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THE CEPHALOPODS OF THE NORTH-EASTERN
COAST OF AMERICA.

PART I.

The Ctigantic Squids (Architeuthis) and their

Allies; with observations on similar large

Species from foreign localities.

By a. E. VERRILL.

[From the Transactions of the Connecticdt Academy of Sciences, Vol. V.]

New Haven, Conn., December, IS^g-March, 1880.

2C8045

^^^^^_/^^/u^

5

[Prom the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy. Vol. Y. 187y.]

Thb Cephalopods of the North-e astern Coast of America.
By a. E. Verrill.

Part I. — The gigantic squids {ArcMteuthis) and their allies ;

WITH OBSERYATIONS ON SIMILAR LARGE SPECIES FROM FOREIGN
LOCALITIES.

The early literature of Natural History has, from yery remote
times, contained allusions to huge species of Cephalopods, often
accompanied by more or less fabulous and usually exaggerated
descriptions of the creatures.* In a few instances figures were
attempted, which were largely indebted to the imagination of their
authors for their more striking peculiarities.

In recent times many more accurate observers have confirmed the
existence of such monsters, and several fragments have found their
way into European niuseums.

To Professor Steenstrup and to Dr. Ilarting, however, belongs the
credit of first describing and figuring, in a scientific manner, a sufti-
cient number of specimens to give a fair idea of the real character
and affinities of these colossal species. More particular accounts of
the specimens described by these and other recent writers will be
given farther on.

Special attention has only recently been called to the frequent
occurrence of these ' big squids,' as our fishermen call them, in the
waters of Newfoundland, and the adjacent coasts. The cod-fishermen,
who visit the Grand Banks, appear, from their statements, to have
been long familiar with them, and occasionally to have captured and
used them for bait. The whalemen have also repeatedly stated that
sperm whales feed upon huge squid, and that, when wounded, they

* The description of the " Poulpe" or devil-fish by Victor Hugo, in " The Toilers of
the Sea," with which so many readers have recently become familiar, is quite as fab-
ulous and unreal as any of the earlier accounts, and even more bizarre. His descrip-
tion represents no real animal whatever. He has attributed to the creature habits
and anatomical structures that belong in part to the j^olyps and in part to the ^poulpe'
(Octopus). His description appears to have been derived from descriptions of these
totally distinct groups of animals contained in some cyclopedia, which he has con-
founded and hopelessly mixed up.

Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V. 23 December, ISTQ,

178 A. JE. Verrlll — North American Gephalopods.

often vomit large fragments of them in such a condition as to be re-
cognizable.* The first reliable account, known to me, of specimens
actually taken in American waters by our fishermen and whalemen was
published by Dr. A. S. Packard, in 1 873.f In that article Dr. Pack-
ard described a portion of a jaw from a large specimen (our No. 1)
taken by the Gloiicester fishermen on the Grand Banks, and a very
large pair of jaws taken from the stomach of a sperm whale, (our No.
10). Soon after this, in 1873, a large living specimen was encoun-
tered by two fishermen in Conception Bay, and one of the tentacular-
arms, which was secured, was preserved in the museum of St. John's,
Newfoundland, by the Kev. Mr. Harvey and Mr. Alexander Murray,
(our No. 2). Both these gentlemen wrote good and interesting
accounts of this specimen, which were extensively copied in the
magazines and newspapers, while a photograph of the arm itself
was also secured and distributed.

This important addition to our knowledge of these creatures was
followed, a few weeks later, by the capture of a nearly perfect speci-
men of the same species, near St. John's. Mr. Harvey and Mr.
Murray likewise secured this specimen and published detailed ac-
counts of it, which gave a more accurate idea of the character of the
genus and species than any previoiis descriptions.

My own attention was specially directed to these large Cephalopods,
at that time, on account of being so fortunate as to secure for study
most of the preserved portions of all the specimens referred to above,
with some additional ones, detailed below. For these very interest-
ing specimens I am especially indebted to the zeal and kindness of
the Rev. Mr. Harvey, and to Professor S. F. Baird. To Dr. A. S.
Packard I am indebted for the use of the jaws of No. 10. Mr. Pour-
tales, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, has also kindly sent
the specimens belonging to that museum, and Mr. W. H. Dull has
contributed his specimens and drawings of a species from Alaska.
Special acknowledgments to others will be foimd in connection with
the descriptions of the specimens.

Although 1 have, in several former papers,]; given details of the

* See Maury's Sailing Directions ; also articles by N. S Shaler, American Naturalist,
vol. vii. p. 3, 1873; by Dr. Packard, op. cit., p. 90; and by Mr. W. H. Dall, op. cit,
p. 484.

■j- American Naturalist, vol. vii, p. 91, February, 1873.

% American Jour. Science, vol. vii, p. 158, Feb., 1874; vol. ix, pp. 12:!, 177, Plates
11- V, 1875; vol. x, p. 213, Sept., 1875; vol. xii, p. 236, 1876; vol. xiv, p. 425, Nov.,
1877. American Naturalist, vol. viii, p. 167, 1874; vol. ix, pp. 21, 78, .Jan. and Feb.,
1875.

A. E. Verrill — JSforth American Cephalopods. 179

time and place of occurrence of fourteen of the specimens enumerated
below, it seems desirable to bring together, at this time, accounts of
all these, as well as of several additional specimens, in order that the
various descriptions and measurements may be more readily com-
pared, and also that some errors in the former accounts may be
corrected and new information added. To facilitate the comparison
of the general accounts of the twenty examples that I am now able
to enumerate from our coast, I have given, by themselves, the state-
ments of the time and place of their occurrence, with such general
descriptions and measurements of each, as are most available, reserv-
ing the more detailed special descriptions of the preserved specimens
for the systematic part of this article.

This seemed the more desirable because the information concerning
many of the specimens is so scanty as to render it impossible to refer
them, with certainty, to either of the species now recognized or named.
It is probable, however, that only three distinct forms exist among the
large Newfoundland specimens of Architeiithis, and two of these may
be merely the males and females of one species. One of the principal
differences usually indicated by the measurements is in respect to the
size and length of the shorter arms, one form having them compara-
tively stout, often " thicker than a man's thigh," while the other form
has them long and slender, (usually three to five inches in diameter,
with a length of six to eleven feet). In case these differences prove
to be sexual, those with stout arms will probably be the females,
judging from analogy with the small squids nearest related.* The
two specimens, of which I haA'e seen the arms, both have them long
and slender, but in one the arms are much longer in proportion to
the body than in the other, and there are marked differences in the
denticulation of the suckers of the short arms. These differences
appear to indicate two species.

A few Avords of explanation may be desirable in regard to the rel-
ative value of the measurements usually given, and also with reference

* By examinations of very numerous specimens of the common squids, Ommastrephes
illecebrosa and Loligo PeaKi, I have satisfied myself that the females of both differ
from the males by having the haad. tjie siphon, the arms, and the suckers relatively
larger and stronger than in the males. In comparing specimens of the two sexes
having the body and fins of the same length, this difference is very evident. The
large suckers of the tentacular arras show this increased size in a very marked degree.
The short arms show a greater increase in diameter than in length. In my former
article, by an unfortunate error, the increase in size of these parts was inadvertently
said to be in the male. In these common squids I have found scarcely any variation
i n the relative size and form of the caudal fins, when adult.

180 A. JE. Verrill — JVorth Americmi Cephalopods.

to the parts most useful to preserve when, as will usually happen, the
whole cannot be saved. The measui'ements of the soft external parts
of CejDhalopods are, for the most part, only approximate, and they
are not all of equal value, for some parts are more changeable in size
and shape than others. The long, contractile tentacular-arms, espe-
cially, are liable to great variation in length according to their state
of contraction or extension, and therefore their relative length is of
little or no value in discriminating species. Unfortunately this, either
by itself or combined with the length of the ' body ' as total length,
is often the principal one given. The circumference of the body
varies, likewise, according to its state of contraction or relaxation,
and the ' breadth' of the body, when such soft creatures are stranded
on the shore, will depend much upon the extent to which it is collapsed
and flattened from its proper cylindrical form, and is of less value than
the circumference. Measurements of the length of the body to the
mantle edge, and to the base of the arms ; length and circumference
of the various pairs of short arms; of the length and circumference
of the head ; size of the eyes ; length and breadth of the tail-fin ;
size of the largest suckers on the different arms ; and size of the
'chib' of the long arms, are all very useful and valuable. The
shape of the tail-fin should be carefully noted, also the presence or
absence of eye-lids, and of a sinus or groove at the front edge of
eye-lids. The size and shape of the thin intei-nal ' bone' or 'pen' is
particularly desirable. Usually it will not be possible to preserve
the pen in any satisfactory shape by drying, for it cracks in pieces and
curls up. It may be preserved packed in salt, in brine, or in alcohol.
The same is true of the beak. The horny rims of the suckers can usu-
ally be dried, but are better by far in alcohol or brine. The parts most
useful for preservation in alcohol or salt, in cases when only a portion
can be saved, are the long tentacular-arms, especially their terminal
'clubs' with the suckers in place; tlie short arms, with their siickers ;
of these the left arm of the lower, or ventral, pair will probably be the
most valuable, being probably the one that will show the sexual dis-
tinction, by the alteration of its suckers toward the tip or in some other
part ; the latei'al arms next to the ventral are next in importance ;
the caudal fin, and if possible the entire head, should be preserved;
also the ' pen,' if possible. In cases where the head cannot be saved
entire, even with the arms removed, the beak a)id tongue, and other
fleshy parts in and behind the beak, should be carefully preserved, as
nearly entire as possible, either in strong brine or alcohol.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 181

General account of the several sj^ecinieiis, and of their occurrence.

No. 1.— Grand Banks specimen, 1871. {ArcUteutUs imnceps.)

Plate XVIII, figure 3.
This specimen was ibund floating at the surface, on the Grand
Banks of Newfoimdland, in October, 1871, by Captain Campbell, of
the schooner " B. D. Ilaskins," of Gloxicester, Mass. It was taken on
board and part of it used for bait.* Dr. A. S. Packard has given, in
the American Naturalist, vol. vii, p. 91, Feb., 1873, the facts that
have been published in regard to the history of this individual. But
its jaws were sent to the Smithsonian Institution, and were sent to
me by Professor Baird to be described and figured. The horny jaAv
or beak from this specimen is thick and sti'ong, nearly black; it is
acute at the apex, with a decided notch or angle on the inside, about
•75 of an inch from the point, and beyond the notch is a large promi-
nent angular lobe. The body of the specimen from which this jaw
was taken is stated to have measured 15 feet in length and 4 feet 8
inches in circumference. The arms were mutilated, but the portions
remaining were estimated to be 9 or 10 feet long, and 22 inches in
circumference, two being shorter than the rest. It was estimated to
weigh 2000 pounds.

No. 2.— Conception Bay specimen, 1873. [A. Harveyif.)

A large individual attacked two men, who were in a small boat, in
Conception Bay, October 27, 1873. Two of the arms, which it threw
across the boat, w^ere cut ofi" with a hatchet, and brought ashore.
Full accounts of this adventure, written by Rev, M. Harvey, have
been published in many of the magazines and uewspapers.f A por-
tion of one of these arms, measuring 19 feet in length, was preserved
by Rev. M. Harvey and Mr. Alexander Muriay for the museum at

* I have been informed by many other fishermen that these ' big squids,' as they
call them, are occasionally taken on the Grand Banks and used for bait. Others state
that they have seen them in that region, without being able to capture them. Nearly
all the specimens hitherto taken appear to have been more or less disabled when first
observed, otherwise they probably would not appear at the surface in the day-time.
From the fact that they have mostly come ashore in the uiglit, I infer that they inhabit
chiefly the very deep and cold fiords of Newfoundland and come up to the siirftice only
iu the night.

f See Amer. Jour. Science, vol. vii, p. 158, 1874; and American Naturalist, vol. viii,
No. 2, p. 120. Feb.. 1874, in a letter from Mr. Alexander Murray. Also, Proc. Zool.
Sec. Lond., p. 178, 1S74. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, p. 161, 1873.

182 A. E. Yerrill — North American Cephalopods.

St. Jolin's, Nc'wfoiindlancl. It was photographed, and cuts copied
from the photograph were published in some of the English maga-
zines.* Before it was secured for preservation it had been consider
ably injured, many of the larger suckers having been torn off or
mutilated. Owing to this fact they were originally described by Mr.
Harvey as destitute of marginal denticulations, but he subsequently
reexamined the specimen, at my request, and informed me that they
were all originally denticulated. Of this specimen I have seen only the
photograph and some of the smaller suckers. This fragment represents
the distal half of one of the long tentacular-arms, with its expanded ter-
minal portion or " club," originally covered with cup-shaped suckers,
about 24 of which, forming two central rows, are very large, the largest
being 1'25 inches in diameter; others, alternating with these along
each margin, are smaller, with the edge supported by a serrated ring.
The tip of the arm is covered with numerous smaller suckers, in four
rows. The part of the arm preserved measured, when fresh, 19 feet
in length, and 3*5 inches in circumference, but wider, "like an oar,"
and 6 inches in circumference, near the end, where the suckers are
situated.

It is stated that six feet of this arm had been destroyed before it
was preserved, and the captors estimated that they left from six to
ten feet attached to the creature, Avhicli would make the total length
between 31 and 35 feet. According to Mr. Murray, the portion pre-
served measured but 17 feet in length, when he examined it, Oct.
31, 1873, after it had been a few days in strong brine. The other arm
was destroyed and no description was made; but the portion secured
was estimated by the fishermen to have been 6 feet long and 10
inches in diameter; it was evidently one of the eight shorter sessile
arms, and its size was probably overestimated. The fishermen esti-
mated the body of this individual to have been about 60 feet in length
and 5 feet in diameter ; but if the proportions be about the same as
in the specimens since captured, (No. 5 and No. 14), as I believe,
then the body could not have been more than about 10 feet long, and
2'o feet in diameter, and the long arms should have been about 32
feet in length. f Allowing two feet for the head, the total length
would, therefore, be about 44 feet.

* See Annals and Magazine of Natural History, IV, xiii, p. 68, Jan., IST-l; and
"Tho Field," Dec. 13, 1873. The central line of this photograph is reduced four and
a quarter times, while the front part is reduced about four times.

f Doubtless these long arms are very contractile, and changeable in length, like
those of the ordinary squids.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 183

No. 3.— Coombs' Cove specimen, 1872. {A. ffarmji?, ?.)

Another specimen (No. 3), probably considerably larger than the
last, was captured at Coombs' Cove, Fortiine Bay, Newfoundland.
The following account has been taken from a newspaper article of
which I do not know the precise date,* forwarded to me by Professor
Baird, together with a letter, dated June 15, 1873, from the Hon.
T. 11. Bennett, of English Harbor, N. F., who states that he M-rote
the article, and that the measurements were made by him, and are
perfectly reliable. f

" Three days ago, there was quite a large squid run almost ashore
at Coombs' Cove, and some of the inhabitants secured it. The body
measured 10 feet in length and was nearly as large round as a hogs-
head. One arm was about the size of a man's wrist, and measured 42
feet in length ; the other arms were only 6 feet in length, but about
9 inches in diameter, very stout and strong. The skin and flesh
were 2*25 inches thick, and reddish inside as well as out. The suc-
tion cups were all clustered together, near the extremity of the long
arm, and each cup was surrounded by a serrated edge, almost like
the teeth of a hand-saw. I presume it made use of this arm for a
cable, and the cu])s for anchors, when it wanted to come to, as well
as to secui'e its prey, for this individual, finding a heavy sea was
driving it ashore, tail first, seized hold of a rock and moored itself
quite safely until the men pulled it on shore."

Mr. Bennett, in a memorandum subsequently given to Mr. Sander-
son Smith, and communicated to me by him, states that both the
tentaculax*-arms were present and that the shorter one was 41*5 feet
in length. The large diameter of the short arms, compared with
their length, and with that of the long arms, and their shortness
compared with the length of the body, are points in which this
specimen apparently diifered essentially from those that have been
preserved and are better known. It was probably a female. The

total length, as I understand the measurements, was 52 feet.

j

* The exact date of this capture I do not know, but it was probably in the autumn
or winter of 18'72.

f Tlirough Mr. Sanderson Smith, who visited Mr. Bennett after the publication of
my former articles, I learn that this specimen is tlie same as the one designated as
N'o. 6 in my previous papers, and that the measurements of No. 6, as given -to me by
Mr. Harvey, are incorrect, owing to a mistake in supposing that 42 feet was the total
length, instead of the length of the longer tentacular-arm.

184 A. JEJ. Verrill — North American. Cephalopods.

No. 4.— Bonavista Bay specimen. {A. iiarveyi?.)
Plate XVI, figures 5, 6.
A pail- of jaws and two of the suckers from the tentacular-
arms were forwarded to me by Professor Baird of the Smithsouian
Institution. These were received from Rev. A. Muun, who writes
til at tliey were taken from a. specimen that came ashore at Bonavista
Bay, Newfoujidhmd; tliat it measured thirty-two feet in length
(probably the entire length, including the tentacular-arms) ; and
about six feet in circumference. The jaws are large and broad, resem-
bling those of No. 5, both in size and form, but much thinner than
those of No, 1, and without the deep notch and angular lobe seen in
that specimen. The suckers also agree with those of No. 5, bat are
a little smaller.

No. 5.— Logie Bay specimen, 1873. (ArcMteutMs Harreyi. type.)
Plate XIII. Plate XIV. Plate XV, figures 1, 2, 3. Plate XVI, figures 1 to 4.

A complete specimen was captured in November, 1873, at Logie
Bay, near St. John's, Newfoundland. It became entangled in herring-
nets and was secured by the fishermen with some difficulty, and only
after quite a struggle, during which its head was badly mutilated and
severed from the body, and the eyes, most of the siphon-tube, and part
of the front edge of the mantle were destroyed. It is probable that this
was a smaller specimen of the same species as No. 2. Fortunately this
specimen was secured by the Rev. M. Harvey of St, John's. After it
had been photographed and measured, he attempted to preserve it
entire in brine, but this was found to be ineffectual, and after decom-
position had begun to destroy some of the most perishable parts, he
took it from the brine and, dividing it into several portions, preserved
such parts as were still undecomposed in strong alcohol. These
various portions have all been examined by me and part of them are
now in my possession, and with the photographs have enabled me to
present a restoration, believed to be tolerably accurate, of the entire
creatiire (plate XIV). In this figure the eyes, ears, siphon-tube
and front edge of the mantle have been restored from a small squid
( Ommastreplies). The other parts have been drawn directly from the
photographs and specimens.* There were two photographs of the

* The figure was originally made, from the photographs only, by Mr. P. Roetter, of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, but after the arrival of the specimens it had to
be altered in many parts. These necessary changes were made by the writer, after a
careful study of the parts preserved, in comparison with the photographs and original
measurements. As published in my former papers, the eyes and back of the head of

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 185

specimen :* one showing tlie entire body, somewhat mutilated anteri-
orly ; tbe other showing the head with the ten arms attached (plate
XIII). The body or mantle of this specimen was abont seven feet
long, and between five and six feet in circumference ; the relatively
small caudal fin was arrow-shaped and twenty-two inches broad, but
short, thick, and very pointed at the end ; the two long tentacular-
arms were twenty-four feet in length, and two and a half inches in
circumference, except at the broader part near the end ; the largest
suckers, which form two regular alternating rows, of twelve each,
were 1"25 inches in diameter, with serrated edges. There is also an
outer row of much smaller suckers, alternating with the large ones, on
each margin ; the terminal part is thickly covered with small ser-
rated suckers; and numerous small suckers and tubercles are crowded
on that portion of the arms where the enlargement begins, before the
commencement of the rows of large suckers. The arrangement of
the suckers is nearly the same as on the long arm of No. 2, but in the
latter the terminal portion of the arm, beyond the large suckers, as
shown in the photographs, is not so long, tapering, and acute, but
this may be due to the different conditions of the two specimens.
The eight short arms were each six feet long ; the two largest were
ten inches in circumference at base ; the others were 9, 8 and 7 inches.
These short arms taper to slender acute tips, and each bears about
100 large, oblique suckers, with serrated margins.

The portions of the pen in my possession belong mostly to the two
ends, with fragments from the middle region, so that although
neither the actual length nor the greatest breadth can be given, we
can yet judge very well what its general form and character must
have been. It was a bi'oad and thin structure, of a yellowish brown
color, and translucent. Its anterior portion (plate XV, fig. 3) resem-
bles that of Loligo, but its posterior termination is entirely different,
for instead of having a regular lanceolate form, tapering to a point at

the figure were restored as in Loligo. Subsequent studies and additional specimens
show that this genus is closely allied to Ommasirephes. Therefore, the head would
have been more correctly shown had it been restored with reference to that genusi
which has been done in this paper. The most obvious difference is in the eyes, which
have distinct lids and an anterior sinus.

* Cuts made from these photographs have been published in several magazines and
newspapers, but they have been engraved with too little attention to details to be of
much use in the discrimination of specific differences. I have, therefore, prepared
new figm-es from these photographs with the greatest care possible. These figures
are particularly valuable, as showing the arrangements of the suckers on the short
arms.

Trans. Coxx. Acad., Yol. V. 24 December, 1879,

186 A. E. Vemll — JVorth American Cephalopods.

the posterior end, as in T^oligo^ it expands and thins out toward the
posterior end, which is very broadly rounded or irregularly truncate,
fading out insensibly, both at the edges and end, into soft membrane.
The anterior end, for about an inch and a half, was rapidly narrowed
to a pen-like point, as in Loligo; from this portion backward the
width gradually increases from 1*2 inches to 5 inches, at a point 25
inches from the end, whei'e our specimen is broken off; at this place
the marginal strips are wanting, but the width is 5 inches between
the lateral midribs (c?, d"), which were, perhaps, half an inch from
the margin. Along the center of the shell, there is a strong, raised,
rounded midrib, which fades out a short distance from the posterior
end, but is very conspicuous in the middle and anterior sections. On
each side of the midrib is a lateral rib of smaller size. These at first
diverge rapidly from the central one, and then run along nearly
parallel with the outer margin and about '4 of an inch from it, but
beyond 11 inches from the point the margins are torn off. Like the
midrib the lateral ribs gradually fade out befor*e reaching the poste-
rior end ; near the place where they finally disappear, they are about
six inches apart.*

No. 6 (of former articles).— Same as No. 3.

No. 7.— Labrador specimen.

Dr. D. Honeyman, geologist, of Ilalifiix, Nova Scotia, has published,
in a Halifax paper, a statement made to him by a gentleman who
claims to have been present at the capture of another specimen (No. 7)
in the Straits of Belle Isle, at West St. Modent, on the Labrador
side. " It was lying peacefully in the water when it was provoked
by the push of an oar. It looked fierce and ejected much water from
its funnel ; it did not seem to consider it necessary to discharge its
sepia, as mollusca of this kind generally do, in order to cover their
escape." .... "The length of its longest arm was 37 feet;
the length of the body 15 feet ; whole length 52. The bill was very

* Mr. Harvey published popular accounts of this specimen and of the previously cap-
tured arm of the larger one (No. 2), in the Maritime Monthly Magazine of St. John,
N. B., for March, 1874, and in several newspapers. Acknowledgments are also due
to Mr. Alexander Murray, Provincial Geologist, wlio cooperated with Mr. Harvey in
the examination and preservation of these specimens, and who has also written some
of the accounts of them that have been published. See also the American Naturalist,
vol. viii, p. 122, February, 1874; American Journal of Science, vol. vii, p. 460 ; Nature,
vol. ix, p. 322, February 26, 1874; and Ajipleton's .Tonrnal, January 31, 1874; Forest
and Stream, p. 356 (with figure), Jan., 1874.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 187

large. The suckers of its arms or feet, by which it lays hold, ahoiit
2 inches in diameter. The monster was cut up, salted, and barreled
for dog's meat." In this account the length given for the 'body'
CAddently includes the head also. This creature was probably disa-
bled, and perhaps nearly dead, when discovered at the surface, and
this seems to have been the case with most of the specimens hitherto
seen living. Animals of this sort probably never float or lie quietly
at the surface when in good health.

Nos. 8 and 9.— Lamaline specimens, 1870-71.

Mr. Harvey refers to a statement made to him by a clergyman,
Rev. M. Gabriel, that two specimens (Nos. 8 and 9), measuring re-
spectively 40 and 45 feet in total length, were cast ashore at Lama-
line, on the southern coast of Newfoundland, in the winter of 18*70-71.

No. 1 0.— Sperm "Whale specimen. {ArcMteutMs prmceps.)
Plate XVIII, figures 1, 2.
This specimen, consisting of both jaws, was presented to the Pea-
body Academy of Science, at Salem, Mass., by Captain N. E. Atwood,
of Provincetown, Mass. It was taken from the stomach of a sperm
whale, but the precise date and locality are not known. It was
probably from the North Atlantic. The upper jaw was imperfectly
figured by Dr. Packard in his article on this subject.* It is one of the
largest jaws yet known, and belonged to an apparently undescribed
species, which I named ArchUeuthis princeps, and described in my
former papers, with figures of both jaws.

No. 11.— Second Bonavista Bay specimen, 1872.

The Rev. M. Harvey, in a letter to me, stated that a specimen was
cast ashore at Bonavista Bay, December, 1872, and that his informant
told him that the long arms measured 32 feet in length, and the short
arms about 1 0 feet in length, and wei-e " thicker than a man's thigh."
The body was not measured, but he thinks it was about 14 feet long,
and very stout, and that the largest suckers were 2*5 inches in diameter.
The size of the suckers is probably exaggerated, and most likely the
length of the body also. It is even possible that this was the same
specimen from which the beak and suckers described as No. 4, from
Bonavista Bay, were derived, for the date of capture of that specimen
is unknown to me. The latter, however, was much smaller than the

* American Naturalist, vol. vii, p. 91, 1873,

188 A. E. Verrill — Korth American Cephalopods.

above measurements, and it will, therefore, be desirable to give a
special niimber (11) to the present one.

No. 12.— Harbor Grace specimen, 1874-75.

Another specimen, which we have designated as No. 12, was cast
ashore in the winter of 1874-1875, near Harbor Grace, but was
destroyed before its value became known, and no measurements were
given.

No. 13.— Fortune Bay specimen, 1874.
Plate XVII.
A specimen was cast ashore December, 1874, at Grand Bank, For-
tune Bay, Newfoundland. As in the case of several of the previous
specimens, I was indebted to the Rev. M. Harvey for early informa-
tion concerning this one, and also for the jaws and one of the large
suckers of the tentacular-arms, obtained through Mr. Simms, these
being the only parts preserved. Although this specimen w^ent ashore
in December, Mr. Harvey did not hear of the event until March,
owing to the unusual interruption of travel by the severity of the
winter. He informed me that Mr. George Simms, Magistrate of
Grand Bank, had stated in a letter to him that he examined the
creature a few hours after it went ashore, but not before it had been
mutilated by the removal of the tail by the fishermen, who finally
cut it up as food for their numerous dogs ; and that the long tentac-
ular arms were 26 feet long and 16 inches in circumference; the short
arms were about one-third as long as the long ones ; the " back of the
head or neck was 36 inches in circumference," (evidently meaning the
head, behind the bases of the arms) ; the length of the body " from
the junction to the tail" was 10 feet, (apparently meaning from the
base of the arms to the origin of the caudal fins). He thought that
the tail, which had been removed, was about one-third as long as the
body, but this was probably overestimated. In No. 14 the tail, from
its origin or base, was aboiit one-fifth as long as the balance of the
body and head. Applying the same proportions to No. 13, the head
and body together would have been 12 feet. In a letter to me, dated
Oct. 27, 1875, Mr. Simms confirmed the above measurements, but
stated that the long arms had been detached, and that the bases of
the arms measured as those of the tentacular-arms (they had pre-
viously been cut off about a foot from the head), were triangxxlar in
outline, the sides being respectively 5, 6, 5 inches in breadth, the
longest or outer side being convex and the two lateral sides straight.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 189

He moreover says that all the arms were covered with large suckers,
from the base outward. Hence it is probable that he made a mistake
as to these stumps, and that they really belonged to a pair of sessile
arms. Probably the tentacular-arms, when extended, had been cut
oiFso close to their contractile bases that their stumps had afterwards
become contracted within their basal pouches, and were, therefore,
overlooked. He adds that the body was three feet broad (doubtless
it was much flattened from its natural form), and that the measure-
ments were made while the body lay upon uneven ground, so that its
exact length could not be easily ascertained, and that the caudal-fin
had been cut ofi" at its base. As the tail-fins of Nos. 5 and 14 were
about one-fifth the length of the rest of the body and the head
together, this specimen, if belonging to either of those species, should
have been about 12 feet from the base of the arms to the tip of the
tail.

The large sucker, in my possession, is one inch in diameter, across
the denticulated rim, and. in form and structure agrees closely with
those described and figured by me from the tentacular-arms of Nos.
4, 5 and 14, (Plate XVI, figs. 3, 5, 6, and Plate XYII, figures 1, 1=^).

The jaws are still attached together, in their natural position, by
the cartilages. They agree very closely in form with the large jaws
of Architeuthis princeps V. (No. 10), figured on Plate XVIH, but
they are about one-tenth smaller.

No. 1 4.— Catalina specimen, 1877. (Architeuthis princeps.)
Plate XVII, figs. 1-5. Plate XIX. Plate XX.
A nearly perfect specimen of a large squid, was found cast ashore
after a severe gale, at Catalina, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, Sept. 24,
ISW. It was living when found. It was exhibited for two or three
days at St. John's, and subsequently was carried in brine to New
York, where it was purchased by Reiche & Brother for the New York
Aquarium. There I liad an opportunity to examine it, very soon after
its arrival.* I am also indebted to the proprietors of the aquarium
fo]- some of the loose suckei's. Other suckers from this specimen were
sent to me from Newfoundland, by the Rev. M. Harvey. Although

* See American Jounial of Science and Arts, vol. xiv, p. 425, Nov., 1877. When
examined by me it was loose in a tank of alcohol. Dr. J. B. Holder gave me valuable
assistance in making this examination, and also made one of the drawings of the
caudal fin. It was afterwards " prepared" for exhibition by a taxidermist, who mis-
placed the arms, siphon, and other parts, and inserted two large, round, flat, red eyes
close together on the top of the head !

190 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

somewhat mutilated, and not in a very good state of preservation
when received, it is of great interest, being, without doubt, the largest
and best specimen ever preserved. The Catalina sj^ecimen, when
fresh,* was 9*5 feet from tip of tail to base of arms ; circumference
of body, 7 feet ; circumference of head, 4 feet ; length of tentacular-
anns, 30 feet; length of longest sessile arms (ventral ones), 11 feet;
circumference at base, 17 inches; circumference of tentacular arms, 5
inches ; at their expanded portion, 8 inches. Length of upper mandi-
ble, 5*25 inches; diameter of large suckers, 1 inch; diameter of eye-
openings, 8 inches. The eyes were destroyed by the captors. It
agrees in general appeai-ance with A. Harveyi (No. 5), but the cau-
dal fin is broader and somewhat less acutely pointed than in that spe-
cies, as seen in No. 5 ; it was two feet and nine inches broad, when
fresh, and broadly sagittate in form. The di'ied rims of the large suckers
are white, with very acutely serrate margins ; the small smooth-
rimmed suckers, with their accompanying tubercles, are distantly
scattered along most of the inner face of the tentacular arms, the last
ones noticed being nineteen feet from the tips. The sessile arms pre-
sent considerable disparity in length and size, the ventral ones being-
somewhat larger and longer than the others, which were, however,
more or less mutilated when examined by me ; the serrations are
smaller on the inner edge than on the outer edge of the suckers. On
the smaller suckers the inner edge is often without serrations.

No. 15.— Hammer Cove specimen, 1876.

In a letter from Rev. M. Harvey, dated Aug. 25, 1877, he states
that a big squid was cast ashore Nov. 20, 1876, at Hammer Cove, on
the southwest arm of Green Bay, in Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland.
When first discovered by his informant it had already been partially
devoured by foxes and sea-birds. Of the body, a portion 5 feet long
remained, with about 2 feet of the basal part of the arms. The head
was 18 inches broad ; tail, 18 inches broad ; eye-sockets, 7 by 9 inches ;
stump of one of the arms, 2'5 inches in diameter.

The only portion secured was a piece of the 'pen' about 16 inches
long, which was given to Mr. Haiwey.

No. 16.— Liance Cove specimen, 1877. {ArchUeutMsprinceps?, ?.)

In a letter dated Nov. 27, 1877, Mr. Harvey gives an account of
another specimen which was stranded on the shore at Lance Cove,

* Measurements of the freshly caught specimen were made by the Rev. M. Harvey,
at St. .John's, and communicated to me.

A. E. Verrill — North Ainerican Cephalopods. 191

Smith's Sound, Trinity Bay, about twenty miles farther up the bay
tlian the locality of the Catalina Bay specimen (No. 14). He received
his information from Mr. John Dufiet, a resident of the locality, who
was one of the persons who found it and measured it. His account
is as follows : " On Nov. 21, 1877, early in the morning, a 'big squid'
was seen on the beach, at Lance Cove, still alive and struggling des-
perately to escape. It had been borne in by a 'spring tide' and a
high inshore wind. In its struggles to get off it jDloughed up a
trench or furrow about thirty feet long and of considerable depth by
the stream of water that it ejected with great force from its siphon.
When the tide receded it died. Mr. Duffet measured it carefully,
and found that the body was nearly 11 feet long (probably including
the head) ; the tentacular-arms, 33 feet long. He did not measure the
short arms, but estimated them at 13 feet, and that they were much
thicker than a man's thigh at their bases. The people cut the body
open and it was left on the beach. It is an out-of-the-way place, and
no one knew that it was of any value. Otherwise it could easily
have been brought to St. John's, with only the eyes destroyed and
the body opened." It was subsequently carried off by the tide, and
no portion was secured.

This was considerably larger than the Catalina specimen.

The great thickness of the short arms of this specimen, and of some
of the others, indicates a species distinct from A. Harveyi, unless
the sexes of that species differ more than is usual in this respect,
among the smaller squids. The length of the sessile arms, if correctlv
stated, would indicate that this specimen belonged to A. princeps.
In tlie female Onnnastreplies illecehrosa, the common northern squid,
the head is larger and the short arms are stouter and have laro-er
suckers than in the male, of the same length.

No. 17.— Trinity Bay specimen, 1877.

Mr. Harvey also states that he had been informed by Mr. Duffet
that another very large ' big squid' was cast ashore in October
1877, about five miles farther up Trinity Bay than the last. It was
cut up and used for manure. No portions are known to have been
preserved, and no measurements were given.

No. 18.— Thimble Tickle specimen, 1878.

The captui-e of this specimen has been graphically described by
Mr. Harvey, in a letter to the Boston Traveller, of Jan. 30, 1879.
" On the 2d day of November last, Stephen Sherring, a fisherman

192 A. M Verrill — JVorth Ameriean Cephalopods.

residing in Thimble Tickle, not far from the locality where the other
devil-fish [No. 19], was cast ashore, was out in a boat with two other
men ; not far from the shore they observed some bulky object, and,
supposing it might be part of a wreck, they rowed toward it, and, to
their horror, found themselves close to a huge fish, having large
glassy eyes, which was making desperate efforts to escape, and churn-
ing the water into foam by the motion of its immense arms and tail.
It was aground and the tide was ebbing. From the funnel at the
back of its head it was ejecting large volumes of water, this being its
method of moving backward, the force of the stream, by the reaction
of the surrounding medium, driving it in the required direction. At
times the water from the siphon was black as ink."

" Finding the monster partially disabled, the fishermen plucked up
courage and ventured near enough to throw the grapnel of their
boat, the sharp flukes of which, having barbed points, sunk into the
soft body. To the grapnel they had attached a stout rope which
they had carried ashore and tied to a tree, so as to prevent the fish
from going out with the tide. It was a happy thought, for the devil-
fish found himself eftectually moored to the shore. His struggles
were terrific as he flung his ten arms about in dying agony. The
fishermen took care to keep a respectful distance from the long tenta-
cles, which ever and anon darted out like great tongues IVom the cen-
tral mass. At length it became exhausted, and as the water receded
it expired.

"The fishermen, alas! knowing no better, proceeded to conv-ert it
into dog's meat. It was a splendid specimen — the largest yet taken
— the body measuring 20 feet from the beak to the extremity of
the tail. It was thus exactly double the size of the New York spe-
cimen, and five feet longer than the one taken by Budgell. The cir-
cumference of the body is not stated, but one of the arms measured
35 feet. This must have been a tentacle."

No. 1 9.— Three Arms specimen, 1 878. {ArcUteuthis prmceps ?.)

Mr. Harvey has also given an account of this specimen, in the
same letter to the Boston Traveller, referred to imder No. 18. This
one was found cast ashore after a heavy gale of wind, Dec. 2, 1878,
by Mr. William Budgell, a fisherman residing at a place called Three
Arms. It was dead when found, and was cut up and used for dog
meat. Mr. Harvey's account is as follows:

"My informant, a very intelligent person, Avho was on a visit in
that quarter on business, arrived at Budgell's house soon after he

A. E. Verrill — North American Oephaloj)ods, 193

had brought it liome in a mutilated state, and carefully measured
some portions with his own hand. He found that the body measured
15 feet from the beak to the end of the tail, which is five feet
longer than the New York specimen. The circumference of the body
at its thickest part was 12 feet. He foimd only one of the short
arms perfect, which was 16 feet in length, being five feet longer
than a similar arm of the New York specimen, and he describes it as
" thicker than a man's thigh." The statement that the sessile arms
were longer than the head and body together, indicates that this was
a specimen of A. princeps, like No. 14, but largei".

No. 20.— Banquereau specimen, 1878. {Architeutkis megapteraY.?.)

This consists of the terminal part of a tentacular arm, which was
taken by Capt. J. W. Collins and crew, of the schooner " Marion,"
from the stomach of a large and voracious .fish [Alejndosauriis ferox)
together with the only specimen hitherto discovered of the remarkable
squid, Ilistioteuthis Collinsii V. The fish was taken on a halibut
trawl-line, N. lat. 42° 49'; W. long. 62° 57', off Nova Scotia, 1879.
This fragment, after preservation in strong alcohol, now measures 18
inches in length. It inchides all the terminal club, and a portion of
the naked arm below it. The club is narrow, measuring but "75 inch
across its front side, while the naked arm is 1*25 broad, and rather
flat, where cut off. From the commencement of the large suckers
to the tip, it measures 9'26 inches. It had lost most of its suckers,
so that it cannot be identified with certainty. Part of the large
suckers and some of the marginal ones still remain, though the horny
I'ings are gone ; diameter of large suckers, •50 inch ; of marginal
ones, about '12. The suckers have the same form and arrangement
as in the larger specimens of Architeuthis. It may, perhaps, belong
to Architeuthis inegap)tera, or to a young A. Harveyi.

No. 21.— Cape Sable specimen. {Architeuthis megapteraV.)
Plate XXI.
This specimen was found thrown on the shore near Cape Sable,
N. S., after a very severe gale, several years ago. It is preserved in
alcohol, entire, and in good condition, in the Provincial Museum at
Halifax, where it is well exhibited in a large glass jai*. It is the type
specimen oi Architeuthis megaptera^ described by me, Sept., 1878.*
It is a comparatively small species, its total length being but 43

* American Journal of Science, xvi, p. 207, 1878.
Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V. 25 January, 1880.

194 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

inches; its head and body together, 19 inches; body alone, 14 inclies;
its tentacular-arms, 22 and 24 inches ; short arms, from 6'5 to 8'5
inches; tail-fin, 13*5 inches broad and G long.

This species differs widely from all the others in the relatively
enormous size and breadth of its caudal fin, which is nearly as broad
as the body is long, and moxe than twice as broad as long. It will
form the type of a new generic group.

No. 22.— Brigus specimen, 1879.

Mr. Harvey states that portions of another large squid were cast
ashore near Brigus, Conception Bay, in October, 1879.

Two of the short arms, each measuring eight feet in length, were
found with other mutilated parts, after a storm.

No. 23.— James's Cove specimen, 1879.
P"'rom Mr. Harvey I have also very recently received an account of
another specimen, which was captured entire about the first of
November last, at James's Cove, Bonavista Bay, N. F. It seems to
have been a fine and complete specimen, about the size of the Cata-
lina Bay specimen (No. 14). Unfortunately the fishermen, as usual,
indulged immediately in their propensity to cut and destroy, and it
is doubtful if any portion was preserved. The account referred to
was published in the Mornw.g Chronicle^ of St. John's, N. F., Dec.
9, 18'79, and was credited to the Ilarhor Grace ^Standard. The
author of the article is not given. The following extract contains
all that is essential : " A friend at Musgrave Town sends us the
following particulars relative to the capture of a big squid at James's
Cove, Goose Bay, about a month ago. Our correspondent says :
Mr. Thos. Moores and several others saw something moving about
in the water, not far from the stage. Getting into a punt they went
alongside, when they were surprised to see a monstrous squid. One
of the men struck at it with an oar, and it immediately struck for
the shore, and went quite upon the beach. The men then succeeded
in getting a rope around it, and hauled it quite ashore. It measured
38 feet altogether. The body was about 9 feet in length, and two
of its tentacles or horns were 29 feet each. There were several other
smaller horns, but they were not so long. The body was about 6
feet in circumference. When I saw it, it was in the water, and was
very much disfigured, as one of the men had thoughtlessly cut off
the two longest tentacles, and had ripped the body partly open,
thereby completely spoiling the appearance of the creature. The
foregoing particulars I obtained from Mr. Moores."

A. K Verrill — North American Cephcdopods. 1 95

Histioteuthis CoUinsii Verriii.

Ill addition to the foregoing examples, all of which are believed to
be referable to the genus Architevthis, I have in a former article*
described a very remarkable squid, belonging to the genus Hlstioteu-
t/iis, in which a broad thin membrane or 'web' unites the six uj^per
arms together, nearly to their tips, while the lower ones have a
shorter web uniting them to the rest. Although small, when con-
trasted with some of the gigantic specimens of Architeuthis, it is
considerably larger than any of the common small squids, and as it
inhabits the same localities with Architeuthis, and has some points of
resemblance to the latter genus, especially in having the smooth-
rimmed suckers for uniting together the long tentacular-arms, I have
thought it best to describe it in this part of my article, in connection
with the species of Architeuthis. The only specimen known was
obtained (with No. 20) from the stomach of a large and voracious fish
[Alepldosaurus ferox), having a formidable array of long sharp
teeth, eminently adapted for the capture of such prey. It was taken
by Captain J, W. Collins and crew of the schooner Marion, in deep
water off the coast of Nova Scotia, and presented to the U. S. Fish
Commission. This species {H. CoUinsii) is figured on Plate XXII,
and will l)e described farther on.

Onychoteuthis robusta (Daii, Mss.).

In this connection I may also refer to a gigantic Pacific Ocean
species, obtained by Mr. W. H. Dall, on the coast of Alaska, in 1872,
which will be described as fully as possible in another part of this
article, when discussing the foreign species of large Cephalopods,
(see Plates XXIII and XXIV.) Three specimens were observed
and measured by Mr. Dall. The largest measured, from the base of
the arms to the end of the body, 8-5 feet. The ends of all the arms
had been destroyed, in all the specimens. It was formerlyf briefly
described by me under Mr. Dall's MSS. name, Omniastrephes robustus,
but a more careful study of the parts preserved, especially the 'cone'
of the ' pen' and the odontophore, has convinced me that it belongs
to the genus Onychoteuthis, characterized especially by having rows
of sharp claws or hooks on the ' club' of the tentacular-arms, instead
of suckers. All the species of this genus previously known are of
small size, and pelagic in their habits. It is, therefore, of especial
interest to add another generic type to the list of gigantic species.

♦American Journal of Science, vol. xvii, p. 241, 1879.
f American Journal of Science, vol. xii, p. 236, 1876.

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A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 197

Special Descriptions of the Atlantic Coast Species.
Architeuthis Steenstrup.
Oplysninger om Atlanter, Collossale Blfcksprutter. Forhandlinger Skand. Naturf.,
1856, vii, p. 182, Christiana, 1857.

Size large. Body stout, nearly round, swollen in the middle. Caudal
tin, in the typical species, very small, sagittate (very large, broad,
rhomboidal in A. megap>tera).* Head large, short. Eyes very large,
oblong-ovate with well-developed lids and anterior sinus. Sessile arms
stout, their suckei'S large, very oblique, with the edges of the horny
rings strongly serrate, especially on the outer margin. The margin
has around it a free-edged membrane, which closely surrounds the
denticles when the sucker is used, and allows a vacuum to be produced.
Tentacular-arms very long and slender, in exteiision, the proximal
part of the club furnished with an irregular group of small, smooth-
rimmed suckers, intermingled with rounded tubercles on each arm,
the suckers on one arm corresponding with the tubercles of the other,
so that, by them, the two arms may be firmly attached together
without injury, and thus used in concert ; other similar suckers and
tubercles, doubtless for the same use, are distantly scattered along
the slender part of these arms, one sucker and one tubercle always
occurring near together. The internal shell (known only in one
species) is thin and very broad, expanding from the anterior to the
posterior end, with divergent ribs.

This genus is closely allied to Ommastrephes^ from which it may be
best distinguished by the presence of the peculiar suckers and tuber-
cles for uniting the tentacular-arms together. A small cluster of
smooth-edged suckers also occurs at their tips.

Architeuthis Harveyi Verriii.

Megaloteuthis Harveyi Kent, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1874, p. 178.

Architeuthis monachus Yerrill, Amer. Journal Science, vol. ix, pp. 121, 177, PI. ii,

iii, iv, 1875; vol. xii, p. 236, 1876. American Naturalist, vol. ix, pp. 22, 78,

figs. 1-6, 10, 1875, (? non Steenstrup).
Ommastrephes harveyi 'Kent, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1874, p. 492.
Ommasirephes (Architeuthis) monachus Tryon, Manual of Conchology, I, p. 184, PI.

83, fig. 379, PI. 84, figs. 380-385, 1879. (Descriptions compiled and figures copied

from the papers by A. E. T.)

Plates XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVIa.
The diagnostic characters of this species, so far as determined, are
as follows: Sessile arms unequal in size, nearly equal in length,

* This species differs so much in dentition and other characters from tlie typical
forms, as to deserve separation, as a subgenus, or perhaps as a distinct genus, which I
propose to call Sthenoteuthis.

198 A. E. Verrill — North Amerieav Cephalopods.

decidedly shorter than the head and body togetlier, and scarcely as
long as the body alone, all bearing appai-ently similar suckers ; their
tips slender and acute. Tentacular-arms, in extension, about four
times as long as the short ones ; about three times as long as the
head and body together. Caudal fin small, less than one-third the
length of the mantle, sagittate in form, with the narrow lateral lobes
extending forward beyond their insertions; the posterior end tapering
to a long acute tip. Jaws with smaller notch and lobe than in A.
princeps. Suckers of the sessile arms (so far as seen) with numerous
acute teeth all around the circumference, all similar in shape, but
those on the inner margin smaller than those on the outer. Sexual
characters are not yet determined.

Special description of the specimen, JSfo. 5. — The preserved parts of
this specimen (see p. 184), examined by me, are as follows: The
anterior part of the head, with the bases of the arms, the beak,
lingual ribbon, etc. ; the eight shorter arms, but without the suckers,
which dropped oif in the brine, and are now represented only by a
few of the detached marginal rings; the two long tentacular-arms,
which are well preserved, with all the suckers in place ; the caudal
fin ; portions of the ' pen ' or internal shell ; the ink-bag ; and pieces
of the body.

The general appearance and form of this species* are well shown
by Plates XIII and XIV. The body was relatively stout. Accord-
ing to the statement of Mr. Harvey, it was, when fresh, about 213*^'"

* Mr. W. Saville Kent, from the popular descriptions of this species, gave it new
generic and specific names, viz : Meyaloteuthis Harieyi, in a communication made to
the Zoological Society of London, March 3, 1874 (Proceedings Zool. Soc , p. 178 ; see
also Nature, vol. ix, p. 375, March 12, and p. 403, March 19). My former identifica-
tion was based on a comparison of the jaws with the jaws of A. monachus, well fig-
ured and described by Steenstrup in proof-sheets of a paper which is still unpublished,
though printed several years ago, and referred to by Hartiug. The agreement of the
jaws is very close in nearly all respects, but the beak of the lower jaw is a little more
divergent in Steenstrup's figure. His specimen was a little larger than the one here
described and was taken from a specimen cast ashore nt Jutland, in 1853. Mr. Kent
was probably unacquainted with Steenstrup's notice of that specimen when he said
(Nature, ix, p. 403) that A. monachus "was instituted for the reception of two gigantic
Cephalopods, cast on the shores of Jutland in the years 1G39 and 1790, and of
which popular record alone remains." In his second communication to tlie Zoological
Society of London, March 18, 1874, (Proc, p. 490), he states (on the authoriiy of
Crosse and Fischer) that a third specimen "was stranded on the coast of Jutland in
1854, and upon the pharynx and beak of this, the only parts preserved: the same
authority founded his species Architeuthis dux." The specimen here referred to is

A. M Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 199

(seven feet) long and five and one-half feet in circumference. The
'tail' or caudal fin (Plate XIII, fig. 2, and Plate XVI, fig. 2) is
decidedly sagittate, and remarkably small in proportion to the body.
It is said by Mr. Harvey to have been 55-9"" (22 inches) across, but
the j)reserved specimen is considerably smaller, owing, undoubtedly,
to shrinkage in the brine and alcohol. The posterior termination is
unusually acute and the lateral lobes extend forward considerably
beyond their insertion. In the preserved specimen the total length,
from the anterior end of the lateral lobes to the tip of the tail, is
58-4^'" (23 inches); from the lateral insertions to the tip, 48-2^'" (19
inches ; total breadth about 38"" (15 inches) ; width of lateral lobes,
15 •2'"' (6 inches). The eight shorter arms, when fresh, were, accord-
ing to Mr. Harvey's measui-ements, 182'9^"^' (six feet) long and all of
equal length,* but those of the different pairs were respectively 25*4,

e\adently the same that Steenstrup named A. monachus, in 1856. The confusion in
reference to these names is evidently due to this mistake.

The statement that Architeuthis dux Steenstrup is known from the beak alone is
evidently erroneous. Steenstrup, himself, Harting, and Dr. Packard, in their articles
on this subject, all state that the suckers, parts of the arms, and the internal shell or
pen were preserved, and they have been figured, but not published, hj Prof. Steenstrup.
Harting has also given a figure of the lower jaw, copied from a figure by Steenstrup.
In the proof-sheets that I have seen, this specimen is referred to as "J.. Titan,'''' but
Harting cites it as .4. dux Steenstrup, which is the name given to it by Steenstrup in
his first notice of it, in 1856. Therefore two distinct species were confounded under
this name by Kent.

I have more recently been led to consider our species distinct from the true A. mon-
achus by correspondence with Professor Steenstrup, from whom I learn that the cau-
dal fin in his species does not agree with that of the species here described, and that
in his species the ventral arms differ from the others, both in form and in the char-
acter of the suckers. Certain differences in the arms can be detected in the pho-
tograph of our specimen (reproduced on Plate XIII) in which, fortunately, the
ventral arms are well-displayed ; but their suckers do not appear to differ, except in size.
Unless these differences prove to be sexual characters, which is not likely, they would
indicate a specific difference. Therefore, I have, for the present, adopted the specific
name given by Kent to the Newfoundland specimens. The name was given, as a
well-merited compliment to the Rev. M. Harvey, who has done so much to bring
these remarkable specimens into notice. Nevertheless it is probable that when the
original specimens of A. monachus shall have been fully described and figured, one of
our species may prove to be identical with it. At present I am unable to decide
whether the affinities of A. monachus may not be with A. 'princeps, rather than with
A. Harveyi. With the former it apparently agrees in having two forms of suckers on
the short arms.

* It is possible that they may have been originally somewhat unequal, and that
mtitilation of their tips made them appear more nearly equal than they were in life.

200 A. E. VerriU — North American (Jephalopods.

22'9, 20"3 and 17"8'"' (ten, nine, eight and seA'en inches) in circumfer-
ence.* They are, except the ventral, compressed trapezoidal in form
and tapei' very gradually to slender acute tips. Their inner faces are
occupied l)y two alternating rows of large obliquely campanulate
suckers, with contracted apertures, surrounded by broad, oblique,
thin, horny, marginal rings, much broader on the outer side than on
the inner, and armed with strong, acute teeth around their entire cir-
cumference, but the teeth are largest and most oblique on the outside
(Plate XVI, iig. 4 ; XVI«, figs. 6-8), These suckers gradually dimin-
ish in size to the tips of the arms, where they become very small, but
all that are preserved are similar in form and structure. The ventral
pair of arms still have, as they show in the photograph, the inner face
much broader than it is in the others, especinlly near the base, and
they are more nearly square than any of the others. Their suckers
are more numerous, farther apart transversely, and closer together in
the longitudinal series, there being about 46 on the proximal half (36
inches) of each, wiiile on each of the subventral arms there are only
about 30 on the corresponding portion ; the suckers also diminish
rather abruptly in size at .about 26 to 30 inches from the base, l)eyond
which they are scai'cely more than half as large as those on the
second and third pairs of arms, at the same distance from the
base. The largest of these suckers are said, by Mr. Harvey, to have
been about an inch in diameter, when fresh. The largest of their
marginal rings, in my possession, are 14""" to 16"'"' in diameter, at
the serrated edge, and 18™™ to 20™'" beneath.

The hornj^ rings are yellowish horn-color, oblique, and moi-e than
twice as wide on the back side as in front. A wide peripheral groove
runs entirely around the circumference, just below the denticulated
margin; it is narrower and deeper on the front side. On the front
side the edge is nearly vertical, and the denticles point upward or are
but slightly incurved ; but on the outer or back side the edge and
denticles are bent obliquely inward; along the side the edge is more
or less incurved and the denticles are inclined more or less forward,
toward the front edge of the sucker. The denticles are golden
yellow, or when dry, silver}^ white ; those on the outer and lateral

* In the original statement it is not mentioned to which pairs of arms these dimen-
sions apply. After having been five years in alcohol the ventral arms now measure
7 '5 inches in circumference, and one of the lateral ones (perhaps one of the third pair)
8 inches. The marginal membranes or crests had decayed, apparently, before the
arms were preserved : their terminal portions are also gone, so that the real length
cannot be given.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopoch. 201

margins are largest, flat, lanceolate, with sharply bevelled lateral
edges and acuminate tips ; those on the front margin are shorter,
narrower, acutely triangular, and in contact at their bases. On the
largest of these suckers there are forty-eight to fifty denticles. Some
of the suckers of rather smaller size («, Z>,) are more oblique, with the
outer side of the horny rings relatively wider and more incurved ; the
denticles of the outer margin are strongly incurved and decidedly
narrower and more acute than the lateral ones, which are broad-
triangular ; the inner or front deuticles are rather smaller, acute-
triangular, and usually inclined somewhat inward. Ou these there are
foity to forty-six denticles, No suckers of this specimen have been
found with the denticles rudimentary or wanting on the front edge, as
is frequently the case in those of A. princeps. Nor is there so much
contrast in the form and size of the inner and outer denticles of the
largest suckers as in that sjjecies. The rings of the smaller suckers
are still more oblique and more contracted at the aperture than those
of the larger ones, with the teeth more inclined inward, those on the
outside margin being largest.

Measurements of suckers of short arms {millimeters).

« (ale.) 6 (ale.) c (ale.) d(dry.)

Transverse diameter, outside, 17 17 20 18

Diameter of aperture, 1.3 10 16 14

Breadth of horuy ring, back side, 7'5 9 8 7

Breadth of horny I'ing, front side, .. . 3 .3 3-5 3

Number of distinct denticles, 46 41 50 49

The two long tentacular-arms are remarkable for their slenderness
and great length when comj)ared with the length of the body, Mr,
Harvey states that they were each 731-5"" (24 feet) long and 7""
(2-75 inches) in circumference when fresh. In the brine and alcohol
they have shrunk greatly, and now measure only 411'5°'" (13*5 feet)
in length, while the circumference of the slender portion varies from
5-7'=™ to 7"25''"' (2-25 to o-25 inches). These arms were evidently
highly contractile, like those of many small species, and consequently
the length and diameter would vary greatly according to the state
of contraction or relaxation. The length given (24 feet) probably
represents the extreme length in an extended or flaccid condition, such
as usually occurs in these animals soon after death. The slender
portion is nearly three-cornered or triquetral in form, with the outer
angle rounded, the sides slightly concave, the lateral angles promi-
nent, and the inner face a little convex and generally smooth.

Trans. Co.vn. Acad., Vol. V. 26 .January, 1880.

202 A. E. VerriU — JVorth American Cephalo^^ods.

The terminal portion, bearing the suckers, is '76"2"" in length and
expands gradually to the middle, where it is 11'4'°^ to 12'7'^^"' in cir-
cumference (IS'S'^^'" when fresh), and 3*9 to 4*1^"' across the inner face.
The suckei'-bearing portion may be divided into three parts. The first
region occupies about I'/'S'^"' (7 inches) ; here the arm is roxincled-trique-
tral, with margined lateral angles, and gradually increases up to the
maximum size, the inner face being convex and bearing about forty
irregularly scattered, small, flattened, saucer-shaped suckers, attached
by very short pedicels, and so placed in depressions as to rise but little
above the general surface. The larger ones are 5 to 6'"'" in external
diameter; 3""" across aperture; 1"5'"'" high. The smaller ones have a
diameter of 4""" ; ai)erture 2-5"'"' ; height 1""'". The horny ring (Plate
XYIa, figs. 9, 9a) is circular, thin, and of about uniform breadth all
around ; the edge is smooth and even, slightly everted; just below the
edge there is a groove all around ; below this a prominent, rounded
ridge surrounds the periphery, below which the lower edge is somewhat
contracted. A thick, soft membrane surrounds the edge. These suckers
are at first distantly scattered, but become more crowded, distally,
forming six to eight irregular alternating rows, covering the whole
width of the inner face, which becomes 4-1"" broad. Scattei'ed among
the suckei's are about an equal number of low, broad, conical, smooth,
callous verructe, or wart-like prominences, rising above the general
surface, their central elevation corresponding in form and size to the
apertures of the adjacent suckers. These, without doubt, are intended
to furnish secure points of adhesion for the corresponding suckers of
the opposite arm, so that, as in some other genera, these two arms
can be fastened together at this Avrist-like portion, and thus may
be used unitedly. By this means they must become far more efli-
cient organs for capturing their prey than if used separately. The
absence of denticulations prevents the laceration of the creature's
own flesh, which the sharp teeth of the other suckers would produce,
under pressure, and the verrucas prevent the lateral slipping, to which
unarmed suckers applied to a smooth surface would be liable.
Between these smooth suckers and the rows of large ones there is a
cluster of about a dozen small suckers, with sharply serrate margins,
from 5 to 8""" in diameter, attached by slender pedicels. They are
arranged somewhat irregularly in four rows, those of the outer rows
more oblique and corresponding in form witli the larger marginal
suckers.

A. E. VerriU — North American Cephalopods. 203

The second division, 35'6'^'" in length, succeeds the small suckers.
Here the arm is flattened on the face, Avell-rounded on the back, and
provided with a sharp dorsal carina, increasing in width toward the tip.
It bears two alternating rows of about twelve very large serrated suck-
ers, and an outer row of smaller ones, on each side, alternating with the
large ones. The upper edge is bordered by a rather broad, regularly
scalloped, marginal membrane, the scallops corresponding to the
large suckers, while ]>rominent transverse ridges, midwaj^ between the
large suckers, join the uiembrane and form its lobes. On the lower
edge there is a narrower and thinner membrane, which runs all the
way to the tip of the arm. In one (the lower) of the rows of large
suckers there are eleven, and in the other ten, above 20™'" in diameter.
Tlie former row lias one additional sucker at its proximal end 15"""
in diameter, and three others at its distal end, respectively 16, 12, and
gmm j,^ diameter. The other row, of ten suckers, is continued by a
proximal sucker 10""" in diameter, and by two distal ones, respect-
ively 15 and 13""" in diameter. The number of 'large' suckers in
each row msij, therefore, be counted as 12, 13, or 14, according to the
fancy of the describer, there being no well-defined distinction between
the larger and smaller ones in either row. The largest suckers, along
the middle of the rows, are from 24'"™ to 30""" in diameter (Plate
XVI, fig. 3, <f). They are attached by slender but strong pedicels,
about 10'"'" long and 6 to 7'""' in diameter. The outer or back side
of these suckers is 16 to 18'"™ high; the front side 10 to 11""^', so
that the rim is about 24 to 28™'" above the surface of the arm. The
horny rings are 7 to 8'"™ high and have the aperture 20 to 23""" in
diameter. Each one is situated in the center of a pentagonal de-
pressed area, about 25'"™ across, bounded by ridges, which alternate
regularly, and interlock on the two sides, so as to form a zigzag line
along the middle of the arm These large suckers are broadly and
obliquely campanulate, but much less oblique than those of the short
arms ; the marginal ring is strong, and sharply serrate all around ;
the denticles are acute-triangular and nearly equal. The rings are
somewliat calcified and rather rigid when dried; a well-marked broad
groove runs around the entire circumference, below the bases of the
denticles.

The small marginal suckers (fig. 3, b) are similar in structure, but
nnich more oblique, and mostly 9 to ii""" in diameter; they are
attached by much longer and more slender pedicels, and their mar-
ginal teeth are relatively longer, sharper and more incurved, espe-
cially on the outer margin. The peripheral groove is broad and deep.

204

A. JEJ. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

1ml is interrupted on the outer side for about a third of the circumfer-
ence ; the outer third portion of the horny ring is somewhat flattened
from the circuhir form.

The terminal division of the arm is 22*8™ long. It gradually
becomes much compressed laterally, and tapers regularly to the tip,
which is flat, blunt and slightly incurved. Just beyond the large
suckers, where this region begins, the circuiuference is 9'''". The
face is narrow and bears a large number of small pedicellate suckers,
(Plate XVIa, figs. 10, 10a) arranged in four regular, alternating-
rows, gradually diminishing in size to near the tip of the arm, where
the rows expand into a small cluster of about ten smooth-edged
suckers. The suckers, except in the final group, are much like the
marginal ones of the previous division, and at first are 5 to 7'""' in
diameter, but decrease to about 2*5'"™ near the tip of the arm. They
have sharply seri'ate, oblique, marginal rings, broader on the outer
side, with a peripheral groove on the front and sides only. Fn our
preserved specimens the rings are gone from many of these small
suckers, but those of the two row^s next to the lower margin appear
to have been larger than the others.

The suckers of the final group are close to the tip, which is slightly
recurved over them. They are flat, attached to short pedicels, and
provided with a narrow horny rim, which has the edge smooth, or
nearly so, and surrounded by a thick membranous border. The
diametej- of these siickers is from '5 to 2""", They are rather crowded
and the cluster is broader than long.

The color of the body and arms, where preserved, is pale reddish,
with thickly scattered small spots of brownish red.

The form of the jaws* of this s])ecimen is well shown by Plate XV,
figs. 1 and 2. When in place the tips of these jaws constitute a pow-

* In order to explain the terms employed in describing the various parts of the jaws
'of Cephalopods, as used in this article, I liave introduced figures of the jaws of one of
our common small squids {Loligo pallida Y.)
from Long Island Sound. The nomenclature
adopted is essentially that used by Professor
Steenstrup.

Figure 1. Upper mandible: a. rostrum or tip
of the beak ; h. the notch ; c. the inner end of
ala ; d. the frontal lamina ; e. the palatine
lamina : ah. the cutting edge of beak ; he.
anterior or cutting edge of ala.

Figure 2. Lower mandible : <i. rostrum ; ah. cutting edge ;
ala ; d. mentum or chin ; e, gulnr lamina.

he. anterior edge of

A. E. Verrill — JSforth American Cephalopods. 205

erfnl heak, looking something like that of a parrot or hawk, except
that the upper jaw shuts into the lower, instead of the reverse, as in
birds. The color is dark brown, becoming almost black toward the
tip, where its substance is thicker and firmer and smoothly polished
externally. The upper jaw (Plate XY, fig. 1), in 1875, measured 97"""'
in total length ; 25'""' in transverse breadth ; and 66"^™ in breadth or
height. The lower jaw (fig. 2) was 76™"' long, 7o™'" transversely, and
67™"' broad, vertically. It was larger when first received, but has
subsequently shrunk considerably more, in alcohol.

The upper mandible has the rostrum strong, convex, acute, and
curved considerably forward, with concave cutting edges, and a
slisrht notch at its base. The anterior edges of the alae are irregular
and uneven. The palatine lamina is broad and thin.

The lower mandible has the rostrum stouter and less curved, the tip
acute, with a distinct notch just below the tip, the cutting edges nearly
straight, and with a moderately deep and rather narrow notch at its
base ; a ridge runs backward, from near the tip, in a curved line,
circumscribing a more flattened area, on which are grooves and ridges
parallel with the notch. Beyond the notch, on the anterior edges of
the aire, there is, on each side, a broad, low, obtuse lobe or tooth,
beyond which the edge is even and slightly concave, to near the end
ofthealfe. The lamina of the mentum is short and strongly eraar-
ginate in the median line. Detailed measurements of the parts are
given in the table of measurements on a subsequent page.

The roof of the mouth, or palate, between the anterior portions of
the palatine laminae, is lined with a rather firm, somewhat chitinous
or parchment-like membrane,* having its surface covered with strong,
aciite, recurved, yellowish teeth, apparently chitinous in nature,
attached by broad, oval or roundish, flattened bases (Plate XVI, fig.
1 ; XVIa, fig. 4). These teeth are mostly curved, and very unequal
in size and form, the various sizes being intermingled. They are
ari'anged in irregular quincunx, in many indefinite rows. Many
irregular, roundish, rough, white, stony granules are also attached
to this membrane, among the teeth. Similar granules (Plate XVI«,
fig. 5) occur in large numbers on the thinner extension of this mem-
brane, which everywhere lines the mouth and pharynx.

* In my first examination of this species, this tooth-bearing membrane was found,
like the siirronnding parts, much mutilated, and was mistaken for the odontophore,
and described and figured as such. The real odontophore was discovered later, loose
in another can, with other fragments of the same specimen, and this serious mistake
was corrected in the American Journal of Science, vol. xii, p. 236, 1876,

206 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalojwds.

The odontophore is about 64"^"' in total length, Avith the dentigevons
portion, where widest, abont il""" in wndth. The teeth are in seven
rows, with an exterior row of small, unarmed, thin, rhomboidal plates
on each side, thus conforming to the arrangement in the other
ten-armed eephalopods. The teeth are deep amber-color to dark
brown, and not unlike those of Loligo and Ontrnasirephes in form.
Those of the median row have three fangs, the central one longest ;
those on the next row% on either side, have two fangs ; while those of
the two outer lateral rows, on each side, are acute and strongly-
curved ; the outermost longest and simple, the next to the outer
often having a small denticle on the outer side, near the base. (See
Plate XVI«, figs. 1, 2, 3.)

The membrane of the odontophore is broad, firm and thick; the
dentigei'ous portion occupies only about a third of its width, in the
middle or broader portion, wdiere it is bent abruptly back u])on itself.
The lower or ventral portion measures, from the anterior bend to the
end, 20""" ; it narrows gradually to the broad obtuse end, the width of
the dentigerous portion deci'easing from 9 to 5""", the naked lateral
membrane decreasing from 8""" to a very narrow^ bordei*. The
upper portion, from the bend to the end, measures 42'""' in length
(in a straight line). The upper surface is deeply concave and infolded,
at first, with the lateral membrane broad and recurved ; fiirther back
it becomes more flattened, with the dentigerous port ion broader (11"""),
while the lateral membrane is abruptly narrowed and then extends
to tlie end as a very narrow^ border. Toward the end the rows of
teeth become more separated and tlie teeth smaller and paler, while
the membrane becomes thinner and narrower.

The internal shell, or ' pen,' w^as represented by numerous detached
pieces, which, after much trouble, I succeeded in locating and match-
ing, so as to restore both the anterior and posterior ends, and thus to
gain a fair idea as to what its original structure must have been.
The texture, form and structure of the pen was somewhat like that of
Loligo, but it was thinner, and had less definite outlines, and less of
the peculiar quill-shape seen in the latter. The posterior end, instead
of being pointed and regular in outline, appears to have been broadly
rounded, or somewhat truncated, with an indefinite outline, thinning
out gradually on all sides into a soft fibrous membrane, while the
shaft, or quill-portion, was not so distinctly differentiated from the
broader central portion, but increased in width quite regularly, from
near the anterior end. The fragments in my possession belong to
four more or less separated sections. The first section includes eleven

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 207

inches of the anterior end, from close to the extreme tip backward ;
the second section includes about uine inches, belonging to the ante-
rior portion, and extends to about twenty-five inches from the ante-
rior end, but lacks the extreme lateral margins, outside the costse
(Plate XV, fig. 3) ; the third section consists of about 7 -5 inches
belonging to the middle region, but does not include the whole width
on either side of the midrib; the fourth section is about 10 inches in
length, and comes from close to the posterior end, apparently repre-
senting nearly the whole width, on both sides.

From these fragments we can restore, pretty accurately, the first
twenty-five inches, and the last twelve inches or more, though the
precise form of the indefinite posterior margin must remain doubtful.
The extreme anterior tip is broken off", but it was evidently pointed
and pen-shaped, as in Loligo. At the mutilated end the breadth is
now about a third of an inch. From this point the lateral edo-es
diverge rapidly with a slightly concave outline, for about 1'25 inches
where the breadth becomes 1*20 inches; beyond this the maro-ins are
nearly straight and diverge gradually to the end of the first section
at eleven inches from the tip. At this place the breadth is 3-10
inches, the marginal portions, outside of the lateral costfe, beino-
about '-to of an inch, and the midrib about "25 of an inch broad.
Beyond this point a section about 4-75 inches long is entirely want-
ing, and the succeeding section lacks the marginal portions, the late-
ral costje forming the margins on both sides. At 19-50 inches from
the tip, the breadth, between the lateral costjie, is 3*75 inches; at 25
inches it is 5 inches broad. Whether the marginal portions origin-
ally extended to this point with a breadth as great as they have at
11 inches is uncertain, for their breadth decreases backward to that
point from a point about 4 inches from the tip, where their breadth
is 60 of an inch. The midrib is strongly marked, being raised into
a semi-cylindrical form, and of somewhat thicker material than the
lateral portions.; its breadth and height steadily increases throuohout
both these sections and the following one, until it becomes nearly
half an inch broad, but in the section from near the posterior end it
is low and narrow and decreases rapidly toward the end. The
lateral costae are well-marked, considerably elevated, and well
rounded ; they run, at first, close to and nearly parallel with the mid-
rib, but after the first three inches they diverge quite regularly to the
point, at 25 inches from the end, beyond which we cannot trace them
until they reappear in the first part of the posterior section. Avhere
they are quite small and soon fade out entirely, at some distance ft-om

208 A. E. Ve)'7'ill — JVorth Anierican Cephalopods.

the extreme end. Near the anterior end, between the principal
costa^ and tlie margin, tliere are two additional costae, much less dis-
tinct, and many faint radiating lines on each side. But these diverge
more rapidly and mostly run into the margin at six to eight inches
from the anterior end. The anterior portions and posterior portions
are pale yellow^ or baft", fading to whitish at the thin margins, and
deepening into pale amber at the midrib. Their substance is flexible,
translucent, and very thin — scarcely thicker than parchment, except
at the midrib and costae.

The third section evidently came from the middle region, where
the shell was thickest and broadest. This piece is 7'50 inches long,
and 4*10 broad, with a strongly convex midrib, '30 to 'So of an inch
broad, running through the center, but without any lateral costae.
In this portion the shell is much thicker and firmer than in the others,
and of a decided brownish yellow, or dull amber-color, but quite
translucent ; it is finely striated with close, nearly parallel lines.
The breadth and form of this middle portion must remain undeter-
mined, for the present. The posterior section is quite incomplete, but
is over ten inches long, and shows an extreme width of about six
inches, or 5-75 where the lateral costae disappear. Some of the frag-
ments extend backward eight inches or more beyond that i)oint, and
gradually fade out, both at the ends and lateral margins, into a
white, soft but tough, fibrous membrane. So far as this portion is
preserved, it indicates a broadly rounded and ill-defined posterior
termination.

To tliis species I refer, with some doubt, the tentacular-arm of Xo.
2, preserved in the museum of St. John's, Newfoundland. It agrees
essentially in form and size, as will be seen from the description and
measurements, with the corresponding arms of No. 5. Still it must
be remembered that, as yet, no reliable distinctions have been made
out between the tentacular-arms of A. Han^eyl and A. princeps.

The total length of the tentacular-arm of No. 2 w.as estimated at
30 to 35 feet. The portion saved measured, when fresh, 579'12'^^''- (19
feet). The circumference of the slender portion was 9 to lO*"'" ; of
the enlarged sucker-bearing part, 15-24'^^'" (6 inches) ; length of the
part bearing suckers, 76-2°"' (30 inches); diameter of the largest
suckers, 3-17"" (1*25 inches). Calculating from the photograph, the
portion bearing the larger suckers was about 45-7*^'" (18 inches) in
length, and about 6-35'='" (2*5 inches) broad, across the face; distance
between attachments of large suckers, 4*27'^'" (1*68 inches) ; outside
diameter of larger suckers, 2*95 to 3-18''" (ri6 to 1-25 inches) ; inside

A. E. Yerrill — North American Cephalopods. 209

diameter, 1*86 to 2'54'^™ ("74 to 1 inch) ; diameter of the small suckers
of the outside rows, 1-02 to 1-22'^'" (-40 to -48 of an inch). Mr. Har-
vey afterwards sent to me a full series of measurements of this arm,
as then preserved. It had contracted excessively in the alcohol, and
was only 13 feet one inch in length (instead of 19 feet, its original
length), the enlarged sucker-bearing portion being 27 inches; the
large suckers occupied 12 inches; the terminal part bearing small
suckers, 9 inches ; cii'cumference of slender portion, 3*5 to 4*25 inches ;
of largest part, 6 inches; breadth of face, among large suckers, 2*5
inches; from face to back, 1*62 inches; diameter of largest suckers
outside, -75 of an inch ; aperture, '63 of an inch. It will be evident
from these measurements, when compared with those made ^vhile
fresh and from the photograph, that the shrinkage had been chiefly
in length, the thickness remaining about the same, but the suckers
(which had lost their horny rims, and therefore their size and form,)
were considerably smaller than the dimensions previously given.
Comparing all these dimensions with those of the Logic Bay speci-
men, and calculating the proportions as nearly as possible, it follows
that this specimen was very nearly one-third larger than the latter, but
the large suckers appear to have been relatively smaller, for they
were hardly one-twelfth larger than in the Logic Bay specimen. As
the relative size of the large suckers is a good sexual character in cer-
tain sjlecies of squids, it is possible that this difierence may be a sex-
ual one, in this case.

To this species I formerly referred the jaws and two large suckers
from the ' club' of the tentacular-arms of the Bonavista Bay specimen
(No. 4, see p. 194). In form, size, and proportions the jaws resemble
those of the specimen (No. 5), described above, so that the size of
these two individuals must have been about the same. These jaws
had been dried and were very badly broken when received, so that
only part of their dimensions could be ascertained, at first, but I have
recently partially repaired them, so as to study them more Mly, (see
table nnder A. 2)rmceps). The total length of the iipper mandible
was about 105'"'". Tip of beak to notch 16""" ; notch to end of proper
cutting edge of alse, 75'"'". The lower mandible (Plate XXV, figs. 5,
5a) shows both sides of the rostrum and alse. The notch and tooth
are well-marked, and the tooth in front of it is narrower and much
more elevated on one side than on the other. It is, therefore, quite
possible that it belongs to A. pi'inceps. The suckers (Plate XVI,
figs. 5 and 6) had been dried, and have lost their true form, but
the marginal rings are perfect, and only 23-4™'" (-92 of an inch) in

Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol Y. 27 January, 1880.

210 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

diameter, but though somewhat smaller than in the specimen just
described, they have the same kind of denticulation around the
margin, Tlieir smaller size may indicate that the specimen was a
male, but they may not have been the largest of those on the arm.

Architeuthis princeps Verrill.

Arcliiteuthis i)rinceps Verrill, Amer. Journ. Science, vol. ix, pp. 124, 181, Plate V,
1875; American Naturalist, vol. ix, pp. 22, 79, figs. 25-27, 1875.

Ommastreplies {Architeuthis) princeps Tryon, Manual of Conchology, p. 185, PI. 85,
1879 (figures copied and description compiled from papers by A. E. V.).

Plate XVII, Plate XVIII, Plate XIX, Plate XX.

This species is distinguished by the length and inequality of the
short arms, of which the longest (ventral or subventral) exceed the
combined length of the head and body by about one-sixth ; by the
denticulation of the suckers of the short arms, of which there are two
principal forms, some having very oblique horny rings with the outer
edge very strongly toothed and the inner edge slightly or imperfectly
denticulated ; the others having less oblique rings with tlie denticles
similar in form all around, though smaller on the inner margin ; by
the stronger jaws, which have a deeper notch and a more elevated
tooth on the anterior edge ; and by the caudal tin, Avhich is short-
sagittate in form, with the posterior end less acuminate than in the
preceding species.

This species was originally based on the lower jaw, mentioned as
No. 1, and on the upper and lower jaws, designated as No. 10, in the
first part of this article. The jaws of No. 10 were obtained from
the stomach of a sperm whale taken in the North Atlantic, and were
presented to the Essex Institute by Capt. N. E. Atwood, of Province-
town, Mass., but the date and precise locality of the capture are un-
known. The size and form of these jaws is well shown in Plate
XVIII, figs. 1, 2. The total length of the upper jaw (fig. 1) is 127"""
(5 inches); greatest transverse breadth, .SV"™ (1*45 inches); front
to back, 89""" (3-5 inches); width of palatine lamina, 58-9'"™ (2'32
inches). The frontal portion is considerably broken, but the dorsal
portion remaining appears to extend nearly, but not quite, to the
actual posterior end, the length from the point of the beak to the
posterior edge being 86-4""" (3-4 inches). The texture is firmer and
the laminse are relatively thicker than in A. Ilarveyi. The rostrum
and most of the frontal regions are black and polished, gradually
becoming orange-])rown and translucent toward the posterior border,
and marked with faint striae radiating from the tip of the beak, and

A. M Verrill — JVbrth American Cephalopods. 211

by faint ridges or lines of growth parallel with the posterior margin ;
a sliglit but sharp ridge extends backward from the notch at the base
of the cutting edge, and other less marked ones from the anterior
border of the alae. The tip of the beak is quite strongly curved for-
ward, and acute, with a slight shallow groove, commencing just
below the tip, on each side, and extending backward only a short
distance and gradually fading out. The front or cutting edge is
nearly smooth and well curved, the curvature being greatest tOAvard
the tip ; at its base there is a broad angular notch, deepest externally.
The inner face of the rostrum is convex in the middle and concave
or excavated toward the margins, which are, therefore, rather sharp.
The anterior borders of the ala3 are convex, or rise into a broad, but
low, lobe or tooth beyond the notch, but beyond this they are nearly
straight, but with slight, irregular lobes, which do not correspond on
the two sides. The anterior edges of the alge make nearly a right
angle with the cutting edges of the rostrum. The palatine lamina
is broad, thin, and dark brown, becoming reddish brown and trans-
lucent posteriorly, with a thin, whitish border. The surface is
marked with unequal divergent striae and ridges, some of which,
especially near the dorsal part, are quite prominent and irregular ;
the posterior border has a broad emargination in the middle, but the
two sides do not exactly correspond.

