besides a vast number of sheep, and from 50,000 to 80,000
mares. " The hides, tallow, grease, and other products of these estab-
lishments," says a recent writer, u involve the turning over annually of
£2,500.000 to £3,000,000."

UJ4 CATTLE AND DAIKY FAKMIMJ.

The same author (anonymous, but Avhose book is issned by the au-
thority of tin* euiisulate-^eneral of I'ru^uay. London, ISS.'J) estimates
tin- '-commercial value of an ox, youn^ aucl in good condition," as fol-
lows:

Hide, l> pounds, at 71 ival> per 7.~> pounds $0 4!5

Tallow, -in pounds, at I:! reals per 'J.~> ]»onnds -J 04

Meat, l.")U pounds, at .'•;> reals per quintal ol H") pounds «) 1H.I

Kemnaiiis.. r»o

Total 18 87

The sahulero expenses for each animal are about $3. GO.

TIIE LIEIUG i:XTliACT OF T.EEF FACTORY.

The " Liebi^ Extract of Beet"" lias now a world-wide reputation; in-
deed, 1 believe that it, has become the universal prescription lor debility
and prostration. The factory is located in this llepnblic, at Fray Ben-
tos, in the department of llio Xc^ro, on the river Uruguay. It em-
ploys over r»OU men, and loads at its own wharves upwards of 80 ves-
sels during the year for the export of the produce to Europe. As this
factory and its extract have become so famous, they merit more than a
passing notice. Indeed, it must be a matter of interest and curiosity to
the thousands of invalids who daily consume the Liebig extract to
know how it is made.

The best description given of it; is by Mr. Ilathbone, in his report to
the Orange Estancia Company, Liverpool, from which we will make
such extracts as our limited space will allow :

The cattle arc, on arrival, driven into large corrals or paddocks, arranged so as to
Mipply them with water, "but no food is given to them. A long, narrow passage, ahout
i; or 7 feet wide, and skirted liy a long, narrow platform pathway, about the height
of the animal's horns, leads down to a small paddorh, Avit h a similar pathway around
and ,-; bridge over the opening into the galpon, which is further closed by a movable
beam. Jielow the bridge is a large, low, square iron truck on a tramway which runs
into the galpon, and brandies into two parallel lines, so t hat tin* two trucks may pass
cadi OT her. Along the left side of 1 he, shed are. long ranges of rails i'or hanging meat ;
ami along the right hand, a llat, slightly shelving, llaggcd spaco for laying the oxen
upon. At the end of the shed is a large brine bai h for soaking the skins, and beyond
thi-» there are further sheds where I he skins are piled np AY i !h salt previous to being
shipped. In saladcros the skins are, generally sailed, but on estancias the hides are.
usually dried. As I arrived, ahout tit'ty oxen were being hunted down the " race"
or paddock into the fatal paddock.

• » # # * » •

When the paddock Avas full and the gate shut, a man Avilh a lasso, of Avhich one
end was attached to a steam Avinch outside (natives call it the English horse), Avent
round the p;u Irvvay and threw 1 he noose, over the mo>t prominent horns he could see,
Avhich were by no ni'-ans ordinarily the nearest to the bridge. The Avincli being set
going, the beast was hauled, si umbling and slipping and pushing aside all animals in
its \\rty. till its head \v;M chocked up against the otherbeam leading into the galpon,
upon which stood the Uilh-r. who, Avith a slabclose behind t lie head wit h a large dag-
ger-bbided knife, cut 1 he spinal cord, and the animal at once dropped Avith a heavy
thud, but without a st r T, _ruif. onio the iron truck ; the lower beam was then rapidly
withdrawn, the lasso disengaged, and the truck run into the galpon by the men.
Ji'-ie, by means of a lasso attached to a horse, the animal was hitched into its place
at the side of the shed, Avhere a skinner wa-> waiting for it. who immediately cut its
thr«it and began to skin it. The blood was caught in large scoops and ladled into
casks placed for the purpose. Meanwhile- t he sk inner rapidly took the skin oil', and,
t hough sensation was probably t horoughly destroyed by severance of the spinal cord,
yer muscular act ion was not , and it was rat h.'r gha--tl v to see t h^ st niggles of an an-
imal with half its skin olf, and even to detect a .sound painfully like a bellow. These
mo\ emt-nt- seem to take place Avhen certain nerves were touched about the neck, and
thus set in action. The skin off, it was taken to the brine bath spoken of, the entrails
were taken out and carried away, the ribs cleared of llesh, and the limbs cut off and

URUGUAY. ' 625

taken to the opposite side of the galpon, ami there all the meat was cut from the
bones and hung up on the rails provided for that purpose, together with that cut off
the ribs, &c., still warm and quivering with liie. The skull and horns were taken in
a different direction. This operation takes from eight to nine minutes on an average,
but on occasions lias been done in live, and the skinner waits his next turn, which
comes every fifteen minutes. As the truck is run out, the alternative truck is run into
the paddock and the beam shot back for another victim.

The shed contains about 25 oxen at a time, so that about 100 arc killed, skinned,
and cut up in an hour, and in the height of the killing season as many as 1,200 are
thus disposed of per diem, or from 100,000 to 150,000 a season. Each skinner gets 6
pence per head, but if in skinning ho makes a hole in the skin he loses his payment.

In the height of the season he disposes of about 33 in a day.

» » ** * * *

After 150 were disposed of, in an hour and a half, the remainder were left till after
breakfast, and the place was cleaned up in a inarvelously short time, making it diffi-
cult to believe that such a scene of blood had been taking place so recently. * * *
When it has cooled, the meat is cleared of fat and is stewed in large oblong caldrons,
in which the water is kept somewhat below boiling point, as it is a peculiarity of the
extract that it contains no matter which ia not soluble in cold as distinguished from
boiling water. The thin soap so obtained is then strained off and carefully skimmed,
which removes any trace of grease that may have remained in the meat. It is then
passed through a series of elaborate evaporators, out of each of which it comes thicker
until it reaches a consistency rather more solid than treacle. As much as 90,000 gal-
lons of water a day is sometimes thus evaporated. It is now ready for use and is
packed in large cube tins holding about 110 pounds of the extract ; each of these tics
contains on an average the substance of 15 animals, and is worth about £50.

Tin shops, carpenter shops, engineers' rooms, &c.,on a complete scale
are attached to the factory. Tinere are also churches, schools, and
houses for the operatives.

I will simply add that a higher price is asked here for the extract
than in the United States, and that, strange to say, what is termed the
" English Extract" is cheaper than either the Uruguayan or American.
The solution of this, I am advised, is found in the fact that the Uru-
guayan is unadulterated, and the English and American, after being
shipped from here, is returned adulterated, or rather weakened, so as
to undersell the former. Whether this be so or not I cannot say, but
I do know that the English brand is cheaper in this market than the
Uruguayan, or, at least, that I paid higher for the latter.

FEOZEN-MEAT TRADE.

The principal wealth of the Plate countries consists in herds and
flocks, and so rich are they in these that every possible attention and
effort have been given to solve the vexed problem, " What shall we do
with our surplus beef and mutton ?"

Experience has taught the farmers that the shipping of live stock
will not pay ; the voyage being too long, say from 20 to 30 days by
steamer to France, England, Germany, and Italy, and as a consequence
the freights, including the feed, are very high.

For some time jerked beef answered for the purpose, but by degrees
the frozen-meat trade has been resorted to and made successful.

In the Argentine Confederation alone there are said to be now
100,000,000 sheep, besides immense herds of cattle, and, as the pastures
are apparently inexhaustible, the increase of such immense herds and
flocks must be prodigious and beyond all conceivable use for a popula-
tion of only 3,000,000.

In Uruguay, likewise, with a population of about 700,000, there are
said to be now (188C) over 8.000,000 cattle and 20,000,000 sheep.

It will therefore be easily seen that this frozen-meat trade, if ulti-
mately successful, will assume gigantic dimensions. The question has
H. Ex. 51 10

62 G CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

become SD important that legislation for Its encouragement and devel-
opment has been resorted tu, and a certain interest guaranteed by Gov-
ernment upon all capital invested in factories -. .'fro/en carcasses.

1-Yr instance, in this Republic, Uruguay, it ):.;> been lately enacted,
in order to assist the development of the expor: of meat, that the state
will guarantee an animal interest of (I per ccnt.vipoii all companies that
shall establish themselves within the JJepubliu in; rhe. purpose of ex-
porting fresh meat, with a capital of not less tha:; ^500,000, to be in-
rreased to 7 per cent, when the capital is not U,? -in 83,000,000, the
total eapit:il to be thus guaranteed. however, no> to «-.\ceed 80,000,000.

This guaraniee is subject to the following eordJ: :;•!>>:

(-1) No guarantee to be granted until theproposer>i>al! have deposited
in one of the banks of the capita! a- sum equal ;c i p^r cent, of the
.imotint of capital upon wliich the guarantee is aske,}. This deposit
may be made in coin, or in Ura^uayau bonds atthe market value, or iu
real estate. In this last case the, ov/ner still to receive tho revenue de-
rived from such property.

(5) £o soon as the company satisfies the Government that work has
been done in the country equivalent to the amount of deposit, such de-
posit to be returned. In the event of the enterprise not being carried
out within the legal period stipulated, the deposit shall be forfeited to
the state, in accordance with article 1-1.

(«>) llefore any payment can lie made on behalf of guarantee, the com-
panies must satisfy the Government that they have complied with the
following conditions :

(a) That they have employed, in the country iu constructive works, on
laud and aiiu.it, a capital of not less than £100,000, if acting under
article 1, or of $300,000, if acting under article 1*.

(b) That; thv annual export has actually amounted to a minimum of
ir>,ouo head of cattle or 120,000 sheey for each j?.~00,000 of capital.

(7) The guarantee to b-.3 granted upon the capital actually raised for
these enterprises, including that employed in the construction of estab-
lishments in the country and also the, working capital in circulation.

(%') This guarantee to be granted only once, and in no case will the
duration of the guarantee exceed ten years.

(!)) WJieii the companies earn more than 10 per cent, per annum they
will be liable to refund to the. Government the excess until they shall
have repaid any sums received to make up the guaranteed interest.

(10; The executive, power is authorized to sanction the operations of
the companies "n such localities as they may select for the establish-
ment of freezing depots, when these, do not act to the prejudice of other
interests, and conform to the law of tho Kepublic.

(11) The steamers of the companies will enjoy packet privileges.

ML') Companies will be, at liberty to give in; the guarantee at any
time, provided they repay to the. state all sums received as guaranteed
ii'tcivst. AVhcn this is done, the oilicial inspection of their operations
\ ill cease, but all their other privileges will con: ^me, as before.

fl''0 in case )i:e state be, called upo;, ro make up I he interest to the
guaranteed r:ite. tin* executive power is aiitiiori/vd by this law to take
li «: sum reijiiired out of the general revenue uM !te country, and in case
of there not being sufficient fiiuds, it will at, oiu.v j:;v)]iose K> the, legisla-
tive, body to grant the sum necessary for payment.

(1 lj The executive power is hereby authoj:/rd to concede at once
guarantees to the company or companies which, in its judgment, are
pi. -pared to fulfill the conditions laid down in this la\v, but cannot allow
more than two ye, us for the installation of the works. In the event

URUGUAY. 627

of the company failing to bo in working order within that period, the
deposit required by Article 4 will be forfeited to the state, and the con-
ion considered as canceled.

(15) The executive power will make arrangements for the inspection
of the companies' operations, and take the necessary steps to secure the
compliance with this law.

In addition to tljis, the subject receives the greatest attention from
the rural societies, agricultural clubs, &c.

Indeed the interest manifested in regard to this trade by the valley
of the Plate (chiefly Uruguay and the Argentine Kepublic) is ably sup-
plemented by capitalists in England, France, Germany, and Italy; es-
pecially by the owners of the many steamboat lines between those coun-
tries and the Kivcr Plate Kepublic, as its success would fill their steamers
to repletion with freights.

The Zenoha, for instance, lately carried, at one time, 13,536 carcasses
of frozen sheep and 335 quarters of beef, at 3J to 4J pence per pound
for the mutton, and 2J to 5 pence for the beef.

In addition to other meetings in different parts of Europe for encour-
aging this trade, the papers allude to one lately held at Hamburg, con-
vened by Herr Pedro Beck, at which the matter was thoroughly dis-
cussed and a proposition made for an investment of 3,000,000 marks to
assist the trade between that port and the river Plate.

The great struggle now, as to what country shall monopolize this
frozen-meat trade, seems to lie between the United States, Australia,
New Zealand, the Argentine Kepublic, and Uruguay.

The transportation of frozen meat has become an undoubted success,
and sooner or later, in the opinion of the best-informed parties, will en-
tirely supersede that of the transportation of live stock.

If this be true, the subject becomes of vast importance to the United
States, and especially to Chicago, the principal shipping point to Eng-
land. My attention of late has been forcibly directed to this point by
reading in the papers here of meetings, where this matter, so far as it
affected the United States and Chicago, was thoroughly discussed. In
point of fact, not only the Governments here (as will be seen from the
guarantees by Uruguay of 6 or 7 per cent, to frozen-meat investments
above referred to), but wealthy capitalists, backed by the wealth and
intelligence of the estancieros (large farmers), are apparently more in-
terested at present in devising ways and means to wrest this trade from
the United States, Australia, and New Zealand than in any other. In
order to do this, they have procured the fullest and most minute infor-
mation as to the amount of live stock and frozen meat sent from those
countries, where it is sent to, at what prices, freights, &c. For instance,
I read not long since of a meeting where it was stated, upon the author-
ity of the Times, that the freights from the ranches in the United States,
to Chicago, would average 32 shillings per head; from Chicago to New
York, a sovereign ; and the cost for shipping a carcass or live beast on-
ward to Liverpool is about 50 shillings; that a beast on the plains is
worth, roughly, £4, and that, therefore, American fat cattle, dead or
alive, would cost in England little less than £10 apiece, and showing
by an accurate calculation that the same beast or carcass could be laid
down in England for half that price.

An article from the New York Daily Commercial Bulletin was also
commented upon, stating, among other things, that a large amount of
jerked beef was annually exported by Argentine and Uruguay, the
importations to Brazil and Cuba alone amounting last year, respect-
ively, to these countries, to $1,700,000 and $1,143,000; that no attempt

U-8 CATTLi: AXD DAIRY FARMING.

liud been made in the United States to compete with Argentine and

Uruguay, the only exporters of /jerked beef, and it would doubtless be
dillietilt to do so, as the co.xt of the cattle is much greater in this country.
Their transportation facilities to the West indies are better than ours,
notwithstanding the difference in the distance, and a steamer leaves
Uuenos Ayres 1'or tic Jira/ilian ports every day.

The jerked-beef trade is likewise demanding constant attention. In-
deed, there is a society in Montevideo, supported mainly by the Gov-
ernment, with the view of opening new markets for the sale of this
product. It is said that a great effort will be made by this society to
provide ways and means for substituting in the foreign markets jerked
beet' tor codfish from Sweden and Norway. They claim that the jerked
beef is much cheaper and much more nutritious than the codfish, and
that no other meat is so healthy; that it can be laid down, free from
bone and moisture, in Europe at 5 cents per pound, about one-fourth
less than the cost of the codfish; indeed, they go so far as to say that
the nutiitive value of jerked beef, pound for pound, is greater than that
of fresh meat.

About a year ago the IJuenos Ayres Standard (owned by the famous
statistician ,Mn!hull) contended that, allowing 1 J pence pTr pound and
1.4 for freight, .Merino mutton could be placed on the London wharves
at '.> pence per pound. A ^sew Zealand correspondent, noticing this,
asserts that it: cannot be done for less than oi pence per pound, but
after commenting upon the importation of mutton from Australia, New
Zealand, and the Plate, he admits that, '• in Merino and the lower grades
of mutton, it is only a matter of time for the Plate to smother our Aus-
tralian neighbors, and drive them out of the English market by advan-
tages which the former possess of a slightly lower cost of production and
a much lower freight to England."

A sutiiciency of tran- poriation is also being provided. In connection
witli this it is stated, by way of example, that Montevideo is in daily
communication with England by telegraph, and almost so by steam, no
le*s than LM7 steamers having left England for Uruguay in 188-1, be-
sides 1!>>S sailing vessels; making a total of 115, or considerably more
than one per diem.

The question, therefore, of freight lor the exportation of jerked beef
in the returning vessels presents no difficulty. When to this is added
that the French and Italian lines are daily going and coining between
Montevideo and their respective ports, to say nothing of the sailing ves-
sels of the different nationalities, it will be seen that the country will
not suffer for want of freight. Indeed, 1 am told that the rivalry be-
tween the respective lines and boats is so great as to render freights
comparatively cheap.

1 have bestowed much time and consideration upon this subject. It
is of vital importance to the United States, so far as the transportation
of fro/en beef is concerned, and it is highly important that it should be
known that tin1 wealthy, astute, and energetic- capitalists of the Plate
countries, backed by the money from England, France, Italy, and Ger-
many, a iv endeavoring, not, only to compete wit h the, trade of th'j United
States in this regard, bill to rival and finally supersede1, it.

The LVpuliljcs of Argent ina and Uruguay and Paraguay alone possess
over .",7,iMMMMJO head of cat I le and sheep. Indeed, in a comparison con-
tained in one of the leading journals here, it is staled that there are
over 1. odd cattle to every hundred inhabitants of the Plate country,
and only a little over 70 catile to the hundred in the United States.
This may be, and 1 dare say is, exaggerated, though Mr. Curtis, if I

URUGUAY. G29

am not mistaken, makes the difference still greater. The truth is, the
statistics here are generally unreliable. At least I am so advised.
The comparison, however, even dropping one-half of the 1,500, is as-
tounding.

Besides this, there is no doubt of the great excellence of the pastures
here, and of the succulence of the natural grasses and of their compara-
tive inexhaustibility, nor can there be any doubt of the cheapness of
beef, the tenderloin steaks selling in Montevidenn markets at 6 cents per
pound, and still less doubt that there will always be a sufficiency of
transportation for all purposes.

In this connection I will state that the merchants, shippers, and cap-
italists of this city (Montevideo), composed, as they are, of all of the
great nationalities — English, French, Spanish, German, and Italian — are
unusually shrewd, intelligent, and experienced, and for any feasible plan
can command, either themselves or through their European acquaint-
ances and houses, any reasonable amount of capital. Indeed, owing to
the low interest paid on money in Europe, generally millions upon mil-
lions, as the journals here state, are seeking investment at higher rates
in the countries of the Plate.

As above stated, my attention was first directed to this subject by
reading in the papers of the minutia3 of the Chicago meat trade, how
to compete with it, &c.

I will only add, in this regard, that there is now a petition before the
Buenos Ayres legislature for aid in the transportation of frozen meat.

630 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

BRAZIL.

CATTLE IN BRAZIL.

EXPORT BY CONSUL-GENERAL ANDREWS. OF RIO DE JANEIRO.
DIFFICULTY OF OBTAINING CATTLE STATISTICS IN BRAZIL.

I have for a loDg time had in mind the Department's circular of 18th
July last in respect to breeding cattle, but owing to the difficulty of
obtaining information here on such a subject, I have been delayed in
giving a reply.

The so-called " department of agriculture, commerce, and public
works of Brazil n is occupied principally with public works, and does
not collect or publish statistics upon agriculture. Nor does there ap-
pear to be any society or organization which collects statistics on the
subject in question. There has been published in this country for many
years an Agricultural. Review in the Portuguese language and I have
carefully looked through all its back volumes, at the national library,
with the hope that I could find some information in regard to breeding
cattle. I found many articles on the subject, but they all related to
English or other foreign stock. Not a particle of Information could I
find in respect to the cattle of Brazil.

I have had to resort, therefore, for the facts contained in this renort
wholly to personal inquiry.

BRAZILIAN CATTLE AND THE HOME MARKET.

A rough estimate puts the number of horned cattle in Brazil at
20,000,000 head.

Of course there are many and extensive areas in the interior with an
altitude of 2,000 feet above the sea. well adapted for raising, and which
now produce cattle ; yet owing to their remoteness they are not avail-
able for supplying some of the best markets with beef. It is a striking
fact that this city should have imported last year 54,000,000 pounds of
dried beef from Uruguay and the Argentine Eepublic.

THE OLD NATIVE BRAZILIAN CATTLE.

The old native race of Brazilian cattle has long horns and a yellow-
brown color. Having been introduced from Spain and Portugal over
two centuries ago they have the same origin probably as those now
found in California, New Mexico, and Texas, and are better adapted
for producing oxen and beef than for dairy purposes.

The oxen of this breed are very large, being much larger, I should say,
than are usually seen in the United States or in the north of Europe.

The accompanying photograph, taken in the interior of this province,
of a team of four yoke of oxen, shows the native oxen of Brazil of me-
dium size, but perhaps of less than usual flesh. The cart which they
are drawing represents the kind in common use, having solid wooden

'

NAT

P LAT

.

. • .

'«•

• &;

if Co .Lith .

BRAZIL. 631

wheels and axle which turns with the wheels, producing a sound simi-
lar to the filing of ti largo saw.

During a recent tour which 1 made in the extensive agricultural
province of San Paulo I saw some good specimens of the native cattle.
A peculiarity of many of the cows is their resemblance to oxen in re-
spect to head and neck, and not unfreqticntly in size. If there is any
trait or quality" of the Brazilian breed which could be profitably intro-
duced into the United States it must be that, and I think only that, of
size.

The accompanying is a photograph which I had taken of one of these
cows at riracicaba, a town 500 miles distant from here.

The local name of the breed of this cow is Caraqua, and her meas-
urement is as follows: Height, 4 feet 8 inches ; length of body, 8 feet
2 inches ; distance between tips of horns, 4 feet 7 inches 5 age, nine to
ten years ; estimated weight, 900 pounds.

The name of the owner of the cow is Mr. Bento Yollet, and of the
photographer, Mr. Bernardo Newman. I saw cows of this breed which
yielded about 12 quarts of milk per day.

MIXED BREEDS IN BRAZIL.

The Mesticos. — This long-horned breed is docile and is esteemed prin-
cipally for draft. Mixed with breeds from Europe it has produced a
stock called " Mesticos,". which are large and good looking with smaller
horns and yielding meat lightly, but of good flavor.

The Quiabanos. — The interior province of Malto Grosso produces a
small bullock known as the " Quiabanos " breed (a name derived from
the capital of the province), of rather wild inclination but affording good
meat.

English breeds.— O£ course in the principal cities and towns some of
the best English breeds, such as the Shorthorns and Jerseys, have been
introduced for family use.

The Turino. — The breed used almost exclusively for milk dairies in
this and other large cities is called the " Turino," It is rather a large
black and white cow with medium -sized horns, similar to those seen in
the dairies of France and Switzerland, and yields milk abundantly, say
1,200 pounds per year.

BEEF AND DAIRY PRODUCT CONSUMPTION IN RIO DE JANEIRO.

The fact that most of the butter used in a city like this is the modern
adulteration, imported in tin cans, is one of many proofs that might be
adduced of the backward condition of the dairy industry in this country.

The city of Eio do Janeiro consumes in beef, on an average, 110,000
bullocks a year. These are principally killed in the public slaughter-
house, at Santa Cruz, 9 miles distant on the railway, and the meat
brought into the city in cars. From the station it is distributed towards
evening in heavy four-mule carriages, which can be distinguished from
all others by their rapid pace and heavy rumbling, to the retail shops,
which latter, generally, dispose of all their meat early the next morn-
ing.

The cattle usually come from the two great provinces of Minas Geraes
and San Paulo, being driven in herds of one hundred to one hundred
and fifteen head each, over bad roads, and arrive in tired condition.
They cannot be transported by railroad on account of the high freight

632 CATTLE AND DAISY FARMING.

tariff. The average weight of a bullock when killed is only about 440
pounds inclusive of the hide, &c.

A tax is paid to the municipality of Rio de Janeiro of 4 milreis, say
$1.70, on each bullock, and the province from which it comes collects
another tax of 2 milreis per head. The freight by railway from the
slaughter-house to the city is about 50 cents for the four quarters.
The meat is retailed at about 11 cents per pound.
The measurement given in the accompanying form are, for length from
base of horns to base of tail ; of girth, around the animal just behind the
fore legs.

C. C. ANDREWS,

Consul- General.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE-GENERAL,

Rio de Janeiro, June 7, 1884.

SPECIAL STATISTICS CONCERNING BRAZILIAN CATTLT5.

The common Brazilian attains tlio following measurements at maturity: Cow, 6
feet girth; bull, 7 feet girth; ox, 11 feet girth. The live weight of the cow is 440
pounds; of the bull, 700 pounds; of the ox, 1,200 pounds. The annual average pro-
duction of milk is 720 pounds ; 12 pounds of milk required to 1 of butter ; 5 pounds of
inilk to 1 of cheese. The average value of product is, meat, $20; milk, $30 per year;
cheese $25 per year. The animals reach maturity at from four to five years. The
color is a yellowish brown. They originate in Portugal and Spain.

The Furino, used for milk in large towns, produce annually, on an average, 1,200
pounds of milk. The cows measure 6 feet 1 inch in girth, 6 feet 4 inches in length.

The substratum is 10 per cent, limestone ; 30 per cent, sandstone ; 20 per cent,
granite ; 20 per cent, clay ; 20 per cent, gravel.

The cattle are not housed, except in towns. They feed on natural pasture. Breed-
ing is but little attended to. Beef is generally handled on the hoof; milk, to some
extent, by railway.

The altitude is 2,000 feet. The mean temperature 67° Fahrenheit ; summer, 75° ;
•winter, 56°.

The soil is 15 per cent, alluvial, 30 per oent. loam, 20 per cent, clay, and 35 per
cent, sandy.

UNITED STATES OF COLOMBIA. GOG

HOTTED STATES OF COLOMBIA.

CATTLE ON THE PLAINS OF BOGOTA.

REPORT BY VICE-CONSUL BOSHELL.

The cattle of this country is not fit to be exported to the United States
on account of their very inferior quality, and the accompanying form
could not be filled, as there are no statistics to be obtained here.

Cattle brought from the warmer climate to the cooler plains of Bo-
gota bring with them a pest called here " ranilla," which they transmit
in their saliva to the grass, and which is almost always fatal to the
animals raised in the cooler climate. The poison which, the hot-coun-
try cattle bring with them blights the pastures for at least twelve
months, and the grass has to be burnt several times during that period
to eradicate the disease.

The hot-country cattle lose, after being months on this plain, the power
of transmitting the above-mentioned disease.

MAETIN BOSHELL,

Vice- Consul in Charge.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Bogota, December 5, 1883,

REMARKS.

The Criollo is a mixed breed between Spanish, Hertford, and Durham. There is no
fixed rule as to color— red, black, white, and yellow.

The Hertfords have been bred pnro since 1856.

The altitude of the plains of Bogota is 2,560 meters, medium term. The mean
temperature is 15° centigrade ; same climate all the year round.

Cattle are not housed here ; they feed all the year round out in the fields. Breed
ing is left free. Products are liandled as in primitive time.

634 CATTLE AND DAIBY FARMING.

ECUADOR.

CATTLE BREEDING AND PEODUCTS OF CATTLE IN ECUADOR.

ItEPOET 12 r CONSUL BEACH, OF GUAYAQUIL.

In response to circular of July 18, 1883, asking information in regard
to the breeding cattle and cattle products in Ecuador, the following
facts are given as derived from extensive cattle raisers in different sec-
tions :

THE SEASONS IN ECUADOR.

As an introduction, I will state that practically Ecuador has but two
seasons of the year — the dry and the rainy. The first usually begins
with June and ends with November, and the latter begins with De-
cember and ends with May. Each often begins or ends a month earlier
or later than the dates given. The " winter," or rainy season, is the
warmest by from 5° to 10°. Vegetation of all kinds grows most rapidly
during the rainy season, though the influence of the rain is extended
for several weeks beyond its cessation. There is usually every year
from four to five months when the pasturage is scarce and the cattle
have poor subsistence. There are abundant mountain streams that
during the dry period might be utilized at small expense in irrigating
the land ; but the people have not yet reached that degree of agricult-
ural progress.

MILK YIELD.

During the dry season most of the CQWS give but little if any milk, and
the figures given in the subjoined table are for the quantity realized in
from six to eight months. The quantity stated (485 pounds average per
cow per year) is given under the supposition that all the milk of the cow is
included. The general practice is to let the calves run with the cows dur-
ing the day, separate them at night in corrals, and milk the cows in the
morning. Thus they are milked but once a day, and the quantity is
not more than one-half of the product of the cow.

Breeds. — The cattle of the country are all "native stock," and have
been bred in and in from time immemorial 5 the only changes have been
from one plantation to another. The effect of long inbreeding is degen -
crated animals — animals of small, size— as shown by the table given,
and they ard of every known cattle hue. The planters inform me that
there are no natural obstacles to the raising of as good stock here as in
any other part of the world.

NUMBER AND VALUE OF ECUADORIAN CATTLE.

No well-authenticated census has ever been taken in Ecuador, either
of the inhabitants or showing 'the extent of its industries and products.
The actual population is approximated very closely, but there is no data
showing the quantity or value of agricultural products, except of a very
few articles, nearly all of which are exported, their quantity and value
being derived from exportation statistics. In an endeavor to reach a
conclusion as to the quantity and value of the cattle stock, I adopted
different methods. I sought to get an estimate by provinces, but could

ECUADOR. 635

only ascertain that near Santa Rosa every 25 miles square would con-
tain 10,000 bead ; at Loga, the same area, 20,000 head, but for a large
extent of the country no kind of an estimate could be obtained. Fi-
nally an estimate of the number of cattle killed in the country per day
was^inade, based on known numbers of cattle consumed by a known
number of inhabitants. By this method it was ascertained that the
number of cattle slaughtered daily is about 1,000, or 365,000 per year.
As the cattle are sold at an average of live years old it makes the whole
number of live animals 1,825,000. The cattle are sold at an average of
$25, making the total value of annual sales $9,12~',000. The value of
the whole stock, young and old, will average about 818 per head, mak-
ing total value $32,850,000.

About three-fifths of the cattle raised are cows, and the other two-
fifths steers and bulls. The steers are sold as soon as matured, but the
cows are kept longer, all finally being sold for beef. Most of the cattle
hides are exported to the United States ; a few are used by the natives
in making bags, " raw-hide ropes,'7 "bed blankets," and the like.

CULTIVATED GRASSES IN ECUADOR.

The alfalfa is a very good grass, somewhat of the clover order, which
yields largely when well cultivated. The jeneiro is a specie of wild
grass that grows luxuriantly in wet places, and while it is of inferior
quality is in large demand during the dry season, and becomes valuable
because always in supply ; for four or five months in the year it is the
principal food of the horses, mules, and donkeys, in Guayaquil, whose
market is supplied by means of canoes.

PROFITABLENESS OF CATTLE RAISING IN ECUADOR.

Plantations are not dear, and by reason of perpetual pasturage cat-
tle raising is one of the most profitable pursuits in Ecuador, and the
business is increasing. But the business has some drawbacks, as about
5 per cent, of the stock is killed by tigers, and many animals are stolen.
As there are many wild cattle, the result of strays from tame stock,
the loss stated is sometimes partially offset by the capture of wild cat-
tle.

HOKATIO K BEACH,

Consul.
UIUTED STATES CONSULATE,

Guayaquil, October 26, 1883.

REMARKS.

The cattle are of Spanish origin. At maturity the cow weighs 500 pounces, the bull
600 pounds, and the ox 800 pounds. The annual average production of milk is 485
pounds. They arrive at maturity at from three to five years, usually at four. They
are of every color. Oxen are but little used. All cattle are ultimately slaughtered
for meat. Only a small part of the milk is sold. Cheese ranks next to meat in im-
portance, but Ihu v.sluo of Ihia product is not known. The cattle are confined by cor-
rals. The only inel hod of feeding is by pasture. The hides are mostly shipped. The
altitude varies from 0 1o 21,500 feet. The mean temperature is 60° 'Fahrenheit; in
summer 55°, in winter 05°. The soil is a sandy loam on the coast, sandy, scoria, &c.,
in the interior.

636 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

PE1UJ.

CATTLE IN PERU.

T HY roXSUL I.APOIXT, OF CHICLAYO.

I am in receipt of circular dated July IS, 1883. asking for information
relative to breeding of cattle in this department.

In answer I am sorry to say that I am not able to give such informa-
tion as the Department of State might require.

Cattle in this department are bred in a wild state and no attention
is paid to the improvement of the breed. Whenever a supply is wanted,
the owner of an estate surrounds his lands and collects the cattle which
he requires to sell or to send to market. Milk and butter are very
scarce articles, and only to be got on the farms. Tern does.not produce
smiieii'iit cattle for its use. and large supplies are imported from Chili
and the Argentine Republic for consumption in the south.

AMERICAN CATTLE FOR. PERU.

I am sure that when the Panama Canal will be finished, and direct
steam communication wit-h the United States established, it will be a
profitable business to introduce cattle from our country into Teru.

ALFKED LAPOINT,

Vice Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Chiduyo, November 5, 1883.

VENEZUELA. 637

VENEZUELA.

CATTLE INTERESTS IN VENEZUELA.

REPORT BY CONSUL EIRD, OF LA QUAYRA.

Certain specific inquiries with reference to cattle in Venezuela having
been made by the Department of State through a circular letter lately
received at this consulate, the following report is respectfully submitted.
It will be observed that, owing to the difficulty of procuring intelligent
and accurate information, the subject has been treated in a general
manner, but it is hoped that the salient points have been so far recog-
nized, that at least something more than a vague idea of this industry
may be communicated, and that some of the matter herein presented
may not be devoid of a certain degree of interest to those engaged in
similar enterprises in the United States.

As the channels of trade and intercourse with the great pampas of the
interior of Venezuela are inadequate to the maintenance of extensive inter-
State commerce and for the transportation to the seaboard at reasonable
rates of agricultural produce ; and as, in such a sparsely populated coun-
try, thus deprived of facilities for transportation and communication, the
idea of anything like the existence of a home market is naturally pre-
cluded, so the attention and interest of the people has been directed to
that branch cf industry that, with comparatively little care or manual
labor, will yield the surest and most remunerative returns, and that,
when ready for the market, itself furnishes the means for its own inex-
pensive transportation.

The Eepublic of Venezuela has an area of territory of 439,119 square
miles, a fraction larger than the States of Louisiana and Texas and the
Territory of New Mexico combined ; and a population of 2,075,245, not
quite as large as that of the State of Missouri. In the interior of the
country are vast plains of Government lands practically illimitable,
isolated, and uninhabited, though well-watered, salubrious, and fertile,
and especially adapted to the raising of cattle.

According to recent stastitics there are 220,000 people engaged in this
particular enterprise, though the number of cattle cannot be given with
any degree of accuracy. Through the devastating internal revolutions
from which the country suffered up to the year 1874, the large and
flourishing herds of the plains, exposed to the constant and ruthless dep-
redations of all the hostile armies, were practically decimated. They
spared not and paid not ; and hence not only were the flocks and herd's
destroyed, but the rich proprietors were generally reduced to penury
and many even to a state of actual want. But under the unbroken
peace that has subsisted for the past ten years, and the careful and un-
remitting efforts of the despoiled Llaneros to repair their severe losses,
the revival of the industry is assured and the prosperity of the stock
raisers reasonably restored.

From all available information and personal observation it may be
stated that there is only one class of cattle in Venezuela; for, although
there have been, from time to time, some experimental efforts to cross
the breed by admixture with American and other stock, it is virtually
unchanged. It may be called the Spanish- American breed, since it has

638 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

resulted from a cross of the native breed with the Spanish cattle im-
ported in colonial times: bur to call it ''Texas cattle*1 would be quite as
accurate, and would I'eaiiily convey to our American people its true class.
a::d characteristics; lor in all points the cattle of Texas and Venezuela
appear to be identical.

The en.Mom of collect 'ing <>r "rounding up" ihe cattle oi'the ditl'erent
see: ions twice a year for the purpose of identifying, marking, and brand-
ing by individual owners, as is practiced in the State of Texas, is com-
mon here also: and this, together with the intluenee of wholesome laws
supplemented by the vigorous enforcement of coicboy regulations^ suf-
fices t«» settle all doubtful or disputed questions of ownership.

The public domain supplies ample pasturage, where all stock runs
untaxed and unrestricted; stock raisers and agriculturists paying no
tax whatever to the Government, all the revenues of which are derived
from dm ies levied on imports and exports. Of course it will be under-
stood tli at on this vast pasture, lying between the sixth and ninth de-
grees of latitude north, no preparation for wintering stock is necessary;
the climate being always from warm to temperate, and tin4 grasses and
herbage alibi-ding the requisite sustenance throughout the year.

AYhilc the price of stock may only be approximately given, it is safe
to calculate it at not less than $10 in Tinted States currency per head
on ordinary even running lots of cattle over two years old. They have
been much higher even, owing to the late wars; but, with continued
peace, prices must rule much lower. Owing doubtless to these high
prices and the dilliculties of transportation, there are no meat-canning
establishments in the country: but, wjth these obstacles removed, the
export of canned and refrigerated meats mu*ht be large and remuner-
ative. The pasturage, as has been stated, is ample; and while it is quite
impossible to give a technical classification of the different grasses, it
maV be siitHcieiit to say that they comprise annual and perennial varie-
ties of the best quality' for raising and fattening cattle.

With i'.ll. however, that may be said upon the subject, it is proper to
conclude that, at least for some years to come, our own Western prai-
rie> mu>t continue to be the best home for the stock-raiser; where, with
improved stock, siiiiicient pasturage, a good and convenient home and
foreign market, just laws properly administered, and, above all, absolute
safety from predatory bands of revolutionists, he may dwell safely in
the land, rest serenely in his castle, and reap surely the increase of his
lioek< 'Kit! herds.

AY. j$. BJKD,

UNITED STATES CONSULATE. Consul.

La (iKayra* tifylcinbcr U07 1881.

MARACAIBO.

L'l.roja' J:Y ro.y.srv, rir.MAciiLR.

I regret to state that 1 am unable to i:i\e any special information in
answer !•> the Department circular. There are no improved breeds here.
The cat! le of i his part of Vene/iieJa run wild and are not even branded.
They come mostly from the Indian country, known as the peninsula of
the (io\ar;i. Cattle here are only reared lor their hides, and meat for
dai!\ consumption. As a rule, only the milk of goats and asses is
consumed.

K. II. rLUJMACnKK,

UNITED STATES CONSULATE, Consul.

Maracaiboj November 30, 1883.

WEST INDIES. 639

WEST INDIES.

CATTLE IN BEEMUDA.

REPORT BY CONSUL ALLEN.

In reply to circular o€ July 18, 1883, requesting information relative
to breeding cattle, I have to say no cattle are bred here that would
have any value whatever as stock breeders in the United States.

The Bermuda cow is a small, scrawny animal, of a mongrel breed,
is a poor milker, giving only about 3 quarts of milk per day for eight
months of the year. A few cows have been imported from the United
States and Canada, but they do not do well as a rule, and though well
fed with grain, after one or two years they are no better than the na-
tive animals.

The Bermuda grass is not adapted to stock-raising, and while it will
sustain animal life they will not thrive on it, and cows that are not fed
with grain are very poor.

Neither butter nor cheese is made here,

The native beef is rery poor and is rarely seen in the markets.

No oxen are used here, and the male calves are slaughtered for veal,
except those kept for breeding purposes.

CHAS. M. ALLEN,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Bermuda, October 3? 1883.

CATTLE IN SAN DOMINGO.

REPORT SY CONSUL SIMPSON, OF PUERTO PLATA.

I have the honor to return herewith blank which accompanied cattle
circular, filled to the best of my ability.

The origin of the breed of cattle on this island seems to be unknown,
but is probably Spanish. They are small, give but little milk, and are
mainly raised for the butcher.

Few are exported, and, as enough are raised for home consumption,
few imported. Bulls are used exclusively for draft purposes. They are
gentle and easily handled. No oxen are raised.

Cows have been imported from the United States, but they never
seem to thrive, probably from the fact that they were imported from
States too far north to suit this warm climate.

There does not seem to... be much desire to change or improve the
breed, although within a few days two bulls and one cow have been
imported from Porto Kico. These animals are said to have come from
Spain, and although not large are a decided improvement on the breed
here.

THOMAS SIMPSON,

UNITED STATES CONSULATE, Consul.

Puerto Plata, November 20, 18S3.

64:0 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING

REMARKS.

The annual average production of milk per cow is 2,920 pounds. No butter or
cheese is made. The cattle arrive at maturity when three years old. The live weight

The average weight
is unknown ; they feed
" handling products.
Cultivated grasses : Guinea grass.
The mean temperature is 81° j summer, 91° ; winter, 72°.

CATTLE AND CATTLE PRODUCTS IN SAINT THOMAS.

REPORT J!?r CONSUL SMITH.

I am just in receipt of the cattle circular of July 18, 1883.

There is no information relative to the cattle of Saint Thomas that can
be given which will be of any value to the stock-breeders of the United
States. There being no fresh water on the island, and but little grass,
stock is not bred for any purpose.

There are not to exceed two or three hundred head of cattle on the
island. Of this number perhaps one hundred are ordinary Spanish
milch cows.

IMPORTS OF CATTLE.

The supply of cattle for the butcher is drawn from the neighboring
•islands. During the fiscal year ending March 31 , 1883, the importations
were as follows :

Whence imported.

Head.

Value.

Other Danish W^st India Islands ... .. ... .. ........ .

145

$C 150

1 7'27

11,755

Spanish West India Islands . ........ ..

1 374

35 010

20

256

86

1, 165

3

40

Total

3,355

50, 375

A few head are imported at a time in small sloops engaged in that
trade.

MEAT IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES.

The expense which would be incurred by keeping a large supply on
hand precludes the butchers from negotiating with stock-breeders in
the United States for the delivery of such cargoes as would be profit-
able for them to ship.

The salt and canned meats necessary to supply the demand of the
shipping is imported from the United States.

BUTTER AND CHEESE IMPORTS.

Butter is chiefly imported from Denmark, and cheese from Germany
and France.

WEST INDIES. 64:1

Danish butter keeps better in this climate than does that of any
other country. American dealers have frequently sent consignments
here, and in most instances have sustained heavy losses thereon, either
on account of the quality, or in consequence of its soon becoming rancid
and unmerchantable. So long as the quantity of the present quality
of butter produced in Denmark is sufficient to supply the increasing de-
mand, it will not be possible for American dealers to extend their trade
in this direction with an inferior article.

V. V. SMITH,

Consul
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Saint Thomas, January 8, 1884.
H. Ex. 51 41

642 CATTLE AXI) DAIKY FARMING.

AUSTRALASIA,

THE CATTLE OF NEW ZEALAND.

XETOVT T.Y COXSrL (,;,'//T/.Y. OF AUCKLAXD.

In replying to tin- '-cattle" circular of July ISth, 1883, ,1 have the
lioncr to return herewith the forms (inclosure Xo. 1) transmitted to me
in November ':;sr, and which 1 have tilled ii]) with such inforination as
was po.-vsible for me to obtain concerning the cattle in the provincial
di>tric.r of Auckland. I have further the honor to state that the steady
annual increase in the exports of Xew Zealand frozen meat and dairy
produce, together with the favorable condition of the country, it being1
well Brassed and watered, have done much to improve the condition of
rail ic i;: this. colon.

Kvcrv vear new lands are being fenced in and sown with English
grasses. The total number of acres in grass in l\'ew Zealand in 1883,
including ];»nd in Jiay after Itavin^ been broken up, was ^,018,1)04
against 1.771.S7.J ior .issi*. an increase of --17. 18U. Ff, however, the land
in oats, barley, and viieaf were added, the number of acj-es in green
crops ior is*;; would amount to nearly 4,500,000. The value of grass
and <•!<•, -r seeds imported annually into the colony is .something over
s.jOO.UUO.

( 'nns'ulerabh! quani it ies of grass seed, principally t imothy and clover,
come diiect from the I rnited States, and also small (juantities of the
d alfalfa. 1-otli the volcanic and light sandy soil of this
ce rich, succulent grasses, well adapted for laUening cat-
ny extra i'oeti. Second-rate i>astnres will generally yield a

connection with grazing. The greater portion of sec-

s I'ef.uire breaking ii]» al'tei' gra/ing from three to four
land, ai::l v.'hat may be termed as : i:ird class, is better
j >.

M-.ML:J:II (>v SIIKJ^P AND C.VJTLI: IN M:V\' /HALAXD.

rl'he sheep industry is by far tla1 most important one in the colony;
but ! have observed that the increase in the number of sheep during
the \-,\<\ decnde has no| any lli ing lil«e as great ]>ro rat a as that of cat tie.

The n u HI her of sheep in New Zealand in 1SS ! is estimated at !.'{,! l.'J, -
•111'. !•: 1-7! \\ vas 1 l,7i»l,S«S;>, an increase of only J,'10S.r>(;7. In 1874
the i.amb •)• (>r cattle in New Zealand was -1 '.)•!. 917, and now it is about
1 .(MX). 000. The census for cattle is ta.ken in Nev/ Zealand every three
years. The las! census occurred in 1SS1. It will be taken again in
April next. a::d until then the number of cattle in Xew Zealand for 1884

AUSTRALASIA : NEW ZEALAND.

643

can only be given approximately. The subjoined table shows the num-
ber of cattle in New Zealand at each census since 1858:

Year.

Number.

Tear.

Number.

18^8

137, 204

1871

43(i, 502

193 285

18T4

404 917

1Kfi4

249 7CO

1878

578, 430

312, 835

1881

C98, 917

At the last census Auckland district had 158,181 . cattle ; Taranaki,
51,846; Wellington, 140,951; Hawkes Bay, 36,213; Marlborough, 9,919;
Nelson, 31,620; Westland, 7,944; Canterbury, 115,155; Otago, 150,150;
Southland, 34,205, and Chatham Island 6,883. About 40 per cent, of
these cattle consist of Shorthorns and kindred breeds, and the remain-
der of Herefords, Devons, Ayreshires, Normans, Jerseys, and mixed
breeds, &c.

While New Zealand has produced a higher class of cattle than any
of the other Australasian colonies, she is only the fourth in the list in
regard to the number of head. Taking the census of 1881 as a guide,
Queensland had 4,089,715; New South Wales, 1,859,985; Victoria,
1,207,088; New Zealand, 698,917; South Australia, 306,046; Tasmania,
122,504; Western Australia, 65,473. Total Australasia, 8,429,448.

With the exception of New Zealand, cattle in the Australasian colo-
nies, in spite of everything said to the contrary, do not thrive as well as
in the great cattle districts of the United States, and in regard to num-
bers Texas alone has more than half as many cattle as the Australasian
colonies put together.

CATTLE QUARANTINE REGULATIONS.

All the Australasian colonies except New Zealand had for many
years prohibitory laws against the importation of cattle. New Zea-
land, on the contrary, admitted cattle not only from Australia but from
Europe and America. Last year, however, the government of the
colony issued an order in council prohibiting the importation of live
stock from the United States. This order is now very generally admitted
to be a mistake. Mr. Kobert J. Creighton, the agent of the New Zea-
land government at San Francisco, has repeatedly pointed out that
there is no cattle disease such as rinderpest and foot-and-mouth disease
on the Pacific coast. He has also shown that the Texas fever, which
cattle-breeders fear so much, has for many years been localized. The
old plan of driving cattle long distances, and which was the principal
cause of the outbreak of the disease, has been abandoned on account of
the facilities afforded for transportation by railway in Texas, New
Mexico, and Colorado. The liability to the outbreak of this disease is
now reduced to a minimum ; moreover, none of these cattle have access
to the blooded herd or dairy stock of the country.

The question of quarantine is one in which the authorities on cattle
diseases differ widely. The quarantine regulations in nearly all coun-
tries are so loosely enforced as to be practically worthless, and always
occasion a vast amount of trouble and expense. Besides, many diseases
of animals, like those of human beings, are localized. For instance,
certain diseases in tropical countries are unknown in cold climates, and

644 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

tropical countries are wholly free from many diseases of friged zones,
and any attempt to regulate them by quarantine would be useless.
AYhen a country happens to be free Irom a certain disease, even if it
should be a disease that cannot be imported, many are inclined to at-
tribute its absence to the existing quarantine regulations.

Xo\v it is well known that there has never been a case of hydrophobia
in any one of the Australasian colonies, yet thousands of dogs have
been imported from countries where this awful disease is prevalent. Jf
there had been a law against such importations we should doubtless
find many persons ready to proclaim that the freedom of tbo colonies
from this disease was due solely to the prohibition.

It is said that the law forbidding the, importation of cattle into New
Zealand was passed mainly for the beneiit of speculators. The pro-
hibition will, of course, enhance temporarily the price of cattle, but in
the end will prove very injurious to the cattle industry of the colony.
Should there be no further importation of thoroughbreds into New
Zealand, in a few years the cattle will not only cease to improve but
will vastly deteriorate. The prohibition does not apply to Australia,
yet the only cattle disease ever found in the colony was originally
brought from Australia.

Some time ago the United States Government appointed a committee
of inquiry into the dangers which would arise to that country from the
introduction of neat cattle from Europe for the improvement of native
breeds, and the committee reported that the introduction of neat cattle
did not tend to the spread of contagious or infectious diseases. The
operation of the sections of the United States law prohibiting the in-
troduction of neat cattle was therefore suspended, upon the condition
that the importers and owners should submit to sueh orders as the Sec-
retary of the Treasury should from time to time prescribe.

When cattle are quarantined in the United States the arrangements
lor their reception at the various Government cattle stations are so per-
fected as to occasion the least possible trouble and expense to the im-
porters. The Xcw Zealand government might will imitate the exam-
ple of the United States, for there is no infectious cattle disease in the
United States that quarantine would not effectually guard against.

In this connection it is well enough to mention that when the British
Parliament adopted a resolution prohibiting the importation of cattle
from countries where the foot-and-mouth disease prevailed, charges
were made in Parliament that such diseases existed in the United States.
There appeared to be no other foundation for these charges thai? the
fact that cattle suffering from these diseases had been landed in the
United States direct from Great .Britain, and that all such cattle had
been separated in the most thorough and complete manner from the
American herds. The United States Treasury Cattle Commission re-
ported from Boston, 3Iass., July LM, IS.S.'J, as follows:

beginning with the great rendezvous of cattle at Kansas City, Council Bln(fn, and
Omaha we have made card'ul investigation.; along all the lines of cattle traffic as far
us the Kasteni ^aboard. In this investigation we, have included all the great stock-
yards where cattle are detained for feeding, -watering, sale, A:c.; all (ho great feeding-
htables connected witli distilleries, and starch, glucose, and other factories; all the
eily dairies where Mock-yards exist, and where the, herds are replenished from such
stock-yards, and to a largo extent the great dairying districts into which cows arc
drawn from the above-named stock-yards and lines of travel. Up to (ho present date
\ve have made observations in the stock-yards at the seaboard— the terminal end of
our e-iftle trallie and that to which all infection must, gra vitate— but apart from the
imp-Hied cases from Great Britain we have been unable t<i find n singlo case of tho
foot-and-mouth disease complained of.

AUSTRALASIA: NEW ZEALAND. 645

NEW ZEALAND CATTLE IN THE UNITED STATES.

The high class of cattle in this coloDy and the low price at which they
can be obtained has very naturally attracted the attention of the cattle-
breeders in the United States. In August, 1883, Mr. A. W. Sisson, of
California, dispatched Mr. Bollin P. Saxe, a cattle expert, to New Zea-
land to purchase for him a band of pure-blooded Herefords. Mr. Saxe
arrived in Auckland in September, 1883, and after visiting several of
the cattle districts in the colony purchased 20 two-year-old heifers in calf
and 24 bulls from one to two years old from the New Zealand Stock and
Pedigree Company, of Auckland. Mr. Saxe was not only surprised at
the superb condition of the company's cattle but at the low prices at
which they were sold. They were shipped to San Francisco by the
Pacific Mail steamer City of Sydney in October last, being the first
shipment of New Zealand bred cattle ever made to the United States.

Mr. Saxe is of the opinion that Hereford cattle can be more easily
and economically brought to California from New Zealand than across
the continent by railway from Illinois and other States celebrated for
this particular breed. In Illinois these cattle sell at from $500 to
$5,000 per head, whereas they can be bought in New Zealand at from
$100 to $700 per head. Arrangements, it is said, have been made for
monthly shipments of Herefords from Auckland to California, and Mr.
Craig, of San Francisco, has proposed to establish a distributing farm
for them on the Contra Costa Slope near Oakland. It is noteworthy
that the two breeds of cattle most largely in demand in the United
States, viz, the Jersey and the Hereford, thrive better in New Zealand
than any other kind of cattle. The Jerseys are nothing like as numer-
ous as the Herefords, from the fact that they were introduced at a much
later period, but it is well known that they do equally as well. My at-
tention has recently been called by stock farmers, to the high prices
which these breeds bring in America. At the Kellog combination sale
in New York last June a yearling bull, King Ashantee, brought $5,600;
a six-year-old cow brought $1,900, and a two-year-old heifer brought
$1,650, and many others at similar figures. These prices, however,
were eclipsed at a subsequent period at Mr. T. S. Cooper's sale in
Connecticut. At Mr. Cooper's sale 119 Jerseys averaged $952.50 each,
and a thirty-three months' old heifer brought $5,150, and a five-year-old
cow brought $2,800.

NEW ZEALAND HEREFORDS.

The New Zealand Stock and Pedigree Company, of Auckland, has
one of the largest herds of pure-bred Herefords in the world. This
breed has long been a favorite one here. They are tough, hardy, and
are able to pick their food on poor soil, and when two and three years
old outweigh any other breed, and are famous for their high-priced
meat ; that is to say, their loins are well developed, and their yield of
succulent and porter-house and sirloin are proportionately heavy. The
hind quarters of the pure-bred Hereford are long from the hip back-
wards. The thighs are large and full and well meated at the hocks.
The whole carcass is set square on good, short legs standing well apart.
The flesh is firm and the hide mellow, with soft, hair, not too fine, but
giving the impression that it can be stretched to any extent.

The color of this breed is a distinct red, with white face, mane, and
white breast and legs as far as the knee. As an evidence of how they
stand hard feed it is said that during the long drought of 1878 and

64b' CATTLK AND DAIRY FARMfXiJ.

1ST!1, in Australia. about 5 per cent. of the Ilerefords were lost on a
run in Qaeeensland. against 10 per < cut. of the Shorthorn herd and 20
per cent, c: (lie .-.iud Shorthorn. In one large paddock tliere were sev-
enty Shorthorn and seventy Hereford bulls one and two years old. The
Shoithorn- got so j.oor that they had to he turned out on the run, the
being hare of grass, but the llerelbrds kept in good, strong

Captain Cook lirsr visited Xew Zealand there were no cattle

Hiutry. but at a subsequent period some were introduced from
a. In the early settlement of the colony the length of time
in a voyage from Knglaiid. and 'lie many difficulties which had
r'§oiiie by the pioneers, prevented any s|)ecial attention being
the improvement of the breed of cattle by importation, as that
necessaril.N involved a heavy expenditure of money, not to say any-
thing of the thin and patience required to introduce them; but at last
tiic colonists began to improve their herds by the introduction of thor-
oughbreds from Kurope. and 1 have not the slightest hesitation in say-
ing i hat nearly all the imported cattle thrive better in Xew Zealand
thai1 i1; their native homes, and that this superiority is developed to a
stili higher degree in their offspring.

XKV-; ZEALAND SnOJiTlIORNrf.

Tito ^horihori.is. as I have stati u previously, outnumber those of any
other bre.-d in N*1^' Zeahnul. They were amongst the iirst pure-blooded
catti'1 imported into the colony, and have, ever since been very popular
on arr<)in:t of the prevailing impression that they are the best suited
for improving (he breed of inferior cattle and for adapting themselves
to dificivnt kinds of soil and climate. Those who keep up the pure
strain prefer ilu.i roan color to any other, though i-n large, herds red and
white are not; nni-.-;mmon. Any sign of black is regarded as an impurity
of Islo.od and is not brad iV'^n. but are drafted oil' to the butcher. The
cov, s nf thi.s 1 n'ced ai c beli.-vi'tl to •F!.\\ < miik for a longer ]>eriod than any
other and. when dry. fatten rapidly.

'i he largest prices ev< r paid for "New Zealand cattle, have been paid
s. Messrs. ]>:, r.noi }•]. ?-.lacl(-a;», of Auckland district, for
.,;•.. • great attention to t::ls hre.ou.

- hulls i)uke o!' .XewcastV1 :jn.'l .Duke, of ('ambridge, now
!j«i Xew Zealand Stock air,, xligree Company, were
;sr.;, .Macli-an. ri'hcse bulls took' the first prizes at
the Auckland agri'-ultural sliows, and attracted so much attention
amongst judges < •:' s'tocl; tiia! they \vci\' sent to Sydney in 1S7S. At
that tinie they were .,rM to be ti:e finest specimens of cattle ever seen
in New South Wah-s. The Ouko of C,;i!ibria^c, (iain Lady JOIeanor,
a pri/e-takcr at ti.'e \Vesl of lOisgiand shows at riV.union and Kxeter,
:.; -1 Iiis .she the L'.V, h lluroii U'etlierby, came of the celel)raled Sidding-
ton tribe of ])ur»: 15ab's, lai e property of Mr. iio\v!e\. TlujJ)ukc ot'Cam-
1 lidgi isofa light. -roan 4j| lor, aixl al four years of age. was ve.ry massive,
\viih gi'eat Ihickness i'.iiough :ind of iiiiiucns.(! depth, >\ ith caj)ital nn-
deriine. ;:i.od spring of the. rib, arid N-vel back. Iiis companion, the
I'.il.c oj' New (\txiie, ;i i ii-Ji i'o;ni. wascalv(-(i. in No\'einbcr, 1.^75, got by
Ninth Colonel Tivgunter. dam Countess ol' ^'aunton by J.)uke of Som-
f-rsej i-MJOiL'j, grand dam AViiidsnr. l>t by. Led Windsl)r (21020), 3d of
Crocus by Henry 1st (2'';;>70i, <lih <ia;n ('ow.sliji by Saladin. rJ'his is a
pan- Hates pedigree of great exce'l.'uee. His sir<-, Hth Colonel Tre-
gunti r, was our. of a Siduin;;con cu\v, Dutchcss D-lth, and has an un-

AUSTRALASIA; NEW ZEALAND. 647

broken line of thirteen Dutchesses in his pedigree. The Duke of New
Castle is of a beautiful roan color, has a line head and well-shaped neck.
Each of these bulls took first prizes in their respective classes at the
cattle show at Sydney, one being for three years and over and the
other for two years and under three. In addition to this the Duke of
New Castle was awarded the first and champion prize for the best bull
of any breed, for which the whole of the Australasian colonies competed,
and it is said that the owners refused for him an offer of 2,000 guineas
($10,000).

NEW ZEALAND POLLED CATTLE.

The steady demand for black Polled Aberdeen Angus cattle in the
United States has increased the price of this breed fully 50 per cent, in
Scotland.

The Polled Angus being natives of a cold climate are, of course, of a
hardy breed, and on that account are well adapted to the severe winters
of America, and, moreover, it is said they require no artificial feeding.
In the climate of North New Zealand, where they do not require hous-
ing, it is thought they will do even better than in colder countries. Al-
though as yet this breed is confined principally to the colder latitudes
in the south island, it is thought they will soon be distributed through-
out the colony. I learn from a late number of the North British Agri-
culturist that Mr. W. S. Davidson was fortunate enough while in Scot-
land to secure for New Zealand the celebrated Pride heifer and a pair
of yearling bulls of the Aberdeen Angus variety.

Mr. Davidson also purchased for New Zealand, Solomon (2,349 pounds),
of the celebrated Sybil family and winner of the third prize at the last
Inverness show. The animal was bred by the Earl of Southesk, and is
the produce of the first prize national societies' animals, Sybil 2nd, of
Tillyfour (3526) and Knight of the Shire (1699). The cost, like that of
both parents, was considerable. Mr. Davidson also bought from Mr.
George S. Grant, Achorachau, Glenlivet, at a high price, the yearling son
of the prize cow Patience of Corskie (1932), bred at Drumin, and of
select pedigree. The sire of the yearling was the Erica Pride bull Proud
Viscount (1246). The Sybil bull is a son of a member of the late Mr.
McCombie's Paris group, while the Patience yearling is half brother to
the^celebrated heifer Pavilion (3772) which, exhibited by the Earl of Air-
lie, "carried everything before her at the national shows. Kecently some
New Zealand bred Polled cattle have been exported to Australia. Two
of these were shipped to Queensland ; one of these, a yearling heifer
from Mr. Auld's cow Pride of Aberdeen, brought the sum of 510 guineas
($2,550), and the cow Pride of Aberdeen brought 385 guineas ($1,925).
These cattle were the property of the New Zealand Land Company, and
were entirely grass-fed on the company's estate near Omaru.

NEW ZEALAND DEVONS.

The Devons, next to the Shorthorns and Herefords, are the most nu-
merous in New Zealand, and in time will become fully as popular. Mr.
James Dilworth, who was formerly president of the New Zealand Agri-
cultural and Pastoral Association, says that the Devons are an excellent
breed and thrive remarkably well in the Auckland district. He says
that some cattle experts think them superior to the Shorthorns, but,
owing to the fact that little knowledge prevails in regard to them, they
have not obtained the rank they deserve. They are smaller than the

648 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

Ilerefords, arc of a dark-red color, white nose, fall eye, and fine horiiev
Mr. Thomas Allen, to whom I am indebted for much of the material in
this report, is of the opinion that the Devonshire oxen are unrivaled at
the plow, especially if the ground is not too heavy. They have a quick-
ness of action which no other breed of cattle can equal.

Ox labor is no longer employed in England, but Mr. Allen thinks
that years will elapse before such labor can be dispensed with in Xew
Zealand. lie says that no better breed can be found for the purpose
than the Devon. They have better dairy qualities than the Ilerefords,
but do not grow or i'atten so rapidly on rough feed. They are, however,
profitable to the butcher and prove to be better than they look.

AYRSIIIRES.

Ayrshires are also a favorite breed here. They come next to the
Devbns in regard to numbers, and are especially adapted for the dairy.
They give a great quantity of milk and for a long period. The3T are
found in ^ew Zealand of various colors, principally red and white and
sometimes brown and white.

The Ayrshire steers, unlike the Herefords, do not make good beef,
and are usually sold for veal and the heifers reared for the dairy. Mr.
Dilworth owns a pure-blooded heifer of this breed that at one time
produced as much as 23 pounds of butter per week, and now averages
from lii to 15 pounds per week.

ALDERNEYS.

The Alderneys are not numerous in Kew Zealand, and are looked
upon as fancy cattle rather than profitable ones. They are kept here
for the richness and quality of their milk, but are not used in large
dairies. They are of little value to the grazier.

MIXED BREEDS.

In addition to the distinct breeds T have described there are a great
number of cross-bred cattle in I^ew Zealand, from the Longhorn down
to the colonial bred Polled cattle. During the spring1 and summer
months thousands of cattle are fattened and slaughtered from the ordi-
nary pastures without the aid of either roots or artificial food. In some
parts of the colony cattle are fattened on the open pastures all through
the year. In districts subject to frost, it is necessary to grow a good
supply of roots and hay 011 which to fatten the cattle during the winter.
Stall feeding or even housing the cattle during the winter nights is
quite the exception here. Some pure-bred cattle kept for stud purposes
are stall fed, and on some dairy farms the cows in milk are housed at
night (luring the three winter months, when they are fed on hay and
roots, gra/ing the paddocks during the day, but the greater number are
left out all the, year round without shade or shelter. On some of the
large runs herds of breeding cows are, kept, and the calves are left to run
with their mothers till they are four or live, months old, when they are
drafted oil' to a distant part of the run and weaned out of sight and
sound of each other. The, young stock thus bred are reared and some
times fattened. If the feed is not good enough they are sold to the
gra/iers to fj!»r.en. the difference between t lie value of store and fat;
cattle being the grazier's proiit.

AUSTRALASIA: NEW ZEALAND. 649

PRICE OF NEW ZEALAND CATTLE.

Three-year-old steers are -worth in Auckland from 320 to $30 each,
and when fat they realize from $35 to $55, the market being a very
fluctuating one. The cattle are sold at per head, the calculation being
a guess one of per 100 pounds dead. The auctioneer's quotations vary
from $4.25 to $7.50 per 100 pounds of beef, the price depending on the
supply, but the former is often the midsummer price and the latter the
midwinter or early spring.

DAIRY FARMING IN NEW ZEALAND.

Dairy farming is carried on with profit in New Zealand by a large
proportion of the settlers, especially when the family can do the work,
without employing much extra help, Near the large towns and cities
considerable quantities of milk are consumed fresh, some farmers retail-
ing their own milk, while others sell wholesale to the dairy companies
or dealers, who sometimes receive it by railway from 10 to 30 miles. The
dealers generally pay from 10 to 1G cents per gallon for the milk. The
business of butter and cheese making, combined with rearing calves and
pigs, is profitably followed when the distance from the city or railway
will not allow the milk to be sold fresh. Several cheese factories are
now in full working order in the colony, the machinery for which was
imported from the United States. The farmers supply the milk from a
radius of 3 to 5 miles to these, factories at from 7 to 8 cents per gallon,
and find it more profitable than butter-making.

NUMBER OF DISTINCT BREEDS IN NEW ZEALAND.

There are quite as many diiferent kinds of cattle in New Zealand as
in the United States. Mr. Dilworth says ten distinct breeds are known
to exist in the colony, and there may be some others (recent importa-
tions) in the south island that have not as yet come under his knowl-
edge. The following are the mames of the different breeds of cattle in
New Zealand : Shorthorns or Durhams, Herefords, Ayrshires, Devons,
Black Polled Angus, Jerseys, Alderneys, Normans, and Bretons. The
Shorthorns and the Herefords are the two principal breeds. The New
Zealand Stock and Pedigree Company own a herd of the latter, pure
blood, numbering over seven hundred.

One of the most striking facts in connection with the cattle industry
of this colony is their wonderful immunity from diseases which cause
such devastation in Australia. For instance, pleuro-pneumonia cannot
live in New Zealand. This dreadful disease was introduced here on
two occasions from Australia, but at once assumed a very mild type,
and soon disappeared altogether. Another fact almost as interesting
is that cattle are never vicious in New Zealand. It is well known in
Auckland district that cattle will not fight one another. I have often
observed that when bulls of an equal age are turned into a paddock
together for the first time, they will not take notice of each other. I
have also observed that in large dairies where fresh cows are repeatedly
introduced it is never necessary to cut or cap their horns.

COST OF TRANSPORTATION.

The cost for shipping cattle per head to San Francisco via the Pacific
Mail Steamship Company is $150 to $200. This cost would be ma-
terially lessened if they were shipped in sufficient numbers to justify

G50 CATTLE AXD DAIRY FATIMINO.

the company in making arrangements for regular shipments. The cost
nl1 transportation from London to Auckland via the steamers of the
Nev/ /--akini! "" ippinu1 > 'oinpany and the Shaw. Saville, and Albion &
Co. is frorii >:_; •» in -vJ,')i) per head. The expense of feeding aboard ship,
both <»n the San Francisco steamers and tlie direct steamers to London,
is about l! shillings (IS cents) per day. The 1'ood consists of -5 pounds
of oaten hay. IT) pounds of oaten chaff, and a little bran.

The cost of transporting e.attle from London to ^se\v Zealand has
been materially reduced since the establishment of a direct steamship
service with this colony, and I am informed that after the 1st of .March
next the charges for transporting all kinds of live stock via the New
Zealand Shipping Company will be fully ~5 per cent, less than the
present rates.

G. W. GElliTIX,

Consul.

UNITED STATKS CONSULATE,

Auckland, X. Z., February 4, 183-1.

C.VITr/K STATI.-TIC6: OF NEW ZEALAND.

The Shorthorn cattle LTIVO an ;ninual avorn.iro of 4,360 pounds of milk. In this cli-
mate they -will milk nearly llu- year roniul. Ten pounds of milk produce 1 pound of
cheese. Their live \vci.:lii is. cu\v. i, !!UO pounds ; bull, L',01'0 pounds; ox, 1. 100 pounds.
They arriy ar maiuiity at luiir years. The, average Avoight of meat at maturity is
b'>0 pounds. The <-o\vs an- red, roan, and white: red and roans I) e rn £ preferred. The
]mri- breeds conies from English stock, and are descended i'rom cattle imported from
Holland during the last century by JCn^lisli l.»reeder.->.

Ihe cattle are not housed in this country. They are mostly «j;ress fed, with, in
•winter, two feeds ]x r day of <>:it'j?i hay, turnips, or clover hay. The ]>roducts are
handled mostly through s' orekeepers and commission merchants. This is caused by
there bein;j; no dairy farming on a. lartre seale.

Thciafan temperature of Auckland is r>(. ».:-': in v/inter. (T>.<1. Alluvial, loam, clay,
and Handy soils are, i'ound in Xe^v Zealand scattered ov< r lar^e areas, and even in the
di>lrid of Auckland. Timothy is not much cultivated. Imr elov.'r (principally red
and \vhite) is largely cultivated. Kye ;rrasses. perennial Italian ;;mi Kn^lish.

CATTLE IN TASMANIA.

REPOL'T I!Y CONSUL WZKSTri!, OF IIOKAItT.

"With reference to cat tie circular of isth July and accompanying
memoranda, 1 have the honor to say with regret that, after consulting
the government inspector of stork, ! tind that no records are kept which
would enable me to supply you with reliable information.

f ''Hiiparativcly little attention has been paid here to cattle breeding
The total number of cattle in ilio island is lL'Lf.500 only.

A. "G. WEBSTER,

Consul.

OF Till; l".Nm;i) S'i'ATJiS,

JIo!i(irt. Xomahrr L'S, ISS'5.

AUSTRALASIA: VICTORIA. 651

CATTLE IN VICTOBIA.

REPORT BY CONSUL-GENERAL SPENCER.

Referring to circular letter of July 18, 1883, relative to stock breeding
and dairy products in this colony, I herewith transmit all the informa-
tion I have been able to obtain on the subject, which is, I regret to say,
very meager and unsatisfactory.

On the receipt of the circular I placed myself in communication with
the secretary of agriculture for this colony, requesting him to furnish
me, so far as practicable, with the desired information.

On the receipt of his reply, in view of the disappointing character of
the information thus obtained, I addressed a circular letter to the lead-
ing cattle-breeders and dairymen of this colony, but with only indiffer-
ent success.

As the result of my inquiries and observations, I am led to believe
that the United States has little or nothing to learn in respect to cattle
breeding and dairy farming from Australia, where both these industries
may be regarded as still in their experimental stage.

With a boundless pasturage and a most propitious climate, rendering
housing or hand-feeding unnecessary, all the year round, there has
hitherto been no necessity for conducting these and similar industries
on strictly scientific principles; hence I account for the unsatisfactory
character of the information obtained.

O. M. SPENCER,

Consul- General.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE-GENERAL,

Melbourne, May 16, 1884.

652 CATTLE AND DAIKY FAKMIHG.

ASIA.

CATTLE IN SYRIA.

REPORT BY CONSUL ROBESON, OF BEIRUT.

In compliance with Department circular dated July 18, 1883, desir-
ing information relative to breeding cattle, which will be of use to stock-
raisers in the United States, I have now the honor to submit my report
on the breeding, raising, &c., of cattle in this part of Turkey.

BREEDS €F CATTLE IN SYRIA.

It will be seen from the accompanying table that there are three breeds
of cattle in Syria: Joulany (of Bashan); Belady (native or common);
Haysy (of Damascus). » "'

The Joulany breed are black in color, and are supposed to have been
originally brought from Bashan, in the eastern country beyond the Jor-
dan. They are well formed and hardy, and the meat is sweet and ten-
der. (The natives of this country use but little if any beef.) The gross
average weight of the Joulany at three years old may be put down as
follows : The bull and ox from 500 to 600 pounds ; the cow from 450 to
500 pounds. The Belady differs very little from the Joulany in weight
or form. In color they are, as a rule, dark-brown, but vary.

Both of the above-named breeds are used for plowing, in fact all the
plowing in Syria is done by cattle — neither horses, mules, nor camels
being used for the cultivation of the soil.

The Haysy breed (Damascene) are reddish-brown in color, slightly
larger than either the Joulany or the Belady, and are considered the
best breed for milk and butter. There is very little attention given,
however, to the breeding and raising of cattle in Syria.

BREEDING AND RAISING SYRIAN CATTLE.

The natives generally breed from bulls before they are two years of age,
instead of mature animals; nor do they give any special attention to
feeding or housing; they have no barns or sheds for housing cattle or
other stock. The cattle are generally kept in the yard of the owner
when not grazing in the commons or plowing. The grazing is rather
poor in most parts of the country, but in the Hauran and the plains of
Damascus, the pastures are good for six or seven months in the year.
(From May till October we have no rain, consequently, where the land
is not irrigated, the vegetation dries up.) In the Lebanon Mountain
the cattle are generally left to graze on the hills during the summer
season ; the grazing being very poor they become very thin. In autumn
mulberry and grape-vine leaves are gathered and given for food to cat-
tle, while during the winter they are fed with wheat straw, cut fine, and
the dry residue of the mulberry leaves left by the silk- worms. In some
parts of the Bekaah plains the peasants raise buffalo, which give
abundant supplies of rich milk ; but these animals are not good for
beef. The peasants who raise the most if not all of the cattle in this

SYRIA. G53

country do not allow the calves to suckle more than a few days after
thoy have been dropped; when seven or eight days old they are taken
from the cows and are fed on grass and other food. This system in-
jures the calves very much, and they soon become thin and weak. The
Arabs, however, think that taking the milk that nature intended for
the calf and selling it is a clear gain.

MEAT, MILK, AND CHEESE IN SYRIA.

The best breeds for beef are the two first, viz, the Joulany and Be-
lady. The Damascene are considered the best for milk and butter, but
arc'harder to keep, taking twice as much food as either of the other
breeds. It is difficult to get any statistics of the quantity of butter or
cheese manufactured in the country. Butter is sold fresh as soon
,-is taken from the milk; none is kept in stock or prepared for exporta-
tion. The quantity of cheese made is so small that the manufacture of
cheese cannot be considered an industry in Syria.

There is no way of finding out the number of cattle in my consular
district, nor the percentage of the several breeds or the percentage
bred for the dairy and beef, nor the increase or decrease of stock. The
cattle seem to be sufficient for all the demands, as none are imported.

The best bulls can be purchased at a price varying from $75 to $100;
cows from $70 to $90.

EXPORT OF SYRIAN CATTLE TO THE UNITED STATES.

The best method for exporting cattle to the United States from Syria
is by one of the English lines of steamers plying between Beirut and
Liverpool, there to be reshipped.

The cost per head for cattle, from the best information I can get, will
be $75 to $80, including food, &c.j for a number better rates might be
obtained.

I have seen fine cattle about Damascus, and I am of the opinion that
with careful breeding and proper raising Syrian cattle are worthy of
the attention of American stock-raisers and farmers.

SHEEP.

I think that the flat-tailed sheep of Syria are well adapted to many
parts of the United States, especially the Southwestern States and Ter-
litories. They make good mutton, are hardy, and grow to a large size.
Their fleeces are fine, weighing from 12 to 15 pounds each. The wool
is of the best quality for making carpets and other heavy woolen goods.
The average price of sheep is $5 per head. The cost of exportation to
the United States via Liverpool would be about $30 per head, includ-
ing food.

PROHIBITED.*

I beg to remind all who may be interested in the exportation of
horses, mules, donkeys, cattle, and sheep from Turkey that the same
is prohibited by the laws of the Ottoman Empire.

JOHN T. EOBESON,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Beirut, March 30, 1884.

* In his report upon the "Angora goat," published in No. 31, for July, 1883, Cousul-
Genor.il Heap thus refers to the prohibition of the export of Jive animals:

"After the last shipment of goats to the Cape in 1880, the Turkish Government pro-
hibited the export of Angora goats. This was done in response to a petition on the

CATTIJ: AND DAIRY FARMING.

Special *:uti->:'n:s CVHC- rnimj nitric In Syria.

Cow.

breed.

Z. I't-E' Description.

LlK. i LI*. IV*. I

Juiilany ... liashaui 11 17 0 4 CJ •• . '_ (•/•_ 5:>J ( 57'J ! 3 440 Black; yroat

power of en-
durance.

Iklauv I 10 17 G 4! G l^. H 5-5(3 f-C^i .': -K'.O Dark brown;

compact aiul
v.-.-ll kT.il.

II;iysy ... Mi.;i!.t I. ' • i L7 G •'. r :/ 7 C'tl C70 ;> '11 , lit ddish br'wn:

Ml i id tafl and sh-u-

01 Damascus. di-r l.-^s.

Tii'-r.' ;n-c no l»;irns or slicds for liousin.ij cattl*1. &c. They .-n-c generally kept in
tin.- yard of the owner. In s]>:'i:i;j; and SIUM.'IHV tiny are let out 10 ^r.i/e. hi autinnn
fresh mulberry and vine ', uiven them for jlvjd. During; \vintcr they aie led

-\vith v.'hcat stra^v, ^V e.

P

i; L

Soil.

Pandy, &c.

!3i i

rocky).
]n p;n; Mostly.

j<<-; sen in 1>\- the native diners in mohair, "\vlio became alarmed at the rapid
elopment of the industry at tho Cape, wliicli tliey Buppo.srd -svas the cause of ihe
r-'eiution in the value of mohair. The true cause of the (h-piceiation lias heen

: iom-d under the heading of ' 1 '.x^or' and jn'iee oi' mohair.'

Tliis ]iroliihitio!) luid nouiinally heen in I'oreo for many years, and was in reality
y i '.-?.e\\ .'d in !*--(), but, li 1- . '• a II ot her <jo vermin nt al ediets in this count ry, it can
oven onie and nt-cd noi stand in il:e v» ay of intending iiiijiortcrs. Nome, small
lay JP;I\ !.!.«• to'oemadelo oldaina ]ieiiiiit l'(,i% <•>: portal ion. Shortly after the
hibit inn ih'1 v. rit'-r l:;fd a ]>eriuii of n^jioiiat i(»u olicrcd to him for ",OUO goats.
e KI i'» 'si way. ho\v e.\er, \\ould li«- to apj"i\- f<.r a periiii; I hrou^l: iJie minister of the
ited iSlutes, v. ho would no doubt obtain it."

CEYLON. 655

CEYLON.

CATTLE OF CEYLON.

REPORT BY CONSUL MOREf.
DIFFICULTIES WHICH BESET CATTLE-BREEDING IN CEYLON.

The materials for a report upon the cattle of Ceylon are very meager.
The climate of the low country is too humid and the pasturage too
poor for the vigorous support of the large animals sometimes imported
from Europe, Australia, and the hill districts of India, nor can they be
said to thrive greatly in the more elevated region, for even there the
natural grasses are neither nutritious nor wholesome, and if these spe-
cies of cattle are not largely fed on grain or roots they fall off in condi-
tion and die early, having in the meantime produced a degenerate pro-
geny.

I have it on the authority of a European lady, who has a taste for
the breeding of improved cattle, and who has expended large sums of
money and much time and attention in that direction, thagker early ef-
forts in Nuwar Eliya, which is the sanitarium of Ceylon aB over 6,000
feet above sea-level, were very disappointing, in consequence of her
best animals often dying of intestinal complaints. Post-mortems finally
disclosed the fact that much of the grass they had consumed was so
hard and wiry that it had resisted digestion and remained in the animal
in the form of large fibrous balls, which completely stopped intestinal
operations and caused death.

The plan finally adopted by this persevering lady to preserve alive
such of her surplus stock, principally cows out of milk and youngsters,
as it was impracticable to keep stall-fed, was to send them down to
Pussellawa, to a coffee estate about 3,000 feet above sea-level, where
they were fed on cultivated grass, for the sake of their manure, and
thus the stock was for a considerable time kept in fairly good condition.
Eventually, however, the said coffee estate went under different man-
agement, when, owing either to a neglect about cultivating the grass or
to not feeding it to the cattle, those poor brutes were, to my knowledge,
soon reduced to a most pitiable state of starvation, from which it proved
impossible to recover them, and the moiety if not the whole of that choice
herd is now extinct.

Most other people's attempts at rearing improved stock here haye
resulted about the same, and, although there are in the central prov-
ince, where most of these operations were carried on, some very nice
stock of mixed parentage, still it has been reared at a cost far beyond
its value, and if not kept up by fresh importations of new blood from
abroad, will probably degenerate and run out in the course of another
decade. It also seems to be very difficult to improve the common Sin-
ghalese cattle by crossing them with foreigners (see Plate 1); for what-
ever the present improvement, principally in size, may be, such progeny
are generally wauting in hardiness, and crosses likely to work an im-
provement in this respect are difficult of accomplishment. Some beau-
tiful bulls of the Amrut Mahal (Milk Palace) breed, which I imported

656 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

in a herd of Mysore rattle, in 1875, could not be enticed into inter-
course with Singhalese cows, though intermixture does commonly occur
between other varieties and the Singhalese breed.

SINGHALESE CATTLE.

The ordinary cattle of Ceylon are probably descended from breeds
inhabiting the Telugu country of India, as they resemble very closely,
in eonl'onnalion and color, the cattle now common there; whereas
there are great differences in these respects between them and the breeds
of that portion of India lying nearly opposite this island, whence it
might naturally be expected that such animals would have been intro-
duced. Jt must be remembered, however, that the Indian conquerors
of Ceylon and founders of the Singhalese race of people, came from the
Telugu district, about 550 B. C., and subsequently kept up an active
and constant communication with their fatherland, obtaining from there
even their wives, priests, raiment, and very likely their domestic ani-
mals.

1 therefore believe that the popularly termed Singhalese cattle are
mainly the offspring of Telugu stock; and though somewhat degen-
erate in size, and now almost inconsequential for dairy purposes, are
nevertheless better suited to this climate and for the ordinary needs
of this insular people than any other variety at present known.

The largest of them do not exceed 4 feet in height, measured to the
top of the bump, over the withers, nor weigh above 350 pounds alive.
The females ore about 0 inches lower, owing not only to ordinary re-
duced stature, but to an unproportionally small hump development, as
compared to the males.

The maximum amount of milk yielded by a cow under favorable con-
ditions is about U quarts per diem, exclusive of enough to support life
in the calf, in the absence, by death or otherwise, of her offspring, the
mother ceases to give milk altogether, so that in some cases where a
calf lias died its skin has been stuffed and presented to the mother at
milking time, and thus, for a short period at least, through this decep-
tion, the animal would be induced to give down her secretions.

Under liberal treatment a very good cow, especially if she be a fond
mother, will yield milk for nine months, but as a rule six months is
about the milking term, if she depend upon grass altogether for
sustenance her mess of milk will be reduced one-half, and the maximum
amount is only obtained by feeding with some cotton seed and poonac
(cocoanut-oil cake).

For draft purposes, the males are, for their size, wonderfully good,
and capable of drawing comparatively enormous loads. Hitched in
pairs to huge two-wheeled carts, they may be seen any day, in our sea-
port towns, struggling along with a load of twenty-one bags of rice,
equivalent to .'WOO pounds weight ; and yet they are mere pigmies,
poorly fed and miserably housed, or more frequently not sheltered at
all, but h-ft tied in some open court and made- to lie upon the bare'
ground or brick pavements.

.Many of them, generally of smaller size, are- kept by the natives to
draw singly the, family "bandy," a light two-wheeled vehicle, often
seemingly hardly big enough for one person, and yet, by some remark -
ab'o method of close, stowage, mutual forbearance, and mysterious
adhesiveness of the occupants, made to contain four or five people,
large and small ; with which load the sturdy little bull trots away, at
t!:e Mtc of (i or 7 miles an hour, and if the driver entertains aeon-

I

CEYLON. 657

ceit about his animal being fast, the poor thing will have to race, load
or no load, with every other turnout of the same sort that comes along.
Then the shrieks and wild bowlings of the rival jehus are almost un-
earthly, and the twisting of the poor brutes' tails, as a last resort to
increase their locomotion, is incessant and positively inhuman.

These little animals are treated with much care, and only used as
roadsters ; whereas the mothers, and in fact all of their cows, when out
of milk, are put to the plow by the rural Singhalese, who would much
sooner behave thus ignobly • towards the weak and obedient females
than be put to the bother and expense of keeping unruly male animals
for such purposes.

The Singhalese cattle are of all colors— though black, very dark-brown,
and red, are the prevailing colors. When white appears to any con-
siderable extent it indicates an intermixture with other blood, and fore-
bodes a want of hardiness. Many of the male animals are branded all
over the body, in huge designs, after the style of lace or fretwork, and
this is done for ornament originally, although there is a belief that it
improves the stamina and condition of a bullock to so brand it. Ac-
cordingly, whenever an inhuman cartman has by overwork, cruel neg-
lect, and starvation, reduced his animals to almost the last extremity,
he gives them a few clays' rest, meantime calling in some fiend with
firing irons, who cauterizes the wretched creatures into popular condi-
tion for further labor.

In fact these people have a proverb (as I believe most other folks
have) to justify monstrosities and foolishness), viz., that "the bullock
will come to its owner once a year, and ask to be branded." Here let
me state that this practice of such doubtful utility, to say the best of
it, renders the hides of the animals almost worthless to the tanner, as,
wherever a hot iron has touched an animal's skin, the leather will be
fatally defective.

IMPORTED CATTLE IN CEYLON.

In years past, before railroads were common, and when, owing to a
large production of coffee, money was plentiful, many excellent draft
cattle of large size were imported, and Plate No. 4 fairly represents
those of a breed coming from Tanjore, which, though of fair longevity
in their own country, where the climate is dry, do not last long here
when put to work in the interior where, at high altitudes, cold rainy
weather prevails, causing amongst them such serious mortality that
now, fresh importations having fallen off for want of a demand, but
few respectable specimens of this really fine breed are to bo seen hers.

Some of our rich estate proprietors in prosperous times also got down
Nellore cattle, bulls and cows, both for draft and the dairy purposes
for which they excel, but the cost of their keep, for they require to be
almost entirely stall-fed in Ceylon, and the absolute necessity for careful
European control and supervision, which is expensive and not always
to be had, render them a luxury which, owing also to early mortality, is
somewhat transient, and only to be enjoyed by the wealthy, a class not
common here now.

There are a few reputable speciments of these Nellore cattle still to
be found in Ceylon, but I cannot regard them as fair representative
types of the breed. There are also Australian of mixed European
blood, and some English cattle, but the same conditions required by
the Kellores also largely apply to them and are not available, conse-
quently the breed is disappearing fast.
H. Ex. 51 42

658 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAKM1NG.

There are crosses between The English and some Indian breeds to be
seen, which to my mind, especially on account of their superior stamina
to withstand the varieties and peculiarities of the climate, are of greater
local utility than their originals. Plato ]So. 5 represents poorly a good
specimen of them, viz, a draft bullock well known here, possessing all
of the best points in some measure of both varieties in his parentage
and having their marked characteristics amalgamated and toned down
in a highly useful and interesting manner, viz: the Xellores long and
somewhat stilty limbs me shortened in the cross-bred and their propor-
tions altered, so that the animal, though standing on shorter legs, has
long and muscular thighs with short cannons, ami the. body, somewhat
lengthened and broadened, covers more ground, which points, together
with the retention of the massy fore quarters of the XelJore, renders its
mixed offspring more efficient for heavy draft and capable of faster loco-
motion.

The photograph does the animal injustice with respect to these points,
owing to the picture having been taken in a circumscribed space on a
rainy day, and there, was no opportunity of getting a better one.
Occasionally one meets with a nice animal of this sort which it gener-
ally transpires on inquiry is prized by the owner above any other of
his stock. The color is sometimes a light striped brindlc, but generally
a rich iron gray.

BUFFALOS.

The common Bullalos also inhabit Ceylon and are found both wild in
the interior and partially tame in the Singhalese villages wl^ere they are
kept and used to trample the paddy (rice) lands after plowing and to
be sometimes milked, though not often, as they aie lierce and trouble-
some, and their yield of milk smsll and of poor quality. Their llesh is
almost inedible.

It is diile-rcnt, however, with their congeners from Southern Jndia,
which are larger and tamer, and often imported for dairy use in eon-
Milcrable numbers, for they are fairly tractable and give a good supply
of wholesome milk, and being kept in the neighborhood of large towns
and allowed to feed upon the commons, they present an interesting sight
to strangers who arc astonished at their almost hairless uncouth forms,
the very exemplification of ugliness; and the wonder is still further in-
creased, when the awkward beasts, to avoid the midday heat, wade de-
liberately into the neighboring ponds, submerging their bodies, until
only their noses, raised almost perpendicular, protrude, above the water,
presenting the appearance of a. shoal of alligators.

No successful attempt at crossing these animals with true cattle has,
I believe, been made; the mixed progeny, whenever any appeared,
having invaiiably died young.

SUMMARY.

It will be, seen from what is hereinbefore written, that a species of
dwarl't'd cattle, too insignificant in every respect for Western purposes,
though well suited to the small wants of a simple people, is the only
permanently successful and largely useful breed in the island; and this,
by SOUK- natural interposition, is suited to live in a climate, graduating
through all degrees of temperature, from extreme- torrid in the low
cMintiy, to mild frigid on the hills, and to subsist upon such poor vege-
tation as grows in the meanest soils of almost every description known

CEYLON. 659

to geologists; whereas no known breed of superior cattle can exist upon
the natural pasturage of the island and endure the climate, accompanied
with the tormenting attacks of the land leeches, which are common in
damp weather, up to an altitude of at least 4,000 feet, unless it be in
the Horton Plains, which have not been practically tried. Therefore,
it seems impracticable to attempt the filling up of the tables attached
to the circular letter now under reply, and for that reason I hope the
omission will be excused.

I would have illustrated this report with colored plates, but did not
consider it of sufficient importance to warrant so much elaboration,
more especially as the photographs (except No. 5) fairly represent their
subjects.

W. MOBEY,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Colombo, November 1, 1883.

t)6U CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

MALAYSIA.

THE WATER BUFFALO OF SIAM AND MALAYSIA.

REPORT BY CONSUL STUDER, OF SINGAPORE.

I have to acknowledge the receipt of a Department circular of date
July IS last, addressed to the consular oilicers of the United States.

I have carefully and repeatedly read and reflected upon the forms and
menu randa just" alluded to, and, while fully impressed with the great
importance to the. agricultural interests of the United States of the
subject contemplated in the said circular, I can truly say, as a native-
born Swiss and as an American citizen who has resided for a number
of years in the State ot'iowu, engaged in farming, owning and breeding
stock, that any information I can give about the territory and prov-
inces, lying within the limits of my consular jurisdiction and adjacent
countries or islands can be of no practical benefit whatever to the stock-
breeders of the United States, whatever interest it may have otherwise
as a contribution toward a full understanding of the whole question of
cattle-raising; and were 1 ever so willing to obtain and give the infor-
mation required in anyway in accordance with the said forms and mem-
oranda, I feel fully certain that no out- here, with any degree of satis-
faction to myself and to the Department, could give it to me.

The colony of the Straits Settlements and intervening Malay prov-
inces under .British protection (the territory within rny consular juris-
diction) is not a cattle-breeding country, notwithstanding that districts
therein are devoted, more or less, to agriculture; and very nearly all
the cattle used in the same for beef and for draft purposes, the passen-
ger trallic excepted, are imported from Si:im and some of the suzerain
Malayan provinces nearest to Siam proper; from Durrnah and Bengal,
but iiiosiiy 1rom the Coiomandel coast; and they are peculiar breeds
of cattle not met with anywhere in Europe or America, and seemingly
specially adapted to the tropics. They are lop-eared and hunchbacked,
with a very thin covering of hair.

There are several varieties as to size, color, form, horns, and strength.
The best as to weight and strength and power of endurance under a
tropical sun rome from the Madras coast eh icily, and occasionally from
Denial ;'the largest si/e), and S»iam.

'[ he rat i ie of t lie count ries alluded to, I feel certain, could not endure
the climate of the United States, except perhaps the extreme southern
p;:i Is i.f Louisiana, I-'lui ida. and Texas. And as the cattle of our South-
ern States an- much large]-, iiner, and inured to the climate, and giving;
far bet ier n turns, in beef and dairy products (quantity and quafcty), 1
lai! to see what any one would gain by importing stock for breeding or
race-mixing purposes from India.

There aiea fe\v Hindoos engaged in the dairy business, keeping small
herds of (rows. They raise calves, keep the heifers, sell the steers to
cart men, \\hile the old worthless cows are, disposed of for beef. The
owners of worn-out cattle, after allowing them a lew weeks' rest on coarse
tough grass (called bullang), sell the same- also for beef, so called.

MALAYSIA AND JAVA. 661

Beef cattle are really not indigenous to any portion of jungle-covered
Malaysia ; the buffalo alono finding subsistence therein. But the latter
is not used for dairy purposes, and buffalo meat is only eaten, owing to
its toughness and unpleasant flavor, by the lowest and poorest classes,
chiefly Chinese, when it is eaten at all. But for purposes of heavy
draft, such as plowing, cart, or log-hauling, the buffalo, being a ponder-
ous and most powerful beast, much larger and heavier than our largest
American ox, is unexcelled in point of strength and power of endurance;
but mud-holes, fords, swamps, or creeks, places where he can wallow and
bathe, are necessary for this animal. For the cultivation of rice he is
therefore invaluable to the natives. He must be unhitched when he
gets restive, this being a sign that he wants to bathe. If this is not
done he becomes, as a rule, dangerous.

I have seen buffalos in size and weight about half way between a
very large ox and an average elephant.

They have very heavy, ponderous, andpeculiar horns, resembling some-
what those of the western American buffalo, only very much larger.
They are a sort of mouse-colored (as a chief color), from pinkish blue to
dark in shade, and have an exceeding thin coating of hair (if any at
all), the tail (bushy at the end), ears, and head excepted. They are very
numerous in the rice-growing districts in Siam, and everywhere met
with where there are native settlements on the peninsula of Malacca
and all through Malaysia, and at Penang more than at Singapore.

