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“co 2 CHANGES IN BENEWAH COUNTY FOREST STATISTICS

by Paul D. hemp

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Northern > Rocky Mountain Forest © Range Exocriment tation Missoula Montana

Chas. L.Tebbe, Director

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE

STATION PAPER NO. 6 JULY 1947

Prepared by the DIVISION OF FOREST ECONOMICS

M. B. Dickerman, Chief

The field work on which these ccunty sta- tistics are based was done by the follow- ing:

Laurence W. Zach Edmund Lowe

John L. Timm Alfred Dunn James Anderson Russell Miller Gerald Diettert William Scribner Donald Douglas Howard Waldron

The office compilations were made by L. W. Zach, M. E. Metcalf, C. W. Brown, and H.Jd. Pissot.

CHANGES IN BENEWAH COUNTY

FOREST STATISTICS

By

Paul D. Kemp

July 1947

Foreword .

CONTENTS

Sammie y Gt 2eNGeMrS fos ss 8 Se ee sw le te Ue el ew Forest area . - [pint G ree ON UNG uronic elie Welmieitiel fet felis el ve. Set i te, (eee! (eh er Ge Liste) 'e tO Ms) (GILT) ee eC mcr “aM toiieba chore! ie) “sled ic) <o” e” Nel er ek re) ees

Survey method

Appendix Statistical Table 1 Table 2 Taple-"S Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15

tables

Tétal “area by mejor uses 1944 —s.. hee pete SOS 8

Commercial forest land by forest type, stand Glass and cutting’ condition, 1944°. .°. 2... +

Commercial forest land by forest type and site

elass; 1944 . e . e e . e e . e . e e e . e Pommanesa? forest land by forest tye, stand evass -eand-age -elass, Filg44™ .Per s+. Ps Ger=e

Net sawtimber volume (seribner rule) abe the * commercial forests by forest type, species and stand’ class, 1944°.53°2". o eee CRTs Net sawtimber Po tants (Scribner Hite) of the commercial sawtimber stands by forest type, Species and"stocking-éelass, “1944 eke ce Net sawtimber volume (lumber tally) of the commercial forests by forest type, species Bends tand class SolSs4es. 29% se PVCs iat eth Cubic-foot volume of the commercial forests by species, tree size and stand class, 1944 ... Gross annual cubic-foot growth of the commercial forests by tree size, species and stand Glaos, 29443 -5 PSS, JOLT Of PRO. 22 Fee ce Net annual cubic-foot growth of commercial forests by tree size, species and stand ERassGolOanc foo she hi. GOLe UG eae . aaite Gross annual beard-foot growth (genipaer ale) of the commercial forests by species and stand class, 1944 woLe.r ep. . . ° Nets benes tl poarteros growth (seeapaer rule) of the commercial forests by species and stand Sas spatgee OOhrs S2595 G4 2944.4. Sl, SVR Board=foot volume (Scribner rule) of cull saw- timber trees in the commercial forests by forest type, species and stand class, 1944 .. Cubic-foot volume of cull trees in the commer- cial forests by forest type, species and Biceate elicits MSAD ool hicsucts.| «katie. syle hot! oe les reraya Average annual cutting, fire and other drain on the commercial forests by species and tree- EE Cag lin Ste rm, gee NS eacey, wb 6 ei i et wee

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CHANGES IN BENEWAH COUNTY FOREST STATISTICS

By

Paul D. Kemp Foreword

The McSweeney-McNary Forest Research Act of May 22, 1928, authorized and directed the Secretary of Agriculture, in cooperation with state and private agencies, to make a comprehensive nation-wide survey of forest resources. The objective of the survey was to assemble whatever information was considered necessary to provide ways and means of bal- ancing the timber budget of the United States. The Secretary of Agri- culture delegated the authority to the Forest Service, which assigned the task to the several regional forest experiment stations.

The study was designed to include 5 major phases: (1) an inventory of the extent and condition of forest lands, of timber supplies and of other forest products; (2) a determination of current and potential growth on forest land; (3) a determination of current drain resulting from cutting and other factors; (4) a determination of present consump- tion and estimated future requirements for timber and other forest products; and (5) an analysis of the facts for the purpose of formulat- ing national policies to improve the forest situation.