The lower jaw (Plate XVIII, fig. 2) was badly broken, and
many of the pieces, especially of the alte, are lost, but all that
remain have been fitted together. The extreme length is 92™™
(3-63 inches) ; the total breadth, and the distance from front to
back cannot be ascertained, owing to the absence of the more
prominent parts of the oiiM ; from tip of beak to posterior ven-
tral border of mentum, 42*6""" (1*68 inches) ; from tip of beak to
posterior lateral border of ala?, 55 •9'""' (2*20 inches) ; from tip of beak
to posterior ventral border of gular lamina, 60"'™ (2-37 inches) ; from
tip of beak to bottom of notch at its base, 20""" (-80 inch) ; tip of
beak to inner angle of gular lamina, 47"'™ (1*85 inches); height of
tooth from bottom of notch, 6"25""" ("25 inch) ; breadth between
teeth of opposite sides, 15™'" (-60 inch) ; breadth of gular lamina,
in middle, 44*5™™ (1"75 inches). The beak is black, with faint radiat-
ing stria3, and with slight undulations parallel with the posterior
border ; the rostrum is acute, slightly incurved, with a notch near the
tip, from which a very evident groove runs back for a short distance,
while a well marked angular ridge starts from just below the notch,
and descends in a curve to the ala, opposite the large tooth, defining

212 A. K Verrlll — North Americmi Cephalopods.

a roughened or slightly corrugated and decidedly excavated area
between it and the cutting edges ; the cutting edge below this ridge
is nearly straight, or slightly convex ; the notch at its base is
rounded and deep and strongly excavated at bottom ; the tooth is
broad, stout, obtusely rounded at summit, sloping abruptly on the
side of the notch, and gradually to the alar edge. The anterior edge
of the aliB, beyond the tooth, is rounded and strongly striated ob-
liquely; it makes, with the cutting edge, an angle of about 110°.
The innner surfaces of the two sides of the internal plate of the
rostrum form an angle of about 45°,

The lower jaw of No. 1 (Plate XVIII, fig. 3) is represented only
by its anterior part, the alae and gular laminre having been cut away
by the person who removed it.* It agrees very well in form and color
with the corresponding parts of the oue just described, but is some-
what smaller. The lateral ridges of the rostrum are rather more
prominent, and the area within it is narrower and more deeply exca-
vated, especially at the base of the notch, Avhere the excavation goes
considerably lower than the inner margin. The notch is narrower
and not so much rounded at its bottom. The tooth is about the same
in size as that of No. 10, and appears to be even more prominent,
because the anterior edge of the aloe is more concave at its outer
base ; it is also more compressed and less regularly rounded at sum-
mit. This jaw measiires 32*5'"'" (rSO inches) from the tip to the pos-
terior ventral border of mentum ; 17™'" from the tip to the bottom
of the notch; 4™'" from bottom of notch to tip of the tooth.

Both these lower jaws agree in having a very prominent tooth on
the alar edge, with a large and deeply excavated notch between it
and the cutting edge of the beak, and in this respect differ from the
lower jaw of A. Harveyi^ for in the latter the tooth or lobe is broad
and less prominent, while the notch is narrower and shallower.
This seems to be the best character for distinguishing the jaws of
the two species. But they also differ in the angle between the alar
edge and the cutting edge of the rostrum, especially of the lower
jaw, for while in A. Harveyi this is hardly more than a right angle,
in A. princeps it is about 110°. Moreover, the darker color and
firmer texture of the jaws of the latter seem to be characteristic.

To this species I have referred the Catalina specimen (No. 14,
p. 189), preserved in the New York Aquarium. The jaws of the latter,
which were examined and carefully measured by me, agree very

* The specimen was given to the Smithsonian Institution by Mr. G. P. Whitman,
of Rockport, Mass., in 1872. (No. 2524).

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods, 213

closely, both in form and size, with those of No. 10, the type of the
species, but are a trifle larger. Tlie total length of the upper man-
dible is 133"""; greatest breadth, 99™"'; from inner angle of anterior
edge to the dorsal end of frontal lamina, 9o ; tip of rostrum, or
beak, to the dorsal end of frontal lamina, 92 ; tip of rostrum to
bottom of notch, 19 ; notch to inner end of anterior edge, 38 ;
transverse breadth between anterior edges, 17"'"'.

The total length of the lower mandible is 95™™; breadth, from
gular lamina to inner end of alge, 99 ; front edge of jaw to posterior
end of gular lamina, 83 ; breadth of alae, 41 ; posterior edge of alfe
to end of gnlar lamina, 44*5 ; tip of beak to bottom of notch, '22 ;
notch to inner angle of aire, 70 ; depth of notch, 3'5™"\

The general form of this species is very well shown on Plate XX.
This figure has been based upon the sketches and measurements
made by me soon after the specimen was received in New York and
before it had been " mounted" (see i)age 189). The head was, how-
ever, so badly injured that it could not be accurately figured, and
this part is, therefore, to be regarded as a restoration, as nearly
correct as could be made under the circumstances. It may require
considerable corrections, both as to size and form. The caudal fin is
remarkable for its small size, as in A. Harveyi. Its breadth is
scarcely more than that of the gi-eatest diameter of the body. It is
short-sagittate in form, with strongly divergent side lobes, which
extend forward beyond their lateral insertions, and end in a rounded
or blunt angle. The posterior end is somewhat prolonged and acute,
but less so than in that of A. Harveyi, which it otherwise resembles.
One of the figures (Plate XIX, fig. 2), was made by me several weeks
after it had been placed in strong alcohol, and had shrunk consider-
ably ; the other (fig. 1) was made by Dr. J. B. Holder after it had
been in alcohol only a few days.

When fresh, the caudal fin was 84*="' in breadth, but when sketched
by Dr. Holder its breadth was 7 1''"' ; its length, from posterior tip to
lateral insertions, 48*3'^™; from tip to end of lateral lobes, 6P™.

The length of the body and head together, when fresh, was about
289''"' (9*5 feet) ; but when measured by me it was about 218'="\

The sessile arms were unequal in size and length, the longer ones
considerably longer than the head and body together. Mr. Harvey
found that the longest arms, said to be the ventral ones, were SSS*^™
(11 feet) long, and 43*2°™ (17 inches) in circumference at base.
When first examined by me the ventral arms measured 10 '5 feet,
and were longer than any of the others, but all the rest were more

214 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

or less mnlitated at tlie tips, and several had tluis lost a considerable
portion of their length, so that it is quite probable that originally the
sub-ventral arms (or third pair) were actually longer than the ventral
ones. The circumference of the third pair of arms, when measured
by me, was considerably greater than that of the ventral ones ; the
former being 11"25 inches; the latter 10 inches. Hence I have
inferred that the greatest circumference (17 inches), measured by Mr.
Harvey, applies to the third pair of arms.

The ventral arms have both outer angles bordered by a strong,
thick marginal membrane, about an inch wide. The arms are all
more or less trapezoidal in form, and taper to very slender tips.
When examined by me they had already lost nearly all their suckers.
A few remained near the base of one of the arms of the third pair.
These were 25""" (1 inch) in diameter, with the aperture 15'5™'" (-62
inch) across ; the denticles on the outer border of the marginal ring
were broad-triangular, acute, and strongly incurved, much larger
than those on the inner margin.

Of the detached suckers, I have been able to study, with care, 18
specimens from the sessile arms. Part of these are represented only
by the horny marginal rings. The three largest differ from the rest
in having the denticles less incurved and more nearly alike all around
the margin, those on the inner edge being only somewhat smaller
and more slender than those on the outer margin, while the rings
themselves are less oblique and eccentric. These may have come,
perhaps, from the ventral arms, near the base. The other suckers all
belong to one type, like those seen upon the third pair of arms,
described above. They differ, however, very much in size, in the num-
ber of denticles, and in the presence or absence of more or less perfect
denticles on the inner margin, this, in the smaller ones, often being
without any distinct denticles whatever; the horny rings are very
oblique and the aperture eccentric. The diameters vary from 8"""
to 24'"'" externally; the apertures from 3 •5"'" to 20'"'".

One of the most perfect of these suckers {h) is preserved in alcohol
with the soft parts (Plate XVH, figs. 5, 6), and was sent to me from
Newfoundland by Mr. Harvey. This has a greater external diam-
eter of 22"""; diameter of aperture, 10'"'"; height of cup (outside),
16'""' ; height at center, 15""", height near inner margin, at attachment
of pedicel, 6""'"; length of pedicel, 14'"'"; diameter of pedicel, 1-5'"'".
In a side-view the sucker is oblique and gibbous ; the lower surface is
convex centrally, but has a dee|) notch or pit near the front margin,
in the bottom of which the slender but strong pedicel is attached.

A. E. Verrill — North American Gephalopods. 215

and the horny ring has a corresponding notch ; the outer or hack
portion is much swollen and pi'oduced downward and backward,
and here the horny ring is correspondingly broad. The aperture
is nearly circular, but is rather shorter from front to back than
transversely. In this and some of the other suckers of similar
size, the entire circumference of the margin is furnished with rather
large sharp denticles which are strongly inclined inward and con-
siderably larger on the outer than on the inner margin. There
are about thirteen of the large teeth, occupying rather more than
half the circiimference ; these are broad at base, bevelled off to
an acute edge on the sides, and somewhat acuminate, with sharp
tips. Those on the middle of the outer border point inward to
the center of the sucker, but those along the sides point rather
obliquely to the front margin. The front margin is occupied by
about seventeen smaller, unequal, acute, denticles, those in its cen-
ter the smallest and most regular; these are acute-triangular and
their points are directed more upward than those of the opposite
edge. The horny rings are light yellow (when di'ied they are white
and osseus), their denticles yellowish white, and often silvery white
and lustrous at tip and along their edges, especially when dried.
The suckers smaller than the above have fewer of the larger outei-
teeth, and usually fewer and less perfectly formed teeth along the
front margin. Those that have the aperture 7"'" or less in diameter
usually have the front margin of the ring only irregularly fissured,
Avith the intervals minutely denticulate or crenulate, while the outer
half of the margin may bear nine or ten large and well-developed
denticles, with broad stout bases and sharp edges and tip ; the edges
of these teeth along the middle are usually convex, and then the
outline is incurved to the acute point. One of the smaller suckers
examined has the aperture about 4'5'""> in diameter, with the same
form as the larger ones ; this has about six large, sharp, denticles, like
those above described, on the outer half of the margin of the rings,
while the front margin is nearly entire and smooth. The smallest one
(J) is similar, with but four distinct, large denticles, with another
imperfect, lobe-like one, on one side, and with a smooth front margin.
The three largest suckers, (Plate XVII, fig. 9), supposed to be
from near the base of the ventral arms, have about 45 marginal
denticles, of nearly uniform size, and less incurved than in those
above described. In these the back side of the horny ring is less
expanded, and therefore the suckers were less oblique than in the
smaller ones. The largest of these (a) had the aperture 20""" in
diameter.

216

A. E. Verrill — North American Cej^halopods.

Measurements of sucke

rs of short

irms

(millimetei

s).

a.

b.

c.

20

9
11

3-5
12
10

d.

20
9

12
3

12

17

e.

n

8-5
11

3

9
12

/■

16

8
11

2-5
12
15

9-
16

11

3
10

h.

10
5

7

i.

9-5
4-5

7
2
6

J-

Transverse diameter, outside.
Diameter of aperture, inside,
Breadth of horny ring, back side,

" " " front sidev
Numl3er of large denticles,
Number of small denticles,

24
•20
10
5
23
22

21
10-5

13

T7

8

3-5

5

1-5

4

The long tentacular-arms agree very closely with those of A.
Harveyi (No. 5) in form and in the arrangement of the suckers on
the 'club.' When fresh they measured 914-4'™ (.30 feet) in length
with a circumference of about 12-7''" (5 inches), except at the enlarged
club, which was 20-32'"'" (8 inclies) in the middle. But when first
examined by me they had shrunk to 731 •o'"' (24 feet) in length, and
the circumference of the slender portion was 0 to 10'™; that of the
club was 15-24^"' (6 inches). At that time the 'club' was 77-47""
(30-5 inches) long; that portion bearing the larger suckers was
48-26'^'" (19 inches); the wrist or portion bearing the smaller and
partly smooth -rimmed suckers and tubercles was 15 •24'^™ (6 inclies)
long ; the terminal portion, bearing small denticulated suckers was
22-86'='" (9 inches) ; the breadth of the front of the club was 7-62'="'
(3 inches). The terminal portion had a strong cai-ina-like membrane
or crest along the back, and was here 5'"' (2 inches) wide, from front
to back.

The large suckers (Plate XVII, figs. 1, la) of the tentacular-arms
are nearly circular in outline, and ai-e broad, depressed, little ob-
lique, constricted just below the upper margin, and then swelled
out below the constriction to the base. The calcareous ring is
strou"-, white, and so ossified as to be somewhat rigid and bone-like.
The margin is surrounded by numerous (about 45 to 50) nearly equal,
acute-triangular teeth, sometimes separated by spaces equal to their
breadth, at other times nearly in contact at their bases ; their edges
are so bevelled as to be sharp ; while there is a triangular thickening
in the middle of each, at base. A Avide, deep and concave groove
extends entirely around the rim a short distance below the margin ;
below this the lower part of the rim is somewhat, expanded and
irregularly plicated, varying in width. The largest ring studied by
me measures 3 1"""' in its greatest diameter externally; the aperture
is 26""" and 23"'"' across its longer and shorter diameters ;* greatest

* This specimen is somewhat warped, by drying, so that the aperture is not so
circular as when fresh.

A. E. Verrlll — North American Cephalopods. 217

height or breadth of rim, i]'""' ; least height, 8""" ; breadth of groove,
1-5 to 2""".

The marginal suckers (Plate XVII, fig. 10), alternating with the
large ones on the ' club,' are very oblique, with the rings strong
and very one-sided, the height of the back being more than twice
that of the front margin. The aperture is not circular, the outer
portion of the margin being incurved or straight. The groove
below the margin is narrow and deep, especially on the sides, but
only extends around the front and sides, being entirely absent on
the outer third of the circumference. The denticles are about 22 to
24, slender, acute, not crowded, the most of them being separated
by spaces greater than their breadth at base. The outer ones are
strongly incurved ; those along the sides are curved forward ob-
liquely toward the front margin, while those on the front margin
point upward and sometimes rather outward. The denticles are of
neai'ly equal length, but those of the front margin are both more
slender and more acute; they all have sharp bevelled edges and a
thickened median ridge or tubercle. The largest ring examined was
14°"" in diameter, height or breadth of back side of rim, 8""" ; of front
side, 3-5™"\

The small suckers, covering the last division of the club, are very
similar to the marginal ones last described, except that they are much
smaller and more delicate, wnth a narrower and less oblique rim.
The denticles of the inner margin are very acute and point obliquely
outward and upward. Greatest diameter of the one described, 6""" ;
height of back side of rim, 4'"'" ; of front side, 1 -5'""'.

The small terminal group of smooth-rimmed suckers, seen in Xo. 5,
weie not noticed, but they were not looked for specially.

To this species I have also referred the specimen (No. 13) from
Grand Bank, Fortune Bay, (see page 188, w^here the general meas-
urements are given). Fortunately, Mr. Simms was able to obtain the
jaws in pretty good condition, and also one of the largest suckers of
the tentacular-arms. These specimens were forwarded to me by the
Rev. M. Harvey. They had been dried, and the jaws, which were
still attached together by the ligaments, had cracked somewhat, but
all parts were present, except the posterior end of the palatine lamina,
which had been cut or broken off. Although these jaws had undoubt-
edly shrunken considerably, even when first received, they were
afterwards put into alcohol and have since continued to shrink, far
more than would have been anticipated, so that, at present, the de-
crease in some of the dimensions amounts to 20 per cent., while even

Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. Y. 28 February, 1880.

218 A. E. Verrill — JVbrth American Cephalopods.

the harder portions have decreased from 5 to 10 per cent, from the
measurements taken "when first received by me.* When first received
in 1875, the upper mandible measured Hi""" in total breadth (front
to back); 88'""' from tip of beak to anterior end of palatine lamina;
20™"' from tip of beak to the bottom of the notch. The lower man-
dible measured 96"'™ in total length ; 80'""' from tip of beak to inner
end of alse ; 19™™ from tip to bottom of notch.

At the present time (Jan., 1880), the breadth of the upper mandible
is about 90™™ ; from tip of beak to anterior end of palatine lamina (at
junction with anterior edge of aloe) 89"'™ ; tip of beak to bottom of
notch, 19'"™; breadth of palatine lamina, 58™™ ; beak to posterior end
of frontal lamina, 90™™ ; beak to posterior lateral edge of alffi, 43™™ ;
notch to end of anterior edge of alae, 33™™ ; notch to end of hardened
or black portion of same (proper cutting edge), 17™"'; transverse
breadth at notches, 16™™. The lower mandible measures, in length,
82™™ ; beak to inner end of alse, 67 ; to bottom of notch, 18 ; breadth,
alse to mentum, 78 ; end of alse to outer side of gular lamina, 84 ;
inner side of gular to mentum, 50 ; breadth of gulai', 44 ; bieadth of
alae, anterior to posterior edge, laterally, 29; tip of beak to posterior
ventral end of mentum, 33 ; tip to posterior lateral border of ahv, in
line with cutting edge of rostrum, 45™™ ; posterior lateral border of
alte to end of gular, 40 ; depth of notch, 3 ; breadth of tooth, 8 ;
notch to end of cutting or liardened edge of alas, 20; to inner end of
alae, 55; breadth transversely, across teeth, 16™™, (see also table of
measurements of jaws).

The beak of the upper mandible is sharp, strongly and regularly
curved, most so near the tip ; a radial ridge runs from the notch to
the lateral border of the alas ; the anterior or cutting edges of the ala3
are somewhat convex and irregularly crenulate. The lower mandible
has a sharp beak, with a slight notch close to the tip; the cutting
edges of the rostrum are otherwise nearly straight; the notches at the
base are deep and narrow V-shaped. The teeth are rather prominent,
obtuse, slightly bilobed at the summit ; the one on the right side of
the mandible is more prominent than the other, owing to the fact
that the edge of the ala, beyond it, is more concave in outline. There
is also a broad and slightly prominent lobe in the middle of the

* There is no reason to suppose that the shrinlcage has been any more in this case
than in the others, but I have not had an opportunity for mailing comparative meas-
urements from the same specimens when recently preserved, and again after long pre-
servation in alcohol, except in one other instance (Xo. 5), in which a similar shrinkage
was evident.

A. E. Yerrill — North Araerican Cephalopods.

219

anterior edge of the ahv. Tlie sides of the rostrum are strongly ex-
cavated tOAvard the base and around the notches, and i-adially sti'iated.
The jaws are dark brown, becoming blackish toward the tips.

Comparative measurements of jaics (in inches).*

Upper mandihie:

Length, beak to end of palatine, . .

Greatest breadth, palat. to frontal

Greatest transverse diameter,

Inner end of alae to dorsal end of

frontal,

Tip of beak to same,

Tip to anterior end of palatine lam

ina,

Tip to bottom of notch,

Notch to end of anterior edge of alse,
Transverse breadth at notch. . . .
Transverse breadth between edges

of alse, .-

Breadth of palatine lamina,

End of palatine to edge of frontal

lamina,

Beak to posterior edge of alae, lat-
erally,

Loiver mandible :

Total length, beak to end of gnlar

Mentiim co inner end of alte,

Total breadth, gidar lamina to end

of a\ee.

Breadth of gular lamina,

Anterior edge of alae to end of gular

lamina,

Tip of beak to end of mentum, me-
dially,

Tip to end of gular lamina, medially.

Breadth of alse (laterally),

End of gular lamina to al;e, laterally,

Tip of beak to bottom of notch,

Tip to post, edge of ala;, laterally, .

Tip to inner end of ate,

Tip to inner angle of gular lamina.

Notch to inner angle of alse

Depth of notch.

Breadth of tooth in front of notch,
Spread of jaws, between teeth,

A. Harveyi.

3-55
2-49 +

2-37 +

•63
•60

No. 5.
Rec.

2-60 +

1-18

•62
1-67
2^33
1^20
1-92
•12
■30

2^84

2^06
•69

3-44

•69
2-63

No. 5.
Later.

3^85
2-60
1

2^50
2^55

•61
1-10

A. princeps.

No. 1. No. 10.

No.131 No. 13.
Fr'sh Pres'd.

1-70
2^20
1-40

3
2^55

2-65
1-50

2-45

•85
1^85

•93 +
1^50

•60
r50 +
2-10 +
I^IS
^77

•12

1-30 +

■67

•15
•35

5^

3^50 +
1^45

3 +
3^40 +

•75
1-15

2^32
3^15
1^95 +
363

1^75

3^15

1-68
2-37
1-50
1^60
■80
2^20

r85

■is

■32
•60

4^50

3-57
•81

3-75 +
3^54 +
1^15

2-95 +
3^17

•75

1-30

■63

1
2^30

1-70

3^89 3
.- 3

..' 2

--I 1
.-' 2
1
1

•77

3-45

24
08

32
74

68

31
40
15
58
71
78
67
28
17
12
32
64

No.
14.

5^25
3^88

3-75
3^62

•75
1-50

•69
350

3'75
3^88
3-25

1^62

1-75

•87

2^75
•13

•38

* Xos. 1 and 10 had been dried for many years; all the others had been preserved
in alcohol : Nos. 4 and 13 for several years; No. 5 about one year; No. 14 for only
a few days. The amount of shrinkage is considerable in those preserved long in
alcohol, or dried.

220

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

Comparative measurements of Architeuthis Sarveyi and
A. princeps (in inches).

No

5. i

No. 2.

No. 14.

A. Harveyi. 1

A. Harveyi.

A. princeps.

Fresh.

Pres'd.

Fr'h.

Pres'd.

Fr'h.

Pres'd.

Total length to tips of short arms,

166?

?46

212

Total length, to tip of tentacular-arms,

382?

480

372

92?

114

86

75?

9ft

67

Head, from base of arms to mantle (above),

10?

..

14?

12

Body, edge of mantle to tip of tail (above),

82

..

--

__

100?

74

Tip of tail to insertion of fin,

18?

17

_.

_.

19

Breadth of caudal fin

22

16

33

28

From end of body to outer angle of fin,

27?

23

..

24-5

Front edge of fin, outer angle to side of body, —

2..

6-5

_.

_.

.-

10

Circumference of body,

66

S4

66

Circumference of head.

..

..

48

Length of tentacular-arms, . .-

88
30

161
30

348?
30

27

360
36

289

Length of sucker-bearing portion, —

30^6

Length of dorsal arms (1st pair), _- -

72?

81 +

Leno"th of lateral arms (2d pair),

72?

100 +

Length of lateral arms (3d pair), . .

72'

76 +

Leno'th of ventral arms (4th pair), _

72

13?,

126

Circumference of 1st pair of arms, at base,

7

..

..

..

9

Circumference of 2d pair of arms, at base,

8

._

..

9^5C

Circumference of 2d pair, 3 ft. from base, -

..

7-5(]

Circumference of 3d pair, at base,.. -

10

8

17

ll-2fi

Circumference of 3d pair, 3 ft. from base,

..

..

9

Circumference of 4th pair, at base,

9

7-5

_.

10

Circumference of 4th pair, 4 ft. from base, - .

..

..

.

8^5

Circumference of tentacular-arms,

3-75

2-75

4

3i-4i
6

5

4

Circumference of terminal club of same,

4-5

6

8

6

Diameter of largest sucker of tentacular-arms, . .

..

1-15

1-28

1-25

1^25

1

Diameter of largest sucker of sessile arms,

1

•84

__

1

1

Aperture of latter, .

•68

•80

•8(

Details of tentacular-arms :

Length of 'club' or expanded portion, .

31

30

30

27

30-5

Of part of club bearing 24 largest suckers,

15

14

18

14

..

19

Of ' wrist' or part with group of small suckers, .

7

7

_.

..

6

Of terminal part with small suckers, _

9

9

9

9

Breadth of ' club ' in middle, - -

1-5

2^5

2^5

3

Breadth of wrist,

1-6

2-6

1-5

..

3

Breadth of slender middle portion,

..

1-15

..

1-5

Breadth of tip (from front to back),

1-75

..

1^5

2

Circumference of club,

4-5

5^5

6

5

6

6

Circumference of middle portions of arm

2i-^

2i-3i

..

3*-4i

..

3^-4

Distance between pedicels of large suckers,

1-15

1^68

1-44

--

Distance between pedicels diagonally,

.-

1

1^32

1^31

--

Details of suckers of '■cluh:'

Largest suckers, diameter in middle -

1-25

1-15

r28

r24

125

Largest suckers, diameter of horny ring,

•92

._

1-15

11.

Diameter of facets around suckers,

__

1

1-40

..

r2i

Largest suckers, height from attachment,

1

..

..

--

•7.

Largest suckers, length of pedicels,

..

•40

..

.-

--

■5(

Largest suckers, height of ring, - . .

--

•32

--

--

--

•4

Secondary suckers, next to wrist, diameter,

..

•24

..

--

--

■4.

Marginal suckers, diameter of rings, —

.40

•48

•6

Marginal suckers, height of rings, outer side,

..

•28

..

--

--

•3

Sessile suckers of wrist, diameter

__

•12

i --

•28

..

--

Suckers of terminal section, diameter,

--

i-fcr

--

--

--

--

A. E. Yerrill — North American Cephalopods. 221

The dried sucker from the teiitaciilar-arin appears to have been one
of the hirgest, (Phxte XYII, fig. 11). At the present time the trans-
verse diameter of the ring, outside, is 28""" ; diameters of the edge, 24
and 22™'" ; greatest breadth of the ring, including denticles, 9'5"^™ ;
least breadth, on inner side, 6*o"'"\ There are 48 marginal denticles,
which are nearly the same in size and form, all around. They are
narrow, triangular, acute, with the edges bevelled sharp, and with a
central, thickened, triangular ridge on the outside. The ring is white,
hard, smooth, and osseous in appearance.

Of the other specimens enumerated in the first part of this paper,
it is probable, judging from the proportions given, that Nos. 16, 18,
and 19 also belonged to A. princeps. Nos. 18 and 19 appear to have
been much larger than any of the examples of which portions have
been preserved, and it was very unfortunate that the persons who
scoured them did not know their value, for they were both found
within a few miles of the settlement at Little Bay Copper Mine, on
the south arm of Notre Dame Bay, and could easily have been taken
to St. John's.

Additional note on the suckers of Architeuthis Harveyi,
After printing the description of A. Harveyi some additional loose
sucker-rims, from specimen No. 5, were found. Among these are
some of the second or oblique kind, described as existing on the sessile
arras of ^4. princeps. Therefore the remarks (on p. 201), in respect
to the supposed absence of suckers on the former, will no longer hold
good. These suckers of the second kind differ, however, from the
corresponding ones of A. princeps in having, on the outer margin,
more numerous, more slender and sharper teeth, which taper regu-
larly from base to tip and are not so flattened. The larger of these
sucker-rims {i) are 14"5°^"' in diameter, across the base ; aperture, 9"'"' ;
height at back, 7"'°^ ; in front, 2"'™ ; number of large denticles on
outer margin, 10 to 14; the inner margin, except in the smaller ones,
is either finely toothed or distinctly crenulated, and there are usually
one or more irregular, broad, sharp, lobes or imperfect teeth on the
lateral margins. The teeth of the outer margin are regular, strongly
incurved, tapering from the base to the very sharp tips, and sharply
bevelled on the edges. A smaller one {j) ii™'" across the base, and
4-5 across the aperture, with height of back, 6""", has five regular sharp
teeth on the outer margin ; two broad irregular ones on each side,
while the front edge is nearly entire.

With these there were also some of the largest and least oblique

222

A. E. Verrill — North American Gephalopods.

of the suckers, some of them (<?, g) slightly exceeding the largest of
those described on p. 201, but showing no distinct variation; others
(A) are completely intermediate between the two principal forms,
having very oblique rims, with a small aperture, but distinctly
denticulate all around, the denticles on the inner margin being
distinctly smaller than on the outer.

The following table of measurements will supplemeut those on
page 201.

Measurements of sucker-rims from short arms (milliineters).

Diameter, at base,

Diameter of aperture.

Height or breadth of ring, at back,

" " ■' front side,

Nnmber of distinct denticles, .

e.

/

g-

h.

i.

J-

21

19

20-5

16

14-5

11

17

16

16-5

9-5

9

4-5

8

7-5

7-5

9-5

7

6

3

3

3

3

2

15

50

48

49

34

14

7

Sthenoteuthis, gen. nov.

(Type Arcliiteuthis megaptera Verrill.)

This group is instituted to include certain species of squids, remark-
able for the large size and high development of their organs of loco-
motion, especially of the caudal fin and siphon, and for the presence
of a broad, thin web along the lowej- side of the lateral arms, outside
the suckers.

The tentacular-arms are, like those of Architeuthis, very long,
slender, and jarovided, at the base of the club, with smooth-rimmed
suckers alternating with rounded tubercles, for the mutual adhesion
of the two arms; the central part of the club is, as in Architeuthis,
provided with two central rows of large serrated suckers, and a row
of smaller marginal ones, on each side, of diiferent form, alternating
with them. The lateral arms have a well-developed median crest,
(most developed on the third pair) along the outer side ; on the lower
inner angle there is a thin, membranous web, often more than twice
as wide as the arm, along the whole length, much more highly de-
veloped than in typical Oiumastrephes, in which a narrow marginal
membrane occurs. On the ventral arms the inner face is broader than
on the others, and the tw^o rows of suckers are wider apart. The
suckers on all the sessile arras are strongly denticulated on the outer
side of the rim, with smaller or obsolete teeth on the inner side.

Caudal fin very large, i-homboidal. Internal bone or pen similar
to that of Ommcistrephes.

Odontophoi-e with seven rows of teeth, median tooth with three

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 223

large denticles ; inner lateral teeth with two unequal points ; two
outer laterals simple, slender. Eyes as in Ommastreplies.

This group is related on one side to Architeuthis, on the other to
Ommastrephes. The armature of the tentacular-arms will distinguish
it from the latter, and the large caudal iin and broad membrane of the
sessile arms from the former.* The dentition of the type is peculiar,
so far as known. In addition to the typical species, this genus
will doubtless include several species with marginal webs, that have
hitherto been referred to Ommastrephes; but they are mostly too in-
definitely described and figured to show the special characters referred
to. Thus, O. pteropus Steenstrup belongs to this genus, if a specimen
from Bermuda, now in ray possession, be correctly identified. f

Sthenoteuthis megaptera Yeniii.

Architeuthis megaptera Verrill, Amer. Journ. Science, vol. xvi, p. 207, 1878. Tryon,
Manual of Conchology, vol. i, p. 187 (description copied from preceding paper).

Plate XXI, figures 1-9.

Much smaller than the species of Architeuthis, the total length
of the body and head being but nineteen inches. Body relatively
short and thick. Caudal fin more than twice as broad as long, the
length about half that of the body. Its form is nearly rhombic, with
the lateral angles produced and rounded, and the posterior angle
very obtuse, the posterior edge, as preserved, being slightly concave.

The ventral anterior edge of the mantle is concave centrally, with
a slight angle to either side, about '15 inch from the center; from
these angles it is again concave to the sides ; on the dorsal side the
edge advances farther forward than beneath, terminating in a slightly
prominent, obtuse angle in the middle of the dorsal edge. The ex-
ternal ear consists of a slightly elevated, transverse lamina, with three
thicker and much more elevated lamina? which extend forward, on
the head, one in the median line of the eye, with one above and one
below it, the lower one longest and least elevated, curving downward
beneath the head. The two upper ones are broadly rounded at top.
Behind the transverse fold there is a deep, irregularly crescent-shaped
fossa. The eye-sockets are large, oblong, and furnished with distinct

* According to the statement of Gervais, Architeuthis dux has similar membranes.

f S. Sartramii (Ommastrephes Bartramii (Leach) D'Orb.) also belongs to this genus,
but is a more slender species. It has the characteristic smooth suckers and tubercles
on the wrist of the ' club,' and a very broad caudal fin. It lives in the region of the
Gulf Stream.

224 A. JS. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

lid-like margins. The eyes are large, prominent, oblong, and naked ;
the anterior portion is swollen laterally on both sides. The short
arms are trapezoidal, the doi'sal ones somewhat shorter (about 1"25
inch) and smaller than the othei'S, which are nearly equal in length,
the second pair being stouter than the rest, and a little longer. The
dorsal arras have a slightly prominent membrane along the outer
angles ; the subdorsal or upper lateral arms are narrowed to an acute
edge or crest on the outer angle, but on the inner angle have a broad,
thin, marginal membrane, outside the suckers. The lower lateral
arms are similar in size and form, and also have a very broad, lateral,
marginal membrane, next to the suckers, on the lower side. The
ventral arms are more slender and a trifle longer, and have narrower
marginal membranes. Tlie tentacular-arms are slender, elongated,
expanded toward the tip, and have suckers arranged much as in the
gigantic species, even to the smooth-edged suckers and opposing
tubercles, proximal to the large suckers, as I have described them in
A. Harveyi. The sucker-bearing portion is margined by a membrane
on each side.

The small proximal suckers of the tentacular-arms occupy about
44.5mm (1-75 inches) at the commencement of the terminal club; they
are about 1-5'""' in diameter, circular, regularly cup-shaped, with a
nearly even, smooth rim ; they are raised on slender pedicels. Alter-
nating with these are smooth rounded tubercles, which are also on
pedicels and slightly larger than the intervening suckers. There are
four suckers and four tubercles in the row along the inner margin ;
along the outer margin there are fewer, smaller suckers, but without
horny rings ; if they originally had such rings they were probably
smaller than the others. Tlie large suckers (Plate XXI, fig. 9),
forming the two central rows on the terminal club, are furnished
with a somewhat oblique, dark brown ring, very strongly and sharply
toothed around the outer portion of the edge, and usually Avith one
tooth larger and longer than the rest, on the middle of the outer
margin ; inner margin with much smaller, very acute teeth, of unequal
size. The teeth are gold-colored at tip.

Larger suckers of the sessile arms are \Qxy oblique, with tiie rim
strong, dark brown, bearing large, strong, sharp, much incurved, une-
equal teeth on the outer side of the rim ; the inner margin is entire.
The ventral arms bear about 44 similar suckers, exclusive of the
minute ones close to the end ; the largest ones are situated beyond
the middle of the arm. The lateral arms bear about the sanu' num-
ber of large suckers, with numerous minute ones at the tip. The

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 226

dorsal arms bear, each, about 30 suckers, exclusive of the small ter-
minal ones.

The 22d sucker of the left ventral arm (Plate XXI, figs. 8, 8a),
has a sti'ong, somewhat elliptical rim, with 7 strong and very acute
incurved teeth on the outer side, and with the opposite margin on the
inner side smootli for more than a third of the circumference. The
median tooth on the outer margin is decidedly larger and longer than
the others, and abruptly bent inward above its base. It is elongated
and gradually tapered to the very acute tip, but thick and channelled
externally at its base. To the right and left of this are three similar,
but smaller, unequal teeth, all strongly curved inward toward the
inner margin, (not convergent to the center). Of these the second
from the central tooth, on each side, is the largest, and the third is
the smallest. Between the latter and the smooth inner edge there is
a small rounded lobe, or blunt tooth. Peduncle broad toward the
rim, tapering rapidly to the slender base. Outer sides of rim much
higher than inner. Greater diameter, lO'"""; lesser, V""" ; greater
interior diameter, 7""'; total height, 13"""; longest tooth, 2-5™"\

The exposed portion of the upper mandible is black ; the point is
strongly curved, acute, with a smooth cutting edge, separated from
the inner lobe by a deep, acute notch ; inner lobe or edge of alas thin,
broadly rounded, with a slightly rounded, uneven edge. Length of
mandible, 29"^™ ; distance from bottom of notch to tip, 10™"" ; internal
breadth between lobes, 8™"'.

The lining membrane of the palate (Plate XXI, fig. 2), is pale,
translucent, covered with rather large, whitish, translucent teeth, vari-
able in form and size, but mostly rather broad at base and tapering to
an obtuse tip ; some are more slender and acute. No granules were
detected on the membrane.

The odontophore (Plate XXI, figs. 3-7), M^as too much injured to
show its general form, but it appeared to resemble that of A. Har-
vei/i. The lateral membrane was broad in the middle, translucent,
white. No plates outside the lateral teeth could be detected. The
teeth all have slender, acute tips. The median teeth have three points
of equal length ; the inner lateral ones have two points, the outer one
considerably shorter and smaller than the other; the two outer lateral
teeth are simple, long, acute, the outermost rather narrower at base
and somewhat longer.

Total length, 109*^^"^ (43 inches) ; length of body and head, 4S-2<^'"
(19 inches); length of body from dorsal edge of mantle, 35'56'^^"' (14
inches); from ventral edge, 33*16''" (13 inches); of head from edge

Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. Y. 29 February, 1880.

Measurements of Sthenotenthis megaptera and S. pteropus (in inches).

Length, tip of tail to end of dorsal arms,

'• tip of tail to end of 3d pair

" to end of tentacular-arms,

" to base of arms, --

From base of arms to mantle, —

Tip of tail to edge of mantle (above),

" " (below),

Tip of tail to center of eye,

Length of caudal fin (tip to insertion), —

Breadth of caudal fin,

Breadth between lateral insertions,

End of body to outer angle of tin, .

Front edge of fin, from outer angle to insertion,

Circumference of body, - -.

Breadth of body, - -.

Breadth of head, ...

Diameter of eye-opening (longitudinal),

■' " (transverse),

Length of tentacular-arms,

Length of dorsal arras, (1st pair, )

" subdorsal " (2d pair,)

" subveutral " (3d pair), .-.

" ventral " (4th pair. ) . .

Breadth of 1 st pair of arms, at base, ..- -.

2d "

" 3d " -

4th " --

" tentacular-arms,

" terminal club of same, .

Length of siphon, iu middle, — -

Breadth of siphon, at base,

Breadth of aperture of siphon,

Details of tentacular -arms :

Length of ' club, ' or expanded part,

" part bearing large suckers, .

'• ' wrist.' bearing smaller suckers,

' ' tip, with small suckcs,

Breadth of ' club, ' in middle,

" middle of arm,

Details of suckers :

Diameter of largest suckers of tentacular-arms,

•' rims of same, ..

" largest suckers of dorsal arms,

" rims of same,

" largest suckers of 2d pair

" rims of same,

" largest suckers of 3d pair, . .. .

" rims of same, —

" largest suckers on ventral arms,

" rirasofsame,

Jaws :

Upper mandible — total length,

" " tip of beak to bottom of notch, ..

" " tip to dorsal edge of frontal lamina

" " breadth between anterior lobes of ala3,

" '• breadth of palatine,

Lower mandible — total length,

" " depth, end of alas to mentum, ..
" " beak to notch,

S. megap-

S. pter-

S. megap-

tera.

opus.

tera?

N. Scotia.

Bermuda.

Sable I.Bk.

25-5

27-5

29-5

43

..

19

20-5

5

6^25

14

14-75

13

14-5
18^5

G

6-75

13-5

11-25

2-33

2

7

7-25

6-5

5^5

12-5

Wo

5

4-75

4

3 +

1-25

r75

•75

1-25

24

6-5

7-25

8

8-75

8-5

9-25

8

9-25

•75

■75

1-12

■80

roo

-90

VOO

-90

•33-^50

40-75

•75

2-5

._

2

--

1

6-5

3-25

..

1-25

..

1-50

__

•75

__

•50

--

•40

•32

..

•28

•20

•40

•28

•32

•24

•40

-30

•32

-22

1-16

1-68

1-25

•40

•40

■34

1-32

■98

•32

•32

■25

•84

-70

1-16

■91

M2

■87

•44

•31

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 22*7

of mantle to base of arras, 12'7"" (5 inches) ; length of long tentaculai*-
arms, 55*8 and 60-9''" (22 and 24 inches) respectively; of first (dorsal)
pair of arms, 16"5'^'" (6"5 inches); of second pair, 20*3'^"' (8 inches) ;
of third pair, 21-6'^'" (Bo inches) ; of fourth pair, 20-3'"™ (8 inches) ;
length of caudal fin, 15-24'^'" (6 inches); breadth, 34-3'='" (13-5 inches) ;
transverse distance between insertions of caiidal fins, 5-9"" (2*33 in-
ches); breadth across body in middle, 12-7"" (5 inches); circumfer-
ence of body, Zl'T'^ (12'5 inches) ; length of eye-opening, 3-2'^^"'; its
breadth, 1-9'^'"; length of sucker-bearing portion of tentacular-arms,
l(j-5'^"' (6-5 inches) ; of portion bearing large suckers, 8-25'='" (3*25 in-
ches); breadth, 1'9'"'" (-75 inch); length of terminal portion, 3-8*^"'
(1"5 inches); diameter of naked or peduncular portion, '8 to 1*25"";
breadth of dorsal arras at base, 1-9'""; of second pair, 2*57""; of third
pair, 2"54""; of fourth pair, 2-54''" ; diameter of largest tentacular
suckers, 9""" to 10"""; of their rims, 7 to 8'"'"; diameter of largest
suckers of ventral arms, 10'"'" (-40 inch); of their rims, 7 to 8""".

Color, in alcohol, reddish or purplish brown, speckled with darker
brown, on the dorsal surface of body ; upper side of head and outer
sides of arms thickly covered with specks of purplish brown ; inner
surfaces paler, much as in the common small squids ; sides yellowish
brown, under surfaces yellowish brown, tinged with purplish.

This unique specimen was cast ashore, during a severe gale, near
Cape Sable, N. S., several years ago, and was secured for the Provin-
cial ^luseura at Halifax by J. Matthew Jones, Esq. It is preserved
entire, in alcohol, and is still in good condition.

I refer doubtfully, to this species, an entire beak, with the odonto-
phore, presented by C^apt. Geo. A. Johnson and crew, of the schooner
" A. FI. Johnson." It was taken at Sable Island Bank, Nova Scotia, in
280-300 fathoms, Sept., 1878. This beak has the exposed parts black ;
the internal lamina? reddish brown. The upper mandible is sharp
and strongly incurved, with a small narrow notch at its base, from
which runs a raised lateral line; beyond the notch the anterior edge
of the ala is convex and slightly uneven. The lower mandible has a
small notch below the incurved tip ; below this, the cutting edge is
slightly concave to the basal notch, which is narrow on the right side,
but broader and V-shaped on the left ; beyond the notch the alar
tooth in narrow, prominent and truncate on the right, but broader
and blunt on the left. Opposite the notch and tooth the side of the
beak is strongly excavated. Total length of upper mandible, 31°"";
height, palatine to frontal, 24 ; tip to bottom of notch, 8*5 ; tip to
dorsal edge of frontal larainse, 24*5 ; breadth between anterior lobes

228 A. E. Verrill — N'orth Americati Cephalopods.

of alse, 6*2; breadth of palatine, 17*5. Total length of lower man-
dible, 23""" ; height, mentuni to inner end of alae, 22 ; tip to notch,
7'8 ; tip to end of mentum, 8*2 ; tip to dorsal end of gnlar, 16 ; trans-
verse breadth at alar teeth, 7""". (See Plate XXVI).

The odontophore is similar to that of S. megaptera, but the lateral
denticles of the median and inner lateral teeth are relatively shorter,
and these, with some other differences, render it doubtful whether
this beak can belong to that species. The odontophore is 4™"' broad ;
the teeth are all sharp, rather slender, pointed, and pale amber-
color. A slight, snioothish, marginal ridge borders the dentigerous
zone on each side, but is scarcely divided into distinct plates. The
median teeth have three sharp, rather slender denticles, the median
about a third longer than the lateral ; the inner lateral teeth have a
long point, with the acute outer denticle much shorter ; the teeth of
both outer rows are long, considerably incurved, acute, the outer ones
the more slender.

Sthenoteuthis pteropus Yerriii.

Ommasirephes ptc')'opus Steenstrup ?

Plate XXVI.

A large squid, 74*8'^"^ (29"5 inches) long from tail to tip of longest
sessile arms, similar in size and form to the preceding, and closely
allied to it, has been sent to me by Mr. G. Brown Goode, who col-
lected it at Bermuda. It is probably the Omniastrephes pteropus
of Steenstrup, but I have seen no full description of the latter, and
figures only of the mandibles.

Our specimen is entire, excej)t that it has lost the ' clubs' of the
tentacular-arms. It is in fair condition, though considerably con-
tracted by long ^^reservation in too strong alcohol. The head,
however, has been pulled out from the mantle to an uiuiatural extent,
so as to increase the total length from 3 to 4'''", at least. The ventral
arms do not show any of the sexual modifications characteristic of the
male squids, and, therefore, it is doubtless a female.

Most of the measurements are given in the table with those of S.
megaptera j some of the more general are as follows : length from end
of body to tip of dorsal arms, GG'S"" (27*5 inches) ; to edge of mantle,
dorsally, 37-5^'" (14-75 inches) ; to base of dorsal arms, 52^'" (20-5
inches) ; to center of eye, 47^^'" ; to lateral insertion of fin, length, 17""
(6-75 inches) ; to outer angle of fin, along posterior edge, 18-4'^™ (7"25
inches); breadth of fins transversely, 28'5"" (11*25 inches); outer
angle to lateral insertion, along front edge, 14"" (5*6 inches); between

A. E. Verrill — North American CephalopocJs. 229

lateral insertions, 5''" (2 inches); breadth of body, 11-9""; circum-
ference of body, 29'2'^"' (11-5 inclies).

The body is stout, acuminate posteriorly ; the anterior border of the
mantle, beneath, is even, and not distinctly emarginate in the middle.

The caudal fin is large, broad, transversely rhomboidal, but neither
so broad uor so large pi'oportionally as in S. megciptera. The siphon
is very large and broad, (63""" long by 50 broad), with a large aper-
tui-e, 25'"'" wide. The eye-balls are very large, elongated, measuring,
although somewhat collapsed, about 42'"'" long by 31'""' broad. The
eye-openings, as distended, are large, oblong, elliptical, with a broad
sinus, and slightly thickened edges.

The ai-ms are stout and rather long, the third and ventral pairs
being nearly equal in length ; those of the second pair are about
12'o'""' shorter than those of the third; the dorsal ones about 63"'"'
shorter than those of the second. The dorsal arms are 18*4''"' long,
trapezoidal in form, the outer face convex and about r9"" broad ;
the lateral and inner faces, 1-2'^'"; along the inner angles there is a
narrow membrane, outside the suckers. Those of the second pair are
24-7'^'" in length ; their transverse breadth is about 2'^'" ; from inner
face to outer angle, 1'9'"' ; along the outer angle, in these, is a thick
acute-edged crest, widest in the middle of the arm ; along the lower
inner angle, outside the suckers, there is a broad and very thin mem-
brane, 2*5'^^'" or more in width ; along the upper inner angle, is a
similar membrane, about •6'^^'" wide.

The arms of the third pair are 26''" long, (31'^'" from center of eye
to tip of arms) ; they are compressed, 2*25"" broad at base; on the
outer angle, along the middle, there is a very prominent crest, so
that, in this part, the distance from inner face to outer angle, is 4'"' ;
along the lower-inner angle there is a very broad, thin, delicate web,
where widest at least 5 to 7"" (2 to 2*75 inches) wide, (it is consider-
ably torn and may have been still wider) ; it is widest beyond the
middle of the arm ; on the upper-inner angle the corresponding mem-
brane is about O-e'^'" wide. Transverse, thick, fleshy ridges run out
from between the suckers a short distance on these membranes, and
then fade out. The ventral arms are 2-25'^™ broad at base, and trape-
zoidal ; they have a smaller crest along the outer angle, and a narrow
membrane along each inner angle.

All the sessile arms bear similar suckers, all of which are provided
with 7 to 13 large, very acute, incurved teeth on the outer margin of
the very oblique, horny rings, and with much smaller, sometimes
rudimentary ones on the inner margin, much as in S. megaptera.

230 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

The largest of all the suckers are near the middle of the second pair
of lateral arms, from the sixth to the sixteenth, and especially from
the ninth to the fourteenth; the diameter of the ninth is 10""", the
edge of its rim, 8""". On the dorsal arms the eighth to the thirteenth
are the largest ; the diameter of the ninth is 7'"'" ; edge of homy rim,
5'"'". On the third pair the eighth to the fourteenth ai'e largest; the
diameter of the tenth is 8""" ; its rim 6'"'". On the ventral arras the
fourteenth to the twentieth are largest; the diameter of the tifteenth
is7-5'"'"; its rim 5*5""". On the ventral arms the rows of suckers
are more separated than on the others, its inner face being wider.
On the lateral arms, towai'd the base, the two rows are nearer to-
gether, while the suckers of each row are distant, so that they almost
form one irregular row, at first. The suckers are all ^ ery oblique,
with the horny rims very low or narrow in front, and very high on
the outer side ; these rings are dark brown, but the teeth have a
golden luster.

The thick fleshy margin, outside the denticulated edge of the horny
ring, is completely covered all around, by a series of thin, bracket-
shaped, horny plates, light brown in color, arranged radially and
movable with the membrane to which they are attached for the
most of their length; both the outer and the inner ends are free and
turned upward, like a small tooth or denticle ; those of the inner end
are mostly acute, and form a circle of minute movable denticles,
nearly in line witb the large teeth of the horny ring, five to ten occu-
pying the intervals between the large teeth of the largest suckers ;
those plates that stand opposite the teeth of the horny ring are
shorter than the others, and often broader, and have no denticle on
the flat or upcurved inner ends, which fit to the form of the base of
the tooth in front of them ; the outer ends are abruptly bent upward
and often inward, forming a denticle or flattened hook, usually
rounded at the end. These marginal plates vary greatly in width
and form, even on the same sucker, according to position, and small,
imperfectly developed, wedge-shaped ones are interpolated between
the larger ones, around the peripher5\

One of the largest suckers (the twelfth of the second pair of arms)
has 22 teeth on the horny ring ; of these five are small, but sharp, on
the middle of the inner border ; nine, on the outer border, are largest ;
and four, on each side, are intermediate in size. The median tooth on
tbe outer margin is largest, and the one next to it, on each side, is a
little smaller than the second one from it. The thirteenth sucker of
the ventral arms has, on its rings, eighteen denticles ; of these nine

A. E. Verrill — JSForth American Cephalopods. 231

are very large, with the median more decidedly the largest, and the
one on each side of it is shorter as compared with the next ; six, on
the inner margin, are minnte, and these are connected, by one or two
somewhat larger ones, at each end of the inner border, Mitli the
larger series.

The stumps of the tentacular-arms are flattened, oval, and smooth,
measuring about 10 by 18'"'", near the base; their length is about
28'='" (11 inches), which is doubtless less than half their original
length.

The exposed parts of the jaws are black and polished ; the laminne
are reddish brown, with broad, thin, yelloAvish-white margins. The
upper mandible has a long sharp rostrum, with regularly curved cut-
ting edges, and a small, well-defined, V-shaped notch, from which a
short groove runs backward, beyond which there is a slight ridge ;
anterior edge of alse, beyond the notch, forming no distinct lobe or
tooth, but slightly convex, and irregularly crenulate ; posterior lateral
borders of alne with a broad sinus in the middle ; palatine lamina long
and thin, with sinuous posterior margins ; frontal lamina broad, ex-
tending well backward.

The total length of the upper mandible is 42'"'" ; tip to posterior
end of frontal, 33""^'; to notch, 10"""; greatest breadth (or height),
from palatine to end of frontal, 30""" ; transvei'se breadth, across
frontal, 15'""'; transverse breadth, across anterior edges of alse, 8'"'".

The lower mandible has a strongly incurved beak, with the cutting
edges rather suddenly incurved at about the pi-oximal third, and a
well-developed, broad, V-shaped notch at base, beyond which there is
a slightly prominent, broad tooth ; alie broad, the inner ends broader
than the middle, well-rounded ; mentum short, with a broad dorsal
emargination ; gular lamina short, the inner edges incurved.

The total length of the lower mandible is 29'"'" ; tip of beak to end
of mentum, 10'"™; to ventral end of gular, 21'"'"; to bottom of notch,
11""" ; to inner ends of alae, 24'"'" ; breadth, from inner ends of alae to
mentum, 28™™; breadth of gular lamina, 17™'"; breadth of alae,
12-5'"™; greatest transverse breadth, across alae, 32™™; transverse
breadth, across anterior edges of alae, at teeth, 1 1'"™.

These jaws agree pretty nearly, in form and size, with those of 0.
pterojms, figured by Steenstrup, but the latter have a deeper notch
in the upper mandible, with a more evident lobe beyond it, while the
lower mandible has a broader and less triangular notch.

The buccal membrane is large, thin, prolonged into seven acute
angles or lobes, of which the upper is in the median plane, opposite

232 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

tlie interval betAveeii the dorsal arms ; the six others are opposite the
three other pairs of sessile arms. The inner surface of this membrane
is covered, near the periphery, with small rounded papilla?; externally
it is connected to the arm by seven membranous bridles, correspond-
ing to the seven angles ; of these the dorsal one forks, one branch going
to the inner margin of each dorsal arm; the upper lateral ones join
the marginal membrane of the upper angle of the upper lateral arms ;
the lower lateral ones join the lower marginal membrane of the third
pair of arms; the ventral ones join the marginal membrane outside of
tlie sucker-bearing face of the ventral arms. In front of the bases of
each of the doi'sal and tentacular arms there is a large opening to the
space beneath this membrane.

The beak is closely surrounded by a thick, prominent, lobed and
wrinkled, fleshy collar, with papillae on its inner surface ; outside of
this there is a smooth, sharp-edged, erect collar, less prominent than
the inner one.

The odontophore is similar to that of Omniastreph.es ; it is sharply
bent upon itself anteriorly, with the ventral end less than half as long
as the dorsal ; the dentigerous zone is yellowish brown in color and
bordered laterally by a thin ridge formed by a row of small plates ; the
lateral membrane is broad, thin, and pale yellow, running straight
across, from the ventral end, at right angles to the dorsal portion, and
then folding back upon itself, joins the dorsal part of the odontophore
farther back, near its middle ; beyond this point it is very narrow and
rolled in. Length of the dorsal })ortion, 19™'"; of the ventral, 9;
breadth of the dentigerous zone, anteriorly, 5""" ; breadth of mar-
ginal membrane, anteriorly, 7'"'".

The median teeth are broad, with three stout points, the middle
one nearly twice as long as the lateral ; the inner lateral teeth are
much longer, with one long stout point and a short denticle on the
outer side, below the middle ; the two outer rows have simple, long,
and rather stout, curved teeth, those of the outermost row a little
longer and narrower than the others. The teeth differ decidedly from
those of S. megaptera in the shortness of the lateral denticles of the
median and inner lateral teeth ; moreover all the teeth are stouter and
less acute.

The pen resembles that of Omraastrephes ; it is long, widest ante-
riorly, bordered by strong ribs, obtusely pointed at the anterior end,
gradually narrowing to the very narrow slender portion, about three
inches from the posterior end, beyond which there is a thin margin,
M'hich expands into a lanceolate form, widest at 1*25 inches from the

A. E. Verrill — JVorth American Cephalojyods. 233

end ; the terminal portion forms a short, hollow hood, formed by the
infolding- of the margin, and marked by slender, divergent, raised lines,
stronger laterally, and with a dorsal keel. The central rib begins at
the anterior end, increases in size to the middle region, then narrows
to the slender part, where it forms a slender, prominent rib, only visible
dorsally, and then becoming confluent with the lateral ribs, extends
as a sharp keel to the end. The lateral ribs commence at aboiit -75
inch from the anterior end, and each at first consists of three riblets ;
farther back another appears on the outside margin but is separated
only by a slender groove, and toward the slender part of the pen they
all coalesce into a single rib on each side, which nearly meet in the
middle line ventrally, where they are separated by a slender groove,
which disappears farther on. Total length of pen, 349""" (13-75 inches) ;
greatest breadth, 22-5""" (-90 inch); length of posterior cone or hood,
•9"'"' {''do inch) ; breadth of posterior expansion, 15 ""\

This specimen was collected at Bermuda, by Mr. G. Brown Goode,
and now belongs to the Museum of Wesleyan University, Middletown,
Conn. Mr. Goode informs me that it was picked up on the north
shore of the island, in December, 18 76, and that it was regarded by
the inhabitants as a novelty or great rarity, and was noticed as such
in the local newspapers.

Histioteuthis D'Orbigny, 1839.

Hisiioteuthis Ferussac & D'Orbignj, Histoire naturelle des Cephalopodes Acetabu-
liferes, p. 226.

This genus is remarkable for having the six upper, sessile arms
united together nearly to their tips by a thin elastic membrane or web.
The ventral arms are also united together for a part of their length
and their common web is joined to the great web, in the median line,
by a bridle-like membrane. The tentacular-arms are very long, and
have expanded clubs, with a broad dorsal keel. As in Architeuthis
and Sthenoteuthis, they are furnished with a series of small smooth-
rimmed suckers, alternating with tubercles, on the proximal part of
the club and adjacent part of the arm, for the purpose of uniting the
arms together, at will, but in the following species a I'ow of such
suckers and tubercles also extend along one side of the club, opposite
part of the large central suckers. The large suckers are serrated, and
alternate in two rows ; two rows of large marginal suckers exist on
one side and two rows of much smaller ones on the other. At the
extreme tip of the arm there is a cluster of small smooth-edged
suckers, as in Architeuthis.

Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V. 30 February, 1880.

234 A. E. Verrill — North American Cej)halopo(ls.

The month is snrronii<le<l by a broad buccal membi-ane, with six
angles or lobes, but without suckers. The body is relatively short,
with short bilobed caudal fins. The eyes are large, and have distinct
lids. The dorsal bone or pen is thin, short, lanceolate, and somewhat
quill-shaped, with long, lateral expansions.

The species, so far as known, are brilliantly colored, having occel-
lated spots on raised verruca^, in addition to the ordinary coloration of
squids.

The two foi-eign species, hitherto described, are both from the
Mediterranean.

Histioteuthis Collinsii Ven-iu.

American Journal of Science, vol. xvii, p. 241. March. 1879. Tryon, Manual of Con-
chology, i, p. 166. 1879 (description copied from the original).
PL.A.TES XXII and XXYI.

A large and handsome species, with the broad, thin, dark brown
"web, extending between and nearly to the ends of the six upper arms.
The outer surface of the head and arms is covered with large,
slightly raised warts or tubercles, which are dark blue with a whitish
center, specked with brow^i ; three I'ows extend along the ventral
arms and two along the others ; a circle of these surrounds the eye-
lids, but the edges of the eye-lids are narrowly bordered with dark
brown. Color, between the warts, pale purplish brown, with small,
raised, dark brown spots, reddish specks, and white granules; web
and inner surface of arms uniform dark reddish or purplish l)rown ;
suckers yellowish white, their pedicels specked with brown ; tentacu-
lar-arms light orange-brown. Eyes mutilated ; their lids form a large
simple, rounded opening.

Tentaciilar-arms slender, about two feet long and expanding near
the end into a broad, long-oval, sucker-bearing portion or 'club,' which
is bordered by a membrane, widest on the upper edge ; it ends in a
tapering tip, on the back of which there is a thin, crest-like membrane
or keel, enlarging proximally to its end, where it forms a rounded
lobe. The most expanded portion of the ' club' bears six rows of suck-
ers, with finely serrate horny rings ; the two central rows contain much
the largest suckers, four or five in each ; the more central of these tAvo
rows contains four suckers, larger than the rest, and of these the two
median are largest ; outside of these two median rows, are two regular
marginal rows of nearly equal, mediinn-sized, serrate suckers, on the
upper edge ; and along the lower edge of the club there is one row of
few, similar, but smaller ones ; outside of these there is an incomplete

A. JS. Verrill — JVorth American Cephalopods. 235

alternating I'ow of much smaller marginal ones. On the lower
edge of the jjroximal portion of the club, extending from the middle
backward, there is a row of four small, smooth-edged, unequal suckers,
alternating with rounded, sessile tubercles that fit into corresponding
suckers on the other arm ; a row of similar but smaller suckers extends
for about six inches along the inner surface in the median line of the
arm, alternating at first singly, and then two by two, with tubercles,
and gradually becoming more distant. The end of the arm, beyond
the expanded club, bears minute serrate suckers, at first in six rows,
decreasing to two toward the end. The extreme tip bears a small
group of minute, smooth-edged suckers. The largest suckers of the
club are decidedly constricted below the margin, and then swell out
at the basal portion. The edge of the horny rim is divided into very
numerous, small, incurved and crowded denticles, nearly equal in
length, but part are thickened and obtuse, while the rest ai"e more
slender and acute. Diameter of the largest suckers, 6*5""^ ; of the
largest in the second row, 5 "5 ; of the largest in the lateral rows, 3
to 4 ; of the largest smooth-rimmed marginal suckers, 2 to 2*5 ; of
the smooth-rimmed suckers of the wrist, 1*5 to 2.

Sessile arms stout, trapezoidal, tapering to slender tips, and bear-
ing two rows of numerous suckers. All the arms on the left side are
an inch or more longer than the corresponding right ones. The dor-
sal and ventral arms, of the same side, are about equal, and decidedly
shorter than the two lateral pairs, which dififer but little in length.
Web about two-thirds as broad as the length of the arms, uniting the
upper three pairs together, and as a narrowing border extending
along their sides, to the tips. The lower lateral arms have a thin,
crest-like membrane on their outer, median surface, commencing at
the basal fourth and extending nearly to the tips. The ventral arms
are united together, toward the base, by a web, which is also joined
to the main web, in the median plane. A narrow outer web, arising
from the outer angles of the arms, also unites all the arms together
for a short distance above their bases.

The suckers are all similar in form. The larger ones on the dorsal
arms are, perhaps, a little larger than those on the lateral and ventral
ones. The largest are subglobular, laterally attached, and gibbous;
the aperture is small, usually wath three or four flat, blunt, or rounded
lobes or denticles on the outer mai'gin, with none on the inner margin.
The pedicels of the larger suckers are very stout at base, tapering up
to their attachment on the lower side of the sucker, where they are
small and slender. The largest suckers of the dorsal arms are 5™°^

236 A. E. Verrill — JVbrth American Cephalopods.

ill diameter; their apetures 2'""'; length of pedicels 4 to 5""". The
largest suckers on the ventral arms are not so large as those on the
others ; the largest are 4""" in diameter. Only a few suckers (6
or 6), and these of very small size and nearly in one row, extend
below the level of the ventral web, which is attached along the inner
margin, inside the row of suckers. The larger ventral suckers are
depressed and oblique, with a very one-sided horny ring, which has
a small oblique aperture, with about three bluntly rounded, slightly
prominent lobes or denticles on the outer margin ; while the inner
margin is smooth.

The membranes about the mouth are arranged nearly as in Omma-
strephes. The mouth is surrounded externally by a broad, elevated,
smooth, dark chocolate-brown buccal membrane or collar, which is
prolonged into six angular lobes, corresponding to all the intervals
between the arms, except those between the 2d and 3d pairs ; this
buccal collar is connected to the interbrachial membrane by six mem-
branous bridles, corresponding to the six lobes; on both sides of the
dorsal and ventral bridles are large pouches. The beak is immedi-
ately surrounded by a thick, fleshy, lobed and wrinkled collar, and
outside of this by another less prominent and less wrinkled one.

The exposed parts of the mandibles are black ; the inner laminae
bright reddish brown. The beak of the upper mandible is very acute,
strongly incurved, with scarcely any distinct notch at the base of the
cutting edge, but with a conspicuously excavated V-shaped area ; the
anterior edges of the ala? are irregularly and slightly denticulate or
crenulate. The lower mandible has a much incurved beak, with the
cutting edges decidedly concave, and a very small notch at their bases,
but with a broad excavated area along their sides and bases ; the
anterior edges of the aUe are slightly convex and form a very obtuse
angle with the edges of the beak or rostrum ; a small, thin tooth
exists just beyond the notch ; the alse are broadest near their inner
ends ; the gular lamina is peculiar in having a prominent, thickened,
curved, lateral rib, on each side, running to the end of the prolonged
and subacute lateral lobes ; and another dorsal one, running to the
dorsal emargination. Length of upper mandible, 30""" ; height, pal-
atine to frontal, 20; height (or breadth) of palatine 14; tip of beak
to end of frontal, 22 ; to base of cutting edge (notch), 7*5 ; notch to
inner end of alge (union with palatine), 7*5 ; beak to posterior lateral
border of ala), 13-5; transverse breadth across outer side of alse,
'9-5. Lower mandible, length, 23'""' ; inner ends of al?p to mentum,
225 ; tip of beak to dorsal border of gular lamina, 17 ; to inner ends
of alffi, 18 ; to notch, 8-5 ; breadth of ahe in middle, 8 ; greatest

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

237

transverse breadth across alae, 23 ; across anterior edge, at teeth,
7'5 ; notcii to union of gular hiraina and alae, 6*5 ; breadth of guhir
lamina, 12'5.

The odontophore is rather short, the dorsal portion not much
exceeding the ventral in length; the lateral membrane is broad and
thin, its posterior border extending transversely straight across to the
dorsal fold, nearly at right angles to the dorsal portion of the odon-
tophore ; the dentigerous portion, including a thickened lateral ridge,
outside the teeth, is light red in color. Length of dorsal portion,
from anterior bend, 8-5"""; of ventral portion, 8; breadth of den-
tigerous zone, 3,

The median teeth are short, with a strongly incurved, acute cen-
tral point, and with small inconspicuous or rudimentary, blunt lateral
denticles on each side ; the inner lateral teeth are considerably longer,
without a distinct lateral denticle; the two outer rows have simple,
rather slender, strongly incurved, acute teeth, the outei-most a little
longer and more slender. Tlie plates along the border appear to be
so closely united as not to be easily separated entire; they form a
continuous, but slight, narrow ridge, which has an undulated surface.
The membrane lining the palate bears pale yellowish, scattered, stou^t,
not very acute, and but slightly curved teeth, with bases not much
enlarged ; among these are clusters of small, stony, smoothish gran-
ules, often aggregated into masses of considerable size. The gular
membrane also bears aggregations of small, smoothisli, rounded and
angular granules, with others that are larger, oblong and oval, smooth,
and more or less regularly arranged. The oesophagus is very long
and slender, dark-colored.

Measurements of Ilistioteuthis Collinsii.

Tentacular-arms, length ..

Diameter at base

Breadth of club, without membrane

Its membranous border

Length of club

Length of the slender tip .

Of dorsal crest .

Length of dorsal arm of left side

Of 1st lateral (2d pair)

Of 2d lateral {Hd pair)

Of ventral -

Breadth of lateral arms, at base

Thickness

Diameter of eye-opeuing

Diameter of head, at base of arms

Breadth of web, between arms

Diameter of largest suckers of tentacular-arms i

Millimeters.

Inches.

609 and 635

24 and 25

12-5

•50

17-5

■70

6-2

•25

69

2-75

31

1-25

37

1-50

355

14

432

17

438

17^25

361

14^25

22-5

•90

19

•75

22-5

•90

87

3-50

203 to 254

8 to 10

6-5

•26

238 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

Taken from the stomach of Alepidosaurus ferox^ lat. 42° 49', long.
62° 57', off Nova Scotia, by Capt. J. W. Collins and crew of the
schooner " Mai'ion," 1879.

All parts back of the eyes are absent, the eyes are mutilated, but
the specimen is otherwise in excellent preservation, even the web
and suckers being nearly uninjured.

Ohservations on some of the more Important specimens described
from other localities.

We are largely indebted to Professor Steenstrup and to Dr. Harting
for our knoAvledge of the specimens preserved in European museums,
or cast ashore on the European coasts. Professor Steenstrup* has
given accounts, compiled from contemporary documents, of a speci-
men taken at MalmO, Sweden, about 1546 or 1549, and of two speci-
mens of huge cephalopods cast ashore at Iceland, in 1 639 and Nov. or
Dec, 1790.

The specimen of 1790, described in the MSS. of Svend Paulsen,
1792, had tentacles 3 fathoms long; the body (with head) was 3|
fathoms long. That of 1639, described in Olafsens og Povelsens
Reise til Island, ii, 716, was 4 to 5 fathoms long.

In the article published in 1857, he also briefly mentioned a speci-
men cast ashore at Jutland, Dec, 1853, of which the jaws were pre-
served, and on which he then based the species Archittuthis mona-
chus ; and another specimen, which he named Architeuthis dux\ taken
by Capt. Vilh. Hygom, in the western Atlantic. He has also since
described and figuredf the jaws of the specimen of Architeuthis
monachus^ obtained at Jutland, in Dec, 1853.

In the same memoir, of which I have seen only the first part, there
are references to a description and figures of ^ A. Titan^ obtained in
1855, by Capt. Hygom, in N. lat. 31°, W. long. 76°. The latter
specimen appears to be the same as that referred to in 1 856, as A.

* Meddelelse om tvende Kiasmpestore Blfeksprutter, opdrevne 1639 og 1790 ved
Islands Kyst, og om nogle andre nordiske Dyr. Forhandlinger Skandinaviske Natur-
forskeres, v, pp. 950-957, 1847, Copenhagen, 1849.

Oplysninger om Atlanter colossale Blsekspr utter B'orhandlinger, Skami Natiirf., 1856,
vii, p. 1 82, Christianla, 1857. Cephalopodum, qui in Museis Hafn. inveniuntur, Kjo-
benhavn Ovorsigt., 1861, pp. 69, 165.

f In a paper of which I have seen some proof-sheets, given by him to Dr. Packard,
entitled " Spolia Atlantica." This memoir has not been published. The plate (1) that
I have seen is marked " Vid. Selsk. Skrifter, V. llajkke, naturv. og mathera. Afd. iv
Bind;" and there are references to three other plates, illustrating ^A, Titan,'' etc.

A. JE. Verrill — N^orth American Cephalopods. 239

dux^ and the same that Harting* mentioned, under the name '■Archi-
teuthis du.i' Steenstrup,' as collected at the same time and place, and
of which he published an outline figure (see Plate XXV, fig. 2)
of the lower jaw, copied from a drawing furnished to him by
Steenstrup.

Harting states that the pen or ' gladius ' of this specimen is six feet
long. Many important parts of this specimen were secured, and I
regret that I have been miable to see the figures and description of
it, referred to by Harting as forming part of Professor Steenstrup's
unpublished memoir. But to judge by the outline figure given by
Harting, it is a species quite distinct from those described by me.
The lower jaw resembles that of A. Harveyi more than A. princeps,
and is a little larger thau that of our No. 5. The beak is moi'e
rounded dorsally, less acute, and scarcely incurved ; the notch is
narrow, and the alar tooth is not prominent.

M. Paul Gervais, iu the Journal de Zoologie, iv, p. 90, 1875, gives
a shoi't description of this species, based apparently on the proof-
sheets and unpublished plates, not seen by me, of Steenstrup's article,
referred to above. He describes it as follows : A large species, of
which a fragment of an arm preserved in the Museum of Copenhagen
is nearly as large as the arm of a man. The sucker-bearing surface
of the arm is extended bilaterally into a membrane exceeding, on each
side, the arm itself. Diameter of the opening of the suckers, 0-020;
of the suckers themselves, 0-030. Length of the dorsal bone (pen),
2'" ; breadth [longueur, by error], measured in the middle of its length
[longueur], 0-17. He refers to Steenstrup's Plates, HI and IV.

In a letter to the writer, dated Sept. 4, 1875, Professor Steenstrup
states that in addition to the specimens above mentioned, there are,
in the Museum of the University of Copenhagen, two complete speci-
mens of Architeuthis, preserved in alcohol. Both are of comparatively
small size. One, from the northern coast of Iceland,! he refers to A.
nionacJms. It has tentacular-arms 10 feet long, and sessile arms 4
feet long. The other is a still smaller one, from the warmer parts of
the Atlantic, possibly the young of A. dux.

It is evident, therefore, that at no distant day, most of the remain-
ing doubtful points in respect to the structu.re and relationship of the

* Description de quelques fragments de deux Cephalopodes gigantesques. Publiees
par I'Academle Royale des Sciences a Amsterdam. 1860. 4to, with three plates
(Verh. K. Akad. Weten., ix, 1861.) The figures have been partly copied in Tryon's
ilanual of Conchology, i, plates 60 and 86.

\ This one is referred to by Dr. Packard, Amer. Xaturalist, vol. vii, p. 9-4, 1873.

240 A. E. Verrill — North Ainericaii Cephalopods.

species of this genus, can be cleared up by Professor Steenstrup, even
if additional specimens should not be obtained.

The publication of Professor Steenstrup's detailed memoir upon
this genus would give great pleasure and satisfaction to all students
of this class of animals. His thorough knowledge of the group, and
his numerous and important investigations of the Cei)halopods, pub-
lished during many years, will give especial value to his conclusions.

Harting, in the important memoir referred to, describes specimens
of two species, both of which are ap])arently distinct from all the
Newfoundland specimens enumerated by me.

The first of these (his Plate I) is represented by the jaws and
buccal mass, with the lingual dentition, and some detached suckers,
preserved in the museum of the University of Utrecht, ))ut fi'om an
unknown locality. These parts are well figured and described, and
were i*eferred to Arehitexithis dux by Harting. The foi-m of the
lower jaw (see PI. XXV, fig. 1) is unlike that of A. dux, for the beak
is very acute, the cutting edge is concave, the notch shallosv and broad,
and the alar tooth is somewhat prominent. The size is about the
same as our No. 5. The suckers (PI, XXV, fig. la, Ih) are from the
sessile arms, and agree pretty nearly with those of ^. Harney i. The
edge is strengthened by an oblique, strongly denticulated ring, which,
in all the suckers figured, including both larger and smaller ones
from the short arms, has regular, acute, sub-equal denticles all around
the circumference, in this respect agreeing with A. Harveyi. The
internal diameter of the largest of these suckers is "75 of an inch ;
the external, 1 -05 inches. They were furnished with slender pedicels,
attached obliquely on one side. The lingual teeth (see Plate XVI,
fig. 8, copied from Harting) are in seven regular rows, and resemble
closely those of Loligo. On that account maiidy, in a former paper,
I proposed to designate it by the name of Lohgo Hartingii. But
since that time I have been able to study the dentition of species of
Architeuthis and Sthenoteii^his, and now refer Harting's species to
Architeuthis without hesitation, although the dentition is poorly
fio-ured. Professor Steenstrup, in a letter to me, subsequent to the
publication of my former papers, also expressed the opinion that
Harting's specimen belongs to A. monachus. If distinct, however,
as is possible, it may be called Architeuthis Harthufii.

The other species described by Harting was from the Indian
Ocean, and belongs to the genus Eaoploteutldx.

In this genus there are large, sharp, curved claws (PI. XXV, figs_
4, 4a), both on the club of the tentacular-arms and on the sessile arms,

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 241

in [)lace of the suckers of ordinary squids. The teeth of the odonto-
phore, in Harting's species, are remarkably small and simple (see fig.
4, h), after Harting. As this species does not appear to have had a
special name, I propose to call it Eaoploteuthis Hartingii.

D'Orbigny* gave the name Enoploteuthis Molinm to a large species,
of which the body was estimated to be about 4 feet long, found float-
ing and mutilated in the South Pacific, S. lat., 30° 44' ; W. lojig.
110° 33', by Banks and Solander, in 1769, on Capt. Cook's second
voyage. Of this, fragments are preserved in the Museum of the
College of Surgeons, London. f

A similar species, perhaps identical, had previously been recorded
by Molina, from the coast of Chili, as Sepia unguicalata.

According to Jeff'rey's British Conchology, vol. v, p. 124, a huge
Cephalopod was stranded in 1860 or 1861, between Hillswick and
Scalloway, on the west of Shetland. " From a communication re-
ceived by Professor Allman it appears that the tentacles were 16 feet
long, the pedal-arms about half that length, and the mantle sac, 7
feet ; the mantle was terminated by fins; one of the suckers examined
by Professor Allman was f inch in diameter."

Mr. Kent, in the articles already referred to, J mentions a sessile arm
of a giant cephalopod, which has been long preserved in the British
Museum, but of which the origin is unknown. He states, in the first
article, that it is just 9 feet long and 11 inches in circumference at the
base, tapering oft" to a fine point. There are about 150 suckers, in each
of the two alternating rows, those at the base being •75 of an inch in
diameter.

In his second article he refers this arm doubtfully to Ommastre-
phes todarus, and gives the following description :

" The length of this arm, from one extremity to the other, is just 9
feet; the circumference at the base 11 inches; and from this it gradu-
ally decreases, terminating in a fine point. The suckers are arranged
in two rows throughout the extent of the arm, numbering, approxi-
mately, 150 to each row, or a total of 300 to the whole organ. Forty-
three suckers only are stationed on each side in the first or proximal
half of the arm; one hundred on each side occupy the whole length,
with the exception of 14 inches, this smaller length including the
remaining fifty on each side, which are very minute and crowded

* Ilistoire Nat. des Cephalopodes Acetabuliferes, p. 339, 1845.
f See also Todd's Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology, i, p. 529.
X Proceedings Zoological Society of London for 1874, pp. 178 and 493.
Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V. 31 February. 1880.

242 A. E. Verrill — JVorth American Ceplialo^wds.

togetlier. The comparative distances between the suckers through-
out the whole length in each row are as follows : — between the first
and second sucker, \\ inch; halfway up the arm, 1 inch; at three
quarters of the entire length, h inch ; and within six inches of the
distal extremity, \ inch. The relative diameters of the suckers at
similar distances are : — at the base, extreme outside measurement f
inch, inside measurement of corneous ring \ inch ; and, tliose suckers
a little past tlie first few being the largest, halfway down \ inch
outside and \ inch inside measurement, at three quarters length \
inch, and at 6 inclies from the extreme point \ inch outside measure-
ment, gradually diminishing from here to the size of a pin''s liead.

The shape and structure of the suckers upon this British-Museum
specimen agree with those of (hnmastrephes todarus as given by
D'Orbigny, corresponding also with those figured by Harting,
referred by him to the same species, and anticipated by the same
authority to be also identical wath Prof. Steenstrup's Architeuthis
dux. More minutely they may be described as hemispherical in
shape, the stalk or peduncle being attached laterally at the base of
the hemisphere, the point of insertion of the same in the cup being
marked by a conspicuous pit-like depression. The horny ring is
obliquely set, and much deeper at the side opposite the insertion of
the stalk; the inner margin is serrated; and in most examples the
serratures bordering the deeper side are considerably larger than in
the other portions of the circumference; in some instances the
serratures, except at the particular point mentioned, are altogether
aborted, having the inner margin of the ring quite smooth; in other
examples, and more especially among the larger suckers, the teeth
or serratures are equal or subequal. The average number of the
teeth of the largest rings is twenty."

Mr. Kent, unfortunately, does not state to which pair this arm belongs.
But from his description, it is, perhaps, a ventral arm. It evidently
belongs to an Architeuthis^ and is very near to our A. ])rinceps.

Lieut. Bouyer, of the French steamer ' Ak'cton,' encountered a
huge cephalopod, in November, 1860, between Madeira and Teneriife.
Its body was estimated to be between 15 and 18 feet in length. A
long and laborious attempt was made to capture it, and a slipnoose
was passed around the body, but on attempting to hoist it on board
the rope cut through the soft flesh and the tail alone was secured.
A sketch of the animal was made by one of the oflicers, and Messrs.
Crosse and Fischer* have, from this figure and the narrative of the

* Journal de Conchyliologie, 3d ser., vol. ii, p. 138, 1862. See also Tryon's Manual
of Conchology, vol. i, p. 87, Plate 59, 1879 (figure copied from the original).

