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The title, ‘‘ Bulletin of Cornell University, (Science),’’ is here revived with the permission of the authorities of this University, and out of regard and affection for the memory of Professor Charles Fred- erick Hartt, whom the earlier Cornell students remember as a man of brilliant and captivating intellectual qualities, and a source of inspi- ration to thorough and untiring work in Science ; who projected a series under the above title, and with his friend and pupil Professor Derby, published the initial volume in 1874, containing papers on the geology and paleontology of Brazil. >; GARD > nenace: The local explorations of this region, which have resulted in the accumulation of the facts recorded in the present publication, were begun more for the pleasure they involved, than with any well-defined purposein view. Soon, however, they were taken up more earnestly, with the desire of enlarging our knowledge of the immediate resour- ces of the Botanical Department of Cornell University. Since 1880, there have been added objects, viz. : to ascertain as precisely as possi- ble the abundance of each species, the local distribution of it, and the number and habits of those forms whose limit of general distribution on this continent falls within or near our territory, all, of course, in- volving the taking of voluminous field-notes, and the collection of a large series of specimens. But it must be remembered that while the results of observation on geographical distribution are recorded, the catalogue is primarily intended to assist the student and local col- lector, and contains many things which would be of little interest to the non-resident. For instance, the dates of the local flowering of plants are given with considerable closeness; these are for average years, and due allowance must be made with the spring flowers, for such a season as the present (1886), when everything since the first week in April has been two or three weeks in advance of the average season ; and naturally these dates might not answer for a climate differing from ours. Again, localities are often mentioned, for plants not espe- cially rare, solely for the purpose of aiding student collectors. Forms and varieties of species have been included in the catalogue numbers, with somewhat more than ordinary fullness, in order to call forth fur- ther observations from local and other collectors, on their abundance and constancy. We have been chary of giving new names to such, in order to avoid a possible increase of synonyms, although we be- lieve some of those numbered will prove to be, when better known, . well-marked varieties. Acknowledgements are due from the writer to several of his botani- = N iv THE CAYUGA FLORA: cal friends for pronouncing upon varying or critical forms. Dr. Gray, in the midst of most arduous labors, kindly went over a large pack- age of specimens sent him, contributing valuable notes and suggest- ions, especially on Ranunculacee and Composite. Moreover he most thoughtfully and opportunely forwarded for use, the proof-sheets of his “ Revision of the North American Ranunculi.”’ Mr. Sereno Watson, of Cambridge, assisted me on the Rosacee and Apetale. Our Carya sulcata was submitted with many other woody plants to Professor C. S. Sargent. Dr. Vasey of the National Herbarium has seen a large number of our grasses and given me much information on forms collected here and elsewhere. He examined alarge number of Eatonias in the herbariums of the eastern cities before naming the herein-described species of that genus which had long interested me. To the herbarium of Mr. M. S. Bebb, of Rockford, I1l., has been con- tributed at different times, full sets of our interesting Sa/ices. In re- turn he has contributed very valuable notes, drawings and specimens, and our correspondence has been a most delightful one. In spite of ill-health he has freely advised me ; and defining the position of the hybrid wlllows is chiefly his work, any opinion of my own haying in most cases, received his sanction. Mr. Morong, of Ashland, Mass., has equally favored me in his especial field the Wazadacee. His con- tribution of specimens to my own herbarium has been of very great value. Valuable information or specimens have also been received from Dr. Charles H. Peck of the N. Y. State Herbarium, from Mr. E. L,. Hankenson, of Wayne Co., and from Professors Trelease, J. M. Coulter, and Ll. H. Bailey. In making explorations and amassing the materials and facts for the catalogue, the writer has of course devoted much of his own time and resources, and has for certain periods privately employed the as- sistance of special students ; but he here wishes to make a general acknowledgement for information always freely reported,—when any- thing interesting turned up,—by the special students in botany and others, whose helpful and generous ways have often been the chief encouragement in the pursuit of the work. The work of exploration, collection, revision, critical study, corres- pondence and the accumulation of collateral facts, has all been car- ried on as a secondary matter to unusually arduous duties of instruc- tion. It is believed, however, that the work has been thorough enough to justify publication, and the reader is assured that all localities given in the catalogue are selected from records written where the plants grew, or made atthe end of the excursion on which they were observed. A full, frank statement is made where necessary, of obser- vations, of opinions held in regard to distribution, and of other mat- ters, in order to furnish an unequivocal basis for emendations, cor- rections and additions,—as well as to give information,—believing that a mere list of names, not easily capable of verification, really furthers our knowledge but little. It is to be hoped that this contri- bution will be met in the spirit in which it is offered, its oversights and manifest shortcomings pardoned in the endeavor to contribute additional, authentic information, whenever such is obtained by those THE CAYUGA FLORA. Vv using the catalogue. Any one finding plants new to the region or new stations for rare plants, should send us information of the local- ity, accompanied if possible by the specimens, and all such informa- tion will be put on file at the Botanical Laboratory, in the future, as it has been for several years past. It is proposed that whenever such a list accumulates sufficiently to warrant it, to publish a supplement- ary slip containing the additions, with the names of the discoverers, and to send it to any one who may desire it. During the collection of materials for the pheenogamic list, a large number of the higher cryptogams have been pressed, and the mate- rial largely worked up; alsoa considerable number of parasitic fungi have been saved and much work already done on them, and at no distant day we may hope to place before our students something tangi- ble on several of the more important groups of lower plants. The author has recognized more clearly than any one else could, that this work is pioneer work, but resolved that it should be done with a certain degree of thoroughness, believing that it is only by full and accurate records of this kind, made for every section of the country, that we shall ever succeed in demonstrating beyond dispute the great and profoundly interesting problems of geographical distri- bution of species. Nevertheless, he feels that this list is merely a contribution to the better knowledge of our plants ; and it does not for a moment pretend to approach the position of a completed history of their distribution in this region. Although we have explored most of the apparently interesting nooks within the limits, still there are probably others unobserved, as there are also known localities deserv- ing further attention. And when we recognize the fact that after cen- turies of close scrutiny some corner of Great Britain periodicaliy dis- closes a plant never before seen on the island, and that since the pub- lication of the Flora of Washington in 1881, scores of new discover- ies have been made within its limits, we know that many new ones await us here. Botanical Laboratory, Cornell University, May 20, 1886. Introduction. Limits of the Flora and its Physical Characters. This catalogue professes to include all the flowering plants, so far as observed, growing without cultivation in the territory drained by Cayuga Lake, its tributary brooks and creeks. It also includes the plants of the water-shed marshes and ponds lying between our hydro- graphic system and the neighboring ones,—besides the altogether in- dependent, outlying and exceedingly interesting little water-system of the West Junius ponds. ‘The latter, an important addition to our illustrative resources, belongs as much to our system as to any of the smaller ones, and is therefore combined with it in this work. The water-shed marshes and ponds sometimes drain into the Cayuga sys- tem as in the case of Locke Pond, Dryden Lake, the Round Marshes, the White Church and Brookton Springs; sometimes away from it, as in the case of Cayuta Lake, Michigan Hollow Swamp and the Fir- Tree Swamp in Danby, and the larger Marl Ponds in South Cortland. There is an outflow in freshet seasons only, from Summit Marsh, and from Freeville bog and the Fir-Tree Swamp at Freeville, and then into other streams than ours, while the pond and marsh near Chica- go Station, also several of the Marl Ponds have no apparent outlet. The greatest length of this territory is about sixty-five miles, ex- tending southward from Montezuma, on the Erie canal, to Summit Marsh, in the northern part of Tioga County. Its average breadth could be considered about eighteen miles. Its least breadth, near the northern marshes, is only from four to six miles. From this region the basin gradually widens till near the vicinity of Ithaca it suddenly expands, becoming on the line of its greatest breadth about thirty- two miles. This line extends from Cayuta Lake on the southwest, through Ithaca to the Marl Ponds on the northeast. In this part of the Cayuga basin occur the larger streams, such as Fall Creek, Casca- dilla, Six Mile and Neguzena Creeks, all entering the ‘‘Inlet’’ and the south end of the lake in a group. The only rival streams are Salmon Creek and