They are unsafe, often very dangerous and vicious. The Malays and
natives of Siam, who breed them almost alone, understand how to manage
and work them.

In the jungles of the Malayan peninsula there is a wild species, ex-
ceedingly dangerous, going in herds.

The buffalo (really known as the "Water Buffalo") I believe could not
live, or not live long, outside of hot, moist, and swampy countries; he
must have mud and water, and for that reason alone it would be ex
tremely difficult to bring him over a great sea distance.

A. G. STUDEE,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Singapore, November 9, 1883.

THE JAVA BUFFALO.

EEPORT LY CONSUL HATFIELD.

I have to acknowledge the receipt of circular relative to breeding'
foreign cattle in the United States.

There is, however, very little, if any, information of interest bearing
upon this important question procurable here, and but one kind of cattle
that could be imported, if at all, into the United States ; even then, the
South would, for climatic reasons, have to be selected. * • *

I refer here to the Java Buffalo, an animal well-nigh indispensable
to the native, a beast of burden when alive, and furnishing food, hides,
and bone when slaughtered.

I am very sorry to say that, after having tried to get from more than
one authority such data as desired on the second page of your circular,
I find it not procurable, nor does it seem that any bureau, department,
or private party can supply the same.

GG2 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

The buffalo i< about- the size of our ox — of a dull steel-grin" color,

ti at time* ol' pinki>h-whi'.e.

The animal serves as the ox when aihe. a::u is slaughtered for food.
The meat is. however, much tougher and cnarvev than that of ordinary
beef, does not cost as much, and as a result is only consumed by na-
\\\\ s and tiui poorer classes geiieially. :I!s food is grass, and experi-
ence hei e has proven tliat ho thrives besr when not kraalled, but allowed
*o graze at laige ;?.nd in the ])eighborh<'»^d of a ]>end or slow-running
stream <»f water. A brJi'alo will invariably take to this water, immerse
himself up to his in:ck. and ir-niaiu there happy and content for live or
six hours every d;\v if lie ran.

C'ei'tain portions of this island LUX! Sumatra have suffered nraeh during
Ihe pas! four or live years from a plague attacking tin's cattle, and the
govt rnmenl ha ; done all it vrcil could to };rcvent a s])rcad of the dis-
case, with fairly satisfactory results. The, plan adopted has been to
promptly kill any animal atiacked, and in many cases those with it in
the same herd. Farmers in ;-evoral cases have cried out against this
system as entailing unnecessary expe:i>«(i iir.'-m the government (who
make good the value, to the owner) and hardship up-.ai the farmers.

it certainly is seen that the treatmci,;, to \vl;ich these animals have
been subjected by European veterinary surgeons, in kraalling them and
preventing their free access to the water, has not brought about the an-
ticipated result, for many sound beasts have bce:i found to get ill under
it, thus causing the extermination of ail

OSCAIJ. IIATF1ELI).
Consul.

CONSULATE OF THE UNITED STATES.

Hatavia, January 11, 18S4.

JAPAN. 663

JAPA1SY

CATTLE IN JAPAN.

REPORT OF CONSUL JONES, OF NAGASAKI.

I have the honor to acknowledge letter of the Department of State of
July 18, 1883, desiring information relative to breeding cattle for the
benefit of the stock-breeders of the United States.

Japan cannot be said to be a stock-breeding country. Previous to
the arrival and settlement of foreigners in the country — now some
twenty-five years — beef, milk, butter, and cheese were not used by the
natives as articles of food, and were in fact unknown to them.

There are no words in the Japanese language for beef, butter, and
cheese, except those recently framed from the English for convenience7
sake, and in use only at the treaty port. These words are not known
or used in the interior of the country.

There are no farms in Japan, as an American understands the mean-
ing of the word farms. There are, instead, small fields and patches of
ground, bounded by ditches and water- courses, which are highly culti-
vated, but more as gardens than 'farms. Consequently there are no
ranges for stock, and the grass of the country is coarse and of poor
quality.

Sheep will not live on the grasses of Japan.

The cattle are apparently a degenerate breed, brought originally from
China or Corea.

The bullock is used as a draft animal for packing purposes, and in
the cultivation of the soil — plowing, &c.

The cow gives but little milk ; merely sufficient for their calves.

When killed and dressed by the butchers the cow will weigh from 250
pounds to 400 pounds ; the bullock, from 350 to 450 pounds.

Beef in the markets at Nagasaki sells for about 12 cents a pound.

It will thus be seen that there are no facts connected with cattle-
breeding in Japan that would be of any interest or use to the stock-
raisers of the United States.

ALEXANDER O. JONES,

Consul,

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Nagasaki, Japan, December 12, 1883.

(JG4 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

CIIIXA.

CATTLE IN THE YANG-TSE-KIANG VALLEY.

REP OR T HY CONS UL KHE PA R D, OF 11. t XK 0 17.

I have the honor to submit the following as my response to Depart-
ment circular of July 18, 1883, relative to cattle, their breeds in this
consular jurisdiction, their treatment, and collateral topics.

The location of this consulate and its dependencies is entirely in the
valley of the l\iver Yang-tse-Kiang, extending from the port of Kiu-
Kiang to Chung-Ching, a distance of about 1.000 miles. I have pur-
sued investigations upon the points presented in the forms accompany-
ing the circular, by correspondence and otherwise, for the entire distance,
as thoroughly as the means at my command would allow, and the infor-
mation given is as exhaustive as a summary will permit. It is pre-
sented in detail, rather than on the forms given, on account of the
varied nature of the region reported on.

TOPOGRAPHY OF TIIE Y'AI\TG-TSE-KIANG VALLEY'.

The topography of territory presents differing features at differing
points, but the soil. being all bordering upon the Yang-tse River, is prin-
cipally alluvial, with loam, clay, and sand observable at special locali-
ties, but not generally predominant.

The altitude at any station in the entire district of country under con-
sideration has never been taken, as far as I can discover. My only
means of estimating it is from the flow of the river, taken in connection
with distance from tide water. But the rate of fall per mile is indeter-
minate, varying so widely in estimates given that I cannot n'x upon an
average with any certainty. In low stages of water the effect of the
ocean tides is visibly felt for three to four hundred miles from the sea.
I judge, therefore, that the fall of the water is little more than would
be produced by (lie curvature of the earth, and this leads me to con-
clude that Hankow is about 50 to GO feet above, sea level. Places far-
ther up would of course have a proportionate altitude when .situated in
the river valley, but, highlands in the interior, often approaching close
to the river banks, rise, to lofty elevations.

The temperature has no great variation in the whole distance, and I
therefore, select that at Ichang, for the year l«SS:>,as that port is 400 miles
above Hankow, and about the central point between the extremes of
the territory.

CHINA. 665

Records of thermometer and barometer at Icliangfor 1883.

Months.

Thermometer.

Barometer.

Highest.

Lowest

Highest
average.

Lowest
average.

Highest.

Lowest

o
53

r>2

71
77
82
89
93
92
93
SO
04
50

o
30
31
41
49
60
68
71
73
01
49
39
34

0

44
45
61
68
72
82
85
88
78
69
54
52

o
35
38
50
59
65
72
70
70
70
02
48
41

31.01
30.40
30. 30
;<(). 32
30.18
29. 95
29. 87
30.00
30 37
30.54
30. 50
30.50

20. 7.i
SO. 90
29.04
29. 51
29.69
29.09
29. 58
29.08
29.77
30. 00
30. 01
30.12

March

April

May

July

From a short distance above Kiu-Kiang to near Hankow sandstone
is met with, and is a very superior building stone, much used for foun-
dations and trimmings for the more pretentious buildings, and also for
banding the river banks. •

About Hankow, and for miles above, limestone abounds, and immense
quarries that have evidently been worked for 'centuries, with no signs of
exhaustion, approach almost to the banks of the river, where lime-kilns
are met with at frequent intervals, constantly employed in the process
of calcining the stone for buildings and kindred uses. An immense
traffic both up and down the river grows out of this industry, most
useful to the people.

Clay also abounds, and bricks of extreme hardness, of flinty strength,
of a dark slate color, are made in vast quantities. Crucibles are also
made from clay in the near vicinity of Hankow, said to be of unsur-
passed excellence.

Granite and gravel are found in a variety of locations, the former
more inland than geological formations already referred to.

There are no grasses cultivated, and hay is not gathered as an indus-
trial product. A coarse, wild, swamp grass is found everywhere.
Wheat and oats are extensive field products, but I have never seen
rye under cultivation here ; and timothy and clover are unknown. Oc-
casionally one meets with a few blosoms of small, sweet, white clover,
and they are probably the result of scattered seeds from lawn planting
by foreigners with imported grasses.

BREEDS OF CATTLE IN THE YANG-TSE VALLEY.

There are only two breeds of cattle in the entire region, and I think
neither has any characteristics to recommend it for exportation and
adoption, even for experiment in the United States. I present the
characteristics of each separately, and other particulars will apply to
both alike.

THE COMMON YANG-TSE CATTLE.

The common cow is a small-sized, compact animal, weighing about
400 pounds on the average, and produces young in the third year. She
may be considered mature after that, and lives about twenty years.
The bull and ox of the species are 20 per cent, heavier than the cow,
and all are broken to labor, the purpose for which they are kept, in the

6G6 CATTLK AND DAIKY FAKMIXG.

third year. The color is generally a dark red, sometimes ]>iebald.
Limbs arc >hort and bones small. Horns arc short, nearly straight,
blunt ami ugly in ibrm. usually of about equal si/e from base to tip.
Milk and its components arc little used bylhe people, and I cannot
learn that butter or cheese is ever "made, in this part of the Empire at
least. The only estimate to be relied upon thai 1 can give of their
milking- qualities I have obtained of a foreigner, who keeps a small dairy
to accommodate the foreign population with milk only. From his ex-
perience about 3 quarts per day is the highest average. The flesh
makes good beef when decently led, but the animals are not killed until
they are past breeding and too old for "work. The dried skin weighs
about 117 to LS pounds, and the, bones and offal are comparatively small.
Calves are small, and the first \ear develop slowly. One familiar with
line milkers in the United States is surprised at the very small udders
of ihese cows, and their teats are very small and diminutive. The milk
veins, however, arc large, and whether culture and careful breeding
would develop profitable qualities only experimental trial can decide.
The origin of the breed I cannot discover, but, from all 1 can learn, it
seems to have been here as long as the- Chinaman himself. The current
value per head is not over ten and a half gold dollars.

THE -\VATKll BUFFALO OF THE YAXG-TSE.

The water Buffalo is the only other bovine in this region. It is the
same animal that is iound in India and Kgypt. Webster's Unabridged
Dictionary, illustrated edition of 1S7S, has a quite accurate represen-
tation of th:.' animal. It is there described zoologically as u a species
of the genus Ijo* (LVs- Inbuilt*), originally from India, but now found in
most of the warmer countries of the eastern continent. It is larger and
less docile ihan the common ox. and is fond of marshy places and
rivers." This is a very correct idea of it. The cow is as large as a
common ox in the. United Stages, it is of a dun or slate color, with
coarse hair, bristly and sparse, it comes to maturity in the fourth
year, and gestates once in eight '-en months thereafter, producing eight
or nine calves in a life-time, which is about eighteen years. The young
are broken to v;oi k in the second year, and the cows are quite as much
used for milk as the commoner small breed, yielding a third more. It
will perform double, the labor of (he small animals, and might be worth
testing as a draft animal, but it is not to be forgotten that it is very
sluggish at work, moving very slowly, and is not infrequently fierce
and intractable, it will ceitainly thrive on much poorer food than our
cattle- at home, and it makes very good beef. The average weight of
cows is 700 pounds, and of bulls and oxen 8.">0 to O.j() pounds. Its cur-
rent value is $15 to $1,S per head.

MF/nioi>s OF nor SING AND FI;I;DJNG.

When housed at all, bamboo sheds r.re provided — poor affairs at the
best, and yet about as good as the people who own them occupy.

i-'eeding for either class of the cattle described is only done in the
winter months, when vegeiaiion is destroyed; then wheat straw, rice
straw, vnid swrcf -potato vines are fed to them. The last are esteemed
the-- l)' 1 i. .. ;.!. In flie open season they arc, left to forage for them -
Helves, browsing upon wild grass, bamboo shoots, and the foliage of
the reeds that cover the marshes, or whatever else they can pickup.
They are uni esi j icu-d in range by either fence or wall, and when for-

CHINA. 667

aging are kept from cultivated fields by a guiding-cord attached to a
ring in the nose, when a small boy leads them, or more often sits upon
the backs of the animals and from his perch directs them to the best
browsing grounds.

BREEDING.

No attention is paid to selection. The cows are allowed their own
course under gestative impulse, and find their mates by force of instinct
only. Hence the cattle have been bred in and in for ages, and have un-
doubtedly degenerated.

NUMBER OF CATTLE IN THE VALLEY.

The total number of either breed it is utterly impossible eveji to guess
at, as no statistics are accessible, and probably none ever existed in any
part of the Empire. The stock is amply sufficient for the needs of the
people, but no surplus is exported, nor is any sort of product from the
cattle an article of merchandise save the hides and horns. These indi-
cate immense numbers of cattle scattered over the Empire ; but I have
never seen more than two or three animals the property of one man or
one household. E. E. Bredon, esq., commissioner of customs, and a
most intelligent observer, in a recent report commenting on the increase
in the quantity of hides exported, estimates that five times as many ani-
mals are left alive as the skins represent, and well says:

It looks as if there must bo many more horned cattle than is generally supposed,
when the district within reach of ono treaty port supports nearly 700,000'head.

Following out this idea, and of an approximation to the total number
of cattle within a reasonable distance of Hankow, let me call attention
to the export of hides from this port as given in my annual report for
1882, and more recently detailed by months for the same period. These
show the total amount sent from this port alone at over 3,730,000 pounds.
At the highest weight given for a single hide, 28 pounds, the total in-
volves the slaughter of more than 133,000 cattle. But the returns for
L883 show a still more noticeable total. The export for the last year
was 54,116J piculs, equal to 7,215,545 pounds, of hides. At the rate of
28 pounds for each hide we have 257,698 skins, and if five living cat-
tle were left behind for each one slaughtered it shows the enormous
amount of 1,288,490 cattle on December 31, 1883, supported in the dis-
trict of country furnishing the exports to Hankow alone. But I am
bound to say I think the given weight of a single dried skin is about
twice too large, and the allowance of five times as many live cattle left
as are slaughtered too small by 100 per cent. If I am correct in this
the total live cattle as given above should be quadrupled. Either con-
clusion shows the Chinese much more of a beef-eating people than they
have ever been supposed to be.

EXPORT OF YAN&-TSE CATTLE TO THE UNITED STATES.

The method of exportation, should any be desirable, would be by
river steamer to Shanghai, thence by the Japanese steamers to Yoko-
hama, and thence by Pacific Mail steamers to San Francisco, occupying
probably six weeks. A native Chinaman to care for half a dozen cattle
could be hired for $6 per month, and the food would probably cost $5
to $10 per head per month. Passage money and cost of freight cao
better be learned at the Pacific Mail office than from me.

668 CATTLE AND DAIKY FARMING

CONCLUSION.

I Lave thus endeavored to exhaust the memoranda accompanying the
circular I am responding to. My report has been unavoidably delayed
from necessity in the endeavor to be accurate, and from the great dis-
tances I have had to investigate, with very meager opportunities for
intelligent correspondence. I believe I have touched upon all the facts
that were suggested, and I trust to have acceptably met the purposes
of the Department.

ISAAC S. SHEPARD,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE.

Hankow, March 5, 1884.

CATTLE IN SOUTHERN CHINA.

REPORT BY CONSUL SEYMOUR, OF CANTON.

There are no cattle raised in the vicinity of Canton, or Southern China,
that are desirable for importation into any other country. The cattle
are generally of the Buffalo breed, with humps on their backs, and
usually with little or no hair on their hides. Their meat is so undesira-
ble that families who require good beef on their tables get it via Hong
Kong from Shanghai. The cattle of Northern China are better than
those of Southern China ; and those of Japan being better than any in
China.

Butter is unknown in this part of China, except as imported from
Europe and America for foreigners7 use.

CHAELES SEYMOUR,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Canton, November 7, 1883.

AFRICA. ' 669

AFRICA.

CATTLE IN CAPE COLONY.

REPORT BY CONSUL SILER, OF CAPE TOWN.

Since receiving Department circular, dated July 18, 1883, contain-
ing instructions to report on the cattle industry of this colony, I have
constantly used every endeavor to obtain the necessary data for such a
report, but regret to have to state that my endeavors have not been
connected with any flattering degree of success.

As a matter of fact, there has been little effort in this colony to im-
prove upon the breed of cattle found in the possession of the Hottentots
by the earliest settlers of the country.

This breed of cattle at this day is known among colonists as the Afri-
cander breed. By far the larger part of the cattle of South Africa
belong to this variety. •

With the view of obtaining the necessary information for compiling
an intelligent report on this subject, I sent to several of the leading
stock farmers the principal interrogators contained in ^our circular.
From some I have received no reply whatever ; while others have re-
sponded, but, as a rule, with the confession that they possessed little
or no knowledge of the subject in question. One prominent stock-
dealer writes :

Regarding the information required by you with reference to the different breeds
of Cape cattle, I regret that after keeping you waiting so long, and after thoroughly
going into the matter, I should find it impossible to oblige you. At a glance it seemed
the easiest thing imaginable, but on giving it a little thought I saw more and more
the difficulty of carrying out iny promise. I therefore went to several fellow cattle-
dealers for assistance, and they expressed the same want of information which I ex-
perienced. We all agree, however, that the Africander is the only breed kept pure in
the country. For information about that breed I went to our principal or rather
largest meat merchants here, who could not give me the average weight of an Afri-
candefr ox.

Another cattle farmer writes :

I have looked over the papers you sent, and think, after all, the mixture of cattle is
so great in'this country that it would be useless to attempt a report. The only breed
we have pure is the Africander, and you had better send to the Free State for infor-
mation.

Still another prominent cattle farmer writes :

To get the information requested upon the cattle industry, I regret to say, will take
up too much of my time, and then I am afraid it will not be of much value, as the
herds are not kept pure, being crossed and recrossed to such an extent that they
cannot be classed.

Notwithstanding the discouraging tone of the above, my own obser-
vation, coupled with frequent interviews with Eichard H. Stockdale,
esq., of Wynberg, I have been enabled to gather a few facts which may
not be uninteresting to the Department. The Africander breed are of
moderate height, long in the leg, flat-ribbed, and require good pastur-
age to keep them in condition. In appearance some of the best speci-
mens resemble the Devon, the horns being longer, and red being the
prevalent color.

670 CATTLK AND DAIKY FARMING.

For light -draft on fair roads they answer tolerably well, being very
fleet of loot.

The cows I'm1 milking purposes air all but worthless. giving but a
small quantity of milk, though of good quality. In the bes; pastures
thev fatten tolerably well, but on dry. hard food readily succumb to
hard>hip. Friesland bulls have been used in crossing, and have proved
succcs>ful in improving the milking qualities of the cows, as well as
better oxen for drult for heavy roads. It is a common praetiee among
the farmers of the e^untiy, after using Friesland bluod ibr some gener-
ations in their herds, to again have recourse to an Africander bull, in
the belief that this .strengthens the constitutions of the animals. This
process naturally leads to no advance in the direction of any distinct
breed. In some instances Shorthorns from England have been tried,
but have not met" with much favor.

In th.1 vicinity of Cape Town tin.', best-bred cattle are to be met with
for dairy purposes. Kerry bulls have been put to half-breed Dutch
cows, giving compact, handy little cattle. Jerseys for the same purpose
have also met with some favor, llerefords have had but a limited
trial in this colony, but so far have given great satisfaction in pulling
through drought on dry too-. I while other animals succumbed.

By so;:i" farmers it is t hnnght that this and the Devon are the breeds
best suited for the requirements of this country.

The average weight of a defent-sized ox of the Africander breed is
about (JOU po-unds dead weigh!:.

There is great and ample room for improvement in the cattle industry
of this couiltry, but such can only come as greater care is used by
farmers in segregating their herds; as at present, through carelessness
in the castration of young stock, the progeny must necessarily be much
mixed.

According to the census of this colony taken in ISG.j, there were
G!»2. ol4 cattle; in JS75. 1,111,713, At this ratio of increase the num-
ber of cattle now in the colony would approximate something like
l,77s,000 head; to this number may added about 203,000 head in Brit-
ish iiasnto land and Transkeian territories which were not included
in the c"iisu<, making an aggregate of L','M^>WK) head of cattle in the
colony.

The, average value of a sound matured work-ox is about $50.

.Milch cows vary in prices from $,'JO to £100, ntvording to age and
their milk-giving qualiii'-s.

]?ir<;RT.S OF DATUY PJIODTCTS.

Little or no interest is hcMowed upon dairy business in the colony
except in the neighborhood of towns. The majority of cattle, farmers
are the greater part ol' the year without milk or butler so Jar as any
product from their own herds are concerned. For dairy products the
(•(•luiiy is almost whollv dependent upon foreign countries.

Last year there were imported for the use of tins colony 1, -124,750
pounds of butter, and valued at .C(.)7,UV.); and 1. (>',):), •!•!() pounds of cheese,
valued at £.'i7.s.'iD. Vv'i'h little care and foresight this enormous ex-
penditure could be saved to the colony.

No cattle are exported iVo;n this colony except coastwise and to the
gaiiisonsal St. Helena and Ascension.

.JAMES W. {SILl-;i{, '

Consul.

UMTKIJ STATKS CONSTLATK,

(.'(tjx; '1 'turn, M«<! JO, 1SS1.

AFRICA. 671

CATTLE IN SIERRA LEONE.

In reply to the circular just received from tlie Department of State
(July 18) regarding breeding cattle, I beg to submit the following :

SIERRA LEONE CATTLE.

The cattle found in this country are not raised with any care what-
ever, and no attention is given to improving the stock. They are all
of the common or scrub kind, of small stature, about the size of an ordi-
nary two-year-old, and the cows are seldom or never kept for milk.
Cow's milk is an almost unheard-of thing here ; the only fresh milk,
which perhaps is about 1 per cent, of the total used, is from the goat.
Condensed milk in tins is the kind in general use, and to make any
butter or cheese is never thought of.

HOUSING AND FEEDING-.

There is no housing or artificial feeding of cattle in Sierra Leone ; the
climate being warm the year round they pick up their living wherever
they can, and there is no pains whatever taken in breeding.

There are no cultivated -grasses. Cattle are brought to town in canoes
by the natives and sold to butchers and dealers and killed for the beef
and hides.

PRICES OF BEEF AND CATTLE.

The beef is very tasteless and dry and is sold daily in the market at
about 5 pence per pound.

The price of a live bullock is from £2 to £5, according to size. They
weigh alive (I should judge) from 250 to 500 pounds. Color, mostly
red or cream-yellow. Small horns.

EXPORT OF HIDES TO THE UNITED STATES.

There have been shipped from this port to the United States during
the year 1883 to the present time (October 27), 66,938 dry hides ; it is
probable that 15,000 more will be shipped ere the close of the year,
making a total of 81,938. This, no doubt, includes very nearly all the
cattle killed in all this surrounding country which has any trade with
this port.

The average weight of what are classed as good hides is 10 pounds
each when dry, and they are bought by the merchants, who ship them
to the United States at 6J pence per pound for good hides, half price
for « culls."

The mean temperature of this country is about 80° throughout the
year.

The soil is loam and sand, with, in many places, a substratum of
granite.

The surface stone is largely iron-stone, and is used extensively in
building.

JUDSON A. LEWIS,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Sierra Leone, October 27, 1883.

672 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

CATTLE IN MOROCCO.

In a country where, like this, there is no means of getting proper sta-
tistics, it becomes difficult to give an exact and reliable report ; still, on
the whole, the breed are very inferior, owing to the neglect of breeders,
and consequently totally unlit for the purposes suggested. On the con-
trary, it' anything, the breeders require much improving by importation
of other classes, and even that would give but doubtful results, cattle
having, as a rule, to live upon the chances of abundance or scarcity of
wild pasture, as the owners adopt no other means of keeping the stock
in good condition.

FELIX A. MATHEWS,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Tangier, January 3, 1884.

GENERAL STATISTICS.

The cuttlo arc called Moorish, but appear to be a cross-breed between Spanish and
Algerian. They give an annual average production of (j pounds of milk per day. From
IxJ to 15 pounds of milk are required for 1 pound of butter, and from 3 to 4 pounds of
milk to 1 pound of cheese. At maturity the cow measures from 3 to 3£ feet, the bull
from 4 to 4£ feet, and the ox from 4 to 4} feet. The live weight of tho cow, 2$ to 3
c\vr. : of tin: bull, 3 to 5 cwts. ; of the ox, 3 to 4 cwts. They mature at three years.
Tin; weight of meat at maturity is from 4 to 4£ cwts. Tho color is red, brown, and
brindled black. They are Longkorn, name as Spanish. It is rncertain how long they
have been !>red pure. The origin of tho breed w untraceable. Their labor is equal
to out; horsr-power. The, product of meat is about 3UO cwts. ; of milk, 1£ quarts per
day. Very little cheese is made ; it is imperfect and inferior.

The country is generally undulating ; grazing country averaging from 50 to 300 feet
above sea-level. The mean temperature is about G5C ; in summer, bU° F. ; in winter,
5G- F.

The soil is generally alluvial in the Tangier district ; loam, slight; clay, slight in
the vicinity of Tangier. Sandy soil predominates in the vicinity of Tangier.

Tin- substratum is a little limestone, a great deal of sandstone, not much granite,
partly clay; gravel, &c., predominates.

There are no cultivated grasses.

Tin-re are no methods of housing. The feeding is grass and barley. The breeding
is promiscuous. The products are handled in the most primitive manner.

CATTLE IN ZANZIBAR.

I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of the circular from the
Department regarding breeds of cattle, <S:e., and in reply I would say
that it is impossible to fill out the questions asked, as there, are no par-
ticular breeds of cattle, in this vicinity, and what, there are mostly re-
semble stunted buffaloes.

1\ M. CHENEY,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Zanzibar, Nor ember -0, 18S3,

MISCELLANEOUS. 673

MISCELLANEOUS.

CATTLE IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

There is no cattle-breeding of any consequence whatever in the Phil-
ippines, only a few cattle being kept for draft purposes, while in all
other respects buffaloes, a similar breed to the regular black African
kind, are universally employed for farming and hauling. These also
furnish the milk in use hereabouts ; consequently there are no dairy
products of any description. Sheep do not thrive here, and are sparingly
imported from China for our butchers.

JULIUS G. VOIGT,

Commercial Agent.
U. S. COMMERCIAL AGENCY,

Manila, December 15, 1883,

CATTLE IN MAURITIUS.

I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of circular bearing date
July 18, 1883; also the memoranda accompanying the same, relating
to the breeding of cattle in Mauritius.

In reply I ha veto state that the information required is not applica-
ble to this island.

We have a few cows from France and the Cape of Good Hope, and
the native breed is a cross between the two.
Beef for consumption is imported from Madagascar.

THOMAS T. PEENTIS,

Consul.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Pott Louis, Mauritius, December 17, 1883.

CATTLE IN THE SEYCHELLES ISLANDS.

I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of circular bearing date
of July 18, 1883, inviting a report on the domesticated animals of the
country to which I am accredited. I beg respectfully to inform the De-
partment that the cattle of Seychelles number barely three hundred,
and that they are descendents of the wild African hump-backed cattle.
Those animals are very small and arc comparatively worthless for either
milk or beef. Four or five quarts of milk per day is a fair average ot
t lie quantity given by the better animals. No butter or cheese is made
here. The beef is hard, stringy, and tasteless, and the fresh meat supply
of Seychelles is augmented by importations of bullocks from the eastern
coast of Madagascar. No statistics in regard to the domesticated ani-
H. Ex. 51 43

674 CATTLE ASD DAIRY FARMING.

mals which obtain here can be procured except as regards the iiuinber.
Cattle are bred only for the private use of the breeder, and no great
increase or decrease of stock could be expected in a country where past-
urage is so limited as it is here and where the dairy is unknown.

EVELYN P. MUSSEY.
UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Hahe, November 26, 1883.

SPECIAL STATISTICS RELATING TO THE SEYCHELLES.

Topography'— Altitude, sea-level; temperature, inean,80° F. ; summer, 83° ; winter,
75° ; soil, clay and sand ; substratum, clay.

Caitlc statistics. — African breed ; animal yield of milk 1,500 pounds; live weight of
cattle, COAV, 300 pounds ; bull, 400 pounds; ago at maturity, three years; weight of
meat at maturity, '200 pounds; never housed; led on coarse grass and cocoa-nut
residium,

SUPPLEMENT

TO

REPORTS FROM THE CONSULS OF THE UNITED STATES ON
CATTLE BREEDING, DAIRY FARMING, AND THE MARKETS
FOR CATTLE AND CATTLE PRODUCTS, IN THEIR SEVERAL
DISTRICTS, IN ANSWER TO A CIRCULAR FROM THE DEPART-
MENT OF STATE.

655

SUPPLEMENT.

AMERICAN VS. DANISH AND FRENCH BUTTER IN CEYLON*.

There was an importation of butter here direct from the United States, which was
largely advertised to be offered on arrival at a price which, if the article were good,
would insure a rapid sale. Unfortunately it proved to be salted butter in tins, and the
condition was not excellent; not, in my opinion, from any fault in the butter itself,
which in color and consistency appeared to me quite perfect, but from a strong alka-
line flavor pervading the mass, rendering slightly offensive that which otherwise might
have been pure and wholesome food.

I have satisfied myself that the whole mistake about the butter was, first, in salting it at
all; secondly, in the use of impure salt, say that which had not been completely cleansed of
the several sulphates and oxides which ordinary culinary salt is known to contain;
thirdly, that the tin cans were of an inferior quality of tin plate, which therefore lent
its impurities all the more readily to the corrosive action of the not very pure salt.

Some people here will not accept this theory, but believe that the butter was of poor
quality when packed. I think differently and regret this circumstance, which must in
a measure bring American butter into discredit in a place where I have often extolled its
purity and goodness, and where it unquestionably may find a profitable market if ex-
hibited to the customers in anything like its native excellence; and I would advise our
producers and packers who propose preparing canned goods for export to employ as
little salt as possible, and to be sure that whatever of that article is used is pure; also
to make their cans of the very best tin plate and solder that are manufactured.

I inclose duplicate samples of the tin containing the American butter above mentioned;
also, samples cut from a Danish butter tin, the difference in quality being very notice-
able; and would add that whereas the Danish butter sells rapidly for 65 cents per pound,
the American sells slowly for 45 cents.

The French are sending to the Orient large quantities of butter, in 1 and 2 pound bot-
tles, with mouths about 2 inches in diameter, glass stoppered, and secured with hard
white cement, so as to be perfectly air-tight. The butter is fresh, but, after being
packed, about one tablespoonful of white pearly salt, almost impalpably fine, and ex-
quisitely pure, is put into the neck of the bottle, and the stopper secured. This butter
retails almost unlimitably at 65 cents, gold, per 1-pound bottle, and at 55 cents per
pound in 2-pound bottles. As our country has now become famous for its excellent
glass, and there can be no question about the conservation of butter in vessels formed of
that material, I sec no reason why our exporters should not pack their butter after the
French style, also their cheese, and thereby secure the preservative qualities of these
two great articles of universal consumption, as well as a never failing market in the Ori-
ental hemisphere.

CHEESE AND BUTTER MAKING IN ITALY.

REPORT BY CONSUL GRAIN, OF MILAN. \

The Italians devote themselves to the rural arts with Virgilian enthusiasm. The
plains of Loinbardy are cultivated with the care bestowed on garden plots in other

* Ex tract from a report by Consul Morey, of Colombo, Ceylon, published in No. 4 of the
Consular publications.

t Ropublished from Consular Reports No. 10, for August, 1881.

677

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

countries, ('.ittle improvement is a stu-ly of the Italian farmer. Care, skill, and science
art- u-td iM the preparation and manipulation of the products of the dairy. Italian but-
ter and < •::<•' •-> . though « -\ IH n.-i \ e. arc u-ed on <. \\ TV continent ; and such is t heir excel
at. < p;u- that ; . • •• !)iit u!:i\LTsal lancy ibv foreign articles, Italians prefer
them.

A sue> e^sfiil i:a: ;..; i< •:: i<f Italian eluvs-j in the I .vited States would enable our dairv-

:::• :i to supply the demand Ji>r i '. in our country, and e::port it to tho^e lands AY he re it is

As the * o<l of production is 1 !y more thaii that of American cheese, the

in>tl\ '• tii.'.: it commands would make it.-:- manufacture profitable. The prac-

• it ion i; shown by the iveeiit snc'-e:->fui cop vim.; of Swi-s cheese in our

countiy: i , -; utility I'v the lai'^t; exportation of these imitations. 1 will minutely de-

. from i jb.- cr vat i on and n!:ic;ai < i.1!;;. Italian ehecse-i. inking jirort'.-sc-s to enable the

f tlu Molia's k N ,;1 ley and ot IK : dairying dis: vi'-t-; of our country to pro-

dui-<- it in t heir faeioi ie. .

Mdk foii(!-~. — The L'iedmona-semake i)iut:.r and many kinds of chi-se. of which </nrici-<i

•. n '•'"•, yraiiti. and .s/r-n -'i-..» arc the bi-st. 1.,'i'iii/rru and fnniid'i aie made from

the K-M'.val pasturage of the valley d'Aosta.. Jtiiiruf^ arc saiali .-heej^'.s milk cheeses of

All ,i, Monuovi. and Acijui, \vheiiee they uru considerably exported, d'suaa and ad'ttc-

are Xovarese pro In f -. Tho formei is made during ten months of the year; the

hitler in October and \o\cmb T. The mode of prcpaiin^ I'.ieiu is beiirj; improved; lint

the increased price of butler indue -• :< •• c:;t'Misi\e nuinaf;'a-tu;\- i > tln-ir detriment.

A lar^e quantity of excellent liutter, ///vf/i-.', and ^Iracc/iino is made in Southern Loin-
bardy and .Mortara. L«-cco. Yarese, J'>er^:ii;io. and i'.res-liia jirodm •'•£<)•.",{ xd'dcchino and
huttt-r. l\-l;p ions rhee.-cs, callc 1 "/o/vna^//}/,'1 are made on the rich pasture of the Val-
tellina hi! is.

Inferior butter and cheese are made in Alantua. I.odi. I\r.ia., ar.d ."!".! ilan. which pro-
duce 24,000.000 pounds ofbutter and 00,^^0, Odo ])ounil i of cheese, are the best dairying
districts of Lombardy. The cheese of Venetian iactories is poor, bat the butter of the
mountains of Caprio, t'a-ano, and Valdn^no is j;.-41y laiuor.:-.

In Asia<j>> there are .w," ( reaineriis and chee-i- factori,^, cmpl'-yin.: -J"() luuuN, and an-
nually producin'j; .');;. lu() pounds of cheese- and : 57. •!()'>) of battor.

The dairying intt-r< •{ in Lijiuria is small. Tlie IJMC ian I'lain, betwci-u the Panaroon
the east and the Tribbia on tlie west, is, with Lower I.orubardy, the center-jf Italian
cheese and butter niaLinij;.

There ar«- i!") factories with DO cows apiece in the IMaceo -a district, annually ])roduciu^
(if) pound.-j of (,';•'/,•; a!!d It' 1,000 pouiuls of l>n1';' r. (Owners of tv/o or three cows
send th'-ir milk to these iactories !;,>r working.

Dairvin^; is the chief rural industry of the i'.irenic.-ians. fl heir >fi\tn<i (called tlpanni-
ij> <i«' " is sent to our country. The !'-!> " . - - . '//." or ' .••tablidnncuts where it is m:\de,
a;e - Tittered < n the j, la in and OH (lie liil! ;, '::"; !;a\i ' -I f;iMrons ! or the boil ing of milk,
and HO churns for butter mahiu^. I:> their ])i:K!ncti-ifi of l.(i.")0.000 poinids of Imlter
and cm' ,-e. t'n-v con-ume i).()UO.()l.)0 quai'is o!' ]:tilk. 'i'lie vm'kin^ season is fr*om April
to November, tl;u;i'.';h :.'() Vl<v ->'///'' are (.pen :i!l the year.

TJJe llmelian cheese keeps well, i.; inipro\ed !iy a;:e. ;»:id niuch used as a relish with
meal.-. II is made as in Lombardy, but because Ih i n-ani is only removed from one
milUii:^. the percentage of poor cheese is less. In I mbria and the Marshes they jnake
a considerable quantity of cheese of .^beep's and Boat's in'.lk. and a little of cow's milk.
That made on tlie mountains of Yisso, in thv (.'ami rino district, is excellent and cole-
bratcd.

Tlie.-!nall >Farcei'ata region produced alone, accordiii'j; totlieki^t rc})orf . IilO.OO!) pounds
ofclice.se per year. It has but few co\vs, and those of Tu-^an and >\vis; stock. They
^ive, on an average, from 11 to 1'5 quarts per day. fn some factories cheese is made of
sheep's, Boat's and cow's milk mixed, ('i: • eofthefirsl kind is extensively exported
anil sdls, where produced, :.! K> and :J(i cvnts JK ;-])ound. i i obtaine.l pri/es at Florence.
Loud n,and I'aris. Its oref-llenc" i- du;> to tlie raalthyand aromatie j)lants which
abound on 1 1n M. n-eiata liil! -.1 . iill< IhV ! / :• > • prod in " :ui:iually

aboiit ",7(1.000 pounds of cheese. <)ue of their fat-Tor i« - j..:ik< < yearly, iVoin the; milk of
70 choice Swi ; cov . !}.']. 000 pounds of cheese and :2, huilof hutfer. The shee}>'s-milk
cheese, called "',''•. 'of! tia, Tuscany, is well known and ^ood. I! b.-ars a distine-
tive name, bin i - • • in id«- l>v sji '(-la! ) ro. . It i - 1", parnl hy peasants, without sys-
tem, and in small Jots, i'a'cton'e.; for its scientific manufacture liave l)ccn recently
erected. Little c!ices(; ii made in I/i;»io, owing to tho scarcity of Kheep and the poor
quality <>f the mih-h co\-. •.

ri'h»- swc< t clii < --es of the southern Adriatic, province: of Italy, (ailed "marzoline,''
n re '-aid to ' •• d -I ieioiis. and <• j M:I I t -> ; n v ](r"di!c.-d elsewh'T".

\ ' iovcrnmcrit eoiiimittce ]-c|»ortcd si^hir- years a.u'o 1 hat their cxecllcnce was due to rich
milk; thai old modi ; (>f cheese making were followed; thai dairying, including utensils,
milking, quality and quantity of rennet for coagulating, cheese making, salting, and pre_

SUPPLEMENT. 679

serving was intrusted to empirics; and that to judge, a priori it was sufficient to glance
at tho wretched dairies surrounded with dirt and permeated with odors. Molise produces
27,000 pound* of oli< i . r, and Ti-rra d'OItranto 35,000 pounds, or one-third more

than in 1870.

Among the Southern Mediterranean provinces Catanzaro is famous for its butter;
Casertafor a peculiar cheese called "tno&eareite," and Potenza for excellent sheep's-milk
cheese. The Casertese make 22,000 poundsyearly, and 26, 000 pounds are made in Beti-
<,vento. The cows of the Modica district of Sicily are large milkers, and the pasturage is
so rich that their milk contains fine butter and cheese-making properties. The cheese pro-
duced is equal to that of Parma, Lodi, England, or Holland. Cows stabled give from 20
to 22, and many from 30 to 38 quarts daily. They do not give milk in winter or at
other times when the food is scarce. Sicilian sheep give 1 and goats 2 quarts per day.

In Sardinia two kinds ot cheese are made, viz: that of cows' and that of sheep's milk.
Of the latter kind about one-third, or 300,000 pounds, is exported. The Sardinians also
produce a large quantity of butter.

Modes of making. — In making Piedmontese cheese the milk is used when tepid. It is
mixed and shaken in whey, which curdles it in one-quarter of an hour.

The curd is shaken for drainage, and when dry pressed in a form. Sometimes this
cheese is made of partly skimmed milk.

Stracchino, of Gorgonzola, is made of milk containing the buttery parts. When the
mountain pasturage is exhausted the Berganese herdsmen drive, for wintering, their
herds to the plains. Gorgonzola is their favorite halting spot, for there they first find
the luxuriant vegetation of the Lombardian plateau. These herds reveling on the rich
grasses of Gorgonzola are, from the middle of September to the end of October, very lac-
tiferous.

Cheese is made during these months in small rooms devoted to it in the homes of the
Gorgonzolese, who buy the milk of the herdsmen. The autumn temperature, b^'ng
moderate, is best for cheese making, as too much heat, by hastening the separation of
the whey, makes it too dry and friable, while excessive cold produces a wheyey a:. id,
and easily- spoiled cheese.

The milk while warm from the cow is curdled with well-preserved and prepared calf
rennet. The quality of the cheese depends much npon that of the rennet ; and experi-
ence guides as to the quantity required. In fifteen or twenty minutes, when the milk is
coagulated and the whey separated, the cnrd is hung in hemp-cloth bags to drain. As
cows are milked twice daily the foregoing is twice done, viz : mornings and eveni;

The morning-drained curd, inclosed in light, flexible, wooden bands, covered on their
inside surface with hemp cloth, is placed on an inclined board strewn with rye chaff.
Being of two milkings the curd is partly warm, partly cold, and, though mixed, care is
taken to form the upper and lower strata of the warm, because it is eementitious. As
hot and cold curd never perfectly unite, minute interstices remain in the cheese, in
which, while maturing, green mold, known as "parsley," forms and gives the straahino
the delicious taste for which it is famous.

The curd is further drained during the first day of the process by two or three turn-
ings. On the following morning, when of some consistency, the cloth being removed , its
value is determined by weighing. After three or four days fermentation begins, and the
wooden bands are removed. It is then, once daily for eight or ten days, alternately salted
on its upper and lower side, 4 ounces of pulverized salt being, on an average, used per
form, or 33 pounds. The Gorgonzolese adopted some years ago the process of quickly
turning and pressing the cheese against a salt-covered surface, thus insuring more uni-
formity and a better crust.

The color changes in a month to pinkish- white, if good; to black, if bad. When
black the crust is soil and the cheese perishable in summer. If the crust is sufficiently
hard the shade is improved by one or two dippings in salt water.

The time of maturity depends upon the temperature (which is best from 10° to 15°
Centigrade), manner of making, and quality of the milk. The Gorgonzolese straccJiino
begins to ripen in April, and continues till September. One hundred quarts of milk
make about 25 pounds of this cheese.

ficUunese cheese is made by heating the milk, pouring in rennet, letting it coagulate,
breaking it into medium-sized pieces, reheating it, putting it in wooden tubs, salting and
placing it on stands for daily turning, and resalting until consumed.

The following process makes a kind of Frinlani cheese known as "fieno:" Milk
heated until tepid in caldrons is mixed with rennet and left to curdle. The curd is broken
in vessels into small pieces, and violently shaken over the fire. When thus crumbled,
the caldron being set oil a stand, il , 1, thrown into the "talcio" or forming-

tub, placed on tables for drainage, dried, and finally immerged in brine.

Other Frinlani cheese is made with milk tepified in heaters and thence poured into
vats for coagulation. Tb e curd formed is wet. broken into large lumps, remoist-

680 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

ened with hot whey or water, gathered, and pressed in wooden hoops. It is less solid
than that next before described.

Formaggio di Grana. — Milk is ponred into caldrons and placed on the fire. If mature,
t. e., bluish (as it should be in summer), it is warmed to the twenty-fifth degree; ii
sound, i. <?., retaining the whiteness and sweet taste of freshly milked, it is heated to the
thirtieth degree. At this temperature, as tested by the hand, it is removed from the fire
and mixed with rennet. One-sixth of an ounce of rennet is used per 720 quarts of milk.
The rennet is dissolved with a pestle in woodeii cups, filtered through horse-hair sieves,
the oozing going into the caldron of milk. To prevent hardness the curd formed is broken
and turned with the cream- turner, roiilla (or stick with wooden disk at end), and spino
(or cane with twisted twigs or iron pins at one extremity). This is continued for three
quarters of an hour, while concretions appearing on the surface are removed by hand.

Turning is stopped for two or three minute intervals to consolidate but not harden the
now softened or dissolved curd. The whey is removed and one-sixth of an ounce of saf-
fron, per 110 quarts of milk, thrown into the caldron. The curd is replaced and left foi
one hour on the fire, heated to the forty-fifth degree (but not higher), and continually
stirred with the rotilla.

A cup is filled with curd for examination as to the minuteness of its particles. If small
enough the caldron is removed, and the curd sinks and forms on its bottom. To hasten
this the cooled whey (before drained off to enable the adding of saffron) is poured into
the caldron, the bottom of which is pressed with the rotilla to unite and incorporate tho
curd. The curd is loosed with a stick from the sides of the caldron, lifted, drawn on
the surface, collected in a cloth, placed and left for one hour in a vat, and there wet
with whey. It is marked with the name of the owner of that day's cheese, pressed
for drainage by hand in a box of narrow beech boards bound with hoops and pack-
thread and covered with linen, a wooden disk, and a heavy stone. When dried these
coverings are removed and it is rewet with whey, and then covered with buckram,
which, under pressure of the disk and stone, makes reticulated imprints on its circular
surface. After some hours the buckram is cut, and the clippings removed to permit the
whey to dry in. It is covered and rubbed on an oak bench with salt, dipped in salt
water, and repressed between the beech boards. Sometimes several forms are simul-
taneously pressed to improve the under by the salt moisture from the upper. It is re-
salted every other day for two weeks, then put in the cheese-house, where superfluous
salt is removed by scraping. In September it is rubbed with cheap oil.

The cows of the numerous dairies of Puglia and Basilicata are milked once daily.
Their milk, when poured into large vats, is divided and half heated to a point which
will make it and the unheated mixed, when tested by the hand, 30° Reaumur. Whey
of goat's milk is mixed and shaken in it. While curdling it is covered with a cloth to
keep up the temperature. When curdled it is broken, stirred with the rotolo till in iil-
bert-sized pieces, placed with whey in a vat, rebeaten, wet, and covered with warm whey
to "grow."

When by heating on hot coals or boiling in water ductility is obtained, the curd is
called "erescttito," or grown. This property acquired, it is cut, the pieces thrown into
the pail, where they are wet with hot water, reunited, manipulated, pulled into thread,
and made into as many balls as there are cheeses to be made. These thread balls are im-
mersed in the water which served to make them, manipulated till homogeneous and
compact, formed by hand into proper shapes, and daily salted for two or three days.
Cheese thus made is called " caciocavallo diPugUa."

The caciocavallo of Calabria is a cows' milk product, prepared by slight modifications
of the usual cheese-making process. Upon coagulation turn the resultant mass, and
gather, after due heating, the caseine. Form it, by stirring and pressure, into uniform
and consistent paste; subject this, in vats, to the action of hot whey; thence remove it
to tables for working, where, arranged in orbicular forms and covered with cloth, leave
it to the chemical action of its constituent parts. During this time, when fermentation
begins, it is cut in slices, which are immersed and shaken -in hot water, manipulated to
drain off the whey, &c., reduced by water and heat to homogeneity, replaced on tables
and rendered soft, adhesive, and ductile by frequent dipping and turning in cold water.
In this state it is divided, shaped in oval forms, kept the first day in cold water to pro-
duce elasticity and consistency; the next, in salt. Thus finished, it is fastened to the
end of a stick, and hung from the beam of the cheese-house.

Cows' milk, when coagulated and lightly broken, produces a semi-solid excretion or
discharge, which forms the essential substance of rasco cheese. This is placed in vats,
lightly shaken; dipped quickly three or four times in hot whey, removed, and replaced
when sufficiently solid, upside down, in these vats; then kept for twenty-four hours,
slightly salted and taken to cool, dry rooms for keeping. This cheese is made from June
to October, the season when the milk is most buttery. It is soft, white, and soluble ai
a lov. degree of heat.

SUPPLEMENT. 681

Sicilian caciocavallo is made of cows' or goats' milk, and coagulated like sheep's milk
cheeses. When curdled it is not heated in water but broken with a piece of wood, the
whey removed, dried, and taken from the tub to the trough. Then the curd is sliced,
replaced in the tub, cooked in boiling whey, removed to the trough, pressed to solidity,
cooled, placed and left for twenty -four hours on a stand or table, sliced, thrown into boil-
ing whey, recooked till viscid, gathered, pressed, drawn by hand, reduced to paste,
formed in pumpkin-shaped pieces, salted for twenty-four hours, and hung, prepared
for use, in the cheese-house.

Proratura cheese is made of cows' milk. The cows are only milked mornings, when
their milk is poured into a large pine, tub-shaped receptacle. Only when the atmos-
phere is cold is it previously slightly heated. Dissolved kid rennet is poured into it, the
mixture turned with the rotolo, and then left quiet. Upon coagulation the curd is not
allowed to become lumpy, but is pressed and softened with the rotolo. When the curd
f.inks in the vat a sieve of pierced tin is placed and held over it with weights. If much
whey rises it is used for ricotta; if little, the sieve is removed, and it is left on the curd
to facilitate "growth," as before denned. When ductile it is cut in small pieces, placed
in another pine vat, and previously prepared hot water poured upon it. Here the curd
is kept till cooked, when the water is drawn off. It is then, in portions, gathered, and
stirred with a wooden spoon, and formed, by hand previously wet in cold water, into
two-pound balls, which are put, and left for some hours, in tubs of cold water, and
finally slightly salted.

BUTTER-MAKING IN ITALY.

Butter, when made in families who have little milk, is made" in cylindrical churns, in
which the cream is shaken by movement of the churn-handle. Factories use large
cylindrical churns on trestles, in which are wings turned by machinery. The butter
they produce is cleaner than that made by hand-churns.

In Pavia, cream of 6° or 7° E. is shaken in round boxes called "puraggie." Each box
has a spoon fastened to an axle. This axle is turned by a crank, and revolves the spoon
around the inside periphery of the box. The process requires two men. Some use a
cradle-churn, which saves labor and produces equally good butter. In Cremona the
American machine is in general use, namely, a horizontally fastened tub, in the interior
cf which is a reel similar to that used in silk-making.

The dairyman of Parma beats the milk with a cream-whipper, and skillfully lets the
floating cream, which gathers iii the bucket, overflow into a line-edged wooden bowl, and
thence into the churn. In summer it is customary to add 10 pounds of ice to every 30
quarts of cream, while in winter some cream is heated and turned into the churn with
the rest. The temperature is always kept from 10° to 15° Keaumur. When in the
churn two men alternately beat the cream with a butter-beater joined to a straining-
frame, raising and lowering it by leverage. Butter should begin to form in three-quar-
ters of an hour. When it is necessary to hasten formation, water is added — where ad-
visable to retard it, ice. If made before the time mentioned, it is soft — if after, hard
and set. When prepared it is taken from • the churn, worked with the hands, formed
into blocks, and left to drain. The blocks are frequently adorned with impressions
made with a wooden stamp. The skimmed milk is used for the ricotta cheese.

In Catanzaro butter is made with the old-fashioned churn, a, miserable mechanism,
causing loss of milk and time. The manner of keeping butter there, though simple, is
exceedingly ingenious, consisting in inclosing it in small bladders, in which it can be
conveniently kept and carried without danger of change.

At Modica, where the butter is delicious, it is not made directly from the cream, but
from the "ricotta," which is obtained by boiling the small milk after extracting the
casein e.

The butter-maker of Sardinia puts the "ricotta" in a bowl of cold water, and shakes
and presses -it between his fingers. In a half hour a white scum appears on the surface
of the water, and by continued movement and pressure of the "ricotla" increases during
the succeeding half hour. This scum is the butter of the "ricotta."

Dairy associations and cheese factories. — It is hard to determine the epoch in which the
first dairy associations were formed. It is known that they, were numerous in Savoy in
the Middle Ages, and that they have existed since remote times in the French Jura and
on the Alpine slopes. Where land is owned in small plots, as in the mountainous parts
of Upper Italy, and where large dairies, consequently, do not exist, the making of cheese
is impossible, unless assumed by a manufacturer who would buy the milk from the cow-
owners, or unless these, in partnership, prepare it.

The advantages of dairy associations and cheese factories are numerous. One cheese-
making establishment, set of machines, and utensils answer for many milk-owners,
lessen the cost of production, increase and improve the product, facilitate sales, save

(j S _ CAT TLE - AND - DAIRY . FARMING .

..ml their workmen to be otherwise usefully employed. These
i : the Italian Government to ofier, in 1873 and 1874, several prizes,

-lit -• w;j < - -..'10 :;:>.d a gold medal, tothe l>est managed association, under
;ir;ii •',' - <>: i|i. n:u;;ui. i",! for the manufacture and sale of butter and cheese, or

either, ;<> l»e th« r< liter -taried. composed of at least ten associates having equal rights,
woiking :> : f milk per day, and having a cheese-maker in their sole employ.

Sim e i lien ehi : us have greatly increased in number and improved in manage-

ment. Tlii ' arc- ev» .;. where, in Italy except Sicily, where small milk-owners carry their
milk t» 11 find when, aft T a month, they have delivered to these 'J50 or 300

quart-, thev n ceive ihat quantity back at one time. This system of reciprocal loans is
mnt'ially hem hcial, ;is a large quantity of milk worked at one time makes more cheese
than the. same amount worked in small quantities at different times.

1 tru-t. sir, that my sug'.:.\--< ion of imitating Italian cheese will commend itself, and
inure to the benefit of our (iairymen; for while it is a proud thing for a people to teach,
the secret of national pivsneritv consists in having the manliness to learn.

THUS. C. T. CHAIN,

Coiisul.
UNITED STATES CON.^TLATE,

Milan, liny Ul, 1S31.

THE MANUFACTURE OF SWISS CHEESE.*

KLPUL'T 7.T CONSUL ADAMS, OF GENEVA.

The manufacture of cheese is one of the most ancient industries of Switzerland, in-
struments for this purpose, having been found in different parts of the country among
the ruins of the " hike dwellings." whose date is anterior to all historical records. In
the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the production had grown large enough to be-
come the subject of legislation, as appears irom some curious decrees of IJerue, Claris,
Appen/ell. and other c >untries, prescribing the form and weight of the cheeses, and for-
bidding the manufacture of certain sorts or any exportation \j foreign countries. At
the end of the Hsf, century (hr> ine.thods of manufacture were of the rude kind still in
use among the monni • .- :.•: in the remote districts, each household making what it
needed without any special conveniences or skilled processes. The modern manufacture
dates from the introduction, K) or !)0 years ago, of the cultivation of artificial fodder
(fonrni'iPH art (lit i- • . an i the system of stabling cattle, now universal in the lower val-
leys and the p! tin . The i:'n>r., Yemeni of quality created a wider demand at home and
a newmavkel in Miu ;• countries, and to-day the better kindsofSwisschee.se are as much
a proiluct of skill and high art as the Swiss watch.

The several varieties are c!a<si;ied either according to consistency of material, as .'//'/-.
f<nn'. and 1/1011 hard, linn, and sol'; i, or, according to the proj>ortion of fatty matter, as
',• • . ; . • (rich, medium, or thin), or. according to the coagulation.

whether !>;.-).•;.. «,r by sour milk (n lait • ai(jr< '. Table: A gives a descrin-

1i n of the l)d ter-known varieties according to the qualities indicated, ami Table 1- an
'. i' some of the same varieties. With the exception of (he
originated in France, and the, Trsercn from Ilaly, and a few
' :••• like the Limburg, all the kinds named here are native and

ill!! j id 'in! of the Swiss cheeses is I lie 7,\'////o///m', a round cheese.
'••:, !'i to 1 .~> centimeters thick, and weighing Irom 50 to
'• rich cheeses i froiiff/r t/t <!.••}, which retain nearly all the
inn lit ive \ alue is high. Il was iir-t made in the valley of the
me, whence it follo\ved the IJeriesc e;nigratio?i into the neigli-
';w made in large (juanl it ies, and into I'.avaria, fiussia,
:L;i and Sotilh A. merica. The exportation Ixgan in the hist
and now it is sent everywhere, th-- |>rineij)al markets
..nil the I'nited States, where, I believe, it is known as
a <.'•»< i de'il t.f I jn.at nth-il itiitjnm l.( made, mostly for France,
of 'but 1 1 i .

" ' i ; e. . .' , c, i .iiled a!'i> r 1 he village ot' that name in Fribourg,
' o rcvt inn lers in dianieti r, '.) to 1 '.I en it hue! ers 1 hick, weigh-
c. inn- into great repute u itiiiu the ia>t ten \eais, .since the

frc,:;i (Vmsular Keport Xo. 15, for January, 1882.

SUPPLEMENT. 683

formation of a wealthy society for its manufacture in Fribourg. It is also made in large
quantities in Vaud nnd Neufchatel, and tlu> French provinces of the Jura and thcDoubs,
where according to some writers it originated about 1750. It is manufactured in much
the same way us the Einmenthal, except that a third or more of the cream is removed,
whence it is classed as mi-gras. The exportation is mostly to France, Italy, and recently
to South America.

The Spalen, so called from the manner of packing for shipment, is a cheese mi-gras,
45 to 55 centimeters in diameter, 8 to 10 centimeters thick, weighing 18 to 23 kilos, and
made in a much ruder manner than the Emmenthal and Gruyere. It comes from Un-
terwalden, Uri, Schwyz, Lucerne, and the Buruese, Oberland, and is sent to Italy,
where it is used grated (fromage dur a raper) with macaroni, rice, polenta, &c. It
comes to perfection in two or three years. Another variety made for the Italian market
is the Urseren, which comes from the higher pastures of the valley of that name. It
resembles the cheeses of Northern Italy, as does the Fonnaggio delta paglia, and the
Battelmatt, both produced in the canton of Tessin. Most of these varieties are disagree-
able to a palate unaccustomed to them.

The cheese of the canton of Appenzell, long famous for its fine cattle and excellent
fodder, differs in certain qualities from all the other Swiss varieties. In making it the
curd is triturated in a brassoir, molded without pressure or salting, and finally treated
with a brine of water, wine, lees of white wine, pepper, and salt, which gives it a pun-
gent odor and flavor, something between the Swedish and Italian cheeses. The exact
formula for the brine is supposed to be a secret, and, as with most of the Swiss cheeses,
the processes of manufacture is only to be learned in'its own country, where the tradi-
tional methods have been handed down for generations. The Appenzell is a cheese 25
to 30 centimeters in diameter, 12 to 15 centimeters thick, weighing 7 or 8 kilos, and is
exported to all neighboring countries, but mostly to Suabia.

Still more remarkable is the ScJmabziger, or green cheese (fromage vert), known, I be-
lieve, in the United States, under the corrupt name of sago or sapisago, and which some
writers hesitate to class as a cheese. Its manufacture dates back to the ninth or tenth
century, and it is still the most famous product of the canton of Claris, which turns out
a great many other varieties, mostly mi-rjras and maigre. The peculiarity of the Schnab-
ziger is due partly to the method of coagulation by azi instead of rennet, and partly to
treatment by the zigerlee (melilotus coerulea), a plant grown for the purpose in Schwyz.
In 1869 the exportation amounted to 1,250,000 kilos, valued at 750,000 francs. It is sent
ail over the world.

The foregoing are all export cheeses, principally consumed out of the country. The
variety manufactured for home consumption is endless. Some of them are of great ex-
cellence, but will not bear transportation. The following may be recommended to the
attention of importers in the United States:

The Gessenay, made in the high pastures about the village of that name in Berne and
elsewhere in the Oberland. It is a cream cheese (gras) of fine aromatic flavor, very
hard, and keeping well for many years. Its nutritive value is high, and it should be
used like the spalen or parmesan, grated with soup, macaroni, &c. A similar cheese is
made in the canton of Valais. This is perhaps the richest of all the Swiss varieties,
andias a peculiar flavor of its own. The process of manufacture has greatly improved
since 1872. Less durable but equally nutritious and palatable, and of the same general
character, is the cristallina, made in the valley of Medcls Orisons.

The VacJicrin is the only soft cheese of large size made in Switzerland. There are
two sorts, the first made about Grnyere, and in appearance like the cheese of that name;
the other is made in the valleys of the Jura. The latter is 25 to 30 centimeters in. di-
ameter, 4 to 6 centimeters thick, and weighs 3 to 5 kilos. It is sold iu drums, and if
perfectly mature has an exquisite flavor. The Mont d'Or of France is the same as the
Vacherin of the Jura.

Some of the Swiss papers have rather ridiculed a suggestion in one of my previous
reports that a market might be found here for American beer, cheese, and butter. In
the matter of cheese, the competition of the imported article would be with none of the
foregoing kinds, some of which have little or no sale in the country, and some are in
demand for the special qualities, but with the ordinary kinds made everywhere in great
abundance for home use and largely taking the place of butter, and even meat. I be-
lieve that a good American article that could be put on the market here at 150 franca
the kilo would find a sale.

684

CATTLE : AND- DAIRY- FARMING.

A. — Quality of different Swiss cheeses.

^
Consistency.

Fatty matter.

Fmrnrn'i Kul Firm ( i ras

< .r.:\ -.':-,• do I\li-<;ra.s

Spa! en, old II an I do

^pa'.en. new * Firm do

I r-eri-ii do ; (.Jras

Fonna-^io del la pa^aa <,,:'t do

Kattclmatt Firm ' do

Appen/.-ll do Mai-re '........

(ir-.-t' nay IIa;d Gra*...

Cristullina Firm do

Va licrin Soft do

lU-llelay : Firm do.

Valais.; Hard do

l'iat-:ti'_;uu Finn.... . Mai'-re.

Coagulation.

By rennet.
Do.

Tom me i fc^oic Gras...

Blocler.... .. Firm.... ....' 3Iiii_rn

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

1 >o.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

I>v sour milk.

Do.

A froniarjc yra* or cream cheese is of unskimmed milk; uuiiyre of skimmed milk; mi-
gras, of partly-skimmed milk.

B. — Analysis of Su'i«s Cheese.

Component parts.

Enmien-

thal Gruycrc. Bcllclay. j Gessonay.

Vaehcrin.

Fatty in litter

« ':'.->' -i.'ie

34. 92
31.2(5

28. >S

;>. 4s

]<>».<)!) : loo. .-o
17. :J I 51.

100.00 I lO.i.OO

51.8

•12. 1
57. (»

KXXOO

C. — Exportation, in indric quiitlnh, of ^'ici** c/i« NC, 1-sl() 1o l^riO.
[The metric quintal — 100 kilos.]

Year.

Year.

Year.

Metric-

US 1-,'.) ! 1 1 •,!•.'. 1(1 1^77

OJO 1>70 Ui'.i.NW. 1^7S

OiiS i 1^71 2ix'.,7<i7' ]s7-.»

7i7' J •••72.'""."'.'.'.'..'.!.'.""'.. '.'.'.'.'.. ..l- r.tL',71")1 I.^SO

.S07 ! lS7;j!!"! l(Jti,l)2G

D. — Importation ami exportation of cfi<exf, 1^77 A; IM-'O, in metric quintals

Importation.

Year.

Quantity.

Exportation.

Value.

1,72.'{,020 217, 1«'J i .11,73(1,2-10

'.Metric quintal —100 kilos.

E 290

A Gla*tohib? tiMfd with water tiy insertutq b ist. the water arid, suction at,J),cutd thru, joining the i' en,

B Inner tube m which thf aenrmetw floats in titf Ethtrttl A'oltitum pivnpfd iip> frvrrvtht bottle.
throiiqh.D,emd there ivtauied hy piittutfffln thf nifJfH'r *

Julius Bzen & Co.Lith.

PROFESSOR SOXHLET'S AEROMETER FOR EXTRACTING FAT

PLATE 289

0 PP F_ H '•' •••''•• .•'•':.'. ~ . i PIPETTES

PLATE 287

1

i

LACTOBJTYR 0 r,' [ PER 0 N S T A N D, W I T H STOPPER

P LA T E 286

Julius Bien d- Co . frith

GERMAN CREAMOMETER OR CREAM TESTING TUBE

WHH BOTTOM OUTLET

PLATE 285

C

C !' [ A MO M ! ' F R ON STAND

PLATE 284

SKIM, NEW

V ^K ; i4 . Ml LK
4-;5_
16 ' 5 ' °

'10

.23.

/ 10 --

~-3'- • PURE:

...32..
.J33.

PURE- --S4--
35.

.39.

.40 ,

'••

1

QUEVENNES ORIGINAL LACTOMETER
OR LACTODENSIMETLR.

SUPPLEMENT.

685

E. — Prices per 50 kilos of different varieties of Swiss c7ief*cfrom 1851 to 1880.

Year.

Emmenthal

Gruyere de
Montague.

Gruyire de
la plaine.

d

0

1

Year.

Emmenthal

GrnytVe de
Moutagnc.

CruyCre tie
la plaine.

i

I

1851

Francs.
52

Francs.
42

Francs.
40

Francs.
35

1866

Francs.
56

Francs.
49

Francs.
45

Francs.
50

1852

48

40

38

35

1867

66

48

53

48

1853

52

46

45

37

1868

71

59

57

61

1854

56

47

45

39

1869

75

60

r>7

69

1855

58

51

49

40

1870

60

62

59

71

1856

57

50

48

41

1871

77

67

fiG'

57

1857

61

53

51

49

1872

85

71

70

67

1S58

62

54

53

51

1873

93

74

73

77

1859

66

54

55

49

1874

75

60

55

78

1860

70

5-1

52

50

1875

90

62

60

59

1861

57

54

52

49

1876

90

79

78

69

186°

56

51

47

53

1877

90

76

77

82

1863

67

53

50

51

1878

76

62

60

eo

1864

68

59

59

57

1879

75

63

63

60

1865

65

55

54

56

1880

85

79

78

73

F. — Highest quotations of cheese in different Swiss markets per Mo for October, 1880.

Markets.

Fromage
gras.

Fromages
maigre.

Markets.

Fromage
gras.

From ages
inaigre.

Francs.
2 00

Francs.
1.20

Neufchatel

Francs.
2.00

Francs.
1.40

2.00

1.80

Sion .

1.30

O.W)

2 40

1.60

Geneva

2.20

1.25

2.00

1.10

l^ribourcr

1.00

0.40

2 00

1.40

Bulle

1.75

1.10

2 00

1 50

2 00

1 50

LYELL T. ADAMS,

Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Geneva, November 25, 1881.

SCIENTIFIC DAIRY INSTRUMENTS.

REPORT PREPARED FOR CONSUL SHAW, OF MANCHESTER, BY MR. JAMES LONG, OP

HETCH1N, ENGLAND.

Milk testers are not particularly numerous; indeed, it is questionable whether an ab-
solutely perfect instrument can be devised inasmuch as specific gravity, as well as the
cream test has proved inefficient when used alone. The use of the lactometer, creamom-
eter, and thermometer in combination, however, are found to be very sure tests; and
although, in cases of prosecution, analysis is resorted to yet in private practice, the above
will answer every purpose. Cream is measured in a glass tube called a cream-gauge or
test-tube or in a glass jar and called a cream measurer or creamometer. The lactometer
is really a hydrometer adapted by a modification in its scale to test the density of milk
instead of the density of water — in like manner as by other modifications suited to the
requirements of the various liquids, separate forms of the hydrometer are made and known
by the names of alcohometer, saccharometer, &c. In the accompanying illustration the
lactometer is on the left hand, and a set of test-tubes or creamometers are between the
lactometer and thermometer.

The lactometer (called the " lactidensime'ter " or " er.rouvette " on the Continent) is
used for gauging the density of milk. It was invented i>y M. Quevenne, a medical man
? n Paris, and is now in general use, although the scale dilFers in various countries. It is
bimilar to an ordinary hydrometer, and is furnished with a scale, which shows the density
of the milk at a glance. A given volume of water weighing 1,000 pounds, is no larger in

tiHi.i CAfTLK AND 1»AIRV FAKM1NI.J.

balk than a similar volume of milk weighing 1,02!) pounds to 1,033 pounds, accord-
in- to .: quality; and. bearing this in mind, »»uevenne taking off the ten, used the
i- upon hi- lactometer. 1 1 is scale commences at 14, which is at the top,
an . d' - : is t > FJ at the L-ottom. 1: is apparent that 11 (otherwise loll) is far too low
to 1) tnc niaigiu is a \\ ide one. while -1'J ( 10 12) is just as much the other way.

When the in-trumciii is placed in the milk (which should bedone very gently, in order
that it may not sink, and cause milk to adhere to a point above that at which it iloats,
or i! will not ! • • t : .;. . the figure which is K-vcl v> ith tlie Mir face will show the true state
of the case. 'Thus, in (/uevenne's, if it rests between -20 and 33 it is pure; if between
•J7 and :.':». _ uati-r has been added; bet\vee;i 21 and 2tJ, -,;,; if between 21 and 23, ^0;
and so on. A sketch of this instrument is shown.

With Fnuh.-h lactometers the scale commences at the bottom at 10, goes up to 0, and
tlun up to Ifii. at the top. L'ure milk marks 0. pure water 100; thus every figure be-
twt en shows the actual adulteration, the ten spaces below 0 indicating when milk lias
skimmed. These lactometers are usually employed in milk heated to (JO0 Fahr.,
e the Oiievenne is used at f>i»° Fahr. (FT3 centigrade and 12D Kcarnur).
advantage of (juev. -line's scale is ihat it tests skimmed milk as well as whole
I'mures being made to apply by being bracketed: thus 33 to 3b' indicate
v, and . kim milk bcin^' heavier than n-jw milk, the. lightest portion, cream, being
; ie L from it. while tlie addition of water is shown between 3;i and 17. There is no
doubt that (.juevcmic's instrument acts well when, used for mixed, milk; but it often
vai ii i considerably with the pure milk of individual cows.

In using the lactometer it is best to have a dee]) and narrow glass Vessel, similar to a
ere imometer, in which the milk is poured at tlie right, temperature. When the instru-
ment i- placed in the milk, it must be held by the. stem .until il iloat-; at the rightmark;
that i' lie not made too heavy, as mentioned above. If it sinks below the pure-milk
m.;ik the percentage; of -watering mav be suspected. Thus, supposing the lactometer to
be an !!:igli-h one, measuring 0 to 100, if one-half the liquid be water and the other half
milk, it will sink to ."><>; if :JO per cent, of water is added, it will sink to 20, and so on.
It must be remembered that tlie lactometer can not be expected to do more than it
professes; it denotes the gravity of milk, and if that gravity is anywhere near the aver-
age, all well and good: but, as the milk of different cows varies in gravity, so does the
instrument cease to be a specific guide when applied to these distinct samples. If in
U-.-tinu: a sample it i- found lighter than the average, "here is reasonable suspicion that
it has been watd'c !: it', on the contrary, it is found heavier, there is ground for believing
• ! • it has been skimmed.

rile Fngli-h lactometer. shows this on i he scale 10 to 0. It has been shown that inasmuch
as cream, like water, i-; lighter than milk, a sample heavy in cream would appear to be
adulterated just as though it had been watered; while, on the other hand, if salt .or sugar
dissolved in the mi lie. they, being heavier, would cause it to show that, to all ap-
', the milk had been skimmed. Thus it is always well louse the creamome-
•tometer ia eo>,i une' ion with each other, so that when both point to watering
iming then is little doubt of the fact. Again, it i-; well to use the creamometer
the la. !ome{( r {satisfactory, for it can lie cheated. As lias been shown, if
to mill: it is :....de lighter, and that if skimmed it becomes heavier from
ghtol constituent; it is therefore possible to iirst skim it and then bring
irmal uravity by the addition of water. Although the lactometer would
the ereamomcter would.

by ( 'hevalier, by experiment, 1 ha! the value, of the glass creamometer is
-' by it1 diameter, in accordance with its height. In using it the milk is
ii reaches the top line. 0 ', and left for twenty-four hours in a room at
ich time it will have formed a cream of 7J to2.V, according to itsrich-
' : ument is valuable, as shown above, lor use in conjunction with the luc-
!-•> for testing the cream yield of individual cows. My if special feeding
;ind thii-i considerable expend saved. It must not Ire inferred that the
diown by the creamometer, for cows giving the same quantity
niter than others. At the same lime t he cream test by this plan is a

(/si. necf-ssury in-tnimeiit in the dairy, as without it the work
.'ind in spite of t h >s«- who prefer t o t rii-t to t heir innate knowl-
is no doubt thai the result affects the quality of both butter

i\cnted by I'rofe-sor 1-Yser. of .Munich, which is based upon
gree of transparency of milk, which depends chiefly on the fat
•nt consists of a graduated lube, marked wilh a double scale,
led with t!ie milk to be tested. This is then poured into the
wh'-n v/attir is added until Hie black lines an- visible. The percentage of fat

SUPPLEMENT. 687

will be shown. The lactoscope is a very ingenious instrument, and is in use at the
Cham laboratory, Switzerland, where the chemist had made a more perfect instrument
after Feser's model; but, although ingenious, it is not perfect.

A German gentleman, Dr. Heeren, has invented an instrument which he calls a
"pioskop," from "pios," fat. It consists of a small round disk of india-rubber, in the
midst of which there is a circular raised ring, and a glass disk of the same size, also di-
vided by a ring in the middle, the outer part of the disk being divided into six equal
parts, and colored from white into shades of blue, up to dark blue. The white signifies
cream; the light blue, very fat; medium blue, normal; a deeper shade, less fat; deep
blue, thin milk; and blackish blue, very thin. In working a few drops of milk are
placed into the inner part of the india-rubber disk; the glass disk is next placed on the
top, so that the transparent part is on the top ot the milk. The milk thus squeezed
changes to one of the colors named above, and thus indicates its quality. Its price is
Is. 6<?M and is sold by Beinbauer, of Hamburg.

An instrument called a " testing centrifuge" was recently invented by the Rev. H.
Bond, of Worcester, Mass. It is practically as correct in gauging the cream which is
contained in milk as the creamometer, but, unlike the latter, it does its work at once
and more completely. It is also believed to be a better test ot the availabe cream in
milk than analysis, because the latter gives the total butter fats, all of which have never
yet been obtained by any practical method of cream, separation.

There is one more experiment which is easily performed with milk, viz, the separation
of the fat, and which a little practice will enable a person to do for himself. The instru-
ments required are a proper tube, a copper bath for the same, and a thermometer; also,
some ether and alcohol, both of a given strength. The tube is divided into three parts,
the top division being also graduated. First, new milk is poured in and up to the bot-
tom line, when the ether is added to the middle line, and severely shaken until com-
plete amalgamation has taken place. The alcohol is then added to the top line and also
amalgamated by shaking, a most important point. The tube is then placed in the bath
of water at 100° Fahr., and allowed to stand until the preparation of the fat is com-
plete, when it can be measured by the gauge at the top. For ordinary purposes there
is no better system for testing the butter-making properties of a cow.

For the estimation of the fat, however, which is contained in milk, Professor Soxhlet
has invented an apparatus which is most valuable, and the best yet made for such a pur-
pose. By the illustration it will be seen that the stand, which is a metal one, has a
holder fitted with a movable screw for holding the glass tube A, to the projecting tubes
of which the india-rubber tubes & ¥ are attached. In the center of a is fastened a smaller
tube of glass, B, the top of which projects beyond a, and is closed by a cork. The diameter
of B must be two millimeters greater than that of the float of the aerometer. The aerom-
eter has a scale divided into degrees corresponding to the specific gravities, and these
again are divided into halves. In the float of the aerometer is fastened a thermometer,
graduated. An india-rubber tube connects the bottom of B with the glass tube at D,
which passes through the cork E of the bottle, which is designated the agitating bottle,
and the glass tube F, to which is attached a pair of small hand-bellows, likewise passes
through the cork. The stand also holds three pipettes for the measuring of the milk,
ether, and caustic potash. The caustic potash solution must be of 1.26 to 1.27 specific
gravity, which may bo prepared by dissolving 400 grams of fused caustic potash in
half a liter of water, which, after cooling, is made up to one liter. The ether must be
saturated with water, and this can be obtained by shaking commercial ether with A to
T2j of its volume of water at the ordinary temperature. A large vessel of at least 7 pints
capacity filled with water at a temperature of 17° to 18° C. is also required.

To perform the experiment, the milk, after having been thoroughly mixed, and at a
temperature of 17°. 5 C., 200 cubic centimeters are measured by the largest pipette
and discharged into one of the agitating bottles, which should have a capacity of 300
cubic centimeters. Similarly 10 cubic centimeters of the potash solution are measured
and discharged into the bottle containing the milk, and mixed ; GO cubic centimeters of
ether saturated with water are then added. The ether when measured must be between
16°. 5 and 18°. 5 C. The bottle is then closed, well shaken for half a minute, placed in
water at a temperature of 17°. 5 C., and shaken every alternate minute for a quarter of an
hour. After this it stands for a quarter of an hour (although it sometimes takes a lon-
• ger period), when a layer of the ethereal solution of fat is seen on the top, which must
be perfectly clear. The india rubber tube at the bottom of a is then placed in water at
17° to 18° C., when a is filled with the water by suction, and closed by connecting the
ends I V with a small glass tube. The stopper of the bottle is replaced by the cork E,
and the tube D is so inserted as to dip nearly to the bottom of the clear ethereal solu-
tion. The cork at the top of B, and the nippers, II, being opened, a quantity of ether,
sufficient to cause the aerometer to float, is forced by means of 41 gentle pressure of the
hand bellows into the tube B, when the clamp is closed and the cork inserted into B, to

G88 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

prevent evaporation. The. position of the scale is then rend off, that part being read off
which coincides with the middle part of the deepest curved line on the surface of the
liquid. The temperature during the estimation of.the.specilic gravity of the solution
must be noticed, and if it is IT0. 5 C. the specific, gravity will need no farther correc-
tion, fur it in* I-' t be understood that it is diminished by a higher and increased by u
lower temperature. The temperature of the water in A may fluctuate from 16°. 5 to
l^-\5 C., and the s-pecitie gravity of the ethereal solution at 17D.f> C. having been found,
The amount of fat in weight per cent, can be obtained from the table supplied with the
instrument. The value of the .Soxhlet apparatus is that the percentage of fat to the
second decimal place is obtained, thus making it as valuable ad actual analysis.

CREAM-SEPAKATIITG MACHINES.

REPORT PREPARED F32 CONSUL SHAW, OF MANCHESTER, EY J/R. JAXL1S LOXG, OF

JIETC1I1X, ENGLAND.

Up to the present time the most popular machine in England and France has been
the Dz Laval, which is the only one that has been regularly exhibited. There are two
reasons for its popularity — its price, which has varied between £oO and £37, and its
value — for it is a good machine. Perhaps it also ought to bo said that it lias no opposi-
tion in either country, for this is almost the Jhct. True, three other machines have
been exhibited in England; but in one case, the " Danish," patent difiiculties have pre-
vented its sale: in another, the ''Lefeldt," is very much more expensive; and in the
third, the "J'ctersen, " a quite new machine, which competed at the Royal last year
against the Laval for a gold medal. It was far higher in price, suitable only for big
dairies and factories, and did not take off all the cream. There is, however, a difficulty
with the Laval, which its inventor can not overcome: it requires a great deal of power
for so small a machine, and it cannot be made in smaller or larger sizes, these .being
most insuperable objections when, rival machines are introduced without them.

The De Laval is the invention of a Swede of that r.ame, but it is not the earliest in-
vention, for centrifugal force, which is in reality forced gravitation, as applied by an
English inventor, was first used by a German, Professor Fuch, as early as 18.19. In
Laval's machine the receiver revolves with the milk :--omo o,()0() times a minute and
takes the cream from some, 'J(li) quarts an hour. This receiver, which is made of steel,
works upon a vertical axis, and is filled with the milk through the medium of a funnel
wh:ch passes into it from above. As the milk revolves, the centrifugal action causes
tij". lighter cream to gather at the top in the center, while the heaver portion of tho
volume is forced to tho outside. This being the case it only needs some additional out-
side power to force it outside and this is provided by the continual stream of new milk.
The p-sult is that the heavy skim, milk is compelled to lind its way through a tube to
an outer chamber whence it runs out by a pipe. As the new milk enters and is skimmed
the enJiij-L'ed volume of cream likewise demands an outlet, for -it cannot get to the per-

hery nor escape with the milk; hence it is provided with a special tube and chamber,
nd <•.-• capes from another portion of the machine in a similar way. As the drum is
J 1 nn ler.-i in diameter, the surface speed of the interior required to separate the cream
i.> all »ut l.~>,0i)(i feet ^»er minute.

Now we will take the Dani.-h machine, originally .co called, although now that there
are not one !>u^ four or live machines made in Denmark, we ought 1o follow the example
of the. Danes themselves and use the names of the makers: otherwise buyers will some
day '.'••» into a difficulty. This machine, culled, respectively, the IVter-vn and Uurmeis-
P<T I'v.- Dam, is sent out by If. C. Pcterseu oc Co.. Copenhagen, which fact should lie
. i!lv noted, a-; of the ci^'tit machines we, know (:;::;• are made by dili'erent firms of
tins name. So fir, this is without doubt the bes! i::.:c!iine vJ.iich has yet appeared. It
t-anopm, flat-topped, hori/ontal drum, which nri t h.- fixed upon a su'.id foundation
a:,<! c;;n b<- wor);;-d bv one or two horses or bv steam power. The drum is about 'JA
le'-t in diameter. <<r 1 ."> inches across the o:>en s| . • ••. v.-hile the depth ii *2 feet. In Die
center is a cone, within which is the shaft by which tin- machine is worked. < )n the top
or Icdi/e of Die outside drum i < an apparatu- inveijter! by J'rofessor I'jord. of Copenhagen,
and int'» this the mill: runs a> it comes from tb" vai : here are a set of strainers, and in
e;ieb corner tub's '-o ;;iran;_r''d tb.it just as much mill; can be passed through as is neces-
Ivieh tube extends to very nearly the floor of t he drum ; it is bent at the end so
tlia1 a- tin- milk le-ive-i i: i' runs directly onto the penpb<-rv. AVhen the drum is in
iintion -and it rn\oivf-s only I.-UO times a minute — the body of the milk is whirled
round, arid immediately become:; a wall lining the periphery of the drum. As in tho

1

!l

PLATE 294

NO TE Tins utfise*/ upon tfir Duiush Separator; tJi, f»n<
to the bottom, of the drum. . The milk t'cdkint
• ntres or .strainer? and is passed- into the
.•miaU quantities as the -stepper* a /• air n
rr.qu.lcLtuiq the creasn taken t'rnni thf nn/Ji

PROFESSOR FJORD'S REGULATOR

US MACHINE ANY PERCENT' AGE OF CREAM
CAM BE SKIMMED 8YTHE DANISH

PLATE 296

THE VERTICAL DRUM CREAM SEPARATOR

OF PETERSEN OF HAMBURG.

PLATE 299

Juh ILS Si en A Co JJJtfi .

THE LEFELDT CREAM SEPARATOR

SUPPLEMENT.

689

De Laval, centrifugal force brings the cream to the surface and to the top, where it is met
by a sharp tube, fixed from the outside and literally cut oft', the tube acting like a plane
and making a furrow into which the band of cream rushes only to be cut off the faster.
It rushes down this tube and out into the pail set to catch it. As the milk continues
to be poured in and the cream to be cut off, the skim milk at the back is farced
through an outlet at the top into a little chamber above the cream, where it is taken by
a cutting tube in a similar manner.

With regard to Professor Fjord's apparatus, it may be mentioned that if all the cream
were required, a plain tube only would be necessary; but as different milk producers
and dealers have their own ideas, they must be consulted. One may wish to make
cheese, and leave a portion of the fat in the milk; another may nrefer to sell skim milk
which is still rich in cream, for there is no denying the factthatthis separator takes more
cream from it than can be obtained by any old system. For this end, then, Fjord's reg-
ulator is used, and by its aid any proportion of fat can be taken. Thus if the supply be
increased by regulating the tubes, the skimmer will only take the same quantity of cream,
consequently more must be left in the milk.

The last addition to this machine is an ingenious machine by which the revolutions
are counted, and this does Mr. Peterson, who is really the inventor of the machine, great
credit. This gentleman claims to skim with his large machine 1,200 pounds or 120 gal-
lons an hour. This statement is not an exaggeration, for, when in Sweden, the manager
of a large factory, where the centrifuge is worked, in answer to a question told us that
he separated 200 Swedish cans an hour, this can being 6 pounds. The cream, too, can
be taken of any thickness, so that indeed a spoon will stand upright in it.

The large machine costs 1,100 kroner Danish, or about £60, while the smaller is 650
kroner, this revolving nearly 2,800 a minute, skimming nearly 600 pounds of milk, and
working by one horse. There is also a tube which will carry the skim milk away over-
head into a vat, instead of into a pail below. It should be mentioned that in all cases
the temperature of the cream and the quality of the milk has much to do with the re-
sults, and to this end it is now the custom to heat al linilk to its temperature on leaving
the cow by passing it over hot water or steam tubes as it runs into the machine.

In comparing this machine with the Laval, we find, first, that it requires less power
and does more work, its surface speed being 9,750 feet, or 5,250 less than the Laval. It
can be had in almost any size, and can be regulated. At the Royal trial it gave more
butter, while the analysis showed —

ii

tjj

_, rH

jj? A

jj

9}

0)

Component parts.

§8

3x
-' «

"g

0

§

.

K

f£

c a

a

1

1

32

&2

5

02

i

3

Water . .

61 46

52.32

91.72

91.82

91.36

Fat

33.44

42.68

.29

.11

.44

4 56

4 42

7 22

7 32

7 41

Mineral

.54

.58

.77

.73

.79

Total

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

During the past year the most important contest which has yet taken place was held
at the Danish Exhibition in Aulborg where prizes were offered for large and small sepa-
rators. The Danish of Petersen easily won in the large class, two of his machines com-
peting, one running at 1,900 and the other at 2,100 revolutions per minute, the in-
dicated horse-power being 1.3. In the small class the jury selected the Danish and the
Laval for trial at a farm-house under the superintendence of Professor Fjord. Every-
thing was done which science could devise to make the experiment complete. Every
minute during the trials the speeds of the axle, of the horse gear, of the vertical
axles, of the separators, of the rotary dynamometer, and of the intermediate motion,
were written down by self-registering indicators. The Danish gave a speed of 2,400 to
3,000 per minute, and the Laval 5,600 to 7,000, the result of the five series of experi-
ments which were made being that where both separators were driven by the same power
the Danish skimmed 565 pounds (Danish pound is equal to 1.12f>ounds English) per
hour, leaving 20 per cent, of fat in the skim milk, and the Laval 450 pounds per hour,
leaving 24 percent, in the skim milk; or, in other words, it was shown that at the same
degree of skimming and with the same supply of milk the Laval required one- third more
poorer than the Danish, or, supposing that the same power is consumed, the Danish small

H. Ex. 51 44

690 CATTLE -

machine skimmed one-third more than the Laval. When the supply of milk was the
same and the consumption of power also the same, the Laval left 64 to 65 per cent, more
lat in the skimmed milk. Under these circumstances the Danish machine took the other
gold medal.

Now we may refer to the Lefeldt, which is the'oldest machine now in use, and which,
like the above machines, has been recently improved. In appearance this machine is
not unlike the Laval, but is more expensive. It was first produced by Willy Lefeldt, a
civil engineer of Schoningen, Brunswick, who at the polytechnic school at Carlsruhe,
had, it may be supposed, seen something of the invention of Professor Fuchs in that
town; and in 1874 he produced the first machine which was shown at the exhibition at
Bremen. The Lefeldt revolves at the rate of 2,400 upon a vertical shaffc driven by bands
attached to two disks, the one on a level with the machine and the other above it. The
cream is taken on a principle similar to the De Laval, but the machine is much more
elaborate. It is made in three principal sizes, thus: the one for separating, 400 litre
(88 gallons or about 900 pounds); the price is 500 marks, or with the fixtures, £32; for
1,000 litre it is £75, and 2,000 litres £125, without fixtures. The inside diameter of
the drum is 24 inches; thus the velocity required to separate the cream from the milk
is 15,072 feet per minute, or a trifle more than the Laval. There is no doubt whatever
of the value of this machine, for we have seen it working in Switzerland at the great
Anglo-Swiss works, where it is much appreciated, as well as in Germany, and the only
fault found with it is that it has now and then to be stopped.

The machine " System Henreich Petersen," of Hamburg, while working under centri-
fugal force, is quite unlike those above mentioned. Instead of horizontal drums and a
vertical shaft it has vertical drums and a horizontal shaft, the drums being also very dif-
ferent in form; the diameter is large and the depth very little. Instead, too, of the cir-
cumference being flat it forms an acute angle. The shaft is fixed to an iron foundation,
the drums being on each side, and when there are two used they resemble a couple of
carriage wheels upon an axle. The shaft is driven from above, and the milk, which ia
poured into the drum from the front, is skimmed from the same position, and the by-
standers can see the whole working. If, for instance, the finger is introduced and touches
the surface of the milk as it revolves, it will almost be cut with the force of contact, but here
a large cutting tube is introduced and takes off the cream similarly to the other systems,
the skim-milk being forced into the outer chamber of the drum and also skimmed. This
machine is now improved, and can be regulated to take any quantity of cream by screw-
ing the cutter deeper into the cream, as is found necessary. The drums are made in
various sizes, but are decidedly dear — the small-drum machine, holding 100 pounds milk
per drum, skimming 600 pounds an hour, costs £75; if two drums are purchased then
the cost is £126 5s. A 200-pound drum machine, to skim 800 pounds an hour, costs
£95, or for two drums, skimming 1,000 pounds, £160. These machines do an immense
amount of work, have great advantages on account of the power used and the possible
addition of drums, but are too dear.

The "Nakskov," which has never been seen in England, is a Danish machine, made
by Tuxent Hammerich, of Nakskov, and resembles the Danish or Burmeister in a great
measure. We saw it at work at the exhibitions in Denmark and Germany, and we must
say it did its work well, although it is a palpable copy, but without an analysis of the
skimmed milk we should not like to say that it took all the cream. It has no regulator
or machine to count the revolutions, and works on a shaft from above, which is fixed to
a powerful bent iron arm which comes from the foundation and over the back of the
drum, which is 22 inches in diameter, with a smaller opening than the Danish (9 inches).
It is driven from a horizontal wheel or disk, and it is claimed to separate 350 to 400 pounds
of milk per hour, the cost being £27 10s.

Another machine, called the " Aarhus," made by Jansen, of that town, is priced £38,
and is also similar in appearance in all respects, although the working is a little differ-
ent. The milk enters the machine through a tube fixed in the top of the upright shaft,
and a little below this becomes two arms, each of which distributes the milk into the
periphery. Here, too, is an arrangement for the escape of the milk at the bottom, the
cream being taken at the top. The drum of this machine is similar to a plain round
vat. At the top is a wire gauze strainer, from the tube on the top of the shaft is filled.
The annexed drawing will show the system of the distribution of milk. The top outside
pipe is for the escape of the cream and the bottom for the escape of the skim-milk.

Another machine is manufactured by O. C. Petersen & Co., of Copenhagen, but this
did not compete in the trial, having arrived too late. The makers informed us that its
price was to be 300 kroner, or about £16 10s, but although there appears to be some
merit in it and a considerable amount of merit in the price, it is hardly perfected; yet
the makers are in the hope of quickly placing it upon the market.

Again, another separator was entered by O. Petersen & Co., of Roskilde, but this not
being perfected was not sent, although it also has some merit, but its price is consider-

SUPPLEMENT.

691

able, 1,100 kroner. It is, however, upon a similar principle to the successful Danish,
and consequently needs but a passing refc-i

The hist machine exhibited was called the "Solid," the invention of Herviu S. Berg-
lund, a Swedish engineer. This is priced at 450 kroner.

I give sketches of the Danish, the Laval, the Lefeldt, the Petersen (Hamburg), the
Nakskov, and the Aarhus; the last two being rough sketches made in Denmark by the
writer.

A WILTSHIRE DAIRY,

STATEMENT PREPARED FOR CONSUL SHAW, OF MANCHESTER, BY MR. JAMES LONG, OF

HETCHIN, ENGLAND.

The following table gives a record for seven years of the receipts in a Wiltshire dairy
of English crossbreds:

Year.

Average numbeT of cows
in inilk.

Number of days cows were
tnilked during year.

Total yield of milk.

Average annual yield of
inilk per cow.

Milk sold.

Cheese sold.

Butter sold.

"erage price of milk, per
gallon.

"erage price of cheese,
per cwt.

•erage price of milk but-
ter, per pound.

•crage price of whey but-
ter, per pound.

o

"3

A
o
£
3
£

S*.

o

3

£

-4

•<

<

«

1881....

70
70
70
70
72
80
70

308
308
308
308
308
308
308

Galls.
31, 6-34
26,386
30,513
31.153

21, 270

Galls.
445J-
377
436
415
395
tttl

Galls.

7. 960
3,450
3,840
1,790
150
90

Tons. cwt.
8 5i-
7 15
12 18
12 10i-
11 11 J
13 4*
10 10

Cwfs.
40
84|

3<>i-

43J
42*
34*
28

Cwts.

5.V
G£

M

Gi-
6
5*

&

•j
9
tt

3

10
12

lw

s.

58
32
44
59
60
55}
66

I

13
14*
16*
16
17
16*
16

d.
12
11
12
12
12

11

10

1880

1879

1878

1877

1876

1875

DAIRY ASSOCIATION LAWS OF WURTEMBERG.

flnclosure in Consul Catliii's cattle report.]
Statutes of the Dairy Association at Heldenfingen (Registered company}.

^ 1. The undersigned associate themselves together for an indefinite period under the
title of the Registered Dairy Association of Heldenfingen.

The seat is at Heldenfingen, and its object is a most advantageous disposal of milk by
a joint management of the business.

2. Only persons who are of age, self-supporting, and of good character^ and who own
milch cows in their own right, can become members of the association.