In 1932 the Northern Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station initiated county-by-county surveys of the forests in North Idaho and northeastern Washington. By 1941, Idaho north of Salmon River, Montana west of the Continental Divide, three northeastern Washington counties, and 3 eastern Montana counties had been covered. The results of these surveys have been published and are available upon request.

The initial field survey of Benewah County, Idaho, was completed in 1932-33. The findings of this study were reported in Forest Survey Re- lease No. 8, Forest Statistics, Benewah County, Idaho, issued by the Northern Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station in Septem- ber, 1937. In 1943-44, eleven years-after the initial field survey, a resurvey was made to determine what changes had occurred. The follow- ing report summarizes the data obtained in the resurvey.

34

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Summary of Findings Forest Area Benewah County, located in the central part of North Idaho, has a gross area of 504,000 acres and a gross land area of 497,000 acres. Approxi-

mately 404,000 acres or 81 percent of the gross land area is classified as forest land; 397,000 acres is classified as commercial forest land.

COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND

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Since 1933 there has been a decrease of 4,000 acres of commercial forest lend. These changes have resulted from land clearing and shifts from noncommercial to commercial forest land through more land becoming eco- nomically exploitable than previously anticipated.

Durirg the ll-year period there have been significant changes in the composition of the forests. The area occupied by pole stands decreased from 35 to 21 percent; the deforested area increased from 10 to 19 per- cent; and the area occupied by seedling-sapling stands increased from 20 to 26 percent. Although the sawtimber stand area is approximately the same as in1933, there have been significant changes in distribution and composition. The remaining stands are much less concentrated in large blocks; western white pine and ponderosa pine constitute only 21 percent of the sawtimber stand volume in contrast with 41 percent in 1933. There have also been outstanding changes in forest types. The area occupied by the western white pine type decreased 107,000 acres (from 160,000 to 58,000); the ponderosa pine type area decreased 71,000 acres (from 106,000 to 35,000); and the larch-Douglas-fir type decreased 3,000 acres (from 62,000 to 59,000). These three types occu- pied only 46 percent of the stocked commercial forest area in 1944 in contrast with 92 percent in 1933. All other types occupied appreciably more area in 1944 than in 1933, particularly Douglas-fir, hardwoods, and hemlock-grand fir types.

The change in the acreage of forest types is attributable to three prin- cipal factors: (1) the concentration of cutting in the prized species - white pine, ponderosa pine, and cedar; (2) the encroachment of the more

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tolerant hemlock, grand fir, and Douglas-fir upon areas formerly domi- nated by white pine and ponderosa pine; and (3) somewhat more refined methods of classification in 1944 than in 1933 that resulted in factor- ing out small areas of alien types which in the 1933 survey were classi- fied into one of the three then prevailing types - white pine, ponderosa pine, and larch-Doughas-fir.

Timber Volume

Sawtimber volume in 1944 totaled 1,870 MM board feet (Scribner), an all- species decrease of 410 MM feet in the preceding eleven years. The vol- ume of six species was less in 1944 than in 1933; the volume of the re- maining species increased. The 1944 volumes by species expressed as a percentage of the 1933 volumes were as follows: white pine 27, ponder- osa pine 66, western larch 83, western redcedar 75, Engelmann spruce 32, lodgepole pine 86, Douglas-fir 137, grand fir 120, western hemlock 327, hardwoods 1,260. Distribution of the sawtimber volume was as follows:

: 1933 : 1944 Stand-size class : MM Bd. Ft. (Scribner) pawtamber stands... « .« s 1,847 1,706 *“Pole standS .. «ss « « 432 150 *Seedling-sapling stands . 1 14 Total . . . . . . . es Arr S18, 1,870

*Volume of trees 11.0 inches d.b.h. and larger.