Taughannock Creek, entering the ‘lake about ten miles from the southern end. All of these streams flow through pre- glacial valleys, the larger of which their slender currents have altered but little from the ancient form. Of this part of the basin, Ithaca is the central point, and its county (Tompkins), is wholly within our limits. Considerable portions of Cayuga Co., on the eastern shore, and of Seneca Co., on the western shore of Cayuga Lake, and small fractions of Schuyler, Tioga and Cortland, also fall within this basin. THE CAVUGA’ FLORA. vii The central topographical feature is Cayuga Lake; and, indeed, by reference to the map it will be seen to be the central feature of the whole lake-system of Central New York. The neighboring lakes are all at a higher level, and pour their waters, either into the vast level marshes which are manifestly but a northern continuation of the great Cayuga valley, or into Cayuga Lake itself. Seneca, Owasco and the other lakes usually possess a well-defined northern shore, but the Cayuga Marshes, raised but little above the level of our lake, so blend into its shallows that its exact northern termination is difficult to define ; and they give to it,—at least to that portion of it—a char- acter entirely its own, which was recognized by the ‘‘Six Natious,”’ or ancient Kanonsionni, who called what we now know as Cayuga Lake, ‘‘ Tiohero,’’! the dake of flags or rushes, or lake of the marsh.? The limit of the Flora is therefore extended down these marshes to Montezuma. ‘The length of the lake is usually estimated at 38 miles, its breadth from 114 to 3 miles. In appearance therefore it resembles a great river; indeed itis said to occupy a part of a preglacial river channel of which the Neguaena valley was the continuation. The height of the lake above mean tide is 383 feet,3 the greatest depth found by numerous soundings of the Cornell University Engineering Department was 435 feet, at a point directly off Kidder’s Ferry. In the section between Myers Point and Sheldrake Point it is in many places over 400 feet deep. On account ‘of its depths its waters are comparatively cold far into the summer, and rarely become so chilled in winter as to admit of the formation of ice over the deeper sections. From one-half to two-thirds of the middle section usually remains open, but in the winter of 1884-5 the lake was frozen over before the middle of February and the ice -did not break up till the first week in April. There is a tradition that this occurs about once in twenty years. The temperature of the lake unquestion- ably influences the development of vegetation in its immediate vicin- ity. Plants on its shores are usually a week later in the Spring than in the neighboring ravines and the warm valley about Ithaca, and a week earlier than on the distant highest hills; and during the first half of November, the blue flowers of Aster /evis and the white plumes of Aster sagithfolius still remain in considerable abundance, while they have long ago matured and faded near Ithaca. The ex- tremes of the natural climate are in this manner so modified that the eastern slopes of Cayuga and the other lakes have always grown the 1 See Relations des Jésuites, for the year 1672, Quebec Ed., III, p. 22; also the map in the same volume. 2 See Notes of Gen’l J. S. Clark, in the Journal of Lieut. Harden- bergh, p. 71.. The name is variously written Zhzohero, Tichero, Choharo. At the time of the establishment of the Jesuit mission in 1656, at the foot of thelake, and foracentury after, the name was also applied to one of the three principal towns of the Cayuga tribe of the great League, viz.: that on the eastern side of the Cayuga Marshes near where the turnpike crosses the outlet at present. Apparently the same word with same meaning—written Deyohero—is in the Can- ienga or Mohawk dialect. See Hale’s explanation in his /roguozis Book of Rites, 1883, p. 121.° 3 See Survey of the Geneva, Ithaca and Sayre R. R. m viii THE CAYUGA FLORA. peach! successfully. The lake waters are above the average in purity excepting at the extreme northern and southern extremities, as was demonstrated a few years since by analyses made by my friend Pro- fessor Breneman. Proceeding southward from the gently sloping shores near Cayuga Bridge the banks become gradually bolder, until in the vicinity of Levanna the first cliffs appear on the eastern shore. Between Willets and Kings Ferry these reach their culmination in the ‘‘ High Cliffs ;’’ but stretches of lofty, precipitous, or more or less broken declivities occur on both shores until within a few miles of the southern extrem- ity. Atintervals especially near the mouth of some stream are low half-sandy points which yield many rare plants. Near Ithaca, and about two miles from the lake, the great valley forks, the main por- tion continuing to the right of South Hill, a preglacial valley of ero- sion extending southwardly to Waverly in the Susquehanna valley. The other portion on the left of South Hill is similar to the first and forms the present Six Mile Creek and White Church valleys, and opens into the Susquehanna at Owego. These deep valleys penetrate and cut through the great dividing ridge between the St. Lawrence or Great Lake hydrographic system to which our streams and smaller lakes are tributary, and the Susquehanna system, and are parallel to similar valleys east and west of us. The head waters of the streams occupying them, i. e., the summits between the two systems are usually very near the crossing of the dividing ridge. The points of greatest elevation in our whole region, the most precipiticus, as well well as botanically the most interesting of our inland declivities, and the watershed marshes, springs and ponds being in fairly close con- tiguity, as the following statements will show. The subjoined stations with elevations above mean tide, recorded in the current reports of the N. Y. State Survey by the numbers preced- ing each, are upon this dividing ridge southwest of us, and include the highest points yet measured in that direction : No. 405, Urbana sta., Steuben Co., west of Hammondsport, 1940 feet. 401, Hornby sta., ae Sireee oe 2045, °° ‘“« 394, Sproul sta., Schuyler Co., west of Watkins, ZOOL = ©) "226; (Orange sta.) = ‘© southwest of Watkins, 2033 ‘‘ ‘428, Couch sta., BY ‘© southwest of Cayuta L. 1679) 5° ‘** 403, Newfield sta., Tompkins Co., Saxon Hill. 2095 ‘ Cayuta Lake, one of our watershed lakes, lies only about two miles southwest of Saxon Hill. The latter point can be readily discerned . from the University Campus, as the highest elevation of the farther rim of blue hills, andlies a few points south of west. This rim of hills is the dividing ridge above spoken of. It trends eastward, crossing 1In the Sullivan campaign against the Six Nations in 1779, Col. Butler destroyed an Indian town on the present site of Aurora called Chonodote or Peach-tree Town, together with ‘‘about 1500 peach trees besides apple trees and other fruit trees.’’ Even as late as 1845, Schoolcraft found “within the boundaries of Aurora, the remains of an apple orchard, which was ruthlessly cut down by a detachment of Sullivan’s army,’’ Votes on the Iroquois, p. 57. ‘The apple trees and probably the peach trees were introduced by the Jesuits. THE CAYUGA FLORA. ix the Neguzena valley, south of west Danby, where a spur of it on the eastern side, forms the interesting knob of Thacher’s Pinnacle, anda mile farther east appears in a still more elevated point, Ball Hill, its height unknown but certainly rivalling the Caroline hills. At the eastern base of Ball Hill lies Michigan Hollow Swamp, about 1400 feet above tide, while two or three miles south of where the ridge crossed the Neguzena, is Summit Marsh, near the source of Neguzena Creek. The ridge continues eastward to Durfee Hill, west of the White Church valley and reappears on the east side in the bold cliffs of the North and South Pinnacles and then rises to the rounded summits of Bald Hill’ and Taft Hill, usually known as the Caroline hills. Northeast between the Caroline hills and the Virgil hills lies Dryden Lake. The following records from the Survey of N. Y, show some of the elevations along the divide east and northeast of us, the first named being on a northerly somewhat isolated branch : No. 113, Dryden sta., on Creamer Hill, central part of Dryden, 1880 ft. ** 385, Richford sta., Tioga Co., east of Caroline Hills, 1995 ‘‘ ‘“ 402, Virgil sta., Cortland Co., east of Woodwardia Sw., 2133 “‘ ‘“ 419, Moreheadsta., ‘‘ ‘‘ east ofthe Round Marshes, 1865 ‘‘ “382, Solon sta., “« “northeast of Cortland, TOV) we ““ 107, Niles sta.. Cayuga Co., east of Owasco L. 1621 “ It will be useful to compare the elevations of some of the marshes, ponds, ‘‘summits’’ or R. R. stationsin the valleys near the dividing ridge. ‘These are derived chiefly from the R. R. Surveys. W. Danby railroad station. . ........ 