3. Membership is acquired by signing the statutes or a written declaration of acces-
sion, after having received formal admission from the general assembly.

4. The membership is annulled («J by voluntary resignation, (6) by death (c) by ex-
pulsion.

A resignation can only take place at the end of a business year; the declaration of
withdrawal must, however, be sent in to the president of the association at least three
months in advance, otherwise a discharge from membership can only ensue at the end of
the following year.

In case of death membership ceases on the day of death; it may, however, be trans-
ferred to the widow or heirs of the deceased member, who,can carry on the business,
without any entrance fee, if such privilege is applied for within one week after.

Withdrawal is made by approval of the general assembly, in which case the mem-
bership ceases on the day of the approval. Expulsion mn*l V« acted on as soon as a
member has lost the capacity to servo or his standing as a citizen; it may, however,
also ensue through a non-compliance with the duties provided for by the statutes.

692 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

5. The settling «'>f the accounts of those who may have withdrawn from membership
(4 ei, A. and <• or of their heirs takes place at the end of the business year. Their bal-
ance is. however, not mid over bel'ore six months. Also i'or two years from the day of
cessation of membership ex-members are liable for their share of any losses by'the
company.

(>'. Members have the right —

i (? i To take part in the general a.-sembly and to vote there. This right ceases with the
dav of declaration of resignation. Female members have neither the right to vote nor
admittance to the assemblies.

•. /' ) To lorward to the dairy all milk which they produce and to claim their payment
monthly for the same from the company.

(<•) To draw their share of profits on the basis of section ?>0.

(<i) At any time to enter the dairy and take note of the conduct of its business.

". Members are required —

(li To pay an entrance fee of 10 marks, which sum forms at the same time their share
in the capital stock without interest. On withdrawal irom the company (4 a, b, and c)
this sum is repaid.

(ii] To observe the existing regulations and subsequent resolutions of the association,
as well as to guard the interest of the company in all respects.

(IJ.i To be individually responsible with their whole property in so far as the proper-
ty of the association may be iusuilieient to meet its obligations.

(4j To lorward daily a stated quantity of milk, which quantity shall be fixed by the
superintendent in each case, in proportion to the number of the cattle; and particularly
to acquiesce in the following rules relative to the delivery of the milk:

('() The milch cows are to be well and regularly led. as well as thoroughly milked.
The udders are to be Avashed before milking if necessary; care must also be taken that
there be sufficient straw and pure healthy air in the stable.

( l> ) The milk is to be delivered immediately after milking in a clean vessel, which must
be 'properly cleaned after each time it is used, and must not be used for any other purpose.

! •;•; It is forbidden to deliver the milk of cows which are diseased at the udder, or not
in iiood general health; the milk of fresh milch cows in the lirst live days alter calving;
the milk of bearing cows in the last four weeks before calving: the milk of cows newly
brought in irom market and which have not been previously three times milked; thin
and poor milk, and in general all milk which in any of its conditions is not normal.

«l) At any discussions arising relative to the quality of milk, the areometer ot
Miiller and the creamometer of Chevalier are to be applied as tests, and each member
must hold himself subject to the decision resulting therefrom.

The milk is to be considered thin, when its specific weight— measured at 15° Celsius
by the areometer of Muller — falls under 1,0:2!J, and it is to lie considered as devoid of
fat. when, after twenty-four hours of skimming, it yields less than 10 per cent, of cream,
according to Chevalier's creamometer, at a temperature of 10°-15':' Celsius.

(r) All milk which is intentionally altered by the owner to the prejudice of the asso-
ciation 'skimm'-d, watered, <\:c.) is considered adulterated. If adulteration is proved,
the furnisher has for the lirst offense to pay a stipulated line of 100 marks, and in case
of repetition is to be expelled from the association. Should there bo any suspicion of
adulteration of milk", the superintendent is to examine into the matter, and if necessary
to cause a chemical investigation of the milk. He, b:us also the right at any time to have
the cows of the milk furnisher milked in oider to compare the milk obtained in his pres-
ence with the milk furnished.

*. The association is to conduct its business independently with, equal rights to all its
members. Its directors are the executive committee and the general assembly.

!». The committee; consists of the Miperi'.itendent of the association, a vice-superin-
tendent, an accountant, and two inspectors. The general assembly holds two separate
(•lections annual Iv. at the lirst of which the superintendent, and at the second the other
four members are chosen. These officers are eligible lor re-election.

10. The eomiiiit lee (list i ibiit " t he business among its members according to its own
judgment. The vice-superintendent and the accountant an; to be, chosen Irom among
its members.

1 1. The committee is responsible to the general as>emb!y for its action. Its members
are personally answerable fur all losses resulting froia negligence or malfeasance, and
JIKI v for tins reason be released from 1 heir dul ies at any 1 ime.

1'J. The exceii live committee assembles as often as the superintendent finds it necessary,
or upon the request of two of its members.

!'•'>. Th'- bu-i:iess of the e\eeul ivc committee is: fa) The discharge' of current busi-
titss- ', tin- arrangement and care of the book-;; (<•) the directing and paying of the,
eiiee>e-mak' r and all hands icquired in the business; (<l) the purchase of the necessary
fuel and otinr articles nqmred in the dairy; (r) the rendering of the yearly accounts
and the taking of the inventory.

SUPPLEMENT. 693

14. To form a quorum of the executive committee the presence of at least three mem-
bers is required. In case of a tie the president has the casting vote. Every subject of
discussion must, if two members of the committee desire, be laid before the general
assembly for decision, and in this case a special meeting of the general assembly is to be
called. The proceedings of the committee are to be recorded.

15. The executive committee represents the association in all legal proceedings, and
signs for it. The signature is valid in the name of the superintendent or the vice-
superintendent and one other member of the executive committee under the title of the
association. The legitimation of the executive committee is made by a certified extract
from the record of its election and that of the vice-superintendent.

1C. The superintendent, in addition to the other duties imposed upon him by the orders
of the executive committee and the general assembly, is required: (a) To issue calls for
the meetings of the committee and general assembly, to preside over the same, and to
take care that the resolutions there adopted are carried out to the letter; (6) to have an
oversight of the buildings and all movable effects belonging to the association, which
he, according to the inventory, has under his charge; (c) to order as often as possible
examinations of the milk, to watch over the employes, and to hold at least once a year
a special revision of the accounts; (d) to announce immediately to the committee any
irregularity in the books or business in order that measures may be taken tending to
the safety and surety of the association.

17. The accountant, who at the same time acts as bookkeeper, if the committee does
not decide otherwise, has charge of all the funds of the association and keeps the books as
to income and outlay according to his acquaintance with the business. Payments from the
treasury of the company can only be made by written order from the superintendent or
the vice-superintendent and some other member of the committee. He must allow at
any time a revision of books to be made by the superintendent.

18. The call for the general assembly, which has the final decision in all the affairs
of the company, and which is issued by the superintendent, must be made in writing,
and not later than three days before the holding of the same, with mention of the matters
to be discussed.

19. The regular general assembly, at which the yearly accounts are to be rendered,
with a report of the examination of the same, as well as the election of the new committee
and the auditors of accounts must take place not later than the end of February in each
year. Special general assemblies can, in cases of emergency, be called in at any time; the
superintendent is obliged to call them if the committee decides, or if a third of the
members propose it, with a written statement of the subjects to be discussed.

20. At the elections each member has one vote, and it is not transferable. The elec-
tion of officers, as well as the votes on receiving or excluding members, must be done
by written ballots. On any other questions members may vote by rising from their
seats, or remaining seated, provided that the general assembly may at any time decide
upon another mode of voting.

21. Besides the cases mentioned in section 32 the general assembly is at any time
qualified to decide whether the call has been regularly issued, with a mention of the
subjects to be discussed.

22. Decisions are binding for all members of the association, if they are taken by vote
of a plurality of members present. In case of a tie, the vote of the president decides.

23. The general assembly has the right to withdraw the privilege of presiding officer
from the superintendent on any proposition brought before it, and to offer that privilege
to any other member of the association.

24. Minutes are to be kept of all decisions, and these minutes, after having been read
and adopted, are to be signed by all the members of the executive committee.

25. All subjects not expressly appertaining to the executive committee must be sub-
mitted to the decision of the general assembly.

26. The necessary funds for carrying out the objects (g 1) of the association are to be
raised (1) by admission fees, (2) by mortgage, (3) by fines and other payments.

27. The fiscal year is identical with the calendar year. At the end of the year the
committee shall settle its accounts and take an inventory. The balanced account for
the year is to be forwarded for examination to the auditors of accounts not later than
the end of January, and Is to be placed before the regular general assembly not later
than the end of February with a report of the results.

28. The yearly account must include: (1) All income and outlays; (2) a special ac-
count showing profit and loss; (3) the balance showing the assets of the association at
the close of the year.

In the latter are to be mentioned, under active capital: (1) the condition of the Treas-
ury in ready money; (2) the securities actually in hand quoted at their market value;
(3) money collectible except that not bearing interest and that of which the probable
value cannot be estimated with any certainty; (4) the actual dairy products and other

694 CATTLE AND- DAIRY FARMING.

stores according to the price of the day; (5) all other movable effects, with a statement
of their value after deducting at least 5 per cent, for wear and tear; (6) all fixtures ac-
cording to their cost (provided the general assembly does not decide otherwise); (7) all
interest-bearing debts only collectible in the next year's accounts.

Passive capital. — (1) The members' shares in the business; (2) the reserve-fund; (3)
debts on capital; (4) unpaid bills; (5) expenses yet due and unpaid (income, wages of
hands, &c.); (6) interest yet due, but not payable before the next year's account, reck-
oned to the end of the year.

The surplus of the active over the passive capital constitutes the net profit, the sur-
plus of the passive over the active the net loss.

29. Any possible loss ia covered T>y deduction from the reserve-fund. Should the lat-
ter not prove sufficient, then the members are to bear the deficiency in proportion to the
measures of milk delivered during the year passed and to pay in the amount in cash.

30. The profits are to be applied as follows: (1) A sum in marks equal to the number of
hectoliters of milk delivered to the dairy during the previous year shall be applied to
cancelling borrowed capital and to the formation of a reserve-fund; (2) the remainder
shall be distributed among the members pro rata, according to the quantity of milk de-
livered; (3) when all capital debts shall have been paid and when the reserve fund
shall have attained the amount of 1,500 marks the net gain shall be distributed to the
members pro rata as above mentioned.

31. In order to prevent a loss in the yearly accounts, milk should not be paid for higher
than at 8 pfennig per liter.

32. In voting upon amendments to the statutes or the enacting of new ones, as well
as upon a dissolution of membership, the presence of at least two-thirds of all the mem-
bers is necessary in the general assembly, and at least four-fifths of those present must
vote affirmatively to render such action valid. If the dissolution of membership is de-
cided upon, then the property remaining on hand after deducting the debts, will be
paid over to the members in proportion to the quantities of milk delivered by each
member to the dairy during the last two years. The same rule is applicable to the pay-
ment of debts. The liquidators are to be chosen by the General Assembly.

33. All disputes concerning decisions under these as well as future statutes of the
association shall be acted upon by the general assembly. No member is allowed to
waive this, and the law has no voice therein.

34. All publications of the Association shall be made in its firm name and over the
signature of the superintendent, in the newspaper published at Heidenheim, entitled
the "Grenzboten," also in the Wiirttemberg Weekly Journal for Agriculture.

35. In questions not provided for by these statutes, the German Association law shall
decide.

TRANSPORT OF CATTLE.

REPORT PREPARED FOR CONSUL SHAW, OF MANCHESTER, BY MR. JAMES LONG, OF

HETCH1N, ENGLAND.

Inquiries tinder this head have been made of every firm of shippers to America in
England, but the great majority have nothing to do with the transport of live-stock.
Particulars, however, have been obtained from some firms which will be found of con-
siderable value, but it appears that the general arrangements of fitting stalls, feeding,
cartage, and minor matters arc usually left to and made by independent persons of whom,
so far as can be learned, only one, Mr. Sherlock, of 9 Canning Place, Liverpool, is regu-
larly engaged in the business and able to give sp«ific information. There are other
persons who undertake this work but only in a casual way, as they may be employed
by breeders, or dealers in cattle in their particular districts. Some persons make their
own arrangements and send stock men across the Atlantic whom they have themselves
selected for the work. Mr. Sherlock's particulars, however, will be found most valua-
ble, and the account he annexes will be a good guide to intending shippers. There ia
not always the necessity for engaging any particular firm unless the number of animals
to be sent is large; for if the British exporter is an intelligent and careful man he can
surely be trusted to manage this without the additional expense of an agency.

The writer has himself exported to America and found little or no difficulty in the
matter. Communication was made with the shipping firm who forwarded information
as to the time when the cattle were to arrive and where they were to be sent. They
were fitted with specially-made halters, insured, and victualed with an ample quantity
of food. They were then met at the station, conducted to the vessel, and placed under
the care of one of the men on board who was allowed for the purpose and used to the
work. ID such a case the vessel is watched from the other side, and the animals taken

SUPPLEMENT. 6Sfi

charge of by the purchasers immediately upon arrival, quarantine of course not being
forgotten.

The Cunard Company (Limited), of Liverpool, furnish the following particulars: Ship-
pers of British cattle to America should be careful to select the largest type of vessel,
with high 'tween decks and good speed. The animals should be berthed on the main
deck, under a spar-deck (never exposed to the weather), where there is a certainty of ven-
tilation. The owner's own servants take the care and management on the voyage and
providing the food. The ship finds fittings and water. The cost of the freight will de-
pend upon the season of the year, as, according to the British passenger acts, the number
of steerage passengers in the vessel is limited by the number of cattle carried. Up to
March and after July freight can be obtained at a cost of from £8 8s. to £12 12«. per
head, according to the number. Shipment is generally effected by the animals walking
on board (which is a great advantage over being slung), and the discharge in the same
way. The trade is greatly hampered by the enforcement of quarantine by the Ameri-
can Government on healthy and unhealthy animals alike.

Messrs. George Warren & Co., of Alexandra Buildings, James street, Liverpool, state:
The freight on horned cattle from Liverpool to Boston ranges from £3 to £5 per head,
according to the number shipped. For single beast of high value £10 lO.s. has been paid,
the shipper taking all risks of the voyage. The fittings, food, and attendance are found
by the shipper, and therefore we cannot give you any information on this point, but we
would refer you to M. Sherlock, esq., Canning Place, Liverpool, who has frequently
shipped sheep, cattle, and horses.

Mr. Sherlock has furnished the following information: I have thought it best to
give a memorandum showing the expenses incurred on shipment of two horses in
May, 1885. I have discarded odd mone.y, but have given sufficient in order to enable one
to gather some information. I have been shipping cattle, hirses, cows, and sheep for
over twenty years. I shipped three or four herds of Guernseys, some valuable horses,
and two lots of sheep lately; and with my experience, therefore, I am in a position to
give considerable information. My greatest feat was the purchase and shipment of
sheep in 1832, assisted by a retired farmer. We selected thirty-seven rams of six different
breeds, and shipped them. This year, 1884, we purchased ninety-nine ewes for the same
parties, viz, "the Massachusetts Association for Promoting Agriculture," and they were
so pleased with what we had done that they sent me a very handsome present.

The insurance against the total loss of the steamer is trifling — same rate as on ordinary
goods — but against accident, either in shipping, on board, or on landing, it runs very
high, sometimes as high as 10 or 15 guineas per cent. We have always victualed for
twenty-five or twenty-eight days, according to the season of the year. Such may seem
absurd, but it is on the safe side. Cattle steamers coming to Europe have nearly always
something on board upon which they can fall back, such, as grain, Indian corn, flour, &c.,
but outwards there is nothing of the kind.

Again, as to the man in charge of the animals, we have two or three first- class men,
men who are constantly crossing with cattle, and they frequently call in to know if we
have anything going. These men, being good sailors, do not suffer from sea-sickness,
and consequently can always be at their post. Five pounds is the general payment. I
find we disbursed nearly £700 for the last lot of sheep — ewes. I have only lost one horse —
a large, heavy stallion — which, however, was no fault of mine, as he was of a fretful tem-
perament, and very shortly after a gale of wind sprung up he died. The following is the
memorandum above referred to:

<>f the shipment oftico horses in ?>Itnj, 1883.

£ s.

Freight out, £10 10s. each ___ 21 0

Groom's passage 4 0

Victuals for twenty-five dayst 732 pounds hay, 168 pounds straw, 2 sacks saw-
dust, and sacks 4 0

300 pounds crushed oats, 260 pounds bran, 10 pounds linseed, sacks &c 3 0

Cabbage, carrots, and turnips, or roots 10

Ironmongery: Fork, bucket, scraper, basket, comb and brush, &c 15

Stalls, very strong, padded, with mangers, &c 5 5

Slings, extra strong 2 10

Leather halters and ropes 10

Incidental expenses: Livery stables, groom's board and lodging, men leading to
stables, and next day to steamer (4 miles), cartage, porterage, provender to the

dock, men at steamer assisting in shipping, &c 3 10

Consular invoices (breeding purposes), 5s., say; consularfee, 15.$ 1 0

Entry at customs, dues, bills of lading, and insurance (against total loss of ship

only, and not against accident) 1 0

Agency: Attendances, fixing steamer, and freight at dock, and stalls, superintend-
ing shipment, early or late, from __£3 3s. to 4 4

696 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

Messrs. Flinn, Main & Montgomery, the managing directors of the Mississippi and
Dominion Steamship Company (Limited), ot'Harvcy Building, 24 James street, Liverpool,
state that the rate of freight averages from four to live pounds per head, which includes
the cost of the stalls and fittings used on the steamer and the supply of Iresh water
during the voyage. Fodder and attendance are provided by the shipper, and an attendant
is allowed free for every 25 cattle. As to cost of maintenance during the voyage, Messrs.
Flinn, Main & Co. are unable to give any certain information. The loss from mortality
by this company's vessels is very slight. Out of 1,343 head of prize breeding stock car-
ried to Quebec during the summer of 18S3, only 4 died, and during the winter months
they have been carried with equal success.

The stalls are placed on the main- steerage decks. Their average size is, for a single
horse, 8 feet by 4 feet, such stalls being always padded. Cattle stalls are constructed
so that each shall hold two animals, and their size is usually 8 feet by about 5 feet G
inches. These are the ordinary sizes, but special arrangements can be made to have
the stalls arranged for any particular lot, as shippers may desire. For shipping by this
company's line, or in fact by most of the Atlantic lines, the Alexandria dock station of
the London and Northwestern Railway Company is the most convenient, and cattle
should be sent forward the day previous to the ship's sailing date.

NOTE. — For convenience, wherever pounds, shillings, and pence occur the pounds may
be reckoned at $5, the shillings at 25 cents, and the pence at 2 cents.

BRITISH CATTLE MARKETS.*

REPORT BY CONSUL RYDER, OF COPENHAGEN.

The attention of the Royal Agricultural Society of Denmark having frequently been
called by many of the district members to the great want felt by the agricultural classes
for full and trustworthy information on this subject, it was determined by that society
in the course of last year to send over a duly qualified expert to examine closely into
the workings of the English markets, as well as into the general, requirements of the
trade, and the results of this official's investigation have now been made public for the
benefit and guidance of the agricultural community.

In furtherance of the objects in view two market places in London, two in Newcastle,
and one in Edinburgh and Glasgow were visited, and it is remarked in the outset with
much truth that in order to obtain a proper insight and become fully acquainted with
the systems of these markets, to which are forwarded a large number of cattle of consid-
erable money value from this country, it was first of all felt to be of primary importance
to seek for full information regarding the different classes of customers at these markets
and the demands made by them, as constituting one of the essential points of investiga-
tion.

At Newcastle the markets were found to be held on Mondays and Tuesdays of each
week, on the first day the market being held in the cattle stalls; on the second in the
open market place. On the Monday the buyers were traders from distant places, viz,
from Manchester, York, Leeds, from the borders of Scotland, and even from London.
From Manchester, which has a cattle trade of equal importance as London, come the
largest number of buyers; wholesale dealers who purchase in large lots, never less than
a railway-wagon load, and, as a general rule, nearly half the cattle is bought up for that
trade center. Though Manchester, from its adjacent position to Liverpool, the chief re-
ceiving port of the United States imports, this market of Newcastle is always greatly
influenced according to the extent of the American imports. On the Tuesday, on the
other hand, the market is generally attended by the local butchers, as also by the butch-
ers from the neighboring towns in this thickly populated district. Tuesday may thus
be regarded as a day of retail trade, inasmuch as each butcher only buys a couple or at
most from six to eight head; but on this day there is generally a very brisk trade, a large
number of beasts are disposed of. Finally, there is a third class of buyers, but these
are more uncertain in their dealings, namely, the traders from London, so-called cayo
butchers, who look out for the large and coarser kinds of animals, to sell these again to
the great sausage manufacturers.

In comparison with Newcastle the London market ranks poorly in regard to the num-
bers of customers for the Danish cattle. The chief buyers in this market are the wholesale
butchers from the western part of the city, the Whitechapel butchers, who buy up a fair
amount of these cattle, one individual taking at times from one hundred to one hundred
and twenty head in the week. These purchase the inferior, large-horned animals, but
at the same time require them to be of a perfectly sound condition. They purchase

*Republished from Consular Keporta No. 53.

SUPPLEMENT. 697

•

chiefly for the Jewish population, who buy the forequarters, whilst the hindquarters
are sold in the meat markets.

Another class of customers are the country butchers from Kent. These buy the large
animals of best quality, especially young and i'at heifers. Individually they do not buy
in large quantities, but still the number sold to them on the whole is far from inconsid-
erable. The third class of London customers are the large meat contractors for the army
and navy services, the hospitals, &c. These are, however, a class of buyers of very un-
certain nature, inasmuch as they can often remain away for a lengthened period of time;
but then when they do make their appearance they can purchase on a very extensive
scale; frequently a couple of thousand head, one individual contractor having been
known to purchase twenty-two hundred beasts in the course of two days. They are, in
consequence, held in dread by the other classes of customers, whilst they are, on the
other hand, most heartily welcomed by the commission agents. This class of custom-
ers as a rule confine their purchases to beasts of somewhat inferior description. Finally
a fourth class is to be found in the retail butchers, of which there are a large number;
but these, unfortunately, it would seem, are, with great difficulty, reached by the im-
porters of Danish cattle. They dwell chiefly in the eastern quarters of the town, and
only buy animals of best quality, but, as before said, they are very diffi cult to approach,
and when they do come to our agents they only buy of the very best, and, on the
whole, do not seem to favor our cattle, but prefer keeping themselves to their home
breeds.

To the market of Edinburgh, or, one should rather say, Leith, which is the port of
entry, and suburbs of that city, comparatively few, and all lean, cattle are sent from
this country, and it may be said that this market has never met with much success.
The trade is here, for the greater part, carried on at public auction, held in a large build-
ing belonging to the commission agents, who are mostly moneyed men and few in num-
ber, and the market would almost appear to be greatly ruled by some of the leading
men.

The system of auction may undoubtedly be equally as advantageous as that of selling
by lots, nevertheless it is the general opinion that the prices in the Edinburgh market
were more fluctuating than in the others. Both in the Newcastle and London markets
the supplies have increased enormously in the last ten or eleven years. In the year 1872
there were imported into Newcastle from foreign lands 96 head of cattle; in 1878, 28,990
head; in 1880, 55,800 head, and in 1883, 104,300 head. It cannot therefore be a matter
of surprise that under so rapid development a system of conducting the trade should
have arisen which should not be allowed to exist.

Several bad customs have crept in which are now difficult to combat, but which may
ultimately prove of serious detriment to the trade unless a firm stand is taken in time
against them. For example, it is now of very common occurrence that the commission
agent, so as not to cause dissatisfaction to his constituents when he has made sales at
low prices, is in the habit of adding to the price at his own cost, whilst on the other
hand he makes a deduction from the prices obtained when he has succeeded in effecting
sales at unusually favorable rates. Again, these agents frequently have their subagents
in the kingdom, to whom they make a pecuniary return for each animal which is for-
warded to them through their influence, and which must in the long run come out of
the pockets of the farmers. Another objectionable practice is that of long credits too
often given by the commission agents in order to secure customers, but which can at
times be the means of entailing loss to the farming classes at home; and again, the large
advances which are also frequently made by these agents to cattle dealers in the king-
dom (the middle men) are likewise the means of creating an amount of uncertainty in
the trade. These large advances top often lead to extensive speculations being carried
on, which in a great measure place the farming classes at the mercy of these traders.
These middle men again are also too often in intimate connection with the forwarding
Btearn company's agent.

All these excrescencies only tend to injure the vitality of the trade, and in all prob-
ability the only correction against such abuses will be found in " combinations " by the
farming population to protect their interests, as also by transacting their business with
agests of their own choice.

Another great factor in regulating the state of the English markets is to be found in
the different relations with our competitors in the trade. The nature of this competition
is to be seen from the imports from the different countries. Thus the imports from Den-
mark which in 1874,;were 26,800 head of cattle, in 1883 had reached up to 11 9, 300 head,
while the exports from France are very inconsiderable, amounting yearly only to about
3,000 to 4,000 head. But owing to the outbreak of the cattle plague the imports from
this quarter have been completely stopped. From Schleswig-Holstem the exports were
gradually on the increase until 1876, when they had obtained the number of 51,000
head, but now that cattle from these places are required to be slaughtered at Deptford,
the exports have continued to decliuo so that in 1883 these exports amounted to onl7

698 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

•

'j-viiu, i head. ifo.land. also, like tlu- two before-mentioned countries, received a blow in
1-7? i m' their livi -st . -k was al<o resiricte.l, the exports from that

• . ' • \vlii< i a • -" ...:. '.::: : LJ -'!>.() • > head, b.'hi'j; reduced hi H-vJ to only -10.000
hr;id: i>at on the >''.. r hand the imports I'roin Spain, Portugal, and Sweden have been
! ;; ; mi^ht lie expected, it may bo accepted as a rule that the exports
t-> Tn. ..t , i fror.i ; .; iho>o cuiiutries enjoying the privilege of Tree import A have l)cen on
the i! » a considerable falling o!i' is to be noted J'rom tlioso which are placed

u:i Icr ill • slaii: ations attheportof import. Of the countries outside of JEurope

it -seen tii : •:; « \" ports lYom Canada, which lirst took its commencement in 1875 with
aboir ^iiuanii iaX in I ^77 had already increased to 7, 000. th:»t it has now attained the large
d' vrlo ., i.i ..i head. Prom the 1'nited States, -while the export to Filmland in

i -7 1 was a! it :2 HJ he id, i hese have likewise increased to a considerable extent,

as wil be seen from the following tabular statement, viz:

Exports. Year. Exports.

I'.tt.lMV)

17. O.HI
L'M. OU)

Tiie annual imports of live-stock into Great Britain during th." decade of ] -'71-1883
have been i.,. rcase.d from 1U:>.OU9 head to :>U7,<KK), of which the l.'nit.-d State; of Amer-
ica and Canada ha-ve shipped about; one-half and Peiimark one-third.

In the, imports of sheer) (iermanyand Holland occupy predominant positions, these

countr.' • - e >, , tiuii annually from :.!00.<!(><) to IJOO.OO ) to the Kniiiish markets. The ex -

p":ts ;Vo;:i h.-'Viii rrl; l:;ive- likewise been steadily on the increase, amounting in (he past

year lo (M). 000 head. T'ne sheep trade, in opposition to thuL ol horned cattle, is found

' v. ith mosl success at. the Deptford in:irket.

Ofthe frv>h-mutton trade the imports for the past live years were as follows, viz:

The-r iiiruresai'ford a ^ood indication, and account for liie reduced prices of this article

<T ood. hurini; tin past year esprciallv the sheep trade l:as been subject to^reatde-

P ssion. *.,.;,.' i , tin lar^elv increased imports of frozen meat. and. unfortunately for

..'.;. rs ::: Lurojie, there is ail pro.-;pe"t of tho.^.> imp>ris me tir.vAvith much

' 1:1 t lie i>( a r future.

Tlie iiupoi t.i'io:i o; Iresli an 1 Milt <ix i:u\.t can date itrjcor.vnenecint nt I'roTii the United
. i "i '-'."•. and from Ca.iada in 1 -70, the exports from the latter country
in the yea; 1--:; h;ivin^ reaehed up to IJ 1.000 cwt/ In l-^.l the I'nited States only ex-
ported :;, : . ., t., 1.1 i -7V th<se had already increased to tiie lar/,e a:u-raut of 4-1:5,000
'".'(., ;... 1 i en! years the-e, liave fnilhcr inen-.i-ed as follows, viz: In 1^7^,

with -l~:j.00ij ( A-:.. : in 1 s7I», wiili .>.";!), o;i!) cwt. ; in I"-1*, with 7'.' l.''M!> cwt.: in 1^1, with
7-17.000 cwt. ; in ! - -:l. v. i; ii •!',(;, 000 cwl., and in !•-'-'!», v,'i!h 7.'50.<I00 < wt .

'•. will be obs./rvcd from the<e tabulated returns a considerable decline is to be
noti I in tin • !'-., :n I !n- l.'nited Stitc'sin 1 <--J. both oflivestocka< well ass!au<^btered

rneat. and i! kvill llius ;,]>p ar that n itwii !>-ituriinx it i I.ir^e - up] > lies, the Tnit";! Slates
hav.- :. / ;,%•• b.,-ii able t.) bi-in;,rdown prii-eo, like as in thcgmin m.irket -, 1 o ^'ic'i a point
;us to excl udo from ill" markets tli(;ir Ktiropta;! coinj^iitors: but rather that 1 he. extent
of ; i,,--" exports i . more depi ndeut. iijion t he condition of (lie In -me pi ices in our country.
Thu-, li.i in ' a • . from l-7(Jto 1-7!) -when a steady reduction i:' nieat prices was felt

in a meaa

'.. i .!•• I n io I S'a ',( -. < - peciai ly Ibr the fir.-t and secon'l da < s tjnaiitics, "«. m.^ "i <v ' "

ure to the, <1 :. . , in;l lionie. constim])tion conscfiucnl up-;:i the, unfavorable condition of
the »vui kl;i^ r ;.t VM-S iullie forc'^'iiirj; ,'ears and due a No to Hie introduction at Ilia* period
of tii ! IHVI ! !h: c-ivis.-'*.!^ p'irp:>i'.-s a l:"'/r uvrease of meat products

both i< wHl as quantiiy took phi'-c. \vhich led to tho rapid devel-

op im nl of i;; • export ii'ad" in tiio. e vear.s: and here it should not be omitted to mention

SUPPLEMENT. 699

that the great development iix the fresh-meat trade is easentially due to the great im-
provement made in the methods employed fov the safe carriage of these articles over
long sea voyages. Dry air in cooled compartments of the ship is now used for the full
preservation of the meat, and this has now been brought to such points of perfection
that slaughtered meat can in these- days be brought in sailing ships from the Australian
colonies and delivered to tho English markets in excellent condition.

A sudden perceptible decline on the other hand becomes apparent in the exports from
the United States, when prices at the close of 1881 at Chicago and through the first half
of 1882 met with an advance of some 40 to 45 per cent, on the better qualities of meat,
due in part to the loss of a large number of animals in several of the Northern States
during the previously severe winter, and more especially to the enhanced cost of feeding,
resulting from the bad cereal crops in the previous year.

The chief effect of this largely diminished supply from the United States in 1882 was
a corresponding impetus given to increased supplies from other exporting cattle coun-
tries, so that even Germany in that year was found to take part in the export of slaugh-
tered meat to England. The imports of live stock into England from Denmark, as will
be observed from the foregoing tables, has been steadily and largely on the increase, so
that this country may now be considered as taking a prominent position in two of the
markets. During the latter years a much larger number of young animals have been
sent'away than was formerly the case, and at the same time it has to be noted that these
increased exports will bo found mainly due to the larger exports of cattle in lean or half
fattened condition. In fact, it may be stated that the great change which has been
made is that in place of sending their cattle as in former years to the marsh lands for
fattening purposes, these are now sent to England, whilst the exports of fattened beasts
have not increased to any extent worth mentioning. It will undoubtedly seem strange
that a country like Denmark, which from olden times has been an agricultural and cat-
tle-raising land, has not made further progress in the fattening branches, whilst the
English farmer, within these times subject to a severe competition and pressure, only
disposes of his animals when in fully fattened condition, and which he must find out
without doubt is most to his advantage.

The fattened beasts sent from this country are forwarded by a limited number of the
most intelligent and enterprising of the farming classes, who have made themselves fully
acquainted with all the requirements of the English markets. The causes of this un-
satisfactory state of things are perhaps manifold. One of them without doubt will be
looked far in the backward state of the root culture in this country, as fattening with
grain or other costly feeding stuffs can only become profitable up to a certain point. It
may also be partially due to the slow fattening properties of Danish cattle. And'again
there are always to be met with large numbers of cattle dealers (the middlemen) travel-
ing through the agricultural districts, who exert all their influence to induce the farm-
ing classes to part with their live stock, and in this way, without question, a course of
fattening is too often interfered with.

In the concluding remarks of the report the Danish agriculturists are at the same time
strongly recommended to give greater attention to the improving of their cattle breeds
by introducing of good short-horn bulls for crossing purposes, as it would appear to be a
general complaint that the Danish breeds do not furnish an equal amount of meat,
neither do they fatten in so short a space of time as the short-horn breeds, and it has
farther been seen that more favorable prices have been obtained in the English markets
on the exports of crossed-bred cattle than for those of the pure Danish breeds; thus it is
mentioned that in the spring of last year, 10} cents per pound was obtained at the New-
castle market for some beasts of cross breed, while on the other hand no more than 8
cents were realized for the animals of pure Danish breeds.

HENRY B. RYDER,

UNITED STATES CONSULATE, Consul.

Copenhagen, January 26, 1885.

THE BELGIAN PROCESS FOE THE PRESERVATION OF FRESH MEAT.

INCLOSURES IN THE CATTLE REPORT OF CONSUL TANNER OF VERVIEBS AND LIEGE
REPORT OF FIRST COMMISSION.

We, the undersigned — A. Thiernope, member and secretary of the Academy of Medi-
cine, veterinary of the State; Professor Rnge Courtoy, chemist; A. Reul, repetitive at the
said school; A. Van Schelle, avocat at Brussels, and J. Limbourg, veterinary surgeon, in-
spector of the meat market atBrussels for the Government — members of a commission
constituted for a process for the preservation of fresh meat invented by Dr. Closset, of

700 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

Liege, assembled in the laboratory at Liege, January 20, 1883, to witness the method
of Dr. Closset, declare:

This method consists in preserving fresh meat in an artificial air. Four pieces of fresh
meat — a rib of beef, a round of veal, a leg of mutton, and a shoulder of pork — were
placed, separately, in air-tight tin boxes, which were deposited in the glazed cellar of
the laboratory of Liege. Then we reassembled on the 22d of February, a good month
afterwards. The boxes, identically the same, were opened in our presence, and we pro-
test that the meat was preserved perfectly fresh, not even having the look of frozen
meat, which, when thawed, looks repulsive and becomes soft and moist and loses its fine
qualities in the eating. Having cut the meat, we found the fat, the tissues, the bones,
and the marrow of the bones, even the blood, extracted from certain parts of the pieces,
perfectly fresh.

After these different experiences we tasted some slices, after having had them cooked
naturally, and we were struck with their taste and their tenderness. They had acquired
that degree of tenderness, by their being deprived of air and being pressed, which is a
condition necessary for an easy digestion.

These pieces of meat have been hung in a triangle in the glazed gallery above men-
tioned, exposed to the south; we have observed them every day till the 6th of March,
and we have found them totally free from corruption and very wholesome, consequently
we declare the process of Dr. Closset perfect in the aim proposed.

REPORT OF SECOND COMMISSION.
Experiments made at the slaugJiter-house at Liege on the 9th of March, 1883.

In presence of Mr. L. Browier, medicine veterinaire, director of the slaughter-house
at Liege, also inspector of the butcher-market of Liege ; L. Dejuce, doctor; A. Ansiant,
avocat, and A. Darvans, industriel, in whose presence was made the following expe-
rience.

Two huge pieces of beef and of veal were inclosed separately in two boxes by Dr. Closset,
according to the system of which he is the inventor.

The first box containing the veal was opened after three weeks; the meat after being
exposed to the air was still intact, and continued so eight days after being taken out of
the box, in all, forty-six days after being killed. The meat in the two boxes presented a
natural color and spread a fresh odor, and when cooked had exactly the taste and smell
of fresh meat. In a word, its physical qualities were those of fresh meat; which is cer-
tified by the numerous witnesses present, among whom were Messrs. Nelf-Arban, re-
prisentant; Jules Frisart, bornquier; D. Closset, industriel; de Vaux, engineer; Delorme
de Nossius, bornquier, &c.

What is above all to be remarked is that after being taken out of the boxes the meat
can stay exposed to the air, without losing any of its qualities, ten or fifteen days, and
which in all the other operations hitherto tried the meat must be eaten immediately
after being exposed to the air.

REPORT OF THIRD COMMISSION.

Report of tlie commission to which has been referred the account of Mr. Closset, entitled "A
study experimental of the possibility of the preservation of meat, fresh, from beyond seas for
animal food in Europe.*'

GENTLEMEN: I have the honor of giving you an account of the examination we have
made, M. Dessaire and I, of the report addressed to the company by Mr. Closset, doctor
of Liege, having for title "Experimental study for meat from beyond seas, fresh, for ani-
mal food in Europe."

In the actual social condition of Europe, animal food for the working class is abso-
lutely necessary. It is also clearly shown that in the middle and southern part of Eu-
rope the production of cattle is far from sufficient for the animal food of its inhabitants.
After having shown the benefit it would be for the health of the working classes, whole-
Bome animal food to repair their wasted strength daily, and which at the present time is
BO far above their means of procuring.

SUPPLEMENT. 701

If our population suffer at the present day from the want of that food, there is but
one means of remedying the evil, that is to discover a, process by which fresh meat
can be exported from beyond seas, produced from the numerous flocks and herds there
superaboundiug. After numerous trials, o'f which he has given a short account, it
seems he has realized all the required conditions of preserving the tissues, muscles, fat,
and bones in their natural freshness without introducing any strange substance. This
process in fresh meat being inclosed in air-tight tin boxes, after the manner of Mr. C.,
the meat loses none of its freshness either in color or taste; at least this is the result
as shown to us of the veterinary laboratory belonging to the State, composed of Messrs.
Thiernepe, Van Schelle; Limbourg, inspector of the markets at Brussels; Coartoy, pro-
fessor; Burt &r Mussulman, reporters at the University.

Alter having assisted at the preparation of five tin boxes, containing large pieces of beef,
mutton, veal, and pork, the commission above named has seen, after thirty-two days, the
meat come out as fresh as when it was put in, losing nothing either in color or taste.

We believe it useless to insist further on tie consequences of Mr. Closset's discovery
or the effect it will produce on our working population, a plentiful supply of whole-
some animal food. Considering the importance of this communication, we have the
honor —

I. To address thanks to the author.

II. The insertion of his work in the Bulletin.
These conclusions are adopted.

FEEDING CATTLE ON THE SOILING SYSEM.

REPORT PREPARED FOE CONSUL SHAW, OF MANCHESTER, BY MR. JAMES LONG, OF

HETCH1N, ENGLAND.

The soiling system, or the feeding of green crops where they are carried to the yards or
houses for the animals from spring to autumn, has been too much neglected in England,
perhaps owing to the excellence of our permanent pastures. Professor Brown, of the
Agricultural College, Ontario, has paid much attention to this system, and he estimates
the proportionate feeding values of various green foods as follows: Green fodder from
good pasture having a feeding value of 40, that of lucern is 38; of sanfoin, 28; red clover,
31 ; prickley comfrey, 27.

The best green food for soiling, therefore, says Mr. Evershed, a well-known English
authority, is the produce of rich pastures, and Professor Brown recommends for Canada
the cultivation of other soiling crops only because the pastures of that country are unre-
liable for continuous progress in the production of beef or milk. The rich old grass lands
of England cannot be secured there. The droughts and frosts of an extreme climate pre-
vent the growth of that excellent variety of pasture plants which secures a close bottom.
There may be rain enough, but it is not properly distributed so as to supply what the
professor calls the "regular top-dressing which is essential to continuous greenness."
Hence the farmer himself must "make good the balancing of things that have been dis-
placed in nature" by the growth of crops suited for soiling. Mr. Brown does this at
the college farm successfully; "and with such a sun as ours," he says, "enormous agri-
cultural wealth may be attained by the production of repeated crops of fodder by means
of the plants just named. I have no doubt the old turf of England has discouraged the
practice of soiling, and I think we shall find that the same advantages attend the sys-
tem here as in Canada. ' '

But first let me borrow a leaf from Mr. Brown. He sows down 20 acres with soiling
crops in a 100-acre farm, and grows 234 tons per annum of green forage, the lucern
yielding 10 tons per acre; the saufoin 6 tons; the red clover, 7 tons; mixed tares and oats,
6 tons; prickly comfrey, 10 tons; cabbage, only 12 tons. The average is less than 12
tons per acre, and I think that in England the general average would be a great deal
more. Each animal consumes 100 pounds of green fodder daily, with other food, ac-
cording to circumstances, so that2G head would be maintained on the 20 acres during the
six months when this forage is available, or about one-and-a-sixth animal per acre as
against one animal on 3 acres of permanent pasture. In Canada, it seems, animals fed in
a 20-acre pasture walk several miles a day searching for a bellyful. Half the animals
on Mr. Brown's 100-acre farm are kept for feeding, the rest for the dairy. He gives some
of the fodder to his horses and pigs, and maintains with the rest twenty cattle instead of
twenty-six, as he might do. In iiict, by setting aside 20 acres in 100 acres, he claims to

7 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

keep twenty c.utle instead of seven, the usual number found on u farm of that size. The
tiiuii'. :al results of soiling 21) acre- <»[' forage during six month are:

Tea fattening cattle 10-3 ions fodder at $2. lo. f:j;:2: attendance, *50) $282

Two rail. V. eu v, - ; tons fodder, >=i-J: attendance, fid; milking, $20) 24-1

- ~ 52(5

Inciva-e on 1" rattle, $5 per head per month . 300

Manure - 50

Milk fr»mi 10 cows, 1?0 days, 10 quarts at 1] cents 225

Manure .' 40

I'urt Y ton.-; f" l'K-r to other animals 80

701
Dalanre profit .. 175

These figures are often d mei\ ly for the sake of comparison. They show that Professor
F.r >\v:i obtains f >r rent and prolit about :J~> .shillings per acre, the value of the laud being
le>s than 15 .-hillings an acre, lie charges against lire land about i) shillings per tou as
the cost of the forage or about I' 5 5-. per acre, the yield of the crop being less than 12 tons
per acre. ! Ie sells the milk at a halfpenny and an eighth per quart, and his cattle increase
in value .t''' mi 5 shilling per week. In England all theligaresmust lie altered to adapt
them to the very differ- -nt circumstances, and each person who adopt-; thcsoiling system
inns! all ' _rure.s a cording to his own particular circumstances.

if th • most successful example; of soiling that I have ever seen was on rich land
on the south coast, near a large t r.vn and in mild climate. The value of the produce on
milk and butter is at iea.-t four times a-= giv.-.t as in the c-wimplc 1 have just offered, and
the yi -M of foragt- ])i-r acre is quite 50 per cent, higher, iv/ery kind ol'i'orage which is
!ly found on fertile land, or v.'hich Mr. Brown h:i • m ;i'i sne.l, urrows well except san-
foin a;i:l jirickly eomfrcy, Avhich have not l)oen attcunpted. Lucern. which is the best
soiling crop of Canada, llourishing under a hot sun, vields more than the 1(1 tons an
acre which Mr. Urown no doubt correctly attributes to it. ('abl)ag-. s, Jor which he only
claims 1:2 tons an acre, yield 40 tons, and though they arc hardly a "forage crop," they
a;-" 0110 of the mo-t useful ;;nd ouite the most productive of tlr> Boiling crops. Another
advaniaire on the sa:n^ farm, vrii'i its warm, deep f-: >il and sheltered aspect, is the ex-
tension of tin season. rri'.'olium. a ]>rominent cro;;i!i (he district, is nowhere forwarder,
and the permanent jia-tures. \vhieh are mo\vn for soiling at ar.y time- when required, are
nowliere later in their iirowtli.

To c;\rrv o:;t tlie soiling sv^tem advantageously we require green crops, and several
sorts of some <>f tliem, ear!1/ and late, so as to extend the period of feeding, and to pre-
ve '.'. the oe 'urrencu of gaps in the regular ])ravision of ]'«od. o-i the larm in question
there are lour -orts of triiblium — ear'1;.', late, later, latest— the la-', named being a recent
;;•;•: ition, and a timely one. There are two sorts of red clover blossoming this year
i 1 --:5) about June 20 and July 5. an 1 t'ie earlier of these is now (July) entirely saved
iv, tin- introduction of tiie "lati'r'' and l> latest v trifolium having extended the
trifolium sea>on into the middle of Julv. when pastures follow, and other succulent
fo-tf] -ueh us cabbages be»-,,me.s a!)iinda;:t. A delitor an-i creditor a'-eount for this form,
if ! cfjuld olfer one, would no doubt be interesting, but it wouhl i>ot be so edifying as a
•u'milar account for his o\vn farm by any ajriculturisi \\lio ma\ try ilie soiling system.
It is ce] ainly ])roiitabh; on this farm, and will prove so elseu here, in a degree varying
. .'i ' > iil. cliinat:*, nn lavement . and t !)'• vain • of ' ' • produce, d'he cows on
this f . :. irly all of th • AlderiK-y breed, and they are ;'d with corn, bran, and

cotton c ike. i;i addition to their green food; and as ih- --tic of butter removes from a
farm 1<---'Y th" soil constituents th'in any otUer kin : produee, and as hay and

roots, ndiieb r'-m »ve in tlici'- sile more than wheat or lurier. aei'e lor acre, are, rarely
sold, the 1 tnd grows richer year by year. I' is admitted f''i( ; he -ite is favorable ibr
soiling; but the system KUCCC ds on very dit'ferciil e tlie rent of the land is

t wi :i1 •/ < >r t Wiintv- live sb ill in-j-i per acre instead of three |>o i'id> as in the case of the farm

( '.'] 'i col 'I, poor bill, w lie re A Iderir-v cows would p. :'i-!i. I have known a very success-
!nl • •: it;.: ' •• "I 't!i«- v ' rn li'-n- n-oiaiiicndcd. Tiie fora;; -crnji-; weredillerent. ' Lucerne
'.v,i-: replaci-d tot1 s.infoin, and tines .--ov/n for succession. :md "seeds." mixed clovers,
and rye -/r-.i-- v.i •>• prominent. The kind of produce m this ea<e i^* young beef, highly
fed fro ,1 ralfhorid. and t he c.il ve-= \-< ;iied a* home at t in- liome-tead under t !i<- li ill.

Thore , : • certain jjrca' ad\antag<;s IM laeli oi<^ to t ;i : • - • • • eni. especially m t he case of
all mat ure animaK iatting cattle, and milking cows. \'«dng animals v\ill be l)cttcr in

SUPPLEMENT. 703

the field as a rule, unless they are to be fattened and killed young; and iu that case the
soiling system is most successfully applied, as it is in the case of growing pigs, which
are not a very desirable kind of stock to ramble in the fields, and are very properly fed
in yards. In the case of small farming, the soiling system is specially adapted to the
circumstances that usually obtain on small farms, and therefore in many parts of France
and other continental countries it prevails. In the wine districts you will find it uni-
versal, and very properly so. The manure goes chiefly into the vineyards, and it is pro-
duced under the soiling system by cattle bedded with the straw of the grain crops. A
poor, unmanured pasture would only maintain about one cow per acre, but the green
forage produced on a single acre of the several grain crops will suffice for three cows.

Both on small and large farms animals are fed on this system through the summer
with obvious advantage in several respects. They are kept in the cool, and are spared
the annoyance of flies, which in some districts are particularly harassing. Their food
is used with economy ; and instead of having to wander for miles to and fro, as they do
sometimes on poor pastures, to obtain half a bellyful, the nourishing and bulky succu-
lents which they love are brought to them and they take their fill in comfort. Then,
the crops they are fed on are of the most productive kind. They are grown with the
greatest economy of land, and there is no tramping under foot of the herbage in its con-
sumption nor fouling it with excrements. In most situations from two to five times
more cattle can be kept by. soiling than by depasturing; and it is a point worth notice
that much second-rate pasturage can only be grazed in summer by lean stock, owing to
the annoyance of flies in some districts, and that corn would be thrown away if it were
given to the animals under such circumstances. This refers especially to the drier and
hotter parts of the country which are least adapted to natural pasturage; and these are
the districts where soiling offers most advantage.

The soiling system is practiced more generally than in any other country, and there
cut grass is brought to the cows all the summer — mowing often extending over four and
even five times — but it is regularly followed with liquid manure. In England, as a
rule, the holdings do not permit of such heavy manuring of grass land, but where it
is conducted there is saving of time and better crops, especially on heavy soils which
drain better without the weight of cattle continually upon them. Hedges and ditches
and drains are also much less troublesome, but against this there is the labor of extra
mowing.

MIXED FOOD FOR CATTLE.

REPORT PREPARED FOR CONSUL SHAW, OF MANCHESTER, BY MR. JAMES LONG, OF

HETCHIN, ENGLAND.

The following specimens of mixed foods for fattening bullocks were last year collected
from the Highland and Agricultural Society's members. A number of my correspond-
ents have kindly supplied me with a statement of the diet on which they are accustomed
to feed their cattle — both feeding animals and stores — and we proceed to give specimens
of these. It will be seen that in every instance very much less weight of turnips is al-
lowed than the beasts would consume if an unlimited supply of bulbs were placed be-
fore them.

Mr. Kuttar, Coupar- Angus, gives his feeding cattle the following mixture, costing 10
pence, or thereby, daily:

Pence.

15 pounds cut straw —

56 pounds (£ cwt.) turnips (pulped) at Qd. per cwt. 3

2 pounds linseed meal at l\d. per pound 3

4 pounds cotton-cake (decorticated) at \d. per pound 3

1 pound treacle (diluted) at Id. p'er pound . 1

10

The above is given in three feeds, and after a time the richness of the mixture is in-
creased by adding cut grain, such as oats, beans, and maize, to the extent of about 3
pounds, costing about 2 pence a day extra, bringing up the cost of feeding to a shil-
ling per day exclusive of straw but inclusive of roots. Mr. Buttar thinks that 2 cwt.
of turnips would be consumed by a fair-sized bullock, if getting nothing else except
straw, which at 6 pence per cwt. costs the same as the richer of the above diets. He
adds that even with all this quantity of turnips it is difficult to turn out a well- finished

704 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

be:.-t without a little cake and corn iu addition.

tie is ;us follows:

Pence

!."> pounds rut straw... ------

•J-* pounds ! ', cwt ' turnips i pu Iped) at <>'•/. TUT cwt ____________________ __________ 1\

I pound linsrrd meal, at 1 .%/. per pound ----- ---------------- --------------- ll

:5 pounds cotton-cake, undecorticated . . ________________________________________ '2

1 pound treacle, at Id. per pound -------------------------------------------- 1

6

Mr. lluttar's testimony i.- to the effect that in the above mixture, costing 6d. daily,
his stores are kept in much belter condition th^u 1\ cwt. turnips, which at (J<L percvrt.
would cost !)<?.

Mr. Dalziel, Dumfries, at the commencement of the season, places his feeding cattle
on the following allowances: f>f> pounds turnips, pulv.ed and mixed with chaff, '2 pounds
linseed cake, "2 pounds Waterloo cake, and 4 pounds Indian meal, well mixed with hot
water. After two months, a pound of cake and a pound of meal additional are given.
The average expense of the supplemental food is 1.7. per pound — that is, KW.daily, or 5s.
!()(/. per week for each beast when the animals are on full feed. Long straw ad lilnfum is
also at the command of the cattle. Mr. Dalziel is of opinion that if :,'- cwt. of turnips
were given instead of -J- c\vt., the cattle would not make so much progress. We have
already referred to the experience of Mr. Uryee with cut hay, oat straw, or wheat chaff.
Many 'years ago, that gentleman intorMS us, he used to make bullocks very fat on
Swedish turnips and wheat straw, an unlimited supply of ea-h; but on this diet it took
about eight months to make his cattle ripe for the butcher. Now he succeeds in making
them equally fat in one-half the time by feeding them according to the following sys-
tem: He pulps the turnips and mixes them, and adds 2 or Upounds per head of corn meal,
the whole being allowed to stand /'or 21 hours to allow the meal and chopped fodder to
become thoroughly saturated with the moisture from the turnips. The beasts are fed
three times a day with this mixture, two and three year old bullocks getting about 80
pounds and younger cattle GO pounds each. In addition, from -1 to G pounds of linseed
cake (home made) are allowed per head, according to age, with an ordinary allowance
of 1 'odder.

Mr. Wilson, Balleuerieff, arranges his cattle in different sets of courts, according to
their forwardness ot condition, and his scale of allowances in food is a graduated one, a
different quantity being given to each set. When the courts containing the first quality
of beasts are cleared they are refilled from the second courts, and so on. The following is
the usual scale of daily allowance f»r each lot:

/•7r>7, or more (tflrxnccd lot.

Pence.
10 pounds chaffed clover hay, at €1 per ton ----------------- ....... ------------ 4J

Go' pound- (\ cwt.) turnips at <H/. per cwt ---- ----------

ftt pounds linseed-cake, at \\<l. per pound ------ -------------------- G

5 pounds mixed meal, at \<l. per pound -------------------------------------- 2^

15:}

This it will be si-en H exceptionally liberal fading, but Mr. Wilson from his business
in !•'. iinlmrm ha- special reasons for desiring to have command of the highest quality

ofb. r.

Tlv: second court - are getting the followin r ilict.s each day:

Pence

2

1

f r t \" rl"i'V VLV

•it >>/ ]icr cwt - --

i • i i n - ' • ( •

deeoi ' u-iled )

.,

tri'iii'l ; n

ii.\ed meal, at

1 '/. Dvr T>o;ind._

—
101

The enM i~ here about In1.//. )>"r da\ . Xo si raw is given as fodder, but the cattle aro
roughly In '. red. In comparing the out lav »'\ Mr. Wilson's cattle with others, it should
bo noted tint an estimate i.s put on fodder' in the former case which has not been calcu-
lated in the latter.

SUPPLEMENT. 705

FARMING IN BELGIUM.

(II. FRANCOIS FLECTRET TO CONSUL TANNER.)

The system of managing cattle which is practiced by our farmers has been fn ns«
among them from a very early period, and the neighboring cantons of Limburg, Ver-
viers, Dison, F16ron, and Dalhem have likewise adopted it; it is the only one of this
kind adopted in Europe; it is so arranged that all the cows calve from February 1 to
May 1.

Any cow not with calf by August 15 is fattened and sold to the butcher in autumn.
Sometimes, if she is a first-rate milker, the farmer winters her, gets her milk, feeds her
with meal and good hay, and in the month of March she is in fit condition to be sold to
the butcher.

Intelligent farmers take care that cows that have calved in March and April shall be
well fed with meal, oil-cake, and the best of hay, so that they may be in good condition
when they are turned out to pasture early in May, according as the spring is more or
less advanced. All who are able to appreciate the value of permanent grass will readily
understand how abundant must be the yield of good milch cows when allowed to graze
in our rich old green meadows. After they have been in pasture for some days, they
are no longer housed; they remain all night in the meadows until th» month of Decem-
ber, or rather until the grass is entirely covered with snow.

The cows are milked three times a day for sir months; the first milking takes place
at 4 o'clock in the morning, the second at 11 o'clock, and the third at 7 p. m. Dur-
ing the months of April and November, and a part of March and December, they are
milked but twice a day; the intelligent farmer always manages it so that each animal
has a rest of at least two months from the day when she is last milked until calving time.
This is done so that she may not be exhausted.

Not only do the farmers' wives, daughters, and maid servants milk the cows; the
farmers themselves, their sons, and men servants are not ashamed to perform this task.

The proper milking of a cow is a scientific piece of work; it requires considerable
strength in the wrist, for not a drop of milk should ever be left in the udder, for the
very good reason that the milk is in the udder as it is in a milk- pan; in the cream-pan
the cream is on top; it is, therefore, readily seen that the last tenth of the milk extracted
is the richest fraction that the udder contains.

It is not long since many land-owners bought cows that were not with calf, in the
spring, and fattened them in their rich pastures.

A farm of ten hectares (25 acres) afforded pasturage, early in May, for twenty-five
animals, some of which were fat by the 1st of July, especially those crossed with the
Durham breed; these cattle have always been found superior to the Dutch and native
breeds, as regards fattening qualities. It was considered that the land-owner made a
profit of 150 francs ($30) on each cow, which made a total profit of 3,750 francs ($750).
This practice has been given up since the price of butter has exceeded 3 francs per kilo-
gram. Two or three cows in process of fattening are still found here and there among
a herd of milch cows, but no farm is now entirely devoted to the fattening of meat-cattle.
The flesh of a cow from four to five years old, fattened in the rich pasture of Herve-Aubel,
is far more tender and succulent than that of a fat ox six or seven years old.

The breed of our province, which was originally very good, has been improved by an
admixture of Durham and Dutch blood. A number of Durham bulls have been kept
at Battice, Teuven, Sippenaeken, and Wegimont, near Herve; thousands of calves of
both sexes, sired by these bulls, have been reared and disseminated throughout the
district.

The farmers always select their cows with great care; they place a very high value npon
good milk-producing qualities, and it is not uncommon to meet with cows that give milk
enough in one day to make a kilogram (2J- Ibs.) of butter, and even more. The success
of the farmer depends, beyond a doubt, upon a. judicious selection of his cattle.

The cows most sought after in the spring are those which have calved for the first time,
and whose age is about thirty months. These animals, if they have been raised in third
or fourth rate meadows, develop admirably in first-class meadows, and become splendid
milkers. Four thousand francs are not unfrequently paid for a cow thirty mouths old
that has had her first calf.

There nre in the district magnificent animals of the pure breed of the country; their
form is highly symmetrical and their frame is in no way inferior to that of Durham or
Dutch cattle.

These cattle of our district are usually excellent milkers. It is consequently much to
be wondered at that our farmers, who are so inteUigent, economical, and mindful of their
H. Ex. 51 45

70() CATTLE AND * DAIRY FARMING.

interests, do not form an association for the purpose of improving the breed by means of
selection. To attain this end it would be sufficient to select the most highly improved
cows, to procure a bull irreproachable in all respects, and to raise twenty or more calves
every year. These calves at the age of one year would be sold to the highest bidder, and
repurchased by the parties who had raised them, or by their neighbors, an estimate hav-
ing previously been made with a view to indemnifying the raiser for the expense incurred
by him in keeping the animals from the time of their birth to that of the sale.

About thirty years ago farmers raised no calves, for the reason that they were able to
purchase in the breeding districts excellent milch cows for from three, to four hundred
francs (sixty to eighty dollars) ; but since the average price of first-rate cows has risen to
500 francs C$100), and is sometimes even upward of $600 francs ($120), they have taken
up cattle-raising, and they have acted wisely in so doing, for, 03 they raise none but
calves whose dams are first-class milkers, they thereby perpetuate the good milking
qualities of their herd.

Although bulls begin to leap at the age of eighteen months, the calves produced by
them at that age are generally excellent. The number of these breeding animals has
doubled in the last few years. There is now scarcely a farmer owning ten cows that does
not keep a bull. He thereby secures the following advantages: There is no necessity
of removing the cows to a distance for the purpose of mating, and the probability of a
cow's conceiving is much greater than when she is taken to a bull exhausted by too many
leaps. This system is not costly, for a bull born in February is able to leap in June or
July of the year following; he is sold to the butcher in September or October for as much
as a fat heifer would bring. His leaps have consequently cost nothing, and the desired
result is assured.

One thing that has greatly contributed to the advancement of agriculture in the dis-
trict of Herve-Aubel is the good understanding that has always existed between the land-
owner and his tenant; and yet leases are only made every three years. They are for
three, six, and nine years, and always begin on the 1st of May. A tenant leaving a farm
leaves all the manure that has accumulated during the winter for the use of his successor;
he is strictly forbidden to remove any hay, even if he brought some when he came, but
he has a right to arrange matters so as to have all the hay consumed by his own cattle,
the number of which increases or diminishes in winter, according as feed is more or less
abundant.

So far as I am aware not a single landlord has been obliged of late years to levy on a
tenant's cattle for non-payment of rent. Rents are paid twice a year with the utmost
punctuality.

When a tenant gives up a farm he proceeds, through the agency of a notary, to have
his live-stock and farming implements sold at public auction, and such sales are made for
cash, 5 per cent, being added to pay the notary's fees and the expenses of the sale. If
the seller has the reputation of keeping fine cattle the bidding is enthusiastic in the ex-
treme. There is no need of giving credit to purchasers. So far from this being the
case, if the seller should make it known that the sale would be made on credit pur-
chasers from the district would not attend the sale. The reason why they would not is
readily seen. These farmers, ns a general thing, have sufficient capital to work their
farms, and they do not intend that parties who have no money shall compete with them.

This practice differs not a little from that which is in use in the other agricultural
cantons of the province, whero 15 per cent, is added to the price of horses, cattle, and im-
plements purchased at public sale. However this may be regarded, the increase is at the
expense of the seller.

The rent of a farm is sometimes fixed according to the number of cows that may be
kept on it, and sometimes at so much per hectare. While some farms are still let for
less than 200 francs per hectare, the land which they contain is fourth and fifth rate land.

First ard second rate meadow lands are rented at from 250 to 300 francs (from $50 to
$60), while the very choicest lands bring 400 francs ($80) per hectare. These are situ-
ated near the town of Herve, the burg of Aubel, and the beautiful villages of Battice,
Chaineux, Charneux, Clermont, and Thimister. Ten hectares (25 acres) of these very
choice meadow lands afford pasture for from twenty to twenty-four animals iu summer
and sufficient hay to winter at least twenty.

The farmer who undertakes to work a farm, whether large or small, always has the
capital required for the purchase of the necessary stock and agricultural implements.
Six thousand francs ($1,200) are required for a farm of 10 hectares (25 acres). As to
implements, their cost is insignificant. He will need a dozen pitch-forks and as many
rakes, two shovels, two dung-forks, a straw-cutter, one or two wheel-barrows, dairy
utensils, and furniture. Farmers who work 12 or 15 hectares (30 or 37 acres) and up-
ward keep a horse, which they use for hauling hay, manure, fuel, and lumber. They
hitch him to a wagon so that he may take their produce to market, and sometimes let
him work for the neighbors.

SUPPLEMENT. 707

Leaving out the wages and the board of a female servant, it is estimated that the ex-
pense of cultivation does not exceed 50 francs ($10) per hectare (2.} acres). Of 10 hec-
tares of pasture land three and a half are mowed at a cost of 25 francs per hectare.
Mowers from Ardennes and the valley of the Mouse perform this labor. Not a single
farmer mows his meadows himself; he contents himself with working at hay- making
with his children and with hired hands from the neighborhood, both male and female,
who are well paid and well fed.

Every good farmer is exceedingly careful with regard to the manner in which his hay
is moved; ho requires that the scythe leave nothing after it; the grass must be cut uni-
formly close to the ground. This requirement is fully justified, for if the grass has at-
tained an average length of from 50 to 60 centimeters (16 to 20 inches), and if the mower
leaves 2 centimeters (f of an inch), 4 per cent, of the grass is of course lost; moreover,
when a meadow is mowed as close as it ought to be the second growth is always more
vigorous and uniform.

These 3} hectares (8J acres) of meadow land are manured in the spring with all the
manure that has accumulated during the winter; it is spread by the members of the
family and the hired men. A regular carter, with his horse and cart will, in three
days, do all the carting of manure that is needed. The expense of this is 40 francs,

The work of repairing fences and keeping them in order is intrusted to none but
skilled mechanics — men who thoroughly understand their business and who do this
work, when the weather permits, during the dull season.

The traditional way of judging of the excellence of a farm is by the condition in
which its fences are kept. This is very natural. As they are to inclose numerous and
vigorous herds both day and night, these fences should be of the strongest possible kind.

All the new hedges that have been planted along the main roads and improved cross-
roads are of live thorn bushes, cut and kept at the uniform height of 1 meter and 40
centimeters (4 feet 3 inches). Hedges planted in the meadows are perennial, and con-
sist of yoke elms, hazels, hollies, and thorn bushes.

At the foot of these beautiful hedges the grass grows as it does in the middle of a
meadow. A farmer would be disgraced if he allowed brambles, nettles, or other injuri-
ous parasitical plants to grow at the foot of these hedges; hardly is the violet suffered
to grow there.

The value of land in the province of Liege was, in 1846, 2,797 francs ($560) per hec-
tare; in 1856 it was 3,596 francs ($720) ; in 1866, 4,239 francs ($848).
' The statistics of 1846, 1856, and 1866 show this value according to agricultural dis-
tricts. We consequently know that the average value of a hectare in the canton of
Herve was, in 1846, 3,087 francs ($617); in 1856, 4,000 francs ($800); and in 1866, 4,825
francs ($965).

The average annual rent paid for land in the province was, in 1846, 81 francs ($16);
in 1853, 101 francs (§20); in 1866, 124 francs ($25); at Herve it was, in 1846, 118 francs
($23); in 1856, 150 francs ($30), and in 1833, 165 francs* ($33). These figures are offi-
cial. Prices are now much larger.

In almost all the agricultural cantons of the province of Liege farms are divided up so
tha t they may be more advantageously sold. In the district of Herve-Aubel this method
of selling is unknown. At the present time the price of a hectare of fourth and fifth
rate meadow land in the district of Ilerve-Aubel is upward of 5,000 francs ($1,000) and
th t of a hectare of second and third rate meadow land is upward of 7,000 francs
($1,400). Three farms were very recently sold — one of them, situated at Bouxhmont-
Charnoux, containing 9 hectares; two of them, situated in the Commune of Battice, one
containing 10 hectares, situated at Chene-du-Loup; the other, containing 12 hectares, at
G rand-Xnore, at 10, 000 francs per hectare. Six hectares of meadow land, without build-
ings, situated near the village of Clermont, were sold for 61, 000 francs; these 6 hectares
were purchased by two farmers. Two of the farms sold were leased at the rate of 400 francs
($80) per hectare; the average price at which meadow land is nowsold in the district of
Herve-Aubcl is nearly 8,000 francs ($1,600) per hectare.

The dwelling houses and stables are strongly built of stone or brick; the greater part
of them are roofed with slate, the rest with tiles; thatched roofs are a thing of the past.
The stables adjoin the dwelling houses, and in the wall that separates them are doors
t h rough which the stables may be entered; they are thus more easily cared for in win-
ter. The stables are lined and vaulted; a passage separates .them; the troughs extend to
this passage, in which the food is prepared and distributed to the animals:

*In France the average price of arable land per hectare was, in 1862, 2, 198 francs
(8440); of meadow land, 3, 377 francs ($676); of vine land, 2,727 francs ($546). The
rent paid for a hectare of land was, on an average, 70 francs ($14); for meadow land.
109 francs ($22); and for vine land, 102 francs ($20.50).

708 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

An architect in Venders recently prepared an excellent plan of a stable for 24 head of
cattle; it is 22 meters long by 6 wide (66 by 10 feet). Iron rafters support the vault;
four rows of cows are accommodated in it with ease, and there are two passages, one for
two rows. The animals that form the two middle rows are placed back to back. A
stable of this kind costs but little, and unites in itself every hygienic advantage.

Care is taken to build the bake-house of each farm at a sufficient distance from the
other buildings to avoid fires. Tb.e hog-sty is generally built close to the bake-house.

No litter is made; the cows lie on the hard floor, which is kept in a state of constant
cleanliness. The droppings of the animals are taken and piled up in a manure ditch,
which adjoins the buildings. The ordinary causes of waste of fertilizing matter are not
to be feared here, as the manure is firmly piled.

The part of the farm where the cattle are kept usually consists of land somewhat
higher than the orchard; the rain water that falls from the roof on the manure heap,
some elements of which it absorbs, is led through small trenches to the orchard, which
is irrigated by it, so that nothing is lost.

At a short distance from the buildings there is a pond of water which is collected from
the roofs or from the little springs, with which the district is abundantly supplied. There
is not a meadow without its pond, this being one of the first requirements on a farm con-
sisting entirely of permanent meadows.

There are, we think, 1,000 farms in the district of Herve-Aubcl. The orchards which
surround the buildings are planted with walnut, apple, and pear trees, but very seldom
with stone-fruit trees; according to statistics, there are 1,600 hectares (4,000 acres) of
orchard or of wooded meadow land. There figures must be accepted as correct, for there
is, at most, for each farm one hectare and a half planted with fruit trees at the rate of
80 trees to the hectare. The district of Ilerve-Aubcl, therefore, has 128,000 fruit trees
in full bearing; yet, although they are cared for and trimmed with the utmost diligence,
and although the cattle deposit an abundant supply of manure about them, there is an
abundance of fruit not oftener than once in three years. The value of the average yield
of each tree, in years when the crop is abundant, is estimated at 10 francs, which makes
an income for the district of 640,000 francs ($108,000) every three years.

Although these figures appear high, the number of orchards is not increased, because
the experience of more than a hundred years shows that the milk of cows pastured in
meadows without trees is richer than that of those which graze in orchards. The latter,
being shaded, do not receive the sun's rays. Another reason is that, if meadows in-
tended to be mown were planted with trees, the grass, being deprived of the heat of the
sun, would need several days more than it does now for drying.

Many farmers sell their fruit to dealers, who resell the good qualities in the towns.
Others convert them into sirup and vinegar, of which they lay in a stock in years when
the yield is abundant.

Drunkenness is unknown among the great majority of the farmers in this district;
consequently a state of comparative afiiuence prevails, which is the result of industry,
order, and economy; morality and uprightness are the main characteristics of the inhab-
itants.

Refinement, moreover, is not lacking; one needs only to be present at the conclusion
of high mass on Sundays and feast days in order to see and admire the elegance of the
young people of both sexes.

This district is abundantly supplied with means of communication; in addition to the
main roads which intersect it, first class minor roads have been built between the vari-
ous villages and hamlets.

The subject has been somewhat agitated of late years of a railway from Battice to
Bleyberg, via Aubel; there is no doubt that this plan will be carried out, either by the
state itself or by a company to which a very low rate of interest on the amount is guar-
anteed by the state. What is called the network of raihvays of the plateaus of Herve
would not be completed if Aubel were allowed to remain isolated; it is, therefore, a
matter of strict necessity that the burgh ot Aubel and the neighboring localities should
be connected with Verviers, their shiretown; this district, moreover, offers great advan-
tages to a railway, since it does not produce any grain, and all its cereals are brought
from other places. No potatoes even are raised here; all that are used are brought from
Ardennes and from Holland.

FRANCOIS FLECTRET.

ST. JEAN SART-AUBEL, October 17, 1883.

SUPPLEMENT.

709

LIVE STOCK IN BAVARIA.

REPORT fll CONSUL HARPER, OF MUNICH.

The counting of live-stock in Bavaria was taken in January, 18S3, and in connection
therewith the average market value and average weight of the various animals. From
this accounting we gather the following.

The total capital so invested was $1«9,706,761.69, divided as follows:

Description.

No. of head.

Total value.

Value per
head.

Horses :
Foals under 1 year of age

19, 973
21,4-12
17, 748
4,007
293, 141

$744,611 08
1,338,60934
1,553,127 79
1,026,508 01
33,586.634 49

$37 27
62 43
206 51
256 18
114 62

Horses 2 years and under 3 years of age

Stallions 3 years old and over

Other horses 3 yc-trs old and over

Total

356,310

38,219,49075

10734

Mules

83
152

5, 236 00
3, 643 78

6307
2397

Asses

Neat-cattle:
Calves under 6 weeks old

<X), 482
218,686
688,318
32,395
42?, 761

778,710 53
3,466,255 56
22,017,083 45
1,845,087 15
27,071,335 37
77 917 916 79

8 59
15 85
31 99
5695
65 45
49 17

Calves from G weeks to 6 months old .

Cattle G months to 2 years old

Bulls 2 years old . . .

Bulls and oxen 2 years old and over

1 584 456

Total

3, 037, OSS

133, 696, 388 85

44 03

Sheep :
Wool sheep under 1 year old

33, 274
61), 749
41,977
108,096
221,196
698, 978

145,444 89
364,375 38
162,485 22
611,175 91
690 916 62
3,051,404 66

300
5 00
3 00
5 00
300
4 00

Wool sheep over 1 year old

Meat sheep under 1 year old .

Meat sheep over 1 year old

Other sheep under 1 year old ...

Total

1, 178, 270

5, 025, 802 68

4 00

Swine:
Under 1 year old

759, 923
131,842
146,579

6, 834, 990 15
2.445,41002
2,697,034 80

9 00
1800
1800

Swine kept for breeding over 1 year old

Other swine over 1 year old .. ..

Total

1,038,344

11,977,434 97

11 00

Goats

220, 818

748, 764 66

3 00

The living weight of cattle and swine was as follows:

Description.

•

No. of head.

Total weight.

Weight per
head.

Cattle :
Calves under 6 weeks old ,

90 482

Pounds.
8, 986, 019

Pound*.
93

218,686

38,749,955

117

Young cattle 6 month to 2 years old
Bulls and oxen 2 years and over

688, 318

435 ino

264,521,569
388, 676, 576

384
853

Cows 2 years old and over

1,58-1,456

1,097,092,807

692

Total

3,037,098

1,798,026,926

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Munich, November 6, 1883.

JOSEPH W. HARPER, Consul..

710

CATTLE ASD DAIKY FAKMISG.

BRITISH CATTLE STATISTICS,

TXCLOSURES IX COXSl'L-GKSF.KAL MlirRITT'S REPORT.

The following is a copy of a printed circular sent from the consulate-general at Lon-
don to lending cut tie. breeders and raisers in England. The answers to this circular con-
stitute tin1 "incU»ures" referred to in the consul-general's report; and such portions of
these iiH-losures as are not incorporated in said report, and arc otherwise considered ot
practical value to American agriculturists, are herewith published:

DEC-KMIJEU 21, 1SS3.

Sue: The favor of information on the following subject would much oblige, to enable
the Department of State, Washington, to locate such foreign domesticated animals as
have been for a long time profitably bred and reared in their native homes, under similar
conditions in the United States. Please forward the same in the inclosed addressed
envelope to

H. KAINS JACKSON.

DISTRICT: —

ALTITUDE.

MEAN TEMP.

Soil —Alluvial

Loam

Clay

Sandy. &e., etc.
Subsoil Ideological strata

PASTI-RAOE, NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL GRASSES:—

I Tow stock is housed ?
Methods of feeding?

Do. breeding?

Do. marketing?

NAME OF 15uicLi>: —

Si/o at maturity.
J,iv»: weight.

Annual lucrage yield of milk
in pound^ or quart-.

Cow.

ORIKIN or I5ma:i

I), scrititi
Color.

.Maturity.
Product in ';ibour.
Meal.

. and how long pure bred'
Weight.

Milk.

THMP. IN SCMMEE.

WlIfTKE.

Bull.

/ Pounds of butter.

( Pounds of uheo.se.

Ox.

Cheese.

<i i:\KK.\L i:i:.MAi;K-:.- -The above questions are furni>hed rather as hints than lor
categorical answers; and von are asked here to oiler any information and suggestions,
and in any form you may \visb to write them, in lespeet to horses, sheep, or pigs, us
w-!l as cuttle. The olijeet of this circular is that the American agriculturists and
stor-k-breedeis may learn the best varieties of - to( k to purchase from abroad as adapted
to their o\vn special localities.

THE SANDRINGHAM £[ERD.

[InHosun- -N,,. 1 iM Consul-Cieneral Merritfs report.]

Sto.-k is hf)irs-d at night j cows and heifci's always runout. The feeding is chief! ,v
hay, !:ii\ line oi'bi -t. lin-i cd, and cot ton — from '.'> to 7 jtounds. Heileis come in with lirsi
ralves al)out tiiirty-t\vo months old.

As a breeding herd the milk i •; entirely devoted to call-raising.

The present b'-ivl were started by tlwj 1 'rineiM)!' Wales in 1^77.

The I'rince oj' \Vah-s iias a herd of JSates <\: Kn'mhlley Slioit-liorns- and one of l>not!i.
and iii both CH--CS the cat tie an; treated a.s a tenant farmer would do, the object being

SUPPLEMENT. 711

to make the animals as hardy as possibly can be managed. The land, as stated above, is
various and the district cold.

The Prince keeps also a small herd of Alderneys and a stock of Southdown ewes, also
a few black Polled Scotch cows for breeding cross brcds.

Short-horns and sheep are exhibited at the various agricultural societies, and His Royal
Highness took the prize last year at the Royal Agricultural Society, held in York, for
the best Short-horn family of five. The Prince took first for aged rams at York and
champion at the Royal Counties.

All stock can be inspected by making an appointment in writing and giving two
clear days' notice.

EDMUND BECK,
Agent, Sandringham, Norfolk.

The nearest station is Wolferton, and the Booth herd is within one minute of the
station.

CATTLE IN THE WEALD OF KENT.

[Inclosure No. 8 in Consul-General Merritt's report.]

The Sussex breed of rattle has the appearance of being nearly identical with the Devon,
and has been the prevailing stock throughout Sussex and a large portion of the Weald
of Kent for a very long period. It is a hardy, kindly animal, yielding a high quality of
beef and fats readily. Until lately they -we much valued for working purposes, but as
milkers they are of but little use, the calf taking nearly the whole of the cow's milk to
rear it. They are yarded in winter on account of the wetness of the soil and not on
account of any delicacy of constitution.

W. MORLAND,
Lamlerliurst Court Lodge, Kent.

CATTLE AND SHEEP IN BUCKS.

[Inclosure No. 9 In Consul-General Merritt's report.]

My farm is on a hill, sloping into the valleys all around it. The soil varies from
strong clay at the bottom to deep loam on the sides, and stone brash on the top of the
hill. It is a mixed farm of about 270 acres arable, and 330 pasture. I keep a breeding
herd of about 70 milch cows — Short-horn grades; sell milk, and wean my heifer calves;
cows average when in milk about 16 pints of milk each per day. I keep a flock of Ox-
fordshire down sheep. I lamb twelve score ewes, breed rams, and sell about 100 shear-
ling rams annually; have an auction sale the first Wednesday in August or last Wednes-
day in July, when I sell about 60 of the best. Last year they averaged £23 9s. 6rf. each,
in 1882, £26 13s. 8d. each. Many are sold to go to Germany to cross the Merinos, some go
to America, the rest to the leading stock-masters in England. I have bred this breed
for nealy thirty years, keep up the pedigrees, and show at the " Royal " and some few
other leading shows, with what success the "journals ' ' of the Royal Agricultural Society
of England will tell.

P. S. — I might say the Oxfordshire down sheep seem adapted for all climates, all soils,
and all systems of management, and improve any breed of sheep they are crossed upon,
especially Merinos.

JOHN TREADWELL,
Upper Winchcnden, JSylesbury, Bucks.

712

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

PRIZE BREEDERS OP BRITISH CATTLE.

[Inclosure No. 11 in Consular-General Merrltt's report.]

A statement of the breeds and ages of tJie animals which have won the gold medals, silver
cups, and champion plate, offered by the club for cattle, to the year 1881 inclusive, together
with the names of the exhibitors and breeders.

NOTE.— The portion of the following up to the year 1857 inclusive is extracted from tho "History of
the Smithfield Club," by Sir B. T. Brandreth Gibbs, honorable secretary.

EXTBA PEIZE £10 FOB BEST STEER OB Ox IN THE FIRST Six CLASSES.

Year.

To exhibitor.

Breeder.

Breed.

Age.

1807

William Flowers

James Wai wyn

Hereford ox no age named

y. m. d.

ooo

1808

Samuel Chandler

William Walker

Hareford ox! «. . .

600

1809)
to [
1829J

Discontinued,

GOLD MEDALS FOB BEST IN ANY OF THE CLASSES.

1830*

Self.....

Marquis of Kxcter

3 10 0

1831

Self.....

Karl of Brownlow

Durham ox

470

1832

Self.

J. B. Topham

do

570

1833
1834

Henry Townshend
Self

William Townshend..
Earl Spencer

Durham heifer

490
460

1835

George Peach

John Dent

Durham heifer

4 11 0

1836

John Verney....

Marquis of Tavistock

Hereford steer

3 30 0

1837
1838

Self....
C. Hillyard

R. W. Baker
Ex. of late Mr. Talbot ..

Short-horn heifer
North Devon ox

350
480

1839

Earl of Warwick . ..

R Hill

4 11 14

1840

Self.

Earl Spencer

Durham ox .

507

1841

Self.

R. Wright

Durham cow

520

1842f

Mr. Maxwell

Sir Charles Tempest, Bt...

Short-horn cow

680

1843

Sir Charles Tempest, Bt..

Short-horn heifer

490

1844|

Henry Brown

Self

400

GOLD MEDALS FOB STEER OB Ox (BEST IN THE CLASSES).

1845

R. M. Layton....

P. Prosser

Hereford ox

480

1846

Earl of War wick...

John Thomas

do

5 0 17

1847

W. D. Manning

Self.....

Short-horn ox .

440

1848

Earl of Leicester

Self .

North Devon steer

380

1849

Richard Jones

James Cartwright

Hereford ox

4 10 0

1850

William Heath

James Bill

Hereford steer ,.

2 10 0

1851

Edward Longmore

Self .

do

380

1852

Richard Straiten

Self

Short-horn ox....

4 10 0

1853
1854

do
Duke of Rutland

Self.....
Self

Shorth-horn steer „
Short-horn ox .

395
440

1855

Marquis of Exeter

Self.

Short-born steer

3 10 0

1856

William Heath

John Passmore

Devon ox ... . . ,

450

1857

Edward Wortley

Self

Short-horn steer

3 10 6

1858

Richard Stratton

Self.....

do

2 8 21

1859
1860

Richard Shirley
R. W. Baker

Self...
Self

Hereford steer
Short-horn steer

2 6 27
380

18612

Christopher Clark

do

2 11 7

* The gold medal in 1830 was offered by Mr. Kiteles.

I A * thJ8 year £1842) theg°ld medals were awarded to the exhibitors instead of the breeders.

I After this year (1844) two gold medals were given— one for the best steer or ox, and one for the

| After this year '(1801) a silver cup value £40 was submitted for the gold med&Z.

SUPPLEMENT.
SILVER CUPS FOR STEER OR Ox.

713

Year.

To exhibitor.

Breeder.
i

Breed.

Age.

1862

Self

Devon and Short-horn

y. m. d.
340

1863

William Heath

Thomas Lockley Meire

400

1864*

John Wale^by JKirkham

Short-horn steer

2 5 20

1865

580

1866

Richard Heath Harris

Alexander Cowie

Short-horn and Scotch-polled..

480

1867

Self

Scotch-polled

480

1868

William Ile'ith

Late Thomas Elesmere

Hereford ox

430

1869

Karl of Avlc«ford

Self

328

1870

William Taylor

]l Stranger

460

1871

Joseph Stratton

The late Rich'd Stratton

Short-horn ox .

430

1872

James Bruce

John MacPherson

Polled Aberdeenshire steer

3 8 11

1873

J. S. Bull

Self.

Short-horn ox

420

1874

do . . ..

Self

Short-horn steer

323

1875

Self

Short-horn ox

420

1876

Samuel Kidner

Self

Devon ox

411

1877

H R H the Prince of

William Shapland . ...

Devon steer

320

1878

Wales.
James S Bult ..

Self

Short-horn steer..

3 11 0

1879

Henry D. Adnmson

do

253

1880

J J Colman M P

Cross steer

3 7 18

1881

Sir W. G. Gordon-Gum-

G. Williamson

286

ming, Bart.

GOLD MEDALS FOR HEIFER OR Cow (BEST IN THE CLASSES.)

1845
1846

William Trinder

Lord Sherbome
Self

Durham heifer

310 0
9 10 0

1847

Earl of Radnor

Self

Hereford and Long-horn cross

280

1848

John Mann .

Self

heifer.
Durham cow

900

1849

Samuel Wiley

Self

720

1850

Stephen Gooch

Nathaniel Cartwright

do

530

1851

Samuel Druce

Short-horn and Hereford cross

3 414

1852

J.D.Cook

Self . ...

heifer.

6 11 0

1853

Henry Smith

William Smith

Short-horn cow

589

1854

Charles Towneley

Alexander Bannerman .

do

680

1«55

Henry Ambler

W D Manning (the late)

do

7 11 16

1856

Richard Stratton .

Self.

do

589

1857
1858

Lieut. Col. Towneley....
J. W. Brown

Self. „

Self

do

410
3 1021

1859

Lieut. Col. Towneley

Self

do

372

1860

Richard Hill

Self

520

1861f

John Faulkner

Sir J Harper Crewe Bt

Short-horn cow. ..... . .. ••

5 10 0

SILVER CUPS FOR HEIFER OR Cow.

1862

Robert Tennant

Self

3 6 10

1863

Charles Swaisland

Ladv Lubbock

do

2 10 0

1864J

Richard Taylor

Self

3 8 21

1865

r)arl of Radnor

Self.....

Short-horn heifer

330

1866

Ru-hanl Stratton

Self.

Short-horn cow

4 10 14

1867

I leu rv I Settridge

E Tanner

Hereford heifer

360

18i)«

Karl of Hardwicke

Self.

3 5 21

1869
1870

Sir W.C. Trcvelyan, Bt...
Trevor L. Senior

Self.
Late Charles Gibbs

Short-horn cow

5 3 21
2 0

1871

James Bruce

Alexander Paterson

Scotch-polled heifer

3 14

1*7:2

Trevor L. Senior

Walter Farthing

3 3

1873

John Walter, M. P

liv. Micklein

Short-horn heifer

a o

1874

Richard Stratton

Self.. . .

do

2 0

1S75

Self....

do

3 0

1876

Joseph Stratton

Self.....

do

3 H 0

1877

X. < atehpole

Self.....

do

370

1878

Richard Stratton....,

Self.

do

3 10 14

1879

do

Self

do

3 7 19

1880

Charles Thomas Lucas...

do.

360

1881

Sir W. G. Gordon-dim-

Self

Scotch-polled heifer

280

ming, Bart.

•After this year (1864) a gold medal to the breeder was substituted for the silver medal hitherto
given.

tAfter this year f!861) a silver cup value £40 was substituted for the gold medal.
+ After this year (1804) a gold medal to the breeder was substituted for the silver medal hitherto

714

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

i: CUPS FOR Sin;»rsiiiRE. OXFORDSHIRE, CROSS-BRED, OR ANY OTHER BREED
HOT r.i:r«»i:i: SPECIFIED (liEsr PEN* or WETHERS ix THE CLASSES).

Year.

Jireedcr.s.

Breed.

in. ?<•/:.

'•_' 7:i< hariuh W. Stil^oe Self Supsex nrnl Cotswold ! 20 ::

: JohnOvt rman Self ' Leicester and South-down i 20

I do Self ' do ! 20

• "• Duke of Marl bun. u^h Self Oxfordshire-down | 21

''.i'i .lohn < >venuan Self J.ci < -ester and South-down ' 20

.7 Sa Self 'Oxfordshire ! 21 2

'- AJfn d l;o.;ers So1*". • do I 21 2

•'.' John Overman Self I Loni; Wool and South-down... 21

70 <!<> Self .do ! 21 2

, 1 L-.rd ( he-ham Self [ Shropshire Avu.»hers I 21

72 l»uk.eof Marl'iorouyh Self ' Oxfordshire Avcthers ' 21

1>73 do . Self ..' Ox.'ord welhers ... . 21

CHAMPION PLATE (VALUE £lo">) TO Exnir.iToR <»F P.EST LEAST ix THE SHOW.

Karl of Ayle-ford

TluniKis I'l-.'.v, -:•
.Tosf-iiliMi-atton

S.'lf ................................... ' Short-horn steer ...................... 328

Self . Short-horn ox .......................... I 3 *.» 0

ThohitoJJ. D.Stratlon .............. do .................................... '4 3 0

! T;- .................... ToiinALu-Pherson ............ : Polled Aberdeenshire steer ..... |3 Kll

->';.} .lohn Wiihcr.^l. 1' .......... .. Hy..Mickleni .................... Short-horn heifer ..................... .'5 2 0

NS 1L I,1. II. The I'rinee of ilu^-h Avhner.... ..' Shurt-horu cow.... ............ ' -1 5 0

\V:i!es.
*•:- Thi.niiH Willis ............... Self ................................... ! ......... do .................................... i 470

-:•; Samuel Ki<h:er .............. Sctf.. . |])i-vonox : ......... !4 1 1

-77 N. < '..' hiKi ... .. S;-lf ..... .. Short-horn heifer ..... ..3 7 0

Self. ' do i 3 10 14

ile S^ if. ' do I 340

' I. inn s Durno I Cross steer I 2 710

sir V.-. <;.<:.,;.;• ).i-C!ini- Self. .. Scotch-polled heifer I 2 8 0

mi:i;.V. Uait.

*A:':er the year l.-,."'J the club's -old medal was ^iven to the breeder.

Crp PRIZES FOR REST or EACH RREED.

rl'ive-l r-ups, value ',1 i each, to the exhibitor of tin* he-4 bea.-t of each breed.]

•
hitor. breeder. Urecd.

Age.

'

187'

T. L. '-

d Hill ....

Kci •' '.
S'. : -W.i

II ;i! - In

'•' , i. '
T. !.. S

, i

.

1. dm :•

'

I! . hard Stran-er Devon

Sell lien-lord

fl.m. (L

4 o o

4 4 0

:5 2 3

.'...j 3 7 0

Hit-bland I 4 10 20

• < 'ros-j i 311 o

.' Norfolk j)olled I -r> H <>

y'i\:SoiV.'.' II<M-etordy/.y.V.V.\.V..VAV.\\..V..V.V.'.V.'.'l 3 !_ 0

i'.!;!!!'.'."."."!!!.'.".'."!"; s.l^/.x '!!!'";;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.;; 4 j» »

Devon Vix'.V !! 4 1 1

H. n-for 1 ox ! 4 3 0

., Shorl'iornheifer.... I 3 11 0

(i ox ' 4 C 0

. . i 3 9 0

Sli i, -I horn in ifer.

Sir--, \ si,- er ;.... 3 '2 "i

• );;1i- Alex. I'at«-r.-<in.. Scotch polled heifer 3 10 U

:v.i.::l;':rv;i:;:,,',:;:1-: * - • - \*« *

;. DcvoiiHfeor 3 4 "

.1 '. I., I-,- r lien ford ox... 4 321

Shorthorn hcif<-.r.. I 3 To M

John Jviiki/atiick Sussex steer..,. i 3 (J 0

SUPPLEMENT.
CUP PHIZES FOE BEST OF EACH BREED — Continued.

715

Year.

Exhibitor.

Breeders.

Breed.

Age,

1878

SirW Gordon-Cumuiing

George Williamson

y. m. d.
470

Self

Cross

380

1879

John Waller 1VI P . . .

Samuel Ividner

4 0 25

Mr« Kdwards

Sell'

Hereford cow

4 3 20

Richard Strntton

Self

3 7 19

Jolin Kirk pal rick

Self

Sussex steer

3 7 16

Sir W.Uordon-Cummingf..

O. Grant

Scotch polled steer

289

Lord Lovatt

William Kelman

367

1880

John Walter M P

Self

Devon steer

2 11 23

Frederick Platt

Self

3 423

Charles Thomas Ijiicas

Self

360

John Stewart Oxlcy

Self

3 5 19

J..T. Colman,M.P

Peter Beattie

2 11 16

J J. Coloian M P

3 7 16

1881

John Walter, M. P

Walter Farthing1

Devon heifer

3 0 29

Lewis Lovd..

Self

Hereford heifer ...

313

W. S. Gibbs

Self

Shorthorn cow

4 10 7

Alfred Agate

Self

Sussex heifer . .

3 5 13

SirW.Gordon-Cumming..

Self

Scotch polled heifer

280

Sir John Swinburne, Bt

Self

Cross-bred steer

240

MILK RECORD OF BRITISH COW&,

(Inclosuro 15 in Consul-General Merrill's report.)
Daily yield of milk (in quarts) from sixty cows during twelve months.

No.

Name,

First month.

Second month.

Third month. 1

Fourth month.

Fifth month.

Sixth month.

Seventh zaonti)»

Eighth month.

Ninth month.

Tenth month.

Eleventh month.

Twelfth month.

Daily average
over whole
period in milk.

During months.

1

9.

Victoria, second
prize, Dairy
Show, 1878
Primrose

18.5
18.5

14.5
19.0

11.0
17.0

11.0
13.0

9.5
11.5

S.O
11.5

7.5
9.5

7.0

8.5

C.O
8 5

5.5
K 5

5.0

2.5
7 0

fi.53
11.54

12

12

3

Jones .

18.0

20 0

16 O

14 0

11 0

11 0

# 5

4 5

12.87

8

4

Shortlegs

16 0

6 0

14 O

14 0

1° 5

9 0

o o

7 5

n o

2 6

10 3

10

5

Hereford

17.0

17.0

14 0

i:: d

11 5

M 0

11 0

9.0

7 0

5.0

2.0

10.68

H

6

7

Red Cheeks
Paxton

16.5
16.5

14 5

14.0

rj .->

!::.<)
\'2 0

13! 3

10 0

11.0

<' 0

12.0
7.0

10.0

c.o

8.0

c.o

3.5

1.0

10.63
10.38

11
9

8
9

Champion
Barry

19.0
14.5

r.. r>
r>.5

L4.5
I". S

12.0

y?, o

11.0

10. 0
1? 0

11.5
12.0

10.5

o r>

3.0

ft 5

8.0
8 0

7.5

7 5

6.0

7 0

9.0
9.0

16
17

10

Dasher

18.0

.-> o

W 0

11 5

lo 5

9 0

r* r»

J 0

10 55

9

11

Cowslip

16.5

1 r>

15.0

l:i 0

12.5

10 ;>

10.0

9.0

8.5

8.5

7.0

6.0

10.83

12

12
13

Charmer
Jones

21.0

IS .-)

ir,.r>

10 5

16.0
15 0

15.0

|:Yt)

r> o

11.0

n o

10.5
10 5

9.0
9 0

7.5

7 0

7.0
6 5

7.5
6 0

0.0
5 5

1C. 06
8 64

16
17

11

Grenade 5th

17.0

1 ' 0

12.0

10 0

o :•

0 ,1

8 0

R 0

2 0

9. 77

9

15

Lroosoly

19.5

17 >

14.0

11 0

W.O

10 r>

8.5

RO

70

4 0

a o

10. 18

li

10

Cockhorn .