2,280,000,000 Board Feet

Pole, Seed ling & Sapling Stands 433,000, 000 Board Feet 4870,000,000 Board Feet

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Growth and Drain

Gross annual growth of merchantable sawtimber trees (based on the 1934- 44 period) before allowances for cutting and mortality averaged 45 MM board feet (Scribner). Mortality (fire, insects, disease, etc.) aver- aged 15 MM feet, leaving a net annual growth before deducting for com- modity uses of 30 MM feet annually from 1940-44. The net effect of all drain and growth during the past 5 years has resulted in a reduction of the forest resource at the rate of 42 MM feet annually in contrast with an average annual reduction of 37 MM feet from 1929-33. Gross board- foot growth has been decreasing since 1933 because of reduction in the sawtimber growing stock. Mortality, however, has been decreasing at about the same rate because of lowered fire losses and the reduction of the area occupied by decadent stands. Net annual growth before allow- ance for commodity drain has remained relatively constant at from 30 to 55 MM feet.

GROSS ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL DRAIN

Commodity eee

44,000, 000 70,000,000 Board Fee? | py Fy

Board Feerf

1929-33 1929-33

45,000,000 Board Feet

Commod/#

72,000,000 Board Feet \/5MM Bd. Fr

1940-45

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Survey Method

The initial survey in 1932-33 was made by the compilation method and gave very detailed statistics on the forest resource at that time 1/. A type map was also prepared. Since the cost of repeating periodically such a survey to obtain current statistics would be prohibitive a samp- ling method was designed and followed on the resurvey in 1943-44, Brief- ly, this consisted in taking data on about 4,000 1/20-acre plots five chains apart along parallel cruise lines, spaced three miles apart and disposed in a north-south direction. Because of the differences in methodology the results of the two surveys are indicative of significant trends rather than of actual interim changes.

A check between the all-species volume as derived from the sampling method and the 1933 estimates adjusted for interim growth and drain in- dicated a very close correlation, 1,870 million and 1,827 million board feet, respectively. However, there were marked differences in volumes by species, as shown by the following comparisons:

1944 : 1933. survey : Species : resurvey : adjusted :Correlation :Million board feet, Scribner: factor 2

Western white pine 143.1 258.5 0.6 Ponderosa pine 248.5 re 0.9 Western larch 394.5 457.4 0.9 Douglas-fir 537.6 364.1 1.5 Grand fir Bate ah 230.0 12 Western redcedar 158.3 147.2 1 al Western hemlock 50.2 19.0 2.6 Engelmann spruce 9.7 25.1 0.4 Lodgepole pine 42.0 67.4 0.6 Hardwoods 6.3 Disa: 6.35

Total 1,869.9 1,826.5 1.0

1/7 The results of this survey are reported in Forest Survey Release No.

8, Forest Statistics Benewah County, Idaho, issued by the Northern Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station in September, 1937.

2/ The 1944 resurvey volumes divided by the adjusted 1933 volumes.

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Appendix

BENEWAH COUNTY, IDAHO

Table 1 - Total area by major uses, 1944

Type of land

Forest land: Commercial Noncommercial

Total forest land

Nonforest land: Cultivated, pasture, grass Townsites Brush Barren Roads and railroads

Total nonforest land

Total land area

Water area

Grand total, land and water area

re,

Area M acres ‘ Percent

393 97 Jil =o) 404 80 86 93 al 1

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BENEWAH COUNTY, IDAHO

Table 2 - Commercial forest land by forest t 1/, stand class and cutting condition, 1944