872 feet Summit oe BARU are Rie nme Fae Si ET ORD a Cs Summit Marsh. . . Wh deatigzcutn Roda EOS Oupres White Church Paileoad earOn Mie sa uae MEO SOMES IDA Gen LANE. (QiEEIES,)) sem ohana tia 6 ollie ioe) bam Swssarsaute OF te Go (CIR IR ae be boo os 6 IG iieevillesratlnoadss tation ann ile ein LOAO mI Malloryville He Ne yaar Sad ever aire TOS alee McLean is Hun ea acc 1OOOw et. Chicago rs Meiers mental ale TOON, South Cortland, (Marl Bond) Sn eaece de eae mug | Cortland ee AP Manet oe aan toi oy! aie TTT Oye AhemvoundpMarshesia ay. 5% dye lider ata ae LOO ster The four higher sphagnum swamps in our basin are the little Spruce Swamp on the Enfield Hills, less than two miles south of the N. Y. S. S. 399, and approaching it in elevation, Michigan Hollow and Fir- Tree Swamps in Danby, and the swamps about Locke Pond. The latter is probably the most elevated pond in our region. The lowest sphag- num swamps are Larch Meadow and Fleming Meadow about 400° above the sea. { The following are the elevations of certain subordinate, but inter- esting points : 1 The height of Ball Hill, according to Professor H. S. Williams is about I900 feet. Taft Hill has about the same elevation. = THE CAYUGA FLORA. TED ACA, sisi ei 107 Hotiecbacc abet Rees dhatteaes Mice mae ene hanes 392 feet No. 399; Enfield sta) (Ni YicSi8:)) 2 Gere” aictir ioe y ee ‘< 420, Turner sta., “* South Hall, Ithaca. (nrqee ‘* 425, Hungerford sta., ** Eagle Hill, ‘. .. come Cornell Univ. S. S., (the central sta. of our map) 768). ** The station number is always plainly marked on the small granite monument erected at each of the stations of the N. Y. Survey. From this rapid review of the territory comprised in our Flora it will be seen that it has a peculiar form, and varies much in height, ranging from 383 feet at the lake-level, to 2095 feet on the southwest- ern and 2133 feet on the eastern boundaries. Nevertheless these heights can scarcely be called mountains,’ but giant hills instead, scored out of an ancient table-land. They rarely present cliffs or ex- posed rocks, excepting where some recent ravine or a preglacial val- ley has been cut through the undisturbed strata, but are rounded and cultivated or at least tillable to their summits. There remains but one other feature to mention in this general re- view. Nothing in the physical aspect of this region strikes the stran- ger as more characteristic than the so-called gorges or ravines, found in the first great bench above the lake and valleys, wherever a creek or even brook descends to the lower level. The true gorges are proba” bly without exception, of recent or post-glacial origin, the walls are frequently of perpendicular or overhanging rock from fifty to two hundred feet, or even much higher, as in Taughannock and Enfield ravines. Within these great chasms are usually falls or cascades, some of them exceedingly beautiful and of considerable height. The ravines themselves are often flanked on either side by a succes- sion of well-marked terraces of sand or gravel, the most conspicuous cases being near Coy Glen, Enfield, and Buttermilk ravines, clearly visible many miles away. For comparison with other regions the following elevations are giv- en, derived from railroad, canal and official U. S. Surveys : Canandaigua J,. 668 feet Skaneateles L. 932) feet Keuka L. 7B The Tully Lakes 1200 “ Seneca L. Aas“ Lake Erie 7 ote Wee Cayuga L. aoe Lake Ontario a dla Owasco I,. 713 6 <: The summit level of the canal south from Seneca L. is 884 feet. The topographical features of this region have so modified or con- trolled the distribution and occurrence of plant forms that the brief outline of them given above seemed absolutely necessary. In other words, soil and exposure have been chiefly influential in this distribu- tion, but in certain species, the connection of the plant-habitat with the great and more remote centers of distribution, together with the elevation, high or low as the case may be, furnish important, perhaps essential, conditions. It will be seen that the southern part of our 'On the map accompanying Kalm’s Travel, published 1772, the heights southeast of Cayuga L,. (probably the Caroline hills) are styled the ‘‘Onugarechny Mts.’’ REE GA VOGA FEOTRA. xi Flora occupies a portion of that singular and much eroded table-land which forms the extreme outworks of the great Alleghany mountain- chain, but which is cut off from it by the rather narrow valley of the Susquehanna River. This fact presents us with the interesting and subtle problem of our relationship to the peculiar Alleghanian flora, for the solution of which our section of the table-land ought to fur- nish a better field than any other, both on account of its elevation and the narrowness at this point of the valley separating us from the Alleghany foothills. Furthermore this table-land was the boundary of the ancient inland sea, which according to a favorite hypothesis with geologists, once existed over the whole area occupied by the great lakes and the low country adjoining, and which may have drained southwardly through several of the deep channels, the so- called preglacial valleys, continuing southwardly from most of our Central New York lakes. If this hypothesis is correct the North should have contributed some peculiar plant to our region as it has to Niagara, the present gateway ofits waters. It is reasonable to sup- pose that a few would become permanent if the conditions were favor- able. To the first of these problems we are not fully prepared to give an answer although we have visited the Alleghanies in Virginia and elsewhere for comparison of floras. Upon the second, more can be said and both are touched upon later in the discussion of the ‘‘ Lesser Local Floras.”’ The Maps. The Map of the Lake Region of Central New York.—The title of this map sufficiently explans its chief object. It was also designed to show the relation of our own hydrographic basin to those surrounding it, and to furnish a convenient hand-map to those in adjoining coun- ties, who are making field observations in botany. There is little about its construction that professes to be original. Within our own basin, however, the interesting marshes and higher hills and certain features of Cayuga Lake have been indicated, in addition to those given on the ordinary maps. The maps of N. Y. are notoriously in- accurate! as regards the exact geographical position of towns, and must be much more so in regard to streams, features always slurred over by commercial map-makers. As the above-named map was based on the French map and those of Asher and Adams’ Gazetteer, the er- rors, except certain prominent ones in our own basin, could not be eliminated. The Map of Ithaca and Vicintty.—This is designed for the use of collectors who wish to go out fora single day’s excursion from the University. In its construction we took as a basis the excellent map of Cayuga Lake and its shores, constructed after a careful survey by the Engineering Department of this University, and we would thank the professors in that department not only for the use of this, but for additional measurements derived from the same source. Of the vari- ‘See statement in Report of the N. Y. State Survey for 1876 and 1877, by JamesT. Gardiner. xii THE CAYUGA “FLORA. ous Jocal maps, we found that the maps showing the most nearly cor- rect survey were those in the Atlas of Tompkins Co., by Stone and Stewart. These agreed so well with Professor Fuertes’ map in respect to the ground covered by both, that the Atlas was used as a guide in completing our map. The Atlas is almost the only map giving the north line of Ithaca township correctly. The position of roads, rail- roads, schoolhouses, marshes, etc. were verified by personal observa- tion, and town-boundaries by inspection of original records. The task of correctly representing the streains was considerable, as the ex- isting maps were full of errors regarding them. All we can now say is, that after visiting these and making careful observation, we correct- ed a large number of errors and omissions, and our map is much more nearly accurate than the older ones. What every one must look forward to with expectancy, is the completion of the admirable State Survey now in progress under Mr. James T. Gardiner. With that as a basis there will be a possibility of making wholly accurate local surveys. It is believed, however, that such results will bring about few relative changes in our local map. We therefore feel justified in introducing in it a mechanical arrangement by means of which, as applied to this map, the exact location of any natural object may be briefly indicated on any label or permanent record in connection with our botanical or other natural history surveys. After various less satisfactory schemes to meet a long felt need of the writer, and his colleague, Professor Comstock, the latter devised a plan much more simple and useful than the ordinary system of squares applied to maps, and at the wri- ter’s request he drew up the following explanation of it, which was published in Sczence, Vol. VII, (1886), p. 352. ‘‘Forthe purposes of our local survey a well-known point on the University grounds is taken as acentre. Upon a map of this locality, a north and south line and an east and west line are drawn through this point. These lines are marked o. Other lines are drawn parallel to these lines dividing the map into squares, each line indicating the distance of one kilometre, These lines are numbered, beginning in each case at the one next the zero line and reading toward the margin of the page. By means of roads» streams and other conspicuous objects, the position on the map, of any locality can be easily ascertained ; and its distance north or south of one zero line, and east or west of the other, seen at a glance. It is only necessary to write figures indicating those co-ordinates upon a printed blank label to accurately indicate the locality. This label should have printed upon it the name of the centre of reference ; it may also have letters indicating two of the cardinal points of the compass. In the latter case four sets of labels wotild be necessary. The following is an example :— Seti ee This filled out might read as follows: oe 6¥, This system was suggested to me by the way in which localities are indicated in the city of Washington.”’ The central point taken for our map, and one whose latitude and longitude are accurately known, is the Cornell University S. S., locat- ed a short distance south of Morrill Hall. It makes the University THE. CAYUGA FLORA. xiii the center of all our future explorations and field observations in this region. Although the English measure has been used on the larger map, in the descriptive portion of this introduction, and in the eleva- tions given, because all previous estimates have been in this measure, the Kilometre! is used on the smaller map. The metric system is used in the body of the catalogue and wherever practicable, for all our permanent scientific records. In the catalogue, instant apprehension is desirable rather than brevity in the record, therefore the above system of abbreviations is but sparingly used to indicate localities. Certain woods and other locali- ties, however, are often referred to but are not named on the map. We give these below: ; Bates Woods, N. 414, W. 4%. : Negundo Wds, S. 2%, W. 3. Dart Woods, S. 3, E. 7. ‘“Nook”’ greenhouse,N. 34, W. 34. Eagle Hill, S. 2%, E. 234. Renwick Farm, N. 1 to 3, W. oto 5. Ferris Brook, (mouth) S. 14%, W. 2. Rhodes Woods,N. 1%, E. 8.. Fleming S. House, S. 3%, W. 334. Stevens Woods, N. 2, W. 334. Glen Pond,S. %, W. ¥%. Valentine Brook, S. 1%, W. + - Land-slide (S. M. Cr.) S.2%, E. %. ‘Valley Cem., S. 4, W. 4%. McGowan Woods, S. %, E. 234 2 Willow Pond, S. %, E. o. The necessary reductions and the draughting of the maps were prin- cipally accomplished by my friend and pupil, Mr. O. E. Pearce of the present Senior class, and the Department of Paleobotany at Washing- ton. To his knowledge of botany was added familiarity with techni- cal drawing and his faithful work I cannot too warmly commend. The Lesser Floras. Naturally a larger Flora is made up of distinct regions each possess- ing its characteristic plants. They might be classified as follows: 1. The Montezuma and Cayuga Marshes. For convenience we might say the beginning of these marshes was at Farley’s Point and Canoga, for here we first strike the peculiar plants of the marshes. These are Hzbiscus Moscheutos, Dianthera, Cyperus Michauxianus and C. Engelmannt, Spartina oz Cordgrass, Panicum virgatum, and formerly Aippuris and Rhexia. In addition to these, at Cayuga Bridge, appear Phragmites or the ‘‘Reed,” Nymphaea tuberosa, Mik- ania, Wolffia and Carex alata. For the rest these marshes are made up chiefly of flags, sedges and coarse grasses, the most common being Typha, Scirpus fluviatilis and Deyeuxia Canadensis, which cover the perfectly level, prairie-like expanse for fifteen miles. It is the salt-springs aud brackish soil about them, however, which afford the most unique group. The old Indian salt-springs described by Father Raffeix,? west of Cayuga Marshes and north of the Demont bridge, give us Eleocharis rostellata; and the several abundant springs at Montezuma, one near the canal and two near the banks of Salt Creek, together with their brackish meadows produce the following : 1 The Kilometre = 0.62138 mile. ® Elmwood Glen, Camp Warwick and Franklin’s ravine, three ra- vines, either with summer camps or with cottages, occur in the order named north of King’s Ferry, Cayuga Lake. 3 See ‘‘ Primitive Flora.’’ xiv THE (CAYUGA FLORA. Ranunculus Cymbalaria Chenopodium rubrum, (2litum maritimum) Juncus Gerardi Zannichellia palustris Scirpus maritimus Panicum proliferum Diplachne fascicularis, (Leptochloa) Atriplex hastata, (with very red stems. ) We only need to find Ruppza in Salt Creek, and Salicornia and Triglochin maritimum to make our saline list equal to that of Onon- daga Lake, as given by Clinton. 2. Cayuga Lake Shore. —The most characteristic plants of the lake cliffs extend only into the lower sections of the ravines at or near the head of the lake. A feware found fringing the rocks of the Negue- na and White Church valleys. Among the former are Shepherdia. Symphoricarpus racemosus, var. pancifiorus, Netllia, Myosotis verna and Salix longifolia. On the low sandy points on the lake shore, particularly on the limestone is found /wncus alpinus, var. insignis, while near by may be found Astragalus Canadensis, A. Cooperi, Vicia Americana, Lathyrus palustris and its var. myrtifolius, Aster Tradescenti and Polygonum lapathtfolium. A group of introduced shore plants is interesting. It includes Lythrum Salicaria, Scleran- thus annuus, Linaria Elatine, Bidens bipinnata, Scabiosa australis. Lactuca Scariola and Polygonum nodosum, the latter possibly native. 3. Cayuga L.its Inlets aud Outlet: ‘The aquatics of the lake are unusually luxuriant, and the forms perhaps more than ordinarily num- erous. Those not found elsewhere in the Flora are A/yriophyllum verticillatum, M. heterophyllum, Naias marina and its varieties gracilis and recurvata. The Potamogetons are especially luxuriant and abundant. 3. The Alluvial Flood-plains and Creek-bottoms.—These are the most sheltered spots in our whole Flora. The principal one is the Ithaca plain andits characteristic region is Negundo Woods, in aspect a bit of western river-bottom woods. Small ones occur at the mouths of ravines along the lake and even within the ravines. The soil is usually deep, rich and productive though sometimes gravelly. A few very rare plants belong to these levels, among them the more south- ern species of Cherophyllum, Box Elder, the Kentucky Coffee-Tree ; also Arisema Dyracontium and Echinocystis are found here. The Hackberry, the Downy and the Green Ash, the Bur Oak and Silver Maple, Alnus serrulata, Staphylea, Mertensia Virginica are charac- teristic of the long deep groove of the Cayuga Lake and Neguzena valleys but in rare cases they stray out of it. Here also are found all our willows—species and hybrids, excepting Salix myrtilloides, al- though they are not all confined to the alluvial tracts; indeed no genus of plants so predominates in the valley excepting some of the Graminee. 5. Ravines.—These, a unique feature of our region, often bring together the plants of deep swampy woods, those of the alluvial bot- toms, those of the exposed cliffs of the lake, those of the -cold wet Mie MOA VGA Ee OFA. XV cliffs of subarctic latitudes, and lastly the plants of the dry woods, usually found near the brink of the ravine, suggest those of the dry ridges of the Alleghanies; the latter we will place under the next heading. While the ravines shelter the rare Clematis verticillarts, Quercus prinoides (tree form) Populus balsamtfera, Polymnia Uve- dalia, Blephilia the two.species of Lophanthus, Monarda clinopodia, Carex Steudelii, and a host of our common but most beautiful spring and summer plants, their most remarkable inhabitants are the plants of the wet cliffs few in number, but forming a significant group. They are Pinguicula vulgaris, Primula Mistassinica, Saxifraga aizoides, all growing together at Taughannock, the first two in Fall Creek, the first in Cascadilla ravine. They are always on the south wall, except- ing one north side station in Cascadilla for Pinguicula. For Pingut- cula and Saxifraga, our stations seem to be more southern than any other in America. Primula is found at the head of lL. Keuka, whose latitude is a few miles south of that of Ithaca. To be classed with these is Draba arabisans, occuring in two small ravines on the east shore of Cayugal,. It is found in northern N. Y. and in Akron, Erie Co., N. Y., considerably north of our latitude. All the above are plants of British America extending to Hudson’s Bay and Alaska. 6. The Woodlands. —The dry woods of this region, often appearing somewhat barren, really present us with an interesting group of plants. They occupy the knolls along the borders of our ravines, such as Fall Creek and Buttermilk Creek, but their peculiarities ap- pear more striking perhaps on the so-called ‘‘pinnacles’’ of W. Danby and Caroline. ‘Their characteristic trees are the Pitch Pine, Rock Oak “Yellow Oak, occasionally the Scarlet Oak and Pignut Hickory. For undergrowth Vaccinium stamineum, V. Pennsylvanicum and V. vacil- lans, Rhododendron nudifiorum, Ceanothus, Solidago squarrosaand S. bicolor, Gerardia pedicularia, G. quercifolia and G. flava, Gillenia trifoliata, Salix humilis, Panicum nervosum, Asclepias phytolac- coides, the Desmodiums and Hieractum venosum. Kalmia latifolia, Epigea, Chimaphila umbellata, Chamelirium, Pyrola rotundifolia, also occur, usually in woods somewhat more moist. The rare plants are Pterospora, Oryzopsis Canadensis, Panicum xanthophysum, Dey- euxta Portert and Lonicera glauca, var. (the form 402 of the Cat.) Myrica Comptonia is occasional. Of the damp woods, those crowning the higher hills, in some cases pass into those just mentioned, but present in addition a sprinkling of more northern plants. Habenaria orbiculata will be found in them sparingly andin woods of this character on the summits of the high hills of Danby and Caroline. occur our only specimens of the rare Po- gonta verticillata, none of our specimens yet found in flower. Passing over the woods of beech and maple abundant in the eastern the eastern.section of our basin, also the swampy woods and swamps of black-ash and elm which cover extensive tracts north of Forest Home we shall find in the swampy woods of hemlock, often surrounding the sphagnum swamps of Dryden, etc., some beautiful species. In the drier portions are Viburnum lantanoides, Trillium erythrocarpum Cypripedium acaule, Cornus Canadensis, Clintonia, Viola rotundifol- xvi THE CAYUGA FLORA. za; while among the green, luxuriant mosses of the low places occur Cypripedium pubescens, Mitella nuda, Habenaria fimbriata, Coptis, Calla, and rarely Corallorhiza innata, Microstylis monophyllos and Trillium cernuum,. ‘There isa gradual transition from swampy woods of this character to the deep swamps containing sphagnum. 7. Sphagnum Swamps and Open FPeat-bogs.—Of the first there are fifteen or more, including the springy tracts where sphagnum occurs insome abundance. None ofthese are extensive, and many are over- grown with Nemopanthes and Vaccinium corymbosum, or in a few cases with Tamarack and Black Spruce. In openings in these we find the royal flowers of Cypripedium spectabile, also Chiogenes the Erio- phorums, Drosera, Flabenaria dilatata, Spiranthes Romanzoffiana, and often great masses of 7yol/ius. Some of the same species occur in the sphagnum about the remarkable springs which gush out in great numbers from the drift-banks or the terminal moraines near Mud Creek, near Malloryville, near the Round Marshes and Rake Creek, in the valley north of Dryden Lake, near Brookton and W. Danby. The Open Peat-bogs are few in number and are gradually passing over into the sphagnum swamps; the Freeville Peat-bog, the Mal- loryville Marsh and several of the Round Marshes, Larch Meadow,— oH drained,—the pond-marsh southeast of Chicago sta. belonging to this type. The Round Marshes, two miles east of Mclean, are the most interesting of the group mentioned, principally because the fine old woods of hemlock and birch surrounding them have been most happily preserved by the owners. The marshes consist of a chain of five small peat-bogs, separated by swampy tracts, also a half-sphagnum, natural meadow with sedges, orchids, /enyanthes etc., surrounding a large spring-pond. Bordering the meadow are a considerable number of the Populus balsamtfera, var. candicans, probably planted by the first settler of Mclean whose cabin was built near the spring in the notch hard by. North, through Gracie’s swamp, runs Beaver Creek derived from the numerous springs of this region. The plants of the Open Peat-bogs are better marked as a group, than those of any of the other lesser Floras. They are too well known to need mention, and chiefly belong to the Zvicacee, Orchidacee, Cyperacee@, and are mostly of northern origin. Sarracenia occurs in all and Menyanthes in nearly all, Sa/ix myrtilloides and Arethusa are peculiar to the Freeville bog and Zriophorum alpinum to the Round Marshes. 