17.0

10.0

17.0

14.5

13 0

12 0

11 5

8.0

10.0

9.0

7.0

12.15

13

17

Sandwich

18.0

is. y

14.0

12 0

I'J 5

10 '}

0 Q

9 5

7 0

C 5

fi 5

5.0

10 15

13

10

Meadow Flower
14th (dam. of
first prize «3hip-
penhara).

19 0

20 0

13. f>

'?> 5

1<! "5

13 5

11 0

9 0

5 5

R &

? 0

n.sf,

11

W

Hereford (Cox's)

20 0

17 5

17 5

14 5

14 0

12 5

9 5

8 0

S 0

12 94

9

?,o

Blossom

18.0

11 o

19.0

17.0

16.0

13 0

12 0

9 0

9.5

8.0

T.O

5.5

13.83

12

11

Witnoy .

19 0

19 0

17.0

14 0

M 0

1" M

10 0

5 0

6 5

1 5

11 8

10

??

Cherry

20 0

19 5

18 0

16 0

13 0

11 5

14 0

9 0

4 0

4 0

12 8

10

23

Hereford ( Corn-
ish's)

20 5

10 0

18 0

18 0

15 S

13 0

11 5

10 5

f» 0

34 61

9

21

Tiohorn .... ....

16.0

14.0

!:: 0

11 5

11 0

9 5

7 5

7 0

7.0

5.5

10 36

11

53

Hereford (old)

Noble

23.0
17 0

16 5

17 r>

15 0

16.5
11 0

16.0
12 5

11.0
10 5

12.5
8 5

12.0
8,5

8.0

4.0

15.0
13 33

11

9

£7
9

FUirMatd i [second

prize, Ci oydon,
1880)..
Primrose.

17.0
19 5

16.0

1S.O
17 0

11.0

9.5

14 5

10.0
1° 5

7.5
4 5

8.5

7.5

6.5

4.0

10.04
14 71

11

20

Darling:... ,

16.0

12 5

i?, r,

12.5

i6.5

8.5

11.5

9 0

6.0

14 04

12

»)

Lilv

17.0

Ifi 0

10 o

10 5

10 0

11 0

9 5

9 5

10 50

15

ni

Champio' i

20 0

1') 0

M :>

14 0

12 5

13 5

9 5

8 5

14 4

10

82

Droopho) ,-n

17.5

16.5

15.0

13.0

13.5

13.5

10.0

isio

7

716

CATTLE AND. DAIRY FARMING.

Milk record — Continued.

too.

33
34
35
36
37
3S
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
60
61
62
63
64
65
56
67

68
69

60

Name.

' _. 1

a

nth month.

1

!
y average
r whole
id in milk.

£ months, i

"- 5

0

S 1

1 ~ I | ~ =

^ c -r

u ^ '~

'£ -7. £

X

£

£

<y

"Sc
W \

\ 1

JU

£

u

8
11

9

10
16
10

11
11
11
9
11
8
12

10

10
8
10
11

12
8
M
14

Ladv
Bride

17.0 15.5 13.0
H. 0 19.0 IS.O
IS.O 1C,. 0 1(5.5
1(5.5 13.5 12.5
16.0 13.0 12.0
20.0 2o.o 17. o
22.0 21.5 21.5
S.O 17.0 '15.0

1 ( i. 5
12.0
1 5. 5
12.0
12.0
1 1.5
15.5
I 1.0

I ( i. 5
13. 5
15. O
11.5
10.0
15.0
s. 5
13.5

10.5
13.

1 1.

11.

8.5
S ( )

i-jio

I I
7.0 :

10.5 10.0 9.5
M.5 11.5 10.5
7.5 > 6.5 6.5
5.5 4.5

10. 0

7.0 i 6.0 4.5

9.5 ^ 9.0 : 6.5

"7.5"

9.0

"s'.o"

11.56
13. 09
13.20
10.25
10.0
14.68
12.1
10. 09

Peasant
Pearl 10th
Henrietta 17th
Cornish
Shortleg's

Minnie

6.5 8.0

Bailev
Ariel "3d

19.0 16.0 19.5
15.5 12.5 11.5
17 5 16 0 MO

is.o
10.5
11.5
12.0
9. 5
13. 5
11.5
11.5
11.0
15.0
12 0

17.0

lo'r>
11.5
9.0
10.5

11.0
M.O
10.5

1 1.0
12 0

15.

lo
11.

S.
9. 0
11.0
9 5

ll.o
7.0
9. 5
9. 0
5. 5
7.o
7.0
lo.O

M. 5 s
5. 5 5

9. 5 8
8. 0 i 7
4.5 -1
6.0 5
5.0 ...
7.0 6

0 2. 5
5 ! 5.0
5 6. 5
5 6.5
0 !
5 4.0

5" 5. '5

3. 5
4. 5

2. 5
'3.5'

4.0

13.65
8.35
11.04
10.04
8.88
9.36
11.37
10. 37
11.57
10.00
11.0
11.2
10. 81
12.55
13.81

17.0
11.06
14.14

10. <ji

Venus 3d

Sandy
Brindle

14.5 15.5 12.5
16.0 13.5 hi.5
16.5 15..-) 13.5
17 5 1(5 0 iM 0

Brownie

Cherrywhite ....

H.O 17.5 '15.0
15.5 15.5 13.5
19 0 17 0 15 0

Ruby

Venus 2d

12.5
12 0

10.5
10.0

9. 5
6.5

ut.o

11.0

M.O
5. 5
15.5
11.0

9. 5 5
5. 5 1
8. 0 7
3.0 ...
7. 5 6
11.0 11

12.0 12

3.5 ....
2.5 10
9. 0 8.

5 I 2.5
0
0 | 6.5

5 3.0

0 7.5

0 ll.O

0 8'.5
0 6.5

7.6

12.5

To"

8.5

8.0
5.5

Minikin

19 0 15 5 1'' 0

Belts
Star

16.0 ,15.5 13.5
16.0 M.5 12.0
19.0 IS.O 15.0
22 5 17 5 17 5

13.0
13.0
M.O
15. 5

23. 5
12.0

22 0
15. 0

12.0
12.0
M.5

13. 5

20. 5
10.5

20.0
15.5

11.0

9. 5
3.0
12.5

20. 5
9. 5
17.5
12.0

Dumpling
Infant

Charmer (dam of
first prize, Is-
lington, 1879)
Stopps
Stag
Nancy

20.0 25.0 2-5.0
17.0 16.5 M.O
21.0 22.0 22.0
19.0 18.5 15.0

Average of sixty
cows 18.0 17.0915.03

1 1 1

13.75

1255

11. 31

9.72

7.94 6.

01 4.67

3.05

1.85

11.5 10.83

THE POSITION OF ENGLISH DAIRY FARMING IN 1883.

[Inclosurc 16 in Consul-Gcneral Merrill's report.]

The marvelous changes and improvements which have arisen iluriug the last decade
in the manufacture and disposal of the products of the dairy can scarcely be realized, even
by the active participators in the movement, castinga retrospective glance at the general
depression of the dairy interests throughout the country so recently ;is 18G9, when the
factory system of cheese-making was lirst introduced into England. Prior to this except
in a lew favored localities contiguous to populous centers where new milk could be de-
livered twice a day to the hucksters who retailed it over the counter, there being then
DO organized system of delivery, those living outside the area of this charmed circle were
compelled to convert the chief of their milk into cheese. It is true they reared a few
calves, made a little butter from the whey Heelings, and a light skimming from one meal,
in order, as was alleged, to prevent the cheese from falling to pieces. In. most cases the
cheese had to be made in the kitchen, which was often inconvenient and ill-adapted for
the purpose. Tin; accommodation for storing and ripening the cheese was generally of
a defective character, hence the produce, was variable in quality and meager iu quantity.

The Derbyshire landlords and others who contributed the funds and devoted much
time and energy in experimental dairying, the pioneers who contributed the funds and
undertook the labor, have received scant recognition of their philanthropic efforts at the
hands of the public. The svstcm was ignored by some and ridiculed by others; yet it
accomjj] i.shi-d all its most sanguine advocates ever anticipated, which was to raise the in-
ferior qualities to the level of lirst-class brands. Taking the average price of cheese
made in aiJOO-cow dairy, and comparing them with an equal quantity made indiscrimi-
nately in farmhouse dairies, th" uniform quantify of the, large make gives them a great
gdv.ntage in the, market. Although the system has not expanded so rapidly as was
Imagined, it is uot due to any inherent imperfection, but to a combination of circum-

SUPPLEMENT. 717

stances having directed the raw material into new channels. Previous to the factory
movement, all statistics as to the yield of milk and its product was meager and unrelia-
ble. The more business-like method of dealing with milk by weight, and the weighing
of the cheese from the press, showed at a glance the quantity of green cheese produced
by a gallon of milk throughout the year. Having ascertained this, the shrinkage or loss
of weight in ripening was easily calculated; the cost of labor, salt, and other materials
used in the manufacture was correctly ascertained, and the value of the waste product*
correctly appraised.

Another important lesson to the" dairy farmer was the transit of milk for long distances.
The Derbyshire milk trade to London, and other large towns, dates contemporaneously
with the introduction of the factory. In 1869 there was no milk sent from Derby to
London. Now, in the height of the season, the quantity sent by the Midland Railwaj
alone we estimate at 20,000 gallons a day. During the earlier development of the milk
trade many losses occurred to the farmers, generally through an imperfect knowledge of the
position of the middle men, many of whom were needy adventurers, who, by fair prom-
ises and the offer of an extra half-penny per gallon, imposed on the good-natured credu-
lity of the farmers, who allowed their accounts to run on and were frequently mulcted
in large sums. The old adage "once bit, twice shy," has led to more careful inquiries,
as to the respectability and solvency of the purchaser. Weekly, fortnightly, and, at the
utmost, monthly payments are now tho rule. Yearly contracts are common with a vary-
ing scale of prices and quantities for the different seasons. Although the prices of milk
have not generally improved, the trade on the whole has assumed a more settled form.

IMPROVEMENT IN THE BREED OF DAIRY CATTLE.

The various grades of Shorthorn comprise four-fifths of the cattle kept exclusively for
dairy purposes in the Midland and West Midland counties, and as milk and meat pro-
ducers they cannot be surpassed. Their size, quality, and aptitude to lay on flesh quickly
has been immensely improved by the use of pure-bred bulls. Where these have been
selected with judgment, the milking capabilities have likewise increased. A much
greater degree of care and attention is exercised in the selection of cows suitable for the
dairy. A well-shaped milk vessel is a point on which dairy farmers are becoming more
critical. Inferior milkers are weeded out, and either passed on to the grazier or fattened
off on the farm. The chief obstacle to more rapid improvement of the ordinary stock of
the diary districts is due to a parsimonious and grudging spirit in securing the services
of a better class of bulls. A man with a dairy of 30 to 50 cows will give £30 for a young
Shorthorn bull, which, after three years' service and three months' stall-feeding, will
readily make £35 to £40 to the butcher. The stock left by him will be a remarkable
improvement on the original. Instead of exercising- more care in the selection of another
pure-bred animal to follow, he saves a calf from some favorite cow in his own herd,
which, being only a half-bred, reduces the progeny to their original state.

The milk-selling mania, which set in about 1873-'74and culminated in 1880-'81, com-
pletely demoralized the dairy interests of the Midlands. The best men were realizing an
average return of £22 to £26 per cow by the sale of milk. On all the best milk farms
rearing ^vas for the time completely ignored; the capabilities of farms were taxed to the
uttermost in order to produce the greatest possible quantity of milk, the farmers pre-
ferring to purchase springing cows to fill np their stalls as required. In the course of
three years the system began to tell in the scarcity and enhanced prices of calving cows.
The diminution, so to speak, of the cattle population of this country is largely due to the
same cause. For the last two years the enhanced prices and inferior quality of the stock
has reduced the profits of dairy farming to a small margin. Stock reared on the farm are
more healthy and thrive better than strangers, and these are frequently of a nondescript
character. Instances are numerous of cows purchased at £24 to £26, after being milked
10 or 11 months, selling as barreners at £16 or £18 each. This makes a rather heavy
inroad on the gross returns. The very few men who have quietly gone on rearing suffi-
cient to keep up their herd and finished off their cast cows have suffered little from the
pressure of the time. This year the rage for rearing has again set in ; colory calves of
a few days old have been eagerly picked up at 40s. to 50s. each. We have a commission
to purchase all the bull calves from a herd of 40 ordinary dairy cows at 60s. each, deliv-
ered on rail at three days old. I need scarcely say they were all by a pedigree bull.
Such prices should be sufficient inducement to use a better class of sires.

IMPROVED METHODS OF FEEDING.

The great impetus given to dairy farming by the introduction of the factory system,
and subsequently the sale of milk, has led to a much more liberal system of feeding.
Formerly the produce of the farm, grass in summer and hay in winter, constituted the

718 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

diet of a dairy cow. Cheese was made during eight or nine months. The cow was put
dry and rested for at least three months out of the twelve. With milk-selling the case
is entirely changed. The supply must be kept up to a fixed standard throughout the
year; hence shelter and artificial food are essential. The cows arc; now regularly nrilhed
to within one month of calving. Little long hay is now used, the food is all given in a
prepared state. Large quantities of meal, cake, and brewers' grains are used. During
the early days of milk-selling some landlords were alarmed lest the land should become
robbed and deteriorated. This contingency has not been realized; on the contrary, large
sums are now spent on purchased foods, where, under the old cheese-making regime, not
a shilling was spent on extraneous substances.

I may be allowed to quote an instance, within my own knowledge, of an estate of Jess
than 3,000 acres, purely dairy land, where not a ton of cake or other purchased food was
ever used. The average outlay on this estate during the last seven years has been up-
wards of £2, 000. Some of the best men are adopting a modification of the town system.
The weak milkers and the more aged are highly fed, and are thus milked and fattened
at the same time, and are passed off to the butcher before they are dry. On some of the
larger farms a recent improvement is becoming popular. I have fitted up cooking cis-
terns on several farms. These are constructed of common bricks set in cement, into
which is placed a perforated wooden bottom; a pipe from the steam engine delivers the
steam into the open space under the false bottom ; above, the tank is filled with hay or straw,
chaff, or a mixture of the two, with a quantity of unground corn. The cistern is covered
by a closely-fitting lid, the steam is turned on, and the contents thoroughly cooked. This
has proved to be not only the most economical, as in the case of dairy cows; it is the most
efficient method of feeding corn.

YIELD AND VALUE OF MILK.

The improvement of the breed and a more liberal system of feeding have increased the
average yield of milk 160 gallons per cow during the last twelve years. The average
yield of the best South Derbyshire dairies may be taken at 650 gallons. The popular
taste is in favor of a rich, mellow, smooth-flavoured cheese, artificially ripened, at from
six weeks to three months old. This is somewhat in favor of the producer, the shrink-
age in weight being less than would be the case if kept to a greater age. An imperial
gallon of milk at a temperature of 60 degrees weighs 10 pounds 4 ounces; under good
management, 11 pounds of milk will produce 1 pound of cured cheese. If we estimate
the cost of labor and materials, and allow, on the other side, one halfpenny per gallon
for the whey, the cheese must sell at 70s. per cwt. of 120 pounds to realize 7d. per im-
perial gallon for the crude milk.

Immense improvements have taken place in butter-making since the Bristol meeting
of the Royal Agricultural Society in 1879. The Coolley and Swartz systems were there
thoroughly tested by English j udges, and their merits fully recognized. Both these sys-
tems have been completely superseded by the cream separator, which effects a perfect
separation in an amazingly rapid manner. The milk is drawn from the cow, passed over
a Lawrence refrigerator, and immediately separated at the rate of 60 gallons or more an
hour. The perfectly sweet cream is churned immediately, or, as preferred by some, ren-
dered slightly acid, either by natural or artificial means. So rapid is the process that
butter from the morning's milk can be placed in the market the same evening. The
cream, when removed by the separator, is as free from milk as can possibly be the case
by the ordinary method of skimming; hence the butter is finer, being perfectly free
from casein. The quality of cream is further shown by the yield of butter. One hun-
dred quarts of cream frequently produce 112 pounds of butter; the average yield of
butter throughout the year, in an ordinary farm dairy, is 16 ounces of butter from 1 1
quarts of new milk. One of the chief advantages of the separator is the enhanced value
of the skim milk, which is perfectly sweet, and will keep so for a much longer period
than milk which had been set from twenty -f(?ur to thirty-six hours, hence it is more val-
uable either for household purposes or the rearing of stock; its commercial value is 3d. or
4(7. per imperial gallon. The butter fat only being removed, the solids remain intact
to build up the bone and muscle of the young animal, and the sugar as a heat pro-
ducer; hence its value for stock-raising. The market price of crude milk varies like
other commodities. The best prices are generally obtained from local vendors.

There is still a large field open amongst the mining population of the North Midlands,
as well as that of the country Villages, who can obtain it only as a luxury. Though
sent daily from their own doors in large quantities to London and other large towns,
the denizens of the country villages are unable to supply their wants. The prices vary
from YJ*7. to Sd. for the six summer months and 9$d. to lOflf. for the six winter months,
per imperial gallon, out of which the farmer has to defray the cost of carriage, which, if
sent to London, is Id. per gallon. Although stringent laws have been placed in the stat-

SUPPLEMENT. 719

nte book as to the legality of certain well-defined weights and measures, nevertheless
the old barn gallon of 17 pints is luscd as a measure oi' capacity to the mystification and,
not ^infrequently, the loss of the average countryman. SILICA the use of cream .separa-
tors has become more general, the use of new milk amongst the working classes has heen
gradually falling off. The retail price in London of perfectly sweet and wholesome skim
milk is 2jrf. per quart. This cannot fail to prove an inestimable boon to the poorer
classes.

THE ADVANTAGES OF THE CO-OPERATIVE FACTORY SYSTEM.

The isolated position and the general circumstances and surroundings of the ordinary
dairy farmer seldom lead him into the keen commercial current of modern life, hence he
comes more frequently into contact with the middle-man than he does with the con-
sumer. The co-operative principle is specially applicable to modern dairy management,
and on ail estates of any magnitude factories should be erected and fitted up with the
necessary plant for cheese and butter making and milk selling, the tenants paying a
moderate rent for the buildings and use of the plant.

On a large scale, it is necessary to have a skillful manager who would act tinder a
general committee of the milk contributors. The association would be hampered
by no contracts, and be able at all times to dispose of their produce in the best market.
The sale of new milk, cheese-making, or butter-making, and the sale of skim milk, would
each be resorted to in order to meet the turn of the markets, so that larger profits might
be earned. A constant supervision would insure a more uniform and higher quality than
is possible where an equal quantity is made up in separate dairies, with all the disadvan-
tages of inferior plant. Butter factories are on the increase, and the quality of the produce
is uniform and vastly superior to the general run of private dairies. To my mind, the
chief objection is, they are not conducted on co-operative principles. The milk is pur-
chased at a fixed price, and the farmer has no further interest in the concern.

My employer, the Earl of Harrington, is willing to erect and equip a cheese and but-
ter dairy in the center of a large dairy parish by way of experiment, charging only a
nominal rent for the first year or two. There is, however, great diffidence on the part
of the tenants to embark in the venture. In order to take fall advantage of every fluctua-
tion of the market, one or two condensing pans should be erected in every factory. This
insures a complete control over the skim milk, which can either be condensed as plain
milk, when it will keep perfectly sweet for six or eight days, and sent to the distant
towns and returned to its original state of skim milk by the addition of 85 per cent, ot
water. This is a palatable and wholesome addition of the food supply of the working
classes. The retail price in London is 2$d. per quart. The skim milk is likewise
sweetened by the addition of sugar, condensed and packed in hermetically sealed tins.
This will keep for an almost indefinite period. When wanted for use, the tin is opened,
and 85 to 87 per cent, of pure water added. The mixture, when well agitated, lias the
appearance and taste of sweet skim milk. To my mind, the great practical advantages
of the cream separator and condensing pan is that the condensed milk, either plain jor
sweet, is in a portable form, easily conveyed long distances at a cheap rate, and will
prove an inestimable boon to the farmer by enabling him to rear his stock at a cheap
rate, so that rearing may be successfully practiced on farms which, under ordinary cir-
cumstances, would be impracticable. A condensing factory has been started in South
Derbyshire. At present the produce is principally sent to the London markets, and as
its properties become better known the demand will largely increase.

The yield of butter varies considerably, even from clay to clay, irrespective of food.
The quality and temperature of the drinking water has a marked effect on the health
and secretions of the cow. The simple cream-test tubes now in every-day use long puzzled
observant managers as to the direct cause of the varying quantities of cream. Close ob-
servations and experience have strengthened the conviction that temperature is the great
disturbing cause. The same quantity of milk which under a mean atmospheric tempera-
ture of 60 degrees will produce 4 pounds 5 ounces of butter, at a temperature of 70 the
quantity ot butter is reduced to 4 pounds 13 ounces, and at 80 degrees of temperature
there is a further falling off in the quantity to 4 pounds 3 ounces; at 50 degrees the butter
is increased to 5 pounds 14 ounces. With regard to added water the analysts are fre-
quently at fault. As soon as the milk is drawn from the cow, chemical changes begin
to take place, by which new combinations are formed. The solids in their original state
vary slightly; the chemical forces, which are constantly at work, are continually building
up new structures from the ruins of the old. By this we imply that even where the cows
are fairly well kept the milk at certain times may fall far short of the cream standard
without a particle of water being added. All milk now senfc by rail is passed over a
refrigerator and the temperature reduced from 95 degrees (the normal heat when drawn
from the cow) to 60 degrees, at which it is usually sent off. This change of temperature

720

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

reduces the volume nearly 5 per cent. Although great improvements have been made
during the last 10 years in the handling of milk and its products, there is still much to
learn before -we can pretend to be adepts in the art.

GILBERT MURRAY.
OCTOBER 1, 1--:*.

THE MILKING TRIALS AT THE DAIRY SHOW.

[Inclosure IGa in Consul-General Merrill's report.]

The following full report of the yields and analyses of milk at the London Dairy Show
have been sent to us for publication:

COWS.

Dale of calf or kid.

No.

Mav 1°

*17

*2J

A.CP C«!t l~r '

25

36

July 28

41

*49

June °3

56

April 8

October 3

05

August 8

00

July 10

*78

July 4

'81

September 27

g«>

Day's

milk,

quiu.tity.

Total
awiml.

per crnt.
J2.90
1 1.2' »
13. II

3. 85

4.71

-l.t'l '

5.30

4.20

4.11

5. 14

11.00
1 I. 25
14. IS
1--.71
12. 12
11.75
11.48

99.12
92. Oo
03. 9S
8M. 79

si .' «7

87! 50
79. SI
SO. 43
91.59
87. SO
03. 4G

No. 17, Class 1. — Red Cherry (Shorthorn); color, rod; ru^o, 7 years 9 months and 1
week; last calf, May 1'J, 18S3; breeder and exhibitor, Mr. .). Phillips (non-pedigree).

Yield of milk, October, 1HS3: 8.30 a. in., 27 pounds s ounces; 7.15 p. m.. 23 pounds
8 ounces; total, 51 pounds.

Analysis: Specific gravity, 1.033ft; total solids, 12. TIG; fat, 3.S.1; solids not fat, 9.11;
percentage of cream by volume, 10.

Number of points (1st prize, section No. 1 Champion prize): Quantity, 51: quality,
2,5.92; time, 13.70; additional fat, 8.50; total, 1)9.12.

No. 21, Class 2. — Daisy (Shorthorn): color, roan; a;j;e, 5 years C, months; produce, 3
calves; last calf due, per catalogue, September 19; p.-r cowman, September 27, 1SS3; ex-
hibitor, Mr. Thomas Birdsey (non-pedigree).

Yield of milk, October 3, 1883: 8.30 a. m., 2(J pounds s ounces; 7.15 p. m., 20 pounds
8 ounces; total, 47 pounds.

Analysis: Specific gravity, 1.0336; total solids, 14.20; fat, 4.71; solids not fat, 9.49;
percentage of cream by volume, 11.

Number of points (2d prize, section 1): Quantity, 17.0; qualitv. 2S.4; time, none;
additional fat, 17.1; total, 92.5.

No. 25, Class 2. — Honesty (Shorthorn); color, roan; ago, 5 years 2 months; produce

3 calve«; la.st calf, per catalogue, August 17, 1-K!; p»r cov/man, September 27, 1873;
exhibitor, Mr. T. liirdsey (non-pedigree).

Yield of milk October 3, 1>S83: 8.30 a. m., 10 pounds; 7. 15 p. m., 1 1 p muds 12 ounces;
total, 27 pounds 12 ounces.

Analysis: Specific gravity, 1.033'j; total solids, 13.11; fat, 4.01; solids not fat, 9.10;
percentage of cream by volume, 10.5.

Number of points: Quantity, 27.75; quality, 2'). 2:2; additional fat, 10.01; total, (J3.9H.

No. 27, Class 2. — Spot (Shorthorn); color, Suss-x lirn-.vu; age, 5 years; produce, 5
calves; last calf, August 29, 18-^3; exhibitor, Rev. YV. Winluw (non-pedigree).

Yield of milk October 3, 1881: 8.30 a. m., 19 pounds * ounces; 7.15 p. m., 15 pounds

4 ounces; total, 34 pounds 12 ounces.

Analysis: Specific gravity, 1.030; tota.1 solids, 13.77; fat, 5.30; solids not fat, 8.47;
percentage of cream by volume, 14.

SUPPLEMENT. 721

Number of points: Quantity, 34.75; quality, 27.54; time, 3.50; additional fat, 23.00;
total, 88.79.

No. 36, Class 3. — Lady Savage (Jersey); color, silver gray; age, 7 years 4 months;
last calf about September 1, 1833; exhibitor, Mr. H. C. Smith (non-pedigree).

Yield of milk October 3, 1883 : 8.30 a. m., 18 pounds 8 ounces; 7.15 p. in., 14 pounds;
total, 32 pounds 8 ounces.

Analysis: Specific gravity, 1.0326; total solids, 13.21; fat, 4.20; solids not fat, 9.01;
percentage of cream by volume, 12.

Number of points: Quantity, 32.50; quality, 26.42; time, 3.00; additional fat, 12.00;
total, 73.92.

No. 44, Class 3. — Velveteen (Jersey); color, fawn; age, 7 years 2 months 1 week;
produce, 6 calves; last calf, July 28, 1883; breeder, Mr. Le Brocq; exhibitor, Mr. J.
Cardus (non-pedigree).

Yield of milk October 3, 1883: 8.30 a. m., 13 pounds; 7.15 p. m., 10 pounds; total, 23
pounds.

Analysis: Specific gravity, 1.0336; total solids, 13.29; fat, 4.11; solids not fat, 9.18;
percentage of cream by volume, 12.

Number of points: Quantity, 23.00; quality, 26.58; time, 6.60; additional fat, 11.10;
total, 67.28.

No. 49, Class 3. — Little Katie (Jersey) ; color, lemon fawn; age, 5 years 4 weeks; pro-
duce, 3 calves; last calf, August 5, 1883; breeder, Mr. C. B. Dixon; exhibitor, Mr. II.
H. A. Rigg (non-pedigree).

Yield of milk October 3, 1883: 8.30 a. m., 14 pounds 12 ounces; 7.15 p. m., 11 pounds
8 ounces; total, 36 pounds 4 ounces.

Analysis: Specific gravity, 1.0316; total solids, 14.21; fat, 5.14; solids not fat, 9.07;
percentage of cream by volume, 18.5.

Number of points (2d prize, section 2): Quantity, 26.25; quality, 28.42; time, 5.80;
additional fat, 21.40; total, 81.87.

No. 56, Class 4. — Countess (Guernsey); color, lemon and white; age, 4 years 2
weeks; produce, 2 calves; last calf, June 23, 1883; breeder and exhibitor, Mr. W. A.
Glynn.

Pedigree: Sire, Billy 1st; dam, Duchess.

Yield of milk October 3, 1883: 8.30 a. m., 12 pounds; 7.15 p. m., 9 pounds; total, 21
pounds.

Analysis: Specific gravity, 1.0324; total solids, 14.66; fat, 5.08; solids not fat, 9.58;
percentage of cream by volume, 10.

Number of points: Quantity, 21. CO; quality, 29.32; time, 9.60; additional fat, 20.80:
total, 80.72.

No. 57, Class 4. — Gentle (Guernsey); color, lemon and white; age, 7 years 2
months; produce, 5 calves; last calf, April 8; breeder and exhibitor, Mr. VV. A. Glynn.

Pedigree: Sire, Johnny 2d; dam, Fairy 1st.

Yield of milk October 3, 1333: 8.30 a. m., 11 pounds; 7.15 p. m., 7 pounds 8 ounces;
total, 18 pounds 8 ounces.

Analysis: Specific gravity, 1.0316; total solids, 14.25; fat, 5.54; solids not fat, 8.71;
percentage of cream by volume, 7.5.

Number of points (1st prize, section 2): Quantity, 18.50; quality, 23.50; time, 15.10:
additional fat, 25.40; total, 87.50.

No. 65, Class 5. — Lady Flora (Ayrshire); color, brown and white; age, 4 years 6
months; last calf, October, 18-32; exhibitor, Mr. G. Ferme (non-pedigree).

Yield of milk, October 3, 1SJ3: 8.30 a. m., 16 pounds 8 ounces; 7.15 p. m.. 13 pounds
12 ounces; total, 30 pounds 4 ounces.

Analysis: Specific gravity, 1.0326; total solids, 14.18; fat, 5.12; solids not fat, 9.06;
percentage of cream by volume, 12.

Number of points: Quantity, 30.25; quality, 23.36; additional fat, 2J.20; total, 79.81.

No. 66, Class 5.— Pride of Leigham Lodge (Ayrshire); color, brown and white; age, 4
years; last calf, by certificate, August 8, 1883; exhibitor, Mr. G. Ferme (non-pedigree) :
disqualified.

Yield of milk, October 3, 1883: 8.30 a. m., 18 pounds 12 ounces: 7.15 p. m.. ISpounds;
total, 33 pounds 12 ounces.

Analysis: Specific gravity, 1.0312; total solids, 13.74; fat, 4.92;. solids not fat, 8.82;
percentage of cream by volume, 15.

Number of points: Quantity, 33.75; quality, 27.48; additional fit, 19.20; total, 80. 43.

No. 78, Class 7.— Magpie (cross, sire Shorthorn, dam Dutch); color, black and white;
age, 7 years; last calf, July 10, 1883; exhibitors, Messrs. J. Kumbal and -Son (non-pedi-
gree).

Yield of milk, October 3, 1883: 8.30 a. m., 31 pouuds4 ounces; 7.15 p. m., 29 pounds-
total, 60 pounds 4 ounces.

H. Ex. 51 40

CATTLi: AND DAIKY FARMING.

Analysis; Specific gravity, 1.0331: total solids. 1'2.1'2; fat, 2.8U; solids not fat, 9.2G;
percentage of cream by \,>iumc, ','.

Numb<-r of p-.ints « 1st pri/e, section 3,: Quantity. (i!).:25: quality, 24. 24; time, 8.50;
lc.-< deliciency in iat. 1.40; total, i'1.59.

No. -1. Class ;i. — Myrtle 7:'u (Devon : color, red: age. 1 years 5 months 3 weeks;
produce. 2 calves: last call', July !, 1^3: breeder and exhibitor, Mr. A. C. Skinner.

Pedigree: Sire, Duke of Fanington (1323J; dam. Myrtle 1st (47o'5); by Squire Winter

Yii !d of milk, < October 3, 18-3: s.30 a. MI., 15 pounds -•' ounces: 7.15 p. m., 11 pounds;
total, 2') P' nind ; - ounces

Analysis: Specilic gravity, 1.033G: total solids, 1 1.75: fat, 5.2^; solids not fat, 0.47;
penvut.ijy of cream by volume, '•>.

Number of points r.2d pri/e, section 3): Quantity, 2u'.50: quality, 29.50; time, 9.00;
additional iat, 2:2. .-'M: total, *-7.*-0.

No. -'.>. Class 9. — I >airvmaid cross, sire Slioi shorn, dam J)utch): coUtr. blue and white;
ai_r'-. 5yeai i t; months: j;ro lu •. :2 calves; last c.ill'. S'ptembor:27, l>-:5: exhibitor, Mr. T.
jlird \ I non-jiedi; n i .

Yield ot'mil!;. Oi-tober .'5, 1"W3: >'. i!0a. m.. :27 pounds -'(ranees; 7.15 p. in., 124 pounds;
total. 51 pounds ^ oui:; es.

Analysis: Speeilic nrj.vily, 1.0:j;JC; total solids, 11.4^: fat, :2.40; solids not fat, 9.08;
percentage • ;' crcaiu by volume. M.^25.

Number of points: Quantity, 51,50: quality. -22.!»iJ: total. le.-:s (J.OO for deliciency of
fat, (J^Vlt!.

No. 171. Cla— ''' reed !«orned .-^oat. (short-haired), Nubian and British;

color, brown and white: age, '/ \ :-ais; last kid. duly 1.'), lv-;>; exhibitor, Mr. K. T. Crook-
endeii (non-pedij fee : disqualiiied.

Yield of milk. Octob'er '!. 1 •-'•*>: ^.'.10 a. m.. 1 pound S ounces; 7.15 p. m., 1 pound 4
ounci -: total.'-'} iiiMds r.' ounces.

.-;-: Spe'.-ilic gravity, 1.03:2; total solids, 11. G!); fat. 4.90; solids not fat, 9.79.

No. :2-9, <!:,..: :J5. — Nancy iliorned goat I, long-haired; color, black and white; age, 7
year<: produce, 7 kids: la-; kid, July .'>, i --.»: exhibitor, Mr. Nixon.

Yield of milk, October 3, ]--','>: K!JO a. m., :2 pounds :2 ounces; 7.15 p. m., :2 pounds 4
ounces: total. -1 pounds (! ounces.

Analysis: S ice; i : gravity, 1.032; total solids, 1:2.39; fat, 3.31; solids not fat, 9.05.

Number of points (1st prize): Quantity. 1.37; quality, 24.78; total, 29.15.

CENTRAL CHAMBER OF AGRICULTURE.

(rni'l<;-::rc ~l!':> in Consul-Cieii'.-'.Ml IMrrri(;'.s report.)
: Tliouias Duckham, c=q., M. P. I'irr-Ci'iainiinn : Henry Cliaplin. c.-q., M. P. 6'ccrc/ary:

Cliamher.

n.-u.l.iiry <]i-lrict V,'. T. "U'arm-r 51) Mi. ], I]e1., n r..;i'l, (Jrinishiiry, Banbury

i ••'. .T.Te.-.lf, M.iicitf.r, i: dale

I'.crlzsaii'l Oxon ,\ \ ,!. >;,.; ',..-. | i'rinr strict, IN mlin;,'

i- , Lion stret l. lli-o, )a

IK- c, i • ;»• |'i !. /, \ I'vhury

(in hire.. " Tin M , I'fip'i-y.SnUun \Vr;i vi-r. 1 're-ton 7;roo'k, Cheshire..

< 1 1 T. IN i. hi M i'loii,Mi hili -i.ro'

Chvyd.Vril ol .1. I). I.(-\'. i-^. lai.il a-i-i:( y (.!!].•(-, Denln'^'li

I i • (i. li. Tlltfoil I |-oai!\V!iy,('o\vlll -i '.'

: I ' < I !,.i '. •> - , . r..;ul. < 'royilcn

Devon mid ('..rinv.ill .1. I :. I :.,<l\-. < >i- 1 '\\,\\-u C!i':iuil.«-r-, 1'lynnjutli

South I'. . • «' Wai ;.;!! Norlliallerton

M — ••: I :. II. I :•:.!:.!:. i.;: i \ 'ill •. lial-!. :»< I

, I!- ' • I ..: l;.T. \\ r. • .<:" .il St. !l< ! i.'.. c

II;tiu| i: •> ! 2

P :• | .l.lM'.r.m-r./Jl ! i-t .-t red, Ilcn-furd 2

Hertlor-l-Iiav | Ycrnoii Au.-.tin, ll« ih'oid \ 2

SUPPLEMENT.

725

Central, C/mmlcr of Agriculture — Continued.

Chamber.

Howdenshire

Ixworth Farmers' Club

Kemlal

East Kent

Leicestershire

Lincolnshire

Maidstono

Monmouthshire

Newcastle Farmers' Club

Newbury

Norfolk

Northamptonshire ,

Nottinghamshire

Penrith Farmers' Club

Peterboro' Agricultural Society

Scottish

Sevenoaks Farmers' Club

Shropshire

Somersetshire

Staffordshire

Staindrop Farmers' Club

East Suffolk

West Suffolk

Sunderland

Swindon

Warwickshire

Wisbeach District

South Wilts

Worcestershire ,

East Riding of Yorkshire , ,

West Riding of Yorkshire:

Wakefield Branch

Doncaster Branch ,

York ...

Secretary.

Henry Green, solicitor, Ilowden 1

J.C. Booty, Ixworth, Suffolk 2

Arthur Iloggarth, Kendal | 1

George Slater, land agent, Canterbury

Thomas Wilson, Knaptoft House, Oundle ..

Stephen Upton, Saint Benedict's square, Lincoln

< ;. II urn, Maidstone

J. S. Stone, 29 Dock street, Newport .

T. Bell, Hedley Hall, Marley Hill, Gateshead I 1

George J. Cosburn, Market place, Newbury

J. B. Forrester, Touibland, Norwich

Thomas J. Adkins, Kurdey road, Northampton

Ed. Browne, ICobden Chambers, Belhamst., Nottingham..

Thomas Robinson, Eamont Bridge, Penrith

J. E. Little, Queen street, Peterboro'

David Curror, India Buildings, Edinburgh

W. H. Cronk, Sevenoaks

Alfred Mansell, College Hill, Shrewsbury

Messrs. Mayo and March, Yeovil ,

W. Tomkinson, Newcastle, Staffordshire

2

John Abbs, Westholme Winston, Darlington I 1

2

3
1
1

R. L. Enerett, Rushinere, Ipswich

G.!Blencowe, Whiting street, Bury St. Edmunds.

J. T. Lawson, Hollycar House, Tunstall

J. A. Davies, G High street, Swindon, Wilts

Hugh Suffolk, 8 Priory row, Coventry

George J. Moore, 1 Bridge street, Wisbeach

J. R. White, Zeals St. Martin, Bath

John Blick, solicitor, Droitwich

Tom Turner, solicitor, Newbegin, Beverley

M. B. Hick, Exchange buildings, Wakefield

George Chafer, 9 Market place, Doncaster

H. F. Cundall, 2 Blake street, York

DAILY INCREASE IN WEIGHT OP VARIOUS BREEDS,

[Inclosure 17 in Consul-General Merritt's report.]

The following table shows the comparative daily rate of increase in the classes for
steers in the Devon, Hereford, Shorthorn, Sussex, Red Polled, Scotch Polled, and Crossed
breeds of cattle at Islington.

Pounds.

Classes for steers not exceeding 2 years old :

Crosses — 7 animals average 2.29

Herefords— 6 animals average 2.24

Sussex — 7 animals average 2.14

Shorthorns— 8 animals average 2.05

Devons — 7 animals average .. l.TO

Classes for steers not exceeding 3 years old :

Shorthorns— 16 animals average , .1.93

Crosses — 10 animals average 1.90

Herefords — 8 animals average 1.88

-ex — 7 animals average 1.84

Scotch Polled — 10 animals average 1.81

ifed Polled— 3 animals average 1.60

Devons — 8 animals average .'. 1.52

Classes for steers not exceeding 4 years old :

Short horns — 3 animals average 1.61

Herefords — 2 animals average 1.60

Sussex — 2 animals average 1.60

Crosses — 3 animals average 1.60

Scotch Polled — 5 animals average 1.55

Red Polled— 2 animals average 1.40

DevoiiS— 7 •niuials average.. 1.35

724 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

FRENCH LIVE STOCK.*

[From the London Farmers' Iland-Book. Inclosure O in Consul-General Merritt's report. Ex-
pressly translated far the Royal Agricultural Society's Guide, from the official French catalogue
of Paris Exhibition.]

The races of domesticated animals met with in France are numerous and widely dif-
ferent, and constitute one of tho principal sources of the agricultural wealth of that
country. Subject to the various conditions of climate, soil, system of cultivation, &c.,
they are distributed as follows, according to the last general census of 1873:

Calves 1,252,477

Young bullocks and bulls . 947, 821

Heifers 1,476,589

Bulls - 313,081

Oxen I- 1,792,570

Cows - 5,938,450

Total 11,721,818

The Departments in which the number of stock exceeds 200,000 head are — Finistere,
Vendee, Loire-Inferieure, Ille-et-Vilaine, Saone-et-Loire, Cotes-du-Nord, Morbihan,
Maine-et-Loire, Mayenne, Nord, Calvados, la Manche, Ain, Puy-de-Dome, Seine-In-
ferieure, and Cantal.

Those in which the stock is less than 20,000 head are— Vaucluse, Var, Seine, Gard,
Herault, Basses- Alpes, Bouches-du-Rhone, Alpes-Mari times, and the jurisdiction of
Belfort.

THE NOEMANDY BEEEDS.

The Department of Manche, the actual cradle of the Normandy races, constitutes, with
that of Calvados, the principal center of production of the stock belonging to the Nor-
mandy breeds and their sub-breeds, which latter form a somewhat important item in
the supplies furnished for the consumption of Paris.

The Norman breeds are also kept, though in smaller numbers than in Manche and
Calvados, in the Department of the Orne, Eure, Seino-Inferiure, Eure-et-Loir, Seine-et-
Oise, Seine-et-Marne, and Seine, whence their heifers are seat up, in competition with
Flemish cows, to restock the cow-sheds of Paris and its environs.

The famous Isigny butter is made from the milk of cows of the Bessine breed, and
from that of other Normandy breeds is made Gournay butter, and the choice Cam embert,
Livarot, Pont PEveque, and Neufchatel cheeses, as well as the Neufchatel double cream
cheese, and the Gournay variety known as Gervais cheese.

THE FLEMISH BBEED.

The Flemish breed are pre-eminent as milkers. They are met with in the depart-
ments of Nord, Pas-de-Calais, Aisne, and up to the suburbs of Paris, but the principal
breeding center is in the arrondissements of Dunquerque and Hazebrouck, especially on
the extensive pasture of Bergues, Cassel, and Bailleul, where a judicious selection main-
tains the breed in all the plenitude of its best characteristics.

The Flemish cow is distinguished by a reddish-brown coat, deepening in color towards
the head, with a few white marks. The extremities and the natural openings are
black. It is of large size and handsome conformation, with a fine skin, a good head, a
very straight dorsal line, a large rump, and a fine, well-hung tail. At the same time
the chest is wanting in width, and the sides might well be more rounded.

A good Flemish Bergues cow will produce as much as 2,600 liters of milk a year.
The daily yield, after calving, often rises in fact to 25 liters, or in exceptional cases even
to 30 liters.

The males of this breed are slaughtered when quite young, and sold as veal, with the
exception of the few reared for breeding purposes.

THE CHAEOLAISE BEEED.

The Charolaise breed is the handsomest and the most important in the central depart-
ments. Originally coming from Brionnais and Charolaise (the southwest part of the
department of Saone-et-Loire), it is now bred throughout the whole Saone-et- Loire,
Nievre, and Allier, as well as in certain parts of Cher, Yonne, Cote d'Or, and Haute-
Loire. They are good working oxen, and furnish first-rate butchers' meat.

*The portraits of French cattle which accompanied this inclosure are inserted at page
728.

SUPPLEMENT. 725

The Charolaise is recognized by its white coat of fine silky hair, its regular cylindrical
body, short broad head, famished with line mid il<; -si.-v.d white horns curled up toward
the points, its rose-colored muzzle, large eye, and gentle physiognomy. It is short in
the leg, and exhibits a well-hung tail, a very prominent and deep rump, a broad straight
back, well rounded sides, a full deep chest, and a neck and shoulders carrying little
dewlap.

The cow is by no means a good milker.

The sub-breed, "Charolaise-Nivernaise," the bast types of which come from Nievre
and Allier, is particularly worthy of notice, and superior to other French breeds from
the butchers' p jint of view, having indeed sometimes carried off the prize in open com-
petition with Durhams and Durham crosses.

Animals of the Charolaise breed are bought at very high prices by the farmers of the
north and of the suburbs of Paris, who use them first for field labor and then fatten
them for the butcher.

THE GASCONNE AND CHAROLAISE BREEDS.

The Charolaise has its center of production in the district of Carolle (Ariege), the sec-
ond in the department of Gers, more especially in the arrondissement of Lombez. Both
are descended from the Schwitz breed; they are essentially working oxen, and are often
kept as such till fifteen years old or more.

The conformation of animals of these breeds is tolerably regular, the body cylindrical,
the chest well developed, the limbs strong, the bony framework a little course, and the
tail attached a trifle high. The coat is badger-gray of more or less pronounced shades,
the extremities and the natural outlets generally black.

The cows are tolerable milkers.

These two breeds give rise to a brisk trade between the districts where they are reared
and the departments of Haute-Garonne, Tarn-et-Garonne, Lot-et-Garonne, Aude, Hautes-
Pyrenees, and Tarn, where they are much sought after for draught purposes.

THE QAEOXXAISE BREED.

This breed, the bulkiest of those found in the sub-Pyrenean basin, belongs to the great
Gallic bovine family, and is divided into two groups — that of the valley, which furnishes
the better developed animals, and that of the hills, whose members are smaller and less
heavy, but more capable of work.

Garonnaise oxen are very long in the body, and often betray a faulty conformation;
the sides are flat, the chest confined, the buttock short, the tail badly set on, and the
osseous frame mean. Its long, heavy, busked head gives the animal a melancholy ap-
pearance. The coat is of a uniform wheaten color, the muzzle and the border of the
eyelids pale red, and the horns white.

The cows are better shaped than the males, but are poor milkers. The Garonnaise
breed is much esteemed for laboring purposes, on account of its colossal strength and its
patience; it also fattens pretty easily.

The best centers of production are the valley of the Garonne as far as Agen, and the
Dordogne valley,

THE BAZADAISE BREED.

The arrondissement of Bazas is the chief rearing ground of animals of this breed,
which is nevertheless found in the departments of Laudes and Gere, and in certain parts
of Lot-et-Garonne and of Tarn-et-Garonne.

The shape of these animals is perfect. The chest, well let down, is broad and deep;
the flank rounded, and the body generally almost cylindrical; the line of the back
straight; the haunch broad, square, and well placed; the rump often very good, occa-
sionally leaves something to desire in a good many specimens. The head is short, the
forehead broad and open; the horns are often faulty.

The females may be said to be irreproachable as to shape, but they are poor milkers.

The bull is a wild, almost ferocious, animal, and extremely dangerous. From a very
early age it is hardly safe to go near him, and even in the stall he has to be tied up with
strong ropes. The oxen are capital workers, but always preserve their character for
violence and spirit; they are extremely irritable, and much management and all sorts of
precautions arc necessary in leading them.

THE FEMININE BREED.

This breed, which belongs to the Comtois type, 13 Chiefly raised on the borders of
Doubs and Saoue, and is met with as far as Bresse.

726 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

The hair is of a more or less deep wheaten colour, the head slender, the horns small
and placed near the eyes, the neck slim, the chest narrow, the body long, the hindquar-
ters broad, the legs short and thin, the skin supple and very delicate, the root of the tail
a little prominent.

The cows run small and are generally good milkers, the ordinary yield of milk, after
calving, being from 15 to 18 liters a day.

The bulls are very spirited, and become vicious as they grow old. The oxen are
strong, active, tractable, and form excellent draught beasts.

This breed fattens late, but easily. „'

THE PYBENEAN BEEEDS.

I.r-Tlie Lourdes Breed.

These are good milkers compared with the other breeds of the Pyrenean basin; they
are chiefly used in the valley of Argeles (Hautes-Pyrenees).

They are of small stature, and carry a coat of light wheat color, which is considered
characteristic of purity of blood. In the bulls this color is somewhat deeper. The
head is long and somewhat heavy ; the horns of a dull white.

This breed, highly esteemed as good milkers in a district where these are rare, sup-
plies the cow-sheds and dairies of Tarbes, Bagneres, and the large towns of the southwest.

II. — The Aure- Valley and Saint-Girons Breeds.

These two breeds have many points in common. The first is raised in the high-lying
valleys of the Pyrenees; the second is restricted to the arrondissement of Saint-Girons
(Ariege). The latter, which may be regarded as the ancestor of the Bazadaise breed, is
well made, though small, and of general graceful appearance. The coat is of a deep
badger-gray color passing into chestnut, and all the exterior mucous membranes are
rose colored. The animals are not so strong as those of the Lourdes breed.

The Saint-Girons cow, highly esteemed as a milker, is sent out to Ariege generally, to
Haute-Garonne, Aude, and Herault ; it is essentially the cow for small holdings, and
may be regarded as the Bretonne of the southwest.

The Aure breed is not so small ; its coat is rough and more tawny in color, and the
cows are not such good milkers.

The bullocks of both breeds are small, squat, hardy, and without any specially promi-
nent characteristics.

III. — Bearnaise, Basquaise, and Urt Breeds.

These three breeds belong to the same family, and such differences as there are between
them are scarcely appreciable. Their essential characteristic is their aptitude for work
combined with the production of meat of excellent quality.

All three are graceful in appearance, spirited, and playful. The head is short and
square, the broad forehead bearing well-placed and finely curvedrhorns. The coat varies
from deep red to light wheat color ; and these differences of color, 'as well as certain gradu-
ations in the direction and length of the horns, constitutes almost the whole distinction
there is between the three types.

The bull bears a very fully developed horn from an early age (a character which is
rather rare in the generality of French breeds), and is very courageous.

The cows are bad milkers, and are chiefly used for draught purposes.

The bullocks are active, and good workers ; but they require gentle management, be-
ing easily made restive and obstinate.

The raising of these three breeds is carried on in the part of the Pyrenees situated be-
tween Saint-Jean-de-Luz and Canterets. They are generally sent to be fattened in the
department of Landes, and notably in the arrondissement of Saint-Sauvenr, whence they
acquire the name of ' ' bcoufs landais, ' ' by which they are known on the Bordeaux market.

THE LIMONSIXE BREED.

This breed is principally raised in Haute- Vienne. It is of medium size, and the coat
is of red wheat color.

The head is light, the muzzle and eyelids pale rose color, the horns white and open,
the back well set, the side rounded, the attachment of the tail a little prominent, the
limbs short and fleshy, the extremities white. Their leading characteristics are docility,
aptitude for work, and early fattening.

SUPPLEMENT. 727

The cows are moderate milkers.

The Limousine breed ranks among the best of France in respect to yield and quality of
meat.

THE SALNKH r.UEKD.

This breed originally hailed from the mountains of Auvergne— the central plateau of
which it frequented— and from Cautal and Puys-de-Donie, extending westward towards
the neighboring departments.

The Salers present a slender appearance, with bulky and powerful bones ; the coat is a
bright red mahogany, marked with white under the belly. The head is short and strong,
the forehead broad and covered with abundant curly hair ; the horns smooth, twisted,
and turned outwards ; tho body long, cylindrical, mounted on long legs ; the head and
shoulders strong, the do whip thick and prominent, -the rump short, with the tail at-
tached high up, the bony prominences well marked.

In the plains of Limagne these animals have a pied red coat ; the body is shorter,
squarer, and lower on the ground. In the east district the coat is brilliantly dappled —
pied chestnut or black — and the head white.

The Salers cattle are reproduced with great fixity of type; they are hardy, good work-
ers, and tolerably fair milkers.

THE AUBBAC BREED.

This breed, originally from the mountains of Aubrac, is mostly raised in Aveyron,
Lozere, and a small part of Cantal.

Its characteristics are — coat varying from fawn gray to silvery gray, horns large and
black pointed, head handsome, eye brilliant and level with the head, neck and should-
ers short and muscular, dewlap loose, chest well developed, trunk compact and sym-
metrical, legs broad and short.

The Aubrac is quiet, gentle, tractable, strong, and well fitted for working, fattening,
or milking. Its meat is of excellent quality.

The oxen leave the mountains for Lozere when about three years old, and after three
or four years' work are fed up on the Mezenc pastures, and thence consigned to the meat
markets of the large towns of the southeast.

THE MEZENC BEEED.

The district of Mount Mezenc (Ardeche) may be regarded as the cradle of the race,
which is distributed in the departments of Ardeche and Haute- Loire, and a part of that
of Loire.

Its distinguishing points are— coat light red or wheat colored, head massive, horns
large and projecting in front, skin thick, hair coarse, dewlap hanging under the throat,
chest tolerably large, flank long and hollow, loins weak, bones enormous. It is saddle-
backed.

Beasts of -this breed possess strong constitutions, and are good paying animals, owing
to their aptitude for work as well as for the production of meat and milk. The Mezenc
ox is much esteemed as food from the rich flavor of its meat, due to the Alpine flora on
the Mezenc pastures, and from his early maturity.

THE PAETHENAISE BREED AND ITS OFFSHOOTS.

The Parthenaise breed and its derivatives (Vendeenne, Nantaise, and Mancelle breeds)
constitute the horned stock of the department of Deux-Sevres, Vendee, and Loire In-
ferieure, and a great portion of those of Maine-et-Loire, Vienne, Indre-et-Loire, and
Charente-Inferieure.

This family, which the breeders consider as a pure race, is regarded by zoologists as
the produce of a cross with animals of different Swiss breeds. Thus in the Mancelle
cattle we recognize the characters of the great Bernoise and Fribourgeoise breeds, and
in the Parthenaise and Nantaise beasts those of the Schwitz breed.

The whole of the Parthenaise group proper has the fixed characteristic of black ex-
ternal mucous membranes, surrounded by a badger-gray circle. In the others this mark
varies with the tint of the hair surrounding them. At the same time the mixture of
foreign blood has not been introduced to such an extent as to modify the shape of the
animals, which remains entirely that of a French breed.

The Parthenaise cattle combine the three faculties so desirable to be united ia a breed:
working power, facility of fattening, and good milking qualities.

728 CATTLE AND DAlliV FAUM1NG.

Animals hi !.-:; ::._r [o this family are- distinguishable by their li^ht boil}' frame, their
fzracr:nl. svfll-proponioned body, small h ad \vit!i broad ilat forehead, and handsome
vvtdl-diivi ted hi in-, \\hich a iv alwav.- brill iant 1 '.' black. The eye is well placed, ani-
mated in expression, and the ^oneral aspect docile.

The oxen an- lapiial worki rs, and when latiem d their meat is considered second to
none on the Paris market, where it is known us Choi let beef.

The co\\s are iroc.d miikcis. and are u^eu exclu-ivelv for milk production, never beinjj;
put to draught work. On the rich pastures of Loire, alon^ the coast 1'rom Loire to
Charentc, cosvs of this b;ved are often mei with, which ean hold their own as milkers
with tlie linest animals known.

TIII; TAiiKxiAisi-: on TAUIXI: I.KI-:KD.

The small-s'/ed broed. originally- from the mountains of Tarentaise, is quiet, hardy,
patient, and dist in:.:ui>hed forits working po\\\:r. and above ull for itsfjuality as a milker.

The coat is light j:ray. the c>;tremitie> and tlie jiatural apertures black. In the
bull the coat is moie frequently badger ^ray, black on the, neck, cheeks, and lower
parts; i;i the cow it is la\vnv, or of a s^rav v.'h.eat color. oV'servable in no other breed.

The trunk is f.mpari, tho 1.^ short, th'j side.-, rounded, the head short, the forehead
broad, thel:or::s well set (-n. t!;e e\ es lav^e and mild.

These animals are eminently titled to replace sheep on the Alpine pastures, and yet
maintain their iitness for the ML-aiterrauean lilt'jral, de.-pito the heat of the climate.

Tho Lretonr.e breod. which would a])peav to have originally come from the depart-
ment of Morbihan. is nu-t with in the live departmeni -; forming the ancient province of
Jirittany, witli the e\i ej»tion of a portion of Loirc-infei'ieuro, where the Parthenaisc and
Xantaise breeds are kept, and the confines of llle-et-Yilaine, where Xormamly stock is
preferred.

r.retons are ]iar;ly, doeile, and ^rood v/orkers.

The cow, whi;:li lias been justly'deseribed a-; the mttkcr pur c.cecUcncp. of poor districts,
is small and sijuat, the limbs are short mid rather slim, and the extremities particularly
slender: the iu-ad short, the eve viva-.-i.ms, the mu/./.L' lilack. occasionally mottled, and
raivly white; the horn.-i ih'.nand vrhite at. l!i ; b:i.-e, but o-.-a^ioually dissimilar; the coat
p.-nerally ]>i.-d l.laek, the skin line, lissomi;, and ivadiiy detached, the gait quick and
deeided. and the dis])o.-,ition mild and sociable.

In the more fertile . nd butter cultivated part-; of I'.rittany animals of the Bretonne
race are more developed ::::d oxliibit a licttcr shape .u'-nerally.

<.):i t:;c north coa<t, and in IT nistere especially, ])iv-d chest :r.it animals are mot with,
having some resemblance to tin ChaTi:u-l [sland-5 breed, so specially remarkable as milk-
ers. 'Most of these arc the result of crosses with bull; other than those of JJrittany, the
object in view having been to Increase, the si/;.' of the l>r-'!o:me breed.

The Durham br^o-1 was introduced into Frair-e in 1 -°o by the "Administration de
l'Aj:ricultnre," ably secondv-d by MM. An*:. Vvart :in-l Lei'"b\re do Sainte-Marie.

It w;isatiir<t located at the Tin Stud I arm, but since 1HC1 the experimental breeding
station ha; been transferred to (Jorbin, in Calvados. The fouii'lation of this establish-
ment has had a LT- it in!luenc;> on the pro .»••- of J'rench agriculture, by showing stock-
own«-i the ;id\ ni1, ;' » a : 1 v ma', u rin.'-4 brcv- : :.

The di-t inct ivc (jualitit-s o!' 1 >u: hams are their ex t i.iordinary ajttitude for putting on
fl-'li, and their fjr.-al [»' 'i-oeity wlii'-Ii allows of t!i'-ir b'-hv; slaughtered at three years
(•id. or a little more, air! alwavsat less lli.ci ionr year-;. Tin- s!ia]>e of the Durham ox,
(•ailed in l'.n"'a:: ! :'. ' iliorn improved," is i)t-rfect from the Imtchcr's ])oint of

vie \-,- .

hurhams are Ic-s dil'licult to n ar th :n ia:"h' b • stippo^eil, and they succeed perfectly
well under favorable ronditii is. Thev have iiM-rca-"d lai;'cly in the de]>artments of
Mai: - '-' • in and Mayemic. wh'-re \}\\ v are maintained pmv', and arc met with here
and 1 here in a'l parts ol tl'ccounl ry. .'Numerous In red inflations have been established,
and arc ;;;. ucsinx wi-11, in ( 'ote-d'Or, !'ini>tere, I l!e-el -Viiaiue. Loire, Orme, Sarthe,
Scine-InfeTieun-, and some other depar! merits of Central I'rance.

Th" Trench •'Herd-book," ei -.hi volumes of v.bicii have now appeared, shows that
more ll:.-! n 1: i. in 'it | MM ham bu IN and cows have b( r-n u.-ed ior breed iji-j; purposes in I'1 ranee
Hii< e 1 -., -. and ti« .1 (lie bull - especially h, i ve contributed much towards the creation of
a considerable number oi dc-.-.i ruble crosses.

-i .

^ ,

IP*

SUPPLEMENT. 729

It is more particularly in the department of the West that Durham cross-breeds have
been most numerous, and that their influence on the condition of agriculture is most ap-
preciable. At the present time the superiority of English blood for getting good
*br the butcher is beyond dispute.

FRENCH CATTLE.

[Reports contributed to The Field Newspaper, February, 1883, by H. Kains-Jackson. Inolosure
O O in Consul-General Merrill's report.]

FAT STOCK IN FRANCE.

PAEIS, February 1, 1883.

The Agricultural Implement and Fat Stock Show in Paris, under the auspices of the
ministry of agriculture, and supported by the chief land-owners, stock-breeders, and
machine-makers of the countiy, has just been concluded, and I send a list of a few of the
chief prizes, reserving remarks for a letter next week. Of fat stock there were 345 bul-
locks and cows, 91 lots of sheep (the pens being sometimes of three or a score), 120 lots
of pigs; whilst of poultry, rabbits, and pigeons the numbers were 2,400; and, as a special
and new feature of this season, there were on show 68 young bulls, 63 rams, and 23 boars.
Added to this goodly collection were 318 lots of dead poultry, and large collections of
roots, vegetables, corn, grass, fruit, butter, cheese, oil, &c. The implement show con-
sisted of 4,500 diverse machines and agricultural appliances and tools. The show of the
latter was open on Tuesday week, but was scarcely visited until the cattle show judging
commenced on last Saturday ; and catalogues and prize lists were issued on the first * * franc
day" (Sunday). The exhibition closed on Wednesday, after proving a successful at-
traction to the Paris people and country inhabitants of the departments generally.

PRIZES. — First prize for bullocks born since January 1, 1880, H. Signoret, ofSermoise,
Nievre. First prize, bullocks born since January 1, 1879, M. Nadaud, of Chazelles, Cha-
rente. For breed prizes, Charolaise and Nivernaise, the first was taken by M. Bellard, of
Saint- Aubin-les-Forges, Nievre, with a white Nivernaise beast, weighing 19 cwt. Iq r.
6 Ibs., No. 64, aged 45 months. The first prize for the Limousine breed was awarded to
M. Parry, of Limoges, Haute Vienne, for a red animal weighing 19 cwt. and 16 Ibs., aged
46 months; number of catalogue 83. For Garonnaise breed, No. 107, belonging to M.
Bernede, of Meilhan, Lot, and Garonne, for a light dun, aged 4 years and 2 months, and
weighing 1 ton and 28 Ibs. , took first prize. For the Baradaise breed, M. Chambandet, of
Meilhan, Lot, and Garonne, won first honors with No. 115, aged 40 months, and weigh-
ing 15 cwt. 3qrs. 12 Ibs. The grand race of Salers, the largest in France, was represented
by the handsome red beast of M. Valtau, of Vindelles, Charente, aged 4 years and 1
month, but the weight of which was only 19 cwt. and 8 Ibs. The first prize of the breeds
Parthenaise, Chotelaise, and Nantaise was taken by No. 132, M. Poinet, of Le'che', Vi-
enne, for a gray Parthenaise animal, aged 5 years, and weighing exactly the same as the
Salers beast, 19 cwt. and 8 Ibs. Of the breeds Flanders, Normande, Mancelle, Femeline
Bourbonnaise, Comptoise, &c., the first prize was awarded to M. Jaques Bellard, of Cours
les-Barres, Cher, for No. 138, a Bourbonnaise, aged 4 years 2 months, weight not given.
No. 148, owned by M. Rousseau, the elder, of Bordeaux, a dun Basquais, aged 4J years,
and weighing 19 cwt. and 32 Ibs., took the first prize for the breeds Bearnaise, Basquaise,
Aubrac, Mezenc, &c. The first prize for the Brittany breed was taken by M. Jean Bros-
sier, of Saint Loup, Allier, for a black and white beast, aged 4 years 4 months and 10
days, weighing 11 cwt. and 10 Ibs. The prizes of honor were given to M. Signoret for No.
26, a Durham-Charolaise; to M. Mativon, No. 234, also for a Durhain-Charolaise; and to
M. Gustavo Valtau for his Durham-Manceau group of four beasts.

LIVE STOCK IN FEANCE.

The great show of cattle, sheep, and pigs, of poultry, agricultural produce, and im-
plements, held last week in Paris, and which represented all France and some of its
colonies, must include many points of interest to the readers of The Field. Under the
auspices and control of a ministry of agriculture, and with such a magnificent and cen-
tral site as is afforded by the Palace of Industry in the Champs Elysees, the exhibition
formed a great display of rural economy. It is of the cattle that I have chiefly to speak,
and, knowing France well in its country aspects, I may say that the various breeds
brought together must have astonished and pleased any lover and critic of animal life.
Contrasted with English breeds, the cattle were most conspicuous by their light and
even color; the sheep by being shown out of their wool, and .from the relative absence

730

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

of all heavy stock; whilst the pigs looked very much like their English brothers, and
in fact were often more than half-and-half British blood.

It may be noted of "how they do these things in France," that each set of the judges
is complemented by a member elected by the exhibitors in the respective sections. Cer-
tainly this is a commendable method, that might be introduced in English shows. In
Paris more than a dozen gentlemen were thus assisting in awarding prizes.

The entries may be thus grouped:

Cattle ______________________________ - ___________________________ .......... — 369

Sheep pens ________________________________________________________________ 92

Pis ___________________ ...... _____________________ ..... L... ..... __________ 125

gs
ull

Bulls _______________________________________________________________________ 68

Rams ___________________________ ...... ____ _ _______________________________ 63

Boars _________________________ _____________________________________________ 23

Besides 2,269 pens of live poultry, pigeons, rabbits, &c. ; 3,477 exhibits of roots, seed, fruit,
vegetables, &c. ; and 320 of dressed poultry, 487 of cheese, 217 of butter and milk, all
of these being inside the building, whilst outside, occupying ample space on the walks
and roads adjacent, the implement entries numbered 3,478, including a working but-
ter-maker and Laval's cream separator.

The center of the large transept formed an admirable and roomy space for the exhibi-
tion of cattle, for the circulation of the public, and the task of the judges. There was
abundance of litter, and in all respects the feeding and comfort of the animals left noth-
ing to desire. The central and side passages were kept like garden walks, and shrubs
and flowers in the center formed an ornament and a rendezvous where friends could meet.
Under the galleries, corresponding to those of Islington, the great display of poultry, in
wire-fronted boxes, flanked the live stock, whilst at either end of the vast building were
the sheep and pig pens. Upstairs some thirty large rooms — the salons for pictures in
May — were filled with cereal, seed, root, forage, and other agricultural produce, includ-
ing oil and honey. As farm produce hops were missing, nor were there many exhibits
of manures, phospho-guano only being well represented. The cheese, butter, and dead
poultry exhibits were excellent and very numerous; and poultry appliances, including
many incubators, made an exhibition of themselves. In one of these salons the English
visitor might see with natural curiosity the inviting exhibit of oausages formed from the
meat of beasts of burden — horses, mules, and donkeys — the latter being especially recom-
mended at 10$. to Is. 3d per pound. Many persons tasted the tempting slices offered
them, and judges rank asses' flesh as savory food. So good indeed is it, that "Pate de
foie d'ane' ' formed a display after the fashion of our ' 'Pimlico pies. ' ' Looking from the
galleries, where knicknacks were sold, the scene of animal lii'e below was cheerful and
picturesque. The great blotches of color were more distinct than in an English show,
as the breeds of cattle — white, cream white, dun — gave much the same impression as do a
number of harvest fields of different grain, one tone being general. Of course there were
red and roan and pied animals, but these were in a minority, and there were no classes
of black cattle, Scotch polls, Welsh, and Irish to attract notice. This omission of black
color from a fat-stock show was a notable feature.

As a curious piece of animal statistics may be given the following particulars of the
prize animals killed and analyzed a year ago, only the chief being here given; and as
French weights and figures serve for comparison as well as do English ones, the official
report is quoted. It may be stated briefly, however, that a kilogram is equal to 2}
pounds, and 50 kilograms are close upon a hundredweight, and 1,000 kilograms a ton.

«-e

ft

^

,

•So

0

•

Breed.

1

|jj

la

I

1

T3

^
&

Jjl

ii

I!

t

•s-si

fi

|

1

1

-w
•

|gi

o §

8,8

^ (

1*

fc

H

CO

£-*~

£

Kilos.

Kilns.

Kilos.

Grams.

Francs.

vn. d.

Purhham-Charolaise

926

46

608

•J2.11,

119

140

80.000

69.625

2,025

32 17

Bazadais

944

39

120

i 1!

77.000

59.325

2,000

54 00

Salers

900

41

590

":ll

154

70 ;?00

1,910

48 00

Parthenai*

877

"2

534

168

160

91. 500

61.350

1,930

f-1 (K)

Basquais

8U7

42

504

230

171

118

73.500

58.500

*5,600

54 00

* Probably for exhibition.

Further, as regards loss of weight on being killed, the fat Norman only lost 8 kilo-
grams, whilst Yorkshire lost 19 kilograms, and the big Yorkshire-Limousin but 7 kilo-
grams.

SUPPLEMENT. 731

I am hopeful of getting similar returns to the above of the cattle, sheep, and pigs at
the present year's show, especially those referring to the two beasts exhibited by the
Vicomte de Chezelles; which were fed on cusii

To give any adequate idea of the Paris Exhibition, it is necessary to run through the
several classes, of which the first prizes were published in last week's Field, which rep-
resented the [live stock of France, from its great plains, river valleys, and mountain-
sides and table lands.

In Class 1 of young bullocks, born since January 1, 1880, were twenty-six entries com-
peting for eight prizes, all of which were awarded, and a supplementary prize was added,
whilst two animals were honorably mentioned. Many famous breeders competed in
this class, of which nearly every entry had Shorthorn blood, the exceptions, being a Ni-
vernais, Basquais, Bazadais, Limousin, and Charolais-Nivernais animal, live in all out of
twentj'-six. Of the eight prizes, six were Shorthorn crosses, the sixth prize fall ing to a white
Nivernais, and the eighth prize to a Charolais. The first prize was to a Durham-Cha-
rolias, the second to a red and white pure Shorthorn. The weights of all were good, but
I should not consider any beast satisfactorily ripened.

Class I, section 2, was for bullocks born since January 1, 1879, and the extra year
brought together thirty-six animals. Four to six years of age would appear most in
favor in France at present for exhibition, as two to four years are in England. On
this point, one should remember that the greatest proportion of oxen have two or more
years at the yoke as draught animals.

Again, in this fine class Shorthorn crosses formed two- thirds of the total; but the
heaviest beast was a white Charolais, which weighed 1 ton and 44 Ibs. at forty-seven
months old. The first prize of the class was a Durham-Charolais, red and white, weigh-
ing 19 cwt. and 14 Ibs. , age forty- two months. It was M. Nadaud's prime exhibit, and
fought for the championship of the show against the Durham-Charolais of M. Signoret,
which, a year younger, weighed within 60 Ibs. of the older animal, and was judged by
points a neck ahead, and so carried off the prize of honor. Generally, the animals in
Class I woul dhave been a fine display in any country.

Class II had the interest of being one of breed, and without distinction of age. There
were nineteen entries, all of the Charolaise and Nivernaise breeds. The ages ranged
from three years nine months to seven years, the majority being four or five years old.
In this class a white Nivernais turned the scale at 22 cwt. 3 qrs. 91 bs., the age being four
years six months and twenty days. It gained a supplementary prize. These breeds
are the chief working oxen of France, and until lately were not fattened until eight or nine
years of age. The meat of these animals after four years is mature, savory, and highly
nutritive. The first prize was taken by a white Nivernais, the youngest but one in the
class.

Of these famous French breeds, the leading points are: They are handsome, good work-
ing oxen, and make first-rate butchers' meat; the coat is usually creamy white, with
abundant hair; they have white middle-sized horns, turned up towards the points; the
head is short and broad, the muzzle rose-colored, the eye is large, and the aspect gentle;
a regular cylindrical body is set on short strong legs, the neck carries but little dew-
lap, the back is straight, ending in a well-hung tail, and the rump is prominent and
deep. The race came originally from Saone*et-Loire, and is now the chief breed of the
central departments. The cross with Nivernaise — an offshoot of the Charolaise — forms
the best French beast for butchers. The cows are but poor milkers.

Class II, section 2, comprised twenty entries of Limousine cattle, aged from three
years ten months to six years, most of them being four and a half years old. The color
was always yellow, from a fawn white to a red wheaten-dun. The weights were gener-
ally close to M. Parry's first-prize beast weighing 19 cwt. 16 Ibs. at three years ten
months. The whole class was a good one, and carried one supplementary prize and one
honorable mention. Docility, aptitude for work, and facility for fattening, make this
breed a favorite. The Department of Haute- Vienne is its chief home, and at this show
the best animal came from Limoges. The other prize animals were from the Gironde
and Charente departments. For yield and quality of meat the Limousine ranks high;
the features of a good animal being a light head, with white open horns, pink eyelids
and muzzle, well-set back, rounded sides, short fleshy limbs, with white points that give
a look of breed and fashion. A Limousine is usually less bulky than a Charolaise. The
cows are fair milkers.

Class II, section 3, included the Garonuaise breed, and thirteen animals represented it.
The race is improving, and was reckoned in advance of the Limousine cattle, supplying
one of the heaviest beasts in the show, No. 113 weighing 22 cwt. 3 qrs. 6 Ibs., and gaining
third prize. Gironde and Lot-et-Garonne furnished the best specimens. The first prize
weighed 1 ton 28 Ibs. Garonnaise cattle are said to be the bulkiest in the sub-Pyre-
uean basin, and form two groups of the great bovine Gallic family— that of the valley
and that of the hills. The latter are smaller, but more capable of work, than those of
the valley. They have a very long body, flat sides, and confined chest, short buttock

732 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

and bony frame, •with tail badly set. The head is long and heavy, with white horns
and pale red eyelids. 'The nut is of an even dn:i or wheaten-yellow color. The oxen
luive colossal strength and work patiently, fattening easily. The females are hand-
somer than the WIN. but poor as milch cows.

Class II. section 1. had eight entries, all being of an even and rich grey color. Their
weights were !><>.">, M'l, !!J.'I, i'.'Iti, >-'->l. !»:57 kilogrammes, or about 17 c.wt. 3 qrs. each. The
ages were from three years lour months to live years. The lirst prize went to M. Cham-
baudet. of Meilhan. Lot-et-Garouiie. Mo^tof the exhibits came from the Gironde. The
shape of the prize beast was typical of the breed which is reckoned perfect, with deep
chest well letdown, rounded ilank, the body almost a complete cylinder, the line of back
straight, the haunch broad, square, and well placed, heavy rump, sometimes bossy, horns
often faulty, on a short head, with broad open forehead. For shape, the cows are espe-
cially handsome, but are only poor milkers. Temper in the bulls makes them generally
dangerous. We have no breeds in England to parallel the Bazadaise. A group reminds
one of a silver-grey Jersey herd, grown big and wild.

Class II, section ">, had but live entries ; yet these were specimens of perhaps the most
special breed, in France, the bullocks often standing (5 inches taller than our biggest Short-
horns. In color they are deep mahogany red. with white often under the belly. M. Gus-
tav Valtau. who took many prizes, carried the lirst in this class with a four years ten
months animal, weighing %JO c\vt. :i ors. 10 Ibs. This breed is improving: they are good
workers as well as meat-producers. The mountains of Auvergne were the cradle ot the
race, of which the head is short and strong, the forehead broad and covered with curly
hair, the horns smooth, twisted, and turned outwards. The body is long and cylindrical,
mounted on tall legs, the head and shoulders are strong, the dewlap thick and proini-
inent, the rump short, with tail attached high up. On the Limagne plains the body is
shorter, squarer, and lower on the ground, the coat often chestnut and white, the head
sometimes white; yet the Salers breed is one of the most iixed character in France.

Class II, section (I, Avas comprised of seven entries, for the breeds Parthenaise, Chole-
taise, and Xantai<e; but the specimens shown were all of the Parthenaise group. These
were scarcely equal to expectation, yet their weights were fairly good; the first-prize ani-
mal, five years old. weighed l!)cwt. . ^Ibs. . and the second prize turned a ton. The Parthe-
naise family includes Vendeenne, Xantaise, and Mancelle breeds, which occupy several
departments — the Deux-Sevrcs. Loire-Inlerieure, Charente-Inferieure, ecr. The breed
is regarded as pure by some, and as a mixed race by others — crosses between IJejuoise,
Fribourgeoise, and Swiss cattle. The animals have one fixed characteristic, that of black
external mucous membranes, surrounded by a badger-grey circle. The shape of all the
groups is that of the old French breed, which is rein ;rkable for good milking qualities,
gooi! fattening qualities, and good working powers. .1 [andsonie, well-directed, brilliantly
black horns, a graceful, well-proportioned body, and good disposition, belong to a true
Parthenaise, one of the best milch cows in I' ranee.

Class II, section 7. inelud* d several breeds, as follows: Flamande, Xormande, Mancelle,
Femeline. Kourbonnaise, (,'omptoise. Kearnaise, I'.asquaise, Aubrac, Mezenc, P.retonne,
Tarine, <Vc. Only ten entries represented the above races, and the lirst prizes awarded
were to a four years and two months old liourbonnais, a yellow dun, of which the weight
was not given. Jn this class was the exhibit of the Viscount. Arthur de Chezelles, which
had been fed on ensilage, and was the heaviest beast of the das-, weighing ',2t cwt. 1> qrs.
6 Ibs., age live years two months and ten days. A Uourbonnaise took second prize and
third prize, whilst the Norman entiies only got honorably mentioned. In the subclass
a handsome mottled-dun Iias(ju;;is took first honors. The four entries of Bretonne class
were good, and of tin; type well-known in England.

Of the Flemish breed, the great merit is their milking qualities, and the chief breed-
ing districts are in the Pas de Calais and A isne departments. The cows a re large, straight-
bucked. with a large rump and well-hung tail, color a reddish brown, deepening toward
the head ; some have a few white mark-:. The sides are wanting in roundness. <)i'
cour-c the cows are too valuable to send to a fat-stock show, and the; males are killed
early for veal, except such as are saved for breeding. Mauche and Calvados are the
cradle of the line Xormau breed, wich is subdivided into Cotentine, Kressine, and
Augeronne families. The breed is large and handsome, of ^reat diversity of color and
shape, but usually dappled, and often of the brindled-brown seen in our Longhorns.
The quality of the meat makes ihe oxen valued in Paris, and specimens of this breed
have bex-n, it is stated, fattened to over .'!() cwt. The cows are remarkable for their
abundant and rich milk. The famous Isigny butter comes from the liressine breed,
and that of (lournay from various Norman families. The Eivarot cheese, that obtained
the prize, of honor this year, is, like Camembert. Xeufehatel, ^vc., made from the milk
of Normans.

The Fcmdine cattle, of which there wen- no entries at the show, are of the Comptois
type, and are raised in the Doubs and Saone departments. The coats are wheaten-
yellow, the head slender, with small horns close to the eyes, the neck slim, the chest

SUPPLEMENT.

733

long, the hind quarters broad, the legs short and fine, the skin supple and delicate, the
*oot of the tail prominent. The cows are good milkers, the bulls vicious when old, the
oxen good workers, and fatten easily. The first prize Bourbon uais came from M. Bel-
lard, of Cours-les-Barres, Cher, and most of the entries were closely of the Charolaise
type, but of a red-dun color. The breed is a favorite one with the butchers, and is
well distributed in several departments across central France.

The B6arnaise, Basquaise, and Urt breeds are of the same family, and have the char-
acter of being good workers and producing excellent meat. The coat varies from deep
red to light yellow color, the varieties showing the breed and district. The bull has a
specially-developed horn, and is an animal of noted courage. The breed is from the
Pyrenees, near Saint Jean do Luz, but stock for fattening are sent to the Landes, and so
are often called "Landais" cattle in the Bordeaux market, where they are highly es-
teemed.

The mountains of Aubrae, the mountains of Mezene, give names to their breeds,
which, feeding on fine herbage, have finely-flavored meat. The Aubrae is of a silver-
gray or fawn color, with large horns, black at the points. The whole animal is compact
and handsome, and the breed is a good one for working, fatting, or milk. The Mezene
has a saddle back, enormous bones, massive head, and large front-projecting horns.
The breed has a good constitution, and pays well for rearing and keeping.

There remain for reference the grand open and large class of cross-breeds, of the cow
class, the groups of cattle, the small exhibition of young bulls, and the sheep and pig
classes, which may be deferred until next week.

INVICTA.

P. S. — I have just heard the sale price of M. Signoret's champion prize was 4,000
francs (£160), bought for Magazins du Louvre. The fellow-champion made but 2,000
francs. M. Chaminade's champion pig sold for 1,000 francs.

" We are not accustomed to over-fatten meat in France," writes one of the leading
French journals; and the same paper further declares that most of the animals sent to
exhibitions pass the line that separates the best meat, as an article of food, from the too
gross animals which carry off the prizes. Moreover, breeders, in preparing stock for ex-
hibition, disregard economy in their production, jvhich is better studied when ordinary
butchers' animals are sent to market. ' ' We are not Laplanders nor Esquimaux, to re-
quire such masses of fat as do the inhabitants of the Polar regions," indignantly ex-
claims the patriotic Frenchman, and next learnedly quotes the data of Messrs. Lawes
and Gilbert, that ordinary beasts have only 19 per cent, of fat, whilst a fat prize ox has
30. 1 of the same oily constituent — records of a very fat Shorthorn cow showing 6 inches to
10 inches of fat under the skin ! However, as before observed, the fattest bullock in the
Paris Show was a good way behind the champions of Norwich, Birmingham, and Smith-
field, a finely ripened animal being a great rarity in the palace of industry. Last Tues- •
day week, certainly, the " Mardi Gras of Paris did not have any available fat ox to rival
those of former days, even if carnival revels still had been in fashion.

To walk with the catalogue — and so continue my narrative of last week — the visitor
to the Paris Show came to —

Class II, section 9, for pure foreign breeds, in which there were but four entries, all
Shorthorns. And here — whilst in England there is a controversy about white cattle —
the first prize may be recorded as falling to the forty months old white Shorthorn of M.
Deplanche, the weight being 17 cwt. 3 qrs. 20 Ibs. The second prize, for a white and roan,
was taken by M. Nadaud, which weighed 44 Ibs. more than the first-prize animal, al-
though four months younger. The other two entries in this class were alike red and
unsuccessful.

Class II, section 9, was the field of combat— an open class to all comers that were cross-
breeds. The collection was a really fine one of forty-three entries, and to which no fewer
than seven prizes and three honorable mentions were awarded. I put in a tabular form
the list:

Prize.

Breed.

Color.

Owner.

First

Durham-Manceau ..

White and red

M Arnaud

Second

D urhatn -cross

White and red '

AT Bouill6

Third

Durham-Man ceau*

Fourth
Fifth

Durham-Charolais

Dun

M. M:itivon.

Sixth

White nnd red

Seventh.

Durham-cross

Brindled

Count Brie**1

•heaviest beast in show, weighing 22 cwt. 1 qr. 23 Ibe.

734 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

The three honorably-mentioned animals were Durham-Charolais, Durham-Manceau, and
Durham-Charolais. The Prince de Wagram had a white Durham- Ayrshire, and there were
competitors in Limousin-Charolais, Garonnais-Bazadais, Lorrain, and other varieties, all
left behind, whilst the Shorthorn blood was in the van.

French politeness, that bids us give "place aux dames" in the salon, does not extend
priority in the showyard to cows, which now patiently follow, and form into —

Class III, section 1, for animals born before May 1, 1879, and being pure or crossed French
blood. This class was a good one of twenty-four entries, the ages running up 7^ years.
It is enough to say the prizes fell to — first, a white Charolaise-Nivernaise; second, a light
dun Limousine; third, a white Nivernaise-Charolaise; and fourth, to a white Charolaise.
The red Flemish and Norman brindled-red animals failed to attract attention.

Section 2 was more cosmopolitan, and invited pure and cross-bred cows; and here again
first, second, third, fourth, and fifth prizes had Shorthorn blood, two of which were pure
white Shorthorns. An eight-year-old Swiss cow and a yellow Limousine-Swiss were
competitors; but then the winning animals were exhibited by such experts as MM.
Mativon, Tiersonnier, Nadaud, Langlade, and Larzat, the Strattons of France.

The good-group system that is in favor across the Channel now brought before us
twenty-eight beasts, in lots of four each :

Class IV, bullocks born since January 1, 1879. It was in this class that M. Gustave
Valtau took first prize and the championship with his four Durham-Mancean cattle, a
remarkably even and well-finished lot, well-built, square-set, and with capital hind
quarters. The cross .of the Durham-Norman group was passed over. The third prize
and lot honorably mentioned were also of the Durham-Manceau breed, but the second
prize fell to four white Nivernais, and all the groups were heavy, good beasts.

The second section of Class IV was for older animals, born before January 1, 1879.
Here were fifteen groups, sixty animals; and besides the four prizes, the class was good
enough to carry a supplementary prize. First, red and white, Durham-Manceau ; second,
white, Charolais; third, yellow, Basquais; fourth, yellow, Limousine; extra prize, white,
Nivernais. I continue to give color, in evidence that white in France seems favored by
climate.

The groups of cows in Class IV had sixteen animals and four prizes, but only two were
given — Durham-Limousine first, and pure Shorthorns second.

Class V was fat calves, most of which were of Norman breed, as out of the twenty-
three entries there were but the exceptions of a Swiss calf and three Cotentin (the latter
a sub-race of Norman). The three prizes together aged but five months twenty days,
with a total weight of 1,202 cwt. and 2 Iba.

SUPPLEMENT. 735

PORTRAITS OF CELEBRATED BRITISH PRIZE CATTLE.

[Inclosure O O O in report of Consul-General Merritt, of London; text and portraits being taken

from English publications.]

A, Shorthorn cattle; B, Devon cattle; C, Suffolk cattle; D, Longhorn cattle; E, Here-
ford cattle; F, Sussex cattle; G, Ayrshire cattle; II, Jersey and Guernsey cattle; I,
Welsh black cattle.

The portraits of each group immediately follow the text relating to the same.
A. SHORTHORN CATTLE.

Shorthorn Bull Duke of Underley. — We here present our readers with Mr. Williams's
sketch of Lord Bective's Duke of Underley. The following descriptive paragraph re-
lates rather to general family history than to this particular bull. The Duchess of Ge-
neva Tenth came over to this country with the reputation of being one of the most beau-
tiful Shorthorned cows in the United States. Nor did her merit end with herself. Her
first calf in England was Duke of Underley, the subject of this portrait. He too
satisfied the most fastidious breeders, whatever their preferences might be. He repre-
sents the Duchess family as America has made them, i. e. with a slight infusion of
strange blood through Romeo, who entered, indirectly, into the pedigree of the sire of
Duchess of Geneva Tenth. She was put to Duke of Tregunter Second, a Duchess bull,
having the "Usurer" cross, which was added by Earle Ducie. Duke of Tregunter
Second had proved himself, in Gloucestershire, to be a sire of remarkable merit: his
daughters, especially, at Kiugscote and Siddington, being very grand animals, with the
best of middles and long hind quarters. It seemed but reasonable to expect that the
coupling together Duchess of Geneva Tenth— an American success in breeding—with
Duke of Tregunter Second, a well-proved English sire, would, to borrow a Yankeeism
from Mar tin Chuzzlewit, "eventuate a spanker." The engraving is from a drawing
in the preparation of which measurement and photography were both employed.

Shorthorn heifer Lady Violet. — These portraits (front and side views) represent Mrs.
Pery's Shorthorn heifer, Lady Violet (calved December 19, 1876), to which was awarded
the first prize in her class at the Royal Dublin Society's last spring show. Lady Violet
is by Don Diego (33539)— dam Lady-love by The Earl (27623), g.-dam Lady Sarah by
Best Hope (23413), &c. The side view is a good reproduction of a very successful pho-
tograph.

Shorthorn lull Anchor. — Lord Rathdonnell's bull Anchor (winner three years running
at the Dublin Spring Show) was one of the sights at the Kilburn Show. It is good to
have opportunities occasionally to compare the products of the sister kingdoms with
our own. Clydesdale horses and Irish and Scotch Shorthorns are good tests by which
to try English showyard favorites. Mr. Chaloner (the Irish judge), who bred Anchor,
stepped on one side when the chief prize in this class was awarded. The other two
judges gave the first place to Anchor, who, in addition to his personal successes, was
shown in comparatively hard condition, an example worth copying. The engraving is,
we think, a remarkably successful example of justice done by photography.

Shorthorn bull Tchmachus. — Four or five groups of Shorthorns have, in the course of
the last two reasons, made themselves conspicuous above their rivals for number and
excellence. Tiiese are the Marquis of Exeter's Telemachus family, the Earl of Dun-
tnore's Red Roses, Colonel Loyd-Lindsay 's Burlesques, Mr. T. H. Miller's Ringlets, and Mr.
W. H. Wodehouse's Countess groups. One and all of these are a sufficient answer to the
oft-repeated assertion (which is, however, very limited truth) that fattened parents en-
tail barrenness or degenerate offspring. It is one of the merits of the Shorthorn that it
will bear forcing without breaking down. Among all the groups named the Burghley
one must now be held to be entitled to the first place. Sea Gnll and her offspring, ail
by Telemachus, are so curiously alike, and all of such a very striking type in the show
ring, that she and they must be held to be the most remarkable family group in Eng-
land. The members of the group seen at Kilburn were by no means all Sea Gull's pro-
duce by Telemachus.

Here we have a portrait of one of the winning four, all of whom are for color, size, and
condition, entitled to rank separately as prizewortby cattle.

Shorthorn cow Lady Carcio Third. — In her old age Fanny, a Warlaby cow, went from
Mr. Wilson, of I'.rawith, "fora song" to the Hon. Colonel Duncorabe, who, bringing
her to Waresley Park, had a heifer calf from her by Hero (a bull sharing Bates blood),
which he called Heather Bell.

736 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

When Heather Bell was well-stricken in years she fell "to the nod" of the late Mr.
Pawlett: who, hardly venturing to expect produce, put her to one of his Booth bulls—
Prince James — and had a rah'. >•> little expected that he named her Miracle. Miracle, in
her turn, bred freely; and her blood- red daughter Lady Jane, by the ''Bracelet" bull
Baron Killerby. was one of the cheapest lots at the famous Beeston sale in 1872.

Mr. St. John Ackers took Lady Jane to Gloucestershire, and she has proved that the
virtue of regular and long-continued fecundity ia hers, as well as her granddam's; for
she ha* produced in succession three light roan heifers, each of which in turn received
the name of Lady Carew, by the white Wurlaby-bred bull, County Member, of the
Christon tribe. All the Ladies Carews have been successfully exhibited, and all have
had the same characteristic's. AH have been somewhat small heifers; with very line
bone and on very short legs. All have had the silkiest of hair, and a long even carcase,
pomewhat unduly weighted with llesh and fat at both ends. Lady Carew third (of whom
we give a portrait) has a bosom which is wonderful to see. She inherits the blood o
almost all the leading strains, though her sire is purest Warlaby.

Shorthorn dairy CHIC Victoria. — The portrait represents Mr. Fred. Harvey's first prize
cow in the dairy cla,ss at Kilburn, named Victoria — type of a capital dairy cow; well
formed as the mother, whether of meat-carrying steers or milk-producing heifers. Here,
too, we have an example of successful representation by means of photography.

Shorthorn dairy cow Jfniilfn. — The prolilc portrait represents Mr. W. Stratum's white
dairy cow, Maiden, which took the lirst prize in the class of unpedigreed dairy cattle at
the dairy show in the Agricultural Hall. She is, we understand, out of a good ordinary
Shorthorn dairy cow, by the same sire as got Nectarine Bud, which was a noted prize-
taker at both the Royal Agricultural Society's and the Birmingham shows.

Shorthorn hcifcr^Sianicick tioxe and Gaiety Sixth. — The portraits represent two very
pretty Shorthorn heifers exhibited at the Perth show of the Highland Agricultural So-
ciety' by Mr. James Whyte, of Aldbro, Darlington, which took the first prize in the.
ci.ui.-es for yearling and a two-year-old Shorthorn heifers respectively. The older heifer is
Stanwiek Lose, bv Lord Godolphin (36065), dam Moss Rose by Baron Killerby (27949).

The yearling is Gaiety Sixth, by Ben Brace (30524), dam Gaiety bv Merrv Monarch
(22344).

Short /torn roic Ajiri! 7,W. — The favorite old " Mossrose" cow April Rose, having ceased
to breed, has gone to the, butcher. This cow was remarkable, no'. only for her personal
merits, which were very great, but for the excellence of her progeny. Calved in April,
1-62, she brought her lirst calf in August, 1864, and her thirteenth and last in 1876.
Among the best of her produce were the following: A white steer, calved in 1865, that
gave remarkable promise, lor Christmas honors; but he went wrong before the shows, and
when slaughtered, a large stone was found in his stomach. Twin steers in 1867. One
of these won the prizes for best Shorthorn and for best ox or steer in any of the classes
at Birmingham: also the Champion cup and gold medal for the best beast in the yard
at Smithlield, 1-71; and further distinguished himself in the hands of Mr. Morrison it
1-72. FlowerGiri, by James First (21202), won first prize as calf at Manchester "Royal;"
and among her many other prizes was lirst as breeding cow at the Bath and West of
England at Dorchester. Passion Flower, own sister to the above, was never shown, but
wa* the /f i>!n* ultra of a Shorthorn. Village Rose, another own sister, won the lirst prize
as calf at the Yorkshire; lirst at the Bath and West of England as a yearling; and sec-
o:>d at Cardiff " Royal," where sho was sold to Mr. Cochrane, Canada, lor 300 guineas.
Sinee these. April Rose, has produced two heifers and three bulls, one of the former,
March Kosc, by Protector i 32221 |, is .still in the herd; two of the bulls died young, but
E\'p'-ctation (3-261) is being largely used in the Dutl'ryn herd.