A. E. Yerrill — North American Cephalopoda. 243

officers,* proposed to establish a species for this specimen, which they
named Loligo Bouyeri. The figure is very imperfect, but evidently
represents a ten-armed cuttle-fish, though only eight arms are shown,
and the tail is represented as truncated. In fact, there is nothing
about the figure or description sufficient to indicate specific, or exact
generic characters. The eight short arms, shown in the figure, are
stout, tapered, and less than half the length of the head and body
together. It was more probably a species of .4rcAeYew^A2s, to judge
from the caudal fin, described as consisting of two rounded lobes, of
small size. It may be designated as A. Bouyeri^ provisionally.

In the Journal de Zoologie, vol. iv, No. 2, p. 88, 1875, M. Paul
Gervais has given a partial summary of the gigantic Cephalopods
previously known, and has mentioned an additional species {Archi-
teuthls Moucliezi Yelain), of which portions were brought to Paris
by M. Velain, from the Island of St. Paul, Indian Ocean, where it
was cast ashore in November. He also quotes the brief notice of
the animal by M, Velain (in Comptes Rendus, t. Ixxx, p. 1002, Seance
du April ] 9, 1875). It is stated that this example belongs to the same
group with Ommastrephes. A description and a rude figure of it, made
from a photograph taken in the position in which it lay upon the shore,
has also been published by M. Velain in the Arch, de Zool. Exper.,
vol. vi, p. 83, 1877. The figure has been copied in Tryon's Manual
of Conchology, vol. i, PI. 82. According to this figure the tentacular-
arms were very long and the short arms were truncated, probably
owing to mutilation. One of the tentacular-arms was saved, and, with
the beak, is preserved in Paris. The caudal fin was narrow and lan-
ceolate, adhering to the sides of the body by its entire length. In the
latter feature this is very diflerent from any of the northern species.f

In the Archives de Zool. Experimentale, vol. vi, 1877, M. Velain
has proposed a new genus {Mouchezla) for this specimen. The
peculiarity of the pen appears to be the only character, of any
impo]-tance, referred to by him.

In The Zoologist, London, 2d Series, No. 118, p. 4526, July, 1875,
there is an article entitled, " Notice of a gigantic Cephalopod [Dino-
teuthis proboscideus), which was stranded at Dingle, in Kerry, tAvo
hundred years ago. By A. G. More, F.L.S." The article is chiefly
a reprint of the rude, but interesting, popular accounts written at the
time of the capture, and upon these Mr. More attempted to found a
new genus and species. The character which he mainly relied upon,

* See Comptes Rendus, Acad. Sei., vol. 53, pp. 1263-7, L861.

\ See also Tiyou's ilanual of Conchology, i, pp. 8!) and 184, 18V'J.

244 A. JEJ. Verrill — North Auierican Cephalopods.

as of generic value, is the power of projecting the beak in the form
of a proboscis. But this is habitually done by the various common
species of Oi/unastrephes, Zolif/o, etc., and perhaps by all ten-armed
cephalopods. There is not sufficient evidence, from the published
accounts, that this specimen differed in any way from the Architeu-
this nionachus. It was described as 19 feet in total length ; the long
arras having been mutilated, the part remaining was 11 feet long,
and as thick as a man's arm ; the short arms varied from 6 to 8 feet
in length, and were as thick as a man's leg, and had two rows of
large serrated suckers ; the proboscis (buccal mass with beak) was
the size of a man's fist ; the beak was " somewhat like to an Eagle's
Bill, but broader." The whole animal was said to have been as
large as a large horse. The length of the head and body together
was 8 feet.

Mr. More has kindly sent me a tracing from the original figure.
This shows a broad, oval, flat body, and a small caudal fin. The
body or mantle had evidently been split open and spread out fiat.

This fact is also evident from the original descriptions reprinted
by Mr. More, in which the sides of the mantle are described as fol-
lows : " Over this Monster's back was a mantle of a bright Red
Color, with a fringe round it, it hung down on both sides like a Car-
pet on a table, falling back on each side, and faced with white."
The liver, according to the descriptions, had been removed : " When
it was dead and opened the liver wayed 30 poimd." The proboscis
had also been removed before it was exhibited, and it is therefore
very probable that the figure and descriptions represent it as more
extended than was natural.

The measurements given indicate a specimen smaller tlian several
of the American examples, and but little, if any, larger than our
No, 5, from Logic Bay.

In the Zoologist, June, 1875, p. 4.502, and August, p. 45G9, and in
the August number of the Annals and Magazine of Natural History,
vol. xvi, p. 123, the same writer gave an account of the capture, and
briefly described the beak, odontophore, and portions of the tentacles
and arms of another specimen, taken off" Boffin Island, on the west
coast of Ireland, April, 1875. The tentacular-arms are said to have
been 30 feet long; the expanded portion 2 feet 9 inches ; the large
central suckers nearly 1 inch in diameter; those of the outer rows -5
of an inch ; one short arm is said to have been 8 feet long, and 15
inches in circumference at the base, when fresh. It had small suckers
without teeth on the horny rings, on the 'wrist' of the 'club' and

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 245

scattered along the tentacular-anns, as do our specimens. The rounded
tubercles that always accompany these smooth-rimmed suckers are
not mentioned, but doubtless they were also present. The beak was
5-25 inches long and 3-5 broad, dark reddish brown, "with a large
tooth in both margins of the inner mandible and a much smaller
notch on each side of the outer mandible."

Mr. More believed this to be distinct from the Newfoundland
species and referred it to A. dun', but his description agrees closely
with the corresponding parts of A. Harveyi (No. 5) described by
me, excej)t in the relatively somewhat greater size of the sessile
arms at base. In this respect, howevei", it is equalled or surpassed by
our No. 14, and by others of the Newfoundland examples. This may
also be only a peculiai'ity of the female. The measurements indicate
a specimen intermediate in size between our Nos. 5 and 14, but the
description is not sufficient to indicate with certainty to which of
our species it was nearest related. A more detailed description, with
figures of the suckers and odontophore, would probably settle this
point. Mr. More supposed that the lateral suckers of the tentacular-
club were larger in his example than in A. Harveyi, but that is not
the case.

A large cephalopod, referred doubtfully to Ommastrephes, has been
recorded from Japan and described by Dr. F. Hilgendorf.* It was
taken on the east coast of Japan, N, lat. 35° to 36.° It had been
split open, salted, and partly dried, and the viscera had been re-
moved. The ends or clubs of the tentacles were also gone. In this
condition it was on exhibition in Yedo. The following are the meas-
urements given : Tip of tail to front edge of mantle, 1 86''"' (6 feet,
1 inch) ; mantle to mouth, about 41*^^'" (1 foot, 5 inches) ; longer ses-
sile arms, 197'"' (6"5 feet) ; from tip of tail to tip of sessile arms, 414*^^"' ;
total expanse across outstretched tentacles, 600'^"' ; circumference of
mantle (breadth as cut open), 130''"'; length of caudal fin, fiO'^™ ;
breadth of caudal fin in middle, 45"" ; breadth of forward end of cau-
dal fin, 28*^"'; diameter of posterior tip, 1'"'; tongue of funnel, 10'"^
broad, 6'"' long ; eye-opening, which was oblong-oval, without an ob-
vious sinus, 19'^"'; distance between eyes, 26'™ ; diameter of oval, skin
of lip, 12'"' by 8''"; breadth of sessile arms, ll'^"^ ; of tentacles, 2 to
3"" ; diameter of horny rings of suckers, on base, 1 •5'"" ; height,
Q.-mm , ii|^im\)(ii. of denticles, 37.

* Mittheilungen <ier deutschen G-esellschaft fur Natur und Valkerkimde Ostasiens.
Herausgegeben von dem Torstande, 1st Heft, p. 21, May, 1873, Yokohama, Japan,
See also American Journal of Science, vi, p. 337, Sept,, t873,

246 A. jEJ. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

The following species, although the specimens, when found, had lost
some of their most characteristic parts, appears to be nearly related
to Onychoteuthis, a genus having sharp claws instead of suckers on
the ' club ' of the tentacular-arms, and a cluster of small tubercles and
smooth suckers on its ' wrist,' to unite the arms together. It proba-
bly belongs to the group Lestoteuthis, characterized below.

Onychoteuthis robusta (Daii).

Ommastrephes rohustus (Dall, MSS.) Verrill, Americau Journal Science, vol. xii, p.
236, 1876.

Plates XXIII and XXIV.

This large and very interesting species* was discovered by Mr. W.
H. Dall, near lliuliuk, Unalashka I., off the coast of Alaska.f He
found three specimens thrown upon the beach, April 26 and May 8,
1872. He made descriptions, measurements, and some very valuable
drawings of them, while fresh. The specimens had all been more or
less mutilated by the ravens before they were discovered. He pre-
served the pharynx, beak, and odontophore of No. 1 ; part of the
'bone,' a piece of the caudal fin, and the basal part of one of the
ventral arms, with five of the suckers adhei'ing, from one of the other
specimens, (No. 2), and has generously placed them in my hands for
examination, together with his drawings, measurements and notes.

The parts remaining of the largest specimen, No. 3, when found
had a total length of 427'"' (14 feet), but the ends of the tentacular-
arms had been destroyed ; length from tail to base of tentacular-arms,
SSQ'"" (8 feet, 6 inches) ; to front edge of mantle, 232*4^™ (7 feet, 7^
inches); width across fins, 1 07'"' (42 inches) ; diameter of body, 45-7'^'"
(18 inches) ; slender basal portion remaining of tentacular-arms,
155'^" (61 inches); their diameter, 6*3'^'" (2-5 inches); short arms
(ends gone), 76 to 102*^^(30 to 40 inches); length of pen, 226'="'
(7 feet, 5 inches).

Accordino- to Mr. Ball's notes the color was reddish, in fine red dots
on a whitish ground, with a darker stripe on the outer median line of
the arms. The eyes were bluish-black, furnished with lids, and with
a small sinus in front; diameter of the opening, 2-5'='" (1 inch).

The mandibles retracted into a short, yellow, puckered muzzle,
which was included in a longer, plain, })roboscis-like tube, extending
an inch or two beyond. Siphon, short and thick.t Kegion of the eye

* This is the species referred to as perhaps OnycJwteuthis Bergi by Mr. Dall in his
note upon large cephalopods, in the American Naturalist, vol. vii, p. 484, 1873.

f The first specimen was found by Mr. M. W. Harrington, of Mr. Dall's party, on
the west shore of Amaknak Island. Captain's Harbor, Unalashka, April l*6th.

X No valve is shown in Mr. Dall's sketches.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 247

somewhat I'aised. The iinehal collar is well-marked, and slightly
above it, on each side, is a raised epidermal ridge, from which three
wavy, raised bands or frills, attached at their inner edge, pass ob-
liquely backward, on each side. No cranial cartilage was observed.
Mantle firm and dense. The neck has one median dorsal and two
ventral facets, long, oval shaped, with a median dei^ressed line, but
otherwise smooth and white ; the dorsal moves on a smooth part of
the inside of the mantle; the ventrals move on similar raised facets
of the mantle beneath. The caudal fin was rather broad, lanceolate
or spear-shaped, acute at tip. Gills yellowish olive, with obliquely
transverse laminn?. Gizzard, yellowish, the muscles laid like a coil of
spun-yarn, in layers transverse to one another.

The pen, (PI. XXIII, figs. 4, 5,) was gone from the first specimen
(No. 1) and broken in the others. It was found unattached, in the
dorsal cavity. It had a thickened median rib, but becomes very thin
at the sides, and is divided by sharp, stiff ribs or folds into three lon-
gitudinal areas, on each side (PI. XXIII, fig. 6). The posterior end
is one-sided, funnel-shaped close to the tip, which is inserted into a
long, round, thick, firm, cartilaginous cone, which tapers to a point
posteriorly. The portion of the pen (of No. 2) preserved* and for-
warded to me, includes all the cone and a part of the posterior end
of the quill-i)ortion, attached within the concavity of the cone (PI.
XXIY, fig. 7). The anterior end of the cone is concave and very ob-
liquelv terminated, the dorsal side expending forward some distance
along the dorsal side of the quill. The whole length of the preserved
cone, (doubtless much shrunken by the alcohol) is 44-5'^" (17*5 inches) ;
of the oblique anterior termination, 15 •25'='" (6 inches) ; greatest di-
ameter, 4'='" (re inches). The cone is nearly round, firm, translucent,
brownish, or deep amber-color, and composed of numerous distinct
concentric layers. The concavity of the anterior end firmly em-
braces the remnant of the funnel of the quill, which has numerous
small costoe converging to the apex ; two of the dorsal costal are
much stronger than the rest, forming a strong ridge each side of the
smaller median costa, which lies in a deep median depression or
furrow.

The tentacular-arms had lost their clubs ; but the part remaining
was cylindrical, 2-5 inches in diameter. The other arms were some-

* Mr. Dall states that he attempted to dry the rest of this pen, and that of No. 3,
but they turned brown, and then black, effloresced, and decomposed. He also states
that the pen, when fresh, was translucent whitish, and that it changed to brownish
yellow in the alcohol.

248 A. E. Verrill — Worth Americaji Cephalopods.

what thicker. The few suckers I'ernaiiiing on them, were attached by
slender pedicels, and arranged in two alternating rows ; they were
furnished with horny rims having the edge entire, except where irregu-
larly broken away ; those of the distal part of the arms were gone.

The portion of the arm of the second sjDCcimen, preserved in alcohol
and sent to me, came from the base of the left ventral arm. It is
65'"'" in length ; diameter, from inner to outer surface, not including
marginal membrane, 45'""' ; including membrane, 64"'"'. It is well
rounded on the inner face, but more flattened on the upper side, while
the outer surface is broadly rounded; the outer angle has a strong,
thick, marginal membrane, 19""" wide (see section of this arm, Plate
XXIV, fig. 8, 6'). The sucker-bearing surface is broad, with a slight
marginal membrane along each margin {b, h^) rising into broad, flat,
somewhat thickened blunt lobes alternating with the suckers. Two
alternating rows of firm, smooth, rather irregular-shaped tubercles,
run along the median region, between the rows of suckers, with which
they alternate, on each side.

This segment of the arm still bears five suckers, which appear to
represent the 1st, 2d, and 4th pairs, though there may possibly have
been others before the first of these. They are all similar, rather
szuall in proportion to the arm, round, but little oblique, decidedly
convex beneath, and with a rather long, slender pedicel, (fig. 8, a).
The horny marginal rings are dark brown, yellowish at the thin edge,
which is entire and nearly smooth, except where broken. The lar-
gest of these remaining suckers are 8'5™'" in diameter, outside; aper-
ture, 5'""'; height of cup, 7™™; length of pedicel, 3'""^

The exposed parts of the jaws are black and polished ; their inter-
nal laminje are reddish bi'own, becoming translucent yellowish toward
the margins.

The upper mandible (Plate XXIV, fig. 5), has an elongated, tapered,
considerably incurved and sharp rostrum ; the notch is rather narrow
and deep, and a well-developed, triangular, lateral groove runs down
from the notch for some distance, its upper border being in line with
the cutting edge of the rostrum. The anterior edge of the alae, so I'ar
as normally exposed, is nearly straight, but slightly undulated.

The lower mandible (Plate XXIV, fig. 6), has the cutting edges of
the rostrum slightly concave, with a slight notch close to the tip,
which is small and incurved ; the notch at the base is broad and
shallow, bordered externally by a slight, angulated ridge; the ex-
posed anterior edges of the ala3 have, eacli, two slight lobes, but are
otherwise nearly straight; the ala^ are broader toward the inner end,
which is obtusely rounded.

A. E. Vhrrill — North American Cephalopods.

249

The lower mandible now measures, from the tip of the rostrum to
the posterior dorsal border of the mentum, IS™'"; tip to the extreme
posterior end of the gular lamina, SO""'" ; to the dorsal angle of the same,
33™'" ; tip to the inner end of the alae, 46™™ ; to the bottom of the notch,
13™™; breadth of alae, 24™™; transverse breadth at notches, 12™™.

The upper mandible, from the tip of the beak to the end of the
palatine lamina, is 7i"'"i long; from tip of beak to end of frontal
lamina, 53™™; to bottom of notch, H™™; length of exposed (dark)
portion of anterior edge of alte, 14™"'.

The odontophore (Plate XXIY, figs. 1-4), has a very broad, thin,
marginal membrane, yellowish-white in color, becoming brown and
thickened toward the dentigerous portion, where there is a row of
very small, thin plates, bordering the outer row of teeth ; the ventral
portion of the dentigerous band is dark brown, regularly convex, and
narrowed gradually to the obtuse end ; the dorsal portion is consider-
ably longer, abruptly bent backward, with the borders incurved^
gradually decreasing to the posterior end ; on this part the teeth
become much smaller and paler.

The outer lateral teeth, on the anterior portion, are long, slender,
sharp, and strongly curved ; the median ones are much shorter, with
a sharp, strongly curved central point and a very small, almost
rudimentary denticle on each side ; the inner laterals are a little
longer than the median, with a stout incurved point ; on the outer
side of its base there is a small denticle ; the teeth of the two outer
rows, on each side, are simple.

Length of odontophore, from anterior bend to posterior tip of dor-
sal end, 22™™; to tip of ventral end, 14™™ ; breadth of lateral mem-
brane, in middle, 11'""^ ; of dentigerous belt, anteriorly, 3™™.

The following measurements were made by Mr. Dall, from the
fresh specimens.

Table of measurements (in inches).

No. 3.

Total length (to mutilated ends of tentacles),..

Base of arms to tip of tail (head and body),

Base of arms to edge of mantle (head).

Edge of mantle to tip of tail (body ),

Length of tail-fins (insertion to tip),

Breadth of tail-fins, -

Length of • pen,'

Breadth of pen, in middle,

Length of tentacular-arms (ends gone),

Length of longest sessile arms (ends gone),

Diameter of body,

Breadth between insertions of fins,

Diameter of eye,

Trans. Conx. Acad., Vol. V. 31

No. 1.

No. 2.

80 +

110 +

51

67

5

6

46

61

..

33-75

13-5 +

25-5

--

60

30 +

43 +

30 +

23-5 +

7-5

_.

3-5

1

167 +
102

10-5

91-5

48

42

89

12-25

61 +

40 +

18

5
1-25

February, 1880.

250 A. E. Verrill — North American Gephalopods.

The generic affinities of this species must be regarded as still
somewhat doubtful, owing to the absence of the tentacular-clubs, and
most of the suckers of the sessile arms. The characters of the ' pen ;'
of the dentition, especially of the median teeth ; of the nuchal frills ;
of the siphon; and of the cartilaginous facets of the neck, all indicate
that it belongs in the family Onychoteuthidoe, near Onychoteuthis.
But in this family there is great diversity as to the arrangement of
the hooks and suckers, constituting the armature of the arms. Some
of these combinations are as follows :

Sessile arms with suckers o?ily.

Onychia. — Tentacular-club with two central rows of hooks, rows
of small suckers along each margin, and a cluster of suckers and
tubercles on the ' wrist.' Sessile arms with smooth suckers.

Onychoteuthis (typical). — Tentacular-club with two rows of hooks,
with an apical cluster of suckers, and with a cluster of suckers and
tubercles on the wrist. Sessile arms with suckers in two rows.

Ancistroteuthis (typical). — Two central rows of hooks, with prox-
imal and apical suckers on the club, as in the last. Pen with a long,
terminal, cartilaginous cone.

Ancistroteuthis Krohnii. — Tentacular-club with one row of suckers
and one of hooks in the middle portion,

Dosidicus. — Tentacular-club with hooks. Sessile arms with large
suckers on the proximal jDortion and small ones on the distal. Pen
with a solid cone.

Sessile arms with both suckers and hooks.

Gonatus. — Tentacular-club with one or two central hooks proxi-
mally, and with numerous, multiserial, small suckers, distally. Ses-
sile arms with four rows of suckers, those of the two central rows with
a median hook, the outer ones serrate.

Abralia. — Tentacular-club with two rows of alternating hooks and
suckers, in the middle, and with clusters of suckers on the wrist and
apex. Sessile arms with hooks on the basal portion, and suckers
toward the tips.

Lestoteuthis (gen. nov.). — Tentacular-club with numerous suckers,
and few large central hooks. Sessile arms dissimilar ; lower ones
with four rows of suckers ; upper with two central rows of hooks,
and with marginal suckers on each side. Pen with a long terrninal
cone. (Type A. Kainschatica Middendorff, sp.)

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 251

Sessile arms with hooks only.

Verania. — Tentacular-club with suckers only ; sessile arms with
hooks only.

Acanthoteuthis. — Tentacular and sessile arms with hooks (fossil).

Ancistrocheirus. — Tentacular and sessile arms with hooks in two
rows. Pen dilated at both ends.

Enoploteuthis (typical). — Tentacular-clnb with two rows of hooks,
and with a cluster of small suckers on the wrist. Sessile arms all
with hooks in two rows, extending to the tips.

It will be evident from these characters, that Mr. Dall's species,
having two rows of smooth suckers, at least on the basal portion of
the ventral arms, can belong to none of these genera, except those in
the first group and Lestoteuthis in the second. Of these, Gonatus
would be excluded from consideration by its diflferent pen and four
rows of suckers; Onychia and typical Onychoteuthis by the form of
the pen. After this elimination we still find three geneiic groups to
either of which it might belong, so far as its armature is known, viz :
Ancistroteuthis, Dosidicus, and Lestoteuthis. The first of these is,
perhaps, nothing more than a sub-genus of Onychoteuthis, the princi-
pal difterence being in the pen, which is somewhat pennate and
lanceolate in the typical species of the latter, but nearly linear with
a solid cartilaginous terminal cone in the former. In this last char-
acter, and in the general form of the pen, O. robusta somewhat
approaches A. Tiichtensteinii. But Dosidicus and Lestoteuthis also
have a solid cartilaginous cone, and the latter, especially, agrees
most closely in the general form of the body and caudal fin ; and its
pen has very nearly the form and structure seen in 0. rohusta.

So far as we can ju^dge, therefore, with our present imperfect data,
the relationship of 0. robusta appears to be rather with Lestoteuthis
than with any other known group. It is possible, however, that its
afiinities may prove to be closer to Ancistroteuthis, when the arma-
ture is discovered.

Lestoteuthis, gen. nov.
The characters of Lestoteuthis ICamschatica, which I propose to
take as the type of this generic group, are not yet fully known. The
peculiarities in the armature, both of the sessile and tentacular-arms,
as given above (p. 250) are quite sufiicient, however, to warrant its
sej)aration from all the other genera. Its pen, as figured, also differs
from all others, hitherto described. It is narrowest anteriorly,
gradually and slightly expanding backward to the one-sided conical

252 A. E. Veri'ill — North American Cephalopods.

hood or cone, which appears to be inserted into a solid terminal cone,
much as in L. robusta, but the cone is relatively shorter. The caudal
fin is large, rhomboidal, and acute posteriorly, as in the latter. The
tentacular-club bears two large, abruptly curved, claw-like hooks in
the middle, with numerous small suckers around them, and on the
proximal part. The length. of the head and body of the original
example w%as aboiit 28'=''^ (11 inches).

Mr. Dall has described a small species (probably young) from the
coast of California, which may possibly belong to the same group.
He referred it doubtfully to Onychoteuthis (0. lobipennis Dall).

Professor G. O. Sars, in his recent work (IVIollusca Reg. Arct.
Norvegiae, p. 377), also mentions a specimen oi Architeuthis (12 feet
long), cast ashore on the Norwegian coast, at Foldeufjord, in 1874.
He refers it doubtfully to " A. dux Steenstrup," (from the Kattegat)
by which we should understand A. monachus, without doubt.

Note on Large Sjyecies of Octopus.

Although this article relates specially to the gigantic species of
ten-armed Cephalopods, it may not be amiss to add a few lines in
respect to species of Octopus, that attain large dimensions. It is
certain, how^ever, that none of the latter that have hitherto been
examined by naturalists reach dimensions to be compared with those
of the species of Architeuthis, Onychoteuthis (or Lestoteuthis) rohusta
and their allies.

The common Octopus of the west coast of North America {O.
punctatus Gabb) is one of the largest of its tribe, hitherto studied.
According to Mr. W. H. Dall,* it occurs abundantly at Sitka, and
there " reaches a length of sixteen feet or a radial spread of nearly
twenty-eight feet, but the whole mass is much smaller than that of
the decapodous cephalopods of lesser length. In the Octopus above
mentioned, the body would not exceed six inches in diameter and a
foot in length, and the arms attain an extreme tenuity toward their
tips." Dr. W. O. Ayres tells me that he has often seen this species
exposed for sale in the markets of San Francisco (where it is eaten
chiefly by the French), and that specimens with the arms 6 or 7
feet long are common. A smaller specimen, presented to the museum
of Yale College, was over 4 feet long, and weighed 14t] pounds.

Prof. W. H. Brewer states that he has seen specimens in the San
Francisco markets which spread fourteen feet across the outstretched
arms.

* American Naturalist, vii, p. 485, IS'JS.

A. M Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 253

The common Octopus vulgaris (" poiilpe " or " devil-fish ") of the
IMediterranean, sometimes grows to a somewhat formidable size.
According to Verany, the largest one seen by him was 9 feet long
and weighed 25 kilogrammes (Tryon). This one was captured by a
fisherman, with his hands only.

A large species, perhaps the same, occurs in the West Indies.
According to Professor B. G. Wilder,* a correspondent, Mr. J. S.
George, of Nassau, N. P., mentions, in a letter, the occurrence there
of an Octopus " ten feet long, each arm measui'ing five feet ; the
weight was estimated at between two hundred and three hundred
pounds." It was found dead on the beach.

Specimens of similar size have been recorded from other parts of
the world, while more or less fabulous accounts of more gigantic
forms are numerous, especially among the early writers. But at
present it seems most probable that the large fragments recorded
as being frequently vomited by wounded sperm whales, belong to
species allied to Architeuthis, though such fragments have often been
referred to Octopus.

There is no satisfactory evidence that any of these species of Octo-
pus ever intentionally attack man, or that any one has ever been
seriously injured by them. They are rather sluggish and timid
creatures, seeking shelter in holes and crevices among rocks. They
feed mainly upon bivalve mollusks, but will also eat fish, and might,
perhaps, like lobsters and crabs, devour dead bodies. Their power
and ferocity, as well as their size, have often been excessively exagge-
rated.

ERRATA.
Page 190, line 32, for 2-5, read 3-5.
Page 193, line 11, for 1878, read IS'ig.

* American Naturalist, vol. vi, p. 772, 1872.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate XIII.

Figure 1. — Architeuthis Harveyi (No. 5). Head and arms, y natural size, from a photo-
graph of the specimen when freshly caught. The back of the head rests upon an
oar so as to cause the beak to protrude, while the arms hang down in a reversed
position. The diameter of the bathing tub was 38'5 inches: a, left, and a' right
ventral arms; 6, left, and h' right arms of the third pair; c, left, and c', right
arms of the second pair ; d\ right dorsal arm, mostly concealed behind the others ;
e, left and e', right tentacular-arms, folded several times over the oar ; i to iv, the
' club' ; i to ii, the ' wrist' ; ii to in, the part bearing large suckers ; Hi to iv, the
terminal division ; o, the beak.

Figure 2. — Part of the body and caudal fin of the same specimen, ^ natural size, from
a photograph made at the same time with the preceding ; «, mantle cut open ;
<, tip of tail ; i, right and ?, left lateral lobes of caudal fin.

Plate XIV.

Figure 1. — Architeuthis Harveyi. A restoration, -.^-^ natural size, based on the preced-
ing figures and on the specimens received. (See note, p. 184).

Plate XV.
Figure 1. — Architeuthis Harveyi (No. 5). Upper mandible, natural size.
Figure 2. — Lower mandible of same, natural size ; lacks a small piece at a.
Figure 3. — Anterior part of the ' pen ' of the same specimen, i natural size. The

dotted lines indicate missing parts. (Restored and drawn by the author).
Figures 1 and 2 were drawn by Mr. J. H. Blake, from alcoholic specimens.

Plate XVI.
Figure 1. — A. Harveyi (No. 5). Portion of the hning membrane of the palate,

enlarged.
Figure 2. — A. Harveyi (No. 5). Caudal fin, -.V natural size, drawn from the preserved

specimen.
Figure 3. — A. Harveyi (No. 5). Suckers of tentacular-arm, natural size ; a, one of the

largest suckers ; h, one of the marginal suckers.
Figure 4. — The same. Horny marginal ring of one of the suckers from a sessile arm,

enlarged 2 diameters.
Figure 5. — A. Harveyi (No. 4). One of the larger suckers from the tentacular-arms,

natural size. From a dried specimen.
Figure 6. — Portion of the marginal ring of the satne sucker, enlarged.
Figure 7. — Loligo pallida V. Part of odontophore. much enlarged.
Figure 8. — Architeuthis Hartingii V. Part of odontophore. enlarged. Copied from

Harting's figures.
Figures 5 and 6 were drawn by J. II. Emertou ; the rest by the author.

255

Plate XVI«.

Figure 1. — Architenthis Harreyi V. (No. 5). Teeth of the odontophore, from the

anterior portion, enlarged 18 diameters; a, median; &, inner lateral; c, and d,

the two outer lateral teeth ; e, marginal plates.
Figure 2. — The same. Teeth from the same specimen, from farther back, on the

dorsal portion of the odontophore. Lettering as in figure 1.
Figure 3. — The same. Anterior portion of odontophore. showing the teeth nearly in

their natural positions, enlarged.
Figure 4. — The same. Portion of the membrane lining the palate, showing teeth and

hard granules, enlarged.
Figure 5. — The same. Two of the granules from the membrane lining the mouth,

enlarged 18 diameters.
Figures 6 and 6". — The same. One of the largest and least oblique of the horny

rings from the suckers of the sessile arms; top and side-views, enlarged H

diameters.
Figures 7 and 7». — The same. One of the medium sized, and more oblique suckers

of the sessile arms ; top and side-views, enlarged 1^ diameters.
Figure 8. — The same. Another similar sucker, but smaller and more oblique ; top-
view, enlarged 1^ diameters.
Figures 9 and 9rt. — The same. One of the horny rings from one of the smooth-rimmed

suckers on the 'wrist' of the 'club ' of the tentacular-arms; top and side-views,

enlarged 3 diameters.
Figures 10 and 10a. — The same. One of the small suckers from the terminal portion

of the 'club,' top and side-views, enlarged 3 diameters.
Figures 1 to 5, and 8, are camera-drawings by the author. The others are by J. H.

Emerton.

Plate XVII.
Figures 1 and 1*. — Architeuthis princeps Verrill (No. 14). A marginal ring from one

of the large suckers of the tentacular-arm ; 1, side-view, enlarged 1^ diameters ;

1", portion of the rim, enlarged 3 diameters.
Figures 2 and 2*. — The same. One of the medium-sized oblique sucker-rims from a

sessile arm, enlarged li diameters ; top and side-views.
Figures 3 and 4. — The same. Top and side-views of one of the smaller sucker-rims

from a sessUe arm, enlarged 3 diameters.
Figures 5 and 6. — The same. Top and side-views of a complete sucker, with its

pedicel, from a sessile arm, enlarged li diameters.
Figure 7. — The same. Top-view of one of the smaller, very obhque sucker-rims

from a sessile arm, enlarged 3 diameters.
Figure 8. — The same. Portion of the horny rim of a medium-sized sucker from a

sessile arm ; top-view, enlarged 6 diameters, from a camera-drawing.
Figure 9. — The same. Side-view of the horny ring of one of the largest and least

oblique of the suckers of the sessile arms, enlarged 1| diameters.
Figure 10.— The same. Side-view of the horny ring of one of the marginal suckers

of the tentacular-club, enlarged 3 diameters.
Figure 11. — A. princeps (No. 13). Portions of the horny ring of one of the large

suckers of the tentacular-arm, much enlarged ; a and b, portions of the margin,

from the outside ; c, portion seen from the inside.
Figures 8 and 11 are camera-drawings by the author; all the others are by J. H.

Emerton.

2 56

Plate XVIII.
Figure 1. — Architeuthis princeps V. (No. 10). Upper jaw, natural size.
Figure 2. — The same. Lower jaw ; the dotted line shows the parts that are present

on the opposite side.
Figure 3. — Architeuthis princeps (No. 1). Part of lower jaw, natural size.
Figures 1 and 2 were drawn by the author ; figure 3 by J. H. Emerton.

Plate XIX.

Figure 1. — Architeuthis princeps V. (No. 14). Caudal fin from beneath ; from the

specimen a few days after it had been placed in alcohol.
Figure 2. — The same specimen, after it had been preserved several months in strong

alcohol.
Figure 1 was drawn by J. B. Holder, M.D. ; figure 2. by the author.

Plate XX.

Architeuthis princeps V. (No. 14). General figure ; from the recently preserved speci-
men ; restored, in part, in accordance with the measurements of the freslaly
caught specimen ; -n,- natural size. Drawn by the author.

PL.4.TE XXI.

Figure 1. — Sthenoteuthis megaptera Verrill. Body seen from beneath, J natural

size ; from the alcoholic specimen.
Figure 2. — The same. Part of the membrane lining the palate, enlarged 8 diameters ;

a, and 6, from different places.
Figure 3. — The same. A single row of teeth from the odontophore, enlarged 8

diameters.
Figure 4. — -The same. Teeth from the odontophore, enlarged 1 6 diameters ; a, two

median teeth ; 6, inner lateral teeth ; c and d. teeth of the two outer lateral rows.
Figure 5. — The same. Two of the outer lateral teeth, profile-view, enlarged 16

diameters.
Figure 6. — The same. Several lateral teeth in their natural sequence, enlarged 16

diameters.
Figure 7. — The same. Two of the next to the outer lateral teeth, enlarged 16

diameters.
Figures 8 and 8"^. — The same. Twenty-second sucker from the ventral arm ; front

and side-views, enlarged 3 diameters.
Figure 9. — The same. One of the largest suckers from the club of the tentacular-
arm ; front view, enlarged 3 diameters.
Figures 8, 8" and 9 are by J. H. Emerton ; the others by the author ; 2 to 7 are

camera-drawings.

Plate XXII.
Histioteuthis Collinsii Verrill. Side-view of the head and arms ; from the preserved
specimen, f natural size. Drawn by J. H. Emerton.

Plate XXIII.

Figure 1. — Onychoteuthis robusta (Dall). Side-view of one of the specimens, as found
on the beach, -^g natural size.

257

Fio-ure 2. — The same. Dorsal view. The dotted lines indicate portions of the arms

that had been destroyed.
Figure 3. — The same. Side-view of the head and siphon, with the anterior part of

the mantle, cut open ; e, the eye ; s, siphon ; o, o', o", the three nuchal frills ;

c, c', c", the smooth facets, where the mantle bears upon the neck ; c, ventral

facet of mantle ; c', ventral facets at base of siphon ; c", dorsal facet of neck ;

in, m', cut edge of mantle.
Figure 4. — The same. The entire dorsal ' pen ' ; side-view, ^^ natural size.
Figure 5. — The same. Yentral view.
Figure 6. — The same. A portion from the middle of the ' pen,' less reduced.

All the figures were made from the fresh specimens by Mr. W. H. Dall.

Plate XXIV.

Figure 1. — OnycJioteuihis robusta (Dall). Odontcphore ; side-view, enlarged 3f diame-
ters.

Figure 2. — The same. Part of a row of the teeth from near the anterior bend of the
odontophore. x 22 diameters; a. median tooth, front view ; a', side-view of same ;
6, first lateral ; V. the same, side-view ; c, second lateral, front view ; (/, outer
lateral, front view.

Figure 3. — The same. One of the inner lateral teeth, side-view, x 54 diameters.

Figure 4. — The same. Median tooth, side-view, x 54 diameters.

Figure 5. — The same. Upper mandible, natural size.

Figure 6. — The same. Lower mandible, natural size.

Figure 7. — The same. Anterior end of cone of pen. showing portion of posterior end
of quill inserted into it, i natural size.

Figure 8. — The same. Section of a ventral arm, close to the base, natural size; a,
one of the suckers, side view ; b, and 6, marginal membranes ; c, crest on mem-
brane along outer angle ; e, median vessel near inner surface.

Figures 1 to 4 are camera-dravrings by the author ; the rest are by J. H. Emerton,

Plate XXV.

Figure 1. — Architeuthis Hartingii V. Lower mandible, showing anterior portion
only, natural size ; la, section of a sucker of sessile arm of same ; 16, horny ring
of same, natural size. After Harting.

Figure 2. — Architeuthis dux Steenstrup. Lower mandible, natural size. Copied from
Harting's figure, after Steenstrup.

Figure 3. — Architeuthis monachus Steenstrup (t3'pe specimen). Lower mandible, nat-
ural size. After Steenstrup.

Figure 4. — Enoploteuthis Hartingii Verrill. A secrion of one of the claw-bearing
suckers, somewhat enlarged ; 4a, the horny claw, isolated ; 46, median and lateral
teeth of odontophore. After Harting.

Figures 5 and 5a. — Architeuthis Harceyi V. (No. 4). The two halves of the lower
mandible, natural size. Camera-drawings from the .specimen, by the author.

The author is greatly indebted to Professor S. F. Baird, U. S. Commissioner of Fish
and Fisheries, for the use of a large number of the excellent drawings made by Mr.
J. H. Emerton, of Salem, Mass., under the direction of the author, for the Fish Com-
mission, many of which are included in these plates.

TraTis Cor.n. Acad Vbl.V

PLATE ML

^E VerrinaJK Emerton

Photo LrJiJunaEraon aCrrsa-nd lifewHaven ,Ct

rm-cTTnrHTc; HAR"\7E'YI '^/ERRILIi

Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci. V.

Plate XIV.

Architeuthis Harveyl

Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci. V.

Plate XV.

Architeuthis Harveyi.

Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci. V.

Plate. XVI.

^U^p

\

%

yv

h

a 3

Architeuthis Harveyi, etc.

IVans Conn^^cai Vol V

PLATE JSn^

A E .Verrill a JHEmerton from nature PKoto LfthJunaeraoji aCrtsa-nA "New Haven, Ct

ARrTTTfT'RTTTnTc; HARVfrrvr -^APi-R-R TT.T.

Trans Ccrir. .Acad VoI.V

PLATE X^m

A E Verrill aJ.H Eraerton

PKotoLTiJxPun^jerson&CrisaTiiTr&wTfa:ven,tt

Trans. Conn, Acad. Sci. V.

Plate XVIII.

Architeuthis princeps.

iT-ans Corin. Ac ai.. Vol .V

PLATE XDC

A EVernll ct J B, Holder from, nature Photo LTthJunfleraonaCrcsandHew Haven, ^t

ARCHITBUTHIS PRINCTEPS \7ERRILL

Trans Corn AcS Vol V

S-lS^^st'^^^iSil^sig^:''!-

ARCHITRUTHrS PRINiJEPS \'ERR[lJj

Trans. Cor.n. -Acad, Vol. V

PLATE XXr

A E .Verrill & J If . Emerton. from nature PKot.oL-rthJ'unafir3Cfn&Crisamd"ffew"ElavBn.,Ct

ARGHTTRirTHTS MEGAj-TERA '/ERP.lLIi

Tr^ns :unr..Ac

HlSnOTEUTHIS COLLIN SIT VERRILL

J H EmHiton from.

PKotolnJ-iJ'uniergr.naCnsaTidTJewIfsven.Ct

iVans Ccnn. Aca-±- Vol V

PiATEXXm

W i1 Dall fnjm nature

Photo LilhJPunaeraoji aOrrsa-nd 1>1 ew Haven ,Ct.
ONYCHOTETITHIS ROBUSTA (Dall.)

'pans CcfTn. Acai Vol.V

PLATE XXrV"

E.VeTriTl & JH.Emerton. -fom nature. Photo LiihJPimderaoTi&CrisaTidjrewKaven.Ct.

OiNlYCHOTEUTHrS ROBUSTA (Dall ;

Tr-aTis Cop.n. Aca-i Vol V

PLATE XXV"

Phot/D Ltth-Fiin3Br3cji iCrisaTid "New Haven ,Ct.

Id
2x

THE CEPHALOPODS OF THE NORTH-EASTERN
COAST OF AMERICA,

PART II.

The smaller Cephalopods, including the Squids

AND the OcTOPI, WITH OTHER

Allied Forms.
By a. E. VERRILL.

[From the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences, Vol. V.J

New Haven, Conn., June, 1880-December, 1881.

'I

The Ce'phalopods of the Northeastern Coast of America.
By a. E. Verrill.

Part II. the smaller cephalopods, including the " squids" and

THE OCTOPI, WITH OTHER ALLIED FORMS.

Before proceeding with the special subjects of this Part it seems
desirable to describe in detail an important, though young and small,
example of one of the gigantic species of Architeuthis, as a supple-
ment to the first part of this article.

Descnptio7i of a young example of Architeuthis Harveyi.
Plates XXVI and XXXVITI.

This specimen, which I have designated as No. 24, Avas received
subsequent to the publication of the previous part of this article.
It was found, dead and mutilated, floating at the surface, at the
Grand Bank of Newfoundland, April, 1880, by Capt. O. A. Whitten and
crew of the schooner " Wm. H. Oakes," and by them it was well pre-
served and presented to the XJ. S. Commission of P^ish and Fisheries.
It is of great interest because it furnishes the means of completing
the description of parts that were lacking or badly preserved in the
larger specimens, especially the sessile arms and the buccal mem-
branes.

The specimen consists of a part of the head with all the arms
attached, and with the suckers in a good state of preservation on all
the arms, though the tips of all the short arms, except one, are
destroyed, and all of the arms are more or less injured on their outer
sui-faces. The jaws and buccal membranes are intact, with the odon-
tophore and oesophagus. Parts of the cartilaginous skull, wnth some
of the ganglia and the collapsed eyes are present, but the external
surface of the head is gone and the eyelids are badly mutilated. No
part of the body was preserved. The tentacular-arms are in good
preservation, with all the suckers present. Unfortunately the distal
portions of both the ventral arms had been destroyed, so that the
sex cannot be determined. The color of the head, so far as pre-'
served, and of the external surfaces of the sessile arms is much like
that of the common squids, — a rather dark purplish brown, due to
minute crowded specks of that color, thickly distributed, with a pink-

Trans. Conx. Acad., Vol. V. 32 June, 1880.

260 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

isli white ground-color between them. The outer buccal membrane is
darker; the inner surfaces of the arms are whitish; the peduncular
portions of the tentacular arms have fewer color-specks, and are paler
than the other arms.

Reproduction of lost 2)firts.
This creature had been badly mutilated long before its death, as
its healed wounds show, and to this fact many of the imperfections
of the specimen are due. At the time of its death, or subsequently,
the extremities of the ventral arms and of the third right arm appear
to have been destroyed, besides other injuries. But both the dorsal
arms and both the lateral arms of the left side had previously been
truncated at 12 to 13 inches from their bases. The ends had not
only healed up entirely, but each one had apparently commenced to
reproduce the lost portion. The reproduced jiart consists, in each
case, of an elongated, acute, soft papilla, arising from the otherwise
obtuse end of the arm. At its base one or two small suckers have
already been reproduced, and minute rudiments of others can be
detected on some of them. Whether these arms would have been
perfectly restored in course of time is, perhaps, doubtful,* but there
can be no doubt that a partial restoration would, at least, have been
effected. On the basal half of several of the arms some of the
suckers had also been previously lost, and these were all in the i>ro-
cess of restoration. The restored suckers were mostly less than one
half the diameter of those adjacent, and in some cases less than one-
third. Among the restored suckers were some malformations. One
has a double aperture, with a double horny rim. In one case two
small suckers, with pedicels in close contact, occupy the place of a
single sucker. In another instance a small pedicelled sucker arises
from the pedicel of a larger one, near its base.

The arms and suckers.
With the exception of the left arm of the second pair, none of the
sessile arms have their tips perfect. Therefore it is not possible to
give their relative lengths. The dorsal arms are the smallest at base
and the third pair largest. They are all provided with a rather nar-
row marginal membrane along each border of the front side. These
membranes are scarcely wide enough to reach to the level of the rims
of the suckers, though they may have done so in life. The front
mai'gin, bearing the suckers is narrow on all the arms, but relatively

* That mutilations of tlie arms in species of Odopiis are regularly restored is well-
known, but it has been doubted whether this occurs in the ten-armed forms.

A. M Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 261

wider on the ventrals than on any of the others. Each sucker-pedi-
cel arises from a muscular cushion, that is slightly raised and rounded
on the inner side ; these, alternating on the two sides, leave a zigzag
depression along tlie middle of the arm ; from each of these cushions
two thickened muscular ridges run outward to the edge of the lateral
membranes, one on each side of the pedicels of the suckers. These
transverse muscular ridges give a scolloped outline to the margin of
the membranes. These marginal membranes are narrowest and the
suckers are smallest on the ventral arms. The dorsal and lateral
arms are strongly compressed laterally, but slightly swollen or con-
vex in the middle, and narrowed externally to a carina, which is
most prominent along the middle of the arms, and most conspicuous
on the third pair of arms. The dorsal arms are rather more slender
than the second pair, and were probably somewhat shorter.

The left arm of the second pair has the tip preserved, with all its
suckers present. On this arm there are 330 suckers, in all. The total
length of the arm is 26*25 inches. The first 50 suckers extend to
12*25 inches from the base ; the next 50 occupy 4*5 inches ; the next
50 cover 3*5 ; the next 100 occupy 4*25 inches; the last 80 occupy
1*75 inches. This arm is "80 of an inch in transverse diameter, near the
base ; 1*20 inches from front to back ; breadth of its front or sucker-
bearing surface (without the lateral membranes), is, where widest,
near the base of the arm, "50 of an inch ; the width gradually
decreases, to *18 of an inch at 20 inches from the base ; beyond this
the arm tapers to a very slender tip, with numerous small crowded
suckers in two regular rows. At the base (Plate XXVI, fig. 4)
there is first one very small sucker ; this is succeeded by two or three
much larger ones, increasing a little in size ; beyond these are the
largest suckers, extending to about the 25th, beyond which they
gradually change their form and regularly diminish in size to the
tips. The larger proximal suckers, up to the 25th to 30th, are rela-
tively broader than those beyond, and have a wider and more open
aperture, and a more even and less oblique horny ring, which is
sharply denticulate around the entire circumference, with the denti-
cles rather smaller on the inner than on the outer margin, but similar
in form. These are about '31 of an inch in external diameter. They
show a gradual transition to those with more oblique rims and
smaller apertures. Beyond the 30th, the horny rims become de-
cidedly more oblique and one-sided, with the denticles nearly or quite
abortive on the inner side, and larger and more incurved on the outer
margin, while the aperture becomes more contracted and oblique.

262 A. JEJ. Verrill — North American Gephalopods,

At first there are H to 10 denticles on the outer margin, but these
diminish in number as the suckers diminish in size, till at about 6
inches from the tip there are mostly but two or three, and the aper-
ture is very contracted. Still nearer the tip there are but two, blunt
ones ; then these become reduced to a single bilobed one ; and finally
only one, which is squarish, appears in the minute suckers of the last
two inches of the tip. The first two or three suckers at the base of
the arm are more feebly denticulated than those beyond, with smaller
apertures.

On many of the suckers (Plate XXXVIII, fig. 3) there are still
remaining, in more or less complete preservation, a circle of minute
horny plates arranged radially, or transversely, on the edge of the mem-
brane around the aperture, similar in arrangement to those already
described in the former part of this article (p. 230) on the suckers of
Sthenoteuthis pteropus (Plate XXXVI, fig. 9). They are less devel-
oped, however, than in that species, being thinner and more delicate,
nor do their ends appear to turn up in the form of hooks. They
seem to be generally very thin, oblong, scale-like structures, with
rounded or blunt ends and slightly thickened margins. These struc-
tures will probably be found to vary with age, and perhaps with the
season. They appear to be easily desiduous, and are often absent in
preserved specimens.

On the dorsal and third pairs of arms the suckers have essentially
the same arrangement, form and structure, and on these three pairs
of arms the larger suckers diifer but slightly in size. The character
and arrangement of the suckers on the distal portion of these arms is
well shown on Plate XXVI, figs. 3, 3<*, which represent a portion of
one of the third pair of arras, commencing at the 67th sucker.

The ventral arras are trapezoidal in section, at base, and rather
stout. Breadth of front surface, near the base, exclusive of raem-
branes, •55 ; transverse diameter, '95 ; front to back, 1'25 inches. The
sucker-bearing surface is, therefore, broader than in the other arms.
The suckers are, however, distinctly smaller and the proximal ones
are different in form from the corresponding ones on the other arms.
They are narrower aiid deeper, with more oblique and more con-
tracted apertures, more oblique horny rims, which are denticulated
on the outer margins only. On the larger ones there are 12 to 15
sharp incurved denticles. In fact, the proximal suckers on the ventral
arras agree better with the middle suckers, beyond the 30th, on the
other arms, for there are none having wide open apertures, sur-
rounded by nearly even horny rims, denticulated all around. The

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

263

Young Architeuthis Sarveyi. ■ Measurements of arms (in inches).

Dorsal jjair.
Breadtli of front, excluding membranes, .

Breadth of lateral membranes,

Diameter, transversely, -.

Diameter from front to back,

Second ■pair.

Total length,

Breadth of front,

Breadth or membranes,

Diameter, transversely,

Diameter, front to back,

Third pair.

Breadth of front,

Breadth of membranes,

Diameter, transversely,

Diameter, front to back, —

Fourth pair.

Breadth of front,

Breadth of membranes, .-..

Diaoieter, transversely,

Diameter, front to back,

Tentacular-arms .

Total length,

Ease to expansion of club,

Diameter of slender portion, .

Length of club,

Length of part occupied by 24 largest suckers, . .
Length of part occupied by small distal suckers,.

Greatest breadth of club,

Diameter, front to back, .

26-25

67-

•4-- 6
8-25
4-25

260

■no

•60

Near
base.

•35

•20

•75

1^05

•40

•25

•80

1^20

•50

•20
1-10
1^08

•40

•20

•98

1^40

At
5 in.

At
10 in,

•35
•15
•35

•40

•15

•40

1^20

•30
•10

At
15 in.

•30
•60

At
20 in.

•16
•40

Sessile arms, front base to particular suckers.

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

To

25th.

50th.

100th.

150th.

200th.

250th.

sooth.

tip.

Dorsal pair, base to suckers,

n-n

12^25

Second pair, base to suckers,

1-Vo

12^25

16^75

20^25

22-90

24^50

25-75

26^25

Third pair, base to suckers,

7-25

12^25

Fourth pair, base to suckers,

6-25

10^

16^50

20^75

--

-. 1 -.

Measurments of suckers of sessile arms (in inches).

.c

O

i

J3

i

On 1st pair of arms, external diameter,

On 1 st pair of arms, aperture diameter,

On 2d pair of arms, external diameter.

•31
•25
•31
-25
•31
-22
-25
-15

-24
•15
-27
•18
•28
•18
•21
•11

•16
-10
-20
■11
-22
•12
-16
•10

-15

Ou 2d pair of arms, aperture diameter,

On 3d pair of arms, external diameter,

-08

On 3d pair of arms, aperture diameter,

On 4tli pair of arms, external diameter

•14

On 4th pair of arms, aperture diameter,

-07

264 A. M Verrill — North American Gephalopods.

suckers diminish regularly in size, and in the number of denticles,
till at the 200th (where the arms are bi'oken off) there are but three
denticles.

Tentacular-arms.
Plate XXVI, lig. 2.

The tentacular-arms are both entire, with all the suckers well pre-
served. The total length is 65 and 67 inches respectively ; length of
the expanded portion or club, 8*25 inches; diameter of the peduncu-
lar portion varies from "40 to '70 of an inch ; at the base, '90 ; breadth
of the proximal part of the club, where it is broadest, "70; diameter
from front to back, -60; extei'nal diameter of the largest suckers,
"6b of an inch; height of their cups, "28; of lateral suckers, 'IS; of
the largest marginal su«kers on the distal portion, 'H.

The peduncular portion is somewhat thickened and rounded at the
base, but through most of its length it is slender, varying in size, and
nearly triangular in section, with the corners rounded, each side
measuring, wliere largest, '60 of an inch in breadth. At about a foot
from the base the small smooth-rimmed suckers and their opposing
tubercles begin to appear on the inner surface. At first these are
placed singly and at considerable intervals (2 '5 to 3*5 inches), each
sucker alternating with a tubercle on each arm ; further out they
are nearer together, and towards the club they alternate, two by two,
on each arm ; near the commencement of the club they become more
numerous and are arranged somewhat in two rows ; just at the
commencement of the club they become more crowded, forming
three and then four oblique transverse rows of suckers, with the same
number of tubercles alongside of them ; on the basal expansion
of the club, which is its thickest portion, these suckers and tubercles
become very numerous, covering nearly the whole inner surface, form-
ing rather crowded and irregular obliqiie rows of six or more. These
smooth-rimmed suckers are followed by an irregular group of about
twenty, somewhat larger, denticulated suckers, occupying the entire
breadth for a very short distance. Then follow the two median
rows of large suckers, alternating with a row of marginal ones, of
about half their size, on each side. The first three or four large
suckers of each row gradually increase in size ; then follow six to
eight nearly equal ones of the largest size ; these are followed by
two to four distal ones, decreasing in size. In one of the rows there
are fourteen that distinctly belong to the large series ; in the other
row there are twelve. The distal section of the club is occupied by

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 265

four regular rows of small denticulated suckers, more strongly
toothed on the outer margins, and similar in form to the marginal
suckers of the middle region. Of these the two rows next the upper (?)
margin are decidedly larger than those of the two lower (?) rows.
Close to the tip there is a group of about a dozen minute suckers,
with smooth even rims. The middle portion of the club is bordered
on each side by a rather broad, thin scalloped membrane. The distal
section has a broad keel on the outer margin.

Suckers of tentacular-arms.

Diameter of largest, -35

Height of largest, -28

Diameter of lateral, -18

Height of lateral, -09

Diameter of smooth-rimmed ones, ._ 'lO

Diameter of tubercles, -08

Of largest lateral ones of distal section, •14

Of median lateral ones of distal section, -11

Buccal memhranes and jaws.
Plate XXYI, fig. 7.

This specimen fortunately had the buccal membranes and other
parts about the mouth perfectly preserved, which has not been the
case in the large specimens. The outer buccal membrane is broad
and thin, rather deeply colored externally. Its margin extends into
seven acute angles — one of which is opposite each of the lateral
and ventral arms, but on the dorsal side there is only one, which
corresponds to the interval between the two dorsal arms. From each
of these angles a membrane runs to, and for a short distance along
the side of the opposite arm, except from the dorsal one, which sends
off" a membrane which divides, one part going to the inner lateral
sui'face of each dorsal arm. The membranes from the upper lateral
and ventral angles join the upper lateral sides of their corresponding
arms ; those from the lower lateral angles go to the lower lateral
sides of the third pair of arms. The inner surface of the buccal
membrane is whitish and deeply and irregularly reticulated by con-
spicuous, soft, wrinkles and furrows, which become somewhat con-
centric toward the margin. Beneath this membrane are openings to
the aquiferous cavities. The inner buccal membrane, immediately
surrounding the beak, is whitish, thickened at the margin, and
strongly irregularly wrinkled and puckered.

The jaws have sharp, dark brown tips, changing to clear brown
backward, with the laminaj very thin, transparent, and whitish. The

266 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

upper mandible lias the rostrum regularly curved, with a distinct
ridge, in continuation with its inner edges, extending down the sides,
and only a slight notch at its base.

The lower mandible has a notch close to the tip, with the rest of
the inner edge nearly straight ; at the base is a rather large and wide
V-shaped notch ; the tooth beyond it being broad-triangular and
rather large; beyond the tooth the aire are white, soft and cartil-
aginous.

Measurements of jaws (in inches).

Transverse diameter of buccal mass, _. 1

Vertical diameter of buccal mass, 1

Upper Mandibk:

Tip to end of frontal lamina, 1

Tip to notch,

Tip to lateral border of lamina. ..

Lower Mandible :

Tip to border of mentum,

Tip to lateral border of alas,

Tip to inner end of alse, 1

Tip to bottom of notch,

Heiglit of tooth,

Notch to inner end of alse,

Mentum to inner end of alse, 1

The portion of the oesophagus preserved is 14*75 inches long and
about 'IS of an inch broad, in its flattened condition.

The odontophore (Plate XXXVIII, figs. 1, 2) is amber-color, -18 of
an inch broad. The tridentate median teeth have moderately long but
not very acute points, of which the middle one is a little the longest.
The inner lateral teeth are bidentate and somewhat broader and longer
than the median ones; their outer denticle is well-developed, but
considerably shorter than the inner one. The next to the outer
lateral teeth are larger at base and much longer, simple, broad,
tapering, flattened, slightly curved, acute at tip. They appear not
to have the small lateral denticle observed on the corresponding
teeth of the adult Architeitthh (see Plate XVIa, figs. 1, 2). The
outer lateral teeth are similar to the preceding, but rather larger and
not quite so broad at base. The marginal plates are well-developed,
thin, somewhat rhomboidal.

The internal cavity of the ears is somewhat irregularly three-lobed,
with several rounded papillae projecting inward from its sides, very
much as in those of Ommastrephes. Each ear contained two irregular-
shaped otoliths, one of which (Plate XXXVUI, fig. 4) was much
larger than the other, in each ear.

The eyes were both burst, and most of tlieir internal structure was
destroyed. So far as preserved they closely agree with those of

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 267

Ommastrephes. The eye-balls were large and sotaewhat oblong in
form, and appear to have been nearly two inches broad and three
long. The eye-lids are badly mutilated, but the anterior sinus can
be imperfectly made out. It seems to have been broad and rounded.
The aquiferous cavities appear to have been like those of Omma-
strephes. The form and structure of the cartilaginous ' brain-box '
also appear to be essentially the same as in the genus last named.

Ommastrephes.

Ommastrephes {pars)'D^O\:h\gQ.j, Voy. Am. Merid., 1835; Cephal. Acetabulifers, p. 341.

Body elongated, pointed posteriorly. Caudal fin broad, trans-
versely rhomboidal. Pen narrowed behind the middle, with a strong
median rib and large marginal ribs on each side ; near the posterior
end thin and concave, expanded into a lanceolate form, with the tip
infolded and slightly hooded. Head large. Eyes with lids, having
a distinct sinus in front.

Arms stout, the third pair stoutest, with a dorsal keel ; all the
arms have marginal membi-anes exterior to the suckers. Suckers of
the arms deep and oblique, with horny rims which are strongly
denticulate on the outer margin, the median tooth usually largest.
Tentacular-arms rather long and contractile, stout, with a moderately
wide terminal club, which has along its middle region two rows of
large central suckers, and a row of smaller marginal ones alternating
with them, on each side ; proximal part of club with small denticu-
late suckers only ; distal part of club with four to eight rows of small
denticulate suckers.

Siphon-tube placed in a depression of the under side of the head,
and attached to the liead by a lateral bridle on each side, behind the
eyes, and by a pair of bridles on its dorsal surface, at the bottom of
the depi'ession in which it is lodged. Terminal orifice transversely
elliptical, furnished with an internal valve.

Mantle-fastenings ('apparatus of resistance'), situated on the basal
extension of the siphon, consist, on the ventral side, of two large
triangular bosses, with an elongated and somewhat eai*-shaped longi-
tudinal fosse, and a shallower transverse one; and on each side of the
inner surface of the mantle, of a corresponding short, raised, longi-
tudinal ridge, swollen posteriorly, and a lower transverse ridge,
which fit closely into the fosses. The dorsal side of the head
has a median, longitudinal facet, that fits upon its counterpart
on the mantle, over the anterior part of the pen, which gives it
support.

Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V, 33 June, 1880.

268 A. E. VerriU — N'orth American Cephalopods.

The nuchal lamelljB are formed by a transverse tegumentary fold
behind the eyes, from whicli run backw^ard, on each side, three longi-
tudinal lamellae, which are delicate, and have a sensory (perhaps
olfactory) function.

Buccal membrane seven-angled, thin, corrugated on the inner sur-
face, destitute of suckers.

Branchial auricles, and gills large. Liver and stomach voluminous.

The male has one of the ventral arms (which may be either right
or left in our species) hectocotylized near the tip, by enlargement
and flattening of the bases of the sucker-stalks, while their cups
become small or abortive.

The female has oviducts developed on both sides, but they are
small, and simple, opening far back. Two pairs of nidamental glands,
which are small and simple.

Ommastrephes illecebrosa VerriU. (Short-finned squid.)

Loligo illecebrosa Lesiieur, Journ. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, p. 95, Plate 10, figs.
18-21, 1821 (figures incorrect).
Blainville, Diet, des Sci. nat., vol. xxvii, p. 142, 1823.
Gould, Invert. Mass., ed. I, p. 318, 1841 (habits).
Loligo piscatorum La Pylaie, Ann. des Sci. nat., iv, p. 319, 1825, PI. 16 (habits as

observed at Saint Pierre).
Ommastrephes sagiUatus (jmts) D'Orbig., Cephal. Acetab., p. 345, Plate 7, figs. 1-3
(after Lesueur).
Gray {pars), Catalogue Moll, of British Mus., Part I, Cephal. Antep., p. 58, 1849.
Binney, in Gould's Invert. Mass., ed. II, p. 510, 1870 (excl. syn.), PI. 26, figs.

341-4 [341 is inaperfect],* not Plate 25, fig. 339.
Tryon {pars), Man. Couch., I, p. 177, PI. 78, fig. 342 (very poor, after Lesueur),
PI. 79, fig. 343, 1879 {not Plate 78, figs. 341, 345).
Ommastrephes illecebrosa Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. iii. p. 281, 1S72 (synonymy);
Report on Invert. Viney. Sd., etc., 1873, pp. 441 (habits), 634 (descr.) ; Amer.
Jour. Science, vol. xix, p. 289, April, 1880.

Plates XXVIII ; XXIX, figs. 5, 5a ; XXXVII, fig. 8 ; XXXIX.

Body, in the younger specimens, long and slender; in the adults,
especially when the stomach is distended with food, and in the
breeding season, rather stout ; most so in the gravid female ; in pre-
served specimens the apparent stoutness of the body depends very
much upon whether the mantle was in a contracted or expanded

* This species is not well figured in the last edition of Gould's Invertebrates. Plate
25, fig. 339, which Mr. Binney refers to it, really represents a Loligo. Plate 26, figs.
341-344 (erroneously referred to Loligopsis pavo), was doubtless made from a specimen
of this species, but if so, the long arms were incorrectly drawn, and confused with
the short arms.

A. E. Verrill — JVbrth American Cephalopods. 269

state when the animal died. Caudal fin transversely rhomboidal,
or broad spear-shape, about one-third wider than long ; its breadth
usually less than half the length of the mantle ; the posterior borders
are nearly straight and form nearly a right angle at the posterior
end ; the anterior margins are somewhat convexly rounded, and the
front margin extends, at the sides of the body, considerably forward
beyond the insertion of the fin. Ratio of fin-length to mantle-length
1 : 2*4 8 to 1 : 3-00 (the latter in the young ones). Average propor-
tions in eight adult specimens : of fin-length (from insertion) to length
of dorsal side of mantle, about 1 : 2*55 ; breadth of fin to length of
mantle, average, 1 : 1*90; length of head (dorsal edge of mantle to
base of arms) to mantle-length, average, 1 : 7*15.

The head is large, well-rounded ; the exposed portion is shorter
than broad, its breadth about equals that of the body, in ordinary
contraction ; its sides, in the region of the eyes, are somewhat
swollen ; the under surface is flattened, and has a deep excavation
in front, semi-circular, or rather semi-elliptical, in outline, to receive
the dorsal half of the siphon-tube, which fits into it closely.

The sides of the head, back of the eyes, have a i-ather prominent,
transverse ridge, back of which the head suddenly narrows, to the
neck. The transverse ridges curve backward slightly and meet on
the dorsal side of the head, where they are less prominent. Three
thin, lamelliform, erect folds of the skin extend backward from the
transverse ridge, on each side of the head ; of these the middle or
lateral one is about in line with the lower eye-lid ; the upper one is,
at its origin, about midway betw^een the latter and the median dorsal
line, but its posterior edge bends downward and joins that of the one
below; the lowest of the three is shorter and cmwes upward, and
finally joins the middle one, at its posterior edge. These folds form,
therefore, in connection with the transverse ridge, two well-defined
lateral areas or facets, of delicate and probably very sensitive integu-
ment, placed just in front of the mantle-opening, on each side, where
they must be bathed by the inflowing currents of water. It seems
probable to me, therefore, that they are the seat of a special sense,
analogous to, if not identical with, that of smell. They are, also,
closely connected with the organs of hearing, and may be of some
service in concentrating sound-vibrations. A small pore is situated
within the lower facet.

The pupils are round and the eyes are large, though the opening
between the lids is usually rather small, especially in alcoholic speci-
mens. In these the aperture is usually contracted to a small obliquely
transverse, irregular-triangular form, or even to a narrow oblique slit ;

270 A. E. Verrill — North American Cejyhalopods.

when more open the aperture is still usually somewhat angular; the
anterior sinus is narrow and extends downward and forward.

The eye-lids form, when nearly expanded, an irregular oval, the
longest diameter placed transversely and somewhat obliquely, while
the narrow and deep sinus extends forward and somewhat downward.
When partly closed (Plate XXIX, fig. 5) the ojjening between the
lids generally becomes more oblong and sometimes approaches a
triangular form.

The mantle is thick and very muscular; its anterior margin has a
concave outline beneath, forming a slightly prominent angle on each
side ; from these angles it advances somewhat to the slight median
dorsal angle, which projects forward but little, and does not fonn a
distinct lobe, and sometimes it is hardly noticeable, even as an angle,
the transverse outline of the edge on the dorsal side being, in that
case, nearly straight, or advancing a very little in the middle.

The sessile arms are rather stout, tapering to acute tips. The
dorsal arms are a little smaller and shorter than the others; the
second and third pairs are nearly equal in size and length, the second
often a trifle the longer; those of the fourth pair are usually inter-
mediate in length between the first and second pairs.

All the sessile arms are stout and armed with similar suckers.
Along their inner angles, ovitside the suckers, they are all similarly
provided with marginal membranes, which rise to about the same
height as the suckers, on each side. Just proximal to each sucker on the
inner face of the arm, arises a thickened, transverse, muscular fold, that
extends to the edge of the lateral membrane, which often recedes
between their extremities, so as to have a scolloped outline.

The dorsal arms are a little shorter and decidedly smaller than the
others. The two lateral pairs of arms are stoutest and longest, and
nearly equal, sometimes one pair and sometimes the other, being
longest. The ventral arms are a little longer than the dorsal and
shorter than the lateral ones. The dorsal and upper-lateral arms are
trapezoidal in section, with the inner face rather broad. The dorsal
arms have a slightly elevated, median dorsal fold, commencing near
the base and running to the tip. Those of the second pair have a
broader, membranous fold on the lower-outer angle, along the whole
length. Those of the third pair are stouter than the others, and much
compressed laterally, with the outer surface rounded, close to the base,
but becoming compressed and keeled farther out, and having a high
median ridge along its middle region, becoming narrow toward the
tip. The ventral arms are trapezoidal in section, with a narrow fold

A. E. Verrill — ISforth American Ce2)halopods. 271

along the outer angle, which is acute, while the ventral angle is
rounded.

The tentacular-arms (Plate XXVIII, figs, 1«, 2) are long; when
extended, in fresh specimens, they reach hack beyond the base of the
caudal fin. They are rather stout, rounded-trapezoidal along the
peduncular portion ; along the upper-outer angle a thin fold runs
from the base to the tip, becoming a wide carina on the backside of
the club ; two less marked folds run along the inner angles, defining
a narrow inner face, along the whole length, but on this face thei'e
are no suckers, except close to where it begins to expand into the
broader face of the club ; along the sides of the club, the marginal
membranes become much wider, rising to a level ^\ath the suckers.

In the male of our species, one of the ventral arms (Plate XXVIII,
figs. 8, 3a) is strongly hectocotylized, somewhat as in Loligo. But
in this species it is the right arm, about as often as the left, that is
modified. Toward the tip of the arm, for some distance, the pedicels
of the suckers, especially of the outer row, become shorter, and the
bases of the sucker-stalks become larger, broader, and transversely
compressed, while the cups of the suckers themselves decrease rapidly,
till they become very minute, and on a number of the most flattened
and largest stalks, they are entirely abortive, in the case of the
medium sized males, but, very close to the tip, they may again become
normal. The inner row of suckers is more or less modified, in a
similar manner; but fewer of the sucker stalks are affected, and these
are, usually, not so extensively altered, though in the larger males
many of them are commonly destitute of cups and have the same flat-
tened form as those of the outer row, with which they are usually
united along the median line of the arm, forming: a zig-zao- ridge.
In a very large male (J), with the right ventral arm modified, the
alteration of the sucker-stalks becomes obvious at about the 45th
sucker, and there are, beyond this, about 80 modified suckers, ex-
tending to the very tip ; of these about 30, in the outer row, are
represented only by the flat, lamelliform bases of the sucker-stalks,
without cups ; on the inner row, the small cups extend for about ten
suckers farther than on the outer. The lamelliform processes are united
medially in a zigzag line, along the entire tip. The modified part is
about an inch in length. This arm is as long as its mate, (though in
other specimens it is often shorter) ; but it is broader, stouter, and
more blunt at tip, both the inner face and lateral membrane being in-
creased in width. The younger males, 4 to 6 in. long, have the corre-
sponding suckei's less extensively modified, and the cups, though very
much reduced in size, are usually present on all or nearly all the stalks.

272 A. M Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

The portion of the tentacles wliich bears suckers is always less
than half the whole length. The relative size of the suckers varies
greatly in both sexes, perhaps in connection with a periodical
renewal of their horny rings.

The club is long and moderately broad, gradually widening from
the peduncular part of the arm, and tapering at the end to a rather
blunt, flattened and curved tip, which is strongly carinated on the
outer side by a thin lamina. The suckers commence a short distance
in advance of the expansion of the club. They are at first small,
deep cup-shaped, and somewhat scattered, in two alternate rows, but
all of these small ones have oblique rims, strongly denticulated
on the outer margin with four or five long incurved teeth, while the
inner edge is smooth. Of the small ones, before the commencement
of the two median rows of lai-ge suckers, there are from ten to fifteen.

The middle region of the club is occupied by two rows of large
suckers (fig. 7) and by a row of small marginal ones, on each side,
alternating with the large ones. The uppermost of the two rows of
large suckers contains one or two more suckers than the lower, and
they are also larger. The number in the upper row is seven to nine,
in the lower five to seven, the largest specimens having the greater
number. Of these, the three to five middle ones in each row are
decidedly the largest and have the edge of the marginal ring nearly
smooth and even ; at each end of each row the suckers diminish in
size and the edge becomes denticulate, at first by the formation of
narrow incisions, which leave broad, stout, blunt denticles ; but as
the suckers diminish in size these become longer, narrower and more
acute ; their inner margins remain smooth. The large suckers are
broad and moderately deep, somewhat swollen below, and a little
oblique. The marginal suckers are much smaller, shallower, more
oblique, and have the entire rim finely and sharply denticulate, the den-
ticles being longer and strongly incurved on the outer margin. Beyond
the rows of large suckers there is, at first, a small group of sharply
denticulate suckers, in four rows, resembling the marginal ones in
form and size ; but these rapidly decrease in size and are succeeded
by eight crowded rows of very small suckers, with minute apertures,
which occupy the entire face of the terminal section to the tip.

The suckers of the sessile arms are largest on the two lateral pairs,
on which they are nearly equal, and the largest are about the same
in size as those on the tentacular-club ;* those of the ventral arms are
smallest ; those of the dorsal arms are intermediate in size between

* In the males the tentacular suckers are usually the smaller ; in the females often
the larger.

A. E. 'Verrill — Worth American Cephalopods. 273

those of the lateral and ventral arras. The first few suckers (three to
five), at the base of each arm, are smaller than those beyond, but
increase regularly in size; they have the edge of the rim nearly
entire, or with only a few blunt teeth on the outer margin ; then
follow about twelve suckers, of the largest size. These large
suckers (Plate XXVIII, figs. 5, 5a) are deep, oblique cup-shaped,
somewhat swollen in the middle, with oblique horny rims, which are
entire on the inner margin, but on the outer have a large, strongly
incurved, acute median tooth, on each side of which there are usually
four or five shorter, flat, blunt teeth ; but toward the base of the arms
these ai'e fewer and shorter, while distally they become more numerous,
longer, and more acute, and often the edge is more or less denticulate
nearly all around. The larger suckers are followed by a regularly de-
creasing series of thirty to forty smaller secondary ones (figs. 6, 6a), not
counting the numerous very small ones, within one-third of an inch of
the tip. These secondary suckers grade gradually into the large or
primary ones, both in size and form ; they are, however, armed with
four or five very sharp incurved teeth, on the outer margin, of which
the median one is longest, while the inner margin is usually entire.
They are very oblique and one-sided in form. The membrane around
the rim of all the suckers is thickened, but most so on the basal ones ;
it usually recedes behind the large median tooth, leaving there an
emargination.

The outer buccal membrane is not very large ; its inner surface is
closely covered with lamelliform folds and wrinkles ; its border is
prolonged into seven acute angles, from which membranes extend to
the opposite arms, going to the upper sides of the second and fourth
pairs of arms ; to the lower side of the thiixl pair ; but the seventh
angle is in the median dorsal line, and the membrane from it bifur-
cates, one-half going to the inner side of each dorsal arm. Imme-
diately around the jaws there is a circular, thickened, rugose oral
membrane, with a strongly lobed edge, while its inner surface is
radially wrinkled and covered with scattei'ed rounded verrucae. A
plain fold intervenes between this and the outer buccal membranes.

The jaws are sharp and incurved at tip, reddish brown to brownish
black in color, with the posterior borders of the laminae whitish and
translucent. The upper mandible has a much incurved tip, with the
cutting edges regularly curved, and with a shallow notch at their
bases, beyond which the anterior edges rise into a broad obtuse lobe
or low tooth, by which the hardened and dark-colored part, as seen by
transmitted light, has the form of a sharp angular tooth, but its

274 A. JE. Verrill — North American Ce/phalopods.

actual projection anteriorly is but slight, because the translucent
edge beyond it rises to about the same level. The lateral-posterior
borders of the frontal lamina3 are sinuous and incurved in the middle;
the palatine lamina is broad, with the posterior lateral edges incurved
and sinuous.

The lower mandible has the extreme tip strongly incurved, forming
a slight notch, close to the tip, below which the edges ai*e slightly
incurved or nearly straight, with a decided V-shaped notch at the
base ; the anterior edges, beyond the notch, form a triangular tooth
of the inner laminae, but this is obscured, unless viewed by trans-
mitted light, by the outer alar laminae, which rises at its anterior
edge, which is translucent, nearly to a level with the tooth ; the
inner ends of the alas are wider than tlie middle, and broadly rounded ;
the gular laminae are short, narrowed posteriorly, with their inner
edges incurved, and with a thickened, prominent ventral carina.

The jaws of a large specimen measure as follows: upper mandible,
tip to posterior end of palatine lamina, 22™'"; to dorsal end of frontal
lamina, 16; to posterior lateral edge of same, 9; to base of cutting
edge, 5 ; inner edge of palatine lamina to dorsal end of fi'ontal
lamina, 1*7. Lower mandible, tip to inner end of alae, 13'"'"; to ven-
tral notch of alae, 4 ; to ventral notch of gular laminre, 9 ; to posterior
end of same, 16 ; to base of cutting edges, 5.

The buccal mass has, on the outer surface of the dorsal and lateral
sides, a broad, thin, brown horny plate, with a notch posteriorly, in
the median line.

The odontophore (Plate XXXVII, tig. 8), is remarkable for the
length and sliarpness of the teeth, especially of the central and outer
rows. The median teeth have a long and very acute median denticle,
Avith much shorter lateral ones. The inner lateral teeth have broad
bases and a long and very sharp central denticle, with a much shorter
lateral one, on the outside. The next to the outer lateral teeth are
simple, slender and sharp. The outer lateral teeth are much longer,
strongly curved, and very acute.

The pen (Plate XXVIII, fig. 4) is long and slender, with a slender
midrib and strong marginal ribs ; the anterior end is thin, broad pen-
shaped, subacute ; from very near the anterior end it tapers gradu-
ally backward to about the posterior fourth, where it becomes very
narrow, apj^arently consisting only of the consolidated lateral ribs
and midrib, the former showing on the ventral side a thin groove
between them, the latter appearing as a slender ridge on the dorsal
side. The posterior portion is narrow-lanceolate in form, with thin

A. jEJ. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 275

edges, and a strong midrib, composed of the united marginal ribs of
the anterior portion ; tlie thin edges are incurved, so as to give a
canoe-shaped form to this portion, and near the tip, the edges unite
beneath into a short hood-like tip. Anteriorly the lateral ribs show
two grooves on the ventral side, and appear to be composed of three
united ribs.

The ground-color of a specimen taken by me, in 1870, at Eastport,
Maine, when first caught, was pale bluish-white, with green, blue and
yellow iridescence on the sides and lower surface; the whole body,
head, and outer surfaces of arms and fins were more or less thickly
covered with small, unequal, circular, orange-brown and dark brown
spots, having crenulate margins ; these spots were continually chang-
ing in size, from mere points, when they were nearly black, to spots
1""" to To""" in diameter, when they were pale orange-brown, becom-
ing lighter colored as they expanded. On the lower side of body,
head, and siphon the spots were more scattered, but the intervals were
generally less than the diameter of the spots. On the upper side the
spots were much crowded and in different planes, with the edges often
overlapping, thus increasing the variety of the tints. Along the mid-
dle of the back the ground-color was pale flesh-color, with a distinct
median dorsal band, along which the spots were more crowded and
tinged with green, in fine specks. Above each eye there was a broad
lunate spot of light purplish red, with smaller and much crowded
brown spots. The upper surface of the head was deeply colored by
the brown spots, which were here larger, darker, and more crowded
than elsewhere, and situated in several strata. The under sides of the
arms and fins were colored like the body, except that the spots were
smaller and much less numerous. The suckers were pure white. The
eyes were dark, blue-black, surrounded by an iridescent border.

The colors change constantly, when living or recently dead, by
means of the continual contraction and dilation of the chromato-
phores. The different tints pass over the surface like blushes.

In specimens recently preserved in alcohol, the same pattern of
coloration is usually visible. The dark dorsal band on the body and
head, and the dark patches above the eyes, as well as smaller dark
patches in front of the eyes, can be plainly seen. In these darker
parts the chromatophores are much crowded, and have a purplish
brown color, varying to chocolate-brown in specimens longer pre-
served. On other parts of the body the chromatophores are more
scattered and usually reddish brown in color, with a circular or ellip-
tical outline ; when expanded, the larger ones are about 1""" in diam-

Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. Y. 34 June, 1880.

2*76 A. E. Yerrill — North American Cephalopods.

eter. The under surfaces of the fins, siphon, head, and ai*ms have
fewer and smaller spots, and are, therefore, lighter colored, and
appear nearly white when these spots are contracted,

A fresh specimen, caught in Casco Bay, in 1873, had the following
proportions: Length of head and body, not including the arms,
221™'" ; length of caudal fin, 86 ; breadth of fin, 90 ; diameter of body,
35; length of upper arms, 80; of second pair, 100; of third pair,
100; of the ventral pair, 90; of tentacular-arms, 182""'".

Of our species, I have measured large numbers of specimens, pre-
served in diiferent ways, and also fresh, and have found no great vari-
ation in the form and relativ e length of the caudal fin, among speci-
mens of similar size and in similar states of preservation, nor do the
sexes differ in this respect. The young, however, differ very de-
cidedly from the large specimens in these respects. The modes of
preservation also cause much of the variation in the proportions of
fins and arms to the mantle. The two sexes are probably equally
numerous, but in our collections the females usually predominate, and
the largest siDCcimens are usually females, though equally large males
occur. In 31 measured specimens, in alcohol, from various localities
and of both sexes, the average length, from tip of tail to dorsal
edge of the mantle, was 176""" (6*96 inches); from tip of tail to inser-
tion of fin, 66"'" (2*60 inches) ; average proportion of fin to mantle-
length, 1:2-68. Among these the proportions varied from as low as
1 : 2'48, in some of the larger ones (with mantle above 8 inches), up to
1 : 3-00, in the smaller ones (with the mantle less than 3 inches long).

The following tables are intended to illustrate the natural varia-
tion in the proportions, due mainly to age, and the accidental varia-
tions caused by differences in the modes of preservation and strength
of the alcohol.

The specimens from Eastport, Me., designated G. H. I. R., were
collected at one time, in midsummer, and preserved in the same way,
in alcohol of moderate strength, repeatedly changed ; at the present
time the strength of the alcohol is about 80 per cent. They are in
good condition, moderately firm and not badly contracted. Those
designated as D. E. F. N. O. P., were also collected at one time, in
August, and preserved together. They are in fair condition, but not
so well preserved as the former lot. Those numbered ii to xiv
were preserved together, about the last of July. They were placed
in strong alcohol and are hard and badly contracted. J. K. and L.
were preserved together, but were originally found dead on the beach
and in a relaxed state. They are only moderately contracted by
the alcohol.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 2V7

Measurements of Ommastrephes illecehrosa (in inches).

Tail to tip of dorsal arms,

Tail to lip of second pair arms, ..

Tail to tip of third pair arms,

Tail to tip of fourth pair arms, . .

Tail to tip of tentacular-arms,

Tail to base of dorsal arms,

Tail to center of eye,

Tail to edge of mantle, above,

Tail to edge of mantle, below,

Tail to insertion of fin,

Breadth of fin, .

Distance between lateral inser-
tions,

Front edge, outer angle to inser-
tion,

Back edge, outer angle to tip of

tail,

Circumference of body,

Breadth of body.

Breadth of head at eyes,

Breadth of eye-opening,

Breadth of siphon at bridle,

Length of head, mantle to base of

dorsal arms, ....

Length of dorsal arms,

Length of 2d pair,

Length of 3d pair,

Length of 4th pair,

Length of tentacular-arms,

Length of club,

Breadth of dorsal arms,

Breadth of 2d pair,

Breadth of 3d pair,

Breadth of 4th pair,

Breadth of tentacular-arms,

Breadth of club,

Front to back of 3d pair,

Diameter of Suckers :

Largest on tentacular-arms.

Largest on 3d pair,

Largest on ventral arms,

ProportioJis :
Length of fin to mantle length, 1 :
Breadth of fin to mantle length, 1 :

Length* to breadth of fin. I :

Length of head to mantle, 1 :

0$ Ps D? E? J^ 1$ R5 W $ Fresh.

13-40

14-20

14-20

13-10

16-50

10-00

9-30

8-60

8-20

3-30

4-20

2-20

3-30

4-80

1-70

1-60

-40

-75

1-40

3-75

4-30

4-10

3-60

6-80

3-30

•35

-45

•45

•44

•25

•30

-65

-18
-18
-11

2-60
2-04
1-27
6-14

2-20

3-25

2-50
1-86
1-34
5-70

12-75

13-25

15-5
9-00
8-25
7-75
7-30
3-10
4-25

•50

2-00

3-15

2-50
1-82
1-37
6-20

50

00

00
90
35
10

75

78

40

90

2-90

1-15
•55

•80

2-70

3-15

3-00

2-80

4-00

1-85

•25

•30

•28

•30

•30

•18

•40

•11

•11
•09

2-58
1-87
1-37

8^87

50
30
20
40
50
00
50
70
10
50
15

65

50

50
50
15
65
36
78

30
65
40
55
80
80
55
35
45
50
45
28
25
65

-18
-21
-11

2-48
1-69
1-46
6-70

10-50

10-80

11-00

10-60

12-20

8-30

7-75

7^50

7-15

2^90

3^80

-45

2-80

3-00
4-30
1-30
1-20
-20
•60

80
20
70
67
•43
•00
75
•30
•35
•35
•35
-20
•22
•45

-10
•14
•09

2-58
1^97
1^30
9^30

2^10

-13
-14
-07

2-57
1-84
1-39
7-20

8-25

6-50

5-70
5-38
2-10
2-65

1-45

2-00

1-10

1-00

-25

•80

1-75

2-25

2-25

2-00

4-50

1-30

•20

•25

•25

•25

•17

2^71
2-15
1-26
7-12

8-84

3-44?
3-60

1-40

3-20
4-00
4-00
3-60

7-28

The same specimens, included both in this and the following tables, show small
differences in their measurements (made at different times), due partly to the different
degrees of extension employed in measuring them, and partly to the fact that the
alcohol had been changed, and its strength altered.

* The length of the fin, in these tables, means the distance from the lateral inser-
tions to the tip of the tail, which is somewhat less than the extreme length.

278

A. JEJ. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

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End of body to edge of mantle, above, —
End of body to edge of mantle, beneath, .

End of body to origin of flu,

End of body to center of eye,

End of body to base of dorsal arms, . . . _

Eye to tip of dorsal arms,

Eye to tip of 2d pair of arms,

Eye to tip of 3d pair of arms,

Eye to tip of 4th pair of arms,

Eye to tip of tentacular-arms,

Breadth of head across eyes,

Breadth of head in front of eyes,

Breadth of body, .

Breadth of caudal fins,

Circumference of body,

Length of tentacular-club,

Diameter of largest suckers of club,

Of largest suckers on 3d pair arms,

Ratio of fin to length of mantle, 1 :

Breadth of fin to length of mantle, 1 :

280

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

Coast of Rhode Island (Verrill) to Cumberland Gulf (Kumlein).
Abundant from Cape Cod to Newfoundland. Newport, R. I. (U.
S. Fish Com.) Vineyard Sd., Mass., rare, large in winter, small
in May (V. N. Edwards).

Ommastreph.es illecehrosa. — Specimens examined.

Specimens.

No.

Locality.

When Collected.

Received from.

No. Sex.

10280

Newport, R. I.

1872

U. S. Fish Com.

1 young.

10027, J.

Vineyard Sound.

Nov. 2, 1876

V. N. Edwards

1 S , left-hand.

10027, K.

11 u

" "

a a

IS

10027, L.

U 11

a a

a a

1?

M.

11 11

May, 1876

a a

1 S , r.-hand.

W.

Provincetowu. Mass.

a a

July. 1879

u I;

U. S. Fish Com.

a a

1 $ , fig'd.
9$

..

'• "

a a

a u

5$

..

i( 11

" "

11 11

3 young.

U 11

a a

'' "

28 + , dupl.

Salem, Mass.

Oct. 25, 1873

J. H. Emerton

1 ?

Grloucester, Mass.

1878

U. S. Fish Com.

1 young.

s. t' u.

Casco Bay. Me.

1873

U. S. Fish Com.

3 2

X.

Off Seguin I., Me. (50 fatli.)

1879

(lot. 517) U.S. F.C.

1 2 young.

Mt. Desert, Me.

1860

A. E.A^errill

50 + , large.

Off Cashe's Ledge.

1873 (loc. 21)

U. S. Fish Com.

1, mutilated.

9693, G.

Eastport, Me.

1870

A. E. Verrill

1 ? , large.

9693, H. I.

11 11

a

a a

2 $ , left-hand.

9693, R.

11 11

"

a a

1 S , r.-hand.

D. E. F.

11 11

1872

U. S. Fish Com.

3 2 , large.

N. 0. P.

U 11

"

" "

3?

11 11

a a

1 young.

Halifax, N. S.

J. R. Willis

Smithsonian

1 young.

10028

11 a

J. M. Jones

J. M. Jones

1 2 , large.

10278, Q.

Newfoundland.

a a

a a

1 2 , large.

--

Cumberland Gulf.

L. Kumlein

Nat. Museum

1 mutilated.

Several of the smaller specimens, included in this list, are so young
that it is impossible to determine their sex with certainty, without
dissection. The hectocotylization of the ventral arm in the male is
scarcely recognizable in those with the mantle less than 4 inches long.

The Mediterranean form, usually identified with the var. b, of JLoli-
go sagittata Lamarck, 1799,* is closely related to our species, but if
the published figures and descriptions can be relied upon, it can
hardly be identical, as D'Orbigny and other writers have considered
it. The American form has a more elongated body, with a differently
shaped caudal fin, which is relatively shorter than the best authors
attribute to O. sagittatus. The figure given by Verany is, however, an
exception in this respect, for in it the body is represented about as

*Tt seems more probable, however, that Lamarck's description applied rather to 0.
Bartramii (Les. sp.) of tlie Gulf Stream region. Blainville and others have thus ap-
plied it, correctly, as I beheve.

A. E. Ven-ill — JVbrth Americcm Cephalopods. 281

long as in some of our larger specimens.* It should be remarked, how-
ever, that Lesueur's figure of O. illecehrosa shows the body too small
and too short in proportion to the size of the fin, and the fin wrong
in shape and occupying more than half the length of the mantle ; the
proportions of the arms are also erroneous. But Lesueur explains
these defects by his statement that the figures were hasty sketches
made for the sake of preserving the colors, and that he saved a speci-
men by which to correct, afterwards, his drawings and description,
but the specimen saved turned out to be L. pavo^ so that the orig-
inal sketches were published without correction. Tryon's figure 342
is a poor copy of one of Lesueur's, without credit.

If the European form be really identical with the American, its dis-
tribution is very anomalous, for while the former is a southern Euro-
pean form, inhabiting the Mediterranean and scarcely extending north
of the southern waters of Great Britain, where it appears to be rare, our
species is strictly a northern, cold water form, rarely found south of
Cape Cod, even in winter. Its range extends quite to the Arctic Ocean,

Notes on Habits.
When living, this is a very beautiful creature, owing to the bril-
liancy of its eyes and its bright and quickly changing colors. It is
also very quick and graceful in its movements. This is the most com-
mon ' squid ' north of Cape Cod, and extends as far south as Newport,
R. I. It is very abundant in Massachusetts Bay, the Bay of Fundy,
and northward to Newfoundland. It is taken on the coast of New-
foundland in immense numbers, and used as bait for cod-fish. It oc-
curs in vast schools when it visits the coast, but whether it seeks
those shores for the purpose of spawning or in search of food is not
known. I have been imable to learn anything personally in regard
to its breeding habits, nor have I been able to ascertain that anyone
has any information in regard either to the time, manner, or place of
spawning. At Eastport, Me., I have several times observed them in
large numbers, in midsummer. But at that time they seem to be
wholly engaged in the pursuit of food, following the schools of hei--
ring, which were then in pursuit of shrimp [Thysanopoda Norvegica).,
which occur in the Bay of Fundy, at times, in great quantities, swim-
ming at the surface. The stomachs of the squids taken on these oc-
casions were distended with fragments of Thysanojyoda^ or with the
flesh of the herring, or with a mixture of the two, but their reproduc-

* According to Jefireys (Brit. Conch., V, p. 129, pi. 5) the English 0. sagittatus has
the fin " from | to nearly -i the length of the mantle ;" and the form of the pen, as
figured by him, is dififerent from that of our species.

282 A. JE. Verrill — North American Cephalo^wds.

tive organs were not in an active condition. The same is true of all
the specimens that I have taken at other localities in summer. From
the fact that the oviducts are small and simple, and the nidamental
glands little developed, I believe that it will eventually prove that
this species discharges its eggs free in the ocean, and that they will
be found floating at the surface, either singly or in gelatinous masses
or bands, not having any complicated capsules to enclose them.
Nothing is known as to the length of time required by this species to
attain its full size. It probably lives several years.

This squid is an exceedingly active creature, darting with great
velocity backward, or in any other direction, by means of the reaction
of the jet of water which is ejected with great force from the siphon,
and which may be directed forward or backward, or to the right or
left, by bending the siphon. Even Avhen confined in a limited space,
as in a fish-pound, it is not an easy matter to capture them with a
dip-net, so quick will they dart away, to the right and left. When
darting rapidly the lobes of the caudal fin are closely wrapped around
the body* and the arms are held tight together, forming an acute
bundle in front, so that the animal, in this condition, is sharp at both
ends, and passes through the water with the least possible resistance.
Its caudal fin is used as an accessoiy organ of locomotion when it
slowly swims about, or balances itself for some time nearly in one
position in the water.

The best observations of the modes of capturing its prey are by
Messrs. S. I. Smith and Oscar Harger, who observed it at Province-
town, Massachusetts, among the wharves, in large numbers, July 28,
1872, engaged in capturing and devouring the young mackerel, which
were swimming about in ' schools,' and at that time were about four
or five inches long. In attacking the mackerel they would suddenly
dart backward among the fish with the velocity of an arrow, and as
suddenly turn obliquely to the right or left and seize a fish, which
was almost instantly killed by a bite in the back of the neck with
their sharp beaks. The bite was always made in the same place, cut-
ting out a triangular piece of flesh, and was deep enough to penetrate
to the spinal cord. The attacks were not always successful, and were
sometimes repeated a dozen tim6s before one of these active and wary

* This position of the fins is well shown in Plate 26, fig. 341, of Binney's edition of
Gould's Invertebrata of Massachusetts. This figure was probably drawn by Mr. Burk-
hardt from living specimens formerly icopt in Cutting's Aquarium, in Boston, about
1860 to 1862. This figure is very good, in most respects, except that the clubs of tlie
tentacles have been confounded with the ventral pair of the sessile arms, and thus the
suckers are made to continue along the whole length of the tentacles.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 283

■fishes could be caiight. Sometimes, after making seA'eral unsuccess-
ful attempts, one of the squids would suddenly drop to the bottom,
and, resting upon the sand, would change its color to that of the sand
so perfectly as to be almost invisible. In this position it would Avait
until the fishes came back, and when they were swimming close to or
over the ambuscade, the squid, by a sudden dart, would be pretty
sure to secure a fish. Ordinarily, when swimming, they were thickly
spotted with red and brown, but when darting among the mackerel
they appeared translucent and pale. The mackerel, however, seemed
to have learned that the shallow water was the safest for them, and
would hug the shore as closely as possible, so that in pursuing them
many of the squids became stranded, and perished by hundreds, for
when they once touch the shore they begin to pump water from their
siphons with great energy, and this usually forces them farther and
farther up the beach. At such times they often discharge their ink
in large quantities. The attacks on the young mackerel were ob-
served mostly at or near high-water, for at other times the mackerel
were seldom seen, though the squids were seen swimming about at
all hours ; and these attacks were observed both in the day and
evening.

It is probable, from various observations, that this and other
species of squids are partially nocturnal in their habits, or at least are
more active in the night than in the day. Those that are caught in
the pounds and weirs mostly enter in the night, evidently while swim-
ming along the shores in ' schools.' They often get aground on the
sand-flats at Provincetown, Massachusetts, in the night. On the
islands in the Bay of Fundy, even where there are no flats, I have
often found them in the morning, stranded on the beaches in immense
numbers, especially when there is a full moon, and it is thought by
many of the fishermen that this is because, like many other nocturnal
animals, they have the habit of turning toward and gazing at a bright
light, and since they swim backwards, they get ashore on the beaches
opposite the position of the moon. This habit is also sometimes
taken advantage of by the fishermen, who capture them for bait for
cod-fish ; they go out in dark nights with torches in their boats, and
by advancing slowly toward a beach, drive them ashore.

They ai-e taken in large quantities in nets and pounds, and also by
means of 'jigs' thi'own at random into the 'schools' and quickly
drawn through them. They are also sometimes taken by lines, ad-
hering to the bait used for fishes.

Trans. Coxx. Acad., Yol. Y. 35 January, 1881.

284 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephcdopods.

Their habit of discharging an inky fluid through the siphon, when
irritated or alarmed, is well known. The ink is said to have caustic
and irritating properties.

This squid, like the Lollgo^ is eagerly pursued by the cod and
many other voi'acious fishes, CA^en when adult. Among its enemies
while young, are the full grown mackerel, who thus retaliate for the
massacre of their own young by the squids. The specimens observed
catching young mackerel were mostly eight to ten inches long, and
some of them were still larger.

From the rapidity with which the squids devour the fish that they
capture, it is evident that the jaws are the principal organs used, and
that the odontophore plays only a subordinate part in feeding. This
is confirmed by the condition of the food ordinarily found in the
stomach, for both the fishes and the shrimp are usually in fragments
and shreds of some size, and smaller creatures, like amphipods, are
often found entire, or nearly so ; even the vertebrse and other bones
of herring are often present. On the other hand, in some specimens,
the contents of the stomach are finely divided, as if the odontophore
had been used for that purpose.

Notes on the 'Visceral Anatomy.
Plate XXXVIII, figure 2. Plate XXXIX, figure 2.

This species, in common with others of the same genus, is very
difierent from LoUgo Pealei in the form and structure of many of its
internal organs. The branchial cavity is larger and the gills {g^g)
originate farther back and are much larger than in Loli.go, their
length being about two-fifths the entire length of the body ; they
originate back nearly at the middle of the body. The liver [I, I) is
much larger and more conspicuous, consisting of two large, oblong,
lateral lobes or masses, closely united together in the median plane,
with a groove along the dorsal side, in which lies the oesophagus. The
ink-bag (/) is elongated-pyriform, with a silvery luster externally,
but blackish when filled with the 'ink.' The size and form of the
stomach and its coecal lobe («,«') vary gi-eatly according to their
degree of distention with food. When well filled they are large,
thin, saccular, and more or less pyriform; the coecal lobe extending
back nearly to the end of the body. The intestine (A) has two
spatulate papillae, one on each side of the anal orifice.

The heart {H) is large, somewhat irregular, and unsymmetrical,
with four points, the two lateral continuous with the afferent vessels

A. E. Yerrill — Worth American Cephalopods. 285

{ho) of the gills ; the anterior passing into the anterior aorta {ad) ;
the posterior, median one, eontinnons with the posterior aoi'ta, gives
off, first a small ventral branch, which supplies the reproductive
organs, and then later a median venti*al artery (o), going to the
mantle ; while much farther back it divides into two branches (o', o')
which supply the sides of the mantle and caudal fin. The branchial
auricles {cm) are large and ovate, with a small round capsule at the
posterior end.

The urinary organs or ' kidneys ' (r, r) are voluminous, lobulated
organs, intimately connected with the venae cavae, and mostly situated
below and in front of the heart, but there is a more compact glandular
portion (r') extending, as usual, backward along each of the posterior
venae cavae {vc") in the form of a long pyriform gland. Just in
front of the bases of the gills, on each side, there is a circular opening
{u) through the peritoneal membrane, which probably gives exit to
the urinary excretions.

The reproductive organs of the female, however, present the
greatest divergence from LoUgo, and allied forms. Instead of hav-
ing a single large oviduct, on the left side only, and opening far for-
wai'd, we find, in this genus, two small oviducts {ocl) symmetrically
placed and opening much farther back. Moreover, instead of the
large and very conspicuous, unsymmetrical nidamental glands, situated
in front of the heart, as in Loligo, we find in Ommastrephes much
smaller and simpler glands (a'cc) situated much farther back, side by
side, near the median line.

The ovary (ou) is a long, pyriform, lobulated organ ; its anterior
end is attached to the posterior end of the stomach, and is divided
into several short lobes, which clasp the end of the stomach ; its
small posterior end extends backward into the concavity of the
hooded portion of the pen {p").

The spermary or testicle of the male (Plate XXXVIII, fig. 2, i)
occupies the same position as the ovary ; it is a more compact organ,
with a smoother surface, and the anterior lobes are longer and
narrower and extend farther forward along the sides of the stomach.
The prostate gland and other male organs resemble those of Loligo
(see Plate XL, figures 1, 2).

It must be borne in mind, however, that none of the specimens
examined were in their breeding season. Consequently the repro-
ductive organs were all much smaller and less conspicuous than they
would have been in breeding individuals. This is particularly the
case with the ovaries and spermaries, but the same remark would

286

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalojiods.

also apply to the nidamental glands, which might assume a different
form, as well as greater volume, at the breeding season.

The specimens dissected had all been preserved in alcohol, which,
also, would caiise these organs to appear smaller than is natural.

Additional note on distribution. — After the previous pages were
printed, additional specimens of this species were obtained, extending
its range much farther southward, in the deep water, near the edge
of the Gulf Stream. Although we cannot be certain that specimens
thus caught in the trawl were living at the bottom, owing to the
possibility of their entering it during its ascent, it is very probable
that they do actually inhabit those depths. This is rendered more
probable by the fact that we found adult specimens in the stomachs
of fishes {Lophius), taken at stations 865 and 893. The most south-
ern specimens known were taken by Mr. A. Agassiz on the " Blake,"
off Cape Hatteras, in 263 fathoms.

Additional Specirneris

Examined.

Locality.

Fath.

When
Coll'd.

Rec'd.
From.

Specimens.
No. Sex

865. N. L. 40° 05'; W. Lg. 70° 23'
893. N. L. 39° 52' 20" ; W. Lg. 70° 58'
OCCXXXII, N. L. 35°45' 30"; W. Lg. 74" 48'

65
372
263

1880
1880
1880

U. S. F. Com.

a a

"Blake" exp.

1 ad.

1 ad.

3 § ad.

Sthenoteuthis megaptera Verriii.

This volume, p. 223, plate 21, figs. 1-9, Feb., 1880.

Plate XXL Plate XXVII, figure 6. Plate XLY, figures 5, 5a.

Since printing the description of this species, in the first part of
this volume, when only two examples were known, some additional
specimens have been obtained.

The most important of these consists of the tentacular club and
the pharynx, with the jaws and odontophore complete (Plate XLV,
fig. 5). These are from a specimen, of which the head and arms were
found in the mouth of a cod-fish, on the eastern part of George's
Bank, by Manuel D. Mitchel, and \veYe by him presented to the U. S.
Fish Commission. The portions of the specimen not saved were
used as bait for cod. The arms were described as 18 inches long.

The part of the tentacular club in my possession, which does not
include the proximal portion, is 175""" long, 17 broad, in the middle;
the distal portion, beyond the large suckers, is 62 long, breadth of
its sucker-bearing face, 8 ; from front to back, including width of
dorsal keel, but not the suckers, 18; diameter of largest suckers, 12,
of horny rings, 11 ; of aperture, 8 ; height of horny ring, outer side,

A. E. Verrill — Korth American Oephatopods. 287

including teeth, 6 "5 ; length of pedicels, 5 ; distance between pedicels,
15™"\ The large suckers agree very well with those described and
figured from the type-specimen (PI. XXI, fig. 9) ; this portion of the
club had nine of these large suckers in each row ; their pedicels arise
from the middle of deep squarish depressions, between which run
thick transverse ridges, which bear the smaller marginal suckers
toward their outer ends, and then support the marginal membrane.
A part of the large suckers have retained their horny rings, but all
the marginal and small distal suckers have lost them. The horny
rings of the large suckers (fig. 5a) are oblique, much higher on the
outer than on the inner side ; tlie edge bears about 28 sharp, incurved,
well-separated, unequal teeth ; of these the largest is at the middle of
the outer edge ; another smaller one, but larger than its fellows, is at
the middle of the inner edge; two others, in size similar to the last,
occupy the middle of the lateral edges ; thus the edge is divided
into four equal parts, by the four larger teeth, between which there
are five or six smaller, very acute teeth, separated by spaces greater
than their breadth. The horny rings are amber-brown, the teeth are
golden yellow at tip. The distal portion of the club is compressed,
with the face narrow and tapering, but with an elevated dorsal keel ;
it bears four crowded rows of small, pedicelled suckers, the two
rows on one side of the median line being composed of very much
smaller suckers than the other two. At the very tip of the club
there is a round cluster of small, smooth suckers, as in Architeuthis.
The buccal mass is 52™°^ in length and 42 in diameter. A thick
buccal membrane, covered with low, irregular verrucae, surrounds the
jaws. The jaws are sharp and strong ; their exposed portions are
black, the ala3 reddish brown. The beak of the upper jaw is long,
strongly incurved, acute, its cutting edge regularly curved, with a
deep notch at its base, from which a well-defined groove runs down-
ward. The lower jaw is sharp, its cutting edge is most concave near
the tip, below which it is nearly sti-aight, sides covered with fine
radiating lines ; basal notch broad, shallow, angular ; beyond the
notch there is a broad, low angular tooth. The surface of the fleshy
palate is covered with low rounded verrucas. The odontophore is
broad, with sharp, pale amber-colored teeth, which agree well with
those of the original specimen (Plate XXI, figures 3-7) ; outside of
the lateral teeth there is a narrow, raised, chitinous ridge, apparently
not divisible into plates.

Another specimen, consisting of the buccal mass and jaws, but
without the odontophore, was presented to the U. S. Fish Commis-

288

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

sion (lot 797) by Captain Chas. Anderson and crew of the schooner
"Alice G. Wiinsofi," of Gloucester, Mass.

The jaws of this were slightly larger than in the one just de-
scribed. They agree well in nearly every respect, but the notch at
the base of the lower mandible is narrower and the tooth beyond it
broad and rounded.

Measurements of jaws, in millimeters.

Number of Lot.

810

797

Upper jaw, tip to bottom of notch, .

12
9
38
11
11

31
15
5-5

13

Transverse breadth, at notches, .. .-

10

Tip to end of frontal lamina,

41

Lower Jaw, tip to bottom of notch,

Tip to notch of mentum,

13
14

Tip to ventral end of gular lamina,. .

25

Menlum to inner end of lateral alae,

36

Breadth of lateral ate,

15

Breadth of odontophore, across face,

A fifth specimen, received in lot 879, Oct., 1880, consists of two
of the sessile arms, but the suckers have lost their horny rings, so
that the identification cannot be very positive. The largest arm,
which is not quite entire, is 255""" long, and 23""" in diameter^ at the
larger end. It was taken from the stomach of a cod, on the Grand
Banks, and presented to the U. S. Fish Commission by the Captain
and crew of the schooner " Otis P. Lord."

Specimens

Exa/mined.

Lot.

Locality.

Fath.

When rec'd.

Name of vessel.

Received from.

Specimens.

810
797
879

C. Sable, N. S.
Sable I. Bank
George's Bank
E.Slope G.'sB.
Grand Banks

Beach.
280-300
Cod stom.
Cod stom.
Cod stom.

Sept., 1878.
Aug., 1880.
Aug., 1880.
Oct., 1880.

A. H. Johnson
Sultana
Al. G.Wunson
Otis P. Lord

Halifax Mus'm
U.S. Fish Com.

u
II

1, entire.
1, jaws, etc.
1, jaws &arm.
1, jaws.
I, arms.

Sthenoteuthis Bartramii Verriu.

Loligo sagittatm (pars) Lamarck, 1799; Anim. sans Vert., vii, p. 665.
Loligo Bart/ramii Lesueur, Journ. Phil. Acad., I, vol. ii, p. 90, plate 7, 1821.

Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat., xxvii, p. 141, 1823.
Loligo sagittatv^ Blainv., Diet. Sci., Nat., xxvii, p. 140.

Ommastrephes Bartramii D'Orb., Voy. Amer. Merid., Moll., p. 55, 1838 (t. Gray) ;
Ceph. Acetab., pi. 2, figs. 11-20.

Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., Cephal. Antep., p. 62, 1849.

Verrill, Invert. Vineyard Sound, etc., p. 341 [635], 1874 (non Binney, in Gould,
Invert. Mass.)

Tryon, Man. Conch., i, p. 180, pi. 80, figs. 361, 362 (from D'Orb.).

A. E. VerriU — North American Cephalopods. 289

Sthenoteuthis Bartramii Verriii (continued).

Sthenoteuthis Bartramii VerrUl, this volume, p. 223, Feb., 1880; Araer. Journ.

Sci., xix, p. 289, Apr., 1880.
Ommatostrephes Bartramii Steenstrup, Oversigt Kongl. D. Yidensk. Selsk. For-

handl., 1880, (received Aug.), auth. sep. copy, p. 9, fig. 2, p. U. fig. 3, p. 19.

Body cylindrical, elongated, slender, tapering but little in front of
the fin ; anterior edge of mantle with a very slight, median dorsal
angle. Caudal fin short and transversely rhomboidal, with the outer
angles acute, posterior angle obtuse, and the front edges rounded
and projecting forward beyond the insertion. Length of fin (from
insertion) to its breadth, as "• : 2 ; length of fin to mantle, as 1 : 2-80,
in a young female specimen with the body 3*25 inches long. Head
short, as broad as the body ; eye-opening angular, higher than long,
with a narrow oblique sinus. Nuchal frills nearly as in 0. illecebrosa,
consisting of a low, transverse, undulated ridge extending around both
sides to the dorsal line, and with three raised longitudinal mem-
branes on each side. Siphon large, sunken in a deep pit ; anterior
border of the pit with a series of 6 to 12 or more (variable with age),
small and short furrows, which extend inward only a short distance
from the edge. Arms rather short, not very unequal ; the dorsal
ones are a little the shortest and smallest ; the third pair are the
longest, the second and fourth pairs are intermediate in length, and
nearly equal ; the arms of the second pair are furnished with a well-
developed membrane along the lower outer angle, and with a thin
marginal membrane of moderate width along the inner angles, out-
side the suckers, that on the lower side extending beyond the
suckers. Those of the third pair are compressed, with a well-devel-
oped membranous keel on the median outer edge, beyond the basal
portion ; on the lower inner angle there is a broad, thin, marginal mem-
brane, extending beyond the suckers, and a narrow one on the upper
side ; the dorsal and ventral arms have narrow marginal membranes.
Suckers of the dorsal and lateral arms furnished with horny rings
which have the edge divided into small, acute-triangular teeth,
largest on the outer side ; on the ventral arms the suckers are
smaller, those on the proximal half of the arm having smooth-edged
rings, while those on the distal portion are sharply toothed on the
outer edge. Tentacular arms slender and moderately elongated,
with distinctly broader clubs, which are keeled on the back side and
furnished with a thin marginal membrane on each edge. The suckers
consist of two median alternating rows of larger oblique, dentate
suckers, of which seven to nine in each row are decidedly largest ;

290 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

alternating with these, on each margin there is a row of smaller,
more oblique, sharply denticulate, marginal suckers ; distal nar-
rowed face of the club covered with four rows of minute crowded
suckers, and a small cluster at the ti}) ; the proximal part of the club
has an irregular group of few, small, denticulate suckers, beyond
which, extending down on tlie upper margin of the arm, is a row of
about five or six small, smooth-edged, connective suckers, alternating
with small round tubercles, of corresponding size ; along the lower
edge of the arm, for about the same distance, there is a row of more
minute pedicelled suckers. The horny rings of the larger median
suckers are oblique, and the edge is divided into many small slender
teeth, longer on the outer margin ; the teeth of the marginal suckers
are similar, but more unequal and more incurved.

Specimens in alcohol generally show a distinct, dark purplish
brown dorsal stripe, where the chromatophores are very much
crowded.

Total length to tips of lateral arms, 121"'"'; tail to base of arms,
93 ; body, 82 ; length of caudal fin, to insertion, 29 ; its breadth,
58; diameter of body, 16 ; length of tentacular arms, 48"'°'. Young.

Middle Atlantic and West Indies ; common in the region of the
Gulf Stream.

This is an exceedingly active species, swimming with great veloc-
ity, and not rarely leaping so high out of the water as to fall on the
decks of vessels. On this account it has been called the ^'■flying
sqtdd,''^ by sailors.

It is a more slender species than 0. illecebrosa, with a shorter fin,
and it has but four rows of small suckers on the distal part of the
club, instead of eight. The most important differences, of generic
value, are the presence of connective suckers and tubercles on the ten-
tacular arms, and the great development of the marginal membranes
on the lateral arms. The grooves in the siphon-pit are of compara-
tively little importance.

GrOnatUS Gray.
Gonatus Gray, Catalogue Mollusca Brit. Mus., i, Ceplial. Antep., p. 67, 1849, (char-
acters inaccurate.)
Body slender, tapering ; caudal fins short, broad, united posteriorly.
Pen narrow anteriorly ; thin and lanceolate posteriorly, with a termi-
nal, hood-like expansion. Sessile arms with four rows of small, pedi-
cellated suckers, those of the two median rows larger, with a horny
ring, having a single large hooked claw on the outer edge ; outer

A. E. Verrill — North American Gephalopods. 291

suckers with larger pedicels, the horny ring with several small denti-
cles. All the suckers have a circle of minute scales or plates around
the aperture. Tentacles long and slender, the terminal part dilated
into a narrow club, with a membranous keel ; the club is covered
with minute denticulated suckers, like the outer ones of the sessile
arms ; smaller suckers extend for some distance along the arm ; cen-
ter of the club, with one or two larger suckers, resembling the median
ones of the sessile arms, their horny rings having a small aperture,
and bearing, on the outside, a large claw-like hook.

Gray overlooked the free eyelids in this genus, and on that
account placed it with Loligo.

Gonatus Fabricii Verriii.

Sepia loligo Fabricius, Fauna Groenlandica, p. 358, 1780, (good description).
Onychoteuthis Fabricii Lichtenstein, Isis, xix, 1818, (t. Gray).

Moller, Kroyer's Tidss., iv, p. 76, 1842.
Loligo Fabricii Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat., xxvii, p. 138, 1823.
Onychoteuthis f amcena Moller, Ind. Moll. Gronl., Kroyer's Tidss., iv, p. 76, 1842,

(young.)
Gonatus amoe,na Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., i. Cephal. Antep., p. 68, 1849,
Gonatus amoenus G. 0. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norvegise, p. 336, pi. 31, figs. 1-15
(excellent); pi. xvii, fig. 2 (dentition), 1878,
Tryon, Man. Conch., i, p. 168, pi. 73, fig. 290, (descr. from Gray, fig. from H. & A,

Adams, Genera).
Verrill, Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 362, 1880.

Plate XLV, figures 1-1 &, 2-2d.

Body small, elongated, rather slender, tapering backward ; front
dorsal edge of mantle extending forward in a blunt lobe or angle.
Caudal fin very short, but broad, nearly twice as broad as long, the
front edges extending forward beyond the insertion, as rounded
lobes, lateral angles subacute, posterior angle obtuse. Arms stout and
rather long, the dorsal and ventral pairs stouter than the lateral.
All the arms bear four rows of small suckers ; those of the two
median rows (2c, 2d) are larger than the outer ones, with shorter
pedicels, and the very oblique horny ring, having a small opening, is
developed into a single, large, hooked tooth on the outer side ; around
the inner side of the aperture there is a partial circle of small flat
scales, in several rows. The suckers of the outer rows {2a, 2b) are
about two-thirds as large, with longer and more slender pedicels, and
with lateral apertures; the horny ring has about five acute-triangular
teeth on the outer margin, and there are several rows of small scales
forming a broad circle entirely around the aperture. The tentacular

Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V. 36 January, 1881.

292 A. E. Verrill — North American (Jephatopods.

arms are long and slendei-, with broader clubs, which bear a large
number of minute suckers, much like the outer ones of the arms,
arranged in many crowded rows, some of which extend beyond the
club along the arm; in the middle (filg. \b) there is usually one or two
larger suckers (absent in our specimen) in which the horny ring has a
small aperture and is developed into a large hook-shaped claw, on one
side, and a complete circle of small plates surrounds the horny ring.

Pen, thin and delicate, narrow anteriorly, with slender lateral ribs ;
posteriorly, for more than half the whole length, expanded into a
thin lanceolate form ; posterior tip laterally dilated, with the edges
involute (fig. 1).

A young specimen of this species, in nearly perfect preservation,
was recently presented to the United States Fish Commission by
Capt. William Demsey and crew, of the schooner " Clara F. Friend".
It was taken from the stomach of a cod, oiF Seal Island, Nova Scotia.

Greenland (Fabricius, Moller). Porsangerfjord, northern coast of
Norway (G. O. Sars). Coast of Finmark, in stomach of "coal-fish,"
abundant (G. O. Sars, Norwegian Exp. of 1878).

D'Orbigny, Gray, and other writers have erroneously referred the
OnycJioteuthis Fahricii (based on the Sepia loUgo of Fabricius) to
0. Banksii. The detailed Latin description given by Fabricius
applies perfectly to the present species, and not at all to 0. JBanksii.
He describes the four rows of suckers on the short arms ; the small
suckers and two large central hooks on the tentacles ; the short
caudal fin, etc.

Chiloteuthis, gen. nov.

Allied to EnoploteiitJiis^ Lestoteuthis and Abralia, but with a more
complicated armature than either of these genera. Sessile arms with
sharp incurved claws, arranged in four rows on the ventral arms, and
in two rows on the other arms, (distal portions have lost their arma-
ture). Tentacular arms long, with broad clubs, strongly keeled ex-
ternally, and with series of convective suckers and tubercles extend-
ing for some distance along the inner surface of the arms. Tentacu-
lar club provided with a marginal row of connective suckers, alter-
nating with tubercles, along one margin ; with a central row of une-
qual hooks, some of them very large; with submedian groups of
small, slender-pedicelled suckers (or hooks) ; with marginal series of
small suckers; and with several rows of small suckers covering the
prolonged distal portion of the face. Connective cartilages on the
base of the siphon, simple, long-ovate ; the corresponding processes
of the mantle are simple longitudinal ridges. The caudal fin, pen,
and many other parts are destroyed.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 293

Chiloteuthis rapax, sp. nov.

Plate XLIX, figures 1-1/.

A specimen of this remarkable squid, in very bad condition, was
taken from the stomach of a fish, trawled at station 893, in 372
fathoms, about 100 miles south of Newport, R. I. It was accompanied
by a specimen of Ommastrephes illecebrosa , in a similar condition. It
had lost its pen, its epidermis, and most of the horny hooks and
sucker-rinsjs ; the head was detached from the body and the caudal
fin was nearly destroyed ; the eye-lids were gone, but the eye-balls
remained. The description must, therefore, remain imperfect till
other specimens can be obtained.

The body was rather short and thick, tapering rapidly backward.
The caudal fin appeal's to have been short-rhomboidal, but this is un-
certain. The siphon is large, with an internal valve. The connective
cartilages (fig. \e) on the sides of the base of the siphon are long-ovate,
with the posterior end widest and rounded. The corresponding car-
tilages on the inside of the mantle are simple longitudinal ridges.
Head large, with very large eyes ; pupils round. The arms are long
and taper to slender tips ; the dorsal ones are smaller and shorter than
the others ; the lateral and ventral pairs are nearly equal in length,
and about as long as the mantle ; the ventral arms are somewhat more
slender than the lateral ones. All the arms appear to have borne
slender-pedicelled claws or hooks with strongly incurved, horny points,
but only the fleshy parts of these are left, in most cases, and the tips
of the arms are bare. On the ventral arms these hooks were smaller,
and in four rows ; the fleshy portion of these consists of a small
rounded head, with lateral lobes, running up, on one side, into an in-
curved beak, so that the shape is somewhat like a bird's head. On
the other arms the claws were in two rows only, but they were much
larger ; in a few cases, on the lateral arms, the horny claws are left.
These are strongly compressed and deeply imbedded in the muscular
shealh, only the sharp, incurved point projecting (figs. Ic, \d).

The tentacular-arms (fig. 1) are long and strong, their length being
more than twice that of the sessile arms. The club is rather stout, long,
decidedly expanded, and has an elevated, crest-like keel on the distal
half of its dorsal surface ; this keel rises abruptly at its origin, and is
colored on the outer side, but white on the face next to the inner
surface of the club. The club is broadest near its base, the distal
third is narrow and the tip rounded. The armature is remarkable : in
the middle line there is a row of six medium sized hooks (fig. 1, a"),
followed by two much larger ones (fig. l,a' «), situated near the mid-

294 A. E. Verrill — North American Ceplialopods.

die; these have lost their horny claws; series of minute, slender-pedi-
celled suckers run along the club, either side of the median line, and
beyond the large hooks these rows unite and entirely cover the face of
the distal third of the club (fig. 1, d), there forming about eight rows ;
at the tip there is a cii-cular group of minute suckers [d') ; toward the
base of the club the lower side is expanded and bears a row of five
peculiar suckers (fig. 1, e), having a marginal series of slender,
minute, incurved spinules ; these suckers have very thick basal pro-
cesses, which are appressed and directed toward the central line of the
club, bearing the suckers on their inner ends, attached by short pedi-
cels; round connective tubercles alternate with these suckers, in the
same row ; beyond these there is a triangular marginal group of
slender-pedicelled suckers (c), of about the same size ; other rows of
minute pedicelled suckers (or hooks) occupied the sub-median area,
between the marginal ones and the central line, which is indicated by
a strong white cord. The opposite margin of the club appears to have
borne several roAvs of small suckers, but this part is badly injured. A
band of minute papilla? (g'), apparently the remnants of suckers and
alternating connective tubercles, extends downward for more than
half the length of the tentacular-arm ; at first this band is like a
continuation of the connective suckers and tubercles on the margin
of the club, and the papillae are apparently in a single row, while the
surface near them is crossed by fine transverse grooves or furrows ;
but farther down the arms there may have been two or more rows of
suckers, which have been destroyed.

The beak (fig. 1/) is somewhat compressed, with very acute man-
dibles. The upper mandible has the point long and regularly
incurved, with the cutting edge regularly arched, without a basal
notch, and forming, with the anterior edge, an obtuse angle. Lower
mandible, with a strongly incurved tip and regularly concave cutting
edge, having no basal notch, and only a slight tooth on the anterior
border, which forms a very obtuse angle with the cutting edge.

Color mostly gone, but where still remaining, as on the back of
the tentacular club, it consists of minute purple chromatophores ;
inner surface of sessile arms purplish brown.

Measurements in millimeters.

Length of body 78

Length of dorsal arms 58

Length of 2d pair of arms 86

Length of 3d pair of arms 87

Length of ventral arras 85

Length of tentacular arms 225

Length of club 29

Breadth of club .- 7

Breadth of tentacular arms ..- 5

Breadth of lateral arms, at base 6

Breadth of dorsal arms - 5

Diameter of eye-ball 19

Length of connec. cartilages on siphon 14

Breadth of the same 4

A. E. Verrill — North American Gephalopods. 295

CalliteuthiS Verrill.
Amer. Journ. Sci., xx, p. 393, for Nov., 1880 (published Oct. 25); Proc. Nat. Mus.,
iii, p. 362, 1880.

Body short, tapering to a small free tip; fins small, united behind
the tip of the body. Siphon united to the head by a pair of dorsal
bands; not sunken in a furrow; an internal valve. Mantle united to
the sides of the siphon by simple, linear, longitudinal lateral ridges,
corresponding with connective cartilages on the sides of the siphon,
which are long-ovate, with a raised margin all around. A dorsal
elongated connective cartilage on the neck, opposite the pen. Arms
long, not webbed ; suckers in two rows, largest on the middle of the
lateral and dorsal arms ; horny rings of suckers smooth on most of
the suckers, simply dentate on the distal ones. Eyes large, with
rounded openings and thin, free lids. Buccal membrane simple, sack-
like, with seven connective bridles. Internal anatomy of the female
similar to that of 0')nmastr*iphes. Oviducts and nidamental glands
symmetrically developed on the two sides. Oviducts opening in front
of the bases of the gills, the openings simple, long, narrow, oblique.
Two long, ligulate nidamental glands, with acute anterior ends, lie,
side by side, and a little apart, on the middle of the visceral mass,
behind and over the heart; each of these consists of two halves,
folded together, and covered on the inner surface with fine transverse
laminre ; the space between them opens along the outer edge.

CalliteuthiS re versa Vemii.

Amer. Journ. Sci., xx, p. 393, Nov., 1880 ; Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 362, Dec, 1880.
Plate XLVI, figures 1-15.

Body rather short, tapering backward, subacute posteriorly ; front
edge of mantle advancing somewhat in the middle, and forming an
obtuse angle ; considerably emarginate beneath. Caudal fin small,
short, thin, each half nearly semicircular, attached subdoi'sally, pos-
terior end emarginate and free from the tip of the body, but not ex-
tending much beyond it. Head large, flattened above. Eyes very
large, with simple, thin, free, circular lids, without any sinus. Open-
ings of the ears, behind the eyes, minute, with a small, erect, clavate,
fleshy process of the skin. Arms long, tapering, equal to the length
of head and body combined; the lateral pairs are equal; the dorsal
and ventral nearly equal, somewhat shorter than laterals; suckers
deeper than broad, well rounded, laterally attached by slender pedi-
cels; horny rings with smooth, circular, thin edges, except on the

296 A. E. Verrill — JSTortJi American Cephalopods.

small suckers, toward the tips of the arms, in which the outer edge
is divided into a number of small, narrow, blunt teeth. On the ven-
tral arms, the suckers are much smaller. Basal web rudimentary ; a
narrow, thin, simple membrane along each side, outside the suckers.
Tentacular arras rather slender, compi'essed, smooth at base, the ends
absent. Color reddish brown. The ventral surface of the body,
head, and arms is more ornamented than the dorsal surface, being
covered with large, rounded verrucae, their center or anterior half
pale, the border, or posterior half, dark purplish brown ; upper sur-
face of body Avith much fewer and smaller scattered verrucse ; a cir-
cle of the same around the eyes ; inner surfaces of sessile arms and
buccal membranes chocolate-brown, tentacular arms lighter; suck-
ers pale yellow with a light brown band. Caudal fin white, translu-
cent. Iris, in the preserved specimen, brown. Gills with the free
edge brown, and a brown line on the outer edges of all the laminae.

Total length, to end of lateral arms, 133'"™, to base of arms, 67'"'" ;
mantle, 51'"'"; of fin, 17'"'"; breadth of fins, 24'"'"; of body, 20'"'";
diameter of eye-ball, 16'"'"; length of dorsal arms, 58"""; of second
pair, 67'"'"; of tliird pair, 68'"'"; of ventral pair, 60'"'"; breadth of
dorsal arms at base, 5""" ; of lateral, 6'""' ; diameter of largest suck-
ers, 1-2'^"".

Dredged by the steamer " Fish Hawk," of the U. S. Fish Commis-
sion, at Station 894, about 100 miles south of Newport, R. I., N. Lat.
39° 53' ; W. Long. 70° 58' 30", in 365 fathoms.

MastigOteuthiS Verrill.

Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., vi, 1881.

Body elongated, tapering to a point, confluent with the caudal fin
posteriorly. Caudal fin very large and broad, rhomboid al, occupy-
ing about half the length of the body. Mantle fastened to the base
of the siphon by an ovate, ear-shaped, elevated cartilage, on each
side, fitting into corresponding deep, circumscribed pits on the base
of the siphon. Siphon with a bilabiate aperture, an internal valve,
and a pair of dorsal bridles. Eyes large, with round pupils; lids
free, thin, apparently with a very small anterior sinus. Arms very
unequal, the ventral ones much the longest. Suckers small, in two
regidar rows. Tentacular arms long and round, tapering to the tips,
shaped like a whip-lash, without any distinct club; the distal portion
is covered nearly all around with exceedingly numerous and minute
suckers, which leave only a very narrow naked line along the out-
side. Pen narrow and bicostate anteriorly, very slender in the mid-

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephatopods. 29*7

die; posteriorly much larger, with a long tubular cone. This re-
markable genus cliflFers widely from all others hitherto described in
the character of the tentacular arms and suckers. This, with the
great size of the caudal fin, gives a very peculiar aspect to the species.

Mastigoteuthis Agassizii VerriU.

Bulletin llus. Corap. ZooL, vol. vi, pi. 1, fig. 1 ; pi. 2, figs. 2, 3-3^, 1881.

Plate XLVIII, Plate XLIX, figures 2, S-Sg-.
Body elongated, round anteriorly ; posteriorly tapering rapidly to
the slender, acute, terminal portion, which is confluent with the cau-
dal fin, to the tip. Front dorsal edge of mantle emarginate in the
middle. Caudal fin very large and broad, transversely rhomboidal,
obtuse posteriorly, its length, from origin to tip, about equal to half
the combined length of the head and body. Eyes large, with thin
lids, which appear to have had a distinct but very small sinus in
front; pupils circular ; iris brown, in alcohol. Sessile arras very une-
qual ; ventral arms much larger and longer than the others, about
equal to length of head and body ; dorsal arms very small, scarcely
one-third the length of the ventral pair; two lateral pairs nearly
equal, decidedly longer and stouter than the dorsal pair. A delicate
thin, marginal membrane extends along the arms, outside the rows
of suckers, to the slender tips. Suckers small, in two regular rows
on all the arms, subglobular, with small oblique apertures, surrounded
by small horny rings, which have a nearly entire margin, and by sev-
eral series of minute plates (Plate XLIX, fig. Zg).

Basal web, between the arms, very small. In the smaller speci-
men, which is a male, the right ventral arm is longer than the left,
and the tip appears to have been flattened, and the marginal mem-
branes seem to have been wider, with the edges infolded, so as to
form a sort of furrow on the outer side, but the suckers are mostly
gone, and it is too much injured to be accurately described. Ten-
tacular arms long, more than twice the combined length of the head
and body, slender, round, gradually tapering to the tip, like a whip-
lash, the distal half of their length covered with very numerous,
crowded, minute, pedicelled suckers (fig. 3f?), which cover nearly the
entire surface along the terminal portion, leaving only a narrow naked
line along the back, but farther from the tip this naked space becomes
gradually wider and the band of suckers narrower, and after these
crowded bands of suckers cease, scattered suckers, placed mostly two
by two, extend for some distance along the proximal part of the arms.
The suckers of the tentacular arms are so small that their form can-

S^8

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephatopods.

not be seen with the naked eye ; they are deep, cup-shaped, with a
small circular aperture, supported by a horny rim, which is often
armed with two or three sharp teeth on one side (fig. 3e).

Color of body and arms, so far as preserved, in alcohol, deep
brownish orange ; on the upper side of the back and caudal fin the
color is better preserved, and shows small, ocellated, circular spots of
orange-brown, with an inner circle of whitish, and a central spot of
jjurplish brown. Similar spots also exist on the head and arms, and
also on the lower side of the body, where the color is best preserved.

A considerable amount of a bright orange oily fluid, insoluble in
alcohol, exuded from the viscera. Examined by means of the spectro-
scope this fluid absorbed part of the green, all of the blue, and most
of the violet rays. The stomach contained fragments of small Crus-
tacea. The pen is pale yellow, thin, and slender anteriorly, with two
sublateral costse, and narrow delicate margins outside the costae ; in
the middle it becomes still thinner and narrower, with the margin
inrolled ; beyond, the margins become much wider and then unite
together ventrally, forming a long, hollow, conical portion, extend-
ing to the acute posterior tip ; this portion is not so broad as deep,
and has a slio-ht dorsal keel and ventral groove.

Measurement

in millimeters.

Male.

Male.

Total length to end of sessile arms

Head and body combined

137
59
46
30
42
15
24
33
34
80

3
6

2

7-5 ■

232
122

Length of body. _..

Length of caudal fin, from origin

Breadth of caudal fin

Breadth of body ..

99
60

75
23

Length of dorsal arms. ,

Length of 2d pair of arms

45
60

Length of 3d pair of arms

60

Length of ventral arms

Length of tentacular arms

Breadth of dorsal arms, at base

112
312

4

Breadth of ventral arms

Breadtli of tentacular arms

Diameter of eye

7
4
9

Length of pen

Breadth of pen anteriorly .

198
2-25

Breadtli of pen posteriorly

2-50

Depth of pen posteriorly

4-50

Specimens

examined.

d

Locality.

Fatii.

When
Rec'd.

Name of
Vessel.

Rec'cl from

Spec.
No. Sex.

24
25

cccxxv. N.L. 33°25'20"W.Lg. 76°
cccxxviii.N.L. 3J°28'25 "W.Lg. 76'22'50 "

647
1632

1880
1880

Blake
Blake

Mus.Comp.Zool.
Mus.Comp.Zool.

1 S
1 $

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 299

Chiroteuthis Bonplandi D'Orb. (?).

LoUgopsls Bonplandi Verany, Acad. Turin, ser. II, vol. i, PI. 5. (Specimen without

tentacular arms, t. D'Orb.).
Chiroteuthis Bonj)landi D'Orbigny, Cephal. Acetab., p. 226. (Description compiled

from Yerany).
Verrill, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. viii, PI. 3, figs. 1-16, 1881.

Plate XL VII, Figures 1-1 Z>.

A detached tentacular arm, belonging to a species of Chiroteuthis,
was taken by the U. S. Coast Survey steamer " Blake," in the sum-
mer of 1880, at station ccciii, lat. 41° 34' 30", long. 65° 54' 30", in
306 fathoms.

The arm is very long and slender; the length being 780""" (or over
30 inches) ; its diameter being from 1-5 to 2'""', except near the base,
where it is 3'""', and at the terminal club, which is 6""" broad, and
54""" long. The arm is white, with purplish specks, and is generally
roundish, except at the club ; along the greater part of its lenoth
there is a row of rather distant sessile suckers, the distance between
them being usually from 12-18""''; these suckers are larger than
those of the club and have a nearly flat upper surfsice and no horny
marginal rim. A row of small, simple, scattered pits, perhaps homo-
logues of these suckers, extends up the back side of the club. These
smooth suckers evidently serve to unite the tentacular arms together
when used in concert. The club is stouter than the rest of the arm
convex on both sides, and but little flattened ; on each side it is bor-
dered by a well developed, marginal membrane, supported bv a series
of transverse, thickened, but flat, tapering, acute, muscular processes,
with their ends projecting beyond the edge of the membrane, as digit-
ations ; on the distal half of the club, these are separated by spaces
greater than their breadth, but on the proximal portion they sub-
divide into two or three parts, which become crowded close together,
showing only narrow intervals or merely a groove between them.
At the tip of the arm there is a thick, ovate, dark purple, spoon -
shaped, hollow organ, about 4""" long, with its opening on the back
side of the arm. This so strongly resembles the spoon-shaped organ
of the hectocotylized arm of some Octopods, as to suggest the pos-
sibility of a similar use, for sexual purposes. The suckers are crowded
in 4 to 8 indistinct rows. Their pedicels are long and slender hav-
ing beyond the middle a large, dark purple, fluted, swollen portion,
beyond which the pedicel is more slender ; the cup of the sucker
is small and deep, with a very oblique, oblong-ovate, lateral opening ;
horny rim, not distinctly toothed (fig. \b).

Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V. 37 February, 1881,

300 A. E. Verrill — North American Cepludopods.

Histioteuthis Collinsii Verrill.

Amer. Journ. Sci., xvii, p. 241, March, 1879; xix, p. 290, 1880.
Tryon, Man. Conch., i. p. 166, 1879, (copied from preceding.)
Yerrill, this vol.. p. 234, Plate 22, Feb., 1879.

Plate XXII. Plate XXVII, figures 3-5. Plate XXXVII, figure 5.

In addition to the original specimen, figured and described in Part
I of this article (see p. 234), another specimen, represented by the
jaws alone, has been received by the U. S. Fish Commission, from
the Gloucester fisheries. (Lot 843.)

This was obtained on the Western Bank, ofi" Nova Scotia.

Another beak was dredged by the " Fish Hawk," at station 893,
south of Newport, R. I., in 372 fathoms.

These jaws agree well in size and all other characters, with those
of the original specimen (PI. XXVII, fig. 4).

Family. — Desmoteuthidje nov.

For the reception of the genera, Desmoteuthis V. and Taonhis St.,
as defined below, I propose to establish this new family, which has
hitherto been confounded with (Jranchidm and Loligopsidm.

Body much elongated, pointed posteriorly ; caudal fin narrow,
terminal, mantle united to neck by a dorsal and two lateral nniscular
commissures. Pen lance-shaped, as long as the mantle, with a long-
narrow shaft; blade incurved or hooded i)OSteriorly. CEsophagus
and intestine very much elongated. Nidaraental glands large, sym-
metrical. Eyes large, protuberant ; lids free and simple. No
auditory crests. Siphon large, with neither internal valve nor dorsal
bridle. Arras with depressed suckers. Tentacular ai-ms with a
well-developed club, bearing suckers.

Desmoteuthis, gen. nov.

Taonius (pars) Steenstrup, 1861.

Body very long, tapering backward to a long, slender, acute cau-
dal portion. Caudal fin long, narrow, tapering to a long acute tip.
Anterior edge of the mantle united directly to the head, on the dor-
sal side, by a commissure, so that there is no free edge, medially,
and the surface is continuous, as in Sepiola ; the dorsal commissure
extends backward and diverges within the mantle ; two additional
muscular commissures unite the lateral inner surfaces of the mantle
to the sides of the siphon. Eyes very large and prominent, with sim-
ple circular lids. No aquiferous pores. Siphon large and promi-
nent, with neither valve nor dorsal bridles. Arms small and short.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 301

subequal, witli a basal web and lateral membranes; suckers smallest
on the ventral arms, and urceolate ; largest and flatish on the mid-
dle of the lateral and dorsal arms; feebly toothed. Pen extending
the whole length of the body, very slender and of xmiform width for
more than half the length, then becoming broad-lanceolate, the term-
inal portion having the edges involute, forming a long slender cone,
into which the ovary extends. Nidamental glands large, symmetri-
cally developed on the two sides. Gills small, situated in front of
the middle of the body.

The genus Taonhts was proposed by Steenstrup to inclvxde this and
T. pavo (Les. sp.), but he has never, to my knowledge, definitely de-
fined the genus. As T. pavo appears to be generically distinct from
the present genus, 1 propose to retain Taonins, with T. pavo for its
type. By many writers T. pavo has been placed in LoUgopsis, or
Leachia. Steenstrup himself, formerly referred D. hyperhorea, to
Leachia. By Tryon, both have been referred back to Loligopsis.

Loligopsis, as defined by D'Orbigny, in 1839, included T. pavo, as
well as the type of Leachia, but he referred Lamarck's original type
of Loligopsis to the genus, as emended by him, only with doubt.

It seems desirable, therefore, to explain this confusion, so far as
possible.

Zo/«,70/9s/s Lamarck,* 1812 and 1822, was based only on an im-
perfect figure, made by Peron, of a small oceanic squid, which had
lost its tentacular arms. The supposed character of having eight
arms was, for him, the only basis for the genus, no others being men-
tioned. The species [L. Peronii) was, however, described very
briefly as a small squid with eight equal arms and two posterior, dis-
tinct caudal fins, and it was compared to Sepiola. It has apparently
not been rediscovered by later wiiters, unless L. chrysophthalma
U'Orb., be the same species, which is quite possible. The latter, as
figured, is a small, short-bodied species, with distinct, separate, small,
cai(d<d fins, v)hich are free fro')n the end of the body ; its mantle-
edge is also represented as free, dorsally. This evidently is a generic
type distinct from Taonias and Desmoteiithis. Indeed, it probably
will be found not to belong to the same family, when actually
studied. Therefore it seems necessary to allow the name Loligopsis
to remain connected with such small, short-bodied species, for which,
alone, it was originally used. The genus, in its original sense, cannot
yet be regai'ded as fully established.

*Extr. de Cours de Zool, p. 123, 1812 (t. D'Orb.); Animaux sans vert., vii, p. 659,
1822.

302 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalo2yods.

Leachia Lesueur, 1821* (= Perof/u's (Esch.) Eathke, 1835), was also
based on an imperfect figure of a small Pacific Ocean squid, which
had likewise lost its tentacular arms. The only generic character
given was, as in Lamarck's case, the presence of only eight arms, — a
purely fictitious character. The type of this genus was Leachia
cyclura Les. It has a more elongated body, slender posteriorly,
with a more or less rounded caudal fin, the two sides of the fin com-
pletely united together and to the posterior end of the body. The
third pair of arms is much larger than the others. The anterior dor-
sal edge of the mantle is represented as/ree, in all the figures, but,
according to D'Orbigny, there is an internal, dorsal commissure, and
also two lateral ones. The visceral anatomy of one species of this
group {L. guttata Grant), which D'Orbigny refers, probably cor-
rectly,f to the original L. cychira, is pretty well known, and is widely
different from that oi Desmoteidhis (see PI. XXXIX, fig. 1), as well as
from that of Taonius, so far as the latter is known.

There can be no doubt whatever as to the generic distinctness of
Leachia, if the anatomy be taken into account. (See the figures of
Grant and D'Orbigny.)

Taonhis Steenstrup, 1861, (type T. pavo). This differs from the
two preceding genera in its more elongated form, narrow caudal fin,
etc. From Leachia and Desmotexithis it diff^ers in the form of its
pen. The dorsal edge of the mantle is represented and described
as free by D'Orbigny. The anatomical characters are not known.

Desmoteuthis hyperborea Verrill.

Leachia hyperborea Steenstrup, Kougellge Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, 5 v.,

iv, p. 200. 1856 (sep. copies, p. 16).
Taoniiis hyperboreus Steenst., Oversigt Kgl. Dauske Vidensk. Selsk., Forhandliu-
ger, 1861, p. 83.
Verrill, Anier. .Journ. Sci., xvii, p. 243, 1879; xix, p. 290, 1880.
Loligopsis hyperhoreus Tryon, op. cit., p. 162 (inaccurate translation, after Steen-
strup).
Plate XXVII, figures 1, 2. Plate XXXIX, figure ] (anatomy).
$ . Body very long, tapering gradually backward, and ending in
a long, slender, acute tail ; mantle soft and flabby, with a capacious
branchial cavity; anterior dorsal edge advancing somewhat in the

* Journal Philad. Acad., ii, p. 89, pi. 2.

f Tryon criticizes this determination, because Lesueur ''describes and figures a
smooth species," while L. guttata has two rows of curious tubercles on the ventral side.
But as Lesueur only described a figure of the dorsal surface, his objection to this identi-
fication is absurd.

A. E. Verrill — N^orth American Cephalopods. 803

middle and directly united to the head, so as to leave no free edge
medially, by a rather wide commissural band, the sides of which
diverge as they extend backward within the mantle. Caudal fin
long, narrow, lanceolate, narrowly acuminate to a very long, acute
tip ; the anterior insertions are wide apart, and the anterior border
is rounded. Head short and small, exclusive of the eyes, which are
very large, globular, and prominent, their lower sides in contact
beneath the head; oi>enings round, looking somewhat downward;
pupils large and round ; lids thin and simple. Siphon very large
and prominent, extending forward between the eyes, but without a
special groove ; dorsal surface firmly united to the head by a thick
commissure, leaving about half the length free ; opening large,
without any valve.

Arms comparatively small and short, none of them comjjlete, in
our specimen, except those of the 3d and 4th pairs, which are nearly
equal in length, the ventral ones a little the shortest and most slen-
der; the dorsal and 2d pairs of arms have lost their distal portions,
but the ])arts of the dorsal arms remaining correspond in size with
the ventral ones ; and those of the 2d pair with the 3d pair. The
arms are all united together by a thin, delicate basal web, which
extends up some distance between the arras (farthest between the
dorsal pair), and then runs along the sides of the arms, as broad,
thin, marginal membranes, to the tips. Suckers of the ventral arms
smaller and difterent in form from those of the others, all of them
being urceolate, with narrow apertures, surrounded by a slightly
enlarged border, and having small horny rings with the edge entire,
or nearly so, or. the proximal suckers, but on the smaller ones,
toward the tip, with a few broad blunt teeth on the outer edge. On
the dorsal and lateral ai'ms the basal suckers are ventricose and
urceolate, like those of the ventral arms, but along the middle por-
tion of these arms the suckers become much larger, and have a
broad shallow form, with wide apertures and expanded bases ; the
horny rings of these larger suckers are divided into several broad,
bluntly rounded teeth on the outer edge ; toward the tips of the
arms the smaller suckers again become deeper, with more contracted
iiperturcs, and with a few more prominent denticles on the rings.

Outer buccal membrane with seven obtuse angles, and united to
the arms by eight bridles, or commissures, of which the uppei* one is
double. Exposed part of the beak black ; mandibles very acute,
strongly incurved.

Fen very thin and narrow, and of nearly uniform width (4""") for
more than half its length ; at about four-sevenths of its length, from

804

.1. E. Verrill — North American Ce2yhalopods.

the anterior end, it gradually expands laterally into a broad, very
thin, lanceolate form, becoming, opposite the broadest part of the
fin, 30""" wide, with very delicate lateral expansions and with a
pretty strong dorsal keel ; farther back it tapers and is very acumi-
nate, the lateral margins becoming involute, so as to form a very
long, slender, acute, terminal, hollow cone, extending to the tip of
the tail. The anterior end is obtusely rounded and thin ; a short dis-
tance from the anterior end there are two thin latei-al processes,
directed forward, to which the commissural muscles were attached.

Color of entire body, siphon, and caudal fin, dark brown, thickly
covered Avith large roundish unequal spots of darker brown, and
paler brown, intermixed ; head, eyes, arms, and web, dark brownish
purple, with crowded chomatophoi'es ; suckers yellowish.

Total length, to end of lateral arms, 16 inches ; to dorsal edge of
mantle, 13 ; length of head, 1 ; diameter of eye, 1 ; length of caudal
fin, 5 ; its breadth, 1'80 inches.*

Measurements in millimeters.

Length to tip of lateral arms, _

Length to base of arms _

Length to edge of mantle, above, .

Length of caudal fin,

Breadth of caudal fin, . - .

Diameter of body, -

Diameter of e3'e, _ -.

Length of 3d pair of arms,

Length of ventral arms,

Diameter of largest suckers of lateral arms,.

Length of pen, -.

Of anterior linear portion,

Of posterior lanceolate part,

Breadth of anterior portion, ...

Breadth of lanceolate part, ..

A. ?

B.

410

354

330

210

vn

103

46

18

57

---

25

26

66

63

52

38

3

5

330

..

180

_.

150

..

3

..

30

..

A. is the specimen described above ; B. is the specimen described by Steenstrup
from Greenland. The latter had the dorsal arms 40"">i long ; 2d pair 50"'" ; tentacular
arms 68 and 70""" respectively. The larger size of the suckers of the latter may
indicate that it was a male.

Our specimen was taken near the northern edge of the Gulf
Stream, W. long. 55°, by Thomas Lee, of the schooner "Wm. 11,
Oaks," Jan., 1879, and by him presented to the U, S. Fish Commis-
sion, Baffin's Bay, Northern Greenland (Steenstrup),

* Some of these measurements are sliglitly larger than those originally given.
This is due to the fact that the specimen has been kept, since first received, in some-
what weaker alcohol, and has become more relaxed in consequence of this, combined
with repeated handling.

A. E. Verrill — N'orth American Cephalopods. 305

Notes on the Visceral Anatomy.
Plate XXXIX, figure 1.

The only specimen of this species obtained had the internal organs
considerably injured, but the anatomy is so unlike that of the more
common genera of squids, that it seemed to me desirable to figure
such parts as are preserved.

This specimen is a female and the large nidamental glands (tc', xx^
xx') are symmetrically developed, on the two sides; these are swollen,
voluminous organs, composed of great numbers of internal lamellae ;
the anterior ones (x) occupy the region around, and in front of the
bases of the gills, extending forward and having an oblique, oblong
opening {op, op') on the outside of the anterior ends ; the posterior
ones (^xx, xx') are behind the gills and cover the branchial auricles,
the oblique, slit-like opening is on the outside of the posterior ends ;
the gland on the left side (xx') was mutilated ; the posterior vena-
cava, in front of r', passes through the center of the posterior gland
(xx). The ovary (ov) is a very long organ, attached to the stomach
(s) and to the sides of its long ciecal appendage ; it extends far back-
ward to near the tip of the tail, occupying the concavity of the pen
(p) ; it consists of great numbers of small clustered folicles ; con-
nected with its anterior end, and attached to the stomach, there is a
convoluted tube, probably an oviduct, not shown in the figure ; con-
nected with the intestine, near its origin (between s and I), there is a
firm, rounded organ (gizzard ?), with internal lamellae, opening into the
intestine. The stomach w^as much mutilated, so that its form could not
be certainly made out; its cavity is occupied by numerous longitudinal
folds ; a very long, saccular caecal appendage, longitudinally plicated
within, runs back, along the ovaiy, into the caudal cavity of the
pen. The oesophagus had been destroyed. The intestine {I, h) is
very long and slender, internally longitudinally plicated, and exter-
nally covered along nearly its whole length, on one side, by close
groups of small, glandular folicles (?, I) ; the posterior portion is
closely attached to the ventral edge of the smooth, compressed,
oblong-ovate liver (/), and the free, stout, anal end (A) is provided
with two slender, tapering cirri. Ink-sac small, pyriform.

The gills {g, g) are small and short, situated far forward, and con-
nected to the ventricle of the heart {H), by long aft'erent vessels
{ho); the branchial auricles {au, cm) are rounded, without terminal cap-
sules; the ventricle of the heart {H), as preserved, is small and four-
lobed. The largest lobe directed forward and passing into the anterior
aorta. The condition of the specimen did not permit the circulation to

306 A. JS. Verrill — North American Cephatopods.

be much studied. The two large, fusiform, cellular organs (r', r') are
probably renal in nature ; their interior is filled with large, irregular
cavities or lacunae, which appear to be connected with the posterior
vena3 caviB {vc").

TaoniuS Steenstrup.
Loligo (pars) Lesueur, Joiirn. Philad. Acad., ii, p. 96, 1821.
Loligopsis (pars) D'Orbigny, Ceph. Acetab., p. 320, {non Lamarck).

Gray {pars\ Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., i, p. 39, 1849.
Taonius {pars) Steenstrup, Oversigt Kgl. Daiiske Videiisk. Relsk. Forh., 1861, pp.
70, 85.

This genus seems to bear about the same relation to Desmotetithis
that Rossia does to Seplolii. Its relations Avith Zioligopsls and
Leackia have already been discussed (pp. 301, 302). The body is
short-pointed posteriorly. The caudal fin is long-cordate, but not
slender pointed. The pen is lance-shaped, the anterior portion being
long, narrow, of nearly uniform width ; posterior end broad-lanceolate,
short-pointed posteriorly, and, according to the figures, without a
cone at the tip. The anterior dorsal edge of the mantle is repre-
sented as free externally, but there is a dorsal commissure within the
mantle-cavity, and a lateral one on each side. Arms short, subequal ;
suckers fiat, denticulate ; those of the tentacles with sharp, incurved
teeth. Eyes large, globular, prominent, lids free and simple.

Siphon with neither valve, nor dorsal bridle. No external ears,
nuchal crests, nor cephalic aquifei'ous pores.

Taonius paVO steenstrup.

Loligo pavo Lesueur, Journal Acad. Nat. Science Philad., ii, p. 96, with a Plate, 1821.
Loligopsis pavo Ferussac and D'Orb., Ceph. Acetab., p. 321, Calmars, PI. 6, figs. 1-4,
(after Lesueur) : Loligopsis, PI. 4, figs. 1-8 (details, original).
Binney, in Gould, Invert. Mass., ed. II, p. 309, (but not the figure, PL 26).
Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., xix, p. 290, 1880.

Tryon, Amer. Mar. Conch., p. 9, PI. 1, fig. 3 (after Lesueur) ; Man. Conch., i, p.
163, PI. 68, fig. 252, PL 69, fig. 253, 1879 (descr. from Gray, figures from
Lesueur and D'Orb.).
Taonius pavo Steenst., Oversigt Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forli., 1861, pp. 70
and 85.

This species differs externally from the preceding in having a
much shorter, obtuse, oblong-cordate, fin, instead of a long, slender,
pointed one, and by its very distinct coloration. According to Les-
ueur the general color is carmine-brown, the mantle, head, and arms
" covered on every part with very lai-ge ocellations, which are con-
nected together by smaller intermediate ones." Length of mantle,
10 inches.

A. E. Verrill — North Atnerican Cephalopods. 307

Sandy Bay, Mass. (Lesueur). Newfoundland (Steen strap). Off
Madeira (D'Orbigny).

No instance of the occurrence of this oceanic species on the New
England coast has been recorded since the original specimen was
described by Lesueur, in 1821. The circumstances connected with
the history of his specimen are such as to render it not improbable
that some interchange of labels had occurred in his case. Therefore,
the New England habitat, for this species, needs contirmation.

Lesueur's statement (loc. cit., p. 94) is that when at Sandy Bay,
Mass. (on Cape Ann), in 1816, he saw a "great number" of squids
{'■^Loligos") that had been taken by the fishermen for bait, and that :
" The beautiful color with which they were ornamented, induced me
to take a drawing of one immediately, but not then having leisure to
complete it, I took a specimen with me to finish the drawing at my
leisure. But recently [in 1821] upon comparing this specimen with
my drawing, I was much surprised to perceive that I had brought
with me a very distinct species from that which I had observed [ O.
illecehrosus], I mention this circumstance to explain the cause of the
brevity of the following description [of 0. illecebrosus] taken from
my drawing." The drawing was also inaccurate, for the same reason.

LoligO Lamarck, 1779.
LoUgo (pars) Lamarck, Syst. Anim. sans vert., p. 60, 1801.
Pteroteuthis (sub-genus) Blainville, Man. Malac, p. 367, 1825.
Loligo (restricted) D'Orbigny, Ceph. Acetab., p. 305, 1848.

Body more or less elongated, tapering to a point behind ; anterior
edge of mantle free dorsally, and jDrolonged into a lobe, covering the
end of the pen. Caudal fin elongated-rhomboidal, united to the
sides of the body to the tip. Mantle connected to the neck by a
dorsal and two lateral connective cartilages ; lateral cartilages of the
mantle simple, longitudinal ridges ; corresponding cartilages, on the
base of the siphon, irregularly ovate, with a median groove. Pen
as long as the mantle, anteriorly narrow, with a central keel, and
two lateral ridges ; posteriorly broad, thin, lanceolate, concave, but
not involute. Head rather large ; eyes without lids, covered with
transparent skin, pupil encroached uj^on dorsally by the iris ; a small
pore in front of the eyes ; behind the eyes, on each side, there is an
oblique transverse, and two longitudinal, erect, thin crests, in rela-
tion with the ears. Siphon situated in a shallow groove, united to
the head by two dorsal bridles, and furnished with an internal valve.
Six buccal aquiferous pores, and a pair of branchial j)ores, one on

Trans. Coxn. Acad., Vol. V. 38 February, 1881.

308 A. M Verrill — ISForth Atnerican Cephalopods.

each side, betAveen the bases of the 8d and 4th pairs of arms. Buc-
cal membrane Avith seven elongated points, covered on their inner
surfaces with small suckers ; in the female with a special organ (PI.
XXIX, fig. 4, s), below the beak, on the ventral side, for the attach-
ment of the spermatoi^hores.

Sessile arms angular ; basal web rudimentary or none ; suckers in
two rows, oblique, deep cup-shaped ; horny rings toothed on the
broad side, and surrounded with a median ridge. Male with one of
the ventral arras (usually the left) hectocotylized, near the tip, by an
enlargement of the bases of the pedicels of the suckers and a decrease,
or disappearance, of the cups. Tentacular arms long and strong, with
an expanded club, provided with marginal membranes and a dorsal
keel ; suckers, on the widest part, usually in four rows, those in the two
central rows larger, broad urceolate ; smaller ones cover the proxi-
mal and distal portions; no connective suckers on the club or along
the arm.

Oviduct large, developed only on the left side. Nidamental
glands large, in front of heart. Eggs in fusiform, gelatinous capsules,
attached by one end, and usually i-adially united into large clusters.

LoligO Pealei Lesueur.

Typical form.

Loligo Pealei Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., vol. ii, p. 92, Plate 8, 1821.
Loligo Pealii Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat, xxvii, p. 144, 1823.

Ferussac and D'Orbigny, Ceph. Acetab., p. .311, Calmars, PL 11, figs. 1-5, PI. 20,
figs. 17-21 (details).

Gray {Pealii), Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., i, p. 71, 1849.

Binney in Gould's Invert. Mass., ed. 2, p. 514, PI. 25, figs. 339, 340, (figure errone-
ously referred to 0. Bartramii).

Verrill (Pealii), Report on Invert. Vineyard Sd., pp. 440, 635 (sep. copies, p. 341),
PI. 20, figs. 102-105, 1877.

Tryon {Pealii), Man. Conch., i, p. 142, PI. 51, figs. 133-140, (figs, from Per. and
D'Orb., and Dekay).

Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., iii, p. 281, 1872 ; Amer. Naturalist, viii, p. 170 (habits);
Amer. Journ. Sci., xix, p. 292, 1880 (descr.).
Loligo punctata Dekay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., Molliisca, p. 3, PI. 1, fig. 1, 1843 (young).

Binney, in Gould Invert. Mass., p. 513 (after Dekay ).

Tryon, Amer. Mar. Conch., p. 14, PI. 43, figs. 10, 11 (after Dekay).

Variety, horealis Verrill.

Loligo Pealei, var. horealis Verrill, Amer. .Tourn. Sci., xix, p. 292, 1380.

Variety, pallida Verrill.

Loligo pallida Verrill, Rep. Invert. Viney. Sd., in Rep. U. S. Com. Fish and Fish-
eries, i, p. G35, [341], PI. 20, figs. 101, 101a, 1874.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 309

LiOligO Pealei Lesueur (continued).

Tr^'on, Man. Conch., p. 143, PI. 52, figs. 141, 142, (descr., and figs, copied from pre-
ceding).
Yerrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., xix, p. 292, 1880.

Plate XXIX, figs. 1-4. Plate XXXVII, figs. 1-3 (pens). Plate XXXIX, fig. 4
(odontophore). Plate XL (anatomy). Plate XLI (anatomy and young). Plate
XLV, FIGS. 3, 4 (young).

Body rather elongated, more or less stout, according to state of
distention or contraction,* tapering backward to a moderately acute
posterior end, more acute in the male than in the female. Caudal
fin long-rhomboidal, with the outer angles very obtusely rounded ; and
varying, according to age, in the ratio of its length to its breadth,
and greatly, also, in the proportion that its length bears to that of
the mantle.f The length of the caudal fin, in proportion to that of
the body (mantle), although variable, normally increases with age,
even after sexual maturity. In this species, with specimens having
the mantle from 100 to 125"'"' long, the ratio of the fin to the mantle
usually varies from 1 : 1-80 to 1 : 1-90 ; with the mantle 150 to 175"'"'
long, the ratio usually becomes 1 : 1'65 to 1 : 1*75; in the largest
specimens, with the mantle, 260 to 400""" long, the ratio varies from
1 : 1-50 to 1 : 1'65, rarely becoming 1 : 1*75. The ratio of the breadth
of the caudal fin to the length of the mantle, in the larger male
specimens, ranges from 1:2"12 to 1:2*40, varying considerably
according to the mode of preservation ; in the larger females it
varies from 1 : 1*70 to 1:2-12.

The anterior ventral edge of the mantle recedes, in front of the
siphon, in a broad curve, leaving an obtuse angle at either side, ojjpo-
site the lateral cartilages; from these angles it again recedes, on the
sides, in a concave line, and then projects considerably forward, form-
ing a prominent, median, dorsal lobe, wdiich gradually tapers from
the base, and then rather suddenly narrows to a point, over the end
of the pen ; the point, when in its normal position, reaches as far

* The mantle, when the gill-cavitj- is distended with water, has a larger size than
wheii the water is expelled by the contraction of its walls, which is usually the con-
dition in which specimens die. Moreover, when the large stomach is distended with
food, and when the ovary is distended, in the breeding season, with eggs, the form is
stouter than usual.

f This variation is largely independent of sex, and is due partly to the ordinary
changes during growth ; partly to the condition of the muscular tissues at the time of
death ; and partly to the effects of the alcohol in which they have been preserved.
These latter causes, in the case of preserved specimens, more or less obscure the
effects of growth in causing the proportions to change.