8. The Water-shed Marshes and Ponds.—These marshes often ex- hibit a combination of the floral characters of the several marshes and swamps described. So far as our present knowledge goes the follow- ing plants are peculiar to their respective localities: /ofamogeton Spirillus to Cayuta L., Potamogeton obtusifolius and Glyceria Cana- densis to Summit Marsh, Rhododendron maximum and Goodyera Menziesii to Michigan Hollow, Cares capillaris to the Marl Ponds, Myrica Gale to Locke Pond, beside those mentioned at the end of the preceding section. 9. West Junius.—Newton’s two ponds, Lowery’s two ponds anda fifth west of these, lie in a sandy rolling country of entirely different Ren GA VOUGA - FE ORA. Xvii character from the Ithaca region. They are in reality very large springs from which are always pouring large brooks of cold water. Their united waters flow north to the Clyde River. Beyond a sandy ridge and a few rods south of the ponds, is a Tamarack swamp extend- ing to the Pout Pond, the outlet of which is Black Brook flowing south into the Seneca River, west of Waterloo. These are, therefore, water- shed marshes and ponds half-way between the Cayuga and the Clyde River water-systems. The following plants are found in the marshes about these several ponds,—excepting the last eight, which occur in damp sandy soil not far away,—and have not been observed in the Cayuga Flora proper : Drosera intermedia, var. Ameri- Scleria verticillata. cana. Carex Buxbaumii. Valeriana sylvatica. * chorhdorhiza. Solidago Ohioensis. ‘“« — decomposita. ie neglecta, var. linoides. «* disticha. Utricularia cornuta. Tephrosia Virginiana. Gentiana linearis. Baptisia tinctoria. Bartonia tenella. Kalmia angustifolia. Habenaria blephariglottis. Pycnanthemum lanceolatum. ss ciliaris. Cyperus filiculmis. Triglochin palustre. ' Carex monile. Scheuchzeria palustris. Panicum microcarpum. Rhynchospora capillacea. Dicentra eximia? Gerardia purpurea, Gentiana crinita, Thuja, Habenaria tridenta- ta, Arethusa, Eleocharis rostellata, Cladium, Carex alata, Corydalis glauca, Galium pilosum, Andromeda ligustrina, Myrica certfera, although elsewhere in our limits, are rare, and are inhabitants of West Junius. The ponds and their marshes where occur this odd combina- tion of Atlantic coast and northern species, are like a little section from Bergen Swamp, Genesee Co. Considering their very limited area they contain as interesting a flora as any other region in our state. The Affinities of the Cayuga Flora. Without doubt it is closely allied to the plants of that vast area in- cluding the Ohio valley, the Great Lakes anda partof Canada. Our territory of course, skirts the southern or southeastern side of this, just where it sweeps round toward its northern terminus. The num- ber of species which find their eastern or southeastern or southern limit with us will furnish something of a test of our relation to that region. After a careful review it is found that at least fifteen species having a western and southwestern distribution find their limit with- in our territory. Among these are Jeffersonia, Gymnocladus, Solida- go Ohtoensis, Carya sulcata. ‘That some of these are found farther east, as near Oneida L., does not interfere with the general truth stated, viz., that they do not pass beyond usinto Susquehanna basin so far as known. ‘There are thirteen species having a decidedly north- western, northern or northeastern range which have their southern terminus here. xviii THE CAYUGA FLORA. These are: Goodyera Menziesii, Populus balsamifera, Draba arabisans, Juncus alpinus, var. insignis, Saxifraga aizoides, Eleocharis pauciflora, Lonicera oblongifolia, Carex gynocrates, (at Savannah), Petasites palmata (probably), ‘* eapillaris, Pinguicula vulgaris, “ Giideri. Primula Mistassinica, The following apparently have their limit of distribution here but probably extend into the mountainous parts of Pennsylvania. Viola renifolia, Carex longirostris, Valeriana sylvatica, ‘* pauciflora, Spiranthes Romanzofhana, Cinna pendula, Carex Deweyana, Poa debilis. The very remarkable sub-arctic group,—/rimula and others,—may have been driven down here by the ice-sheet and have retained their foothold after its recession, finally retreating to the shaded wet walls of the ravines which were then forming, where they now remain, iso- lated from the home of the species. Several species are curiously modified in form and appearance, so as to resemble—according toa well-known biological law,—related species whose center of distribu- tion is in this region. Such is the case with Carya sulcata, Viola rentfolia and Juncus alpinus, var. insignis. There are also visible traces in our flora of a connection with the Alleghanian plants. The best evidence is in the characteristic, common plants of the dry woods and ridges enumerated under the Lesser Floras. Indeed to any one familiar with the mountains of Virginia the correspondence is most striking. A few rare plants of Alleghanian origin probably find their northwestern limit with or but little north of us. These are Dicentra eximia, Magnolia acu- minata, Prenanthes serpentaria, Deyeuxia Porteri and Rhododen- dron maximum. Hydrangea arborescens, found near Wellsburg on the Chemung R. and even in Warsaw Glen by Dr. Jordan, also by Miss Ross, will probably be found in our flora. There are a consider- able number of species with a general southern range which disappear before they reach our northern limits. I have enumerated fifteen such, the most interesting of which are Vegundo aceroides, Agrimo- nia parviflora, Coreopsis discoidea, Polymnia Uvedalia, Potamogeton Obtusifolius, Juncus marginatus and Cyperus Engelmanni. ‘That the Appalachian system has long interposed itself between us and the coast is evidenced by the few species peculiar to that region which terminate within our limits. Solidago neglecta, var. linoides, and Andromeda ligustrina with possibly Carex glaucodea are the only indigenous species recognized as belonging to that class. It is believed that the following local species have not been report- ed from elsewhere in New York: Goodyera Menziesti, Carya sul- cata. Potamogeton obtusifolius, P. Hillii, Carex capillaris, Deyeuxia Porteri, Panicum nervosum, Polygonum nodosum. THE CAYUGA FLORA. xix The Primitive Flora. That the basin of Cayuga Lake was originally densely forested over three-fourths of its area, there can be little doubt. It also seems clear that the Cayuga tribe of Indians who were either occupants or overlords of all the territory within, and far south of our limits, had many cleared fields at the time of the arrival on the shores of our lake, of the Jesuits, Father Joseph Chaumonot and Father René Ménard,in Aug. 1656. Although they dwelt among the Indians until the remarkable flight of all the missionaries in Mar. 1657, before the sup- posed conspiracy of the League ; and although they wrote voluminous letters of their life, their trials, their hopes and their failures, there is scarcely a word upon the aspect of the natural world which surrounded them. The mission at Cayuga was restored in 1668, and Stephen de Carheil remained there till 1684, when ke was driven out by two Cayuga chiefs. Still we should know nothing of the region had nota Jesuit, Father Raffeix, who evidently had an observant mind, taken de Carheil’s place, during a temporary absence of the latter. He was aman of wide experience and had visited the other tribes of the League in their own homes. He writes in the Relations for the year 1671-72, (Quebec Ed. p. 22): ‘‘Cayuga is the most beautiful country I have seen in America. It is situated in latitude 42%, and the needle dips scarcely more than ten degrees. It is a country situated between two lakes! and is no more than four leagues wide, with almost coutinuous plains bordered by beautiful forests. Agnie, (the country of the Mohawks), is a valley very narrow, often very stony, and always covered with fog ; the hills which enclose it seems to me to be very poor land. Oneida and Onondaga, as well as Seneca, appear too rough and toolit- tle adapted to the chase. Every year inthe vicinity of Cayuga more than a thousand deer are killed. Four leagues distant from here?, on the brink of the river (Seneca outlet) are eight or ten fine salt fountains, in asmall space. It is there that numbers of nets are spread for pigeons, and from seven to eight hundred are often taken at a single stroke of the net. Lake Tiohero, one of the two which join our canton, is fully fourteen leagues long and one or two broad. It abounds in swan and geese all winter, and in the spring one sees a continuous cloud of all sorts of game. The river which rises in the lake, soon divides into different channels enclosed by prairies, with here and there fine and attractive bays of considerable extent, excel- lent places for hunting.’’ It is not difficult to picture to one’s self the country here described. The marshes were as they are now, while all the country about, used by the Indians for the purpose of deer- stalking, was made up of ‘‘continuous plains’ (the ‘‘oak-openings’’) bordered by the forest. The openings were kept clear by the Indians, by annually burning them over. These openings were described 1Owasco and Cayuga Lakes. *He wrote from Gozogoien or Cayuga, a town on the bank of Big Gully, and refers here to the salt springs north of the old Demont tavern and bridge, west side of Cayuga marshes. xx THE ‘CAYUGA FLORA: by President Dwight in his tour through Western New York, 1822.! Greenhalgh in his Journey ‘from Albany to ye Indians westward,”’ 1677, says of the Cayugas: ‘“‘they have abundance of corne,’’ which implies of course cleared fields near their villages, at the foot of Cayu- ga Lake. But the universal testimony is that the forests became very much denser and more tangled near the head of the lake and through- out the country south. The Cayugas made frequent excursions through this country southward to the Susquehanna, and they are spoken of in Hiawatha’s decrees as the people whose “habitation was the dark forest,’’ their country being much more densely wooded than Onondaga. John Bartram, a Pennsylvania Quaker and most ex- cellent botanist, a keen observer and the most delightful of letter- writers, made ajourney to Onondaga in 1743, passing up the Susque- hanna to Owego Creek. He then passed through the forest probably traversing the east part of Tompkins Co., and the western part of Cortland Co. He at first passed ‘‘over fine, level, rich land’? with ‘oak, birch, beech, ash, spruce, linden, elm, hepatica, and maiden- hair in abundance.’’ Then he struck ‘‘swampy land, then thickets, and on the hills, spruce and white pine.’’ Reaching level ground— perhaps near the present site of Cortland—he found it “‘ full of tall tim- ber of sugar-maple, birch, linden, ash, beech, and shrubs of opulus, green-maple, hornbeam, hamamelis, Solanum, gooseberries and red currants.’’ He describes the tops of the trees as so thick and inter- lacing that it is ‘impossible to see which way the wind drives or the clouds set.”” He next reached the dividing ridge where he found chestnut and cherry in addition to the other trees ; and toward Onon- daga they found many “‘ oaks, hickories, plums and apple-trees full of fruit.”’ This corresponds well with the present distribution of species, so far as the hardwoods are concerned. From Dr. Parker and other resi- dents of Ithaca, whose recollections reach back to 1830 or 1835, we know that the tracts of white-pine now wholly cleared away, were ex- tensive and well-defined. There was aheavy growth of it in Enfield stretching up for a long distance between the lakes. It descended in- to the Neguzena valley near Buttermilk Falls, covered the top of South Hill, extended back in several well defined tracts through Dan- by and Newfield and occupied portions of Neguzena and other val- leys. The pine was particularly heavy about Summit Marsh. There were also large tracts in the upper part of Cascadilla valley, on Tur- key Hill, and the pine-land extended north in narrow belts from this region, penetrating the tracts of elm and maple of that region. About Ithaca on the hills were ‘‘ openings’? of oak and hickory and on both shores of the lake, these with other hardwoods prevailed. In the valley near Ithaca, near Buttermilk Falls, and on both shores of the lake there were apple-orchards, and cleared fields, culti- vated by the Indians. On the bank near the Fleming school- house was an Indian town called Coreorganel, destroyed by Sulli- van’s army in 1779, and about the site Indian apple-trees existed 1Dwight’s Travels, 1822, Vol. IV, p. 58. SIEUN AO NEw SLO Iker xxi dowy to a comparatively recent date. Although the Moravian mis- sionaries, and particularly Bishop David Zeisberger, traversed this val- ley not infrequently, as early as 1750, it was not settled by white men till 1789, so that all the changes in vegetation which have taken place have come about in less than a century. Sketch of the Explorations. The first professional botanist to penetrate any portion of this basin was John Bartram, whose journey to Onondaga in 1743, was described above. His journey was not primarily a botanical one, and his book entitled: ‘‘Observations on the Inhabitants etc., in Travels from Penn- sylvania to ake Ontario,’’ was printed in London, 1751, and is now a rare work. ; Not many years after Peter Kalm, Professor of G{conomy at the University of Aobo in Swedish Finland, a friend of Linnzeus, was sent over by the Swedish government, to collect seeds and plants for the gardens and herbaria of that country. He collected extensively in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York and Canada from 1748 till his return in 1751. During 1750 he made a journey ‘‘along the Mohawk to the Iroquois nations, where he got acquainted with the Mohawks, Oneidas, Tusecaroras, Onondagas and Kayugaws.’’ His ‘‘ Travels into North America,’”’ were published soon after his return and translated into English in 1772; but while he gives minute accounts of some of his experiences, his journey to, and life among the Six Nations is scarcely touched upon in these volumes. His collections which were very valuable went very largely into the Linnezean Herbarium, now in England. Frederick Pursh, another European explorer, passed through Ith- aca in 1807. He left a record of his journey, which was over- looked until 1868, when it came to light in Philadelphia among some papers in the possession of the Amer. Phil. Society. It was published in the Gardener’s Monthly and afterward in pamphlet form. The following literal extract from Pursh’s fowrmal, is of some general in- terest, but chiefly so in revealing the abundance of introduced plants even at that early day. He found nothing of importance in our re- gion. His nomenclature will seem at the present time quite anti- quated, and his English is somewhat broken : “July 6.—[1807.]—Left Tyoga, up Cayuta Creek—Apocynum andraszemifolium very plenty imthe cleared lands ; in the oak woods I observed the Lily often seen before, but I cannot reccollect which species it is ;itis Lilium foliis spausis verticillatisque : caulle unifloro ; floribus erectis, semipatentibus ; petalis unguiculatis. The valley, formed by Cayuta Creek is in soil and vegetation similar to the beech- wood. Oxalis acetosella—but not plenty—Helléborus viridis. Dra- czena borealis,—Orchis fimbbriata im fll bloom-——Dalibarda violoides in fruit. The woods abount with sugar-maple; The valley is in some places ‘very narrow and the creek very winding which obliged me to wate it several times to keep the road—I heartyly expected to reach the house this night, which had been recommended to me, to stay at, but I dit come to it before it got dark. I observed in a small run a species of Sium, as I suppose, without flawres, whose leaves un- der the water were very fine divided and tte upper ones only pin- nate. Icallit S. heterophyllum. From a small tavern whech is kept xxii THE CAYUGA. FLORA. here, is about 22 miles to the head of Cayuga,which I intend to reach to-morrow. 7-—Having opportunity of going in company of a wagon, who would carry my things, I set out earlythis morning. The road leads through a very romantick valley, the mountains sometimes very high. After following the course of Cayuta Cr. for 9 miles, we turned off to the right. 8 miles this side of Cayuga city, oras it is called sometimes, Ithaca, we crossed a place very beautifully situated, called Sapony' Hollow ; this place has been once cleared and probably settled by In- dians, but it 1s now grown up with small, white pine very hand- somely mixed with Populus tremuloides and Magnolia acuminata. The last is very scarce about here and the trees here in this place and two or three others I seen are of a creeply, small and old growth, nothing liketo what they are in Virginia. At this place we refreshed ourselves and feed the horses, as far as this I had this day travel very agreeable, as on account of the roughness of the road and the deep mire holes in some places the wagon could not go on as fast as I could walk, having plenty of time to look abont myself, be- sides being unincumbered with any baggage. But the road getting now good and evening drawing nigh, I had to get into the wagon and we traveled tolerabiy fast. About 3 or 4 miles from Sapony Hollow, the timber changes into oak, and from there to Ithaca it is all Oak timber mixed with pine, with the rest of plants similar to Tyoga point. We arrived at Ithaca at night-fall. 8.—Being now on the heath of Cayuga I remembered your inform- ation about Erica czerulea growing on the high lands between Cayuga and Seneca lake ; I was very anxious of seeing this plant in its native place, but having not received the particular directions to find the place, as I had been promised of, besides that, being rather afraid of running myself out of money necessary to come to Onondaga, as my pocket was low and the distance considerable, I had to my own mort- ification, to give up all Ideas of a search for it.2 The morning was rather suspicious for rain, as it had rained some all night, I was detained at Ithaca until 11 o’clock, when I set out for the lake, which is only two miles distance. My route was going on the east side of it. After having crossed Cayuga Creek, with a great deal of difficulty to perform it, and coming on the rising grounds, on the other side, I heard a very strong noise of falling water: I followed the sound and came to one of the most romantick and beautiful falls of this creek, I had ever seen ; the access even only to a sight of it is very difficult ; but regretted very much that I had not had the least information about these falls at the town, as I should have made it my business to visit them unincumbered with my baggage, that I might have spent the day by it. The ledge of rocks confined in a very nar- row cove, and surrounded by very high hills; impossible to ascend with a load on my back on account of steepness; over which this considerable stream drops itself down, is a very interesting scene, and I doubt not if time and opportunity had allowed me to make an ex- amination of it, I might have been paid for the trouble with some- thing or other interesting or new in my line; but to go back to the town I thought to be too much; so I had to go on and be satisfied with having had only a peepatit. I got into my road again, where I ' Now called ‘‘ Pony Hollow.’’ Sapony Hollow is the only nominal relic in this region,—their last home,—of a once large tribe of Indians called Catawbas or Saponies, formerly residing in Virginia and North Carolina. ‘There is indirect evidence that this last remnant sought protection of the Cayugas, and settled in this valley about 1753. Co- reorganel was their principal town, and their burial places were near that village, also north of Buttermilk Falls and on the bluff near Dr. Parker’s, East Hill, Ithaca. As a nation they were utterly extin- guished by Sullivan’s army as it swept over them, Sept., 1779. ?The supposed occurrence of Erica, (or Bryanthus taxifolius,) in this region, was, of course, a mistake. THE CAYUGA - FLORA. xxiii observed along the banks of the creek plants of Pentstemon pubescens, About a mile farther I came to the bank of the lake. The shore which I came to was clear and gravelly with some common weeds growing near it as thistles, mulleins, ete. I followed the shore of it for several miles, being in my route. It is generally covered with oak, maple and hickory Buphthalmum heleanthoides is the first yellow Syngenesia plant I seen this year, Taraxacum excepted. A A small Rose, similar to the one I called last year R. monticola, is very plenty here and spreads a most agreeable fragrance through the air. A species of Crateegus, Ludwigia nitida, Ceanothus America- nus. Lilium Canadense, Apocynum androszemifolium, with a tall Molugo? Orchis fimbriata, Cornus with white berries, Erigeron co- rymbosum, Typha angustifolia, Smyrnium cordatum, Mimulus alatus, Galinm hispidum, Veronica scutellata and some morecommon plants, I observed in the meadows leading to the lake. I traveled as far as the town of Milton, where I stood over night. The road, as soon as I had left the banks of the lake began to be quit of interest, as the fences of both sides and cultivated fields, with continued plantations and farms occasioued the road only to be covered with common weeds, amongst which the Verbascum thapsus, Anthemis cotula, and Poly- gonum hydropiper, have the upper hand. In one of the woods on this road I collected specimens of Niphrodium filix-mas?! David Thomas, who came from Pennsylvania in 1805, and settled in Cayuga Co. near Aurora, was at first a teacher, and afterward the en- gineer of the western division of the Erie Canal during its construc- tion. He had an extensive botanic garden at his place east of Levan- na and was an enthusiastic botanist as well as cultivator of plants. He was the first to distinguish and describe Ulimus racemosa, which he did in the Amer. Jour. of Sci. Vol. XIX, p.170. The plates of this and those of the Dicentras in Vol. XXVI, were drawn by his son John J. Thomas, who made an extensive collection of the local plants in 1827, when he was seventeen. This herbarium is still well preserved and is frequently referred to in this catalogue. Some of the specimens are very valuable, in showing the character of the ealier flora. For the great kindness of Professor Thomas in going over with this herbarium in the writer’s presence and stating many interesting facts, the latter wishes here to make due acknowledgement. Dr. Aikin, a young medical student and pupil of Professor Amos Eaton, visited this region about 1830, and reported several rare plants. Dr. Jedediah Smith of Geneva, Dr. Alex. Thompson of Aurora, Dr, H. P. Sartwell of Penn Yan and Dr. S. B. Bradley of Greece all bota- nized more or less within our limits, and discovered many interesting things. Dr. Asa Gray, in 1831, visited the Montezuma Marshes and this lake, stopping at Sheldrake, and finding two rare plants Pogonia pendula aud Linaria Elatine. In Seneca Co., probably, he obtained Goodyera Menziesii. We visited Ithaca but did not remain long, Rev. J. W. Chickering and Prof. W. H. Brewer collected several hun- dred specimens between Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, while they were teachers at Ovid. From 1860 to 1865, the Hon. H. B. Lord reported a considerable ‘As Pursh elsewhere refers to Nephrodium marginale, the nearest relative of N. filix-mas, no doubt the one above mentioned was Aspid- ium Goldianum, a species not then described, but which is in his herbarium under the name of N. filix-mas, from an unknown Amer- ican locality. xxiv THE: CAYUGA —FLOKA: number of interesting plants and having been a resident of Ludlow- ville and Ithaca for many years he has given the younger generation of botanists very material aid in regard to localities and rare plants. He was particularly interested in Carices and gave to the University a valuable local collection, at the time of itsopening. His name often occurs in this catalogue, but not nearly so often as his intimate and accurate knowledge of our plants would deserve. At the opening of Cornell University in 1869, Professor A. N. Pren- tiss of Michigan Agr. Coll. was made Professor of Botany and Horti- culture, and in spite of his administrative and other duties, has al- ways manifested great interest in the development of the local flora. Under his careful guidance several special students, among them Mr. Theo. B. Comstock and Mr. David S. Jordan, both occupying promi- nent college positions at present, became deeply interested in the ex- plorations and the latter summarized during his Senior year (1872), the results of his own experience and that of his friends in a manu- script catalogue. This was compiled from memory, and largely with- out the aid of preserved specimens and therefore contained some er- rors. But after throwing these out it still shows about 650 species. In this catalogue were 33 species of Carices, 35 species of Grasses, 6 Willows and 79 Composite. There was at that time a group of men in the University who were strongly interested in botany and who never ceased to keep up that interest. These were Messrs H. HE. Copeland, W. A. Kellermann, J. C. Branner, and the writer. Soon after these men left college, there came an excellect botanical student, Mr. F. B. Hine, whose name is mentioned frequently in the following pages. Then came Messrs. William Trelease, F. H. Severance and Charles Atwood, who added to our knowledge of the flora. Especially associated with my own work of exploration in 1881 and 1882, Mr. F. Cooper Curtice, now of the U. S. Geological Survey, rendered most efficient aid by his excellent ob- serving powers. The names of Mrs. Professor Brun, Miss I. Howland, Mr. F. L. Kil- borne ; and among recent students, Mr. O. E. Pearce, Messrs. A. I). and F. V. Coville will be found after their discoveries in the following catalogue indicating in a slight way the aid they have rendered in voluntarily reporting localities or specimens. Although the writer compiled a manuscript catalogue in 1876, con- taining 950 flowering plants, and has written out special catalogues of the Compositee, Gramineze and Vascular Cryptogamia, since that time his work on the flora for the past five years has been more systematic than before. He has kept slip records of the occur- rence of every plant noticed on the numerous excursions made, pro- viding there was any reason for supposing the plant was in the least uncommen. Insome cases, as in some of the orchids and sedges these separate entries for distinct localities have been fifty or seventy- five, in other cases comparatively few. That the number of discover- ies of species alone, new to the flora, has been 510 more than the number in Dr. Jordan’s catalogue is in itself significant of the in- dustry of the survey. ’ ENED Gd VOIGT TE OF 2A KXV Statistics of the Catalogue. The following tables show at a glance certain general as well as special facts in regard to the composition of our flora as it is set forth in the following catalogue. As the numbers in the catalogue are pre- fixed to both species and:varieties, and also to a few forms unnamed, but which will probably be regarded as varieties when better known, and as some of the more important of recent catalogues use the same system of numbering, the following summaries will be based on that system and will include both forms. In certain important analyses, however, the species and varieties will be distinguished from one another. It will be noticed that the catalogue includes several groups of spe- cific and varietal names; these may be tabulated as follows : J. Species native to the Cayuga Flora. ..... . . 963 II. Species introduced in the Cayuga Flora. . . . . 197 Motalenuim bemioh SpPeCiesy.4 ai.) oe Ps Male 1160 Ill. Varieties—native and introduced... ........118 Total of numbered species and varieties. . . . . 1278 IV. Species spontaneous but not established. . . . . 53 V. Species in Seneca and Keuka Flora notin the Cayuga 42 No attempt has been made to enumerate the plants we have in ex- cess of those known in the Seneca and Keuka region. ‘That could be done by counting up the species of the catalogue which are followed by ““H” or ‘‘C,” or both; but the comparison would not be wholly fair until after a systematic exploration of that region, especially in certain districts which have been quite neglected. The following tables include only the numbered forms of the cata- logue,—genera, species and varieties,—and have nothing to do-with those names without numbers. SYSTEMATIC DISTRIBUTION. Species Genera. and Varieties. POW DENIES 6 5 6 1a 54 is oo Ih EH 381 Gamo peralcer ei i ee kA. 350 Total Dichlamydeze. ... 308 731 Apetalee, (Monochlamydez). .| 45 133 Total Dicotyledons..... . 353 864 MronocotyledonSiyme ye ae eee | LOX 403 GAMEMMOS HINES 5 5 5 5 bb oe 8 II Total Pheenogamia. . ...| 462 1278 COMPOSITION OF THE PRINCIPAL ORDERS. These are numbered according to the aggregate of species and vari- eties in each. Xxvi THE CAYUGA FLORA. Species | Orders. Genera. | Species. and Varieties. TiGyperacers .. oh 9 120 151 2\Composite. . . 39 112 125 3\Graminez . ... 44 93 107 alRosacee .. sa. 7) 57 69 5|Leguminose. ... 17 42 45 6|Ranunculacee. . 12 34 36 7\Orchidacece . . . 13 35 35 S\Ericacez +. « . 16 30 35 g!Cruciferzee . 14 31 34 1o|Naiadaceze . . . 20 25 34 Li Babiate . 3... < 5 30 ag 12|Scrophulariacee . 14 29 29 13|Polygonacezee . . 2 26 28 I4|Salicaceze... . 2 26 28 15 |Piliacese):.. <5. |. HG) 27 27 16|Umbelliferee. .. . 17 22 24 17|Caprifoliaceze . . Gf @o ID THE PRINCIPAL GENERA. The following are arranged according to the number of species and varieties in each. Species Genera. | Species. and Varieties. TiGarex sf win 1h ae icnee ee $4 112 BZ ROramOseloOnl ag). sea eluent 20 27 AVENE es GLA Cu MA olay tally ee 18 24 FS nbb cabin PRa a ieaty SAE ete she br 16 22 5 IROly Soniye) igs sree 19 20 6|Solidagomera iy. i-assweoa es 16 18 PPATC ULM 54 is...) eee Se eaea ee 13 17 3) EVOV COIS oh tanta dyeapbotce ek of Sia 0 II 15 o|Ranunculis) ays ee seen: 14 14 TO (WViOlatays,. vies euedvah hoecue tee 12 14 THISEUROTIS 12 pects icles went aaa aie II 1g LAs Yah olghgiolc s 5 6 ¢ II II TS Pras yeah ee ee eee 10 ie) 1Al(Galicnniee 0s Seleee eee 8 10 In Carex and Salix, the few hybrids occurring are classed provis- ionally with the varieties. COMPARISON WITH OTHER FLORAS. It will be instructive to compare the results of our explorations with those exhibited in other, similar catalogues. For this we have se- lected several catalogues of certain representative sections of the State of New York, and a few well-known catalogues of more distant re- gions, where the work has been measurably thorough. Those selected from N. Y. are: 1. ‘‘ Plants of Oneida Co. and Vicinity;” by John A. Paine, Jr., 1864; printed in the 18th Annual Report on the State Cabinet. This was a valuable catalogue, but covered in reality nearly the whole State, excepting the southeastern and the Adirondack re- gions.. 