Shor!/t»r;> l>nll Duke of /fowl Jo.'ni.— This white bull is Mr. John Vicker's Duke of
Howl John, a not euphoniously named, yet a remarkable animal. He was six years
two months three weeks two days old when his photograph was taken. How well ho
has held together during that long fatt-ni'ag time, his portrait tells. He represents
thi- mixture of Bites blood (in a small indirect infusion) with that of the elder Mr. J.
Booth. Th" earliest nani'-d dams came; from Killerby, the latest sire from Mr. Barnes,
of '\\Y-tland, Meath. The bull himself has attained great distinction. Almost every
recent English show of " lirst " class IKIS seen those; victorious which were placed below
him at Carlisle; yet D;ike of Howl John, by his selection by a quite competent bench
wa< pp-f'-rred to all of them.

It is not to b" i \-p"efe 1 that such a success should be at once accepted as deserved by
f v.-ryl) >dy. Vet it would puz/lrthe crit ics who challenge the decision to find more fault,
i" th" I>uke of Howl John as a breeding animal (about whom the ugliest point is his
nam-, than can be Dinted out in any ol his defeated rivals. His rough shoulder points
are In-, i Most conspicuous delect-: and this is probably owing to his sire, White Duke,
\\l\i inherited the hloi.d of Grand Duke Third. Yet tho presence of these shoulders,
would seem to imply great masculine vigor. At ail events, unsightly as they are, the

SUPPLEMENT. 737

animals which have this conformation have generally extra strong constitntions. Duke
of Howl John has besides, through his gniudsire, the blood of the Townley Richard
COBUT do Lion, whose use by Mr. Eastwood was believe;!, by the late Mr. Pawlett, to
have been the means of invigorating that branch of the Braceleftribe which came into
his possession. It furnished the bull Baron Killerby, to which the Beeston herd owed
oo much. It undoubtedly would be preferable to obtain a bull for the showyard with-
out rough shoulders, and also for use at home. But rough shoulders should be accepted
with something more than toleration when the animal which has them brings into a herd
fecundity and length of days. The photograph successfully represents a very massive,
well-made animal.

Shorthorn cow Baroness Oxford TJiird. — We give the likenesses of two of the most fash-
ionably-bred specimens of Mr. T. Ilolford's herd. The cow (whose head is fairly repre-
sented) is Baroness Oxford Third, a granddaughter, in direct line, of the celebrated old
ITolker cow, Lady Oxford Fifth. Baroness Oxford Third is by the famous Kingscote
sire, Duke of Hilhurst.

fihwthorn bull Duke of Leinsier. — The young bull is Duke of Leinster. lie is a grand-
son (by his sire) of the cow of which we have just been speaking; but, on his dam side,
ho is of the Airdrie family of Mr. T. Bates's "Duchess " tribe. His dam, Duchess of
Airdrie Seventh, was bred by Mr. Albert Crane, Kansas, United States of America.

Shorthorn cow Matchless Fifth. — The portrait represents Mr. E. C. Tisdall's cow Match-
less Fifth, shown at the A gricultural Hall at the recent dairy show, which took the cham-
pion prize as the best dairy cow ia the yard. We heartily join in the congratulations
which Mr. Tisdall has received from his many friends upon his success. It is a happy
and most welcome fortune that one who has shown so much public spirit in the thank-
less and laborious work of establishing and guiding a great national institution such as
the dairy association must become, should himself reap the highest honor awarded by
the society's j udges at its annual exhibition. Of the co w herself the best account is given
by her well-known breeder, Mr. Hobbs, of Maisey Hampton, Gloucestershire: "The first
prize cow, Matchless Fifth, at the London Dairy Show in the shorthorn class being bred
by me, and in my possession until within two months, enables me to certify as to her
good milking qualities. When newly calvecl she has produced twenty quarts per day,
smcl yields a good supply through the whole of the season. The judge? appear to have
looked on her square, well-shaped udder as indicative of a good milk producer, although
her last calf was dropped on November 1, 1880. She is by a bull bred by Mr. Edward
Bowly of his Gazelle tribe." This is one of Mr. Stacey's photographs.

Shorthorn cow Generous. — The following note is from the Herdsman: The cow Gen-
erous, in the Ratton Park herd, near Eastbourne, was bought for 300 guineas in September,
1878, direct from Mr. J. B. Booth. She is of the same tribe as Mr. St. John Acker's cow
Queen of the Georgians. We give an engraving of Generous, from her photograph, with
her last year's heifer calf, Georgia Regia. She is by King of Trumps (31512), calved
March 12, 1879.

Shorthorn luU calf Acropolis. — Shorthorn hull calves at York were represented in a
class of many entries; but the stalls- showed several gaps. Oddly enough, all the win-
ners of prizes were outsiders. Mr. R. Stratton's capital young bull Acropolis (one of
the younger) was put first. We have here a capital portrait.

Shorthorn dairy cows (Mr. Birdsey's and Mr. Taylor's). — These portraits represent two
of the late dairy show winners, in one of the best classes in the hall, i. e., No. 3, Short-
horns for which no pedigree is asked. In many country districts cattle of this stamp
are reared, generally by pedigree bulls from cows which were similarly bred, but of
whose breeding no authentic record has been preserved. These really are milking Short-
horns in proper condition to exhibit at a dairy show. The darker roan is Beauty, No.
22 in the catalogue, and the proper tj of Mr. Thomas Birdsey, of Southcote Farm,
Leighton, Beds. She was awarded the highest place. The lighter colored animal was
put second by the judges, but was preferred by not a few of the lookers-on, and her
yield of milk proved rather the larger in amount. She, too, is called Beauty, and was
shown as No. 35, and is the property of Mr. George Taylor, of Stanton Priors, near
Bristol. Although not extraordinary, these are good specimens of the milking Short-
horns, such as exist on hundreds of farms, where this most serviceable variety is culti-
vated.

Shorthorn cow Red Cherry. — The portrait represents the second prize cow, Red Cherry
las property of Mr. Joseph Phillips, in the class of dairy cows at Reading. It
has evidently been taken when the udder was empty, and thus it does not compare so
favorably as it might with portraits given elsewhere of cows in the same class which
received no award. The judges, however, have no doubt been guided, as in our opin-
ion they always ought to be, by the other elements besides milk which go to make up
the character of a cow for the dairy. Mr. Phillips's large and massive Shorthorn cow,
though it does not promise milk produce either so large or so good as that of the Guern- '

H. Ex. 61- 47

7JS CATTLi: AM) DAI in" V 'ARMING.

sev. or that of the Ayrshire, is likely to ho on the whole a better animal for the ordinary
^IJ, ...... , ;• Imtti ;• duii ;.' fertile district, it.-- superior capability of converting

its v» irk ::> a milk producer, makes it the best of the
. Yinin :i (>:' the t'ociely's judges.

'• / •• f' ;' •:;</ <;/' JY<».fr,'///. — Innoi-cnre Second of Naseby was calved

•. i. i - . ;>iiVj Larl OL' tieni'va ^KJ'/IM;; dani, Innocence, by Telemachus Third

' !.— The celebrated Imll Sir Simeon (42,412) whose portrait is

\lr. ,\yi':u-r. iaid calved January l(j, 1878. lie is by Mr.
*' 3'i which va ; bred by Mr. W. Torr, and purchasexl
', • ' v, hen , . : MO e:',!!', :it t'ue ,(:;rr;iL Aylesby sale, IbTo, lor 500 guineas.

.is, vrhiea have Ijecn sold for large sums; Mr. John
of them for 1:1.! lurd r,t Kuo^vlmcre. ^ir Simeon i.s a deep rich red
i '.T : : sub.-tance, and walks liken thoroughbred animal. lie

has v.'i: who founded the i>reed considered a great attribute — a fine

1 arize i : uiine head, with a pair of strong, rather upstanding horns. His appearance
indie • \' • : ; ! • » tntion; liis rib-; r.re round and deep, but his long hind

luarf' ' a" ! . Li !ii<jhsare somewhai dwaried byhi])s a little too prominent. Mr. Teas-
: :'. ;-.. oi ', ' ; ric-k, vrlic.-o career aa a farmer, breeder, and exhibitor has rarely
l)f-i :i - jii .'• '. i. n '! "• i'. ) izuinca ; for him when a y earl in;:;; but his superior merit and
hicr-d x! . . \> hner t» keep liim at borne for his own herd. It is to this
bull ;-: .• ' Du'iiuof >!>irnih'.-'--,t.csr's i\vo best Oxforil cows of I'.ates's blood, as well as
o . r hi:dily bred animals, have been sent for service. J!e was sold last autumn to Mr.
AS'. Talbct Crosbie, ibr his extensive herd at Ardfert Abljey, Ireland, to which place the
Lull will be taken, early next spring, should disease regulations permit.

PLATE 317

Julius .Hi an & Co JJith

THE EARL OF BECTIVE'S SHORTHORN BULL
"DUKE OF UNDERLET"

•

1

*

c_

PLAT E 333

MR R. STRATTON'S SHORTHORN
BULL CALF "ACROPOLIS

1

• •

SUPPLEMENT. 739

PORTRAITS OF BRITISH PRIZE CATTLE—Continued.

B. DEVON CATTLE.

Devon cow Phlox. — The portrait represents Mr. Holies Fryer's Devon Phlox and her
calf. The calf is a charming little heifer by Mistletoe. Phlox won first prize, 1883, at
the Devon County show, competing in the class of heifers a year older than herself; first
at the Bath and West of England at Cardiff; first at the Royal Cornwall at Launceston;
and third at the Royal of England at Reading.

C. SUFFOLK. CATTLE.

Suffolk cow Wild Eosc.—ThQ portrait represents Wild Rose, a 10-year old Suffolk
cow, the property of and bred by Mr. George Gooderhain, Monewden, Wickham Market,
Suffolk, calved April 10, 1874. Sire, The Claimant; dam, Rosy by Perfection; grand-
dam, Beauty by Wander.

Produce: January 5, 1878, Wild Rose of Kilburn; April 9, 1879, Wild Robin; April
14, 1880, Wild Rover; April 29, 1881, Wild Rupes; March 10, 1882, Wild Rosy; March
7, 1883, Wild Ruth.

This cow has been shown three times for the milking test at the Suffolk Agricultural
Association, and has gained one first and two second prizes against all breeds, and has
never been beaten by a red polled for milking purposes. She gave at Woodbridge and
Beccles 26 pints in twelve hours. At home she daily gives 54 pints for the first four
months after calving; and as 20 pints of her milk make 1 pound of butter, this proves
that she has made nearly 19 pounds per week for sixteen weeks. She is now (August)
giving 40 pints per day, and makes 14 pounds of butter weekly. It is worth noticing
that this proportion (i. c.. 1 pound of butter for 20 pints of milk), is exactly the same
as that from Shorthorns (reported from the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society
of England, near Hull).

». LOIVGIIORN CATTLE.

LongJiorn lull Prince Victor. — The portrait represents Prince Victor, alonghorned bull
owned by Maj. Gen. Sir F. W. Fitzwygram, Bart., of Leigh Park, Havant, Hants; five
years and three months old, bred by Mr. Shaw, Fradley Old Hall, Lichfield — by Earl
of Upton 7th (76), dam Princess. This engraving is reproduced from a very admirable
photograph taken in the Kilburn show-yard for the Mark Lane Express. Prince Victor
took the first prize in his class at the meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society at Kil-
burn last year.

Longhorn cow Calkc. — The portrait represents Mr. Richard Hall's longhorn cow,
Calke, which took the first prize in her class — ' ' cows in calf or in milk above three years
old," at the Bristol show of the Royal Agricultural Society. The breed has distinct
dairy aptitudes, and this cow in particular is evidently a good dairy cow. The photo-
graph has done fair justice to the cow, and the engraver has copied it to accuracy.

E. HEREFORD CATTLE.

Hereford butt Thoughtful. — Here* we have an uncommonly successful drawing of a
good Hereford, given as representing a meat-making breed. The steers of the breed are
quite as massive — quite, we think as good in rib and sirloin and rump, where the best
beef grows, as any other breed, the Shorthorn included.

Mr. Taylor's bull did not take the first prize at the Kilburn show. In the class for
bulls above three years old, the well-known prize-taker Grateful, bred by his exhibitor,
Mr. Aaron Rogers, of theRodd, Kingtou, Herefordshire, took first honors. Thoughtful
was placed second to him; he is better behind, but not so good as Grateful in his fore
flank.

Hereford heifer Leonora. — At the late Bristol show of the Royal Agricultural Society
of England, Mrs. Edwards was prominent with her beautiful pair of heifers. There
was no finer animal than Leonora there; none carrying and capable of carrying such a
wealth of meat on legs so short. Fortunately for the country, old Winter de Cote left
something more than a good name, and any young breeder need not feel disgraced to be
near such stock as the half sisters, Beatrice and Leonora.

7-10 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

F. SUSSEX CATTL.E.

Svtsex heifers. — The Sussex is— like the Aberdeenshiro Poll — the " coming animal"
for farmers only in those districts where cattle-breeding is distinct from dairying. But
it seems certain that it can add size and deep flesh to many herds, which are kept in
remote places, under the natural conditions of having "to prog for oneself." With its
somewhat thick (though supple) skin, hard hair, and great activity, it seems quite the
animal for the bush, the backwoods, or the rough laud now being laid down to grass
because it cannot find a tenant. The portraits are capital representations of a most use-
ful kind of grazing stock.

G. AYRSHIRE CATTLE.

Ayrshire cow Jane. — Mr. George Ferme's Jane was the first prize Ayrshire cow in class
5 at the Autumn Dairy Show at Islington. Jane is about 5 years old, breeder unknown.
She is a capital specimen of the Ayrshire breed.

Ayrshire cow. — The portrait represents a capital dairy cow of the Ayrshire breed, and,
as can be seen from the engraving, a good specimen of that admirable dairy breed; she
yet remained undistinguished in the midst of a large class, not expressly of Ayrshire
cattle, but of dairy cattle of any breed or cross-breed at the Reading Show, so good a
representation did it give of the best dairy cattle in the country.

f

SUPPLEMENT. 741

PORTRAITS OF BRITISH PRIZE CATTLE— Continued.

II. JERSEY CATTLE.

Jersey Jieifer and calves. — The portrait represents a heifer with calves of the Jersey
breed, taken by instantaneous photography by Messrs. Scheiber & Son, of No. 818 Arch
street, Philadelphia. Their sire was bred by Mr. E. Gibrout, St. Lawrence, Jersey, and
was winner of his parish prize when about ten months old, having had at that age ac-
corded to him twenty-eight out of the thirty-one points in the Jersey scale; then winner
of first prize, as three years old, at State Fair at Utica, September, 1870, heading the
prize herd. He was sold to Mr. E. Delafield Smith at $600. It will be seen in the
sketch that the fore legs of the older calf or heifer cover one another. Her proper left
fore leg touches the ground behind the other, and an awkward appearance of width in
the two legs, which are hardly distinguishable above the knee, is thus explained.

Jersey cow Velveteen.— The portrait represents Mr. John Cardus's Jersey cow Vel-
veteen, which took the first prize in the cow class, and not that of Dorothy. Mr. Car-
dus sent three animals (of six entries') to the show, and was awarded first prize for Vel-
veteen in the cow class; second prize for Snowflakein the heifer class, under three years,
but over two years old; and first prize for Dorothy among the young heifers. Velveteen
was seven years old in June last. She was selected in the Island of Jersey by Mr. E. P.
Fowler for exportation to the United States, in June, 1879, then two years old; she is by
Grey Prince (168), Jersey Herd Book foundation stock, out of Valentine (734), bred by
Mr. Le Brocq, St. Peter's Jersey. She was not, however, allowed to go to America, for
Mr. C. B. Dixon (late of the Vinery, Shirley, Southampton) picked her out 'from some
twenty or thirty others in the Southampton Docks, and rescued her from expatriation,
and after breeding two calves for him, Mr. Cardus bought her in the autumn of 1879.
She calved in July, 1880, a heifer calf, Vixen, who took the first prize at the Royal Ag-
ricultural Show at Derby, in 1881, in the heifer-calf class, and was highly commended at
the Dairy Show, Islington, in 1882. In July, 1881, she produced Victress, who took first
prizo at the Royal Counties Society's Show at Winchester, in 1883, and was highly com-
mended at the Royal Agricultural Show at Reading, in 1882. In 1882 she calved pre-
maturely a bull calf, killed; and this year, 1883, she produced a heifer calf, Velvet.
Vixen, her calf of 1880, was by Dairy King (211), and her calves of 1881, 1882, and 1883,
by Baron Lionel (994), son of Dairy King.

Jersey cow Alice. — Alice was 2.V years old at the time the portrait was taken; she was
bred by Mr. F. Le Brocq, St. Peter's, Jersey.

Jersey cow Lonaueville Lellc. — The portrait is a very successful representation of the very
beautiful Jersey cow bred by Mr. Laurens, of Longueville, St. Saviour's, Jersey, and exhib-
ited by Mr. James Blyth, of "Woodham, Stanstead, Essex, at the Royal Agricultural
Society show, where she was highly commended in her class, being then a three-year old
in calf, having previously calved in August, 1880.

Jersey cow Coomassie. — This cow (the property of Mr. S. M. Burnham, Saugatuck,
Conn.) is numbered 1412 in the "Foundation Stock" of the Jersey Herd Book, and
11874 A. J. C. C. II. R. She was calved in 1871, and won five prizes on the Island in as
many successive years, 1876-1 880 inclusive— first in the young cow class, then as an "old "
cow, and the last three times as the " champion," besides lour first parish prizes from
1874 to 1876. She brought with her from home the following remarkable butter record:
In seven days in 1878, 14 pounds 15 ounces Jersey, equal to 16 pounds 11 ounces Ameri-
can; in 1879, 14 pounds 11 ounces Jersey, equal to 16 pounds 7 ounces American; and iu
1880, 14 pounds 13 ounces Jersey, equal to 16 pounds 9 ounces American. It should bo
added also that the photograph was taken four months after calving, when her milk pro-
duction was past its height. — Albany Cultivator, U. S. A.

Guernsey lull and cow. — The portraits represent a bull and cow of the Guernsey breed
shown at Tunbridge. The bull is Squire of Vauxbelets, exhibited by Mr. James James,
of Les Vauxbelets, Guernsey, taking the prize as the only bull in its class. The cow has
been unfortunately misnumbered by the photographer. Perhaps the owner may recog-
nize her from her very satisfactory engraving. We presume that she is a prize cow in
class 60 or 61 of the Tunbridge Wells show. The engravings cannot* represent in colors
yellow and white which characterize the breed, but they can at any rate illustrate the
form and beauty of the animals, and the milk-like appearance of the cow. ' They were
in classes remarkable for number and excellence. V

Guernsey cow Elegante. — The above is a plate of a Guernsey cow,*now well known
among Guernsey breeders — Elegante, No. 592 (No. 198 in the island registry). Theen-
graving conveys a very accurate idea of her in all respects except color. Her colors are

i latter is no darker on the head and neck than

..••..• car. the udder, and, in tact, on any part, is not
: i i; i- not necessary lo approach her or open the

I. U i:S.SU DfL, 1C It t'ATTf.lii.

iniu-s nt' IVmbroke, Carmarthen, and Cardigan.

;- i Ynibroke-hire I'.lack'-. subdivided into Castlemartin

i Cardiganshire they al<o ext"iid along the North Wales

, :. Piofe- - ir \Vrightson, of ilu- Coll'-gc of Agriculture at Downton.

Hungarian and Podolian cattle arc of the same breed

\Va!. -.

•. hi hi - pi-, .;. • in ;!:,- WeMi lilaek Cattle Herd Look, says the
' ' • • - ioually ! here arc some cows striped — red and
ith black ears, mux/le, and feet; but these are bccom-
vor h;id some very line specimens of the •\vhite breed
o: m \vere iine a!iimal>. The; horns should be of a
: with black, and do not come out yellow to the
erent j-itcu of liorn for ljulls and cows. A
: ' ;! spread: the e^.v's narrower, and the pitch more np-

ai'ter the hull. This description applies in a great
!'h y are. however, broads r on tlie back, and shorter in

Is are heavier and horns not so yellow.
. Mr. Morgan I]vans, \vhowas a breeder of these cattle.

h , •]< cow with ;i dark-brown face.

• long ;oi;i wavy, neither sluirt and crisp nor very curly. A
i to any other. A white udder and a gray or
is the only deviation from the self-color — black

• breed may he described as narrow on the shoulder
•l;nati< :: 10 be hieji on the ramp, and tlat-sided.
i an i • • with greater hardihood than the Blacks. Their home
: ib:isl I'.laeks roam in the fields, their only shelter being
CDV, and )<;;';-• !re';iuutly calve in the tempest or

•i v.-ith'-ut injury to their offspring.

'. ": tlie lu\eil i-, remarkable A. :-t ranger may go safely into a
• '' > here tlu-re is a bull, unless accompanied by
i ' hab • . Hull-!, after 1 hey are one year old, should al-
oi i/:i!y avoiding ar-'id 'ills. 1 mt enabling 1 he farmer to regu-
tand very r'uii-lly to IxMnilked in the yard or in
!i!l e\~e. and i| :. ; t x])re.ssion look tlie verv picture of
i.' Hi ha ve a good How of milk, of more than

i * • ' : •". ii"\ cr t ies up any of his cat lie. only thoso

he i Mlves reared on their dam's milk at one

I eoat . Mian th.jsti reared l»y hand at two years old.

' > .- ; inn- ou's ealf 1 1 ica!. and a lit t le dissolved

' Hi ; l« i-d in-.! to buv barren heii'ers and bullocks

I'lack or K'unts. is of great,
'5, the- heaviest beast was :i

*

o

SUPPLEMENT. 743

WURTEMBURG CATTLE LAWS.

In order to put into general practice some system of cattle-breeding which should bo
universal throughout the kingdom and be governed by the experience of years, the
Wurtemburg Government promulgated on the 16th of last June a detailed law provid-
ing for the maintenance in each township of a sufficient number of breeding bulls of a
race or races adapted to the demands of the locality. This law is so thorough and
systematic in its provisions that notwithstanding its length I deem it worth while tc
incorporate it bodily in my report as a model by which possibly other cattle-breeding;
communities may be guided.

Law in regard to the keeping of lulls.
[Enacted June 16, 1882.]

ARTICLE I.

Townships shall be obliged to maintain a proper number of bulls for breeding pur-
poses in their respective districts in proportion to the existing number of cattle, and so
i'ar as is not otherwise provided for. A number of townships or subtownships may as-
sociate themselves together for the joint maintenance of the proper number of bulls.
This joint action shall be effected by agreement of the citizens through their proper
representatives. (Article VIII, section 5 and G, of the statute of September 17, 1853. ) In
subtownships, denned by distinctive boundaries, the keeping of bulls is obligatory upon
the subtownships, so far as nothing to the contrary is established by usage or previously
existing contract. (See Article VII of the statute of September 17, 1853, concerning re-
lations between adjoining townships, Reg. Blatt, page 389.)

ARTICLE II.

Townships may arrange for the keeping of the bulls under their own direction, or un
Her that of a duly appointed bull-keeper. In the latter case a contract must be made
for a period not less than six years. The taking charge of the bulls for a shorter period,
or by several persons together, or by the individual cattle owners alternately can only
be permitted in exceptional cases, subject to revocation by the county authorites upon
the advice of the inspecting officers.

ARTICLE III.

Any appeals by the townships against the carrying out of Article I, section 1, by
the county authorities, as well as against a refusal, by the said county authorites in the
case of Article II, section 2, shall be made to the kreisregiciung (district authorities),
whose decision shall be final.

Appeals must be brought within two weeks after the -promulgation of a decision by
the county authorities.

A delay beyond the period named involves the loss of right to appeal. The same re-
sult holds in the right of appeal by the county authorities. No advice will be given in
regard to redress.

ARTICLE IV.

To defray the expense incurred by the township for the maintenance of bulls, the
township may itself levy a breeding-fee for the use of the bulls, or allow the levying of
th<; same by the bull-keeper appointed under the provisions of Article II.

The consent of the county authorities shall be required to establish or abolish breed-
ing-fees, as well as to increase or diminish the amount of the same.

ARTICLE V.

The breeding-place shall be in the neighborhood of the stalls where the bulls are kept,
and shall be closed to the admittance of strangers, or from observation from without.
In towns not complying with this direction the covering of cows will not be authorized.

744 CATiLi: AND DAIRY FARMING.

AKTICI.I: VI.

( >:.lv b;i!N i'»r which a permit lias been issued shall be kept either by the townships,

) - .per> appointed under contract by the townships, or by property-owners.

"The same restriction applies to t hose private iWsons owning bulls which are regularly,

•i v, hole or in part, kept for the covering of others' cows.

iVrmit.s shall only In- i-<ued for such bulls as have upon examination been adjudgec1
dim: purposes liv t:i'- inspecting authorities. Township bulls (see section 1)
thall, mou-o\cr, be adapted to the breed of stock dominating in the township.

AKTICLI: VII.

Permits are v.tlid until the next regular inspection (Article X), and any where through-
out the kii L'dom. Thev may be revoked by the inspectors of the district in which the

In;1.! belongs, in ease the bull proves unlit lor breeding purposes.

AKTICLT: VIII.

The hoard of inspection competent for the issue or revocation of such permits shall
con-i-t ofthree regular meml>ers and an equal number of substitutes, -who serve in ca?e
of the personal interest, or other hindrance of regular members. The same are to be
apjioinicd by county districts fora term of three, years at the official meetings and sinml-
t;ui< ou>ly \s ith tin-appointment of the presiding ollicer and his substitute. In districts
in which. und: -r the provision of the statute for organizing agricultural associations, dated
April I'.1. 1-"' i Re^ierungs IHatt, page k-il!j, a regularly organized district association
exists, the el«-clion ()f memlters ot the board of inspection, with the exception of the
pr.-iding of;irt-r and his substitute, is to be left to the committee of the association.

A resolution oi'ihe board of inspectors (with the exception pointed out in Article II,
section 1 i.- only valid when adopted in full session.

M«-!!ihcrs of the hoard of inspectors may on application to the county authorities re-
h:_'n thfir ofiict- before the expiration of the time for which they are appointed. They
may }«• involuntarily dismissed from oliice l>y order of the county authorities on a decree
Jroiu th«- mini-try of the interior when based on good grounds.

1 h-- board of in-,]., i-ti^n shall annually, on a day to be fixed by the presiding officer
in conjunction \\ith the royal county aui horities, make a regular inspection of the bulls
::i ' -1' h town-hip. w;:h a view todetermining the ([iieslion of the issue of permits. At
the saim- time in.juiry shall lit- made as to \vhether the provisions of Articles I, II, and IV
an- eon,p!i( d \', it h.

I In- r^~u!t of their inspection, esjtecially in relation to any irregularities discovered,
hhall b.- rejK.rted to the county authorities."

m«-et;ngH (,j t!ie board of in<p"<-!iou may be called by the county authorities
'•' n- atti-r ihe issue of ;i permit lor a bull, and previous to the next regular
•ui h :a< t- may com" to ihe count; authorities' knowledge as .seem to rentier
revocation ot the permit. Likewise, in other cases of emergency, the board
'""• '"' •'»» indi\idual member thei-eof. may be cliarged by the county authori-
'<• finty ol making an inquiry into the condition of the bulls in a township.

ue of ;i permit after the making of the regular inspection shall
(:'-il i!|if,n by the presiding officei of the board of inspection, or some other mem-
• under his authority.

ion is not made by a township oflicial tlie applicant must, prior to
i- made, deposit the amount of the costs arising therefrom with the
magistrate of the vilia-e

AUTICI.F. XI 1.

_Apj ralfl acnmM a rr-fn?al or revocation of a permit maybe made to the flu
i by a jiK-rnber of the common council, so far as it pertains to
»wiihhip bull or by the bull-kcrprr. (Article JII.J

SUPPLEMENT. 745

Such appeals must be brought within two weeks after the promulgation of the county
authorities' decision, either verbally dictated in protocol form or in writing. In such
case the provisions of Article III, section 3, are equally applicable. Unless the appeal is
made by the common council the appellant must at once, or within a time to be named
by the county authorities, deposit a sum adequate to defray the costs arising from the
appeal. In case this deposit is not made, or if the appeal appears to be untenable, it
may be dismissed by the county authorities, otherwise it is to be handed over to the
presiding officer of the superior board of inspection.

ABTICLE XIII.

For deciding upon appeals against the refusal or revocation of a permit a superior board
of inspection holding office for a space of three years shall be appointed in each agricul-
tural association district.

Said board shall consist of three regular members and an equal number of substitutes,
who serve in case of the personal interest or other hindrance of regular members.

The presiding officer and other members as well as the substitutes shall be appointed
by the Centralstelle for Agriculture upon the recommendation of the respective commit-
tees of the agricultural associations.

The provisions of Article IX govern the action of the members of the superior board of
inspection with the understanding that the Centralstelle for Agriculture acts in the place
of the county authorities.

The superior board of inspection must furnish grounds for any resolution adopted by
it in full session. Its resolutions are final. No fees are to be charged.

AETICLE XIV.

Any further provisions in regard to the organization of the boards of inspection and
superior boards of inspection, the indemnification of their members and the conduct of
their proceedings shall be promulgated through the ministry of the interior.

AETICLE XV.

In the case of Article X, section 3, he who may have brought about a special inspec-
tion without just cause, shall bear the costs incurred.

The costs of a special inspection as provided for in Article XI fall to the charge of him
who proposed it, and the costs of a rejected appeal (Article XII) to the charge of the ap-
pellant.

All other costs arising out of the action of the boards of inspection and the superior
boards of inspection are to be borne by the corporation in whoso district the bulls are.

The county authorities shall act in first instance for the imposition of the costs.

AETICLE XVI.

Violations of the provisions of Article V and Article VI, sections 1 and 2, shall be pun-
ished with a fine not exceeding 100 marks. The fines go to the treasury of the corpo-
ration.

Articles IX— XXV of the law of the 12th of August, 1879, in relation to the
amendment of the rural police law of December 27, 1871, and the proceedings relative
to the imposition of fines by the police, are here equally applicable.

AETICLE XVII.

The provisions of the present law shall take effect on the 1st of May, 1883, with the
exception of Article VI, sections 1 and 2, which shall not go into operation until the 1st
of January, 1884.

Our ministry of the interior is charged with the execution of this law.

746 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

DECREE FOR THE CARRYING OUT OF THE FOREGOING LAW.

[The following decree, though extremely detailed in its interpretation of the law to
•which it relates and npon \vhich it is based, contains, nevertheless, many points of in-
terest to stock-breeders, and Is therefore herewith appended. — Note by Consul Catlin.]

Decree of the ministry of the interior providing for tlie carrying out of the law of June 16,
1882, in regard to lull-keeping.

[October 31, 1882.]

For the carrying out of the law of June 16 of this year in regard to bull-keeping
jg. Blatt, page 205), it is with the approval of His Majesty the King decreed as
ows, namely:

ARTICLE I.

1. Townships shall take charge of the bull-keeping, in so far as the necessity for it
there exists; especially in so far as cattle-owners in the township are not in a position
themselves to keep the bulls requisite for their cattle; and in case where the keeping of
bulls in some other manner, viz, by contracts with a third party, is not already provided
for. If by contracts with a third party or by other arrangement the actual requirement
is only supplied in part, or in the event that those who hold contracts do not fulfill their
duty, the township shall, according to the requirement, supply the demand.

If in a township some cattle-owners keep their own bulls for their cattle and allow
other cattle-owners the covering of their cows by such bulls under the condition that
the latter serving for the use of others' cattle be supplied with permits, and that they
be adapted to the breed of cattle in the township, then bull-keeping by the township
can be dispensed with so long as no necessity for it exists and no inconvenience results
therefrom. If through existing contracts with third parties only a part of the requisite
number of bulls is kept and yet the bull-keeping be in general in charge of the town-
ship, then in order to avoid inconveniences resulting from such conditions, relief is to be
sought through the said existing contracts with third parties.

In adjacent townships, consisting of a greater number of subtownships, as well as in
isolated townships, a joint system of bull-keeping corresponding with the local require-
ments and on a proper arrangement between the subtownships is to be aimed at. It
is hereby made known that the law permits associations of subtownships with various
townships, and of subtqwnships with single townships, and that it Is also permitted to
such associations to keep bulls, if only for a single breed of cattle. An approval after
inspection by the police is not necessary for associations of this kind.

2. As to number and breed of bulls to be kept the following rules are to be observed:
To every 80 cows and full-grown calves at least 1 bull should be kept. But if there

be in one township 400 or more cows and full-grown calves, then 100 cows and full-
grown calves may be reckoned to 1 bull, if the bulls are together and kept by one and the
same person.

The breed of the bulls must correspond with that of the cattle in the township, or
must be such as can be advantageously crossed for the raising of good cattle.

The township is not obliged to keep special bulls for cattle of an exceptional race.
But should there be more races in the township not suitable for crossing (article 6, sec-
tion 3, of the law), then for each of these single races special bulls nre to be kept. A
race is to be considered sufficiently numerous if there be 40 cows and full-grown calves.

In reckoning the number of bulls to be kept by the township only those female cat-
tle are counted for the covering of which the bulls are to be kept. There [remain to
be counted separately those female cattle for the covering of which the owners keep
their own bulls; and again, if bulls of different races are to be kept, for example, for 150
cows, of which 100 belong to one and 50 to another race not suitable for covering, 3 bulls are
to be kept, while for 150 female animals of one and the same race 2 bulls sufiice. If on
account of the condition of the bulls or from some other cause the proportion in number
be not sufficient, then the township shall keep more bulls according to the requirements
of the case.

ARTICLE 2.

3. The management of bull-keeping by the township is ever where recommended where
local conditions permit. But if the bull-keeping is not in the charge of the township,
it is desirable that the bulls should be bought by the township and remain their property.

SUPPLEMENT. 747

If * boll-keeper is charged with the bull-keeping by contract, then, in the first place,
in charging him, it is to be seen if his capacity can be trusted — if he have proper stalls
and a place for exercising the animals, according to article 5 of the law, and if he has or
buys sufficient food of a proper quality. Care should be taken not to award this position
to the highest bidder; but should proposals be received, it must be with the condition
that the township have the choice among the applicants, and the position is only then
to be awarded to that one who will serve for the least wages, provided there is certain
ground for believing that the bulls will be well cared for by him. In the township min-
utes it is to be recorded that no doubt exists on this point.

4. The post of bull-keeper under the provisions of the law is not to be awarded for
less than six years, but as n rule should be awarded for a longer time, so that the bull-
keeper may be in a position to make the necessary outlays for the proper fullillment of
his contract. The township has, however, the right to release the bull-keeper from his
contract before its expiration if any failure in the fulfillment of his duty can be shown.
The bull-keeper's wages must be so fixed as to give him a proper remuneration for his
time, trouble, and expense.

5. Under the exceptions of the law contained in article 2, section 2, townships are to
observe the following principles:

The awarding of the post of bull-keeper for a shorter period than six years is only to
be permitted where exceptional local or personal conditions render a six-year contract
impracticable. Its awarding to several persons at once may only take place under cer-
tain local conditions, as, for example, if the farms belonging to the township be located
far apart, and then only if there is no jisk of a disadvantageous rivalry between the bull-
keepers on the too frequent use of a single bull.

If bulls of diiferent breeds are kept, then, in exceptional cases, where no doubtexists,
a special keeper may be allowed for the bulls of each individual race.

The alternate awarding of the post of bull-keeper to individual cattle-owners may only
be permitted in those townships which consist of scattered farms, and then only incases
where it is shown that tho.sa cattle-owners among whom the bull-keeping is to alternate
are capable of fulfilling their duties in a proper manner.

The foregoing exceptions are based upon the condition that the rule of article 5 in ref-
erence to location and kind of places for exercise are complied with. Moreover, excep-
tions of this kind are only to be permitted for a stated period.

AETICLE 3.

6. It is the inspector's duty in the regular inspection of bulls, as well as by special re-
quest of county authorities, to examine whether the townships fulfill their duty in ref-
erence to bull-keeping and to give their opinion to the said authorities. They are also
by joint counsel with the county authorities and bull-keepers to aim at improvements
and as much as possible prevent irregularities.

The county authorities in carrying out the law (according to articles 1 and 2, and in
fulfillment of the above rules) are to hear the opinion of the inspectors and as far as pos-
sible to commission the board of inspectors or a, member of the same with the investiga-
tion of the bull-keeping in any given township; also to provide a check through another
member of the board of inspectors to see that the commission is properly executed. If
the county authorities have doubts on the opinion of the board of inspectors, they are
to address themselves to an overinspector for an inquiry, submitting a statement of the
facts in the case.

Where the district authorities are called on to decide upon an appeal, it is left to their
choice to ask the decision of the inspector or* overinspector, or, if required, the central
stelle for agriculture.

AETICLE 4.

7. The increase of fees for the use of bulls is to be allowed in townships where (a) cat-
tle-owning is distributed very unevenly among the population ; (6) a loss to the town-
ship is occasioned or increased through bull-keeping, and has thereby to be borne by
tax-payers who derive no immediate profit from it, as, for instance, trades-people or land-
owners owning cattle in the township, or those who keep their own bulls, or where (c)
on account of there being several breeds of cattle more bulls have to be kept than if
there were only cows of one and the same race. In such townships a proper fee is to be
charged, and the increase or decrease of the same only to be allowed by the county au-
thorities when there is no unjust burden occasioned to some tax-payers to the benefit of
others.

Such increase or decrease of fees in townships which sustain-no loss and do- not incut
any loss thereby will not as a rule be objected to.

748 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAKMIXG.

AliTICLE 5.

^ ]t is t» )>•• observed that tin- provision of article f> -with regard to locality and

ch.ir.n-:«-r <>! places fur covering and the prohibition against covering in a place not cor-

n-s ponding ; • • :;• •-•• regulations, net onlv ivf. r to the employ men t of township bulls but

: private parties, v.hcther they be used for covering their own or others'

i .r. • •.

ARTICLE G.

!'. The provisions of article '> are not applicable to bulls kept on Government or
roy.tl farms.

According to tin- provisions of article (!, sections 1 au;l :2 (also article 1G), in future the
u-'- <•:'!. nils without a permit is allowed only so far as they are kept by private persons
e\< lusivelv for t he covering of their own cat tie. Althougii the exceptional use of a bull
witho .t a" permit for the covering of others' cattle is not punishable, yet the police au-
thorities are to see that tin.- provisions of the law are not thereby evaded; and special
attention i- din ct< d to the circumstance that a fieuuent or regular use of private bulls
witho;;* u permit i- punishable, even u'no lee be pud.

Permits can only be withheld for the reasons in -ntionc-d in article G, section 3.

" Tuwuship bulls" in the meaning of the law are to be considered as not only those
mentioned i:; article '!. st-eti.»n 1. but also those which are kept under contract by third
parties for br> cdirrj; p'.irposes in the district.

AKTJCI.E 7.

HI In case of any change in the owner-hip of a bull the right granted by the permit
p;tsse< over to tin- new owner. In such case the permit may be transferred by means o;'
an indorsement upon it from the president of the board of inspection \vhich issued it,
providi d that the identity of the bull transferred is established. Such transfer is to bo
entered in tin- minutes of the board of inspection. (Section l-O

11. If th'-re eome to the knowledge of the authorities facts indicating the untitnessof
u bull lor brei din_r jmrjiosi-s, and a conseiiuent necessity for the -withdrawal of the per-
mit. th«- bull OWIXT i> in the liiM ]»'ace, in con--ideraiion of article 7, section 2, of the
law ;md of tin- costs ari-ing from the ajipeal. to be re4ne'sted to give up the permit.

If ili i-^ »u mmon>; is not ('(implied with, tin- board, which can only in full meeting order
th.- withdrawal of tin- p'Tinit. is to be as-et.ibled.

The county authorities are to inform the board of inspection which issued it of tho
.'oluntary return uf a ])ermit in order that the necessary note may bo
mad'- bv t ! !••!!! in t lie mi nut cs , <t •etion 1 ^ . (>ee i'urt her section 'Jl , sections 1 and 3.)

If a town-hip bull, even though not unlil for breeding purposes, yet proves not adapt-
ed to th<- bn-.-d pn-'.ailiir.: in the township, the county aut'horities shall require the
r.-moval of tin- bull from the township, but no withdrawal of the permit in such case

1'-. The elerii.in of the board of in-peciion is to take jdace in sucli manner that the
ordinary nn-mb. -i -. lie- substitutes, th«- prr-idi nt, and the vice-president are chosen l>y
f«-p:ir.it«- An ordinary memlii-r maybe elected as vice-president pro tern. In

this e;t-«- ,.,[•. lim.-Mi.-h member acts as \ier-pre-ideiil a substitute1 is to till his place

- noi elei t.d ra.s ^ueh ibr any particular regular "member, but for any
id>< • . 1 hen fore, t he pi r -id« nt mav eiioo-e as to which one of the substitutes

to r ill in in indhidual ca>es.

'•i no -peeia] in, (insi-xi ; to the contrary, that substitute is to be called upon

'.'i invol . I-H t !)•• ]i-a-t expen^'-.

'; "pi i i to avoid d'-lay in t he election oi' the board of inspection, the county au-

••:i '" HUMimoi; the committee of t he agricultural district association at least

'•'•''••••'' :i)i'' '!"• in' ting, at v. hich the president and his substitute, and event-

• • '•'••• ni- -mb- i - ,: the boanl of inspection, are to be elected. (According to arti-

< !«• ~ • ' - t |U n :;.

' '' '!t t/itin'ir i id-ment so to ])rovide thai the meet ing a]>point the president or
v" '" pf- 'dent, or both oi' them, from those circled by the committee of the agricultural
:'"d ' i elect at the same lime in their stead one more regular member and
one mote ~nii-t it ute.

' - that the commit b-e of the agricultural district union intend to avail
t2icrn<.< IVC-H of then i]-;,/ of voting, the meetmgmay go through the election of president

SUPPLEMENT. 749

and vice-president already before the election of the other members on the part of the
said committee.

If an agricultural district association does not either at all or within the prescribed
time avail itself of its right of voting, the meeting is to elect all the members of the
board of inspection, and any subsequent voting by the agricultural district association
is in such case invalid.

14. The term of office of members of the board of inspection begins May 1 of the first
year and ends April 30 of the last of the three years for which they are chosen.

If members of the board of inspection apply for discharge before the expiration of their
term of office, it is to be granted them by the county authorities, after provisions have
been made for the necessary substitution and eventual filling of the vacancy in the board
of inspection; until discharged, members are to attend to their official duties.

If members of the board of inspection withdraw before the expiration of the period
for which they are chosen, a supplementary election for the remainder of that period is to
be held. Such election may be omitted, if no necessity exists for the filling of the board.

15. The composition of the Board of Inspection, as well as changes therein, are to be
promulgated by the county authorities through the official paper of the district and re-
ported to the superior board of inspection and to the Centralstelle for agriculture.

The president and vice-president, as well as the other members residing at the county
seat, are to be sworn by the county authorities and members residing outside the county
seat, by order of the county authorities, through the mayor of their place of residence.
The following oath is to be used:

" I swear by the Almighty and Omniscient God, that I as a member of the board of in-
spection will attend impartially and to the best of my knowledge and conscience to the
discharge of the duties of the office conferred upon me. So help me, God. ' '

Members of the board of inspection who in the same capacity have already been pre-
viously sworn are to be reminded of the oath already made by them.

16. The following persons are on account of personal interest prohibited from partic-
ipation in the resolutions or decisions of the board of inspection: (1) The owner and any
one who during the last two years has been owner of the bull to be inspected ; any one
else having a substantial interest in the decision of the board of inspection, or any one
interested in the use of the bull under inspection, or wherever a township bull is con-
cerned any one contributing to the expenditure of the township for bull-keeping through
township taxes. (3) The husband or wife of such parties as are mentioned in articles
1 and 2, even if their state of matrimony no longer exists. (4) Those who are related
in direct line, by marriage or by adoption, or related in a collateral line up to the third
degree or by marriage up to the second degree to the proprietor of the bull under in-
spection, even if the state matrimony on which the relationship is based no longer
exists.

When the board is assembled it shall decide (otherwise the president) whether any
Buch case of hinderance exists.

17. The board of inspection enters upon its duties upon the call of the county author-
ities.

The president, or in his absence the vice-president, is required after receipt of the
giimmons to name a date for the assembling of the board of inspection, as well as place
and time for the bull inspection, and to summon in season for that purpose the two reg-
ular members.

If a summoned member is prevented from taking part on account of personal interest
or other cause, he is at once to inform the president of the fact in order that the call
of a substitute, and if necessary the putting off of the date, may be made in season.

In case the president is previously aware that a member is prevented from participat-
ing he may at once summon a substitute.

Members of the board of inspection who prevent the inspection taking place through
tmexcused absence or the tardy notice of their inability to attend are responsible to the
township corporation for the costs incurred on their account.

The mayor of the township concerned is to be informed in season of the date fixed for
a regular bull inspection, or for an investigation of the bull-keeping in the township, or
of a special inspection of a township bull, together with the request to be present at the
inspection or to delegate thereto a deputy, in order to obtain proper information in re-
gard to the circumstance of the case.

18. To render valid a decision of the board of inspection the co-operation of the presi-
dent or vice-president and of two other members of the board of inspection is necessary
with the exception named in Article XI of the law.

The board of inspection decides by a majority of votes, and as a rule immediately
after the inspection of the bull at the place.

The decision of the board of inspection (in the case of section 22, also those of any
of its members) are to be entered on a current minute-book to be kept according to

-rc InHosure V >. The record may be made

:v !,o:ud named by him.
• n:iit. such permit is as a rule to be made
! p: ivided in App; Tidix !'> (see Indosure V), lo
- .' o! the li »a:d ni n and tin: .-.^nature of tlie president.

. • -

: is decidrd upon. tin- grounds there for are verbally

, i be noied i:i I he minute-*.

inittal ' •:' the permit or the communication of the re-
• ilium i>t' the ma> or.
:- ",. •! lor the in^jneted bull, such perm it must be

the board ii may, where lor special reasons the de-

: lit depends upnu the result of u veterinary exaniina-

1,1 the e')uii1y authorities the holding of such examination and

'i'1!-; <!' ri>io:i ofth' ' >oa vd is, however. in such cases to be

•; '•• . •;•'! upon on communication of the result of the- examiua-

11 oi'tl !!, th< reby ("jusin ;• further e\i)erse.-', and "\vitb-

: Association a::d llie township meeting

• • : lu-ir i pinions as to the time

. . ,.i;::: ill l)i '. i" poii such opinions the Pre.s-

• ot'thi roumy authorities, shall iix the date for the

' io\\nshii! '-!e rc::ard to the saving of ex-

pect io:i the board i ai tin same time to make inquiry
iMvhulhcr t!:e bull-keo] :"^ 's i;i compliance with the pre-

. ' rid .1 of the law. and of .^cctions i, r>, and 8 of the present de-
iry is to In- < nti red in a special current record of visits

Duality of the township bull '-••ctiou i', last section),
:i '.'. of i !i ' bulls nn ni ;oued tiierein.

i';:l!-u-rown c:ilves in the township district,

: ' ' ; i''cs t Ii>- niiinl't-r of animals belo'i^in.u; to each race, is to

' \ lio--1 ill'' number of which is to be stated) for the cov-

1 • •• i ' ' ;> -j'l.cial bulls dt' their own. 'i'he-e li^ures are to be

..'.'.. \. ':' i liei under 1 IK- to\vnship's o\\ ji management, or
'• i.- < pi ;.-;. oj- wit ii i : \\ ithonl t h" purehase of th;^ bulls a', the ex-
.p. (i ; iiouiih thi d parlies under contract for Imll-keepiug, ^e.

t !)<• Imlls are kejit.
I'm ci iVeriu.

11 'mil inspection this record of visits made, with the
of t hi in-nect ion, to be, submitted to tho coun-
, ard to be returned by t he, latter to the presi-

'.'. '';:•' ' i pi riiiil ~. a ; \v<'l! as i 'i<- L;,i\ i iiL1; up of the same, is
ill and lob promul^at'-d l,>v him in the usual manner.

' • i .ii i»i i-diiii'^ a statement of the

of the district.

: . i i i-l ::IIK d and de.Mroyed )>v

: d i i i !;-])'(• . -.r.'v t h rn'!;/ h the medium of the mayor,

llier Taay l>e made <»'.H '• the president of the board of
lion minutes. Siidi claim is to be comj)lied with
:

bull inspection arc to be re<j;is-

HIP • I!M- iiroj)o<al eomes from (i township

' di]-,i. iti-d \vitli hit!i which i-; likely to coyer the expenses
bull at t lie pi ce \', heie i! is kept.

' •• '..I'upi'.-al v.'iien inade, s'alin;: th'1

; ni ainounl I'';!' <•' ts be not fulfilled, tin- pn •
e..i];it ion "f t hr couni v an! hoi ities.

SUPPLEMENT. 751

In case a sufficient amount for costs is advanced, or if the proposal conies from u town-
ship official, the county authorities are to require the president of the board of inspection
to bring about a decision with regard to it.

It is left to the president whether he himself will decide on the proposal or whether
he will charge another member of the board of inspection with doing so. In this matter
he is to consider all possible saving in traveling expenses.

As rules for procedure in other regards the provisions of sections 16 to 19 and 21 are
applicable, with the modification that as a rule only one member of the board of inspec-
tion makes and decides upon the examination of the bull.

The examination of the bull can be made at the place of residence of the deciding
member, if the owner of the bull takes him thither for that purpose.

In exceptional cases a permit maybe granted without previous examination of the
bull at the place where it is kept, provided the deciding member of the board of inspec-
tion is thoroughly informed concerning the bull, in consequence of an inspection held a
short time previously, as, for instance, at a recent award of premiums.

The county authorities are to be informed of the decision taken upon any proposal, with
a statement of the bill of costs.

23. Upon the special request of a bull-owner the full board of inspection may decide
upon a proposal for a permit after the regular bull inspection, if the applicant is willing
to bear the cost arising therefrom.

It is left to the judgment of the county authorities, after consultation with the com-
mittee of the agricultural district association, to allow, so far as it is in necial
bull inspections to be held in certain townships by the whole board of inspection if either
the cattle -owners concerned or the townships, or, by vote of the township meeting, the
(township corporation are willing to defray the expenses.

ARTICLE 13.

24. The appointment of the superior board of inspection is, as a rule, to precede the
election of the members of the boards of inspection in the district of the circuit associa-
tion of the agricultural association, as the appointment of the same person as a member
of both boards is to be avoided where possible. Accordingly the centralstelle for agri-
cultu re is in due season to call upon the circuit committees of the agicultural associa-
tion to propose cine experts residing in their respective districts for appointment as mem-
tners of the superior board of inspection.

The composition of the superior board of in spection is to be promulgated through the
official papers of the districts concerned.

The members of the superior boards of inspection are by direction of the centralstelle
for agriculture to be sworn by the county authorities of their place of residence, using
the oath given in section 15. Members of the superior board of inspection, who in such
capacity have been already previously sworn, are to be reminded of the oath already
made by them.

The provisions of section 14 are properly applicable to members of the superior board
of inspection (see, however, article 13, section 4, of the law).

25. If a complaint is transmitted in the prescribed form (article 12 of this law), the
county authorities arc, in cases where proofs are subjoined, in the first place, to cause
the board of inspection to report promptly upon the complaint, and then to send it with
such report to the president of the superior board of inspection for further action, stating
the amount of costs deposited.

The corresponding provisions of sections 16 to 19 are properly applicable to the pro-
ceedings of the superior board of inspection, with the following modifications:

(1) Participation in a resolution or opinion of the superior board of inspection is pro-
hibited to those members who are at the same time members of the board of inspection
from which the contested decision comes, or who have participated as former members
in the said contested decision.

(2) If the permit is granted in second instance it is to be enforced at once and handed
to the claimant, and the county authorities are to be informed of it for the purpose of
taking further steps with regard to the costs. But if the complaint is rejected, then —
without prejudice to its immediate communication to the claimant — a resolution com-
prising u brief explanation is to be drawn up and sent to the county authorities to whom
the complaint was addressed. The county authorities on their part are to fix the costs
to be borne by the complainant, and then to cause the resolution of the superior board
of inspection, together with their decision concerning the costs, to be handed to the com-
plainant through the mayor.

26. The members of the boards of inspection and superior boards of inspection are to
receive for performing their functions outside the township district of their place of resi-
dence 5 marks allowance for an entire day, and a proportional sum for a shorter time,

752 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

according to section 10 of the royal decree of February 22, 1841 (Reg. Blatt., page 83),
besides the defraying of their traveling expenses according to section 4 of the royal de-
cree of June 14, 1875 (Reg. Blatt., page 314), and in case of their remaining abroad over
night, for every night of such absence a reimbursement of 2 marks.

It is reserved to the judgment of the township meetings with the consent of the district
government, their superiors, to increase in a proper way the allowances and traveling ex-
penses of the members of the board of inspection in consideration of the special conditions
of the district concerned, or to fix certain contributions for them. In the latter case, how-
ever, it is left to the individual members of the board of inspection to require, through a
declaration to be given covering the whole period of their term of office, that instead of
such fixed contributions, the allowances and traveling expenses, according to the pro-
visions of the first section, may each time be granted them.

Farriers, when serving as members, receive, unless by contract some other provisions
are agreed upon, the usual allowances and traveling expenses of county farriers accord-
ing to the existing regulations (decree of the ministry of January 16, 1871, Reg. Blatt.,
page 83).

The bills for allowances and traveling expenses of members are to be transmitted
through the president to the county authorities for auditing and payment from the
township corporation funds or out of the moneys deposited in advance.

The cost of blank forms for permits and minutes and of other writing materials, post-
age, &c., required for the boards of inspection and superior boards [of inspection, are
likewise to be defrayed through the county authorities and out of the township cor-
poration funds.

27. The township authorities are, even before this law takes effect, to provide that
contracts for bull-keeping, not made out in compliance with the provisions of the law
and this accompanying decree, be made to do so as soon as possible. New contracts not
corresponding with these provisions, and the period of which extends beyond the 1st of
May, 1883, are not allowed to remain in force.

The county authorities are to assure themselves that bull-keeping, after the promul-
gation of this law, is carried on strictly according to its provisions and those of this ac-
companying decree. At the same time, however, during the period of transition, so far
as practicable, and especially in the case of poor townships, regard is to be had as much
as possible to local conditions and to the difficulties encountered in changing the exist-
ing order of things. Whenever in such cases a departure from compulsory provisions
ceems necessary, applications are to be addressed to the ministry of the interior,

STUTTOAET, October 31, 1882.

SUPPLEMENT.

753

DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN BAVARIA.

[Report by Consul Harper, of Munich.]

The results of the general counting of cattle stock in Bavaria on the 10th day of Janu-
ary, 1833, are given in the following tables, to which is added, for the purpose of com-
parison, the results of the counting on the 10th day of January, 1873:

2

Total number of —

Horses.

Neat cattle.

Sheep.

Hogs.

Goats.

Cities and towns.
Upper Bavaria •

1883
1873
1883
1873
1883
3873
1883
1873
1883
1873
1883
1873
1883
1873

1883
1873

1883
1873
1883
1873
1883
1873
1883
1873
1883
1873
1883
1873
1883
1873
1883
1873

1883
1873

7,240
6,845
2,05r>
1,719
1,040
1,016
1,758
1,507
4,550
3,760
2,088
1,851
4,788
3,934

7,060
6, 829
3,466
3,028
. 1,742
1,569
3,225
3,457
5,983
5,750
2,528
2,432
6,928
6,733

2,811
4,065
176
242
86
101
430
523
3,939
4,874
1,648
1,535
9,818
12,877

4,527
4,091
2,449
2,636
1,500
1,755
1,023
1,161
4,873
3,837
1,798
1.591
3,385
3,076

517
422
167
144
437
357
897
643
1,993
1,700
1,162
819
734
567

Upper Palatinate . . •

Upper Franconia

Middle Franconia •

Suabia . . •

Total .. . I

23,519
20,632

104, 110
104,374
31,086
72, 208
33,869
34, (JGi
16,013
15, 934
6, 450
6,201
25. 284
24,499
16,765
17,441
54,992
55,454

30,932
29,798

18,908
24, 217

19,555
18, 147

5,907
4,652

" 1
County districts.

608, 314
618,836
518,161
509,783
217, 699
221, 834
344, 509
3-15, 701
259, 244
275,552
294,505
291,847
289, 913
294,575
461,649
478,325

244,980
290, 394
154,809
202, 262
37, 469
33,957
112,814
129, 618
78,027
105, 115
211,889
219, 226
143, 962
150,588
175,336
186,813

137,123
104,504
191,194
152,856
72,535
56,922
131,599
123,685
76,343
68,910
189, 879
120,450
169, 652
145,296
103, 453
81, 328

11,787
12,273
15, 498
17,400
39,724
34, 502
15, 955
14,164
39,459
34,224
34,532
31,155
48,550
37,981
8,172
7,520

213,677
189,229

Palatinate

Upper Palatinate

Upper Franconia •

Total . . .... £

338, 5G9
330,235

2, 993, 994
3, 036, 453

1, 159, 286
1,317,973

1,071,778
853,951

1

RECAPITULATION.

1883

111,350

615, 374

247, 791

141,650

12, sai

1873
1888

111,219
83,141

625,665
521,627

294,459
154,985

108,595
193,643

12, 695
15,665

Palatinate .... . . .

1873
1883

73, 987
33,869

512,811
217, 699

202, 504
37,469

155, 492
72,535

17,841

39,724

Upper Palatinate

1873
1863

34,064
17,053

221, 834
346, 251

33, 957
112,900

56, 922
iai,099

34,502
16,392

Upper Franconia

1873
1883

16,950
8,208

347, 270
262,469

129, 719
78,457

125, 440
77,366

14,521
40,356

Middle Franconia •<

1873
1883

7,708
29,834

279,009
300,488

105,638
215, 828

70,071
194,752

34,867
36,525

1883

28, 259
18,853

297, 597
292. 441

224,100
145, 610

124, 287
171,450

32,855
49,712

Suabia

1873
1883

19,292
59,780

297,007
468, 577

152, 123

1ST,, 1,-vi

146,887
106,888

38,800
8,906

""I

1873

59,388

485,058

199,690

84,404

8,087

Total -f

1883

882,068

3,024,926

1.178,194

1,091,333

219,584

""(

1873

350,867

3, 066, 251

1, 342, 190

872, 098

193,881

H. Ex. 51 48

754

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

A glance at this table shows that the number of neat cattle decreased somewhat;
the number of sheep considerably; tbo number of horses has increased a trifle; the num-
ber of goats has also increased, and the increase in the number of hogs is an important

one.

The following table shows the relative comparison of the extent and character of the
change in numbers of stock, and the per centual increase and decrease in 1883 as against

Horses.

Xeat cat-
tle.

Sheep.

Hogs.

Goats.

Percent.
+ 0.1
+12.4
— O.G
+ 0.6
+•6.5
+ 5.6
— 2.3
+ 0 5

Percent.
—1.6

+1.7
—1.9
—0.3
—5.9
+1.0
—1.5
—3.4
—1.3

Per cent.
—15
—23
+10
—13

Per cent.
+30
+25

+27
+ 6
+ 14
+57
+17
+'27
+25

Per cent.
— 3

—11
+15
+13
+16
+11
+28
+10
+13

— 4

— 4

+ 3.2

lli

This comparison shows that horses decreased only in Lower Franeonia 2.3 per cent.,
and in the Palatinate one-half of 1 per cent., whereas the number increased in the dis-
tricts of Upper Bavaria, Upper Palatinate, and Suabia from one-tenth to one-half of 1
percent., and in Middle Franconia and Upper Franconia 5} to 6} per cent, The in-
crease in the whole Kingdom amounted to 3 per cent.

The number of neat cattle increased in Lower Bavaria 1 per cent. , and in Middle
Franconia 1 per cent., whereas there was a moderate decrease in the other districts,
amounting in Suabia to over 3 per cent. , and in Upper Franconia to nearly 6 per cent.
In the whole Kingdom the decrease was a little over 1 per cent.

Sheep have decreased everywhere except in the Palatinate, where the increase was 10
per cent. The decrease in Upper Francouia and Lower Bavaria was 25 per cent. , in
Upper Bavaria 15 per cent., in Upper Palatinate 13 per cent., and in the other districts
from 4 per cent, to 7 per cent. In the whole Kingdom the decrease reached 12 per
cent.

The increase in the number of hogs is large in all the districts, amounting in Middle
Franconia to 57 per cent., in Upper Bavaria, Palatinate, Suabia, and Lower Bavaria, 25
to 30 per cent. ; in Upper Franconia and Lower Franconia, 14 to 17 per cent. ; Upper
Palatinate, 6 per cent. In the whole Kingdom the increase was 25 per cent.

The number of .goats was augmented in all the districts except Upper Bavaria and
Lower Bavaria, where the decrease was 3 per cent, and 4 per cent. The increase in
Lower Franconia was 28 per cent., and in the other districts from 10 per cent, to 16 per
cent. The increase for the whole Kingdom amounted to 13 per cent.

The decrease in neat cattle has been more than compensated by the improvement of
stock in breed, size, and value, and the farmers prefer to keep ffewer and better stock.

The decrease in sheep is partly owing to the low price of wool, the changing of pas-
ture into arable land, and similar causes.

The rapid increase in hogs is due to a larger consumption and high prices.

The increase in goats may be attributed to the fact that marriage and the establish-
ment of a household is now more easy, and the working people keep one or more goats
for milk, as it is not necessary for them to possass land for their nourishment.

Population of the Kingdom of Bavaria, about 5,000,000.

JOSEPH W.. HARPER, Consul.

UNITED STATES CONSULATE,

Munich, May 12, 1883.

SUPPLEMENT. 755

SHEEP AND HOGS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

MKRRITT.

Supplementary to my report on cattle-breeding, I beg to transmit the following notes
on the different breeds of sheep and pigs of this country.

IinUEDS OF SHEEP.

With the exception of the mountain breeds British sheep have changed during the
past century even more than British cattle. In reviewing the several breeds as they exist
at the present time I will commence with

The Coiswold. — This breed may be described as possessing the folJowing character-
istics:

' ' The frames are large, and when fatted are surprisingly wide and flat on the back.
The hind quarter and thighs are full, and the rumps frequently overhang. The chests
are very prominent and wide. The face is white, and the countenance fine. They carry
a heavy fleece of beautifully curled white wool, long in staple, and of a lustrous char-
acter, used for "combing," and generally for the same purposes as that of the Oxfords.
They are excellent for crossing with other kinds."

The Cotswold breed can no doubt make good its claim to antiquity far better than
most other breeds, and it is generally thought that the Cotswold range of hills owes its
name to the sheep cotes onco to be found upon them. These sheep have finer forms
than any other variety in the Kingdom, being very long and broad over the back and
shoulders, while their height makes them appear more imposing than would otherwise
be the case. Cotswolds have been so much improved in symmetry and in disposition to
fatten during the present century that there is a general opinion that some infusion of
Leicester blood took place in Bakewell's day or soon after. Hoggets, under liberal man-
agement, feed to carcasses of from 90 to 100 pounds when from eleven to twelve months
old. Draft ewes are sometimes fed to great weights, and Mr. John Coleinan has stated
that he has known instances of their reaching 70 pounds per quarter dead weight. The
wool of a Cotswold flock averages about 9 pounds per fleece; hogget clipping, 14 or 15
pounds. The native home of the breed was the neighborhood of the Cotswold hills in
Gloucestershire. Afterwards they extended themselves very much into the neighboring
counties, especially Oxfordshire, Worcester, and Hereford, and also into Monmouthshire
and South Wales. The modern breed of Oxfordshire Downs has now very much sup-
planted this breed in certain districts, but there are yet excellent ram-breeding flocks in
Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire, and also in Norfolk.

In reference to the Cotswold breed the accompanying notes (inclosure No. 1 *) have
been received from Mr. H. I. Elwes, of Colesborne Park, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire,
in which he alludes to the origin of the breed, its characteristics, the climate of the lo-
cailty, nature of soil, &c. This valuable and hardy breed of sheep, it may be noted,
possesses great merits in respect to importation as apart from the value of their meat and
wool. The excellence of the cross between Cotswold and Merino sheep is acknowledged.
Breeders of the Oxfordshire Down, of the Hampshire Down, and of the Shropshire
Down, respectively, claim the favor of importers, and these as well as the Cotswolds, the
Suffolk, the Lincoln, and the South Down, have great merits that make a choice be-
tween them difficult. The Cotswold claims the long descent of three hundred years.
Next to the Lincoln sheep in size the Cotswold bears wool weighing 10 pounds to the
fleece; in special instances 24 pounds; and the staple is long, very strong and durable,
suitable for fabrics for rough wear.

The cross produced between Merinos and Cotswold sheep is heavier at a year old than
is a pure-bred Merino at two years. Experiments made by Sir John Lawes credit the
Cotswold breed as making a greater asid quicker return for its food than does any other
breed which he has compared with them. Lamb rams are used for breeding at eight
months old. The Cotswold sheep bears cold successfully in the English climate all the
year round. From 500 ewes, the produce of Mr. Ehves's flock is 600 to 650 lambs,
counted when weaned. The death rate varies from 2| to 7 per cent, of the whole flock
of ewes and lambs. In commenting on the adaptability of the Cotswold sheep to other
districts, Norfolk, South Wales, and other parts, Mr. Eiwes states that the breed
changes character more or less when removed from its native hills. This raay well be
a fact, and yet many of the Norfolk Cotswolds have carried away prizes when compet-

*Tho inclosures referred herein by the consul-general will be found in their regular or-
der immediately after his report.

756 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

ing with specimens from Gloucestershire, a result that might, however, happen from the
superior grazing qualities of the Norfolk pasture.

The Leicester.— The Leicester breed may be described as follows :

"The head and ears are covered with short white hair. Some are rather bald on the
forehead but this is generally caused by their having been housed. The ears are long
and thin; the eyes full and quick; the chest deep and wide; the back broad and straight;
the bone fine."

This breed generally takes the foremost position among long-wool varieties. Owing
to the magical change wrought by Bake well in them they became towards the close of
the last century the model sheep of England, and the means of transforming well-nigh
all the long-wooled breeds in the Kingdom by bringing about better quality and more
symmetrical proportions. At the present day really pure-bred Leicesters are somewhat
limited, many of the Yorkshire flocks being crosses with the Wensley dale ^increase the
size and make the flock a better rent-paying one, although the blood is less pore than
that to bo found in the midland counties. In Scotland and the North of England "Bor-
der Leicesters " are in great favor. They are a much less symmetrical and far stronger
boned breed than the Leicesters proper, but yield heavier weights, both of mutton and
wool, and are far more profitable. Leicesters do not get so weighty as sheep of the Cots-
wold or Lincoln breed owing to their smallness of bone, nor are they extraordinary wool
bearers, 7 to 8 pounds per fleece being a good average. Their wool is not so valuable
as formerly now that Australia sends to England the best quality of merino adapted to
finer kinds of fabrics. It is, however, the best of the long-stapled, bright, coarse wools,
and is used for making the best quality of luster yarns. The weight of wethers from
fifteen to eighteen months old is usually from 20 to 22 pounds per quarter.

The Lincolns. — The Lincoln, like the Leicester breed, is an old one very much trans-
formed by modern art. The old Lincolnshire was a gaunt, big-boned animal, capable
of feeding to an enormous weight, but taking a long time to accomplish it. By a prod-
igal infusion of Leicester blood the modern Lincoln has been made pre-eminently wealthy
in both mutton and wool, with a predisposition to fatten scarcely excelled by any other
long-wooled variety. Lincolns are best adapted to the fens of their native country,
and very high class flocks of the breed are likewise to be found in Notts and Yorkshire.
The type of Lincoln sheep to be found in the latter country is, however, much crossed
with Leicesters. Wether hoggets feed to about 25 pounds per quarter. Being very broad,
deep, and compact in form they generally outstrip the Cotswold in weight at the Smith-
field Club shows, and last December the heaviest pen* of sheep in the agricultural hall
wao that of Mr. John Pears, which took the first prize in the ewe class, the animals
weighing 9 cwt. 2 quarters 24 pounds. There was, however, a heavier pen of wethers
in the Cotswold department than in the Lincoln, Messrs. Gillett's weighing 8 cwt. 6 pounds,
whereas the heaviest Lincoln pen of wethers belonging to Mr. Robert Wright weighed
7 cwt. 3 quarters 8 pounds.

As wool bearers Lincoln sheep excel all others. The fleeces average from 12 to 15
pounds for ewes and wethers and 18 to 24 pounds for rams. They have hardy and good
constitutions, they thrive on bad clayey soils and where the land is wet. Their hardi-
ness recommends them for increased cultivation. In regard to Lincoln sheep, Mr. Mac-
kinder, of Lincoln, sends a record (inclosure No. 2) of his nine-months old Jr. mbs weigh-
ing 14 stone, and ewes three years old 26 stone, live weight. The sheep are not housed
in winter, and their wool, when washed, weighs 10 to 30 pounds.

The Devon Long-Wool. — This is a breed of long-wooled sheep much valued in Devon
and West Somerset. It is the result of a cross of Leicester with an old local breed
called the Bamptpn. The sheep are longer and stand higher on their legs than the
Leicesters, in which respect they somewhat resemble Border Leicesters, but are much
finer in bone than the latter. The carcasses of wether hoggets when a year old range
from 21 to 24 pounds per quarter. The districts where they are found in the greatest
perfection are about Tiverton and throughout North Devon generally, also in the Taun-
ton and Willeton vales of Somerset. There are two other long-wooled breeds to be
found in Devon, but chiefly in the southern part of that county. These are the South
Hams and Dartmoor varieties.

The former are considered excellent rent-payers, and yield fleeces almost as heavy as
those of the Lincolns. They likewise feed to tolerably heavy weights, yet are far coarser
in bone and less symmetrical than the North Devon. The Dartmoors are giants, and in
case of crosses on the old mountain Dartmoor by South Ham rams the fleeces are heavy,
but most remarkably coarse and long. The carcasses of the sheep are very weighty, but
they are considered to take a long time to fatten. The locality where they are found is
around Tavislock or on the slopes of the Dartmoor mountains.

TheKcntis7i or Romncy Marsh. — The Kentish or Romney Marsh sheep are gaunt, and
very strong in bone, muscle, and wool. The Kent Marshes are very much exposed to

*The word "pen" signifies 3 animals of a kind taken collectively.

SUPPLEMENT 757

channel blasts, so that breeders dare not improve them overmuch, but in some parts of
Kent the breed is to be met with divested very much of the coarseness so objectionable in
the eyes of strangers. The lleece is heavy and long, and possesses fineness of fiber, good
luster, and a curl in the staple which gives it the "spring" which is so much prized.
Its special feature is its good spinning properties.

It is also used for mixing with mohair. Their flesh is of better quality than that of
most other long-wooled sheep, excepting alone the Dartmoor, and when fattened their
carcasses weigh from 25 to 30 pounds per quarter. As a proof that they are capable of
early maturity, the first prize pen of lambs of Mr. II. Page, of Walmer, weighed 4 cwt.
3 quarters 4 pounds, which far excelled that made by the heaviest pen of Leicester lambs,
to wit: 3 cwt. 2 quarters 10 pounds, although the latter were two weeks older.

The Roscommon. — The Koscommon breed is a celebrated long-wool variety in Ireland
which now rivals in usefulness most of the English breeds of a similar kind, and as the
old Roscommon was peculiarly gaunt, big-boned and unshapely, the transformation,
by a plentiful infusion of Leicester blood has been truly marvelous. Shearling wethers
are usually fed up to from 25 to 30 pounds per quarter, and draft ewes are sometimes
fed up to 40 pounds per quarter. The fleeces of a flock generally average about 8 pounds
each. The wool is soft, deep-grown and rich. The breed is not only to be found in the
county giving its name, but also in West Meath and Limerick. There, is in the North
of England a long-wooled breed called the Westmoreland, and in Yorkshire another of
a somewhat similar kind called the Wensleydale. Both are rent-paying sheep and are
more hardy than the Leicester with which they have been crossed. At tke Derby lioyal
show a handsome shearling ram of the Westmoreland breed, belonging to Mr. J. Thomp-
son, of Singleton Park, Kendal, took the second prize, in a general class, competing with
animals of the Devon long wool and Wensleydale breeds. It was stated that the sheep
had clipped 27 pounds of wool the previous April.

Tlie Oxfordshire. — The Oxfordshire breed deserves consideration next, as standing be-
tween loug-wooled and short-wooled varieties. It is in fact a hybrid derived from Cots-
wold and Hampshire; but which for many years has, by careful selection, been brought
to a tolerably uniform type. The best of the flocks are found in Oxfordshire, Bucks,
Beds, and Hants, but the breed is very much extended owing to its wealthy character,
and the combination of quality and quantity in the mutton carcass. It has been claimed
that weights of carcass exceeding 30 pounds per quarter have often been obtained
from wether hoggets a year old, and considering that the flesh is juicy and of equal
quality to the Hampshire, it is very much in favor. Mr. John Treadwell, Upper Win-
chester, Aylesbury, Bucks, writes that from his flock of Oxfordshire Down sheep he
lambs 240 ewes, and breeds about 100 shearling rams annually, which he sells at auction
in July and August. The average at which they have sold for the past two years has
been £23 9s. Gd. each. Many went to Germany to cross the Merinos. For thirty years
Mr. Treadwell has worked this breed and kept up the pedigree. He claims for it adap-
tation to all climates, all soils and systems of management, and that the breed improves
any other it crosses, especially the Merinos.

The Hampshire or Wiltshire Downs. — The principal district for the Hampshire breeds
are South Wilt and North Hants, they being stronger and less refined in the one district
than the other. The Hampshires are also bred to a considerable extent in Dorset, Berks,
Cambridge, Surrey, Sussex, and Kent.

This breed appears to rival all others in early maturity, a characteristic very much
favored in its development by the numerous watery meadows of the chalk district, allow-
ing early lambing and good feeding in early spring.

Mr. William Parsons, of West Stratton, who has a celebrated flock of the Hampshire
Downs, says that the Hampshire climate is often bitterly cold in winter, owing to the
hilly and exposed position of the country. The subsail of the sheep district is prin-
cipally chalk, and much of the land is poor and thin. One of Mr. Parsous's greatest
successes in the show yard was scored only last December at the Smithfields Club show,
where his pen of sheep were adjudged one of the finest ever exhibited, while a pen of
lambs belonging to Mr. W. Newton, of Berks, weighed no less than 6 cwts. 2 quarters
2 pounds at the age of ten months and two weeks. When it is considered that only one
of the South Down wethers a year older exceeded this weight, it must be admitted that
the early maturity of this breed is most astonishing. The breed is said to have derived
its origin by au amalgamation of two old extinct ones, the Wiltshire Horns and Berk-
shire Notts, and subsequent crosses of South Downs.

The Shropshire. — The Shropshires are traced back to two very old breeds, the Long-
mynds and the Cannock Chase variety, with an overtopping of the Southdown on the
amalgamated race. No native breed has extended so rapidly of late years, having run
all over the northwestern part of the kingdom and the Midlands, being met with here
and there, also, from Scotland to Cornwall, while there are some exceptionally good flocks
in Ireland. Although growing to less weight than the Hampshire and certainly not so

758 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

remarkable for early maturity, the quality of the mutton of the Shropshire is superior,
and only to be excelled by that of the Southdown.

While the sheep itself has considerable constitutional vi^or and is said to bear a damp
soil and humid climate, Shropshire hoggets are seldom mature until April or May, when
they weigh from 18 to 20 pounds per quarter. The ewes are much more prolilic than
Hampshires or Southdowus, and often 50 per cent, of doubles has followed liberal man-
agement.

The Sou1Mowns.—TbQ Southdown stands ahead of either of the two preceding breeds
in respect to purity of blood, there being probably none more so; still it has always been
a marked feature of the breed that it is susceptible to varieties of type. This, however,
is attributable to change of pastures, not to any cross of blood.

On the fertile grass lands of Norfolk, Berks, and some other counties, Southdowns
have increased their size and become much larger than those which have been propagated
for countless generations on their native Sussex hills. Southdowns are the pride of
most show-yards, but are regarded in few districts nowadays as wealthy tenant farmers,
rent-paying sheep. Still no variety of sheep has been more improved in its native
county. Originally from 12 to 14 pounds per quarter was considered heavy weight for
a two-year-old wether, the fleece having been only 2 pounds in weight. Now the prod-
uct of wool is about doubled, and the wether hogget feeds to nearly 18 pounds per
quarter at eighteen months old.

There are some good flocks of Southdowns in Dorset and Gloucestershire, no less than
in their native county, as also in Norfolk, Cambs, and Berks.

Their characteristics are as follows: The bone is small, the body thick and cylindrical,
the ears wide apart. Both the ears and forehead are well covered with wool, which
forms a protection from fly. The eye is full, bright, and quick ; the chest wide, deep, and
projecting; the back flat to the tail, which is set on high; the hind legs are very full on
the insides and wide apart.

The Southdown, when crossed with long-wooled sheep, produce an animal having a
large frame and yielding excellent mutton. The fleece is short, curly, and fine. The
wool may be classed amongst the finest qualities, and is the shortest staple wool of Great
Britain. It is now used chiefly mixed with Australian wools.

On the subject of Southdowns I transmit with this report tw; valuable papers as iu-
closures, first (inclosure No. 3), a paper entitled "Southdown sheep, their history,
breeding and management," read by Mr. Henry Woods, of Merton Thetford, before the
Institute of Agriculture, at the South Kensington Museum, March, 1884; and second
(inclosure No. 4), a paper on Southdowns and Cambridgeshire farming, which gives a
succinct history of the celebrated Babraham flock of modern Southdowns.

The Suffolk Downs. — The Suffolk Downs are descended from the old horned Norfolk,
crossed by the Southdowns. Although not very symmetrical in form, they are very
hardy and useful on the strong lands of Suffolk and poor sands of Norfolk; they are
also found in Cambridgeshire. They have black faces and legs, with long donkey ears.

In West Suffolk they have been much improved of late, probably by the impress of
Hampshire rams. The Smithfield Club has allowed them a wether and lamb class at
the December show, and the lambs have put in a formidable appearance, sufficient to
justify a claim that well-managed flocks are not deficient in early maturity. The heav-
iest pen at the last show was that of Mr. E. Tyson, of Silverley, Newmarket, which at
nine months two weeks old scaled 5 cwt. 1 quarter 22 pounds.

The Dorset Horns.— This breed like hilly pastures of moderate elevation, and few other
breeds are kept in Western Dorset from Dorchester to Beaminster, and also in continua-
tion of the same district in South Somerset from Yeovil to Crewkerne and Chard. There
are some good ram-breeding flocks also on the slopes of Quantock, below Bridgewater.
The ewes are remarkably prolific, frequently yielding twins and triplets at a birth, and
with good feeding will 'produce two crops a year. This has been the breed always chiefly
depended upon in the production of early lambs. Draft ewes, after having been put to
a Southdown ram, are brought to Weyhill fair in October and purchased by Berks and
Home Counties farmers, who prefer to have them lamb down in November and Decem-
ber. The wethers and old ewes, when fattened, make good weights. Mr. Herbert Far-
thing's twenty-three-months-old wethers at the late Smithfield show scaled 7 cwt. 23
pounds to the pen.

The Cheviots.— The Cheviots derive their name from the Cheviot hills. They are
really a mountain breed, but are ill adapted to very high ranges. They may be described
a follows: They are prolific and good nurses; they have no horns. The faces are large
and white, with no wool on the head. The eyes are lively and prominent; the ears
lonn and well covered with hair; the chest is full. Their thick wool makes them very
hardy. The wool is short and of medium quality, but with good spinning qualities. It,
how< * much, and is chiefly used for making a soft yarn.

The breed emanated in Northumberland, but from a limited range along the course
of the Tweed they ultimately displaced the black sheep from all the lower Scottish

SUPPLEMENT. 759

hills. Originally the carcase weight of Cheviots exceeded seldom 12 to 15 pounds per
quarter, but now from 18 to 22 pounds per quarter is frequently obtained. A useful cross
for lowland grazing is that of i uns with Cheviot ewes.

The Mountain Sheep. — The mountain sheep of Great Britain are the black-faces of the
Scotch Highland.1?, found in Lanark. Ayr, Dumfries, Peebleshire, Roxburghshire, and
Sterlingshire. They are extremely active and hardy, capable of enduring cold and
hunger, and thrive on scanty food, having frequently to scratch through the snow to
get it. They are good mothers.

They have a shaggy fur and coarse open wool of middle length, or rather long, in-
clined to curl, but is hempy, and only fit|for the coarsest description of manufactures,
such as carpets, &c. The face and legs are black. The males have large spiral horns,
and the females also arc mostly possessed of horns, but smaller. The face is long,
the muzzle free from wool, the ears long, and the eyes quick and lively.

The Hcrduciclc. — The Herdwick breed is said to surpass even the black-faces in hard-
ihood. They are propagated in the fells of Cumberland, Westmoreland, and a small
portion of Lancashire.

These sheep are very active, and it is difficult to retain them within any inclosure.
They will return from almost incredible distances if removed from their native runs.
The fleece is thick and matted together. The wool is rather shorter in staple and
finer in quality than that of the black-faces.

The Lauks. —This breed originated in the hill ranges of Lancashire and Yorkshire, but
have extended themselves to the peaks of Derbyshire on the one side, and through the
mountain ranges of the North of England, even to Scotland, on the other. Their faces
are picturesque, being streaked black and white, as are also the legs. Their horns are
curled and of a yellowish tinge. They often graze almost equally well with the Cheviots.
Three-year-old wethers from the Fell, fed on good grass land, weigh about 18 pounds per
quarter.

The Exmoor. — The Exmoor is a mountain race, native to West Somerset and North
Devon, and belongs to the elevated range, running from Minehead to South Molton, and
to the Forest of Exmoor. The wethers run on the hills for three or four years, yielding
fleeces which average from 4 to 5 pounds each. The ordinary Exmoors will then fatten
to about 15 pounds per quarter; but highly improved flocks are now found in which
early maturity has been induced, so that at eighteen months the wethers fatten to 18
pounds per quarter, but these do not of course run on the mountains.

Of all mountain sheep the Exmoors are the most shapely, really forming models with
their round barrel-like forms. They are short, thick, compact, and have short legs,
horns ending downward and outward, white faces, legs, and fleeces, which are rather long,
the wool coming well up to the cheeks. An excellent cross for lowland feeding is that
of the Leicesters with the Exmoors.

Welsh Mountaineers. — This is a diminutive breed found quite generally in the elevated
ranges. They arc a small-horned breed, wild and active, and frequent the highest parts
of the mountains, thriving on scanty food, and feeding on alpine aromatic herbs, which,
no doubt, are the sources of the fine flavor of Welsh mutton, which is highly priaed.
Their Jaces are usually white, but sometimes speckled or gray. Even at four years old
the fat wethers seldom yield a carcass of more than 40 pounds; and if a leg of mutton
weighs over 4_V pounds it is deemed of doubtful purity.

A cross with the Cheviots has done well on some of the less elevated tracts of Wales.
There* is a variety of Welsh sheep called the " Radnorshire," which has lately been im-
proved. They are prolific and excellent nurses. They are hardy and capable of endur-
ing mountain storms, while the mutton is fine flavored. This breed is confined very
much to the county giving its name, and even there has been much crossed with the
Shropshire.

The Wk'L-lou- an:i the K< rri/. — Ti'.rsc are the mountain breeds of Ireland; the former re-
sembles the Dorset in a remarkable propensity for early fecundity, but are much smaller
in size, bearing attinity in this respect to Welsh sheep. The breeding flocks are on the
Wicklow Mountains, but farmers in the neighborhood of Dublin buy draft ewes for the
production of curly fat lambs. The Kerrys, on the other hand, are found in the west of
Ireland. Sheep of this breed are larger in size than the Wicklows, but very coarse-
boned and unthrifty, taking a long time to mature.

TJie Shetland. — These sheep arc natives of the Shetland and Orkney Islands. Most of
them are polled, but some of them have small horns resembling the goat. They are of
small size, weighing when fattened only from 7 to 10 pounds per quarter.

15KEEDS OP SHEEP AT THE PAEIS SHOW.

As regards the exhibition of sheep at the Paris show, 1883-'84, which, amongothers,
included a prize group of Southdowns bred in the Nievre, I transmit herewith (inclosure
No. 5) a note from H. Kaius Jackson on the different breeds, with his critique upon the

760 CATTLE AND DAIKY FARMING.

WEIGHTS OF SHEEP.

As furnishing a very complete record of the age and weight of sheep of different
classes at the Islington show and the average gain per day in pounds of the several ani-
mals, as also the comparative daily rate of increase in the classes for lambs and wethers
of the different breeds, &c., I forward (inclosure No. 6) some tables on the subject pub-
lished in the Mark Lane Express, of December 24, 1883.

SHEEP AND MUTTON IN 1883.

A paper, tinder this heading (inclosure No. 7), taken from the Live Stock Journal Al-
manack, furnishes a very complete list of prices at which the sheep of the various breeds
of the country sold in the markets during the past year.

POETEAITS OF SHEEP.

Inclosure No. 8 is said to furnish excellent portraits of three noted animals, to wit:
An Oxford Down rom, which is considered a fitting illustration of the breed; a three-
year-old Lincoln ram, " Hermit," and an Oxford Down ram, " Campsfield," three years
and five months old.

II. BREEDS OP PIGS.

TJie Berkshire. — The Berkshire is a most extensively cultivated and a very valuable
breed. The animals are usually rather above the medium size. The prevailing color is
black and white, the white generally being on the nose, feet, and end of the tail. Some
are, however, almost entirely black. These differences are attributed by some writers
to the influence of either Chinese or Neapolitan blood with which they are allied. The
Berkshire pig is altogether thoroughly useful in its character, fulfilling in all points the
requirements of modern farming. One of its great merits is the large proportion of lean
meat to the fat and the distribution of fat and lean when properly fed. As a result of
this a given live weight realizes a larger proportion of available meat than any other
breed. The late Mr. William Hewes was for many years a most successful breeder of
Berkshires, having a favorite sow which on one occasion yielded fifteen pigs in the year,
the produce of two litters, for which £150 was realized, the pigs having been sold when
quite young at £10 each. This breed is especially adapted for bacon of excellent qual-
ity.

The points of the improved Berkshire are as follows: The head is moderately long,
the ears somewhat projecting, butnot drooping; the skin has a slight tinge of pink; the
eyes are large and intelligent; the hind quarters often droop rather too muck; the legs
are short; the hair is abundant and indicates great hardiness of constitution.

Mr. Joseph Saunders, of Sutton Wimborne, Dorsetshire, whose specialty is pigs, writes
(inclosure No. 9) recommending the Berkshire breed as the hardiest. It should be
noted that one of this breed took the champion prize at the last Smithfield show. At
the age of eight months one week three days its weight was 1C score, or 320 pounds.

Mr. Alfred Ashworth, of Woodham, Chelmsford, bears witness (inclosure No. 10) to
the excellence of the Berkshire breed of pigs. As a successful exhibitor and breeder Mr.
Ashworth finds a ready demand for his stock for breeding purposes, a fact that may be
emphasized as showing the extending demand amongst farmers and others for the best
breeds.

Ttic Large White or Yorkshire.— This breed is cultivated principally in the counties of
Yorkshire, Lancaster, Lincolnshire, and Leicestershire, and it is probable that it is de-
scended from the old English pig. Mr. Ronaldson, in his prize essay on the breeding of
pigs, says:

"There are good grounds for supposing that the old English hog with flop ears was
originally the only domestic animal of its kind in the Kingdom. The genuine old Eng-
lish breed was coarse boned, long in limb, narrow in the back, and low shouldered, a
form to which the animals were most probably predisposed, from the fact of their having
to travel far and work hard for their food, undergoing at the same time considerable pri-
vation during the winter."

A great improvement has been effected in this breed by careful selection and greater
attention to feeding. It is said that Bakewell was the first to improve the Leicestershire
pigs, and this by a process similar to that which proved so successful in the case of the

SUPPLEMENT. 761

long-horned cattle and the Leicester sheep, viz, by selection; that is, discarding the
large, coarse animals, and selecting such as were more symmetrical and finer boned. It
is probable that the first step in the improvement of the Yorkshire was through the im-
proved Leicestershire pigs ; certain it is that at one time they were particularly unculti-
vated, and are described as "of large size, gaunt, greedy, and unthrifty; coarse in the
quality of meat, Qat-sided, and huge-boned." The present Yorkshires still have some of
the characteristics of the original breed, viz, a long head, overhanging and drooping
ears, very long bodies, but narrow in proportion to the length. They are therefore flat-
sided, and the hind quarters usually droop. They do not come to early maturity, and
are therefore usually kept till they attain their full growth. They then attain a large
size, and their meat is specially suitable for curing as bacon and ham.

Mr. Sanders Spencer, a breeder of high repute of Holy well Manor, judge in the pig
classes at the best English shows, and the honorable secretary to the pig-breeders' asso-
ciation, writes (inclosure No. 11) that the demand for his breed of pigs has been such
that he no longer competes at the various shows, private inquiry being sufficient to clear
his yards of surplus stock. Mr. Spencer's remarks, after his twenty-five years of experi-
ence, are likely to be of special service. He speaks of the "middle white " and "large
white " breeds as being far the best of all. The common English pig is a "'brute very
prolific but ruinous to fatten."

Mr. Joseph Saunders, above referred to, has also found the ''large white" breed a
very capital one. This breed, I may here record, were notably successful at the interna-
tional summer exhibition at Hamburg in July last, where the crosses of English pigs
with German breeds were a subject of general commendation.

The middle-sized white. — These have no doubt been produced by a cross between the
large and small white breeds; they possess many of the good qualities of each breed, and
are very useful. They combine aptitude to fatten quickly, having plenty of flesh with-
out coarseness, and hardiness of constitution. They are good breeders, being more pro-
lific than the small white breeds, and they are good mothers. They vary a good deal
in characteristics, sometimes approaching the large and sometimes the small varieties,
and may be said to be more fitted for bacon than for pork.

As observed by Mr. Sanders Spencer, fiiis is considered one of the best of breeds.

The small white. — This breed differs from the large white in many respects. These
animals have very short noses, slightly turned up; their ears are sharp and project for-
ward, and may be termed "prickears." The body is covered with curly white hair,
which is usually rather long, but in some cases it is thick and short. This breed, how-
ever, is generally rather delicate in constitution, and will not bear exposure. The
shoulders are very wide and full, the back straight, the tail is set on high, the legs are
deep and square. The bone is fine; the carcass is thick, compact, and very symmetrical.
The small white breed possess a wonderful aptitude to fatten, so much so that the eyes
often are almost hidden; but there is an undue proportion of fat in comparison with the
lean. This breed, however, is extremely useful for crossing with larger and coarser va-
rieties of pigs, and they generally improve the quality. Its early maturity makes it a
breed specially adapted for dairy farms and for killing as small 'rpork."

The Suffolk. — These pigs are of a small black breed, well coated with long, soft hair,
the abundance of which indicates that they possess good constitution. The nose is short
and slightly turned up, and the ears are short, projecting forward, the shoulders are ex-
cellent, the back is straight, the tail is set on high, and the general form is that of a
parallelogram and very symmetrical. The skin is not apt to crack, as in some breeds.
They possess great aptitude to fatten.

Mr. J. A. Smith, who acted as delegate-judge for the English Royal Agricultural So-
ciety at Hamburg, and has taken many prizes, writes (inclosure No. 12), in reference to
his breed of vSuffblk pigs, and says that the mean temperature at Ipswich, near which
town he farms, is fifty degrees; summer temperature, sixty degrees; winter, forty de-
grees. This indicates'a good climate, but the figures can hardly be accepted as exact in
respect to the district. They probably refer to a particular season. Attention is directed
to Mr. Smith's preference for black over white pigs. He observes that the former stand
exposure to the sun's rays when feeding better than the latter.

Dorset. — This is a black breed, showing a great resemblance to the Neapolitan. No
doubt it originated from a cross with the Neapolitan and other black breeds. These
pigs are deficient in hair; their skin is dark; they are very handsome, thick, wide, and
symmetrical, and they possess a great aptitude to fatten. Their ears point forward, their
noses and legs are short, and the animals are usually very handsome.

Improved Essex. — There is a great similarity between the Essex and Dorset breeds,
both evidently possessing a good deal of the Neapolitan blood. They are black. The
Essex have rather longer heads, with straighter noses, somewhat inclined to slate color,
and have not much hair. Their aptitude to fatten is excessive. They are extremely
handsome in every respect.

762 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

Tamworth. — This is a "breed whose chief distinguished characteristic is that the color
is red. They are very hardy, useful pigs.

,f,.—'\. he native pigs of Ireland are a large kind, with coarse bones, very hardy, and
thriving well on scanty food. The ears large, and long, strong hair; some are white,
some black and white, and some spotted, but of late they have been very greatly improved
by crossing with Berkshire and other varieties, and a large number of useful animals re-
sulted; thus a vast amount of cheap and useful food has been produced.

The foregoing notes on the various breeds of sheep and pigs have been compiled from
sketches of the same by the president of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, Sir
Brandreth Gibbs, supplemented with information from Mr. Joseph Darby, author of a
work on sheep, letters from correspondents, and other trustworthy sources.

As a proper accompaniment to these notes, I beg to transmit (inclosure No. 13) a de-
scriptive volume on the sheep and pigs of Great Britain, of approved value, elegantly
bound, and superbly illsutrated with types of the several breeds referred to.

The foregoing observations, with inclosures accompanying, on the different breeds of
sheep and pigs may be found of service at home.

E. A. MERRITT,

Consul- General.

UNITED STATES COXSULATE-GENEKAL,

London, March 25, 1884.

COTSWOLD SHEEP.