310 A. E. Verrill — N'orth Aiverican Cephalopods.

forward as the posterior border of the eye, or even beyond it. Dorsal
connective cartilage long, tapering backwards, with a very prom-
inent, broad, dorsal keel ; the anterior end is free and shaped like
the end of the pen. Siphon large, rounded anteriorly, with a broad,
bilabiate opening; lateral cartilages (PL XL, fig. \,f) long and
narrow, subacute anteriorly, posterior end with a thin, rounded,
outer lobe ; median groove narrow. The connective cartilages of the
mantle (fig. 1,./") are simple, longitudinal ridges, fading out grad-
ually posteriorly. Head moderately large, usually narrower than
the mantle; smaller in the male than in the female; eyes large;
nuchal crests (fig. 1, oh) above the ear, formed by longer upper, and
shorter inferior, oblique, longitudinal membranes, the two united by
a doubly curved, or V-shaped membrane, having its angle directed
forward, the whole having a rude, W-shaped form.

Arms large, stout, the three upj^er pairs successively longer ; the
ventral ones a little shorter than the third pair, and a little longer
than the second pair. All the arms have narrow, thin, marginal
membranes, strengthened by strong, transversa?, muscular ridges.
The first and second pairs of arms are trapezoidal at base ; third pair
stouter, compressed, with a keel on the middle of the outer side.
Suckers in two regular rows on all the arms, deep, very oblique ;
largest on the lateral arms ; those on the ventral arms are smaller,
but otherwise similar. Horny rings yellowish, or brownish (white
when fresh), strong ; on the larger proximal suckers the outer or
higher side is divided into about six broad, flattened, incurved teeth,
which are blunt, subtruncate, and sometimes even emarginate at tip,
remainder of margin nearly even ; the smaller suckers, toward the
tips of the arms, have the teeth longer, much more slender, and more
acute.

The tentacular arm (PI. XXIX, fig. 2) with fresh specimens, in full
extension, may reach back nearly to the end of the body ; w^th pre-
served specimens it seldom extends beyond the middle of the caudal
fin ; it is rather slender, com])ressed, and has a nai'row, thin, mem-
branous keel along the outer edge, which becomes wider at the club ;
on the distal half of the club it is much wider and runs a little
obliquely along the back part of the upper side, where it is usually
folded down against the side, its inner surface being whitish. The
club is rather broad and thick, with a wide, scalloped, marginal
membrane along each edge ; these membranes are strengthened by
transverse muscular ridges, which commence between the large cen-
tral suckers and fork at the pedicels of the marginal ones. Along

A. E. Verrill — Xorth American Ceplidlopods. 311

the center of the club there are two alternating rows of large, broad,
depressed suckers, about seven in each, with a few smaller ones, of
the same series, at both ends ; along each edge, alternating with the
large suckers, there is a row of smaller and more oblique marginal
suckers, about half as large. The proximal part of the chib bears
only a few small denticulated suckers ; the distal part bears a large
number of small, sharply denticulated, pedicelled suckers, crowdedly
arranged in four rows ; close to the tips of the arms about twenty of
the small suckers have smooth rims and very short pedicels, but are
still in four rows. The large suckers vary greatly in relative size,
according to age, sex, season, and locality ; they are a little higher
on one side than on the other, with a broad aperture, surrounded by
a horny, marginal ring, which is divided all around into sharp, un-
equal teeth, which are larger on the outer side (PI. XL, fig. 5) ;
usually one minute, sharp tooth stands between two larger ones, and
these sets of three stand between still larger and less acute ones ;
the horny ring is surrounded by a wide, thick, soft, mai'ginal mem-
brane ; below the border, a groove surrounds the sucker, and below
this there is a basal swelling, equalling or exceeding the margin in
diameter. The smaller marginal suckers (PI. XL, fig. 4a, 4i) have
the aperture more oblique and the horny ring much wider on the
outer side, with its outer, sharp, marginal teeth longer and more
incurved ; usually these have the teeth alternately larger and smaller.

The outer buccal membrane (Plate XXIX, fig. 4) is large, thin, with
seven prominent, elongated, acute angles, all of which have a cluster
of about ten to fifteen, small, pedicelled suckers, in two rows, on the
inner surface (a, 6, c, d). These suckers have horny rings, denticu-
lated on one side. In the female there is a special thickened organ
(s) in the form of a horse-shoe, on the inner ventral surface of the
buccal membrane. This in the breeding season serves for the attach-
ment of the spermatophoi'es by the male.

The muscular pharynx (fig. 4, e,/) containing the jaws can be pro-
truded its whole length. The inner buccal membrane {f) or sheath
enclosing the beak (??i), has a prominent, thickened, radially-wrinkled
and puckered anterior margin. On the ventral side the pharynx
bears, externally, two thin chitinous plates, not connected with the
jaws. The points and exposed edges of the beak are hard and black,
becoming dark reddish brown farther back ; the alae, gular and pala-
tine laminje are thin and pale yellowish or light amber-color, in alco-
holic specimens. The upper mandible (PI. XXXIV, figs. 4, 4a, var.
pallida) has a sharp, strongly-incurved point ; cutting edge regularly

312 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

curved, with a triangular notch at its base, followed by a prominent
triangular tooth on the alar edge, beyond which the edge is nearly
straight, but i-ecedes somewhat. Lower mandible with a sharply
incurved point and sinuous cutting edges, which have a slight tooth
below the middle and only a slight rounded notch at base, which
passes gradually into the very oblique and receding alar edge. The
bilobed palate is covered with a chitinous membrane which bears
transparent, small, sharp, recurved denticles.

Odontophore with pale amber-colored teeth, and thin transparent
borders. The median teeth (PI. XXXIV, fig. 3 ; PI. XXXVII, fig.
6,«; PI. XXXIX, fig. 4) are broad with a long acute median denticle,
and a shorter curved and less acute lateral one, on each side ; the
inner lateral teeth are short, strongly incurved, Avith a longer acute
central denticle and a smaller outer one, and with the inner angle of
the base slightly prominent ; the next to the outer lateral teeth
(fig. ^^c) are much longer, broad, tapered, curved, acute; the outer
teeth (fig. 0, d) are longer, more slender, more curved, triquetral, and
very acute with a large basal lobe. A row of thin, distinct, roundish
scales (fig.6, e) forms a border, outside the teeth.

The pen is thin, translucent, pale yellowish, in fresh s]>ecimens, but
brownish or amber-color in alcoholic specimens. It has a short, nar-
row, anterior shaft and a long, very thin, lanceolate blade, which is
concave beneath, especially posteriorly, for the edges curve down-
ward, but are not involute ; the posterior tip is acute, slightly thick-
ened and curved downward, so that the posterior end is shaped some-
thing like the forward part of a shallow canoe. In the male the pen
is relatively longer and the blade narrower than in the female. The
extreme anterior end is thin and flexible, and rather abruptly pointed,
being shaped like a pen ; the shaft is rather stiff", with a strong, regu-
larly rounded keel, convex* above and concave beneath; outside of
the keel the marginal portion curves outward and then upward, so
that its convex surface is below, and the edge slightly turns up.
The shaft, with its central keel and marginal ridges, extends to the
posterior tip of the pen, decreasing regularly in width beyond the
commencement of the blade. The blade is at first very narrow, and
gradually increases in width ; it is marked by numerous slightly
thickened ridges, which diverge from the central line as they extend
backward ; the edges are very thin.

In the larger males the proportion of the greatest breadth of the
blade to the total length of the pen varies from 1 : V'SO to 1 : 9*36.
In the females it varies from 1 : 5-60 to 1 : 6-10.

A. E. Verrlll — North AmeriGaa Cejyhalopods. 313

The following description of the colors was made from a freshly-
caught, adult, male specimen (1 G) ; taken in New Haven Harbor,
May 18, 1880.

Upper surfaces of the body, head and caudal fin thickly covered
with rather large chromatophores, which are mostly rounded or
nearly circular, except along the middle of the back, where they are
more crowded and darker, and mostly have a long-elliptical form
(perhaps accidental).

The chromatophores, when expanded, are light red to dark lake-
red, varying to purplish red and pink ; when contracted to small
points, they become brownish purple.

On the head, behind the middle of the eyes, and toward the mar-
gin of the caudal fin, the spots are smaller and less numerous, the
intervening bluish white ground-color showing more largely. Over
most of the dorsal surface the chronuitophores are arranged more or
less evidently in circular groups ; usually the central chromatophore
is a large, round, dark purplish spot ; this is surroimded by a circular
space of whitish ground-color ; and by a circle of roundish chromat-
ophores, mostly of diiferent shades of lake-red and pink, and a deeper
lying circle of pale canary-yellow ones. On the lower side they are
so thinly scattered that they leave much of the translucent bluish
white ground-color visible between them ; along the median ventral
line the spots are more numerous, producing a distinct median stripe.
The caudal fin is clear bluish white beneath, and very translucent,
becoming almost transparent near the margin.

Exposed part of the siphon similar to the ventral surface of the
body, but with the spots more sparse, and mostly disappearing near
the margin and at the base ; lower side of the head, in front of the
eyes, sparsely spotted. Outer and upper sides of the upper arms,
and outer surfaces of the ventral pair similarly, but somewhat more
densely, specked; both sides of the ventral arms and lower sides of
the lateral arms pinkish white and unspotted. Tentacular arms pale
translucent, bluish white, with the outer surface, except at base,
rather thinly specked with small purplish chromatophores; the inner
surface and upper side of the tip and the suckers ai"e translucent
white ; rings of suckers white.

On the inner surface of the dorsal and lateral arms, between the
suckers, there are a few large chromatophores, and a double row of
them runs out obliquely on the muscular thickenings of the mar-
ginal membrane, alternating with the suckers, on each side ; suckers
pure translucent, bluish white (becoming yellow or brown in alcohol).

314 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

The pupils of the eyes are deep bluish black ; on the upper side
tbey are encroachefd iipon by a sinuous, downward extension of the
iris, which is silvery or pearly white, with brilliant, green, opalescent
reflections at the upper margin.

Sexual differences.

The sexes differ to a considerable extent, in proportions. If we
compare specimens of equal length, the female will have the body
relatively stouter and less tapered posteriorly than the male ; the
head is decidedly larger;* the arms are longer; the suckers are
usually distinctly larger, especially those of the tentacular arms.
But if we compare specimens having the head and arms of equal
size, the male will be found to have a decidedly longer, more slender
and more tapered body, and a somewhat longer and nariower fin.
(See table B, for comparative proportions.)

In the adult male the circumference of the head to the mantle-
length usually varies from 1 : 2*55 to 3*45, averaging about 1 : 3-10 ;
in the female from 1 : 1*75 to 1 : 2*45, averaging about 1 : 2-25.

The ratio of the breadth of the fin to the mantle-length, in the
male, varies from 1 : 2'12 to 1 : 2*45, averaging about 1 : 2*25 ; in the
female, from 1 : 1'70 to 1 : 2'12, averaging about 1 : 1*90.

The ratio of the diameter of the largest tentacular suckers to the
mantle-length varies, in the male, from 1 : 50 to 1 : 90, averaging
about 1 : 65 ; in the female it varies from 1 : 36 to 1 : 54, averaging
about 1 : 45.

The proportion of the length of the dorsal arms to the mantle-
length, in the male, averages about 1 : 3-50 ; in the female about
1 : 2-75.

The most marked effect of strong alcohol is to reduce the diameter
of the body and the breadth of the caudal fin to a proportionally
far greater extent than it does the length of the mantle and fin.
Therefore, specimens that have been preserved in too strong alcohol
often look like a different species, and the females often resemble the
males, on account of their apparently longer and narrower fins and
unnaturally slender bodies.

The pen of the female is relatively broader and shorter than that
of the male (see table A).

* Some of the nominal European species of Loligo, that have been based on the
smaller size of the head, arms, and suckers are probably only the males of the common
Species. The sexual variations in this genus have apparently been very imperfectly
understood by European writers generally.

A. E. Ver7'ill — Worth American Cephalopoda.

315

The best and most positive external characters for distinguishing
tlie sexes, are the hectocotylized condition of the left ventral arm of
the male, near the tip (Plate XXIX, fig. 3, 3a) ; and the presence, in
the female, of a horse-shoe shaped sucker, or place for attachment of
the spermatophores, on the inner buccal membrane, below the beak
(fig. 4, s). These characters, however, are not present in the very
young individuals, and in those with the mantle two or three inches
long they appear only in a very rudimentary state.*

A. — Sexual cariatmis in the pen. (Measurements in inches).

Length of pen ..

Length of shaft

Length of blade

Brendtli of shaft

Breadth of Made

Projiorti'ons :
Greatest breadth to

length, _

^P.

5 9V.

10-50

10-20

1-40

2-10

910

8-10

■50

•35

1-40

1-15

7-50

8-86

,5 10V

9-55
2-20
7-35
-40
1-02

W.

8-50

2-00

6-50

-40

•98

5E.

7-75
2-00
5-75
•15
100

SEE.

7-65
1-10
6-55
•38
1-35

9-3fi 8-67 7^75 5^66 6.04 5^76

?17V

7^55

6-05

•35

1-25

? An.

7^50
V50
6-00
•35
130

The specimen marked An. is from Cape Ann, Mass. (var. borealis); that marked
S p]., is var. pallida from Astoria, N. T. ; the rest are from Vineyard Sound, Mass.

The adult males have the left ventral arm conspicuously hectocoty-
lized (Plate XXIX, figs. 3, 3a) by an alteration and enlargement of
the sucker-pedicels and a decrease in the size of the cups of the suckers,
some of which usually disappear entirely, especially in the outer row.
The modification commences at about the 18th to 20th sucker, by
the swelling of the bases of the pedicels ; on succeeding suckers this
rapidly becomes more marked and the swollen bases of the pedicels
become more elongated and gradually become compressed trans-
versely, while the size of the cups rapidly decreases till at about the
28th to 30th they are very minute and rest at the summits of the
large, flattened, acute-triangular supports ; from the 30th to 35th the
cups usually become mere rudiments or disappear, in large males ;
beyond this the cups again grow larger and the pedicels decrease in
size, till the small suckers become normal on the tip of the arm.
About twenty-five to thirty of the suckers of the outer row ai'e thus

* Professor Steenstrup formerly advanced the opinion that the males of Octopus and
other genera of Cephalopods were provided with the hectocotylized arm from the first,
but this we have not found to be the case. The hectocotylized condition of the arm in
Loligo is developed in proportion to the development of the internal sexual organs,
and is first distinctly noticeable in the larger of the young ones taken in autumn, and
in the spring, in the young ones that have survived their first winter.

Traks. Co.nn. Acad., Vol. V. 39 February, 1881.

316 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

inodified in the larger males. Of the inner row, a somewhat smaller
number of suckers show distinct alteration, and these are less exten-
sively altered ; their pedicels are swollen and their cups reduced,
but not to so great an extent, and usually none of the cups are
entirely absent.

In young males, with the mantle about 70™"' to 90™'", (young of the
previous yeai-, or perhaps of the first year, when three to five months
old,) these modifications of the suckers begin to appear, at first very
indistinctly, by a slight enlargement of the bases of the pedicels and
a scarcely noticeable decrease in the size of the cups. In specimens
with the mantle 100""" to 130""" long (probably young of the previous
year, nine months to a year old) the modification of the suckers,
though much less marked than in the adults, is sufticiently distinct,
the pedicels having become distinctly longer and stouter, while the
cups are evidently reduced in size, but none of them are abortive in
such specimens.

Loligo Pealei, var. borealis Verriii.

Plate XXXVII, figure 2 (pen). Plate XLI, figure 1, (anatomy).

Since this variety was described I have had opportunities to exam-
ine a much larger series of specimens from Cape Ann. These show
very plainly that this form passes by intermediate gradations, into
the typical form, so that it cannot be considered as anything more
than a local or geographical variety. The differences in the propor-
tion of the fin to the mantle, noticed in the original specimens, do not
hold good, with a larger series. The only varietal character, of much
importance, is the relatively smaller suckers, and this is much less
marked in most of the later examples than in the former ones, and
is a character that varies greatly in the specimens from every locality.*

In the original specimens the 'pen' (PI. XXXVII, fig. 2) while
having the general form of that of L, Pealei^ tapers more gradually
anteriorly, and has a narrower, more tapered, sharper and stiffer
anterior tip. The variations in proportion are sufticiently indicated
by the measurements given in tables A, B and C, in which those
specimens designated as 2 G. to 5 G. were measured while fresh.
The one marked An. $ is from the lot originally described as variety
horecdis, and illustrates the abnormally small size of the suckers.

* Probably those with abnormally small tentacular suckers are instances in which
the arms, the clubs, or the suckers have been lost and afterwards reproduced, as
explained below.

A. E. Verrill — Korth American Cephalopods. 317

LoligO Pealei, var. pallida TerriU.

Plate XXXIV, figures 1-4. Plate XXXVII, figures 9-11, (suckers).
Plate XL, figure 1, (anatomy).

This geographical variety or sub-species is distinguished from the
typical form chiefly by its shorter and stouter body, in both sexes, its
broader and larger caudal fin, and the larger size of the suckers,
especially those of the tentacular club.

The caudal fin is broad-rhomboidal, often as broad as long, or even
broader than long, in adult specimens. The ratio of the breadth of
the fin to the mantle-length, in the larger specimens (with mantle
150'""' to 225""" long) is, in the males, from 1 : 1-V5 to 1 : 2*00, while
in L. Pealei^ of corresponding size, the ratio is 1 : 2'15 to 1 : 2-30 ;
in the females of var. pallida^ of similar size, the ratio varies from
1 : r45 to 1 : 1'75 (see tables F, G). Tentacular arms long and
slender, varying in length according to the amount of contraction,
in extension longer than the body, the club or portion that bears
suckers forming about one-third the whole length. In a few males
the larger suckers on the middle of this portion are not so large as
the largest on the other arms, but usually they are twice as large. In
some females the principal suckers of the tentacular arms are very
much larger than in others, and considerably exceed those of the
males of equal length ; they form two alternating rows, of eight to ten
each, along the middle of the club ; external to them there is a row
of smaller suckers alternating with them on each side; the suckei's
toward the tips are very numerous, small and crowded in four rows ;
at the tip there is a group of about twenty minute, smooth-edged
suckers, in four rows. Outside of the suckers, on each side, there
is a broad marginal membrane, having the edges scalloped and
strengthened between the scallops by strong, transverse, muscular
ridges ; another membranous fold runs along the back side, expand-
ing into a broad membranous keel or crest near the end. The arms
of the ventral pair are intermediate in length between those of the
second and third pairs.

Ground-color of the body, head, arms and fins, pale, translucent
yellowish white ; the upper surface is covered with pale brown, une-
qual, circular spots, wdiich are not crowded, having spaces of whitish
between them ; the spots are more sparse on the head and arms, but
somewhat clustered above the eyes; entire ventral surface pale, with
small, distant, brownish, circular spots, which are nearly obsolete on
the siphon and arms. The general appearance of the animal, when
fresh, is unusually pale and gelatinous. The pen is broad, quill-
shaped, translucent and amber-colored.

318 A. JS. Verrlll — North American Gephalopods.

A medium-sized male specimen, recently preserved in alcohol,
measured 145""" from the base of the dorsal arms to the posterior end
of the body ; length of body, 120""" ; length of caudal fin, 70""" ;
breadth of fin, 75"""; length of first pair of arms, 42""'; of second
pair, 50""" ; of third, 60™"' ; of ventral pair, 53™"' ; of tentacular
arms, 150'""'. (For other measui-ements see tables B to E.)

Astoria, Long Island, 1870, (Robert Benner).

This form has been received, hitherto, only from the western part
of Long Island Sound, where it is abundant with the schools of
menhaden, on which it feeds.

Reproduction of lost parts.

I have observed in this species, as well as in Ommastrephes illece-
brosKS, numerous instances in which some of the suckers have been
torn off and afterwards reproduced. In such examples new suckers
of various sizes, from those that are very minute up to those that are
but little smaller than the normal ones, can often be found scattered
among the latter, on the same individual. It seems to me jjossible
that some of the specimens having the suckers on the tentacular arms
unusually small, may have reproduced all those suckers, or siill more
likely, the entire arm.

I have seen specimens of this species, and also of 0. illecebrosKS,
Avhich, after having lost the tips, or even the distal half of one or
more of the sessile arms, have more or less completely reproduced the
lost parts.* In such cases the restored portion is often more slender
and has smaller suckers than the normal arms, and where the old part
joins the new there is often an abrupt change in size. Probably this
difference would wholly disappear, after a longer time.

An unquestionable and most remarkable example of the reproduc-
tion of several entire arms occurs in a small specimen taken off New-
port, R. I., Aug., 1880. This has the mantle 70""" long; dorsal arms
22'"'", 3d pair of arms 30""". The three upper pairs of arms are per-
fectly normal, but both the tentacular and both the ventral arms
have evidently been entirely lost and then reproduced, from the very
base. These four arms are now nearly perfect in form, but are

* Perhaps the Dosidicus Eschrichtii Steenstrup is only an Ommastrephes or Sthenoteu-
tlds which had lost and pariiall}'' rejiroduced the tips of all the arms. Aside from the
solid cone of the pen, characters have not been given sufficient to distinguish it
generically. My former reference of this species (p. 250) to the Teuthidce, was an
error, due to tiiu brevity of ihe original description.

A. M. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

310

scarcely half their normal size on the left side, and still smaller on the
right side. The left tentacular arm is only 24""" long, and very
slender, but it has the normal proportion of club, and the suckers,
though well formed, are diminutive, and those of the two median
rows are scarcely larger than the lateral ones, and delicately dentic-
ulated. The right tentacular arm is less than half as long (12'""')
being of about the same length as the restored ventral one of the same
side; it is also very slender and its suckers very minute and soft,
in four equal rows. The right ventral arm is ouly 14'"'" long; the
left one 15""" long ; both are provided with very small but otherwise
normal suckers.

In another specimen from Vineyard Sound, a female, with the
mantle about 150'"'^^ long, one of the tentacular arms had lost its club,
but the wound had healed and a new club was in process of formation.
This new club is represented by a small tapering acute process,
starting out obliquely from the stump, and having a sigmoid curva-
ture ; its inner siirface is covered with very miniite suckers. The
other arms are normal.

Eggs and Young.

The eggs are contained in many elongated, fusiform, gelatinous
capsules (cut 3), which are attached in clusters by one end to sea-
weeds or some other common support ; from the point of attachment

3.

they radiate in all directions. These clusters are often six or eight
inches in diameter, containing hundreds of the capsules, wdiich are
mostly from two to three inches long and tilled with numerous eggs,
the number varying from 20, or less, up to about 200. The trans-
parent eggs are arranged, in the well-formed capsules, in six or more
rows and are so closely crowded that they touch each other and
often take polygonal forms, especially when preserved.

How many of these capsules are deposited by one female is very
uncertain. Probably several females are concerned in the formation
of the larger clusters. The eggs are mostly laid in June and July,
but many are laid in August, and some even in September. By the

320 A. E. Yerrill — North American Cephalopods.

11th of June, in the vicinity of New Haven, many of these eggs con-
tain embryos in a(lvanced stages of development (PLite XLI, figs. 2,
3 ; Plate XLV, fig. 4). The embryos, before hatching, can swim
around inside the eggs.

These embryos are very beautiful objects to observe under the
microscope.

Even at this early period some of the chromatophores are already
developed in the mantle and arms, and during life, if examined under
the microscope, these orange and purple vesicles can be seen to con-
tract and expand rapidly and change colors, as in the adult, but the
phenomena can be i'ar more clearly seen in these embryos ovring to
the greater transparency of the skin. In the young the chromato-
phores are very regularly and symmetrically arranged, on the arms,
head, and mantle. At this stage of development the eyes are brown.
In these embryos a remnant of the yolk-sac {y), appears to protrude
from the mouth, but it is really connected with the space around
the mouth and pharynx, and into this it is eventually absorbed.

The more advanced of the embryos were capable of swimming
aboiit, when removed from the eggs, by means of the jets of water
from the siphon (s), which is developed at an earlier stage. The
arms {a"-a"") are then short, blunt, very unequal, with few minute
suckers ; the dorsal arms are very small, while those of the 2d and
3d pairs are successively longer, and have distinct suckers; the ten-
tacular arms (a'") are longer and larger than any of the others, and
have larger suckei's, which already, in some examples, can be seen to
form four rows; the ventral arms (a"",) are about as long as the 2d
pair, and bear several suckers. The mantle {m) is short, and the
caudal fins (./') are very small, short, lateral, and sejDarately attached
to each side of the blunt posterior end of the body, thus recalling
their adult condition in Rossia. The eyes (e) are large and promi-
nent ; the rudimentary beak [d) and odontophore (I) are distinctly
visible. The two otoliths (o) are very distinctly visible, as highly
refracting ovate bodies, above the basal part of the siphon, one on
each side. The ink-sac (i), attached to the rectum (/), is conspicuous
on account of its dark color ; the gills {g) are provided with a small
number of transverse processes ; the heart (A) and the branchial
auricles (A' h') are easily seen, while they continue to pulsate. The
pen exists only in a rudimentary condition, as a thin cartilage.

During July and August the young (fig. 5) from less than a
quarter of an inch to an inch or more in length, swim free at the
surface, and may often be taken in immense quantities with towing

A. E. Vei'rill — North American Cephalopods. 321

nets. They were particularly abmidant in the summers of 1871 and
18*73, in Vineyard Sound.

These young squids are devoured in inconceivable numbers by
fishes of many kinds, and also by the adult squids of the same
species, and by the larger jelly-fishes, and many other marine ani-
mals. The larger sizes, and even the adults, are also greedily
devoui-ed by blue-fish, black-bass, striped-bass, weak-fish, mackerel,
cod, and many other kinds of fishes. Therefore these " squids "are
really of great importance as food for our most valuable market
fishes. They are extensively used as bait by the fishermen.

Rate of Growth.

I am not aware that any definite information has hitherto been
published as to the rate of growth or length of life of any of our
Cephalopods. By some writers it has been stated that the squids
are all annual, but this seems to be a mere assumption, without any
evidence for its basis.

Therefore, I have, for several years past, preserved large numbers
of specimens of the young of Loligo Pealei, collected at different
seasons and localities, in order to ascertain, if possible, the rate of
growth and the size acquired during the first season, at least. One
of the following tables (I) shows some of the data thus obtained.

There is considerable difficulty in ascertaining the age of these
squids, owing to the fact that the spawning season extends through
the whole summer, so that the young ones hatched early in June are
as large by September as those that hatch in September are in the
following spring. Owing to the same cause, most of the large lots
of young squids taken in mid-summer include various sizes, from
those just hatched up to those that are two or three inches long.
They are often mixed with some of those of the previous year, con-
siderably larger than the rest. Earlier in the season (in May and the
first part of June), before the first-laid eggs begin to hatch, the young-
est specimens taken (60 to 100"'™ long) are presumed to belong to the
later broods of the previous autumn, while those somewhat larger are
believed to be from earlier broods of the f)revious summer, and to
represent the growth of one year, very nearly.

Taking these principles as a guide, I have arrived at the following
conclusions, from the data collected :

1. The young squids begin to hatch at least as early as the second
week in June, on the southern coast of New England, and continue
to hatch till the middle of September, and perhaps later.

322 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephdlopods.

2. By the second week in July, the first hatched of the June squids
have grown to the size in which the body (or mantle) is ;30 to 48"""
long ; bixt these are associated with others that are younger, of
all sizes down to those just hatched. But they begin to show a dis
position to go in "schools" composed of individuals of somewhat
similar sizes.

3. By the second week in August, the largest June squids have
become 50 to 68""" in length of body, and the later broods are 5
to 30"'"' long. As before, with these sizes occur others of all ages
down to those just hatched. It should be observed, however, that
in those of our tabulated lots taken by the trawl, the very small sizes
are absent, because they pass freely through the coarse meshes of the
net.

4. By the second week in September, the June squids have the
mantle 60 to 82""" long. All the grades of smaller ones still
abound. A few larger specimens, taken the last of August, and in
September, 84 to 110"'"' long, may belong to the June brood, but
they may belong to those of the previous autumn.

5. In the first week of November, the larger yoiing squids taken
had acquired a mantle length of 79 to 85"'"\ but these are probably
not the largest that might be found. Younger ones, probably
hatcdied in September and October, 8 to 20'""' in length of body,
occurred in vast numbers Nov. 1, 1874. The specimens taken Novem-
ber 16, off Chesapeake Bay, having the mantle 70-90'"™ long, probably
belong to the schools hatched in summer,

6. In May and June the smallest squids taken, and believed to be
those hatched in the previous September or October, have the man-
tle 62 to 100'^'"' long. With these there are others of larger sizes,
up to 152 to 188""", and connected with the smaller ones by inter-
mediate sizes. All these are believed to belong to the various broods
of the previous season. In these, the sexual organs begin to increase
in size and the external sexual characters begin to appear. The males
are of somewhat greater length than the females of the same age.

7. In July, mingled with the young of the season, in some lots,
but more often in separate schools, we take young squids having the
mantle 75 to 100'""' long. These we can connect by intermediate
sizes with those of the previous year, taken in June. I regard these
as somewhat less than a year old.

8. Beyond the first year it becomes very difficult to determine the
age with certainty, for those of the first season begin, even in the
autumn, to overlap in their sizes those of the previous year.

A. E. Yerrill — North Ainerican Cephaloftods. 323

9. It is probable that those specimens which are taken in large
quantities, while in breeding condition, during the latter part of May
and in June, having the mantle 175 to 225'"™ long in the females
and 200 to 275""" long in the males, are two years old.

10. It is probable that the largest individuals taken, with the man-
tle 300 to 425""" long, are at least three years, and perhaps, in some
cases, four years old. The very large specimens generally occur only
in small schools and are mostly males. The females that occur with
these very large males are often of much smaller size, and may be a
year younger than their mates.

11. When squids of very different sizes occur together, in a school,
it generally happens that the larger ones are engaged in devouring
the smaller ones, as the contents of their stomachs clearly show.
Therefore it is probable that those of similar age keep together in
schools for mutual safety.

12. Among the adult specimens of var. pallida^ taken in autumn,
at Astoria, there are several young ones, from 75 to 120"'™ in
length, with rudimentary reproductive organs. These may, perhaps,
be the young of the year, hatched in June.

Distribution.

This species is found along the whole coast, from South Carolina
to Massachusetts Bay.

It is the common squid from Cape Hatteras to Cape Cod. In
Long Island Sound and Vineyard Sound it is very abundant, and is
taken in large numbers in the fish-pounds and seines, and used, to
a large extent, for bait. It is comparatively scarce, though not rare,
north of Cape Cod. The young were trawled by us in many locali-
ties, in Mass. Bay, in 1878. Large specimens were taken in the
j)ounds at Provincetown, Mass., August, 1879. It was taken in con-
siderable quantities, in breeding condition, in the fish-pounds on Cape
Ann, near Gloucester, Mass., May, 1880, [var. borealis). Jt has not
been observed north of Cape Ann. Its southern limit is not known
to me, but it appears to have been found on the coast of South Caro-
lina.

In depth, it has occurred from low-water mark to fifty fathoms.
The eggs have often been taken by us in the trawl, in great abun-
dance, at many localities along the southern shores of New England,
in five to twenty-five fathoms.

It is known to be a very important element in the food-supply of
the blue fish, tautog, sea-bass, striped bass, weak-fish, king-fish, and
many other of our larger market fishes.

Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V. 40 February, 1881.

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center of eye.
base of dorsa
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end of :id pair
end of 4th pai
end of tentacu
1 of club of ten
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Trans. Conn. Acad., Yol. V.

41

June, 1881.

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A. M Verrill — North American Gephalopods.

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A. E. Verrill — North American Gephalopods.

336

J. — Specimens examined, mostly adult. To illustrate distribution, etc.

[In last column ad. = adult ; br. = breeding ; ^?i. = length of mantle in inches ; ;. or
juv. = young ; Ig. = large.]

No.

Locality.

Fath.

When Collected.

Received from

Specimens.
Sex. No.

Typical variety.

New Haven, Conn.

..

1867

Mr. Hooes

1^

New Haven, Conn.

..

G. H. Perkins

1^

Near New Haven

Shore

1870

A. E. Verrill

4 ad.

/;. k.'

Near New Haven

Shore

1874

A. E. Verrill

S 4 ad.

c'

Near New Haven

Shore

1876

A. E. Verrill

6 ad.

IG

New Haven harbor

Shore

May 18, 1880

A. E. Verrill

$ 1 Ig. br.

Long Island

Shore

C. C. Byrne

1 juv.

a', b', 00

Noank, Conn.

Shore

August, 1874

U. S. Fish Com.

S 3 large

..

Noank. Conn.

3-4

August 5, 1874

U. S. Fish Com.

4 young

Noank, Conn.

6-8

Aug-ust 24, 1874

U. S. Fish Com.

8 juv.

Vineyard Sound, Ms.

Shore

Jl. and Aug., '71

IT. S. Fish Com.

72 ad.

Vineyard Sound, Ms.

5-8

Jl. and Aug., '71

U. S. Fish Com.

30 ad.

Menem sha

Shore

August. 1874

V. N. Edwards

^1. $2

Vineyard Sound

Shore

Jl. and Aug., '75

U. S. Fish Com.

7 ad.

..

Vineyard Sound

5-12

July 12-26, 1875

U. S. Fish Com.

Eggs & y'ng

Vineyard Sound

5-16

Aug. 4, 5, 1875

U. S. Fish Com.

Young

..

Vineyard Sound

6-20

Sept. 15, 1875

U. S. Fish Com.

5 young

Vineyard Sound

Shore

October 13, 1875

V. N. Edwards

3 = 5-7-5 in.

f,g''

Vineyard Sound

Shore

October 14, 1875

V. N. Edwards

3 = 5-7 in.

a-e

Vineyard Sound

Shore

October 14, 1875

V. N. Edwards

S 5 large

Vineyard Sound

Shore

October 20, 1875

V. N. Edwards

5=4-5 in.

Vineyard Sound

Shore

Nov. 1, 1875

V. N. Edwards

1=6 in.

Vineyard Sound

Shore

April 30, 1876

V. N. Edwards

^ 10 : $ 3

Vineyard Sound

Shore

May 15, 1876

V. N. Edwards

3 = 6-7 in.

D-W

Vineyard Sound

Shore

May and June, '76

V. N. Edwards

$ 15: 2 4ad.

Vineyard Sound

Shore

June 3, 1876

V. N. Edwards

$ 3 = 5-6 in.

X. y. z.

Vineyard Sound

Shore

June 6. 1876

V. N. Edwards

S 3 large

AA-HH

Vine3'ard Sound

Shore

June. 1876

V. N. Edwards

39 ad.: 2 12

1V-60V

Vineyard Sound

Shore

May 28, 1880

V. N. Edwards

,5 48: S 12br.

Narragansett Bay

Shore

1880

Samuel Powell

1 0 ad.

Al"

Hyannis, Mass.

Shore

August, 1880

$ 1 very Ig.

Narragansett Bay

Shore

July 27, 1880

U. S. Fish Com.

6 j. = 3-3-7 in.

Off Newport, R. I.

16-26

August 7, 1880

U. S. Fish Com.

5].=3-5-6-5in.

Off Pt. Judith, R. I.

19

August 14, 1880

U. S. Fish Com.

2j. = l-l-l-4in

Off Cuttyhunk Island

17

Sept. 3, 1880

U. S. Fish Com.

2 = 5-l-5-5in.

South of Block Island

252 (?)

Sept. 13, 1880

U. S. Fish Com.

14 juv.

--

Off Chesapeake Bay
Variety borealis.

18

Nov. 16, 1880

Z. L. Tanner

32 juv.

An.l-S.fir

Annisquam, Mass.

Shore

July, 1878

A. Hvatt

? 3 ad. br.

Glouce'r, M., tide-pool

Shore

July, 1878

A. e' Verrill

2 juv.

Massachusetts Bay

47

.Sept. 21, 1878

U. S. Fish Com.

11 juv.

Off Cape Cod

42

Sept. 26, 1879

U. S. Fish Com.

1 juv.

Provincetown, Mass.

Shore

July, 1879

J. H. Blake

3 large

2G-Y5G

Cape Ann, Mass.

Shore

May 18, 1880

A. H. Clarke

15 ad. br.

Cape Ann, Mass.

Sliore

October, 1880

A. H. Clarke

5 5 : S 3 juv.

--

Salem, Mass.
Variety pallida.

Shore

J. H. Emerton

5 1 : ? 2 ad.

A-Z

Astoria, N. Y.

Shore

Nov.-Dec, 1870

Robt. Benner

^17: $9

a-t

Astoria, N. Y.

Shore

Nov.-Dec, 1870

Robt. Benner

(5 $ 20 ad.

1-10

Astoria, N. Y.

Shore

Nov.-Dec, 1870

Robt. Benner

S sad.

--

Gr't Egg Harbor, N.J.

Shore

1872

A. E. Verrill

1, bass stom.

336 A. E. Verrill — JVbrth American Cephalopods.

K. — Specimens examined. Eggs and recently hatched young of Loligo Pealei.

Locality.

Filth .

When collected.

Received from

Eggs or Embryos.

Near New Haven

Shore

June 19, 1871

J. E. Todd

Well developed.

Vineyard Sound

5-10

July, Aug. '71

U. S. Fish Com.

All stages.

Long Island Sound

4-8

August, 1874

U. S. Fish Com.

Well developed.

Fisher's Sound

Surf'ce

July 28, 1874

U. S. Fish Com.

Just hatched.

Nantuclvet Sound

8-12

July 26, 1874

U. S. Fish Com.

Partly developed.

Vineyard Sound

8-16

Aug. 5, 1875

U. S. Fish Com.

Partly developed.

Vineyard Sound

5-10

July, Aug. '75

U. S. Fish Com.

All stages.

Vineyard Sound

Sept. 6, 1875

U. S. Fish Com.

New-laid.

Near New Haven

Shore

June 11, 1880

S. I. Smith

Near hatching.

Off New Haven

Aug. 3, 1880

J. F. Fowle

Half developed.

Gardiner's Bay

June 28, 1880

Sch. G. H. Bradley

New-laid.

Off Newport, R. I.

8

Aug. 6, 1880

U. S. Fish Com.

Fresh and well developed.

Off Newport, R. I.

22-26

Aug. 7, 1880

U. S. Fish Com.

New-laid and hatching.

Off Newport, R. I.

U

Aug. 16, 1880

U. S. Fish Com.

New-laid and partly dev.

Narragansett Bay

6

Aug. 23, 1880

U. S. Fish Com.

Fresh-laid.

Narragansett Bay

12^

Aug. 31, 1880

U. S. Fish Com.

Partly developed.

In the Gulf of Mexico, this species appears to be replaced by
another species {Loligo Gahl D'Orbigny). Of this we have several
specimens, collected on the west coast of Florida, at Egmont Key,
near Tampa Bay, by Col. E. Jewett and Mr. W. T. Coons. This
species is closely allied to L. Pealei, but has a more slender form,
with the caudal fin shorter and narrower in }>roportion to the length
of the mantle. The pen has a shorter and broader shaft and a nar-
rower and more oblong blade, which has parallel, thickened and darker
colored portions between the midrib and margins. The tentacular
suckers have their horny rings more coarsely and equally toothed,
there being only a partial alternation of larger and smaller teeth.

Along our southern coast, from Delaware Bay to Florida, a much
shorter and relatively stouter species [Loligo brevis Bv.) occurs, which
might be mistaken, by a careless observer, for the present species. In
addition to its shorter body, it has very different large tentacular
suckers, with the teeth on the horny rim coarser and all of similar
form and size. Its pen is also shorter and relatively broader, and
different in structure.

Notes on the Visceral Anatomy.
Plate XL, figures l-3a. Plate XLI, figure 1,9.
The gills {g) are large and highly organized in this species,
although considerably smaller than in Ommastrephes. The bases of
the gills are situated somewhat in advance of the middle of the mantle-
cavity, and their tips, in fresh specimens, extend forward nearly to
the base of the siphon (/"). The branchial chamber, behind the heart,

A. E. Yerr'dl — North American Cephalopoch. 3;i7

is divided into two chambers by a median, thin, membranous par-
tition.

The branchial chamber is separated from tlie visceral cavity by a
thin, translucent membrane, through which there are two cii-ciilar
openings (w), one a short distance in advance of the base of each gill ;
tlirough these the secretions of the urinary organs (r, r') are doubtless
discharged. Internally the visceral cavity is divided into several com-
partments by folds of thin membrane. The largest of these chambers
contains the stomach and its coecal lobe {S, S'). When tlie branchial
cavity is opened on the ventral side, as in PI. XL, fig.l, and the
thin membranes covering the viscera are removed, the renal organs
(r, r') are seen, as large and conspicuous organs, especially if the
venous system has been injected with a colored fluid. Tliese organs
are situated below, above, and in front of the heart, but two pyri-
form glands (r', r'), which are firmer and have a more compact struc-
ture than the rest, extend along the posterior venae-cavte. The an-
terior ones, in front of the heart, consist of a number of groups or clus-
ters of lobulated glandular follicles, developed upon the posterior
part of the anterior vena-cava and upon its saccular divisions, on the
hepatic veins, on the intestinal veins, and on other large veins going
toward the branchial auricles {au). Two of the larger divisions (r, r),
which are elongated, and lie below and across the heart and large
efferent vessels {bo) returning from the gills, arise as direct forks of
the vena-cava, which divides just in front of the origin of the intestine ;
these forks pass each side of the intestine and each gives oflf a dorsal
branch, which runs up along the basal part of the intestine and joins
the large saccular renal vessels that lie above the heart, on each side.
These dorsal, renal vessels extend backward beyond the heart ; they
receive the blood from the gastric veins posteriorly and from two
hepatic veins anteriorly ; laterally, they communicate directly with
the branchial auricles.

The ventricular heart {H) is a rather large, muscular, median, some-
what unsymmetrical organ, varying in shape according to the state
of contraction. Usually it is more or less obliquely four-cornered,
with the right side largest and the posterior end more or less conical.
From the posterior end arises a large artery, the posterior aorta,
which gives oiF, close to its origin, two small arteries ; one of these
is median, and goes forward to the ink-sac, passing below the heart ;
two branches, close to its origin, go to the renal organs (r, r), on each
side; the other, arising laterally, goes to the prostate gland and other
organs connected with it, (PI. XL, fig. 2, />o). A little farther back

338 A. E. Yerrill — JSforth American Cephalopods.

the posterior aorta divides into three large arteries : one of these (o)
is situated in the median plane, and crossing the branchial cavity in a
curved line along the edge of the thin median membrane, supplies the
ventral and lateral portions of the mantle, sending branches both for-
ward and backward ; tlie other two main branches (o' o") diverge as
they go backward and supply the caudal fins and adjacent parts of
the mantle. The anterior aorta (wo) arises from the right anterior
corner of the heart, and goes forward to the head, on the right side of
the median line, T>y the side of the oesophagus, giving oii from its sides
various small l)ranches. Near its origin it is somewhat bulbous.

The first branch, the gastric artery, arising not far from its origin,
sends a branch to the renal organs, and running backward over the
dorsal side of the heart, ramifies over both lobes of the stomach.
During its passage through the substance of the liver, and along
the groove on its dorsal side, the aorta gives ofiT several branches
which supply that organ with blood, while one artery, of consider-
able size, emerges from the posterio-dorsal side of the liver and
supplies the muscles of the neck ; others go out from the anterior
part of the liver, laterally and ventrally, to various parts of the head.
Ten large branches go to the arms, one running through the center
of each to the tip, sending off numerous lateral branches to the suckers
and other parts. Other branches supply the various organs of the
head. A small artery (fig. 2, go) arises from the anterior side of the
heart, and turning backward, supplies the spermary (^). The large
effei'ent vessels [hranchio-cardiac) from the gills [bo] enter the
anterio-lateral corners of the heart, their dilated basal portions serv-
ing as auricles.

The branchial auricles (a?<), situated just behind the bases of the
gills, are nearly globular, with a small, rounded, whitish elevation
on the free posterior end ; dorsal ly they receive the blood from the
saccular divisions of the anterior and posterior vena^-cavaj [vc, vc')
and from the veins (y, ve') coming from the lateral portions of the
mantle, behind the gills ; and they give off the large afferent vessels
(bv) which go to and run along the dorsal side of the gills.

The anterior vena-cava (vc) receives the venous blood from a large
cephalic venous sinus, which surrounds the pharynx, at the bases of
the arms,* and is connected with another large sinus situated at the

* The greater part of the venous system can be easily injected by inserting a canula
into this sinus, through the fold of the buccal membranes between the bases of the
arms and the jaws, or between the outer and inner buccal membranes. It can also be
easily injected through the vona-cava in the lower side of the head.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephcdopods. 339

back of each eye-orbit. This cephalic sinus receives the blood from a
large vein in the median line and near the inner surface of each arm.
Numerous small veins from the head and eyes also enter this and the
ophthalmic sinuses ; others, entering the anterior vena-cava, from
each side, along its course, come from the muscles of the head, neck
and siphon, from the ink-sac, anterior part of the liver, etc. Two veins
of considerable size, which become sacculated posteriorly, arise from
the intestine and ink-sac and run back to the sacculated divisions of
the vena-cava. A small vein also extends along the dorsal side of
the efferent sperm-duct {^p). Two large pallial veins, uniting together
close to the branchial auricles, on each side, come from the sides of
the mantle (w, wc') ; one of these («c') runs from the anterior part
backward, and receives a branch (fig. 1) from the gill; the other (u),
from the middle and posterior parts forward. The posterior venae-
cavne (we") arise mostly in the caudal fins and posterio lateral portions
of the mantle ; each one receives two large branches, one anterior and
the other posterior, just at the point where it leaves the inner surface
of the mantle. From this point they run forward parallel with the
two posterior arteries, and converge to the region of the heart, where
they join the great sacculated venous vessels (r) ; along a considerable
portion of their course they expand and become large, elongated, fusi-
form organs (r'), probably renal in function, but much firmer, more
definite in form, and finer in structure than the more anterior renal
organs.

The gills {g) are long, triquetral, acute, in section they are nearly
triangular, with the free ventral sides convex, and the dorsal side flat
or concave, except along the middle, where a thin median membrane
{g) arises from the central stem and unites the gill to the inner surface
of the mantle. The gills are composed of large numbers of thin,
transverse branchial laminge, which extend outward symmetrically on
each side from the large median blood vessels (io, Jv), each lamina
having a long-ovate or crescent-shaped outline. A somewhat firm
central axis or column gives support to the laminae and the large
blood vessels. The great afferent vessel (fig. 1, hv) starts from the
brancliial auricle {aiC) and runs along the median-dorsal side of the
gill, on the inner edge of the axial column; a parallel vein (fig. 1),
near the dorsal edge of the column, runs back and joins the lateral
pallial vein (yc'). Each branchial leaf receives from the afferent
vessel (Jy), a branch which runs along the dorsal edge, giving off at
regular intervals small, transverse, parallel branchlets, which in turn
give ofl" minute capillary vessels along their sides, and fade out near

Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V. 42 June, 1881.

340 A. E. Verrill — Noi'th American Cephalopods.

the ventral border of the laminae. Parallel with these arise small,
capillary, efferent vessels, wliich join larger transverse vessels, between
and parallel with the afferent ones ; these in turn join the larger effer-
ent vessel that runs along the ventral edges of the laminae, and these
marginal vessels pour their contents into the large brauchio-cardiac
vessel {bo) which runs along the middle of the gill, on the ventral
side, and carries the purified blood to the heart.

The buccal membranes, the pharynx, with its horny jaws, the
odontophore, armed with seven rows of recurved teeth on the radula,
and the thin, chitinous, lining membrane, which has numerous
sharp, scattered, recurved teeth, both on the palate and in the throat,
have already been described (pp. 311, 312). The oesophagus is a
long, narrow, but dilatable tube, having two oblong salivary glands
attached to it, within the bilobed anterior end of the liver {I); it then
runs backward in a groove along the dorsal side of the liver, to a
point beyond its middle, where it passes obliquely through the liver,
accompanied by the aorta («o), and dorsally enters the stomach {S).
The stomach consists of three parts, which are often sufficiently dis-
tinct externally, when the stomach is empty, or nearly so, but when it
is greatly distended with food (as often happens), the apparent divis-
ions almost disappear and the whole becomes one great, long-pyriform
sac. The first division {S) or 'true stomach,' is plicated internally
and has thickened glandular walls. It is supplied with blood by a
conspicuously ramified vessel, the gastric artery (so). This lobe of
the stomach is sometimes contracted into a firm glandular mass,
strongly constricted where it joins the more saccular second stomach ;
but I have seen specimens greatly distended with food in which it
was scarcely or not at all distinguishable as a lobe, and seemed as thin
and saccular as the other parts. The remainder of the stomach {S')
usually has the form of a long, more or less swollen, ovate sac,
tapering backward to a somewhat acute posterior end, which reaches
back nearly to the end of the body ; anteriorly its most swollen
portion is about opposite the junction with the first stomach, and
just behind the heart; from this swollen portion it narrows rapidly,
but extends forward along the posterior part of the liver, above and
in advance of the heart, where it gives off the intestine. The
more swollen anterior portion {k), of this sac, the second stomach,
has a glandular lining and is distinctly radially plicated, and is, there-
fore, clearly anatomically distinguishable from the thin and non-pli-
cated posterior portion, or c«cal lobe, {IS') which seems to serve
mainly for the temporary storage of large quantities of food.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 341

The intestine (A) is a rather wide and thin tribe, of moderate length ;
the anal orifice is provided with two slender, clavate papillae.
The ink-sac {i) is large, long-pyriform, with a long tapering duct [i')
terminating just within the anal orifice. The liver {I) is a long,
rather narrow, somewhat fusiform organ, slightly bilobed anteriorly
and pointed posteriorly; along about two thirds of its length, from
the anterior end, there is a deep dorsal groove, in which the oesopha-
gus and aorta are situated, before they pass through its substance;
the posterior end is simple and pointed.

In the appearance and structure of the internal reproductive organs
the sexes differ greatly. In the female (pi. XL, figs. 3, 3« ; pl.XLI, fig.
1), the single large oviduct (o(/, od'), situated on the left side, passes
over the dorsal side of the base of the gill and terminates in a
large ear-shaped external orifice (ojo), nearly surrounded by a broad
membranous flap. The portion of the oviduct behind the base of the
gill is enveloped by a large, swollen, bilobed, nidamental gland (a;'),
which is abundantly supplied Avith blood-vessels, and internally is
composed of a large number of thin, close, parallel lamella?. Two
very large, oblong, accessory nidamental glands [xoc) lie, side by
side, loosely attached, nearly in the middle of the ventral side, cover-
ing and concealing the heart and most of the renal organs ; each of
these has a groove along the ventral side and a slit in the anterior end ;
internally they are composed of great numbers of thin lamellje. In front
of, and partially above the anterior ends of these, and attached to the
intestine and ink-sac, there is another pair of accessory glands {.t),
roundish in form, with a large ventral opening, and having, in fresh
specimens, a curiously mottled color, consisting of irregular red and
dark brown blotches, on a pale ground. Their internal structure is
made up of fine follicles.

The ovary [ov) is large and occupies a large portion of the cavity
of the body posteriorly, running back into the posterior cavity of the
pen, and in the breeding season, extending forward nearly to the
heart. In the breeding season, the thin convoluted portion of the
oviduct (ou') is found distended with great numbers of eggs. At
the same time the large glands (.r'), around the oviduct, and the acces-
sory nidamental glands (a*, xx), destined to furnish the materials for
the formation of the egg-capsules, and for their attachment, are very
turgid and much larger than at other times.

The male (PI. XL, figs. 1, 2) has no organs corresponding in posi-
tion to the two pairs of accessory nidamental glands of the female,
but the single efferent spermatic duct or ' penis' {p) occupies the same

342 A. E. Verrill — North Ainerican Cephalopods.

position, on the left side, as the terminal part of the oviduct of the
female. It is, however, a mnch more slender tube, extending farther
forward beyond the base of the gill, and its orifice is small and simply
bilabiate. It extends backward, over the dorsal side of the base of the
gill, to a bilobed, long-pyriform organ, consisting of a spermatophore-
sac {ss) and a complicated system of glands and ducts {pr, vd),
united closely together and enclosed in a special sheath ; in these the
spermatophores are formed. These organs consist of the following
parts ;

1. The vas-deferens (vd), which starts posteriorly from a small
orifice (not figured) in the thin sheath of peritoneal membrane (pt)
investing the testicle {()-, it passes forward along the side of the
spermatophore-sac, to which it is closely adherent, and throughout
most of its length it is thrown into numei'ous close, slioi't, transverse,
flattened folds; anteriorly it joins the vesiculse-seminales.

2. The vesiculse-seminales (fig. 2,^7r, in part) consist of three large
curved vesicles, closely coiled together, and having thickened, gland-
ular walls ; the first two are short and broad, the third is elongated ;
from the latter goes a short duct, which unites with the duct from the
prostate gland to form the spermatic duct.

3. The prostate gland (pr, in pai't) is broad-ovate and consists of
two rounded lobes, one large and the other small, which are closely
united to and enclosed between the vesiculse-seminales.

4. The spermatic duct, formed by the union of the ducts from the
vesiculae-seminales and prostate glands, is a nearly straight tube ;
it passes backwai'd between the prostate glands and spermatopliore-
sac, close alongside of the vas-deferens (vd), to which it is closely
bound down ; it enters the spermatophore-sac (ss) near its posterior end,
at an acute angle. Even at its origin it contains spermatophores.

5. The spermatophore-sac (ss) is a long, capacious, pyriform or
somewhat fusiform, thin-walled sac, pointed at its posterior end ; its
anterior end is directly continuous with the long eflferent duct (/>),
which is often rather wide at its origin, but tapers to a narrow ante-
rior end. The terminal orifice is slightly bilabiate.

These organs receive blood through a special artery (fig. 2, j)o)
which arises from the posterior aorta just back of the heart. After
reaching the genital organs it divides into several branches : one
goes forward along the side of the eiferent duct ; one to the pros-
tate glands and vesiculae-seminales ; one to the vas-deferens and
adjacent parts.

Specimens taken in May, in the breeding season, have the efferent

A. E. Verrill — North Americcm Cephalopods. 343

duct and the spermatopbore-sac crowded with the spermatophores.
In the spermatophore-sac, which is then much distended by them,
they lie closely packed in a longitudinal position, with theii* larger
ends pointing somewhat outward toward the surface, and can be
plainly seen through the transparent walls of the sac.

The spermatophores are slender, club-shaped, with the larger end
rounded, tapering gradually to the smaller end, which is usually a
little expanded at the tip and has a very small filament. They vary
(in alcohol) from 8 to lO™*" in length and from '4 to "S""" in the great-
est diameter. They contain a coiled rope of spermatozoa in the larger
end, and a complicated apparatus for automatically ejecting this rope,
in the smaller portion.

The 'testicle,' or spermary (<), is a compact, pale yellow, long,
flattened organ, extending from the stomach {S) nearly to the end of
the pen, in the posterior concavity of which it lies ; a band of fibrous
tissue, continuous with its sheath, extends from its posterior end into
the hollow tip of the pen, to which it is attached. An arterial
vessel, the spermatic artery (PI. XL, fig. 2, go), which arises directly
from the anterior edge of the heart, runs along the median dorsal
line of the spermary and sends oif numerous branches to the right
and left (fig. 2, t). This artery is accompanied by a spermatic vein
which is closely united to it.

LoligO breviS Blainville.

Loligo brevis Blainv., Journ. de Phys., March, 1823 (t. D'Orb.); Diet. des. Sci. nat.,
vol. xxvii, p. 145, 1823.
D'Orbigny, Cephal. Acetab , p. 314, Loligo, pi. 13, figs. 4-6 (copied from Lesueiir),

pi. 15, figs. 1-3 (orig.); pi. 24, figs. 14-19 (orig.)
Tryon, Man. Conch., i, p. 142, pi. 52, figs. 143, 144 (after D'Orbigny.)
Loligo brevipinna Lesueur, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., vol. iii, p. 282, plate
10, figs. 1-3, 1824.
Tryon, Man. Conch., i, p. 142, pi. 51, figs. 128-130 (after Lesueur.)

A small, short-bodied species, with short, rounded caudal fins, very
short upper arms, and large chromatophoric spots. Body short,
thick, well-rounded, rather blunt posteriorly. Anterior edge of
mantle with a well-developed median dorsal lobe, and well-marked
lateral angles. P'ins broad transversely, short, less than half the length
of the mantle; outer edges well-rounded; posterior end very obtuse.
Arms all short, the two upper pairs much shorter than the two
lower, the dorsal pair very short, considerably shorter than the
upper lateral ones ; ventral and lower-lateral arms nearly equal in
length. The dorsal arms are strongly compressed, with a well-
marked thin dorsal keel ; those of the second pair squarish at base.

344 A. E. Verrill — North Americmi Cephalojwds.

without a keel; those of tlie third pair are strongly compressed, bent
outward at base, and furnished with a high median keel, starting
from tlie base, but highest in the middle ; ventral arms triangular at
base, with a wide membrane on the u])per angle, which expands at
the base, and connects them with the third pair; a narrower mem-
brane runs along the ventral margins. Tentacular arms rathei' stout
at base ; compressed farther out, in extension about as long as the
body ; club well-developed, about twnce as broad as the rest of the
arm ; its dorsal keel is thin, elevated, oblique, commencing at about the
middle of the club and extending to the tip. The larger tentacular
suckers are very regularly arranged in four rows, of 8 to 10 each, the
lateral ones being not very much smaller than the median ones.
The distal part of the club is covered with four regular rows of small
suckers, and there is a terminal group of smaller, smooth-rimmed
ones. The larger median suckers are broad cup-shaped, rather
larger than the largest suckers of the lateral arms ; their horny rims
are armed with regulai*, sharp, incurved teeth, smaller on the inner
side of the sucker, but there are few or no small teeth alternating
with the larger ones. The lateral suckers are relatively large, deep
cup-shaped, oblique, with very sharp incurved teeth on the outer
margin. The membranous borders of the large suckers are covered
with minute, sharp, chitinous scales.

The suckers of the short arms are very deep and oblique, cup-
shaped ; their rims are much the highest on the outer and distal side,
where the edge is divided into several broad, bluntly rounded denti-
cles, separated by narrow intervals.

The pen is short, with a broad-lanceolate blade ; the narrow pai-t
of the shaft is short ;' a thin border, widening backward to the blade,,
commences about half way between the tip and the proper blade ; the
latter is broad and thin, marked with divergent lines ; posterior end
obtuse.

The color is peculiar. It consists, in alcoholic specimens, of dark
purplish chromatophores, pretty uniformly and regularly scattered
everywhere on the body, on a pale ground-color ; when expanded the
chromatophores are large and rounded; above the eyes they are so
closely crowded as to form dark blotches ; they also cover the outer
surfaces of all the arms ; under side of caudal fin white.

In alcohol, a medium-sized specimen measures, from tip of tail to
base of dorsal arms, 80"""; total length of mantle 71'""^; breadth
of body, 22"^"^ ; breadth of caudal fin, 52""" ; length of fin, 39"^"^ ; length
of dorsal arms, from base, 17"'"'; of second pair, 23"'^; of 3d pair,
31"'"' ; of ventral arms, 31"'"' ; of tentacular arms, 4(5"'"' ; of club, 22""".

A. JE. Verrill — North America?! Cejyhalopods.

345

One specimen ( ? ) from Charlotte Harbor, Fla., is much larger
than usual. It has the mantle 130"'"' long; diameter of body, 36""";
length of dorsal arms, 45""" ; of 2d pair, 55""" ; of 3d pair, 65"'"^ ;
of tentacular arms, 145""".

This species appears to have a wide distribution along the warmer
parts of the American coast. The original specimen, described by
Blainville, was from Brazil. D'Orbigny records it from Rio Janeiro.
It extends northward to Delaware Bay. I have also seen specimens
from Florida and from Mobile Bay, Alabama.

Loligo brevis.- — Specimens examined.

41
641

Locality.

Collected by-

Hampton, Va Dr. Marmion

St. John's River, Fla..[S. F. Baird

Charlotte Harbor, Fla.

Mobile, Alabama iDr. Nott

Texas IWurdemann

Jan. 1857

Rec'd from.

Speci
No.

U. y. Nat. Mus.
Mils. Gump. Zool.

K U U
U (1 11

1
1
2
3
6

Sepioteuthis sepioidea D'Orb.

Loligo sepioidea Blainville, Diet. Sei. Nat., xxvii, p. 146, 182.3.

Sepioteuthis sepioidea D'Orbigny, Ceph. Acetab., p. 298, Sepioieuthes, pi. 7, figs.
6-11; Hist. L'lle de Cuba, Moll, p. 34, 1853.
Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., i, p. 81, 1849.

Tryou, Man. Conch., 1., p. 153, pi. 63, fig. 216. (Description copied from Gray ;
figure from D'Orbigny).

Although this species has not been recorded from north of Cape
Hatteras, it is introduced here, because its common occurrence at
the Bermudas and Florida renders it probable that it will, at times,
be found farther north.

It differs from the related species in having a pen without any
marginal thickenings ; the lateral fins commence at a short distance
behind the mantle edge (5™"' to 8""") and, taken together, have a
long-rhomboidal figure, broadest nearly in the middle, and obtuse
posteriorly ; the sessile arms have wide marginal membranes ; the
dorsal arms are compressed, and much shorter than the others ; the
lower lateral arms are much the largest, with a strong dorsal keel ;
the suckers on the sessile arms are so crowded as to appear almost
as if in four rows.

The tentacular club bears four regular rows of large suckers, the
median ones but little larger than the lateral ; small distal suckers in
four regular rows, the lower ones largest. The larger suckers have
regular, rather long and slender teeth, those on the inner edge

346

A, M Vey'Hll — North American Cephalopods.

smaller. The suckers of the sessile arms are deep, very oblique, with
a high rim, which has on the outer margin a number of regular,
long, slender teeth, rather close together.

The whole surface is rather regularly and closely spotted with
purple chromatophores.

The eggs are large, 5'""' to 8""" in diameter, and comparatively few
in number. In one female (No. 379) taken in July, the oviduct was
distended with the eggs, which have a reticulated surface before
reaching the glandular portion. This female had spermatophores
attached to and around an elevated area on the inner ventral surface
of the inner buccal membrane.

The oviduct is large and its external orifice has a wide ear-shaped
border, more complicated than in Loligo. The nidamental glands
correspond nearly with those of Loligo, but are relatively larger.
In some of the males, taken in July, the spermatophore-sac and a
saccular dilation near the orifice of the efierent duct, were filled with
spermatophores, much like those of Loligo.

The male has the left ventral arm hectocotylized much as in Loligo.
The stems of the suckers, for a considerable distance, toward the tip
of the arm, become long, stout, conical, and many of them, in both
rows, lack the rudimentary suckers.

This species is widely distributed along the tropical coasts of
America, and throughoiit the West Indies. Martinique (Blainville) ;
Honduras (Gray).

Specimens examined.

No.

Locality.

Collector.

Date.

1878

1861

July, 1859

Rec'd from

Specimens.
No. Sex.

44

379

62

Bermudas ......

Key West, Fla

Fort Jefferson, Fla...
Cuba

G. Brown Goode
Dr. J. B. Holder
D. P. Woodbury
Professor Poey

G. B. G.
Mus. C. Zool.

11 11

1

2 1.^, br.
11.?, br.
2 ? , juv.

The genus Sepioteiithis is closely related to Loligo in all external
characters, but its fins extend along nearly the whole length of the
mantle, and the body is stouter, more ovate, and less pointed behind
than in Loligo, so that the form is somewhat like that of Sepia.
The pen is thin and lanceolate, nearly as in Loligo, but in many
species the blade is thickened toward the margins. The internal
anatomy is, however, very different from Loligo, in several respects.
The ovary is short and thick, and confined more to the posterior por-
tion of the body. The eggs are comparatively few and very large,
being 5""" to 8""" in diameter, in our species.

A. E. Verrlll — N'orth American Cephalopods. 347

Family SEPIOLID^ Keff.

Kefferstein, in Bronn, Thier-Reich, iii, p. 1443. 18GG.
Gil], Arrangement of Families of Mollusca. p. 2, 1871.
Tryon, Man. Conch., i, pp. 102, 155, 18T9.

Body short, thick, bluntly rounded posteriorly. Fins large, sepa-
rate, laterally attached, on the middle of the sidch of the body.
Siphon with small internal valve; no dorsal bridles. A large bra-
chial cavity, extending back beneath the eye, into which the ten-
tacular arms can be moi'e or less retracted. Pen little developed,
lanceolate, not reaching the end of the mantle. Integument beneath
the eye thickened so as to be used as a false eye-lid, in addition to
the transparent skin over the eye. A lachrymal pore in front of each
eye ; a brachial pore between the third and fourth j^airs of arms.
Eggs large, few, not enclosed in capsules. Accessory nidamental
glands well developed. Branchial chamber divided into two cavities
by a median partition or septum, which extends forward to the
base of the siphon. This family is, in many respects, closely related
to Lolig iniclcB, but ditters widely from the latter in its visceral anat-
omy.

SEPIOLA Leach.

Sepiola Leach, Zool. Miscel, iii, p. IST, 1817 (t. Gray).
D'Orbigny. Ceph. Acetab., p. 224.
Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., i, p. 91, 1849.

Body short, stout, rounded posteriorly. Fins large, narrowed at
base. Mantle united directly to the head by a large, dorsal commis-
sure; lateral connective cartilages of the mantle elongated, fitting
into elongated margined pits on the base of the siphon. Siphon with
an internal valve. A brachial aquiferous pore between the bases of
the third and fourth pairs of arms, on each side. A lachrymal pore in
front of each eye. Buccal membrane with seven lobes, without suck-
ers. Tentacular arms more or less retractile into large cavities below
the eyes ; club with numerous, very small, nearly equal, long-pedi-
celled suckers, in eight or more rows ; rims not toothed. The males
differ from the females in having some of the middle suckers of the
lateral arms much enlarged.
Sepiola leuCOptera Verrill. (Butterfly Squid.)

Terrill, Araer. .Tonrn. Sci., vol. xvi, p. .^78, 1878.

Tryon, Man. Conch., i, p. 158, 1879. (Description copied from preceding).

Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., xix, p. 291, pi. 15, figs 4 and 5. April, 1880.

Plate XXXI, figures 4, 5. Plate LIV, figure 4.
Species rather small; the largest specimens observed are probably
Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V. 42 June, 1881.

34 R A. E. Verrill — JVorth American Cephalo^^ods.

full-gTown. Body short, tliick, swollen, Avith the mantle smooth.
Ventral surface, in the middle, with a large, somewhat flattened,
brown, heart-shaped or shield-shaped area, bordered with blvie, and
surroTinded, except in front, by a silvery white band, liaving a pearly
or opalescent luster. Eyes large, with roundish pupils. Fins large,
thin, broadly rounded, in the living specimens nearly as long as the
body; the posterior lobe reaches nearly to the end of the body ; the
anterior edge extends beyond the front of the mantle to the eye.
The anterior edge of the mantle is eniarginate beneath ; it recedes
laterally to a great extent; above, it is broadly attached to the head.
Sessile arms, largely webbed, short; upper ones shortest; third pair
longest; suckers in two rows. Tentacular arms slender, tapering,
extending back to the end of the body ; club not wider than the arm,
with very minute suckers, in many rows.

Upper surface of the body opalescent in some lights, thickly sj jot-
ted with orange-brown, s|>ots most numerous in the middle line and
extending to the upper surface of the head ; some also occur on the
outei- surfaces of the arms ; anterior part of the head white ; fins,
arms and extremity of body translucent bluish white ; upper surface
of the eyes opalescent, with silvery blue and red tints; head, below
the eyes, silvery white ; above the eyes, blue.

The largest specimen, ( S ) taken in 1879, (PI. XXXI, fig. 5), when
living had the head, above, in front of the eyes, whitish, with a few
chromatophores ; back and the base of the fins thickly spotted with
brown ; posterior part of the back with an emerald-green iridescence.
Sides of the body, below the fins, and posterior end of the body,
silvery wliite. A large shield-shaped ventral area of brown, with a
bright blue iridescence, and bordered with a band of brilliant blue,
occupies most of the lower surface. Fins, transparent whitish, except
at base. Lower side of head, siphon and outer bases of the arms,
light brown. Eyes bine above, green below. The fins are large,
nearly as long as the body.

Length of the original type-specimen ( $ ), to the base of tlic arms,
14""", in alcohol ; of mantle, above, 8'"'" ; breadtli, 7'"'" ; breadth
across fins, IB'"'"'. The largest specimen, of 1879, is 31""" (1-25 inch)
long from end of body to base of arms ; brea<lth of body, 25""" (1 inch) ;
length of arms, 19"'"' (-75 inch).

The male {fig. 5) of this species ditters from the female in having
a group of three or four decidedly and abruptly larger suckers on the
middle of the third pair of arms, (PL LIV, fig. 4) ; the other suck-
ers, along the middle portion of these arms, are also larger than on
the other arms.

A. E. Verrill — North American Oephalopods.

349

This species is an exceedingly beautiful one, when living, owing to
the elegance and brilliancy of its colors and the gracefulness of its
movements. In swiminino- it moves its fins in a manner analogous to
the motion of the wings of a butterfly. This fact, and its bright
colors, suggested the English name that I have applied to it.

Three specimens, two very young, were taken by the writer and
party, of the U. S. Fish Com., in the trawl-net, 30 miles east from
Cape Ann, Mass., in 110 fathoms, August, 1878. One larger male
was taken by us off Cape Cod in 122 fathoms, with the bottom tem-
perature 41° F., August, J 879. The largest specimen seen was a
male, taken in the same region, Sept. 10, 1879, in 94 fathoms. It was
associated with Octopus Bairdii and Rossia sitblevis.

station.

Locality.

Fath.

When Collected.

Received from

Specimens.
No. Sex.

194 'Gulf of Maine
303 Off Cape Cod
342 Off Cape Cod

110

122

94

Aug. 31, 1878
Aug. 21. 1879
Sept. 10, 1879

U. S. F. Com.
U. S. F. Com.
U. S. F. Com.

3j.

1 $
U. S

ROSSIA Owen.
Rossia Owen, Trans. Zool. See. London, 1828 (t. Gray); Owen, in J. Ross, Second
Arctic Voyage, Appendix, p. xcii, pi. 100. 1835.
D'Orbigny, Cephal. Acetab., p. 242.
Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., i, p. 88, 1849.

Mantle-edge free from the head dorsally, adhering by a longitudi-
nal, ovate or horse-shoe-shaped connective cartilage, having a median
and two lateral grooves, fitting into corresponding grooves on the
cartilage of the mantle ; two lateral, oblong, ridge-like cartilages, one
on each side, also fit into ovate cartilage pits on the base of the
siphon. No olfactory crests. Pupils oblong or crescent-shaped, lon-
gitudinal. A false eye-lid below the eye. A pore in front of each
eye, and one, on each side, between the bases of the third and fourth
pairs of arms. Tentacular arms more or less retractile into large
cavities at their bases, extending back beneath the eyes ; club well
developed, with numerous, nearly equal suckers, forming eight or
more rows ; rims not toothed ; borders scaled. Buccal membrane
with only six lobes, without suckers. The males differ from the
females in having larger suckeis on the middle of the lateral arms.

Rossia megaptera, sp. nov.

Plate XXXVIII, figure 1. Plate XLVT, figure 6.
Body short, broad, depressed, covered with a soft, flabby integument,

350 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

which forms a loose border posteriorly ; the front edge of the mantle
extends forward dorsally into a prominent angle, but recedes very
much ventrally. Fins very large and broad; their anterior insertions
being but little back of the antero-lateral edge of the mantle, and
their i)osterior insertions close to the end of the body ; the free bor-
ders of the fins are thin and undulated, extending forward anteiiorly
beyond the edge of the mantle, while the length, from base to outer
edge, is about equal to the breadth of the back between the bases of
the fins.

Head very large and broad, the width exceeding that of the body.
Eyes very large and prominent ; lower eyelids well developed, but
not much thickened. Tentacles remarkably long and slender, in ex-
tension about twice as long as the head and body together. The
tentacular club is somewhat thicker than the rest of the arm, rather
long, narrow-lanceolate, tapering to the tip, and covered with nu-
merous minute, globular suckers, arranged in many rows (PI. XLVI,
fig. 6, b-d). Sessile aims of moderate length, rounded, very slender
at tip ; the 1st, 2d and 3d pairs are successively longer, while the 4th
or ventral pair is about equal to the first. .Suckers, (PI. XLVI, fig.
6, a), rather small, arranged in two rows on all the arms. On all the
arms the suckers are similar but are a little larger on the 3d pair.
They are nearly globular, with a rather wide aperture, which is sur-
rounded by a border covered with numerous small scales, arranged
in many rows ; the scales of the marginal series are larger and project as
fine denticles around the aperture. Color purplish brown, with rather
large chocolate-brown chromatophores ; outer portion of fins pale,
thin and translucent ; edges of mantle, siphon, under side of head
and arms, and greater part of tentacular arms whitish, with only
minute chromatophores.

Measurements of Kossia megaptera.

Length, end of l)ody to dorsal edp:e of mantle, exclusive of mem-
brane, -

Length, end of body to ventral edge of mantle,

Length, end of body to base of dorsal arms. ..

Length, end of body to tip of dorsal arms, ... ...

Length, end of body to tip of 2d pair, —

Length, end of body to tip of 3d pair, _.

Length, end of body to tip of 4th pair,

Length, end of body to tentacular arms,

Breadth of body and fins together,

Breadth of body between bases of fins.

Breadth of l)ody beneath fins, exchisive of mciiil)rane,

nchos.

Millimeters

1-25

32

•95

24

2-25

57

3-40

86

3 75

95

4-()8

103

3-75

95

7-45

188

2-50

(;.■!

•85

22

110

28

A. M Verrill — North American Cephalojjods. 351

Measurements of Rossia menaptera. {Continued.)

Inches. Millimeters.

Breadth of head, across eyes, 1-40 36

Breadth of fios, antero-posteriorly, 1-08 27

Length of fins, base to outer edge, -85 22

Diameter of eyes, -75 19

Diameter of larger suckers of lateral arms .. -06 I'S

Diameter of larger suckers of club, ... -01 -25

Breadth of club, -16 4

Length of club, -95 24

OiF tlie soutlierii const of Newfoundland, in 150 fathoms, Capt. K.
Marki^son and crew, schooner " Notice," June, 1880.

This species is remarkable for the great size of the fins and eyes, and
for the length of the tentacular arras. It appears to be a species spec-
ially adapted for inhabiting greater depths than the species hitherto
discovered. It has the same soft, flabby integument observed in Octo-
pi(s lentus and StoKroteuthis syrtensis., found at similar depths.
But the looseness of the skin may be due in part to the condition of
the specimens when preserved. The suckers on the tentacular arms
are remarkably small.

Rossia Hyatti Yerrill.
Yerrill, Amer. Journ. ScL, vol. xvi, p. 208, 1878.

Tryon, Man. Conch., i. p. 160, 1879. (Description compiled from preceding).
Yerrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., xix, p. 291, pi. 15, figs. 1 and 2, April, 1880.

Plate XXYII, figs. 8.9. Pl.a.te XXX, fig. 1. Plate XXXI, figs. 1, 2. Plate

XLYI, fig. 5.

Body subcylindrical, usually broader posteriorly ; in preserved
specimens, variable in form according to contraction. Dorsal sur-
face covered with small, conical, scattered, whitish papilloe, which are
also found on the upper and lateral surfaces of the head and bases of
the arms ; those around the eyes largest ; one on the mantle, in the
median line, near the front edge, is often elongated. Front border of
mantle sinuous, slightly advancing in the middle, above. P'ins moder-
ately large, nearly semicircular, attached from the posterior end for
about four-fifths the whole length, the front end having a small, round-
ed free lobe. The distance from the posterior junction of the fins to
end of body is less tlian that from the anterior junction to edge of
mantle, the center of the fin being at about the middle of the body.
Siphon elongated, conical, with a small opening. Head depressed,
more than half the length of the body. Eyes large, the lower eyelid
prominent, but not much thickened. Sessile arras short, united at

352 A. E. Verrill — North A7nerican Cephalopocls.

their bases by a short web, which is absent between the ventral
arms ; the dorsals are shortest ; the third pair the longest and largest ;
the second pair and ventrals about equal in length. Suckers, (PI.
XLVI, fig. 5, a), numerous, sub-globular, not very small, the margin
bordered with sevei-al rows of minute scales ; near the base of the
arms they are biserial, tliere being usually four to six thus arranged
in each row; then, along the rest of the length of the arms they
become more crowded and form about four rows, those in the two
middle I'ows alternating with those in the marginal rows ; toward the
tip they become very small and crowded, especially on the dorsal and
ventral arms. The number of suckers varies with age, but on one of
the larger specimens they were as follows : on each dorsal arm, sixty ;
on one of second pair, fifty-live ; of third pair, fifty-three ; of ventral,
sixty-five. In this specimen ( ? ), the third arm of the right side and
ventral arm of left side were abruptly terminated (accidentally),
while the others were tapered to acute points. The tentacular arms,
in preserved specimens, will extend back to the posterior end of the
body the naked portion is smooth, somewhat triquetral, with the outer
side convex and the angles rounded ; terminal portion widening rather
abruptly, long ovate-lanceolate, curved and gradually tapered to the
tip * the sucker-bearing portion is bordered by a wide membrane on the
upper and a narrow one on the lower margin ; the suckers (Plate
XLVI, fig. 5, b, c,), are very small, sub-globular, crowded in about
eio-ht to ten rows in the widest portion.

The males diifer from the females in the relatively greater size of
the suckers on the middle of the lateral and ventral arms, those
toward the tips becoming somewhat abruptly smaller, while in the
female they decrease more gradually.

Color, pinkish, thickly spotted with purplish brown above, paler
and more sparsely spotted beneath and on the outside of the long-
arms • the inner surface of the arms and front edge of the mantle are

pale.

Length from bases of arms to posterior end of body, 40'"'" ; of body,
25 ; of head, 15 ; breadth of body, 17 ; of head 17 ; length of fins, 15 ; of
insertion, 11 ; breadth of fin, 8 ; front of fin to edge of mantle, 5 ;
length of free portion of dorsal arms, 12-5 ; of second pair, 15 ; of
third pair, 18; of ventrals, 13; of tentacular arms, 40; breadth of
dorsal arms, at base, 3-5; of second pair, 3-5; of third pair, 4; of
ventrals, 3*5 ; of tentacular arms, at base, 2 ; at expanded portion,
3-5 • length of latter, 10*5 ; diameter of largest suckers of sessile
arms, 0-9 ; length of free ].ortion of siphon, 7""".

A. E. Verrlll — North American Cephalopods.

353

One of the largest alcoholic specimens ( 9), from station 218, has
the mantle 31'"" long, dorsally ; greatest breadth beneath the fins,
20'""' ; length of fins longitudinally, 18'"'" ; transverse breadth of fins,
11'""' ; length from end of body to tip of dorsal arms, 57'"'" ; to tip of
second pair of arms, 59"^'" ; of third pair, 64'"'" ; of fourth pair, 59'"'".

Rossia Hyatti. — Specimens examined.

Locality.

30. 31 Off Salem. Mass 48

33 Off Cape Ann, 13 m 90

42-46 Off Cape Sable. X. S., 30 m. 88-90

48 Off Cape Sable, N. 8., 20 m. 59

85-86 Off Halifax, N. S., 26 m... 101

Gulf of Maine and

Massachusetts Bay.