2. ‘Plants of Buffalo and Vicinity;’’ by the Buff. Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1882. It includes the plants within a radius of thirty miles of Buffalo. 3. ‘Plants growing without cultivation within five miles THE CAYUGA FLORA. xxvii of Pine Plains, Dutchess Co., N. Y.;’’ by Dr. I. H. Hoysradt, 1875. 4. ‘‘ Plants of Suffolk Co., L. I.,;’’ by E. S. Miller and H. W. Young, 1874. Of these, the most suitable for comparison are the last three, as they represent definitely outlined regions; the Buffalo list and the Suffolk Co. list covering, of course, territorsies having very marked characters. The other catalogues selected are Ward’s ‘“‘ Flora of Washington and vicinity,” 1881; Robinson’s ‘‘ Flora of Essex Co., Mass.,’’ 1880;-and the ‘‘ Catalogue of Plants growing within thirty miles of Yale College,’’ 1878. In all cases the total numbers given below refer to Phaenogamia only. In comparing our own list with the others mentioned, it may be safely said that the comparison is as fair as such things can be in the present state of our knowledge. The area covered—about sixty-five miles in length by an average of eighteenin breadth—is equal to the average of those in table below. There are no true miountains within the limits of any, although the interesting little Flora of Pine Plains includes some of the spurs of the Taconic range. On the other hand, that Flora has no true sa- * line or shore plants such as most 6f the others possess. It has, how- ever, a curious mixture of the plants of the cold marshes and moun- tain-slopes of the north and those of the Atlantic coast. Catalogue. Total species and varieties. The Cayuga Flora, ... 1278 Plants of Buffalo, etc., (with addend. ) 1277 Plants of Oneida Co., lone 1390 Plants of Dutchess Co. Sera! nae ers fe 1067 Riantsvot Suffolk) Conees ie) 4. - 2 852 Flora of Washington, etc... .... 1211 Flora of Essex Co... . ae 1257 Flora of Vicinity of Yale College, es 1238 It should be stated in regard to the latter list, that it does not in- clude among its numbers the varieties mentioned in the body of the work. Althdugh a greater or less number of new discoveries have been added to most of the above lists since their publication, no ac- count is taken of such, excepting in the case of Buffalo Catalogue, the facts not being accessible. It will also be interesting to compare two of the larger genera, two of the representative Atlantic coast genera and a representative north- ern genus, in respect to the abundance of species in different sections. Floras with the number of species and varieties in each. 3 a 3 i & Genus. < : i) ‘3 Y 60 = s Ay “4 = Et 3 aS) iS a) a is aa v u & a ow =) = ey iS} S) fa S) ll = Carex. ta) Ad Suhel | nie 80 | 130 | I02 BB 70 Aster, EE Mes ites S, )¥si. 24 24 29 20 20 2ileawe|i By aPALOmMUT, oe 4 3 6 4 10 12 Weretewlarta, a. ik P. 4 B 6 3 9 2 abenaiman eas Nis 6 sd. sTe 10 16 9 3 4 is Gael Perularia.) XXViii THE CAYUGA FLOKA. The following is a comparison of the larger Orders : No. Species and Varieties. S § Order. i é é a = P 2 BB of gO) Caer) Nase tah st a I a a s = ea OU —Q e) a Gey = @yperaced; 22 Be eiss7 uaa 115 187 138 79 108 | Composite, = < = 6 497) 125 151 141 109 119 149 Graminez,. .. . .| 207) 107 95 I10 92 110 INOSHCE, .. = eek es Chrysosplenium. . 34 CXCHOLIEME coal eee 54 Creates Fas es ees 39 Cimicifuga . 5 Citta eS es Me ee 125 Circezea 328 Cirsium. . Sucre 54 @ashatecast Zone i 12 @Cladiam=) =< IIo Claytonia . 16 Clematis fs he ea ee I Chntonta ve, ely eens 99 @nicHus’. Aa. os Me as 54 Collinsia . 67 Collinsonia . =P: 71 Comiterc ry eas 131 Conioselinum..... 4o Contin sets fuk. cee a 38 Conophens... 2 l3: ge: 69 Convolvulacee... 65 Convolvulus 2.2 5727: 65 Comandra..... 80 Comipostta., | aso 46 Comptonia . ace 84 Copiisi 2 fais 2h ho ee eee Corallochiza . og - ob 5s 83 Coreopsis. . 52 Cornacexs Se 2 i... 4I Goris). 5 Aa 41 Corylisis a get = 85 Corydalis 270s lees pass. oO Grassi lace. 6.4 as Cratcesus) -/-. oF... 32 Craerferce 2)... ss 9 Cryptotenia. ..: .. 39 Creurbitacen si." 38 Crp rister a to's). es aes Casenta sido) 5 ieee 66 PAGE. | Cynoglossum. . oe OF. | Cynosurus . .. 127 Cyperace* 107 Cy perus :)... 7.) 5 See 107 Cy pripedium . 96 Dacty lis: .) 2 ae 127 Dalibarda. . 28 Danthonia... Zee 126 | Daphne. . .. o soe 80 lh Dafifra’:\.°:. 25 eee 67 Daneus <" ¢ = Gees 40 Delphinium. . 4 | Dentaria’ ><> <)5o eee ee 9 |) Deschampsia seer 125 ; Desmodium. . 24 Deyeuxia. . . 125 Dianthera {) ) eee eee 7O Dianthus .../\-).eee 14 Diecentta’.. “..). Semen 8 Diervilla's eee 44 Diplachne’.. -. see. 126 Diplopappus. ..... 49 Dipsacez. {eae 45 Dipsacus aeacr 45 Direa J 22; See 80 Draba') J. eee 9 Drosera. eae : 36 Droseracee, =. 36 Dulichiuim’.'-t) 7 yee 6 108 Batonia 5 5 2) sic 126 Echinocystis' .. 22 Se, 21-10 Eichinops’. 35 p eee oey Echinospermum. . . 64 Eleagnacee. . . 80 Eleocharis: 2 yee 108 Elodea =‘... 2a 17 Elodes .... = eae 17 Blymus .4 sean 130 Epigea.... 58 Epilobinm : {> Sete 37 Epiphepus:.' ° <5 72 gate oe 69 Eragrostis. - ..5me 127 Brechthites 92ers 53 Ericacec . J) (een aa Brigeron >! 2° 2. ae 50 Eriophorum 2.3 ae 10g EBrysimum. .°. ).'02 (eee II Erythronium. .... 98 Buonymus /- >) aes 20 | Bupatoriam - / 5 Pee 46 |’. Burphorbia.2, > 2° 7) ae eee 80 Euphorbiacée, ee | Fagopyrum. ... 79 Fagus) 2 S23 7 eee 86 Fedia. $7). 2 3 Sees 45 Pestuca:) ee 129 Ficorded= [ee 38 Floerkea... . 18 Fragaria ..2 .70 Gia 29 Fraxinus. . 61 Fumaria.! * 2) eee 9 Pumariaces- "2am 8 Galeopsis . . .°.... 74 Galtut =. 44 Gaultiera. .. LO ORDERS. AND GENERA. INDEX PAGE. Gaura . 38 Gaylussacia . 57 Gentiana . 62 Gentianacee. 62 Gerardia . 68 Geraniacee. 18 Geranium. . 18 Geum . 29 Gillenia . 28 Gleditschia . 27 Glyceria . 128 Gnaphalium . 50 Goodyera . 94 Graminee. 120 Gratiola . 68 Gymnocladus .. 26 Gymnostichum . 130 Habenaria . 95 Haloragee. 36 Hamamelacee.. 36 Hamamelis . 36 Hedeoma . 72 Helenium . : 52 Helianthemum . a2 Helianthus . 51 Heliopsis. . 51 PME DOTUS =). ao ss Ves bs 5 Hemerocallis... see) Hepatica . I Heracleum . 40 Hesperis . II Hibiscus . 18 Hieracium . 55 Hippuris . 36 Holeus . 126 Hordeum . 130 Houstonia . 4A Hypoxys. Be 97 iydrastis ... + ae OS Hydrocharidacee. SuAETO3 Hydrocotyle. . . 3 688 Hydrophyllacee. 5 3) 188 Hydrophylum . ipa OB Hypericacee. 17 Hypericum . 17 Hyssopus. . 71 Humulus. 83 Nex : 19 HCAS aes 19 Illicebracee. 75 Ilysanthes . 68 Impatiens. . 19 Inula . 50 Tonidium. . 13 Ipomcea. . 65 Jridacee. 96 Tris . ts 96 Jeffersonia . 5 6 Juglandacee. 83 Juglans . ; 83 pacearce as ; 100 Juncus . 100 Juniperus .. 131 Kalmia . : 59 Labiate. . 7a WaActhicayene aminuts. = = Waportea. = 3. Lappa . Watix , Lathyrus . Lauraceea. Lechea . Ledum . Leersia . Leguminosae. Lemna. Lemnacee... Lentibulacee. Leonurus . Lepidium . Leptochloa . Lespedeza . Leucanthemum... Levisticum... Tjatris . Ligustrum . Liliacee. TAlium . Linacee. Linaria . Linnea. Linum . Lindera . Liparis . Liriodendron . Lithospermum . Lobelia . F Lobeliacee. Lolium . Honicera. so Lophanthus . Lotus . Ludwigia . Tunaria . Lupinus . Lychuis . Lycium . : Lycopersicum . Lycopus . Lysimachia . Lythraces . Lythrum. . Magnolia . sts Magnoliacee. Maianthemum... Malva ah Be Malvacee.. Marrubium . Maruta . Medeola . Medicago... Melampyrum . Melastomacee. Melilotus . Melissa . Menispermum. . Mentha . Menyauthes . Menispermacee. ili GAH (o>) aginst 95 iv INDEX Mercurialis . Mertensia . Microstylis . Mikania . Milium . Mimulus . Mitchella . Mitella . Mollugo . Monarda . Moneses . Monotropa.. Morus. A Muhlenbergia é Muscari . Myosotis . Myrica . : Myricacee. Myriophyllum . hey Nabalus. . Naiadacee.. Naias . Fatt. Nardosmia.. . Nasturtium . Negundo . Neillia . £ Nemopanthes .. Nepeta . Nesea . Nicandra . Nuphar . Nymphea . Nympheaceae. Nyssa . Oakesia . Cénothera . Oleacee.. Onagracee. Onopordon . Onosmodium . Orchidacee... Orchis . Ornithogalum ._ Orobanchaceze Oryzopsis . Osmorrhiza . Ostrya . Oxalis . Panicum . Papaver . , Papaveracee. Parietaria . Parnassia . Pastinaca . Pedicularis . Peltandra . Penthorum . Pentstemon . Perularia . Petasites . Peucedanum . Phalaris . Phleum . Phlox . Phragmites . TO ORDERS AND GENERA. Phryma . Physalis . . Physostegia . Phy tolacca . Phytolaccaceez. Picea . Pilea . : Pimpinella . . Pinguicula . . Pinus . : Piperacee. Pirus Plantaginacee ie Plantago . Platanacee. Platanus . 1etay ery! s Podophy lum . Pogonia . Polanisia . Polemoniacee. Polygala . : Polygalacee. Polygonacee auNire Polygonatum . Polygonum . Pontederia . Pontederiacee... Populus . Portulaca . Portulacacee.. Potamogeton ... Potentilla . Poterium . Prenanthes . Primula . ct Primulacecs. Prosartes . Proserpinaca . Prunus . Pterospora . elena, F Pyrola . Quercus . Ranunculacee : Ranunculus . Raphanus . Rhamnacee. Rhamnus. Rhexia . Rhododendron . Rhus. : : Rhynchospora . Ribes . : Robinia . Rosa . : Rosace@.. Rubiacee.. Rubus. NS, Rudbeckia . Rumex. Rutacee. Sagittaria. . . Salicacee. Salix . INDEX Sambucus. Samolus . Sanguinaria . Sanguisorba . Sanicula . Santalacee. Sapindacee.-. Saponaria . Sarracenia . Sarraceniacee : Sassafras . . Saururus . Saxifraga . Saxifragacee. Scabiosa . Scheuchzeria . Schollera . Seigpus es)... Scleranthus . Scleria . Scrophularia . Syemoypa lati aicielee’ - Scutellaria . Secale. . Sedum... .. . Selinum . Senecio . Sericocarpus . Setatians: |... 2 Shepherdia . Sicyos . Silene . “Silybum . Simarubacee. Sisymbrium . aaa ok: Sium . Smilacee. Smilacina . Smilax . : Solanacee. Solanum . Solea . Solidago . Sonchus . Sorghum . Sparganium Spartina . Specularia . Spergula . Spircea . a Spiranthes . Spirodela . Sporobolus . Stachys . Staphylea . Steironema . Stellaria . Streptopus . : Symphoricarpus . Symplocarpus . TO ORDERS AND! GENERA. Symphytum . Tanacetum . Taraxacum . Abney) Tephrosia . Teucrium . Thalictrum . Thaspium . Thuya. Thy melacee. Thymus . Tiarella . Tiliacee. Tilia . f Tragopogon . Trichostema . Trientalis . Trifolium . Triglochin . Trillium . Triosteum . Trisetum . Triticum . Trollius . Tsuga . Tussilago . Typha . Typhacez me a Ulmus Umbelliferc . a Urtica . é Urpticacecz.. Utricularia . Uvularia . Vaccinium . Valeriana . Valerianacee. Valerianella . Vallisneria . Veratrum . 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