REPORT BY H. T. ELV/ES, COLESBORNE PARK, CHELTENHAM.
[Inclosure No. 1 in Consul-General Merritt's supplementary report.]

This breed is one of the oldest in England, and its origin is lost in obscurity, at any
rate the district was a celebrated one ibr long-wooled sheep three centuries ago, and
though in the beginning of this century Leicester rams were used to correct the coarse-
ness of the native breed, there is probably no other in England, except the Southdown,
so like in general appearance to its original stock. The Cotswold Hills are a poor, ex-
posed district in the west of England, and though the breed has spread into Norfolk,
South Wales, and other parts, yet it changes character more or less when ^removed from
its native hills. These consist mostly of arable land, cold, clayey, and sticky in winter;
rain- fall heavy, from 30 to 45 inches; harvest late, never finished before October; land
mostly rented at from 5s. to 15s. per acre. The geological formation is oolite limestone,
and this is considered to have much influence in maintaining the true character of the
breed. The Cotswold sheep is larger than any other in the world except the Lincoln,
which it much resembles in most points, though the wool is not quite so fine on account
of the inferiority of the soil and climate.

The size of old rams is often immense. There are several instances on record of sheep
weighing from 80 to 90 pounds per quarter, skinned and dressed. The ordinary weight of
sheep a year old when they are usually killed is about 150 pounds; but wethers fed by
myself have weighed up to 67 pounds per quarter dead weight, at twenty-one months old,
and my lambs which took the cup as the best pen of this breed at the Islington show in
December, 1883, weighed alive at ten months old 200 to 206 pounds each, and the dead
weight was 33 to 34 pounds per quarter, or within a trifle of two-thirds the live weight.
The wool averages through a whole flock, including ewes, about 10 pounds per fleece, clean
washed, but individual sheep have clipped as much as 24 pounds. It is long and very
strong, suitable for any hard-wearing fabrics, especially horse-girths and blankets, and is
worth at the present time about Is. per pound, or \d. less than the finest Lincoln or Lei-
cester wool.

The meat is equal to either of these breeds, but inferior to that of Southdowns or
Shropshires, having a tendency to produce fat rather than lean meat. In early maturity,
hardiness, endurance of cold and wet the Cotswold is far superior to Lincolns or Leices-
ters, and for crossing with other breeds which are deficient in early maturity and fatten-
ing qualities is, perhaps, the most valuable in the world.

All the finest cross-bred sheep in England, notably the Oxford breed, are or have been
produced from Hampshire ewes by a Cotswold ram, and it has> been proved that the
cross between Merino and Cotswolds are heavier at a year old than pure Merinos at two
years old, the wool at the same time being much heavier and coarser. Sandy districts
or rich low-lying plains do not suit the pure Cotswold sheep; but as they are never shel-
tered in the winter in their own country they can endure a great deal of cold without

SUPPLEMENT. 763

injury, the lambs when quite young being always allowed to run out in the fields with
their mothers, and are healthier when so treated than when coddled in sheds.

Grass, clover, and sainfoin are the princijul food lor t .:y till No-

vember; hay and turnips in winter, and it lias been proved by .Mr. Lawea's experiments
that Cotswold sheep made n, greater and quicker return for their food than any of the
other breeds which he tried against them.

Purchasers of Cottswold sheep for export should be careful not to buy very heavy, fat
rams got up for show, as these often suffer on a long journey and feel the change of food
and climate more than ram lambs or year-old sheep. For crossing with inferior sheep
lambs are preferable to older rams, as they arc lighter, more active, and cheaper to pur-
chase, and are fully lit for breeding at eight months old. Purchasers in America buy-
ing through dealers are usually put off with the inferior or second-rate animals from a
good flock and pay for them as much or more as the best would cost if they were bought
direct from the breeder. The present value of pure Cotswold rams from a pedigree
flock is from 8 to 20 pounds, though much higher prices are paid by ram breeders, liam
lambs can be had at about half the amount. The price of good young ewes is from £4
to £6,|and their produce, if properly managed and fed, will pay for the mothers at a year
old. My flock usually consists of 500 ewes, which produce annually GOO to 650 lambs,
counted when weaneti. The death rate from all causes varies from 2£ to 7 per cent, of
the whole number kept, including lambs, and the sale is held annually in September.

H. J. ELWES.

COLESBORNE PAEK,

Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, January 2, 1884.

LONG-WOOL LINCOLNS.

NOTE BY MR. MACKHFDER.
[Inclosure No. 2 in Consul-General Merrill's supplementary report.]

My breed of sheep is Long- wool Lincolns and exhibited at the Smiihfield show;
lambs, 9 months old (live weight), 14 stones, and ewes, 3 years old, 26 stones. My farm
is all arable loam, with limestone subsoil. Sheep in summer pastured on one year's
seeds, and in winter on turnips in field; not housed; weight of wool when clipped, from
10 pounds to 30 pounds washed.

JOHN W. MACKINDER,

Mere Hall, Lincoln.

SOUTHDOWN SHEEP— THEIR HISTORY, BREEDING, AND MANAGE-

MENT.

Lecture delivered In) Mr. Henri) Wood, of Merton, Thefford, to the Institute of Agriculture,
in the Lecture Theater of the South Kensington Museum, in March, 1884, Lord Wai-
singham presiding.

[Inolosuro No. 3 in Consul-General Merrill's report; from Bell's Weekly Messenger.]

Mr. Wood said: The Southdown breed of sheep is believed to be indigenous to the
Downs of Sussex. It is said by the editor of The Farmer's Dictionary to have ex-
isted there before the Conquest. It is, no doubt, one of the purest and most unmixed
breeds in Britain. Little seems to have been known about Southdown Sheep outside the
comparatively limited area in which they were kept until about two hundred years ago,
when (as Mr. Thomas Ellman writes) several flocks on the Southdowns appear to have
been nearly annihilated by an outbreak of the small-pox disease, which was imported
into this country from Holland about that time.

The sheep which the disease spared attracted rather more notice than had previously
been bestowed on the breed, but it was not until the latter part of the last century that
they came to be much esteemed. It was, in fact, Mr. Arthur Young, who, in one of those
useful essays published about 1794, which made his name famous in the agricultural
world, first called pnplic attention to Southdown sheep, speaking favorably of their
hardy constitution and sf the fine quality and flavor of the mutton they produced.

764 CATTLE -AND - DAIRY* FARMING.

About the same time they were also described by other writers as being speckle-faced,
long and thin in the neck, high on the top of the shoulders, slack in the girth, high and
narrow on the lion, low at the rump end, with tail set on very low, sharp on the back,
flat-ribbed, narrow in the forequarters, and generally, though with little space between
their forelegs, showing a fairly good leg of mutton. As a rule they were looked upon as
plainly formed, if not ugly sheep, which produced good and fine-flavored flesh. They
were small, very small, as compared with the Southdowns of the present day.

To Mr. John Ellman, of Glynde (the father of the late Mr. John Ellman, of Land-
port, and Mr. Thomas Ellman, late of Beddinghain), will most deservedly always belong
the credit not only of bringing Southdown sheep into more general notice, but of com-
mencing (about the year 1780) a course of valuable, well-considered, skillful, and suc-
cessful experiments upon them. These experiments were conducted by him with slow
and steady good effect during the long period of more than half a century. In justice
to the memory of one who so earned the gratitude of sheep-breeders, nob only in this
country, but in various parts of the world, I will quote to you his well-founded and
practical opinion as to what an improved Southdown sheep should be ; and I would im-
press upon you the desirability of carefully studying those remarks, with which I thor-
oughly agree, except as to two particulars, which I will point out to you later on.

Mr. John Ellman says *: "The head should be small and hornless; the face speck-
eled or gray, and neither too long nor too short; the lips thin, and the space between the
nose and eyes narrow; the under jaw or chop fine and thin; the ears tolerably wide, and
well-covered with wool, and the forehead also, and the whole space between the ears
well protected by it, as a defense against the fly; the eyes full and bright, but not prom-
inent; the orbit of the eye (the eye-cap or bone) not too projecting, that it may not form
a fatal obstacle in lambing; the neck of a medium length, thin towards the head, but
enlarging towards the shoulders, where it should be broad and high, and straight in its
whole course above and below; the Breast should be wide, deep, and projecting for wards
between the fore-legs, indicating a good constitution and a disposition to thrive. Cor-
responding with this the shoulders should be on a level with the back; and not too wide
above; they should bow outwards from the top to the breast, indicating a springing rib
beneath and leaving room for it; the ribs coming out horizontally from the spine and
extending far backward, and the last rib projecting more than the others; the back flat
from the shoulders to the setting on of the tail; the loin broad and flat; the rump long and
broad; and the tail set on high and nearly on a level with the spine; the hips wide; the
space between them and the last rib on either side as narrow as possible, and the ribs
generally presenting a circular form like a barrel; the belly as straight as the back; the
legs neither too long nor two short; the forelegs straight from the breast lo the foot, not
bending in at the knee, and standing far apart both before and behind; the hocks hav-
ing a direction rather outward, and the twist, or the meeting of the thighs behind, be-
ing particularly full} the bones fine, yet having no appearance of weakness, and the legs
of a dark color; the belly well defended with wool, and the wool coming down before
and behind to the knee and to the hock; the wool short, close, curled, and fine, and free
from spiry projecting fibers."

Mr. Ellsman's description of the main points which constituted a symmetrical and
•well-bred Southdown sheep early in the present centurv may be accepted as the essen-
tial requirements of a good Southdown sheep at the present time, with the two follow-
ing exceptions, viz, speckled faces and the set-on of the tail. A speckled face is very
properly no longer looked upon as denoting a pure-bred Southdown sheep. The face
and legs should be of a nice mouse color, neither too dark nor too light, but of medium
tint. In fact, anything in the way of a white speck on the face or legs is now consid-
ered to show a defect in the purity of the blood. The other point in Mr. Ellman's de-
scription of a well-made Southdown sheep with which I cannot agree is the set-on of
the tail. Mr. Ellman says the tail should be " set on high, and nearly on a level with
the spine." I am of opinion that if a sheep's tall is placed on a level with the spine
the position is an unnatural one. I have generally found, too, that when the tail of a
sheep has been placed very high the back has been weak and not well covered with
There is a right and wrong position for the tail of a sheep, and to be right it
should be neither too high nor too low.

Notwithstanding the great improvement which Mr. Ellman effected in the breed, it
•was some time before Southdown sheep won their way into public favor, if we may judge
ot this by the prices which they made. But we must bear in mind that in those days

icep, even of the most esteemed breeds, did not realize high prices. It appears, how-

rer, from an article in the Agricultural Annual of that date, that in 1836 there was a
derable increase in the value of Southdown sheep, the breed having become better

(own, an$ its merits then more fully recognized. In the year 1787 a Southdown ram
letcned lor frhe first time as much as 10 guineas, Mr. Ellman sell ing two for £21 to Lord

^Farmer's Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 534.

SUPPLEMENT. 765

Waldegrave, of Essex. In the previous year Mr. Arthur Young hought eighty ewes of
the same gentleman at 185. a piece. These were sent into Suffolk. In 1789 Mr. Rams-
den, of Nottinghamshire, bought forty ewes from the Glynde flock at 25s. each, and Mr.
Boys, ofBetshanger, in East Kent, gave Mr. Ellinan 8 guineas for a ram. The same
year Mr. Macro, of Norfolk, acquired from the same flock one hundred and seventy ewes
at 23s. a head. In 1790 Mr. Crowe, also of Norfolk, bought of Mr. Ellinan forty ewes at
26s. each, and a ram at 12 guineas. In 1791 Mr. Boys gave 31s. Qd. per head for sixty of
the Glynde ewes.

From this year I believe we may date the increased introduction of Southdown sheep
into Norfolk, under the auspices of that renowned encourager of agricultural improve-
ment and progress, Thomas William Coke (afterwards Earl of Leicester). Mr. Ellman
certainly visited Holkham in the year 1790. Having seen the Norfolk breed of sheep,
which he considered more remarkable for their activity than anything else, he suggested
to Mr. Coke the desirability of a trial of a few Southdown ewes to see how far they
would be suited to the soil and climate of Holkham. Mr. Coke assented. As his own
sheep were sold, Mr. Ellman bought five hundred ewes and lambs from the best flocks
in Sussex, and sent them to Holkham, with four rams from his own flock; Mr. Coke
giving as much as 70 guineas for these rams. In 1793 Mr. Coke paid Mr. Ellman 35s.
each lor eighty ewes, and in 1794 the Earl of Ergemont gave 2 guineas each for fifty of
the Glynde ewes. After this Francis, Duke of Bedford, the Duke of Norfolk, and other
noblemen and gentlemen, visited Glynde, and were the means of introducing South-
down sheep into different counties. The first ram that ever fetched 50 guineas was sold
by Mr. Ellman in 1796 to Mr. Goodenough, of Dorsetshire. From that time, for many
years, there was a steady demand for all the rams Mr. Ellman could supply at prices
ranging from 20 to 100 guineas each for the season. In 1800 Mr. Ellman disposed of
two hundred ewes to the Duke of Bedford for 500 guineas, and in 1802-'3 his grace paid
him 300 guineas for the use of a ram for the two seasons, which was the highest letting
price ever made by a Glynde rain. The price at which Mr. Ellman sold his draft ewes
soon rose to 3 guineas each, and afterwards to 4 guineas, at which price he contracted
for the sale of the whole draft to one person (Mr. George Talbot, of Gloucestershire) for
four years.

The next person who did much to improve and popularize the Southdown breed of
sheep was the late Mr. Jonas Webb, of Babraham, in Cambridgeshire. This eminent
sheep-breeder well deserved the respect in which he was held throughout his life. He
was a true representative man, of whom his country might well be proud. His name
will be remembered for ages to come, and he will be spoken of as one of England's most
distinguished breeders and improvers of Southdown sheep. Great was his success as a
farmer, and no wonder, for he carried out what he undertook with vigor and ' ' thorough-

His connection with Southdown sheep commenced when he was a young man. He
entered upon a series of experimental trials with several different breeds of sheep in
order to find out which breed was most suited to the Cambridgeshire uplands. At that
time Mr. Webb had no particular preference for any one breed, but after exhaustive
trials he fully satisfied himself that Southdown sheep produced the greatest weight, and
gave the best quality of mutton for the amount of food consumed, and were consequently
the most profitable both to breeder and grazier.

These trials determined Mr. Webb to have nothing to do with any other breed of sheep
than Southdown. He therefore purchased for the Church Farm, at Babraham, ewes and
rams of the late Mr. John Ellman, of Glynde, and other breeders in Sussex. Having
started it he gave unremitting attention to his flock, and soon witnessed a gradual but
sure improvement in its character. His first letting of rams by public auction took place
in 1826. These lettings were continued annually down to the year 1860.

Many will remember the Babraham Ram Lettings, and the annual dinner which fol-
lowed, with mingled feelings of pleasure and regret; pleasure in thinking over those
days, and regret that such meetings are now things of the past. Who can forget the
long and gaily-decked wagon-lodge which formed a characteristic banqueting-hall, filled
with agriculturists, and among them many leading noblemen and gentlemen, who came
not so much to do business as to pay honor to an old friend; who does not remember the
late Earl of Hardwicke, with his burly John Bull form and manner, seated at the head
of the guests delivering his pithy speeches, replete with humor and happy hits on cur-
rent topics; who does not recall the jolly, cheerful, Sam Jonas, acting as master of the
ceremonies, and his face giving off" radiance enough to have lighted up the place without
the aid of candles; or the lithe and active John Clayden, who was here, there, and every-
where, with a kind word for everybody; or the host himself in his seat at the bottom
table, supported by his friend and opponent in Southdown breeding, William Rigden,
AD I by the tall and spare form of Jem Turner, of Chyngton, one of the best judges of

766 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

Southdown sheep that ever lived ! Those were indeed meetings, the like of which will
never be seen again. But to resume our narrative.

In 1855 a two-year-old ram was let for the season for 170 guineas, and in 1860 a
yearling was sold, after being used at Babraham, for 250 guineas. These were, I believe,
the highest prices made by Babraham rams. As might be expected, Mr. Webb was a
most successful exhibitor o~f Southdown sheep at the Royal and other agricultural shows.
His first prize was won at the Essex show, held at Saffron Walden. He was subse-
quently awarded prizes for his sheep at exhibitions in Ireland, Scotland, and France.
He first exhibited at the Royal Agricultural Society's meeting at Cambridge in 1840,
where he received the first prize for ewes. He continued to exhibit with marked suc-
cess at most of the Royal shows down to and including the Canterbury meeting in 1860,
when he made a clean sweep of the prizes for rams.

In 1861 the Babraham ewes and rams were sold by auction. They realized £10,926.
In the following year (1862) the shearling rams and ewes born in 1861 were also pub-
licly disposed of, and brought £5,720. Thus the entire Babraham flock fetched the
large sum of £10,646. Surviving but a few months the dispersion of his lavoritc flock,
the owner passed away in November of the same year. Such is the history of the Glynde
and Babraham Southdown flocks.

Here I would venture to remark that while the owners of the flocks of which I have
just spoken were scrupulously careful to maintain the purity of the breed, each aimed
at a different type of animal. ' ' Small and good ' ' sheep were clearly Mr. Ellman's aim;
Mr. Webb's, "large and good." Believing that large sheep were much the best, and
would be the sheep of the future, I need not say how well Mr. Webb succeeded in pro-
ducing animals of larger frame and greater weight than the Southdowns of Mr. Ell-
man's day, while at the same time retaining the true type and all the essential points of
a pure-bred Southdown sheep.

It is, of course, a recognized fact (or ought to be by every careful breeder of South-
down sheep) that the first and greatest point is to maintain extreme purity; to allow no
cross to diminish the inestimable value of purity of blood. The direction in which im-
provement in Southdown sheep is desirable is uniformity of character, strength of con-
stitution, excellence of wool, development of symmetrical form, mutton- producing prop-
erties, smallness of bone as compared with weight of meat, yet not sucii smallness as to
prevent the carrying of an increased amount of flesh.

THE MEETON FLOCK.

I may say that these are the points to which our attention has been always most espe
cially directed in the flock of which I have now had the management for upwards of
thirty-six years. It is not for me to say how far we have been successful; indeed, I must
ask you to excuse me if, in illustration of my subject, I am in some degree compelled
to refer to the Merton flock. I shall do so very briefly, and only when it enables me
to trace more clearly the history of progress and improvement than could be done by
reference to other flocks with which I am less intimately acquainted.

Following the subject of increase in weight, I find myself obliged to mention the three
shearling champion prize Merton wethers of 1870, which averaged a little over 242 pounds
each, live weight. This I believe to have been the greatest weight recorded up to that
time. Some persons, indeed, at the exhibition thought that the great weight of those
sheep suggested that there had been some cross in the breeding. I need scarcely say
how utterly groundless was any such suggestion. The same imputation had been before
laid to the charge of Jonas Webb. When he succeeded in producing large Southdown
sheep of true type, and with as much quality as the small sheep of former times, he,
too, was suspected of having recourse to a cross with some other breed, but the suspicion
was as unfounded in his case as in ours.

Since the Smithfield Show of 1870 other Merton pens of shearling wethers have been
exhibited of nearly the average weight of the ch.nnpion sheep of that year, and no ques-
tion as to the purity of their breeding was ever so much as hinted at.

At the late Smithfield Exhibition Lord Walsinghani's prize pen reached the unpre-
cedented average for Southdown wethers of 25 f pounds. This showed an increased
weight of 9 pounds per sheep over the weight of the champion wethers of 1870, to which
I just now referred, and of 23 pounds as compared with the weight of the champion
wethers in 1882.

I have no intention of trying to make it appear that with the Merton flock more has

Ben accomplished than may be done by other flocks, or of keeping from you those partic-
ra of management to which is due that largeness of frame and excellence of mutton
without the infusion of any blood but that of the purest Southdown, to which the Mer-
ton sheep have attained.

There are, of course, many excellent pure-bred flocks of Southdown sheep in this
country whose history, peculiarities, and merits I am obliged, through stress of time,

SUPPLEMENT. 767

to pass over. But standing in the front rank of successful Southdown breeders at the
present day we are naturally reminded of the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Kichmond,
the Earl of Suffolk, Lord Arlington, Sir William Throckniorton, Bart, Messrs. J. J.
Colinan, M.P., G. and R. Emery, John Ford, Henry Fookes, G. C. Gibson, Hugh Gor-
ringe, If. Humphrey, A. Ifeasnian, J. Henipson, F. M. Jonas, George Jonas, and last,
though not least, my excellent friend Henry Webb.

HOW TO FORM A FLOCK— PCACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.

In the formation of a flock of Southdown or any other breed of ewes great care and
judgment are, of course, most essential. Uniformity of character, so that the ewes
look as much alike "as peas in a peck," should be your first object. If you desire to
judge of the general character of a flock of Southdown ewes, and to see if they have,
as it were, a llmiily likeness, have them driven a, short distance from where you
and then suddenly wheeled round so that their heads are thrown up ami their faces
seen at a glance. This will enable you to detect any marked want of uniformity, if
there be any. Iii a word, the ewes should be " matching " to the eye. When drawing
ewes and .separating them into lots for the rams, you must exercise great j udgment in
the selection, carefully noting individual formation and peculiarities, so that the ewes
in each I at are as much alike as possible, and adapted to the style of ram you intend
to put to them.

There is no flock so perfect but some defects will be found in the ewes which
require correcting, and, therefore, care should be taken to use a ram which will bo
likely to improve in the offspring the faulty points observable in the ewes. It must,
moreover, be a matter to which the flockmaster gives anxious attention in selecting a
ram that in correcting defects in the ewes he does not overlook any faulty points in
the ram which mny be transmitted through the ewe and thereby create imperfections
in the lamb which the mother did not possess.

Only by practice and carefully observing the true principles of breeding is the flock-
maater able to make a proper and judicious selection of rams and ewes so as fitly to
mate them. I therefore desire to impress upon you, agricultural students, the absolute
necessity of your becoming thoroughly and practically acquainted with the good and
bad points of sheep, no matter what their breed, remembering that the same care and
skillful judgment requisite for the successful management of Southdowns are also re-
quired in the management of other flocks.

Each breed has its own marked peculiarities, faults, and merits, which must be well
studied and carefully looked after or a man will never become a good and successful
sheep-breeder.

BREEDING.

Hemember that the breeding of good or bad animals is no game of chance. You
might as well expect to breed a superior Shorthorn beast by using an Alderney bull
on a first-class Shorthorn cow as to breed a really good Southdown sheep by using aii
inferior ram on a good Southdown ewe.

If a man desire, and most flockmastcrs do desire, to breed good and shapely sheep,
no matter what their breed may be, he must first endeavor to deserve, success by going
the right way to work to obtain it. Leave nothing to chance.

Many persons when they have hired a good ram try to get as much out of him as pos-
sible, and give him as many ewes as he can be got over. Now, I look upon this as an
unwise thing to do. Nature has its limits; and it is far more judicious to limit the
number of ewes put to a ram to from 50 to 70. The ewes will thus be seasoned at the
proper time, and have strong, healthy, and vigorous lambs. If you overdo a ram and there
are many ewes " run over," you will probably breed a number of weakly lambs, to say
nothing as to the bad effect upon the ram for the following season.

I may observe that I by no means recommend what is commonly known as a " teaser "
ram to show which ewes are in use. Nature never intended that such a course should
be adopted, and I would impress upon you the necessity of following the laws of nature
as eld i can. Wh;-n :• « -we is taken from the teaser to the rain by which she

is to be served there is frequently a great deal of nervous excitement and fear produced
in the c\ve, and this being so how can we wonder if there are many cases of ewes "run-
ning over," when they have been subjected to such unnatural treatment, which may be
aggravated by the rough conduct of an irritable or bad-tempered shepherd.

PRACTICE AT MERTON.

I feel that I can best explain my views and recommendations if I allow myself once
more to say a few words with respect to the system of management adopted in the Mer-
ton flock. In doing so I desire it to be clearly understood that though I have been con-

768 CATTLE AND-DA1BY FAEMLSG.

nected for so many years with Southdown sheep, and though I may be said to regard
them with all the admiration felt for one's " first love," I am by no means disposed to
praise them by depreciating other breeds. A long experience has taught me to recog-
nize the fact that while Southdown sheep are well adapted to upland and dry soils,
they are at the same time unsuited to some other soils and conditions. And when
pointing out to you the great improvement that has taken place in the breeding of
Southdown sheep during the present century, I am not unmindful of the marked change
effected in other breeds, such as the Cotswolds, the Lincolns, the Oxfords, the Shrop-
shires, and the Hampshires: and were it not for the invidiousness it would involve, I
should like to stray from the immediate subject of my lecture to remind you of the
honor which attaches to the names of the many breeders of these sheep, who hav«s
earned the thanks of both meat-producers and meat-consumers, but time will not per-
mit this digression.

The Merton flock comprises twelve different families, and the shepherds know, from
long experience, how to select the ewes for each family, which ram to put to them, and
the kind of lambs that are likely to be produced. By this careful plan of managing the
several families we have produced and maintained the large size of the Merton sheep.
We have always remarked that when rams have been hired for use at Merton they have
only in three instances given us a first-prize animal, but that the second and third gen-
erations, after an intermingling of fresh blood with our own sheep, have been most suc-
cessful.

It is a rule at Merton that when a hired ram has left a promising ram lamb the lamb
is used to eight or ten ewes to see how far he may be relied upon for use as a shearling,
and thus the disappointment which might arise from his produce not being satisfactory
is avoided.

FEEDING.

For ten days or a fortnight before rams are put with the ewes it is advisable to
change the food of the ewes to something more stimulating than that which they had
been previously fed upon. This not only causes the ewes to come into use more quickly
than they would otherwise do, but invariably leads to a better fall of lambs. The fresh
food must be continued for at, least five or six weeks, when doubtless the greater part of
the ewes will be seasoned.

MANAGEMENT OP FLOCK.

During pregnancy great care must be exercised not only in supplying the ewes with
nutritious, health-giving food, but in keeping them from any great excitement; such, for
instance, as might be produced by fright from being run by a reckless dog. I may here
observe that, while fully recognizing the usefulness of a well- trained sheep dog, I can-
not but protest against the way in which I have frequently seen in-lamb ewes and other
sheep chased, harassed, and alarmed by a wretch of a dog, apparently under the slight
control of a careless and lazy shepherd, who, to save his own legs, will unnecessarily run
the dog after the sheep, heedless of the ill-effects it may produce. A good and careful
man will not dream of doing such a thing. Many persons are little aware of the injury
that is done by the injudicious use of dogs. If they are in-lamb ewes there is great
risk of producing abortion, and if they are fatting sheep the effect of the alarm caused
by an excitable dog upon them is to take a good deal more off in five minutes than you
can put on again in five hours. In both cases the owner is a sufferer. The excitement
caused by the action of the dog does away for a time with the quietude which is so de-
sirable for fatting animals, and consequently they do not gain flesh so quickly as they
would if they were kept free from unnecessary and preventable alarm.

The question what is the best course of feeding for in-lamb ewes is a most important
one. and calls for the greatest consideration and care on the part of the flockmaster.

There exists no reasonable doubt that where ewes are kept on grass land until after
they have lambed there is little fear of abortion, always presupposing that they are kept
free from injury, are not jumped over ditches and water-courses, are not over-driven,
nor subjected to fright, &c. I have proved beyond question, with the Merton ewes, that
keeping them entirely away from turnips until after they have lambed is a decided safe-
guard against abortion. Up to the year 1853 the Merton ewes were folded on turnips from
the end of October until the spring of the following year. They were then as unhealthy
as any ewes in the country. In the early part of 1854 there were something like 110
cases of abortion, and 80 ewes died. Feeling that a change in the treatment must be
made, I determined that in the future the ewes should not be fed on turnips (except for
five or six weeks when the rams were with them) until after they had lambed. Since
that time they have been folded and fed on grass land, with the supply of grass daily
supplemented by a reasonable allowance of a mixture of hay chalf and fresh-made broad
bran, at the rate of four bushels of chaflf to one of bran. At about the fifteenth week of

SUPPLEMENT. 769

gestation half a bushel more bran is added to each four bushels of chaff, and this allow-
ance of mixed food is gradually increased in proportion to the increasing demand made
by the unborn lamb on the system and strength of the ewe.

HOW TO AVERT ABORTION.

Sinco the introduction of this change in our system of feeding the in-lamb ewes at Mer-
ton cases of abortion have been unknown, and the mortality among the ewes has been
at a minimum. On this point I may be permitted to call your attention to my lecture
on "Abortion and Mortality among Ewes." delivered in 1877. To enable me to arrive
at something like a definite idea as to the cause of the fearfully large number of ewes
which aborted and died in many parts of the country in the early part of the year I have
referred to, I sent out more than four hundred circular letters of inquiry, each letter con-
taining twenty questions, to flockmasters and others throughout the United Kingdom.
These letters were almost all replied to, and the questions fully answered. They showed
clearly and conclusively that the greater part of the abortions and deaths occurred in
flocks where the ewes had been fed on a comparatively unstinted allowance of common
turnips and swedes unmixed with dry food, and that a good allowance of dry food un-
doubtedly does away with many of the ill effects produced by simple root diet. It was
also very clearly shown that where the ewes were grass-fed there was an entire absence
of any serious amount of abortion and mortality. The particulars, with the reasons
given for the conclusions at which I arrived, were fully detailed in the lecture to which
I have alluded. I may, therefore, especially as our time is so limited, be excused from
entering further into this subject. Let me, however, add that I have every hope, when
the ensilaging of green crops comes to be fully understood and appreciated as it deserves,
the system will be far more generally adopted, with as much benefit and advantage to
llockinasters as to dairy farmers, cheese-makers, and stock-keepers in general. I am
justified in this confident statement by my recent experience of the good results which
have followed the use of ensilage in the case of in-lamb ewes. These results will be given
to the public in the lecture which I hope to have the honor of delivering in this room
on the 17th of March, on which occasion his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales has,
with gracious condescension, expressed his willingness to preside.

LAMBING.

As the time draws near for ewes to lamb, a sheltered, well-littered yard should be pro-
vided. This should be surrounded by straw-thatched sheds, so divided as to have a
nice comfortable pen for each ewe when she lambs. These yards may be constructed
for a comparatively small expenditure, and the cast will be amply compensated by the
saving of life both among ewes and lambs; many that would otherwise probably be lost
in severe weather being preserved by means of this timely protection. Sukable food and
dry litter should also be provided close at hand, so that the shepherd has not to run about
in search of these necessaries at a time when the ewes are calling for all the attention
which he can give them.

Bear in mind that the duties of a shepherd at lambing time are varied, trying, and
anxious, and it is a "penuywise" practice to stint him. To deny him a fair and rea-
sonable amount of manual help when he requires it will be hard upon him, and may be
the cause of the death of many lambs; because, however willing he is, there is a limit
to the shepherd's bodily power, besides which he cannot be in two or three places at the
same time. A careful, painstaking shepherd, of the greatest value at any time, becomes
doubly valuable at the laborious and anxious time of lambing. How considerable is the
importance and worth of such a shepherd can only be fully understood and appreciated
by those who, like myself, have watched his constant zeal and anxiety in endeavoring
to do the best in his power for the interest of his employer. I repeat what I said on a
former occasion, that it is very desirable for the master to visit his shepherd at the
larnbing-fold during the night as well as during the day, as frequently as possible, and
especially in coarse weather, and if he occasionally takes with him something "warm
and comforting" it will be gratefully received and fully appreciated. The more trust-
worthy the shepherd the better pleased he is to find the master taking an interest in his
work. If everything is going on satisfactorily it will afford him pleasure to make it
known to his employer, while on the other hand, if he is experiencing more than ordi-
nary anxiety and difficulty in performing his duties, he will be very thankful for the
advice and assistance that his master will be able to give him — more especially in cases
where the shepherd lias reason to put confidence in the skill and knowledge of the master.
You therefore see how very necessary it is for you, agricultural students, to be well
grounded in all the practical details of sheep management if you would become success-
ful flockmasters, or desire to have your shepherds look up to you for advice.
H. Ex. 51 49

770 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

STRAININa IN EWES AFTER LAMBINQ.

In a lecture on the "Diseases of sheep," delivered in November, 1872, I referred to
most of the diseases to which sheep are liable. On this occasion I can refer to one or
two only. There is that fatal disorder, ''straining in ewes after lambing," as to which
I may say that in the spring of 1878 I made known the success which had followed the
treatment of ewes when affected with this disease by the use of carbolized oils, by which
an enormous amount of suffering and loss amongst ewes is prevented. Not only did the
Merton shepherd save every one of the ewes thus afflicted when we first adopted this
treatment, but the flock in the last few years has been entirely free from the disease,
which I think is wholly attributable to the free application of the carbolized oils when-
ever a case of difficult lambing has arisen. Since this treatment was made known by
me through the agricultural papers it has been tried by many flockmasters, and with
almost unvarying success.

One of the leading physicians of Norwich, and at the present time mayor of that city
(Dr. Eade), was so struck with the success of the treatment that he tried it in two out
of five severe and dangerous cases of puerperal fever in women. The two patients so
treated recovered; the other three died. These cases, most interesting and important
(from many points of view), will be found reported in the British Medical Journal of
January 22, 1881, p. 116, in a paper contributed by Dr. Eade. It would take too much
time to enter into the particulars of this fatal disease and the method of its treatment.
For information oa these points I would refer you to some correspondence on the subject
published by the proprietors of the Norwich Mercury, at whose office copies may be ob-
tained. There you will find full directions for the preparation and use of these carbolized
oils. The utmost care must be taken in preparing the oils, which should be compounded
of the best ingredients. Failure here may lead to failure in result. Indeed, such is the
care required in the preparation that (though no doubt there are others) I myself know
only of one or two firms in England whose oils are perfectly satisfactory.

TBEATMENT OF EWES IN LAMBING.

A few brief general directions as to the management of ewes during lambing time may
be of future service to you.

In the first place the shepherd should make it his practice to quietly walk among the
ewes, carefully noting those which show symptoms of lambing within a few hours, and
gently driving all such into a sheltered fold near the lambing yard, or into the yard
itself, so that, whether day or night, he will know where chiefly to direct his attention.
When the labor pains come on, and the lamb is believed to be in the right position, the
shepherd should not be in a hurry, but allow nature (the best of all midwives) to do
her own work. An experienced shepherd will never attempt to help a ewe until he sees
that there are signs of her (to use a shepherd's term) "giving up." Then assistance
may be rendered with advantage.

The lamb wlien bora should be placed near the head of the mother, who, as a rule,
will perform her natural duty. When the ewe has done what is necessary by the lamb,
and has somewhat recovered from the fatigue and exhaustion of the labor, she should be
sparingly fed; at first with a mixture of good hay, chaff, bran, and crushed heavy oats.
Let it ever be remembered that the more judiciously and generously a ewe is fed after
having fully recovered from the lambing the better she will be able to nurse the lamb.
When the lambs are old enough to pick or nibble a few turnip tops, or a little young
grass, they should be allowed to run into a forward fold, where, after a little time, some
finely-crushed linseed cake, mixed with crushed heavy oats and a small quantity of fresh
bran, should be placed in low, covered troughs, so that they may eat a little of the mixed
food at pleasure. This kind of feeding should be continued, increasing the allowance of
mixed food as the lambs grow older and stronger. Of course experienced shepherds or
flockmasters will understand that it is desirable later on to throw out a few mangolds
which the lambs can pick over in the forward fold, the ewes taking what the lambs leave.
Perhaps it is unnecessary I should say that it is desirable for the mangolds to be some-
what withered by exposure to the sun and air before they are thus given to the ewes
and lambs. 1 know of no mangold so well suited for early feeding by ewes and lambs as
Button & Sons ' " Yellow Intermediate. ' ' We are so satisfied with it that we now grow
no other variety. Yv'lien the time arrives for weaning the lambs, which will be about
the 1st of J uly, preparations should be made to have a supply of coleseed or cabbages,
or a similar kind of food, to feed them upon at night, and during the day they should
be run out on clean, fresh grass; but on no account allow them to feed on grass growing
upon land which may have been fouled by being heavily sheep-fed. Grass growing on
'•Buck land is pernicious to lambs, and should be carefully avoided. The evil effect may
act be observed until much harm has been done. The lambs should have a daily allow-

SUPPLEMENT. 771

auce of from three to four ounces per head of mixed bruised heavy oats, linseed cake,
and fresh broad bran. Where it can be conveniently given, a frequent change of pasture
is most desirable, and any extra trouble or inconvenience this may cause will be amply
repaid by the thriving and healthy condition that it will be sure to promote. The ewes
will require extra care and attention when the lambs are weaned from them. For a few
days they should be somewhat sparingly fed, so as to check the production of milk.
Each one must also be specially watched to ascertain the condition of its udder, and,
when necessary, it should be relieved of any excess of milk by carefully drawing it off
with the hand. A neglected udder is frequently followed by milk garget, which is in-
dicated by the udder being swollen and hard. This, though not a fatal, is frequently a
very troublesome disease. It arises from the milk curdling, and gives considerable pain
and inconvenience to the ewe. The first thing to do is to get all the milk possible from
the udder. Then use rather freely a lotion consisting of sugar of lead, \ ounce; sulphate
of zinc, \ ounce; vinegar, 1 pint; water, £ pint. And give a dose of Epsom salts of from
3 to 4 ounces, dissolved with warm water.

Practical flockmasters are also well aware that great care and attention are required, in
the management of lambs throughout the months of July, August, and September, when
so many thousands are annually lost from a low, lingering, weakening fever, which seems
to feed on their very life's-blood, post-mortem examinations showing that it leaves an emaci-
ated body, white and bloodless. A cure is most difficult, and is rarely accomplished, if
the fever remains unchecked for any length of time. Prevention in this, as in other
matters, is far easier and therefore better than cure. My experience convinces me that
injudicious and niggardly feeling is the main cause of this lamb disease. Where lamba
are given a change of food of a nutritive character, and are not allowed to feed on past-
ures or layers where sheep have been folded or have laid thickly on the ground they
generally remain healthy, and are seldom attacked with the fever. "Keep lambs in a
thriving condition " is a rule which ought to be written in letters of gold. It is a rule
which also applies to sheep of all ages. Time passes so quickly that I have only a few
minutes to speak of the management of young sheep when first fed with turnips. I
may, however, briefly observe that great care should be taken to gradually accustom the
hoggets to turnips by throwing a few at a time on to grass land where they are feeding,
increasing the daily allowance as they get accustomed to the food. When this has been
accomplished put them into a fold on the turnip land at night; in that case, also, the
supply of roots must be limited for a time. When feeding young sheep on turnip land
it fa of the first importance not to pinch them with insufficient hurdle room. An extra
£10 expended in hurdles may save the loss of £20 worth of sheep. A good supply of
hurdles enables the animals to get exercise, and to pick up any withered parts of turnips
which may have been passed over during the folding. Such withered roots are enjoyed
by sheep when the weather is fine, and frequently have a good effect in checking any
possible evil from the fresh turnips.

It should be borne in mind that good and successful managers supplement the turnip
food with a mixture of chaff (if of hay all the better), malt, culms, bran, and linseed
cake, and are guided in the daily allowance by the time at which they wish to have the
sheep ready for sale. When the period comes to feed with swedes, in place of white or
other common turnips, care must be taken to introduce them mixed at first, and then
gradually to increase the proportion of swedes until no turnips are given at all. Do not
overdo them with roots at any time, or bad results may follow. It sometimes happens
that under any circumstances a lot of sheep will begin to do badly on roota. When
this is the case do not hesitate to entirely change the food for a time. It will avoid dis-
astrous loss. I have frequently known a judicious alteration of food cause so great a
change in the health of a lot of sheep as to surprise their owner and the shepherd in
charge of them. A careful, observant, and practical man will frequently avoid the losses
which another person, less observant and less practical, is called upon to endure.

DISCUSSION.

Lord Walsingham, who was warmly cheered, said: Professor Tanner having at the last
moment very unexpectedly done me the honor to ask me to take the chair on this occa-
sion, it becomes my duty and gives me great pleasure to propose a vote of thanks to Mr.
Woods for his most excellent lecture. I may honestly say that no one has had more op-
portunity of judging of Mr. Woods's intimate acquaintance with the subject on which he
has just spoken than I have myself. I am indebted to him personally for his most excel-
lent management of my flock of Southdown sheep. But apart from that his contributions
to agricultural literature are known and valued. I believe that his first lecture, which
he gave to the Wayland Agricultural Association thirteen years ago, is still of the greatest
possible use to the flockmaster. Mr. Woods has referred in flattering terms to the late
. Jonas Webb. I have no doubt that many of you are well acquainted with the statae

772 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAJJMING.

of that gentleman which stands in the market-place of Cambridge, and bears testimony
to the high reputation in which he was held as an agriculturist and a breeder of sheep'.
I think we shall all agree that Mr. Webb contributed very much to the improvement of
our mutton and wool, and I am quite sure that it will be also your verdict that Mr.
Woods has done his duty during his life in contributing to the same satisfactory result.

Professor Tanner: I have great pleasure in supporting the remarks which have fallen
from Lord Walsingham. In reference to the lectures of Mr. Woods, which have been
published, I am quite sure that they are looked upon as treasures amongst agricultural
literature, embodying, as they have done, great personal experience and great personal
judgment; and I have no doubt that those of us who will have the pleasure of hearing
him on the 17th of March will find that in reference to another subject which is now
taking a prominent position in practical agriculture he will be well to the front. I
have, therefore, great pleasure in supporting the vote of thanks to Mr. Woods for his
very able lecture on this occasion.

Mr. Woods, who was received with renewed cheers, said: I am extremely obliged to
the noble lord for another of the very many and great kindnesses which he is always show-
ing me in speaking so flatteringly and kindly of me as he has done this evening. I am
very glad to have had the opportunity of making known to you something of the prac-
tice of management of Southdown sheep at Merton, and if it proves of any advantage,
as I hope it may do, to the students connected with this institute — which from my heart
I wish success — I shall be greatly gratified. Let me also say, having had the manage-
ment of the Merton sheep for such a great number of years, that it would have been a
very heavy weight of labor upon my hands if I had not been so thoroughly and practi-
cally assisted by the advice of the noble owner of that flock, who, it is a great gratifica-
tion to me, has attended here to-night to hear what I have had to say about his own
property.

Mr. Henry Webb proposed a vote of thanks to Lord Walsingham for presiding, and
observed that the noble lord thoroughly deserved the success that he had attained with
his celebrated flock.

Mr. Biddell, M. P., seconded the vote of thanks with great pleasure. He said he
could not help feeling that agriculturists were greatly indebted to his lordship and to
his first-rate agricultural adviser. Where they had great practical talent and scientific
attainments, combined with wealth, and the owner of that wealth ever ready to spend
it on behalf of agricultural advancement, they could not be too grateful for the advan-
tages they derived therefrom. Speaking from a long experience, he advised young
farmers to disabuse their minds of the idea that there was nothing like weight for get-
ting a large price for their sheep. Small sheep would often bring more profit than large
sheep, because they would make mutton in proportion to their food much faster, and
when it was made the butcher would tell them that it was much more salable than large
mutton. He hoped to live to see the day when Southdown flocks would again be the
most fashionable.

The noble chairman, in reply, said: I thank you very much for your great kindness
towards me, and for the very flattering terms in which the proposer and seconder of this
vote of thanks have been good enough to speak of me. I always take the greatest pos-
sible interest in all questions relating to agriculture. This is very much owing to my
friend, Mr. Woods, for I am afraid without him my interest in agriculture would have
been very much handicapped. If I had been called upon to begin a course of farming
and get up a flock of sheep at a time when, as in late years, agriculture has not been in
the most prosperous condition, I might have disheartened, aud said that I would not,
take much trouble about it; but coming into the property I did, with a flock already
established, with able managers in charge of that flock, aud with everything in my favor,
it was impossible for me not to take the liveliest interest not only in the pursuit of agri-
culture but also in the flock of sheep which I found upon the Merton estate. With re-
gard to the size of sheep, the point alluded to by Mr. Biddell, I quite agree with him
that a small sheep often means more profit to the owner than a large one. Small mut-
ton is, no doubt, iu great demand in London, and small sheep will fetch higher prices
in proportion to large sheep ; but, at the same time, if you can increase size without losing
quality, I hold that should Jbe the object which we should have in view.

SUPPLEMENT. 773

SOUTHDOWNS AHD CAMBRIDGESHIRE FARMING.

[Inclosure No. 1 in Consul- General Merritt's Report— Reprinted from the Field, August 18, 1883.]

The history of the Babraham flock is the history of modern Southdowns; and the
Babraham liock originated in this way. The lute Mr. Jonas Webb's father was a lead-
ing farmer of his day, and when his sons were grown to manhood, and he was getting
into years, he spoke to them to this effect: " There ought to be some experiments tried
with different kinds of sheep. But that is young men's business. lam too old to
begin now; you make the experiments." His son Jonas entered fully into the spirit of
the suggestion, and, having hired the Babraham farm, he subsequently began such test
trials as suggested themselves to him. Leicesters were the fashionable breed of that
day, as was then shown by this breed being first on the list of the classes shown at the
Smithlield Club Christmas shows. They still, it need hardly be said, hold this " pride
of place " at the London shows to this day. And not only so; for when the Royal Ag-
ricultural Society of England was inaugurated at Oxford in 1839, the Leicesters stood
first in the list of classes for sheep. They were given the same position at the recent
York show.

The young Jonas Webb, of some sixty years ago, displayed at starting the sagacity
and judgment which ultimately led to his being the greatest agriculturist of his age.
He experimented with Leicesters, Southdowns, and other breeds of sheep, side by side,
with a view to ascertain which would produce the most meat and money value per acre.
If that was not a stroke of genius at that time, It was the correct way of looking at the
question from a practical point of view. Young Jonas Webb evidently clearly under-
stood then, as it is acknowledged by every practical man now, that it does not follow
that the greater individual weights at a given age of such large sheep as Lincolns and
Cotswolds yield the most profit on the food a farmer may have at his disposal. Nothing
will grow out of nothing; and a large, coarse, bony-framed sheep naturally requires more
food than smaller and more compact ones. It was this consideration that made the test
;vd to a question of so much mutton and money per acre. This was before the days
of fancy prices, as now given by rich amateur breeders at home and by foreign millionaires.
The question then was closely limited to the value of mutton and wool, according to
the food consumed, as between the breeder cr producer and the butcher or consumer.
It is true there were some high figures given for '' New Leicesters " of Bakewell about
this time; one Leicester ram was let for a thousand guineas to three owners of Leicester
ewes. But young Jonas Webb clearly did not heed this and lesser tempting prospects.
After the several experiments ho instituted and carried out he settled down to the
Southdown breed.

Having come to this decision, young Jonas Webb then brought his great natural judg-
ment to bear iu improving his flock. The result of his judgment and skill in matching
his males and females culminated at the Royal Society's show at Canterbury in 1860,
when he took easily the six prizes offered for rams, first, second, and third for shear-
ling, and first, second, and third in the class for older sheep. A well-executed oil
painting of thcso sheep, with John Day (now of Merton) among them, crook in hand,
harus in the dining-room of Jonas Webb's eldest son, Mr. Henry Webb, of Streetly
Hall, near Linton. The artist was the well-known animal painter of his day, Mr. W.
II. Davis. Mr. Jonas Webb had resolved not to exhibit his sheep after the Canterbury
meeting, and his success there, as above mentioned, was a well-merited finale to a long
career of successful breeding and exhibiting.

Not so, however, as an agriculturist. For some years previously Mr. Webb had started
a herd of Shorthorns, and at the Battersea show of the Royal in 1862 he sent First Fruits,
a white bull calf, which was in the most blooming condition that I had ever seen an an-
imal up to that time. For First Fruits (appropriately named, as this was the first Short-
horn he exhibited) he easily won the first prize. Then in the same yearcame his lamented
death, at the age of sixty-six. But the honors he had won as an agriculturist did not end
with his decease, for he had so gained the confidence and respect of all the leading agri-
culturists of the kingdom th'at a statue to his memory was subscribed for, and cast. This
was the first honor of its kind that was ever conferred for purely agricultural eminence.
This statue now stands in the market hall of his native market-town of Cambridge, six
miles from Babrahain.

774 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

These recollections were revived last week by an unlooked-for visit to Streetly Hall,
Linton. As Mr. Henry Webb, the eldest son of his celebrated father, has never exhibited
his sheep at the Royal and other shows, and as no prominence has been given to them
in agricultural journals, I was quite surprised to find the descendants of the original
Babraham stock of Southdowns displaying all the purity, good form, fine quality, and
good size of their ancestors, with which I was well acquainted twenty-five years ago.
The Babraham stock, so far as I have been concerned, had dropped entirely out of sight.
Not so, however, with the leading breeders and prize-winners at Royal and other shows,
as will be seen shortly.

Mr. Henry Webb hired Streetly Hall (which is about six miles from Babraham) four
years before the death of his father. lie continued to superintend his father's flock, so
far as seeing to his entry of pedigrees and the matching of males and females went, and
during this time he had the pick of the best of such sheep and lambs as his father could
spare. Then at the sale at Babraham, in 1861, he bought eighty of the aged ewes, the full
character of which, both in regard to their breeding capacity and pedigree, he well knew.
He also bought eight rams of suitable relationship to the ewes he then purchased and
previously possessed at Streetly Hall. It was in this way his present flock was founded,
and it may as well be said at once that not a single sheep of other stock has since been
introduced to the Babraham flock. This close in-and-in breeding has, of course, re-
quired great and good judgment, as well as an intimate knowledge of the complete record
of relationship which has been kept. All this has been displayed in a masterly way by
Mr. Henry Webb, as evidently by the prolific character and uniform appearance of his
present flock.

Streetly Hall, five miles northeast of Linton, is an occupation of 550 acres, 40 acres
only of which are pasture. This farm has been in the Webb family for four generations,
or upwards of a hundred and fifty years. Its soil is all of a tenacious character, the
subsoil being either pure clay or a chalky marl. Some specially skilled management
and cropping is therefore required to make it suitable for the health and progress of a
large flock of sheep.

The breeding eWes kept number from two hundred and thirty to two hundred and fifty,
according as season may vary, or the demand by foreign customers may be more or less.
Some aged or barren ewes are drafted from the main flock yearly, an'i these are replaced by
the required number of the best shearlings. As to the health of the sheep, the greatest
possible care is taken to avoid contagious diseases. The fences by roadsides are hurdled
off, and the gates by roadsides are fenced off by squares or semicircular loops or hurdles,
so that the sheep may not come in contact with any passing stock. If sheep or cattle
are seen to pass along the road — and the shepherd is always on the lookout for this — the
passage along the same road of the Streetly Hall flock is not allowed for at least seven
days, no matter what the inconvenience and extra expense may be. This may be looked
upon by some stock-keepers as an overdrawn precaution, but this great care is justified
by the fact that while diseases have existed in the neighborhood and close at hand, the
Btreetly Hall flock has never been attacked in any form. As an instance of the healthy
and prolific character of this flock — its close consanguinity notwithstanding — every ewe
but one that was put to a ram last year had a lamb this spring.

The mode of registering the pedigree of each strain of the flock is to mark the ears of the
lambs in a given way before they are weaned. Then the dams — which, of course, have
had their ear-marks since they were lambs — are dotted with paint on the near Or ofl
shoulder, or on the side or rump, each mark indicating that she was by a certain ram,
or had some other close relationship to other rams. These signs are all recorded in the
flock-book, and when the time for matching rams and ewes in the autumn arrives, it is
to be seen at a glance (by any one like Mr. Henry Webb, who is used to it) which ewes
and rams are closely related, and which are further removed in relationship. This
skilled and accurate system necessitates the use of eight or ten rams every year for the
two hundred and thirty to two hundred and fifty ewes. Sometimes ten ewes of one
strain may be. suitable for one ram of another strain. In other cases, twenty, thirty, or
Sfty ewe* of other stains may be suitable for other rams. The best rams of particular
strains that are suitable for a given number of the ewes of the current flock are valued
•Mend price; for no consideration would they be sold. An instance of this occurred
recently. A Frenchman (one of the leading breeders of Southdowns in France) came
over, as usual, to buy, and he showed his good judgment by specially admiring a par-
ticular sheep; but he was peremptorily told that he was not for sale, as he was required
for so many ewes at home. This, however, did not pacify monsieur, for he went back
the next day and said, " I was thinking- about No. — all last evening, and dreaming
lyy* him all night, and you must let me have him. " But, as I have said, a specially
good theepofagiyeft eteain is reckoned by Mr. Henry Webb as being beyond price, and
he had appointed him for use this year with so many ewes, and no tempting offer could
— «A him to depart from his resolve. This is -how the fine character of the Babraham

SUPPLEMENT. 775

stock has been preserved at Streetly Hall. These best sheep, however, are let to other
breeders of pure Southdowns, to bo delivered at a date when they have done the little
work required of them at home. Thus they may be used two or three seasons, or as
long as they may be required at Streetly Hall, when they are sold to other breeders,
foreign or English.

As an instance of the way this plan has been carried out, it may be mentioned that
the first-prize shearling at Canterbury, a vd in the painted group of six above

referred to, was used at Babraham in 18GO, when he was subsequently sold for 250
guineas to Mr. Thorn, of Thorndale, Washington Hollow, Duchess County, New
York. The strain of this sheep is now strongly marked at Streetly Hall. When his
stock came out as yearlings, all the leading breeders of Southdowns in England availed
themselves of the use of his sons, and a largo measure of the fine character of their pres-
ent flocks is due to the impression made by Archbishop on his issue. The Derby strain
(so named after the first-prize shearling at the first Royal meeting at Derby) is another
line of sheep that is now conspicuous. There are three grand shearlings of his descent
allotted for use at home this year. It was about one of these that the French breeder
thought and dreamed so much. The ewes with a paint spot on the off hip are of this
Derby strain. This shows the importance of these marks and a record of them. It
need hardly be said that the male descendants of Derby will not be matched with the
females of that strain, but a ram will be chosen for them which is the furthest removed
from that line of descent. It may be that an Archbishop or a Peregrin line may be
matched with them. But in this 1 am only guessing by way of a general illustration,
for I could not enter into the complicated and (to me) difficult details of the flock-book,
although these entries are A B C to Mr. Henry Webb, who has grown into familiarity
with them from boyhood upwards.

The younger animals of this flock are remarkable for their size and uniformity of
frame and color. There are one hundred and twenty yearling ewes. Of these seventy
will be selected for strengthening the main flock. These seventy, when put together,
might be run promiscuously into lots of five or ten each; and he would be a fastidious,
not to say an affected judge, who would have confidence enough to declare which was
the better pen of the lot, so alike are they in general character. The less perfect fifty
will be sold to French, Canadian, American, or other foreign breeders, who are glad to
buy at high figures any number that can be spared from the Babraham stock. French-
men in particular are eager customers, from the recollection they have of the great suc-
cess of the late Mr. Jonas Webb at the Paris International Exhibition in 1867.

The rams are eighty, most of which are shearlings. Rams do not grow to so much
uniformity of size and general character as ewes do, particularly when a large proportion
is left for stock. But, even with this large number, there is the unmistakable family
stamp and likeness to be seen in the meanest sheep. There is, besides, a regular and
good demand for the smaller and less evenly-balanced rams for crossing purposes, as it
is well known that animals are often as much like their aunts and uncles as they are like
their parents; and therefore, by the same rule, a comparatively inferior-looking sheep —
not forgetting the dictum that "like breeds like" — may be as valuable for ordinary
stock purposes as his more perfect relative would be. On this ground Mr. Henry Webb
saves the large number indicated of his males, for which he has, as intimated, a regular
and good demand. But — and this is not singular, as the renowned character of the Ba-
braham stock causes it to be still resorted to by the principal breeders of Southdowns
to keep their flocks up to a high standard — there is more difficulty in bargaining for £10
or £12 rams than for such as run into three figures. English farmers, who breed and
feed for a direct profit over the scales, look at an extra shilling per lamb, from an extra
cost of £2 or £3 for their sire, with suspicion or distrust; but they overlook the fact that
when a pure-bred ram from an old-established flock is put to a flock of common ewes, be
they of the same or of a different breed, the issue "shoot out and grow " to a far greater
size than they will do if they be issue of common or mongrel parents on both sides.
These lesser-priced rams are therefore generally sold to go abroad to France, America,
Canada, and other foreign and colonial parts. Their character being so well known and
appreciated by the customers of Mr. Henry Webb, all the bargaining now consists in an
order by letter for so many at the understood price. Peregrin, I forgot to mention,
whose issue are now marked with a paint spot on the near shoulder, was used among a
prize-winning flock last your, and he has since been sold at a good figure to a leading
French breeder of Southdowns. Hardihood (No. 10), too, is the son of a grand ewe of a
favorite lineage, and she is well-woolled down to her jaws and hoofs. Hardihood is by
No. 3, a four-year-old of well-preserved form, as he is nearly as straight as a shearling,
although his grand character has led to much work being got from him.

The lambs are simply living pictures, both rams and ewes. As the whole crop of each
sex is together, there are, of course, variations in form and size. But, as to their general
character, there are very few under-sized ones. And as to their family traits, it may be

776 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

fairly said they are all alike, "as peas in a bushel are alike." When I just previously
mentioned that the dam of Hardihood had wool down to her jaws and hoofs, I did not
wish it to be inferred that her fullness of fleece was exceptional; for this characteristic of
these descendants of the Babraham stock is general. The lambs, both male and female,
are remarkable for the way they are furnished with thick, fine wool over the poll, on the
jaws, and down the legs.

Before I make a few notes about the mode of cropping Streetly Hall, I will just men-
tion that I saw the entry in the Babraham catalogue of 1855, of the letting of Young
Elegance, the sheep which caused so much discussion among breeders of Shropshire^ and
their critics, from twenty to twenty-five years ago. He was hired in the above year at
131 guineas for use among the Kinver Hill flock, where he was accordingly used. The
same year the Duke of Richmond hired a ram — afterward named The Duke — at 170
guineas.

Tho cropping of Streetly Hall is made subservient, to a great extent, to the large and
valuable flock of sheep kept on the farm. The four-course system is mainly pursued.
The cereals need not be reierred to in this place, further than to say that the green crops
and other food prepared for and given to the flock tell greatly on them in alavorable sea-
son. This year the spring and summer, so far, having been more favorable than for sev-
eral past seasons, the crops are generally heavy, and the wheat, oats, and barley have a
very fruitful appearance. Some of the wheat-fields have patches of a dark appearance in
them; but this is due to the excessive wet in the autumn having killed some of the
plants, the said dark appearance being due to the plants having tillered in the spring
from having had too much room. Mildew is there apparent, and threatened to be more
injurious, owing to recent wet and absence of sun. This is only another instance of the
folly of thin seeding, which was talked so much of and written so much about some
years ago.

Green crops of almost all kinds are grown for the convenience and support of the flock.
Sainfoin is a favorite variety, and it grows freely on the clay which rests on a chalky or
marly subsoil. This year, owing to the free growth of tares, ryegrass, and clovers in
April and May, several acres of sainfoin have been saved for seed, and from the way the
stems are heavily laden, it is expected that eight or nine sacks per acre in the husk will
be yielded. Mr. Webb does not approve of the extra labor of * ' drawing ' ' this seed ; that
is, of scrubbing off the husk, as he says — which is clearly evident — that it is unneces-
sary; so he sows it with the husk on, and sells what he has to spare in the same condi-
tion.

The swedes, mangolds, and early turnips are grown on ridges a yard apart, that a per-
fect tilth may be made while the crops are growing, which is clearly, as explained, a
necessary point in farming strong land. The plants in the rows are generally left with
a short space between them, but this is varied according to the nature of the plants. The
later white turnips are sown on the flat, and a Garrett's horse-hoe is used for cleaning
them. The Norfolk plan of leaving three white turnips in a bunch, when they are re-
quired for late spring feed, is here pursued. This is because they are found to withstand
the effect of winter frosts better when three are close together; they, so growing, yield
to the swelling of the soil at the time of its being frozen, by rising from the inner or
touching side of each turnip, whereby the roots are only slightly stretched, the cellular
tissue not being broken, as it is when the swelling soil presses all round a single turnip.
Neither mangold nor kohl rabi grow freely on this peculiar clay soil; so the latter are
not cultivated, and swedes are sown with the mangold, the latter being drawn out, and
the swedes left for feeding on the land. This peculiarity as regards mangold is now evi-
dent, for the swedes are strong and well grown, and their bulbs much larger than the
bottoms of the mangolds.

A few Prussian blue peas are grown — a dressing of 5 cwt. of blood manure per acre
being applied— in the place of roots, as this soil is admirably adapted for them. They
are also generally grown to a small extent in the neighborhood. I heard of a case of 0
quarters to the acre having been grown. Mr. Webb's plant was 30 inches long, and very
heavily hung with large and full pods. After the peas are harvested, rape and mustard,
or late turnips, are sown, according as it may be expected the feed will be more required
in the autumn or spring.

Italian ryegrass is sown in wheat for early spring feed. On this mangolds are thrown
he ewes, with a view to make the ryegrass last for the lambs till the clovers are ready,
s soil 19, of course, greatly increased in fertility by this plan. Turnips are sown after-
wards, sometimes on one deep furrow and a scarifying, or after three plowings, accord-
thc Reason and the other work of the farm may allow.

j flock, in suitable divisions, is now being folded on white clover and lucera. Tho

es are folded on a fine second growth of white or Dutch clover. The ram

r we lutnbs are of course divided, they taking the lead in the folds, the ewes following,

ono flay after the male lambs, the next after the females. There is a good supply of last

SUPPLEMENT. 777

year's mangolds remaining, and will apparently be for a month. These are yet in excel-
lent condition, and two or three tons a day are thrown into the fold, the lambs eating
them freely, and, owing to the ripeness of the roots, they thrive admirably on them.
showing no signs of scouring. A large square of compressed white salt is in a box in
every fold. Mr. Webb prefers the refilled blocks to rock .salt, as the sheep take more of
it. They certainly nibble it off, or scoop it off in large quantities, with an evident rel-
ish. Ensilage in an incipient form, as compared with the knowledge we now have of
this practice, has been long in use at Streetly Hall, and it is still continued with the
success which has previously attended the system. The sweetest straw of the farm is
cut into chalf by one of Maynard's riddling machines, and it is packed in the bay of a
barn, mixed with as much cut green tares, clover, or grass as will cause it to heat to the
degree of temperature of a well-secured haystack. "When the autumn filling of a J»:iy
has been consumed, and it is necessary to prepare another supply for spring use before
tares, ryegrass, or lucern is fit for the scythe, a small quantity of mangolds is used to
generate the required heat for giving a relish to the straw chaff. The layers of this chaff
ami its fermenting accompaniment are liberally sprinkled with salt while it is being well
trodden down by the men who level it.

These points of Mr. Webb's practice clearly seem to be worthy of general consideration.

W. W. G.

The flock of ewes consists of about 300, after about 70 yearlings are put in annually.

H. W.

FRENCH SHEEP.

NOTE BY MR. H. K A INS- JACKSON; OF THE PARIS SHOW, 18S3-'8I.
[Inclosure No. 5 in Consul-General Merrill's report]

To most English breeders these would be disappointing, as they formed but a light
contingent and ragged regiment in comparison with our Cotswolds, Lincoln, Shropshire,
and Downs sheep; whilst their being exhibited out of the wool, and many of the best
clothed up like greyhounds, gave a very forlorn appearance to the pens.

The breeds of France are headed by the Merino and mixed Merino varieties, said to
be the most widely distributed of any over the globe, and these came direct from Spain
at the close of the last century. A good Merino often has wool, fine, soft, and elastic,
from the tip of the nose down to the feet. The chief flocks are called after their dis-
tricts— Soissonnais, Chatillonnais, Beauce, Champagne. Native French breeds crossed
by Merino rams have been greatly improved, and are called Metis-Merinos. The cross
of our New Leicester or Dishley breed with Merinos has made Dishley-Merinos great
favorites in France, especially in the Beauce district and the departments of Berry and
Sologne. The French long-wooled breeds are called Artesienne, Normandy, Picardy,
Flemish, Saintongeoise, and Vendeenne, and have long legs, long falling ears, thighs
and legs devoid of covering, and coarse, long, pointed wool on their backs. All are rep-
resentative of the Flemish breed, which has the good quality of fattening easily and
cheaply. Crossing with the Dishley or New Kent rams, the stock is improved much
from its former meagerness.

In the great central sheep-breeding provinces of Berry and Sologne are hardy low-
land breeds— the Berriehon and Solognot; but the wool is hard, dry, and scanty — head,
belly, thighs, and legs being bare — and the size is often small; the ears are broad and
hang backwards, and the whole animal is the antithesis to an English fat sheep. Bub
the flesh is delicate, and the breed fattens well. The Sologne sheep attract notice by
their coffee-colored lican* and legs.

The mountains have local breeds of small size, compacttrunk, thick, hornless head, and
•well-flavored meat. The chief are the Larzac, Lauraquais, Caus.se, and Segala varieties, and
they are found in the southern departments, giving much milk, that is made into cheese.
The first named produces the celebrated Roquefort cheese. English Downs sheep have
made many cross and valuable varieties in. France, and our New Kent and Berrichon
have created what is now often spoken of as the distinct Charmoise breed.

At the show held last February, 1884, the prize group of sheep were Sonthdowns,
bred in the Nievre by M. Coins, and the lot of 15 'were an excellent group, and
;would take a good place at an English show, probably gaining second or third prizes.
The next breeds that gained notice were the Leicesters (Dishley), Sontbdown-Berri-
chons, and pure Berrichons, and Artesiennes. The pure and - Merinos always

occupy front rank. The Oxfordshire Downs cross with the French breeds .is mm-li es-
teemed. In 1883 the prize group was of the Merino breed. French breeds of sheep can-
not be recommended for export.

* H. KAINS-JACKSON.

778

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

WEIGHTS OF GHEE? AT ISLINGTON,

lnclo«uro No. G in Consu!-G

TABLE I.— Age in ria

. rn..:n UK- Mark Lane Express of December

/.< /• </''.'/ of the several animals, taking

-•: •» '.[•< iJl- J -

ft hose for ewes.

Description.

j.\il!;Mt.,:'- ; Honors.

AB=. Weight. ~|>'

Class .3»V—Fut u-fih«.-r-i. .
of the Ix?ice<er l.rct-d -' •
uhovt- !_' iin.l iin !• •'.• . ' - . .
months old.
- —Fat \v, :
of the Lcirt-U-r l.r." .1 : '

.. .'..'.. ..' ,V.'''''"'^'! ^"•eoncl.'.".'.

1 . \> i • '! . •, - I..U1 i !. i'aii.ttT. t-'uo, li'.'st .

.Mi . •-. !'.!!, ri-'i IL............ Fir.-st

Do>/s. Pounds. Pounds.
Cdl ; 242 0.39
01 -1 248 0.40
.! (Ul 255 0.42
.1 f.14 2.32 0.38
L'll 1.34 0.53
2">l , 1,31 0.52
•>-j j j p>9 o 5]

CUis?».3.i. — Tat %v« thrr-hi i
of tit.- Cot~\v, M l>rei 1 : - ,
ulwvr 12 and undi r - 1 ... -
month- old

!!!!!!""! 'i n-.-t.... '.'.'.'
!!'."!.'.'".'.'.'! !!'.!!.

251 122 0.48
11.30 ; 2U2 0.47
(111 ; 271 0.42
C..U) 311 0.4<>
GUO 200 0.43
C),30 27 i 0. 43

CIa*s41 — Fat \vetl • . ;.u..i - . '

; ! Second .

2S1 188 0.66

of th«- Cotswoid IT,-. 1 - .',
undt-r 1.' in. nth- ..id. . '\

Cla— 12.— Fat \v< th. r -In <-p : -

J. !!. Kiwe- ! Cup. lh>t.
in,, M 1J..."...........

I 3; Kj 201 0.67
210 149 0.62
i 270 168 0.62
fifiO 277 0. 42

<»f the Lincol ii breed . •

iMl'St

W) 292 0. 46

atinvi- 12 aiid undi'i .
mouths old.
Chi>-> 11. -]-Y.t wether I:ini1 - - '•'•
of the Line*.!;, breed in

'. ... i S< c-ond....

udcr First

d ' S'-eond

630 280 0.44

270 179 0. 66
2S4 189 0.67

der 12 month- old.

II. - i. Kii :!::Vi'n Third

- i - :••, ( .1 :

291 179 0.62
300 192 0.6-1

Cla«--r..-ra' u-ftln-r«.hfi i) - '
of tin- K.-nti-h or l.'oin- j"ij
n»- v M;>.i .-:i 1 .re. d alu >vr :;' :
].' "ni,d uinli-r -1 :
old.

;;:; •

i(. i < v i . . 1'ir-t
Second....

ll 1 . . i ;

.300 173 0,58
270 172 0. 6-4
607 243 0. 40
GOO 264 0.44
600 246 0.41
600 254 0.42
630 259 0.41

r."lji«i.>'47.— i :.f u-« : lici
of tin- Kfiili-h or Uoi
ri'-v Ma:-*i l.n-« d iiu^'-r
11' month- < d.
Cla»H4-.— Kil! w.-llt. : -

i;

'!•• ' Cup, iirs't .
1' i; i \V lies

2-11) 160 0.67
240 179 0.75

030 203 0.32

<<f the Sonthdo\v:i hn-. d . :

G.30 213 0.34

a>)-.v«« ]'_' und und. r :' 1 . , ;
month" ..Id.

,.1 and

(,;o 205 0.83
630 ! 221 O.S5

630 214 0.34
6.30 215 0.34

• 'i ll. ji. i;

.

i CUM, first.

S-rulld....

630 234 0.87

1 614 251 0.41
614 230 0.37
6.30 208 0.33

,

•111 217 0.34
<>:iO 210 0.33
(130 Wn 0.83

ClaM.V). — Fat \v«-t:i« r lain
of th- Sotj'hdown l,r.-cd
Milder 1^ uionthi old.

<-l«i-:,i j.-,,, ,

; ii . Third
"..'." 'i Irrd. .'.'....

'.'.'.'.'."'. I'irstV.V.'.'.'.'.

ll1!1) 201 0.34
•'.-« 160 0.59
270 147 0.54
.307 162 0.52
;;o7 163 0.53
2S1 151 0.53
2S-1 135 0.48
270 131 0.49
270 l.r>5 0.57
2.S4 153 0.54
r, 1 4 294 0. 46

M'llt-hir^ IK.WII »,rr. I . ,
»'K,V«- )_' niid MiKl", ji .

inonlliu r,li|.

Cla»« '- ; VAI w.-ii,. r 1< '
ofthe H»onpv!.;M.,,r \»

.. i'ii-t...
Third

' "ll S. "Oll'l

674 319 0.47
6GO 277 0.42
611 2'.»8 0.46
31-1 2-13 0.77
.314 I'J* 0.63

Rhirc Down Hrecd nndci . 1

v' • 'i ' '.. i :

281 199 0.70

12 HiontliH old.

.

NViilirun I'.- .,'., upand ; i'lale first.
champion.

3UO 214 0.71

SUPPLEMENT. 779

TABLE 1. — Age in days, weight, and average gain per day, <&?,—• Continued.

Description.

No.

Exhibitor's name.

Honors.

Age.

Weight.

Dally
gain.

Class 53 — Fat wether lambs

316

Sir Edward Hulse

Third

284

200

0.70

of the Hampshire or Wilt-

817

do

Fourth .. .

291

223

0.77

shire Down Breed under

318

F. R. Moore

300

695

0.65

12 months old— Cont'd

319

Sir C M Sampson . ...

291

203

0.70

320

do

284

177

0.62

3*>1

John 13artou

Second .. ..

314

198

0.63

32"

Alfred DeMornav

291

190

0.65

Class 54 — Fat wether sheep

3?4

Marquis of Bristol

R

674

273

0.41

of the Suffolk (black-

do

674

269

0.40

faced) breed above 12 and

3?6

Edward Gittns

First

660

301

0.46

under 24 months old.

327
328

Alfred M. Robinson
G. Bcntinck Robins

Second

630
630

222
275

0.46
0.44

3?9

do .

630

246

0.30

330

Joseph Smith

660

244

0.87

Class 55.— Fat wether lambs
of the Suffolk (black-

331
33?

Marquis of Bristol
Edward Gittus

First
R

314
300

159
172

0.51
0.57

faced) breed under 12

333

Edward Fvson

284

208

0.71

months old

334

G. Bentinck Robins

300

168

0.56

335

J SturleyXunn

800

187

0.62

336

Joseph Smith

Second

300

158

0.58

Class 56. — Fat wether sheep

337

Robert Loder, M. P

R

614

256

0.42

of the Shropshire breed

338

Lord Chesham

Cup first-

630

265

0.42

above 12 and under 24

349

.. . do

Second

630

253

0.40

months old.

340

Dnke of Portland

Third

630

232

0.37

341

Grimwood Cooke

630

190

0.30

Class 58.— Fat wether lambs
of the Shropshire breed
under 12 months old

347
348
349

Robert Loder, M. P
Robert G. Oliver
do

Second
First
R

254
300
300

155
153
150

0.61
0.51
0.50

Class 59. — Fat wet her sheep

3f>0

Charles Chappell

Second

607

292

0.48

of the Oxfordshire breed

351

Albert Brassey

Cup first

660

302

0.46

above 12 and under 24

do

660

311

0.47

months old.

353

354

James and F. Howard
N P Stilo-oe

Third
R

630
614

282
276

0,45
0.45

ClassGl. — Fat wether lambs

863

Charles Chappell

257

193

0.75

of the Oxfordshire breed

363

Albert Brassey

R

284

173

0.61

under 12 months old.

3IH

do

Third

284

170

0.60

366
367

J. A. Miles
do

First
Second

284

284

177
176

. 0.62
0.62

Class 62. — Fat wethersheep
of the Cheviot breed of
any age.

868
369
370

Thomas Irving
do
Duke of Sutherland

Second

First
R

600
970
1310

185
217
214

0.81
0.22
0.16

371

do

1319

197

0.15

Class 63 Fat wether sheep

372

Lord Poltimore

Cup first

1365

224

0.16

of any white- faced moun-

373

do

Second ..

1365

208

0.15

tain breed of any age.
Class 64 — Fat wether sheep

374

William Gordon

1905

204

0.1B

of anv black-faced or

Thomas Irving

940

184

0.20

speck led- faced mountain

377

do

Second

940

193

0.21

breed of any age

878

Mundoll and W^edder-

1335

178

0.13

Class 65. — Fat wether sheep
of the Ryeland Dorset

380
881

spoon.
Herbert Farthing
do

Cup, first..
Second

697
607

269
269

0.39
0.89

or any other pure breed
not specified in any of the
foregoing classes above 12
nnd not exceeding 24
months old.
Class 67.— Fat wether lambs
of the Dorset breed un-
der 12 months old.
{Jlass 69. — Cross-bred fat

385

386

Herbert Farthing
Duke of Manchester

First

837

688

181
150

0.54
0.24

wetlier-sh eep above 12

387

William Robinson

R

600

258

0 43

and under 24 months old

388

do

Second

600

283

0 47

;;s(.)

II, V. Xhnrringhftm

Cup first..

660

304

0.46

390

.. do

Third

660

263

0 40

Class 70 — Cross-bred fat

391
892

H. A. Brassey, M. P
Charles W. Schrooter

644
270

243
157

0.88
0.58

wether lambs Under 12

393

. <1 Burbidge..

281

197

0.70

mouths old.

394

do

278

194

0.70

395
396

II. V. Shcrincham

do

First
Second

314
314

224
209

0.71
0 67

397

898

Thomas Rush
.do.

Fourth
Third

300
800

901
207

0.67
0.6V

399
401

40fl

William Toop
John Clowes

R

814
261
800

180
169
168

0.57
0.65
0.54

403

do

800

193

0.64

404
40f>

Algernon J. Whitcher.....
... do

891
291

1«7
176

0.67
0.62

T80

CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

TABLE 2. — Comparative daily rate of increase in the classes for lambs and wethers in the Lei-
cester, Cotswold. Lincoln, Kentish, Southdown, Hampshire Doicn, Suffolk, Shropshire, Ox-
fordshire, Dorset, and Cross-bred sheep at Islington.

Vi

O

>,

0

^

c-g

'5

li

'3

aS

£

p<

c

Breed.

S'3

Breed.

£ 0

11

"gjj

Ej

s

sJs

>

D •*-"

K

K

"<

LAMBS.

Pound.

•WETHERS.

Pound.

Kentish

2

.71

Oxfordshire

5

•10

; re Down .

11

. OS

Cotswold

5

4">

4

.65

Hampshire Down . . .

5

4.1

13

.04

Lincoln

3

.44

Oxfordshire.

5

.64

Suffolk

4'J

Lincoln

6

.03

Kentish .

5

12

Surtolk

6

.58

Leicester

4

40

Dorset .

1

.54

Crosses

6

Shropshire

r,

.54

Dorset

2

gg

Sou'hddwn

9

.53

Shropsire

5

88

Leicester

4

.51

Southdown

14

35

TABLE 3. — Relative position of the lambs and wethers given in Table 1, according to the au*
erage gain per day in pounds.

&

317

260
362
333
395
315
394
393
314
316
319
398
259
246
235
397
396
245
234
401
223
318
250
248
403
313
821
236
237
307
356
320
2i7
402
347
863
3G4

292
404
332
399

Description of animal.

Honors.

Age.

Weight.

d

1

to

'«
fl

SirE. Hulse's Hampshire lambs , . .

Fourth ..
R

Days.
291
314
240
257
284
314
300
278
281
284
284
291
300
240
284
300
300
314
270
281
201
291
300
270
300
300
314
314
810
270
1W J
281
284
291
291
254
284
284
270
270
300
2/i>
391
300
314

Pounds.

223
243
179
193
203

214
194
197
199
200
203
207
160
189
201
201
209
179
188
169
190
195
172
192
198
199
198
149
168
170
177
177
179
179
155
173
170
160
157
173
155
107
172
180

Pound.

.77

!75
.75
.71
.71
.71
.70
.70
.70
.70
.70
.09
.67

W. Newton's Hampshire lambs

II. Page's Kentish lambs (cup)

First

C. Chappell's Oxford lambs

E. Fyson's Suffolk lambs

H. Sheringham's Cross-bred lambs

First
First

W. Parsons's Hampshire Down lambs (ch. pit.)....
E. Burridge's Cross-bred lambs

do

W. Parsons's Hampshire latnbs...

SirE. Hulse's Hampshire lambs

Third....

Sir C.M.Sampson's Hampshire lambs..

T. Rush's Cross-bred lambs

Third....
K

II. Page's Kentish lambs .

11. Miickinder's Lincoln lambs

Second ..
First
Fourth ..
Second ..
First
Second ..

.07
.07
.07
.07
.06
.68
. <;r>

.05
.05
.04
.04
.04
.63
.63
.62
.62
.62
.61
.02
.<2
.62
.61
.01
.60
.50
. .'J.2
.58

.57
.57
.67

J. H. Elwes's Cotswold lambs (cup)

T. Rush's Cross-bred lambs
H. Sheringham's Cross-bred lambs..

1 1 Murkinder's Lincoln lambs... ,
T.&S.G.Gillett's Cotswold lambs "

J. Clowes's Cross-bred Jambs

A. Do Mornay's Hampshire lambs

F. R. Moore's Hampshire lambs

A. J. Whitcher's Lincoln lambs

T. Gunncll's Lincoln lambs

F. Minnett's Cross-bred lambs

W. Newton's Hampshire laml>s

J. Barton's Hampshire lambs

Second ..

T. R. Hulbert'H Cotswold lambs ..

G-.W. Thomas's Cotswold lambs

J. A. Miles's Oxfordshire lambs

Second ..
First

do
fJriS- faroP80"'8 Hampshire iambs.'.'.'I

»•.«;_. lrkham'8 Lincoln lambs
A. Whitcher's Cross-bred lambs

Third

R. Loder's Shropshire lambs

Second ..
R

A. Brassey's Oxfordshire lambs..

do

Karl of Sullblk's Sc.uthdowu "lambs.".' "

Third.....

-V ,U s«-lyoeter's Cross-bred lambs :.;:::;;"

i . uunneil s Lincoln inn,:.-;
W. Toop's Sotithdown h

oss-brcd lambs

I-. <• Hi us'sSuflolk lambs

R

W. Toop's Cross-bred lambs

R...

SUPPLEMENT. 781

TABLE 3. — Relative position of the lamls and wctJicrs given in Table 1, &c. — Continued.

Number.

Description of animal.

Honors.

Age.

Wei-lit,

Daily gain.

Tit

G B Robins's Suffolk lamb--.

Days
3UO

Pounds.
168

Pound.
50

R

9 70

1 17

r. 1

"M;;

183

51

885

II. Farthing's Dorset lambs

337

181

54

522

iMrs S Herriek's Lr i<'e-4er laribs

Firs!

234

J ;i

A. lit ; Uhdown lambs

284

].M

53

J. Smith's Suffolk lambs

Second

31 K)

[58

53

283

Second

307

53

IMrs. S. llerriek's Leicester iambs

254

131

52

J35

S87

J. S. Xunii's Sudblk lambs

.„... ........

COO

187
IG'J

.52
5»

21M

Executors of B. Painter's Leicester lambs
It li Oliver's Shropshire lambs

"rir'-it

251

3M

129

.51
51

CJ

314

51

It. E Oliver's Shropshire lambs

li.

3OJ

ISO

DO

291

J J Colmftn's Southdown Ifunbs

First

131

49

gjg

J. H. Elwes's Cotswold wethers

Third.

311

49

85

Executors late B Painter's Leicester lambs ..

Second

254

43

J9Q

135

C. Chappell's Oxfordshire wethers

Second

•18

r-!."v,S

W. Robinson's Cross-bred wethers . . .

000

289

47

>•',;

First

47

BJ2

A. Bras^ev's Oxfordshire wethers

G'JO

311

47

-'97
J3S

A. Morrison's Hampshire wethers
R. Wrisjht's Lincoln wetiiers

First
First

674

(>;>o

319

.47
40

A. M Robinson's Suffolk wethers

Second

46

".»'»

H. Lambert's Hampshire wethers

Second

298

46

'<!.}

Sir J. Kelke's Hamn-uiire wethers

014

46

J89

II. Sherinijham's Cro-v—bred wethers (cup)

First...

660

4/5

B]

A. Brassey's Oxfordshire wethers (cup)

600

46

li Gittus's Suffolk wethers

Fir^t

660

301

46

M. P. Stillgoc's Oxfordshire wethers

R. .

014

276

43

552

J. & F. Howard's Oxfordshire wethers
H Hade's Kentish wethers

Third....
First

600

.48

•1 1

G. B. Robins's Suffolk wethers

630

°75

'•10

J. Pears's Lincoln wethers

630

230

44

B87

AV. Robinson's Cross-bred wethers

R.

600

43

529

T. R. Halbert's Cotswold we liters

600

43

tao

(.I W (Jr. Thomas's Cotswold wethers

630

''74

43

KB

Sir C. Dampson's Hampshire wethers

R.

64 4

279

43

•'." 1

B. W. Tasell's Kentish wethers

600

• ,j

Executors 15. Painter's Leicestershire wethers (cup)

First

614

; •

BJ

Marquis of Bristol's Suffolk wethers

614

4"

ASS

Lord < 'he^ham's Shropshire wethers (cup) .

Fir-jfc

630

4'*

B7

T. «fc S. Gillett's Cotswold wethers

Second

644

271

J38

T. Gunnell's Lincoln wethers

600

"77

42

!9g

A Morrison's Hampshire wethers

Third

66')

"77

42

53

41

!G8

Lord \\alsi nfham's Southdown wethers (cup)..

614

251

41

l-\ Neair.e's Kentish wethers

6-30

2o'J

41

04

Marquis of Bristol's Sufiblk \\'cthers

it

tri

41

T Wootton's Kentish wethers . ..

40

Mrs S P 1' -icester wethers

614

''48

40

139

Jyord Chesham's Shropshire wethers

030

''•53

40

J-H)

11. Sherhmrham's Cro-s-bred wethers

Third

600

iMrs. s.l*. llerriek's Leicester wethen

674
614

.40
30

t29

(i. )5. Robins'fl Sinlblk wethers

630

is:)

;si

li. r'avthiuK's Dorset wethers (cup;
H. Farthinjf's Dorset wethers

First
Second

697

OU7

. "'J

»is

;iors late B. Painter's Liieesier wethers

614

11. A. 1 'i!-;!~si-v > <

JOg

Lord Wal.si n ylia m's Soul lulown wet h'-rs

Second

614

-lorsofll. i' -:ihdown wethers
Duke of Port!an<''»i Shropshire wethers

R....
Third

G#>
690

232

. :'7

J. Smith's Suffolk wethers

660

• n

37

Sir J. Kelke's Southdown wethers

630

221

35

C. Chapman's Southdown wethers

Second

600

204

SI

Lord Alington's Southdown wethers ,

630

215

81

Yfi

do......

630

Prince of Wales'* Southdown wethers

213

31

Earl of Onslow's Southdown wethers

('•I J

217

31

m

Duke of Richmond's Southdown wethers

205

33

BO

Duke of Hamilton's Southdown wethers

Lord Braybrook's Southdown wethers

:;5

^73

G. C. Carew-Gibson's Southdown wethers ....

.33

782 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING,

TABLE 3. — Relative position oftJte lambs ami wethers given in Table 1, &c. — Continued.

!

Description of animal.

Honors.

Age.

1
I

!

>»

I

Days,
630

Pounds.
303

Pound.
32

OflO

Second ..

600

185

:&

630

190

30

638

150

24

36Q

First

970

217

.22

T77

Second

940

193

21

376

940

184

.28

*?74

1305

204

.16

^70

First

1365

224

.15

370

Duke of Sutherland's Cheviot wethers

B

1319

214

.16

371

do

1319

187

.15

373

Second ..

1365

208

.15

378

Mundell <fe Wedderspoon's Mountain wethers . ...

1335

178

.13

The above tables have been constructed on the same plan which has been observed in
those for cattle. The average gain per day in pounds is calculated to the nearest deci-
mal; that is to say, when the remainder represents a fraction of greater value than one-
half it is reckoned as one, and where more than one animal is represented by the same
average rate of daily gain relative positions are determined by the numerical value of
the remainder. With regard to the tables of averages, it will be seen that the numbers
exhibited refer to pens of three, the weights and daily rate increase referring, of course, to
an average of the three animals in each pen. The weight of each pen has been divided
by three; a remainder of two has been reckoned as one, and a remainder of one has been
dropped.

SHEEP AND MUTTON IN 1883.

[From the Live Stock Journal. Inclosure No. 7 — Consul-General Merrill's report.]

The past season has been on the whole an average one to the floekmaster. Neither
liver rot nor fluke have disturbed the flock, although foot-and-mouth disease and scab
have caused some anxiety. The losses in Licolnshire and Norfolk were most severe,
and caused a drop at some of the sales. The regulations in force to prevent the spread
of the disease were ineffective, as the local authorities in some areas granted licenses
which were refused in other places; hence discontent and dissatisfaction, encouraged by
bad seasons, has produced a wonderful progeny of evils.

In the spring there was quite a stampede. Farmers usually endeavor to have a good
crop of early lamb for market, which helps to pay the way at Easter. An embargo,
however, was placed on the sale. Her Majesty the Queen issued an order that no lamb
would be required for the royal household. This immediately lowered the price of thia
favorite dainty, and occasioned a serious loss to flockmasters ready to sell. The outcry
against the order was so great that another was issued explaining Her Majesty's com-
mands only affected the royal household, and was in no way intended to interfere with
the sheep markets.

Doubtless Her Majesty's advisers, looking to the fearful decrease in our flocks of late
years, were anxious to retain all the ewe lambs possible for future use. But flock-
masters know their business, and can attend to it. They can spot the lambs which
ought to be fed for lamb and those which should make mutton. Sheep-breeders have
found out that mutton pays better than wool, and that fat lamb brings a better return
than mutton. The produce of black-faced short-wooled rarns and white-faced long-
wool ed ewes is found to be a profitable early lamb fbr the market; and the lamb dropped
by Dorset horns is par excellence the dainty of early spring. In Scotland early lambs arc
purposely bred from old ewes, being their last crop of lambs; consequently it pays to
both with as much artificial food as possible. These old ewes begin to lamb in
February, and drop more lambs than ordinary stock ewes, because they are put in good
, condition when the rams are with them. It would not pay to keep the lambs till they
got bigger, as it would increase the bill, and as mutton fetch less. Therefore flock-

SUPPLEMENT. 783

masters in both countries try to make as much as possible out of the popular taste for
early lamb and green peas.

The prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease and the restrictions in force respecting the
movement of cattle contributed to make mutton dear. The trade in store-stock was
almost entirely stopped, as the movement orders in some districts were very stringent,
and in others quite the reverse. Various representations were made to the Government
without any appreciable effect.

At the wool sales in the west of England there was great competition, especially in
the month of July. During that month nearly half a million fleeces of Southdown and
Dorset-horn wool were sold at the public sales in Wilts, Hants, and Dorset.

One Irish lirm spent over £2,000 at one of the Wiltshire sales, and within a fortnight
it was estimated that over £30,000 had been spent on Wiltshire wool alone. The gen-
eral average was a little less than last year, and the competition keen. At Devizes the
general range was from 30s. 4d. to 33s. lOd. per tod. The figures last year were 33s.
lOd. — the highest price fetched there this year — to 36s. 2d., and ten years ago 42s. 6d.
to 47s. 6d. were the prices realized. The September sales were rather quiet, the best
Down fleeces fetching from 14d. to 15d. and medium from 12d. to 13d. The tendency
of these sales, however, was to favor buyers.

The sales were very successful, if we take them all round. Several of the Down
breeds were fancied by German and French connoisseurs, and numerous purchases were
made of Oxfordshire, Hampshire, and Shropshire Downs. Time was when there was a
great demand from Australia for English sheep and cattle. The policy of closing the
ports against all importations, however, prevents Australian breeders visiting or buy-
ing in our markets. Our Australian cousins were never afraid of a price, and time
was when Messrs. Duddington, of Panton, got a check for 200 guineas for one of the
rams of that famous flock. Nowadays the Australians do not come to Old England for
their stock, but according to the report of recent sales 3,150 guineas were paid for an im-
proved Lincoloshire ram. These prices have not been reached in England, although it
is highly probable that the famous Robert Bakewell, of Dishley, fingered a few guineas,
both for his rams and ewes, and also for service. We must, however, take the market
as we find it, and therefore direct attention to the fortunes of the various breeds in the
sale ring during the season of 1883. Naturally BakewelPs Dishley breed takes the
pride of place.

LEICESTKES.

This famous breed owe a great deal of their excellence and popularity to the efforts of
Robert Bakewell, of Dishley. It also obtains the foremost place in the royal catalogue,
and its popularity is still maintained by breeders, such as Messrs. T. H. Hutchinson,
Geo. Turner, Brown, Linton, Jordan, &c. The value of the breed, however, is gener-
ally indicated at the autumn sales, which are confined to a few English counties and to
Scotland.

At Forres, over 70 rams were offered. Mr. Mackessack, of Cloves, gave the highest
price of £20 for a strong well-brought sheep, belonging to Mr. Hunter, of Depple, whose
average was £7 higher than last year. At the Muir of Ord fair, Mr. Gorran, of Arabella,
sold 40 at an average of £6.

BOEDER LEICESTER.

This breed is a great favorite in the north of England, and also in Scotland. At the
Edinburgh sales the prices, owing to foot-and-mouth disease, were 25 per cent, be-
low those current at the Lothian sales in 1882. At Kelso, the rams, which were forward
in fine condition, numbered 1,867, being an increase of 365 over last year's total. Lord
Polwarth's famous Mertoun rams secured the highest price — £125 — for a grand ram.
From the same flock Lord Arthur Cecil purchased one at £61; the Hon. R. Bailie Ham-
ilton, one at £51 ; and Mr. Dodds, Cothill, one at £50. The Mertoun average was £26
14s. 8d. Lord Polwarth also headed the sales last year, when the highest-priced ram
made £78. Mr. Thompson, Baillieknowe, got £66 for a ram; the average price being
£20 3s. Miss Stark, Mellendean, secured £61 for the best lot in her pen, the lot mak-
ing an average of £18 3s. 3d.

At Edinburgh, the Craigend rams met with the best demand, and made the highest
average, £13 13s., although this was £3 12s. 3d. less than last year. The highest-priced
ram was bought by Mr. Milroy, Torrance, for £30; and Mr. Alexander, Easter Dean,
secured the second-prize Lauder ram at £29; Mr. Balibur, of Whittinghame, M. P., ob-
tained the good average of £11 5s. 4d., his first-prize Inverness ram being purchased by
Mr. Ainsle, Hillend, for £31. The highest price la . given fora fine

ram from the celebrated Oklhamstocks flock. Messrs. Clark, OldUaiustocks, liave for fif-
teen years had the highest average for Border Leicesters, but they had only the third
place on this occasion. Their average was £12 5s. Id., as compared with £20 11s. 3d.

784 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING.

last year; and £30 was the highest figure going, which was paid by the Marquis of
Tweedale, The Dnke of Buccleuch had ail average of £6 2s. 6d., being £5 los. under
last year, and his hi^lu .- -t price was £28.

At the Irish ram- breeders' sale, Viscount de Vesci offered twelve rams, which obtained
the best average, and the highest price for an individual ram was £31 10s. The Border
Leicester is a favorite sheep, and makes capital mutton.

COTSWOLDS.