130 Off Cape Ann, 14 m. 49

156 Off' Gloucester, Mass., 8 m. 42

163 Off Cape Ann, 6i m. ' 73

164 Off Cape Ann, 7 m. ; 75

181 Off aicmcester, Mass ' 45

184 Off Gloucester. Mass., 5 m.! 45

211 Off Cape Ann, 6 m. ; 60

214 Off Cape Ann, 7 m. ". 57

217 Off Cape Ann, 6 m. 45

218 Off Cape Ann. 6 m. 45

223 South of Cape Ann, 7 m.- 47

234 Off Gloucester, Mass , 5| m.; 43

238 Off Gloucester, Mass.. 4| m. 43

264
276
324
364
372

241

372

39 Gl.

Off Cape Cod, 1 5 m 80

iOff Cape Cod, 6-^ m I 47

lOff Cape Cod, 11 m ..1 45

Off Cape Cod, 15 m I 70

Off Chatham, Mass., 21m.. I 70

Gloucester Fisheries.

N. Lat. 44° 20' AV. Long. 59° | 60

Off Miquelon I ! 7

Off Gloucester, in Cod j . .

mud

mud

sand and mud

rocky

fine sand

mud

sand and mud

fine sand

fine sand

mud

mud

soft dark-br. mud

fine mud and sand

soft dark-br. mud

soft dark-br. mud

soft brown mud

soft brown mud

soft brown mud

blue mud

blue mud

sand

sand

sand

When
coll'd.

1877
Aug. 1 3
Aug. 14
Aug. 21
Aug. 21
Sept. 6

1878
July 23
Aug. 15
Aug. 1 6
Aug. 16
Aug. 29
Aug. 29
Sept. 17
Sept. 17
Sept IS
Sept. 18
Sept. 21
Sept. 24
Sept. 26

1879
July 29
Aug. 1
Sept. 1
Sept. 18
Sept. 19

1878
Dec.
July.'79

U.S.F.C.

Rec'd Specimens,
from No. Sex.

2j-

1 \.i
l,^:lS:3j.

lJ-2

2 1. S

3j.
23.
1 6 :2 j. S

1?
4$

Ij-

lj..^:lj.2
1 2
1 1. ^
11.2:1 j.

1 2
2j.

11.^

11.?

\\.6

11. $:3j. 2

1 ^

11. 2

11. 2

This species has been taken in numerous localities, by the dredging
parties of the U. S. Fish Commission, in 1877, 1878 and 1879, oiF
Cape Cod ; in Mass. Bay, 40-50 fathoms ; off Cape Ann, in the Gulf
of Maine, 50-100 fathoms; off Cape Sable, N. S., 88-92 fathoms; off
Halifax, N. S., 57-100 fathoms, on a fine compact sand and mud bot-
tom. It occurs in from 40 to 100 lathoms. It has also been received
through the Gloucester halibut fishermen, from the Banks, off NoA^a
Scotia. One specimen (lot 241), presented by Capt. Chris. Olsen, and
crew, of the schooner " William Thompson " was from N. Lat. 44*^ 20' ;

354 A. E. Verrill — North American CepJialopods.

W. Long. 59°, in 60 fathoms; another from 7 fathoms, off Miquelon I,
(lot 372), was presented by Capt. C. D. Murphey and crew, of the
schooner "Alice M. Williams." Its relatively large eggs (PI, XXVII,
fig. 9) are laid in August and September, in small clusters, slightly
attached together, in the large oscules or cavities of several species of
sponges.

It is frequently associated with Octopus Bairdii V., and the
following species.

This species has a strong general i-esemblance to R. glaucojiis
Loven, as figured in the admirable work of G. O, Sars but the latter
has shorter lateral arms, and the suckers of the sessile arms are in
two rows, while they are four-rowed in our species.

Rossia sublevis Verrill.
Rossia sublevis Yerrill, Amer. Jour. Sci.. vol. xvi, p. 209, 1878.
TrjOD, Man. Conch., i, p. 160, 1879. (Description compiled from preceding.)
Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., xix, p. 291, pi. 15, fier. 3, Apr., 1880; Bulletin Mus.
Comp. Zool., viii, p. 104, pi. 3, figs. 2-4: pi. 7, fig. 4, 1881.

Plate XXX, figure 2, s . Plate XXXI, figure 3, ? . Plate XLVI, figure 4.
Plate XLVII, figures 2-3. ? , figure 4, s .

Larger and relatively stouter than Rossia Hyatti, with the fins
larger and placed farther forward, the rounded front edge of the large
free lobe reaching nearly to the edge of the mantle. Head large
and broad. Eyes very large.

Sessile arms more slender and less unequal in size than in the
preceding species, and with the suckers arranged in two regular rows
throughout the whole length. Anterior edge of the mantle scarcely
sinuous, advancing but little dorsally. Upper surface of the body
and head nearly smooth, but in the larger specimens, especially
the males, usually with a few very small whitish papillae, most
numerous near the front edge of the mantle. Color, nearly as in the
preceding species.

The pen (Plate XLVI, figure 4) is small and thin, much shorter
than the mantle. The shaft is narrow; the blade is rather abruptly
wider and rather shorter than the shaft ; its posterior portion is very
thin, with the edge ill-defined.

The males, when adult, can be easily distinguished from the
females, by the larger size of the suckers along the middle of the two
lateral pairs of arms (Plate XLVII, figure 4), and, to a less extent,
of the ventral pair. These large suckers are oblong, with a groove
or constriction around the middle, the part below the groove larger

A. E. Verrill — North American CephalopocU.

355

than that above it ; the aperture is small, ovate, with a smooth rim ;
their pedicels are short and laterally attached. In the female the
corresponding suckers are not only smaller but are differently shaped,
the basal portion being smaller than the upper portion. The suckers
of the tentacular arms are very numerous, minute, shallow, cup-
shaped, with oblicpie rims and slender pedicels; they are neai'ly
equal and appear to form eight to twelve rows.

Young specimens, Avith the mantle less than 12"'"' in length, can
scarcely be distinguished sexually by external characters, and are
not easily distinguished from the yoUng of Jiossia Hyatti, of
similar size.

One of the original specimens ( $ ) measured, from the base of the
arms to the end of the body, 46""" ; length of body, 31 ; of head, 15 ;
breadth of body, 22 ; of head, 23 ; length of fins, 20 ; of their insertion,
16; breadth of fins, 10; front edge of fin to edge of mantle, 2-5;
length of free portion of dorsal arms, 16; of second pair, 17; of third
pair, 20; of ventrals, 15; of tentacular arms, 25; breadth of dorsal
arms at base, 3 ; of second pair, 3 ; of third, 3-5 ; of ventrals, 3-5 ;
of tentacular arms, 3-5; of the terminal portion, 3*75 ; its length, 10 ;
diameter of the largest suckers of sessile arms, -8 ; length of free
portion of siphon, 7""".

Measurements of Rossia sublevis and R. Ilyatti. in millimeters.

Sex ...
Station

Length of mantle, above

Breadth of mantle

Breadth across head

Diameter of ej'es

Length of a fin

Length of its base

Transverse breadth of a fin

Length to base of dorsal arms*.
" " " third pair

tip

ventral arms

dorsal arms

second pair

" " •' third pair

" " " ventral pair

Length of tentacular club

Its breadth

Diameter of largest suckers of lateral arms.

R.suhlevis.

879

29
22
26
16

21

n

14
45
46
41
64
65
66
61
9
2-5
2-2

894

32

25
30
16
24
19
15
47
47
43
71
75
78
74
15
3
1.1

R. Hyattl.

6
324

?
218

21

31

17

19

15

20

8

9

11-5

17

10

12

7

10-5

31

45

32

43

26

39

42

58

43

59

46

64

42

60

7

10

2

2-5

1-5

.8

* The length to the ' bases' of the arms, is from the posterior end of the body to the
free edge of the basal web, between the arms ; that of the third pair is to the edge of
the web, between the second and third pairs. The measurements are all from well
preserved alcoholic specimens.

Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V. 43 June, 1881.

356

A. E. Verrill — JVbrth American Cephalopods.

One. of the specimens (No. 16), taken by Mr. Agassiz, in 357
fathoms, is a young female differing somewhat from the others in
having the arms shorter, with the suckers more crowded, so that they
apparently form more than two rows. Possibly this should be
referred to H. Hyatti Verrill. Its back is smooth. All three speci-
mens from this same region differ somewhat from those taken farther
north, in shallower water, in having larger eyes and shorter and
stouter arms.

Rossia sublecis. — Speciviens examined.

8 +
J5, 86
100

161
194

264
324
364

869
870
880
893
894
895
897

310
320
321

265

Locality.

OfE Halifax. N. S., 26 miles
OfE Halifax, N. S., 26 miles
Off Flalifax. N. S.

Off Cape Ann, 6 miles..
Off Cape Ann, 33 miles.

Off Cape Cod, 1 5 miles
Off Cape Cod, 1 1 miles
Off Cape Cod, 15 miles

Netuport, R. I.

N. lat.

40° 02' 18"

40 02 36

39 48 30

39 52 20

39 53 00

39 56 30

W. long.

70° 23' 06'

70 22 58

70 54 00

70 58 00

70 58 30

70 59 45

Off Chesapeake Bay.

Blake Exped.
U. S. Coast Survey.

39° 59' 16"; 70° 18' 30'
32 33 15 ; 77 30 10
32 43 25 ; 77 20 30

Gloucester Fisheries.
42° 49' ; 62° 57'

Bottom.

When
coll'd.

Rec'd Specimens,
from Xo. Sex.

101
101
42

54
110

192
155
252
372
365
238
157

260
257
233

250

fine sand
fine sand
fine sand

mnddv

blue mud
sand

sand

fine sand and mud

fine sand and mud

fine sand and mud

mud, fine sand

mud, fine sand

mud, fine sand

1877
Sept. 6
Sept. 6
Sept. 15

1878
Aug. 6
Aug. 31

1879
July 29
Sept. 1
Sept. 18

1880
Sept. 4
Sept. 4
Sept. 13
Oct. 2
Oct. 2
Oct. 2
Nov. IG

1880
1880
1880

U.S.F.C.

A. A gas,

Jan.'79 U.S.F.C. 1 j

1 1. 2 : 1 j.
13:1].?
juv.

1 1.

1 ,^:11. ?:3j.
1 1.^

:5?
:1 ?

$

5: Ij. S
3:11.2:5

i

1 2 ad.
1 2 ad.

12.).?

This has been taken, by the dredging parties of the U. S. P^ish
Commission, in the trawl-net, at various localities, in 1877, 1878, and
1879, in 45 to llO fathoms, off Massachusetts Bay, off Cape Cod,
and off Halifax, N. S. It has been brought in by Capt. J. W. Col-
lins and crew, of the schooner " Marion," (lot 265) from the banks
off Nova Scotia. It was trawled in some numbers, and of both

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 357

sexes, by the U. S. Fish Commission, in 1880, off Newport, R. I., in
155 to 372 fathoms; and in November, 1880, by Lieut. Z. L. Tanner,
on the "Fish Hawk," off the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, in 157 fath-
oms. It was taken by Mr. Agassiz, on the " Blake," in 233-260
fathoms, and as far south as lat. 32° 33' 15",

This species very closely resembles the JRossia glaucopis Loven,
of Northern Europe, as figured by G. O. Sars. The latter is, how-
ever, more ])apillose, and has smaller eyes and head, if correctly
figured.

HETEROTEUTHIS Gray.

Heteroteuthis (sub-genus) Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., i, p. 90, 1849.

The body is short, thick, rounded posteriorly. Fins large, with
narrower bases, attached near the middle of the sides of the mantle.
Head and eyes large. Anterior border of the mantle-edge free, dor-
sally. Connective cartilages on the base of the siphon, with an ovate
pit; lateral cartilages of mantle, simple, longitudinal ridges. Pen
much shorter than the mantle, narrow anteriorly ; posterior blade
small, slightly expanded laterally. Club of the tentacular arms well
developed, with numerous suckers, in about eight rows, those in the
lower marginal rows decidedly larger than the rest ; rims of the suck-
ers with smooth edges ; the membranous edge of the aperture is
denticulated by small, acute scales. Middle suckers of the lateral
and ventral arms distinctly larger in the female ; in the male abruptly
very much larger than on the others ; these suckers are deep, with a
small, round, smooth rim, and with a raised zone around the middle.
In the male the left dorsal arm is hectocotylized by having much
smaller and more numerous suckers, arranged in four rows, and by
the development of the marginal membrane.

Heteroteuthis tenera Verriii.

Amer. Jour. Sci., xx, p. 392, November, 1880; Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 360, 1880 ;
Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, viii, p. 103, pi. 3, figs. 5-56, pi. 8, figs. 2-2d, 3-3&, 1881.

Plate XLVI, figures 2-2c?, 3-3&. Plate XLVII, figures 5-56.

A small and delicate species, very soft, translucent, and delicately
colored when living.

Body short, cylindrical, scarcely tAvice as long as broad, posteriorly ;
usually round, but in strongly contracted, preserved specimens, often
narrowed and even obtusely pointed ; front edge of mantle sometimes
with a slight dorsal angle, in most cases emarginate. Fins very
large, thin, longer than broad, the outer edge broadly rounded, the

358 A. E. Verrill — North American (Jephalopods.

anterior edge extending forward quite as far as the edge of the
mantle, and considerably beyond the insertion of the fin, which is
itself well forward. The length of the fin is about two-thirds that of
the body ; the base or insertion of the fin equals aboiit one-half of
the body-length ; the breadth of the fin is greater than one-half the
breadth of the body. Head large, rounded, with large and prominent
eyes ; lower eyelid slightly thickened. Arms rather small, unequal,
the dorsal ones considerably shorter and smaller than the others. In
the male, the left dorsal arm is greatly modified, and very different
from its mate. Lateral and ventral arms are subequal.

In both sexes, and even in the young, the suckers along the middle
of all the lateral and ventral arras are distinctly larger than the rest,
but in the larger males this disparity becomes very remarkable, the
middle suckers (PI. XLVI, figs. 3a-3$) becoming greatly enlarged and
swollen, so that eight to ten of the largest are often six or eight
times as broad as the proximal and distal ones ; they are deep,
laterally attached, with a raised band around the middle, and a very
small round aperture, furnished with a smooth rim. In the female
the corresponding suckers on the lateral arms are about twice as broad
as the rest. The suckers are in two regular rows, on the lateral
and ventral arms, in both sexes. In the male, the left dorsal arm
becomes thickened and larger from front to back, and is usually
curled backward ; its suckers become smaller and much more
numerous than on the right arm, being arranged in four crowded
rows, except near the base, where there are but two ; the sucker-
stalks also become stout and cylindrical, or tapered, their diameter
equalling that of the suckers (PI. XLVI, fig. 3 ; PI. XLVII, fig. 5).
The right arm remains normal, with two alternating rows of suckers,
regularly decreasing to the tip, as in both the dorsal arms of the
female. Tentacular arms long, slender, extensible; club distinctly
enlarged, usually curled in preserved examples (PI. XLVI, figs. 2«, 3).
The suckers on the club are numerous, unequal, arranged in about
eight close rows; those forming the two or three rows next the upper
margin (PI. XLVII, figs. 5a-5b) are much larger than the rest, being
three or four times as broad, and have rows of small scale-like den-
ticles around the rims, the marginal ones larger.

Color, in life, pale and translucent, with scattered rosy chromato-
phores. In the acoholic specimens, the general color of the body, head,
and arms is reddish, thickly spotted with rather large chroraato-
phores, which also exist on the inner surface of the arms, between the
suckers, and to some extent on the tentacular arms and bases of the

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 359

fins ; outer part of fins translucent white ; anterior edge of mantle
with a white borclei'.

Pen small and very thin, soft, and delicate. It is angularly
pointed or pen-shaped anteriorly, the shaft narrowing backward ; a
thin lanceolate expansion, or margin, extends along neai'ly the
posterior half (PI. XLVI, fig. 2b).

Upper jaw with a sharp, strongly incurved beak, without a notch
at its base. Lower jaw with the tip of the beak strongly incurved,
and with a broad, but prominent, rounded lobe on the middle of its
cutting edges (fig. 2c).

Odontophore with simple, acute-triangular median teeth ; inner
laterals simple, nearly of the same size and shape as the median,
except at base ; outer laterals much longer, strongly curved forward
(fig. 2d.)

Length of body 25 to 40""". One of the larger males measures, in
alcohol, from the posterior end of the body to the dorsal edge of the
mantle, 21'""' ; to the free bases of the dorsal arms, 48™"' ; to the intei--
val between bases of second and third pairs, 49'"'" ; to bases of ventral
arms, 46'""' ; to tip of dorsal arms, 48"'"' ; of second pair, 51'"'" ; of third
pair, 49""" ; of ventral arms, 46'"'" ; diameter of largest suckers
of lateral arms, 2"""; length of fin at base, 11'""'; extreme length of
fin, 15'5"'"'; transverse breadth of fin (lower side), 10™'"; diameter of
eye, 9'"'"; breadth of body, below fin, 17™"!; breadth of head, 17'"'".

TAventy-seven specimens of this species were obtained by Mr. A.
Agassiz, on the " Blake," in 1 880, from six stations, ranging in depth
from 71 to 233 fathoms. Later in the same season, over 200 specimens
were secured by the writer and others of the dredging party on the
United States Fish Commission steamer " Fish-Hawk." It was par-
ticularly abundant at stations 869, 870 and 871, in about 125 to 192
fathoms, on the rapidly sloping outer bank, off the coast, under the
inner edge of the Gulf Stream, where the bottom consists of fine com-
pact sand, with mud and shells. Both sexes occurred in about equal
numbers, and also tlie young, of various sizes. It was also taken in
considerable numbers at stations 865 to 867, in 65 fathoms; 872 to
880, in 85 to 252 fathoms. It was also dredged off the mouth of
Chesapeake Bay, in November, by Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, on the " Fish
Hawk," in 18 to 57 fathoms.

It is easily distinguished from all the species of Hossia by the larger
size of the suckers along the middle of the lateral arms ; by the
inequality of the suckers on the tentacular clubs; and by the peculiar
hectocotylized condition of the left dorsal arm of the male. The ex-

360

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

istence of large chromatophores on the inner surface of the arms,
between the suckers, is also a good diagnostic mark, by which to dis-
tinguish it from our species of Rossia^ which hav^e the corresponding
parts nearly white, or with few and small chromatophores.

He.teroteuthis tenera. — Specimens examined.

Stat.

N

Locality.
Lat. W. Long.

Depth,
Fathoms.

When received.

Specimens.
No. Sex.

U. S. Fish Com.

1880

Off Martha's Vineyard.

865

40"

05' 70° 23'

65

Sept. 4, U. S. F. C.

35

7S

8(36

40

05 18" 70 22 18"

65

" " "

3 5

6$

867

40

05 42 70 22 06

64

11 U 11

45

10 s

869

40

02 18 70 23 06

192

•1 11 11

20 + ,

5&$

870

40

02 36 70 22 58

155

11 U 11

15 5

17 $

871

40

02 54 70 23 40

115

" '• "

185:11 S:32j

872

40

05 39 70 23 52

Off Newport, R. I.

86

11 11 11

15

2?

873

40"

02' 70" 57'

100

11 2^3^ 11

55

1 ?

874

40

00 70 57

85

" " "

10 5

6i

875

39

57 70 57 30"

126

11 11 u

15

876

39

57 70 56

120

11 ll 11

85

6$

877

39

56 70 54 18

126

11 11 11

65

4$

878

39

55 70 54 15

im

11 11 11

1 5

1 2

879

39

49 30" 70 54

225

11 11 11

6

880

39

48 30 70 54
Off Chesapeake Bay.

252

11 11 It

25

899

37"

22' 74° 29'

57-J-

Nov. 16, "

3 5

2?

900

37

19 74 41

31'

11 11 11

1 J-

901

37

10 75 08

Blake Expedition,
U. S. Coast Survey.

18

U 11 11

21 5

3$

313

Off Charlestou, S. C.

75

1880

75

5?

314

32°

24' 78° 44'

142

1880

25

1?

316

32

7 78 37 30"

229

1880

1$

i-

321

32

43 25" 77 20 30

233

1880

5 9

327

34

0 30 76 10 30

178

1880

1 5

3 2

345

40

10 15 70 4 30

71

1880

2?

i-

Order II.— OCTOPODA Leach.
Cephalopoda octopioda Leach, Zool. Miscel., iii, 1817 (t. Gray).

Ferussac Tableau Syst., p. 18, 1821.

D'Orbigoy, Tab. Method., p. 45, 1825; D'Orbigny, Cephal. Acetab., p. 1.
Octocera Blainv., Diet. Sci. Nat., voL xxxii, 1824.
Octopia Gray, Cat. Moll. Brit. Mus., i, p. 3, 1849.

Anns eight, similar, all furnished with suckers in one or two rows ;
often more or less united by a web, without natatory crests. Suck-
ers sessile, not oblique, destitute of horny rings or hooks. No
tentacular arms. Head often larger than the body. Body short and

A. E. Yerrill — North American Cephalopoda. 361

thick, obtuse posteriorly, usually destitute of fins. Fins, when pres-
ent, small, lateral, supported by an internal transverse cartilage.
Mantle usually extensively united to the head by a dorsal commis-
sure. Siphon without an internal valve. Branchial cavity divided
into two parts by a median septum, extending forward to the base
of the siphon, but interrupted posteriorly. No olfactory crests. Eyes
united to the internal lining of the sockets, so as to be immovable,
usually furnished with lids. No outer buccal membrane. Aquiferous
pores and cavities usually absent ; cephalic pores sometimes present.
Internal longitudinal shell or pen absent. An external shell is pres-
ent only in the genus Argonauta. In this case it is formed as a
secretion from the inner surface of the expanded distal portion of the
two dorsal arms, of the female only, and serves mainly as a receptacle
for the eggs. The right arm of tlie third pair is hectocotylized in the
male. Sometimes the entire arm is modified and sometimes the tip
only.

Family PHILONEXID^E D'Orbigny.

Philontxidm (pars) D'Orb., Moll. Viv. et Fos., i, 199. 1845 (t. Gray).
Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., i, p. 24, 1849.
KefEersteiu, ia Bronn, Thier-Reich., iii, 2 B., p. 1449, 1866.

Body stout, oval, destitute of lateral fins. Branchial opening large.
Edge of mantle united to the base of tlie siphon laterally by a com-
plicated prominent cartilage or button fitting in a coi*responding pit
on the inner surface of the mantle. Dorsal commissure narrow.
Head with aquiferous pores communicating with large aquiferous
cavities. Arms simple, more or less united by webs. Suckers promi-
nent.

In the male, the hectocotylized arm is developed in a sac, the entire
arm being modified, and usually, when perfected, it becomes detached
from the body. Probably this arm is lost and regenerated each year.

Parasira steenstmp.

Parasira Kefferstein, in Broan. Thier-Reich., iii, p. 1449, 1866.
Tryon, Man. Conch., i, p. 104.

Body short, thick, pouch-like, usually ornamented with raised
ridges. Mantle united directly to the head dorsally; laterally con-
nected to the base of the siphon by a pit and raised cartilaginous
tubercle on each side, which fit corresponding pits and tubercles,
near the base of the siphon (something as a button tits into a button-
hole), so that it can be separated only with considerable difficulty.

3G2 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

Gill-opening very wide, extending upward beyond the eyes. Arras
long, slender; web rudimentary. Suckers prominent, in two alter-
nating rows. Siphon large, iptimately united to the whole length of
the lower side of the head ; its free extremity is situated far forward,
between the ventral arms.

The sexes are widely different. The hectocotylized arm of the
male is developed in a pedunculated sac.

There is a large aquiferous pore just behind the base of each ven-
tral arm, at the sides of the siphon ; these connect with large, cephalic,
aquiferous cavities. The connective cartilages on each side of the
base of the siphon consist of a prominent button, with an expanded
and recurved anterior edge, which fits into a corresponding deep pit
in the mantle-cartilage ; and a deep, triangular pit, in front of the
button, which receives the pointed, angular, cartilaginous tubercle
of the mantle-cartilage. The posterior border of the base of the
siphon forms a broad collar, within the mantle border. The lateral
openings to the gill-cavity, on the sides of the neck, extend up as far
as the upper side of the eyes; opposite and below the eyes, they are
large, but internally are interrupted by two muscular bands on each
side, one running back from the head to the mantle and one going
back from the base of the siphon, opposite the connective cartilage.

The median septum of the gill-cavity is strong, but short, com-
mencing a little behind the base of the siphon and extending only a
short distance back, but expanding in length as it joins the ventral
surface of the mantle; behind it the two halves of the gill-cavity are
connected by a wide opening. The peritoneal membrane is strong,
and specked with dark chromatophores.

Parasira catenulata steenstrup.

Octopus tuherculatus Risso*(?), Hist. nat. de I'Eur. merid., iv, p. 3, 1826 (t. d'Orb.)
Octopus catenuMus Ferussac, Poulpes, pi. 6, bis, ter., 1828 (t. D'Orbig.)
Philonexis tuherculatus Fer. and D'Orb., Cepli. Acet., p. 81, pi. 6, bis, ter.
Parasira catenulata Steenstrup.

Verrill, Aroer. Journ. Sci., xix, p. 293, Apr., 1880.

Plate XXXIII, figures 2, 2a.
Female: Body relatively large, swollen, rather higher than broad,
dilated below, larger in front, obtusely rounded posteriorly ; upper
surface smooth or finely wrinkled; loAver surface covered with promi-
nent rounded verruc:e or small hard tubercles, which are connected
too-ether by raised ridges, five (sometimes six) of which usually run
to each tubercle, thus circumscribing angular depressed areas, each

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 8G3

of which usually has a dark-colored spot in the center ; on the sides,
tliese tubercles are less prominent and less regulai", gradually fading
out above. The head is decidedly smaller than the body, and smooth
botli above and below. The eyes are prominent, but the external
opening is small, round, with simple border. The gill-opening is
large, and extends upward on the sides of the neck to the level
of the upper sides of the eye-balls. The siphon-tube is completely
united by its basal portion to the lower side of the head ; its free por-
tion is large and elongated, standing out well forward, between the
bases of the ventral arms. There is a conspicuous aquiferous pore at
each side of the base of the siphon, just back of the ventral arms.
The arms are stout, not very long ; the inner surface is broad, w^ith
two rows of rather widely separated suckers, which run along the
margins of the arms; the suckers are rather large, and considerably
raised on stout bases ; the first suckers form a regular circle around
the mouth ; two or three basal suckers are nearly in a single row.
The suckers are cup-shaped, with a deep central pit, around which
there are strong radial ridges; toward the base of the arms the soft
swollen rims of the suckers are wrinkled and lobulated ; farther out
they are smooth and even. The beak is black, with sharp tips.
It is surrounded by a thick, wrinkled buccal membrane.

The arms are slightly united at their bases by a narrow web, which
also runs along each of the outer angles of the six upper arms, form-
ing more or less wide marginal membranes, according to the state
of extension, and by their contractions causing the arms to curl in
various directions ; one of these membranes frequently disappears,
if the other be so stretched as to become wide, when the arm is
strongly recurved ; on the ventral arms the upper membrane becomes
strongly developed, while the lower one is abortive. There is also a
slio'ht marofinal membrane along the inner margins, running between
the suckers and connecting them together. The dorsal and ventral
arms are considerably larger and longer than the two lateral pairs,
the dorsal ones are the stoiitest. The two lateral pairs are about
equal in size and length. On the dorsal arms there are about 90
suckers ; on the lateral ones about SO, that can be counted with the
naked eye. The tips are very slender and covered with very minute
suckers.

Color of the body and head, above, and of the upper arms, dec])
l)rownish purple ; lower surfaces of body and head, with the siphon
and ventral arms, pale yelloAvish.

The total length of our specimen is 20:V""' ; of mantle, 51; circnm-

Tkans. (;onx. Acad., Vol. V. 43 July, 1881.

5G4

A. E. Verrill— North American Cephalopods.

ference of body, 152; length of dorsal arms, from eye, 137; second
pair, 94; of third pair, 84; of fourth pair, 134'5,

A specimen of this interesting species was taken in Vineyard
Sound, Mass., by Mr. V. N. Edwards, in 18*70. It was not known
previously from the American coast, and has been regarded as pecu-
liar to the Mediterranean and West Indies.

Pleasure I lie ids of Parasira catenulata.

Left side.

mm.

inches.

mm.

inclies.

From base of arms to tip of tail.

70
20

2'75
•80

81

From base of arms to mantle

3-2

From edge of mantle to tip of tail

51

2-00

From edge of mantle to tip of tail (below)

81

3-2

Tail to eye.

6G

2-60

Circumference of body

152

600

Breadth of body ..

51
109

38
2 '5
35
134

2-00
4-30
1 -50
•10
•14
5-30

109

Circumference of head

Brcadtli of head.

Diameter of eyes .. .-

Diameter of largest suckers

Length of dorsal arms, first pair, from eye

4-30

" " " second " "

93

3^70

9G

3-80

" third

92-5

3^68

89

3^50

" " " fourth " ventral

149

5^88

134

5-30

Breadth of first pair of arms at base

7-5

•30

S-75

•35

" " second " " "

7

•28

7

•28

" third " " "

6-25

•25

G-25

■25

" fourth " " "

7-5

•30

7-5

•30

Length of siphon

58

2^30

Breadth of base of free part

11-25

•45

Breadth at tip

7-5

•30

The remarkable tubercles of the ventral surface mostly have five
ridges converging to each, rarely six. In all other respects it agrees
with the figures of Ferussac and D'Orbigny. According to Targioni-
Tozzetti, P. catenulata is distinct from P. tuherculata. If so, our
species should bear the former name.

Family ARGONAUTID^ Cantr.
Cantraine, Mall. Medit., p. 13. 1841 ; H. & A. Adams. Genera, i, p. 23.
Oci/thoidie Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., i, p. 28.

Argonauta argo Linne.

Shells of this species, some of them entire, were taken by the
"Fish Ilawk" at several of the stations 10 to 115 miles south
of Martha's Vineyard and Newport, 11. I., in 04 to .365 fathoms. At
least nine specinuMis were dredged. At Station 804, in 3G5
i'athoms, Iwo entire and nearly fresh shells were taken, and another

A. E. Verrill — North Ainerican (Jephalopods. :565

nearly fomplete. They belong to the common Mediteri'Mneau variety.
Fragments were also taken at Stations 865-7, 871, 873, 87(5, 892, 895.
The capture of a living specimen, probably of this species, on the
coast of Xew Jersey, has been recorded by Rev. Samuel Lockwood,
Amer. Naturalist, xi, p. 243, 1877.

Family ALLOPOSID^ Verrill, nov.

Body thick, obtusely rounded; arms extensively webbed; mantle-
edge united directly to the bead, not only by a large dorsal commis-
sure, but also b)" a median-ventral and two lateral longitudinal commis-
sures, which run from its inner surface to the basal parts of the
siphon.

The male hectocotylized right arm of the third pair is developed in
a cavity in front of the right eye and, when mature, pi'otrudes from
an opening on the inner surface of the web, between the second and
fourth pairs of arms, and finally becomes detached. It is furnished
with two rows of large suckers, and with a fringe along the sides.
The mode of attachment of the mantle to the head is similar to that
of Uesmoteuthis, among the ten-armed cephalopods.

AllopOSUS Verrill.

Amer. Journ. Sci., xx, p. 393, Nov., 1880; Proc. Nat. Miis., iii, p. 362, Dec, 1880;
Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., viii, p. 112, March, 1881.

Allied, in some respects, to Philonexis and Tremoctopus. Body
thick and soft, smooth ; arras (in the male only seven) united by a
web, extending nearly to the ends ; the length of the arms decreases
from the dorsal to the ventral ones; suckers sessile, simple, in two
rows ; mantle united firmly to the head by a ventral and two lateral
muscular commissures, the former placed in the median line, at the
base of the siphon; free end of the siphon short, well forward.

In the male, the hectocotylized right arm of the third pair is devel-
oped in a sac in front of the right eye (Plate L, figs. 1, la) ; as found
in the sac, it is curled up and has two rows of suckers ; the groove
along its edge is fringed ; near the end, the groove connects with a
rounded, obliquely placed, broad, flat or slightly concave lateral lobe,
with transverse wrinkles or plications on the inner surface ; the termi-
nal ])ortion of the arm is a long fusiform process.

366

A. E. Verrill — JVorth Amei'lcan Cephalopods.

AllopOSUS mollis Verrill.

Amer. Jour. Sci., xx. p. :J94, Nov., 1880; Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 363, 1880; Bulle-
tin Mus. Comp. Zool., viii, p. 113, pi. 4. fig. 4; pi. 8, figs. l-2«, March, 1881.

Plate L, figs. 1, 1«, 2, la. Plate LI, fig. 4.

liody stout, ovute, very soft and flabby. Head large, as broad as
the body ; eyes large, their openings small. Arms I'atlier stout, not
very long, webbed nearly to the ends, the dorsal much longer than
the ventral arms; suckers large, simple, in two alternating rows.
Color deep purplish brown, with a more or less distinctly spotted
appearance. Total length of a medium sized specimen, 160""" ; of body,
to base of arms, 90"""; of mantle, beneath, 50"'"' ; of dorsal arms, 70"'"' ;
breadth of body, 70"'"'. Other specimens are about one-third lai-gei'.
The sexes scarcely differ in size.

One mature, detached, hectocotylized arm (Plate LI, tig. 4) was
taken November 16. This has two rows of large, six or seven-lobed
suckers, a very long fringe, composed of thin, flat, lacerate processes,
along each side ; the terminal process is fusiform, acute, and loosely
covered with a thin, translucent membrane, beneath which the inner
surface, bearing chromatophores, can be seen. Length of this arm,
200'""'; its breadth, 20'""; length of terminal process, 30™"; its diame-
ter, 7'""'; diameter of largest suckers, 6"'"'; length of fringe, 15'"'".

Taken by the "Fish Hawk," at Stations 880, 892, 893, 895, about
100 to 115 miles south of Newport, R. L, in 225 to 487 fathoms.
Also, off the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, at Station 898, November 16,
in 300 fathoms, by Lieut. Z. L. Tanner.

Specimens examined.

880
881
892
893
895

898

Locality.

OFF NEWPORT, R. I.

N. lat. W. long.

.•59" 48' 30" 70° .50' 00"

Farther southward

39° 46' 00" 71° 05' 00"
39° 52' 20" 70° 58' 00"
39° 56' 30" 70° 59' 45"

OFF CHESAPEAKE BAT.

•57° 24' 00" 74° 17' 00"

Fath.

252
325
487
372
238

300

AVheu re-
ceived.

Received from.

Sept. 13, 1880

Sept. 13, 1880

Oct. 2, 1880

Oct. 2, 1880

Oct. 2, 1880

Nov. 16, ISSO

Specuiicii!-

U. S. Pish Com. 2^:1

.do...
.do...
.do...
.do...

...do.

A. JE. Verrlll — North ^li/ierlra/i (Jephnlopods. 367

Family OCTOPODID.<E D'Orbigny, (restricted).

Octoiwtlidce, (ixirs) D'Orbigny, Moll. Viv. et Fob., i, 1.59, 164, 1845 (t. Gray); (purs)

Cc'phal. Acetab.. p. 3.
Ociopidoe (jmrs) Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mas., i, p. 4. 1849.

Body short, thick, rounded posteriorly, destitute of lateral fins and
internal cartihiges. Mantle iinited to the head by a broad dorsal
commissure. Head very large. Connection between the mantle and
base of siphon simple, without cartilages. Opening to the gill-cavity
narrow. Median septum of brancliial cavity short, extending for-
ward to tlie base of tlie siphon, but running back only a short dis-
tance. Siphon large, simple. Arms witli either one or two rows of
suckers, and with a more or less developed basal web. No ccplialic
aquiferous pores. Eyes furnished with an internal translucent lid, and
also capable of being covered with the external integument. Sexes
similar externally, except that the right arm of the third pair in the
male is hectocotylized by the formation of a spoon-shaped organ
at the tip.

OCTOPUS Lamarck, 1799.

Octopus ('pars) Lamarck, Syst. des Auiin. sans Vert., p. (JO, 1801.
(Javier, Reg. Anini., ii, 1817.
D'Orbigny, CephaL Acetab., p. 3.
Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Miis., i, p. 4, 1849.

Body short, thick, more or less rounded, usually flattened, often
tubercular or warty, but sometimes smooth, usually with one or more
tubercles or cirri situated above the eye. Mantle directly united to
the head, dorsally, by a broad commissure, extending below the eyes
to the base of the siphon. Base of the siphon without any compli-
cated connective cartilages. Arms united by a more or less extensive
basal web. Suckers sessile, in two alternating rows. Siphon not inti-
mately united to the whole length of the under side of the head, the
free terminal portion situated behind or beneath the eyes. No aquif-
erous pores, nor bj'achial pouches.

The sexes are similar in form. In the male the right arm of the
third pair is hectocotylized, its terminal portion being changed into
a spoon-shaped organ, smooth on the outer convex side and furnished
with a series of transverse ridges on the inner concave side, and with
a basal angular lobe from which a groove or furrow extends along
the lower margin of the arm to the basal web. In some species of
Octojnis this modified tip is very small, but in others very large.

The female has oviducts on both sides. Eggs comparatively few

368 A. E. VerrUl — North American Gephalopods.

and large, elongated pyriform, attached singly or in clusters by the
small end.

In addition to the seve)-al small species described here, a much lar-
ger rough-backed species has been taken several times at Fort Macon
and near Beaufort, N. 0. This is probably Octopus rugosiis Bosc, a
West Indian species.

Octopus Bairdii Yerrill.

Octopus Bairdii Verrill, Amer. Jour. 8d., v, p. 5, Jan., 1873; .\ix, p. 294=, 1880;

American Naturalist, vii, p. H94, figs. 7(i, 77, 1873; Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for

1873, p. 348, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2, 1874.
Lt. 0. Sars, Molliisca Regiouis Arctic^; Norvegiic, p. 339, pi. 33, tigs. 1-10 ( ? ), pi.

xvii, figs. 8a to %d (dentition and Jaws), 1878.
Tyron, Man. Gonch.. i, p. 116, pi. 32, figs. 37, 38 (description and figures from tlie

papers by A. E. V.).
Verrill, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., viii, p. 107, pi. 2, figs. 4, 4a; pi. 4, figs. 1, la,

1881.

Plate XXXIII, pigs. 1, la. Plate XXXIV, figs. 5, 6. Plate XXXVI, fig. 10.
Plate XXXVIII, fig. 8 ; Plate XLIX, figs. 4, 4a ; Plate LI, figs. 1, la.

The body is short, thick, somewhat depressed, broadly rounded
posteriorly, separated from the head only by a slight constriction at
the sides. Head almost as broad as the body, swollen above and
around the eyes, concave in the middle above ; around the eyes, and
especially in front and above, there are numerous small, conical, often
irregular and rough tubercles; a little removed from the upper side
of each eye, is a much larger, rough, irregularly conical, erectile cirrus,
which has some small, more or less prominent, conical papillae on
its surface ; the whole upper surface of the body, head, and arms is
also covered with minute scattered papillae, which are usually but
little prominent, but in some of the larger males they become much
larger and more numei'ous, and have the form of small prominent
warts.

The jaws (Plate XLIX, fig. 4«) have rather blunt, slightly incurved
tips, with the angle at the bases of the cutting edges round and with-
out any distinct notch. The odontt)phore, (Plate XLIX, fig. 4) has a
median row of large, acute teeth, with broad bases without lateral
denticles; the inner lateral teeth are much smaller, with curved acute-
tiiangular points; outer lateral teeth longer and more acute ; mar-
ginal plates large and distinct.

Siphon large, tapering, capable of being l)ent in all directions, so
as to be used for swinnning either forward, backward, or sideways,
according to its direction.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 369

Arms siibequal, relatively short, stout, tapering to slender points,
connected for about one-third of their length by a web, which ex-
tends as a narrow membrane along their margins to near the ends.
Suckers small, not crowded, alternating pretty regularly in two rows ;
in the original type-specimen, which was not full grown, the arms of
the first pair each had about sixty-five suckers; those of the fourth
})air about sixty. In a large example ( ? ) the dorsal arms have
about 94; third pair about 100; foiirth pair about 90.

In the male, the right arm of the third pair has its terminal portion,
for aboiit a third of its entire length, modified for reproductive pur-
poses into a large spoon-shaped organ (Plate XXXIIl, figs. 1, la, //),
broadly elliptical in outline; with the sides incurved and the end
somewhat tri-lobed ; its interior deeply concave with ten to twelve, and
occasionally, in the largest examples, thirteen, elevated transverse
folds; at the base, there is a fold bent into an acute angle, the
apex directed forward, leaving a deep V-shaped sinus behind it, wliich
is a continuation of a shallow groove formed by a thickening of the web
along the lower side of the arm, and terminating midway between it
and the fourth arm. At the end, this arm terminates in a small conical
tip, between the two broadly rounded lobes of the spoon-shaped
organ ; at the base of this organ there is a slight constriction ; the
basal portion of the arm bears 30 to 37 suckers, like those on the other
arras. The modified portion of the arm is considerably longer than
the distance between the constriction at its base and the interbrachial
web, and about equal to one-half the total length of the part which
bears suckers. The corresponding arm on the left side is of the ordi-
nary form and has, in a medium sized example, about fifty-one suckers.
The female differs but little from the male, externally, except in lack-
ing the modification of the third right arm.

Length of the original male specimen, in alcohol, exclusive of the
arms, 44"'"'; breadth of the body, 31"""; between eyes, 18""'"; length of
the arms, of the first pair, from mouth, 18'""' ; from mouth to edge of the
web, 57"'"' ; length of modified portion of third right arm, 18'"'" ; breadth
of this organ when expanded, 11-5""". Subsequently somewhat lar-
ger specimens, both male and female, have been taken.

One of the largest males (Station 878) measures from tip of dorsal
arms to end of body, 163'""^; from edge of dorsal web to end of
body, 75""" ; from edge of mantle, beneath, to end of body, 38 ;
breadth of body, 48; of head, 41; length of dorsal arms to beak,
110; of second pair, 112; of third pair, 115; of fourth pair, 110; of
hectocotylized arm, 85 ; length of terminal spoon, 33 ; its breadth,
17. This specimen has thirteen transverse lanielhc in the spoon.

370 A. E. Verrill — North American (Jej^iKilojwds.

One of the largest females (Station ^^95,) in Lveeding season and
filled with eggs, measures, from tip of dorsal arms to end of body,
170"'"'; edge of dorsal web to end of body, 90; mantle, beneath,
40 ; breadth of body, 56 ; of head, 41 ; length of dorsal arms from
beak, 125; of second pair, 120; of third pair, 115; of fourth i)air,
115"^'".

When living, the ground-color was usually pale, translucent, blu-
ish white, above thickly specked with light orange-brown and dark
purplish brown. Its colors were changeable, but apparently less
actively so than in the squids.

The spermatophores (PI. XXVI, fig. 10, a, b) are remarkably
large in proportion to the size of the animal, being from 50 to 75""" in
length and 4 to 5'"'" in diameter. The form is club-shaped, with the
narrow portion little longer than the thickened part. They are almost
perfectly transparent, and the milk-white, coiled string of sperma-
tozoa can be plainly seen in the interior. There is a slender, thread-
like filament at each end, that of the small end much the longest.
When they begin to discharge their contents (as in fig. 10, a), the
form changes rapidly. In several instances I have observed these
spermatophores escaping from the si])hon of recently captured speci-
mens, taken at various dates, from July 23 to Sept. 21, at stations
138, 161, 163, 223, etc.

This species was first discovered by the writer, while dredging in
1872, on the U. S. steamer "Mosswood," in the Bay of Fundy, oft'
Eastport, Me., in 75 to 80 fathoms. Although so recently discovered,
it proves to have a very extensive range, both geographically and in
depth. It is one of the most common and characteristic inhabitants
of the bottom, in 100 to 500 fathoms, along our entire coast, from
South Carolina to Newfoundland. It was taken in the trawl, by the
U. S. Fish Commission, in 1872, 1873, 1874, 1877, 1878, 1879, and
1880, in depths ranging from 50 to 500 fathoms, at mimerous locali-
ties, from oft* Halifax, N. S., and in the Bay of Fundy, to the region 90
to 100 miles south of Newport, R. I., where it is common and of large
size. It was obtained by Mr. A. Agassiz, on the " Blake," in 1880, at
various stations, from N. lat. 41° 34' 30", to 32° 43' 25", in 17S to
524 fathoms.

In November, 1880, it was taken by Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, on the
"Fish Hawk," off" the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, in 157 to 300
fathoms.

The Gloucester fisherineii have bi'ought in several specimens from
the banks oft" Nova Scolia and Newr<>niidlaud.

A. JE. Verrill — North Americ((7i Cephalopods.

371

Professor G. O. Sars has taken it off the Norwegian coast, in 00 to
300 fathoms.

It occurs both on soft muddy bottoms and on hard bottoms. Both
sexes often occur together, but the males are usually the most
numerous.

Recently hatched young have been taken in August and Septem-
ber, in the Bay of Fundy, off Halifax, N. S., and off Cape Ann,
Mass. (at stations 45, 85, 234, 238, etc.).

One of the specimens obtained by Mr. Agassiz is remarkable for the
length and slenderness of the cirrus above the eyes (Plate LI, fig,
1, 1«), This is an immature male, and does not appear to differ in
any other way from ordinary specimens, of similar size. The append-
age of the hectocotylized arm is small and not fully developed (as is
always the case in young males), and has an ovate-triangular form,
a slightly concave surface, and only a few transverse lamellae

Octopus Bairdii. — Specimens examined.

30,31,
H2, 33

45
85, 80

U. S. Fish Com,.

Bay of Fundy

Bay of Fundy . .

Bay of Fundy

Off G. Menan I

Casco Bay

Gulf of Maine, off Cape Ann

Off Cape Sable, 30 m.

Off Halifax, 23 m

Gulf Maine and Mass. Bay.

Off Gloucester, Mass.

130 S. of Cape .Ann. 13 m. ...

Off Cape Ann, 9 m

156 Off Cape Ann, 5i m

I G 1 Off Cape Ann, 6 "m

I G3 Off Cape A nn. 6| m

1G4 Off Cape Ann, 7 m

1 82 South of Gloucester

199 Off Cape Ann, 1,3^ m

1 84 Off Gloucester, Mass., 4^ m.

207 Off Gloucester. Mass., 4| m.

211 Off Cape Ann, G m.

213 Off Cape Ann, 5.!. m

214 Off Cape Ann. 6 m

223 Off Cape Ann, 7 m

233 South of Gloucester, 4f m.

M South of Gloucester

238 Off Gloucester, 4^ m. ..

Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V.

75
80
60
97-110
64

90
91
101

49
59
42
54

73
75
45
58
45
42
60
68
57
47
45
43
43

gravel

mud
fine sand
fine sand

mud

muddy

mud

sand

fine sand

fine sand

muddy

mud
soft mud

mud

mud
fine sand
soft mud
soft mud
soft mud
soft mud
44

When

coird.

187

2

1872 1

187

2

1872

1873

187

7

Auf?.

14

Aug.

21

Sept.

6

1878

.Tuly

23

•July

29

•Uig.

15

Aug.

16

Aug.

16

Aug.

16

Aug.

29

Sept.

2

Aug.

29

Sept.

16

Sept.

17

Sept.

17

Sept.

17

Sept.

21

Sept.

24

Sept.

24

Sept.

26

Specimens.
No. Sex.

2 ^ : 1 j. S

1 1.^
1 S

2 j. 5

1 med.

2 16:2
5 $
11.6:4:].$

2$:2l.S

juv.

: 4 j. ?

:4?

1^
1 j. ! : 2 1. ,^ : 2 ?

11.5:1 j. S : 1 j. ?
5 j. ^ : 3 1. 5 : 1 j. 9

2 ^ : 3 j. ^ : 2 1. S : 3

4 j. ? [j. S
Ij. 3: 21. 5: 1 1. 5 : 2

3 j. S : 1 j. s [j. $

Ij. 5

4 j. j : 2 j. ? : 1 S

1 1.^

1 m. 2

2 ^ : 1 5 : 1 1. S

1 j.^

2 j. J : 1 j. 9

2?

August, 1881.

372 A. E. Verrill — Nort/i American Cephalo2)ods.

Octopus Bairdii — Continued.

When

Spei imens.

Stat.

Locality.

Fath.

Bottom.

coil'd.

No. Sex.

1879

264

Off Cape Cod, 15 m.

80

mud

July 29

2 j.6: 11. 2: Ij. $

342

Off Cape Cod, 14 m

94

mud

Sept. 10

2 m. 5: I j. S

364

Off Cape Cod, 15 m.

. 70

hard sand

Sept. 18

3 1. ^ : 2 j. ,^ : 2 1. 5

372

Off Chatham, Mass., 21 m.

Off Newport, R. I.
N. Lat. W. Long.

70

sand

Sept. 19
1880

11.$

869

40° 02' 18"

70° 23' 06"

192

mud, fine sand

Sept. 4

1 1. S : 3 j. $

870

40 02 36

70 22 58

155

fine sand

Sept. 4

11. J : 3 j.

874

40

70 57

85

mud

Sept. 13

1

878

.39 55

70 54 15

142|

mud

Sept. 13

1 \.i

879

39 49 30

70 54

225

fine sand

Sept. 13

15:12

880

39 48 30

70 54

252^

mud

Sept. 13

1^:12

892

39 46

71 05

487'

mud

Oct. 2

11.2

893

39 52 20

70 58

372

mud

Oct. 2

25:22

894

39 53

70 58 30

365

sand

Oct. 2

3 1. 3 : 3 2

895

39 56 30

70 59 45

238

mud

Oct. 2

2 3:22

Off Chesapeake Bay.

897

37 25 ; 74 18

157i

sand

Nov. 16

15

898

37 24 ; 74 17

Blake Exp.— U. S. Coast
Swrvey.

N. Lat. W. Long.

300

mud

Nov. 16

2 5:42

303

41° 34' 30"

65° 54' 30"

306

1880

1 5 (fig'd)

332

35 45 30

74 48

263

1880

4 5 : 1 ]. 5

327

34 0 30

76 10 30

178

1880

15:12

310

39 59 16

70 18 30

260

1880

15

336

38 21 50

73 32

197

1880

15j.

321

32 43 25

77 20 30

233

1880

1 5 : 1 2 j.

306

41 32 50

65 55

524

1880

l^J.

Lot.

Gloucester Fisheries.

Schooner.

264

Lat. 42° 49'; long. 62° 57'

200-300

Marion

Jan. '79

1 1.2

351

N.lat.44'17';W.long.58°10'

120

Grace L. Fears

,June'79

22

372

Off Miquelon I.

7

A. M. Williams

July '79

1

421

Banquereau, off X. S.

300

Commonw'lth

Aug.'79

1 2

501

N. lat. 43° 14'; long. 61" 7'

250

A.M.Williams

Oct. '79

1 2

605

Brown's Bank, N. S

Barracouta

Jan. '80

1 mutilated

771

Off St. Peter's Bank

80

i^]pes Tarr

July 'SO

15:12

792

G.P.Whitman

Aug.'SO

11.5

917

Banquereau, N. S

A.M.Williams

1880

11.5

721

Grand Bank

—

GuyC'ningham

July '80

11.2

In the last column, j. = yoimg ; /. = large ; m. or med. = medium size.

Specimens of this species were kept, alive for several days, in order
to observe its habits. Several characteristic drawings, three of which
are now reproduced (Plate XXXIV, figs. 5, 6 ; Plate XXXVIII, fig.
8), were made from life by Mr. J. IT. Emerton, showing its difterent
attitudes.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 373

When at rest it remained at the bottom of tlie vessel, adhering
firmly by some of the basal suckers of its arms, while the outer portions
of the arms were curled back in various positions ; the body was held
in a neai'ly horizontal position, and the eyes were usually half-closed
and had a sleepy look ; the siphon was usually turned to one side, and
was long enough to be seen in a view from above.

When disturbed, or in any way excited, the eyes opened more
widely, especially at night ; the body became more contracted and
rounded, and was held more erect; the small tubercles over its sur-
face and the larger ones above the eyes were ei-ected, giving it a very
decided appearance of exciteinent and watchfulness.

It was rarely, if ever, observed actually to creep about by means of
its arms and suckers, but it would swim readily and actively, circling
around the j^ans or jars, in which it was kept, many times before rest-
ing again.

In swimming backward the partial web connecting the arms
together was used as an organ of locomotion, as well as the siphon ;
the arms and web were alternately spread and closed, the closing
being done energetically and coincidently with the ejection of the
water from the siphon, and the arms after each contraction were
all held pointing straight forward in a compact bundle, so as to aiFord
the least resistance to the motion (fig. 8). As the motion resulting
from each impulse began to diminish sensibly, the arms were again
spread, and the same actions repeated. This use of the arms and
web recalled that of the disk of the jelly-fishes, but it was much more
energetic.

The siphon was bent in different directions to alter the direction of
the motions, and by bending it to the right or left side, backward
motions in oblique or circular directions were given, but it was often
bent directly downward and curved backward, so that the jet of water
from it served to propel the animal directly forward. This, so far as
observed, was its only mode of moving forward. The same mode of
swimming forward has been observed in cuttle-fishes {Sepia) and
in squids [Loligo).

This species was much more active and animated in the night than
during the day, and is probably largely nocturnal in its habits, when
at liberty. None of the specimens could be induced to take food, and
none survived more than four or five days, although the water was
frequently renewed to kee{» it cool and pure. They had been rather
roughly handled by the dredges and trawls, without doubt. But the
unavoidable exposure to the higher temperature of the water, near and

374

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

t

't^

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lOOOlCCDOOOCqcoO

o CO lo in ic o o

1

♦O

c-ic<imc<]C5Lnioa5co<>]o

CO «3 o-i <^^ CO o oo

OcblbmCi^Ai^r^"' rU

A-l " C^ tJ< rji Tjl CO

o

O O lO O lO , , lO u-5 , ,

cm

o ^ Tt< >p ?•; 1 1 9^ o2 , 1

CO •—"',, ,

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cq (M c^ (rq r-

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== '^ <= , , i ,

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r-iHHHH^h^^m3PmP=H

-: ^t^ « ^j ^-5 i-q h-!

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 375

at the surface, especially in summer, is sufficient to kill many of the
deep-water animals, while others that live for a short time never
recover entirely.

This species resembles 0. lentus, but has a much larger and rough
or lacerate cirrus above the eye. The modified arm of the male is also
diflerent. It is somewhat related to 0. Grwnlandicus Dewli., but
the male of the latter has tlie third right arm much longer, with the
modified spoon-shaped portion relatively very much smaller and quite
different in form, and with more numerous folds, and the basal part
bears 41 to 48 suckers; the other arms also have more numerous
suckers ; the web is less extensive and the body is more elongated and
appears to be smooth and destitute of the large cirrus above the eyes,
if correctly figured.

0. obesus has the spoon-shaped part of the third right arm rela-
tively larger, and several of the basal suckers of the other arms are
in a single row. It also differs in other respects.

Octopus lentus VerriU.

Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., xix, p. 138, Feb., 1880: p. 294, April, 1880; Bulletin
Mus. Comp. Zool., viii, p. 108, pi. 4, fig. 2, S .

Plate XXXV, figures 1, 2,$. Plate LI, figure 2, ^ .

Female (type specimen) : Body broad, stout, depressed, slightly
emarginate at the posterior end, rather soft to the touch, and in some
specimens gelatinous in appearance ; a thin, soft, free, marginal mem-
brane runs along the sides and around the posterior end of the body,
becoming widest (about 12'"'") posteriorly; in some of the more
strongly contracted specimens this membrane is but little apparent.
Head large, broad, depressed, with the eyes large and far apart ;
above each eye there is a small, simple, conical, acute, contractile
cirrus. A well-developed thin web connects the arms, considerably
above their bases, and then runs up to the tips as broad margins to
each arm.

The arms are rather large, stout at base, with a broad iimer face,
and taper gradually to very slender tips ; the first and third pairs are
nearly equal in length ; those of the second are also about equal in
length to the foui'th pair, but are somewhat shorter than the first and
third. The arms on the right side, in the type-specimen, were all
somewhat longer than the corresponding ones on the left. The arms,
measuring from the beak, are more than twice as long as the body.
The suckers are arranged in two distinct rows, to the base.

Color of head and body above, and of body beneath, deep reddish

376 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

brown, closely sj^ecked with darker brown, and with many small
roundish spots of whitish on the body and arms.

Length of the type-specimen ( $ ) from the beak to the end of the
body, not including the marginal web, 60""" ; breadth of web, 22 ;
total length, 194; breadth of body, 40; breadth of head, across eyes,
32; of eye-openings, 10; of eye-balls, 17; length of mantle, beneath,
38; length of arms of first pair, 112 and 105; of second pair, 103 and
96; of third pair, 112 and 106; of fourth pair 94 and 97; breadth of
those of the three upjier pairs, 8 ; of the ventral pair, 7""".

Male : Body depressed, rounded posteriorly, with only a trace of the
lateral and posterior fold ; surface soft and nearly smooth, but show-
ing a small number of minute white papillae sparsely scattered over the
dorsal surface. Cirrus above the eye small and simple, usually con-
tracted into a small, wart-like papilla. Head broad and flattened ;
eyes large. Arras rather long and slender, with slender tapering tips,
their bases united by a rather wide web. Suckers small, very prom-
inent, forming two regular rows, quite to the base.

The first two pairs of arms are nearly equal and somewhat longer
than the two lower pairs, which differ but little between themselves.
The hectocotylized arm (third of right side) bears thirty-five suckers,
in two rows, and a remarkably large, terminal spoon-shaped organ,
which occupies more than a third of the total length of the arm; its
sides are bent up and the edges inrolled, so as to form a deep cavity;
its outer end is broadly rounded laterally, and terminates in a cen-
tral, narrow, acute lobe; internally thei'e are nine large, high, oblique
lamellae, with deep fossne between them ; the proximal end has a
large, acute, triangular lobe, with involute margins ; from this lobe a
broad groove runs along the lower edge of the arm to the margin of
the web ; where it terminates there is a distinct thickening of the
bounding membrane.

The two males of this sj^ecies, described above, were dredged by
Mr. A. Agassiz, on the "Blake," in 1880, in 464 and 603 fathoms.
They agree well in the peculiar characters and large size of the
appendage of the hectocotylized arm. The females, only, were pi-evi-
ously known. Although these males have a mere trace of the loose
membranous fold of skin, along the sides and around the posterior
end, so conspicuous in the original female specimen of this species,
they agree so well in other characters that I unite them without much
hesitation. It is probable that the presence or absence of the mem-
branous fold, in this and other species, may be due merely to dilFer-
ences in the state of contraction when they die, or even to differences
in the strength of the alcohol.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

Measurements in millimeters.

311

Total length .-

Posterior end to center of eye

Eye to tip of dorsal arms - --

Breadth of body .-. --

Breadth of head .

Length of dorsal arms, from mouth — .

•' second pair "

•' third " "

" hectocotylized arm, from mouth.

'• fourth pair _ —

'• spoon-shaped appendage

Breadth of the same —

Right Side.

95
34
64

28
22
65
61

58

23
16

S
Left Side.

Eight Side.

61

53

194

40

32

112

103

112

94

Left Side.

105

96

106

97

The first specimen of this species was taken oiF Nova Scotia, near
Le Have Bank, in 120 fathoms, by Captain Samuel Peeples and crew
of the schooner " M. H. Perkins," and presented to the U. S. Fish
Commission. A few others have since been brought in by the
G-loucester fishermen, from the Bank Fisheries. Mr. A. Agassiz,
dredged it on the " Blake," in 1880, as far south as K lat. 33° 42'
15". It ranges in depth from 120 to 602 fathoms.

Specimens examined.

No.

Stat.

7

326

10

329

553

718

737

807

808

Localit}'.

N. Lat. 33" 42' 15"; W. Long. 76° 0' 50" (Blake)

N. Lat. 34° 39' 40"; W. Long. 75° 14' 40" (Blake)

Le Have Bank, N. S. (soh. M. H. Perkins)

S. of Newfoundland (sch. Proctor Brothers)

St. Peter's Bank (sch. Augusta H. Johnson)

Banquereau (sch. Epes Tarr)

N. Lat. 44° 32'; Gr. Bank (sch. Guy Cunningham)

When

Fath.

coll'd.

464

1879

603

1879

120

1879 ■

150

Jn'80

200

1880

Au. '80|

Au.'80|

Specimens.
Xo. and Sex.

1 S:19
^i (%'d.)

1 ? (flg'd.)

1 sm. $
11. 2
1 2
1 2

In the soft consistency of the flesh and skin, this species resembles
O. obesus. It differs in the shorter and postei'iorly emarginate body,
and especially in the arrangement of the suckers, which, in that
species, are in a single series toward the bases of the arms.

Octopus plscatorum Verrlll.

Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. xviii, p. 470, Dec, 1879 ; xix, p. 294, Apr., 1880.
Plate XXXVI, figures 1, 2,2.

The body of the female is smooth, depressed, about as broad as
long ; rounded posteriorly, not showing any lateral ridges, nor dorsal
papillie ; a small simple papilla above the eyes. Arms long, i-ather
slender, tapering to long, slender, acute tips, the upper ones a little
(2*5""") shorter tlian those of the second pair, which are the longest;

3^8 A. E. Verrill — ISforth American Cephalopods.

those of the third pair are about 12""" shorter tlian those of the
second ; the venti'al pair about 0""" shorter than those of the third.
In our type-specimen, all the arms on the right side are somewhat
shorter than those on the left, and the web between the first and
second arms is narrower, due, perliaps, to recovery from an injury.
The web between the arms, except ventrally, is of about equal width,
and scarcely more tlian one-fourth the length of the arms, measuring
from the beak. Between the ventral arms the web is about half as
wide as between the lateral.

The suckers are moderately large, decidedly prominent, alternating
in two regular rows, except close to the mouth, where a few stand
nearly in a single line ; about fourteen to sixteen are situated on the
part of the arms included within the interbrachial web. The whole
number of suckers on one arm is upwards of seventy.

Color of one alcoholic specimen is deep purplish brown, due to very
numerous crowded minute specks; eye-lids, whitish. The front
border of the mantle, beneath, and the base of the siphon and adja-
cent parts are white ; end of siphon, brown. Lower side of head and
arms lighter than the dorsal side.

Total length, from posterior end of body to tip of arms, of 1st pair,
158"""; 2d pair, 160"""; 3d pair, 146"""; 4th pair, 133"^"^; to web be-
tween dorsal arms, 82™"^ ; between ventral arms, 63'"™ ; to edge of
mantle, beneath, 30"""; to center of eye, 39™™. Breadth of body,
31™™; of head across eyes, 30™™; breadth of arms, at base, 5-5™™;
diameter of largest suckers, 2-5™™; length of arms beyond web, 1st
pair, 76™™; 2d pair, 82™™; 3d pair, 71™™; 4th pair, 69™™.

Two specimens of this species, both females, have been obtained.
The first was from Le Have Bank, off" Nova Scotia, in 120 fathoms,
taken by Captain John Mclnnis and crew, of the schooner " M. H.
Perkins," October, 1879 ; the second was taken by Captain David
Campbell and crew, of the schooner " Admiral," (lot 590), near the
Grand Bank, N. lat. 44° 07' ; W. long. 52° 40', in 200 fathoms, De-
cember, 1879.

This species resembles O. Gronlandicus, of wliich only the males
appear to have been described, and it may eventually prove to be
the female of that species.

This species is easily distinguished from O. Bairdii, by its more
elono-ated body, its much longer and more slender and tapered arms,
with shorter webs ; by the absence of the large, rough, pointed pa-
pilla, or cirrus, above the eye, and by its general smoothness. The
white color of the underside of the neck, siphon and mantle-ltorder
also appears to be characteristic.

A. E. Verrill — Xortli American (Jephalopods. .SYO

Octopus obeSUS Vemll.

Verrill, American Jour. Sci., vol. xix, p. 137, Feb., 1880; vol. xix, p. 294, Apr.,
1880.

Plate XXXVI. figttres 3, 3«. $ .

Male : Remarkable for the great size of the spoon-shaped organ of
the right arm of the third pair. Body relatively large, stout, oblong-
oval, somewhat flattened above, obtusely rounded at the posterior
end; soft and somewhat gelatinous in texture; skin, so far as pi*e-
served, smooth, soft. No cirrus exists above the eye, in our specimen,
but the skin is not so well preserved in that region as to render it
certain that a small one may not have existed in life. Eyes very large.

Arms modei'ately long, the dorsal longest, others successively
shorter; all somewhat laterally compressed at base, tapering to long,
slender tips ; a moderately developed web connects them together at
base. The hectocotylized arm (third of right side), bears at the end
a very large, broad and thick, but not veiy deep, spoon-like organ,
occupying more than a third of the total length of the arm ; its
inner surface is crossed by eleven oblique, thick, rounded folds or
ribs, ten of them converging backward to the median line and at
their outer ends joining a marginal thickening. The distal end ter-
minates in a median, pointed lobe, or tip, with a thin, rounded, lateral
lobe each side of it ; the proximal border is formed by the last (elev-
enth) fold, which is V-shaped, with the apex pointing distally. A
broad, thin, marginal membrane extends along the lower side of the
arm, from the terminal organ to the base. The suckers have been
partly detached from this arm.

The suckers of all the arms are moderately large, nearly globular
in form, rather numerous ; the first six to ten, at the base, are nearly
in one line, except on the left arm of the second pair, and appear to
form only a single row ; in this part the inner face of the arm is nar-
I'ow, most so on the right arm of the second pair, and least on the
left arm of the same pair ; farther out this face becomes broader and
the suckers are in two distinct rows. The suckers are destroyed on
the distal poi'tion of all the arms.

The color of the body and arms is mostly destroyed, but so far as
preserved, is pale pinkish, more or less thickly specked with distinct
reddish brown spots, most conspicuous at the base of the arms and
above the eyes, (elsewhere the color is probably not so well pre-
served).

Length of body, from the posterior end to the base of arms, 82'"'" ;
to center of eye, 72 ; to edge of mantle, beneath, 49 ; to tip of right

Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V. 45 August, 1881,

380 A. E. Verrill — N'orth American Cephalopods.

dorsal arm, 213; left, ]98; to tips of second pair, 200; to tip of
rioht arm of third pair, 173 ; of left, 19*7 ; to tip of right, of fourth
pair, 187; of left, 17S; to edge of web, 110; breadth of body, in
middle, 46 ; breadth of head, across eyes, 38 ; breadth . of dorsal
arms, at ba^e, 8 ; diameter of largest suckers, 3 ; length of spoon-
shaped end of right arm of third pair (hectocotylized), 35 ; breadth,
16; length of rest of arm, to mouth, 65'""\

Taken from the stomach of a halibut, 36 miles east from the N. E.
Light of Sable Island, in 160 to 300 fathoms, by Charles Ruckley, of
the schooner " H. A. Duncan," and presented by him to the U. S.
Fish Commission, 1 879. A smaller, mutilated specimen was also taken
from the stomach of a halibut, from Banquereau, off N. S., in 150
fathoms (lot 678), and presented to the U. S. Fish Commission, by
Captain Charles Markusou and crew, of the schooner " Notice," April,
1880. The latter specimen was, however, in too poor condition to
afford any additional characters, and may, perhaps, belong to 0.
lentvs.

This species differs from Octopus Bairdli V., 0. lentus V. and 0.
piscatorani V., from the same region, in its longer and larger body,
and especially in having the basal suckers in a single row. The
' spoon ' of the hectocotylized arm is very much larger than in 0.
Gronli indict 18, and considerably larger and flatter and more deeply
trilobed at the end than in 0. Bairdii.

Eledone Leach.

OcfcipMS (^ars) Lamarck ; Ciivier; Blainville, etc.

Eledone Leach, Zool. Misc., iii, 137, 1817 (t. Gray); D'Orbi^. Gephal. Acetab., p. 72
(subgenus); Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., i, p. 21, 1849.

Body, mantle, and sii)hon as in Octopus. Suckers in a single row
on all the arms. In the male the right arm of the third |)air is hec-
tocotylized by the formation of a small spoon-shaped tip and a lat-
eral gi'oove, nearly as in some sp?cies of Octopus.

Eledone verrucosa VcrrOi.

Bulletin Mus. Coinp. Zool., viii, p. 105, pi. 5, 6, March, 1881.

Plates LIT, LILl.
A stout species, covered above with prominent, rough, wart-like
tubercles, and with a circle of the same aroiiai the eyes ; four or five
of those above! the eyes are larger ami more prominent. Body thick,
broad-ovate, swollen beneath, moderately convex above, obtusely
rounded posteriorly.

A. E. Verrlll — North American Cephalopods. 381

Mule : Head as broad as the body, whole upper surface of body
and head to base of arms covered with protnineut and jjersistent, un-
equal warts, which are roughened by sharp, conical papillte, eight or
ten on the larger warts, but only two or three on the smaller ones ;
the warts diminish in size anteriorly, and on the sides, before they
disappear; around the eyes they form irregular circles ; just above
each of the eyes there are two much larger ones, bearing more than
twenty conical papilUe ; there is one before and one behind these, of
somewhat smaller size. Eyes large, the lower lid purple and thick-
ened, overlapping the upper one, which is thin and wliitish.

Arms considerably longer than the head and body, not very stout,
compressed, bearing a single crowded row of large whitish suckers,
which are mostly separated by spaces less than half their diameter ;
margins of suckers soft and much thickened. The three lower pairs
of arms are very nearly equal in length and size ; the dorsal ones are
a little shorter and smaller. A thin web unites all the arms for about
one-fourth of their length, and runs up along their sides for about
half their length. The male has the third right arm (Plate LII, fig.
1, la) hectocotylized at the tip ; the modified tip is preceded by forty-
five suckers, and is bordered ventrally by a broad membrane, having
a white groove along its inner surface ; the terminal organ (fig. \a)
consists of a small, ovate-triangular, fleshy disk, with its inner sur-
face slightly concave and finely wrinkled transversely, and terminat-
ing proximally in a small point.

Color dark purplish brown, darker purple beneath. Chromato-
phorcs small and densely croyvded.

The female is considerably larger than the male, and has the warts
over the back and around the eyes relatively smaller, but of the same
character. The arms appear to be larger than those of the male, but
this is probably due to the fact that the male has become more con-
tracted by the stronger alcohol in which it was placed.

This female specimen illustrates well the uselessness of the at-
tempts to divide the species of Octopus and allied genera into groups
or sections, according to the relative length of the arms, as J. E.
Gray and others have done, for in this and many other cases the pro-
portions of the arms of the right side would throw it into one sec-
tion ; those of the left side into another. The male wt)uld have to be
put into a third section.

The two known examples of this species were taken by Mr. A.
Agassiz, while dredging on the United States Coast Survey steamer
" Blako," in 1880.

382

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

Measurements in millimeters.

Total length

End of body to center of eye

Breadth of ):)ody

Breadth across e_ves ..

Length of dorsal arms, from mouth

Length of second pair of arms

Length of third pair of arms

Length of hectocotyh'zed arm

Length of modified tip

Length of ventral arms

Greatest breadth of lateral arms

Diameter of largest suckers

No. 12.

No. 13. $

s

Klght Side.

Left Side.

202-

360-

58-

100-

55-

65-

49-

135-

255-

260-

155-

2()0-

235-

225-

240-

130-

4-5

145-

210-

225-

12-

18-

18-

3-

5-

5-

Specimens examined.

No.

Stat.

Locality.

Fath.

When
rec'd.

SpecimenB.
No. Sex.

12
13

305
312

N. Lai. 41° 33' lo" ; W. Long. 65° 51' 25"
N. Lat. 39° 50' 45"; W. Long. 70° 11'

810
466

1880
1880

1 $
1 ?

Family CIRRHOTEUTHID^E Keff.

KefEerstein, in Bronn, Thier-Reich, iii, p. 1448, 1866.

Body somewhat elongated, furnished with a short, thick tapering
fin on each side, supported by an internal transverse cartilage. Man-
tle extensively united to the head. No connect^ive cartilages. Arms
united together nearly to the tips by a broad umbrella-shaped mem-
brane or web. Suckers in a single row, alternating with slender cirri.
StauroteuthiS Verrill.
Verrill, American Journal of Science, voL xviii, p. 468, Dec, 1879.

Allied to Cirrhoteuthis, but with the mantle united to the head all
around, and to the dorsal side ol* the slender siphon, which it sur-
rounds like a close collar, leaving only a very narrow opening around
the base of the siphon, laterally and ventrally. Fins long-triangular,
in advance of the middle of the body. Dorsal cartilage forming a
median angle, directed backward. Body flattened, soft, bordered by
a membrane. Eyes covered by the integument. Web not reaching
the tips of the arms, the edge concave in the intervals. Suckers in
one row, with a pair of slender cirri alternating with them along most
of the arm. Cirri absent between the basal and terminal suckers.
StauroteuthiS syrtensis Verriii.

Amcr. Jour. Sci., vol. xviii, p. 468, Dec, 1879; xix, p. 294, pi. xvi, Apr., 1880.

Plate XXXII, figures 1-5.
Female: Head bi-oad, depressed, not very distinct from the body.
Eyes large. Body elongated, flattened, soft or gelatinous, widest in

A. I£. Verrill — North America)), Cephalopods. 383

the middle, naiTowed but little forward, but decidedly tapered, back of
the tins, to the flat, obtuse, or subtruncate tail. The sides of the
head and of the body, forward of the fins, are bordered by a thin
soft membrane, about 12""" wide. The fins are elongated, sub-tri-
angular, obtusely pointed, placed in advance of the middle of the
body ; supported by internal cartilages, which unite with a trans-
verse dorsal V-shaped one, situated behind the fins. Siphon elonga-
ted (about 12"""), slender, round, with a small terminal opening.
Mantle edge is contracted and thickened around the base of the siphon
so as to show only a very small opening, and is united to its ante-
rior or dorsal commissural band. Eyes large, distinctly visible
through the integument. Arms long, slender, sub-equal, each united
to the great web by a broad membrane developed on its outer side,
widest (about 38"'"' or 1*5 inches) in the middle of the arm, while the
edge of the web unites directly to the sides of the arms and runs
along the free portion toward tlie very slender tip, as a border.
This arrangement gives a swollen or campanulate foi'ni to the
extended web. Edges of the web incurved between the arms, widest
between the two lateral pairs of arms. The arms bear each fifty-
five or more suckers, in a sinole row. Tliose in the middle resfion
are wide-apart (12'""' or more), with a pair of slender, thread-like
cirri, about 25 to 32'"'" long, midway between them. The cirri com-
mence, in a rudimentary form, between the 5th and 6th suckers, on
the dorsal arms, and between the 7th and 8th, on the lateral and
ventral ones. They cease before the 23d sucker on the dorsal and
latex'al arms, and before the 22d on the ventral ones, which bear each
14 pairs of cirri. Near the mouth, and beyond the last cirri, on the free
portion of the arms, the suckers are more closely arranged. The jaws
are small, with a deep cavity. Beyond the last cirri, on the dorsal
arms, there are 33 to 35 small suckers. The 2d arm on the right
side appears to be imperfect. On this arm there are but 19 suckers
beyond the last cirri ; then follow minute, wart-like tubei-cles, extend-
ing to the tip. Color, in alcohol, genei'ally pale with irregular mot-
tlings and streaks of dull brownish ; inner surface of arms and web,
toward the base, and membrane around the mouth, deep pui'plish
brown. Length from end of body to base of arms, 160"'"'; length
to posterior base of fins, 63"'"' ; to anterior base, 101'""' ; width across
fins, 126'""' ; in advance of fins, 53'""' (not including lateral mem-
brane) ; across eyes, 44""" ; across end of tail, 30""" ; diameter of
eye, 25'"'" ; width of fins, at base, 33'"'" ; their length, 44""" ; length
of arms, 330""" to 355""" ; portion beyond web, 63 to 76""". Edge
of extended web, between ui)per arms, about 101""" ; between lateral

884 ^1. E. Verrlll — ISforth A/jierlcan Gephalopods.

arms, about 203""" ; entire circumference of web, about 1218"'"', but
its exact extent cannot be ascertained, because, in our specimen, the
web between the ventral arms was badly torn.

The only known example of this remarkable species was taken by
Capt. Melvin Gilpatrick and crew, schooner " Polar Wave," in N. lat.
43° 54'; W. long. 58° 44', on Banquereau, about 30 miles E. of Sable
I., N. S., in 250 fathoms. Presented to the U. S. Fish Commission,
Sept. 1879 (lot 472).

jSFotes on the Visceral Anatomy.

The anatomy of this species is very peculiar, but as the original
specimen still remains unique, and is not in very good preservation,
internally, 1 do not propose to give more than a few anatomical notes
on this occasion. The ventral wall of the mantle cavity is exten-
sively bound down to the visceral mass over a wide central area, by
connective and muscular tissue, which does not form a definite sep-
tum, found in most other Dibranchiata. This central area underlies,
especially, the large nidamental glands and oviduct. Farther back
the two sides of the branchial cavity are in communication.

The gills are very peculiar. Each one consists of a short and
broad, ovate group or cluster of very much folded or convoluted
lamellae attached directly to the inner surface of the mantle by one
edge, and having the free edge much frilled and crisped.

These lamellae have, however-, a somewhat transverse arrange-
ment, and one or two of those nearest the base of the gill, on each
side of its median line, are more simple, and are separate from the
rest, but those farther out become confluent across the median line,
and lose their distinctness. There appears to be about four or five
principal lamellae on each side of the middle line of the gill.

The oviduct is single and nearly median, its orifice being a little
to the left of the median line. A large nidamental gland, consisting
of a posterior, yellowish portion, and a much larger, round, dark
brown, anterior portion, surrounds the oviduct ; the portion behind
these glands is thin, tubular, and contains large round ova.

The anterior portion, in front of the glands, is large and much
thickened, and terminates in a slightly bilabiate orifice, at the base
of the siphon. P^'om the portion of the oviduct in front of the large
glands I took a large mature egg, covered with a hard, dark reddish
brown case. This egg, seen endwise, has a broad elliptical outline,
and while the two ends are truncated and smoothish, the sides are
ornamented with numerous regular, roughened, elevated ribs.
Greatest breadth of the egg, 11"""; lesser breadth, 7"""; length, 6""".
The anal orifice is not raised on a distinct elevation. A small ure-
thral papilla arises in front of the base of each gill.

APPENDIX.

SiiKre the earlier parts of this article were printed, a number of
additional specimens of some of the species have been received.
Some of these are of importance, as affording additional information
in regard to the genera and species, and will, therefore, be mentioned
here.

I have also received from Professor J. Steenstrup two recent
pamphlets,* relating to the Ommastrephidm and TeuthidcB^ printed
subsequently to the publication of the pages relating to those families
in this article. As these refer directly to the genera and species
herein described, they may well be briefly noticed here.

Ommastrephes, Sthenoteuthis, lUex, etc.

Professor Steenstrup, in the first paper referred to, has given a
revision of the Omniastrephes-group. He divides the old genus
Ommastrephes into three genera, viz : I. Illex, which includes O.
illecebrosus^ with Coindetii^ the closely allied Mediterranean form ;
TI. ToDAuoDES, which includes only the well-known Oramastrephes
toddrus of the Mediterranean, to which he restores the name sagitta-
tus Lamarck, which has been otherwise employed by other authoi's
during half a century past ; III. OMMATOSTREPHEsf (restricted),
which corresponds exactly with Sthenoteut/iis\ previously established
by me. (These Trans., p 222, February, 1880).