> : Cutting condition Forest type : Stand class : Partially fae s

cut Uncut Total ---- eee ee eee Acres=- -----------=- Western white pine Sawt imber 4,349 9,785 14,134 Pole 6,040 12,80h, 18, Sl, Seedling-sapling 8,818 10,509 19,327 Total 19,2 098 2,30 Ponderosa pine Sawtimber 7,006 9,470 16,476 (Pure) Pole 1,812 1,933 3,745 Seedling-sapling 3,503 1,449 4,952 Total 12,321 12,852 25,173 Ponderosa pine Sawtimber 1,933 1,227 6,160 (Mixed ) Pole eg ee ee Seedling-sapling sales AL Total ) 10,2 Larch-Douglas-fir Sawtimber 10,846 17,394 28,240 Pole 3, Tbs 12,683 16,427 Seedling-sapling 7,248 7,248 14,496 Total 21,838 37,325 59,163 Hemlock=grand fir Sawtimber 10,749 6,644, 17,393 Pole 7,489 3,866 ILS Seedling-sapling sg URyalyg 7,489 19,206 Total 29 1 7 Douglas-fir Sawtimber 14,604, 15,276 29,880 Pole 5 436 6,040 ae Seedling-sapling 10,267 8,799 19,0 Total 30,307 30,115 0,422 Engelmann spruce Sawtimber 242 242 48h Pole 121 121 a Seedling-sapling 242 121 363 Total 605 48h, 1,089 Lodgepole pine Sawtimber yal 1,009 2,580 Pole 4,590 3,141 Hie Seedling-sapling fase 2,2 02 Total 10,2 2445 16,713 Western redcedar Sawtimber 6,230 2,899 9,129 Pole 2,295 25295 4,590 Seedling-sapling 5 315 31503 8,818 Total 13,840 8,697 22,537 Cedar-grand fir Sawtimber 4,349 4,107 8,456 Pole 2,053 2,536 4,589 Seedling-sapling 4,711 Ol 7,730 Total 11,113 9,662 20,775 Hardwood Sawtimber 24,2 1,83 725 Pole 121 121 242 Seedling-sapling a 1,208 1,691 Total 1,812 2,658 All stocked types Sawtimber 62,121 71,536 133,657 Pole 3h 5547 nee ere 5 Seedling-sapling 58,102 10, Total 154,770 re, 58 TGR Nonstocked burns 34,909 Nonstocked cutovers 8,56 Total 3.47 Grand Total 392 534

1/ Definition of forest types, terms, etc. are covered in the appendix, 2/ Sawtimber stands partially cut but retaining sawtimber characteristics; pole and seedling-sapling stands that remained after cutting or became established following cutting.

Mais

BENEWAH COUNTY, IDAHO

Table 3 - Commercial forest oats by forest type and site class at

Forest type and stocked Site class es ee a \--- 2-2" "eee eee Acres] Sei) =) a Western white pine Stocked 19,206 13,168 14,011 4,832 1,088 - 52,305 Nonstocked 2,658 4,469 3,986 1,570 242 - 12,925 Ponderosa pine (pure) Stocked 966 2,656 abl Faleak 7,006 2,900 484 25,173 Nonstocked 121 242 PAR SOY | 2,935 241 - 6,076 Ponderosa pine (mixed) Stocked 604 1,570 3,504 3,623 966 = 10,267 Nonstocked ~ 1,933 eal 7,852 966 - 23,072 Larch-Douglas-fir Stocked 14,374 16,790 19,543 7,127 1,329 - 59,163 Nonstocked 604 4,348 9,422 4,107 - - 18,481 Hemlock-grand fir Stocked 5,195.) 13,287 21,381 7,489 604 - 47,954 Nonstocked - 362 846 - - - 1,208 Dougles-fir Stocked 5,919 9,060 22,328 18,404 4,711 - 60,422 Nonstocked - 362 4,107 3,865 846 = 9,180 Engelmann spruce Stocked 242 363 363 121 - - 1,089 Nonstocked ~ - 12% - ~ - 121 Lodgepole pine Stocked 6,083 6,523 4,107 - - - 16), 713 Nonstocked 121 aipzak 121 - - - 363 Western redcedar Stocked 2,052 4,349 10 ,096 5,436 604 ~ 22,557 Nonstocked - 604 - - - - 604 Cedar-grand fir Stocked 2,778 7,368 7,126 2,779 724 - 20,775 Nonstocked - 483 483 - - - 966 All coniferous types Stocked 57,417) 75,154 US,620 | 56.817 _ 125926 484 316 ,398 Nonstocked 3,504 12,924 33,944 20,329 2,295 - 72,996 Total 60,921 7 88 ,058)) 1475564) 477,146 ~ 15,e2) 484 389,394 Herdwood type Stocked 2,658 Nonstocked 482 Grand total 392,534

1/ Exclusive of hardwood type which is not classified by site.

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Definition of Terms

COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND

Land capable of producing commercial timber and economically accessible, now or prospectively, and not reserved from cutting.

Stocked Commercial Forest

Areas with generally 3 or 4 thousand board feet We (depending upon forest type and regional practice) of sawtimber per acre; or areas that are more than 10 percent stocked with poles, seedlings, or sap- lings.

Commercial stands are grouped into 10 forest types as follow:

Western white pine - Stands in which western white pine constitutes 20 percent or more of the total net cubic volume. This type is given priority over all others. The minimum volume for a sawtimber stand is generally 4 thousand board feet per acre.

Ponderosa pine - Stands in which ponderosa pine constitutes 25 per- cent or more of the total net cubic volume. This type is given priority over all others except white pine. The minimum volume

for a sawtimber stand is generally 3 thousand board feet per acre.

Larch-Douglas-fir - Stands in which larch and Douglas-fir consti- tute 75 percent or more of the total net cubic volume. At least 10 percent of the total volume is larch. The minimum volume for a sawtimber stand is generally 4 thousand board feet per acre.

Hemlock-grand fir - Stands in which hemlock and grand fir, either separately or combined, constitute 50 percent or more of the total net cubic volume. The minimum volume for a sawtimber stand is gen- erally 4 thousand board feet per acre.

Douglas-fir - Stands in which Douglas-fir constitutes 60 percent or more of the total net cubic volume. The minimum volume for a sawtimber stand is generally 4 thousand board feet per acre. Engelmann spruce - Stands in which Engelmann spruce constitutes 50

percent or more of the total net cubic volume. The minimum volume for a sawtimber stand is generally 4 thousand board feet per acre.

7 All references to board-foot volume are in Scribner rule standards.

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Lodgepole pine - Stands in which lodgepole pine constitutes 50 percent or more of the total net cubic volume. The minimum vol- ume for a sawtimber stand is generally 3 thousand board feet per acre.

Western redcedar - Stands in which western redcedar constitutes 50 percent or more of the total net cubic volume. The minimum volume for a sawtimber stand is generally 4 thousand board feet per acre or 8 cedar poles per acre.

Cedar-grand fir - Stands in which western redcedar and grand fir, either separately or combined, constitute 50 percent or more of the total net cubic volume. The minimum volume for a sawtimber stand is generally 4 thousand board feet per acre or 8 cedar poles per acre.

Cottonwood - Stands in which northern black cottonwood constitutes 50 percent or more of the total net cubic volume. The minimum volume for a sawtimber stand is generally 4 thousand board feet per acre.

Commercial stands are also grouped into 3 classes according to size of trees predominating. These are:

Sawtimber stands - Stands in which a plurality of the total net cubic volume is in trees of sawtimber size and that generally average 5 or 4 thousand board feet of sawtimber volume per acre, excluding cedar poles. White pine, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, western redcedar, and cottonwood trees 11.0 inches in diam- eter and larger at breast height are classed as sawtimber. For the other species, trees 13.0 inches and larger are classed as sawtimber.

Pole stands - Stands in which a plurality of the total net cubic volume is in trees from 5.0 inches in diameter to sawtimber size.

Seedling-sapling stands - Stands in which a plurality of the total net cubic volume is in trees less than 5.0 inches in diam- eter.

Nonstocked Commercial Forest Land Nonstocked cutover - Unimproved, logged areas which at the date of mapping generally averaged less than 3 or 4 thousand board feet

per acre, and less than 10 percent stocked with poles and/or seed- lings and saplings.

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Nonstocked burn - Unimproved lands deforested by fire which at the date of mapping generally averaged less than 3 or 4 thousand board feet per acre, and less than 10 percent stocked with poles and/or

seedlings and saplings.

NONCOMMERCIAL FOREST LAND

Withdrawn from timber use - Land capable of producing commercial timber and economically accessible, now or prospectively, but reserved from cutting.

Chiefly valuable for purposes other than timber production - Subalpine and other forest land which, because of low productivity or extreme in- accessibility, appears to be permanently out of the commercial timber- producing class.

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LIST OF PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS IN THIS SERIES

Station Paper No. i *A preliminary study of root diseases in western white pine, by John Ehrlich, October 1939. 2 *Possibilities of partial cutting in young western white pine, by E. F. Rapraeger, January 1940. 3 Blister rust control in the management «f western white pine, by Kenneth P. Davis and Virgil D. Moss, June 1940. = Possibilities of wood-pulp production in the northern Rocky Mountain region, by E. F. Rapraeger, March 1941. 5 Results to date of studies of the durability of native

woods treated -and untreated, by C. N. Whitney, revised January 1946.

*Cut of print. Loan copies may be obtained upon request.

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