Cotswolds are greatly favored on the Gloucestershire hills, whence they derive their
name, and many breeders in other counties are exceedingly fond of the breed. Mr. Rob-
ert Game, of Oldsworth, obtained the good average of £20 Is. Wd. for an exceedingly
even lot; and Mr. C. Mace and Mr. J. Game had £9 5s. and £9 respectively. But ab
llempton Green Mr. T. Brown's celebrated Marham Hall flock met a ready sale at from
8 to 18;V guineas, the sixty averaging £12 16s. Last year Mr. Brown's highest price
was 17£"guineas and his average £11 3s. Mr. J. B. Aylmer, of Fincharn Hall, made the
high average of £12 18s.; the top price last year was 15 guineas. Mr. T. Thornton's
shearling rams, bred from the west Dereham flock, fetched irom 7 to 19£ guineas. Last
year the prices ran from 9 to 19 guineas, and the average £12 G*., as compared with £8
8s. in 1881. Mr. Thomas Allen, of Markshall, offered a number of rams at Horringer fair,
which made prices ranging from £9 downwards. At the letting of the West Dereham
Long-wools, Hugh Aylmer had a most satisfactory sale. The rams offered were of a fine
uniibrm character, presenting in a high degree that combination of good qualities lor
which the West Dereham Hock is famous. The average for the lambs was £7 10s. Or/.,
against £5 19s. 6d. last year. The highest price was £15 15s.

LIKCOLNS.

This long- wool breed seem to decline in value. Possibly this was clue this year to the
prevalence of disease and the restrictions in force respecting movement. Time was when
a colonial breeder would have given 150 guineas for a ram which last season only fetched
about 40 or 50 guineas. The averages made were much lower than those of last year— a
fact which the figures we give indicate.

At Biscathorpe, Louth, the late Mr. Thomas Kirkham's flock was disposed of. Sixty-
eight rams averaged a trifle over 14 guineas per head. The highest price was 62 guineas.
Mr. Edward James Davy (Owersby, near Market Rasen) sold 20 rams. The highest
price was given by Mr. J. H. Vcssey, 58 guineas. The average was 17 guineas. Mr.
Charles Clarke attracted a large company to Ashby-dc-la-Launde. A symmetrical shearl-
ing was secured by Mr. J. W. Davy, of Owersby, for 37 guineas; a magnificent sheep fell
to the bid of Mr. Taylor Sharpe, of Baumber, for 36 guineas. Mr. J. H. Caswell, of Laugh-
ton, hired a fine animal for 50 guineas. A remarkable fine three-shear fell to the bid of
Mr. J. R. Kirkham, of Cadeby, at 27 guineas. Shearlings averaged £14 15s. lOrf. The
hundred sheep realized a total of £1,478 18s. 6(7., an average CTf £14 15s 9A& Last year
the average of 100 sheep was £13 5s. 8d. For the rams of the Hultoft flock, the property
of Messrs. W. F. and C. Robinson, Mr. J. Robinson, of Anderby, gave 40 guineas. The
Ulceby Grange flock, the property of Mr. John Turner, averaged 11 guineas. The
higher prices were £25 10s., £24, and £21. Mr. Henry Dudding, of Riby Grange, near
Grimsby (late of Panton), sold 30, making an average of nearly £12; Mr. Samuel
Grant, Brigg, got one for 21 guineas, and another at £15 (for exportation to New Zea-
land). The Wootton Dale rams, the property of Mr. Thoruas Taylor, Havercroft, aver-
aged nearly £9. Forty rams of the famous Cadeby flock, bred by Mr. John Walesby,
Kirkham, averaged £15 10s. per head, one of the best averages obtained in Lincoln
ehire last season. The highest prices were 54 and 56 guineas. The highest-priced ram
belonging to Mr. J. Pears, of Mere, was bought by Mr. H. Smith, of Cropwell Grove,
for 50 guineas. Mr. E. Paddison, of Ingleby, obtained an average of £8 10s. Id. Mr.
W. Grimes, of Harmston, made an average of £10 18s. 4:\d. Thirty shearlings, bred
by Mr. C. S. Diekenson, of Ashfield House, Branston, averaged £10 7s. 6ld. In Ireland
the highest price was 24 guineas, obtained by Mr. R. E. Going, of Nenagh, and his aver-
age was £2 over that of last year.

YOEKSniEE OE WENSLEYDALE.

The origin of this breed is somewhat obscure. It is locally termed Wensleydalc, ;;1-
thoi.'/ in the south of Scotland as the Yorkshire. It has a dash of Leicester

/ss that the blue faces were 11 rst introduced. The We ns-
• rossiug with blask-faced ewes and Cheviots, the produce be-
fog styled " half-breeds " or "Mashatns." The rams follow the ewes over the liills,

SUPPLEMENT. 785

and the ewes are very prolific, and excellent milkers. The general charact-er of this
breed is hardy, with a tendency to accumulate llesh rapidly. The word " Maehain " ia
given to these sheep because a large lair is held

At the annual lamb fair more than 60,000 sheep and lambs were penned; buyers were
•it in large numbers. Trade was rather slow, but a good business was done. Good-
bred rams were in great demand, and found a ready sale at prices varying from £9 to
£16; good-bred ram lambs, £3 10s. to £4.

DEVON LOXGWOOLS.

These are chiefly confined to Devon, and few sales were recorded. One thing is cer-
tain that Sir J. H. Heathcote-Amory still continues to exhibit afc the Royal, and that
successfully. At the Royal York meeting Sir John entered in the Any Other class and
was placed second with an uncommonly neat and good Devon Longwool; he had also
the Ac and r for another excellent sheep of the same breed; and he carried off the first
prize with the only entry in the Shearling Ewe class. Mr. C. Norris, of Motion, Broad-
clyst, sold 20 rams for £217 7s. Many of the sheep had taken prices at the agricultural
shows, and were sold in fine condition with heavy fleeces. One ram was let at 18
guineas and another at 15 guineas. The highest price was given by Mr. Bowden for
lot 10, and for it he paid 21 guineas. Mr. J. N. Franklin, of Huxham, disposed of 23
rams for £103 9s. The highest figure offered was 15} guineas by Mr. Gould for the 2-
year-old ram which won third at Launceston, and had been he at Cardiff, Torquay, and
Reading. The ewes fetched fair prices. The average of Mr. Norris's was 10 guineas,
and Mr. Franklin's 9 guineas.

DOESET HOKNS.

The Dorset Horn is pre-eminently the sheep which produces the early lamb in spring.
This breed had wonderful luck during the past season, no doubt owing to the outcry
about early lamb. But the breed is evidently adapted for early maturity, and at the
spring market at Croxton Farm, near Dorchester, unprecedently high prices were real-
ized for Dorset Horns. Two-tooth ewes ranged from 75s. to 95s. apiece, whilst the four-
tooths made from 69s. to 88s.; six- tooths brought from 70s. to 83s., and the off-going
ewes 66s. to 69s.; couples, 98s.; rams, 4 to 5 guineas; and ram lambs, 5} to 10 guineas
per pair. This lot was brought to a high state of perfection by Mr. Cox, this being
amply proved by the extraordinary prices obtained, which are still more so, considering
the sheep had been previously shorn. That this variety is becoming popular there is
no denying, and at the annual sale Mr. T. Ensor, of Dorchester, disposed of 20,000 in
one day. This was considerably in excess of last year by several thousands. The re-
suit was due mainly to the efforts put forth by Mr. Ensor, who offered prizes of the value
of 30 guineas for the best drafts of horn ewes entered for sale at the fair; and this evoked
a spirited competition. The prize ewes of Mr. Mayo's fetched the top price— 80s. ; other
good lots made 68s. to 74s.

SOUTHDOWNS.

This is the principal breed of the Downs variety, and is favored by the Prince of Wales
and Lord Walsingharn, who have flocks of unrivalled excellence. The Southdowns are
beautiful sheep, and, though short in wool, make capital mutton. Very few sales took
place last seasou. The rams belonging to the executors of the late Mr. Thomas Jack-
son, Deepdale, near Scarborough, were sold. The 36 rams offered were in high condi-
tion, and realized £6 10 s. average. Two grand sheep were purchased by Lord Londes-
borough for £9 and £7 each; four others sold for over £9 per head, and another for £8
5s. Mr. W. Rigden, of Hove, sold 26 shearling rams at an average of £21 16s. Qd.
each. This was a capital price for sheep, and Mr. Rigden was well re warded for his la-
bor in breeding such an excellent flock: In addition to the numerous honors Mr. Rigden's
flock has gained at the Royal Show since 1850, it has also taken 24 prizes at the Bath
and West of England, 4 prizes at the Southern counties, and various prizes at other
shows. The secret of the success of the Hove flock doubtless lies in the fact that the
nt shepherd has been with Mr. Rigden for twenty-one years, and during that time
28 first, 26 second, and 6 third prizes have been won.

EOMNEY MABSH.

This breed, which is confined chiefly to this district, has been wonderfully fortunate
of late years, and Mr. George Slater, of Canterbury, does all he can to keep it in front.
In the south Kentish sheep are extremely popular. At a sale of 57 rams belonging to
Mr. Powell prices ranged from £7 7s. to £43, and 4 fetched between £29 and £35.
These are good figures to pay for the much-despised Kentish breed.
H. Ex. 51 50

78G CATTLE AND - DAIRY * FARMING.

OXFOBDSHIEE DOWNS.

These have taken quite a firm hold of the affections of many breeders in Bedfordshire,
Bucks, Hunts, &c. The Oxford Down is an attractive sheep, and the specimens exhib-
ited at the Royal York Show were worthy of the national gathering. Quality was ob-
servable all along the line, and where so much excellence was discernible they were most
difficult classes to judge. . The ram sales were fully successful, and attracted numerous
buyers from the continent. At Mr. John Treadwell's sale at Upper Winchendou, a
number of shearling and ram lambs were disposed of at an average of a trifle over £23
12s. A number of the rams were bought for Germany, although a few were picked up
by our Gallic neighbors. The Fyfield flock of Mr. A. F. Nulton-Druce averaged £17
10*., and the Biddeuham lot realized the handsome average of £15 11s. Mr. Albert
Brassey, who was so successful at the Royal Show at York, was equally fortunate in
the sale ring. The Heythorp flock averaged £14, being an increase of nearly £1 com-
pared with last year's average. Mr. George Street, of Maulden, obtained an average
of £10 Is. 3d. Mr. Fred. Street, of Somersham Park, also disposed of 40 fine sheep at
an average of £14 9s» 8d. Mr. John Worley's flock averaged £14 3s. 2d., and Mr.
Ed. Gillett's Bampton flock obtained an average of £15 3s. Drafts were sold from va-
rious flocks, the averages ranging from 4 to 10 guineas. Equally favorable prices were
obtained for ewes and ewe lambs; and on the whole the Oxford Downs went off very
well. They are great favorites on the continent, and before long will be found in the
United States.

HAMPSHIEE DOWNS.

These are a comparatively new variety,* and are said to have been produced by South-
down crosses on the old Wiltshire sheep. The breed possesses in a high degree the qual-
ities of fecundity and early maturity. Indeed, we have known 100 wether lambs, just a
little over six months old, fetch 72s. per heard; and as for weight, three lambs under
ten months weighed at the last Smithfield Club Show (1882) 224 pounds eachjlive weight,
or upwards of 35 pounds per quarter butchers' meat. These sheep are massive, broad,
even, deep, and close-wooled, and do well on dry chalk soils. The Ilampshires fared
particularly well both in the show-yard and in the sale ring. Mr. Alfred Morrison, after
his Hamburg success, won well at York with large, long, and lusty animals. Mr.
"William Parsons (Micheldever) also had a fair time of it, and secured -first and second
in the shearling ewe class with well-rounded, neat sheep. In the sale ring his flock
averaged £15 13s. for rams, and 97s. 3d. for ewes. The Hackwpod flock of Mr. John
Barton averaged £12 1 Os. The Wrptham Hill Park lot were quickly disposed of at an
average of £6; two of the rams being bought for exportation to Jamaica. The supply
at Welton fair exceeded 100,000, and were chiefly bought by flockmasters in the west-
ern counties. Mr. TwiddelPs flock fetched from £4 14s. 6d. to £12 12s. ; and Mr. John
Parris's averaged about 7 } guineas, and Mr. H. Dudding sold 16 rams at an average of £12;
and Professor Wrightson disposed of 40 at from £6 to £7 10s. each. Mr. Oakley had
150 from his Underwood Hall flock, which fetched from £7 to £10 each. Six rams were
bought at Peterborough at £5 10s. each for shipment for Buenos Ayres. Mr. F. Boyce
(Manor Farm) disposed of 1,400 ewes and lambs at high prices, the total sum realized
being £4,484 17s. The Broadfield lot, belonging to Mr. William Lane, averaged £17 7s.
8d., the average last year being £17 15s., and in 1881 £12 8s. 9d. The Homington flock
was weeded to the extent of 131 lots. The rams were let as high as 67 guineas. Mr.
Dibben hired at 42 guineas ; Mr. Parsons, of Micheldever, at 61 guineas. Ram lambs were
sold at 41 guineas, which was given by Professor Wrightson. At the sale of Mr. Pal-
mer (Berry Court, Wallop, Hampshire) ram lambs were let at from 7£ to 22 guineas
each, the average of 70 being £11 19s. 6d. A number of rams of the well-known Font-
hill flock, which took the champion prize at the Hamburg Show, were let and sold at
high prices. The ram lambs were let for the season at 64 guineas. The average at
which 13 lots were hired was £34 6s. 6d. The selections from the flock of Mr. W. Chey ney
Street made satisfactory prices, and the draft ewes, which were remarkably well matched,
sold for upwards of 5 guineas each.

SHEOPSHIEKS.

This breed is making great headway, and seems to be a great favorite everywhere.
They are fancied not only in Shropshire, but are found in Scotland, Wales, Ireland, and
in several continental countries, while numbers have been exported to Canada. That
the breed is decidedly popular cannot be denied.

*Next oldest to Southdown.

SUPPLEMENT. 787

The top figures in the sale ring are paid for Shropshire^, and they still maintain their
high character for good mutton. High prices were
obtained £178 for one; Mr. R. Thomas sold two at £110

guineas for one; Mr. J. Beach 110 gu >.•!! 105 guineas. Tu

mingham sales were most successful. Mr. C. Randell gave 100 of his lord-

ship's shearlings. The ewes at Birmingham also nr . The lot sent by Mr.

Henry Lovatt, of Bushbury, Wolverhampton, were run up i id some of

Mr. A. S. Berry's Hock sold for 210s. each. The lot sent by Mr. J. Pulley, M. P. .
sold at high prices for Canada. The highest average for 60 ewes was obtained by Lord
Chesham at 1505., an average which has never 1 led at Birmingham. Th

tons lloek, belonging to Mr. J. Beach, sold and let well, and the average for rams was
£-27 12.s and for ewes £7 14s. IQd. Mr. T. J. Manaell, of Dudmastbn, secured 105
guineas for his first-prize shearling at York, and the average was £24 12s. 4d. The
fanu-d Uifington flock of Mr. John Evans averaged . ibr 37 shearling rams, and

a little over £10 for ewes. At the annual sale of Messrs. Crane and Tanner, of Shra-
wardine, Lord Chancellor was sold at 65 guineas, and Royal Consort let at 75 guineas.
The average was £19 14s. 10(7. One lot of five shearling ewes was bought by Mr. Darling
at 16 guineas per head. Mr. Charles Byrd never penned a better lot than those he offered
at Littywood. The 34 averaged a little under 8} guineas a head. The selection of
rams and ewes from jthe Montford flock, the property of Mr. T. S. Minton, averaged
for the rams let and sold £22 3s. 6d. The ewes, for which this flock is so famous, aver-
aged £9 14s. each. Mr. Thomas Mansell's Harrington rams sold well. One was let to
Mr. Farmer at 85 guineas. A two-shear ram, Baron Plassy, was sold to Mr. J. L. Naper
at 86 guineas. The average of the rams was £24 18s. 9d. , and the ewes averaged £6 1 Is.
9rf. Mr. Robert Fisher's rams (Leconfield, Beverley) averaged a little over £11 2s. The
average obtained for theOnibury flock of Mr. F. Bach was £10 12s. 10<2. The flock belong-
ing to the late Mr. George \V. Langdale, of Leconiield Park House, near Beverley, was
disposed of, the rams making an average of £7 5s. , the ewes fetching prices up to 87s. each.
The Beauniontcote rams, the properly of Mr. William Hesseltine, made an average of
nearly 12 guineas. The highest price was 31 guineas. At Beaudesert 35 rams, the prop-
erty of Mr. John Darling, realized an average of £9 14s. Gd. ; the ewes (a splendid show)
£5 15s. For the ewes the highest prices realized were 155*. and 160s. each. Mrs. Barrs's
rams at Odstone Hall made fair prices, and the ewes sold at IGOs. each. Mr. Richard
Thomas, of Baschurch, got an average for rams sold and let of £28 7s. each, and ewes
rather over 9} guineas each. For shearling ewes, in pens pf five, the Hon. G. Smith
gave £126, and a Canadian gentleman paid £110 5s. for another lot. Mr. J. L. Naper,
of Loughcrew, had a good sale. Mrs. Barrs, Odstone Hall, Atherstone, got the gem of
the shearlings at 120 guineas, the highest price ever paid for a ram in Ireland. The 36
rams averaged £18 6s. At Mr. Thomas Fenn's Home Farm, Downton Castle, the
highest priced shearling ram was bought by Mr. J. C. Phillips at i>5 guineas. The old-
established Haughton flock was dispersed on account of the decease of the 'proprietor,
Mr. Charles Wadiow. The ram Bridgnorth was knocked down at 30 guineas. The 23
rams sold averaged £11 9s. Id. each. Mr. J. E. Farmer sold a lot of rams and ewes. The
shearling rams ranged from 7 to 23 guineas, the latter being the highest price, and paid by
Earl Powis. The ewes fetched fair prices. During the season Colonel Ridgway was a
good buyer, and turned up at several sales, and what is more, selected good stuff and
gave stiff prices. Good stock were sold, and their value was realized. Indeed, all
round the Shropshire sales of 1883 will compare favorably with those of previous seasons.

CHEVIOTS.

The lithe and handsome Cheviots were in great force at the Lothian and Border sales.
The Cheviots showed a great increase in number on last year. At the autumn sale at
Ha wick upwards of 1,300 rams were catalogued, being nearly 500 more than last year.
The bulk were Cheviots. Mr. Robsoii, Bellinghani, sold a Cheviot ram for £55, and an-
other was sold for £45. The average was £13 19*. In a few instances the average prices

1, year were overtopped. The highest price obtained for the Hindhopt
£51 ; at Edinburgh there was some crack lots, and the animals were shown to the best
advantage. In several cases they realized the highest average, £9 Gs. 4rf., and they
li l:e wise topped their class, Mr. Paterson, Crookedston, giving £25 for a handsome
shearling.

THE BLACK-FACED SUFFOLK.*

These are rapidly coming into favor in East Auglia. This breed differs to some ex-
tent from the Scotch Blackfaces. The Suffolks are proper niggers, so far as face and legs

* First described in August, 1883, by H. Kains Jackson, in "The Field," but hero
unacknowledged.

788 CATTLE AND nDAIEY -FARMING.

co and the more sable they are the better. This breed is a cross between the South-
downs and Norfolk Blacks of half a century ago, probably improved with Hampshire
Down crosses. The meat of the Suffolk is juicy and lean, and the mutton is much in
request in various centers. The breed is active and hardy, and can live where other va-
rieties would be famished. Mr. E. Gittus made the top figure of the season, namely,
£20 and the average being £14 2s. Mr. Gittus's shearling ewes fetched 126s. for the
best pen at Newmarket, where Messrs. Slater and Northern! both sold rams at 26 guineas
each and the Marquis of Bristol got 25 guineas for another. At Ipswich fair Mr. J. A.
Smith's consignment was one of great promise, having been selected from the best ewes
of his flock. He sold 16 ram lambs at an average of 13 guineas, and 40 lambs at an av-
era^e of £9 3s. Messrs. Sexton and Grimwade, who were the first to inaugurate the
auction competitions, sold 70 ram lambs and a fine lot of ewe and wether lambs. A fine
rain was purchased by MR Robert Cross for £5 5s. Mr. W. Gurdon, of Brantham Court,
sold his best specimen for £13 10s. Mr. E. Fyson sold 12 ram lambs at 12£ guineas,
&c Mr. Jacob Walker sold his flock, as he was about to take a smaller farm. The
Suffolk ewes made high prices. The 210 shearlings realized a total of £911. The highest
figure realized, 95s. per head. Shearling rams realized from £8 to £3.

SCOTCH BLACKFACES.

In Scotland Black-faced sheep are supplanting the Cheviots, as it is a more hardy breed,
which has weathered the storms of severe winters more successfully, and on this account
larger numbers have been offered for sale all over the country. They met an exceed-
ingly good market, and averaged within a shade of £16 each. Mr. Brydon, of Burn-
castle, had the next average of £10 13s. The highest price paid of ;?45 was by Mr.
Thorburn, Stonehill. Mr. Dodd, Northumberland, also bought one at £44. The Duke
of Argyll bought one at £37, and another at £24.

Mr. Charles Howatson, of Glenbuck, Ayrshire, offered a wonderful lot at his twelfth
annual sale, and made capital prices. A three-shear ram made £20. The highest prices
were given for three shearling rams, sired by Glenbuck Yet. Mr. Fleming, Lesmaha-
gow, paid the top figure of £43 for Glenbuck Again. Mr. M'Naughton, Aberfeldy,
bought Arabi at £30; and Mr. Hamilton, Tyndrum, gave £29 for Duncan Gray. The
tup lambs got by Glenbuck Yet made the remarkable average of £13 14s. 6d. each, Mr.
Brydon, Burncastle, paying the extraordinary sum of £28 10s. for a handsome ram, com-
bining symmetry, size, and substance. This price has never been equaled for a Black-
faced lainb, the highest last year being £13.

Mr. Malcolm, of Poltalloch, Argyllshire, sold some Black-faced sheep. The shearling
tups averaged £7 a head. Mr. Campbell, Ormaig, bought the highest priced one at
£36. The total increase on the stock proceeds of last year's sale for a similar number
of sheep was £600. This shows that the Blackfaces are gradually rising in value in
Scotland.

There were doubtless many other sales and incidents worthy of remark which trans-
pired during 1883; but we have simply dealt with the facts as presented to us in the
markets. Under the circumstances, flockmasters are to be congratulated on the results
of the past season's sales, and to hope for a continuance of the same friendly competition
in the year 1884.

SHEEP PORTRAITS.

[Inclosure No. 8 in Consul-General Merritt's report.]

The portrait (Plate 367) is reproduced from the Agricultural Gazette for 1874, as a fit-
ting illustration of the Oxford Down breed. This ram was shown by Mr. C. Howard at
the Hull and Cardiff meetings of the Royal Agricultural Society, and he was commended
at both places. Everyone knows that the history of the breed includes many names, such
-as Tread well, Gillett, Druce, Howard, Street, and others; and illustrations mi^ht hav
been selected — reproduced from former years— of sheep from any of their celebrated
flocks. We have selected the illustration here given, however, as being on rather a larger
'scale than the others; and, notwithstanding a certain distortion due to the lens, includ-
ing much exaggerationjof the head and muzzle of the sheep, as being a fair representation
of^the excellent and massive form, fine character of wool, &c., indicative of the breed.

This breed originated in a cross between the Cotswold rani and the Hampshire Down
ewe; and Mr. Twynam, now of Winchester, was one of the leaders, forty years ago, in
maintaining that the breed should be made permanent by continuing to breed from these
cross-bred sheep, until at length a permanent type was established. This has now been

SUPPLEMENT. 789

accomplished. The breed is remarkable for mass and quality of mutton, combined with

. and those for ewes in any other breed are now given for
well-bred Oxfordshire Down rnius.

MUTTON AND WOOL.

The portraits will, we believe, be admitted to be successful representations of two cap-
ital breeds of sheep. The form, thanks to the photographer, and even the character of
the wool, thanks to the artist, are very successfully depicted. There is a certain amount
•of distortion seen in the exaggerated length of the hind leg, as compared with fore leg in
the Oxford Down; and that the two pictures are not drawn to a common scale may be
gathered from a comparison of the shepherds, as well as of the sheep; but we claim to
have succeeded, nevertheless, in representing to our readers good and characteristic por-
traits of two very important breeds.

Plate 368 represents "Hermit," a Lincoln ram, 3 years and 4 months old, shown at
Liverpool by Mr. Henry Smith, of the Grove, Cropwell Butler, Bingham, Nottingham-
shire. He took the first prize for Lincoln rams, other than shearlings. He was bred by
Mr. T. Casswell, Pointon, Falkingham.

Plate 369 is a portrait of an Oxfordshire Down ram, " Campsfield," belonging to Mr.
A. F. Milton Druce, and shown at Liverpool in the class of older rams, where it took
the first prize. It is 3 years and 5 months old, and was bred by the exhibitor.

BERKSHIRE PIGS.

[Inclosure No. 9 in Consul-General Merrill's report.]

SUTTON, WlMBORXE, DOBSET,

January 8, 1884.

SIR: My specialty is pigs; therefore I imagine any remarks on such would hardly
come under the above-printed queries. I have for years been very successful as a breeder
of large white pigs, and more recently of Berkshires, having secured at the Smithfield
Club show, in December, 1883, the champion award for the best pen of pigs in the show.
These Berkshires at eight months one week and three days old weighed each 16 score
pounds. My white pigs are hardy, and famed for size and early maturity; e. g., the pen
exhibited at the same time as the Berkshires, also taking first prize, attained the average-
weight each of 32 score pounds at sixteen months. My opinion is that the Berkshire
breed is the most hardy, and could be bred and reared in the United States with the
most perfect success. I feed my pigs on barley and maize-meal.
I am, sir, your obedient servant,

JOSEPH SAUNDERS.

[Inclosure No. 10 in Consul-General Merrill's report.]

My Berkshires answer admirably. My sows run out on grass land nearly all the year
round, except when they have young. I have 260 acres of plowing, and I find swine
dispose of my tail corn more profitably than sending it to market.

I sell all my pigs for breeding purposes, having a good name for them.

ALFRED ASHWOBTH.
TABLET GEANGE,

Kemlsford, Cheshire.

THE YORKSHIRES,

(Inclosure No. 11 in Consul-General Merrill's report.]

Pigs have been my great weakness. I have during the last twenty-five years tried all
our English varieties. Berkshires, I found, were poor breeders and sticklers, and grew
very slowly when from three to six months old. Tamswortha were shy brutes and very
slow payers or feeders. The small blacks and small whites are good breeders and fatten
quickly at any age, but their meat is too fat for present The common English

pig is a brute prolific enough but ruinous to fatten. I have found the middle whito

790 CATTLE AND D AIR Y«F ARMING.

and the large, white Yorkshire far away the best of all. They are very prolific, grow
fast, and fatten quickly at any age, and the carcase is exactly what is now. required either
for pork or bacon purposes. I have now a herd of 340, all eligible for entry in the pro-
posed herd-book which a few of us are trying to establish. I try to keep my pigs as
naturally as possible, feed well, give plenty of exercise, and begin to breed from them
early. I send them all over the world.

SANDERS SPENCER.

THE BLACK SUFFOLK PIG.

[Inclosure No. 12 in Consul-General Merritt's Report.]
District:

Mean temperature, 50° F. ; temperature in summer, 60° F. ; winter, 40° F. ;

Soil, snndy preferable.

Subsoil geological strata, grit.
Pasturage, natural or artificial grasses:

How is stock housed? Warm and dry, avoid floors or walls which are good con-
ductors of heat and cold.
Name of breed:

Suffolk small black-breed pig.

Size at maturity ? 420 pounds.
Origin of breed:

Crosses between Essex, Chinese, Dorset, and other breeds.

Description, and how long pure bred ? Thirty years or more.

Color? Black.
. Maturity ? Eighteen months.

Meat? Short, sweet, and juicy.

Black pigs are preferred to white ones because they stand exposure to the sun's rays
better when out feeding on the pastures or clover leys in summer. During a greater por-
tion of the year this description of pig will find its own living on good, well-drained
pastures, with an occasional rain upon the stubbles or clover leys. They are small feed-
ers and very contented and easy-tempered. When fattening it is sometimes difficult to
get them to take sufficient exercise. They can be forced into early maturity, at six
months of age, if required.

J. A. SMITH.

AKENHAM, Ipswich.

INDEX.

SECRETARY'S LETTER TRANSMITTING TO THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REP-
RESENTATIVES REPORTS, IN REPLY TO A DEPARTMENT CIRCULAR, FROM
TR2 CONSULS OF THE UNITED STATES, ON CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING
AND THE MARKETS FOR CATTLE, BEEF, AND DAIRY PRODUCTS IX THEIR
SEVERAL DISTRICTS.

Principal points of circular to consols, 3 ; exports of cattle and cattle products from the United
States to the United Kingdom and to all other countries daring the year 1884, 4 ;
number and value of live cattle imported into the United Kingdom, value per head,
.and the countries whence imported, during the year 1S81, 5 ; American cattle the boat
general cattle, 6; number of oxen imported into the United Kingdom during the.years
1875 and 1884, and the countries whence imported, 7 ; quantities and value of fresh
beef imported into the United Kingdom during the year 1884, and the countries
whence imported, 7 ; value per pound of the fresh beef imported from the several coun-
tries into the United Kingdom during the years 1880-1884, 8 ; American fresh beef in
the English market, 8, 9 ; number of live cattle in the several countries of Europe, 10 ;
purposes for which cattle are raised in the several countries of Europe, and the wants
and supply of the several countries, 11 ; imports of meat, preserved otherwise than by
salting, into the United Kingdom during the year 1884, total quantities and value,
value per pound, and the countries whence imported, 12 ; number of cattle in countries
outside of Europe, 12 ; fresh-meat trade of Germany with the Argentine Republic, 13 ;
dairy products in Europe, 14; butter imports of the United Kingdom, total quantities
and value, value per pound, and tuo countries whence imported, 1884. 15 ; exports of
American butter, decreased consumption of, in England and causes thereof, 16, 17 ; Irish
hermetically sealed butter, 18 ; exports of oleomargarine from the United States during
the year 1884, 19 ; cheese imports of the United Kingdom in 1884, total quantities and
value, value per pound, and countries whence imported, 20; exports of American
canned and salted beef, beef-tallow, &c., during the year 1884, 21; total exports of
American cattle and cattle products during the year 1884, 22 ; cattle-breeding in foreign
countries, 22, 23.

TABULATED STATEMENTS ACCOMPANYING THE SECRETARY'S LETTER.

Cattle statistics: Page.

(1) Statement showing the exports of cattle from the United States during the eleven years

ending with the year 1884, showing the numbers and total value and the value per

head of the cattle exported to each country -. 25

(2) Statement showing the imports of cattle into the United Kingdom during the eleven years

ending with the year 1884, showing the number and total value and the value per head

of the cattle imported from each country 25,26

Fresh-beef statistics:

(3) Statement showing the exports of fresh beef from the United States from the year 1877

(the first officially recorded year of its export) to and including the year 1884, showing

the quantity and total value and the value per pound of the exports to each country. . 28

(4) Statement showing the imports of fresh beef into the United Kingdom during the eleven

years ending with the year 1884, showing the quantity and total value and the value

per pound of the imports from each country 29

Butter statistics :

(5) Statement showing the exports of butter from the United States during the eleven years

ending with the year 1884, showing the quantity and value of the exports to each con-
tinent and country therein -'- 30,31

(6) Statement showing the imports of butter and oleomargarine into the United Kingdom

during the eleven years ending with the year 1884, showing the quantity and total value

and value per pound of the imports from each country 32,33

Cheese statistics :

(7) Statement showing the exports of cheese from the United States during the eleven years

ending with the year 1884, showing the quantity and value of the exports to each con-
tinent and country therein 34,85

791

792 INDEX.

Cheese statistics— Contiraed. Page.

(8) Statement showing the imports of cheese into the United Kingdom during the eleven

years ending with the year 1884, showing the quantity and total value and the value

per pound of the imports from each country 96

General statistics :

(9) Statement showing the exports from the United States of cattle and cattle products-

horned cattle, fresh beef, canned beef, other beef, butter, cheese, beef tallow, and oleo-
margarine— during the year 1884, showing the number and value of cattle and the
quantity, and value of the several products exported to each country 37-44

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Abattoir: (See, also Slaughter-houses.)

Elberfeld, statistics of 401

Lisle, mode of dividing an 01 at 2G1

Paris, modeof dividing an ox at 260

Statistics of 258

Abbey farm herd of Shorthorns

Aberdeen, topography, soil, climate, &c 168,195

Acknowledgments :

lln addition to the many names of individuals and institutions which will be found in their
alphabetical order in this index as contributors, the following are referred to in the
several and respective reports in complimentary terms for courtesies shown and as-
sistance rendered to various consuls-general and consuls, in the preparation of their
papers.]

Belgium :

Bonar, Professor, Brussels 383

Ch evron, Professor, Royal Agricultural Institute, G anbloux 383

Leyder, Professor, Royal Agricultural Institute, Ganbloux 383

Minne, Edward, inspector of abattoir, Ghent 383

Seizaete, director of abattoir, Brussels 383

Tydgadt, Louis, secretary Agricultural Society of Flandre Orientale, Ghent 383

Franco :

Courregelonjzue, Marcel, secretary of the Society of Agriculture of the Girocde 272

Manager of the General Milk Company of Bordeaux 272

Germany :

Fnschman, Paul, Breslau 431

Gallo, Professor, Breslaa University 431

Gross, John, consular agent, for securing statistics for report of Consul "Wilson on cat-
tle in Oldenburg, Jeviland, and East Frisia 413

Korte, A., author, Breslau 431

Loefland, Oberamtman, president of Agricultural District Association at Kircliheim. . 4f>0, 463

Neefe, Professor, Breslau Statistical Bureau 431

President of the Brunswick Central Agricultural Association 482

Rueff, Dr. von, late director of the veterinary school at Stuttgart 463

Sachs, Leo, Breslau 431

Saxon Government 426

States minister of the Grand Duchy of Baden 471

Statistical Bureau of Saxony 426

Vossler, Professor, Royal Agricultural School at Hohenhoiin 483

Zeib, assessor, Royal Central Stallo for Agriculture, "Wurtemburg 4C3

Great Britain:

Beck, Samuel, agent to the Prince of Wales, Sandringham C8

Clarke, E. G., Bristol 179

DelaPerelle, George, Liverpool ].">7

Dnckham, Thomas, M. P., Urwick 7?, 179

Hine.N. J., Smithfield Club 179

Howard, J.,andF. Bedford 70

Jones, J. Bowen, Shropshire 179

Kains-Jackson, Mr 77

Lawes, Sir John B., Rothamsted, Herts 73

Lord Moreton, M. P , 17

INDEX. 793

Acknowledgments— Continued. Page.

Holland :

Ammersfoord, J. P., Badhoovo f'02

Coning, Jongkindt, director of the agricultural school, "Wageningen 515

Hongcvald. Mr., Wageningen 503

Waldeck, P. F. L., secretary of tlio Holland Society, Loosdianen, near The Hague... 383

Mexico :

La Pierre, Henrique, Matamoros 535

San Roman, Don Feliciana, Brownsville, Tex 585

Ontario :

Fuller, ValanceyF., Hamilton 553

Geary Bros., London 540

South Africa:

Stockdalo, Richard H., "Wynnbcrg, Capo Colony CC9

Adams, Lyell T., consul at Geneva:

(1) Report on cattle in the district of Geneva 321-323

(Cattle census ; meat-cattle imports ; results of breeding from imported cattle, 321 ;

characteristics of Swiss cattle; special statistics of Swiss cattle, 322; housing,
feeding, breeding, soil, grasses, &.C., 323.)

(2) Report : The manufacture of Swiss cheese (for particulars see Cheese) 682-085

Adulteration of food products in Europe and the United States 1C

Advice to Americans in regard to buying foreign cattle. (See Purchasing cattle, and also un-
der United States.)

Africander cattle, characteristics CC9

Milk, price, weight C70

Ago for breeding cattle 82

Agriculture :

Average yield of Carlton County, Ontario 508

Central Chamber of, England 722

College, Ontario. Report of: On Shorthorns and Ayrshires, 549 ; on Herefords and
Devons, 550 ; yield of lifierent breeds of cattle at, 561.

Shows in England in 1883, list of 54

School of, at Aichstettin, Germany 450

Hohenheim, Germany 448-450

Alb cattle :

Characteristics, weight, <fco 392

Price 396

Algau Dairy Association , 4G7

Algauer cattle :

Butter yield 394,439

Characteristics 439

Habitat 398,406,446

Markets for 394

Milk yield 394,405,406,439,448,478

Origin 394,405

Price 390

Weight 394,405,406,439,448,478

Algerian cattle :

Care and handling 253

Characteristics 257

Milk yield ~ 258

Allan, David. Experience of Ayrshire breeders 138

Allen, Charles M., consul at Bermuda :

Report: Cattle in Bermuda „: C39

Alps:

Dairying on 311

Grazing cattle on » 310

American :

Beef, canned, in Hungary „ 533

Fresh, exportaof, 1877-1884 28,37

in England, and British butchers 8

Salted, canned, and preserved, exports of, 1884 21,37

Butter, decline in exports, and remedy therefor 18

Decreased consumption of, in British markets 10

Exports of, 1874-1884 -

w. Danish and French in Ceylon 677

794 INDEX.

American— Continued.

Cattle best general cattle in the world

Exports of, 1874-1884

Fattening in England 49

Imports into Germany 403

Mexico 581

In Belgium 3C4

Bordeaux 279

Lower California 596

Oldenburg '. 423

Peru 636

Market for, in Ontario 552

Superiority of, in the British market

Cheese, butter, and oleomargarine in Holland 510

In the English market

Exports of

Craze for English cattle

Farmers at fault in cattle breeding -

Horses in Belgium v

Products, counterfeiting, in Belgium 369

for Belgian consumption 370

Analysis and value of cattle food in Germany 444,445

Analysis 01 milk of Jersey cattle 122

Andalusia :

Cattle in 384

Grasses of 385

Pasturage and special statistics of cattle 385

Andalusian cattle, characteristics ' 386

Andrews, C. C., consul-general at Rio de Janeiro :

Report: Cattle in Brazil 630-632

(Brazilian cattlo and the homo market; the old nativ^ cattle, C3v/; mixed breeds in
Brazil; consumption Jof beef and dairy products in Bio de Janeiro, 631; special
statistics ; weights, yield, characteristics, and origin of cattlo ; soil, housing, to-
pography, «fcc., 632.)
Angeln cattle :

Census of bulls 493

Characteristics of 395,490

Habitat 395

Milk yield of 410,490,492,524

Origin of 492

Price of 396

Weight of 410,411,490,492,494,495,524

Anglesea, topography, soil, climate, &c 166

Appanzell cattle, characteristics of 807

Ardennaise cattle, characteristics of 361

Area, acreage, and cattle distribution in France 268

And population of Russia 521

Of Silesia 432

Venezuela 637

Argentine Republic :

Cattle vt. sheep in 612

Census of horned cattle in 12,605

Driving cattle in _ C09

Estancias, cattle, in C09

Capital required to start an estanciain , 619

Exports of cattlo products from 606

Fresh-meat trade of, with Germany 13

Future of cattle-raising 620

Gnacho herders, dexterity of 612

Herding cattle in 611

Improvement of breeds in 616

Introduction of horned cattle into 604

Management o l" lauleiu ...,„.. 607

Marking cattle in, feasting, fcc 612

Milch cows in 608

Milk and butter in 617

butter, and cheese in ... 603

INDEX.

Argentine Kepublic— Continued. Page.

Prices of cattle in 618

Slaughter, cattl -' COS

'niittiita iu ... C13-01G

Wild cattle of l ! 604

Wintering cattle ami losses there from COD

Working oxen and milch cows therein 608

Arnold, L. B., on " Exercise for Cows" 49

Ashworth, Alfred, onBorksL: 789

Association :

Dairies in Denmark (union) 498

719

a 433

Win tfiai i erg 456

Dairy at Heldeniingen 456

Allgau x. 457

IK hit .mi mien -^ 460

Laws of Wurtciubcrg 691-G94

Aubrac cattle^

Characteristics 253,727

Cross-broeda 253

Meat yield 253,727

Anre cattle :

Characteristics, milking qualities, &c 726

Australasia :

New Zealand :

Breeds of cattle in:

Alderney (Jerseys) characteristics, &c G48

Ayrshircs, characteristics, &c C48

Devons, cli:1- £c 647

llcrefoid>, 645

Mixed, char.ii-1 i-rist ta», &« G 48

Polled Angr- ^c G47

Shorthorn, characteristics, <fcc 646

Census of sheep and cattlo in 12,642

Cost of transportation to tlie United Slates..' 649

Dairy farming in 649

Number of distinct cattle breeds in 349

Pasture lands of 642

Price of cattle in 649

Quarantine, cattle, regulations 643

Special statistics : cattle, soil, climate, &c 650

Tasmania, cattlo census of l 650

Victoria 0 651

Aveyron, dairying in ' 253

Aylmer, Ilugu, on Abbey Farm, Shorthorns 72

Ayrshire, topography, soil, climate, <tc 109,200

Ayrshire cattle':

Breeding 137

Butter yield 212,648

Characteristics 63,135,168,200,211,212,220,740

Dairy herds of 135

Feeding 136

Housing and treatment 130,168

In Canada 539,542,547,549,553,555,656,558,564,566,567,569

Finland 525

New Zealand, milk and butter yield 648

Maturity as meat producers 136

Milkers ' 137,200,549,648

Milk to butter and cheese, proportion of 212

Milk yield 75,137,168,171,200,202,212,216,217,218,525,648

Only Scotch breed of any object to Americans 217

Origin and history of < 63,134,199,212

Percentage of meat rat maturity 138

Price of 84,169,205,214

Weight of 74,138,168,171,200,216,219,525

790 INDEX.

Paar cattle: Pa£e-

:._• ................................................................................... 4'-'

,-,,. ..- ............................................................................... 470

4f >9
4tVt

4C9, 472

4C1», -172

470

400,472

........................................................................... 409

j . M.»nt»-vidro:

: l-ni'.-ua; ............................................ G22, C29

•, . '.. t '•_'_' ; .- . .! i;_'i!. : ul' cattle and i >: ports of la-t-i', C2H ; tbc-

•,;< \<>T\-, I..4 ; lVil/.t li-IlK'ilt trudf, €1^5.)

J .................. ,-- ...................................................... 4C4

......................................................................... 471

V

............ . .......................................................... 473

r.ik. : I. L., i '.y?,^:

Ki j'uit : Tl : !;:>• Ai ;:\ r.tin. j;> jnibiic .................................... C03-G21

tiiised oxclusivi>ly J'«)r slaughter, (103; iutroduction of
; •• rivu ]':.:!• : \vililoatilf of the ]ia!ii]ias, C04;ocnanaof

prodti. ; -. '• ' : inanag( ment <;!' cattle. G07; woik-
;, t;i K.

i ' : . LSI ; requisites of. CUy; number of animals an estancia

stock on, Oil; cattle vs. siicup on ; inai JUIIL: voi:n^ani-
:;;> .-t (i;;.icho la-nloi'8, Gi2; great t-hiu^hter-
u ''•'•••

' ID iip,]iro\-r Ai'jrpntinc cattle, Clfi ; miU'li

>.','• j ; : : i :'(:;;'(• .;;•; 1'atui'c <•!' the eat lie in-
'
r.aViv:.';. 1': ........................................................... 130

; :.

. . : ....................... .................................... 4C4-472

..: '.:• .. ,o; ; in-ruiiarities of cattle, 4(J~>; ^ !:'.(> and

ii;ii; incut ])iniiu<';i'Ui ;.;,d 1'al t(-niiiLr, milk pro-

''.,... (.•: tie, ' .-: .^aM.'.-i. mill; jinxluetiou. i'at-

,_• ;•..:, ick j-"»)res1 rattle, 470 ; (itU'invj.ld and

, u.->ul' ISaden, 471 ; spei-ial statistics of 13adish cattle,

,

47S

47S,47y

... 475

J • ••

i • oy-

...2'J.-*, 274,72o

725

797

Beach, Horatio N., consul at Guayaquil : Page.

Kt-port : Cattle breeding and cattle products of Ecuador 6;J4, 6o5

(The seasons in Ecuador, milk yield, number and value of cattle, 634; cultivated
grasses; profits of cattle raising; origin and characteristics of cattle; topog-
raphy, soil, pastures, (fee., 6.'tt.)

Bearnaiso cattle, characteristics and milking qualities 726

Beauchamp, Emory P., consul at Saint Gall :

Keport on Swiss cattle and dairy products 303-320

(Government assistance to cattle breeders, 303 ; the spotted breed, 304 ; offshoots of
the spotted breed, 305 ; the Brown Schwitzers ; miscellaneous breeds, 306 ;
cantonal prize shows, 307 ; old and new systems of stabling, 308 ; handling and
caring of cattle, 300 ; cattle grazing on the Alps, 31 3; dairying on the high Alps,
311; purity of Saint Gall milk; milk-cure establishment; export of condensed
milk; condensed-milk manufacture, 312; condensed milk factories in the United
States, 313 ; butter-making in Switzerland, 314 ; imports of butter ; centrifugal
butter-making ; cheese-making, 315; exports of Swiss cheese, 317 ; percentage
of breeds in Switzerland; Swiss cattle in the United States, 318; milk-book of
Charles Kuhn, Dejorsheim, 319, 320.)

Beck, Edward, on the Prince of Wales's herds of cattle at Sandringham 710

Beef:

American :

Canned Ln Hungary 533

Fresh, best means of sendiag to England 81

exports of, 1877-1884 28,37

in Belgium 3G4

England 8

Salted, canned, preserved, &c., exports 21,37

Consumption in Rio de Janeiro 031

Export from Chatham, Ontario 502

Export from Uruguay 623

Extract, Liebig's factory in Uruguay 6'J4

Fresh:

British imports 7,11,28

Exports from llnssia, Germany, and France 11

Imports into France 266

Increasing demand for, in Europe 13

Trade of the Plate 625

In Japan and China, no word for, in the languages 663

In Northern Mexico, price and quality 579

Bees in Saxony - 431

Belgian cattle :

Suitable for the United States 364

"Weight, size, &c 373

Belgian method for preserving meat and vegetables fresh 370,639

Belgian milch cows 371, 374

Belgium :

Agricultural fete at Ghent 371

American products for consumption in 370

Breeds of cattle in, characteristics of 361,307

(Ardennaiso and Charleroi, 361; Fletchet and Flemish, 368; Furnese-Ambacht, 361;
Hollandaiso, 367; favorite breeds, 367; foreign and cross-breeds, 361.)

Cattle-breeding in 359

Census of cattle 367

Counterfeiting American products in 309

Dairy machinery in 371

Exportation of American horses to 382

Farming in 705

Imports of butter into 368

meat and cattle into 363,369

Market for American beef and cattle in 364

Milch cows of 370-381

M ilk yield of cows 363,378-381

Milking qualities of cows 374

Preservation of meat and vegetables freah in 370,699

Prices of cattle 364,365,373

798 INDEX.

Belgium— Continued. Page.

Special cattle statistics of 365

Transportation of cattle to the United States 360,382

Weight and size of cattle 365,373

Belluno, province of:

Association dairies in - 342

Cattle in 339

Dairying in -

Topography, soil, climate, grasses, <fcc 356-358

Bergamase cattle in Nice :

(Imports of; meatand milk products ; prices) 286

Bermuda, cattle and cattle products in 639

Bicklo, Richard, Bradstone, on Devon cattle 110

Bird, W. S., consul at La Guayra:

Report: Cattle interest of Venezuela 637,638

(Inadequate communication with the interior; area and cattle plains; number of peo-
ple engaged in cattle-raising; rounding up; public pasturage; price of cattle,
&c.)

Birkonfeld cattle, characteristics, weight, milk yield, &c 489

Price of 487

Bogota, plains of. (See United States of Colombia. )
Bomboldt, Pet., consular agent at Riga:

Report: Cattle in the Baltic provinces 524

(Podolian cattle for the United States ; price, <fcc.; special cattle statistics, topogra-
phy, housing, feeding, breeding.)
Bordeaux :

Cattle and meat supply of - 279-281

Census of district - 281

Cost of introducing ; stabling, feeding, &c 281

Export of American cattle to 279

Bordelaise cattle :

Characteristics • 276

Feeding and housing - 277

Grazing grounds 276

Milk yield • 276

Not suitable for export 276

Origin, weight, price 276

Boshell, Martin, vice-consul at Bogota:

Report: Cattle on the plains of Bogota 633

(The ranilla, pest; food, breed of cattle, topography, temperature, <kc.)

Bowden, George F., on "Welsh cattle 156

Branding cattle in Argentine Republic *... 612

Branding cattle in Mexico 578

Brazil:

Beef and dairy products, consumption in Rio de Janeiro 631

Brazilian cattle and the home market • 630

Mixed breeds in 631

Native cattle 630

Special cattle statistics of 632

Topography, soil, climate, &c 632

Breeders. (See Cattle-breeders.)
Breeding. (See Cattle-breeding.)
Breeds of cattle in the various countries. (See also Special statistics.)

Africander 609,671,673

Alb 392

Alderney (tee Jersey) 648

Allgauer 391,394,396,398,405,406,416,438,439,446,478

Algerian 257,258

Andalosian 384,386

Angeln 395,410,490,492,524

Ansbacher ^ v 478

Anbrac 253,727

Anre Valley 726

Ayrshire. 63,134,165,199,211,224,525,549,556,564,570,648,744

Baar 468,470,472

Baretone... 257

INDEX. 799

Breeds of cattle iii the various countries— Continued. Page.

Basqnaise 726

Bazadaiso 233,274,725

Bearnaise 726

Belady 652

Bellunese 340,353

Bergamase 286

Bhkenfeld 487

Black African 673

BlackForest 470

ck Spotted Jutland 490

Bordelaiso 276

Brazilian, native 630

Brittany 245,327,328,728

Buffalo 320, 528, 530, 658, 660-662, 636, 668

Camargno 271

Canadian, native or French 539,540,556,564

Charlerois 361

Charolaise 248,724

Chianina 330,334

Cholmogorian 519, 524

Comtoise... 250

Criollo v 633

Devon 57,70,108,158,191,539,550,559,647,670,739

Dexter 228

Donneraberg 485

Drenthish 504,515

Dutch 367,392,398,404,411,436,480,503,504

Dutch-English 504,515

Eifel 488

Elinger 478

Femelino 250,725

Flechet 368

Flemish 241-243,368,504,515,724

Flemish-Geldrian-Holland 504,515

Freiburg 291,304

Freibnrg-Fruilano 326

Friesland ". 503,670

Friesland-Drenthish-Geldrian 504,515

Frisian (East) 398,408,417,420,421,436

Furnese Ambacht 361

Garonnaise 254,272-274,725

Galician 385

Galloway 62,147-153,194,210,219,539,557

Gascon 257,725

Geldrian 504,515

Glan 439,478

Groninger 503,515

Groninger-Friesland-Geldrian 504

Guernsey 64,124,741

Haarz 480,482

Hayay 652

Heilbroner , 439

Hereford 58,72,110,161,172,181,190,538,645,549,564,670,739

Highland 63,143,196,212

Hinterwalden i! 473,474

Ilolsteias* 398,436,504,552,556

Holland (gee Dutch)

Jersey 04,116,166,205,551,557,558,564,572,648,670,741

Jonlany 652

Kelheimor 478

Kerry 65,129,670

Landaiae 256,277

Landviehrasae 480

* Bee remarks at page 504 regarding the misnaming of Dutch cows in the United States.

£<M INDEX.

trit-s— ('i)Utinned. Page.
391,447

248, 273, 72(5

6o,94, 199, 73'J

720

249

320

464,408,473,474

031

87

G7J

3D3, 405, 446
307, 329, 728

390

391,447,471,473,474

243, 252, 724

471

.- 4 i .", 4 1 8, 419, 420, 430, 4SO, 524

320

i -i :-..•: ... 247,727

329

- • 325,329

393, 476'

333,354,395

525. 520

J . C2, 1G4, 1C»3, 209, 540, 543, 551, 557.047

320, 340,352

257,726

C31

61,70,71,86,162,190

405

519,523

726

250, 727

478

392

291, 2<tf , o04, 306, 394, 405

142

17, ".55, !iCt, 570, 577, 040, 070, 728, 735-738

2f-7-l"Jl, :;04, 305, .'!!»!, 104, 442, 444, 478

656

7"9

fil , 1 14, 100, 1 97, 7!;9

22v,:;j2, 341,317, 359

728

395,410,411

;)02

631

337

726

4X5

3!I5, 442, 478

; - (!.", 1 ">:',, ] 00, 1 9<-\ 742

579,601
408-413

!o in O'-Ivribiir^, 409;

•lit, 411; H!ati;,li<'8 of

INDEX. 801

British : page.

Cattle and cattle imports .„ 73

best Im'ctl* for export ^. §g 204

markets _ ' 696

special excellence of each breed — — , «^3

where to purchase - 170

Prize breeders, cattle 712

Brittany cattle :

Care of 246

Characteristics 245,728

ILibitat 045

Improved by crossing with Durham and Ayrshire 045

Milk yield 246,728

Origin i 245,728

Brown, Prof. "W., agricultural college at Guelph, Ontario :

Evidence regarding the valuable qualities of the native Canadian cattle. .-,* ^.. 539

On Polled Angus cattle 54^

Brunswick :

Breeds of cattle in (Harz, Holland, Landviehrasse, Oldenburg, 480 ; imported, 481)... 480,481

Census of cattle 481

Characteristics of cattle _ 482

Grasses 482

Prices and weight of cattle _ 482

Topography, soil, climate, &c 482

Brydon, Mr., steward of the Marquis of Londonderry, on Shetland cuttle 142

Buckinghamshire, geological formation of, and cattle-breeding in 73

Bucks, England, cattle and slieep in 711

Buffalo cattle :

Ceylonese, characteristics 658

Hungarian :

Characteristics 530,535

Milk yield 535

Price 531

Weight » 535

Italian (Terra di Lavoro) : Characteristics and uses 326

Javanese: Characteristics and uses 601

Malaysian and Siamese.. 660

Southern China: Humped buffalo 668

Yang-tse-Kiang Valley : Characteristics, work, weight, price, milk yield, <fcc 666

Buftington, H. C., commercial agent at Chatham :

lleport : Cattle and cattle products in Southwestern Ontario 559, 564,

(Cattle-breeding in the Chatham district, 559 ; relative yields of the different breeds,
census of cattle in district, relative value of cattle-feed, 561 ; cost of cattle,
beef exports of the Chatham district, 562 ; cattle exports to the United States,
special statistics of cattle (breed, yield, weight, characteristics, origin, prod-
ucts), 563 ; topography, soil, grasses, housing, feeding, and handling products,
564.)

Bull keeping at Kircheim-undor-Teck 450

racing in Landes 256

Bullock, George S., consul at Annaberg:

lleport: Voightland cattle 442,443

(Voightland, and cattle of; origin ; characteristics.)
Bulls:

Abbey Farm herd : Sir Anthony, Stafford, Sir Simeon, Sir Benedict, Felix 73

Andalusian, fierceness of 384

Angeln, in Denmark, census and keeping 493

Ayrshire, Baron O'Bucklyre 224

Camargue, used fur bull-fighting only 271

Census of, in Saxony, for breeding 427

Chianina, description of 332

Devon, Sweet "William 74o

Galloway, Black Prince, 152; Harden, 224.

Guernsey, Squire of Vanbelets 741

Hereford, Fisherman, 161, Romeo, 174, Sir Oliver, Malcolm, Leopold, Wellington, Vic-
tory, Cotmore, Brockwood, 187 ; Thoughtful, 740.
Highland : Portratis of two prize winners, 212 ; portrait of Duke of AtSiolo's prize bull, 224.

H. Ex. 51 51

INDEX.

:

,-. t..r. 7P.

; . .;. ' .; r Ci InliV. (i70.

.-,.!' tlu> K'-iilm, A'nun- lli-io, Allegro, and t
Ilion, ''17.

::'.«

not I.ILIIH ,1, 1C,-'.

rton. Bt'aucluimT), "Di-nmark, I >rivt!a;n. Down-
• : ., (lamest r. Marias. 1'onsapo, 1'ltito. Jloyston,

<M

"'•"

•;• p '..- cf N't-wcastli'. C4C, : Duko of UndtTloy,
.. i . '.. Hi Howl ,1 ihn, 7,'iU ; I)u\c tif Lchi.-ncr. Aero-
;, i-. :;,7: Sir Pinit-on, 73.^.

ICO

• .. r:;;:..I -••: — ..- o!8

; i , : : \vc-il, en -1'laek 1'orest

18
1C

'M
MO

si-l T-v,.iii-:i in tin- Kn»lis1i markets ........................ 1G.49G

............................................................ ri:;i

............................................. 495

..................................................... 400-198

an. in Knulaiul ............................ 1MUG

................................................... G41

....................................................... 4PS-51 11

GlC

:nr

235

34 } , CiH 1

r,7(5; 5>s, 59:1

314, :jl"i

283

234

10,17

5W»

441
231
688

INDEX. S03

Butter— Continued. Page.

Yield. (See also Spu-ial .statistics.)

Andalusian cows 386

Brazilian cows 632

British covrs :

Ayrshire 75, 108, 171, 200, 212, 2io, 219

Devon 75,JGO,192

Galloway 75, 193,216

G ui'rusey 125-127

Hereford 101,171

Highland 75,107,216

Irish cows 235

v 118,120-123,167,171,201,206

Kerry 131,133,134

Longhorn 75,199

Polled Angus 75,165,171,195,216

Pved Polled 90,163,171

Shorthorn 75,103,158,190,216,227

Sussex 75,198

Welsh 75,100,171,198,661

Danish cows 491

Dutch cows 437

French cows : 244,252,265

German cows 392, 39?, 394, 410, 412, 424, 435, 437, 439, 404, 472

Hungarian cows 535

Moorish cows i 672

Xew Zealand cows 648

Ontario cows 553,558,561,563,566,567,569,570

Prince Edward Island cows 575

Quebec cows 573

• Russian cows 520, 525

Syrian cows - 654

Buying foreign cattle, best manner, time, place, &c. (See Purchasing cattle.)
Byt-rs, S. II. M., consul at Zurich:

lieport on Brown Schwitzer cattle 298-303

(As milkers, 298-301 ; characteristics, feeding, and caring, 301; Brown Schwitzera in
the United States ; market value of, 302; how to export, 303.)

Cadiz, province of , 880-387

(Area uf pasture lands, 386; census of cattle, 387; topography, soil, climate, and grasses,

385.)
Calves, rearing, &c. :

Hereford 1&7

Jersey, on the island of Jersey llg

In Franco 271,273,275

Switzerland 296

Welch 154,155

Calw, price of cattle in 454

Camarque cattle, used for bull-fighting only 271

Campbell, llobert C., consul at Monterey:

First report: Cattle in the State of Nucvo Leon 587-589

(Topography and cattle of XuovoLeon, 587 ; native preferred to foreign cattle ; milk,
butter, and cheese ; cattle exports to the United States, 588 ; census of cattle ;
an energetic dairyman wanted, 5«9.)

Second report : Stock-raising in the State of Nnevo Leon 589-592

(Sheep-farming, goat and hog raising, 590; horse, mule, and burro raising, 591.)
Canada. (See Dominion of Canada )
Canadian cattle, native :

Bred out in Ontario 640

Characteristics 539

Good qualities of 571

vs. Jersey 572

Blooded breeds superior to British 55<J

Cattle companies in the United States 637

Cantal Mountains, dairying on 251,262

INDEX.

Cap* Colon/:

Breeds of cattle in ; characteristics of:

Africander J '

Devons, Frieslanders, Jerseys, Kerrys, Mixed, Shortliorna ,

Cattle, census of •

Imports of dairy products into — — G70

Care of cattle in Europe and in the United States

Cariton County, Ontario 568,560

(Cattle statistics of, 569; topography, soil, production, &o., 568.)
Carricarte, J. de, consul at Corunna:

Keport: Cattle inGalicia 888

(Topography ; housing ; feeding ; breeding's herding ; products ; stock ; how to export (
to the United States. )

Canington, W., King Mills, on Guernsey cattle 325

Castrating catUe in Mexico <•-.. 570

Catalonia (beef, milch cows, sheep, pork) 387

Catlin, George L., consul at Stuttgart:

Report: Cattle-breeding in Wurtemberg *. 444-4G4,

(Census of cattle; Simmenthal breed, 444; Montefoner and Allgnaer breeds, 446;. Lim-
burger and Xeckar breeds, 447 ; prices and weight of cattle ; cattle-breeding at
the agricultural school at Hohenheim, 448 ; stabling, feeding, and breeding ;
bull-keeping at Kirchheim under Teck. 450 ; cattle-breeding at Rottwoil 451;
cattle-breeding at Kirchberg and Ravensburg, 452; cattle-breeding at Heiden-
heim ; cattle transport via the St. Gothard Tunnel, 453 ; cattle trade at Calw;
cattle fairs ; climate of Wurtemberg, 454 ; soil, distribution of area, and meat
supply of Wurtemberg, 455; meat prices at Stuttgart; dairy association at
Aichstetten, 456 ; dairy association at Algan, 457; dairy association at Helden-
fingen, 469; area under cultivation; percentage of products, 463 ; characteris-
tics of Wurtemberg cattle, Simmenthal, AUgauer, and crossings, 464 ; dairy as-
eociation laws of Wurtemberg, 691-C94; Wurteniberg cattle laws, 743-752.)

Cattle-breeding:

At agricultural school (Government), Hohenheim 448-450

Heidenheiin 453

Kirchberg 452

Ilavensbnrg 452

Rottweil 451

Experimental; Bed Polls 92

From imported stock in Switzerland, results. 321

Thuringia, results 411

General information, by an English export 81-86

In Brazil...-*. 632

Cape Colony : 6(50

Ceylon • Goj

Denmark 402-495

Ecuador 634

Europe 2J

Europe and the United States, contrast 41-54

Galicia 383

Germany 397,398

Baar , 472

Baden 460

Bavaria 478

Uarz Mountains 483

Marshes , 415

Oldenburg 421

Silesia 433

Thuringia 440

Holland 514

Honduras 598

Hungary 627,531

Mexico 4 578,585,594

Ontario 547,549,550,551,550

Bussi* 524

Scotland 209,221

Switzerland 287,304,308,323

Syria •„ 652

Yang-tae-Kiang Valloy 6C7

INDEX. 805

Cattle-breeders Page.

American farmers at faul't 51

A yshiro, experience of ... 1 138, 212

British prize 712,715

Devon 109,110,192

Galloway, caution to 109,110

Guernsey 121

• •foni 183-188

Highland 145-147

Jersey 117,123

Kerry 120-133

Longhorn 95, 199

Tolled Angus 139-112,193,194,209,210

EedPoll 89-93

Shorthorn 09,72-74,00,105-107,189,040

Sussex 114-H6

mish 153-150

Cattle fairs (see also Cattle shows) :

In England and Scotland 170,182

Germany, MesskircL 4G3

Silesia 434

Wurtemberg > , 454

Cattle improved by transference to foreign countries 505

Insurance companies in Germany 402

Laws of Mexico 585

"Wurtomberg 74U-7.V2

Market, British 090-099

Ncuss -. 488

Products- from Dutch cows in Silesia 437

Handling iu Thuringia 440

Imports of American, into Mexico 581

Shorthorn dairy, sale of 103

Supply of liarmeii — 399

Cattle sales, and prices realized thereat:

Auld's, IL C. (Polled Angus)..: 73

^\liiiir's, Sir Hu-li, V\\-si i)mhu:n 76

IJarnaby Manor, Ik-refonl 70

( 'astle Hill, Ccrne 158

Cooper's, Connecticut 045

Dunuiore's, Earl of, Highlands 70

IlalfordX Mr. T. (SI: i.erboue 70

IJalker iShortboYn) 70

Jersey cattle 70

Kellog Combination, New York - 045

Knight's, Thomas (Su.ssox) 76

KnL ovtlioru) , 101

Lovatt's ITonry (.Shorthorn), V>' olverhampton • 70

New YorkM ills, Xew York 158

Pitt's (Hereford) 177

Platt'a (nereford), Newark 70

Turner's (Hereford) ..! 178

Cattle shows (see also Cattle fairs) :

In England 50,54,170,180,195

Dairy, London 720

Franco 2G6, 7'29

Germany 410,453

Ontario (Toronto).., 555

Scotland 170

Switzerland 307,308

Cattle trade of Ireland

United States, exports *,25

Cattle vt. sheep in the Argentine Rejublio 012

Census, cattle :

All countries: European 10,400

Non-European U

sou

LO

COS, 61 7

12

6-12

COO
10,400

307,400

12, G30

12

538, f>;>6
543

542, 55C
5G1
543
5CG
543
543
543
543
570
G70

400, 491
C35

10, 232, 2GG, 208,
...10.232,399,

•100, 724
81
400,408

470

471

.' 481

48G

389

414

473

414

390,399

400

, 429

437

441

400

-144

10,400

, 10,232,400,508,517

C02

, 400, 532
232, 400
10, 400
330
327
042

10,400
10,400
521,522
.'14,223
10,400

10, -100,
...80.

Van i

... 10,400

.10,321,400

10,80

12

208

.... 12,625
80
6C7

INDEX. 807

Census, cattle — Continued. Page.

Domestic animals in Bavaria 753, 754

Cadiz 387

Horses in Saxony 431

Live stock in Bavaria 709

Saxony 430

Sheep in Argentine Republic C25

New Zealand 642

Uruguay 025

Central Chamber of Agriculture, England TL'-

Centrifugal butter-making in Switzerland 315

Ceylon :

American vs. Danish and French butter in 677

Buffalo cattle of : 658

Cattle-breeding in 657

Imported cattle in 657

Origin and history of Singhalese cattle 656

Characteristics of cattle (color, form, points, and general description) :
Belgium :

Ardennaise, Charleroi, Flechet, Furnos-Ambacht 361,368

Flemish 36g

Holandais (Dutch) 307

Brazilian 630,631

British :

Ayrshire 63,135,168,200,211,212,220,740

Devon . „ 57,108,157,159,191,739

Galloway 63,148,150,153,134,195,209,210,218,219

Guernsey 64, 128

Hereford 58,110,161,174,199

Highland 63,143,196,212,218

Jersey 64, 1 16, 167, 200, 205, 206

Kerry 65,129-133

Longhorn 60,95,96,199

Polled Angus 4 62,87,139-142,163,165,193,219

Red Polled 61,71,87,162,163,196

Shorthorn 59,98,99,157

Susses 61,72,114-116

Welsh 65,153,155,166,198,742

Canadian native breed 539,540,563

Blooded 558,563,564

Prince Edward Island 575

Chinese, Yar-g-tseKiang Valley 666

Danish 490,492

Dutch 367,392,404,411,503,515

French :

Algerian 257

Aubrac 258

Bazadais 255,274

Bordelais 276

Brittany 245

Camargno -71

Charolaiso 248

Comtoise 250

Femeline 250

Flemish 241

Garonnais 254,272

Gascon 257

Landaise 277

Limousin 248,278

Mancelle 249

Normandy 243,282

Parthenaise 247

Pyrenean 257

Balers ......* 251

INDEX.

Characteristics of cattle, &.C.— Continued. Pago.

German :

Alb 392

Allgauer 394,404

Angeln 393

Baar 468,472

Bavarian 475

Birkenfeld 487,489

Brunswick ~ 482

Dutch 392

Eifel 488,489

Glan 439

Harz 480

Heilbronner ....I 439

Messkirch 1 465,472,473,474

Miesbacher 393

Montafoner 393,405,446

Xockar .,' 447,473

Oden wald 471

Pinzgauer 393

Schwab Hall 392

Schwitzer 894,405

Silesian 43-,

Simmenthal 391,445,404

Triesdorf (misspelled Friesdorf) 392

Voightland 395,443

Westerwald _ 437 439

Hungarian , 529,530,535

Italian :

Buffalo of Xaples 327

v enetian ... o e /»
356

Java buffalo „ C62

Malaysian buffalo _ 6G1

M<x>rish .L^!..."."""!".""""."""l 672

Russian .0,>

Seychelles '.".".7.7,7.

Sierra Leone 7 671

Singhalese '".""".I."..""!!!..""!!]!."."!!' 657

South African (Cape Colony) 660

Swiss :

Black Spotted Freiburg _ 2yj

Simmenthal 'Og9

Charleroi cattle ™

Charolaiee cattle:

Characteristics

Crossing with Herefords

Milking qualities 7.7.

Work and meat qualities. ......

Chatham, Ontario district:

Beef export from

Cattle-raising in ^

Prices of cattle in 7.77.!77.7.7 562

American, exports of

In Holland... 20'3'

Argentine

Canadian, in the United Sta'ji"" .................................................

Bavarian ........... ............................................................

Cantal Mountain ........... ............................................... "' ............

±=:z:z±z:±r

Switz-arland ...... ..........................................................

'

INDEX.

Cheese— Continued. Page.

Imports into Franco L'G2

Saint Thomas C40

United Kingdom 20,36

Laticini, from milk of buOUlo cattle 327

Manufacture :

Jul Inngary ">:; I

In Italy 677-681

(Gruyera, Rubiole, Grana, Stracliino, Formaggini, Emcliau, Crete, Marzoline, 678 ;
Mozarelle, Belluneso, Fiono, G79; Cacciocavallo, Rasco, 680; Sicilian, Prora-
tura, 681.)

In Ontario 544,567

In Switzerland 315,682,685

(Ernmenthal, Gruyere, flt!2, 684; Spalen, Appcnzell, Schnabziger, Formaggio della
Paglia, Battlematt, Gesscnay, Vacherin, 683,684; Urseren, Cristallini, Belle-
lay, Valais, Praettigan, Vaud, Tommo, Blocler, 684.]

Mexican 576,588,593

Price of imported, in the English market - 20

Sheep Vmilk, of Tuscany 678

Syrian 653

Thuringian 441

Vicenzau 344

Yield from milk of (eee also Special statistics) :
British cows :

Ayrshire 75,138,168,171,200,212,216,210

Devon 75,159,160,192

Galloway 75,195,210

Highland... 75,197,210

Longhorn < 75,97,190,109

Polled Angus 75,104,216

Rod Polled 163

Shorthorn 75,216

Sussex 75,198

TTelsh 75,198

Trench cows 232

Gorman cows 424,435,464,472,483,489

Italian cows 328,229,333,355

Hungarian cows 535

• New Zealand cows * 050

Ontario cows 553,561,563,566,567,569,570

Prince Edward Island cows 575

Quebec cows 573

Russian cows 520

Swiss cows 322

Cheney, F. M., consul at Zanzibar :

Report: Cattle in Zanzibar 672

Chesney, P., on Kerry cattle 131

Chiauina cattle of Tuscany 330,334

(Characteristics, weight, value, feeding, housing, transportation to United States, &c.)
Chihuahua. (See Mexico.)
China :

Southern China, cattle in 668

Yang-tse-Kiang Valley :

Breeds of cattle in 660

Cattle-breeding in; census of cat tlo 667

Exportof cattle to the United States 667

Housing and feeding en ttle in 666

Topography, climate, <fcc 664

"Water Buffalo of 668

Cholmogorian cattle :

Characteristics, feeding, milk yield 520,524

Clanchy, J.J., report on the butter trade of Cork 231-235

Clay, John, Jr., on careless Canadian cattle-farming 540

CHmate of :

Brazil 632

Ceylon 658

sin

TXDI:X.

'

.

Page.

GC4, OC3

5CG, 5G8, 570
r.75

571

— 034
.... 2i;o-27i'

— r.97
353

328
334
356

584

040
671

K;i. 171, 198

228

217,221

1G6

370, iWJ
584
033

G02
2:)!

207

264
2X1
107
43

INDEX. 811

Page.

Ootuwold cattle (Shorthorns) 74

Sheep in England. (Sec Sh-

CounterfMting American products in IJel^iuiu 3G9

Cows:

Abbey ITa?i£ Shorthorn 73

Ayrshire, "Bright Sinilo" 224

Belgian, milking qualities 374

Dairy, feeding at Munster Dairy School 48

Devon, Myrtle (milker) 75; Pretty Face, 149; Myrtle, 192; Phlox, 739.

Draft, in Tlmrhigia 439

Dutch, Wentje and Susette, milk record 511

Exercise for 49

Galloway, LallaRookh 224

Guernsey, Vestas, 1, 2, and 3 125

Celebrated herds in Sussex 127

Hereford, Giantess, CO ; Dolly Varden and Success, 179.

Jersey, Mary Ann of St. Lambert and Oaklands Cora 557, 559

Signs of purity of breed 11G

Letting out, to laborers in England 107

Mexican, breeding, for the United States 580

Milch, Belgian 871-374

Milk. (See Milk yield.)

Norman, sutitable for export to the TJ nited States 285

Polled Angus, Juno and Sybil, 238 ; Tillifour, Pride, 5th, 194

Pregnant, feeding 48

Bed Polled, Dolly, Silent Lady, Davy 27th, 88 ; Davy 24th, Nancy 3rd, Pet, Tulip, Em-
press, Sultana, Primrose, "Wild Hose of Kilburn, Silent Lass, 90 ; Cheerful, 91.
Shorthorn, Gerty and her decendants, Lady Playful, Lady Alicia, Lady Pamela, Lady-
Pamela 2nd, Glad Tidings, Lady Carew 9th, Gratification, Lady Gracious, Lady-
Laura, 105; Lady Carew 3rd, 735; Victoria, Maiden, April Rose, 736; Baroness
Oxford 3rd, Matchless 5th, Generous, lied Cherry, 737; Innocence 2nd of
Neseby, 738.
Swigs:

Herd of Charles Kuhne 319,320

Mr. Page 299

Monastery of Einsedcln 300

Grain, Danham J., consul at Milan :

First Report : Cattle and dairying in Lombardy 324-326

(Swiss cattle in Lombardy, 324 ; cattle breeds of Northern Italy, 325; portraits of Ital-
ian cattle, 32G.)

Second Report : Cheese and butter-making in Italy 677-G82

(Cheese-making, G77-681 ; butter-making, 681, G82.)
Cream :

Percentage of yield, Shorthorn dairy 103

Jersey cows 123

Separating machines 688-691

Yield in Jersey 120-123

Crosby, J. Schuyler, consul at Florence:

Report: White cattle of Tuscany , 33*, 33

Cross-breeds :
British cattle:

Devon 139

Galloway 152,211

Hereford , 211

Kerry 133

Longhorn 53

Polled A njni<« 141,201

Receipts from a Wiltshire dairy of 691

Shorthorn ". 70,100,728

In Belgium 361

Brazil ; 631

Colombia G33

France 1M4, Hi:-. 'J40, 248, 249, 250, 252, 254,257,274, 728

Germany 418-481

Hungary, for dairy •'•27

812 1AJDEX.

Cross-breeds— Continued. Page.

In Mexico 586

Morocco 672

New Zealand 648

Russia 524

Sierra Leone G71

Switzerland 291

Dairy Associations:

Aichstettin, Germany 456

Algan, Germany 457

Belluno, Italy 341

Denmark, "union" 498

England, ' ' co-operative " - 719

Heldenfingen 460

Silesia 433

Wuitemberg 456

Dairy cows :

Feeding, at the Munster Dairy School , 48

Improvement of British 717

In Quebec, Jersey vs. Native 572

Treatment of, in Ontario . 545

Dairy farming :

Position of English 716-720

In Ireland 235

New Zealand 640

Silesia 433

Dairy herds, how to farm and handle 10i

Dairy instruments :

Cream separators , 688-G91

Scientific 685-688

Dairy machines exhibited at Ghent Agricultural Fete ,...'. 371

Dairyman wanted inNuevoLeon 589

Dairy products :

Consumption of, in Rio de Janeiro 631

In Europe 14-21

Imports of, into Cape Colony _ 670

Hamburg and Bremen 4'2'.>

Dairy record, wonderful Shorthorn 103

Dairy, returns of a Wiltshire 691

Dairy school, Government, in Silesia 433

Dairy school, Munstor, Ireland 48

Dairy Shorthorns, value of.as dairy cattle 102

Dairy show, London, milking trials at 720

Dairy stock, treatmentof, in Ontario 545

Dairy tests, London 202

Dairying:

In Aveyron 253

Bavaria, cheese 480

Bcllnno 341

England, co-operative 719

Hungary, cross-breed !...!!."."!.!!.!"".. 527

Lombardy 324

Malaysia 660

Padua ."..""!"!! ]."".".."..!"". 357

Terra di Lavorno, buffalo cattle 321

Udine ....... 33"

Vicenza ...... 843-346

On Cantal Mountains 251

nigh Alps ........"..."... I..!!!!.."!!."!" 8i1

Danish vi. American and French butter in "ceylon""!!! ".".I"."".".".".!""!"" 677

Darwin™' FrenCh> Dutcb' Bel«ian' and American butterhi "the" English market M,4W

DrooghtB in the Argentine Republic 609

Counting cattle In the Argentine Republic 611

Carious broed of cattle on the Upper Uruguay River 616

atMsee of the Argentine Republic «HO

INDEX, 813

Pago.

Davy, Col. J. J., on Devons as milkers 150

Dorir-usi- of stock in Scotland 215

Degeneration of cattle 51

De la Pert-lie, George, on transportation Ci" British cattle to the United States ICO

Denehfield, Edward, Buckinghamshire, on Shorthorn stock 7J

Denmark :

Breeds of cattle in :

Black spotted Jutland 400

Kcd Danish (Angeln) 490,492-405

Census of cattle 10,400,491,403

Danish cattle for the United States 401

Exports of butter from 405-498

Cattle from 491

Union dairies in 498-501

Description of cattle. (See Characteristics.)
Devon i

Characteristics 57,108,157,159,191,7:^9

Cow, Phlox TOO

In Canada 539,550,553,550,558

Cape Colony 070

New Zealand 047

Milk yield 75,159,1(50,104,171,192,202

North Devons 72

Origin and history 57,107, 158

Price of .-> 75,80,208

Somerset Devons -•. 70

Varieties of 108

Weight of 72,74,109,110,100,104,171,180,192,201,203

Devonshire, topography, soil, climate, cattle-raising, &c 160,191

Dczeyk, A. J., vice-consul at Turin :

Report, Cattle in Piedmont ~ 329.330

(Breeds: Milk, cheese, and butter yield ; weight, topography, soil, housing, transporta-
tion to the United States, &c., 328 ; cattle census of Piedmont, 329.)
Disease, cattle:

Foot and mouth, iu Ireland, ravages of 22 1

In Mexico 583

On the plains of Bogota C33

Plague iri J ava and Sumatra 6C2

Distillery- fed cattle in Canada for export 565

Dithmar, Henry, consul at Breslan :

Itoport, Silesian cattle 431-438

(Introductory, 431; area, climate, soil, topography, cattle-feeding, 432; housing, breed-
ing, and dairy farming, 433 ; cattle fairs in, and cattle imports and exports of
Silesia, 434 ; census and statistics of cattle iu Silosia, 435 ; imported and favor-
ite breeds in Silesia, 430 ; products from Dutch cows, and census and distribu-
tion of cattla in Silesia, 4'J7.)

Division of land in France 2CO

Dockery, A. V., consul at Leeds, transmitting a report on Herefordshire and Hereford cattle

by John Kersly Fowler 181

Dominion of Canada:
Ontario :

; '(-sports from Chatham -..„ 602

Breeds in :

Ayrshires 539,549,550,503,570

Devons 539, 55 J, 553, 556, 558, 561

Galloways 539,557

Herefords 539,549,564

Holsk-ius 538,552,556

,s 538,551,557,558,564

Native cattle 539,540,550,564

Polled Angus f>38, 540, 543, 557, 561

Shorthorns 530, 542, .1{7, 553, 555,556, 504, 5GU, 567, 569,570

Breeding in the Chatham district 559

British breeds, relative value of *. 5W, &;;<)

Census of blooded cattle in Ontario... 642

£ 1 -1 INDEX.

I Page.

538,556

561

i 567

.545,554,558,564,578
565

566
502
53, 556, 5G3, 566, 5G7, 569, 570

554, 558, 564, 566, 568, 56D

543

. . 553, 558, 561 , 562, 566. 567, 569

Mi.'bi'C 572

571
571

i •' I:' • 573

571

571

573

:. & < • 574

574

574

574

:

485
176

:

: A

609

. .

581,588

: u.u in Mi xicu

592

: • ;•

173,174

: A

69

1 ' • i '.imio'i ID Calinvjn !'.:. cdi-i s"

45

n !!:•: •

146

• IT] :

367

3'.):.', 303, 396,411

4::7

-

501

396,505,516

505

378

1) •

590

580,582

, • ,.

155

.

161

:

146

413

i ,

408,420,421,423,430

409

425

: : &.<:

424

INDEX. 815

Eckstein, D., consul at Amsterdam : Page.

Report: Dutch Ciittlv 502-514

(iluuliuu u]i cat tie statistics in Holland, 502 ; distribution of brcedslin Holland, 503 ; mis-
iiamin.tr Dutch cattle in tho United States ; percentage of the several breeds in
Holland, 504; improvement of breeds by transference to foreign homes; best
Dutch cattle for export; prices of Dutch cattle, 505; transportation to the
United States, 500; cattle census of Holland, 508; decrease and exports of Dutch,
cattle, 509; imports of live stock, American meat, cheese, butter, and oleomar-
garine, 510; milk-yield of Dutch cows, 511, 512; topography and soil of Holland,
513; substratum, housing, feeding, breeding, 514.)
Ecuador :

Census of cattle, milk yield, seasons in 634

Profits of cattle-raising in; grasses, soil, and climate 635

Special statistics of cattle 635

Eifel cattle :

Characteristics, weight, yield, &c 489

Price of 488

Einsedeln cattle, characteristics, yield, &c SvO, 307

Elberfeld abattoir, statistics of 401

Elwes, IT. T., on Cotswold sheep 762

Encouragement, Government:
Of cattle-breeding:

In Europe 53

Hungary 528

Ontario 564

Of fresh meat exports from Uruguay 626

England :

American vs. English fresh beef in 8

Breeds of cattle in :

Ayrshire 134,199,740

Devon 57,72,74,107,158,191,739

Galloway 62,147,194

Guernsey 124-129

Hereford 58,72,110,161,172,182,190,739

Jersey 116,166,200,741

Kerry 129

LongLorn 60,94^97,199,739

Polled Angus * 62,139,193

Red Poll 61,70,71,86,162,196

Shorthorn 59,69,70,72,73,157,188,736

Suffolk 739

Sussex » 61,72,114,160,197,740

Welsh Runts 65,153,166,198,742

West Highland 63,143,196

Of pigs in -' 760-762

Of sheep 755-760

Breeding cattle in 81-83

British cattle and cattle products 79-81

Cattle markets 696-699

Prize cattle. (Sec Prize cattle.)

Cattle shows in 50,54,170,180,195

Central Chamber of Agriculture .- 722

Cost of producing fine cattle in 43

Cotswold sheep in 762

Dairy fanning in, condition of 716-720

Dutch cattle imported into in 1640 08,366

Milking trials at dairy shows in 720-722

Milk record of 60 English cows *.... 715,716

Prize breeders of British cattle c 712-715

Sheep and mutton in, 1883 782-788

Southdowns and Cambridgeshire farming 773-777

Southdown sheep, history, breeding, and management % 763-772

Stock feeding in 83-85

Weight* of English alieep 778-783

6 111 INDEX.

Page.
r A _'i-ntinelti-i«ub!if .......................................... COD, Cll, 612, lily

: i ( (i ii :.-• it •.•.>• >ii'aii ostam'ia. G'/.» ; number of yjomals .'ii
, • ia:.'i'.a:ii ; h"vr tnc Mork is L. :d. <1. Cll; cattle in .-L-.-ep c-u ;

- ai;>i Ji-a-tijiL; thcivat, 012; capital rcvi'.n; iV. u. siart :;u

:

^ .................... - .................... «- ....... 42

............................................................. ........... 10, 4(MJ

ts in ....................................................................... 14,21

d" in ....................................................... 13

t , .;, , . t ..; • ..- (,[' ......................................................................... ol'U

iitl' :: uiVaUlr iu ................................................... lU, 11

L\'. :.)i:i :i ..I :

................................................................. 729-734

T] ;;; •] , . [i r.itt!<' ; : !!• illn-'H n ............................................................ 4515

EXJ..-I • I"' »fi-a»f< ........................................................ -77

Aii, ii in t»!3 I^'inrn

S.s] • 'i rauiii'il, A: i'.. tn :il! ' • uu

I'l'tiKl i :. DllUiliO...

T.I

'1 i i: •-.. L.;v .. ............ ,

! : •

[.-:•>• iVd, to En-laii.l

I . : . •'• : -. . , In Hi- rii.t.-d Slat t

i-i •";:•• I'nitrd States

.- • ! !.: I.. .•!,!• t'l :!:'- I 11 It Cll Statl'3

I ; ; :

DIM!. i-n, ,-atil..:

3U

-491, 495, 4!M

MM;

.....................................................

...........................................................

1. • • ' in I'limiiuy ..................................................

'

mi, "I '. tt;.- .-• >':- ii- ;" ............................................. 43-45

................................................................... 705-70S

!.;. •••:.<] liry. j.o itinn of ...................................................... 710

an • •!. ':.»•, I'.i-t'n-y ( !n c-c inaUin;; in Ontario ............... Ml

K:i . (, fi'- sin.w ............................................... , ........ 7-1)

4'.)

, ...... 11:1

.................... 26i

INDEX. 817

Page.

Fattening cattle in Germany 400

Oxen in Germany, statistics relating to 407

Oxen in Ontario, experiments 47

Faulkner, Joseph Lay, veterinary surgeon :

Keport on British cattle 188-205

(Shorthorns, 188; Ilerefords, 190 ; Devons, 191 ; Polled Angus, 193 ; Galloway Jt 194 . J&A
Polls, 196; Highland, 190; Sussex, 197 ; Welsh cattle, 198; Longhor 0,199,- Jer-
seys, 200; meat producers, 201 ; upocial excellences, 203 ; recommen- iations, 204 ;
prices of, and how to select, 205; weights aud milk-yield of Brith jh cattle, 74.)
Feeding cattlo. (See also Special statistics.)

In Ayrshire •«- - 133

Baden - 4(57

Bavaria ^ 477

Belgium 363

Brazil 332

Cornwall, England 207

Denmark „ 493

East Frisia 409

England, cost of feeding fine cattlo 43-50

Improved method, dairy > 7J7

Franco 254,263,277,283

Germany 406,407,444-446,466,467

Harz Mountains. 453

Hohenheim Agricultural School 450

Holland 514

Hungary 531

Italy 329,331

Jersey 207

Calves 119

Mexico 577

Morocco ~ 672

New Zealand 650

Normandy - 283

Piedmont 329

Oldenburg .410,421,425

Ontario, experimental 47

General 544,558,564,565,566,568,570

Prince Edward Island 575

Quebec - - ... 571.574

] Ihino province 488

Ilussia - 520,524

Schloswig-Holstoin 411

Scotland 216,221

Sierra Loono 671

Silesia 432,434

Spain (Galicia) 388

Syria 654

Switzerland 296,301,323

Terra di Lavoro, Italy * 329

Thuringia 440

Tuscany 331

•United Kingdom 83,172

Yang-tse-Kiang Valley 663

On the soiling system 701-703

turnips 48

Femeline cattle 250,725

(Characteristics, milking qualities, weight, price, &c.)
Field, newspaper:

On French cattle 729-734

Southdown sheep and Cambridgeshire farming 773-777

Finland, Ayrshire cattlo in 525

(Special cattlo statistics ; topography, soil, climate, grasses, &c.)

Fisk, J. R.,l8le of Wight, on Jersey cattlo 123

Flcchot cattlo, Belgium 868

H. Ex. 51 52

y >;. c!i..:i >..::. A-itu 1. lu'-iuin : Page.
705-708

-42

241, COS, 504, 515, 724

3GS, 378

242, 724

240

243,244

444-446

350
332

119

571

703,704

122

48

iiid 104

1 43-50

46, 84, 561

48

; M'l.rl'. <•:;';• s : cnn^unijitlor. ami supply in Fiaiicr ; <!clicit

[»}.li."1 2G2

, . •-; - i
; 114

:• !' T. - .-:• yii-M from .Trrsoya 107

i1 ' ::,,::] [-'arm, A h -li'.iry, Ku::lanil :

••;•!.!»•. n:l.' - 181-188

i :-; : <. • -:•(•. u c.ittL1 lair a! ! Lcrcru'd ; history of Here -
1 !' ••. :-ils as (l.iiiy cattle, 18G ; II <>!ct'ords in foreign countries,

'

207

I r !; i.i'Iinii] wick 4SO-482

: .::. i I nsi;iLr,aii(l spci-inl statistics of cattle. 481 ;

to i •• [Tnitc(l States 482,483

i to tii< i'm" <1 S;;t'' s : sni-cial ^tatislicH, &c., 483.)

]

257

253,727

255, 274, 724

72fi

245-247, 728

2 !S, 724

250

250,724

240-242,724

254,272

257,724

I. ' 250,277

I 248,278,720

249

243-245,282,724

I'ari 247,727

Si! i * 250,727

1'arfv . 728

INDEX. 819

France— Continued. Page.

Breeds of cattle in— Continued.
Mixed:

Anbrac 253

Bordelais 272,276

Brittany 246

Charoloiso 248

Flemish 243

Garonnaiso 254,274

Mancellc 249

Miscellaneous 257,258,720-728

Normandy -• 243,245

Parthenaise 727

Salors 252

Cattle feeding in 2C3

Census of cattle in 1 10, 232, 26<i, 268, 400, 724

Cost of fattening cattle in, and in the United States 264

Division of land in 266-268

Fat stock in (Paris show, 1873) 729-734

Fattening cattle in 264

Food consumption, and deficits of, and whence imported 262

How to purchase cattle in 264

Imports and exports of cattle and cattlo products 262, 271

Octroi duties in 260

Prices of meat in 262

Physical features of, by districts 269

Sheep in 777

Special statistics of cattle, weight ; milk, butter and cheese yield, <fcc 265

Suitability of French cattle for export to the United States: 265

Freiburg cattle, black-spotted 291,304

French vs. American butchers and butcher-shops 284

butter 16,677

Friesland cattlo 503,515,670

Frisbie, John L., consul at Hheima. Ileport : Cattlo products in the district of the Marne . . . 285

Frisian cattle '. 408,417,420,421,436

Frozen-meat trade of the Platte 625-629

Fuller, Valancey F., ILiiuilton, Ontario, on Jersey cattlo, price, qualities, export to the United

551,558

Furnese-Ambacht cattlo 361

Galician cattlo 388

(AVeight, characteristics, housing, feeding, breeding, handling, products, price, how to

rxiiurt to tho United States, &c.)
Galloway cattle :

Breeders, caution to 45

Characteristics 63,148,150,153,194,195,210,218,219

Cross-breeding qua] i t ics 152, 211

Herd book 211

In Canada 539,557,558

Meat of, in London market 151( 195

Product of 148

Milk yield 75,148,216,219

Oi ijlin and hi-1 nry of 149, 210

Prices of 80, 150, 195, 205, 214, 222

RecommenihitiniiH to America;! breeders 147

Weight of 149,151,153,211

Garis, J. de, Kuu\ ittlo 125

Garonnaise cattle :

Charaeteiistii's 254,272,725

Cross-breeds 254,274

•us of v 255

Feeding .*. 254

Grazing country of 274

Milk Ing cjiisili lies of 725

Meat product 274

Oxon ~ „.. 254

820 INDEX.

,, . . • :.ued.

- 504,515

321-3Q3

._ : L-iU-iii1.'. iVi i\.iij.:, !iv.--(l!n^, M.:', •.•lini.iii', c'ti'., 323.)

•-;- 200-271

:• N'oi'thri ;i. V, . 't:tt;i! I i-.uh'o, 'JGJ ; Southwestern,

C7

73

U i : • ' :

3'U 3[i; 390 W-? <",-, .j'i;; .JIG 43'13 430 41f> 478

3'jr) 410

47g

_ 408 470 4y>

, ,

470

. -• 3^° 30S 404 4H 4'JG 480

j'i- 4 ,, 457 4'),) j.>i j^g

J..O

A-Q

4 '>').} 78

4*vj 4y->

4'*9

4~p; ,]74

, ,j7g

I

4^0

391 4J7

' ' "'j •' •'<)«

,-'.,.

;;93

-jyf,

H'il 447 471 471 474

. 471

;;'lj 478

4~>0

47S

391 405

4 19

.'>r>l 4') t 4« 1 478

3f):,, 4L', 478
4S7

, 'J3J, 3!J'.», 400,408

.M2

400

3!)6

40G.407

INDEX. 821

Germany-^Continnod.

Herd books in ................................................................... -. .........

Importation of American cattle into .......................................................

Improvement of cattle in .................................................................. 308

Prices of cattle in .......................................................................... 39G'407

Gibbs, Sir B. T. Brandreth, on prize breeders of British rat tie ..................................

Gillespie, Ilev. Mr., on Polled Angus and Galloway cattle ..................... . ................ 149

typical Galloways ...................................................... 219

Glan cattle in ThuringiA ..................................................................... 430

Glover, John B., consul at Havre :

Report on Normandy cattle ................................................................ 282-285

(Normandy, situation, soil, climate; cliaricteristics of cattle, 282; Norman cattle p

crable to Jerseys; Normandy butter ; milking qiKilitic.s of cows; feeding and
herding cattle in, 283 ; beef cattle and value of beef; French vs. American
butchers ; importation of American cattle into Ilavro, 284 ; exportation of cat-
tle to the United States, 285.)