* De Ommatostrephagtige Blaeksprutter indbyrdes Forhold <;Oversight over d. k. D.
Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl., 1880. Presented, April, 1880. [Author's edition received
Aug., 1880].

Professor .\. E. Yerrils [sic] to nye Cephalopodslfegter, Sthenoteuthis og Lestoteu-
this. P.ema3rkninger og Berigtigelser, 1 pi. ["avec un resume en Francais," not
received]. From the same, 1881. Advance copy received by me, through the
kindness of the author, is dated, in MSS., March 3, 1881.

f I can see no necessity for the proposed reformation of the original spelling of this
word by clianging it to ■' Ommatostrephes,^' for usage justifies the elision of a syllable
in so long a name. The original spelling has been in good use for over forty years.

X Professor Steenstrup also quotes Cycria Gray, 1849 (ex Leach MSS.), as a syn-
onym of Omnfmstrephes as restricted, = Sthenoteuthis. But in reality it was evidently
intended for a group equivalent to Ommastrephes, in the extended sense, and as a
complete synonym, never in use, it siiould be dropped. Hyaloteuthis Gray, if
used at all, should bo used in the limited sense, for a minor group, as originally
intended.

386 A. E. Verrill — North Ainerican Cephalopods.

In another part of tliis article he refers* to ray paper, which had
been promptly sent to him, but he makes no reference whatever to
the genus Sthenotenthis, nor to the s])ecies, S. meg<iptera, which, as a
species, had been described by me still earlier (1878) and in far
iojreater detail than most of the other species which he mentions, and
which should, under his system of classification, bear the name of
Onmiastrephes meijaptera. Noi- does he point out any new charac-
ters for distinguishing this generic group other than those first given
by me, viz: the })resence of connective suckers and tubercles on the
tenta(;ular arms proximal to the club, and the great development of
the membranes on the lateral arms.

Under the ordinary rule of nomenclature, by whicli tbe first cor-
rect subdivision made in an older genus shall be entitled to priority,
while the original name shall be retained for the remaining group,
the name Sthenoteiithis ought to be maintained for the division first
established by me, while OmmastrepheH (restricted) should be retained
for a part or all of the remaining species.f While I very much
regret this confusion of names, T perceive no way to remedy it except
by the a])plication of the usual rules of priority.

As for the distinction between Illex and Todavodes.^ it seems to me
very slight and scarcely of generic importance. Illex is characterized
by having eight rows of small suckei's on the distal part of the club,
and a smooth siphonal groove. Todarodes is characterized by having
four rows of distal suckers and some small grooves or furrows at the
anterior end of the siphonal groove.

But I have a species (which I refer to O. Sloanei Gray), from Tas-
mania, which agrees with Illex in having a smooth siphonal groove,
but with Todarodes in having only four rows of distal tentacular
suckers, and in the sharp denticulation of its large suckers. Accord-
ing to Steenstrup's system this would have to be made still another
o-enus, or else his generic characters would have to be greatly

* In discussing (p. 233, foot note) my statements in respect to the sexual differ-
ences in proportions. It is to be hoped that Prof. Steenstrup will find in the tables
of measurements given in the preceding pages all tlie data needed to settle this
matter more satisfactorily.

f Professor Steenstrup considers 0. Bartramii as the " typical " species of Omma-
strephefs. But in fact D'Orbigny did not give any particular species as the type of his
genus. Ilis description applies better to such forms as 0. todarus and 0. illecehrosus,
for he does not mention the connective tubercles and suckers of the tentacular arms.
Nor is it certain that 0. gigas, one of the earliest species referred to this genus, has
such structures. The species thus named, even by Professor Steenstrup, is so called
only with a mark of doubt.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 387

clianged in order to admit it into either of Ids groups. The existence
of eight rows of suckers in '•Illex' seems to be due merely to the crowd-
ing togetlier of the ordinary four rows ; nor can we attach much im-
portance to the superficial furrows in the siphon-groove. Therefore,
my own opinion still is that Illex and Todarodes should be reunited,
and should retain the name Ommastrephes, in a restricted sense.
The absence of connective suckers and tubercles on the tentacular
arms will be tlie most important diagnostic character to distinguish
it from Sthenoteuthis and Architeuthis.

In this paper, Professor Steenstrup gives figures (cuts) Avhich, with
the descriptive remarks, will, at last, enable others to identify his ^S'.
pterojms with more certainty. He has given diagramatic cuts of the
base of the tentacular clubs, showing the arrangement of the con-
nective suckers and tubercles of S. pteropus^ S. Bartramii, S. gigas,
S. pelaglcus, S. onalaniensis, and Dosidicus Eschrichtii [p. 11], and
cuts [p. 9], showing the siphonal grooves of Hthenoteuthis pteropus^ S.
Bartramii, S. pacifictis, Ommastrephes sagittatus (="0. todariis'''),
and 0. Coindetii (="(?, sagittatus,'''^ auth.). On pp. 19 and 20 he
has given a synoptical table of the several genera that he recognizes
in this group, which he names, Ommatostephini (= Ommastrephidm
Gill, Tryon, Verrill). On plate 3, he figures '■'■Illex Coindetii^'' fe-
male, with the gill-cavity opened, showing a large cluster of sperma-
tophores attached to the inner surface of the mantle, behind the base
of the gill, and a smaller one, in front of the gill.

In the second article referred to. Professor Steenstrup discusses
the genus Sthenoteuthis versus '■'■ OmmajtostrephesP He recognizes
the identity of Sthenoteuthis and his restricted genus Ovtrnato-
strephes, as well as the priority of date of the former. He also refers
to S. megaptera, as " Ominatostrephes meg apteral

Lestoteuthis^ Ghelote%itMs=. Gonatus Steenst. (non Gray).

The second of Professor Steenstrup's papers contains a detailed
discussion of Gonatus Fahricii Steenst., with which he also unites
Onychoteuthis Kamtschatica Midd., the type-species of my genus
Lestotenthis (see p. 250). He may be correct in uniting these
forms, for he states that he has received specimens that agi'ee with
Gonatus Fahricii, from the North Pacific* Moreover, taking the
characters of the genus Gonatus, as ')iov) andei'stood, by Professor

* The figures, however, show differences in the form of the pen and caudal fin.
which, if correct, may still indicate specific differences.
Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V. 46 Octorek, 1881.

388 ^i. E. Verrill — NortJi American Cephalopods.

Steeustrap, the description and figures of Middendorff 's species aj^ply
well to that genus, and my description of Lestoteuthis well defines
Gonatus Steenst., except for the mistake in regard to the tip of the
pen. But when I proposed the genus Lestoteuthis, no writer had ever
so described Gonatus, and the data necessary for the correlation of
the two species did not exist in the literature of the subject. I have
already alluded {pp. 290-292 and elsewhere), to some of the very
serious errors of Gray, H. & A, Adams, and others, as to the (jeneric
and even family characters of Gonatus* Professor Steenstrup, in
his last paper, has exposed a greater number of errors, some of which
are questionable. He has, liowever, been fortunate in securing
specimens of larger size and in better condition than those examined
by other writers, and has given good figures and a very full exposi-
tion of the characters of this very interesting species. Two excellent
specimens were taken by our party, this season, on the "P^ish Hawk."
One of these is an adult male; the other is young, with the mantle
3Qmm long. The latter agrees well in size and form with the specimen
described and figured by G. O, Sars, as Gonatus amcenus, while the
formerf agrees with Steenstrup's figure of the adult G. Fabricii.
But both differ decidedly from a Cumberland Gulf specimen, which
is doubtless the real Gonatus amcenus Gray, and has four rows of
true suckers on all the arms, and no hooks. It does not appear that
Steenstrup has seen this form.

The fortunate acquisition of these specimens has enabled me
to ascertain, for myself, not only that Professor Steenstrup is correct
in considerino; two forms that have been described from the North

* The genus Gonatus, as established by J. E. Gray, if we judge by his description,
was a very different group from what Steenstrup understands by it. Among the false
characters given by him are the following: 1, It was said to have no eyelids; 2, to
have no valve in the siphon; 3, to have no siphonal dorsal band. But he also says
that it has nearly equal and similar suckers in four series, on all the arms, " all with
small circular rings"; and the club was said to have "ranges of small, nearly sessile,
equal-sized cups," with one "large sessile cup, armed with a hook in the middle of
the lower part." From the fact that he received his specimens from Greenland (coll.
Moller), we must believe that he actually had before him the real G. amoinus! My
specimen from Cumberland Gulf has true suckers, as described by Gray, on all
the arms.

Most of Gray's errors have been copied and adopted by Woodward, H. k A. Adnms,
Try on, and many other writers.

f T have bad figures of the larger specimen made by Mr. Kmerton, for my Report on
the Cephalopods, now printing in the Report of the U. S. B'ish Commission, for 1879.
Some of these are also reproduced on Plate LV, figs. \-\d.

A. E. Verrill — North Amermin Cephalopods. 389

Atlantic, as simply tlie young and adult of the same species, but also
that all the essential and peculiar features of the armature, botli of
the sessile and of the tentacular arms, including the special, lateral
comiective suckers and tubercles of the club, are present, though
minute, even in the very young individuals, such as described by G,
O. Sars. The fact that these characters have been overlooked is
undoubtedly due, in many cases, to the imperfectly preserved speci-
mens that have been examined. This was, at least, the case with
the only American specimens seen by me until this year. They had
all been taken from fish stomachs, and had lost more or less of their
suckers and hooks.

A careful direct comparison of the ad\dt G. Fahricii, with the
mutilated specimen which was last year described by me as Gheloteu-
this rapax, has convinced me that they are identical, and, therefore,
Cheloteuthis becomes a synonym of Lestotevthis. Two of the char-
acters, viz: the supposed presence of two central roios of hooks on
the ventral, as well as on the lateral arms, and the supposed ab-
sence of the small marginal suckers on the lateral arms, relied upon
for characterizing Cheloteuthis, were doubtless due to post-mortem
changes. The ventral arms had lost the horny rings of the suckers,
and the soft parts had taken a form exceedingly like that of the
sheaths of the hooks of the lateral arms. Hut by the careful use of
reagents I have been able to restore the original form of some of the
distal ones sufficiently to show that they actually were sucker-sheaths.
The tliird character, originally considered by me as more reliable and
important, was the existence of the peculiar, lateral connective suck-
ers and alternating tubercles on the tentacular club. This is now
shown by Professor Steenstrup to be a character of his Gonatus. But
no one had previously described such a structure in connection with
that genus. Even in the recent and excellent work of G. O. Sars, in
which " G. amoenus" is described in some detail, and freely illustrated,
there is no indication of any such structure, although the armature
of the club is figured (see my PI. 45, fig. lb), nor is the difierence
between the armature of the ventral and lateral arms indicated.*

I add a new description of the genus Lestoteuthis, and also of my
largest example of i. Fabricii.

*Aecording to Gra}', iu Gonatus all the sessile arms bear four rows of similar and
nearly equal suckers ; according to G. 0. Sars they all have two central rows of
sucker-hooks. My description (p. 290) was based mainly on the figures and description
of G. 0. Sars, my only specimen, at that time, being an imperfect young one.

390 ^1. E. Vtrrill — North Auierican Ctphalopods.

LestOteuthis Venill. (revised).

Gonatus Steenstrup, op. cit., pp. 9-26. (non Gray).

Gonatus Venill, this volume, pp. 250, 290, 1880, (non Gray).

Lestoteuthis Verrill, this volume, p. 250, Feb., 1880.

Cheloteuthis ( ChiloteutJm by typ. error) Verrill, this volume, p. 292, Jan., 1881.

Cheloteuthis Verrill, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., viii, p. 109, March, 1881.

Odontophore with only five rows of teeth.* Mandibles very acute,
strongly compressed. Lateral connective cartilages of the mantle are
simple ridges; those of the siphon ovate. Nuchal olfactory crests one
or more on each side, longitudinal. Caudal fin, of adult, large, spear-
shaped. Ventral arms with four rows of denticulated suckers. No
trace of hectocotylization detected. f Lateral and dorsal arms with
two marginal rows of small suckers and two median rows of large
hooks. Tentacular arms with a central row of hooks, the two distal
ones largest ; with a large distal and two lateral groups of small
suckers, in numerous rows ; and wuth a lateral group of peculiar con-
nective suckers, alternating Avith tubercles, near the lower margin,
and a row of smaller ones extending for a long distance down the
margin of the arm ; upper margin of the arm with a band of small,
pediceled suckers along about half its length. Pen narrow, with a
short, hollow^ posterior cone.

Gonatus Gray, typical, (non Sars, Steenst.) difl:ers in having four
rows of true suckers, similar on all the arms. This may be a sexual
character, but tlie two forms should be kept separate, awaiting
farther evidence. Steenstrup does not give the sex of his specimens.

Lestoteuthis Fabricii (Licht.) Vemll. (See pp. 291-294.)
? Onychoieuthis Kamtscliatica Middendorff, 1849.

Gonatus Fabricii Steenstrup [pars], in Morch, Faunula Molluscorum Ins. Fa'roerne,
Vid. Meddel. nat. For., 1867, p. 102 ; Faunula Mollusc. Islandia^, Vid. Meddel.
mat. For. Kjobenhavn, 1868, p. 227.
Gonatus Fabricii Morch (pars), in T. R. Jones, Arctic Manual, p. 130, 1875.
Steenstrup, Oversigt over d. Kongl. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh., 1881. [Sep. copy,

p. 26,] pi. 1, figs. 1-7.
Verrill, (pars) this volume, p, 291.
Cheloteuthis rapax Verrill, this volume, p. 293, pi. 49, figs, 1-1'; Bulletin Mus.
Comp. Zool., viii, p. 110, pi. 2, figs. 1-lf, 1881; Report U. S. Fish Com. for
1879, p. [76], pi. 15, figs. 3-3'', 4, dentition, 1881.
Lestoteuthis Fabricii Verrill, Report of U. S. Fish Com. for 1879, p. [79], pi. 15,
figs. 1-P, 2-2^ pi. 45, figs, l-l'i, 1881.

* The dentition of the type-specimen of Cheloteuthis rapax was figured and described
by me, several months ago, in the report of the U. S. Fish Com., for 1879.

f My largest specimen, although apparently adult, is not sexually mature. An
older specimen might be hectocotylized.

A. M Verrill — North Americcai Ce2)halopods. 391

Plate XLV, fig. 1-2(;. Plate XLIX, fig. 1-1/ Plate LV, fig. 1-1 d

Body elongated, tapering to an acute posterior end ; anterior edge
of mantle nearly even dorsally, with a slight median emargination ; lat-
eral angles well-marked, in line with the internal connective carti-
lage, which forms a long, simple, longitudinal ridge. Caudal fin
broad spear-shaped, broadest in advance of the middle ; the lateral
angles are well rounded; the tip is very acute; the anterior lobes are
broadly rounded, projecting forward beyond the insertion. Head
large, short and bi'oad ; eyes large, occupying most of the sides of
the bead ; eye-lids well developed, thickened, with a narrow, oblique
sinus. Siphon lai'ge, in a deep groove, with two stout, dorsal bri-
dles ; lateral connective cartilages large, long-ovate, posterior end
broadest. One olfactory crest on each side, behind the eye, in
the form of a low, longitudinal membrane; slight indications of
another, lower down ; a small, fleshy, flattened, projecting papilla
near the auditory opening. The outer buccal membrane lias seven
distinct angles. Arms rather long and strong ; trapezoidal in sec-
tion. The dorsal arms are considerably shorter than the others;
order of length is 1, 2, 4, 3 ; the 3d is but little longer than the
second pair; ventral arms decidedly more slender than the others.

Ventral arms with four rows of denticulated suckers, those of the two
inner rows larger; lateral and dorsal arras with two marginal rows of
small suckers and two inner rows of larger incurved hooks, enclosed,
except at the sharp tips, in muscular sheaths, which have lateral basal
expansions and short pedicels (PI. LV, fig. Ih). Tentacular arms* long
and strong, quadrangular ; in my specimen they reach back beyond
the base of the fin ; the club is large and broad, with a long,
narrow distal portion, having a strong dorsal keel ; in the middle are
two very large, curved hooks (fig. 1, la), the distal one smaller;
proximal to these there is a row of five smaller hooks, decreasing
proximally, and between these and the large hooks there is, on
one arm, a single small sucker ; on the other arm a single sucker
takes the place of the proximal hook, while an odd, small sucker
stands to one side of the row ; along the upper margin of the club
there is a broad band of small, denticulated suckers, on long ped-
icels, arranged in oblique, transverse rows of five or six ; this band
of suckers is interrupted opposite the large hooks ; beyond the hooks

*The figure given (pi. XLIX, fig. 1,) of the somewhat injured tentacular club of
the t3'pe of Cheloteuthis rapax, represents the structure nearly correctly, but many of
the small suckers and tubercles on the arm, below the club, had been destroyed, the
edge above e' is injured, and of the large hooks (a, a') only the sheaths remain.

392 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

a large group of similar small suckers covers nearly the whole distal
portion of the clul) (PI. LV, tig. 1) ; at the tip of the club tliere is
a circle of small smooth suckers ; along the lower margin of the
middle portion of tlie club there is a band of small suckers, like those
on the other margin ; along the basal third of the margin and sup-
ported on a thickened marginal expansion of the club, there is a row
of six special, smooth, connective suckers, at the inner ends of trans-
verse, muscular ridges (fig. 1, e) ; between and alternating with these
suckers, there are deep pits and as many small, round tubercles,
destined to fit the suckers and ridges of the other club ; continuous
with these a row of similar, but smaller, sessile, connective suckers
and tubercles extends down along the margin of the inner face of
the arm, for about half its length, becoming smaller and more sim-
j)le proximally; an irregular band, formed of two or three rows
of small, pediceled and denticulated suckers, extends down the
other margin of the arm, witli some scattered ones along the middle.

The pen (PI. LV, fig. If?) is thin, long and narrow ; anterior part about
half as wide as the middle portion, slender, concave, with thickened
margins; the anterior end is very thin, acute; the two marginal ribs
converge gradually, as they run backward, and unite near the pos-
terior end ; tlie widest part of the pen is a little behind the middle ;
the thin margins begin at about the anterior third, gradually in-
creasing in width to the widest part, when they still more gradually
decrease posteriorly ; but toward the end they expand into the
obliquely hooded portion, or terminal hollow cone ; this portion is
strengthened by a dorsal mid-rib, and by numerous small ribs which
radiate forward from the tip, one on each side being stronger than the
rest. In life, the cone contained part of the testicle, and at the tip a
cartilaginous core. Length of pen, in alcohol, 133""" ; greatest breadth,
Hram . of shaft, 2*5'""'; length of cone, on shortest side, 7'"'".

General color of body, fins, head and arms, deep reddish brown,
tinged with purple; back darkest; the color is due to large chro-
matophores rather uniformly and closely scattered over the whole
surface ; on the arms and siphon they are smaller, but they cover all
the surfaces of the arms, except the lower side of the tentacular arms
and the face of the club. Total length, 263'"'" (10-25 inches) ; length
of mantle, 153"'"' (6 inches); length of dorsal arms, 5*7"""; of 2d pair,
Yl'""' ; of 3d pair, 11"'"' ; of 4th pair, 70""" ; of tentacular arms, 100""" ;
length of tail, from insertion, 63'"'" ; from anterior lobe, 70""" ; greatest
breadth, 68""" ; breadth of head, 29'"'".

A. E. Verrill — North Americmi Cephalopods. 393

Notes on the visceral anatomy of the male.

In its anatomy this species resembles Ominastrephes. The brancliial
cavity is very large, extending back nearly to the base of the fin ;
the median longitudinal septum is far back, gills very long, but not
reaching the margin of the mantle, attached nearly to tlie tip ; its
structure is like that of Ommastrephes. Liver orange-brown, very
large, massive, nearly as in Otnmastrephes., but larger, extending back
farther than the base of the fin. The circulatory and renal systems
are similar to those of Ommastrep)hes, in most respects. The posterior
aorta goes back some distance before it divides, about opposite the
base of the fin, into the medio-ventral artery of the mantle, and a
caudal artery. Two large ventral renal organs lie below and to each
side of the heart, and blend together, in front of it, into a large mass,
which has a pointed lobe extending forward ; posteriorly two lobes
extend back, as usual, along the posterior venae-cavae. The first
stomach is rounded and the second stomach is a large, long-pyriform
sac ; the intestine is long, the ink-sac is long-pyriform. The repro-
ductive organs are small, indicating that the specimen is still imma-
ture, and probably only one year old. The spermary or "testicle"
is small (length 18""", diameters 2"'°' and 4"""'), flattened, taj)ering
backward, partly enclosed by the hooded portion of the pen, and
with the anterior end attached laterally to the posterior end of the
CBBcal lobe of the stomach. The prostate gland, vesiculai-seminales
and spermatophore-sac are small ; the eiferent duct is long and slen-
der, extending forward over and beyond the base of the left gill.

Moroteuthis, gen. nov.
Type, Onychoteuthis (or Lestoteuthis?) robusta, this vol., pp. 246-250.
Moroteuthis robusta Verrill, Report of the U. S. Fish Commission for 1879, pp.
[65-71], pis. 13 and 14, 1881.

After referring the type of Lestoteuthis to Gonatus (not of Gray),
Professor Steenstrup admits that the gigantic species, L. robusta V.,
is the representative of a distinct genus, to which he would restrict
the name Lestoteuthis.

But X. ICamtschatica was specially given by me as the type of L^es-
toteutJiis, and the characters of the genus were derived entirely
from that species, while L. robusta was referred to it only with great
doubt, owing to the fact that its armature is almost unknown.
Therefore, if Lestoteuthis hereafter becomes a complete synonvm, it
should be dropped, when it cannot be kept for its special type-species.
For the gigantic species I have proposed (Am. Jour. Sci., xxii, p.
298, Oct., 1881,) a new genus, Moroteuthis.

394 A. M Verrill — Koi-th Atnerican Cephalopods.

This genus will have, as known characters: A long, narrow, thin
pen, terminating posteriorly in a conical, hollow, many-ribbed, oblique
cone, which is inserted into the oblique, anterior end of a long, round,
tapering, acute, solid^ cartilaginous terminal cone, composed of con-
centric layers, and corresponding to the solid cone of Belernnitesm posi-
tion and relation to the true pen ; elliptical connective cartilages on
the base of the siphon; nuchal, longitudinal crests, three, much as
in Oinmastrephes ; eye-lids with a distinct sinus; caudal fin large,
broad, spear-shaped, ventral arms w^ith smooth-rimmed suckers at the
base. The rest of the armature is unknown.

3Ioroteuthis rohiista is the only known species.

ArchiteilthiS Harting, 1861. (See pp. 197, 238, 239.)

Architeutlius Steenstrup, Forhandl. Skand. Naturf., 1856, vii, p. 182, 1851 (no
description).

The characters of this genus, as given on p. 197, must be modified,
so far as the pen is concerned, in accordance with the description
given below.

Professor Steenstrup, in the second of the papers above cited (see
p. 385) criticises rae (and others) for writing Architeuth/s instead of
Architeuthws, as he originally spelled the word. So tar as 1 am per-
sonally concerned, I am free to confess that I had always supposed that
his original spelling was a typographical error, and as the genus at
that time was merely named, but in no sense established nor defined,
as a matter of necessity I adopted the name as spelled in the earliest
published work (that of Harting), in which the characters of the
genus were so far indicated as to make it possible to recognize it.
Harting states that he was in correspondence with Professor Steen-
strup, in regard to this genus, and that he had received from him
drawings and proofs of unpublished plates of Arehiteuthis. There-
fore, the blame, if any, for the change in spelling, must rest mainly
with Harting. Moreover, Gervais, who had seen and briefly described
Professor Steenstrup's specimens, also wrote ArcJuteuthis, and that
has l)een the general practice with nearly all European writei's, for
twenty years. Therefore, T do not see the propriety of specially
criticising Mr. Tryon and myself for using this spelling, which
has been so extensively adopted in Europe.

That the original form of the word would have been preferable, I
do not deny. But that there is any special impropriety in the ter-
mination teuthis, even for a large cephalopod, it is useless to insist
upon, for that termination has been generally adopted by many
writers, and during many years, for several genera, living and fossil,

A. E. Verrill — N'orth American Cephalopods. 395

of both large and small cephalopods. Thus Professor Steenstrup,
himself, notwithstanding his demonstration of the etymological absurd-
ity of the names, uses '-'• Enoploteutliis^'' ^^Lestoteuthis'''' for genera
that include species about as large and powerful as Architeuthiis.
Although teuthis, in classical Greek, may signify a small and weak
cephalopod, as a zoological term it no longer has that meaning.
But if the change had not been made by others, apparently with
good reasons, I should certainly not have adopted it, for it is not in
accordance with my practice to change or "reform" the original
spelling of generic or specific names, unless for very urgent and
obvious reasons.

On the tentacular club of this and numerous other related genera,
there is a peculiarity that I have not seen definitely described.
Between the rows of large suckers there is, as described already,
a central zigzag ridge, which sends ofl" transverse ridges between
the suckers, defining shallow pits around each sucker-pedicel. These
pits are lined, however, with a thin, partially free membrane, which
surrounds the base of the pedicel, like a collar, leaving an open
space on all sides, except the inner, where it is attached to the
pedicel. The space beneath this membrane freely communicates
with the spaces beneath the other sucker-pits, by means of open
spaces beneath the zigzag central and transverse ridges.

A similar structure, but less developed, exists in Ommastrephes,
Histlotexthis, Loligo and other genera. These collar-like mem-
l)ranes are probably able to embrace and support the pedicels, when
the suckers are in action.

Architeuthis Harveyi Verrili. (See pp. 1 97, 259.)

Since the publication of the descriptions of this species I have
made a more thorough examination of the various mutilated frag-
ments of the pen, and have compared them more fully with the cor-
responding parts of the pen, in other genera. From these studies I
became convinced that the portions of the pen formerly supposed by
me to belong to the anterior, really belong to the posterior end.*
Consequently the description on pages 206-208, should be corrected
by substituting posterior for anterior, throughout, with other con-
cordant changes. The explanation of the figure (PI. XV, fig. 3)
should also be corrected, in the same way. To correct this mistake

* The deseriptioQ of the pen was corrected in my Report on Cephalopods (pp. 31-
33] in the Report of the U. S. Fish Commissioner, put in type last year.
Trans. Coxn. Acad., Vol. V. 4.7 November, 1881.

396 A. E. VerriU — North American Cephalopods.

more effectually, I here give a new description of the pen, based
on tliese fragments, arranged as I now understand the ibrm and
structure.

New description of the pen of ArchiteutMs Harveyi V.

The parts preserved all belong to the posterior blade, which is
now flattened and much mutilated, but it was very thin and broad,
running out to attenuated borders ; and it apparently had a small,
acute, hooded terminal portion, or thin hollow cone, perhaps only
two or three inches long, while the broad blade itself must have been
more than two feet long and upward of a foot wide, when flattened
out. No part oT the narrow anterior shaft, which probably existed,
is preserved.

The extreme posterior end is gone, but the convergent ribs indi-
cate that it tapered to a point; each edge of the present end, for
rather more than an inch, is thickened by a more divergent marginal
rib, runnino- into the edge and disappearing, while the edges here
appear to have been torn apart, and this portion ap])ears to have
constituted the hooded portion ; beyond this the margins run out to
a very thin and ill-defined edge. The midrib, or dorsal keel, is at
first sharply angular with a triangular section, and the slender lateral
costaj are completely confluent with it, but a little farther forward
these begin to become distinct and slightly divergent, till at about
ten inches from the end they are about an inch from the midrib;
except close to the posterior end, the midrib is regularly rounded, or
nearly semi-cylindrical. Near the posterior end there are three or
four other slightly thickened, divergent ribs, on each side, between
the midrib and the margin, but all these, except the inner ones, soon
run obliquely to the margins and disappear ; probably these mark
the portion that was incurved or partially hooded. The surface is
marked by fine striae between and parallel to the ribs, but the ob-
lique, divergent stria?, so conspicuous in StJienoteiithis, are scarcely
apparent. The midrib has nothing of the double or grooved
character seen in that of Sthenoteuthis and Oinmastrephes, the
divergent ribs are much less numerous, and the whole structure is
much more thin and flexible and the marginal portions much more
ill-defined and membranous.

Architeuthis ahnndant in 1815 at the Grand Ba))J<:s.
From Capt. J. W. Collins, now of the United States Fish Commis-
sion, I learn that in October, 1875, an unusual number of giant-
squids were found floating at the surface on the Grand Banks, but

A. E. Verr'dl — N'orth American (Jephalopods. 397

mostly entirely dead, and more or less mutilated by birds and fishes.
In very few cases they were not quite dead, but eutirely^disabled.
These were seen chiefly between north latitude 44° and 44° 30', and
between west longitude 49° 30' and 49° 50'. He believes that
between 25 and 30 specimens were secured by the fleet from Glou-
cester, Mass., and that as many more were probably obtained by the
vessels from other places. They were cut up and used as bait for
codfish. For this use they are of considerable value to the fishermen.
Captain Collins was at thai time in command of the schooner
" Howard," which secured five of these giant-squids. These were
mostly from 10 to 15 feet long, not including the arms, and averaged
about 18 inches in diameter. The arms were almost always muti-
lated. The portion that was left was usually 3 to 4 feet long, and at
the base, about as large as a man's thigh.

One specimen (No. 25), Avhen cut up, was packed into a large hogs-
head-tub having a capacity of about 75 gallons, which it filled. This
tub was known to hold 700 pounds of codfish. The gravity of the
Architeiithis is probably about the same as that of the fish. This
would indicate more nearly the actual weight of one of these crea-
tures than any of the mere estimates that have been made, wliicli are
usually much too great. Allowing for the parts of the arms that
had been destroyed, this specimen would probably have weighed
nearly 1,000 pounds.

Among the numerous other vessels that were fortunate in securing
this kind of bait, Captain Collins mentions the following :

The schooner " Sarah P. Ayer," Captain Oakley, took one or two.

The " E, R. Nickerson," Captain McDonald, secured one that had
its arms, and was not entirely dead, so that it was harpooned. Its
tentacular arms were 36 feet long (No. 26).

The schooner " Tragabigzanda," Captain Mallory, secured three in
one afternoon. These were 8 to 12 feet long, not including the arms.

These statements are confirmed by other fishermen, some of whom
state that the " big squids" were also common during the same sea-
son at the "Flemish Cap," a bank situated some distance northeast
from the Grand Banks.

The cause of so great a mortality among these great Cephalopods
can only be conjectured. It may have been due to some disease
epidemic among them, or to an unusual prevalence of deadly para-
sites or other enemies. It is worth while, however, to recall the
fact that these were observed at about the same time, in autunm,
when most of the specimens have been found cast ashore at New-

398 A. E. Verrill — North jhneriean Cephalopods.

foundland in different years. This time may, perhaps, be just subse-
quent to their season for reproduction, when they would be so much
weakened as to be more easily- overpowered by parasites, disease, or
other unfavorable conditions.

I have heard of no authentic instances* of the occurrence of speci-
mens of this species since the finding of the small specimen (No. 24),
in April, 1880. [See p. 259.]

Large Species from Nero Zealand.
Architeuthis Mouchezi ? (See p. 243.)

Mr. T. W. Kirk, in the Transactions of the Wellington Philoso))h-
ical Society, for October, 1879, p. 310, has published accounts of the
occurrence of five specimens of " giant cuttle-fish " on the coast of
New Zealand :

No. 1. The first of these was cast ashore at Waimarania, east
coast, in September, 1870. Of this the beak was preserved and sent
to Mr. Kirk by JVIr. iMeinertzhagen, whose account of the occurrence,
with a rather crude description and some measurements made by an
eve-witness, Mr. Kirk has printed. He gives no description of the
beak, unfortunately. The dimensions given are as follows : Length
from tip of tail to root of arms, 10 feet 5 inches ; circumference, G feet ;
length of arms, 5 feet 6 inches. "The beast had eight tentacles, as
thick as a man's leg at the root; horrid suckers on the inside of them,
from the size of an ounce bullet to that of a pea at the tip ; two horrid
goggle eyes ; and a powerful beak between the roots of the arms.
His head appeared to slip in and out of a sheath. Altogether he was
a most repulsive looking brute."

It is probable that this specimen had lost its two tentacular arms
before death, and that it was actually of the same species as the other
specimens recorded by Mr. Kirk. Mr. Kirk, however, seems to think
that the above description refers to an Octopod.

No. 2. "The beak of number 2 was deposited in the Colonial
Museum by Mr. A. Hamilton. The animal was captured at Cape
Campbell by Mr, C. H. Robson, a member of this society, who very
kindly furnished me with the following information. Writing on the
10th of June, 1879, he says:

* A purely fictitious and sensational account of an imaginary capture of an Archi-
teviMs lias been published in Lippiucott's Magazine, for Aug., 1881, p. 124, by Mr.
Charles F. Holder.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopoda. 399

"'In reply to yours of the 12th about the cuttle-fish, I may state
that while stationed at Cape Campbell I found several specimens of
large size, all, however, more or less mutilated, except one, the beak
of which I gave to Mr. Hamilton. It was alive and quite perfect, the
body being 7 feet long, eight sessile arms 8 feet long, and two ten-
tacular arms 12 feet long. I am, however, only Avriting from memory.
Mr. Hamilton has the exact measurements, and I remember dis-
tinctly that the total length was close on 20 feet.'

"I am sorry to say that Mr. Hamilton has mislaid the notes and
measurements, but those given above cannot be far ont."

No. 3. The third specimen was examined and measured by Mr.
Kirk, personally, where it lay on the beach. He made a drawing of
it, which has not yet been published, to my knowledge. It was found
on the beach at Lyall Bay, May 23, 1879, by three boys. Mr. Kirk
states that it had been somewhat mutilated by the natives before he
saw it, and the pen or bone had been cut across; but he preserved
all the pieces of the pen, the beak, tongue, and some of the suckers.
Most of the suckers had been torn ott*

" The length of body from tip of tail to anterior margin of the
mantle was 9 feet 2 inches, and 7 feet 3 inches in circumference ; the
head from anterior margin of mantle to roots of arms, 1 foot 11
inches; making the total length of tlie body 11 feet 1 inch. The
head measured 4 feet in circumference. The sessile arms measured 4
feet 3 inches in length, and 11 inches in circumference. Each of
these arms bore tliirty-six suckers, arranged in two equal rows (as
sliown by the scars), and measuring from if to \ of an inch in diam-
eter. Every sucker was strengthened by a bony ring armed with
from forty to sixty sharp incurved teeth. The tentacular arms had
been torn off at the length of 6 feet 2 inches, which was probably less
than half their original length."

" The fins were posterior, and were mere lateral expansions of the
mantle. They did not extend over the back, as in the case with
Onychoteuthis, &c. Each measured 24 inches in length and 13
inches in width.

"The cuttle-bone, when first extracted, ineasured 6 feet 3 inches in
length and 1 1 inches in width, but has since shrunk considerably. It
was broadly lanceolate, with a hollow conical apex \^ inches deep."

Xo. 4. "Another specimen, measuring 8 feet in length, was latel}^
caught by a fishing party near the Boulder Bank, at Nelson, concern-
ing which I have only seen a newspaper cutting, and have not been
able to obtain particulars."

400 A. jEJ. Verrill — North American Ceplialopods.

No. 5. " A fifth was found by Mr. Moore, near Flat Point, east
coast. A description was sent to Mr. Beetham, M. H. R., who, I
believe, intends communicating it to this society."

From the above descriptions, alone, it is not possible to decide with
certainty whether these specimens belong to the Architeuthis-^xou^^
or whether they are more nearly allied to the Ony(;hotevthis-^YO\\\), like
Moroteuthis^ for the armature of the tentacular arms is not known.
The broad-lanceolate form of the pen, with a small conical hood at
the end, would seem to indicate affinities with Architeiithis, and the
presence of true suckers, on the sessile arms, and small size of the fins,
are favorable for that view. Altogether, the descriptions indicate
that this New Zealand species is related to, and perhaps identical
with, the one discovered at the Island of St. Paul, and first named by
M. Velain Architeuthis MouchezL It is to be hoped that Mr. Kirk
will soon give detailed descriptions and figures of the portions in his
possession.

Plectoteuthis grandis Owen = Architeuthis grandis.

Plecioteiithis grandis Owen, Descriptions of some new and rare Cephalcpoda, Part
II.<|Trans. Zool. Sec. London, xi, part 5, p. 15(3, pi. 34, 35, June, 1881.

Professor Owen, in the paper quoted, has given a somewhat detailed
description, with figures, of the large cephalopod arm, long preserved
in the British Museum, and which had previously been pretty fully
described by Mr. Saville Kent, in 1874, whose description has already
been quoted by me (see pp. 241, 242). Professor Owen, like Mr.
Kent, fails to state to which pair of arms the specimen belongs. This
is a very important omission, for in Architeuthis^ as in many other
genera, the arms belonging to dilFerent pairs difier in form and struct-
ure. The describers of this arm would doubtless have been able to
ascertain to which pair it belonged by a direct comparison with the
arms of Ommastrephes, or any other related form.

For this arm. Professor Owen endeavors to establish a new genus
and species [Plectoteuthis grandis). The genus is based mainly on
the fact that there is a marginal crest along each outer angle, and a
narrow protective membrane along each side of the sucker-bearing
face. These peculiarities are precisely those seen in the ventral arms
of Architeuthis, and have already been described by me in former
articles, and in this report (see pp. 214, 261, 262), both as found in
A. Harveyi and A. 2^>'iuceps. Similar membranes or crests are found

A. E. Verrill — N'orth American Cephalopods. 401

on the dorsal arms of Hthenoteuthis 2Jteropxis (see PI. XXXYI, fig.
7, a) and other related species.

The suckers on the arm, as described and figured by Professor
Owen, are like those of Architeuthis. Therefore, there is no ground
wliatever for referring this arm to any other geniis^ and Plectoteuthis
must, therefore, become a synonym of Architeuthis.

Whether the arm in question belongs to a species distinct from
those already named, I am unable to say. There is, apparently,
nothing to base specific characters upon except the form of the suckers
and of their horny rings. But the description of the liorny rings is
not sufficiently precise, nor the figures sufliciently detailed, to aftbrd
such characters. If the arm is one of the ventral pair, as seems prob-
able, the suckers as figured by Professor Owen, and especially as
more fully described by Mr. Kent, agree very closely, but not per-
fectly, with those of either of the Newfoundland specimens, for in the
latter the suckers of the ventral arms are strongly toothed externally,
but are either entire, or in some cases, only slightly denticulated on
the inner side. But they also agree well with those of the Architeit-
this Hartingii, as figured by Harting. Those of the original A. dux
Steenst., have neither been described nor figured. In Owen's figures
the large suckers are represented as denticulated pretty evenly all
around the edge. As this arm cannot, at present, be referred Avith
certainty to any of the named species, it may be best to record it as
Architeuthis grandis, until better known.

In the same article Professor Owen has given a good figure (pi. 33,
fig. 2) of the tentacular arm of the Newfoundland specimen (my No.
2) copied from the same photograph described by me (see pp. 182,
208, 209). To this he applies, doubtless by mistake, the name, Archi-
teuthis princeps^ without giving any reason for not adopting my
conclusion that it belongs to A. Haroeyi. But he does not, in any
way, refer to the latter species, although he mentions the specimen
(my No. 5), or rather the photograph of the specimen, on which that
species was based. He apparently (on page 162) supposes that both
photographs and all of Mr. Harvey's measurements refer to the same

* By a singular mistake, Professor Owen, on page ] 63, states that this species was
named J.. ^jWwceps by Dr. Packard, in February, 1873. But according to his own
statement, on page 161, the specimen was not actually obtained till December, 1873, at
least nine montlis after Dr. Packard's article was printed. In truth, the name princeps
was first given by me in 1875, to designate a pair of large jaws, as explained on page
210. Neither this nor any other name appears on the cited page of Dr. Packard's
article, though he elsewhere referred these jaws doubtfully to A. monachus.

402 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

specimen, Avliich is by no means the case, as liad been sufficiently
explained by me in several former papers.*

Tlie brief account given by Professor Owen of the large Cephalo-
pods described by otliers, inchides none additional to those noticed
by me in this report. On the other hand, he omits those described
by Harting; those described by Mr. Kirk, from New Zealand; those
from Alaska; and several others.

SthenoteuthiS Yeirill (see pp. 222, 28<>.)

Xiphoteuthis (sub-genus) Owen, op. cit. p. 104, pi. 28, figs. 1, 2, June, 1881 {non
Huxley).

In the paper referred to above, f Professor Owen has described a
cephalopod, without locality, under the name of Oiuraastrephes ensi-
fer, for which he proposes the sub-generic name Xiphoteuthis. His
species is a typical example of my genus Sthenoteuthis (1880) and
appears to be identical, in every respect, with *S'. pteropus (see p. 228,
PI. XXXVI, figs. 5-9, and PL LIV, figs. 2, 2a), as described by me.
But Professor Owen fails to mention one of the most characteristic
features of this group of squids, viz : the connective tubercles and
smooth suckers on the proximal part of the tentacular club, nor is
his figure sufficiently detailed to indicate this character, nor even the
actual arrangement and structure of the other suckers of the club.
The high median crest and broad mai-ginal web of the third pair of

*It seems incredible that Professor Owen could have made these mistakes had he
examined either of my former papers in which these specimens have been described
in detail, not only from the photographs, but from the preserved specimens. He does,
however, refer to Part T, of this article, published in 1880. But as he states
(p. 162) that in it "a brief notice is given of Mr. Harvey's squid" it is fair to
suppose that the reference is taken at second-hand, for it is not to be supposed that he
would have considered my description, covering over 20 pages, and accompanied by
nine plates, as a '• hrief notice.''^ None of my earlier papers are referred to, nor does
he mention the large species, Moroteuthis robusta, in his account of the large Cephalo-
pods hitherto described.

f Among other species flgured and described in this paper, there is a handsome
species from the China Sea, described as Loligopsis oceUata, sp. nov. (pp. 139-140, pi.
26, figs. 3-8 , pi. 27, figs. 1, 2).

This is evidently not a true Loligopsis and belongs, in all probaliility, to my genus
Calliimthis. It agrees very closely, even to the coloration, and the form of the fins
and pen, with my C. reversa, but differs in having serrate suckers. This species
should, therefore, be called CalliteutMs ocellata. It is much larger than my specimen,
but like the latter, liad lost the tentacular arms. The genus probably belongs to the
Cliirotenthidaj.

A. E. Ver/'ill — N'orth American Cephalopods.

403

arms are well shown, but these are about equally bi'oad in S. pterojms
and S. megaptera, and are also ])resent in all the related species of
this group.

Owen's specimen had a total length of 3 feet; length of body, 15
inches; of head to base of dorsal arms, 3-7; of third pair of arms,
12; of tentacular arms, 21; breadth of caudal fin, 12*6; length of
their attached bases, 6-6; breadth of body, 5; length of 1st, 2d, 3d,
4th pairs of arms, 8-9, 11, 12, and 9'6 inches, respectively. The spe-
cimen is a female. It agrees very closely in size with the Bermuda
specimen described by me, and its proportions do not diifer more
than is usual wnth alcoholic specimens of any species, preserved
under different circumstances, and in alcohol of different strength.
The original specimen of S. megaptera is considerably larger.

Ommastrephes illecebrosus Y. (See p. 268.)

This species was taken in many localities, ttiis year, by the \J. S.
Fish Commission, in deep water, off Martha's Vineyard. ]\iiOst of the
living specimens were yoiing, but large ones were often taken from
the stomachs of bottom-dwelling fishes, in the same region, showing
conclusively that it regularly inhabits those depths.

Additional Specimens examined.

918

919

923

924

925

939

940

949

1025

1033

1038

LocalitT.

Off Martha's Vineyard.

S. \ W. 61 m.f. Gar Head.

65

78*

S3|

86 "

S.byE.iE.98 "

' '•'' 97
S.W. 79-1- "

S.B.W.iW.95 "

S.S.E.*E.106
S.byE.iE.89i "

Newfoundland.

Fath.

Date.

1881.

45

Julv 16.

5U

■'

96

"

110

11

■-'24

"

258

Aug. 4.

130

"

100

Aug. 23.

216

Sept. 8.

183

Sept 14.

146

Sept. 2 1 .

Snrf'e

1880.

Rec'dfroin

U.S.F.C.

Osborn

Specimens.
Ho. Sex.

1 1., from fish.

2 1., from Lophius.

3 juv.
5 juv.
1 juv.

1 1.

1 1.

1 L,
11.,

1 ]..

1 1.

3 1.

1 juv.

1 juv.
in Lopholatilus.
in tish.
in Merlucius.

,J ; 10 I. S .

Mr. H. L. Osborn, in the American Xaturalist, vol. xv, p. 366,
May, 1881, has given an account of the habits of this squid, at New-
foundland, and of the methods of capturing it there, for bait.

Tr.\xs. Coxx. Acad., Vol. V. 48 Xovember, 1881.

404 A. E. Verrill — North American Gephalopods.

Enoploteuthis Cookii Owen. (See p. 241.)

Enoploieuthis Cookii Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, xi, p. 150, pi. 30, figs. 1-3, pi.

31. figs. 1-4, pi. 32, figs. 1-6, pi. 33, fig. 1 (restoration). June, 1881.
Seppia unguiculata Molina, 1810 (no description).
Enoploteuthis MolinceWOrbigny, Ceph. Acetab., p. 339, 1845-1848.
? EnoploteuUds Hartinfjii Verrill, this vol., p. 241, pi. 24, figs. 4-4/;, 1880.

Professor Owen has very recently described in detail and has given
excellent figures of most of the existing parts of this large and
remarkable cei)halopod, which have so long been preserved and have
so often been referred to, but hitherto have never been scientifically
described. (See p. 241). It is to be regretted, however, that Professor
Owen has neither described nor figured the teeth of the radula, in a
manner to enable it to be used as a systematic character. His state-
ment in regard to it is only of the niost general kind, and shows only
that there are seven rows of teeth. It is also a matter of surprise
that he has not compared any of the described portions with the
corresponding parts of an equally large and very closely allied
Enoploteuthis carefully described and figured by Harting in 1861
(see p. 241), and to which I have given the well-merited name,
E. Harthigii.

It is not improbable that the two forms are really identical, but
this cannot be certainly determined from the figures, because the
corresponding parts are not always represented in the same positions,
and it is uncertain whether the corresponding arm is preserved in
the two cases.

Harting figures, rather poorly, the teeth of the radula, which
appear to be very peculiar, if his figure is correct (see my PI. XXIV,
fig. 4A).

The shape of the mandibles appears to be diflferent in the two
species, however, and the large hooks also differ in form.

Histioteuthls CoUinsii Verrill. (pp. 234, 300).

The teeth of the odontophore, originally described and figured
(p. 237, PI. XXXVII, fig. 5), were not the most developed of those on
the same odontophore. On the middle and best developed parts, the
bases of the central and inner lateral teeth, when seen in a front view,
are broader than indicated in the former figures, in which they are
seen nearly in profile. The median tooth has a long, acute, central
denticle, but no distinct lateral denticles, the broad, short base hav-
ing the outer angles only slightly prominent, or not at all so; the
inner lateral teeth are nearly as large, with one similar large denticle,

A. E. Verrill — North Americayi Cephalopods. 405

but the broad base is oblique, and tbe outer border is sloi)ing, with-
out a prorainent angle.

The pedicels of the larger suckers on the tentacular club are very
peculiar. They are, when extended, long and remarkably stout,
their diameter being more than half that of the sucker. The}^ are
cylindrical, and are capable of being invaginated, toward the sum-
mit, so that they can be lengthened out or very much shortened by a
sort of telescopic motion. The upper end is thick, and fits the basal
part of the broad sucker like a piston. (PI. LV, figs. 6, 6«.)

Two additional examples of this interesting species have been re-
ceived. They are not in so good condition as the one originally
described. The bead and arms alone remain, but these are well
enough preserved to show the characteristic color-marks. The first
is considerably smaller than the specimen taken by Capt. Collins.
It was taken from a cod, on the western part of the Grand Bank,
N. F., by Capt. Johnson and crew, of the schooner ''Augusta John-
son," (lot 962). Presented to the U. S. Fish Commission, June, 1881.
The last specimen was taken in 180 fathoms, near the X. E. part of
George's Bank, and presented to the U. S. Fish Commission by
Capt. Chas. Anderson and crew, of the schooner "Alice G. Wonson,"
October, 1881, (lot 980).

Brachioteuthis, gen. nov.

Allied to (Jhlroteiithis. Difi:ers in having the lateral connective
cartilages of the siphon simple, long-ovate, and the corresponding
cartilages of the mantle in the form of simple, linear ridges ; a rhom-
bic caudal fin ; pen with a simple, linear, anterior portion, suddenlv
expanding into a much broader, lanceolate, posterior portion, which
is naturally infolded ; arms slender, the ventral ones not distinctly
obliqu^ely compressed ; tentacular club without a spoon-like cavity at
tip.

The siphon has a valve and dorsal bridle as in Chiroteuthis, and
the suckers, so far as preserved, are similar, but those of the club are
more numerous, and their pedicels apparently had a less prominent
bulb below the sucker. '

In addition to the following new type-species, this genus probably
includes the Chiroteuthis Bonplandii Veranj^, from the eastern At-
lantic.

B. Bonplandii ^ as figured, has a very similar pen, but the shape
of the caudal fin is diiferent, and the arms are more nearly equal in
length. The arms are also represented as having small swellings at
the tips. Its tentacular arms are not known.

406 A. E. Verrill — North Arnerican Cephalopods.

Brachioteuthis Beanii, sp. uov.

Plate LV, figures 3-3&; Plate LVI, figures '2-2a.
Male : Body rather small, tapering backward to an acute posterior
end ; dorsal mantle-edge with a broad obtuse angle ; caudal fin large
in proportion to the body, broad rhomboidal; outer angles prominent,
anterior to the middle ; the anteiior lobes project forward considera-
bly beyond the insertions, and are rounded. The form of the fin is
much like that of OmmastrepJies. Head thickened at the bases of the
arms, not so large in proportion to the body as in C. lacertosa. Eyes
large, eye-lids thin. Siphon large, with two strong dorsal bridles ;
internal valve broad, rounded, somewhat buck from the orifice ;
connective cartilages long ovate, broadest behind (fig. 2a) ; dorsal
cartilage of neck oblong, with a strong median ridge and two deep
parallel grooves. Lateral cartilages of mantle (fig. 2) are simple linear
ridges, extending to the edge of the mantle. Arms not very large,
somewhat rounded, long and slender; the dorsal ones are nauch
smaller and shorter than the others; two lateral pairs nearly equal
in size and length, more than two-thirds the length of the mantle.
Ventral arms shorter and much more slender than the lateral, more
than half the length of the mantle ; the ventral arms show but little
of the compressed, oblique form, so conspicuous in the preceding
species, and the crest or fold of skin along the outer-ventral angle is
narrow, thin, and not veiy conspicuous ; the suckers on the ventral
arms are in two alternating, not distant, rows, often appearing almost
as if in one row toward the base, where they become smaller, but are
of the normal cup-shaped form, with finely denticulate rims and
slender pedicels; the tips of both ventral arms are much injured,
but small, normal, long-pediceled suckers can be traced to the tip of
the left arm ; the right arm is denuded of its skin and suckers at the
tip. The suckers of the four lateral arms are in two rather close
rows, larger, oblique, low cup-shaped, attached by slender peciicels,
which are somewhat swollen just below the suckers; most of them
have lost their horny rings ; marginal membranes rudimentary. Web
between the arms, rudimentary. Tentacular arms very long and
slender, in alcohol about twice the length of the mantle; a few
scattered, sessile suckers ai-e found along the whole length of the
arms; tentacular club well-developed, long-ovate, oblique, with a
thick wrist and flat or concave sucker-bearing face; suckers small
and very numerous, crowdedly ari-anged in many rows (probably
sixteen rows or more), some of the middle ones larger than the rest;

A. E. VerHll — JVbrth American Cephalojyods. 407

suckers not well preserved, but all appear to have been alike in form;
pedicels long and slender, with a smooth and not very large swelling
below the base of the sucker; the suckers have lost their horny rims,
but the sheaths are sliaped much like those of C. lacertosa, the distal
portion being liood-shaped, with a lateral opening, while the basal part
is swollen laterally. The tip of the club is simple, without any such
spoon-shaped appendage as is found in tlie preceding species. Buccal
membrane lai'ge, with a free thin edge, which scarcely forms angles.

Pen (PI. LiV, fig. 3a) has a narrow, linear anterior portion, consist-
ing of more than half its length, decreasing in width backward, then
suddenly expanding into the posterior portion, which is broad and
thin, and infolded, so as to form a large, compressed posterior cavity;
the anterior portion is concave beneath, with no midrib, the edges
excurved and slightly thickened ; when spread out and flattened the
posterior portion has a lanceolate form, rather abruptly widening
anteriorly and very gradually tapering backward, with a double
midrib, and some delicate lines parallel to it, while the lateral expan-
sions are very thin and delicate. Color of body mostly destroyed, in
the typical specimens, but small, light purplish brown chromato-
phores are uniformly scattered over the parts best preserved ; this
is also the case on the head, siphon, and outer surfaces of the arms,
where the skin is well preserved ; scattered spots also occur on the
inner surfaces, between the suckers.

A larger specimen (station 994), which has lost its head and pen,
and, therefore, cannot be positively identified, has a much darker
color. It is dark purplish brown over the whole body.

The male has the mantle 62""" long ; length of caudal fin, 31 ;
its breadth, 36 ; end of tail to base of arms, 85 ; length of dorsal
arms, 26 ; of second pair, 48 ; of third pair, 45 + (tips gone) ; of fourth
pair, 35; of tentacular arms, 118; of sucker-bearing portion of club,
16; breadth of tentacular arms, 2; of club, 4; of lateral arms, at
base, 3-5 ; of ventral arms, 3 ; diameter of eye-ball, 8 ; of the largest
suckers of lateral arms, 1*2; length of pen, 62; of anterior, narrow
portion, 38 ; its breadth anteriorly, where widest, 2 ; where narrow-
est, 1'25 ; length of posterior portion, 24 ; its breadth, 8"'"'.

The teeth of the odontophore (PI. LV, fig. 3b) form seven rows ;
the median ones have a large, acute central, and two small, lateral
denticles; tlie inner latei-al teeth have a large, acute, inner denticle
and a very small outer one; the next to the outer lateral teeth are
somewhat stouter than the outermost, which are slender, strongly
curved, and very acute ; no marginal plates were observable.

408 A. E. Verrill — N'orth American Cephalopods.

The siipposed female has lost the tail, but the arms are in better
condition than those of the male; it differs from the male in having
distinctly smaller suckers on the lateral arms. Length of dorsal arms,
.2-n.m . Qf second pair, 44; of third pair, 46 ; of fourth pair, 37 ; -of
tentacular arms, 120 ; of club, 16"'"^

Two tyi^ioal specimens were obtained off Martha's Vineyard, at
stations 1031 and 1033, in 255 and 183 fathoms; one of doubtful
identity, at 994, in 36S fathoms, by the U. S. Fish Commission, in
1881. x411 three were from fish-stomachs.

I take pleasure in dedicating tliis interesting species to Dr. T. H.
Bean, the iclithyologist, who took charge of the fishes on the "Fish
Hawk," this season.

Chiroteuthis lacertosa, sp. nov. (See p. 299.)

Chirottuthis Bonplandii ?, p. 299 (7ion Terany.)

Plate LVI, figukes 1-1/'.

A neai'ly complete male specimen of a ChirotevtJiis, lacking only
the tentacular ai'ms and the distal portion of the left ventral arm,
was received after the preceding pages were put in type. The
stumps of the tentacular arms, remaining, bear the same kind of un-
armed sessile suckers as did the arm described on p. 299, and figured
on pi. 47, figs. \-\h. It appears to be a new species, and is very
distinct from C. Bonplandii. The sessile arms are very large in
proportion to the head and body, and the ventral arms are much
larger than any of the others. The body is small, obconic, tapering
rapidly backward to the origin of the caudal tin, where it becomes
verv small, and continues to taper to the very slender posterior end.
The median dorsal angle of the mantle-edge projects far foi-ward, as
a broad angular lobe; lateral angles rounded and not prominent.
Caudal fin relatively large, as compared with the body, broad-ovate
in outline, widest near the middle, tapering backward to an acumin-
ate slender tip; very broadly rounded laterally, narrowing abrujatly
anteriorly; the anterior lobes are small, rounded, and project only
slio'htlv forward beyond the insertions. Siphon large, with a well-
formed valve, far back from the orifice ; dorsal bridles rudimentary.
Connective cartilages on the V)aseofthe siphon, broad-ovate, ear-sliaped,
with two rounded prominent lobes projecting into its concavity, one
posterior, the other ventral, so that the pit is three-cornered (fig. \h).
The corresponding connective cartilages of the mantle consist of
two pits, separated by a prominent, triangular tubercle (fig. le).
Head larc^e, in proportion to the body, tapering backward from the

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopoda. 409

bases of the arras. Eyes large ; lids thin and simple, without a dis-
tinct lachrymal sinus. Behind and below each eye there is a long
(4'"'"), slender, clavate, soft papilla (fig. 1/'), probably olfactory in
function.

The sessile arms are large and, except the ventral, unusually round-
ed ; the inner sucker-bearing faces are much less differentiated than
usual, scarcely differing from the other sides iu color, and bordered by
only a slight or rudimentary membrane on each side ; the rounded
prominences tVom Avhich the sucker-pedicels arise are also colored and
not much raised. The dorsal arms are rather long and tapering, but
much shorter and smaller than the others, slightly compressed and
with a slight median crest distally. The next pair are similar in
form and structure, but considerably longer and larger. The third
pair are much longer and larger, with the outer angles well rounded,
and a strong median crest extends nearly to the base, but is wider
distally, where the arms are strongly compressed. The ventral arms
are considerably longer and stouter than the third pair, and very
diffei'ent from all the others in form; they are strongly compressed
in tlie direction parallel with the median plane of the head, and have
the low'er and outer angles well rounded, and the sucker-bearing face
wide and scarcely differentiated from the lateral faces ; but on the
superior lateral side there is a wide and thick crest running the
whole length of the arms, giving them a strongly and obliquely com-
pressed appearance. The suckers on the veutral arms are smaller,
fewer, and more distant than on any of the others; those at the bases
are largest and three or four stand nearly in a single row ; farther out,
along the middle of the arm, they are distantly arranged in two rows
and rapidly become small. The left ventral arm shows no signs of
being hectocotylized ; the right one, however, has lost half its length
by mutilation. On all the other arms the suckers are regularly and
much more closely arranged in two rows, and. decrease more gradu-
ally in size from near the base to the tips.

The suckers on all the arms are similar in form ; they are rather
deep, narrowed at the rim, slightly constricted above the middle,
and swollen below, and very oblique at the base; the pedicels are
slender and nearly laterally attached ; the horny rims are very deep
and oblique, and strongly denticulated on the outer or higher side,
but on all the arms they are sm.ooth on the inner side; the median,
outer denticles are long, slender, close together ; laterally they become
shorter, broader, acute-triangular and curved forward. On the lai'ger
suckers the outer teeth are obtuse, but on the distal ones they become

410 A. E. Verrill — J^orth American Gephalopods.

more slender and acute. The margins of the suckers are surrounded
with small, elongated scales. (PI. LVI, figs. \d^ le.)

The buccal membrane is thin and much produced, with the angles
little prominent; it is attaclied to the arms by eight thin, but wide,
bridles, the two superior ones united together near their origin.
The web between the arms is rudimentary but distinct. The pen (fig.
\a) is very imlike that of C Yeranyi^ as figured and described by
D'Orbigny. It has a long, narrow shaft of nearly uniform width, and
a long posterior portion, a little wider than the shaft, corresponding in
length to that of the caudal fin ; at the commencement, this portion
expands into narrrow, free, incuived margins, but these unite quickly
so as to form a long, narrow, angular, tubular portion, tapering to a
very slender tip ; this portion (la") has a dorsal keel, with a groove
each side of it, two dorsal angles and a ventral angle along each side ;
the narrow shaft has a dorsal keel, with the sides bent down abruptly,
nearly at right-angles, and a little incurved, so as to produce a
squarish keel above, wMth a deep angular groove below, while the very
narrow margins bend outward abruptly (la') ; the sbait increases very
slightly in width, to near the subacute anterior end, but preserves the
same form, and there is no distinct dilation of the margin anteriorly,
such as D'Orbigny figures in the pen of C. Veranyi^ nor does the
posterior poition resemble his figure, though if split open and flat-
tened out, it would resemble it more nearly.

This specimen is an adult male, in the breeding condition, for its
spermatophore-sac is much distended with sperniatophores. The
color is much like that of C. Veranyi. It is everywhere thickly
specked with small, purplish brown chromatophores, except on the
buccal membrane and the bases of the tentacular arms, where there
are but few ; the head around the eyes and the end of the siphon are
darker ; a row of very distinct, rather large, round, dark purple spots
runs along the inner surface of the ventral arms, just outside of, and
alternating with, the upper row of suckers, which they about equal
in size.

Total length, to end of ventral arms, 383""" ; to end of third pair,
366'"'"; to end of dorsal arms, 298"""; tail to dorsal mantle edge,
125'"'"; to base of dorsal arms, 178'"'"; length of dorsal arms, 120'"'^^;
of second pair, 150""" ; of third pair, 188""^' ; of ventral, 205'"'" ; length
of caudal fin, 60'"'"; its greatest breadth, 41'"'"; breadth of liead at
eyes, 20™"^ ; of dorsal arms, V""" ; of third pair, 10'"™ ; of ventral arms,
13'"'" ; of bases of tentacular arms, 3'""' ; diameter of largest suckers
of lateral arms, 2-25'""'.

A. M Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 411

Brown's Bank, olf Nova Scotia, taken from the storaacli of a cod
(lot 950). Presented to the U. S. Fish Commission by Capt. Wm.
Denipsy and crew, of the schooner " Clara F. Friend," June, 1881.

The internal anatomy is somewhat peculiar in several respects, but
will not be fully described in this place.

The gills are short and broad, with very long lamella?. The re-
productive organs occupy a large part of the visceral cavity. The
testicle is a large, thick, broad-ovate organ, with the two sides folded
together around and closely united to the large coecal lobe of the
stomach. The testicle does not extend back beyond the origin of the
caudal fin, the visceral cavity being very narrow in that region.
The prostate gland and vesiculse seminales are large and swollen, and
the spermatophore-sac is also large. The efferent duct is large and
long, extending far forward ; it expands at the end into a spade-like
form, with an acute tip ; its orifice is oblique ear-sh.-iped, situated on
one side, near the end, and is protected by a lobe or flap. The stom-
ach is saccular and the large coecal lobe is not very long. The liver
is thick. The posterior aorta goes far back, nearly to the origin of
the fin, before dividing, for the median septum of the branchial cavity
is placed far back. The ink-sac has the ordinary pyriforra shape.

A smaller, female specimen, probably belonging to this species, was
taken by Captain Z. L. Tanner, on the "Fish Hawk," October 10, off
Delaware Bay, in 435 fathoms, station 1048.

This specimen agrees nearly with the type specimen, described
above, in the form and proportions of the body, head, arms, caudal
fin, pen, etc., and in the structure and denticulation of the suckers.
The caudal fin is slightly broader in proportion, while the suckers are
deeper and relatively smaller, especially those on the ventral arms,
which are decidedly smaller than those on the lateral ones. They
are finely and sharply denticulated on the outer edge, as in the type.

The color is, however, quite different, for in this example the skin
and flesh are translucent and beaiitifully specked with regular, round,
often rather large, not crowded, dark brownish red chromato-
phores ; the larger of these, especially on the under side of the fin
and body, are ocellated ; on the head and arms the chromatophores
become smaller and more crowded, more nearly as in the type. The
row of large dark purple spots, along the ventral ai'ms, are, in this
example, decidedly raised and wart-like. One of the tentacular arms
is perfect. These are very long and slender, and bear, along their
whole length, relatively large, rounded, wart-like, dark purple, sessile
suckers, having a small central pit. These suckers are about two-

Tbans. Conn. Acad., Yol. V. 49 December, 1881.

412 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

thirds as broad as the diameter of the arm, and from close to the
base of the arni to the distal fourth they are separated by spaces
mostly equal to about twice their diameter; distally they are less
numerous. The tentacular club is well developed, W'ith a broad
marginal membrane along each side, having scalloped or notched
edges. The club terminates in an ovate, subacute, dark purple,
hollow organ, with its oj)ening on the outer side of the ai'm. The
suckers (Plate LV, fig. 5) are regularly arranged in four rows. The
stalk is long, with a dark purple, fluted summit, surmounted by a
very slender pedicel bearing the sucker, wliich is hooded, Avith a
lateral opening ; the horny ring bears several slender, sharp teeth on
the outer side, the central one being much the longest ;* the soft rim
of the sucker is covered with many rows of small scales, the inner
ones with acute tips. The lateral suckers do not alternate with the
median, but the two arise close together, opposite each other, and in
line with the teeth on the edge of the marginal membrane. The
inner surface of the club is specked with brown chromatophores, and
the marginal membranes are crossed by brown lines, corresponding
to the notches in their edges.

Total length, to end of ventral arms, 194™"^; to end of third pair,
150; to end of dorsal arms, 127; tail to dorsal mantle edge, 59; to
base of dorsal arms, 86 ; length of dorsal arms, 41 ; of second pair, 56 ;
of third pair, 69 ; of ventral, 110 ; of tentacular arms, 180 ; of club,
1 7 ; breadth of club, 5 ; length of caudal fin, 27 ; its greatest breadth,
24 ; of dorsal arms, 4 ; of third pair, 5 ; of ventral arms, 8 ; of bases
of tentacular arms, 1*5 ; diameter of largest suckers of lateral arms, 1.

This species differs widely from C. Bonplandii in the sessile arms,
etc. It is much more nearly related to C. Veranyi, from which it
differs decidedly in the pen; in the suckers; and in the caudal fin, if
these parts are correctly described and figured, for the latter.

Desmoteuthis tenera, sp. nov.

Plate LV, figures 2-2d. Plate LVI, figure 3.
Two small, but perfect, specimens of this species were taken in the
"trawl-wings"f this season, at station 952, in -388 fathoms.

* The arm, figured on PI. XLVII, figs. 1-1 &, does not agree with tliis, and may
belong to a different species ; but the difference in its suckers may be due to injury.

f The "trawl-wings," which were first invented and used by the U. S. Fish Com-
mission, this summer, consist of fine nets attaclied to a support extending out from
each end of the trawl-beam. When in use they are about two feet above the sea-bot-
tom. Tliey are provided with an interior funnel-shaped net to prevent the escape of
animals captured. They have been of great value to us for capturing, and retaining in

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 413

The specimens are both males, but show no positive eviflenee of
hec'toeotylization. Tlie body is long, somewhat fusiform, slightly
smaller in advance of the middle. The tissues are exceedingly thin,
delicate, pale, and translucent, so that the pen and other organs can
be seen through the mantle. Anteriorly the edge of the mantle is
attached to the head, medially, by a muscular commissure, and there
is no free edge (such as D'Orbigny figures in T. pavo) at the narrow
middle portion of this band. This commissure is broader within the
mantle, and there is another large, oblique, muscular commissure, ex-
tending forward to the edge of the mantle, on each side, extensively
uniting the inner surface of the mantle to the sides of the sij^hon.
These commissures leave only a rather narrow opening to the gill-
cavity, on each side, and one small ventral one, and the interior ven-
tral cavity is partitioned off from the lateral ones.

The siphon is large, projecting forward between the lower sides of
the large eyes ; it has no valve in the ordinary place, but toward the
base, on the dorsal side, there are two erect, rounded, ear-like flaps,
each with a small papilla (^"), and a rounded, valve-like, raised median
fold and a central papilla (i) in front of them. (PI. LV, fig. 2d.)

The caudal fin is comparatively small, narrow-ovate, tapering to a
short, blunt posterior end, and with the anterior lobes narrowed and
scarcely projecting beyond the insertions. The eyes are very large
and prominent, occupying the whole of the sides of the head, wide
apart dorsally, but nearly in contact beneath ; eye-lids thin, entire.

Arms rounded, rather slender, tapering to slender tips; those of the
third i^air are much the longest, and like the second pair, bear along
the distal half suckers much larger than the proximal ones; tips short,
with few small suckers. The dorsal and ventral arras are about equal,
and not much more than half as long as the thii*d pair; they bear
smaller suckers, in two rows, regularly decreasing distally. The sec-
ond pair is intermediate in length between the 1st and 3d pairs, with
two rows of larger suckers on the outer half, suddenly decreasing dis-
tally, with minute ones close to the tip. The large suckers (fig. 26, c)
on the second and tbii-d pairs of arms are much larger than the others,

excellent condition, many kinds of free-swimming deep-sea animals, not otherwise
obtainable, or if taken in the trawl, crushed by the great masses of fishes, echinoderms,
actiniae, etc., usually taken in every haul, in these waters.

Among the things captured in the "trawl-wings" are not only several cephalopods
(iucludiug Alloposus, Lesioteuthis, Eossia), but Cymbulia calceolus and other Pteropods ;
vast numbers of Sagitta, one of them bright orange-colored; numerous species of
Copepod Crustacea, some of them of great size ; Schizopods ; Salpee ; Acalephs, in-
cluding one very remarkable new form of Siphonophora. etc.

414 A. E. Verrill — JSTorth American Cephalopods.

but similai- in form, deep cup-shaped, convex in the middle, obliquely
attached, with a smooth horny rim, except on the distal ones, which
have blunt denticles externally. There are about sixteen of these
suckers on each of the lateral arms, but eight or ten are decidedly
larger than the rest. The large suckers commence nearly at the mid-
dle of the arms and extend to very near the tips. The suckers on all
the arms are deep, urceolate, with somewhat contracted apertures ;
they mostly have the horny rim entire ; the distal ones on the ventral
arms are finely denticulated. The third pair of arms have a thin
median carina on the outer side, along the distal third.

All the arras have a wide marginal or protective membrane along the
inner edges, outside the suckers ; these membranes are strengthened
by transvere thickened, muscular processes, opposite each sucker; be-
tween these the membrane recedes so that the edge is scolloped. The
ventral arms have also a membrane along the outer, ventral angle.
I am unable to detect any positive signs of hectocotylization, either
in the dorsal or ventral arms. Perhaps the presence of the very large
suckers on the lateral arms may be a sexual character, but if so, they
are symmetrical on the two sides.

The tentacular arms (PI. LYI, fig. 3) taper from the thickened base,
and ill our specimens equal in size, and are not much longer than, those
of the third pair; club well developed, rather broader than the rest of
the arm, with a dorsal keel and wide, marginal, protective membranes ;
the suckers are arranged in four regular rows ; the larger suckers are
about equal in size to the larger ones of the dorsal arms ; of these
there are eight or nine in each row, the marginal ones are scarcely
smaller than the median ones and similar in shape, but more oblique;
all these suckers are cup-shaped, obliquely attached, with long pedi-
cels; the marginal ring is denticulated all around, the teeth on the
outer or higher side being slender, sharp and incurved ; those on the
inner side minute. The distal part of the club is short, and covered
with four rows of small suckers, similar to the larger ones in shape
and armature ; at the tip is a small group of minute suckers, appar-
ently unarmed. At the proximal end of the club there is a group of
small denticulated suckers; and four irregular rows of minute, con-
nective suckers, attached by short pedicels, extend along the inner
surface of the arm to the middle or beyond ; these are interspersed
with minute tubercles, more distinct distally, near the club. The
outer buccal membrane is narrow, without distinct angles.

The pen is very thin, delicate, pale yellow; the anterioi- ])ortion is
very narrow and slender; the posterior third, commencing opposite the

A. E. Verrill — North American Gephalopods. 415

origin of the fins, is lanceolate, with two faint, close ribs along the
middle, and less distinct parallel lines each side of these ; the tip is
an acute hollow cone, abont 10'""^ long.

Color of mantle, pale yellowish white, translucent, with scattered,
conspicuous, round, or more or less elliptical, purplish brown spots, 2
to 3""" in diameter, and 5 to 10'"™ apart. Eyes dark purplish or
chocolate-brown ; head, siphon, and outer surfaces of arms thinly
specked with purplish brown chromatophores.

The length of the largest specimen is 163"'"', from end of tail to tip
of 3d pair of arms; length of mantle, dorsally, lie"'"'; mantle to
base of dorsal arms, ii™"i ; diameter of eyes, 17"'"'; breadth of head
across eyes, 30"'"' ; breadth of body, 26'"'" ; length of caudal fin, 45""" ;
its breadth, 28'"'" ; length of dorsal arms, 20'"'" ; of 2d pair, 25'"'" ; of
3d pair, 32'"'" ; of 4th pair, 20'"'" ; of tentacular arms, 35""" ; of club,
11"""; breadth of latei-al arms, at base, 3.5'""^; diameter of largest
suckers, 2-5""".

The teeth of the odontophore (PI. LV, fig. 2a) form seven rows,
as usual ; the median teeth have a xery large and long median den-
ticle and a small one at each lateral angle ; the inner lateral teeth
have a large inner denticle and a very small outer one; the two outer
rows are rather stout ; there is also a marginal row of small, more or
less elliptical plates, with their outlines rather indefinite.

Ofi" Martha's Vineyard, 87^ miles from Gay Head, station 952, in
388 fathoms. U. S. Fish Commission, Aug. 4, 1881.

This species resembles Taonius pavo (for which I at first mistook
it) in form, but is very different in color and other characters. The
suckers, which are remarkably flat in T. pavo^ and strongly serrate,
are in this very deep, and the edge of the ring is generally entire.
The pen is also different.

Notes on the visceral anatomy.

Anatomically, this species closely resembles Desmoteuthis hyper-
borea. (See PI. XXXIX, fig. 1.) It has a similar short, thick, com-
pressed, ovate liver, with the intestine in a groove along its ventral
edge, and the small ink-sac imbedded in its antero-ventral surface.
The gills are laterally placed, short, with long lamellae. The heart
is small, irregularly tubular, oblique, with four angles or lobes where
joined by the principal vessels. The efferent vessels from the gills
are long and conspicuous, because the bases of the gills are distant
from the heart. The alimentary tract consists of a short, narrow
rectum, attached to the liver, and ending in a bilabiate aperture.

416 A. E. Verrill — North American Cejyhalopods.

guarded by two slender papilla?; of a long, rather wide, tubular por-
tion, extending back to the base of the caudal fin, and covered, along
the ventral side, with lateral rows of clusters of small follicular
glands, which, near the liver, diverge into two, separate, large, lateral
clusters ; posteriorly, where the rows of follicles cease, there is a small,
firm, bean-shaped, glandular organ, lamellose within (? a gizzard) ; this
is followed V)y a long tubular, or fusiform, more or less saccular stomach
and cojcal appendage, running back nearly to the end of the body ; a
constriction at the origin of the c^ecal appendage. The testicle
is a rather small, slender, lanceolate organ, attached laterally, for its
whole length, to the side of the caecal appendage. The prostate
o-land and vesiculfe seminales have their usual position, at the base
of the left gill, but they are small, and probably not fully developed;
the efferent duct extends over and a short distance beyond the base
of the gill, and is slender and pointed. The renal organs are very
diffei-ent from those of the common squids [Loligo and OmrnaMre-
2)hes). The posterior part of the anterior vena-cava becomes glandu-
lar in front of the heart ; there it parts, sending a long, smooth vein
to the base of each gill; there, each of these veins expands into an
ovate renal organ, before joining the branchial auricles.

Family SEPIOLID^ (See p. 367.)

During the explorations made by the " Fish Hawk," the present
season we were fortunate in obtaining additional specimens, includ-
ing both sexes, of the very interesting and beautiful species described
by me in 18V8, under the name of Sepiola lencoptera. These speci-
mens have given me an opportunity to make dissections, which I had
not done with the few specimens previously known. These studies
show that it has no pen ; that the presence of the remarkably
enlaro-ed suckers of the second pair of arms is not confined to the
male ; and that this species is the type of a very distinct genus, espe-
cially remarkable for being the only known genus, among Myopsidw.^
that has round pupils and the eye-lids free all around. In fact, it
shows quite conclusively that this division of the Decacera into two
o-rou[)S, based on the presence or absence of free eye-lids, is purely
artificial and of little or no systematic value. Therefore the char-
acters attributed to the family, SeptolidcB, must be modified to a con-
siderable extent, to include this genus.

In its internal anatomy this genus differs but little from Sepiola,
Heteroteuthis and Jiossia, notwithstanding its remarkable divergence
in respect to the eyes and pen. Other genera of Sepiola-shaped

A. JSJ. Verrill — North Anie7'ican Oephalopoch. 417

cephalopods agree with this in lacking- a pen. Of such genera,
Professor Steenstvup has recently [Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 6 R., nat.
math. Afd., i, 3, 1881, p. 213] described two: IcUosepias and Sepiada-
riutii, both of which he associates with the Sepidse, because the ventral
anus are hectocotylized. One of these [Idiosejniis) has the mantle
free dorsally, as in JRossia, but with ovate connective cartilages on
the sides ; the other has a dorsal commissure, as in Sepiola, and
lateral commissures, much as in Taonias. To me, these seem more
nearly allied to Loligo than co Sepia. In addition to these, I have
to add another genus,* from the Bay of Yeddo, Japan. Of this
genus I have two species, collected by Prof. E, S. Morse.

Stoloteuthis Verrill, gen. nov.
Type, Sepiola leucopkra Yerrill. (See p. 347.)

Body short and thick, well-rounded. Head large, united to mantle
by a broad dorsal commissure. Eyes large ; pupils round ; eye-lids
free all around. No pen. Mantle thick, extending farther forward

* Inioteuthis, gen. nov. Body, lateral fins, and dorsal commissure of the
mantle as in Sepiola; lateral connective cartilages of the siphon, oblong-elliptical, with
tlie groove open behind, fitting a linear ridge on each side of the mantle. Eye-lids
free below, adherent above. Pen absent. Arms webbed only slightly, at base ;
suckers, both on sessile arms and tentacles, as in Bossia. Left dorsal arm hectocoty-
lized somewhat as in Sepiola Rondeleti (see description by Steenstrup), but more
extensively, with a large, prominent, fleshy, concave, ear-like structure, near the base,
extending across the inner surface of the arm. and replacing both rows of suckers,
their pedicels becoming confluent with the marginal membrane.

The outer side of this organ is divided by a median notch into two lobes ; the distal
one enclosing a large papilla, apparently formed of two confluent and modified sucker-
pedicels.

Inioteuthis Japonica V. This small species has the suckers in two rows on all the
arms. It appears to be the Sepiola Japonica D'Orbigny. The suckers of all the arms,
but especially those of the dorsal and upper lateral arms, are mucli larger in the male
than in the female. Tentacular club narrow, with small suckers, in about eight rows.
The fins are small, nearly semicircular.

Inioteuthis Morsei V., sp. nov. This is easily distiuguished from the preceding by
the presence of four crowded rows of suckers on all the arms ; the suckers are attached
by slender pedicels, which arise from the top of prominent, thickened, basal stems.
The tentacular clubs are well-developed, with exceedingly numerous, very minute
suckers, in more than sixteen rows. Fins large, situated in advance of the middle of
the body. Dorsal and ventral arms about equal; two lateral pairs longer, the third
pair slightly longer than the second. Mantle edge, beneath, wiih a large emargiua-
tiou ; dorsal commissure broad.

No males of this species are in the collection ; therefore I refer it to this genus only
provisionall}'. It has no pen.

418 A. E. Verrill — N'orth Avierican Cephaloj^ods.

beneath than laterally. Fins large, lateral. Siphon with an internal
valve, in both sexes; connective cartilages oblong, with a central
groove, fitting a linear ridge, on each side of the mantle ; these do
not extend to the edge of the mantle. Arms webbed for more than
half their length, except between the ventral arms ; second pair, in
the male, and some females, with two or three much enlarged suckers
near the middle. The suckers of all the arms are relatively larger in
the male than in the female ; dorsal arms of the male alike ; their
basal suckers are larger and more crowded than in the female ; no
other evidence of hectocotylization could be found.

Stoloteuthis leucoptera Yerriii.

Sepiola leucoptera Verrill. (See p. 347.)

The largest specimen hitherto observed is an adult male, from
station 947, in 312 fathoms. This differs but very little from the
smaller male already described and figured (p. 348, PI. XXXI, fig. 5),
but it has, on the tips of both ventral arms, four rows of small
suckei'S, while all the others, of both sexes, have but two rows, even
to the extreme tips. The suckers on all the arms of this specimen
are decidedly larger in proportion than on the females of nearly
equal size, and the group of larger suckers on the second pair of arms
is represented by one very large one, on each arm. More than half
the female specimens also have the corresponding suckers much
enlarged, but perhaps not so much so as the males. The large males
appear to show some evidence of hectocotylization, in having the
suckers near the base of both dorsal arms larger and more crowded
than they are in the females, and the portions of the web bordering
these arms appear to be somewhat thickened or swollen, a feature not
present in the females. But I could detect no difference in the struc-
ture of the two dorsal arms, nor in the two ventrals. The tentacular
arms are much swollen at base, especially the right one, while the
club is narrower than the average width of the arm ; just at the base
of the club, along the upper edge of the ' wrist' there is a prominent
free lobe or crest.

In alcohol, the integument appears very thick and rather soft. In
life there appears to be a thick, gelatinous, transparent layer, outside
the stratum containing the chi'omatophores.

The large male described above, in alcohol, is 40'""' long, from end
of body to tip of lateral arms ; breadth of body, 22 ; breadth of head,
20; breadth across extended tins, 38; length of lateral ai'ms, from
beak, 15"'"'.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

419

Stoloteuthis leucoptera. — Additional specimens examined.

station.

Locality.

Fathom

When collected.

Received from.

Specimens.
No. Sex.

947

952

998

999

1026

Off Martha's Vineyard

u u
II 11
II II

312
388
302
266
182

Aug. 9, 1881

" 24, 1881

Sept. 8, 1881

i: 11

U S. F. 0.

11. 3 : 1 j.

11. S

2?

12

3j.

RoSSia SUblevis Yen-ill. (See p. 354.)

This species was dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission, in con-
siderable numbers, during the season of 1881, ofFMarthrA's Vineyard,
in 153 to 458 fathoms. The eggs were taken in August and Septem-
ber, containing large embryos. These eggs were laid in the oscules
of sponges, and are scarcely distinguishable fiom those of R. Hyatti.

Rossia sublevis. — Additional specimens.

I Off Martha\s Vineyard.

924 S. i W. 9,U m. from Gay Head,

925 S. + W. 86 m. from GavHead,.

939 S. bv E. i E. 98 m. fn.m Gay Head, _..
943 jS.S.W. 83 m. from Gay Head,

945 S. by W. f W. 84| m. from Gay Head..

946 'S. by W. f W. m^ m from Gay Head,.

947 S. by W. f W. 89m. from Gay Head,..

951 S. 85 m. from Gay Head,

952 S. i E. 87,^ m. from Gay Head,

997 S S.W. I W. 103:^ m. from Gav Head,..

1025 jS.S.W. I W. 95 m. from Gay Head,

1026 S.S.W. I W. 934- m. from Gay Head,...

1028 S.S.E. f E. 108^ m. from Gay Head, ...

1029 S.S.E. I E. 109^ m. from Gay Head, ...

1032 S.S.E. 4 E. 107 m. from Gay Head,

1033 S.S.E. i E. 106 m. from Gay Head,

1045 lOff Delaware Bay, 1 31

Fath.

Date.

1881

160

July 16

224

258

Aug. 4

153

" 9

202

•'

241

11

3^2

"

219

■' 23

388

"

335

Sept. 8

216

11

182

11

410

11 14

458

"

208

"

183

"

312

Oct. 10

Rec'd from.

U. S. F. C.

Specimens.
Xo. Sex.

5 :eggs
5

^: 4 2
: 3 2

: 22

: eggs.

eggs.
S: 1 j.

Heterotenthis tenera Yerriii. (See p. 357.)

Duiing the dredging season of 1881, this species was again taken
in many localities, off Martha's Vineyard, in 45 to 182 fathoms.

The eggs of this species, containing, in some instances, embiyos
so far developed as to permit specific determination, have been taken
in many localities, in 65 to 130 fathoms, by the U. S, Fish Commis-
sion, in August and September, associated with the adults. These
eggs were particularly abundant at stations 865-867, 872, 873, 874,
in 1880; and at stations 922, 940, 949, in 1881. Some of those taken
in August are nearly ready to hatch, while others, taken as late as
September, are freshly laid. The eggs are directly and firmly

Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V. 50 December, 1881.

420

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

attached to the surface of various objects, such as dead shells (of
Pecten^ etc.), annelid tubes, hydroids, fragments of Echini, ascid-
ians, etc. They are placed near together, or side by side, so as to
form larger or smaller groups. They are pearly white, about 3"""
in diameter, nearly round, except that the attached side is somewhat
flattened, and the upper surface has a small, conical process in the
middle.

Heteroteuthis tenera. — Additional s^iecimens.

918

919

920

921

922

940

944

949

950

1026

1027

1038

1043

Locality.

Off Martha's Vineyard.

S. i- "W. 61 ra. from Gay Head

S. I W. 6.5 m. from Gay Head

S. I W. 68i m. from Gay Head,

S. I W. 73 m. from Gay Head

S. + \V. 77 m. from Gay Head

S. by B. i E. 97 m. from Gay Head,

S.S.W. 82 m from Gay Head,

S. 79| m. from Gay Head,

S. 75 m. from Gay Head,

S.S.W. i W. 9;U m. from Gay Head,
S.S.E. I E. 105,;^ m. from Gay Head,

N. lat. 39' 59'; "w. long. 70° 06'

N". lat. 38° 39'; W. long. 73° 11', ..

Fatli.

Date.

Rec'dlrom.

1881

45

July 16

U. S. F. C.

5U

"

•'

61

"

II

65

"

"

69

•'

11

130

Aug. 4

"

124

" 9

"

100

" 23

"

69

"

"

182

Sept. 8

"

93

" 14

'•

146

" 21

>'

130

Oct. 10

"

Specimens.
No. Sex.

1 $
45
3c5
6$
1 2
IS
1$
1:

IS:
IS
1 S
5S:
S

IS

5$

6$

eggs.

eggs.

1 S
eggs.
:2$

2S

Argonauta argo Linne (p. 364.)

In the American Naturalist, xv, p. 908, another specimen of this
species is reported by Rev. Samuel Lock wood to have occurred at
Long Branch, N. J., September, 1881. The shell is stated to have
been fresh. This is the third specimen obtained on the coast of
New Jersey, since 1876.

AllopOSUS mollis Yerrill. (See p. 366.)

Octopus (?) sp., Verrill, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., viii, p. 109, pi. 4, fig. 3. 1881.
Plate L. Plate LT, figures 3, 4.

Two very large females of this species were taken by the U.
S. Fish Commission, this season, off Newport, R. I. One was from
station 937, in 506 fathoms, the other from 994, in 368 fathoms.

They were nearly equal in size. The weight of the first, when
fresh, was found to be over 20 pounds. Length from the posterior
end of the body to the tips of the dorsal arms 787""" (31 inches); to
tips of 2d pair, 812™'" (32 inches) ; to tips of 3d and 4th pairs, 711"""
(28 inches) ; length of mantle, beneath, 178""" (7 inches) ; beak to tips of
3d pair of arms, 559"^"' (22 inches); breadth of body, 216""" (8*5 inches);
breadth of head, 280""" (11 inches); diameter of eyes, 64""" (2-5

A. E. Verrill — North American Gephalopods.

421

inches) ; of largest suckers, 10'""' ('38 of an inch). It was measured
while living.

The body, when living, was short and broad, and so soft and gel-
atinous that, when out of water, it could not retain its natural form.
When placed in a large pan, it flattened out and filled up the vessel,
like a mass of rather stifi" jelly. Color, in life, pale bluish white,
speckled with rusty orange-brown chromatophores ; inner surfaces of
arms dark purplish brown; suckers white.

Two detached and somewhat mutilated arms, with portions of a
third arm and of the basal web, of a large specimen, formerly de-
scribed by me as Octopus f sp., but which I now refer to this species,
were taken by Mr. Agassiz, on the "Blake," in 1880, at station 336,
N. lat. 38° 21' 50", W. long. VS" 32', in 197 fathoms.

The largest of these arms is 420""" long and 86"'"' In-oad. The
suckers are large, prominent, subglobular, with a contracted aperture,
and having a thin membrane around the outer margin. They form
two alternating, rather distant rows, except near the base, where
several that are somewhat smaller than those farther out, stand nearly
in one row, with wide spaces between them. Diameter of largest
suckers, 9 to 11'""'; distance between their centers, 20 to 35'"'". Color,
dark purple. (PI. LI, tig. 3.)

Smaller specimens were taken by us, this season, off Martha's
Vineyard, in 310 to 715 fathoms; stations 938, 952, 953,

Alloposus mollis. — Additional specimens.

336

937
938
952
953
994

Locality.

Off Delaioare Bay.
38° 2i' 50"; 73° 32'

Off Martha's Vineyard.
8. bv E. i E. 102 m. from Gay Head, .
S. by E. i E. TOO m. from Gay Head, .

S. i E. 87^ m. from Gay Head,

S. \ E. 9U m. from Gay Head

S.3.W. i W. 1 04i- m. from Gay Head, .

Fath.

Date.

197

1880

1881

506

Aii^. 4

310

a

388

" 23

715

368

Sept. 8

u. s. p. c.

Specimens.
No. Sex.

1 1. frag.

11.2
1 J-

1 ]••?
1 1.2

Octopus Bairdii Verrill. (See p. 368.)

Numerous additional specimens of this species were dredged off
Martha's Vineyard, in 120 to 410 fathoms, by the U. S. Fish Com-
mission, this season.

422 A. E. VerriU — North American Cephalopods.

Octopus Bairdii. — Additional specimens.

925

939

945

946

947

951

■952

994

997

998

1025

1026

1028

1033

1035

1045

1047

Locality.

Off Martha's Vineyard.

S. i W. 86 m. from Gay Head,

S. bv E. ^ E. 98 m. from Gay Head,

S. by W. f W. 84i m. from Gay Head

S. by W. f W. 871 m. from Gay Head,_..

S. by W. I W. 89 m. from Oay Head,

S. 85 m. from Gay Head,

S. i E. 87i m. from Gay Head, . .

S.S.W. i W. 104+m. from Gay Head

S.S.W. i W. lO.si m. from Gay Head,

S.S.W. i W. 102i m. from GaV Head,

S.S.W. i W. 95 m. from Gay Head, j 216

S.S.W i W. 98. V m. from Gay Head...
S.S.E. f E. 108i m. from Gay Head, . .
S.S E. * E. 106"m. from Gay Head,__.
S.S.E. I E. XQU m. from Gay Head, ..

Off Delaware Bay,

Off Delaware Bay

224
258
202
241
312
219
388
368
335
302

1

410

183

120

312

156

Bottom.

Date.

sand, mud

a

1881
July 1 6
Aug. 4
" 9

mud

u

" 23

Specimens.
No. Sex.

sand, mud
mud

sd., gravel
sand
mud
sand

Sept

8

(.

14

Oct.

10

^ : 3 j. 3
: 1 ? : 1 D-

: 1 3
:5^;2j.

?:43
: 25
■.2i
$
S
: 1 ?

3:11.2

Architeuthis Harveyi VerrOi. (No. 27).

After the preceding pages were put in type, another specimen of
ArchiteutJiis was secured.

This was found dead, floating at the surface, near tlie shore, at
Portugal Cove, a few miles from St. John's, Newfoundland, Novem-
ber 10, T881, It was obtained by Mr. Morris, who had a photograph
of it made by Mr. E. I-yons, of St. John's, and then shipped it to
New York, packed in ice, by the steamer " Catima," Capt. Davies.
Mr. Morris has given a brief description of this specimen in an article
in the New York Herald of Nov. 25, 1881. In Harper's Weekly of
Dec. 10, accompanying an article on the same subject, apparently by
the same writer, there is a wood-cut, apparently copied from the
photograph.*

The specimen was purchased by Mr. E. M. Worth, and preserved,
in alcohol, at his museum, 101 Bowery, N. Y., where I had a good
opportunity to examine it about two weeks after it had been put in
alcohol.

Although this is more nearly complete than any specimen hitherto
brought to this country, the arms and suckers are not so well
preserved, as in some of the other examples. All the sessile arms
have lost more or less of their tips, so tliat the actual length cannot
be given, and many of their suckers are either injured or lost ; the

* This figure, thougli poor, gives a fair idea of the general appearance of the crea-
ture as it would look if lying flabby and collapsed on the shore. The peculiar appear-
ance of the caudal fin was due to mutilation of that organ.

A. E. VerHll — North American Cephalopods. 423

tentacular arms are also injured and most of the large suckers of the
clubs are destroyed ; the caudal fin was not only torn by handling,
but one-half of it had, apparently, been destroyed and the wound
healed before the death of the creature,* so that its true form cannot
be determined ; the eye-balls were burst ; and most of the pen was
gone.

The head, eye-lids, siphon, and front edge of the mantle are, how-
ever, in fair condition, and as these parts have not been well preserved
in any of the previous examples, some new and valuable facts were
learned in regard to the structure of those parts. Many of the fol-
lowing characters are of generic value.

The eye-lids were large, not much thickened, and only slightly
angulated, and with a shallow sinus; diameter of opening 120™"
(4-5 to 5 inches). The transverse nuchal crests, behind the eyes, are
distinct, but only slightly elevated ; of the longitudinal ones only
one, on each side, is distinct but is short and not very high, the others
(unless they had been rubbed off) are rudimentary. The siphon is
large and broad; aperture 102""" (4 inches) broad, slighlly bilal)iate,
with a broad valve within ; dorsal bridles moderately developed.
Siphon-pit shallow, smooth. Connective cartilages on base of the
siphon simple, long-ovate, slightly oblique, and only a little concave.
Connective cartilages on the sides of the mantle, short and close to
the front edge, very simple, consisting of a simple, slightly raised,
longitudinal ridge. The dorsal angle of the mantle-edge extends
considerably forward, as an obtuse angle ; the lateral angles are also
distinct. The body is large and broad in the middle and anteriorly,
but tapers very rapidly to the base of the caudal fin, which is rela-
tively small.

This specimen, when examined by me, measured as follows : length
of mantle to lateral angles of the front edge, 4-16 feet; from edge
of mantle to anterior base of ventral arms, 1-25 feet; circumference
of body, 4 feet ; length of caudal fin, tip to end of lobe, 1 'To ; bz'eadth
of one-half, measured from median line, 8 inches; length of tentacu-
lar arms, 15 feet ; of the club, 2 feet ; from first of the large suckers
to tip, 1'67 feet; length of ventral arms (minus tips), 4-66 feet; their
circumference at base, 8"5 inches; length of the dorsal arms (minus
tips), 4-5 feet; their circumference at base, 7'5 inches; circumference
of 2d pair of arms, at base, 7-5 inches ; of 3d pair, 8 '5 inches ; diame-

* Owing to this fact, which was not understood by those who saw and figured it,
at first, some of the cuts that have been printed give the tail very peculiar and
remarkable forms.

424 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

ter of largest suckers of sessile arms, -75 inch. The arms appear very
stout, especially at base, and not very unequal in size. In form they
agree well with those already described from previous exainples.
The ventral arms have the inner face broader than on the other
arms, and the two crests along the outer angles are well developed.
The suckers, so far as preserved, have the same characters as in the
former examples ; the more proximal of those on the ventral arms
are closer together in a longitudinal direction, but the rows are
farther apart than on the other arms. The mandibles are dark brown,
the tooth on the anterior alar edge of the lower mandible is large
and prominent.

The color, which is partially preserved, especially on the arms and
on the ventral surface of the body, agrees pretty nearly with that of
Ommiastrephes^ consisting of small purplish brown chromatophores,
more or less thickly scattered over the siirface. The back had a
bleached appearance, as if the creature had laid upon the shore or
floated at the surface, with the back exposed, for some time after
death.

Owing to the raiitilation of the tips of the ventral arms, hectocoty-
lization could not have been detected, if it had originally existed.
The sex, therefore, coidd not be determined without cutting open the
mantle. By everting the edge of the mantle, as far as possible, I
could see, owing to insufficient light, only the tips of the gills, which
are situated rather far back, but the reproductive organs could not
be seen.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 425

Conspectus of the Families, Genera and Species of Cephalopoda,
included in this paper.

In the following synopsis the species that have actually been
proved to belong to the fauna of the northeastern coast of America,
or the waters adjacent, are numbered serially. They have all been
personally studied by me, except Taonius pavo.

Subclass DIBRANCHIATA.

Cryptodibranckiaia Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat., vol. xx.xii, p. 172, 1824.
Acetahulife)-es Ferns, k D'Orb., 1835; Cephal. Acetab., pp. v, xxxv, 1.

D'Orbigny, Hist. Cuba, Moll, p. 5, 1853.
Dibranchiata Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. ii, p. 103, 1838.
Antepedia(3<T&j, Catal. Brit. Miis.. Moll., vol. i, p. 3, 1849.

Branchial cavity large, containing a single pair of large, highly
specialized gills, each having a muscular branchial heart at its base.
INIantle very muscular. Siphon completely tubular, with or without
an internal valve, and used in locomotion. The interior lateral or
basal lobes of the siphon are flexible, and capable of acting as valves
to close the opening of the branchial sac by pressing against the in-
side of the mantle when it contracts. The jet of water, thus forced
through the siphon, by its reaction propels the animal backward or
forward, or in any direction opposite to that in which its flexible
extremity may be turned.

The body varies in form from subspherical to long-conical ; sides
often with fins. Mantle destitute of an external shell. The internal
shell, when present, is dorsal, and may be either horny or calcareous.
Sessile arms in four pairs, around the head, pi'ovided, on the inner
surface, with suckers or with hooks (modified suckers). Eyes highly
developed. Mouth with a sharp, horny beak, the upper jaw shutting
into the lower one; mandibles hollow, supported by strong internal
cartilages. Odontophore with seven (or rarely five) rows of sharp
teeth. An ink-sac, which opens near the end of the intestine, at the
base of the siphon.

This subclass includes two very natural divisions:

Decacera. — Having, inside the circle of eight sessile arms, two long
tentacular arms, with suckers or hooks on the distal portion. Suckers

426 A. E. Verrill — North American. Ceplialopods.

pediceled, with horny rims. Body usually elongated, always with
lateral fins.*

Octopoda. — Having- only the eight sessile arms. Suckers not
pediceled, destitute of horny rings. Body usually short, obtuse,
rarely finned.

Order L— DECACERA.

Becapoda Leach, Zool. Miscel., vol. iii, 1817 (t. Gray) \non Latr., 1806].

H. & A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 25.

D'Orbigny, Tabl. Meth. des Ceplial., p. 57, 1826; Hist. Cuba, Moll., p. 30, 1853.
Decacera Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat., vol. xxii, 1824; Man. Mai., p. 366, 1825.
Sephinia Gray, Catal. Brit. Mus., Moll., vol. i, p. 35, 1849.

Body generally rounded and elongated, often acute posteriorly.
Ten prehensile arms, bearing suckers or hooks, which are pediceled.
Four pairs of these, called sessile arms, are tapered from the base
and covered with rows of suckers along the whole length of the
inner face ; the fifth pair of arms, known as tentacular arms, differ
from the rest, and arise from a pair of pits or pouches, situated be-
tween and inside the bases of the third and fourth pairs of sessile
arms; they have a more or less slender and contractile peduncular
portion and a distal, usually enlarged, sucker-bearing portion. Beak
protractile, surrounded by an inner, and a loose outer buccal mem-
brane, the latter usually with seven or eight angles, united to the
arms by membranes. Eyes movable in the sockets, with or without
lids. Head united to the mantle either by a dorsal commissure and
two lateral, free, connective cartilages ; by three free connective carti-
lages ; or by three muscular commissures. Mantle usually supported
by an internal, dorsal, horny ' pen,' or by a calcareous, internal,
dorsal shell or 'bone;' sometimes the pen is absent; always with
muscular fins on each side. Male, when adult, usually with one or
two of the arms hectocotylized.

This group was divided by D'Orbigny into the following two
tribes, which are more convenient than natural :

Oigopsklm. — Eyes naked in front, furnislu^d with free lids, with or
without an anterior siims; pupils round.

MyopsidcB. — Eyes usually covered by transparent skin, sometimes
with a thickened fold, forming a lower lid, but in tStoloteuthis the
lids are entirely free ; pupils crescent-shaped, rarely round.

* The name Decacera, though not in so general use as Decapoda for this group, is re-
tained because the latter was previously, and still is, in use for a group of Crustacea,
and therefore, cannot properly be used for tliGse Cephalopoda.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 42V

OIGOPSID.E.

The division called Oigopsidm includes two very diverse groups,
diftering very widely in their visceral anatomy, as well as in the
structure of the eyes, siphon, and mantle connections. These may
be called Teutliidea and Tao)iklea.

The former will include all the Oigopsidie described in this paper
except the Desmoteuthidce. The Taonidea will include our Desmo-
teuthidce, and also several allied forms, which have usually been
carelessly referred to LoUgopsls.

TEUTHIDEA Verrill.

Eyes with free lids, not stalked. Siphon with a subterminal valve.
Mantle attached to the siphon by free connective cartilages. Stomach
lai-ge, pouch-like; intestine short; liver very large; ink-sacs large.
Pen horny, well developed, as long as the mantle. One of the
ventral arms is usually hectocotylized in the male. Arms with
suckers, or with claws, or with both.

Family TEUTHID^E Owen (restricted.)

Teuthidce (pars) Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. ii, 1838.

Teuthidce (pais) D'Orbigny, Ceplial. Acetab., p. xxxvii (Introduction), p. 328, 1835-

1848.
Onychoteuthidce (pars) Gray, Catal. Brit. Mus., Moll, vol. i, p. 45, 1849.

H. & A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 30.

Tentacular arms furnished with sharp, horny claws or hooks, which
correspond with peculiarly and highly modified sucker-rings ; true
denticulated suckers usually accompany the hooks; tip of arm with
a cluster of small suckers; proximal part of club usually with a
mixed group of connective tubercles and smooth-rimmed suckers, by
which the arms can be fastened together and used in concert. Ses-
sile arras with hooks, with suckers, or with both. Eyes with free
lids and a sinus. Mantle united to neck by three simple, movable,
connective cartilages. Siphon with a valve and with dorsal bridles.
Nuchal or olfactory crests well developed. Pen thin, usually lanceo-
late, generally with a posterior hooded portion, or hollow cone, and
sometimes terminated by a solid cartilaginous cone. Hectocotylized
arm not observed.

Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V. 51 December, 1881.

428 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

For a brief synopsis of the previously known genera of this fam-
ily,* see pp. 250, 251.

Owen's family, Teuthidce, included nearly all the Decacera having
horny internal shells. As adopted by D'Orbigny, it included our
OmmastrephidcB and Teuthidm.

Enoploteuthis (see pp. 251, 404).

Enoploteuthis Hartingii Terriu. ([.p. 240, 24i, 404).

Enoploteuthis Molinas D'Orb. = E. Cookii Owen. (pp. 24l, 404).

Moroteuthis TerriU. (See p. 393).
Moroteuthis robusta (Dall) Ven-ill. (pp. 246, 393).

GonatUS Gray. (See pp. 290, 387, 390).

Gonatus amoenus Gray. (pp. 291, 388, 390).

LestOteuthis Yerrill. (See pp. 250, 387, 390).
1. LestOteuthis Fabricii (Lieht.) Yerrill (pp. 291, 293, 387-390).

Family OMMASTREPHID^.

Teuthidm {j)ars) D'Orbig.. Ceplial. Acetab., pp. xxxvii, 328.
Onychoteuthidoi {2)ars) Gray, Catal. Brit. Mus., Moll., vol. i, p. 45, 1849.
OminastreplndK Gill, Classification Mollusca, p. 1, 1871.
Trjou, Man. Conch., vol. i, p. 107, 1879.

Body elongated, often very large (Arehiteuth/s), tapering to a point
posteriorly, shorter and less acute in the female. Sessile and tentacu-
lar arras without hooks, but provided with suckers, having denticu-
lated, horny rings ; tentacular arras with an expanded club, having
four rows of suckers on its middle portion, those in the two central
rows lai'ger; proximal portion mth or without smooth-rimraed con-
nective suckers and tubercles ; tip with a cluster of smooth-rimmed
suckers. Siphon in a deep groove, attached by four bridles ; an internal
valve. Eye-lids with a distinct anterior sinus. Nuchal and olfactory
crests consist of three longitudinal membranes on each side, united
by a transverse one in front. Connective cartilages of the mantle

* The genus Dosidicus Steenst., should not have been there included. It belongs to
the OmmastrephidiH, and is very closely related to Stheiioleuthis. The tentacular club
bears denticulated sucivers and the terminal cone of the pen is hollow.

Aiicistroteuthis Krohnii appears to belong to Onychoteuthis. Gonatus and LestoteuUiis
have since been restricted and their characters revised. (See pp. 388-394).

A. E. Verrill — JVorth Aynerican Ceplialopods. 429

three ; the lateral ones are usually T-shaped, I'ormed by a longitudinal
ridge, with a smaller transverse one across its posterior end ; the
corresponding cartilages on the siphon are long-triangular, with a
longitudinal and a transverse groove. Two oviducts. Hectocotylized
arm of tlie male may be either the right or left ventral.

Pen usually very narrow along the middle portion, and with three
ribs; anterior and posterior portions expanded, the latter with the
edges involute, and forming a terminal hood or hollow cone.

Ommastrephes (See pp. 267, 385).

Ommastrephes {iMrs) D'Orbigny, Yoy. Am. Merid., 1835 ; Cephal. Acetab., p. 341.
Illex and Todarodes Steenstrup, Oversigt k. Danske Videnske. Selsk. Forhand., 1880,
p. 90.

2. Ommastrephes illecebrosus (Les.) Yemii. (pp. 268, 403).

Sthenoteuthis Yerrill. (See pp. 222, 286, 385, 402).

Ommastrephes (pars) D'Orbigny, Yoy. Amer. Merid., Moll.. (1835 ?) ; Ceplial. Acetab.,

1839-'48.
Sthenoteuthis Yerrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 222. Feb., 1880; Amer. Journ.

Sci.. vol. xix, p. 289, April, 1880.
Ommastrephes Steenstrup, OyeTs\gt k. Danske Yidensk. Selsk. P^orhandl., 1880, p.

89 (sep. cop. p. 19, received Aug., 1880).

3. Sthenoteuthis megaptera Yerrill. (pp. 223, 286).

Sthenoteuthis pteropUS (Steenst.) YerriU. (pp. 228, 402).

4. sthenoteuthis Bartramii (Les.) Yerrill. (p. 2S8).

ArchiteuthlS (Steenst.) Harting, 1881. (See pp. 197, 259, 394, 422).
Architeuthus Steenst, 1856, (no description).

5. Architeuthis Harveyi Yerrill. (pp. 177-210, 259, 395, 422).

6. Architeuthis princeps Yerrill. (pp. 181-189, 194, 259).
Architeuthis monachus (Steenst.) (pp. 238-245).

Architeuthis dux (Steenst.) Gervais. (pp. 238-240).

Architeuthis Hartingii Yerrill. (p. 240).
Architeuthis Bouyeri Yerrill. (p. 243).
Architeuthis (?) Mouchezi Yeiain. (pp. 243, 398).

Architeuthis grandis (Owen) Yerrill. (p. 400),

430 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

The number of the foreign species, mostly nominal and imperfectly
known, will undoubtedly be much reduced when they become
better known. Probably A. dux and A. Bouyeri are identical, but
there is as yet no proper zoological description of either. The
former has been very briefly described by Gervais, and Harting has
published an outline figure of one of the mandibles.

Family MASTIGOTEUTHID^:, nov.

Body slender, pointed behind. Caudal Hn large, rhombic. Mantle
united to neck by three movable cartilages. Siphon with an inter-
nal valve and one pair of dorsal bridles. Eyes large, not promi-
nent ; lids free, simple. Buccal membrane 6-angled, without suckers.
Arms free; suckers in two rows. Tentacular arms (in the typical
species) not expanded into a club, the terminal portion round, taper-
ing, covered with a multitude of minute suckers, in many rows.
Neither auditory nor olfactory crests. Pen narrow, with a long,
hollow posterior cone.

This family differs from Ommastrephidoi in lacking a distinct
lachrymal sinus and olfactory frills, in the lemarkable character of
the tentacular arms, and in the simple connective cartilages.

MastigOteuthis Verrill. (See p. 296).

7. MastigOteuthis Agassizii Veniii. (p. 297).

Family CHIROTEUTHID^] Gray, (restricted).

LoligopsidcB {pars) D'Orb., Cephal. Acetab., p. .320, 1835-48.
Chiroteuihidce (pars) Gray, Brit. Miis. Catal., Moll., rol. i, p. 42, 1849.

Body small; mantle with three movable connective cartilages.
Eyes not prominent, with free, simple lids; no sinus. Siphon small,
with an internal valve; no dorsal bridle. Olfactory crests absent.
Buccal membrane seven-angled, without suckers. Buccal aquiferous
openings six. Sessile arms large ; web rudimentary ; suckei's with
toothed horny rings, encircled by a groove. Tentacular arms very
long and slender, with a large club; tip often with a spoon-shaped
organ, opening backward ; peduncle with sessile connective suckers ;
club with rows of singular small suckers, having a swollen bulb on
the long pedicel. Pen with a long, narrow shaft, posterior portion
involute, tubular.

It is somewhat doubtful whether C(dlife>it/i is belongs to this family,
its tentacular arms being unknown.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 431

ChiroteuthiS D'Orb. (See p. 299).
(Jhiroteuthis is the only genus in this family that has been hitherto
recognized.

8. ChiroteuthiS lacertosa VerriU. (pp. 299, 408).

Brachioteuthis Verrill. (See p. 405).

9. Brachioteuthis Beanii Yen-ill. (p. 406).

Calliteuthis Ven-ill. (p. 295).

10. Calliteuthis reversa Veniii. (p. 295).

Calliteuthis OCellata (Owen) Yerrill. (p. 402).

Family HISTIOTEUTHID.^, nov.

Loligopsidce {pars) D'Oibig., Cephal. Acetab., p. 320, 1835-48.
Ghiroteuthidm {pars) Gray, Catal. Brit. Mus., Moll., vol. i, p. 42, 1 849.

Body small, short, with small caudal fins. Mantle united to the
neck by three movable cartilages. Siphon with neither dorsal bridle
nor internal valve (?).* Head large. Olfactory crests absent. Eyes
large, not prominent; lids free and simple; no sinus. Buccal mem-
brane with six smooth lobes ; buccal aquiferous openings four. Nine
brachial openings at the bases of the tentacular arms. Six upper
arras usually united by a very broad web; sucker-rings convex, with
small, oblique apertures. Tentacular arms moderate, with a well-
developed club, bearing large, normal, central suckers, and small
marginal ones ; proximal part of the club with connective suckers
and tubercles. Pen broad, short, lanceolate, much like that of Luligo.

Histioteuthis D'Orbigny. (See p. 233).

11. Histioteuthis Collinsii Yerrill. (pp. 234, 300. 404).

TAONIDEA Merrill.
Eyes large, stalked or prominent, having free lids, but no sinus.
Mantle united to base of siphon and back of neck by three muscular
commissures. Siphon large, without a true subterminal valve, but
usually Avith special elevated processes, or flaps, in the basal portion.
Stomach small, far back; intestine very long, covered w^ith lateral

* According to D'Orbigny there is no valve in this genus, nor in ChiroteuthiS, but in
the latter there is certainly a valve, and it may have been overlooked by him, also,
in the former. My specimens lack the siphon.

432 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

follicular glands; liver small, far forward; ink-sac small. Pen slen-
der anteriorly, as long as the mantle. Hectocotylized arm not
observed. All the arms bear suckers.

Family DESMOTEUTHID^ Yerrill. (See p. 300).

Body much elongated, mantle united to the neck by three mus-
cular commissures. Siphon without a true valve, but with three
peculiar, special thickenings, or raised processes* in its basal portion.
Eyes prominent. Intestine very long ; ink-sac small.

Desmoteuthis Yemll. (See p. 300).

1 2. Desmoteuthis hyperboreus (Steenst.) Verriii. (p. 302).

13. Desmoteuthis tenera Yerrill. (p. 412).

Taonius Steenstrup, restricted. (See p. 306).

14. Taonius pavo (Les.) steenstrup. (See p. 306).

MYOPSID^E D'Orbigny.

Eyes usually without regular lids ; the integument of the head
sometimes becomes transparent and extends continuously over the
eye; in some genera (Hossia, &c.) there is a fold of skin below the
eye, constituting a free lower eyelid, Avhile the upper lid is adherent
to the eye-ball ; but in Stolotevthis the lids are entirely free. The
pupil is usually crescent-shaped, or indented on the upper side, btit
is round in Stoloteuthis. Sometimes a small pore in front of the
anterior edge of the eye connects with the orbital cavity. Siphon
usually with a valve.

This artificial division includes two very diverse groups, which not
only differ widely in the condition of the eyes, but also in the nature
of the hectocotylization of the arms, and in anatomical characters.

To one of these groups, containing the family SeplolidcB, I propose
to fipply the name Sepiolidea.

The other division, Sepidea, includes the families, Sepidce, Loli-
ginidci', Idiosepid(X, and perhaps Spirulidce; but the latter might,
perhaps, be best placed with fossil forms in a division of which it is
the sole surviving genus.

* Of these orpraiis the median dorsal one is larger and more complicated than the
others (see PI. LV, fig. 2d, m; and fig. 4a.). It seems to me probable that this organ
is a true hornologue of the foot of gastropods.

A. IE. Verrill — N'orth Atnerican Cephalopods. 433

SEPIDEA Verrill.

The integument extends entirely over the eye and thei-e is a pore
in front of it. Pupil crescent-shaped. Body commonly elongated.
Pen various, rarely absent, usually large, broad-lanceolate or ovate,
either horny or calcareous (spirally coiled, tubular and chambered
in /Spirula, in which it is posteriorly situated.) One of the ventral
arms of the male is usually hectocotylized.

Mantle usually with three connective cartilages, rarely with one
(dorsal) or three muscular commissures.

Family LOLIGINID^.

Teuthidce (pars) Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 285, 1847.
Loligidce D'Orbiguy, Ceph. Acetab., p. 297, 1848.
Loligidce (pars) C4ray. Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., vol. i, p. 66, 1849.
LoUginidcB (jMrs) H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll., vol. i, p. 35.

Body more or less elongated, cylindro-couical. Fins elongated,
united and acute posteriorly, sometimes extending the Avhole length
of the body. Pen large, extending the whole length of the mantle,
with an acute, short, pen-like anterior shaft, and a broader, thin,
lanceolate blade. Connective cartilages of the mantle three, mov-
able. Eyes without a thickened false lid. Siphon provided with an
internal valve, and usually with a dorsal bridle. Olfactory crests,
about the ears, well-developed. Tentacular club large, with four
rows of denticulated suckers on the middle portion. Horny rings of
the suckers encircled externally by a raised median ridge.

LoligO Lamarck. (See p. 307).

15. LoligO Pealei Les. (p. 308).

16. LoligO (Lolliguncula) brevis Biainv.* (p. 343).

Sepioteuthis D'Orbig. (See p. 346).

Sepioteuthis sepioidea D'Orb. (p. 345).

* Professor Steenstriip, in a recent paper (Sepiadarium og Idiosepius.<]Vid. Selsk.
Skr., 6 R., 1, 3, p. 242, note, 1881), has proposed to make this species the type of a
new genus, Lolliguncula, because the female receives the spermatophores on the inner
surface of the mantle, — a character that seems to be scarcely of generic value, unless
it be reinforced by anatomical differences now unknown. Such characters may possi-
bly exist in the unknown males.

434 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

SEPIOLIDEA Yerrill.
In this group the eye-lids are either entirely free all around, or the
upper one may be attached to the eye-ball. Pupil either round or
crescent-shaped. Body short, obtuse. Fins lateral, separated. Pen
small or rudimentary, sometimes absent. Sucker-rings smooth. Dor-
sal arms of the male are usually hectocotylized, one or both.

Family SEPIOLID^. (See pp. 347, 416).

StoloteuthiS Verrill. (See pp. 347, 417).

17. StoloteuthiS leucoptera Verrill. (pp. 347, 41 8).

Inioteuthis Japonica (D'Orb., sp. ?) Verrill. (p. 417).

Inioteuthis Morsei Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 41 7).

RoSSia Owen. (See p. 349).

18. Rossia megaptera V. (p. 349).

19. Rossia Hyatti v. (p. 351).

20. Rossia sublevis V. (pp. 354, 4i9).

Heteroteuthis Gray. (See p. 357).

21. Heteroteuthis tenera V. (pp. 357, 4i9).

OCTOPODA Leach. (See p. 360).

Family PHILONEXID^ D'Orb. (See p. 36i).

Parasira Steenst. (Seep. sei).
Vidensk. meddel. naturh. Forening, Kjobealiavn, 1860, p. 33 3.

22. Parasira catenulata steenst. (p. 362).

Family ARG-ONAUTID.iE Cantr. (See p. 364).

Argonauta Linne.

23. Argonauta argo Linne. (pp. 364, 420).

Family ALLOPOSID^ Verrill. (See p. 365).

AllopOSUS Verrill. (See p. 365).

24. AUopOSUS mollis Verrill. (pp. 366, 420).

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopoch. 435

Family OCTOPODID^ D'Orb. (Seep. 367).

Octopus Lam. (See p. 367).

25. Octopus Bairdii Verrill. (pp. 368, 421).

26. Octopus lentUS Verrill. (p. 375).

27. Octopus piscatorum VerriU. (p. 377).

28. Octopus obesUS Verrill. (p. 379.)
Octopus rUgOSUS Bosc. (p. 368).

Octopus vulgaris, ip. 252).

Octopus punCtatUS Gabb. (p. 252).

Eledone Leach, (p. 380).

29. Eledone verrucosa Verrill. (p. 380),

Family CIRRHOTEUTHID JE Keff. (See p. 382),

Stauroteuthis Verrill. (p. 382).

30. stauroteuthis syrtensis Verrill. (p. 382).

Trans. Coxx. Acad.. Vol. V. 52 December, I SSL

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

AH the figures were drawn from nature by Mr. J. H. Emerton, except when other-
wise stated.*

Plate XXYI.
Figure 1. — Architeuthis Harreiji Y. (N'o. 24). Young. Phar^^nx and beak, with

odoutophore ; o, oesophagus, natural size.
Figure 2. — The same. Distal part of tentacular arm, with club, natural size.
Figure 3. — The same. Segment from distal portion of left arm of the third pair of ses-
sile arms, front view; 3a, the same, side view, natural size.
Figure 4. — The same. Basal portion of right arm, of second pair. Front view,

natural size.
Figure 5. — Architeuthis Harvey i V. (No. 2). One of the marginal suckers of the
club, side view ; 5a, tlie same, front view, enlarged 2 diameters.

Plate XXVII.
Figure 1. — Desmoteuthis hyjierhorea V. Ventral view of a female, \ natural size.
Figure 2. — The same specimen. Dorsal view of head and arms. Part of the arms

are imperfect.
Figure 3. — Histioteuthis ColUnsii V. Original t^'pe. One of the tentacular arms.

Front view, -J natural size.
Figure 4. — Beak of the same specimen ; a, upper, h, lower mandible, natural size.
Figure 5— Suckers of the same specimen: a, side, and a', front view of one of the

larger suckers of lateral arm; 6, side, and b' front view of a distal sucker,

enlarged 2^ diameters.
Figure 6. — Sthenoteuthis megapiera V. Side view of jaws and odoutophore, natural

size.
Figure 7 and 7a. — Sthenoteuthis pteropibs V. Upper and lower mandibles, natural

size.
Figure 8. — Rossia Hyatti V. Side view of young male, natural size.
Figure 9. — The same. Egg containing an embryo ; enlarged 6 diameters. The

shaded portion represents the yolk still remaining unabsorbed.
Figure 10. — Onychoteuthis Banlcsii. One of the large hooks from the middle of the

club; a, side view; a', front view ; enlarged 4 diameters.
Figure 11. — The same. Corresponding views of one of the smaller hooks of the club.
Figure 12.— The same. Horny ring from one of the small suckers on the proximal

cluster of connective suckers and tubercles of the club ; a, side view ; a', front

view, enlarged 4 diameters.

* Most of these figures were drawn in India ink, by Mr. Pimerton, for the U. S.
Fish Commission, to be engraved in relief, to illustrate a report on the Cephalopods by
the writer, which has been printing nearly simultaneously with this article in one of
the volumes of the report of Professor S. F. Baird, the Commissioner. To Professor
Baird I am greatly indebted for the privilege of first using a large part of the draw-
ings here, which has enabled me to illustrate this article more fully than would,
otherwise, have been possible.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 437

Plate XXVIII.

Figure 1. — Ommastrephes illecebrosus V. Young male from Province town, Mass.
General figure of ventral side, f natural size ; la, club of the right tentacular
arm, front view, enlarged If.

Figure 2. — The same. Club and part of tentacular arm, of a larger $ specimen,
enlarged If diameters.

Figure 3, 3a. — The same. Hectocotylized right ventral arm of a large male specimen,
from Eastport, Me., showing the sexual modification of the suckers and their
peduncles toward the end of the arm ; 3a transverse section of the modified por-
tion of the same.

Figure 4. — The same. Pen of a young specimen ; f natural size.

Figures 5 and 5a.— The same. Side and front views of a large sucker of the lateral
arms, enlarged 3f diameters.

Figure 6 and 6a. — Side and front views of a smaller, distal sucker of the lateral arms.

Figure 7. — The same. $ Side view of the horny ring of one of the largest suckers
of the club, enlarged 3f diameters.

Plate XXIX.

Figure 1. — Loligo Pealei Lesueur. Female from Vineyard Sound. Ventral view, |-
natural size; 1, dorsal arms; 2.3. 2d and 3d, lateral arms ; 4, ventral arms ; t,
tentacular arms ; a, nuchal olfactory crests, about the ear ; e. eye ; ^j, aquiferous
pore ; s, siphon.

Figure 2. — The same. Tentacular arm of a large male, enlarged \\ diameters.

Figure 3, 3a. — Front and side views of the hectocotylized left ventral arm of a male,
showing the sexual modifications of the suckers and their peduncles, toward the
tip, enlarged lA- diameters.

Figure 4. — The same. Female. Front view of the beak and buccal membranes,
natural size : ??2, mandibles ; /, inner fold ; / second fold of the buccal membrane ;
a, dorsal ; &, c, lateral : d, A^entral angles of the outer buccal membrane, with
their small suckers ; s, peculiar horse-shoe shaped tubercle, or sucker, for the
attachment of the spermatophores, during copulation.

Figure 5. — Ommastrephes illecebrosus. Side view of the head and siphon, after
removal of part of the mantle, f natural size ; 1, 2, 3, 4, bases of 1st to 4th pairs
of sessile arms; t a, base of tentacular arm; m, mantle; h,h', olfactory crests
around the ear ; d, siphon ; /, /', the connective cartilages for attaching it to the
mantle.

Figure 5a. — The same. Lateral connective cartilage, or 'button' on the inside of the
mantle, which fits closely into the cartilage pit (/) on the base of the siphon.

Plate XXX.

Figure 1. — Rossia Hyatti Verrill. Female. Ventral view of the head and arms, en-
larged 3 diameters.

Figure 1.— Rossia suhlevis Verrill. Female. Ventral view of the head and arms,
enlarged 3 diameters.

Plate XXXI.

Figure 1. — Rossia Hyatti. Dorsal view, enlarged 1-J- diameters.
Figure 2. — The same. A young specimen, enlarged 1-| diameters.

438 A. JE. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

Figure 3. — Rossia sublevis. Ventral view, enlarged 1 -| diameters.

Figure 4. — Stoloteuthis leucoptera Verrill. Female. Young, ventral view, enlarged 3

diameters.
Figure 5. — The same. Male. A larger specimen, taken in 1819, enlarged 1^ diameters.

Plate XXXIl.

Figure 1. — Stauroteuthis syrtensis V. Dorsal view, -,% natural size.
Figure 2.— The same. Lower side of head; s, siphon; e, eye; a, the auditory pore.
Figure 3. — The same. The siphon, turned back.

Figures 4 and 5. — The same. Superior and inferior mandibles, enlarged 2f diameters.
This plate was drawn by the author, from the alcohohc specimen, except figs. 4 and
5, which are by J. H. Emerton.

Plate XXXIII.
Figure 1. — Octopus Bairdii Verrill. Male. Ventral view, natural size: h, terminal

organ of the hectocotylized arm ; ?', the groove along the lower side of the arm.
Figure \a. — The same specimen. Hectocotylized arm, enlarged two diameters.
Figure 2. — Parasira catenulata Steenst. Female. Front view, ^ natural size.
Figure 2a. — The same specimen. Side view. ^ natural size.

Plate XXXIV.

Figure 1. — Loligo Pealei, var. pallida V. Male. Dorsal view, about J natural size.

Figure 2. — The same. Pen, about \ natural size.

Figure 3. — The same. Portion of radula, much enlarged.

Figure 4. — The same. Upper mandible: a, rostrum or tip of the beak; h, the notch ;

c, the inner end of ala ; d, the frontal lamina; e, the palatine lamina: ah, the
cutting edge of beak ; he, anterior or cutting edge of ala.

Figure 4a.— Lower mandible : a, rostrum ; ah, cutting edge ; he, anterior edge of ala ;

d, mentum or chin ; e, gular lamina.

Figure 5. — Octopus Bairdii V. Young male. Side-view from a living specimen,

nearly natural size.
Figure 6. — The same. Dorsal view, from life, nearly natural size.

Figs. 3, 4, 4rt, were drawn by the author ; the others by J. H. Emerton.

Plate XXXV.
Figure 1. — Octopus leutiis V. Female. Original specimen. Ventral view, f natural

size.
Figure 2. — The same specimen. Dorsal view, § natural size.

Plate XXXVI.

Figure 1. — Octopus piscatorum V. Female. Original type. Ventral view, f nat-
ural size.

Figure 2. — The same specimen. Dorsal view.

Figure 3. — Octopus obesus V. Male. Original type. Basal portion of one of the
lateral arms, to show the arrangement of suckers, natural size.

Figure 4. — The same specimen. Terminal portion of the hectocotylized arm, en-
larged l^ diameters.

Figure 5. — Sfhenoteuthis pte'^opus V,, from Bermuda. Female. Anterior end of
pen, natural size.

A. E. Verrill — JVort/i American Cephalopods. 439

Figure 5a. — Posterior end of the same pen.

Figure 6. — The same specimen. Connective cartilage from base of the siphon, natural

size.
Figure 7. — The same specimen. Transverse sections of arms; a, of dorsal; h, of 2d

pair; c, of third pair, natural size. The suckers are omitted.
Figure 8. — The same specimen. Rims of suclcers of sessile arms, enlarged 1^ diameter ;

a, a\ side and front views of the 15th and 13th sucker of a ventral arm; 6, h',

side and front view of one of the largest suckers of a lateral arm ; c, r/. a dorsal

sucker of a dorsal arm.
Figure 9. — Part of border of one of the larger suckers (12th) of the second pair of

arms, more enlarged, showing part of the dentate edge of the horny rim, with

a portion of the circle of small plates, attaclied to the membranous border.
Figure 10. — Octopus Bairdil V. Spermatophores. A, one with the inner sac {S)

partly extruded ; i, tlie point from wliich the extension commences, natural size ;

B, another spermatophore in its original condition; o, filament at large end ; h,

filament at small end.

Pl.\te XXXYII.
Figure 1. — Loligo Pealei Les. Female specimen from Vinej^ard Sound. Pen. natural

size and represented as flattened to show the full width of the thin portion.
Figure 2. — Loligo Pealei, var. horealis. Female specimen, from Annisquam, Mass.

Pen, natural size, represented in the same manner.
Figure 3. — Loligo Pealei. Pen of a young specimen from Vineyard Sound, natural

size. Represented in the same way.
Figure ^.—Histioteuthis Collinsii V. Teeth of the odontophore, isolated and enlarged

25 diameters ; «, median; ?*, inner lateral; c, and d, outer laterals ; e, marginal

plate ; h, g, and /, oiher views of the lat.-ral teeth. The teeth are not drawn in

their natural positions.
Figure 6. — Loligo pallida Y. Part of teeth of the odontophore, enlarged 50 diameters ;

a, median tooth, front view : c, next to outer lateral teeth: d, outer lateral teeth ;

e, marginal plates ; all are in their natural positions, except a.
Figure 7. — Sthenoteuthis pteropus Y ., from Bermuda. Isolated teeth from odontophore,

enlarged 25 diameters; a. median teeth, front view ; &, inner lateral ; c, middle

lateral : d, outer lateral tooth.
Figure 8. — Ommastrephes illecehrosus Les., from Eastport, Me., part of the teeth of the

odontophore in their natural positions, enlarged 25 diameters; a. median teeth;

h and h\ inner lateral teeth; c, middle lateral teeth ; d, outer lateral teeth.
Figure 9. — Loligo Pealei, var. pallida Y. Female, from Ansonia, N. Y. Tenth

sucker of the third pair of arms ; a, lateral, and h, front view, enlarged 2

diameters.
Figure 10. — The same. Male, from Ansonia. Suckers enlarged 2 diameters; a, front

view of tenth, from third arm ; b, side view of same ; c, side view of horny rim

of fifth large sucker of tentacular club ; d, front view of the same.
Figure 11. — Loligo Pealei, var. pallida. Female. (Same specimen as figure 9.)

Fifth large sucker of tentacular arm ; e, side, and /, front view. Enlarged 2

diameters.
Figures 5-8 are from camera-lucida drawings by the author; the others are by J.
H. Einerton.

440 A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods.

Plate XXXYIII.

Figure 1. — Rossia megaptera V., sp. nov. Dorsal view, natural size.

Figure 2. — Ommastrephes illecebrosus. Male, ^ natural size. Opened on the ventral
side. The peritoneal membrane, most of the renal organs on the right side, and
the reproductive organs, except the testicle {t\ have been removed. M, mantle
cut open : F, caudal fin : P, posterior part of pen ; S, stomach ; S', coecal lobe ;
H, systemic heart; c, the eye; &, olfactory or nuchal crests; d, siphon; /,/, con-
nective cartilages on the base of the siphon ; /', /', connective cartilages of the
mantle, which fit into/,/; m\ lateral muscles of neck; g, g, gills: ?, liver ; i,
ink-sac; h. intestine or rectum; ao, anterior aorta, going to head; ho, efferent
branchial vessel; o. median ventral artery of mantle; o\ o', lateral arteries going
to mantle and fins ; a u, branchial auricles ; v c. anterior vena-cava ; r c", pos-
terior vena-cava of left side (the right one has been removed) ; r, r, saccular ven-
tral renal organs ; r', more compact glandular (renal) or^'an. connected with the
posterior vense-cavse; f, testicle or spermary; p", hooded posterior tip of pen,
enclosing the end of the spermary. From an alcoholic specimen.

Figure 3. — Architeuthis Harveyi Y. (No. 24). Sucker (50th) of lateral arm, second
pair, showing the scales around the aperture, front view, enlarged about 4
diameters.

Figure 4. — The same specimen. Otolith; «, side-view; 5, front- view.

Figure 5. — The same specimen. Poi'tion of radula, showing most of three transver.se
rows of teeth ; a. median teeth ; &, V. inner-lateral teeth ; c. c', and d, two outer-
lateral rows of teeth, much enlarged.

Figure 6. — The same, more eularged, lettered as in fig. 5.

Figure 7c'. — The same. One of the teeth from the outer-lateral row.

Figure 8. — Octojms Bairdii Y. Male. Figured in the act of swimming, dorsal view ;
a, terminal spoon of hectocotylized ;irm. From a living specimen, nearly natural
s'ze.

Pl.vte XXXIX.

Figure 1. — Desmoteuthis hyperhorea Y. Female. Specimen opened on the ventral
side. M. mantle ; F, caudal fin ; P, P', posterior part of pen ; c, c, eyes ; d,
siphon; do, aperture of same; d", base and posterior entrance of same; /', com-
missure attaching the siphon to the mantle laterally ; g, g, gills ; h, rectum ; S,
S, S, divisions of stomach and coecal lobe ; ?, I, long tubular intestine, plicated
within, and with rows of follicular glands along each side ; i, liver and ink-sac ;
H, systemic heart or ventricle; bo, branchial efferent vessels; a u, branchiiil
auricles; i' c", posterior vena-cava ; ?•', renal organs; ov, ovary; o w', some ovules
larger than the rest; oj5, oj}, right and left oviducts; cc', nidamental glands of
the oviducts ; xx, x x', accessory nidamental glands. From a mutilated specimen.

Figure 2. — Ommastrephes illecehrosu.o. Female, less than natural size. Lettering as
in Plate ."58, fig. 2, with the following additional letters: h", lower nnchal facet,
with the auditory pore; u, urethreal openings in the peritoneal membr.ine, com-
municating between the gill-cavity and the visceral cavity, containing the renal
organs, r,?'; vc', lateral pallial veins, or veme-cavEe ; o i\ ovary; od,od', right
and left oviducts ; op, the anterior opening ; ox, cc a;, nidamental glands.

Figures. — Oinmaf<trej)hes illecehrosus. Jaws enlarged H diameters: a, superior;
h, inferior mandible.

Figure 4. — Loligo Pealei. Portion of the radula, much enlarged.

A. IE. Verrlll — North American Cepkalopods. 441

Plate XL.
Figure 1. — Loligo Pealei, var. j>ollida. Male. Ventral view, about f natural size.
The mantle has been cut open, a little to one side of the median line ; most of the
peritoneal membrane has been removed. C, lower side of head ; M, mantle ; F,
caudal fin ; a, lachrymal pore ; &, olfactory crests ; c, eye ; d, siphon, cut open ;
d", cavity of siphon; e, valve of siphon ; f, one of the connective cartilages of
the siphon ; /' one of the connective cartilages of the mantle, in the form of a
ridge, fitting into the siphonal cartilage ; </, gill ; h, termination of the intestine,
or rectum; i, ink-snc; i', duct of inU-sac; /, portion of liver, in position; m', m'l
muscular columns connecting the head and siphon with dorsal portion of the
body; H, systemic heart, or ventricle, crossed by the artery of the ink-sac;
ao, bulbous base of anterior aorta ; o, ventral pallial artery, or median branch of
the posterior aorta, supplying the ventral parts of the mantle ; o\ one of the
caudal arteries or lateral branches of the posterior aorta going to the caudal fin
and posterior parts of the mantle ; au.au, branchial auricles ; h v, afferent vessel
going to the gills; bo, efferent branchial vessels, returning the blood to the ven-
tricle, their swollen basal portions acting as auricles ; v c, anterior vena-cava ; r, r,
ventral renal organs, two ventral sacculated branches of the vena-cava (on the
leftside, the vein from the ink-sac and rectum is shown); r', r'- two pyriform
renal organs, or sacculated and glandular portions of the posterior vense-cavae,
directly connected with r, r; r, v c\ lateral pallial veins, going to the dorsal sac-
culated divisions of the veuse-cavse ; v c", v c" two posterior vense-cava;, returning
from the caudal fin and mantle ; S, first stomach, or gizzard ; S', large, saccular
ccecal appendage of the stomach ; ^, glandular, plicated division of the stomach ; <,
spermary or testicle ; ip r, prostate gland, with the vesiculas-seminales and sperma-
tophore-sac; p, efferent sperm-duct or 'penis'; P, posterior portion of the pen.

Figure 2. — The same. Dorsal view of the reproductive organs, part of the renal
organs, heart, etc., dissected out. The lettering is as in figure 1, with the follow-
ing additions: vd, vas-deferens, closely folded upon itself ; ss, spermatophore-
sac ; p 0, genital artery ; g o, spermatic artery and vein ; S", commencement of
intestine : p t, part of peritoneal membrane.

Figure 3. — Loligo Pealei. Female in the breeding season. Oviduct, filled with ova,
dissected out. Ventral view, about i natural size; vo, commencement of convo-
luted, thin membranous portion of oviduct ; o d, entrance to glandular portion ;
0 d', glandular portion of oviduct, surroimded by the large, laminated gland, x',
the arterial vessels of which have been injected ; op, orifice of the oviduct.

Figure 3a. — The same specimen, seen from the dorsal side.

Figures 4a, 46. — Loligo Pealei. Male. Side and front views of horny rim of one of
the marginal suckers of the tentacular club, enlarged 10 diameters.

Figure 5. — The same. Portion of the rim and marginal denticles of one of the large
median suckers of the tentacular club, much enlarged.
Figures 3, 3a are by the author ; the others by J. H. Emerton, from alcoholic speci-
mens.

Plate XLI.

Figure I.— Loligo Pealei, var. borealis. Female, in the breeding season. Ventral
view, about | natural size. The mantle has been ctit open nearly in the median
line and the peritoneal membrane partly removed. The lettering is the Same as

442 A. E. Verrill — N'orth Atnerican Cephaloj^ds.

in fig. 1 of PI. XL, with the following additions : 1, 2, 3, 4, first, second, third
and fourth pairs 6f sessile arms; ta, tentacular arms; d', external orifice of si-
phon \ ov, 0 v', ovary, mostly concealed by the oviduct ; v o, commencement of
glandular portion of oviduct ; x', large gland surrounding the oviduct ; o d', ante-
rior portion of oviduct; op, orifice of oviduct; a; a;, pair of large, ventral, lami-
nated, nidamental glands ; x, pair of foUiculated and mottled accessory nida-
mental glands; «, one of the. urethral openings of the peritoneal membrane.
Figure 2. — Loligo Fealei. Embryo taken from the egg, ventral view, much enlarged ;
a, a, «, ventral arms, tentacular arms, and third pairs of sessile arms; c, c, eyes
on stout peduncles or lobes from the sides of the head; m, mantle-edge; h,
branchial auricles ; y, unabsorbed yolk-mass.
Figure 3. — The same. An embryo, within the egg, somewhat more advanced than
fig. 2, side view, less enlarged. The lettering is as in fig. 2, with the following
additions: a', second pair of arms; a", third pair; a'", tentacular arms; ft"",
ventral arms ; s, orifice of siphon ; o, otolith ; /, rudimentai y caudal fins. Chro-
mutophores are developed on the mantle.
Figure 4. — The same. An embryo at the period of hatching. Ventral view, en-
larged about 25 diameters. The yolk-sac is nearly absorbed.
Figure 5. — The same. A somewhat older larva, taken swimminji' at the surface. Dor-
sal view, enlarged about 7 diameters. The dorsal arms are still very small ; the
tentacular arms are the large-t ; the chromatophores are large and symmetrically
arranged, but only part of them are figured ; the caudal fins do not reach the
posterior end.
Figures 2 and 3 are from camera-lucida drawings of living specimens bj^ the author ;
4 is by J. H. Blake from life ; 1 and 5 are by J. H. Emerton, from alcoholic speci-
mens.

Plates XLII, XLIII, and XLIY.

These relate to the next article, which see.

Plate XLV.

Figure 1. — Lestoteuthw Fdbricii Verrill. Young. Pen, enlarged two diameters-
Copied from G. 0. Sars.

Figure la. — The same. Part of odontophore. Copied from G. 0. Sars.

Figure \h. — The same. Portion of tentacular chib, front view, enlarged. Copied
from G. 0. Sars.

Figure 2. — The same. Young. General figure, dorsal view", enlarged two diameters.
From an American example.

Figures 2a, 26. — The same. Front and side views of one of the suckers from the outer
rows of a lateral arm of the same specimen.

Figures 2c, 2d. — The same. Front and side views of a hook-sucker from the median
rows of the same arm.

Figure ?>. — Loligo Pealei. Young female. Dorsal view of a specimen taken at New-
port, R. I , in August. Enlarged two diameters. From a fresh specimen.

Figure 4. — The same. Young, just hatched. Yentral view, seen as a transparent object
from a specimen raised from the eggs, at NewT)ort, R. I.. August 5th. Much en-
larged ; a", a'", a"", three of the pairs of arms, showing the suckers on a"', the
tentacular arms; d, the beak; ?, odontophore ; e, the eye;/; caudal fin; g,
gill ; h, ventricle of the heart ; h\ h', branchial auricles : i. ink-bag ; m, man-
tle; 0, otoliths; s, siphon; s', base of siphon; f. end of intestine; «, stomach;
y, portion of yolk-sac, not yet absorbed.

A. E. Verrill — North American Cephalopods. 443

Figure 5. — Sthenoteuthis megaptera V. Beak and iuner buccal membrane, front view,

natural size.
Figure 5a. — The same. Large sucker from the tentacular arm of the same specimen,

front view, enlarged two diameters.

Plate XLVl.

Figure 1. — CaUiteidhis reversa Verrill. Female. Ventral view, natural size.

Figure la. — The same. Beak, buccal membranes and base of arms, front view,
natural size.

Figure lb. — The same. One of the larger suckers from a lateral arm, enlarged.

Figure 2. — Heteroteuthis tenera Verrill. Dorsal view of female, enlarged two diameters.

Figure 2u. — The same. Tentacular club, enlarged four diameters.

Figure 2&. — The same. Pen, enlarged four diameters.

Figure 2c. — The same. Jaws, side view, enlarged four diameters; a, superior; h, in-
ferior mandible.

Figure 2d. — The same. Part of the odontophore, much enlarged.

Figure 3. — The same. Front view of male, enlarged two diameters.

Figures 3a, 35. — The same. Front and side-views of one of the suckers of the
lateral arms of the same specimen.

Figure 4. — Rossia sublevis Verrill. Pen from ? (see Plate 47, fig. 2), enlarged four
diameters.

Figure 5. — Rossia Hyatti Verrill. Female. Suckers, enlarged fifteen diameters ; a, one
of the largest from third pair of arms, side-view ; h, c, two forms of suck-
ers from the tentacular club.

Figure 6. — Rossia megaptera VerriU. Female. Suckers, enlarged fifteen diameters ;
a, front view of one of the largest from third pair of arms ; b, c, d, three suck-
ers from the tentacular club.
Figures 5 and 6 are camera-lucida drawings by the author ; the rest are by J. H.

Emerton.

Plate XLVII.

Figure 1. — C hiroteuthis lacertosa? Verrill. One of the tentacular arms, outer side,

natural size.
Figure la. — The same. Front view of club, enlarged two diameters.
Figure 15. — The same. One of the suckers, enlarged.
Figure 2. — Rossia sublevis, var. Verrill. Female. Dorsal view, natural size.
Figure 2a. — The same. One of the suckers of the tentacular club, side-view, much

enlarged.
Figure 25. — The same. Marginal scales on the edge of the sucker, more enlarged.
Figure 3. — The same. One of the arms of the third pair, from another female

example, enlarged two diameters.
Figure 4. — The same. Corresponding arm of the male.

Figure 5. — Heteroteuthis tenera Verrill. Dorsal view of male, enlarged two diameters.
Figure 5a. — The same. One of the larger marginal suckers of the tentacular club ;

front view, much enlarged.

Figure 55. — The same. Portion of the margin of the sucker, more enlarged; to show

the scales.

Plate XLVIII.

Figure 1. — Mastigoteuthis Agassizii Verrill. Dorsal view, shghtly enlarged.
Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V. 53 December, 1881.

444 A. _&". Verrill — NortJi Ainerieau Cephahpods.

Plate XLIX.

Figure 1. — Lestoteuthis, Fahricii V. {Cheloteuthis rapax Verrill.) ('lub of tentacular
arm, front view, enlarged two diameters. The horny hooks are lost from the
claws, a, a', a"; h, c, small lateral suckers ; d, cZ', small suckers of distal portion ;
e, e\ connective suckers and tubercles.

Figure la. — The same. One of the suckers corresponding to c of fig. 1, front view,
much enlarged.

Figure 16. — The same. A small sucker, corresponding to d of fig. 1.

Figure Ic, Id. — The same. Front and side-views of one of the claws, with its
enclosed horny liook or 'nail,' from the middle of a lateral arm, enlarged eight
diameters.

Figure le. — The same. Connective cartilage from base of siphon, front view, enlarged
two diameters.

Figure 1/. — The same. Beak and pharynx, side view, enlarged two diameters.

Figure 2. — Mastigoteuthis Agasdzii A'errill. Front view of the beak, buccal membranes
(&, d), and bases of the arms ; enlarged two diameters.

Figure 3a. — The same. Side view of head, siphon, and anterior part of mantle, show-
ing the cartilage (c), on the inner surface of the mantle, which interlocks with c'
on the base of the siphon ; e. olfactory (?) papilla, near the ear ; p, an aquiferous
pore (?) ; s, siphon; t a, base of tentacular arms; 1, 2, 3, 4, bases of correspond-
ing pairs of arms.

Figure 3?;. — The same. Pen, ventral view enlarged two diameters.

Figure 3c. — The same pen. Side-view.

Figure 'dd. — The same. Portion from near the end of one of the tentacular arms, en-
larged sixteen diameters.

Figure 3e. — The same. Suckers from the tentacular arm, much enlarged: a, side-
view ; a' and a", nearly front views.

Figure 3g. — The same. One of the suckers from the middle of a lateral arm, front
view, much enlarged.

Figure 4. — Octopus Bairdii A'errill. Portion of odontophore, much enlarged.

Figure -ia. — The same. Jaws : s, superior ; i, inferior mandibles, enlarged two

diameters.

Plate L.

Figure 1. — Alloposus mollis V. Young male. Side view, showing the sac containing
the hectocotylized arm, cut open, so as to expose the partially developed arm.
One-half natural size.

Figure la. — The same. Hectocotylized arm removed from the sac, enlarged two
diameters.

Figure 2. — The same. Young female. Ventral view, one-half natural size.

Figure 2a. —The same specimen. Dorsal view, one-half natural size.

Plate LI.

Figure 1. — Octopus Bairdii^ var. Verrill. Side view of a young male, enlarged about

two diameters.
Figure la. — The same. Terminal appendage of the hectocotylized arm, enlarged

eight diameters.
Figure 2. — Octopus lentus Verrill. Side view of a male, enlarged about two diameters.
Figure 3. — Alloposus mollis Verrill. Portion of an arm, with suckers, from near the

base, natural size.

A. E. Verrlll — North American Cephalopods. 445

Figure 4. — AUoposus mollis Verrill. Termiual portion of a mature, detached liecto-
cotylized arm, natural size.

Plate LIT.

Figure 1. — Eledone verrucosa^ Verrill. Side view of the male, natural size.
Figure la. — The same. Distal portion of the hectocotylized arm, to edge of basal
web, showing the terminal appendage and the lateral groove.

Plate LIII.
Figure 1 . — Eledone verrucosa, Verrill. Dorsal view of the male, natural size.

Plate LIV.

YxgwvQ \.—ArcMteutMs princepsX . Side view. Restored mostly from No. 13. One-
twenty-fourth natural size.

Figure 2. — Sthenoteuthis pteropus V . Side view of the specimen from Bermuda. One-
fourth natural size.

Figure 2a. — Caudal flu of the same specimen. Dorsal view, one-fourth natural size.

Figure 3. — Loligo Pealei Les. Portion from the middle of the tentacular club of a
specimen having unusually small tentacular suckers ; a, «', largest median
suckers ; 6, 6', lateral suckers, enlarged 4 diameters.

Figure 4. — Stoloteuthis leucoptera V. Male. Second lateral arm, showing the greatly
enlarged middle suckers, enlarged 4 diameters.

Plate LV.

Figure I. — Lestoteuthis Fahricii V. One of the tentacular arms; enlarged 2 diameters.

Figure la. — The same. The larger claw. Side view.

Figure 16. — The same. Lateral arm; enlarged 2 diameters.

Figures 16', 16". — The same. One of the hooks; enlarged 8 diameters.

Figure Ic. — The same. Portion oF ventral arm ; enlarged 2 diameters.

Figure Id. — The same. Pen, ventral view; natural size.

Figure 2. — Desmoteuthis tenera V. General figure of male, dorsal view ; natural size.

Figure 2a. — The same. Teeth of odontophore ; enlarged 22 diameters.

Figure 26. — The same. One of the larger suckers of the lateral arms, front view;

enlarged 8 diameters.
Figure 2c. — The same sucker ; side view.
Figure 2d. — Valve-like apparatus within base of siphon ; natural size ; S, orifice of

siphon ; m, median organ ; /', lateral papilla, and i, medio-dorsal papilla ; n, n\

lateral cushions.
Figure 3. — Brachioteuthis Beanii Verrill. Dorsal view of the male ; natural size.
Figure 3a. — The same. Pen, ventral view ; enlarged slightly.
Figure 36. — The same. Teeth of the radula ; enlarged 22 diameters.
Figure 4. — Desmoteuthis hyperborea. Side view of one of the large suckers of the 3d

pair of arms, side view ; enlarged 8 diameters.
Figure 4a. — The same. Peculiar organs on the interior of the medio-dorsal side of

the base of the siphon ; enlarged 2 diameters ; i, median, ?/, lateral papillae.
Figure 5. — Chiroteuthis laceriosa V. Young female. One of the suckers of the ten-
tacular arms, front view ; enlarged 22 diameters.
Figure 6. — Histioteuthis Collinsii. One of the larger suckers of the median rows of

the tentacular club, side view ; enlarged 2 diameters.
Figure 6a. — The same. Oue of the suckers of the sublateral rows of the tentacular club.

446 A. M Verrlll — North American Cephalopods,

Plate LVI.

Figure 1. — Ghiroteuthis lacertosa Verrill. Dorsal view of the male; three-quarters

natural size; ta, stump of one of the tentacular arms, with a few of the sessile

suckers remaining.
Figure la. — The same. Ventral view of the pen; enlarged 3 diameters.
Figure la'. -The same. Section of the anterior part of the pen ; la", section of the

posterior part of the pen ; much enlarged.
Figure 16. —The same. Connective cartilage of siphon; enlarged 3 diameters.
Figure Ic. — The same. Lateral connective cartilage of mantle.
Figures Id, le. — The same. One of the larger suckers of the 3d pair of arms, front

and side views ; enlarged 6 diameters.
Figure 1/. — The same. Papilla from behind and below the eye ; enlarged 3 diameters.
Figure 2. — Brachioteuthis Beanii V. Connective cartilage of the mantle ; enlarged.
Figure 2a. — The same. Lateral connective cartilage of the siphon ; enlarged.
Figure 3. — Desvwteutliis tenera V. Tentacular arm ; enlarged 3 diameters.

E R E A T A .

Pages 185, 206-208, correct description of pen, as on p. 395.

Page 187, line 11, for M. Gabriel, read E. Gabriel.

Page 190, line 32, for 2-5, read 3-5.

Page 193, line 11, for 1878, read 1879.

Page 213, line 11, for '22, read 22.

Page 214, Une 25, and page 215, line 6 from bottom, for ventral, read lateral.

Page 250, lines 22-25, omit the paragraph relating to Dosidicus ; line 29, for median

hook, read serrated ring; last line, for A. Kamschatica, read L. Kamtschatica.
Page 251, lines 18, 24, omit Dosidicus; lines 22, 25, for solid cartilaginous, read hol-
low ; line 34, for Kamschatica, read Kamtschatica.
Pages 268, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 289, 290, 293, for illecebrosa, read illecebrosus.
Page 290, line 8 from bottom, for Gonatus Gray, read Gonatus G. 0. Sars, Steenst.,

non Gray ; omit quotation from Gray ; line 3 from bottom, after sessile arms,

insert except the ventral, [see p. 388].
Page 291, line 12, for Verrill, read Steenstrup; lines 17-22, omit references to Moller,

Gray, Tryon ; line 7 from bottom, after developed, insert (except on those of the

ventral).
Pao^e 292, line 26, and p. 293, line 1, for Chiloteuthis, read Cheloteuthis (=:Lestokuthis),

[see p. 387].
Page 299, line 1, for Bonplandi D'Orb , read lacertosa? Verrill, and omit syonymy.
Page 305, line 10 from bottom, for posterior, read terminal.
Page 338, line 20, for anterio-, read antero-.

Page 347, for Sepiola, read Stoloteuthis ; omit references to Leach, Gray, [see p. 417].
Page 379, line 4, for 3a, read 4.
Page 385, line 23, for Oversight, road Oversigt.

Trans Conn jA.cad. Vol.V

PLATE XXVl.

J H Emerton "from nature.

PKoto LitUunaersoTi aCrisaTid Hew "Eaven , Ct.

ARCTilTEUTHTS HARVEYI VERTULL

T-rans Conn. Acad, Vol V

PLATE XXVn.

A.E .Verrill & J H Emerton. ironi nature.

Phnto iitkPuiiaErson & CrbsaTid ITewHEcven , Ct.

■lAONlUS HYPERBOREUS ST., HISTIOTEUTHIS COLLINSII V. etc.

Trans. Conn. Acad. Vol V

PLATE XXSM.

H Etruerton :froiniiaTure.

Photo LithPunderaon &GnsaT'.iITewTfavBn,Ct.

OMMASTREPHES lELECEBROSA. VERROLL .

Ti-aiis Conn. Acad 'ybl V

PLATE ZKKl.

J H Emerton "from nature

P>iDtc Liih.Fu-naercon aLCnsand TfewHaveTl.Ct.

LOUGO PEALEI LES. AND OMMASTREPHES ILLECEBROSA V.

IVan.s Conn.jAoai Vol V

PLATE XXr

11 Ejnerton from nattrre

P'hotoLithPuridEraon&GrrsaT.dlTewHaven.jCt

Trans, Conn j^cai Vol V

PIATE XXXL

J H EmertOR ironi natxrre

PIxoto L-nJvPunSeraon&Crrsa-ndLW^wHawerL.Ct

Tpai-is Conn. Ac ai Vol.V

PLATE XXXET

A E "vsiTiIl fFora nature - PhDtoXitJuPunafiraonftCrtsaTiATIewTIaven.Ct.

3TAUROTEUTHU6 SYRTENSIS VERRLQL

Trans Conn. Ac ai VolV

PLATE XKXEL.

J H Emerton from, natar-e

PKotc LTth.Punder30TL3cCrrs9-ndTfewHaven.,Ct

OCTOPUS BAIRDir V.AND Pi\RASIRA CATENULATA .ST.

Trans. Conn. Acad., V.

Plate XXXIV.

'So. r.22

J. H. Emerton and A. E. Verrill, from nature.

Trans. Conn. Acad. VoI.V

PLATE .XXXV:

J H.Emerton. "frorri naxtrre

PKotoLitl-LPunaEraoiraGrcsaTidWew'HaverL.Ct

OCTOPUS LEJSfTUS YERPJLL

Tpana Cor.n. Ac ai.. Vol .V

PLATE XXXVr.

A E .Verriil & J H Emert»n from, nature.

OCTOPUS ETSCATORUM VERRILL etc

PJ-iDtoLithPi;naersOTia;CriBa-niTTewtfaven.,Ct.

Trans. Conn. Acad vbl.V

PLATE XXXVE .

A.E .""'/errill & J-HEmerton from, nature

Photo LithPuncbsracm 8tCrisaTidL UewHarvsn ,Ct.

'.rs 3onn Acaa.VoIV

PLATE XKKVm

J H Emerton frjni naltxie.

Fl-icfto.LitKPimdersoji&Cnsand Wew Haven, Ct

1 ROSSIA KEGApTERAY2.0Mf^^TREPHES> 3-6 ARCHITEUTHIS-.

rans. Conn. Ac ad. Vol V

PLATE XXKLX

J H EnieTLon from, nature.

Photo. LitK?unaerscm.&Oisand Kew Haven , Ct

LOLIGO PEALEI LES.. TA.0NIU3 HYPERBOREUS ST,

. rr-ins. Conn Ac ad. Vol. V

.ATE XL

A.E .VerrOl & J H Emerton iix>m. nattire

Flioto Lith-PunSersan&Cnsand WewHaven Ct

LOLIGO PEALEI .LES.

J. H. Emerton and A. K. Vorrill, from nature.

Loligo Pealei Les.

Trans. Conn. Acad. Vol. V,

PLATE' XLV

Fliof 0 Lit>LPL-jidei3a"i6LCrisarui New Haven Ci

H.Eraeptoa del.

GONATDS FABRICn.LOLIGO PEALEI . 3THEN0TEUTHIS MEGAPTERA.

Trans, Conn. Acad. Vol. V

PLATE XLVI.

EJTier-tcTi. frj-.i riHUT-e

Flioto LitKPLmdersan&Cnsanii MewHavenCt

GALLITEUTHIS RETvERSA. HETEROTEUTHIS TENERA.

Trans. Con a. Ac ad. Vol. V.

PLATE XL VI I.

ertcn trxTi nair.Te

Photo L'.tl. Piinderson&CnsancI Nwv'Haven Ct
:rf]POTE"JTHIS BONPLANDII. RCSSTA SUBLEVIS. HETEROTEUTHiS TENERA etc

Trans. Conn Acad. Vol. V.

PLATE XLX^ril

J H, EmeHan -from natare P>^rto. LiaPunaersor.iCr'sard Jle'srHav-n Cr

"MASTIGOTEiJTHIS AGASSIZI' ".'ERRILL.

•ans. Conn. Acad. Vol. V.

PLATE XLIX

from nattir-g

Flioto. Lith.Pur.dersan.&Crisaad IfewHaver , Cx

CHILCTEUTHIS PAPAX .MaSTIGOTEUTHIS AGASSIZII.

Trans. Conn, Acad. Vol V.

PLATE L.

^;^^M^'^

J H Emarton -from, narure.

PKoto. Lith Pimaer3cm.&.Crisa.nd MewHaven, Ct,

ALLOPOSUS MOLI.IS,VERRILL

Trans. Conn. Acad. Vol V.

PLATE LI.

OCTOPUS BAIRDII , OGT0FU3 LENTUS, ALLOPOSUS MGLLI

Pundarstm 40n sand ¥s>v Haven . Ot

Trans. Conn. Acad. Vol V".

PLATE LI I.

la

J H Emerton from, natixre.

"runder:'3n(iCr;sa.ndi''le->' haven. Cl

ELEDONII VERRUCOSA.

Trans Conn. Acad. Vol V

PLATE LI 1 1.

^

\

■'^-^Vt/ ^_<rrin.ix.A

*1

'-WV

^

!rf

J H Emerton from nature.

ELEDOKE VERRUCOSA.

PLATE LIV

ARCHITEUTHrS, STHENOTEU'miS, etc.

ti EmertoT. troni namrd

1 rWdersan&Oisand }IwHBy»n i.

Trans. Conn, Acad. Sci., Vol. V.

Plate LV.

J. H. Eiiieru.ii, lr..u

Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., Vol. V.

Plate LVI.

J. il. KniTl,,.,, Iiu Hluie.

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Science Q 11 .C9 5

Verrill, A. E. 1839-1926.

The cephalopods of the north
-eastern coast of America