G ]y nn, Rev. "W. A., on Guernsey cattle ......................................................... 126

InNuevoLeon ................................................................. ........... 590

Saxony ................................................................................. 431

Good, Richard, on the best cattle to export from Ireland to the United States ................. 226

Government aid to cattle-breeder§ :

In Hungary ............................................................................... 528

Ontario ................................................................................. 5GO

Government aid to moat exporters in Uruguay ................................................ C2G

Government encouragement to stock-breeders in Europe ...................................... 53

Grading meats in Lille, London, and Paris .................................................... 260,261

Grasses cultivated in—

Andalusia ................................................. - ............................... 385

Bavaria ................................................. . ................................. 477

Cornwall, England ........................................................................ 207

Ecuador ................ . .................................................................. 635

I [ungary ........................................................................ . ......... 536

Ireland .................................................................................... 228

New Zealand .......................................... . ................................... 650

Ontario ......................................................................... 551,558,564,566,570

Quebec .................................................................................... 574

Rhine Province ............................................................................ 489

San Domingo .............................................................................. 640

Scotland ................................................................................... 217

Switzerland ....................... . ....................................................... 323

United Kingdom ........................................................................... 172

Grasses, natural, in —

r.crmuda .................................................................................. 639

Japau (sheep will not live on) .............. . .............................................. GG3

Mexico ................................................................................. 577,586,593

Venezuela .......................................................................... ...... 638

Yang-tse-Kiang Valley .................................................................... 665

Grazing and pasture lands in—

Trance ........................................ ..._ ........................... 263,274,276,277,278

Honduras .................................................................................. 597

New Zealand .............................................................................. 642

Oldenburg ................................................................................. 414,421

Sonora (range) ............................................................................. 595

Syria ...................................................................................... G52

Tamaulipas (range) ....................................................................... 592

Venezuela ................................................................................. 638

"Western Andalusia .................................................................... .... 386

Grazing cattle on the Alps .................................................................... 310

Griffin, G. W., consul at Auckland :

Eeport: Cattle of New Zealand ........................................................... 642,650

(Pasture lands ; census of sheep and cattle, 642 ; cattle qnarantineregulations. 043 ; New
Zealand cattle in the United States; New Zealand Herefords, 645; Shorthorns,
646 ; Polled Angus and Devons, 647 ; Ayrshires, Alderneys, and mixed breeds,
849 ; price of cattle ; number of distinct breeds in ; transportation to the United
States, 649 ; special statistics, milk-yiold, weight, characteristics and origin of
cattle, soil, climate, grasses, &o, 650.)

INDEX.

, :; , .n t ;.. ............................................................................. 503, 515

. ;!.,- .\!-.iiIi:i. • K. jr.ii-li.' .............................................. C12

U'uuyan i;<>ve:n::;enl lur tin- i-xpor: of fresh meat .............. f.26

. ,-: V.i. i\i>. IL-IS ................................................................ 742

Cha ......................................................................... 04,126

............................................................................ 742

.................................................................... iar,

lut! • .-i.i ....................................................................... 120

Mill L.T.1 ............................................................ 120

.......................................................... 120

yield ................................................................................. 202

>\.u-.s by .1 'in' nisiylUrm. i ....................................................... • ....... 128

i ..................................................................... 124

]';;,,. ..................................................................................... 80, 127

.................................................................................. 125

Y :

Dixeilul ratiVi: ........................................................................... 04, 124 •

; ....................................................... 128

("fUinV.' ;..!i. K;< h.int .: . M ., \ -. . '.1. J. 1 '.. <>'i r;ittU; in In-lainl ;unl in tin.- United Stated .......... 226

IrWNlii : . . ...................................... . .......................... 70

Hall. Mr., on I'ull.-d Aii-ns rattle ........................................... .................. 541,542

L!a!!i!>i»n. \\'a>: Sr. :

. i ;..• I "nil i-d Statfh ................................... 51

................................. t ......... 41

••}>•< i i i'.>.)

B.iv.iru. .............................. ...................................................... 478

lialU'ia ................................................................................... 388

J, is.-y .............................................. ...................................... 207

_; ........................................................... ....................... 425

DhMiiu .......... .......................................................................... 5fi4

................................................................ i'ua

.......................................................................... 21(5,221

.............................................................. 329

II.HI,. , .. .,:

1 .: .- ...................................................... ..... 475-480

,.:,.;i '.'. n; i... ..; • ;.• ; < .j i._] :. ! ,;, v .11. •! 1 i ,;, pel ,l! II! <> Oi' I):. V;i I i:l, -175; .soil and Mil)-

i nra.<.scs, lioii.-ii:.^. i'rcdin^, ami breeding, 477 ; handling
•: ii ii itics of Jiuvariaii cattle, 47.S; r.liuoso, 4SO.)

i' .aiia ----- ............... . ................................. 709

i \Vii-h rattle ............................................ 153

I ,. i M.tti ..................................................................... 482

..... ........................................................... 480

n .1 1 il Slates ..................................................... 483

r] :.., [injiluctrt ........................................ 483

: .......................................................... 483

................. ............................................. 482

........................................................... 480

i :

<: : ................................................................. 500

................................................................... 507

............................... ................................ 5G7

:

............................................................ OG1,G62

for ilH xtiin tion, &c.)

M! I .a % uro ................................................. 32G-329

'.:. '.n, ,-. . :,. ; :;>; cxpoit to tlio Uni «*.•>! Stutcn;
i of i ilthi in, li-8, .';_".'.)

tn ,»n - .ilti.- into... 284

INDEX. 823

Hazelton, J. F., consnl at Hamilton, Ontario : Pago.

Report: Cattle of Eastern Ontario 556,559

(Census of cattle ami favorite breeds, 556; export of fancy Jerseys to the United
States; miscellaneous information, 557; special statistics, breed, weight, yj,
charai-U'ristir.s, origin, topography, housing, feeding, <fcc. ; Jerseys improved
by importation, 558).

Heap, G. H., consul-general at Constantinople, on Turkish prohibition of the export of An-
gora goats, and how to overcome the same 653

Heidenheim :

Cattle-breeding at 453

Heilbronner cattle :

Exportation 453

InThuringia 439

Heldenfingen dairy association 460

Herd-books :

Ayrshire 66

Guernsey - 126

Hereford, -when founded 183

In Germany 397

Marsh cattle 415

Polled Angus 165,193

Bed Polled 66,81

Shorthorn 66

Welsh 65,81,153

Herders and rangers in Honduras . • 599

Herding and managing cattle in Argentine Republic 607

Herding cattle on estancias in Argentine Republic Gil

Herds, celebrated :

Abbey Farms, Shorthorn 72

Chadnor Court and Leen, Hereford 177

Colman, Red Poll 90

Colonel Gunther's, Shorthorn 204

Didlington, Red Poll 89

Duke of Devonshire, Shorthorn 60

Duffryn, Shorthorn C9

Earl of Ducie's, Shorthorn 204

Einsiedeln Monastery, Swiss 300

Fuller's, Ontario, Jersey — 559

Guernsey 125-127

Highland, Lord Kinnaird's, Benmoro, Bredalbane, and Dnko of Athol's 144,145

Hutchiuson, Shorthorn 105

Kerry 130-132

Lofft-Suffolk, Red Poll 71

Lord Bray brooko's Jersey 121,122

Xapoleon III, Shorthorn ^.. 204

Necton Hall, Red Poll 90

Page, Swiss ,- 299

Red Poll "....71, 88, 90, 91, 92

Sandringham 68,710

Shorthorn _ 101,102,105

Swaningtou, Red Poll „ 91

"Whittiugtou, Red Poll ._ 91

Windsor, Hereford.** (the Queen's) ^ 161

Herds, increase, annual, in Honduras _ ^ 600

Hereford cattlr>:

Bull, Thoughtful „„ 739

Chadnor Court and Loen herds 177

Characteristics of 58,110,161,174,190

Cow, Leonora ^ 739

Do not degenerate in foreign countries „ 176

Exported i o the United States, number of , .„ 178

Fair, Hereford City "..".'.... 182

For crossing, valuable qualities .. ^m _... 112

For dairying 186

How to export ,. !!!!!!!!" *s 178

824 INDEX.

Hereford cattle— Continued. Page.

In Canada ............................. ; ........................... * ................ 539,543,556,558

Cape Colony ............................................................................ 670

Colombia ............................................................................... 633

Foreign countries ...................................................................... 187

Herd, an impressive eight .............................................................. 172

Ireland ................................................................................. 161

New Zealand ........................................................................... 645

United States ........................................................................... 161

Milk and butter yield ....................................................... 75,161,162,171,187,191

Milking qualities of .................................................... ....- .............. 114

Origin and history of ..................... : .......................................... 58,111,173,182

Present habitat ............................................................................ 175

Prices of .............................................................. 75,76,80,162,177,178,184,185

Valuable qualities of ...................................................................... Ill

Weight ............................................... 59,72,74,114,161,162,171,173,180,184,190,191

Herefordshire :

Description of ................. . ........................................................... 173,181

Great cattle fair in ........................................................................ 182

Topography, soil, climate, &c .......................................................... 162,173,181

Herring, D. W., consul at Tegucigalpa :

Report: Cattle in Honduras ............................................................... 597-G02

(Pasture lands, 597 ; cattle breeding and destruction of cattle by wild beasts, 598 ; the
cattle spider, stock rangers and herders, cattle taxation and export duties,
cattle increase, 599; exports of cattle, 600; cattle census, maturity of cattle,
butchering and cooking ; outlook for cattle raising in Honduras, 602.)
Hesse-Darmstadt :

Area, soil, cultivation, topography, &c _____ ................................... . ........... 483, 484

Cattle in ................................................................................... 485

statistics of... ..................... ... ............................................... 486

Climate .................................................................................... 484

Milk yield of cows in ...................................................................... 487

Population and products ............. . _____ ................................. „ ............ 487

Hesse-Nassau .................................................................................. 389,390

(Temperature, area, population, cattle census, &c.)
Hides, export of:

From Lower California ..... .. ............... ^ .................................... . .......... 593

Sierra Leone ...... . ........ ,, ......... „, ......................................... C77

Yang-tse-Kiang Valley ..... . „ ............... 661

Highland cattlo :

Characteristics of ................. „' .............................................. 63,143,196,212,218

Meat producers and park animals.. ......................................................... 143

Milk, butter, and cheese yield.. .... ................................................ ".[TS, 197, 216, 219

Noted herds of ................................. 144-147

Prices .............................. ................................................ 76,80,96,214,222

boil, climate, housing, &c., Weste! n Highlands ............ ; ............................... 146,216

Weight ....... ^ ......................................................... 74,107,145,146,180,216,217

History of cattlo. (See Origin. )
Hogs:

British breeds and characteristics T

(Borkshires, 760,789; Dorset, 7(1; Suffolk, 761,789; Yorkshire, 760,761,789; Improved

Essex, 761 ; Tamwort*, 762; Irish, 762.)
In Nuevo Leon, Mexico .................................................................... 590

Saxony ......... ^ *.»

448

Breeds In—

. ............... 504,513

Dutch-Engiisl i _____ ..... _____ ....... .. 501,515

*lemish ....................... _ .......... _ ..... _ ..................................... 504 f)15

Flemish-Geld rian-Holland ........ .. 504,515

****** ......................................... : ........ :.:: ........................ 503,515

esland-Drr oithish-Geldrian .................. .................. 50-t,515

fldrian .................................. .................. 504,515

Oroninger... . ....................... _ ....... ..................... 503^5

GroniDger.Fr iosland-Geldrian ______ ........ 504,515

Holland (Du< Bh) ......... ..503,515

INDEX. 825

Holland— Continned. Page.

Census of cattle in 10,232,400,508,517

Cross-breeds iu 504

Decrease of stock in 509

Dutch cattle for the Unit i-.i States, best 505

Imports and exports of live stock 516

Imports of American cattle products into 510

Milk yield of Dutch cows 511

Misnaming Dutch cattle in the United States 504

Percentage of different breeds of cattle in . 515

Prices of Dutch cattle 505,516

Routes and cost of transportation to the United States 506, 516

Special statistics of Dutch cattle 511,512

Stock recuperation in Holland 509

Holland cattle. (See also Dutch cattle.)

Characteristics 367,392,404,411,503,515

Introduction of, into Germany 411

Milk yield 393,404,411,430,511

Products of milk, butter, and cheese 437

Weight 393,437

Holstcin cattle. (See also page 504.)

In Canada 538,552,556

Silesia 436

Meat yield 398

Milk yield 411,558

Weight 411,558

Holt, George H., consul at Gasp6 Basin :

Report: Cattle in the Gasp6 Basin district 674

Honduras:

Butchering and cooking in 602

Cattle breeding in 598

Cattle spider, destruction of cattle by 599

Census of cattle in 602

Destruction of cattle by wild beasts 598

Exports of cattle „ 1 600

Herders and rangers in 599

Increaseof cattle in 599

Maturity of cattle in 602

Outlook for cattle-raising in 602

Pasture lands of 597

Horses :

American.for Belgium 382

InNuevo Leon (breeding) 591

Saxony, census 43 1

Housing cattle in (see also Special statistics) :

Agricultural school at Hohenheim 450

Andalusia 387

Ayrshire 136,168

Baar 409

Baden 475

Bavaria 477

Brazil 632

Cornwall 207

Denmaik 492

France .V.V"".V.V".V.".V.V. 240,277,283

Galicia 388

Harz Mountains 483

Holland ................" 514

Hungary 53 1

Jersey 207

Normandy 283

Oldenburg 421

Ontario 544,545,558,564,566,568,570

Padua 3!>l

Prince Edward Island 5?5

Quebec 574

8-U INDEX.

Page.

524

4V

210,220

C71

433

2L»3, 308, 323

G52

329

440

329

ruit, 172

\ '..:._. K : ._ \ . .:; C64

Ii« - ;inl. \V; T, miun:

K« port ; > '.i tli- < ; Unta'i , 5-J7-55G

•is, d cf Mi id.-d lattlo ; tije < 'anadian Sim', thorns, 517:

Can dial '•• : - : • s and IIi'i'i t'onl.-. 54?': Canadian 1't'vons. 550; Canadian

I'ul'ii 1 A::_;u!*and tliT.-M-ys. "il ; Canai'ii::!; Ilolslciiis; u;, i;cral roiaarks. 5"2 ; s])c-

:at;>virs, lni'fds, yit-ld. v/t-i^!^, ]nic, , \-c., 553; topo.u'i'aji'iy, snil. Mib-

v>i s. 5'4 : ca:o am Short honi iat stock. 555; tviisus of

i altk1. •" 5'J
IIi:L_..-y :

]':'•:::.-« 531

10, 400, 532

tiunldtl • Statorf 534

in 533

533

i-iini tin- L'niu-d States 533

I; ; * ; • tu 532

INDEX. 827

Imports, beef : Page.

Into Mauritius G73

Rio de Janeiro C3°

United Kingdom (fresh) 7,29

(other) 12

Imports, butter and cheese :

Into Belgium 3C8

Saint Thomas 640

Switzerland .' 315

United Kingdom , 15,20,32,36

Imports, dairy products, into Capo Colony 670

Imports, livestock, into Holland 510

Imports, meat :

Into Belgium 369

France 262

Scotland 215

Saint Thomas 640

Imports, meat, preserved, into the United Kingdom 12

Products, American, into Mexico 581

Improvement of:

Argentine cattle 616

Breeds by transference to foreign countries 505

English dairy cattle 717

German cattle 390

Increase in cattle in Honduras 599

Increase in weight, daily, of various breeds of cattle 47, 723

Insurance companies, cattle, in Germany 402

Introduction of :

Cattle into the River Plate 604

Blooded cattle into :

New Zealand 640,647

Ontario 547

United States - 51

Dutch cattle into Germany 411

Ireland:

Breeds of cattle in :

Devon 158

Dexter 227,228

Longhorn (oldlrish cow) 94

Kerry 65,129,227,228

Limerick Dairy 227, 228

Shorthorn 60,226,227,228

Butter :

. Industry of , 229-239

In hermetically sealed packages 229-231

Trade of + 231-235

Cattle trade of 225

census of 10,80,225,227,232,400

Foot and mouth disease in 224

General information concerning cattle in 226

Grasses, soil, temperature, &c 228

Land, utilization of 228,232

Prices of butter in Cork, 1841-1881 234

Isigny (Normandy) butter, celebrated -• 244

Isle of Wight:

Guernsey cattle in 126

Jersey cattlo in 123

Italy:

Breeds of cattle in—

Bellnnese 340,353

Brittany 326

Buffalo 327,328

Chianina 326,346,352

Freiburg-Frailano 326

Holland; Mantuan 326

Mare nimau o 332

Mountain... 329

828 INDEX.

Italy— Continued.

Breeds of cattle in—

Parmcnse 328

Tiamora v 329

Piedmontese 325,329

Podolian 338,354

Puglieae 326,346,352

Swiss 326,332,344,347,340

Udine 337

Butter making in 344,681

Characteristics of cattle 328,329,333,355

Cheese mating in 677-681

Climate, effects of, on imported cattle 353

Housing, feeding, and caring of cattle 329,333

Milk, butter, and cheese yield of cattle 328,329,334,355

Prices of cattle in 331,334,355^

Special statistics of Italian cattle 328,333,355-358

Suitability of cattle for the United States 334,354

Transportation of cattle to the United States, routes, cost 328, 332, 335

Weight of cattle 328,329,331,333,334,355

James, Henry M., commercial agent at Simcoo, Ontario :

Report: Cattle in the Simcoo district 570

(Cattle, nses, prices, breeding, yield, weight, breeds, topography, housing, handling,
&c.)

James, James, a Guernsey farmer, on Guernsey cattle 128

James, Mr., of Blaudford, Dorset, on Hereford cattle 170

Japan:

Cattle and cattle products in ; price of beef in Nagasaki ; sheep will not live on grasses in. 663

Java :

Buffalo cattle, habits, uses, &c 661

Cattle plague in 662

Jersey cattle :

Calves: feeding, fattening, and treatment 119

Census of 166

Characteristics 64,116,167,200,205,206

Cream 5 ield from milk 123

Dairy record of Lord Braybrook's herd 121

Decrease of stock 168

Export of (fancy) from Ontario to the United States 557,558

Food of (cows, 122) 119,122

In Cape Colony 670

Ontario 538,540,543,551,556,557,558,561

Milk and butter yield 75,118,120-123,167,171,187,191,201,559,561,566

Origin and history of ,.117,205

Points of, true type, cow and bull ^ 116

Prices, fancy 4. 76,168,201

general 168,201,557,559

Richness of milk 122

Statisticsof, in the Isle of Wight 123,124

Ontario vt. native cattle 572

"Weight 74,167,201,200

Jersey, island of:

Cattle breeding and dairying in 118-121

Census of cattle in 1G6

Characteristics of cattle in ..... 64,116,167,205,206

Food requirements of cattle 206

Housing, feeding, and handling products in 207

Milk yield of cattle in 200,206

Origin and improvement of breed 117

Topography, soil, &e 200

Jeveland: (

Description of district 41C

Housing, feeding, breeding, and handling products 42f>

Soil and climate 412;

Special cattle statistics of 424

Jockey Club, American, first of its kind .. _.. 41

INDEX. 829

Jones, Alexander C., consul at Nagasaki— Page-

Report: Cattle in Japan 663

(Beef, milk, butter, and clu-i-si- unknown in Japiui previous to the arrival of foreigners j
cattle and their products; price of beef in Nagasaki, <tc.)

Jutland cattle, characteristic, milk yield, .to -. 491,492

Ka ins -Jackson, II., on Freneh cattle 729-734

Kent, cattle in the weald of 711

Kerry cattle :

Characteristics 05,129,228

Crosses

Experience of breeders and farmers 129-133

Meat and milk yield vs. Ayrshire and Galloway 133

Milk yield 123-1:

Origin 65,228

Price 80

Weight 133,227

Kingscote, Col. Nigel, M. P., on Cotswold cattle 74

Kirchberg, cattle-breeding at 452

Kirckheim under-Teck, bull-keeping at 450

Knight, A. J., on Kerry cattle 130

Landais cattle and district :

Characteristics, grazing lands, prices, weight 277

Habitat, uses, bull races, meat cattle 256

Soil and climate of Landaise 278

Land, division of, in France 2C6

Lands and stock of Uruguay, vlaneof C^2

Lane, William J. : Evidence before committee of House of Commons on the butter industry of

Ireland 235-233

Lapoint, Alfred, vico-consnl at Chiclayo :

Report: Cattle in Peru , 636

Lathrop, Lorin Andrews, consul at Bristol :

Fweport : Hereford cattle 172-180

(Hereford cattle in the herd, 172: origin and history; climate of Herefordshire, 173;
the ideal Hereford, &c., 174; miscellaneous information, 175-178; how to ex-
port Horefords to the United States, 17S ; Hereford* in the United States, 179 ;
weights of British cattle exhibited at Sinithfield in 1833, 180.)

La Vilette (Paris abattoir), statistics of 258

Laws :

Association dairy, of Wurtemberg C91-694

'tie, of Wurtemberg 743-752

Cattle, quarantine G43

Leonard, J. A., consul at Leith :

Report on Scotch breeding-cattle for the United States 217-224

(Editorial from North British Agriculturist, 217 ; special statistics concerning Scotch
breeds, 218: characteristics of a typical Galloway, 210 ; characteristic points of
Ayrshires, 220; methods of housing, 220 ; feeding, breeding, handling products,
and topography of Scotland, 221 ; export and prices of cattle ; distribution of
c:iUi« hi Scot !;ind, 222; breeding for dairy and butcher; census of cattle in
Scotland; imports of cattle into Groat Britain; portraits of representative
Scotch cattle, 223.)

Lewis, Griffith, on Welsh cattle 155

Lewis, JudsonH., consul at Sierra Leone:

Import: Cattle in Sierra Leone C71

(Housiug, feeding, and prices of; export of hides to the United States.)

Liebeg's extract of beef factory in Uruguay ... 624

Limbonrg cattle:

Characteristics ^ 391, 447

Milk-yield and weight 3U',',447

Prices of 390

Limerick dairy cattle, characteristics of I

Limousine cattle :

Characteristics of 213,-

Cross-brceds 249

• I razing lauds of

Meat yield of 218

Milking qualities of 727

Price and weight of „ 278

830 INDEX.

Page.

Lire stock and population : Belgium, Franco, Germany, Holland, United Kingdom 232

Live stock in:

' Bavarin, census of - 709

France, Paris Exhibition, 1883 729-734

Russia, census and distribution of 521,522

Livestock Journal (British) on sheep and mutton in 1883 782-788

Lofl't, Mr., Suffolk :

On Lofft-Suffolk Red Polls 71

Experimental breeding of RedPolls 92

Lombardy, Swiss cattle in 304

London Dairy Show :

Milking trials at 720

Tests, milk analyses, &c 202

London Farmers' Hand-Book on French live stock „ 724-729

Longhorn cattle :

Characteristics 60,95,96,199

Milk, butter, and cheese yield . 75,97,199

Origin and history of 94-9;:, 199

Prices of 80,190,199,205

Productiveness of, compared with Shorthorns 97

Weight -. 74,94,97,197

Long, James, Hetchin, England :

First report: On cattle breeds in the United Kingdom 79-156

Second report : Scientific dairy instruments C85-C88

Third report: Cream-separating machines C88-C91

Fourth report : Seven years record of the receipts in a Willshire dairy of crossbreds 691

Fifth report : Transport of cattle from Liverpool to the United States 694-696

Sixth report: Feeding cattle on the soiling system 701-703

Seventh report: Mixed food for cattle 703,704

Lord Airlie, Scotland, on milky qualities of Polled Angus 543

Losses, cattle :

From spider in Honduras 599

disease in Ireland, foot-and-mouth 224

Mexico -. 583

Plains of Bogota 633

From driving in Mexico 581

droughts in Mexico 577, 592

snow and rain storms in Argentine Republic 609

wild beasts in Honduras 598

Lourdes cattle, characteristics and milVing qualities 726

Lower California 596

(Old Spanish cattle of; imports of American cattle ; exports>f beef, tallow, and hides.)

McAdam,Dr., Edinburgh, on feeding stuffs 46

Machinery, dairy 371,685-691

Mackinder, John TV., on Long- wool Lincolns 763

Malaysia, Water Buffalo of; habits, characteristics, uses, &c 660

Malta, cattle in 323

Hancelle, cattle 249

(Characteristics ; Mancelle-Durham, &c.)

Maracaibo, cattle and cattle products in 638

Maretnmana cattle, characteristics of 332

Market, Neuss cattle 488

Markets, British cattle 60G-699

Marking (branding) cattle in Argentine Republic '. 612

Ceylon... 657

Mexico 578

Mark Lane Express on weights of sheep at Islington 778-782

Marne.eatUe product of the district of the • 285

Marshes, Germany :

Cattle-breeding in 415

Export of Marsh cattle 4 418

Housing, feeding, dto., in the 421

• Product* of MBrsh cattle... 419

INDEX. 831

Mason, Frank II., consul at Basic : Page.

Report on Swiss, a; !l.- 287-297

(Tho two principal races and their subsidiary lu-cr-N ; S\vUs im;, .;•:* and exports of
cattle, -^7; price* ftnd exports of choice catt) immenthalj

tlo, 289-291; T. : Biowu

Schwitzor rattle, 291, 'JIU ; Bernese and Brown Schwitzcr cattle compared;
herding.' -tie, 293; Sw. ing;

meat product of various cattle, 295; feeding cah ntatiou to the

United States, 296 ; special statistics of Swiss cattlo, 297.)
Mason, Joseph T., consul at Dresden :

lleport: Cattle in Saxony 426-431

(Cattle in Saxony, 426; agriculture and cattle statistics, 427; stock of cattlo in, 428;

census of live animals in, 429-131.)
Mathews, Felix A., consul at Tangier:

Report: Cattle in Morocco C72

(Origin of cattle; milk, butter, and cheese yield; size, weight, and characteristics;
meat yield; soil, substratum, feeding, &c.)

Mauritius, imports of beef and beef cattle into 673

McCornbio : Feeding Polled Angus cattlo • 02, 63

McDonald, editor of North British Agriculturist :

On Hereford cattlo 175

On Scotch cattle most suitable for the United States 217

Meat, American :

Exports of 4,21,22,37

In Holland 510

United Kingdom 7, 8, 9, 29

Meat cattle :
British :

Ayrshire 138

Devon 58,80,108,160,201,203

Galloway 80,147,149,151,152,193,214,218

Hereford 80,111,177,188,190,201

Highland 144,145,196,213,214,218

Longhorn 80,190

PoUed Angus 80,139,141,193,201,214,218

Red Polled 93,196

Shorthorn 80, 100, 1 57^190

Sussex 80,115,160

Welsh 198

French 244, 247, 249, 251, 255, 256, 274, 275, 284, 72?, 729-734

German 391,392,395,404,447,472,474,479

Hungarian -..,. 527,529

Italian 333,358

Spanish 386

Swiss 290

Meat, exports from :

France 262

Hungary 533

United States 4,21,22,28,37

Uruguay 623

Meat, frozen, trade of the Plate 625

Meat grading at Lille, London, and Paris ., 260,261

Meat imports into—

Belgium 360

Franco 2G2

Germany, from the Argentine Republic 13

United Kingdom 7-9,11,12,14,29

Meat, preserved fresh, Belgian process 370,699-701

Meat, price of:

In Franco 262

Japan 663

Stuttgart 456

United Kingdom 7,8,9,12

Meat, supply of Wurtemberg 45D

832 INDEX.

Meat yield: Page.

By measurement of cattle 85

Of Austrian cattle 296

British cattle :

Ayrshire 219

Devon 160

Galloway 211,219

Hereford 1G2

Highland 216,219

Jersey 1C?

Polled Angus 165,216,219

Hed Polled 163

Shorthorn 158

French cattle 274,296,730

German cattle -. 467,489

Hungarian cattle 505

Italian cattle 296

Mexican cattle 587

Pvassian cattle : ; 520

Swiss cattle ! 290

Uruguayan cattle 621

Merritt, E. A., consul-general at London :

Eeport: Cattle of the United Kingdom 57-78

(The Devons, 57 ; the Herefords, 58 ; the Shorthorns, 59 ; the Longhorns, CO ; tie
Ked Polls and Sussex, 61 ; the Polled Angus and Galloways, 02 ; the High-
landers and Ayrshircs, G3 ; Jerseys and Guernseys, 64; "Welsh and Kerry
cattle, 65; selection of foreign cattle for the United States, 65; publications
concerning British cattle, 66 ; prize vs. ordinary stock ; geological formation of
the British Isles, 67 ; the Sandringham herd, 68 ; the Duffryn herd of Short-
horns, 69; responses from various quarters, 70-72; the Abbey Farms herd of Short-
horns, 72 ; Denchfield stock, 73 ; Cotswold cattle, weights of various breeds, 74;
milk and butter yield and prices of various breeds, 75 ; transport to the United
States; cattle census of the United Kingdom; exports of British cattle;
acknowledgments, 77. Inclosures: The Saudringham herd, 710; cattle in the
"Weald of Kent, 711 ; cattle and sheep in Bucks, 711 ; prize breeders of British
cattle, 712-715; milk record of 60 British cows, 715 ; position of English dairy
farming in 1883, 716-720 ; milking trials at the London dairy show, 720-722 ;
central chamber of commerce, 722 ; daily increase in weight of various British
breeds, 723 ; French live stock, 724-729 ; French fat and live stock, 729-734 ;
British prize cattle, 735-742 ; breeds of sheep in the United Kingdom, 755-760 ;
breeds of pigs in the United Kingdom, 760-762 ; Cotswold sheep, 762 ; long- wool
Lincolns, 763 ; Southdown sheep : history, breeding, and management, 763-772 ;
Southdown sheep and Cambridgeshire farming, 773-777 ; French sheep, 777 ;
weights of sheep at Islington, 778-782 ; sheep and mutton in 1883, 782-788 ;
sheep portraits, 788 ; Berkshire and Yorkshire pigs, 789 ; black Suffolk pigs,
790.)
Messkirch cattle:

Breeding and feeding 40G

Characteristics of 465,472,473,474

Milk and meat products 467

Origin /. 4C5

Prizewinners, prices of 4C8

Weight, size, &c 406,472,474

Meskirch, districtof, climate, soil, &o 464

Mexico 576-596

Lower California:

Cattle and cattle-breeding 59C

Exports of cattle products 596

Northern Mexico:

Breeding methods in 578-580

(Bulls, oxon, cows, branding, 578; wild cattle, castrating, quality of beef, price of
beef, 679 ; age of cattle at maturity, 580.)

Cattle and products 576,577

(Origin of breed, uses, milk, butter, c hcese, 576; variations of breed, colors, grasses,
and other food, -water, tanks, 577.)

Census 682

Climate 581

INDEX. 833

Mexico — Continued. Page*
Northern Mexico— Continued.

Diseases — 583

Duties 530,582

Elevations of principal points 534

Exports of cattle to the Unitc-d States 58t

Imports »>1 rank- products fn>;:i fho United States „ 581

Mexican caltlo lor the United States, vahu- of 580,581

tihvi-iiing cows, ! American duties, prices of .cattle, export duties, mar-

kets, 580 ; driving and cost of, 581.)

SoU 584

Weights and measures of cattle .- 583

State of Chihuahua 585,587

(Cattle rearing, laws regulating, 555 ; soil and climate, driving cattle to United S:

milk and cheese, cattle gathering (rodeos), benelita «f crossing, 580.)
State of Nucvo Leon :

Breeds, native preferred to foreign 588

Cattle 5B7.533

(Breed, meat, 587 ; work-oxen, 588.)

Burro (ass), usefulness of 591

Census, cat tie - - - 539

Dairyman wanted in - 5s'j

Exports of cattle to the United States _

Goat-raising 590

Hog-raising 590

Horse-raising — 591

Milk, butter, and cheese in ^. 533

Mule-raising 591

Topography 537

State of Sonora ~ 595

(Breed ; prices ; exports to the United States ; imports of cattle products from the United
States; Souora as a cattle range.)

State of Tauiaulipas 592-594

Cattle exports 593

Cattle range 593

Droughts, effects of - 592

Grasses 593

Milk, butter, cheese - • 593

Miscellaneous statistics 593

Mezenc cattle, habitat and characteristics 727

Miesbacher cattle 383,396

Milch COWB, number of, in United Kingdom (fee also Cows) 232

Milk:

Condensed :

Export of Swiss 312

Manufacture in the United States 313

Industry of Switzerland yi2

Cure establishments in Switzerland 312

In Argentine ilepublio 603

Mexico 570,588,593

Silesia 433

Syria C53

No Japanese or Chinese word for Gl>3

Purity of St. Gall 313

Kecord of Dutch cows 511

Record of Guernsey cows 126

Record of Shorthorns 103

Record of Swiss cows 319

Record of "Wiltshire dairy «91

Tests, at Agricultural School, Ontario 5G1

Tests, London dairy 202,720

Teats, milk and cream, in England 89

Trials in:

England, various breeds 104

Holstein, Model Farm '. 413

Saxony; Frisian, Schleswig, and Silosian cows; five years' trial ,.». 413

H. Ex. 51 53

834

374

192

120

,[ , : ,: i ] 13, 114

197

200

95-97, lay

. 105, 218,543

70

'

244, 283

.y M

292

718

299

.3C3.378-3.S1

Ay:-..:;... 75, III?, ICS, 17J, 20u, 202, 212, 210, 217, 219, olio, G-18

; L-\ :i 7."), 109, n;o, KM, 171, 11)2,202

75, 118. 210, 219

Gu- i i;,i 12.-.-1 -7, 2(12

II. . ...n 7.', 1GI, 102, 171.187, 191

Hijrliliiinl 75, 197,-,'lG, 219

230

75, 11,-, 120-12:;, 1(J1,1G2, 107, 17J.I&7, l;)i, 201, 202,205

K, . . l.')o-134, 227, 22S

i .;::;• : . i! 227

i. i._liu u 75,97,199

i.s ",171, l'.)4, 210,21 9

I; ..i L>, ;;. ,i 88-90 JQ, 171

<... :;..,,; :i 73, 103, 107, 157, 1'JO, 202, 216,227, 228

:• , - 75, 1 14, ir.0, 193

\ ...::: l.i, . as:

Sixty cows torn year 375

Mu: •'•.-,! nry H;huol 48

C91

75, 1 54, 1 55, 1GG, 17 1 , 198

490-495

378

035

I :. :.• i '•'•• 242, 240-21^252, 253, 2C5, 276,280

!1" ::. 7. .;:-'. ;;::.::: 147,401, 407, 409, 472, 47-1, 478, 483, 487, 489

535

... ;;28, ;j2'i, 333, 342, 344 358

•

580

48

G18 0">0

!'..:::, .. 501

1MJEX. 835

Milk yield— Contimipfl.

Seychelles «',.\\M ............................ • ........................................... C74

South A fiit-aii (Capo Colony) cows ..................................................... 670

.................................................................. '.'97-301, 306, 319, :rJ2

:i co\vs ............................................................................ 654

. m-r Valley rows ............................................................ 666

Model Far

Ontario, 't ........................................................ 56!

: t on value of freding htuil's .................................................. 561

"Wood Farm, Hull, treatment of Shorthorns at ............................................. 105

Montafonor cattle :

Characteristics; milk-yield; weight .................................................... 393,405,446

Habitat .................................................................................... 393,446

Price .......... ............................................................................ 396

Moray, Druiumond, Stirling, on Highland cattle .............................................. 145

Morey, W., consul at Colombo:

Eeport: Cattle of Ceylon .................................................................. 655-659

(Difficulties attending cattle-breeding in Ceylon, 655 ; Singhalese cattle, 656 ; imported

Buffalo cattle in Ceylon, 657 ; cattle, .summary, 658.)
Morland, W. C., on Morland Sussex cattle ..................................................... 72,711

Morocco, cattle statistics, topography, climate, <to ............................................ 672

Mosher, George F., consul atSonneberg:

Report : Cattle in Thuringia ............................................................... 438-442

(Description of Thuringia and Thuringian cattle, 438; sizing cattle, and cows as
draught cattle in Thuringia, 4.00 : housing, feeding, breeding, and handling
products in Silecia, 440 ; Thurnigan .butter aiul cheese ; results of breeding im-
imported stock; distributive statistics, 441; .special cattle statistics, 442.)
Mountain cattle ..................... ................................................. 307,329,728

Mule-raising in Mexico ........................................................................ 591

Munster, Ireland :

Acreage and croj;s ......................................................................... 228

Cattle statistics, census, breeds, &o ....................................................... 227

Dairy School, feeding cows at ................... . ..................................... . ---- 48

Topography, grasses, soil, temperature ................... ................................. 228

Murray, Gilbert, on the position of English dairy farming in 1883 ............................. 71G-720

Miirzthaler cattle, characteristic^, price, &c .................................................. 39G

Mussey, Evelyn F., consul at Mali 6 :

Heport: Cattle in the Seychelles Islands ................................................... 674,675

(The African hump-backed cattle; importation o" moat oattlo; topography; breed,

milk yield, weight, feeding.)
Neckar cattle :

Characteristics ............................................................................ 447,473

Habitat .................................................................................... 471

Milk-yield ................................................................................. 391,448

Prices ..................................................................................... 396,471

Weight ................................................................................. 391,448,471

Neuss cattle market ........................................ - .................................. 488

Norfolk cattle. (See Red Polled cattle.)

Norfolk: Topography, soil, temperature, <to .................................................. 164

Normandy .

Beef cattle of .............................................................................. 284

Butter (celebrated "Isigny") ............................................................. 283

Feeding and housing cattle in ..................................................... ........ 283

Price of beef and beef cattle in ........................................................... 284

Situation, soil, climate, &o ................................................... .. ............ 282

Normandy cattle :

Beef cattle of .............................................................................. 284

Characteristics ........... . ............................................................. 243, 282, 7.'4

Durham-Switz-Normand ................................................................... 245

Feeding and housing ......................................................................

High quality of meat ..................................................................... 245

Milking qualities of ........................................................................ 244,283

V$. Jerseys and Aldei neys ................................................................. '-'83

\Veigatofmcatcaulo ........................................ ...... ....................... 244

836 INDEX.

Jfoyes, Mo Walter B., consul at Venice : I'age

Beport: Cattle in Venetia 335-357

(Geological formation of Venetia, 335; Province of Udino and pasture lauds in, 336;
herding and dairying in Udine, and cattle of, 337 ; improving Udine cattle, 338 ;
cattle in Treviso, 338; cattle in the province of Belluno, 339 ; dairy ing in Bellnno,
5*41 ; province of Vicenza, and mountain hording and dairying in, 343 ; "butter
nnd cheese making in Vicenza, 344 ; dairying in the lowlands of Vicenza, 345 ;
from mountain to lowland stock-raising, 346 ; cattle in the province of Padua,
347; fattening cattle in Padua, 348; food analyses, 350; housing and dairying
in Padua, 351; cattle in the province of Bovigo, 351; cattle in the district of
Venice ; efibct of the Italian climate and herbage on imported cattle, 353; the
ox of the country fPodolian) ; suitability of Italian cattle for the United States,
354; prices of Italian cattle; transportation to the United States, 355; size,
•weight, and product of cattle in Venetia, 355 ; breeds of cattle in Vcuetia, and
their product ; climate and topography of Veaetia, 350 ; substratum and cultiva-
ted grasses, 358.)
Euevo Leon. (See under Mexico.)

Octroi taxes in France 260

Odenwald cattle, characteristics, size, milk, price 471,485

Oldenburg :

American cattle and hogs in 423

Best cattle for export to the United States 423

Cattle and cattle breeding in the Marshes 415

Cattle of, breeds, weight, height, milk, feeding, <fcc 400,410

Export of cattle to the United States, routes and cost 419

Housing, breeding, feeding, &c 421,425

Imports of meats and dairy products into 423

Percentage of the different breeds in 423

Product and export of Marsh cattle , 418

Soil and climate of 413

Special cattle statistics— yield, size, weight, breeds, &c 424

Superiority of Oldenburg cattle for export 418

Tillage and grazing lands of 414

Value of cattle of the duchy 415

Oldenburg cattle:

Characteristics 409,415,418,420

Milk yield 409

Weight of cattle , 409

Oleomargarine :

American, in Holland 510

Dutch butter : sale in Ireland and in England as Irish and English butter 1 5, 239

Exports from the United States 19

Ontario Agricultural Commission:

Conclusions of, regarding the several breeds of cattle 538,539

On Polled Augus cattle 541,542

(See Dominion of Canada.)
Opponheim, Ernest J., consul at Cadiz:

lleport: Cattle in Andalusia 384-387

(Andalusia and its cattle, 384; topography of the province of Cadiz; pasturage of
Western Andalusia, 385; area of pasture lands of province of Cadiz; statistics
of cattle of Western Andalusia, 38G; products, housing, feeding, breeding, and
census of domestic animals, 387.)
Origin and history of cattle:
British :

Ayrshire 63,134,199,212

Devon 57,107,158

Galloway 149,210,210

Guernsey 124,128

Hereford...' 58,111,173,182

Highland 216,219

Jersey 117

Kerry 228

Longhorn 01,94

Polled Angus 80,139,193,216,219

Bed Polled 61,71,86,162

Shorthorn (assumed) 360

(real) _...59,98,216

Welsh 153,360

INDEX, 837

Origin and history of cattle— Continued. Page.

Brazilian 630

Danish 402

Ecuadorian G:t5

European '. 390

French 244, 24r>, 2:>.r», 2G:>, 272

Gorman 391,392,393,301,442,443,465,480

Mexican , f>76

Moorish 072

River Plate C04

Singhalese G5G

Swiss 287, 297

Syrian G52

Venezuelan C37

Ontlook for cattle raising :

In Argentine Hepublic , G20

II onduras C02

Hungary 534

Pace, Samuel D., consul at Port Sarnia :

Beport: Cattle and dairy farming in Ontario 510-546

(Native cattle bred out ; Canadian Polled Angus, 540; census of blooded cattle in On-
tario, 542 ; milking qualities of tho Polled Angus ; transportation to tho
United States, 543 ; feeding and housing cattle, and cheese-making in Ontario,
514 ; treatment of dairy cattle in and ciiinato of Outatio, ">jj ; value of weather
reports to farmers, 546.)
Packard, Stephen B., consul at Liverpool:

Report: Select breeds of British cattle 150,172

(Shorthorns, 157 ; Dsvons,158,lG4; Sussex, 160; Herefords, 1C1 ; Red Polls, 102 ; Polled
Angus, 164; "Welsh, 166; Jerseya, ICC; Ayrshires, 1G8; exportation of Brit-
ish cattle to the United States, 169; -where to purchase British cattle, 170.
Special statistics : Breeds, yield, habits, weight, characteristics, and product;
climate and soil, 171; substratum, grasses, housing, handling, and breeding, 172.)
Padua:

Cattle in, descriptions, census, &o 347,348

Climate of 350

Dairying in 351

Food analyses; cattle 350

Grasses of 358

How cattle are fattened in 348-350

Soil and subsoil of 358

Page, Mr., on Sussex cattle 115

Parker, Benjamin S., consul at Sherbrooko,:

First report: Operations of Canadian cattle companies in tho United States 537, 038

Second report: Cattle raising in Quebec 571-574

(Introductory, native cattle, best dairy cattle, cattle fodder, 571 ; the most suitable
breeds for Quebec, Jerseys vs. native cattle, 572 ; disposition of cattle and cattle
products. Special statistics of cattle: Yield, weight, characteristics, origin,
&o., 573; topography, grasses, housing, feeding, itc.,574.)

Perry, Mr., of Ledown, North Devon, on Devon cattle 109

Piatt, John J., consul at Cork :

First report: Cattle in Ireland 224-229

(Ravages of tho foot and mouth disease, 224 ; cattle trade and cattle census of Ireland,
225 ; general information concerning cattle in Ireland, 22G ; special statistics
of cattle of Ireland, 227; topography, climate, acreage, &c., 228.)

Second report: Butter industry of Ireland 229-239

Plumacher, E. IL, consul at Maracaibo :

Report: Cattle and meat supply of Maracaibo 638

Polled Angus cattle :

Breeding and rearing In Scotland 208-210

Characteristics ..87,139-142,165,193,219

Experience of breeders of 139-142

Habitat. 1G4

Housing 165

In New Zealand 647

Ontario 538,640,542,551,556,558,561

Milking qualities 165,218,543

Po!l'-d Anj,i- c .mlo— Continued.

r'.d 75, 8S-92, 171, 194,210,211;

X:;: -k 1!,;!

ln:_-:n ami 1 ,^,139,193,210,21'.!

]': : I-H ut' 70, 80, iOO. 193. I!.-!. 201, J05, 209,210, 214,22^,538,551

\\V: J;t "-,74, 92, 105, 100, 180, 194, 218

Pol>d . ittle in 1- i-lar.el ami Norway.. 140

I ' , • • P 1 1 :i 1 1 11, 1 i v i • s 1 1

In l:.-:_:n:.i 232

Germany 232

;: ii 232

Holland 232

In-hind 232

Thuriu^ia 441

\ o!i»'.'Uf'jU {];>*

\Vurt>-'.:i:» •;_' 444

Portn . '>

I'!, in - F.. i i .11 ;'il :it I'nrt Loi . • :
K« |-.irt: C I.- ':. Main uu -

Pr»--rn:-. i Intai '. •>. - : tii t of:

Sp«-riii i:i.-sof .................................................................. 5CO

i -".:!•:. <• .:;.--::... i1. ..i;- -. A- -.. ............................................... 500

Pre-i rvnunn i.l IHIMIS ami v. •_ uethoil ................................... 370,699

Iti'J il' -7:mi'in> ............ ............................................................. C32

Pi-c-i.-rv.-d «.: i',-; : ; -;n_c:

Ii : : \: ..-...,,: ............................................................................ ]o

P."!'--- • luiltiT :

In iioM i':,/.,; Ivin.'do:u ........................................................ ]5_17

•'••• . l-ll-l-.-l ......................................................................... 17,234

Prir. . r,| , •

A'-' ":""' ................................................................................. 018

363-365

si, ] r;i), 205, 214

75,80,1105

80. 1 :,n, 105, 205, 214, 222
F(>, 127

7t;i to, 102, 177-17;*, 1S4, 185
....................... 7ii. 80, !»<;, 214, 222

75, 70,80, 1GS, 201,205

80

...... ............................ ^ ]«)0, 109,205

,70,80, 1UG, iy:j. 194,201, 205, 20H, 2lU, 214, 222, 538, 551

80

,70, 80, 158,205,214
190

75. 70, 80, 1 GO, 205

80, 1 (56, 205

C70

.. 505,516

25<i, 27:t, 275, 270, 277, 278, 284, 28G
, 40-', 470,471,478,480,482,487,488
........ ...... COO

"1 i»?henritMi marhi-tij... .......... .................................. 5

........................... :, ,.;, -; ij, 407, -rjl.-M'J, ! !?, 45:i, 40-', 470,471,478,480,482,487,488

H"H'Iiir.iiiiitn ..................................... ........ ...... ........................... COO

530

INDEX. 839

Prices of cattle— Con tin ue4. Page.

Italian 325,328,320.2:;: -,;t. 365

Mexican - 580,5'

Now Zealand 645,647,649

Ontario 559,502,570

Sierra Lconeso 671

Spanish 388

288,290,292,299,300,302,303,305

United States 645

Yeiie/.uclan 638

Ya 1 1 £ i > i - 1 \ i a ri g CG6

Prices. "<r,ied in the United Kingdom 20

^viss 685

In England 43-52

Tuscany 330

Prices, meats, imported:

In England 8,12,14

1 i anco 2G2

Mexico 579

Stuttgart 456

milk in New Zealand 574,575

Priil '_ren, 15 . .!., vice-consul at Piedras Nogras:

Report: Breeding cattle of Northern Mexico 594

Prince Edward Island :

(Cattle in; Jersey vs. native cattle ; weight of cattle; butter yield, 574; special statistics
of cattle, topography, housing, feeding, &.C., 573.)

Prince, Frederick W., consul at Belleville:

Report: Cheese .dairying in Hastings County, Ontario 566,568

(Cattle and their import and export, 5(>G; cheese-making; special statistics; yield,
•weight, and characteristics of cattle. 567 ; topography, housing, feeding, &c.,
5G8.)

Pringlc, B. 0., on Kerry cattle 131

Prize breeder?, British 712

Prize cattle :

British 58, 59, GO-G2, 65, 88, 90, 105, 137, 139, 141, 145, 184, 180, 189, 196, 199, 712-715, 735-742

British vs. ordinary stock 67

French 249,729-734

German 412,420,468

New Zealand 647

Product of cattle. (Sec Special statistics.)

Prussia :

Cattle in 408

Census of cattle 390,399

Prize cattle of 412

Publications concerning cattlo CO, 67, 86, 120

Purchasing cattle; when, where, and how :

British .' 170,182,205,214

French 264

Gorman 454,482

Italian 333,335

Swiss 288,290,302

Pyrennean cattle 257

Quarantine, cattle, regulations 643

Qnibano cattlo 631

Quebec, Province:

Best dairy cattlo for ; climate ; native cattle; fodder 571

Breeds most suitable for 57U

Housing and feeding in 574

Jerseya vt. native cattlo, comparison -• 57'J

Special cattlo statistics of '. 67^

Topography, soil, grasses, &c . 574

Ranges. (See Grazing.)

Ravensburg, Germany, cattle-breeding at *52

Rawicz, Joseph, consul at "Warsaw :

Report: Polish cattle 525,5-:c

840 INDEX.

Bed Polled cattle: Page.

Characteristics 61, 71, 87,102, 163, 10G

Breeding and handling 71,92

Crosses - 91

Milking qualities 61,71

Milk yield 88,89,90,91,163,171

Origin and history 61,71,86,162

Prices 75,80,164, JH5

Weight 01, 71, 74, 87, 92, 139, 164, 171, 180, 196, £06

Yield, milk, Latter, and cream 00

Benouf, Thomas, consular agent at Jersey :

Report on Jersey cattle 205,207

Rhino Province:

Breeds of cattle in (BrirkenfelJ, Westerwald, andEifel) 487,483

Cattle market of Neues 488

Census of cattle 487

Characteristics of cattle 489

Housing and feeding 488

Shipment to the United States 488

Special statistics of cattle of; topography 489

Richards, John, on Welsh cattle 155

Rio de Janeiro 631,632

(Beef and dairy produce consumed in ; municipal cattle tax ; price of meat, &c.)

Risdon, T. II. on Somerset Dovons 70

Robbins, R. B., commercial agent at Ottawa:

First report: The most suitable cattle for Canadian farmers 53fi, 540

(Shorthorns and Herefords, 538; native Canadian cattle, 539, 540.)

Second report: Cattle in Carlton County, Ontario 1 5G8.C09

(Topography, soil, average production, 568; altitude ; special statistics: yield, weight,
origin, and products of cattle, 569.)

Robertson, James, on Kerry cattle 130

Robeson, John T., consul at Beirut :

Report: Cattle in Syria 652-654

(Breeds and breeding cattle in Syria, 652 ; meat, milk, and cheese ; export of cattle to
the United States ; Syrian sheep suitable for the United States, 653 ; special
statistics : breeds, habitat, yield, weight, and characteristics of cattle ; feeding
and caring- topography, climate, 654.)
Roosevelt, George W., consul at Bordeaux :

Report: Cattle-raising in the southwest of France 272-281

(Origin of breeds, 272 ; description and general considerations, 272, 273 ; Bazadaiso
cattle, 274-276 ; Eordelais cattle, 276 ; experimental cattle-feeding; Landais cat-
tle, 277 ; Limousine cattle ; how to export cattle to the United States, 278 ;
French breeds suitable for export to tho United States ; export of American
cattle to Bordeaux, 279 ; cost of introducing, stabling, and feeding cattle in
Bordeaux ; cattle census of district, 281.

Rottweil, cattle-breeding at 458

Rovigo, province of:

Cattle and cattle-breeding in ., 352

Butter and cheese making in 353

Description of province '. 351

Climate „ 356

Grasses 358

Soil and substratum „.. 357

Rowe, Joel, on cattle in Cornwall 207

Russia:

Area and population 521

. Breeds of cattle in:

Angeln; f ^ 624

Ayrshire _ 525

Cholmogorian '. 519,524

Oidenbnrg _ 524

Polish ,. v-ju... ..-.".."".!!..!..]!......."..... 525,526

Russian (common) J^-/* 519,520

Census of live stock /,...!. .—!.."....".. 521,52:2

Meat product from cattlo ».....'_ ] _ \ 520

MJking qaalitioa of cattle. ... 618

INDEX. 841

Russian-Continued. Page.

Provincial characteristics of Rnsalft »» 521-523

•Weights of cattlo 5-J3

Rydor, Jlenry B., consul at Copenhagen :

First report: Danish cattle 490-1C2

(Rod Danish .and Black-spn cattle census of Denmark; exports of

Danish catth>; Daniah cattle for the United f.tatos; special statistics of Dan-
i.xh cattle, 4!)!; characteristic* of rut i lo and topography of Denmark, 402.) .

Second report : The Angr-ln c.:t,'i- nf lii-nnMi k 492-493

(Grazing grounds, 492 ; origin of breed, 402 ; breeding Angela cattle, 493, 494; weight,
Field, &e, 494, 495.)

Third report: Butter export of Denmark 49."-- JOS

Fourth ; :)onm.irk 408-501

Fifth report: BritUli . ts €96-699

Saint Got hard Ttmap!, cattlo transported via- 453

Saint Thomas. iB'aud cf 640,011

(Census of cattlo and imports of; imports of moat from thy "United States; butter and cheese
imports ; Danish vs. American butter.)

Saladercs (slaughterhouses) in Uruguay 621

Salers cattle:

Characteristics and weight of 250,727

C ross-breeds , 252

Milk and work 727

Sales. (See Cattle sales.)

San Domingo '. 639,640

(Cattle products, bousing, feeding, temperature, &o.)

Saudriugham herd 68,710

Sannionto's, Ex-President, description of the Gaucho border of the Argentine Republic G13

Saunrlers, Joseph, ou Berkshire pigs 789

Saundors, R.E., Yorkshire, on Highland cattle; 146

Saxony :

Area under cultivation 427

Beehives in 431

finlla, oreedl and number of, kept for breeding purposes 427

Census of live animals 428-431

Scheuch, Frederick H., consul at Barcelona:

Report: Cattle in Catalonia 387,388

Schleswig-Holstein :

Cattle and dairy products 410

Milk yield and weight of cattlo 411,412

Soil, climate, feeding, housing, &c 411

Schoon lo, Wolfgang, consul at Barmen :

lie-port: Cattlo iu Germany 397-403

lllerd-books on cattle-breeding, 397; cattle-breeding and the several breeds in Ger-
many, 398; cattle census of Germany, 399; cattle census of Europe, climate of
Barmen, and cattlo slaughtering iu Germany, 400 ; Elberl'eld abattoir, 401 ; prices
of cattle, and cattlo insurance companies, 402 ; importation of American beef-
cattle into Germany, 403.)
Schoffer, Oeconomierath, president of the Kirchberg Ackorbauscliulo, on cattlo-breeding at

Kirehberg 452

Schools, agriculture:

AtHohenhein 448-450

Ontario 561

School, Munater dairy 43

.Schwab Hall cat tin:

Characteristics, weight, butcher, and draft 392

Price of 396

Schwitzer cattle :

Characteristics _ 202,301,395

Feeding and management - 301

In European cou u trica 302

T'iKi.dStiites 302

Milk yield 291,292,298,306

Offshoots of 305

Origin ; 287,394

Pricesof 202,299,300,302,396

\v«iirht, size. 4to... 306,395

842 INDEX.

Scotland:

Best cattle for export ...................................................................... 214,217

Breeding Scotch cattle .................................................................. 210,221,223

Breeds of cattlo in:

Ayrshire ......................................................... 03, 76, 134, 168, 191, 211, 217,1:20

Galloway ...................................................... ' ......... 62,147,104,210,218,219

Highland ................ .................................................... 03,146,196,212,218

Polled Angua ......................................................... 62,70,139,184,193,209,218

Shetland ............................................................................... 142

Shorthorn ............................................................................. 213

Butter and cheese yield in .............................................................. 212,216,219

Census of cattlo ......................................................................... 80,214,223

Characteristics; typical Ayrshire ............................... . ......................... 220

Characteristics; typical Galloway .........................................................

Climate .................................................................................... 197,217

Distribution of cattle in ................................................................... 222

Feeding cattlo in ..................................................... * .................... 216,221

Grasses cultivated in ...................................................................... 217

Handling cattle-products in ............................................................... 216,221

Housing cattle in ....................................................................... 211,216,220

Imports and exports of cattle and meats .................................................. 215

Land rents in .................................. , ........................................... 209

Milk yield of cattle in ............................ ................................. 212,213,216,219

Origin of cattle .................... A ............................. 63,86,134,139,149,193,212,216,219

Prices of cattle in .................................. . ................................... 210,214,222

SoU of ..................................................................................... 217,222

Special statistics of cattle of ............... ................................................ 216,219

Temperature of ............................................................................ 217,221

Topography ............................................................................ 217,221,222

Transportation to the United States ...................................................... 213,214

Tield (money) from cattle farming in ........... ,, ......................................... 209

Weight of cattle in ............................................................. 209,210,211,216,219

Scott, Lonis H. , consul at Chihuahua :

Report: Cattle breeding in Chihuahua .................... ; ............................... 585-587

Seychelles Islands, cattlo statistics, topography, &c ........................................... 673

Seymour, Charles, consul at Canton :

Report: Cattlo in Southern China ......................................................... 668

Shaw, Albert D., consul at Manchester ........................................................ 78

(Transmitting a series of reports written by James Long, of Hetchin, England.)

Sheep and mutton in the United Kingdom .................................................... 782-788

Sheep, breeds of, in the United Kingdom, and special statistics of:

Blackfaced Suffolk ........................................................................ 787

Cheviots ................................................................................... 758,787

Cotawolds ................................................................................. 755,784

Devon Long wools ......................................................................... 785

Dorset ITorns .............................................................................. 758,785

Exmoor ............... . ......... , .......................................................... 759

Hampton Downs .......................................................................... 786

Ilardwick ........... . ...................................................................... 759

Kentish or II omnoy Marsh ................................................................ 756,785

Lanks ..................................................................................... 759

Li-icestcrs ................................................................................. 756,783

Lincolns ................................................................................ 756,763,784

Mountain .................................................................................. 759

Oxfordshire ................................................................................ 757,786

Roscommon ................................................................................ 757

Southdown ......................................... _ .................................. 758,763,785

Suffolk DO-WTIS ............................................................... ............... 758

WIcklow and Kerry .............................. ............................ 759

Wiltshire ........ " .................. "!!...]!""!".""""""."" ....................... 757

Yorkshire ................................. .......................... 784

Sheep census of New Zealand ................ ............ ............ 642

Sheep census of Xuevo Leou ................. ....................... 590

Sheep farm in^ in Nuovo Leon ... 690

INDEX.

Page.

Sheep farming in England (Southdown) t763-777

(!!• • form u Hod; ; brcnl-

in:; v to avert

abortion; lain!' aiiiiii;.; in . discussion on

breeding, 771 ; Southdov.'n s!n rp and Cainbrid^ ; 777.)

Sheop, French '. 777

Sheep in Bucks, England 711

Sheep, portraits of British 788,789

Sheep, Syrian, suitable lor the Unit ,... 053

Shei'i • 1 ho Argentine Itepnblic 012

Sheep, weights of, at Islington 778-782

Shepard, Isaac F.. consul at Hankow :

Report: Cattle in the Yaug-t.se- X.i. mg Valley 664-C68

(Topography of the valley, 661 ; soil, substra <;G5;

the water buffalo of the Yang-tso ; methods of housing, 660 ; breeding; cattle
census ; exports of cattle to tho United States,
Shetland cattle :

Description of, and habitat ]42

Shorthorn cattle. (Sec also Bulls aud Cows.)

Abbey farm herd, description, <fcc 72

Bred in the United States larger than tho English 213

Characteristics 59,60,09,157

Cow in Yorksh ire, milch, description of 157

Cross-breeds 70,100

Dairy 102

Herds, how to farm 101

"Wonderful record 103

Denchfield stock 73

Duffryn herd, history and statistics of 69

In Colombia 633

Ireland 226,228

New Zealand 646

Ontario 539,542,547,553,555,556,558,561

Scotland 213

jetting out cows to laborers - '. . 107

Milking qualities 70,188

Milk and butter yield 75,103,107,157,171,190,202.216,227,228

Origin and history , 59,98,216,366

Prices ... 73,75,76,80,158,190,205,214

Remarkable herd of, in Yorkshire 105

Treatment of, on a model farm 105

Valuable properties of 100

Weight and size 59,70,74,103,158,171,180,190,202,205,216

Yield in products, general , 104

Shows. ' (See Cattle shows.)

Siam water buffalo, habits and uses of .» 660

Sierra Leone, cattle statistics of 671

Siler, James "W., consul at Capo Town :

Report: Cattle in Cape Colony 669,6*70

(Tho Africander cattle, Characteristics, uses, weight, milk yield, &c., 669, 670; im-
ported cattle, cattle census, value of cattle, imports of dairy products, 670.)
Silesia:

Area, < lunate, soil, topography, grasses 432

Cattle fairs, imports and exports of cattle 434

Characteristics of cn'.tio 435

T'eedi: dairy farming 433

Imported and f.ivorite breeds in 436

Products of Dili eli co'.vs in, ec'iisus of cattle 437

Simcoo district, Ontario, cuttle statistics of 570

Simmemhul cattle:

attl« 290

Characteristics 289,301,445

Cross with Shorthorn -JP1

Milkers 'JS9.446

Offshoot* 305

#44 INDEX. •

Simmonthal cattle— Continued. lva;;v.

Origin 287,391,444

Price 290,396

Suitable for export to United State.*

-Weight 291,504.391,445

Simpson, Tliomas, consul at Puerto Plata : ,

Report: Cattle in San Doin in go 629,640

(Origin of cattle, deterioration of imported cattle, draft cattle, <fcc., G39; milk yield,
weight of cattle, and yield of meat, climate, <fcc., G40.)

Singhalese 'cattle C56, 657

(Origin, height, weight, milk yield, draft cattle, characteristics, branding for sickness, £c.)
Size of cattle. (See "Weight.)

Sizing cattle in Thuringia - 439

Sla-zht, Harry L., consul at Prescott :

Report: Cattle in Prescott, Ontario 564-566

(Characteristics of the various breeds, 564 ; distillery-fed cattle for export to England;
transportation to the United States, 565; general statistics, yield, weight,
characteristics, origin, product, topography, housing, breeding, <fcc.)
Slaughter-houses. (See also Abattoir.)

In Argentine Republic 613

Uru guay (Saladeros) G23

Slaughtering cattle:

In Argentine Republic 014,615

Germany 400

Honduras 598

Switzerland 295

Uruguay 623

Smithfield Cattle Show:

Weight of cattle at, 1883, various 180

Weight of Polled Angus at 195

Smith, C &.Son, on Guernsey cattle 125

Smith, Edward M., consul at Mannheim :

Report: Cattle products in Baden 473-475

(Breeds and characteristics, 473; statistics regarding the cattle of Faden, 474.)

Smith, J. A., on black Suffolk pigs 790

Snfith, James Henry, commercial agent at Mayonce :

Report: Cattle in the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt 483-487

'(Description of duchy, 483; climate, 484; cattle in duchy, 485; cattle statistics of
duchy, 486; milk, butter, and cheese yield, 487.)

Smith, Jonathan, Jersey, on origin and improvement of Jersey cattle 117

Smith, Stephen H., consul at New Laredo:

Report: Cattle-raising in the stato of Tainanlipas 502-594

(Tamaulipas cattle range, effects of drought on cattle-raising, 592; milk, butter, and

cheese, grasses, cattle exports, &c., 593.)
Smith, V. V., consul at Saint Thomas, West Indies :

Report: Cattle ami cattle products in Saint Th.omas 640,641

(Imports of cattle ; meat imports from the Unitod States ; butter and cheese imports,

040; Danish vt. American butter in, 641.)
Soil and substratum :

Brazil 632

Denmark 492

France 269,271

Germany :

Baden 464,468

Bavaria 47(5

Brunswick 482

EastFrisia 408

Odenwald 471

Oldenburg 413

Schleswig-Holstein 411

Silesia .."" 432

Wurtemberg 455

Holland I.."....!!!."...!..... 513

Honduras "I"!"""""""""" 597

Hungary ( 663

INDEX. 845

Soil and substratum— Continued. Page.

Italy:

Piedmont 82°

Terra di Lavoro 323

Tuscany 334

Venetki 357

Mexico 583,592

Morocco 672

New Zealand 650

Ontario — • 551,558,504,560,568,570

Prince Edward Island 575

Quebec 574

llussia 521,522,524

Seychelles 674

Sierra Leone 671

Switzerland 323

Syria 654

United Kingdom :
England :

'Devonshire 160,171

Herefordshire 162,171,191

Jersey 171

Norfolk 171, ISO

Suffolk 164,171

Sussex • 101,171,198

Yorkshire 158,171

Great Britain 171

Ireland 228,235

Scotland 1G6, 171, 195, 217, 222

Wales 166,171,193

Yang-tse-Kiang Valley OG5

Soiling system of feeding cat tie 701,703

Sonora. (See Mexico.)

Spackinau, Samuel, consul at Cologne:

Iloport: Cattle in the Ilhino Province 487,489

(Cattle census of : Birkonfeld and "Westcrwald breeds, 487; Eiful breed; housing and
feeding, cattle market of Nenss, shipment of cattle to the United Statea, 488;
special statistics of cattle, topography of province, characteristics of the sov-
eralbrcodsin, 489.)
Spain. (See also Andalusia, Catalonia, and Galicia.)

Cattle census of 14,400

Special statistics of cattle : .

(Under this head are embraced the tabulated statements from the several consulates,
covering, in condensed form, names of breeds; milk, butter and cheese yields;
habitat; weight; ago at maturity; how long bred pure; products; housing;
feuding, &c.)

Belgium 3C5

Brazil G32

Denmark 491,492

Ecuador 033

Franco 2G5

Germany :

Baden 472,474

l^varia 478_4go

Brunswick , 453

Harz Mountains 433

Marshes , 404

Oldenburg 409

Prussia „ 4 J2

Jlhino Province 4gg

Schleswig-IIolstcin 411

Silesia " 435.437

Thuringia 440

Wurtemberg 463,464

Holland 512-514

.. W5-S30

846 INDEX.

Special statistics of cattlo— Continued.
Italy:

Piedmont 329

Terra di Lavoro (buffalo cattle) 328

Tuscany 333

Vonetia 355-358

•Morocco 1 672

New Zealand G50

Ontario 553-555, 558, 5G3, 50G, 5GG, 5G7, 569, 570

Prince Edvrard Island ^. 575

Quebec 573

Russia 524,525

San Domingo 640

Seychelles 674

Spain (Western Andalusia) 386,387

Switzerland 297,322

Syria 654

United Kingdom 171, 172

Ireland 227,228

Scotland 216,210

Spencer, O. M., consul-general at Melbourne :

Report: Cattlo in Victoria 651

Spencer, Sanders, on Yorkshire pigs 789,790

Stanton, Edgar, consul-general at St. Petersburg :

Report : Cattle-breeding in Russia 519-524

(Breeds in Russia, and milking qualities of, 519 ; weight and milk and meat product of
cattle, 520; area and population of the Russian Empire, provincial charac-
teristics of Russia, 521-523; pictures of Russian cattle, 523.)
State aid and encouragement to :
Cattle breeding :

Belgium .? 54

England 53

Hungary 528

Ontario 560

Switzerland 303

Fresh-meat export : Uruguay 626

Stephenson, Clement, on Polled Angus cattlo 139

Sterne, Henry, consul at Buda-Pesth:

Report: Meat and dairy cattle in Hungary 527-536

(Cattle-raising in Hungary; meat and work cattle; cross-breeds for dairying, 527;
State encouragement of cattle-breeding, the White cattlo of Hungary. 528 •
price of White cattlo, Buffalo cattle, 530 ; housing, feeding and breeding in
Hungary, butter and cheese-making in Hungary, 531; cattle census and im-
ports of Hungary, 532 ; imports of canned beef from the United States, ex-
ports of Hungarian meats and cattle, healthiness of Hungarian cattle, 533;
transportation to the United States, outlook for cattle-breeding in Hungary,
534; special statistics of, concerning Hungarian cattlo, 535; climate, soil, topog-
raphy, weights, &c., 536.)
Steuart, John H., consul at Antwerp :

Report: Cattle in Belgium 359,360

(General information concerning Belgian cattle, 359; transportation to the United
States, 360.)

Stewart, Robert, Stirling, on Highland cattlo 147

Stone, Frederick W., Guelph, Ontario, on Hereford cattlo 556

Stock-raising in Mexico 539

Ranges and herders in Honduras 599

Stratton, R., on Duffryn Shorthorns 69

Studer, A. G., consul at Singapore:

Report: The water buffalo of Siam and Malaysia 660,661

Stuttgart, prices of moat in ] 456

Suffolk :

Cattle, milk yield 739

Topography, soil, climate, &c 164, 171

Sumatra, cattle plague in «.....' 662

Burridge, Mr., on Devon cattle , 110

INDEX. 847

Sussex cattle: Page.

Characteristics Cl, 72, 114-116

Housing and frrdiug 115

Milk, butter, and cheese yield 72,114,160,198

Origin of

Price of 75,70,80,160,205

Value, aa meat cattle 115

Weight of 62,74,115,160,180,198

Working, manner of 110

Sussex:

Guernsey cattle in: Report of breeder 120

Topography, soil, climate, &c ICO, 101,198

Sutton, Warner P., consul-general at Matamoros :

lleport: Cattle breeding in Northern Mexico 570-585

(Origin, breeds, uses, milk, butter, and cheese, 576; variations of breeds, colors, grasses
and other food, water and water-tanks, 577 ; imports of improved stock, 577 ;
methods of breeding, .378; value of Mexican cattle for the United States, 580;
exports of cattle to, and imports of cattle products from the United States, 581 ;
Mexican duties, cattle census, 582 ; diseases, weight, and measure of cattle ;
soil of Northern Mexico, 563 ; climate, elevations, &c., 584 ; illustrations and
acknowledgments, 585.)

Swinbum*. John, on Highland cattle 146

Swine, (dee Hoga.)
Swiss cattle :

In Italy 324

United States 288,318

System of slaughtering cattle 295

Switzerland:

American butter, cheese, andmeatsin 321

Breeds of cattle in :

Appenzell 307

Black-spotted Freiburg 291

Brown Schwitzer 287,291,298,306

Cross-breeds 291

Einsedeln 307

Miscellaneous 305

Mountain 307

Simmenthal 287,289,293,297,304

Butter-making in 314,315

Cantonal prize shows 307

Census of cattle , 10,400,321

Characteristics of cattle 307,322

Cheese-making in 315.C82.G84

Cheese, analysis, prices, and quality of 684

Condensed milk, manufacture in 312

Dairying on the High Alps 311

Exports of:

Butter 315

Cattle 287,288

(horse 317,684

Condensed milk 312

Feedine cattle in 290,290,300,301,323

Grasses, cultivated 323

Government :; s.sistance to cattle-breeders r 307

Grazing cattle on the Alps 310

Housing and caring for cattle 293,308,309,310,323

Iinpirt* <'t":

Latter 315

io 287,321

'. 684

Meat prodin-t of cattle 293

Milk-care establishments 312

Milking qualities of cows 292,298

Milk yield of cows 237,299,306,319,322

Perccnta in 318

Prices of cat t loin 288,290,292,299,300,302,303,305

Parity of milk 318

848

Switzerland-Continued.

Results of breeding from imported stock

Special statistics of cattle 297,321

Soil and substratum

System of slaughtering cattle in

Transportation of cattle to the United States 288,296,303

Weight and measurement of cattle - 293,297,304,306,32:

Working qualities of cattle 297

Syria:

Breeding and raising cattle in

Breeds of cattle in (Joulany, Belady, and Haysy) 652

Meat, milk, and cheese in - 653

Sheep of, suitable for the United States 653

Special statistics of cattle, topography, soil, climate, &c 654

Transportation of cattle to the United States 653

Tallow exports from the United States 21,39

Tamaulipas. (See Mexico.)

Tanner, George C., consul at Yerviers and Liege :

Firstreport: Cattle-breeding in Europe and in the United States 41-56

(General information, 41 ; care of cattle in Europe and in the United States, 42 ; cost of
producing fine cattle in England, 43 ; caution to Galloway breeders, 45; feeding
stuffs, 46 ; experiments in fattening steers, 47 ; feeding cattle on turnips, food
of pregnant animals, feeding dairy cows at the Munster Dairy School, 48 ; fatten-
ing American cattle in England, exercise for cows, 49 ; cattle shows in England,
50, 54-56 ; how cattle degenerate, early imports of blooded cattle into the United
States, American farmers at fault, 51; American craze for English cattle, 52;
Government encouragement of European cattle-breeding, 53.)

Second report: Cattle and cattle breeding in Belgium 866-370

(Belgian cattle breeds, assumed origin of the Shorthorn, 366 ; cattle census of Belgium ;
favorite breeds; the Hollandais, 367 ; the Flemish cow ; the Flechet breed; im-
ports of butter into Belgium, 368 ; imports of meat and meat cattle into Bel-
gium, counterfeiting American products, 3C9 ; American products for Belgium,
370 ; preservation of meats and vegetables fresh, 370, 699-701.)

Tarcntaiso cattle (mountain cattle) 728

Taylor, Alfred, Norfolk, on Red Polls 70

Taxation and export duties, cattle 580,599

Taxes, octroi, in France (cattle) 260

Tax on cattle in Rio de Janeiro 632

Tests (tee alto Trials) :

At the Agricultural College and Model Farm, Ontario (milk yields of several breeds.) • • • • 561

London dairy 202,720

Milk and cream in England 89

Tethering cattle In Jersey 117

The Times, London, on "American Craze for English Cattle" 52

Thomas, Richard, on Welsh cattle 155

Thompson, A. J., shipper of Canadian cattle to England 0

Thuringia and its people 438

Butter and cheese ; breeding from imported cattle ; distribution of cattle ; population 441

Characteristics of cattle ( Allgauer, Heilbronner, Glau) 438, 439, 442

Housing, feeding, breeding, &c 440,442

Sizing cattle in ; cows as draught animals 439

Special statistic*: milk yield, weight, prica 442

Typography, climate, soil, &c 442

Tillage lands of Oldenburg 414

Tondern cattle:

Characteristics 395

Milk yield 410

Weight 410,411

Topography of:

Brazil .* i 632

Ceylon 659

Denmark 492

France 269,271

Germany , , 425

Baden m 474

BavMia... 47*

INDEX. 841)

Topography of — Continnod. Page,

Germany — Continued.

Brunswick «>.. 492

Rhine province 489

Silesia 432

3?huringia 442

Honduras 597

Holland 013

Hungary 536

Italy:

Piedmont 329

Terra di Lavoro — 328

Tuscany „ 333

Vcnctia - 350

Mexico 584,586, 587,592

Morocco G72

Ontario - 554, 558, 564, 566, 568, 570

Prince Edward Island 575

Quebec, province of — 574

Russia: Baltic provinces and Finland „ 524, 525

Seychelles 674

Sierra Leone 672

Spain, Cadiz ? 385

Syria 654

United Kingdom :
England:

Cornwall 207

Devonshire 160

Herefordshire 162

Jersey 168,206

Norfolk 164

Sussex 160

Scotland - 1C9, 217,221

"Wales, Anglcsca - 166

Yang-tse-Kiang Valley 664

Transportation of cattle to the United States (routes, cost, feed, attendance, &o.) :

From Belgium 360,382

Denmark 491

France, from Bordeaux 278

Germany:

East Fricsland and Oldenhurg 419

Frankfort-on-tho-Main and Hesse-Nassau 396

Harz Mountains 483

Khino Province 488

Silesia 434

Holland 506,516

Hungary 634

Italy:

Genoa to New York 325

Leghorn to Now York 332, 335

Naples to New York 328

Venice to New York , 3o3

Mexico (driving) 581, 588

New Zealand 645, 649

Ontario 543, 557, 565, 570

Eussia r»li4

Spain 388

Switzerland 288,296,303,319

Syria 653

United Kingdom 169,694-690

England :

Bristol (Herefords) 178

Liverpool 169,205,694

London ; 77

Ireland 227

Scotland 213,214,222

Ysng-tae-KJang Valley 667

H. Ex. 51- — 54

850

Pago.

Treadwoll, John, Eylesbury, on sheep and cattle in Bnclts 711

Treatment:

Of Ayrshire cattle ...

Jersey calves, in Jersey

Shorthorns on a model farm i05

Treviso, province of, cattle in 338

Trials (gee also Tests) :
Milk:

In England, Red Polled cows

various breeds 104

Holstein, model farm 412

Ontario agricultural school 561

Saxony, Frisian, Schleswig, and Silesian cows, five years' trial 412

Triesdorf cattle (erroneously spelled Friesdorf on page 392) :

Origin, characteristics, milk yield, &c 392

Price 39G

Tuscany:

Chianina breed : weight, price, feeding and housing, 331 ; characteristics, 332, 334.

Maremmana cattle in 332

Milk, butter, uud cheeso yield of cows 333

>vizzera cattle in 332

Topography, temperature, soil, &c 333, 334

Transportation to the United States, cost 332, 333

Weight of Chianina cattle 334

Tyssen, Amherst, Mr., M. P., weights and measures of lied Polls 92

Udine, province of:

Cattle of 337

Climate of 356

Grasses 358

Herding and dairying in • 337

Improving cattle in

Mountain and pasture lands 336

Soil and substratum 357

Union dairies in Denmark 498

United Kingdom :

Breeds of cattle in:

Ayrshire 63,134,168,190,211,220,740

Devon .' 57,107,158,191,739

Dexter 228

Galloway 62,147,149,194,210,218,219

Guernsey - 64,124

Hereford 58,110,161,172,181,190,730

Highland 63,143,196,212,218

Jersey 64,116,166,200,205,741

Kerry 65,129,226

Limerick dairy 228

Longhorn 60,94,199,739

Polled Angus 62,139,164,193,209,218

Bed Polled 61,86,162,196

Shetland 142

Shorthorn 59,98,157,188,213,735

Suffolk 739

Sussex 61,114,160,197,740

Welsh 65,153,166,198,742

Breeders of prize cattle in 712

British cattle and cattle imports 79-8?

British cattle markets 696

Cattle shows in 50,54

Censo* of cattle in 10,80

Central Chamber of Agriculture 722

Cost of producing fine cattle in ~. 43-48

Herds, noted in :

Abbey Farm Shorthorn 72

Cotswold Shorthorn 74

Denchfleld Shorthorn _...... .... 73

Dufifryn Shorthorn ............ .•........•*.••.»» 69

INDEX. 851

United Kingdom—Continued. Page.

Herds, noted in — Continued.

Hutchinson Shorthorn t 105

Lofft-Suffolk Red Polled 71

Lord Bray brook's Jersey 121

Morland Sussex 72

Sandringham (various) 08,710

Shorthorn-Gwyn 70

Somerset Devon 70

Sussex Guernsey 126

Taylor's lied Tolled 71

Fattening American cattle in 49

Geological character of 67

Hogs, breeds and breeding In 760

Imports into :

Butter aud buttorino 13,32

Canned beef, American 21

Cheese 20,30

Fresh beef 7,29

Live cattle 5-7,11,26,223

Oleomargarin a 16

Preserved meats 12-14

Position of dairy farming in 710

Publications concerning cattle in GO

Sheep, breeds and care of (tee Sheep) 762-789

United States:

Best cattle for import into :

Belgian m

Brazilian 631

British 65,80,157,169,172,188,203,204,214

Dutch • 505,516

French 2C5, 271), 283, 285

German 418,423,434,482,487

Hungarian 528

Italian 325,331,334,354

Mexican 580

New Zealand 645

Ontario 541,543,505

Russian , -. 523,524

Swiss 291,293,322

Syrian 053

Canadian cattle companies in, operations of 537

Care of cattle in, and in Europe, compared 42

Cattle breeding in, and in Europe 41

Census of cattle in 12

Condensed-milk factories in 313

Exhibition of Irish hermetically sealed butter in 229,233

Exports from:

Beef, canned 4,21,22,37

fresh 4,8,11,13,22,28,37

salted 4,22,37

tallow 4,21,22,39

Butter 4,10,18,22,30,39

Cattle 4,22,25,37

Cheese 4, 20, &, 34, 39

Condensed milk 4,22

Meats, how to increase the 215

Oleomargarine 16,19,22,39

First imports of blooded cattle into PI

Hereford cattle in, number exported to 179

Milk yield of cows in, as compared with Swiss cows 299

Purchasing foreign cattle for, best place, time, and way :

British cattle 170,182,205,214

French cattle 264

German cr.ttle 454,482

Italian cattle 833,335

Swisscattle 288,290,302

852 .INDEX.

United States— Continued. Page.

Transportation of cattle to tho United States, routes, cost, feed, attendance, &.c. (See
Transportation. >

Treasury cattle commission on the healthiness of American cattle 6-14

Uri cattle, characteristics, milking qualities, &c 72(j

Uruguay :

Census of cattle

Climate

Export of beef

Frozen-meat trade 625-G20

Liebeg's extract of beef factory in 621

Slaughter of cattle, statistics of

Value of lauds and stock

Veal, French "*4

Vegetables and meats preserved fresh, Belgian process 370,691)

Venctia:

(For particulars relating to each province in Venctia, see Belluno, Padua, Rovigo,
Treviso, Udine, Venice, Verona, and Viconza.)

Breeds of cattle in, and charactistics of

Climate and topography of

Geological formation of

Milk, butter, and cheese yield of cattle in

Special statistics of 355-358

Substratum and grasses ••

Weight und size of cattle - U55

Venezuela:

(Area and population, interior communication, number of persons engaged in tho cattle
industry, character oi' cattle in, G37; rounding up cattle, pasturage, price of
cuttle, G38; Maracaibo cattle supply and demand, G38.)
Venice, district of :

Cattle in, and diecription of district 253

Climate and topography - 350

Substratum and cultivated grasses 3;i8

Verona: Climate, soil, substratum, grasses 35G-358

Vial, A., vice-consul at Nice :

Report on cattle in the district of Nice 280

Viccnza :

Butter and cheoso making in 344

Climate of j.. 350

Dairying in the lowlands 345

Grasses, cultivated 358

Mountain hording and dairying in 343

Mountain to lowland stock-raising 340

Soil and substratum 357

Topography and climate '. 343,350

Viosca, James, consul at La Paz:

Report: Cattla in Lower California 590

Vogeler, Ferdinand, consul-general at Frr.nkfort-ou-the-Main :

Report : Breeds of cattle in Germany 3S9-J97

(Cnttle in Hesse-Nassau and Prussia, 38'J ; origin of European cattle, 390; the Neckar,
Simmenthaler, and Lirabourg breeds, 391 : the Tricolor!', Alb, Schwab Hall, and
Dutch breeds, 392 ; the Montafonor, Miesbacher, and I'inzgauer breeds, 393 ;
tho Allgauer and Schwitzcr breeds, 394; the Voightland, Augclcr, and Podo-
lisch breeds, 395; tho Murzthaler breed, prices of German cattle, cattle ox-
ports to the United States, and improvement of cattle in Germany, 390.)

Vogclsberg cattle 485

Volght, Julius G., commercial agent at Manila :

Report: Cattle in the Philippine Islands 073

Vcightland cattle:

Characteristics 395,443

Origin 413

Price 39G

Weight and size 413

Voealer, Proieasor, Ilohenhoim Agricultural School, on cattle and cattle-breeding In War-
timber.; 448

INDEX. 853

Pago.

Wnccs of herders in Franco 2'>3

Honduras r>09

:i(l SOU

Wales:

Cattle census of 80

Welsh cattle (Runts, Blade Cattle, &c.):

Characteristics of 65, 153, 155. ICG, 1

Docility of ;

Fattening 7 12

Herd-book of ICG

Milk, butter, and cheese yield 75, 151, 155, 1G6, ;

Origin and history of „. ]

Price of , 80, ICG, 205

Rearing calves 154

Testimony of noted breeders 155, 15G

Weight of 74,154,153,100,138,742

Yield of, as dairy cattle 131

Walker, Mr., ou milk vs. butter yield of Jersey*, and rearing calves 118

Warner, William D., commercial agent at Dusseldorf:

Report: Cattle breeds in Germany 404-408

(Dutch and Sommenthal breeds, 404 ; Swiss, Mont afoncr, and Algau breeds, 40f> ; \ '.-•

ing cattle in Germany, 40G; statistics of ox fattening and prices of German
cattle, 407.)

Water buffalo of Siam and Malaysia CGO

Water supply for cattle in Mexico 577

Weald of Kent, cattle and sheep in 731

Weather reports, value of, to fanners 546

Webster, A. G., consul at Hobart:

Repoit: Cattle in Tasmania C30

Weights, size, and measurement of cattle (See also Special statistics) :

Africander C70

American 81

Austrian 206

Belgian 065,373

Brazilian .". 031,632

British cattle:

Ayrshire 74, 138, 1G8, 171, 200, 21G, 219, 525

Devon 72,74,109,110,160,164,171,180,192,201,203

Galloway 140,151-153,195,211,216,219

Guernsey 125

Hereford * 09,72,74,114,161,162,171,173,184,191,203

Highland 74,145,146,169,197,216,219

Jersey 74,167,171,201,206

Kerry 133,227.

Limerick dairy 227,228

Longborn 94,97,109

Polled Angus 61,74,87,92,165,166,171,180,104,201,203,216,218,219

Bed Polled 61,71,74,87,92,139,163,171,180,196,203,204,216,219

Shorthorn 59,70,74,103,158,171,180,190,202,203,205,216

Sussex 62,74,115,160,171,180,198,203

Various breeds, daily increase 47,723

Welsh 74,154,155,160,171,198,742

Danish 81,491,492,494,495,524

Dutch 81,393,437,512

Ecuadorian 635

French 81,244,248,250,255,257,265,27:.

German 81,301-395,403,406,409-412,424,435,437,439. 412

Hungarian 535,536

Italian 296,327-329,331,333,334,335,356,365,373

Japanese 663

Malaysian (buffalo) ".!!".".."",!".!"."."...". G61

Mexican 5S3

Now Zealand 650

Ontario "...."..".".IV.". 81,553,534,658,561,564,566,567,569,570

Portuguese 81

INDEX

WYijrht. .-:.••>. aiul measurement ol'cattli — Continued. Pajrc.

Prince Kdw^rd I-lai:d 57!

(^ ; i, , 57-1

lln-sian 520, 524,525

San Domingo 640

Suvhul^e C5G

S, •::: h A f : :. .in < Cape Colony) C70

Spanish 81, 38C

Swi diMi and Norwegian 81

Swiss 2'Jl , 2'JG, 207, 304, 30G, 307, 322, 323

Yain; t.«i -Ki.in^ YallcV CG5

Wc'.N, \V ilia! tiS.. («>!K-i:l at Dundee:

Kepoit on cat t It- in Scot laud 208-217

ilr-uodi:. tory. 2"c ; Polled Ansrus, 2u:» ; Polled Galloways, 210 : Ayrshires as dairy cat-
tlf, _".l ; Highland cattle, 211!; Shuri horns in Scotland, o'lspiin^ of imported
cattle, ln-jit method ui' exportation to the United States, 2.13 : best Scotch cattle
tv> export, price of, and cattle statistics of Scotland, 214 ; impoiis and exports
of iii« at and cat tie. nature, of import .supplies, imports from the V nit ed States and
In .-l n.t ans of cnh:ri:in<:, 215; special cattle Kati.-ties for Scotland, 21(j ; topog-
laphy. ( lim.'ite, soil, &c., 217.)
Wei ?h c at 1 1 e . ( >'•- c- ^V a 1 . s . )
We'..-h. William L., consul at Florence:

Kejvort : Cattle in Tuscany C30-334

(The Chianina bn-i-d, 330; cattle of the Val di Chiana. ":.)! ; transnort of cattle to the
L'l.itcd States; ^.!ai eiumaua cattle; Svizzeru cattle, o,J2 ; p-uicliusin^ Italian
cattle; .^peeial cattle statistics, 333; topography, climate, soil, «5cc., 33-1.)
~tt"e.-teiwald cattle:

( ":.ara< teii>ticri, milk yield, ivci<:lit 489

Prices of ". 487

"White cattle of Jlnn-ary :

Chant, teii-ties 529,535

1 alt en in _' (jualitie.s 530

Mi at and la lor qualities 529, 535

Milk >ieid 535

Origin ; 529

Price 530

WeiJ.t and size 535

M"hit<- cattle of Tn^'-ai;y. (,SVv Chiauina cattle.)

"White, Mi.,Wilt-hiiv. on lien lord cattle 177

Whit*-. Mis., Kou-.Miilli.-rie Farm, on Guernsey cattle 125

Wild cattle:

< )f MCI if -o 579

th-- 1'amjtas. ArL't-ntinc Kepubiic C04

Wilkeu. C., on Polled A n-us cattle 141

WiHard A., ci'ii.'iil ut (jiiayrna-:

I:, port : Ca:tl«--r..i.,ini<; in Sunora 595

<i'.n«-<\ : prii (-3 ; cxjiorts to the United States; imports from the United Statea ; Sonora

as a cattlf,- ran^'e.)
Wilwon, Jolin, ronxul at Jinis.iclH :

Ii<-port ; Jin,-ed« .,( cattle in J'.el^ium 300-36."

(The l-'jirnes An.l,a< hi. A i dennaise, Charleroi, and foreign and cioss bleeds in 15el-
L .-.un, :.»)! ; cattk--!e( dinjr, yield of milk of 1U 1^'ian cows ; miscellaneous stali.s-
ti- - and import* <>f < attle into Belgium, 3G3; prices of l)el-ian callle ; Eel^ian
' :'-';''' I"' th« Cnited States, and exjiort of American beef and cattlelo P>e]f_Mum.
:;i i M.-i-l.t and IIM aniiM inent of cattle and juice of dressed beef, \,C,:>.)
Wll«on John M. «,n-'.l at i;iem, j, :

K«I»<,rt : Catiie i,, Old.Tiburp, .). \uland. and ila.st Fri.'.-land 413^25

(Soil and ( liniate, 4i.i ; tillage and i:r;i/i:i«_r lanils, 45 > ; cattle and < at ile-breedini: in tlio
Ma: -lie'.. i;;,; M!jM.i ioi ily oi' ( ildenbu;^ cat tie lor ex port ; product and export
«.l Mur^h r-aitle. Jif- : e\|,oit of cat lie to t he I'nil. d Si ates ; ])orJiails of Olden-
h:ir-nnd ila-t 1 i i.-iaii < a! t ie, 4H); hoii.sin-, iccdiii';. and bn-<i(lii|._', 421 ; Ameri-
can cHttU-aii-1 hotr-* in OUienbiii'^; impor'.ri (;f meats aiul dairy jiroducts ; per-
•• nf 'on<-<ls in the dir,trii t ; best <'atilo ]',..[• i .\])ort to tho United States,
42^( ; npM-ial Mati-tie* of Maihh tatllc, 424; topography, noil, HubBtratnm,
oiiHiu^, IwHliiig. A:c., 425.)

855

Wilson, Thomas, consul at Ghent: Page.

Report : IJelgian and Dutch milch cowa 370-383

(Dairy machinery; Belgian rnilchcows, 371; size ami weight of Belgian cattle, 373;

milking qua.] it. D cows, 374 ; milk^given by .-,ixty English cows for

:;::.: m.lk -ivtn by Dutch and Flemish cattle and their crosses,

378-331 . transportation of Belgian cattle to the United States ; exportation of

American horses to Uelgium, 382 ; authorities and sources of information, 383.)

Wiltshire dairy record 691

"Winter, John F., consul at Eotterdam :

Report: Cattle of Holland 515-518

(Different breeds in Holland, 515 ; price of Dutch cattle ; cattle export and import of
Holland ; export of Dutch cattle to the United States, 51C ; census of Dutch
cattle, 51,7,518.)

"Wood, Henry, on Southdown sheep, their history, breeding, <fec 763

Worden, W. A., consul at Charlottetown:

Report: Cattle in Prince Edward Island 674,575

(Cattle breeding, 574 ; breeds, yield, and weight of cattle ; topography, housing, feed-
ing, &c., 575.)
Working-cattle in :

Argentine Republic 608

Ceylon G5G

England, Sussex HG

France 273,282

Germany 302,393,480

Hungary 507

Italy 327,328,331-334,340,353,354

Japan 663

Java 661

Malaysia 601,602

Mexico 588

Morocco 672

New Zealand C48

Philippine Islands 673

South Africa (Capo Colony) 670

Switzerland 289,297

Syria G52

Worthington, John, consul at Malta :

Report on cattle in Malta ....: ,».... 323

Wurtemberg:

Cattle-breeding in 444-464

(Cattle census of, Simmenthaler breed, weight and food, 444 ; characteristics of Simmenthaler
cattle, 445; Montafoner and Allgauer breeds, characteristics, &c.,446; Limburger and
Neckar breeds, characteristics, &c., 447; prices and weight of cattle; cattle-breeding
at Hohenheim, 448; stabling, feeding, and breeding, and bull-keeping at Kirchhcim,
450 ; cattle-breeding at Eottweill, 451 ; cattle-breeding at Kirchberg and at Ravensburg,
452; cattle-breeding at Heidenheim, 453 ; cattle exhibition atHcilbronn; cattle trans-
port via the St.JGothard tunnel, 453 ; cattle trade at Calw ; cattle fairs in 1882 ; climate,
454; soil; distribution of area, 455, 463: meat supply of, 455; moat prices at Stuttgart,
456; dairy associations: at Aichstetten (456), at Allgau (457), at Heldenflngen (400);
characteristics of TVuitemborg cattle, 464.)

Wyatt, Nevill, on Sussex Guernseys v 126

Torkshiro, topography, soil, and climate 158

Vouatt :

Un Devon cattle 67

Longhorn cattle 04

Kerry cattle 130

Zanzibar, cattle in §72

RETURN CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT

TO"* 202 Main Library 642-3403

LOAN PERIOD 1
HOME USE

2

3

^

5

6

ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS

1 -month loans may be renewed by calling 642-3405
" 'cans may be recharged by bringing books to Circulation Desk
evvals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date

DUE AS STAMPED BELOW

/ NO. DD 6, 40m, 6'76

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
BERKELEY, CA 94720

•v r~ 4 ° *

TC ^o^

YC

43426

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY