THE CHAT

Bulletin of

Volume 19 MARCH, 1955 Number 1

THE CHAT

Published by The Carolina Bird Ciub, Inc. Devoted to the publication of
scientific and popular information on the birds and other wildlife of the
Carolinas.

Editor: Kay Curtis Sisson, 1430 Wellington Drive, Columbia 4, S. C.
Co-editor : Annie Rivers Faver, Eastover, S. C.

Associate Editors: B. R. Chamberlain, Ernest Cutts, Harry Davis, Jack
Dermid, James Mattocks, T. L. Quay, Thomas W. Simpson, Douglas Wade.

Distribution Office: N. C. State Museum, Box 2281, Raleigh, N. C.

The Chat is published quarterly in March, June, September, and December as the official
bulletin of the Carolina Bird Club, Inc. Entered as second-class matter on March 14, 1952,
at the Post Office at Raleigh, N. C., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Subscription price
to non-members: $1.00 per volume. Single copies: 30 cents. Correspondence about changes
of addi-ess and back numbers should be sent to Mr. Harry Davis, N. C. State Museum,
Raleigh, N. C. Please notify the Distribution Office immediately of change of address.
Subscriptions should be made payable to the Carolina Bird Club, Inc., and sent to the
Treasurer.

CONTENTS

President’s Page 1

The Preface to Catesby’s Natural History. B. R. Chamberlain 3

Carolina Bird Names — Last Installment. W. L. McAfee 8

Book Review 16

Florida Bird Life, by Alexander Sprunt, Jr.

Reviewed by Kay Sisson 16

Mourning Dove Populations in North Carolina, Thomas L. Quay, Editor

Reviewed by Thomas W. Simpson 17

Carolinas 1954 Christmas Count. B. R. Chamberlain 18

Backyard Birding. Annie Rivers Faver, Editor 22

A Look at Ten Years of Census Taking. B. R. Chamberlain 24

General Field Notes. B. R. Chamberlain, Editor 26

More Ceilometer Data. Editor 26

White Pelican at Clinton, N. C. Editor 26

Banding Notes. Editor 27

Unusual Nest of the Thick-billed Plover. Editor 27

Early Stilt Sandpipers at Charleston. Francis M. Weston 28

Sanderlings at Lake Mattamuskeet, New Holland, N. C. Robert Ovcring 28

Parasitic Jaeger a Hurricane Casualty. Harry T. Davis 28

Barn Owls at Lake Mattamuskeet. Robert Ovcring 28

Spring Roosting of Purple Martins at Aiken, S. C. William Post, Jr. 28

November Record of Dickcissel in South Carolina. George F. Townes 29

Evening Grosbeaks. Editor 29

Briefs for the Files. Editor 29

Cover Photograph — Screech Owl, mouse-catching predator of the Carolinas.
Photographed by Jack Dermid, Wildlife Resources Commission, Raleigh,
N. C.

PRESIDENT'S PAGE

The great increase in the number of bird sanctuaries, bird homes, biid
baths and feeding stations everywhere is fine evidence of the growing public
interest in the care and preservation of our wild song birds. Traveling
through the towns and cities of North and South Carolina, it is highly
gratifying to make these observations.

The Greenville Bird Club has joined the Lenoir Audubon Club in con-
tributing to the endowment fund, being the second club to do this. This is
a worthwhile move, and it is my hope that other clubs and individuals may
see the advantage of establishing a substantial endowment fund. It will
serve in the expansion of our conservation program.

Some of the South Carolina and Georgia schools are sponsoring the
Audubon Screen Tours this year. Two programs have been presented here
in Greenville, and a third group will present a program April 5th. These
films and lectures are highly enjoyable and instructive, and with wider
publicity will become moi'e and more popular. I want to commend the
schools and other organizations for sponsoring these educational pro-
grams, and bringing nature to us from distant and far away places.

In a former issue of the Chat I asked for information concerning
camps or places that might be used for a CBC summer camp. I have
recently had a letter from a member who thinks she has a 3 or 4-acre
spot that might answer if we really want to go into such an undertaking.
It is in the mountainous area and located on a river, which she describes
as a lovely spot, with a variety of birds, and fine buildings of varying
sizes. Such a venture will depend on the will of the club.

The Annual meeting is scheduled to be held in Winston-Salem about
March 26th according to Dr. Merrill P. Spencer, President of the Winston-
Salem Bird Club, which will be host club. Details of the meeting will be
furnished through the News Letter. Let me urge all who can to attend.
There will be good programs and interesting discussions.

Mrs. Cecil Appleberry is taking care of the plans for our Spring Field
Trip to Wilmington May 13, 14, 15th. Past visits to that interesting city
assure us all of a cordial welcome, with a large variety of land, shore and
water birds to be seen. Make your plans to attend both of these meetings,
which you will find well worth your time.

It is very gratifying to note the splendid way in which the regional
leaders are organizing their groups, calendaring coming events, and gather-
ing in members from small places to participate in their activities. In
some cases there have been exchange dinners with good speakers. These
interesting contacts make for finer and more enthusiastic bird club mem-
bers, and result in greater expansion of our club work. All CBC members
are invited and will be welcome to all of these occasions. I urge all mem-
bers to line up with the group convenient to you.

I want to thank the regional leaders and all CBC officers, staff members,
and committees for their fine cooperation this year.

May W. Puett

NATURAL" HISTORY

O F

CAROLINA, FLORID Aand, be BAHAMA ISLANDS:

Containing the Figure* of

Bi rds, Beasts,, Fishes, Serpents, Insects, and Plants:

Particularly, the Forest-Trees, Shrubs, and other Plants, not hitherto defcribed,

or very incorre&ly figured by Authors.

Together with their Descriptions in Englifb and French.

To which, are added

Observations on the Air^ Soil, and Waters:

With Remarks upon

Agriculture, Grain, Pulse, Roots, tfc.

To the whole.

Is frefixed a new and correct Map of the Countries Treated o£

B Y

MARK CAT E S B f, F.R.S.

VOL. L

HISTOIRE NATURELLE

D E

La CAROLINE, la FLORIDE, Its ISLES BAHAMA:

Contenant les De**ein*

Des Oiseaux, Animaux, Poissons, Serpents, Insectes, & Plantes.

Des Arbres

Et en particular,

des Forets, Arbris*haux, & autres Plantes, qui n’ont point 6te decrits,
jufques k prefent par les Auteurs, ou peu exadcment defines.

slue lew ‘Defer ipt ions cn Francois & en Aiglois.

A quoi on a idjouti,

Des Obfervations fur l’Air, le Sol, & les Eaux,

Avec des Remarques fur l’Agriculture, les Grains, les Legumes, les Racines, &c.

Le tout eft precede d’une Carte nouvelle & exade des Pais dont lls s’agift

Par MARC CATE SB T, de la Socicte Royale.

TOMB I.

L 0 N T> 0 N:

D- f Privnceofthe Au r hor : and Sold by W-

by 8” u * s ..M« the Royal Society Ho„fe,

s and R- Man by, at the Weft End of
and by the Ac thor. at Mr. Bacon s

in Extern:

mdccxxxi.

THE PREFACE TO CATESBY’S NATURAL HISTORY

B. R. Chamberlain

The first edition of Mark Catesby’s Natural History of Carolina,
Florida and the Bahama Islands appeared in 1731 - 84 in two volumes,
Folio, containing engraved and hand colored plates of “Birds, Beasts,
Fishes, Serpents, Insects, and Plants.” Second and third editions appeared
in 1754 and 1771, respectively. The text consists largely of data describ-
ing the figures. A summary of the author’s purposes, his travels, and
methods, is presented in the preface to the first edition, reproduced here
in its entirely. Spelling, punctuation, and typesetting errors have been
painstakingly copied from the original work in the Duke University Libra-
ry by Rhett Chamberlain, Jr., a graduate of the University. For great-
er ease in reading, the old style long s’s have here been changed through-
out. Thus, “ — I foon imbibed a paffionate defire — ” in the original,
becomes, I soon imbibed a passionate desire — etc. The accompanying
reproduction of the title page to volume one has been made possible
through the generosity of the Catesby Bird Club, of High Point, N. C.

The early Inclination I had to search after Plants, and other Produc-
tion in Nature, being much suppressed by my residing too remote from
London, the Center of all Science, I was deprived of all Opportunities
and Examples to excite me to a stronger Pursuit after those Things to
which I was naturally bent: yet my Curiosity was such, that not being
content with contemplating the Products of our own Country, I soon im-
bibed a passionate Desire of viewing as well the Animal as Vegetable
Productions in their Native Countries; which were Strangers to England.
Virginia was the Place (I having Relations there) suited most with my
Convenience to go to, where I arriv’d the 23d. of April 1712. I thought
then so little of prosecuting a Design of the Nature of this Work, that
in the Seven Years I resided in that Country, (I am ashamed to own it)
I chiefly gratified my Inclination in observing and admiring the various

Productions of those Countries, only sending from thence some

dried Specimens of Plants and some of the most Specious of them in
Tubs of Earth, at the Request of some curious Friends, amongst whom
was Mr. Dale of Braintree in Essex, a skilful Apothecary and Botanist;
to him, besides Specimens of Plants, I sent some few Observations on
the Country, which he communicated to the late William Sherard, L.L.D.
one of the most celebrated Botanists of this Age, who favoured me with
his Friendship on my Return to England in the Year 1719; and by his
Advice, (tho conscious of my own Innability) I first resolved on this
Undertaking, so agreeable to my Inclination. But as Expences were neces-
sary for carrying the Design, I here most gratefully acknowledge the
Assistance and Encouragement I received from several Noble Persons and
Gentlemen, whose Names are here undermention’d.

His Grace the Duke of Chandois.

The Right Honourable Thomas Earl of Oxford.

The Right Honourable Thomas Earl of Macclesfield.

The Right Honourable John Lord Percival.

March, 1955

3

Sir George Markham, Bark F.R.S.

Sir Henry Goodrich, Bark

Sir Hans Sloane, Bark President of the Royal Society, and of the Col-
lege of Physicians.

The Honourable Colonel Francis Nicholson, Governor of South Carolina.

Richard Mead, M.D. and F.R.S.

Charles Dubois, Esq; F.R.S.

John Knight, Esq. F.R.S.

William Sherard, L.L.D. and F.R.S.

With this Intention, I set out again from England, in the Year 1722,
directly for Carolina; which country, tho’ inhabited by English above an
Age past, and a Country inferior to none in Fertility, and abounding
in Variety of the Blessings of Nature; yet it’s Productions being very
little known except what barely related to Commerce, such as Rice, Pitch
and Tar; was thought the most proper Place to search and describe the
Productions of: Accordingly I arrived in Carolina 23d. of May 1722, after
a pleasant tho’ not a short Passage. In our Voyage we were frequently
entertain’d with Diversions not uncommon in crossing the Atlantick Ocean,
as catching of Sharks, strikeing of Porpuses, Dolphins, Bonetoes, Albicores
and other Fish; which three last we regaled on when Fortune favoured
us in catching them ; and even the Flesh of Sharks and Porpuses would
digest well with the Sailors, when long fed on Salt Meats. The Pursuit
of Dolphins after Flying-Fish, was another Amusement we were often
diverted with; the Dolphins have raised the Flying-Fish, by the swift-
ness of their Swimming, keep Pace with them, and pursue them so close
that the Flying-Fish at length tired, and their Wings dry’d, and thereby
necessitated to drop in the Water, often fall into the Jaws of their Pur-
suers; at some Times neither Element aford them Safety, for no sooner
do they escape their Enemies in the Water, but they are caught in the Air
by voracious Birds. But what seem’d most remarkable of this Kind, was
that in the Latitude of 26 Degrees North, about the Midway between the
two Continents of Africa and America, which I think cannot be less than
600 Leagues, an Owl appear’d hovering over our Ship; these Birds have
short Wings, and have been observed not to be capable of long Flights,
it being a common Diversion for Boys to run them down after the second
or third Flight This Owl after some Attempts to rest, disappear’d; and
the same Day being the 22d. of March, an Hawk with a white Head,
Brest, and Belly appear’d in like Manner, and the Day after, some Swal-
lows appear’d, but none ventur’d to alight on any Part of the Ship. No
Birds seem more able to continue long on their Wings, than Hawks and
Swallows; but that an Owl should be able to hold out for so long a Flight,
is to me most surprising.

Upon my arrival at Charles Town, I waited on General Nicholson, then
Governour of that Province, who received me with much Kindness, and
continued his Favours during my Stay in that Country. Nor could I ex-
cuse my self of Ingratitude without acknowledging the hospitable and
kind Entertainment I generally met with amongst the Gentlemen of the
Country, which much contributed to the Facilitating the Work I went
about.

As I arrived at the beginning of the Summer I unexpectedly found

4

The Chat

this Country possessed not only with all the Animals and Vegetables of
Virginia, but abounding with even a greater Variety. The inhabited
Parts of Carolina extend West from the Sea about 60 Miles, and almost
the whole Length of the Coast, being level, low Country. In these Parts
I continued the first Year searching after, collecting and describing the
Animals and Plants. I then went to the Upper uninhabited Parts of the
Country, and continued at and about Fort Moore, a small Fortress on
the Banks of the River Savanna, which runs from thence a Course of 300
Miles down to the Sea, and is about the same Distance from its Source,
in the Mountains.

I was much delighted to see Nature differ in these Upper Parts, am
to find here abundance of Things not to be seen in the Lower Parts of
the Country; this encouraged me to take several Journeys with the
Indians higher up the Rivers, towards the Mountains, which afforded
not only a Succession of new vegetable Appearances, but most delightful
Prospects imaginable, besides the Diversion of Hunting Buffello’s, Bears,
Panthers, and other wild Beasts. In these Excursions I employ’d _ an
Indian to carry My Box, in which, besides Paper and Materials for Paint-
ing, I put dry’d Specimens of Plants, Seeds, Etc. as I gathei d them.

To the Hospitality and Assistance of these Friendly Indians, I am much
indebted, for I not only subsisted on what they shot, but their First Care
was to erect a Bark Hut, at the Approach of Rain to keep me and my
Cargo from Wet.

I shall next Proceed to an account of the Method I have obseived in
giving the Natural History of these Countries; To begin therefore with
Plants, I had principally a Regard to Forest-Trees and Shrubs, shew-
ing their several Mechanical and other Uses, as in Building, Joyneiy,
Agriculture, and others used for Food and Medicine. I have likewise
taken notice of those Plants, that will bear our English Climate, which
I have experienced from what I have growing at Mr. Bacon s, Successoi
of the late Mr. Fairchild at Hoxton, where many have withstood the
Rigour of several Winters, without Protection, while other Plants, tho’
from the same Country, have perished for the Want of it.

There being a greater Variety of the feather’d Kind than of any other
Animals (at least to be come at) and excelling in the Beauty of the
Colours, besides having oftenest relation to the Plants on which they
feed and frequent; I was induced chiefly (so far as I could) to compleat
an Account of them, rather than to describe promiscuously, Insects and
other Animals; by which I must have omitted many of the Birds, for I
had not Time to do all, by which Method I believe very few Birds have
escaped my Knowledge, except some Water Fowl and some of those which
frequent the Sea.

Of Beasts there are not many Species different from those in the old
World, most of these I have Figur’d, except those which do not materially
differ from the same Species in Europe, and those which have been de-
scribed by other Authors.

Of Serpents very few I believe have escaped me, for upon shewing my
Designs of them to several of the most intelligent Persons, many of them
confess’d not to have seen them all, and none of them pretended to have
seen any other kinds.

March, 1955

5

Of Fish I have described not above Five or Six from Carolina, deferring
that Work till my Arrival at the Bahama Islands; which as they afford
but few Quadrupeds and Birds, I had more Time to describe the Fishes,
and tho’ I had been often told that they were very remarkable, yet I
was surprised to find how lavishly Nature had adorn’d them with Marks
and Colours most admirable.

As for Insects these Countries abound in numerous kinds, but I was
not able to delineate a great Number of them for the Reasons already
assign’d: After my Continuance almost three Years in Carolina and the
adjacent parts (which the Spaniards call Florida, particularly that Prov-
ince lately honour’d with the name of Georgia ) I went to Providence, one
of the Bahama Islands; to which Place I was invited by his Excellency
Charles Phinney, Esq; Governour of those Islands, and was entertain’d
by him with such Hospitality and Kindness: From thence I visited many
of the adjacent Islands, particularly Ilathera, Andros, Abbacco and other
neighbouring Islands; tho’ these rocky Islands produce many fine Plants,
which I have here described; I had principally a Regard to the Fish,
there being not any, or a very few of them described by any Author: Both
in Carolina and on these Islands, I made successive Collections of dry’d
Plants and Seeds, and at these Islands more particularly I collected many
Submarine productions, as Shells, Corallines, Fruitices Marini, Sponges,
Astroites, Etc. These I imparted to my curious Friends, more particularly
(as I had the greatest Obligations) to that great Naturalist and pro-
moter of Science Sir Hans Sloane, Bar1, to whose goodness I attribute
much of the Success I had in this Undertaking.

As I was not bred a Painter I hope some faults in Perspective, and
other Niceties, may be more readily excused, for I humbly conceive
Plants, and other Things done in a Flat, tho’ exact manner, may serve
the Purpose of Natural History, better in some Measure than in a more
bold and Painter like Way. In designing the Plants, I always did them
while fresh and just gather’d; and the Animals, particularly the Birds,
I painted them while alive (except a very few) and gave them their
Gestures peculiar to every kind of Bird, and where it would admit of,
I have adapted the Birds to those Plants on which they fed or have any
relation to. Fish which do not retain their Colours when out of their Ele-
ment, I painted at different times, having a succession of them procur’d
while the former lost their Colours: I dont pretend to have had this
advantage in all, for some kinds I saw not plenty of, and of others I never
saw above one or two: Reptiles will live many months without Sus-
tenance, so that I had no difficulty in Painting them while living.

At my return from America, in the Year 1726, I had the Satisfaction
of having my Labours approved of, and was honour’d with the Advice
of several of the above-mention’d Gentlemen, most skilled in the Learn-
ing of Nature, who were pleased to think them worth Publishing, but
that the Expence of Graving would make it too burthensome an Under-
taking, this Opinion, from such good Judges, discouraged me from at-
tempting it any further; And I alter’d my Design of going to Paris or
Amsterdam where I at first proposed to have them done. At length by
the kind Advice and Instructions of that inimitable Painter Mr. Joseph
Goupy, I undertook and was initiated in the way of Etching them myself,

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The Chat

which, tho’ I may not have done in a Graver-like manner, choosing- rather
to omit their method of cross-Hatching-, and to follow the humour of the
Feathers, which is more laborious, and I hope has proven more to the
purpose.

The Illuminating- Natural History is so particularly Essential to the
perfect understanding of it, that I may aver a clearer Idea may be Con-
ceiv’d the Figures of Animals and Plants in their proper Colours, than
from the most exact Description without them: Wherefore, I have been
less prolix in the Discription, Judging- it unnecessary to tire the Reader
with describing every Feather, yet I hope sufficient to distinguish them
without Confussion.

As to the Plants I have given them the English and Indian Names
they are known by in these Countries: And for the Latin Names I was
beholden to the above-mention’d Learned and accurate Botanist Dr.
Sherard.

Very few of the Birds having Names assign’d them in the Country,
except some which had Indian Names; I have call’d them after European
Birds of the same Genus, with an additional Epithet to distinguish them.
As the Males of the Feather’d Kind (except a very few) are more ele-
gantly colour’d than the Females, I have throughout exhibited the Cocks
only, except two or three; and have added a short Description of the
Hens, wherein they differ in colour from the Cocks, the want of which
Method has caused great Confusion in works of this Nature.

Of the Paints, particularly Greens, used in the Illumination of Figures,
I had principally a regard to those most resembling Nature, that were
durable and would retain their Lustre, rejecting others very specious
and shining, but of an unnatural Colour and fading Quality: Yet give
me leave to observe there is no Degree of Green but what some Plants
are possess’d of at different Times of the Year, and the same Plant changes
it’s colour gradually with it’s Age, for in the Spring the Woods and all
Plants in General are more Yellow and bright, and as the Summer ad-
vances the Greens grow deeper, and the nearer their Fall are yet of a
more dark and dirty Colour. What I infer from this is that by comparing
a Painting with a living Plant, the difference of colour, if any may pro-
ceed from the above-mention’d Cause.

As to the French Translation I am oblig’d to a very ingenious Gentle-
man, a Doctor of Physick, and a French-man born, whose Modesty will
not permit me to mention his Name.

CBC Mid-Winter Field Trip

The Summerton meeting was great fun! The Wades were nearly overcome
by the weather, but they just made it Saturday afternoon in time to identify
a Tree Sparrow with Jim Stephens on hand. Jim was our guest speaker and
gave us an illuminating talk on his hobby, the rearing of wild ducks. We
were honored by E. von S. Dingle who gave CBCer’s a preview of his new
series of paintings. Saturday evening Mrs. Louise Barrington talked about
birds around her feeders and showed colored slides she had taken. All those
members who were in absentia, missed a splendid flock of Canada Geese, two
Blue Geese and large concentrations of ducks and a very good time. About
75 members and guests chalked up 84 species. Mr. Lemaire and Mr. Holland
of the Santee Refuge were our hosts and leaders. We were delighted to see
Mr. and Mrs. Harold Peters from G.O.S. — Ed.

March, 1955

7

CAROLINA BIRD NAMES— Last Installment

W. L. McAtee

BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO. Rain crow (Universal). See preceding note.
Wood hen(N). As a sizable, sometimes noisy, bird of the woodland.

BARN OWL. Barn owl(N,S). f rom nesting m barn lofts; a British
folk name. Cat owl(N). from attacking silently, like a cat. Degati
owl(S). Gullah; the hrst term in the language of the Woiof tribe of
Senegal and Gambia, Africa, meaning ‘‘hear it again," is applied to an
owl that hoots frequently near a house. Lorenzo D. Turner. Love-
swindle (S). Meaning unknown. Monkey-face (N,S). The heart-shaped
facial disk being likened to that of a monkey. Monkey-faced owl(General).
See preceding note. Poker-face (S). Probably substitution of a familiar
phrase for monkey-face. Rat owl(S). A fitting name; the bird is a good
ratter. White owi(N). From mottled-grayish to whitish, the bird fairly
deserves this name, which is applied to it also in Great Britain.

SCREECH OWL. Cat owl(N). The head silhouette, with feather tufts
(or “ears”), may suggest this name; or the reason may be that proposed
for the preceding species, one in fact that fits all owls. Death owl(S). Its
cries near a house are supposed to presage death. Little screech owl(N).
“Screech” should not be a primary association with this species as it rarely
screeches; the note most often heard is a soft, tremulous whistle, which
to my ears is a musical and welcome sound. Screech owl (General). See
preceding note. Scrench owl, scrinch owl(S), scrutch owl(N). These ad-
jectives are variants of “screech”; see second preceding note. Shivering
owl(N,S). From the effect of its calls on superstitious auditors. Squinch-
eye(N). Perhaps because the eyes are “squinched” or only partially open-
ed when the owl is disturbed in daylight. Squinch owl(N,S). Here
“squinch” is conceived to be a corruption of “screech”; see note on “little
scrcGch. owl” aiztc»

GREAT HORNED OWL. Cat owl (General). Two theories: from the
crown tufts suggesting ears and thus the outline of a cat’s head; or from
its pouncing on its prey as silently as a cat. Chicken owl(S). It preys
on chickens not housed at night. Cuckatoo, cuckatoo owl(S). The adje-
tive is a Gullah, and evidently sonic, term. Higguhri-hee(S). Gullah,
tracing in part to the word “hihe” = owl in the Vai language of Liberia,
Africa. Lorenzo D. Turner. Hixaguinny (S). Possibly a variant of the
preceding term. Hawn owl(S). For horn owl in reference to the tufts
of feathers each side of the crown. Hooting owl(N). A good name; the
typical cry is a series of “hoo”s. Marsh owl(N). It is rather a woodland
species. Night owl(N). An appropriate name for most owls. Who- Who
owl(S). See note on hooting owl.

BARRED OWL. Hixaguinea(S) . See note on similar term under the
preceding species. Hoot owl(General), hooting owl(N,S). The common
cry is a series of “hoo”s. Laughing owl(N). In refei’ence to the “who
are you” part of its cry, heard as ha-aw-ah — an uncanny laugh. Night
owl(S). See under preceding species. Swamp owl (General for the Flori-
da barred owl). A good habitat name.

CHUCK-WILL’S-WIDOW. For this bird, the question arises as to
what is a name, what an attempted syllabication of its notes. Apparently
no line can be drawn, and as the standard name is sonic and fairly long,
others are given which may seem to be too long to be names. Chick-a-
willa, chick-de-willow, chick-will-willo(S). Chip-fell-out-of-a-white-oak(N).
Chip-the-red-oak-white-oak(S). Chuck(S). The bird utters this sound
separately as well as in its longer calls. Chuek-de-willer(S). Chuck-will’s-
widow(N,S). C’huck-willuh(S). Dutch whip-poor-will(S). As a disting-
uishable kind of whip-poor-will, perhaps one with a brogue. East India
bat(N,S). “Bat” from its nocturnal habit, “East India” to distinguish it
from the Virginia bat or whip-poor-will. Musqueto hawk (Carolina, Law-
son, 1714). Through confusion with the nighthawk, which may take insects
as small as mosquitoes as food, while this bird does not. Nightjar(S).

8

The Chat

British provincial name of an allied bird transferred to our species. It
alludes to “the strange, whirring, jarring noise, something like that pro-
duced by a spinningwheel, uttered by the bird on summer evenings
(Swainson, 188(5) and thus does not describe the call of our bird at all.
Twixt-hell-and-white-oak(N). Whip-poor-will(S). From the similarity of
its habits to those of the bird whose notes have suggested that name.
Will’s-widow (N ) .

WHIP-POOR-WILL. Bull-bat(N,S). From confusion with the night-
hawk; see note under next species. Whip-poor-will (General). Sonic.

COMMON NIGHTHAWK. Bull-bat(General). From the sound made
by its wings when dropping through the air, which is likened to the bawl-
ing of a bull; “bat” as a nocturnal flier. Mosquito hawk(S). It preys
upon small insects, including mosquitoes. Moth hunter (N). It captures
small moths; but is not so great a consumer of . moths (nor of such large
size) as are its two relatives above treated. Nighthawk(General). From
its nocturnal and expert flight. Sky-darter (S). As an expert, and high,
flyer.

CHIMNEY SWIFT. Chimney bat(S). From its nesting place, erratic
flight, and nocturnal activity. Chimney martin (S). In allusion to its
nesting place and expert flight. Chimney swallow ( General ) . Same note.
Chimney-sweep(General). As a frequenter of chimneys, using a once-
familiar name for human chimney cleaners. Chimney-sweeper (N,S). See
preceding- note.

RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD. Bumble-bee(N) . From its small
size and buzzing wings. Flower bird(N,S). It visits flowers in search
of both nectar and insects. Hominy bird(N). Apparently a corruption
of humming bird. Hummingbird (General) . From the sound made by its
buzzing wings. Whizzer(N). Same note; from its swift flight; or both.

BELTED KINGFISHER. Diver(S). It plunges into water to capture
its prey. Fish hawk(N). As a predator upon fishes. Kingfish(N). Short
for kingfisher. Kingfisher (General). As an accomplished fisher. Iving-
fisherman, kingfishman(N). Personified as an expert fisher.
YELLOW-SHAFTED FLICKER. Flicker (General). Sonic. Whicker-
whacker(N). Elaboration of whicker and thus partially a sonic term.
Wood-picker ( N ) . That is, woodpecker. Yellow-hammer (Universal) . Bri-
tish folk name of the yellow bunting transferred to species with yellow in
their plumage, wherever the English have colonized.

PILEATED WOODPECKER. Black Cock(N). Probably a shortening
of black logcock or black woodcock; see those names, without the adjective.
Do lord(S). See note on logcock. Giant woodpecker (N). The largest
species now living there. Good god(General) . See note on logcock. Good-
god bird(N,S). See same note. Great god(N). The same. Indian
crow(S). A wild, chiefly black, bird of crow size. Indian hen(N.S). A
wild “hen” or large bird with, perhaps, some reference to its cackling calls.
Johnny Cock(S). A familiar or “pet” term joined to the usual “cock”, a
shortening of logcock or woodcock. Logcock (General). As a striking
bird frequenting trees. A series of names, apparently including that of
the Deity, have no such reference, except secondarily; primarily they trace
to the term “logcock”, which, corrupted to “log guard” and “lord god,”
gave rise through misunderstanding or elaboration to all of the others.
Lord god(General). See preceding note. Old Kate(S). Latter term seems
to be derived from “Kent”, a sonic name of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker,
“inherited” by the present species. Old Kin(S). Corruption of the pre-
ceding name. Pepper-hen(S). Application unknown. Poor John(S). A
familiar or “pet” name. Red-headed good god(N). The forehead and crest
are poppy-red; see note on “logcock”. Red-headed woodcock (N). See pre-
ceding note and that on woodcock. Sapsucker (S). A general term for
woodpeckers, which is strictly applicable, however, to only one species (the
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker) of the eastern United States.^ Swamp Kate(S).
Swamps are a frequent habitat; see note on “old kate”. Woodchuck(N).
As a woodland creature that utters a “chuck” note; a name for the wood-
peckers, rather widely distributed in the United States. Woodchuck

March, 1955

9

bird ( S) . See preceding note. Woodcock (General). As a striking bird
frequenting woodland. Wood hen(N,S). As a large bird of the woods,
with perhaps some reference to its cackling calls. Wook Kate(S). See
note on “old Kate”.

RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER. Bandana (S). Conspicuously colored
like a bandana handkerchief. Jam-jack(S). Sonic. Red-headed sapsuck-
er(S). The top of the head of the male from forehead to nape is poppy-
red or scarlet; “sapsucker” a popular synonym for woodpecker is a mis-
nomer, only one of our species, the yellow-bellied, deserving the name.
Red-headed woodpecker (S). See first part of the preceding note. Zebra
woodpecker (S). The back is conspicuously black and white barred.

RED-HEADED WOODPECKER. Black, white, and red woodpecker (S).
A good name, as it has those colors in large masses. Half-jacket(S). The
black coloration does not cover the lower part of the back. Half-shirt(S).
The white coloration covers only the lower part of the back. Redhead (Gen-
eral). The entire head and neck are bright crimson. Red-head shirt-tail (S).
See notes on these terms separately. Red, white, and blue woodpecker (N,S).
Its colors, in large areas, are red, white, and blue-black. Shirt-tail, shirt-
tail woodpecker (N,S). The white coloration of the secondary wing-feath-
ers, the rump, and the tail coverts, suggest an exposed shirt-tail. White-
shirt(S). Enough of the plumage is white to suggest a shirt of that color.
YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER. Red-headed woodpecker (N). The
throat and forehead (to crown) of male are crimson. Sapsucker (General) .
This woodpecker makes holes in bark which it revisits to drink sap. Suck-
sap, sup-sap(N). See preceding note. Yankee sapsucker (N). From the
north; see note on sapsucker.

HAIRY WOODPECKER. Sapsucker (S). A misnomer; only one of our
woodpeckers is a sapsucker; see note on that term under the preceding
species.

DOWNY WOODPECKER. Checkerback, cheekerbacker(N). A mis-
nomer; the back is white; however, the wings are black “checkered” with
white. Little sapsucker (General). See note on sapsucker. Sapsucker (Gen-
eral). Though universally employed as a synonym for woodpecker, this is in
most cases a misnomer; only one of our species, the Yellow-bellied Sapsuck-
er, at all deserves the name.

IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKER. Pate(S). Sonic; hearing of a call
recorded also as caip, kate, kent, and kient. Pearl-bill (S). The bill is
ivory-white.

EASTERN KINGBIRD. Bee-Betty (S). The term “bee” refers to the
bird’s feeding on honeybees; Betty is a familiar or “pet” name. Bee-bird,
bee martin (General). It feeds to some, though usually not to a dangerous,
extent on honeybees. Flycatcher (N). As feeding upon insects. King-
bird (Rather general). In allusion to its dominating habit of driving other,
and often larger, birds away from its nesting territory. Martin bird(N).
In the bird world, the name “martin” seems to belong primarily to a swal-
low, the house martin of Europe, but it has also become almost a synonym
for swallow. Our Purple Martin gets the name in that way; and the King-
bird may have received it from a vague resemblance in some respect to
that species.

GREAT CRESTED FLYCATCHER. Bee martin(N). See note on that
name under the preceding species; there is less reason for applying it to
this one. Corn crake (S). The latter sonic term may have attracted “corn”
from a literarily familiar bird name, which, however, has no application
to the present species. Daybreak (N) . Probably has reference to early
calling but may be partly sonic. Dead-limb bird(S). From a favorite
perch or nesting site. Flycatcher (N). As preying upon insects. Frate(S).
Sonic. French mockingbird (N). Applied with reason to the Brown
Thrasher, this name seems to have no fitness for the greatcrest. May
bird(S). From the month in which it comes to attention. Noisy bird(S).
A loud and persistent caller. Rake bird(S). First term sonic. Scream
bird(S). Its ordinary call may legitimately be called a scream. Whist-
ler(S). Yellowhammer(N). The belly and tail feathers are, in part, yel-

10

The Chat

low, as good excuse foi' application of this name as to the Flicker, which
see. Yellow screamer (S). See preceding; note and that on scream bird.

EASTERN PHOEBE. Bridge robin(S). As a familiar bird associated
with bridges; it often nests beneath them. Bridge swallow(S). See pre-
ceding note; swallow, perhaps, from association with true swallows, which
share the habitat. Cow bird(N). From attending cows to catch insects
attracted, or flushed, by those animals. Gnatcatcher(S). As preying
upon small insects. House pewee(N). It sometimes nests in suitable
niches about houses; “pewee” sonic. Pewee(General). Sonic. Phoebe,
phoebe bird (Rather general). Sonic; from a more accurate hearing of the
same note. Tick bird(S). Its familiarity with cattle suggests that it is
in search of ticks; these parasites have been found in Phoebe. stomachs.
Winter Pewee(N). “Pewee” sonic; the only flycatcher to winter here.
Witch bird(N). Meaning unknown.

EASTERN WOOD PEWEE. Dead-limb bird(S). From a favorite perch.
Moss pewee(N). Mosses are used in construction of the nest; pewee,
sonic. Parvee(S). Either directly sonic or a corruption of “pewee”. Pe-
wee(S). Sonic.

HORNED LARK. Skylark (N). It resembles the European skylark in
singing on the wing.

TREE SWALLOW. Bad-weather bird(S). Its appearance thought to
presage worse weather. Myrtle bird(N). In winter, especially, it feeds
on berries of wax mvrtle (Myrica) .

BANK SWALLOW. Bad-weather bird(N). See under preceeding spe-
cies. Bank bird(N). It nests in holes in banks. Bank martin (S). See
preceding note; martin-swallow. Bank s wallow ( General ). See second
preceding note. Gully martin, gully swallow (S). It nests in burrows in
banks. Gust bird(N). From being especially active before storms.
Sand martin, sand swallow (General) . The swallow that nests in “sand”,
that is, the ground; these names in British use to Merrett, 1667, and Pen-
nant, 1785, respectively. Storm bird(N). See note on gust bird. Water
swallow(N). As being usually seen near the water; also in British use.

ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW. Bank martin (S). It may nest in holes
in banks. Bank swallow (N). Same note. Black swallow(S). . Mishear-
ing of bank swallow; it is chiefly grayish-brown. Creek martin (S). It
may nest in holes in banks. Gully martin (S). Same note. Sand swal-
low (S). Same note.

BARN SWALLOW. Bad-weather bird(N). Its appearance thought to
presage worse weather. Barn swallow (Apparently general). It habitually
nests in barns. This name also in British folk use. Gust (or gus) bird(N).
See note under preceding species.

PURPLE MARTIN. Bee martin(N). It occasionally eats honeybees.
Black martin (N,S). The feathers are tipped with steel blue, overlying
black and sooty gray; “martin” = swallow. Gourd bird(S). From nest-
ing in gourds put up for its use by man. Gourd martin (N,S). Same note.
House martin(N,S). From nesting in houses . erected for it by man.
Martin (Rather general). A very widespread designation for swallows;. im-
mediately available for this bird by shortening the name, purple martin.

BLUE JAY. Blue jay, jay, jay bird (General). Jay, sonic. Jayhawk-
er (N). Robber (N). It preys upon the eggs and young of other birds.
Smarty(S). A Gullah term, apparently from the bird’s di-essy appear-
ance and assured demeanor. Devil bird(S). This species is widely as-
sumed to be in league with Satan as spy, messenger or helper, especially
in keeping the fires burning by carrying sticks to the devil every Friday.

AMERICAN CROW. Crow (Universal). Traceable to sonic terms as
the French corbeau and Latin corvus. Jim Crow (General). “Jim” a fami-
liar or “pet” name. Raven (N). In the mountains, where the true raven
also occurs.

FISH CROW. Jackdaw (N,S). Transfer from a small European species
of the same family. For that species the name is “daw” from its call, with
the nickname “Jack” (meaning small) prefixed.

CAROLINA CHICKADEE. Cee-dert(N). Sonic. Chickadee(N). Son-

March, 1955 11

ic. Friendly bird(S). It is unusually confiding-. Pee-dee-tert(N). Sonic.
See-nanny (N). Apparently basically sonic but with an implication of small
size. Tom-tit(S). A familiar name plus an abbreviation of titmouse.
Tom-tit’s sweetheart(S). “Sweetheart” sonic; pei'haps tomtit here refers
to the Tufted Titmouse. Tontil(S). Corruption of tomtit.

TUFTED TITMOUSE. Chickadee (S). Through confusion with true
chickadees. Fairy bird(N). Peto bird(N). First term sonic. Summer-
singer bird(S). Tit(S). Abbreviation of tomtit; it means a small bird.
Titert(N). Perhaps sonic. Titmouse(N). Tomtit (General). See note un-
der preceding species.

WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH. Sapsucker (General). It gets this
name from being mistaken for a woodpecker; though practically all wood-
peckers are somewhere or sometime called sapsucker, the term is a mis-
nomer except for the two or three species of Sphyrapicus. Tomtit (N).
See note on this term under Carolina Chickadee. It is applied rather loosely
to a variety of small birds.

BROWN-HEADED NUTHATCH. Tomtit(S). See preceding note.

BROWN CREEPER. Niterted bird(N). Meaning unknown. Tomtit(N).
See notes on this term above.

HOUSE WREN. Spider wren(N). It feeds upon spiders. Wren(Gen-
eral).

BEWICK’S WREN. House wren(N). It nests in houses provided by
man. Wagtail wren(N). The only one of our wrens that wags its tail —
and that sidewise.

CAROLINA WREN. Change bird(S). From being especially vociferous
before changes in the weather. House wren(N). As being seen near
houses; it sometimes nests in crevices therein; and rarely in boxes provid-
ed for birds bv man.

MARSH WREN. Tomtit (S). See notes on this name on preceding-
species.

EASTERN MOCKINGBIRD. Mockbird(S). From imitating the notes
of other birds. Mockingbird (Universal) . Same note. Nightingale(N) .
From singing at night; it is not at all related to the European nightin-
gale. Southern nightingale (S). See preceding note. Sweetheart bird(S).
Its copious melody especially on moonlit nights may well be an inspiration
to lovers.

CATBIRD. Catbird (Universal). A common call resembles the meouw
of a cat.

BROWN THRASHER. Brown thrush(General). French mocking-
bird (N,S). As a distinctive kind of mockingbird; it does not mimic so
much as does the true mocker; but withal is a superb singer though for a
regrettably short season. Ground mockingbird (N) . As remaining on or
rear the ground more than does the true mockingbird. Mockingbird (N).
See note on French mockingbird. Pig thrasher(N,S). Possibly because it
“roots” among fallen leaves for food; thrasher seems to come from thrush-
er = thrush. Swamp sparrow(N). “Sparrow” probably refers to its speckled
breast; “swamp” to a part-time habitat. Thrasher (General). Thresher,
an equivalent, is an English name for the European song thrush, so the
name “thrasher” for our species would seem to be a transfer. Thrush (S).
Short for brown thrush; or for “thrusher”, a name for a similarly colored
songster. the Em-onean song thrush.

AMERICAN ROBIN. Red-breasted robin (N). Robin (Universal) . Rob-
in redbreast(N). Robin is a transfer from a similarly confiding, but small-
er, European species of the same family, which is dusky above and reddish-
ora nee below.

WOOD THRUSH. Rogtrot(S). From a swampy habitat. Master sing-
er(S). Mountain mockinebird IN.) Latter term in tribute to superior
song, not mimicry. Mud bird(S). From using mud in building its nest.
Niehtineale(N.S). Likening it to Europe’s most noted bird songster is a
tribute to its superior song, which is often given from dusk to dark. Pew-
ter-legs (N). Thev are of pale flesh-color. Quillaree(N). Sonic. Sanguil-
1 a ( S ) . “Sangalo”is a possible forerunner; this Gullah name for “a wild

12

The Chat

duck”, found with identical form and meaning in the language of the Monde
tribe, Sierra Leone, Africa (Lorenzo D. Turner), may have been varied
to sanguilla, which has been applied to other birds in southeastern States.
Short-tailed thrasher(S). In contrast to the brown (or long-tailed) thrash-
er; see note on that term ante. Silver-tongue(N). As an admirable song-
ster. Speckled thrush(N). Swamp robin(N,S). Swamp, a part-time
habitat. Although of different coloration, it is rather closely related to
the robin. Swamp thrasher(N). “Swamp” a part-time habitat; see note
on thrasher, above. Swamp thrush(S). Wood robin(N). See note on
“swamp robin”. Wood thrush(N).

HERMIT THRUSH. Chuck(N). Sonic. Tarkle-witch(N). Probably
“turtle-witch”, but thereby made no clearer as to meaning.

COMMON BLUEBIRD.' Blue bird (General). The male is largely blue
above. Red-breasted bluebird (N). The breast of the male is cinnamon-
rufous. Color is duller in females.

BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER. Blue wren(S). Pale, bluish-gray above;
“wren” as a small bird. Little mockingbird (S). It is considerably like
the mockingbird in color. Moss bird(N). The nest looks as if it were
made of moss. Sanguillah(S). See note on that term under the Wood
Thrush. Tomtit (S). “Tit”, as a small bird; “Tom”, a familiar or “pet”

name. , , ^

WATER PIPIT. Skylark(N). It has some resemblance to the Euro-
pean skvlark, and like that species sings on the wing.

CEDAR WAXWING. Cedar bird (General). As frequenting “cedars and
feeding on their “berries” (i.e., modified cones). Cherry bird (General).
From feeding on that fruit. Grape bird(N). Similar note. Satin bird(N).
Its plumage is sleek and of softly-blended coloration. Sealing-wax ( N) .
The shafts of the secondary wing feathers look as if tipped with red seal-
ing-wax. Sealing-wax bird, wax bird(S). Same note.

LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE. Butcher bird(General). Because it hangs its
prey on thorns or other sharp objects and in crotches, preparatory to rend-
ing' it. Cotton-picker (S). From its flying low over cotton fields. Fly-
low bird(S). French mockingbird (General). As a distinctive kind of
“mockingbird”; latter term from its great similarity in general appearance
to the true mockingbird; it also has some power of mimicry. Hard-head ( S) .
Loggerhead ( S) . That is, bighead. Nine-killer(S). From German,
Neuntodter; in European folklore the belief is prevalent that a butcherbird
kills nine victims every day. Skirk(S). Apparently a variant of shrike;
but it mav be an independent sonic term.

STARLING. Hog bird(N). “It eats anything and all there is of it.

WHITE-EYED VIREO. Branch swinging bird(N). The nest is sus-
pended in the fork of a twig.

YELLOW-THROATED VIREO. Big hanger(N). The nest is suspend-
ed from a forked twig. Yellow-throated swinging hird(N). Same note.

RED-EYED VIREO. Hanger, hanging bird, little hanger, red-eyed swing-
ing bird(N). The nest is suspended in the fork of a branch or twig.

PROTHONOTARY WARBLER. Creek canarv, swamp canary (S). From
habitats and its largely yellow coloration. Wild canary (S). See preced-
ing note; warblers, when noticed at all by the public, are likely to receive

this name. , ,

MYRTLE WARBLER. Myrtle bird(N.S). It feeds upon the berries of
the wax-mvrtle (Murica). Tallow-tail (N). In allusion to the yellow
rump. Yellow bird(N). It is not yellow but has four yellow spots. Yel-
low-rumn ( S) .

OVEN-BIRD. Fool bird(N). Oven bird (Rather general). From its
arched-over nest. Teacher (N). From its song, which seems this word
repeated, and with rising emphasis.

LOUISIANA WATER-THRUSH. Branch thrush(S). A thrush-like
bird that frequents small streams.

YELLOW-THROAT. Brier bird(N). From inhabiting thickets.

YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT. Chat(N) Short for chatterer. Circus
bird ( S) . From its aerial tumbling. Kafe(N). Sonic. Mockingbird(N,S).
While seeming to mimic numerous sounds, this species does not rival the

March, 1 955 1 3

true mockingbird, especially in repeating the notes of other birds. Pom-
pey(N). In Shakespeare’s “Measure for Measure”, a clownish servant is
named “Pompey”; that name was commonly given to slaves and may have
acquired the significance of uncouth, or the like; the bird is called clown,
also, from its strange cries and aerial antics; such ideas seem to underly
the present name. Whistling canary (S). In allusion to its conspicuous
song and yellow breast. Yellow nightingale(N). This bird sings at all
hours of the night, but for continuity and elegance of song is not to be
compared with Europe’s most noted avian vocalist; the breast is yellow.

HOODED WARBLER. Spring talker (N). It has a loud, ringing song;
“spring” may allude to the season or to habitat, as the bird frequents moist
situations.

HOUSE SPARROW. Bull sparrow(N). This may refer to its pugna-
ciousness or may be a shortening of “John Bull”, i.e., English, sparrow;
much of the original stock was imported from England. English spar-
row(Universal). See preceding note. Spar’ bird(N). Sparrow (Universal).

BOBOLINK. Cottontail (N). The rump and lower back of the male
are white. May bird(S). From the month in which it is commonly noticed.
Oats bird(S). As feeding on that grain. Reed bird(N,S). As frequent-
ing reeds or wild rice, upon the grain of which it feeds. Rice bird(N,S).
Formerly a pest to the rice crop.

COMMON MEADOWLARK. Field lark (General). Though it is not
a lark. Lark(N.S). Meadowlark (General). 01d-fieldlark(N.S.).

RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD. One-one (S). Gullah, because the male
seems always to itself in the nesting season. Alexander Sprunt, Jr. Red-
wine, red-winged blackbird (General). There is a large red and buff patch
at the bend of the wing in the male. Rice bird(N,S). All birds feeding
upon rice shared this name. Swamp blackbird (General).

ORCHARD ORIOLE. English mockingbird (N). Latter term merely
credits it with being a good songster, not a mimic; former to distinguish
it from the true Mockingbird. English robin (N). Latter term as a more
or less domestic bird; former to distinguish it from the common Robin.
Goldfinch (S). As a brightly colored bird. Sanguillah(S). In 1910. Arthur
T. Wayne stated that this name was known to have been in use a hundred
years. In Professor Lorenzo D. Turner’s manuscript (1945) is recorded
the term “sangalo”, which he found to mean wild duck in the Gullah dia-
lect; and which he says has that identical form and meaning in the lang-
uage of the Mende tribe, Sierra Leone, Africa. Despite the meaning, he
imports this word seems a very likely root of the name “sanguillah” ap-
plied in the Southeast to a number of songbirds.

BALTIMORE ORIOLE. Baltimore bird(N, S). Its colors are those of the
coat of arms of Lord Baltimore, Proprietor of the Province of Maryland.
Fire bird(S). About half of the plumage of the adult male varies from
“cadmium yellow to intense orange or almost flame scarlet.” Ridgwav.
1902. Golden robin (Rather general). “Golden”, see preceding note; “robin”
as a familiar bird. Golden weaver (S). See second preceding note; “weaver”
from its neatly woven nest. Hang-nest (Rather general). The nest is sus-
pended. Nonoareil(S). “Unequalled”, from the bright colors of the male.
Yellow bird(N). This term may refer to the female, as the male has much
orange and black coloration.

BOAT-TAILED GRACKLE. Jackdaw(Universal). By transfer from a
European member of the crow family, with which our bird has little in
common, either in color, size, or habits. Salt-water blackbird (S). Its
habitat is mostly near the coast.

COMMON GRACKLE. Big blackbird (S). But not so big as the boat-tail.
Jackdaw(N, S). See second preceding note; the name is even less fitting for
this species. White-eyed blackbird (S). The iris is pale yellow.

COMMON COWBIRD. Cow bird, cow blackbird (General). From its asso-
ciating with cattle.

SCARLET TANAGER. Black-winged redbird (Rather general). Cuban
redbird(N). To distinguish it from the common redbird, or Cardinal. Fire
bird(N). The plumage of the male is chiefly scarlet. Mountain redbird (N).
Piny-woods redbird (S). Red bird(Rather general). Swamp robin(S). As a

1 4 The Chat

familiar bird distinct from the common robin. Timber redbird(N). Toxaway
bird(N). From its prevalence in the Toxaway country of western North
Carolina.

SUMMER TAN ACER. Bee bird(N). From feeding on honeybees. French
mockingbird (S). l’eterchuck(N). Sonic. Redbird( General). The plumage of
the male is chiefly dull red to vermilion. Scarlet finch (S). See preceding
note. Summer redbird (General). In contrast to the winter redbird or cardinal.

CARDINAL. Cardinal (Probably general). From the vermilion-red colora-
tion of the male; a distinctive part of the vestiture of a Cardinal, or member
of the Pope’s council, is red. Redbird (Universal). Seed-crecker (S). It has a
powerful bite. Virginia nightingale(N, S). It is an excellent songster but
does not habitually sing at night. Winter redbird (N). In contrast to the
summer redbird or tanager.

ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK. Balsam bird(N). From frequenting
the balsam (Abies) forest.

BLUE GROSBEAK. Big indigo(N). That is, indigo bird, in contrast to
the smaller Indigo Bunting of the same general coloration. Seed-eater (S.)
Rice bird(N). From feeding on that crop. AVheat bird(N). Similar note.

INDIGO BUNTING. Blue bird(N). The plumage of the male is mostly
iridescent bluish. Blue finch, blue linnet(S). Same note. Indigo(N). Indigo
bird (General) . To distinguish it from the Blue Grosbeak of similar colora-
tion. Wheat bird(N).

PAINTED BUNTING. Butterfly bird, butterfly finch(S). From the bright,
varied colors of the male. English robin (N). As a familiar bird distinct
from the common Robin. Little Mary Morgan(S). Fanciful name. Non-
pareil (General). “Without equal”, in reference to the extraordinarily diver-
sified and brilliant coloration of the male.

DICKCISSEL. Judas bird(S). From its song which is thought to re-
semble the words “Judas Iscariot.”

PURPLE FINCH. Tweeker(N). One that utters the note “tweek”.
Twehee(N). Sonic.

AMERICAN GOLDFINCH. Elm sparrow (S). It feeds on the seeds of elm
as soon as they are formed in Spring. Flax bird(S). From feeding on the
seeds of that plant. Goldfinch (Probably rather general). The dominant
color of the breeding male is canary-yellow. Lettuce bird (Rather general).
From its feeding on lettuce seeds. May bird(S). From the month in which
it is most noticed. Rice bird(N, S). Thistle bird (Universal) . From feeding
on the seeds of these plants. Twehee(N). Sonic. Wild canary (Universal) .
See note on Goldfinch. Yellow bird (Universal). Same note.

EASTERN TOWHEE. Blue-jo(N). Latter syllable short for “joree”, a
sonic term; there is no blue in the plumage. Bullfinch (S). That is. a large
finch. Chewing(General). Sonic. Ground robin(General). The black and
cinnamon coloration of the male suggests that of the robin: and it is very
much a ground-loving bird. Joe-reek, joereeper, joerigger(N), joree (N, S),
joree bird, jo-wheet, jowink(N). Sonic. Low-ground Steven(N). A familiar
or “pet” name. Scratch bird(S). It does much scratching among fallen leaves.
Swamp Robert(N). Latter term meaning robin; see note on ground robin;
swamp, a part-time habitat. Swamp robin (N, S). “Swamp”, see last note;
“robin”, see note on ground robin. Towhee (General). Sonic.

VESPER SPARROW. Summer sparrow(N).

SLATE-COLORED JUNCO. Black snowbird (General). General color of
the male above is slaty; snowbird, as being seen in the winter or snowy
season. Blue bird(N). See preceding note. Snow bird (General). Snow spar-
row (N). See first note.

CHIPPING SPARROW. Bush sparrow (N). Chippy (General) . Its call is
a “chip” and its song a succession of similar notes. Ground sparrow (N, S).
Hair bird (General). It uses animal hair to line its nest. Red-headed
sparrow (N). The crown is rufous-chestnut. Red-top sparrow (S). Same note.
Tip sparrow(N). “Tip”, sonic. Tree sparrow(N).

FOX SPARROW. Bull sparrow(N). That is, big sparrow. Chuck(N).
Sonic.

SONG SPARROW. Hedge sparrow(N). Song sparrow (Probably rather
general).

March, 1955

15

BOOK REVIEW

Florida Bird Life. Alexander Sprunt, Jr. 527 pages. Generously and
beautifully illustrated with 40 full color plates, 26 by Francis Lee Jaques,
retained from the original volume, and 14 by John Henry Dick; 16 plates in
black and white, among- them photographs of the representative physiogra-
phic regions of Florida, and 65 breeding locality and range maps of indicated
species.

A full page map in pen and ink divides the state into 4 general regions,
simplifying considerably the method that had to be used in Howell when
tracking down seasonal and distributional data. The present status of
Florida ornithology is summarized by the author, at the same time mention-
ing many persons of note who have had a hand in the progress of the state
in this field; A brief history of bird protection in Florida is included
by John H. Baker, President of the National Audubon Society. $12.50.
Coward-McCann, N. Y. with cooperation of the U. S. Wildlife Service
and the Florida Game & Fresh Water Fish Commission. 1954.

Florida has one of the richest and most diversified bird populations in
any state in the east. It has long deserved an up-to-date source of infor-
mation. Here is the revision of Arthur H. Howell’s original Florida Bird
Life published in 1932. Alexander Sprunt, with his great list of accomplish-
ments, honors won in the field of ornithology and intimate field knowledge
of Florida bird life, was the man for the job. It is a task well done.

Florida Bird Life is a very handsome book and has every promise of be-
coming immediately outstanding and useful to bird students, ornithologists
and naturalists everywhere. All available information on the 509 species
cited is carefully analyzed and brought up to 1954, following in many
respects, the familiar pattern and format used in South Carolina Bird Life,
co-authored by Sprunt. One of the most interesting features of this “combi-
nation revision-rewrite” of Howell’s book, is a history of each species
contrasting its status today with that of the period ending in 1932.

The reviewer’s copy of Florida Bird Life was loaned and has already been
in use, put to the test in Florida from its northernmost border to the
Everglades. It was pronounced by the borrower as indispensable: “especially
for people like me and my wife who are not too familiar with Florida orni-
thology, and particularly with reference to distribution.” (He is one of
CBC’s finest amateur ornithologists — Ed.)

Some system for cross-referencing the pagination of text and illustrations,
similar to that used by Peterson, would have made this volume easier to use.
Also, several “beginner” ornithologists, who have used the book, have in-
formed the reviewer that in some plates it is difficult to correlate quickly
the depicted species with the “explanation”.

And speaking of paintings, why does some of the wonderful Jaques work
appear so scratched and smudged — careless reproduction or are the plates
wearing out? A number of Artist Dick’s paintings are “fuzzy,” plates 54
and 56 are very disappointing; a finger definitely points at the printer on
this score. One small error we noted is on page 390 under Explanation of
Plate 53. That obvious Orange-crown in the upper left-hand corner is no
Palm Warbler. However, all these minor slips can be readily corrected in
another edition. Congratulations to Mr. Sprunt from CBC!

16

The Chat

That Florida Bird Life will take its place among the top-ranking books
of ornithology is a certainty. Any visitor to Florida, as well as its own
residents, interested in the least in wildlife, will do well to study this new
book: The richness of ones ornithological experience would be increased
in proportion to the use made of Florida Bird Life. — KCS

Mounting Dove Populations in North Carolina. — Thomas L. Quay, Editor.

Raleigh: North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. 46 pp + appen-
dix, illustrated. 1953. Free on request to Commission.

The present bulletin is a compilation in easy, readable style, of the
studies carried out in North Carolina on the Eastern Mourning Dove.
This work is an integral portion of a regional study conducted in the
southeastern states under the auspices of the Federal Aid in Wildlife
Restoration Program, covering the period from August 1949, through
February, 1953. Participants in the project during this period included
members of the Wildlife Resources Commission and personnel of North
Carolina State College. .

If one accepts the premise that the Mourning Dove is a suitable gamebird
species — a point probably open to serious question — the need for detailed
information is at once apparent. Much of the basic, data required for
management of the Mourning Dove is summarized in this bulletin. A
brief preliminary note on life history and habits serves to emphasize the
long nesting season, extending from March to September, and the present
dependence of doves on farm-lands for nesting range and feeding grounds.
Seasonal movements are described in the next section, noting the existence
of two main migration routes in the eastern United States (Atlantic
Coastal states southward and westward along the Gulf Coast; Mississippi
Valley states southward and eastward toward Georgia and Florida).
The presence of “population segments”, distributed geographically and
seasonally, is pointed out as responsible for the unstable and shifting-
population. The seasonal distribution and abundance is then considered
in a separate chapter of exceptional interest. In succeeding chapters,
methods of determining annual production are described, and the estab-
lishment of hunting seasons and bag limits in accordance with results is
discussed.

Using data compiled over a four-year period of admittedly low and
uneven ponulations, 1949-1953, it was estimated that about 73% of North
Carolina doves die from all causes each year, with a population turnover
about 93% complete every two years. Lending accent to these figures, the
writer states, “Such a rapid turnover rate gives a delicately balanced
game population, capable of gaining ground only slowly under favoring
conditions but of losing ground rapidly under adverse conditions.” It is
liberallv estimated that only about 15% or 20% of this heavy . annual
mortality is due directly to hunting, the remaining 50% being attributable
to natural factors (weather, starvation, disease, accidents, predation). The
relative importance of each of these natural factors remains to be deter-
mined. .

The bulletin is printed on good grade paper and bound in heavy stock,
having the same dimensions as The Chat. It is copiously illustrated. Jack
Derrnid has contributed twelve photographs, all of outstanding duality.
The cover, front and back, is nicely illustrated by pen-and-ink sketches
contributed by Will Hon, who also added seven small sketches of doves
in various poses and habitats, inserted in the text. The single paged
appendix is a chart of Mourning Dove food plants. Six maps and six
charts are included.

This publication represents the end result of niuch painstaking and
time-consuming work. The information that it contains should be of value
to the general public in explaining the need for rigid management of
such species as the Mourning Dove. It should be read bv hunters, conser-
vationists, and anyone interested in general ornithology. — Thomas W.
Simpson.

March, 1955

17

CAROLINAS 1954 CHRISTMAS COUNT

Coastal

Piedmont

Mountain

Total

Localities

5

15

3

23

Birds

49,153

37,385

2,915

89,453

Species

65-165

17-77

23-60

17-163

Participants

46

158

39

243

Compared with last winter, the results obtained were not good. There is
no proven reduction in bird population. There were fewer searchers. At
Greensboro more parties counted more species. Wilmington, with one party
less than last year tallied 163 species which will again be near the top among
all Audubon counts. An Accidental, added to the South Carolina Hypothetical
List, since a specimen has never been taken there, was a Western Tanager
seen at Bulls Island. Evening Grosbeaks appear on the Wilmington and
Great Smoky Mountains lists. They were at Eastover, S. C. two days before
the count there, and at Charlotte a day ahead of their count.

Trends in the following summaries show Number of Species/Number
of Observers, since winter of 1949-50, where available. They include the
present count.

Coastal:

Charleston, S. C. Trend: 145/38; 137/27; 123/20; 128/18; 131/12; 117/14.
Dec. 27. Weather fair. Individuals, 4509. Species, 117. Low count attributed
in part to too few parties. The one observer at famed Bulls Island,
visitor, G. L. Brody, Chicago, identified a Western Tanager. He had seen
the species previously. Twenty-nine species listed in 1953 were not seen this
year. Eleven species on this count were not found in the previous count.

Columbia, S. C. Trend: 50/9; 49/6; 59/7; 66/11; 65/12; 65/12. Dec. 30.
Weather fair. Individuals 9675. Species 65. Common Cowbirds (1835) topped
the list of individuals. There was a particularly large population in the
sparrow group. Horseshoe Pond, included in last years count was destroyed
by extended drought. Rare find at Columbia was an Oven-bird.

18

The Chat

Eastover, S. C. Trend: 47/3; 50/4; 44/3; 65/2; 60/3; 70/2. Dec. 27. Partly
cloudy, mild, individuals 549, Species 70. Noteworthy: Anhingas, 2; Canada
Goose, 1; Peregrine Falcon, 1; Solitary Vireo, 1; Grasshopper Sparrow, 20.
Thirteen Evening Grosbeaks were at Mrs. Faver’s bird bath Dec. 25th. This
is the first record to be reported for South Carolina this winter and the
first time the species has been reported seen in the state in any numbers.

Santee National Wildlife Refuge, Summerton, S. C. Trend: ; ; ;

75/1; 70/1; 67/1. Dec. 30. Partly cloudy, mild. Individuals 17,800 plus.
Species 67. Mallards, Gadwall, and Am. Widgeon, estimated at 3550, 2500,
and 3600, respectively. Pintails were estimated at 200 this winter, whereas
last winter’s census showed 2050. A Henslow’s Sparrow, seldom reported
in the interior in winter was listed.

Wilmington. Trend: 136/22; 147/16; 141/14; 142/15; 162/15; 163/16.
Dec. 27. Partly cloudy, mild. Individuals about 16,600. Species 163. This is
an alltime high for Wilmington. Only two-thirds of the number of in-
dividuals found last year were seen this year, however. Mrs. Appleberry
suggests this might have been due to hurricane Hazel’s terrific west winds
— particularly in the case of the Henslow’s Sparrows. Most unusual species
were: Anhinga, (Mrs. A.); Hudsonian Cuilew, 30 (Vaughn); Ground Dove,
2 (Baker and Vaughn); Evening Grosbeak, 4. (Trott and Baker — see Gen-
eral Field Notes section, this issue). Short-eared Owl, 2 (Baker and Evans.
One was seen on the Pea Island count last winter).

P i c cl ) ) i o ) i t .*

Charlotte. Trend: 47/11; 50/16; 55/11; 56/8; 58/12; 51/5. Dec. 27. Cloudy,
cool. Individuals 1115. Species 51. The poorest count since 1950 was due
mostly to poor coverage. An Evening Grosbeak and a Catbird at the city
feeder of Mrs. J. L. McLean, missed the count by one day (Dec. 26). Five
Gadwall were unusual.

Durham. Trend: 44/8; 41/5; . . ; . . ; . ; 34/2. Jan. 2. Clear, mild. A pond
was added to previous area. Individuals 560. Species 34. Insufficient coverage
by one party and apparently an off day for birds. No unusual species.

Elkin Trend: .; 42/3; 36/2; 60/13; 54/13; 49/10. Dec. 26. Generally
fair. Cold. Lakes frozen over. Individuals 2088. Species 49. A Canada Goose
count of 180 was made and some Mallards and 2 Blue-winged Teal were
found. There were no other water birds present. Sparrows generally were
plentiful. There were fewer White-crowns than in recent years. Two Savan-
nah Sparrows were seen.

Greensboro. Trend: 66/24; 74/24; 74/29; 77/32; 73/29; 77/37. The sharp
increase of observers shown in the trend is probably one of the results of
the recent publication of Dr. Dawley’s Guilford County List. Jan. 1. Cloudy,
cool, light intermittent drizzle. Individuals 12,213 (last winter 11,993).
Species 77. A remarkably good count for a bad day. A Green Heron, normal-
ly a summer bird, was a good find. Canvasback Ducks (35) were unusual.
The Starling count (2458) was only half of last year’s tally. Seventy Swamp
Sparrows were found. There was no White-crowned Sparrow on this
year’s list.

Greenville, S. C. Trend: ; 38/4; 52/7; ; 37/4; 43/7. Jan. 1. Cloudy,

cool, some rain. Individuals 863. Species 43. No water birds. The sparrow
group was well representated. Two White-crowns and one Swamp were
found. Goldfinches (175) easily outnumbered all other species.

Henderson. Trend: 46/5; ; 43/3; 56/3; 53/3; 51/4. Dec. 30. Sunny,

warm, windy. Individuals 1384. Species 51. There were no unusual species.
Most noticeable was the absence of Mrs. A. W. Bachman, longtime leader
of this group.

High Point. Trend: 49/18; 53/15; 56/12; 55/20; 58/17; 62/18. Dec. 31.
Weather not reported. Individuals 2972. Species 62. Five Great Blue Herons
were seen. Again, Slate-colored J uncos were the most abundant species (515).

Lenoir. Trend: 33/18; ; 30/14; 31/6; 45/11; 37/12. Jan. 1. Rainy

throughout the day, cool. Individuals 942. Species 37. (Individuals last year,
1450). No water birds were listed. Most abundant species, Mourning Doves,
147; House Sparrows, 150; White-throated Sparrows, 97. Again this year

March, 1955

19

White-crowned Sparrows were on the list, but in reduced numbers (12).

New London, Stanly County, N. C. Trend: No previous count, (center
of area 2 miles NW Badin, includes Yadkin River and Morrow Mt. State
Park). Dec. 31. Clear, cool, some frost. Individuals 2810. Species 76. An
unusually high species count for the area. Noteworthy: Red-shouldered
Hawk, 1; Bald Eagle, 1; Wild Turkey, 6 (Morrow Mt); Sedge (Short-
billed) Marsh Wren, 5; White-crowned Sparrow, 2.

Raleigh. Trend: 62/8; 60/9; 60/10; 67/9; 74/12; 66/13. Dec. 27. Cool,
cloudy, water open. Individuals 4136. Species 66. (Individuals last year,
7900, 5600 of which were Starlings. This winter Starlings numbered 2000.
Excluding Starlings from both counts, the figures are about the same for
both winters). Seventeen Hooded Mergansers in this count were not seen
last year. There were no Scaup this year. The large number (18) of Red-
headed Woodpeckers is unusual. Song Sparrows recorded at 100 last
winter increased to 283 in this count.

Rocky Mount. Trend: ; 53/3; 60/4; 48/3; 48/3; 48/7. Jan. 1. Cloudy,

humid, cool. Individuals 3071 plus. Species 48. Three consecutive counts
of the same number of species is interesting. Counts of individuals for
the past three winters: 2150, 2001, 3071. The increase this year is fairly
uniform over the list of species excepting Goldfinches, which numbered
199 in the present count and did not appear in the preceding count.
Shrikes appear plentiful in all counts. Robins were scarce.

Salisbury. Trend: Census began 1953. 44/3; 52/3. Dec. 30. Clear to partly
cloudy, cool. Individuals 1036. Species 52. The addition of Concord Lakes
to last year’s area seems to account for the Grebes, Geese, Ducks, and Coot
not found last year. There were no unusual species reported.

Spartanburg. Trend: 57/7; 65/10; 59/10; 61/15; 53/12; 58/11. Dec. 30.
Clear, cool, water open. Individuals 1541. Species 58. Common Yellow-
throat, 1; and White-crowned Sparrow are rare in the general area but
not new for Spartanburg. Canada Geese, generally on Zimmerman Lake
are not included this year.

Wilkesboro-North Wilkesboro. A new study area of 3 mile radius and
incomplete. Includes parts of the Yadkin River basin and 50% open field.
Dec. 28. Cloudy, light, intermittent rain, cool. Water open. Individuals 1242.
Species 32. The Robin count was about 580. There were 16 White-crowned
Sparrows. No Titmouse was found. Bob-white, missed on the count, were
seen (70) on Dec. 25.

Winston-Salem. Trend: 53/12; 54/19; 62/11; 54/8; 61/14; 58/6. Dec. 26.
Fair to partly cloudy, cool. Individuals 3023. Species 58. Individuals last
year totaled 7700. Eliminating Starlings from both counts brings them
fairly close together. There were no unusual finds in species. White-
throated Sparrows totaled 406.

Mountains :

Great Smoky Mountain National Park. Tennessee-North Carolina. Trend:
59/30; 59/34; 58/40; 57/30; 62/30; 60/30. Jan. 2. Mostly clear, cool, wind up
to 25 m.p.h. at high altitudes. Some snow in higher places. Individuals 2000.
Species 60. About 900 fewer individuals than last winter. This reduction
was spread over most species. Most unusual find was a Louisiana Water-
thrush. observed by Tanner and Stupka. The bird was present daily after-
Dec. 8. It is a first winter record for this area. White-crowned Sparrows,
present in the ’52 and ’53 counts were not found this year.

Todd. Ashe-Watauga Counties, N. C. Trend: Counts began 1952. 25/5;
21/5; 23/6. Jan. 2. Clear, cool, wind to 30 m.p.h. No ice. Individuals 346.
Species 23. Individuals up 50% over preceding count. No unusual birds
found.

Windom. Yancey Co., N. C. (same area as last year except that a part
of the town of Burnsville and a mountain cove were left out). Trend:
23/7; 24/4; 26/4; 25/4; 33/4; 26/3. Individuals 570. Species 26. Two factors
contributed to the low count this year: only one party participated, and
food was scarce. Grapes, pokeberries and brier berries wei-e almost non-
existent. No unusual birds were seen.

20

The Ghat

Participants: Charleston: G. L. Brody, R. H. Coleman, Wm, Coleman,
Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Comstock, J. H. Dick, Mr. and Mrs. R. D Edwards,
Robert Fritzsche, 1. S. Metcalf, 1. S. H. Metcalf, A. S. Sprunt, Jr., A.
M. Wilcox, E. A. Williams, E. Burnham Chamberlain, compiler. Char-
lotte: Mrs. B. R. Chamberlain, Norman Chamberlain, Mrs. E. U. Clarkson,
Mrs. George C. Potter, B. R. Chamberlain, compiler. Columbia: Mrs. Gil-
bert Bristow, Gordon Brown, Mrs. J. R. Clark, Mrs. S. E. Hartin, Jimmy
and Billy Hartin, Mr. and Mrs. P. B. Hendrix, David Monteith, Charles i.
Simons, Mrs. Kay Sisson, Gilbert J. Bristow, compiler. Durham: F. F. Par-
rish, F. N. Egerton III, compiler. Eastover: Mrs. Clyde (Kay) Sisson,
Mrs. W. H. Faver, compiler. Elkin: Tom Bryan, Rev. f owler, Fred Harris,
Mr. and Mrs. Linville Hendren, Tom Hendren, Mrs. E. M. Hodel, Bill
Roth, Wendell P. Smith, E. M. Hodel, compiler. Great Smoky Mountains
National Park: Mary Ruth Chiles, Brockway Crouch, Larry Doyle, Mr.
and Mrs. Robert J. Dunbar, Keeton Griffin, Dr. Joseph C. Howell, Mrs.
Elsie S. Janson, Wm. M. Jonson, Tony Koella, Richard Laurence, Granville
B. Liles, James E. Liles, Henry W. Lix, Richard A. Lorenz, Dorothy Mac-
Lean, Mr. and Mrs. R. A. Monroe, Meredith Morris, Mrs. E. E. Overton,
J. B. Owen, Mr. and Mrs. L. B. Schneider, Jr., Mr. and Mrs Louis F. Smith,
Jr., Dr. James T. Tanner, Dr. Samuel R. Tipton, Dr. Dorothy E. Williams,
Mary Williams, Arthur Stupka, compiler. Greensboro: Mrs. W. C. Carr,
John Carr, Inez Colewell, Evelyn Cole, Mrs. F. Ii. Craft, Larry A. Craw-
ford, Mr. and Mrs. G. W. Daniels, Mrs. R. D. Douglas, James W. Furr,
Mamie Gray, Sidney Holmes, Mrs. Albert King, Anne Locke, James R.
Mattocks, Mrs. Robert E. McCoy, Ethel McNairy, Dr. and Mrs. F. H.
McNutt, Ida Mitchell, David Neave, Mr. and Mrs. George W. Perrett,
Dr. Hollis J. Rogers, Etta Schiffman, Mrs. Edith L. Settan, Dr. and Mrs.
A. D. Shaftesbury, George A. Smith, Mrs. W. F. Smyre, Mrs. Charles
Swart, Dr. and Mrs. Wesley Taylor, Ethel Troy, Mrs. Margaret Y. Wall,
Mrs. R. H. Weisner, Thomas E. Street, compiler. Greenville, S. C: Ruth
Gilreath, Rosa Lee Hart, Mary Jenkinson, May Puett, Martha Shuler, J. B.
Shuler, compiler. Henderson: Misses Mariel Gary, Claudia Hunter, May
Hunter, Garnette Myers, compiler. High Point : Barbara Brooks, Mrs.
Janies Edwards, Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Eshelman, J. W. Furr, Mrs. J. E.
Harney, Mrs. C. C. Hayworth, Mrs. Worth Ivey, Mrs. C. B. Mattocks,
James Mattocks, Genevieve Moore, Mrs. D. R. Parker, Mrs. Edith Sherrod,
Mrs. C. E. Siceloff, Mary Alice Siceloff, George A. Smith, Marjorie Wel-
born, Mrs. W. F. Ellis, compiler. New London (Stanly Co.), N. C: P. E.
Book, Mr. and Mrs. J. Barrett Crook, Tom Ellis, Susan Greene, H. H.
Haithcock, Barbara Hatley, Mrs. Mazel Lyke, Gail Mahathey, Douglas
Miller, Mrs. Ed. Pennington, Mr. and Mrs. L. A. Price, John Renger, Jr.,
Tommy Shaver, Wayne Smith, David Taylor, Anne Whitlock, John Trott,
compiler. Raleigh: Philip Davis, Mrs. Charlotte Hilton Green, William,
Cathey, and Billy Hamnett, Robert Overing, Mr. and Mrs. E. W. Winkler,
Johnny Winkler, Mrs. D. L. Wray, John Wray, D. L. Wray, compiler. Rocky
Mount: Marshall Barney, Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Benbow, Mr. and Mrs. Gaddys
Taylor of Tyler, Texas, Mrs. J. W. E. Joyner, Bill Joyner, compiler. Salis-
bury: T. W. Blair, T. W. Blair, Jr., R. H. Blair, compiler. Santee National
Wildlife Refuge, Summerton, S. C: R. J. Lemaire, compiler. Spartanburg:
Flora Beymer, Gabriel Cannon. Louisa Carlisle, Harold Correll, Margaret
Hammond, Tucker McCravy, Dr. and Mrs. W. P. Walker, Dr. and Mrs.
John 0. Watkins, Ruth Crick( compiler. Todd: ( Ashe-Watauga Co. line),
N. C., Mrs. Banner Blevins, Linnaeus Derrick, Ray Derrick, James J. Miller,
Kent Robinson, Mrs. A. Burman Hurt, compiler. Wilkesboro-N. Wilkesboro:
Rev. Manuel Fowler, Wendell P. Smith, compiler. Wilmington: C. M. Apple-
berry, Dot, Mary, and Sam Baker, Clifford Comeau, John Evans, John
Foster, Bob Holmes, III, Ruth Leman, Polly Mebane, Robert MacMillan,
John Trott, Marie Vander Schalie, Margie Vander Schalie, Mike Vaughn,
Mrs. C. M. Appleberry, compiler. Windom, N. C: Roosevelt Hughes, Wade
Styles, James Hutchins, compiler. Winston-Salem: Dr. and Mrs.T. W. Simp-
son, Dr. and Mrs. M. P. Spencer, J. L. Stephenson, R. H. Witherington,
compiler. — B. R. Chamberlain, Matthews, N. C., Jan. 16, 1955

March, 1955

21

jyX-ti,

• BACKYARD BIRDING

v ANNIE RIVERS FAVFR. Department Editor

7/ ^ - ”z. '

r

••KV.'--

rr*? s^c

The greatest surprise of all the years that I have been “backyard birding”
came this Christmas Day when I looked out of the dining room window
and saw the birdbath filled to overflowing with Evening Grosbeaks ! I had
never dreamed of the possibility of seeing them here in the center of South
Carolina. When Anne called, “Come quick, and tell me what these birds
are; I’ve never seen them before!”, I hurried to the window, wondering
what in the world could be there, for she knows all the birds in this
neighborhood. I immediately recognized them as Evening Grosbeaks, for
there is nothing that can be confused with this species in size or color. I
had considered myself extremely lucky to have had the opportunity of add-
ing them to my life list when we saw them in Raleigh, North Carolina,
while there on a CBC meeting on March 16, 1952 That year, a large flight
of these birds from the far north visited twenty-one communities from
Greenville, South Carolina on throughout the piedmont and mountain sec-
tions of North Carolina. They were first reported from Greenville on
November 18, 1951, and they were seen from then on until the first of May.
For the entire report on these very interesting birds, see The Chat, June
1952, page 30.

The point I want to emphasize, though, is the fact that Evening Gros-
beaks readily visited feeding stations, where they fed on sunflower seed,
quenched their thirst and bathed in birdbaths. Now, if we had had more
“backyard birders” scattered throughout the Carolinas we could have had
many more reports. So many people tell me, “Oh, I haven’t Time to watch
birds!” If you will locate feeders at a kitchen window, or a bath outside
a dining room window, and even carry your binoculars with you when you
go to straighten up in the bedrooms like I do, you will find that it takes
only a glance from the window to keep track of the birds outside.

Two metal brackets from the hardware store hold a simple board about
two inches above the sill of one kitchen window. This is the extreme left
window of four that form the west wall of our breakfast room. We have
taken the screen out of it, and the feeder is kept supplied easily by merely
opening the window. Thus in very cold or rainy weather, this feeder is
handy, and there is no need to stop working and wrap up in hat and coat
to go out doors in order to put out feed. Maybe it is a lazy way to look at it,
but it is ideal for a busy person. I was lucky to find a piece of tin roofing
just large enough to cover this feeder, so I fastened it by wire to nails
in the sides of the window right where the sashes meet. It makes a nice
roof, and yet does not obstruct the view from the window. It was here that
the Baltimore Orioles came to feed one winter on the pan of milk-soaked
bread. It was here, too, that a White-crowned Sparrow came one morning
to eat the baby-scratch chicken feed. All the common birds on the hillside
come readily, the majority in winter being the White-throated Sparrows.
In the summer, this shelf' is the “baby-bird nursery,” and we get many a

22

The Chat

laugh out of the young birds being taught to eat from the pan by their
parents.

Many trees and bushes and vines about our yard furnish shelter and
nesting sites for those species of birds that do not use boxes. Also the many
green leaves offer an abundant supply of worms and insects to birds that
do not often come to the feeders, namely, the migratory warblers. Since
our home site might be termed as a “water-hole” in the high sandhills
between the swamps of the Wateree and Congaree Rivers, it seems to be
a natural resting place for these small birds. Actually, we are on the
“fall line,” for from the top of the hill we look down, down toward the
swamps and the flat lands in the direction of the coast. So every spring
and fall, we are thrilled by the appearance of these colorful little songsters.
Then I really live with binoculars around my neck, for at any moment
I might glance out of a window and see a flash of yellow, as a Blue-winged
Warbler comes in to feed in the large scuppernong vine. The Golden-winged
seems to prefer the pecan trees, and I have seen one several times in these
large trees over the house or in the old walnut tree. Years ago, I saw a
Swainson’s Warbler as I was planting lillies in the edge of the woods near
the spring. I did not know what the bird was at that time, and did not
make a record of it, so have lost it for my files. I am still eagerly watching
for another glimpse of one though, for I believe the species could pass this
way en route to nesting- sites in the laurel and rhododendron thickets of
the mountains. The rarest warbler seen in our yard so far has been the
Kirtland’s. I identified it easily by the picture in Peterson’s Field Guide,
but as I do with any new species I find, I got out all the books I have, to
learn all I could about the bird. With this one, the more I read, the more
excited I got, for it seemed I had really seen something unusual. Finally,
I called the Museum at Charleston, and told Mr. Burton about the warbler,
and this record was included in the Addenda of South Carolina Bird Life,
as the fourth fall record for the state! Two years later, in almost the same
spot in the yard, I again saw a Kirtland’s, but have not seen one since.

Another attraction that we have for birds on this hillside is a patch of
burr clover on the slope down toward the spring. This clover has masses
of yellow blooms in early spring that are followed by little brown burrs.
If you pick one of these burrs up and unroll it, you will find a row of small
pea-like seeds that the birds really love. Hot weather kills back the green
clover, but the ground is covered with the little burrs, and the sparrows
and Cardinals will sit all winter and “chew” on them. For the last two
springs, we have had a Rose-breasted Grosbeak come by to feed on the
burrs. Last year, he was in mature male plumage, and so pretty. Gold-
finches and the small Sparrows also like this clover patch.

A hurricane blew down the old pear tree in the back yard in which I had
first seen so many species of birds. However, a mulberry has come up in its
place, and this tree is equally as good a bird-attractor as the blooming-
fruit tree was. The Scarlet Tanagers are the main visitors to this tree, as
well as the migratory thrushes. There is another mulberry at the spring
at the bottom of the hill. A large persimmon tree at the front of the
house offers many a feast for the birds in the fall, as the gum trees do
over the spring. There is a dense undergrowth of bramble briar and honey-
suckle under the large trees on the south side of the spring that offers food
as well as shelter. In this area around our home, including the swamp”
part at the spring at the, bottom of the hill in the back, I have identified
one hundred and eighteen species of birds during the last fifteen years.

Wherever you live, prepare your yard for backyard birding. The birds
don’t care whether you have a board, or just a pan, or the most elaborate
feeder you can buy. A large inverted pot top or a graceful birdbath will
offer the necessary water. Be careful, if you have a nedestal birdbath, about
small children, as this type is rather easily toppled over. Now that Clara
is toddling around, we will take ours off the pedestal, for our little grand-
daughter loves the birds already, and is curious about the bath and feeder.
This is another great reward of backyard birding . . . the privilege of teach-
ing children to know and be interested in birds and all things of the out-
of-doors. — Dept. Editor

March, 1955

23

A LOOK AT TEN YEARS OF CENSUS TAKING

B. R. Chamberlain

There are two important objectives in making a bird census, or more
properly, a bird count. The primary one is to determine bird population in
a given area at a specified time. The second objective is to add the ex-
perience of another enjoyable day in the field. A successful combination of
these two is what we are after.

Let’s examine objective one. Number two takes care of itself very well.
We may safely assume that a birder will manage to enjoy a day in the field.

Determining bird population by species is not easy to do in the course of
a single day. If a count is to represent with some accuracy the status of
bird life in a given area, it must be well planned and carefully carried out.
In very thinly populated areas, a single experienced observer with a
thorough knowledge of the territory can return a representative count in
a given day. As the population density increases, coverage becomes more
difficult and more observers are required. There lies the difficulty. In most
communities there is a serious shortage of capable observers.

Two solutions come to mind. If time permits, a second count might be
taken within the specified calendar limit, and the better of the two turned in.
This almost surely will be the second count, and for medium-sized counts, it
may add 10 per cent or more to the total number of species. This double
count is merely an extension of the pre-count spotting that is essential
to a good count. The other solution is to combine forces from neighboring
communities. In that way, some really thorough coverage could be obtained,
and a representative count from one location is much more valuable than
several partial counts from as many places of similar habitat. As applied
to the Carolinas, in place of the twenty to twenty-five counts now being-
taken, among which only a few get adequate coverage, we might do better
with six counts: two in the mountains; two in the piedmnt; and two on
the coast.

Both of the foregoing plans have obvious disadvantages, however, and it
is likely that the present order shall prevail for some time yet. It is there-
fore encouraging to find, upon analyzing the counts of the past ten years
at Charlotte, N. C., that progress can be made toward representative
counts by a few persistent people.

At Charlotte, within the confines of the prescribed 15-mile diameter
circle, which centers at the south-eastern limits of the city, the number of
species recorded in the Jan. 1954 count was 58. In the past ten mid-winter
counts, a total of 84 species have been found. Excepting confused casuals,
and left over casualties, a count of 80 species is- about right for our area,
which is 200 miles inland and some 650 feet above sea level. The recent count
of 58 species, or 72 per cent of the “total” is not bad for a small group.
As for improvement, our 1944 count returned 33 species. The growth is due
largely to increased knowledge of our area rather than to any substantial
increase in bird population. This belief is supported by the fact that
neighboring areas with experienced observers had good counts in 1944.
Knowledge of where to look for each species and the ability to be there are
keys to a full count. In our area, where closed water and snow cover are

24

The Chat

unknown, or of short duration, weather’s chief roles may be its effect upon
visibility and the comfort of the birder. It appears that the point has now
been reached from which variations in future Charlotte counts will be
indicative of population changes. The future problems will be to explain
the changes encountered.

Examination of other data relating to the Charlotte counts is interesting.

Over the ten year period, 39 different observers participated. Seventeen
of those were present for one count only. One was present for all counts,
and four others took part in more than half of the counts.

Thirty species of birds were common to eight or more of the counts. These
form the back-bone of our mid-winter population. They are listed below.
Also listed are the names of the ten most plentiful species in the order of
their abundance. If you know birds, you can get a fair idea of the nature
of our census area from these lists, and you won’t be surprised that the
names in the third list were seen on one occasion only. We anticipate a
change in this listing, however. The growth of small artificial ponds in our
Piedmont counties in recent years is attracting water birds and we are
putting more of them on our “What to Look For” list.

Species found on eight or more counts.

Turkey Vulture
Black Vulture
Mourning Dove
Yellow- shafted Flicker
Yellow-bellied
Sapsucker
Downy Woodpecker
Eastern Phoebe
Blue Jay
American Crow
Carolina Chickadee

Tufted Titmouse
Carolina Wren
Eastern Mockingbird
American Robin
Hermit Thrush
Common Bluebird
Ruby-crowned
Kinglet

Loggerhead Shrike
Starling

Myrtle Warbler

Pine Warbler
House Sparrow
Common Meadowlark
Cardinal
Purple Finch
American Goldfinch
Slate-colored Junco
Field Sparrow
White-throated
Sparrow
Song Sparrow

Ten most plentiful species, in the order of their abundance. The figures
indicate relative abundance, based arbitrarily upon Common Meadowlarks.

Slate-colored Junco 45

Starling 24

Common Bluebird 20

American Crow 20

White-throated Sparrow 20

Seen on one count only:

Canada Goose
Gadwall

Blue-winged Teal
Ruddy Duck
Common Gallinule
Horned Lark

American Goldfinch 15

House Sparrow 13

Cardinal 13

Field Sparrow 11

Common Meadowlark 10

Water Pipit
Yellow- throat
Common Cowbird
Vesper Sparrow
White-crowned Sparrow
— Matthews, N. C., January 11, 1954.

Reprints of Carolina Bird Names by W. L. McAtee, available until April 1
at cost, plus postage. Order from T. L. Quay, Box 5215, State College
Station, Raleigh, N. C.- — Ed.

March, 1955

25

GENERAL FIELD NOTES

Advisory Council: E. B. Chamberlain, Robert Holmes, Jr., Robert Overing,
Thomas W. Simpson, Arthur Stupka, Robert L. Wolff.

Department Editor: B. R. Chamberlain, Route 1, Matthews, N. C.

This department will carry noteworthy data to the extent of the alloted space. Bare
lists of occurrences, unless of special interest, will be held for publication in regional
groupings. All material should be sent to the Department Editor. It may be presented in
final form or subject to re-write. The normal dead-line for any issue is six weeks prior
to the issue date. Data must be comolete enough to enable the Council to render decisions.

The present winter promises unusual opportunities for Carolina birders.
As early as Oct. 7, it was seen to be different. Disaster in Migration ,
in our December number, covered but a small fraction of the overall
losses in the strange weather and man-made traps that confused and
doomed millions of small migrants. More of the picture is to be found
in The Oriole, The Migrant, Audubon Field Notes, and other bulletins.

In November, Evening Grosbeaks began to move into North Carolina.
Other rare species are almost certain to be here for the finding.
Description of appearance and actions should be as complete as possible.
More Ceilometer Data. — William P. Baldwin’s able report on the mass
destruction of migrating birds around Savannah, Ga.. on Oct. 7-8, 1954, has
just been received. It is to be published elsewhere. The summary follows:
“On the basis of newspaper accounts and on our own experince at Savannah,
an estimated IV2 to 2% million birds perished in the East and Southeast
as a “cold front” developed during the height of autumnal migration. In
the Savannah area this occurred between 6 p.m., and midnight on October
8. Although tall buildings, television towers and lighthouses were sites of
marked kill, the greatest destruction was at the more brightly lighted air-
ports. At the Savannah airports the destruction was concentrated around
the two mercury arc ceilometers. To reduce unnecessary bird loss in the
future, it is recommended that weather stations cap ceilometer lights
whenever the extremely adverse atmospheric conditions discussed occur
during the September 15-October 31 period. Presumably this might be only
a few hours each year.”

The adverse conditions referred to featured a 24 degree temperature
drop between 6 and 8 p.m., a brisk NNE wind, low clouds and drizzling rain.

A note from Thomas E. Street at the Greensboro weather station explains
the low casualty list at the ceilometer there in this way “Two factors: high
ceiling; poor ceilometer performance. It was off about 90% of the time from
July to late October.” About 30 birds were found there.

Reports of destruction at ceilometer beams usually attribute deaths to
blinded birds flying into nearby structures or hovering about until exhausted.
It would seem that the high probability of sudden collision between the
individuals in a flock heading for a narrow beam should not be overlooked.
— Dept. Ed.

White Pelican at Clinton, N. C. — A note from T. L. Quay transmits an
account by Robert L. Stevens of the observation at very low altitude of a

26

The Chat

White Pelican over the town of Clinton, Samson Co., N. C., during the
afternoon of Aug. 28, 1954. The bird traveled toward the northeast. This
occurrence, presumably, should be associated with the approach of hurricane
Carol which passed off the coast on Aug. 30. Stevens is a former student of
Dr. Quay’s. — Dept. Ed.

Banding Notes: — A letter from Harry Davis furnishes the following:
Bob Holmes banded 6 young Black Skimmers on Radio Island, Beaufort,
N. C., July 17, 1954. He reports the usual number of adult birds, but the
nests were scattered and few, with eggs to flying young. Adult Common
and Least Terns were present, but no nesting was in evidence. Conclusion
— last stand against human encroachment. Also, Bill Joyner and John
Thompson banded 81 young Black Skimmers on shoals near Cape Lookout,
July 10. These too varied from eggs to flying young.

At Lennon’s Marsh, Lumberton, N. C., James L. Stephens banded 297
Little Blue Herons and 3 Common Egrets in three trips during May and
June, 1954. Stephens noted a nice increase in the number of nests at the
rookery. He found red-fin pickerel, crayfish, small frogs and small snakes
in the nests with young. He saw 6 Anhingas, the first in five years, but
there was no evidence of their nests. A total production of 400 Little Blues
was estimated for the summer. — Dept. Ed.

Unusual Nest of the Thick-billed Plover. — The nest of the Thick-biiled
(Wilson’s) Plover (Charadrius wilsonia wilsonia) is described, almost with-
out exception, as a simple depression in the sand. In rare instances a few
bits of shell or pebbles have been included as “lining.” In only one instance
have I found that “a few straws placed at the bottom of a slight depres-
sion— ,” had been recorded (Bent’s Life Histories). It was therefore with
considerable interest that a set of eggs of this plover was found on a matting
of sedge at the south end of Edisto Beach, Charleston County, S. C., on
April 24, 1954, by a group including George A. Smith. It was later pointed
out to many C. B. C. members, including the writer. The depression in the
dried sedge stalks, due possibly to a beach comber’s foot print, was ap-
proximately a yard away from open sand. The accompanying photograph
was made by W. Kenneth Cuyler of Duke University faculty. There were
several “normal” nests of the Thick-billed Plover in the area, and certainly,
there was no lack of nesting sites. — B. R. Chamberlain, Matthews , N. C.

March, 1955

27

Early Stilt Sandpipers at Charleston. — On July 15, 1954, two Stilt Sand-
pipers (Micropalama himantopus) in full nuptial plumage appeared on the
mudflats on the western edge of Charleston, S. C. They were so near at hand
when first seen that 1 had to look down at them from the car window, and
their identifying features of cross-barred under parts, rusty cheek patch
and greenisn legs were noted without the aid of binoculars. According to
South Carolina Bird Life (Sprunt & Chamberlain, 1949), the date is far
the earliest on which this species has been recorded in South Carolina in
fall migration.

The birds were still present on July 16, and I had the satisfaction of
pointing them out to a group of local ornithologists: Messrs. Robert H.
Coleman, Herbert R. Sass and Ellison A. Williams. Mr. Williams set up a
powerful telescope and, although the birds were about a hundred yai’ds
away, we practically “looked them in the eye.” The Stilt Sandpiper is a rare
spring and fall migrant on the South Carolina coast, usually occurring in
the gray winter plumage. Mr. Williams said that he had only once before
seen the nuptial plumage. — Francis M. Weston, Pensacola, Fla.

Sanderlings at Lake Mattamuskeet, New Holland, N. C. — On November 6
and 7, 1954, Mrs. Charlotte Hilton Green and I observed 7 Sanderlings on a
sandy portion of the shore of Lake Mattamuskeet, Hyde County, N. C. The
birds were along the causeway, about half way across the lake. Refuge
Manager Willie G. Cahoon, who was asked to check on the presence of
these birds, writes, “I am very pleased to report that I found them. There
were three in one place and five in another. 1 have checked all the data we
have at this station and find no information concerning these birds, there-
fore I believe we would be safe in assuming that yours is the first record
for the refuge.” — Robert Overing, Raleigh, N . C.

Parasitic Jaeger a Hurricane Casualty. — A Parasitic Jaeger was picked
up on the beach six miles north of Oregon Inlet, Dare County, N. C., on
October 17, 1954, which was two days after the passage of hurricane
“Hazel.” The bird was alive but weather beaten, and died shortly there-
after. The identification was made by Sam A. Walker of Poplar Branch,
one time manager of the Pea Island Wildlife Refuge. — Harry T. Davis,
Raleigh, N. C. (The loss of bird life along the Carolina coast due to
“Hazel” must have been enormous. If so, evidence, with few exceptions
went into the sea with the west winds. — Dept. Ed).

Barn Owls at Lake Mattamuskeet. — At about 11:00 p.m. on November 6,
1954, on the causeway crossing Lake Mattamuskeet (Hyde County, N. C.),
Bill Joyner and I saw four Barn Owls at intervals on the ground beside
the pavement, where evidently they were hunting, for we watched one owl
transfer a mouse from its claws to its beak and swallow it whole, head
first. The owls were easily distinguishable in the headlights of our car. The
moon, full on the 10th, had clouded over earlier in the evening. — Robert
Overing, Raleigh, N. C.

Spring Roosting of Purple Martins at Aiken, S. C. — During the spring
Purple Martins (Progne subis subis) are found to use a communal roost
which is similar to the ones used by this bird in the fall to a larger extent.
In this case, the roosts are used either by transient martins or by those
which have not yet joined a nesting colony in the area. My experience with
these roosts has been in the early spring, before the main movement of
northward-bound martins takes place. As the season progresses the number
of martins using the roost naturally increases. In the Aiken area the
type of vegetation used as roosting sites is Large Cane Bamboo (A.
macrosperma) . Large groves of this plant are found within the Aiken city
limits, being used chiefly as wind-breaks. Along with the Martins, Cowbirds,
Crackles, Red-wings and Starlings as well as Robins favor bamboo groves
as roosting sites, using it exclusively whenever it is available. The martins
generally arrive at the roost after the other birds have settled after sunset.
As they prepare to enter, they circle high over the roost in rather close
groups, inspecting the territory around the roost before actually entering.
At this time they are circling at about 250 ft. Suddenly they dive headlong
into the grove. Often they repeat this diving performance several times,

28

The Chat

swooping up again until they are finally satisfied with the appearance of
the roost. In the roost I found that they perched about twenty feet from
the ground. — William Post, Jr., Glen Head, L. I., N. Y., and Aiken, S. C.

November Record of Dickcissel in South Carolina. — A Dickcissel visited a
feeding station at Belvue, 3.5 miles north of Travelers Rest on U. S. High-
way 25, Greenville Co., S. C., from November 22 through November 26,
1954. The bird was observed frequently and at close range by G. F. Townes,
Laura Townes and J. B. Shuler, Jr. It was not determined whether the
bird was a female or a male in winter plumage.

The yellow wash on the breast was bright and extensive, and the ob-
servers believe they detected indications of dark “necklace” feathers. Crown
streaks were noticeable only in certain lights. The chestnut wing patch was
conspicuous, as was the superciliary line. In size the bird was slightly larger
than a House Sparrow.

At the feeding station wheat and commercial seed mix were scattered on
the ground and seed mix was placed on an orange crate. Visits to the station
and rest in nearby cover occupied most of the bird’s time. It was a heavy
eater, feeding occasionally at the box, but showing a strong preference for
the ground, where it ate sprouting wheat. In feeding it would remain
crouched in one spot for 5 to 10 minute intervals.

The bird associated with a flock of approximately fifteen House Sparrows.
When the flock took momentary flight and returned briefly to cover, the
Dickcissel remained feeding. In this, and in other behavior it appeared
aggressive and tame, and it showed no sign of injury or disease. — George
F. Townes, Greenville, S. C.

Evening Grosbeaks. — As of Jan. 15, 1955, reports of the arrival of Eve-
ning Grosbeaks have come from Chapel Hill (Nov. 25), Greenville, N. C.
(Dec. 20), Eastover, S. C. (Dec. 25), Charlotte (Dec. 26), and Wilmington
(Dec. 25, 26). Full reporting of what promises to be a good Evening
Grosbeak year will be made when all accounts are in. Typical of the interest
aroused is the note from Wilmington by W. S. Baker, Jr., aptly entitled
“Christmas Gift.” It follows: “Eight o’clock, Dec. 25. 1954. While at
breakfast in front of a large upstairs kitchen window, I noticed a flurry
about the trees and feeder in our backyard. Twelve Evening Grosbeaks
came in and mother and father and I watched them feed and then rest in
the “Tree of Heaven” (Ailanthus), before departing. They were with us
for about 25 minutes and we enjoyed every moment of their stay. Then-
beautiful black and white and lemon coloration was most striking. On Dec.
27 they were found on a nearby farm and so we had them in our Christmas
count. As far as we have been able to determine this is the first reported
occurrence of Evening Grosbeaks at Wilmington.”— Dept. Ed.

Briefs for the Files

Pied-billed Grebes, killed in large numbers by ears on highways around Lumberton during
early November. Presumably mistaking the paving for water, Jas. L. Stephens. Wood Ibis,
up to 30 remained at Lumberton until Oct. 12, JLS. White Ibis, 1 imm., at Clinton. N. C.
Aug. 14, Robert E. Stevens; 4 at Long Beach, Wilmington, Aug. 22, Clifford Comeau.
Whistling Swan, 1, Henderson, N. C., Dec. 2, Mrs. A. W. Bachman. Peregrine Falcon, 1,
High Point. Sept. 11, 13, James Mattocks. Virginia Rail, 1 found dead. North Wilkesboro
(Moravian Falls), Aug. 21. Wendell P. Smith. Wilson Snipe, 94 counted at Greenfield Lake.
Wilmington, in late October. The lake was drained to kill vegetation, Mrs. Appleberry.
Black Terns, about 8, Cedarbrook, Elkin, Sept. 25. E. M. Hodel. Ground Dove, 1 watched at
length, 4 miles south of Kinston. N. C„ Nov. 24, John Funderburg. Cliff Swallow, 1. Aug. 18,
North Wilkesboro. WPS. Brown Creeper, more numerous than usual at Elkin, EMH.
Mockingbird returned for second year at Highlands, N. C.. Oct. 7. Tolliver Crunkleton.
Brown Thrasher, 1, wintering at Hickory, J. Weston Clinard. Starlings bred for the first
time at Highlands this summer. TC. Warbling Vireo, 3. Sept. 17. North Wilkesboro. WPS.
Evening Grosbeak, 1 at No. Augusta. S. C.. Dec. 27, Mrs. Ruth S. Snyder. Purple Finch.
2 at North Wilkesboro, Oct. 20, WPS. White-crowned Sparrow, arrived Oct. 8 at Elkin,
EMH; Oct. 20, at North Wilkesboro, WPS; Fred May watched a large flock of them
feeding in a field near Lenoir ; at Henderson, an immature White-crown was at the feeder
of Mrs. A. W. Bachman until Mar. 25, ’54. and she believes the bird wintered nearby.
All dates 1954.

March, 1955

29

Founded March 6, 1937 Incorporated August 8, 19^9

The Carolina Bird Club is an incorporated association for the study and
conservation of wildlife, particularly birds, in the Carolinas. Founded in
1937 as the North Carolina Bird Club, it was joined in 1948 by several
South Carolina natural history clubs and the name changed to the Carolina
Bird Club. In addition to publishing The Chat, the Club also: (1) holds
an annual spring business meeting and a fall dinner meeting, (2) conducts
club-wide field trips to places of outstanding ornithological interest, (3)
sponsors Christmas and Spring Bird Censuses by local groups, (4) encour-
ages original research and publication, (5) aids in the establishment of
local clubs and sanctuaries, (6) takes an active interest in conservation
legislation, (7) cooperates with State and Federal agencies, and (8) fur-
nishes information and speakers to interested groups whenever possible.

The Carolina Bird Club, Inc., is a non-profit educational and scientific
organization with no paid personnel. Dues, contributions, and bequests to
the Club are deductible from State and Federal income and estate taxes.

MEMBERSHIP

Membership is open to anyone interested in birds, wildlife, and out-of-
doors. The annual dues for the classes of membership are:

Regular $1.00 Contributing $25.00

Supporting $5.00 Affiliated Club $2.00

Life — $100.00 (payable in four consecutive annual installments)

All members not in arrears for dues receive The Chat. Seventy-five
cents of each annual membership fee is applied as the annual subscription
to The Chat. Checks should be made payable to the Carolina Bird Club, Inc.
Application blanks may be obtained from the Treasurer, to whom all corre-
spondence regarding membership should be addressed.

The activities of the Club and the coverage of The Chat will grow in
amount and quality as increased funds become available. Prompt payment
of dues and the securing of new members are vital contributions open to
everyone.

OFFICERS FOR 1954-1955

President: Miss May Puett, Box 2183, Greenville, S. C.

Vice-Presidents : Robert Overing, Route 4, Raleigh, N. C.; Fred May, Lenoir,
N. C. ; Linville Hendren, Elkin, N. C.

Secretary: Thomas W. Simpson, Winston-Salem, N. C.

Treasure'' : Edwin W. Winkler, 509 Gardner St., Raleigh, N. C.

The Executive Committee is composed of the Officers, the Editors and
the following four elected Members-at-large : Rhett Chamberlain, Matthews,
N. C.; Fred Sample, Columbia, S. C.; Dr. Christine Wilton, Greenville,
N. C. and Leon Ballance, Lake Landing, N. C.

Bulletin of

THE CHAT

Number 2

JUNE, 1955

Volume 19

.Wn'vv

Vol. 19 No. 2
JUNE, 1955

THE CHAT

Published by The Carolina Bird Club, Inc. Devoted to the publication of
scientific and popular information on the birds and other wildlife of the
Carolinas.

Editor: Kay Curtis Sisson, 1430 Wellington Drive, Columbia 4, S. C.
Co-editor: Annie Rivers Faver, Eastover, S. C.

Associate Editors: B. R. Chamberlain, Ernest Cutts, Harry Davis, Jack
Dermid, James Mattocks, Thomas W. Simpson, Douglas Wade, Fred H. May.

Distribution Office: N. C. State Museum, Box 2281, Raleigh, N. C.

The Cltat is published quarterly in March, June, September, and December as the official
bulletin of the Carolina Bird Club, Inc. Entered as second-class matter on March 14, 1952,
at the Post Office at Raleigh, N. C., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Subscription price
to non-members: $1.00 per volume. Single copies: 30 cents. Correspondence about changes
of address and back numbers should be sent to Mr. Harry Davis, N. C. State Museum,
Raleigh, N. C. Please notify the Distribution Office immediately of change of address.
Subscriptions should be made payable to the Carolina Bird Club, Inc., and sent to the
Treasurer.

CONTENTS

President’s Page 29

Folklore of Birds in the Southeast. W. L. McAtee 30

Backyard Birding. Annie Rivers Faver, Editor 36

Purple Sandpipers on Parade. B. R. Chamberlain 38

Editorial 40

Southern Accents. Robert Davis Edwards 41

General Field Notes. B. R. Chamberlain, Editor 46

Brown Pelicans on the Upper Coast in December. Harry T. Davis 46

Avocets in Record Number on Santee Delta, S. C. Robert Davis Edwards 46

Jaeger in Charleston Harbor. B. R. Chamberlain 47

Distribution of Chuck-will’s-widow and Whip-poor-will. A. L. Pickens 47

White-winged Crossbill at Lenoir, N. C. Dept. Editor 48

Another Tree Sparrow Sight Record for South Carolina. Douglas E. Wade 48

Snow Bunting at Charleston, S. C. Rock Comstock 49

Briefs for the Files. Dept. Editor 49

Cover Photograph. — Parula nest in festoon of Spanish moss contained three
young. Photo taken at the home of Eugene E. Schwall, Wake Co., N. C.
Taken by Jack Dermid, Rt. 5, Raleigh, N. C.

THE PRESIDENT S PAGE

Increased interest and enthusiasm in our conservation program was the
keynote of the program presented at the recent annual meeting oi the ( at <>.
lina Bird Club at Winston-Salem. This was evidenced by the painstaking
slides, lectures and papers offered by Jack Dermid, John Irott, Mis. W. C.
Mebane and Robert D. Edwards. Dr. James Tanner, of the University of
Tennessee at Knoxville, Tenn. was the speaker. It was really an inspiring
program and should prod us on to greater efforts in all phases oi 0111

program. .

Of necessity, there must be some changes in our administrative fann y
each year. This year Mrs. Geo. C. Potter is coming in as secretary, Douglas
E. Wade as a vice-president, W. L. Hamnett, Treasurer, Dr. Charlotte
Dawley and T. M. Simpson as members-at- large, and Fred H. May as news-
letter editor. Appreciation is expressed for the fine work of the retiling
officers, and welcome extended to the new officers.

In the field of regional leaders, the work is growing. Most of the leaders
have put on good programs, field trips, and afforded participation by many
unable to attend the CBC meetings and field trips. Some enthusiastic re-
ports were given at our annual meeting. Added to those already working as
leaders is Miss Ebba S. Van of Columbia, S. C., and it goes without saying
that she will do a good job as she is well qualified and enthusiastic. There
is need for a few more leaders. They will be secured as soon as possible.

With Mr. Ellison Williams of Charleston, S. C., as chairman, and Miss
Margaret Harper, of Lenoir, Robert Overing, of Raleigh, and J. W. E. Joy-
ner, of Rocky Mount, as members of his committee, with others yet to be
added, it is expected that the endowment fund will grow. This is a part of
our program which should receive serious consideration. With a growing-
membership such as ours, it is necessary to have a long range plan and work
towards its accomplishment. With an endowment fund to furnish an income,
our work can be expanded. It is hoped and expected that it will receive your
loyal support.

Suggestion has been made that there be a hospitality committee in our
Club. In line with this suggestion, the following will be asked and expected
to serve on this committee: Mrs. T. W. Simpson, Miss Ethel McNairy, Mis.
W. C. Mebane, Mrs. Robert Overing, Mrs. Charlotte Greene, Mrs. Emma
Walker, Mrs. Fred H. May, I. H. S. Metcalf, J. W. Clirard, Joe T. Ingram,
John Trott, Mrs. A. W. Bachman, Mrs. C. E. Dimmick, Mrs. Rhett Chamber-
lain, Mrs. Louise M. Haynes, Mrs. Lynn Gault, Miss Rosa Lee Hart, Mrs.
Worth Ivey, Gilbert J. Bristow, and others yet to be named, so that all parts
of the two states will be represented. The officers of the club should auto-
matically be a part of this committee.

No mention has been made above of the editors and the editorial or ad-
visory staff. This is a most important part of our organization, and sincere
appreciation is offered for the excellent work they have performed.

It is hoped that we can join the Georgia Ornithological Society, and the
Alabama and Tennessee Bird Clubs at some convenient place this year for
a meeting. This should prove to be advantageous to all concerned. It is now
being considered by two states.

— May W. Puett

FOLKLORE OF BIRDS IN THE SOUTHEAST

W. L. McAtee

In addition to Carolina Bird Names already published in The Chat,
the writer has material relating to various birds from the Southeast*,
which is here summarized. Folklore, even when restricted to birds, is
a multifarious subject, and it is also a puzzling- one. So far as real be-
lief in its tales and proverbs is concerned, we feel sure that most of our
friends and neighbors are immune, yet the lore lives on, being passed,
whether credited or not, from generation to generation.

God Birds:

There is an impression (which has brought me several inquiries) that
some of our birds have names involving that of the Deity, but, so far as
I have learned, that is not really true of any bird in the United States.
Godwit, an English name anyway, traces to Anglo-Saxon words meaning-
good wight or good thing, i.e. to eat. Several names of the Pileated Wood-
pecker, apparently embodying the name, god, have quite another origin.
A common general name of the bird is logcock, and from this, through
mishearing, come lord god and lord guard; and so, “woodcock” gives
rise to wood god. The style started, additions came along, but their source
is the same and they have no real deistic reference. What may be thought
of as the standard series of these names include: lordcock, log god, good
god, lord god, and wood god, while more extravagant terms are: do lord,
god almighty, great god, lord god almighty, and oh my god. (For further
discussion of these appellations, see McAtee, American Speech, May, 1951,
pp. 93-94.)

The Ivory-billed Woodpecker bore some of these titles blit its almost
extinct status forbids consideration of any of its names as current. Those
including the word “god” are good god, log god, and lord god; besides
these, “golly bird” is only an euphemism for “god bird.”

Magic:

That magic is practiced in our age may seem unbelievable, yet folklore
recorded by living- persons provides evidence that it is. A clear-cut ex-
ample is the keeping of flint rock or a horseshoe in the fire to drive hawks
away from poultry. The cries of owls are widely regarded as of ill omen,
but according to folklore, a number of remedies are at hand to silence
the owl or to take off the curse. Among these are throwing salt or iron
in the fire; especially if the bird is on the chimney the salt will burn its
tail and cause it to leave; heating a poker red hot will burn its toes and
it will quit hooting in order to seek water to cure the burn. Throwing a
“chunk of fire” out the window is said to avail and, simpler yet, laying-
a broom across the door. Other remedies are: tying a knot in one’s hand-
kerchief; turning pockets or whole garments wrong side out; and turning-
shoes upsjde down, especially with their toes under the bed.

If a Whip-poor-will alights on your doorstep and sings, it is likely to
bring bad luck. You should throw fire at it, and it will not return. If you

* Virginia to Florida and Alabama; no records from west of the moun-
tains have been used in this paper.

30

The Chat

hear a Mourning Dove around your house, some one in the house will die
unless you tie a knot in each corner of your apron. Then the dove will
stop mourning and will go away.

“Making a wish” is a form of magic known to all from childhood and
from the perusal of nursery tales. With the aid of birds in certain cases,
fulfillment is assured. If you see a lone buzzard, (vulture) make a wish
before it flaps its wings and your wish will come to pass. Some believe
that if the bird haps, the wish will come true, if it doesn’t, the reverse. In
the Spring, when you hear the first Whip-poor-will, lie down and 1 oil
over, meanwhile making a wish, and it will certainly be fulfilled. A moie
complicated ceremony is: you must roll over three times, then reach ovei
your left shoulder and pick up the first thing you touch. Put this under
your pillow at night, go to sleep lying on your right side, and whatever

you dream will surely be realized. _

To see spirits — an advanced degree in magic — break a rain-crow’s
(cuckoo’s) egg in water and wash your face in it.

Omens :

More than half of the magical practices cited are directed against omens.
The latter constitute a substantial proportion of folklore and many of
them have reference to birds. Omens are portents or indicators of fate
or “luck”, some of it, fortunately, being good. Though contrary to most
folklore, the belief is reported from Alabama that if a bird flies into the
house it brings good luck. Taking up other instances by the kind of biid
involved, we hear of the vulture, that if one flies over your house >ou
are going to get a letter or hear good news. If you see the shadow of a
vulture without seeing the bird, an unexpected visitor will arrive. If,
when you hear the first dove cooing in the Spring, you are standing up,
your luck will be good. If the auditor be an unmarried woman, she should
take nine steps forward and then nine steps backward, all without speak-
ing. Then she should take off her right shoe and in it she will find a hair
from her future husband’s head.

If a woodpecker fly over a house, the family will move soon; if a Mock-
ingbird, some one is going to be married. If you see a redbird fly across
the road, you have a letter in the post office; if you see one on Saturday
you will be sure to see your sweetheart next day. That would surely be
good luck, but most of the bird omens tend in the opposite direction.
“Tokens” or apparitions supposed to presage death are the most common.
“Bird peckin’ on winder, death a-comin’ ”, they say in the mountains. Also
if a bird flies in a window at night and makes a circle about the lamp,
the member of the family nearest the lamp will die within the year. Other
beliefs, pertaining to just any bird rather than to a species are: if a bird
dies in your hand you will get the weak trembles and drop everything
you take hold of. If a bird weaves a hair of your head into its nest, you
will have headaches until that nest falls to pieces; and if ever a bird
builds in your shoe or jacket, you may prepare to die that year.

Passing to the species-connected lore, we find that seeing an eagle
feeding with vultures is a sign of death, and, very explicitly, if a vulture
fly over a house at twelve o’clock, some member of the family will die at
four. If a white crane (i.e., one of the white herons or egrets) circles over

June, 1955

31

a home three times, there will soon be a death, and “tain’t no good to kill
de crane after he done fly over de roof er de house and call for a corpse.”

So pleasant to bird-lovers, the cooing- of the dove is a portent to those
steeped in folklore. When hearing the first dove in the new year, if you
are going up hill you will have good luck all the year; if down, the re-
verse. It is bad luck to hear the first cooing in the Spring, unless you
happen to be standing at the time. If you are lying down, you will be sick
the remainder of the year; or, if sitting, you will be “ailing”. Some fear
that a dove’s mourning around the house foretells death, and others be-
lieve that a dove’s fluttering in front of a person is a very bad sign.

Owls have almost everywhere been regarded as bix-ds of evil omen, and
in the Southeast this feeling is concenti-ated on the “Screech Owl,” though
it is not cei-tain that this means only the species so-called by ornithologists.
Its cry is supposed to betoken bad luck or even death, especially if given
by a bird perched on the roof or “hollerin’ ” about a sick-room; if the bii'd
flies into that room, a fatal result is cei-tain. Some think the “conversa-
tional” notes of owls at night ax-e the talk of “ole folks”, that is, ghosts.

The calling of the Whip-poor-will is almost as widely believed to be poi’-
tentous as is that of owls — a material factor in both cases, no doubt, be-
ing that they are bii-ds of darkness, and thus mysterious. If you hear a
whip-pooi--will when starting on a joui-ney, there is danger ahead. The
chanting of these birds near the house brings bad luck, and if on the
threshold, it means death.

Some of the folklore may provide a degree of bii-d protection. To bi-eak
up a Killdeex-’s nest, for instance, is a sign that you will break a limb;
and if you molest a Ground Dove’s nest, you will be “mourned to death”
by the grieving pair. A legend prevalent over wide areas and relating to
vai’ious species of birds, is that if the fanner or any of his family kill them,
the cows will give bloody milk; it has been reported from Alabama for
the Robin. It is regarded in the Southeast as bad luck to kill a vulture,
dove, bee martin (Kingbird), Bluebird, thrush, Mockingbird, or Goldfinch;
and, in western North Carolina, as seven yeai’s bad luck to kill a Raven.
If you kill a Scx-eech Owl, some of your kinfolks will be hurt or killed
within a year.

Medicinal Uses:

These uses mostly are not compatible with bird protection, but they
are pi-obably now in large degree obsolete. For a veritable tx-eatise on
them, see John Bx-ickell’s “The Natural History of North Carolina” , ori-
ginally published in 1737, but of which there was a Raleigh reprint in
1911. Only a few, from other soux-ces, are hei*e cited. Wearing a vulture
feather behind the ear will prevent rheumatism. John Clayton in 1693
writing from Virginia, stated that “the Fat [of the turkey buzzard] . . .
dissolved in Oil, is recommended mightily against old Aches and Sciatica
Pains”. And he added of the Pileated Woodpecker, that the tongue “dryed
will make the Teeth drop out if picked therewith, and will cure the Tooth-
ach”. There is recorded a belief of families formerly living in the Okefe-
nokee Swamp that stuttering can be cured by eating Mockingbix-d eggs.
Weather Portents:

When Man-o’-War Birds fly inland, it is an indication of a severe blow,

32

The Chat

perhaps a hurricane. Vultures flying high, also, forecast a storm. When
the fish hawks (Ospreys) come north, winter’s over.” “Hoot owl: sign
uh failin’ weather.” On the other hand, the cooing of a turtle-dove pre-
sages warm, clear days. Very widely, cuckoos are known as rain-crows, and
Alexander Wilson, long ago (1811), noted that they are “most clamorous
immediately before rain”. After Whip-poor-wills come, there is no more
frost, and this bird’s calling is a sign of warm, clear weather. The com-
ing of Redheaded Woodpeckers and yellow-hammers (or Flickers) also
assures farmers that planting time is at hand. Unusual vociferation by
Woodpeckers indicates rain; and “Crows a-gatherin’ up, goin’ uh be cold .

Miscellaneous :

Brown Pelican. “The Gall of this Bird cleanses Silver”. (Brickell, op.
cit., p. 211.)

Gannet. “His fat or grease is as yellow as saffron, and the best thing
known to preserve fire arms from rust”. (John Lawson, History of Caro-
lina, 1714, p. 246.)

Man-o’-War Bird. The name “poison bird” is given them by fishermen
who believe that the bird drops something which stupefies fish and makes
them easy for the bird to catch. (H. H. Bailey, Birds of Florida, 1925, p. 19.)

Turkey Vulture. “Buzzards never build a nest, lay in other birds’ nests.
Birds tell urn to build. When the sun shines [buzzard] says, ‘What’s de
use of buildin’ a nest? Sun shine’. When it rains [buzzard] says ‘Build
when de rain stop’. Never does build a nest.” (Portia Simley, Journ. Amer.
Folklore, 32, 1919, p. 374.)

Osprey. Mark Catesby in the Natural History of Carolina (1731, p. 2)
after telling how the Bald Eagle forces the fishing hawk to drop its prey,
which the Eagle then catches, adds: “It is remarkable, that whenever the
Hawk catches a Fish, he calls, as it were, for the Eagle; who always obeys
the call, if within hearing.” The Osprey-Eagle relationship was explained
as follows by Mammy Caroline of Virginia. “At firs’ de fish hawk couldn’
build a nes’ but he could catch fish. De eagle couldn’t catch fish but he could
build a nes’. So dey all had a ‘greement. De eagle ’greed to show de fish
hawk how to build a nes’ if de fish hawk would show de eagle how to catch
fish. So de eagle done showed de fish hawk how to build de nes’, and den
de fish hawk went back on his ’greement, and wouldn’t show de eagle hot
to catch a fish. An’ dey all say dat from dat day to dis, de eagle gets
every fish he can whut de fish hawk catches” (Ethel M. Towns, Audubon
Bui., Illinois Audubon Soc. 18, 1927, p. 22.) A Roanoke Island, N. C., ex-
planation of the matter is: in the beginning, “Coming as a stranger from
overseas, the fish hawk flew about inspecting the country. At length he
came to an eagle sitting on a mountain. Going up to the eagle he said,
‘I’ve been lookin’ around and I’m thinkin’ of settlin’ here’. ‘All right’, re-
plied the eagle, ‘but you’ll have to give me half your livin’ if you do’.
And that is why the fish hawk pays tribute to the eagle.” (McAtee, Journ.
Amer. Folklore, 1947, p. 86.)

Sora Rail. The sudden appearance and disappearance of these birds, to-
gether with their apparently weak flight, give rise to peculiar beliefs,

as: “that they bury themselves in the mud [in winter] or change

into frogs.” [James River, Virginia]. (Alexander Wilson, Amer. Orn., Vol.

June, 1 955

33

VI, 1812, p. 28.) George Ord, in the same volume (p. 39) adds: “I have
heard it observed, that on the increase of the moon, the Rail improves
in fatness, and decreases in a considerable degree with that Planet.”

American Coot. C. S. Brimley records the belief in eastern North Car-
olina that the blue peters turn into bullfrogs in the summer (Orn. and Ool.,
14, 1889, pp. 108-109).

Carolina Parakeet. “Their Guts is certain and speedy poison to cats.”
(Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, I, 1731, p. 11). “They lie hidden in the
Winter, when the Weather is extream hard and frosty, and never appear
all that time.” (Brickell, Nat. Hist. N. C., 1731, Raleigh reprint, 1911, p. 179.)

Yellow-billed Cuckoo. “In the Winter they hide themselves in hol-

low Trees, and their Feathers come off, and they are Scabby.” (Op. cit.,
pp. 179-180.) This lore is borrowed from that of the European Cuckoo.

Barred Owl. On Roanoke Island, N. C., this owl’s call is rendered as:

Who cooks, who cooks, who cooks for you all ?

Sammy Jones, Polly Stone, and the Devil knows who all!

(McAtee, Journ. Amer. Folklore, 1947, p. 87.)

Pileated Woodpecker. In the Roanoke, N. C. country, where this bird
is known as the red-headed woodcock, it is said that a witch flew out of a
window, tied a red bandana about her head and became the woodcock, (loc.
cit.)

Carolina AVren. Wren folklore probably concerns whatever species is
most common at the given place and time; thus in the Southeast the Car-
olina Wren would be the most likely bird. There is a legend about the
wren outwitting the eagle, known from several countries in northwestern
Europe and paralleled by an Ojibway Indian story, which also appears
in various guises in folklore of the Southeastern States. The Roanoke
Island form (loc. cit.) is: “Once there was a contest among birds to de-
termine which could fly the highest. The eagle flew higher than the
others but when he started down, a wren that had been sitting on the
eagle’s back all the time took off and went a little higher. The eagle was
infuriated and in a terrifying tone said, ‘Hereafter if I ever catch you
above the eaves of the houses, I’ll swallow you whole.’ So nowadays, the
wren is never seen any higher than that.” The late J. W. P. Smithwick
(Oologist, 8, 1891, p. 143) gave an inland North Carolina version, in which
the large bird was called merely a hawk. A wren trespassing on that
bird’s aerial preserves was told it would be eaten if ever again was found
flying higher than the fences. Virginia counterpart, as told by Mammy
Caroline, is: “De eagle an’ de turkey buzzard had a ’spute. Dey ’sputed an’
’sputed over which could fly de highes’. ‘Of eo’se,’ say de eagle, ‘evah-
body knows dat I can fly de highes’ of any bird . . .’ So dey bof flew
highah an’ highah till dey flew as high as any bird can fly, an’, of co’se de
eagle was de highes’. ‘Now, say de eagle, ‘you see, I done tol’ you I could
fly de highes’. But de little ole wren bird had all de time been a hidin’
undah de ole eagle’s wing, and he flew out and lit on de eagle’s haid, and
little ole wren bird say, ‘No you can’t, foh now I is de highes’ of any bird
whut flies.’ Dat made de ole eagle so mad dat he chase dat little wren
bird down, down, way down to de cornah of de fence, an’ he say, ‘Now little
wren bird, don’ you evah let me catch you any highah dan de fence, or I’ll

34

The Chat

kill you’. An’ I always did heah dat doy nevah do go any highah dan de
fence.” (Towns, op. cit., pp. 21-22.)

Mockingbird. On Roanoke Island, N. C., there goes a saying1 that the
Mockingbird is the king of all birds in berry time. This rather dominating
species is likely to assume control of a well-fruited shrub, tree, or group
of them and attempt to keep other birds away. (McAtee, Jour. Amer.
Folklore, 1947, p. 87.)

Catbird. In Bay Quarter, Virginia, this was called the snake bird be-
cause it chases the snakes away. (Towns, op. cit.)

Bluebird. “These Birds hide themselves in the Winter, so that they are
not to be seen at that season.” (Brickell, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 17.17. Raleigh
reprint, 1911, p. 194.)

Boat-tailed Grackle. This “jackdaw” of North Carolina and in fact of
its entire Usonian range, on Roanoke Island, has “inherited” a legend
about the Old-World jackdaw that traces back to Aesop and is widely
known in Europe. Once upon a time the birds had a meeting to pick the
handsomest of their kind. The jackdaw collected cast-off feathers and
dressed up in them. However, as soon as the other birds saw him, they
pulled off his disguise, crying, “Why it’s only the jackdaw after all.” (Mc-
Atee, loc. cit.)

Slate-colored Junco. C. S. Brimley said that he had frequently been
asked (presumably by North Carolinians) whether snowbirds did not turn
into Sparrows in Summer. (Orn. and Vol. 14, 1889, p. 109.)

Ditties:

De fish-hawk kotch’d a big fat mullet
But it foun’ its way down de eagle’s gullet.

De buzzard and de crow went ter de wa’
One mo’ ribber fer ter cross;

De crow came back wid a broken ja
One mo’ ribber for ter cross.

A bullfrog dressed in soger’s close
Went in de field to shoot some crows,
De Crows smell powder and fly away,
De bullfrog mighty mad dat day.

High-hole in de holler tree
He poke his bill in for to see
De lizard cotch him by de snout
He call for someone to pull him out.

Succeed to da red buhds
An’ likewise de wren;

Hope heaven will take care of de ladies,
De Devil take care of the men.

June, 1955

35

BACKYARD BIRDING

ANNIE RIVERS FAVFR. Department Editor

It should prove to be very interesting to note the effect the late freeze
through the Carolinas had on the birdlife. Please look for any variations
in nesting. Were the eggs in early nests frozen? If so, the broods of Chick-
adees, Tufted Titmice, and possibly Carolina Wrens might be late in ap-
pearing in our yards. What about the migratory birds ? The Summer
Tanagers have already been searching our mulberry trees for fruit that
was frozen. Our fig trees seem to be killed to the ground, although there
are new shoots putting out at the bottom. Birds that ordinarily found
food on these trees will have to look elsewhere. The drought of last sum-
mer and the consequent shortage of food in the shape of berries and fruit
or nuts had brought about a shifting of birds in search of something
to eat during this past winter.

Mr. Ellison Williams, writing in the “Lesser Squawk”, has the follow-
ing to say about Waxwings in the city of Charleston:

No doubt all birders ... as well as automobile owners . . . have noted
the enormous numbers of Cedar Waxwings in the city this winter. I do
not remember seeing as many of these birds in the city in my life time.
I am wondering whether the recent dry season has reduced the berry
crop in the country, causing the Waxwings to come into the city looking
for food earlier than usual and in greater numbers— or whether the
Waxwing population has increased considerably in the past year.

I have a birdbath that holds five gallons of water and these Waxwings
seem to be thirsty all the time. I have had to refill my birdbath three
times some days. These birds appear to drink it dry, rather than to use
the water for bathing.

One cold morning recently the bath froze solid and I found the ice
covered with birds trying to get a drink. Taking a watering pot and slow-
ly filling the bath, 1 was delighted to have dozens of the little birds come
and drink within inches of me. As many as thirty at a time will light
on the rim of the cement bath to take a few mouthfuls of water before
flying off to make room for others. When hundreds of Waxwings settle
in the trees in the yard there is a continual coming and going that always
intrigues me.

As these birds will eat nearly all the berries in the city before they
leave, I am wondering whether we will have the large influx of Robins
that we had last March and whether they will be able to stay with us as
long. ______

Last winter, Mrs. Charles sent in the following, which I think is unusual:

In mid-morning of October 5, while I was busy in the kitchen and the

36

The Chat

English Sparrows, Towhees and Pine Warblers were busy at the birdbath
and feeder some twenty feet from the window, I glimpsed a larger bird
as it flew from an oak limb above and perched for a moment against the
trunk of the oak, then flew back into the leafy branches. What sort of
woodpecker is that? I wondered.

A small dead limb of the oak extends out over the birdbath and the
hanging feeder. I have forbidden anyone concerned in cutting dead limbs,
to cut this one because a bird perching on it can be seen so clearly.

I waited a minute or so for the reappearance of the larger bird. Then it
came down and perched on the dead limb. A Yellow-billed Cuckoo, and it
was apparently showing interest either in the fresh water on that hot, dry
morning, or in the biscuit crumbs and cracked hickory nuts on the feeder.

In my seventeen years of bird watching I had never seen a cuckoo take
a bath or eat from a bird feeder. I looked on with great interest.

The bird hesitated perhaps two or three minutes. Then it flew down to
the rim of the bowl of water, picked up what looked like a worm, gave it a
few vigorous shakes, swallowed it and turned its attention to the water
and drank several swallows as if very thirsty. It hesitated again a minute
or two while repeatedly spreading and refolding the feathers of its tail.
Finally its mind was made up and it took one hurried fluttering dip fol-
lowed by another and another for half a dozen times or more. It then flew
away and did not return.

I have often wondered about that Cuckoo’s perching woodpecker fashion on
a tree trunk. Also about the possibility of a worm haying been found on the
rim of the birdbath which I had so recently filled with fresh water. When
I went out later in the morning I found two blackish caterpillars like we
see on oak leaves in autumn, crawling on the cement bowl near the watei’’s
edge. Then I knew what had attracted the Cuckoo.

Has anyone else among our readers had a Yellow-billed Cuckoo take a
dip in a bird bath, either without or with caterpillars as an added attraction ?

From Durham, North Carolina, Mrs. Reginald Kepler makes the follow-
ing report:

What a winter for birds this last has been! Never again will I cut down
the pods of the Bignonia Radicans, or common trumpet vine, festooned on
the big pines outside the studio window, for this winter they have brought
two new birds to my attention. In mid-December a large flock of seventy-five
or more Pine Siskins suddenly settled on the hanging pods. On March 25
I noticed a small bird investigating the pods. Finding them empty he flew
to a hanging log feeder containing a fat, peanut butter and cornmeal mix. I
immediately spotted him as something different, and training the binoculars
his way, found him to be a Red-breasted Nuthatch, which I have never seen
in this area, a new bird for my list. He was easily identified because of the
dark eye-stripe, plain blue-gray back, and rust wash on the underparts. Also,
I noticed in contrast to the White-breasted Nuthatches he did not feed
upside down at the feeder. We have had hundreds of Evening Grosbeaks, a
new bird to most people in this area. Because I write a bird column for the
Sunday Herald, and write of the birds seen currently, I received from
January 12 to the present time (March 25) probably fifty calls from people
who inquired, “What are these beautiful birds?” One woman said, “I had
just read your column on the Evening Grosbeaks, put down the paper looked
out the window, and there at my feeders and in the yard, were about twenty
Grosbeaks, the first time in my life I had ever seen them.” They have been
here in large numbers, are very widespread in town and county. During the
cold weather I had as many as eight Bluebirds at the feeders all at one time,
a record; and Hermit Thrushes came directly to the feeders for the first
time. To cap the climax, with a flock of Slate-colored Juncos, there arrived
an almost pure-white albino Junco (All white except outer-wing feathers
and a few tail feathers). He has become almost a pet, coming many times
daily to the feeders, and at present (March 25) is still with us.

June, 1955

37

Purple Sandpipers On Parade

Up to a very few years ago the Purple Sandpiper was an extremely rare
visitor on the South Atlantic coast. Bent (1927) refers to it as a hardy
northern bird of Europe, Asia, and northeastern North America, winter-
ing farther north than any other wader, and scarcely known below the
rocky New England coast. As with several other species, there have been
rather drastic changes in distribution recently, and we are now finding
this sandpiper in favorable spots along the Carolina and Georgia coasts,
even during abnormally mild winters.

At Wilmington, a rock ledge and an artificial jetty, exposed at low

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The Chat

tides, have attracted them. At Charleston, the granite harbor jetties and
breakwaters offer the required feeding ground. On Tybee Beach, near
Savannah, this unusual photograph by Ivan R. Tomkins shows them on a
wooden breakwater, or groin, with the open Atlantic Ocean as a natural
backdrop. The end of this groin dips into the sea, and at that point, along
the top or breakers. Tomkins, longtime contributor to the Auk and at its
base on the beach, these birds feed barely beyond reach of the other
journals, was the first to find Purple Sandpipers wintering in Georgia.
That was during the winter of 1949 and 1950.

(Permission to use Ivan Tomkins’ photograph of Purple Sandpipers, given by Nature
Maoazinc.)

June, 1955

39

EDITORIAL

News, Reviews, Announcements
Authors, Members, Letters
Items of Interest

IMPORTANT NOTICE

Douglas Wade, Education Division, South Carolina Wildlife Resources
Dept., will edit the September issue of The Chat. All correspondence and
matters relative to the September issue should be mailed direct to him
at 3403 Duncan Street, Columbia, S. C.

Doug edited the New Hampshire Audubon Bulletin for six years while
he was teaching at Dartmouth College, and is at present Associate Editor
of South Carolina Wildlife magazine. Since living in Columbia both he
and Mrs. Wade have been of invaluable assistance to the editor.

We are always glad to hear from Mrs. G. E. Charles, of Aynor, South
Carolina, who writes as follows:

Mrs. L. E. Thomas and her Biology class of twenty boys and girls
from Aynor High School joined me in celebrating “Wildlife Week” at
my home on March 25. The event was a “house-raising”. A 22-foot pole
supporting a Martin house was lifted into place by several men, leaving-
eighteen feet extended above the ground. We placed the pole at the side
of the vegetable garden. This done, Mrs. Thomas and her class then fol-
lowed me to the yard where they sat about on the grass and pine straw
and listened attentively while I talked about the Purple Martin, telling
them of its feeding habits, its breeding habits, its migration, etc. I then
invited them to come for another visit when the Martins set up house-
keeping. With the promise that they would be delighted to do this, and
with expressions of thanks and appreciation, they returned to their class-
room.

The Passenger Pigeon. Schorger, A. W., University of Wisconsin Press,
Madison, 424 pp., 22 Figures, Feb. 28, 1955. $7.50. This illustrated book
is an authentic and detailed account of the Passenger Pigeon, its natural
history and extinction. It is fully indexed and annotated, with a list of
2200 references compiled at the end of the book. The Passenger Pigeon is
discussed from early accounts through behavior, utilization, methods of
capture, anatomy and distribution, to late records and evaluation of illus-
trations. Mr. Schorger accepts as the very last record of the capture of
a Passenger Pigeon in the wild, a specimen taken at Sargents, Ohio, on
March 24, 1900. He lists a specimen taken by Cairns in Buncombe County,
North Carolina, but he says that no specimen from South Carolina is known
to exist, although he mentions several sight records for both Carolinas.
He describes the accounts of Sir Walter Raleigh, Cotton Mather, James
Fenimore Cooper, as well as those of Audubon, Wilson, Brewster and
other ornithologists. Conservationists and students of history will value
the wealth of information in Mr. Schorger’s book.- — Robert Overing.

40

The Chat

SOUTHERN ACCENTS

Robert Davis Edwards

These are some of the notes and impressions of a pair of bird students
who spent nearly all of their early years in New Eng'land and New Yoik
state, learning to know the ways and the songs of the birds of that region,
and then five years ago, took up their residence in the South Carolina low
country near the mouth of the Santee river, a region which is especially rich
in bird life the year around. Finding there much that was new and strange
to them, one of the first things they noticed (speaking from the yankee
point of view) was that even a bird can have a “southern accent although

it isn’t necessarily Dixie’s proverbial honeyed drawl.

In fact, the earliest impression of these New England bird watchers who
happened to visit the Carolina coastal region in late spring, is that its
native bird songs, taken as a whole, are louder and perhaps a little harsher
than those he is accustomed to hear at home. At least that was our impres-
sion and that of many of our visitors from the North during the past five
years. A cypress swamp or a southern pine, oak and gum woods seems to be
a very noisy place indeed in contrast to a northern forest. Your noithemei
is apt particularly to miss the soft and melodious hymns of the vaiious
thrushes. Except for a rare Wood Thrush which we at “Ardea have to
travel several miles to hear, there is nothing quite like them in the low
country, no bird song that even remotely compares with the evening chant
of the Hermit Thrush.

On the other hand, he soon discovers that the “loudness” is partly an
illusion — as much a matter of quantity as of quality. There seem to be
more singing birds per acre in this part of the South. Nesting territories
are apparently smaller and closer together, presumably because of the lush
vegetation and greater abundance of insects and other food. It is a common
experience, for example, to hear two or three Orchard Orioles caroling in
one grove, to find four male Prothonotary Warblers singing along two hun-
dred yards of road through a cypress swamp or see two pairs of Carolina
Widens nesting in or near a single farm yard. In the North we cannot
remember a warbler ever singing during the nesting season within hearing
distance of another of the same species.

Also the northerner is accustomed to a drastic letdown in bird activity
and song during the middle of the day. You will hear many a New England
bird student remark that the bird day is all over by 8 a.m. Down here on
the other hand, we have discovered that there is relatively little midday let-
down in bird activity; many birds continue to sing, although usually at
longer intervals between songs, right through the day until dusk. There
is, it is true, a dawn chorus usually initiated by the Cardinals and Wrens,
but it starts a little later here than it does in the North and it does not shut
off abruptly before midmorning. In fact, it doesn’t really shut off at all but
simply slows down to a more leisurely pace for the rest of the day, with
a few species dropping out for an hour or so in the early afternoon. Why
should this be? We have never been able to think of a possible reason. (Let
me say again here that I am speaking of our strictly local experiences on

June, 1955

41

the South Carolina coast which may not be at all representative of condi-
tions in higher inland country).

However, the most interesting things your New Englander will notice
when he begins to study the individual roles in the low country bird chorus,
are differences between the songs and call notes of northern and southern
races of the same species or closely related forms. Some of these differences
are quite striking, evident even to an untrained ear, although they have
never, as far as we have been able to determine, been written about in books.
Others are more subtle and difficult to describe, but careful comparison in-
dicate that they do definitely exist and can be recognized in the field.

Our first month’s stay one spring during the height of the nesting season
at “Ardea” (which I might explain is our name for the old chunk of piney
woods and marsh on which we live) gave us an ideal opportunity to check
and compare our accumulated notes on bird songs in the South. Then a hasty
return to western Massachusetts at the end of May permitted us again to
make careful comparisons with northern versions while the southern rendi-
tions were still fresh in memory. Perhaps one of the most surprising dis-
coveries we were able to check and confirm on that particular trip was a
variation in the singing of New England and Carolina low country Red-
eyed Vireos.

Our first suspicion that the southern Red-eye might have a song which
differed from that of the northern species came one May morning on Bulls
Island when we heard one “preaching” in the top of a loblolly pine tree. We
jotted down “Red-eyed Vireo” on our list and were about to pass on when
we were struck by a curious churr-churr note which this bird repeated at
frequent intervals, and began to wonder if we could have perhaps some other
species of Vireo in view. Our bird continued to sing with hardly a pause
for breath for nearly twenty minutes. We studied him carefully; he was
indubitably a Red-eye and most of his notes and phrases were typical of his
kind, but nearly every third or fourth phrase was this lower pitched, mono-
tone churr-churr , having almost the quality of an “aside” in his speech or
a response from his audience. His song might have been phrased: Hear me?

• — clo you see me? churr-churr — did he hear it?-^—you hear it? — churr-churr —
etc.

During the remainder of that and subsequent springs we listened with
care. Every Red-eyed Vireo we have heard on the South Carolina coast
from Edisto Island to Myrtle Beach introduced the churr-churr phrase in its
song and always distinctly although usually at somewhat longer intervals
than the first Bulls Island bird. On our trips to the North since then we have
re-checked the Red-eyed Vireo songs up there and not once have we heard
the southerner’s churr-churr — only rarely a single low note slightly re-
sembling it. It is interesting that the taxonomists have made no subspecific
divisions in Vireo olivaceus. We wonder if the Tennessee or Ohio birds sing-
like those in Massachusetts or like these at “Ardea” or Bulls Island, or if
they have some unique notes of their own. The Red-eye is a very common
summer bird in Massachusetts and, by long odds, the most abundant of his
family there. He is common enough in the Carolina low country but there
he shares the stage with the equally numerous Yellow-throated and, at
“Ardea,” the even more abundant White-eyed Vireos. So far, I might add,

42

The Chat

we have been unable to detect any notable differences between the songs of
the southern and northern Yellow-throated V ireos.

Our chickadee at “Ardea” is, of course, the Carolina form, Paras carul-
inensis, regarded as specifically distinct from the northern Black-capped
Chickadee, Parus atricapillus. The latter is slightly larger, with somewhat
more white in the wing feathers and with other minor distinctions, but it
would certainly be difficult for an amateur positively to distinguish these
two Chickadees in the field. Their songs and calls do differ, however, al-
though we positively do not agree with the books that say the Carolina
Chickadee’s “phoebe” song is always doubled to four notes — clee-dee, dee-dee.
The Chickadees at “Ardea” and everywhere else we have heard them along
the coast, give a two-syllabled call; we do not recall ever having heard it
doubled. It is just like the northern Black-cap’s in pitch and tone but each
syllable is noticeably more prolonged and starts with a very plain “pts” or
“tsw” sound and has a faint consonant ending, thus: ptseeeev, ptseeer or
tsiveeeet, tsweeet. The Black-cap’s song, on the other hand, has no detectable
consonant sound — only a clear, liquid whistle.

The books do describe the chick-a-dee call of the Carolina form perfectly;
i.e., as more hurried and at a slightly higher pitch than the Black-cap’s —
more staccato and with more of a mechanical effect.

The Great Crested Flycatcher at “Ardea” is presumably the southern
subspecies, Myarchus crinitus crinitus. He seems to be a much noisier bird
than the M. c. boreous of New England. The most often heard call of the
latter is the familiar Wheeps, with only rarely an outburst of other notes.
The southern bird seems to have a much larger repertoire of strident calls
and uses them constantly, in fact almost incessantly, with only an occasional
Wheeps.

Another interesting difference appears in the songs of the Yellow-throats.
The Yellow-throat of New England swamps and brooksides sings: witchity,
witchity, witchity or ta-witchity, witchity, witch. He says it rapidly and
emphatically. At “Ardea” we have a few of the “northern” Yellow-throats
with us in winter and hear them sing frequently, but they leave for the
North in late March or early April. The breeding birds that arrive about
that same time and remain for the summer are presumed to be either the
Athens Yellow-throat, Geothlypis trichas typhicola, or the Florida Yellow-
throat, G. t. ignota; we are not sure which but those we have been able to
study at close range appear to answer best to the description of the latter.
In any event, our summer birds at “Ardea” sing: witchity-wee-o, witchity-
wee-o. These notes are spoken more slowly and with less staccato effect than
in the northern song. Sometimes we hear a three or four-syllable phrase
twice repeated as is customary with the northern race, but usually it is the
typical slower five-syllable phrase repeated only once.

Among the common nesting Warblers at “Ardea,” three of them — the
Pine, Prairie and Yellow-breasted Chat — are presumed to be of the same
race as those that breed in Massachusetts. Another two — the Southern
Parula and Wayne’s (the southern Black-throated Green) — are represented
by different subspecies in New England. So far as we have been able to tell,
the songs of all five coastal birds are practically indistinguishable from those
heard in the North. Although perhaps we should add that we have heard

June, 1955

43

only one form of song from the Wayne’s Warbler — a form which seems
to be identical with one of the several forms sung by its northern cousin.

The Indigo Bunting down here has always baffled us a bit. Accustomed
to his song in the North, we have only to hear him “out of the corner of the
ear,” so to speak, to name him at once and with no trace of doubt as to his
identity. But here in the South there is something about his song that
causes us often to say, “Sounds like an Indigo Bunting, but we’d better
check”. The difference is hard to pin down but our impression is that the
northern bird sings a tighter, more standardized and slightly more emphatic
song, while his southern cousin has a looser, more primitive, and perhaps, a
little “lazier” version. We wonder if others have noticed this or if we are
just “hearing things”.

Some say they can distinguish the southern White-eyed Towhee from
northern Red-eyed Towhee by their songs. We have studied and compared,
and think that the White-eyed’s may perhaps tend to break down more
quickly into a diminishing trill at the end. Thus, the northern bird says,
Drink your tea, while the South Carolina coastal singer (the White-eyed
subspecies) sometimes says, Drink your ti-tipple. But both vary a great deal;
the northern version can be heard occasionally at “Ardea” in summer, and
vice-versa. One could never be sure of identification from the song alone.

When it comes to call notes, however, there is a striking difference. The
Red-eyed Towhee says, Che-wink, in two very plain syllables, while the
White-eyed runs them together in a drawled, Schreeee. Incidentally, the Red-
eyed form is the common winter bird at “Ardea,” with rarely a laggard
White-eye at that season, while from April on until fall only the White-eye
is found there. We think the difference in their call notes is a dependable
means of field identification in winter.

The Baltimore Oriole of northern elms and the Orchard Oriole of southern
pines are, of course, entirely distinct species, differing radically in coloration
and habits as well as song. But song comparisons are tempting to make, and
we have noticed one distinguishing feature which, although it is sometimes
implied, does not seem to be sufficiently stressed in any of the standard
guides. The Baltimore Oriole improvises; the tone and quality of his notes
are characteristic but he strings them together in a great variety of tunes,
some long and some short. Seldom are any two songs of the same bird
exactly alike. The Orchard Oriole, on the other hand, follows the score; he
settles on a tune he likes, usually about four bars long, and sings it over
and over again with only trivial variations. Which is not to say that he
isn’t a good musician; his song is loud and clear and full of the joy of life.
All of the Orchard Orioles around “Ardea” start their songs with the first
four notes of that tune made popular years ago by Guy Lombardo, “In a
little Spanish town”. This seems to be a strictly local trait, however, since
we haven’t heard it anywhere else.

A few other comparisons: the Catbirds in the Carolina low country seem
to be quieter birds, more secretive than up North. We think they sing more
softly and that their songs are less protracted, but perhaps our impression
is due to inevitable contrast with the South’s ubiquitous and uninhibited
Mockingbird.

The Nighthawk of the South, on the other hand, appears to be noisier,

44

The Chat

more diurnal in his habits, than those we knew in the North — active and
vocal at all hours of the day. His “Bronx cheer” is heard here even more
often around noon than at dusk; in New England the Nighthawks are sel-
dom seen or heard until late afternoon.

The southern Blue Jay also invites comparison with his northern relatives.
He is paler in color, a fact which many of our visiting friends from the
North have remarked, and his repertoire of calls seems to us to be more
extensive — like the southern Great Crested Flycatcher in that respect. The
Jay’s most frequently heard call around “Ardea” resembles the cry of the
Red-shouldered Hawk, a call which we rarely heard from the Jays in New
England even in territories where the hawk is common. On the other hand,
the musically whistled tuweedle, tuweedle which is a very common note of
the northern Jay is heard rather infrequently at “Ardea” and differs radical-
ly in quality. I am sure I could distinguish northern from southern Blue
Jays by this call alone although I don’t know how I could go about describing
the difference.

Another feature of bird sounds which has intrigued us since we moved
South, is the variety of winter notes and flock calls of the northern birds
which visit us in winter — notes and calls we never heard on their nesting
grounds in the North. Our first knowledge of these came during our first
autumn spent at “Ardea.” We heard then, coming from brushy woods, a
whit, whit, whit which was more like the alarm note of the Robin than
anything else with which we were acquainted. It took us several days to run
it down and thoroughly satisfy ourselves that it was produced by White-
throated Sparrows. We call it the Robin note of the White-throat. Those of
you who are so familiar with the friendly White-throat as a constant custo-
mer at your feeders from October until May, probably have always known
and identified this call without a second thought, but to us, even though we
knew the White-throat well in his summer home, it was new and strange.

Another such winter call which we have never heard up North comes
from the Towhee. It is a soft but strident, buzzy zeeeee which is usually
heard from the depths of a thicket and seems to be a sort of petulant com-
plaint or minor alarm note.

In closing, let me make it doubly plain that the foregoing notes on south-
ern bird songs apply only to the coastal region of South Carolina, and
especially to the vicinity of “Ardea.” Perphas one might find as many
differences between the bird calls and songs of that low country and the
upper Piedmont region, or say, between Charleston and Wilmington, as
there are between the former and Massachusetts.

As Mr. Jacobs was showing us trees whose trunks had been cracked wide
open by intense cold and had later healed over, we heard a sound of tearing
and ripping in a thicket. Then a Pileated Woodpecker plunged up a pine.
Every feather of his wild scarlet crest blazed in the sun. The white streak
slanting through his eye, the black band up his neck, and his breastplate
of coarse iron-gray, more like hair than feathers, made him look like a
pirate of the bird kingdom.

He made great lunges up the tree. Not hops; it takes a light bird to hop,
and he weighed as much as a Ruffed Grouse. On the pine tip he looked
around challengingly, gave a whoop, and flew galloping away. He seemed
the most untamed creature I ever saw; certainly far more impressive than
any bear we encountered. Florence Page Jaques, Svowshoe Country, 1944.

June, 1955

45

GENERAL FIELD NOTES

Advisory Council: E. B. Chamberlain, Robert Holmes, Jr., Robert Overing,
Thomas W. Simpson, Arthur Stupka, Robert L. Wolff.

Department Editor: B. R. Chamberlain, Route 1, Matthews, N. C.

This department will carry noteworthy data to the extent of the alloted space. Bare
Lists of occurrences, unless of special interest, will be held for publication in regional
groupings. All material should be sent to the Department Editor. It may be presented in
final form or subject to re-write. The normal dead-line for any issue is six weeks prior
to the issue date. Data must he complete enough to enable the Council to render decisions.

As of April 15, reports of coverage of the 1954-55 winter birdlife in
the Carolinas is far from complete. A lone Dickcissell arrived at Laurin-
burg during the first week of February and is still taking a handout at
a feeder there. Evening Grosbeaks are still with us in considerable force
in both Carolinas. Details of these and other prolonged winter visits
will be presented in our next issue — when the facts are all in. A White-
winged Crossbill at Lenior and a Snow Bunting at Charleston are
other highlights of one of our hardest winters in many years.

Brown Pelicans on the Upper Coast in December. — On December 6, 1954,
from Raleigh to the coast, we woke up with snow and freezing sleet. My
friend Ammie Willis at Davis (Carteret County, N. C.), who takes fish-
ing parties to his camps on the opposite beach strip, was apprehensive
and crawled down the wharf to his boat to go to the rescue of the lone
fisherman he had left on the beach the night before. When he reached
the beach he found the man fishing with fruitful results, since the sea
mullets (whiting) were crowding into the wash of the surf. He had caught
a half-barrel, and sitting on the beach ledge nearby, were three Brown
Pelicans. Ammie was curious as to why these birds sat there at this
time of the year and began to investigate. The pelicans walked around
but would not fiy. After some teasing, each expelled a sea mullet weigh-
ing about 1% pounds from its pouch and then got into the air, turning
southward.— Harry T. Davis, State Museum, Raleigh, N. C., Jan. 14,
1955. (This observation is of particular interest in view of the fact that
Brown Pelicans did not stay over this winter at the Cape Romain Refuge
at McClellanville, S. C., some 200 miles south along the coast.- — Dept. Eel.)

Avocets in Record Number on Santee Delta, S. C. — On Nov. 15, 1954, Ben
Walker, warden for the Sartee Club, found a large flock of Avocets resting
on a grassy islet in the shallow duck pond known as Jordan Marsh on
Cedar Island. Cedar Island is the outermost piece of the Santee River delta,
fronting on the ocean and extending from the North to the South Santee
mouths, about a mile and a half apart. Its narrow ocean beach is bordered
by a strip of wooded high ground, back of which, up-river, extends about
three miles of open marsh, several portions of which are diked and main-
tained as duck ponds by the Santee Club. Mr. Walker was not familiar
with the Avocet so he collected a specimen “for the record” but it was found

46

The Chat

to be too badly mutilated for preservation. However, tbe bird was in good
plumage (winter) and in good flesh.

Jordan Marsh pond was rot being shot over at that time nor for several
weeks afterwards, and the Avocets remained there undisturbed. The writer’s
first opportunity to check up on them came on Nov. 27 when our party
was able to drift up to within 60 feet of a flock of 84 of the birds crowded
on a small bar in the middle of the pond. In addition to these 84, whose
number was carefully verified, another flock of more than 20 flew over and
lit on the shore on the far side of the pond — so there were more than 100
Avocets on Cedar Island that day.

They were seen in the same place for about ten days thereafter, when
they were evidently frightened away by active duck shooting in the vicinity.

This flock of Avocets is believed to be the largest seen on the coast of
South Carolina in many years. Small numbers and single birds have been
reported for most recent years, but all of these, so far as the writer knows,
showed up in late winter or early spring. A flock of 18 was found on Winyah
Bay in March, 1953 and lingered there on the muddy bars near the western
shore until mid-May. A single bird showed up on Bulls Island in the late
winter of 1953 and remained around a marshy inlet off Bulls Bay until May,
giving many birders a chance to add this species to their lists. The Charles-
ton Museum has reports of small flocks of Avocets seen several previous
seasons on South Island, the estate of Mr. Tom Yawkey, between Winyah
Bay and the North Santee mouth. — Robert D. Edwards, Ardea, McClellan-
ville, S. C., Apr. 5, 1955.

Jaeger in Charleston Harbor. — On Feb. 27, 1955 I enjoyed a trip with mem-
bers of my family from Charleston to Dewees Inlet through the inland wa-
terway on Francis Hanckel’s boat. On the way back, just after entering the
harbor, my brother (E. B.) began attracting gulls to tbe wake of the ship
by throwing out pieces of bread. When about halfway across the Cooper
River, we spotted a jaeger persistently chasing and harassing one of the
gulls at the end of our train, which, by that time numbered above a hun-
dred birds. The jaeger was about 1000 feet away when first seen but
luckily it closed in as we kept our glasses on it to within a couple of hun-
dred feet of us, and then dropped back. The sharp tail, with moderately
extended central feathers caused us to conclude that it was a Parasitic
Jaeger.

This observation was carried in an early April issue of the “Lesser
Squawk,” bulletin of the Charleston Natural History Society, with the
hope that the jaeger might remain in the harbor and be seen again. To
date there have been no other reports of it.

The average of the hourly temperature readings for the seven days end-
ing Feb. 27, 1955, at Charleston was 66.3° — B. R. CHAMBERLAIN, Matthews,
N. C., Apr. H, 1955.

Distribution of Chuck-will’s-widow and Whip-poor-will: — Older Carolina
birders recall with affectionate smiles how Argus-eyed the late A. T. Wayne
was for accuracy in ornithology. Not in print, but privately, he once took
me to task for placing the Chuck-will’s-widow in the Piedmont. But he re-
garded L. M. Loomis as one of world’s greatest ornithologists and Loomis’
records backed mine. It was a beginner’s victory. The recent note from the
Chamberlains (Chat 18:70, #3, 1954) recalls the very interesting problem
of the recession of the Whip-poor-will and the advance of the Chuck-will’s-
widow. Probably around the 1860’s Jacob Martin and Kate Wigginton heard
this bird in the Six-and-Twenty Creek area in Anderson County, S. C. Law
and politics did not prevent J. B. O’Neall being a good historian and
naturalist. In his “Annals of Newberry” (1850-58) on pages 24-25 we read.
“It is a singular fact in Natural History that until within the last thirty or
thirty-five years, in all that tract of country lying on Bush River and gen-
erally west of a line from the mouth of Bush River to the mouth of Indian
Creek, the night-bird, whose cry sounds, ‘Whip-poor-Will’ was that gen-
erally heard: now and then a solitary Chuek-Will’s-Widow, commonly called
the ‘Dutch Whip-poor-Will’ enlivened the night. The former bird is now

June, 1955

47

never heard in any part of the district [county] where I have had the oppor-
tunity of observing. It sometimes salutes me like an old acquaintance about
Laurens. The latter bird is row universal with us. The popular notion was
that it travelled westward with the Germans. [Such people settled Dutch
Fork], I presume, however the true solution is that the Whip-poor- Will
proper is a more solitary bird, and as the forest falls, and settlements be-
come more dense, like the buffalo it passes on and the latter bird, less soli-
tary takes its place.” T. J. Kirkland and R. M. Kennedy in their “History
of Camden” (1926) confirm this shift. The Whip-poor-will had not been
heard for forty years and had been replaced by the Chuck-will’s-widow.
“What has become of the plaintive cry ... so familiar to our childhood ?
The Chuck-widow is not a satisfactory substitute,” is added (p. 322). An
excellent paper on the northern infiltration of the Chuck-will’s-widow,
by Evelyn J. Schneider in “Kentucky Warbler” XX :2; 13-19, is in line with
more southern observatiions.

Consulting- different authorities from the turn of the century to recent
years confirms the northern shift of the Chuck-will’s-widow. It is pleasant
to find that the Whip-poor-will still holds so far south as the Charlotte area.
Note Charlotte and vicinity is marked by an abundance of broad-leaf trees.
The old Mills Atlas of South Carolina indicates the area above the Fall
Line as one of oak and hickory. Denser undergrowth, a more acceptable
insect diet, cooler retreats, several such possibilities suggest themselves
as making an area more attractive to Whip-poor-wills if broad-leaf in char-
acter. On the other hand the Chuck-wilFs-widow seems expanding into areas
beyond the pine belts of the southeastern states. It is a fascinating prob-
lem in zoogeography. The Catawba and Peedee rivers seem to penetrate
cooler valleys in the mountains than do the Saluda and Savannah and down
these cooler air currents would follow giving us a more alpine climate than
the Martin, Wigginton, and O’Neall observations were made in, one of whom
assured me that Whip-poor-wills were once so common in now deserted areas
in northwestern South Carolina that you could scarcely hear the whips for
the wills. — A. L. Pickens, Queens Coilege, Charlotte, N. C.

White- winged Crossbill at Lenoir, N. C. — At about 9:30 a.m., Feb. 9, 1955,
a male White-winged Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera) appeared at a feeding-
station in Miss Margaret Harper’s yard at Lenoir. The weather was clear
and bright and the bird was brilliantly colored. The feeder is located directly
before a large living room window and the crossbill was perched within six
or eight feet of Miss Harper. It remained long enough for her to carefully
check coloring and wing patches. On Feb. 16, at about 2:00 p.m., another,
or more likely the same male crossbill, was again at this feeder. This time
the sky was overcast and the coloring naturally seemed less brilliant than
on the previous visit. The white blotches on the black wings and the black
tail were striking. Miss Harper promptly reported her find to the Fred
Mays, Tom Parks, and others. It was not found again by that group, how-
ever.

On Mar. 21, 1955, Mr. and Mrs. R. T. Greer found a male White-winged
Crossbill, possibly the same bird seen previously, at their feeder in another
part of Lenoir. This bird was again in plain view near the back door and
only a few yards from the observers. It fed in company with a number of
Purple Finches and appeared to be eating sunflower seed. It did not remain
very long and, to date, has not been seen again. The field markings were
readily checked. Mrs. Greer reports that the temperature was about 40°
and the time, 7:30 a.m. — Dept. Ed., Apr. H, 1955.

Another Tree Sparrow Sight Record for South Carolina. — On the afternoon
of Jan. 22, 1955, during the mid-winter field trip of the Carolina Bird Club
on the Santee National Wildlife Refuge (Summerton, S. C. ) , the writer saw
a Tree Sparrow and had it under repeated careful observation, in full view
and while perched, for at least ten minutes. This bird was in a mixed flock
of other sparrows, largely White-throats, and Juncos, just a short distance
north of the Mound Fort near the Refuge headquarters. All observations
were made in excellent side-lighting with 12 power Leitz binoculars. It was
also seen by James Stephens, Mrs. Theo Hartin, and Mrs. D. E. Wade.

48

The Chat

The writer is familiar with Tree Sparrows, having seen them in several
northern states over a period of some 20 years. All familiar field marks were
carefully noted and called to the attention of the other observers. The
writer was even “scolded” for having repeatedly expressed a desire to have
a gun handy to collect the bird, knowing that it was still on the South
Carolina Hypothetical List. During the past three winters in South Carolina
the writer has been on the watch for a Tree Sparrow, feeling that sooner
or later it would be seen.

This observation was reported to a number of those attending the CBC
meeting, and on the next day a small group including E. B. and B. R.
Chamberlain, E. von S. Dingle and Harold Peters combed unsuccessfully
the area where the bird had been found. The area contained a large num-
ber of Juncos, Savannah, Vesper, White-throated, and Song Sparrows —
Douglas E. Wade, Columbia, S. C., Feb. 1, 1955.

Snow Bunting at Charleston, S. C. — There was a single Snow Bunting
(Plextrophenax nivalis nivalis) on Fort Sumter National Monument, Char-
leston, S. C. from Dec. 17, 1954 through Jan. 14, 1955. In the company of
several Water Pipits, it spent the day feeding on the fort’s grassy eastern
slope. At rest, the outstanding field marks showed clearly; the dark rust
crown stripe, a rust spot behind the eye, and the rusty shoulder patches.
A long white streak running nearly the length of the wing was most con-
fusing until Dec. 25th. On that day, Land Birds of America (Murphy and
Amadon, 1953) came to our household. The photograph of the Snow Bun-
ting dispelled all doubts.

In flight, the bird was at its very best with boldly flashing white wing
patches and white outer tail feathers. But most delightful were the clear,
often descending whistles, and the single pitched warble. For weeks the
two calls were heard above the ruin as the bird flew from one perch to
another. To date, it has not been seen since Jan. 14th.

On Dec. 30, Ellison Williams visited the fort armed with his renowned
telescope. The day was perfect; the bunting posed well for a careful study.
— Rock Comstock, Mt. Pleasant, S. C., Jan. 2J, 1955.

Briefs for the Files.

White Ibis, 3, June 18, and 25, ’54; 1, July 23, ’54, possibly nested (?),
Lake Ellis, N. C., Mr. and Mrs. Matt L. Thompson. Blue Goose, 1 adult,

1 inuu., Oct. 29, ’54, Mr. and Mrs. Matt L. Thompson; Whistling Swan, 2,
Santee Refuge, Summerton, S. C., Jan. 7, Robt. J. Lemaire. Canada Goose,
11 at N. Wilkesboro, Mar. 16, Wendell P. Smith; 1 on Eastover Christmas
count, Dec. 27, ’54, Mrs. W. H. Faver, Snow Goose, 1 at Lake Moultrie,
Summerton, S. C., Nov. 19, ’54 through Dec. 31, R. J. L. as many as 7
for a short stay during the winter at Romain Refuge, McClellanville, S. C.,
E. S. Jaycocks. Duck Hawk, Wilmington, Mar. 23, Clifford Comeau. Wilson’s
Snipe, 1 Mar. 23, 5, Mar. 30, N. Wilkesboro, W. P. S. Upland Plover, 1
Greenville, S. C., airport, Mar. 21. Purple Sandpiper, 51 counted at
Fort Sumter, Charleston harbor, Apr. 7, Rock Comstock. Great Black"
backed Gull, 1 at Wrightsville Beach, N. C., Feb. 10, Sam Baker. Mourning
Dove, calling Dec. 19, Greenville, N. C., John Funderburg. Ground Doves,

2 pair all winter at feeder on Edisto Island, S. C., Mrs. P. L. Atwood.
Whip-poor-will calling, 5:15 a.m., Mar. 13, Johns Island (Charleston) S. C.,
Mr. and Mrs. Ted Metcalf. Chimney Swift, several, Chapel Hill, Apr. 6,
Norman Chamberlain; Charleston, Apr. 6, E. A. Williams. Eastern King-
bird, 1, Sullivan’s Island, S. C., Apr. 4, Betty Lemon. Tree Swallow, 1,
North Wilkesboro, Mar. 1, W.P.S. Red-breasted Nuthatches, generally
plentiful over the Piedmont section; more than during the 5 preceding years
combined, at Elkin, N. C.; E. M. Hodel; 1 at Laurinburg, Jan. 2, E. R. Lyon.
Wood Thrush, 1 at Johns Island, studied at close range, 10 to 12 feet,
Dec. 4, ’54, Louise Holbrook, fide E. B. Chamberlain. Parula Warbler, 1
Wilmington, Mar. 16, Edna Appleberry. Flock of 1000 -j- Goldfinches at
Columbia, S. C., Apr. 5, Kay Sisson. Yellow Palm Warbler, 1 at N. Wilkes-
boro, Mar. 27, W.P.S. Song Sparrow, individual singing Feb. 21, Char-
lotte, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph R. Norwood. — All dates 1955 unless otherwise
noted.

June, 1955

49

Founded March 6, 1937 Incorporated August 8, 19 U9

The Carolina Bird Club is an incorporated association for the study and
conservation of wildlife, particularly birds, in the Carolinas. Founded in
1937 as the North Carolina Bird Club, it was joined in 1948 by several
South Carolina natural history clubs and the name changed to the Carolina
Bird Club. In addition to publishing The Chat, the Club also: (1) holds
an annual spring business meeting and a fall dinner meeting, (2) conducts
club-wide field trips to places of outstanding ornithological interest, (3)
sponsors Christmas and Spring Bird Censuses by local groups, (4) encour-
ages original research and publication, (5) aids in the establishment of
local clubs and sanctuaries, (6) takes an active interest in conservation
legislation, (7) cooperates with State and Federal agencies, and (8) fur-
nishes information and speakers to interested groups whenever possible.

The Carolina Bird Club, Inc., is a non-profit educational and scientific
organization with no paid personnel. Dues, contributions, and bequests to
the Club are deductible from State and Federal income and estate taxes.

MEMBERSHIP

Membership is open to anyone interested in birds, wildlife, and out-of-
doors. The annual dues for the classes of membership are:

Regular $1.00 Contributing . $25.00

Supporting . . $5.00 Affiliated Club $2.00

Life — $100.00 (payable in four consecutive annual installments)

All members not in arrears for dues receive The Chat. Seventy-five
cents of each annual membership fee is applied as the annual subscription
to The Chat. Checks should be made payable to the Carolina Bird Club, Inc.
Application blanks may be obtained from the Treasurer, to whom all corre-
spondence regarding membership should be addressed.

The activities of the Club and the coverage of The Chat will grow in
amount and quality as increased funds become available. Prompt payment
of dues and the securing of new members are vital contributions open to
everyone.

OFFICERS FOR 1955-1956

President : Miss May Puett, Box 2183, Greenville, S. C.

Vice-Presidents : Robert Overing, Rt. 4, Raleigh, N. C.; Linville Hendren,
Elkin, N. C.; Douglas E. Wade, 3403 Duncan St., Columbia, S. C.
Secretary: Mrs. George C. Potter, 2111 Malvern Rd., Charlotte 7, N. C.
Treasurer : W. L. Hamnett, 2809 Kittrell Dr., Raleigh, N. C.

Executive Committee: Composed of Officers, Editors and the following
four elected Members-at-large : B. R. Chamberlain, Matthews, N. C.;
Leon Ballance, Lake Landing, N. C.; Dr. Charlotte Dawley, W.C.U.N.C.,
Greensboro, N. C.; T. M. Simpson, Winston-Salem, N. C.

THE CHAT

Bulletin of

Volume 19 SEPTEMBER, 1955 Number 3

Vol. 19 No. 3
SEPT., 1955

THE CHAT

Published by The Carolina Bird Ciub, Inc. Devoted to the publication of
scientific and popular information on the birds and other wildlife of the
Carolinas.

Editor : Kay Curtis Sisson, 1430 Wellington Drive, Columbia 4, S. C.
Co-editor : Annie Rivers Faver, Eastover, S. C.

Associate Editors: B. R. Chamberlain, Ernest Cutts, Harry Davis, Jack
Dermid, James Mattocks, Thomas W. Simpson, Douglas Wade, Fred H. May.

Distribution Office : N. C. State Museum, Box 2281, Raleigh, N. C.

The Chat is published quarterly in March, June, September, and December as the official
bulletin of the Carolina Bird Club, Inc. Entered as second-class matter on March 14, 1952,
at the Post Office at Raleigh, N. C., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Subscription price
to non-members: $1.00 per volume. Single copies: 30 cents. Correspondence about changes
of address and back numbers should be sent to Mr. Harry Davis, N. C. State Museum,
Raleigh, N. C. Please notify the Distribution Office immediately of change of address.
Subscriptions should be made payable to the Carolina Bird Club, Inc., and sent to the
Treasurer.

CONTENTS

President’s Page 51

Warblers of the Yadkin River Valley. John Trott 52

The Cattle Egret Comes to South Carolina. Ellison A. Williams 54

The 1955 Spring Count. B. R. Chamberlain, Compiler 60

How to Block Count Waterfowl. Harold M. Steele 62

Backyard Birding. Annie Rivers Faver, Department Editor 64

Books (Reviews by Kay Sisson and Robert Overing) 66

Our Land Is Our Life (J. M. Eleazer, Editor)

The Bird Book, by Leon A. Housman

General Field Notes. B. R. Chamberlain, Department Editor 67

Evening Grosbeaks 67

Breeding Dickcissels at Winston-Salem. Doris C. Simpson 68

Behavior: Pectoral Sandpiper, Edward Kissarn; Carolina Wren, Mrs. A. B. Hurt;

Slate-colored Junco, Frank Meacham 69

Depredation at a Breeding Colony. Ernest Cutts 69

European Widgeon at North Wilkesboro. Wendell P. Smith 70

European Teal at Pea Island Refuge. P. W. Sykes ct al 70

Florida Gallinule in the Great Smokies. E. A. Williams 70

Grounded Starlings. .7. W. E. Joyner 70

Winter Record of an Indigo Bunting. Mrs. Paul L. Atwood 71

Briefs for the File 71

Cover Photograph. — “First look at the world.” Baby Bluebirds at nesting
box entrance. Wake County, North Carolina. Photo by Jack Dermid, Rt. 5,
Raleigh, N. C.

THE PRESIDENT’S PAGE

To those of you who failed to attend the spring- field trip at Carolina
Beach, I must tell you that you missed a wonderful treat. The slides
made by Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Wood, Mount Kisco, N. \ of North and
South Carolina native flowers and plants were magnificent. I hope you
will have another opportunity to see them. This trip was well planned and
greatly enjoyed. Many thanks go to the Wilmington Natural Science Club
for taking care of arrangements.

A definite time and place will be announced for the fall trip as soon as
details are worked out. The hawk migration will probably influence time
and place.

There is both encouragement and discouragement in our conservation
program. The encouragement comes in the steadily increasing number of
feeding stations, bird baths, and other equipment to attract birds, and to
keep them coming. It is very important that our schools have conservation
programs to teach their pupils something about birds and natuie. Few
schools have full-time nature leaders to instruct children in the art of
camping, and living comfortably in the open. Children like this sort of
program. Schools are procuring audio-visual aid equipment and the Wild-
life Resources Commissions of both states are furnishing films and some
slides gratis. This is fine educational work in so far as it goes.

Against all of this is the fact that because of expansion and progress,
lands that were used by birds for nesting are being cleared, forcing wild-
life to find places elsewhere. Birds and all wildlife need sheltered, protected
and suitable places for breeding, where they can find food, water and safety.
Recently some hundreds of acres of land on Long Island were set aside
as a refuge and haven for all wildlife. There the birds, ducks, geese, and
other native wild animals and plants can find a place for breeding undis-
turbed. Here is a place where ornithologists and bird enthusiasts can observe
wild populations. This was a fine gesture. Can’t we encourage similar
efforts like this in the Carolinas, so that we could have more places near-
by to go for observations ? It may be that we can persuade some of our
town and city officials to provide such tracts of land for refuges. Bird
clubs might help.

We have finally set up an endowment fund with Ellison Williams, 27
Limehouse St., Charleston 21, S. C., as chairman. Some of our funds which
had been in a savings account have now been transferred to this new
fund since they had been intended from the beginning for an endowment
fund. Of course this amount is small, but it is a beginning. We want to
build up this fund, so that we might have money for many special projects.
Contributions can now be sent in for the Endowment Fund. With our fine
membership and growing interest in our work, I am sure every one wants
to go forward with our program. I am depending on each of you.

— May W. Puett

WARBLERS OF THE YADKIN RIVER VALLEY

John Trott

These observations were made over a period of twelve years. The area
covered is generally the western end of Stanly County, N. C., centering-
around New London and extending to the banks of the Yadkin River where
the breeding warbler population is most heavily concentrated because
of the particularly good habitat found there. Apparently this section is
not in a sharply defined migration route but lies between the one through
the mountains and the more eastern one which crosses the state in the
Chapel Hill — Greensboro area. We rarely get large numbers of migrating
warblers. Some of the records came from Morrow Mountain State Park
which is also bounded by the Yadkin.

Highway number 49 crosses the Yadkin River just at the northwestern
edge of Stanly County. People driving this route are generally familiar
with the bridge crossing the Yadkin. On both sides of the bridge, and
extending for several miles in either direction, thei’e are large stands of
deciduous woods which have not been cut over in many years. The under-
growth next to the water provides attractive cover for many kinds of
warblers. Away from the river the trees are large and the woods open.
This is an excellent place for migrating- warblers in the spring and breed-
ing birds in the summer. An accessible old logging road runs along the
east bank for several miles up the river. By walking down this road,
which runs under the bridge, one can usually have a satisfying experience
in viewing or hearing warblers.

Black and White Warbler: Common breeding bird on wooded hillsides
where the undergrowth is not too thick. It usually arrives the last week
in March and is not seen after early September. Though I have seen adults
feeding fledglings out of the nest on many occasions during the last of
May and early June, I have never located a nest. The male seems to cur-
tail his singing activities after nesting has begun.

Prothonotary Warbler: These exquisite warblers are fairly regular along
the banks of the Yadkin where stands of Black Willow occur and stumps
stand in the water. The arrival is usually mid-April and they can be heard
singing throughout early July. I have seen them until the middle of August
but never later. A nest in use has never been recorded but I observed a
fledgling being fed in June, 1954.

Worm-eating Warbler: This species is a rare migrant and I have only
three records: One in September, 1948, and on June 5 and 6, 1954.

Blue-winged Warbler: A male seen on April 30, 1955 is my only record.

Parula Warbler: Arriving in late March and staying through until the
middle of September, this warbler is obviously breeding in the area. The
absence of both Spanish Moss and Usnea locally, makes one wonder what
nesting material is used. It is fairly abundant along the river banks.

Magnolia Warbler: Only one record for this species; May 6, 1954.

Myrtle Warbler: A common, but somewhat erratic, winter resident.
Myrtles usually arrive in mid-October and stay through the first week in
May. An increase in numbers has been noted during late February and
most have left by the last of April.

Cape May Warbler: This is a fairly regular spring migrant. Though
large numbers have been seen from mid-April to early May, there are no
fall records. (Only two were seen in 1955.)

Black-throated Blue Warbler: Arrives about the middle of April and is
seen regularly until the first of May. I have no fall records.

Black-throated Green Warbler: Arrives the last of March and is heard
frequently through early May. A few remain to breed as they have been
heard along the Yadkin during May and June for six years. Adults feeding
fledglings out of the nest were observed at Morrow Mountain on May 24,
and along the Yadkin on June 10, 1954. No nests have been located. Large
pines, which the birds seem to prefer when Hemlocks are absent, occur

52

The Chat

in both areas. These warblers can generally be found feeding and singing
in the pines on the top of Morrow Mountain during April, May and June.
There are no fall records.

Cerulean Warbler: A record of two males only in late July, 1945, would
indicate that the Cerulean is a transient and passes through on the trip
south.

Blackburnian Warbler: The only record is one male seen on May 5, 1945.

Yellow-throated Warbler: Usually the first of the warblers to return in
the spring. They arrive late in March and stay to nest where there are
large stands of pine. Young out of the nest have been observed on many
occasions. Nesting activities seem to cease after the first week of June.

Yellow Warbler: A common spring migrant that arrives about the middle
of April. Though it breeds in bordering counties, I have never observed it
after the first week of May.

Chestnut-sided Warbler: Up until Spring, 1955, I had not encountered
this bird in this section. But a male was seen on April 9 and repeatedly
afterwards until May 1.

Black-poll Warbler: This species, that announces the end of the migra-
tion, begins to appear in this section about May 2, and is seen regularly
through May 10 and 11. A few fall observations have been made in early
October.

Bine Warbler: This is the only resident Warbler. It is common in pine
forests throughout the year but seemingly less common during the winter
months.

Prairie Warbler: When forests are cut over or fields allowed to grow
up with scrub growth, this warbler moves in. It has become increasingly
common in the last ten years until now it is one of the commonest warb-
lers in the section. It arrives in mid-April and is heard through August.
Nests have been found on numerous occasions and it seems to prefer Cork
Elm and Sweet Gum saplings. Nesting activities extend through early July.

Oven-bird: Though there are constant occurrences of this species in April
and September, it apparently does not nest here. None has been observed
or heard between these months. It does nest in bordering ai-eas (E.g., Char-
lotte). The preferred habitat type is abundant here in the Yadkin area.

Northern Water-Thrush: Only two records for this species. One on May
20, 1954 and again on April 30, 1955.

Louisiana Water-Thrush: This ground-warbler is a regular breeder where
large creeks in deep deciduous woods occur. Two nests have been located,
one with young on May 6, 1954 and one with eggs on May 28, 1955. Both
were at the same place, in a creek bank emptying into the Yadkin. The
Louisiana arrives the last of March and has not been observed after July.

Kentucky Warbler: This is a common breeding bird where the habitat
is suitable. Arriving in late April, it may be heard singing during the re-
mainder of that month and through June under the bridge at the Yadkin.
It seems to prefer large deciduous woods where the undergrowth is reg-
ular but not too thick. Three nests have been found and all were located
within the same general area.

Yellow-Throat: This is also a common breeding bird, in grassy, open
places. Four nests have been observed and there are some indications that
there may be second broods. Males are usually heard singing in eai’ly April
and the species has been seen through mid-October.

Yellow-breasted Chat: A common breeder, in dry, brush areas where
there are predominately Blackberry vines. The Chats arrive in late April
and have not been encountered after early July.

Hooded Warbler: This is by far the most common breeding warbler along
the banks of the Yadkin. About five nests are found each year. The Hooded
seems to prefer damp places in deciduous woods where the undergrowth
is thick. The Hoodeds arrive during mid-April and the males can be heard
through early July.

Palm Warbler: Only two records for this warbler, one October 20, 1954,
and early April, 1955.

(Continued on page 57)

September, 1955

53

THE CATTLE EGRET COMES TO SOUTH CAROLINA

Ellison A. Williams

Africa is thought to have been the original home of the Cattle Egret,
but because of its urge to wander and extend its territory it can now be
found on all the continents.

Irston It. Barnes in the May-August issue of the Atlantic Naturalist
gives an interesting account of this egret and of its arrival in the Western
Hemisphere. It was first discovered in South America in British Guiana
in 1937 and is now believed to have arrived there several years earlier
and under its own power flying over the ocean. For the next 15 years it
was extending its range to Florida and northward without any notice,
then suddenly it was recorded in widely separated places.

One Cattle Egret appeared near Wayland, Mass., April 23, 1952, and
was collected. It proved to be Bubulcus ibis ibis, the Mediterranean-African
race of the Cattle Egret. Soon another was seen in New Jersey and on
June 1, 1952, ten were seen at Lake Okeechobee, Fla., and a picture taken
in Florida in March of that year and later developed, showed Cattle Egrets
which had been overlooked. In October 1952, one was collected by a trawler
off the Newfoundland Grand Banks, 300 miles from land, and another was
seen near Chicago, 111. In April 1953 a Cattle Egret was seen in Maryland
and in May, two were reported in Virginia. In November one was recorded
in Bermuda and one in Maine. More records came out of Virginia and New
Jersey in the summer of 1953.

In May 1953 the first nest of this egret in the United States was found
at Lake Okeechobee, Fla. by Samuel A. Grimes, who now reports rookeries
containing 750 nests there. The bird apparently is well established in
Florida. Grimes estimates that there are now between 3500 and 4000
Cattle Egrets in Florida and Louis A. Stinson banded 59 this summer, the
first Cattle Egrets banded in the United States. It is now thought that
Cattle Egrets may have reached Florida around the year 1941.

The first record of the Cattle Egret in South Carolina was made by
Major Peter Gething of Charleston and James F. Cooper of Kingstree,
who on August 8, 1954, found one bird at Litchfield Plantation on the
Waccamaw River about 15 miles north of Georgetown. They watched this
individual for about half an hour. [ Chat 18 (4) : p. 102.] On April 5, 1955,
Mr. Hugh Morrison of McClellanville, S. C. watched a Cattle Egret as it
followed a group of half-grown pigs. It appeared to pick the backs of the
pigs as it followed them about. The fact that the bird’s head just reached
over the backs of the pigs gave him a chance to estimate its height at
about 20 inches. He had read about the Cattle Egret and noticed par-
ticularly its yellow bill, and watched it for about three hours until it
flew away and did not return. On April 17, 1955, Mr. Henry P. Staats of
Charleston observed one Cattle Egret near Exchange Plantation not
many miles from the spot where Messrs. Gething and Cooper had seen
one bird the previous August. Mr. Staats spent several weeks in Africa

m _y

W) r

Cattle Egret by Edward J. Bierly. Reproduced by permission of the artist
and Shirley A. Briggs, Editor, The Atlantic Naturalist.

54

The Chat

-if

f&fJt&xfi

fKgsg

|1J&§ ;Jr !T^ 1

last Summer taking- pictures of wildlife there and has seen hundreds of
Cattle Egrets in their natural habitat.

May 10 being Memorial Day in South Carolina, the writer has for
years taken the day for a field trip. This year with Arthur Wilcox of
Charleston he planned to visit the Santee River territory to look for Mis-
sissippi and Swallow-tailed Kites, Black-necked Stilts and Glossy Ibises,
and if time permitted to try and find the Cattle Egret that had been seen
above Georgetown. Leaving at 5:30 A.M. we had not gone more than
8 miles when we came to a herd of cattle at Snee Farm close by the road.
We saw that there were several egrets with the cattle and immediately
spotted one Cattle Egret not 50 yards from the car, which was easily
compared with the half-dozen Snowy Egrets feeding with the cattle. Our
joy at being so close to a Cattle Egret was of short duration for the cattle
decided at that moment to stampede. The egret flew up and settled down
about 200 yards away, forcing us to bring our 48 diam. telescope into
action and we were then able to study this individual at our leisure.

I had checked many herds of cattle in Georgia and South Carolina in
the past 12 months and had seen scores of Snowy Egrets and some Little
Blue Herons in pastures with cattle, but had not seen a single Cattle
Egret before in either one of these states. Alex Sprunt, Jr., had shown
me my first Cattle Egret in March 1954 while on one of the Audubon
Tours at Lake Okeechobee, Fla., and I had seen others on the two fol-
lowing days while there, and had taken some pictures of them. The yel-
low bill and legs, which in spring seemed to me to be orange-yellow; the
buff or brownish wash on the breast, top of the head and back of the
neck, can easily be seen; besides the bird is a bit chunkier and the bill
heavier than that of the Snowy.

Mr. Edward Von S. Dingle, well known ornithologist and bird painter
of this section, reports that he saw a Cattle Egret with the Boone Hall
cattle on June 10, 1955, and again the same month. This herd is less
than a mile from the one at Snee Farm and this could have been the
same bird seen by the writer and Wilcox. Dingle notes that “in walking
the bird goes in a different way from other herons. It ‘hunches’ its way
like a Black Vulture.”

Four other Charleston bird-watchers have recently seen a Cattle Egret
in the same general locality. Mr. and Mrs. Rock Comstock, Jr., saw one
on May 31, and Miss Betty Lemon one on June 5, 1955. Mrs. Comstock
reports that she noted the thick bill, “which we thought to be. the color
of the Royal Tern’s — very bright orange. We saw the toast-brown color
on its head, breast, and back, and we noted that this egret had an unusual
gait, very much like a goose.” Mrs. Comstock and Mrs. Louise Barring-
ton saw one Cattle Egret on June 16, and Mrs. Comstock did not think
the bill was as bright as it was two weeks earlier.

On July 13, 1955, Frank Weston, John Henry Dick, Alex Sprunt, Jr.,
and the writer saw five Cattle Egrets. Three were together at Boone Hall
Plantation, which is near Charleston, and two were in an area near the
Santee River about 40 miles from Charleston. Both locations are in Charles-
ton County. [Frank (Francis M.) Weston is an ex-Charlestonian who has
lived at Pensacola, Fla., for the past 30 or more years. Several CBC mem-
bers got their start in ornithology from Mr. Weston. — Editor.]

56

The Chat

The Cattle Egret prefers a warm climate when breeding and nests in
Spain and Southern France in Europe, besides Africa, and so far only
in Florida in the United States; it has also increased in South America.
There is no doubt that it will extend its range to Texas and up the Atlantic
coast. Even before this article appears in print, there should be more re-
ports of this egret along the coast, especially as immature Cattle Egrets
appear to wander northward during the summer months. North Carolina
observers should soon be able to find these interesting egrets that prefer
to eat insects rather than fish. — Charleston, S. C., July 14, 1955.

[On August 6, 1955, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Edwards, Arthur Doyle and
Kay Sisson saw four Cattle Egrets feeding close to a small herd of cattle
on a dried up rice marsh near McClellanville, S. C. According to a recent
communication from Alex Sprunt, Jr. be sure to examine carefully any
whitish-looking egrets associating with cattle. — Edita r]

CBC

EDITORIAL—

As acting editor of this issue we wish to acknowledge the splendid work
done by the “regular”, Kay Sisson. Like most editors, she wants and ought
to have on hand more manuscripts, photographs and other illustrations
material — a far greater quantity than this acting editor found. Then, too
the editor and associates are always anxious to be advised constructively
and in a friendly way. Douglas E. Wade, Acting Editor.

Announcement —

FALL MEETING is to be held at Fontana Village, N. C., the week-end of
September 30 and October 1 and 2; fuller details to appear in the CBC
Newsletter. If you have proposed paper or pictures for program write
immediately to Linville Hendren, Elkin, N. C. — Editor.

“No one can understand nature fully nor miss it wholly; but as each con-
tributes his part there arises a structure that has a certain grandeur.”
Aristotle

(Continued from page 53)

Canada Warbler: There is only one record for this species. A singing
male was seen April 27, 1945, near Pfeiffer College.

Redstart: This is a regular breeder on the banks of the Yadkin where
it lives with the Hooded as the most common warbler. Redstarts seem to
prefer medium-sized sapling growth for feeding and nesting. Singing males
begin to arrive in mid-April and are seen through October. A number of
immature males have been noted among the breeding birds which might
suggest that this section is the southern extreme of the breeding range.
— New London , N. C.

September, 1955

57

THE 1955 SPRING COUNT

B. R. Chamberlain

This Spring Count consists of seven reports. There were but five last spring. Several of
these 1955 counts lack complete data but are of sufficient interest to publish. Although the
field work took place at the end of April, pressure of other interests held the reports up;
two of them reaching us too late for any analysis. Canada Geese and Dickcissels were most
unusual. Greensboro returned 122 species (120 in ’54), and Wilmington reported 156 (164
in ’54). The unusually high wind was believed to be responsible for the lower count, in
part, at least. In spite of generally retarded migration, populations were reasonably normal
excepting for a few species.

Badin, N. C. Area 15 miles in diam. centering just southeast of Badin, including High
Rock Dam and Morrow Mountain, Apr. 30, ’55. 5:00 a.m., to 7:15 p.m.. Fair to partly
overcast. Temp. 40° to 75°. Eleven observers in 3 parties. Total party hours 42; total
party miles, 160 (20 on foot, 140 by car).

Green Heron, 1 ; Am. Bittern, 1 ; Wood Duck, 2 ; Turkey Vultui'e, 12 ; Black Vulture, 4 ;
Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1 ; Cooper’s Hawk, 1 ; Red-tailed Hawk, 2 ; Red-shouldered Hawk,
1 ; Marsh Hawk, 1 ; Osprey, 4 ; Sparrow Hawk, 1 ; Bob-white, 5 ; Wild Turkey, 2 ; Killdeer, 18 ;
Wilson’s Snipe, 1 ; Semipalmated Sandpiper, 1 ; Ring-billed Gull 2 ; Mourning Dove, 23 ; Yel-
low-billed Cuckoo, 1 ; Black-billed Cuckoo, 1 ; Screech Owl, 1 ; Barred Owl, 1 ; Whip-poor-
will, 1 ; Nighthawk, 2 ; Chimney Swift, 73 ; Ruby-throated Hummingbird, 6 ; Belted King-
fisher, 4 ; Yellow-shafted Flicker, 4 ; Pileated Woodpecker, 3 ; Red-bellied Woodpeckei-, 2 ;
Red-headed Woodpecker, 1 ; Downy Woodpecker, 4 ; Eastern Kingbird, 8 ; Great-crested Fly-
catcher, 2 ; Eastern Phoebe, 11 ; Acadian Flycatcher, 2 ; Least Flycatcher, 1 ; Eastern Wood
Pewee, 2 ; Horned Lark, 1 ; Tree Swallow, 3 ; Rough-winged Swallow, 9 ; Barn Swallow, 33 ;
Purple Martin, 79; Blue Jay, 23; Am. Crow, 13; Carolina Chickadee, 17; Tufted Titmouse,
16 ; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2 ; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1 ; House Wren, 2 ; Carolina Wren,
18 ; Mockingbird, 59 ; Catbird, 12 ; Brown Thrasher-, 22 ; Am. Robin 33 ; Wood Thrush, 31 ;
Olive-backed Thrush, 1 ; Bluebird, 32 ; Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, 20 Ruby-crowned Kinglet,
1 ; Cedar Waxwing, 10 ; Loggerhead Shrike, 12 ; Starling, 100+ ; White-eyed Vireo, 7 ;
Yellow-throated Vireo, 12; Red-eyed Vireo, 50; Black and White Warbler, 13; Prothonotary
Warbler, 3; Blue-winged Warbler, 1; Par-ula Warbler, 8; Yellow Warbler, 5; Magnolia
Warbler, 1; Cape May Warbler, 2; Black-throated Blue Warbler, 1; Myrtle Warbler, 6;
Black-throated Green Warbler, 2 ; Yellow-throated Warbler, 9 ; Chestnut-sided Warbler, 4 ;
Pine Warbler, 8 ; Prairie Warbler, 43 ; Louisiana Water-Thrush, 1 ; Northern Water-
Thrush, 1 ; Kentucky Warbler, 5 ; Yellow-throat, 16 ; Yellow -breasted Chat, 18 ; Hooded
Warbler, 6 ; Am. Redstart, 4 ; House Sparrow, 150+ ; Bobolink, 22 ; Common Meadowlark,
22 ; Red-winged Blackbird, 36 ; Orchard Oriole, 13 ; Baltimore Oriole, 1 ; Purple Grackle,
10 ; Common Cowbird, 2 ; Scarlet Tanager, 1 ; Summer Tanager, 26 ; Cardinal, 53 ; Blue
Grosbeak, 11 ; Indigo Bunting, 21 ; Am. Goldfinch, 73 ; Eastern Towhee, 12 ; Grasshopper
Sparrow, 10 ; Bachman’s Sparrow, 3 ; Slate-colored Junco, 2 ; Chipping Sparrow, 35 ;
Field Sparrow, 32 ; White-throated Sparrow, 79 ; Song Sparrow, 1.

Total species 112; total individuals, appx. 1696. (Seen in the area Apr. 29, White-crowned
Sparrow, Vesper Sparrow. Seen Apr. 23, hy Mrs. Price, Rose-breasted Grosbeak).

Participants, Robert Bassinger, P. E. Book, Mrs. Barrett Crook, Susan Green, M. M.
Haithcock, Barbara Hatley, Gail Mahathey, Douglas Miller, Dwight Morgan, Mrs. L. A.
Price, Buck Smith, Wayne Smith, Anne Whitlock, and John Trott (compiler).

Greensboro, N. C. (Area 15 mi. dia. centering y2 mi., SW WBIG transmitter. Approx,
same area covered 1954 ; deciduous and pine woods, 25% ; thickets, 15% ; lakes and ponds,
25%; fields, 15%; marsh and wooded swamps, 10%; lawns and parks, 10%), Apr. 30,
’55. 1 :30 a.m., to 7 :30 p.m. ; partly cloudy ; temp. 58° to 78° ; wind northerly, 5-15 mph.
Twenty-nine observers in 12 parties ; total party hours 99 (22 by car, 76 on foot, 1 in
boat) ; total party miles, 248 (202 by car, 45 on foot, 1 in boat).

Pied-billed Grebe, 1 ; Great Blue Heron, 1 ; Green Heron, 4 ; Canada Goose, 4 ; Wood
Duck, 3 ; Ring-necked Duck, 3 ; Scaup, 15 ; Turkey Vulture, 28 ; Black Vulture, 5 ; Sharp-
shinned Hawk, 2 ; Cooper’s Hawk, 2 ; Red-tailed Hawk, 4 ; Red-shouldered Hawk, 7 ;
Broad-winged Hawk, 1; Osprey, 2 ; Sparrow Hawk, 5; Bob-white. 32: Killdeer, 11; Wilson’s
Snipe, 1 ; Spotted Sandpiper, 15 ; Eastern Dowitcher, 1 ; Mourning Dove 85 ; Yellow-billed
Cuckoo, 4 ; Screech Owl, 1 ; Barred Owl, 2 ; Whip-poor-will, 86 ; Nighthawk, 8 ; Chimney
Swift, 99 ; Ruby-throated Hummingbird, 6 ; Belted Kingfisher, 10 ; Yellow-shafted Flicker,
34 ; Pileated Woodpecker, 2 ; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 16 ; Red-headed Woodpecker, 24 ; Yel-
low-bellied Sapsucker, 1 ; Hairy Woodpcker, 13 : Downy Woodpecker, 21 ; Eastern King-

58

The Chat

bird, 25; Great-crested Flycatcher, 39; Eastern Phoebe, 40; Acadian Flycatcher, 7; Wood
Pewee, 23 ; Horned Lark, 4 ; Tree Swallow, 5 ; Rough-winged Swallow, 34 ; Barn Swallow,
3; Purple Martin, 57; Blue Jay, 128; Am. Crow, 84; Carolina Chickadee, 96. Tufted Tit-
mouse, 90; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Brown-headed Nuthatch, 5; House Wren, 29;
Carolina Wren, 75 ; Mockingbird, 143 ; Catbird, 38 ; Brown Thrasher, 49 ; Am. Robin, 205 ;
Wood Thrush, 170 ; Hermit Thrush, 1 ; Olive-backed Thrush, 6 ; Wilson’s Thrush, 1 ; Com-
mon Bluebird, 103; Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, 75; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 6; Cedar Wax-
wing, 88 ; Loggerhead Shrike, 12 ; Starling, 387 ; White-eyed Vireo, 20 ; Yellow-throated
Vireo, 26; Solitary Vireo, 7; Red-eyed Vireo, 93; Black and White Warbler, 13; Prothono-
tary Warbler, 1; Worm-eating Warbler, 3; Parula Warbler, 15; Yellow Warbler, 28; Cape
May Warbler, 11; Black-throated Blue Warbler, 15; Myrtle Warbler, 418; Black-throated
Green Warbler, 3; Blackburnian Warbler, 1; Yellow-throated Warbler, 24; Chestnut-sized
Warbler, 2 ; Bay-breasted Warbler, 1 ; Pine Warbler, 52 ; Prairie Warbler 45 ; Ovenbird, 50 ;
Louisiana Water-Thrush, 17; Kentucky Warbler, 4; Yellow-throat, 42; Yellow-breasted Chat,
46; Hooded Warbler, 50; Am. Redstart, 63; House Sparrow, 409; Bobolink, 25; Com-
mon Meadowlark, 73, Red-winged Blackbird, 210; Orchard Oriole, 5; Baltimore Oriole,

1 ; Purple Grackle, 30 ; Common Cowbird, 4 ; Scarlet Tanager, 29 ; Summer Tanager, 32 ;
Cardinal, 197; Rose-breasted Grosbeak, 5; Blue Grosbeak, 4; Indigo Bunting, 11; Dickcissel,

2 ; Pine Siskin, 251 ; Am. Goldfinch, 932 ; Eastern Towhee, 167 ; Savannah Sparrow, 1 ;
Grasshopper Sparrow, 15; Bachman’s Sparrow, 2; Chipping Sparrow, 183; Field Sparrow,
86: White-throated Sparrow, 332; Swamp Sparrow, 1; Song Sparrow, 54.

Total Species, 122. Approx, individuals, 6735. — John Carr, Mrs. W. C. Carr, Inez Coldwell,
Evelyn Cole, Mr. and Mrs. F. H. Craft, William H. Craft, Larry A. Crawford, Jr., Dr.
Charlotte Dawley, Mrs. W. S. Holmes, S. Anne Locke, Mrs. Robt. E. McCoy, Mr. and Mrs.
Oscar H. Paris, Jr., Mr. and Mrs. George W. Perrett, Fred Phillips, Mrs. Edith L. Settan
Dr. and Mrs. A. D. Shaftesbury, George A. Smith, William F. Smyre, Hal H. Strickland,
Mrs. Charles M. Swart, Max Thompson, Ethel L. Troy, Mrs. R. H. Weisner, and Thomas E.
Street (Compiler). The Piedmont Bird Club.

Greenville, S. C. (Area centered at Union Bleachery. Pine and deciduous woods 40%,
“edge areas” 55%, ponds and residential 5%), Apr. 30, 6:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m., clear, light
wind ; warm. Eight observers in two parties.

Pied-billed Grebe, 1; Green Heron, 1; Mallard, 2; Black Duck, 2; Blue-winged Teal, 2;
Turkey Vulture, 4 ; Black Vulture, 7 ; Cooper’s Hawk, 1 ; Red-tailed Hawk, 1 ; Broad-winged
Hawk, 2; Osprey, 1; Bob-white, 6; Killdeer, 20; Spotted Sandpiper, 8; Solitary Sandpiper,
10 ; Least Sandpiper, 1 ; Lesser Yellow-legs, 3 ; Mourning Dove, 25+ ; Whip-poor-will, 1 ;
Chimney Swift, 50+ ; Belted Kingfisher. 3; Yellow -shafted Flicker, 12; Pileated Wood-
pecker, 1 ; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 1 ; Red-headed Woodpecker, 1 ; Hairy Woodpecker, 1 ;
Downy Woodpecker, 3 ; Great-crested Flycatcher, 5 ; Eastern Phoebe, 15 ; Wood Pewee, 1 ;
Horned Lark, 2; Tree Swallow, 1; Rough-winged Swallow, 10; Blue Jay, 50; Am. Crow,
10+ ; Carolina Chickadee, 10+ ; Tufted Titmouse, 15+ ; House Wren, 1; Carolina Wren, 15;
Mockingbird, 10; Catbird, 10; Brown Thrasher, 5; Am. Robin, 30+ ; Wood Thrush, 4:
Common Bluebird, 15+ ; Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, 5; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 1; Cedar
Waxwing, 30+ ; Starling, 100+ ; White-eyed Vireo, 3 ; Yellow-throated Vireo, 1 ; Red-
eyed Vireo, 10 ; Black and White Warbler, 1 ; Parula Warbler, 1 ; Yellow Warbler, 2 ;
Cape May Warbler, 1; Black-throated Blue Warbler, 1; Myrtle Warbler, 20+ ; Chestnut-
sided Warbler, 1; Black-poll, 1; Pine Warbler, 1; Prairie Warbler, 10; Louisiana Water-
Thrush. 1 ; Kentucky Warbler, 1 ; Yellow-throat, 10 ; Yellow -breasted Chat, 10+ ; Hooded
Warbler, 2 ; Am. Redstart, 3 ; House Sparrow, 50+ ; Common Meadowlark, 15+ ; Red-
winged Blackbird, 50+ ; Baltimore Oriole, 1 ; Purple Grackle. 20+ ; Scarlet Tanager, 2 ;
Summer Tanager, 5; Cardinal, 20 + ; Blue Grosbeak, 1; Indigo Bunting, 10 + ; Am. Goldfineh,
100: Eastern Towhee, 2; Grasshopper Sparrow, 1; Chipping Sparrow, 75 + ; White-throated
Sparrow, 75 + ; Swamp Sparrow, 2; Song Sparrow, 10 + .

Total, 86 species ; about 800 individuals. Dr. T. E. Coleman, Jimmy Cureton, Ruth Gil-
l-eath, Gladys Hart, Rosa Lee Hart, May Puett, Martha Shuler, and J. B. (Jay) Shuler,
(Compiler). Greenville Bird Club.

Henderson, N. C. (Area same as in Christmas counts, including Lake Lucy, Ruin Creek,
and Satterwhite’s Point), Apr. 30. 6:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Tern. 47° - 77°; fair light NNE
wind. Five observers.

Pied-billed Grebe ; Blue-winged Teal ; Scaup ; Shoveler ; Turkey Vulture ; Black Vulture,
Red-shouldered Hawk: Bob-white; Coot; Killdeer; Spotted Sandpiper; Bonaparte's Gull;
Mourning Dove; Chimney Swift; Ruby-throated Hummingbird; Belted Kingfisher; Yellow-
shafted Flicker; Red-bellied Woodpecker; Red-headed Woodpecker; Hairy Woodpecker;
Downy Woodpecker; Eastern Kingbird; Great-crested Flycatcher; Eastern Phoebe; Rough-

September, 1955 59

winged Swallow; Blue Jay; Am. Crow; Carolina Chickadee; Tufted Titmouse; Brown-
headed Nuthatch; House Wren; Carolina Wren; Mockingbird; Catbird; Brown Thrasher;
Am. Robin; Wood Thrush; Common Bluebird; Blue-gray Gnatcatcher; Ruby-crowned Kinglet;
Golden-crowned Kinglet; Loggerhead Shrike; Starling; White-eyed Vireo ; Yellow-throat-
ed Vireo; Red-eyed Vireo; Black and White Warbler; Golden-winged Warbler; Parula
Warbler; Yellow Warbler; Black-throated Blue Warbler; Myrtle Warbler; Yellow-throated
Warbler; Pine Warbler; Prairie Warbler; Ovenbird ; Louisiana Water-Thrush; Kentucky
Warbler; Yellow-throat; Yellow-breasted Chat; Hooded Warbler; Canada Warbler; Am.
Redstart ; House Sparrow ; Common Meadowlark ; Red-winged Blackbird ; Orchard Oriole ;
Purple Grackle ; Scarlet Tanager ; Summer Tanager ; Cardinal ; Indigo Bunting ; Evening
Grosbeak; Am. Goldfinch; Eastern Towhee; Chipping Sparrow; Field Sparrow; White-
throated Sparrow.

Total, 76 species; individuals not given. (Seen in area, Apr. 27 Blue-winged Warblers;
May 1, Acadian Flycatcher; May 7, Magnolia and Chestnut-sided Warblers, Blue Grosbeak.)
Mesdames : Gary Myers, Brown, McLaurin (Washington, N. C.) and Bachman (Mrs. A. W.)
(compiler). Henderson Bird Club.

Lenoir, N. C. (Area same as in Christmas counts - part of city; brick yard; creek bot-
tom to the SW), May 7, Fair, warm, light wind. Ten observers in 3 parties. 7:30 a.m. to
5:30 p.m.

Canada Goose, 4 (Fred May, et al) ; Blue-winged Teal; Green Heron; Turkey Vulture;
Sharp-shinned Hawk ; Broad-winged Hawk ; Bob-white ; Killdeer ; Spotted Sandpiper ; Soli-
tary Sandpiper; Mourning Dove; Yellow-billed Cuckoo; Whip-poor-will; Nighthawk ;
Chimney Swift; Ruby-throated Hummingbird; Yellow-shafted Flicker; Pileated Wood-
pecker; Red-bellied Woodpecker; Yellow-bellied Sapsucker ; Downy Woodpecker; Eastern
Kingbird; Great-crested Flycatcher; Eastern Phoebe; Acadian Flycatcher; Wood Pewee ;
Horned Lark ; Tree Swallow ; Rough-winged Swallow ; Purple Martin ; Blue Jay ; Am.
Crow; Carolina Chickadee; Tufted Titmouse; White-breasted Nuthatch; House Wren;
Carolina Wren; Sedge Wren; Mockingbird; Catbird; Brown Thrasher; Am. Robin; Wood
Thrush; Olive-backed Thrush: Common Bluebird; Blue-gray Gnatcatcher; Cedar Waxwing;
Loggerhead Shrike; Starling; White-eyed Vireo; Yellow-throated Vireo; Solitary Vireo;
Red-eyed Vireo; Black and White Warbler; Parula Warbler; Yellow Warbler; Cape May
Warbler; Myrtle Warbler; Yellow-throated Warbler; Chestnut-sided Warbler; Pine Warb-
ler; Prairie Warbler; Oven-bird; Yellow-throat; Yellow-breasted Chat; Hooded Warbler;
Canada Warbler; Am. Redstart; House Sparrow; Bobolink; Eastern Meadowlark; Red-
winged Blackbird ; Orchard Oriole ; Purple Grackle ; Common Cowbird ; Scarlet Tanager ;
Summer Tanager ; Cardinal ; Rose-breasted Grosbeak ; Blue Grosbeak ; Indigo Bunting ;
Evening Grosbeak; Pine Siskin; Am. Goldfinch; Eastern Towhee; Grasshopper Sparrow;
Chipping Sparrow ; Field Sparrow ; White-crowned Sparrow ; White-throated Sparrow ;
Swamp Sparrow ; Song Sparrow.

Total, 93 species ; no individual count. Miss Margaret Harper, Mrs. C. S. Warren, Mr.
and Mrs. B. F. Williams, Mrs. Fred May, Dr. James Taylor, Mrs. J. B. Bernard, Tom
Parks, J. T. Ingram, and Fred May (compiler). Lenoir Bird Club.

Winston-Salem, N. C. (area same as in Christmas counts), Apr. 30, 5 a.m. to 8:00 p.m.;
Fair, temp. 55° - 77°; wind 0-20 mph. N & NE ; 12 observers; parties and coverage not
given.

Great Blue Heron, 1 ; Green Heron, 3 ; Blue-winged Teal, 2 ; Turkey Vulture, 7 ; Black
Vulture, 2 ; Cooper’s Hawk, 1 ; Red-tailed Hawk, 2 ; Red-shouldered Hawk, 1 ; Broad-winged
Hawk, 2 : Bob-white, 12 : Killdeer, 9 ; Wilson’s Snipe, 1 ; Spotted Sandpiper, 1 ; Solitary
Sandpiper, 3 ; Lesser Yellow-legs, 1 ; Ring-billed Gull, 1 ; Mourning Dove, 130 ; Whip-poor-
will, 4 ; Chimney Swift, 200 ; Ruby-throated Hummingbird, 7 ; Belted Kingfisher, 1 ; Yellow-
shafted Flicker, 18 ; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 1 ; Red-headed Woodpecker, 6 ; Hairy Wood-
pecker, 2 ; Downy Woodpecker, 7 ; Eastern Kingbird, 14 ; Great-crested Flycatcher, 7 ;
Eastern Phoebe, 25 ; Acadian Flycatcher, 12 ; Wood Pewee, 9 ; Horned Lark, 2 ; Tree
Swallow, 5 ; Rough-winged Swallow, 43 ; Barn Swallow, 2 ; Purple Martin, 10 ; Blue Jay,
57 ; Am. Crow, 49 ; Carolina Chickadee, 22 ; Tufted Titmouse, 19 ; White-breasted Nut-
hatch, 18 ;' Brown-headed Nuthatch, 1; House Wren, 17; Carolina Wren, 32; Mockingbird,
52: Catbird, 76: Brown Thrasher, 25: Am. Robin, 500: Wood Thrush, 66; Olive-backed
Thrush, 1 ; Common Bluebird, 85 ; Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, 18 ; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 3 ;
Cedar Waxwing, 88; Loggerhead Shrike, 3; Starling, 1500; White-eyed Vireo, 11; Yellow-
throated Vireo, 11; Solitary Vireo, 1; Red-eyed Vireo, 55; Black and White Warbler, 7;
Worm-eating Warbler, 2; Parula Warbler, 3; Yellow Warbler, 9; Cape May Warbler, 7;
Black-throated Blue Warbler, 5 ; Myrtle Warbler, 52 ; Black-throated Green Warbler, 5 ;

60

The Chat

Yellow-throated Warbler, 25 ; Chestnut-sided Warbler, 4 ; Pine Warbler, 7 ; Prairie Warb-
ler, 20 ; Oven-bird, 25 ; Louisiana Water-Thrush, 2 ; Yellow-throat, 30 ; Yellow-breasted
Chat, 32 ; Hooded Warbler, 7 ; Canada Warbler, 2 ; Am. Redstart, 80 ; House Sparrow, 150 ;
Eastern Meadowlark, 49; Red-winged Blackbird, 115; Orchard Oriole, 6; Rusty Blackbird,
10 ; Purple Grackle, 22 ; Common Cowbird, 8 ; Scarlet Tanager, 2 ; Summer Tanager, 9 ;
Cardinal, 108 ; Rose-breasted Grosbeak, 4 ; Blue Grosbeak, 18 ; Indigo Bunting, 17 ; Purple
Finch, 2; Pine Siskin, 75; Am. Goldfinch, 125; Eastern Towhee, 42; Savannah Sparrow,
4; Grasshopper Sparrow, 23; Vesper Sparrow, 1; Slate-colored Junco, 2; Chipping Spar-
row, 67 ; Field Sparrow, 80 ; White-crowned Sparrow, 2 ; White-throated Sparrow, 80 ;
Swamp Sparrow, 2 ; Song Sparrow, 11.

Total, species 106; about 4725 individuals. Mrs. W. R. Budlong, Barbara (Mrs. Ed.)
Kissam, Mr. and Mrs. A. M. McLean, Charles M. Frost, Doris (Mrs. T. W.) Simpson, Dr.
and Mrs. M. P. Spencer, James L. Stephenson, and Compilers: Dr T. W. Simpson and
R. W. Witherington. Winston-Salem Bird Club.

Wilmington, N. C. (same area as in Christmas counts) Apr. 23; temp. 62° - 85°; 6:00
a.m. to 6 :00 p.m. ; very high wind, 30 - 40 mph. Twenty-three observers in 9 parties. Total
party hours 104 (41 on foot, 63 by car), total party miles 290 (45 on foot, 245 by car).

Pied-billed Grebe, 5 ; Brown Pelican, 8 ; Gannet, 3, (Comeau & S. Baker) ; Double-crested
Cormorant, 104; Anhinga, 5; Magnificent Frigate-bird, 1, (Appleberry, C. M. Allen); Great
Blue Heron, 16 ; Common Egret, 42 ; Snowy Egret, 53 ; Tricolored Heron 6 ; Little Blue
Heron, 11 ; Green Heron, 11 ; Black-crowned Night Heron, 7 ; Am. Bittern, 1 ; Black Duck,
2; Am. Widgeon, 1; Wood Duck, 2; Greater Scaup, 2, (S. Baker) ; Lesser Scaup, 3;
Bufflehead, 4 ; Red-breasted Merganser, 1 ; Turkey Vulture, 2 ; Black Vulture, 1 ; Sharp-
shinned Hawk, 2; Red-tailed Hawk, 1; Bald Eagle, 2; Marsh Hawk, 1; Osprey, 31; Spar-
row Hawk, 3 ; Bob-white, 18 ; Turkey, 1 (L. G. Sprunt) ; King Rail, 1 ; Clapper Rail, 5 ;
Florida Gallinule, 1 ; Coot, 11 ; Oyster-catcher, 15 ; Piping Plover, 4, (Comeau) ; Ringed
Plover, 8 ; Thick-billed Plover, 1 ; Killdeer, 6 ; Black-bellied Plover, 81 ; Ruddy Turnstone,
2 ; Am. Woodcock, 1, (Comeau) ; Hudsonian Curlew, 11 ; Spotted Sandpiper, 2 ; Solitary
Sandpiper, 1 ; Willet, 28 ; Greater Yellow-legs, 21 ; Lesser Yellow-legs, 7 ; Knot, 6, (Com-
eau) ; Dunlin, 2000 est ; Dowitcher, 14 ; Sanderling, 5 ; Herring Gull, 206 ; Ring-billed Gull,
275; Laughing Gull, 38; Bonaparte’s Gull, 1; Forster’s Tern, 2; Common Tern, 3; Least
Tern, 238; Royal Tern, 74; Caspian Tern, 2; Black Tern, 4, (Mebane) ; Black Skimmer,
752 : Mourning Dove, 60 : Yellow-billed Cuckoo, 3 : Screech Owl, 1 ; Great Horned Owl, 1 ;
Barred Owl, 3 ; Chuck-wills-widow, 7 ; Nighthawk, 1 ; Chimney Swift, 27 ; Ruby-throated
Hummingbird, 3 ; Belted Kingfisher, 7 ; Yellow-shafted Flicker, 29 ; Pileated Woodpecker,
4 ; Red-bellied Woodpecker, 24 ; Red-headed Woodpecker, 14 ; Hairy Woodpecker, 4 ; Downy
Woodpecker, 9 ; Red-cockaded Woodpecker, 4 ; Eastern Kingbird, 32 ; Great-crested Fly-
catcher, 46 ; Eastern Phoebe, 1 ; Acadian Flycatcher, 4 ; Wood Pewee, 15 ; Tree Swallow.
123; Rough-winged Swallow. 10; Barn Swallow, 188; Purple Martin, 132; Blue Jay 156;
Am. Crow, 103 ; Fish Crow, 29 ; Carolina Chickadee, 40 ; Tufted Titmouse, 52 ; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 2; Brown-headed Nuthatch, 28; House Wren, 3; Carolina Wren, 54;
Marsh Wren, 2 ; Mockingbird, 98 ; Catbird, 35 ; Brown Thrasher, 68 ; Am Robin, 6 ; Wood
Thrush, 20 ; Common Bluebird, 26 ; Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, 43 ; Golden-crowned Kinglet,
2 ; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 1 ; Cedar Waxwing, 67 ; Loggerhead Shrike, 9 ; Starling, 47 ;
White-eyed Vireo, 41; Yellow-throated Vireo, 16; Red-eyed Vireo, 35; Philadelphia Vireo, 1,
(C. M. Allen); Black and White Warbler, 1; Pi’othonotary Warbler, 27; Orange-crowned
Warbler, 1, (Mebane) ; Parula Warbler, 109 ; Yellow Warbler, 1, (Bill James) ; Myrtle
Warbler, 208 ; Black-throated Green Warbler, 2 ; Yellow-throated Warbler, 70 ; Pine Warb-
ler, 34 ; Prairie Warbler, 60 ; Palm Warbler, 1 ; Kentucky Warbler, 1 ; Yellow-throat,
27 ; Yellow-breasted Chat, 12 ; Hooded Warbler, 11 ; House Sparrow, 145 ; Common Meadow-
lark, 49 ; Red-winged Blackbird, 381 ; Orchard Oriole, 42 ; Baltimore Oriole, 1 ; Boat-tailed
Grackle, 95 ; Purple Grackle, 70 ; Common Cowbird, 50 ; Summer Tanager, 44 ; Cardinal,
101 ; Blue Grosbeak, 4 ; Indigo Bunting, 6 ; Painted Bunting, 15 ; Am. Goldfinch, 30 ; Eastern
Towhee. 104 ; Ipswich Sparrow, 1, (Bill James) ; Savannah Sparrow, 17 ; Vesper Sparrow,
1 ; Bachman’s Sparrow, 12 ; Chipping Sparrow, 30 ; Field Sparrow, 5 ; White-throated
Sparrow, 110; Swamp Sparrow, 6.

Total, 154 species ; individuals about 7,950. Mr. and Mrs. Clarence E. Allen (Washing-
ton, D. C.), Cecil Appleberry, Mary Baker, Sam Baker, Barney Barnhill, Clifford Comeau,
Lt. Carl Dunkel, Marie Glisson, Walter Grist, Lt. Bill James, Harry Latimer, Jr., Ruth
Leman, Polly Mebane, Maj. Van Reid, Peggy Rose, Nancy Rose, Marie Vander Schalie,
Laurence Gray Sprunt, June Sprunt, James Sprunt, Jr., Mary Urich, and Edna Appleberry
(compiler). The Wilmington Natural Science Club.

September, 1955

61

HOW TO BLOCK COUNT WATERFOWL

Harold M. Steele

Game Management Agent, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Each year after the waterfowl hunting season closes down in the United
States, a count of the waterfowl left on the continent and coastal waters is
made. Usually this census is conducted in early January over one week. A
sizeable army of observers — federal agents, state wildlife workers, hunters,
ornithologists — work over the waterfowl concentration areas by foot, boat,
canoe and by air. Tabulations of the counts, especially by major fly ways,
give the Federal Government methods for predicting the number of birds
that will return again to nesting grounds. Such information is a part of an
international plan directed at more intelligent management of this valuable
natural resource of ducks, geese, brant and swans.

Volunteer observers are of invaluable assistance in this difficult work.
Many small water areas in the immediate vicinity of interested persons
may be overlooked in the great overall picture because of lack of trained
observers.

The most often heard reason for individuals not participating is, “I
just don’t know how to count a large flock of ducks. By the time I get
started they are gone.”

I shall describe briefly the method that most trained observers use to
flack count waterfowl. Well-trained observers have consistently come close
to complete accuracy in estimating waterfowl flocks in the field as com-
pared to later checks with aerial photos.

We who have, for many years, been actively engaged in census work,
use what is known as the block count method. For the beginner it is sug-
gested that the thumb and forefinger be held up at arms length forming
a U. It is like looking through a rifle sight. Count the number of birds
within this finger-thumb sight area. There may be five, or ten, or multiples
of five or ten waterfowl seen. Quickly note the number of fives or tens
(or hundreds, in the case of large flocks) that pass through or are viewed
by this “sight.” You will be surprised how soon you will automatically
look at a segment of a flock and accurately estimate the niunber of birds
therein, and the number of segments within the flock. Your eyes will
soon become accustomed to picking out these blocks or segments without
the use of the hands at all.

If you have become proficient in recognizing the various species of
waterfowl that you observe, then your work becomes more important.

We, of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, are constantly striving to
improve our methods of coverage of waterfowl counts in the United States.
It is hoped that in the near future Carolina Bird Club members will be-
come an important working part of this great undertaking. Surely out
of a large number of bird observers — gotten into the field by the CBC pro-
gram— there will evolve a substantial hard-core of very proficient observers
willing and able to help in this annual count of waterfowl. — Columbia, S. C.,
July 17, 1955

62

The Chat

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“Blackheads” — so they look from a distance, at rest or in flight. You’re
looking up at them; they’re moving fast. From a plane, you’d see their
top-side pattern. To test your skill at rapid estimation of numbers in a
flock, take fifteen seconds (lenient amount). Block count! How many?
These Ring-necked Ducks were “shot” legally by Jack Dermid on Pea Island
National Wildlife Refuge. He got a permanent trophy.

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>

BACKYARD BIRDING

ANNIE RIVERS FAVER. Department Editor

cY2£‘f

Polly Mebane of Wilmington, N. C. writes that? “Watching birds in a
small feeding area can be a lot of fun and a considerable source of infor-
mation.” At the annual meeting at Winston-Salem, this spring, she re-
ported at length on some of her experiences. From her report, “My first
feeder was a family project and was primarily intended to help amuse
an active five year old boy who needed diversion when the weather would
not permit outdoor play. He dutifully replenished the feeder and kept
the small pan of water filled. He paid close attention to the birds and soon
knew the Blue Jay, Mockingbird, Cardinal and English Sparrow. A Ruby-
crowned Kinglet was his pet bird. This youngster, after ten years, is still
interested in birds. . . .

We tried a window feeder but had to remove it, because a Cardinal and
a Mockingbird insisted on fighting their reflections in the window with
such vigor that we felt their lives were endangered. . . .

Suet, if rendered, seasoned with one-half teaspoon of salt to about a
pound of fat, and then mixed with raw grits, cracked corn and uncooked
oatmeal will be eaten right away. This suet mixture is adaptable for
filling large pine cones. Cones hung by a single wire on a flexible string-
will not be touched by English Sparrows or Starlings. . . .

A real advantage of a small area for observation is the possibility of
comparing size, form, color and some habits, as well as time of feeding
and population changes. . . .

It has been my good fortune and pleasure to identify over ninety species
in our yard, with a few included that flew overhead, such as Night Hawks,
Chimney Swifts, Vultures and gulls.”

M. L. McCrae wrote this gem that appeared in full in the lesser SQAWK
which is published by the Natural History Society of Charleston, S. C. It
is one aspect of “backyard birding” that might lead to CBC members go-
ing barefooted while prowling around the back country (low country ox-
mountains).

“. . . . A cabin stood about a quarter-mile down road with a thin blue
x-ibbon of oakwood smoke rising to freedom from its dark interior and
flii’ting with the zephyrs lazing above the creek at its front. As we stood
by the station wagon discussing the birds we had seen, there came the
loud bang of a solid board shutter. A woman thrust her head from the
window and shouted, ‘Boy, go git dat cow!’

“Just then I heard the whinney of a Screech Owl in the dark woods to
my left, announced it and was subjected to some good-natui*ed ribbing from
nxy fellows who said that I was either dreaming or ‘pulling- their legs.’ It
was then about 8 o’clock and full daylight.

64

The Chat

“As we started to get back in the station wagon the woman shouted
once more, ‘You hear me, boy? Go git dat cow! We all stopped to listen.
The Screech Owl called again: louder this time and distinctly heard by all.
So, in the annual bird census report of the National Audubon Society one
of the species included by us was the Screech Owl.

“Upon further thought and with less enthusiasm for additional species
to swell our record, it is believed the owl should be eliminated. By viewing
the incident in its locale — the gem in its settng — I have concluded that
there was no cow for ‘Boy’ to go get, nor was there any Screech Owl;
rather, a lookout giving the warning signal to the operator of a moon-
shine whiskey still, and his answering, ‘Roger.’ ”

Each spring, I plan to secure the necessary blanks from the National
Audubon Society and make a survey of the breeding birds in my own
backyard. Then I wait until it is too late to get in sufficient number of
observations to meet the requirements. For, in order to make an accepted
report, you actually must SEE the nest with the parents feeding the
young birds within that area. The baby birds I see with their parents on
our feeding trays are not acceptable as records for this nationally-con-
ducted breeding bird survey. With so many more people becoming interest-
ed in bird feeding and bird watching, the standards of acceptable records
have had to be raised. However, it is not easy to tell anyone that he or she
is wrong about the identification of a bird. ... I believe, from the many
birds that I know nest in or near our own backyard, that I could, if I
took the time, get up quite a good survey. — Dept. Editor.

Has your club ever tried selling engagement calendars? This is a neat way to raise funds
for worthwhile projects. An attractive and useful engagement calendar book, replete with
55 reproductions (black and white) of Audubon’s Birds of America and a full colored
Audubon cover, can be obtained from the Grant Hill Publishing Company, 14 Grant Hill
Road, Bloomfield, Conn. Write Mrs. Marjorie P. Gray of this company for fuller details
about special club discounts ; single copies retail for $1.25. Its really not too long before
Christmas.

From an inspection of trees and shrubs in your own backyard, you can

gain some idea of whether or not certain foods, generally available to wild
creatures, will be scarce this fall and winter. From some quarters, there
are indications that the late spring freeze caught many mast-producers
— the pines and nut trees and shrubs, particularly. This “Department”
would be glad to receive your reports on native food plants, especially
those affected seriously by the Spring 1955, freeze. A widespread scarcity
of “mast” this winter could be a serious thing for much wildlife. — Dept
Editor.

Maybe a bit afield of the backyard, but we are delighted to pass on the
word that the Dominick House on Bull’s Island (Cape Romain National
Wildlife Refuge) is probably in operation. Mr. and Mrs. Walter Dawn,
now in charge of the Dominick House, can be reached by telephone via
McClellanville, S. C.

CBC

Correction: The last five lines of the caption under the Purple Sandpiper illustration
(June, 1955, THE CHAT, page 39) should have read as follows: "The end of this groin
dips into the sea, and at that point, along the top or at its base on the beach, these birds
feed, barely beyond reach of the breakers. Tomkins, longtime contributor to the Auk and
other journals, was the first to find Purple Sandpipers wintering in Georgia. That was
during the winter of 1949 and 1950.”

September, 1955

65

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTICES

Our Land is Our Life. Who does not need to know more about conservation
and all this one word stands for? The picture of much conservation effort
in South Carolina is here in this modest volume of 134 pages written by
some two score experts in all related fields and put together by J. M.
Eleazer, Farm Columnist and Clemson College Extension Agent. (Two
CBC members, Gordon Brown and Douglas Wade contributed.)

Written in an easy, understandable style, primarily for teachers to pass
on to students, it is to be hoped that all Carolinians will read it and
familiarize themselves with the major importance of saving what is left
of our state’s natural resources. This book would have been stronger if
it had included a brief for setting aside “natural areas.” This was the
most serious omission.

Our Land is Our Life contains seven chapters covering a brief resume
of outmoded conservation practices, their effect on land and water in
contrast to the efforts and programs of today; then a chapter each on
soil, water, forests, wildlife, minerals and a summing up of the progress
that has been made in South Carolina. A suggested but not too satisfactory
reading list is appended. At the end of each chapter are suggested activi-
ties and lists of questions for use by teachers and nature leaders. Here
is a book that could profitably be used in youth organizations. Both boys
and girls should learn the lessons it teaches early in life.

There are many photographs in black and white, admirably illustrating
the text.

Price $1.50 plus 13<£ postage. This unique book can be purchased from
R. L. Bryan Co., Columbia, S. C.— K.C.S.

The Bird Book — Hausman, Leon A., Arco Publishing Co., New York,
160 pages, 362 black and white illustrations, 16 pages Audubon color prints,
indexed, May 1955. $2.50.

Dr. Hausman has produced an excellent field guide for beginners at a
low price, which should make it a popular introduction to bird life. It is
not a pocket manual, but it is light in weight and can be carried easily
for ready reference on motor trips.

The author, who teaches ornithology at Rutgers University, describes
one member of each bird family, with the idea that recognition of birds
is expedited if the families are learned first.

The captions for the Laughing Gull and the Common Tern on page 11
are reversed. On page 143, Dr. Hausman says of the Painted Bunting,
“Look for this brilliant bird in the chaparral country of the west, and
in cypress swamps.” Its habitat along the Carolina seacoast is not men-
tioned.

The book contains numerous line drawings and photographs (including
one by CBC’s Jack Dermid) of 300 birds common to the United States;
descriptions of plumage; song and habits; and a section of 16 Audubon bird
paintings in color, which may be cut out and framed. A good index com-
pletes the volume. — Robert Overing

North American Birds of Prey by Alexander Sprunt, Jr., has not yet been
received by the editor for full review. But in prospect of fall activities
along the hawk flyways, we feel that many CBC members will wish to
own this new book. It will contain 40 plates in full color by Allan Brooks
on the kites, vultures, accipiters, buteos, eagles, ospreys, caracaras, fal-
cons, and owls. Roger Tory Peterson has done the identification silhouettes.
Harper & Bros, will release this book in October at a probable price of
$5.00 —K.C.S.

66

The Chat

GENERAL FIELD NOTES

Advisory Council : E. B. Chamberlain, Robert Holmes, Jr., Robert Overing,
Thomas W. Simpson, Arthur Stupka, Robert L. Wolff.

Department Editor: B. R. Chamberlain, Route 1, Matthews, N. C.

This department will carry noteworthy data to the extent of the allotted space. Bare
lists of occurrences, unless of special interest, will be held for publication in regional
groupings. All material should be sent to the Department Editor. It may be presented in
final form or subject to re-write. The normal dead-line for any issue is six weeks prior
to the issue date. Data must be complete enough to enable the Council to render decisions.

Distribution of species and populations were certainly abnor-
mal during this past spring and summer in the Carolinas. Some
predictions based upon the hard winter and the very cool June
were regretted. Evening Grosbeaks that found a meager sup-
ply of natural food stayed as long, and in greater numbers
than during the spring of ’52 when natural food was plentiful.
Dickcissels showed up in several places and nested in central
North Carolina. More data to study and more study per datum
is our need.

Evening Grosbeaks. — The 1954-55 irruption of Evening Grosbeaks into
the southeast differed from that of the winter of 1951-52 ( Chat 16 (1):
30) principally in depth of penetration. The southernmost point reached
this past winter, of which we have a record, was North Augusta, S. C.
(apprx., latitude 33.5° N). Also, at least four communities in S. C., re-
ported grosbeaks this time, whereas there was but one occurrence in that
state (Greenville) three winters ago. The recent flight was first noted
Nov. 25, at Chapel Hill, N. C., and the last bird seen, a single female,
was at Raleigh, May 11. In the ’51-’52 flight they reached Greenville, S. C.,
Nov. 18, and remained until May 7 at Chapel Hill, N. C. (That was also
a single female.)

Actually, the grosbeaks came into the region this past winter in three
groups. The first, Nov. 25, the second, Christmas week, and the third in
mid- January. After this, observations were fairly continuous in upper N. C.,
into May. The last male reported was in Rocky Mount, May 5. Also in
this recent flight the birds reached the coast (Wilmington, N. C., 34.3° N).
In the earlier flight they were not reported nearer than 70 miles to the
coast. The total number of grosbeaks wintering in the area must have
been greater this past winter than during the previous flight. Reporting,
however, was spotty as interest waned.

With their noise and appetites for sunflower seed, hospitality and larder
were sorely tried. The following experiences with the ’54-’55 visitation
are taken from notes furnished by T. L. Quay who watched their stay in
Raleigh :

September, 1 955

67

“Evening Grosbeaks were in Raleigh in large numbers from January
to May, 1955. They fed at feeding stations all over central, west, and
north Raleigh. Conservatively estimated there were upward to 1000 birds
distributed among 25 or more places.

“The percentage of full-plumaged adult males was from 20 to 35
percent throughout. No separation was made between females and first
winter males. No moulting from first-winter to breeding plumage was
noticed. At my station, the figures and dates were: Jan. 20, 2 females.
This was the day following the 11 inch slow; Feb. 4, 2; 10th., 7; 18th.,
10; and Feb. 25th., 12. Mar. 6, 20 (7 of them males, two of which remained
until 3:20 p.m. in the rain). Mar. 9, 30; Mar. 15, 45 on feeder, 15 in
trees; Mar. 26 to 28 (hard freeze) birds remained. In Feb., and early Mar.,
the birds fed from a half-hour after first light until noon, but by Mar. 30,
they were staying at feeder until 1:30 p.m. Apr., 17 to 22, there were up
to 75 around, usually 15 to 40 on the feeder at one time, and more in
the pine and maple trees in the yard. There was continual shifting back
and forth between feeder and trees and between my yard and the wooded
stream bottom 200 ft. away. By Apr., 22, they were staying to feed until
2:00 p.m., with a few remaining until 5:00 p.m. On May 5, 40 to 70 were
present; May 6, 30; 7th., 25; 9th., 7; 10th., 5; and May 11th., 1.

“Squabbling and beak tusseling increased in late April. Several courtship
displays and flights were seen then. The birds roosted in some unknown
place to the north of our place. Seven individuals at my feeder had com-
binations of aluminum or aluminum and colored leg bands. On Apr. 30,
I collected one of these banded birds — an adult female. The band bore the
No. 53-10266. \From F. & W. Service records, courtesy of Chandler Robbins,
this band was placed Apr. 26, 1953, at Lexington, Mass., by Parker C.
Reed.- — Dept. Editor.'] Most of the banded birds seen during March and
early April, were not seen later. The bird seen May 11 carried a band
on its left leg.

“I fed 140 pounds of sunflower seed. Increased quantities of feed brought
more birds. They would not take shelled salted peanuts. Nor would they
take corn, wheat, cracked corn, or small seeds. They were not seen to take
natural foods.”

Space only permits listing the localities where grosbeaks were seen. We
are grateful for the notes contributed. In North Carolina: Ashville, Black
Mt. Gap, Chapel Hill, Charlotte, Durham, Elkin. Fayetteville, Henderson,
Lenoir, Newfound Gap, New London, North Wilkesboro, Pinnacle Gap,
Raleigh, Rocky Mount, Salisbury, Troy, Tryon, Tuxedo and Wilmington.
In South Carolina: Columbia [Seen until Apr. 26 — Charles Simons], East-
over, North Augusta, Swansea. — Dept. Editor.

Breeding Dickcissels at Winston-Salem.— On the afternoon of May 22,
1955, my husband and I were birding along one of the roads of the For-
syth County Farm, which is about eight miles north of Winston-Salem.
We had stopped the car to check several birds perching on a telephone wire
by the road when it was my good fortune to observe a Dickcissel. The bird,
an adult male in brilliant breeding plumage, was perching on the wire sing-
ing vigorously. I had observed these birds in the Mississippi valley in the
summer of 1941 and immediately recognized it, though I was considerably
surprised. When we approached the bird, it fluttered a few feet and lit
again on the wire, continuing to sing. We were able to get within about
fifteen feet as the bird did not seem inclined to leave. It was then that my
husband found the female sitting in the wheat field beyond the road. In
the light of this discovery, the actions of the male presented a more in-
triguing aspect. We began to look for a nest. However, it was a week
later that James L. Stephenson found the nest in a meadow on the oppo-
site side of the road from the wheat field. It was tucked away in a slight
depression in the ground under a large plant of Queen Anne’s Lace and
was a flat cup with inside dimensions of 2V2 inches diameter and 2 inches
depth. It was lined with fine grasses, with the exterior composed of coarser
grasses, wheat blades, and a few fragments of leaves. The nest contained

68

The Chat

four clear-blue eggs. During the following week the pair of Dickcissels were
observed by several CBC members from out of town. On June 8, to our
distress, the birds were reported missing and the nest empty with no in-
dication as to the predator. The nest was collected for the N. C. State
Museum. — Doris C. Simpson, Winston-Salem, N. C.

[Prior to 1880, the Dickcissel was known as a fairly common breeder
in the southeastern Atlantic area. Why it left has long been a subject for
discussion.

In 1928 and ’29 a breeding colony was located near Columbia, S. C., and
at Raleigh, a pair was found in 1928. As far as we know, the nest described
above is the first recorded nest in the area since 1928. We have, however,
three interesting reports of occurrences of single males in North Carolina
this 1955 summer: At Laurinburg, E. R. Lyon and family watched a male
Dickcissel at their feeder almost continuously from Feb. 11 through Apr.
15th; Frances M. Covington, at Troy, had a male at her feeder on Apr. 16,
17, and part of the 18th; at Greensboro, Larry A. Crawford, Jr., and
Thomas E. Street found two males about one mile north of Guilford Col-
lege on Apr. 30. They were unable to find them again the following day. —
Dept. Editor .]

Behavior: Sandpiper, Wren, Junco. — This is from Edward Kissam at
Winston-Salem: “In a very hot noon sun, on the dry bed of Salem Lake,

Sept. 28, 1955, I was watching two Pectoral Sandpipers feeding near a

small run of water about two feet wide and one or two inches deep when
two Solitary Sandpipers circled the area several times and settled down
near the edge of the stream. The newcomers immediately began to run

back and forth along the stream and to leap into the air, settling back

in about the same place. I noticed that a brown, mottled, snake about two
feet long was trying to crawl out of the stream but was being intimi-
dated and herded back by the birds. [Identification of snake not made. —
Editor .] This continued for about five minutes, with the snake trying
many times to leave the water but each time bemg thwarted by the birds
which would run along near the snake and flutter their wings but not
actually peck it. While this was going on, the two Pectoral Sandpipers
walked deliberately over to within about three feet of the fracas and stood
watching, apparently quite interested. The snake finally gave up its efforts
and lay still in the stream. After a minute of this, the four Sandpipers
walked calmly away and began feeding. I watched from 25 feet with 7X
binoculars.”

This is from Mrs. A. B. Hurt, Jefferson, N. C., dated May 22, 1955: “A
few weeks ago I found a Carolina Wren flying in the house. Some days
later, in doing a little cleaning in our big living room, rarely used in win-
ter, I saw, under the south window, leaves and sticks, and right up over
the window, resting on the drapery rod a nearly completed bird nest! As
I turned around a Carolina Wren came doivn the chimney with more
building material. In a few minutes, she left by the same route. I saw this
repeated a couple of times. Then I lost track of her until one day I ran
the shade up and the wren popped out of the nest and scolded me soundlv.
Later, I brushed against the drapes and baby wrens poked their heads
out, mouths wide open. Now they are gone. I think she got them out
through a small hole in the corner of a broken window pane.”

This is from Frank Meacham, State Museum, Raleigh: “The writer
and some friends were attempting to open the fishine- season Mar. 18,
1955, when this rather singular bit of behavior by a Slate-colored Junco
was observed. At about 9:30 p.m., a bird tried to enter the lighted room of
our camp on the banks of Black River near Curry (Pender County) N. C.
One of the party went to the window and opened it, and the junco, appear-
ing unafraid, came in and spent the night. It left early in the morning.
An off-handed explanation is offered that perhaps an owl was chasing the
junco and man created less fear than the owl.” [Such an “hypothesis”
would indicate the bird had the ability to reason or discern relative values.
There must be another explanation.— D.E.W. , Editor.]

September, 1955

69

Depredation at a Breeding Colony. — This spring on May 1, Edwin Blitch
and I visited Penny Dam, the beautiful backwater deep in the woods of
Fairlawn Plantation in Charleston County, where White Ibises were first
found nesting in South Carolina (1922). We counted more than 150 nests
of Little Blue Herons; about 30 nests of Black-crowned Night Herons; 15
nests of the Common Egret; 18 nests of the Anhinga, and a half dozen
nests of Snowy Egrets. There were also nests of Prothonotary Warblers.

Some of the nests were in the final stages of construction, but the
majority held eggs. On May 8, we again visited the backwater and as we
reached the bank we sensed something wrong. Working from our boat we
found nest after nest empty. The dark water was littered with feathers
and broken egg shells. Those eggs remaining in the nests were punctured;
large gaping holes in their sides.

As we rounded a turn in the backwater, half a dozen crows, emitting
raucous caws, flew from several low nests. They were the culprits.

The scene was one of desolation. We found that the Anhingas had been
wiped out and only a handful of the Black-crowned and Little Blues nests
remained intact. We had seen depredation wrought by crows, but never
on so large a scale. Here, more than 200 nests had been raided and an
estimated 600 eggs gobbled up.

We revisited the site May 25th. The hardy Anhingas were rebuilding. A
few of the other nests held young. The crows were still cawing from the
large trees that border the water course. — Ernest Cutts, Charleston, S. C.,
June 25, 1955.

European Widgeon at North Wilkesboro. — On April 24, 1955, a European
Widgeon was seen on Reddies’ River, one mile north of North Wilkesboro,
N. C. It was at the upper end of the pond formed by the dam which pro-
vides the town’s water supply. The bird was observed through 7X50 bino-
culars at a distance of 100 yards. Gray back and reddish-brown head and
buffy crown were plainly seen. Sitting on the water close to shore, the
bird remained quiet for several minutes. When I attempted to approach
nearer, the bird took off and was not seen again. — Wendell P. Smith,
North Wilkesboro, N. C. July 7, 1955

European Teal at Pea Island Refuge. — Writing from Norfolk, Va., Apr. 11,
P. W. Sykes reports that while on a birding trip on Apr. 3, 1955, he,
F. C. Richardson, and P. Duliney saw a European Teal (Anas crecca).
“The bird was seen near the Oregon Inlet Coast Guard Station, just inside
the Pea Island Refuge, with a group of Green-winged Teal and a couple
of Baldpates. There was an excellent comparison of the size and markings
of the European Teal with those of the Green-winged Teal. The white stripe
on the side was very distinct. The bird was seen in good light with 7x35
binoculars.” The European Teal is accidental along the eastern coast of
the United States. There are very few records for either of the Carolinas.
— Dept. Ed.

Florida Gallinule in the Great Smokies. — In coming down from New-
found Gap to Cherokee, on the North Carolina side of the Smokies (Hwy.
441) on Apr. 28, 1955, and while still at an altitude of about 4500 ft.
I saw a large slate-colored bird dead on the highway. Not being able to
identify it while passing, I got out of my car and found that it was a
Florida Gallinule. The bird, while still very fresh, was in bad shape, having
been squashed. — Ellison A. Williams, Charleston, S. C.

Grounded Starlings. — Rocky Mount, N. C., Aug. 27, 1954. For the past
several weeks a flock of thousands of Starlings, with a few hundred grackles,
have been using some twenty oaks and a few pines as a night roost over on
the Edgecombe County side of town. Ed Vann, who lives on one of the lots
they frequent, told me of an unusual observation he made on Aug. 2nd.
That night just after sundown, there blew up quite a storm, knocking out
electric lines and blowing over trees. He tried to beat the rain home but when
he reached his drive it was raining so hard he decided to wait in his car a
while. A bird struck his car and he was able to see, as lightning flashed, that

70

The Chat

the starlings had come out of the trees and were covering' the lawn under
the trees. When he was finally able to run to the house he had to be careful
to avoid stepping on some of them. After the storm the birds were in the
trees again. Or so he presumed. They were not on the ground. J. W. E.
Joyner. (E. R. Lyon, at Laurinburg, Dec. 9, 1954, witnessed a somewhat
similar performance by Red-winged Blackbirds “Thousands and thousands
of them were perched on tall rush stalks when a light spatter of rain began.
With a loud “swooch” they went down into the grass and out of sight. A
little later they were up on the stalks again. — Dept. Ed.).

Winter Record of an Indigo Bunting. — An extended wintertime visit of an
Indigo Bunting to a feeding station on the lower South Carolina coast was
reported by Mrs. Paul L. Atwood. The bird, a moulting' male, appeared at
her feeder on Edisto Island, Colleton Co., on Dec. 31, ’54, and was watched
daily through Jan. 6, ’55. Mrs. Atwood’s detailed description of the bird s
plumage and behavior follows, in part: Color mottled brown and peacock
blue. The head, back and wings were a soft brownish color, the top of
the head being a little darker. There was blue on the shoulders and the wing
edges were blue. Also, the tail was blue with darker blue edges. The breast
was mottled (faintly striped or speckled) brown and blue (it actually ap-
peared brown on blue) with a large spot of brilliant blue showing through
the center of the breast. When the wings were open the back underneath
seemed blue. When the wind ruffled its feathers, they appeared brown
on the ends and blue underneath. The bill was light in color. The legs
were dark, the eyes, black. At first it ate on the ground but during the
last few days of its stay, it ate at the feeder. It was not observed bathing
or drinking. It was frequently in the company of White-throated Sparrows
and occasionally it drove them away. The bunting- was not as easily fright-
ened as the White-throats were. Mrs. Atwood’s report is unusual in two
respects. The bird was behind schedule by months, in migration and in
state of moult. — Dept. Ed.

BRIEFS FOR THE FILES

Common Loon, 1. May 30, Inland Waterway near Wilmington, followed closely in boat
by Mr. and Mrs. Cecil Appleberry and Mr. and Mrs. Harry Latimer, Jr. Wood Ibis, 1
flew up creek back of Pawley’s Island (Georgetown Co.) June 29. The first noted this sum-
mer, Mrs. Clyde Sisson. Old Squaw, 1 male in company of female Bufflehead, Salem Lake,
Winston-Salem, Mar. 5, Edward Kissam. Black Rail, 2, East Lake near Alligator River,
Dare County, N. C., watched for short time on mud bank Apr. 9, an early date, Larry A.
Crawford, Jr. Mourning Dove, nest, 2 eggs, 5 mi., S of Raleigh, Mar. 7, Murray Allen.
Ground Dove, 1, 1% mi. SW Bethel (Pitt Co.) N. C., May 1, Dr. and Mrs. B. McK. John-
son. Western Kingbird, 1 May 14, Wilmington, Appleberry et al on CBC field trip. Eastern
Phoebe, 1, all during May at Bolivia, N. C., Clifford Comeau. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, 1,
May 15 and 29, North Wilkesboro, Wendell P. Smith. Purple Martin, 1, at Charleston Mar.
8, Ellison Williams. Carolina Wren, much reduced in numbers at Chapel Hill in compari-
son to last four years, W. L. McAtee. Brown Thrasher, nest with 3 eggs, Avondale (Charles-
ton), Apr. 1, Maxwell Anderson [extremely early). Philadelphia Vireo, 1, Apr. 25 and 28,
North Wilkesboro, WPS. Cape May Warblers were strangely absent at North Wilkesboro,
WPS. Bay-breasted Warbler, 1, in city yard, Greenville. S. C., May 30, J. B. Shuler, Jr.
Black-poll Warbler, 2, at New London, May 5, John Trott ; one, in city yard, Charlotte,
May 23, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph R. Norwood. Prairie Warbler, 1, singing Mar. 30, Charleston.
E. B. Chamberlain. Baltimore Oriole, 1, Apr. 21, North Wilkesboro, WPS. Blue Grosbeak.
1, Charlotte city yard Apr. 25, JRN. Purple Finches, abundant at Elkin, last seen May 4.
E M. Hodel. Pine Siskins, plentiful over Piedmont N. C. ; last at Charlotte, May 1G, JRN,
Henslow’s Sparrow, 1, 4 mi. W of North Wilkesboro May 25, WPS. Lark Sparrow, 1, Aug 6,
on rice banks near McCIellanville, S. C. Presumed to be second record of this western species
in the state. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Edwards, Arthur Doyle, KCS. White-crowned Sparrow,
1, North Wilkesboro, May 2, WPS ; 1, Elkin, May 8, EMH. [All dates 1.955.)

September, 1955

71

Founded March 6, 1987 Incorporated August 8, 19 U9

The Carolina Bird Club is an incorporated association for the study and
conservation of wildlife, particularly birds, in the Carolinas. Founded in
1937 as the North Carolina Bird Club, it was joined in 1948 by several
South Carolina natural history clubs and the name changed to the Carolina
Bird Club. In addition to publishing The Chat, the Club also: (1) holds
an annual spring business meeting and a fall dinner meeting, (2) conducts
club-wide field trips to places of outstanding ornithological interest, (3)
sponsors Christmas and Spring Bird Censuses by local groups, (4) encour-
ages original research and publication, (5) aids in the establishment of
local clubs and sanctuaries, (6) takes an active interest in conservation
legislation, (7) cooperates with State and Federal agencies, and (8) fur-
nishes information and speakers to interested groups whenever possible.

The Carolina Bird Club, Inc., is a non-profit educational and scientific
organization with no paid personnel. Dues, contributions, and bequests to
the Club are deductible from State and Federal income and estate taxes.

MEMBERSHIP

Membership is open to anyone interested in birds, wildlife, and out-of-
doors. The annual dues for the classes of membership are:

Regular $1.00 Contributing $25.00

Supporting $5.00 Affiliated Club $2.00

Life — $100.00 (payable in four consecutive annual installments)

All members not in arrears for dues receive The Chat and the A Tews-
letter. Seventy-five cents of each annual membership fee is applied as the
annual subscription to The Chat. Checks should be made payable to the
Carolina Bird Club, Inc. Application blanks may be obtained from the
Treasurer, to whom all correspondence regarding membership should be
addressed.

The activities of the Club and the coverage of The Chat will grow in
amount and quality as increased funds become available. Prompt payment
of dues and the securing of new members are vital contributions open to
everyone.

OFFICERS FOR 1955-1956

President : Miss May Puett, Box 2183, Greenville, S. C.

Vice-Presidents : Robert Overing, Rt. 4, Raleigh, N. C.; Linville Hendren,
Elkin, N. C.; Douglas E. Wade, 3403 Duncan St., Columbia, S. C.
Secretary: Mrs. George C. Potter, 2111 Malvern Rd., Charlotte 7, N. C.
Treasurer : W. L. Hamnett, 2809 Kittrell Dr., Raleigh, N. C.

Executive Committee: Composed of Officers, Editors and the following-
four elected Members-at-large : B. R. Chamberlain, Matthews, N. C.;
Leon Ballance, Lake Landing, N. C.; Dr. Charlotte Dawley, W.C.U.N.C.,
Greensboro, N. C. ; T. M. Simpson, Winston-Salem, N. C.

Newsletter Editor: Fred H. May, 211 Beall Street, Lenoir, N. C.

THE CHAT

Published by The Carolina Bird Club, Inc. Devoted to the publication of
scientific and popular information on the birds and other wildlife of the
Carolinas.

Editor: Kay Curtis Sisson, 1430 Wellington Drive, Columbia 4, S. C.
Co-editor: Annie Rivers Faver, Eastover, S. C.

Associate Editors: B. R. Chamberlain, Ernest Cutts, Harry Davis, Jack
Dermid, James Mattocks, Thomas W. Simpson, Douglas Wade, Fred H. May.

Distribution Office: N. C. State Museum, Box 2281, Raleigh, N. C.

The Chat is published quarterly in March, June, September, and December as the official
bulletin of the Carolina Bird Club, Inc. Entered as second-class matter on March 14, 1952,
at the Post Office at Raleigh, N. C., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Subscription price
to non-members: $1.00 per volume. Single copies: 30 cents. Correspondence about changes
of address and back numbers should be sent to Mr. Harry Davis, N. C. State Museum,
Raleigh, N. C. Please notify the Distribution Office immediately of change of address.
Subscriptions should be made payable to the Carolina Bird Club, Inc., and sent to the
Treasurer.

CONTENTS

President’s Page 73

The Birds in Lawson’s “New Voyage to Carolina”, 1707.

(First Installment.) W. L. McAtee 74

Book Reviews

North American Birds of Prey by Alexander Sprunt, Jr., Reviewed by Kay Sisson 78

Bird Houses, Baths and Feeding Shelters by Edmund J. Sawyer

Reviewed by Kay Sisson 78

The Breeding Bird Census. Wendell P. Smith 79

Christmas Counting in Wilmington, N. C. Edna Lanier Appleberry 82

Revised Rules for Christmas Counts. B. R. Chamberlain 83

General Field Notes. B. R. Chamberlain, Editor 84

Feeding of Certain Herons and Egrets Other Than Cattle Egret with
Cattle. Alexander Sprunt, Jr. 84

Remarkable Flight of Wood Ibises. Linv'.lle Hendren 85

Small Canada Geese. Robert L. Wolff 85

A 1950 Bridled Tern Record for South Carolina. Edxvard von Siebokl Dingle . . 87

Early Whip-poor-will. T. L. Quay 87

Brown-headed Nuthatch Uses Nest-Box. T. L. Quay . 87

Behavior: Shrike. Joseph R. Norwood 88

Lark Sparrow. Kay Sisson 88

Membership List, Carolina Bird Club, July, 1955 89

Cover Photograph — Henslow’s Sparrow by Ivan Tomkins

72

The Chat

PRESIDENT'S PAGE

It was a great inspiration to meet with the Tennessee Ornithological
Society at Fontana for the fall field trip. They brought good will, good
fellowship, good ornithologists and the Tennessee Warblers in numbers. We
also had the Carolina Wren. Mr. Lawrence C. Kent, president, expressed
appreciation of the invitation to his group, and it was a very happy occasion.
He extended an invitation for us to meet with his group in the spring,
which we would very much like to do.

In meeting with the Tennessee group, we learned of their conservation
work and how they are striving to improve all phases. They are encouraged
all along the line by Dr. Mayfield and Mr. Albert F. Ganier, outstanding
ornithologists. The work being done by Mr. Arthur Stupka, Great Smoky
Mountains park naturalist, and his commission is fine testimony of the
increasing conservation program. It is good to know that all wildlife and
vegetation is protected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, as
well as in other parks throughout the United States.

In order to improve and spread the education and work of conservation,
we need to continue to enroll new members in the work. Mr. Harry Davis
states that we can carry 1500 members as economically as 1200. Let’s get
busy and add the extra numbers to our membership. I wish we could explain
to the uninitiated how much fun it is to get out among the creations of
nature and relax and enjoy it.

I hope we can start a campaign for endowment funds. Mi1. Ellison Wil-
liams, 27 Limehouse St., Charleston, S. C., will welcome all funds. Wouldn’t
you like to make a contribution in memory of some loved one? Think about it.

Our mid-winter meeting will be held at Bull’s Island, or Mount Pleasant,
S. C., and this should be a rewarding meeting so far as waterbirds are
concerned. The annual meeting will be held in Charlotte with the Mecklen-
burg Bird Club in charge. The date is March 24 at the Barringer Hotel, and
a fine program has already been planned. Be sure to make plans to attend.
Mrs. G. C. Potter and Mrs. Hilda Gate Simons are working hard to have a
good meeting.

I hope all regional leaders are working with their groups very success-
fully. Encouraging reports are reaching me. New members are being added
to the local clubs and also to Carolina Bird Club.

It was quite a thrill to go to Newfound Gap from the Fontana Meeting
and see the Crossbills. Miss Margaret Harper of Lenoir, took a box of salt
and threw it on the ground and the birds came up and ate it. Mr. Stupka
had given us information that they were there and could be seen without
much delay.

I hope some concerted effort can be made in the future to protect migrat-
ing birds against ceilometers, where so many have been uselessly killed.

May W. Puett

December, 1955

73

THE BIRDS IN LAWSON’S
“NEW VOYAGE TO CAROLINA ”, 1709

W. L. McAtee

When the early natural history of the Carolinas is considered, Mark
Catesby, with his lavishly illustrated quartos of 1731 and 1743, is likely to
be thought of as first in the field, but John Lawson preceded him in residence
in the country and in publication on its natural history, and gave more
attention to divisions of the subject other than birds. His work, published in
London in 1709, was entitled “A New Voyage to Carolina; Containing The
Exact Description and Natural History of That Country: Together with
the Present State thereof. And A Journal Of a Thousand Miles, Travel' d
thro ’ several Nations of Indians. Giving a particular Account of their
Customs, Manners, &c.” It included 262 pp., one plate, and one folded map.
He reviewed the agriculture of the country and presented annotated lists
of the plants, mammals, “insects” (reptiles), birds, fish, and shellfish.

The period covered by his book was the years 1700 to 1708. He said, “I not
only survey’d the Sea-Coast and those Parts which are already inhabited by
the Christians, but likewise view’d a spatious Tract of Land, lying betwixt
the Inhabitants and the Ledges of Mountains, from whence our noblest
Rivers have their Rise, running towards the Ocean, where they water as
pleasant a Country as any in Europe.” [p. iv.]

There is only one journal of travel in the book, covering an expedition
from Charleston to Bull’s Island, then along the Santee and Catawba Rivers,
South Carolina, and passing near the sites of the present Salisbury, High
Point, and Hillsboro, North Carolina, thence eastward to the lower Pamlico
River. The localities mentioned in the Journal have been checked with notes
on the Indian Tribes he visited, in the Handbook of American Indians (U. S.
Bureau of Ethnology, 4th impression, 1912). He left Charleston, December
28, 1700, but shortly thereafter, the dates in the Journal are hard to follow.
One in the margin, “September 5, 1700”, obviously is in error; it should be
about January 11, 1701. Weather phenomena mentioned by him more or less
corroborate the admittedly rough chronology I have worked out. Question
marks indicate the tentative nature of some of the dates. The trip ended
early in March 1701, and was in the neighborhood of 550 miles in length.
The 1000 miles, claimed on the title-page, must have been calculated as
following meandering of waterways and tortuosities of the trail incident
to foot travel.

At Pamlico he noted, “being well receiv’d by the inhabitants, and pleas’d
with the Goodness of the Country, we all resolv’d to continue.” (p. 60.) This
evidently was his headquarters and he said “I shall confine myself, in the
ensuing Sheets, to give my reader a Description of that Part of the Country
only, which lies betwixt Currituck and Cape-Fair [Fear] . . . And this is
commonly call’d North Carolina (p. 61). Thus direct mention of South Caro-
lina was confined to approximately the first half of the Journal, although
observations made in that State were incorporated in the annotations to
his bird lists. Lawson was killed by Indians in 1712.

74

The Chat

South Carolina Bird Notes from the Journal

Bulls Island, January 2, 1701. “These Parts being very well furnish’d with
Shell Fish . . . and in the Season, good Plenty of Fowl, as Curlews, Gulls,
Gannets, and Pellicans, besides Duck and Mallard, Geese, Swans, leal,
Widgeon, &c.” (p. 9). Due to the probable presence of more than one species
of several of the groups here named, only the gannet, duck and mallaid
(that is, what is now called simply Mallard), and the American Widgeon,
are specifically identifiable.

Lower Santee River, January 4, 1701. He recorded Indians burning cane-
brakes as a means of taking game, including “Turkies”, that is the Eastern
Turkey.

In the neighborhood of the junction of the Congaree and Wateree Riveis
to form the Santee. About January 10, 1701. “we pass d by several laige
Savannah’s . . . plentifully stor’d with Cranes, Geese, &c. and the adjacent
Woods with great Flocks of Turkies.” (p. 16). Probably Sandhill Cranes and
Canada geese; and the Eastern Turkey.

Probably along the Congaree River, January 1701. The Santees gave us
“barbacu’d Turkeys, Bear’s Oil, and Venison.” (p. 25). The next day “the
Indian kill’d 15 Turkeys . . . there coming out of the Swamp (about Sun-
rising) Flocks of these Fowl, containing several hundreds in a Gang, who
feed upon the Acorns, it being most Oak that grow in those Quarters,
(p. 26). Next morning, “our Guide kill’d more Turkeys . . . Some of the
Turkeys which we eat, whilst we stay’d there, I believe, weigh d no less
than 40 Pounds.” (p. 27). “These Congarees have abundance of Storks and
Cranes in their Savannas. They take them before they can fly, and breed
’em as tame and familiar as a Dung-hill Fowl. They had a tame Crane at
one of these Cabins, that was scarce less than six Foot in Height, his Head
being round, with a shining natural Crimson Hue, which they all have,
(p. 29). The estimate of height indicates this may have been a Whooping
Crane; stork was probably merely an alternative word for the same birds.

Winjaw River, perhaps a headwater of what is now called Lynches River,
which empties ultimately into Winyah Bay. January 29, 1701. We saw
several Flocks of Pigeons, Field-Fares, and Thrushes, much like those of
Europe.” (p. 42). Passenger pigeon, and American robin. In Catawba Indian
country, Feb. 1, 1701? “we did not see one Partridge from the Waterees to
this place, tho’ my Spaniel-Bitch, which I had with me in this Voyage, had
put up a great many before.” (p. 44). Bobwhite.

Same country, the next day. We killed “in these Creeks, several Ducks of
a strange kind, having a red Circle about their Eyes, like some Pigeons that
I have seen, a Top-knot reaching from the Crown of their Heads, almost
to the middle of their Backs, and abundance of Feathers of pretty Shades
and Colours . . . Likewise, here is good store of Woodcocks, not so big as
those in England, the feathers of the Breast being of a Carnation-Colour,
exceeding ours for Delicacy of Food.” (p. 44). Wood Duck and American
Woodcock.

Same country, another day later. “We went to shoot Pigeons, which

* Throughout this paper, quotations are often incomplete, but the most
interesting parts of Lawson’s matter are given. The reader must exercise
his own judgment as to the credibility of some of the remarks.

December, 1955

75

were so numerous in these Parts, that you might see many millions in a
Flock; they sometimes split off the Limbs of stout Oaks, and other Trees,
upon which they roost o’ Nights. You may find several Indian Towns, of not
above 17 Houses, that have more than 100 Gallons of Pigeons Oil, or Fat;
they using it with Pulse (p. 44), or Bread, as we do Butter, and making
the Ground as white as a Sheet with their Dung. The Indians take a Light,
and go among them in the Night, and bring away some thousands, killing
them with long Poles, as they roost in the Trees. At this time of the Year,
the Flocks, as they pass by, in great measure, obstruct the Light of the Day.”
(pp. 44-45).

North Carolina Bird Notes from the Journal

Farther on the way to Sapona Town which was near the present Salis-
bury, North Carolina. February 5, 1701? “At Night . . . we saw plenty of
Turkies, but pearch’d upon such lofty Oaks, that our Guns would not kill
them, tho’ we shot very often, and our Guns were very good. Some of our
Company shot several times, at one Turkey, before he would fly away, the
Pieces being loaded with large Goose-shot” (p. 45).

Sapona, that is the Yadkin, River near Salisbury, N. C. “It is beautified
by a numerous Train of Swans, and other sorts of Water-Fowl, not common,
though extraordinary pleasing to the Eye.” (p. 46). Whistling Swan. Same
Feb. 9? He spoke of “The forward Spring”, “the Indians brought in some
Swans, and Geese, which we had our share of.” (p. 48). Same Swan and in
all probability, Canada Geese.

Keyauwee Indian Town, supposed to have been near the present High
Point, Guilford County, N. C. Feb. 13? Wild turkey mentioned as food,
(p. 53).

Approaching Achonechy-Town on the Eno River about the present Hills-
boro, Orange County, N. C. Feb. 17? “great Gangs of Turkies.” (p. 55).

Leaving that town and being stopped by a freshet in the Eno River. Feb.
23? Several Turkeys were killed, (p. 58).

End of the Journal, Pampticough (Pamlico) River, March 3, 1701.

Lower Cape Fear River, N. C. (October 12-December 3, ? 1701. “the
Woods stor’d every where, with great Numbers of Deer and Turkies, we
never going on Shoar, but we saw of each Sort; as also great Store of
Partridges, Cranes, and Conies, in several Places . . . Also in the River
we saw great Store of Ducks, Teal, Widgeon; and in the Woods, great
Flocks of Parrakeeto’s.” (p. 67). “In that time, as our Business call’d us up
and down the River and Branches, we kill’d of wild Fowl, 4 Swans, 10
Geese, 29 Cranes, 10 Turkies, 40 Ducks and Mallards, 3 dozen of Parra-
keeto’s, and 6 dozen of other small Fowls, as Curlues and Plover, & c.”
(p. 73). From this inventory we are assured of the presence at that locality
and time of the following species of birds: Eastern Turkey, Bobwhite,
Sandhill Crane, Carolina Paroquet, Whistling Swan and the Mallard Duck.

In a section on the natural history of Carolina, he says, “This is all that
at present I shall mention, touching the Insects (reptiles), and so go on to
give an account of the Fowls and Birds, that are px*operly found in Carolina,
which are these:”

Birds of Carolina

[A list, pp. 135-137, followed by text, upon which we comment]
Bald-Eagle. Correctly named, with nearly a page of description of appear-

76

The Chat

ance and habits, from which we quote: “The bald Eagle Attends the Gunneis
in Winter, with all the Obsequiousness imaginable, and when he shoots and
kills any Fowl, the Eagle surely comes in for his Bird; and besides, those
that are wounded, and escape the Fowler, fall to the Eagles shaie. He is an
excellent Artist at stealing young Pigs, which Prey he carries alive to his
nest, at which time the poor Pig makes such a Noise over Head, that
Strangers that have heard them cry, and not seen the Bird and his Prey,
have thought there were Flying Sows and Pigs in that Country, (p. 137).

Gray Eagle, doubtless the young of the Bald Eagle, (p. 137).

Fishing-Hawk, the Osprey, which Lawson says “is the Eagle’s Jackal,
which most commonly (though not always) takes his Prey for him. (p. 137).

Turkey-Buzzard. He does not distinguish the species now so-called, from
the Black Vulture, (p. 138).

Herring-tail’d Hawk, the Swallow-tailed Kite. “His Prey is chiefly on
Snakes, and will kill the biggest we have, with a great deal of Dexterity
and Ease.” (p. 138).

Goshawks. As he said, “Goshawks are very plentiful in Carolina.’ (p. 138) ,
the species he meant is not that so-called at the present day.

Falcon, apparently the Peregrine Falcon or Duck Hawk. “I believe they
have their Abode and Nest among the Mountains”, he correctly reported,
(p. 138).

Merlin, possibly an Accipitev, but not identifiable to species, (p. 138).

Sparrow-Hawk, mention of “a blackish Hood by his Eyes,” indicates the

same bird we now call Sparrow Hawk. (p. 138).

Hobbies, may have been Pigeon Hawks, but the record is unceitain.

(p. 139).

Ring-Tail, the Marsh Hawk. (p. 139).

Ravens, the Northern Raven. “I have not seen above six in eight Years
time.” (p. 139).

Crows, there were two species in his territory, so we can not attach a
specific name here. (p. 139).

Black-Birds (two sorts), the descriptions are very imperfect, but it is
certain he saw the Red-winged Blackbird, (p. 139).

Bunting-Larks (two sorts), unidentifiable, (p. 139).

Pheasant, Ruffed Grouse, (p. 139).

Woodcock, the American Woodcock. When we read “that their Breast is of
a Carnation Colour”, we must recall that an old meaning of that phrase
was “flesh color”. When he added “they make a Noise (when they are on
the Wing) like the Bells about a Hawk’s Legs” (p. 139), he gave an original
impression of the flight song that has drawn the ardent attention of some
of our best ornithologists.

Snipes. The American or Wilson’s Snipe, (p. 140).

Partridge. Bobwhite. “They are . . . great Destroyers of the Pease in
Plantations; wherefore, they set Traps, and catch many of them . . . They
might be easily transported to any Place, because they take to eating,
after caught.” (p. 140).

Moorhen, Unidentifiable; hearsay evidence with European overtones.

Jay. Blue jay. “Jays are here common, and very mischievous, in devouring
our Fruit, and spoiling more than they eat.” (p. 140).

[To be continued in a later issue. — Ed.]

December, 1955

77

BOOK REVIEWS

North American Birds of Prey. Alex-
ander Sprunt, Jr., based upon and
supplementary to The Hawks of North
America by John Bichard May, Har-
per & Bros., N. Y., 1955, under the
sponsorship of the National Audubon
Society. 225 pages, color plates by
Allan Brooks and others, with black
and white plates by Roger Tory Peter-
son. $5.00. Foreword by Peterson
gives a brief account of the decline
of raptores “of all birds the finest . . .
like masterworks fo art”. He reempha-
sizes that the day has been long ripe
for men to learn to protect birds of
prey “in the new light shed by recent
ecological research”, lest they be elim-
inated from the earth for all time.

Surely, first of all, the author had in
writing of May’s The Hawks of Noi'th America would help to spread the
need of protection of raptores all over the continent. The problem of getting
such a volume into the hands of those people who need to know the facts,
of course remains major and uppermost. Here is the text with which at least
every member of CBC could not only inform himself but use in helping to
educate others. Birds of prey have a fundamental place in the balance
of wildlife communities.

Sprunt’s introduction is magnificent. It is a thorough discussion of the
critical position in which man has placed the birds of prey. Sportsmen were
once among their worst enemies and many still are. Some are beginning to
change. Ducks Unlimited, for example, makes this significant statement.
“Unless any of them [hawks] are doing harm to you — let them go their
way in peace. They have their place in Nature and have their appeal to all
those who appreciate beauty and adaption to their mode of life. Do not allow
your sympathies for their prey to turn your heart and hand against them.
There is more in this Predator-Prey relationship than meets the eye. Dame
Nature fitted them for their role and she is a wise old Dame and knows what
she is doing. Don’t forget that you, Mr. Man, are the greatest predator of
them all, and a wanton destroyer if ever there was one.”

The design of the book North American Birds of Prey is improved, pin-
pointing May’s prose style. Each species is given with its generic name,
local name or names, a detailed description, nesting data, range and a brief
history of the species, bringing up to date the 20-year period since May’s
publication in 1935. Sprunt adds owls to May’s list of birds of pi'ey. The
colored plates do not compare with those in the older volume, although they
are still excellent. An appendix gives the history by Kenneth Morrison, of
the development of legal protection of birds of prey in Canada and the U. S.

Bird Houses, Baths and Feeding Shelters. Edmund J. Sawyer, Cranbrook
Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. 50<b This little 36 page
bulletin in its fifth edition this summer, is a gem! Full of houses the right
kind for the right species, some illustrated in line drawings, or sketched to
scale, information on the best kinds of materials for construction and where
to place such houses. A paragraph or two on each of the species, not for-
getting the charm and aesthetic value of attracting birds to your home,
enriching your life in the doing; interesting discussions of bird baths and
food stations, completes the pamphlet. Well worth the price. One other item
which might be added in a future revision is a discussion and listing of trees
and shrubbery for suggested planting which furnish natural food for
birds. — Reviews by the Editor.

ALEXANDER SPRUNT, JR.
mind the great hope that the re-

78

The Chat

THE BREEDING BIRD CENSUS

Wendell P. Smith

My experience with population studies goes back to the inception of the
breeding bird census by the U. S. Biological Survey, now U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service. The method then used was to count the singing males on
a known area, being careful to eliminate any frequenting the edges but not
actually nesting within the prescribed limits. This was discontinued after
a few years but later was reinstituted under the auspices of Audubon
Magazine and U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. For fifteen years I submitted
censuses from different habitats in Vermont and these were published in
Audubon Field Notes. When I decided to move to North Carolina, I antici-
pated with pleasure continuing the same work here. I have taken censuses
in two different habitats in the two seasons I have been here, and have a new
interest in new species; a very different plant life; also there are many
other new aspects of environment.

It is difficult to find a uniform habitat but I decided to take an upland
mixed forest on the edge of town (North Wilkesboro). White and Yellow
Pine; White, Post, Red, Spanish, Scarlet, Black, and Black Jack Oak;
Pignut and Shagbark Hickory; Blue Beech; Beech; Tulip; Sassafras; Syca-
more; Red-Bud; Holly; Red Maple; Flowering Dogwood; Black Gum; Sour-
wood; Blue Ash and Black Willow were among the trees. Shrubs included
Blackberries; Poison Ivy; Woodbine; Purple Azalea; Flame-colored Azalea;
Great Laurel; Mountain Laurel and Arrowwood. Among plants especially
attractive to birds I noted Pokeweed and Blue Cohosh.

The tract was delimited by paths and wood roads and was paced
2400 x 800 feet containing approximately forty acres. A brook flowed
through a ravine in the center of the tract and the sides rose in steep
slopes from fifty to one hundred feet. Part of the area had been timbered
off within two years and the larger trees removed. Much brush covered
the ground in places. The remainder of the area was covered with large
second growth, some of the trees two to three feet in diameter.

The present requirements of a breeding bird count are to establish the
“residence” of territorial males. I secured some evidence other than singing-
such as scolding of a pair in restricted territory; an individual carrying
nesting material; the birds carrying food; or hearing and seeing the young-
just before or just after leaving the nest. Thirty to thirty-five hours were
spent in determining the number present.

In 1954 the Acadian Flycatcher, Oven-bird and Red-eyed Towhee led
with five each. Then followed Red-eyed Vireo and Cardinal with four. In
1955 the Cardinal led with six and then came Acadian Flycatcher, Wood
Thrush, Red-eyed Vireo and Oven-bird with five each. In 1954 the Blue
Jay, Carolina Chickadee, Tufted Titmouse, Carolina Wren, Catbird, Ameri-
can Robin, Black and White Warbler, Parula Warbler, Purple Grackle,
Cowbird and Scarlet Tanager were represented by two. In 1955 the Tufted
Titmouse and Carolina Wren increased to three while the Mourning Dove
increased from one to two. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher and Hooded Warbler
were constant with three in both seasons. One Bob-white was present in
1954 but absent the second season as were the two Cowbirds. Yellow-billed

December, 1955

79

Cuckoo, Screech Owl and Pine Warbler were additions of 1955. Species
represented by one in both seasons were Whip-poor-will, Flicker, Downy
Woodpecker, Crested Flycatcher, Wood Pewee, White-breasted Nuthatch,
Yellow-throated Vireo, Yellow-throat, American Redstart and Indigo Bunt-
ing. The Ruby-throated Hummingbird and Red-bellied Woodpecker, present
in 1954, were apparently absent in 1955 and Solitary Vireo ( Vireo solitarius
alticola ) , Goldfinch and Song Sparrow nested outside the area in 1955. The
total population of the tract in 1954 was 71 territorial males of 36 species.
In 1955 there were 73 males of 34 species. I was especially pleased with a
pair of Pileated Woodpeckers nesting on the tract whose status in 1954
had been only an occasional visitor.

My second count was made on a field, partly uncultivated, in 1954. It
contained eighteen acres paced 1900 x 400 feet. A creek formed the boundary
on one side and fences and hedgerows on the others. A small brook crossed
one end and an old drainage ditch the other. The streams, ditch and fences
had a margin of shrubbery with a few trees. River Birch, Sycamore, and
Smooth Alder with some cane at one end composed the major part of the
larger vegetation. Two acres of corn with many kernels scattered on the
ground, 12 acres in hay and three uncultivated was its status in 1954. In
1955 the three acres were in winter wheat, unharvested, and the corn land
was in oats. The greater part of the land was level but some three acres
were fifty feet higher, part of it sloping upward and part making the
transition in a steep bank.

From fifteen to twenty hours were spent on this tract in making the
count. In 1954 the Field Sparrow led with four. Then followed the Yellow-
throat with three; Brown Thrasher, Eastern Meadowlark, Red-winged
Blackbird and Cardinal with two; The following were represented by one:
Bob-white, Flicker, Carolina Wren, Catbird, American Robin, Bluebird,
Loggerhead Shrike, Starling, White-eyed Vireo, Yellow Warbler, Purple
Grackle, Indigo Bunting, American Goldfinch, Grasshopper Sparrow and
Song Sparrow. Total number, thirty of twenty-one species. In 1955 Cardinal
and Field Sparrow led with five and were followed by the Yellow-throat
and Song Sparrow with three. Catbird, Yellow-breasted Chat and Indigo
Bunting were represented by two while those species with one were Green
Heron, Bob-white, Flicker, Brown Thrasher, Robin, Bluebird, Starling,
Meadowlark, Red-winged Blackbird and Purple Grackle. In all there were
thirty-two territorial males of seventeen species.

There were visitors from adjoining territory to both areas. Thirteen males
of twelve species frequented the field. Of species not resident on the tract,
there were Phoebe, Rough-winged Swallow, Mockingbird, Crow, White-eyed
Vireo and House Wren. Eighteen males of thirteen species came to the
woodland tract. Only four species were not found within the area. These
were Broad-winged Hawk, Bob-white, Mountain Vireo and Prairie Warbler.

Although classified as “territorial males” good evidence exists for nesting.
Presumably, as complete evidence of successful breeding did not exist for
all, the status assigned is safer.

A mere cataloging of the species and a physical description of the area
and a list of plant names does not do justice to the business of census
taking. There is the challenge of difficulty, for some individuals and some
species carefully conceal nesting activities. Much waiting and careful watch-

80

The Chat

ing is necessary in such cases. Perhaps the chief pleasure is coining to
know intensively a small area. Comprehended in this is the emergence of
leaves in spring and the blooming of flowers; the changes in aspect that
come with clouds or sunshine and the changes from hour to hour that come
from the incidence of sunlight. My memory is full of scenes and I cannot
forbear mentioning a few. One late spring morning I came in sight of the
Mountain Laurel thicket to behold it in full bloom, one great mass of pink.
This in itself seemed rewarding but at that instant a male Hooded Warbler
appeared for a moment and the yellow breast and black hood in contrast
thrilled me with its beauty. There was spring with the forest floor gay with
Trillium and Iris. Flowering Dogwood, Redbud, Tulip Tree, Laurel, Azalea
and Rhododendron, each contributing its special form of loveliness and mak-
ing every coverage of unusual interest.

Perhaps a few words regarding a Vermont nesting tract. I took a fifty
acre tract of woodland ravaged by the 1938 hurricane. It also was mixed
woods but different from the North Carolina tract. In Vermont only Red
and White Oaks were present. White Pine was the only conifer common
to both tracts. Red Maple was present in both and some Beech. Vermont
woods contained Canoe Birch, Sugar Maple, White Ash and Hemlock. The
shrubbery there was Witch Hazel, Mountain and Striped Maple and Wicopy.

Many species were common to both areas or, at least only subspecifically
different. Barred Owl, Flicker, Pileated, Hairy, Downy Woodpeckers, Blue
Jay, Chickadee (Black-capped in one case, Carolina in the other), Robin,
Wood Thrush, Yellow-throated and Red-eyed Vireos, Black and White and
Parula Warblers, Yellow-throat, Oven-bird, Redstart and Song Sparrow.
Also Crested Flycatcher, Wood Pewee and Scarlet Tanager. The Vermont
tract had Ruffed Grouse, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Olive-sided Flycatcher,
Red-breasted Nuthatch, Brown Creeper, Hermit Thrush, Veery, Nashville,
Magnolia, Black-throated Blue, Myrtle, Black-throated Green, Blackburnian,
Chestnut-sided, Mourning and Canada Warblers; Baltimore Oriole, Rose-
breasted Grosbeak, Slate-colored Junco and White-throated Sparrow. The
Whip-poor-will nested on both tracts and the Solitary Vireo (Vireo solitarius
solitarius) in Vermont and the Solitary Vireo (Vireo solitarius alticola)
in North Carolina.

The most abundant species in the Vermont area varied according to
conditions. Before the hurricane, with an abundance of large Hemlocks,
the Blackburnian Warbler was first with from eight to eleven pairs. Follow-
ing the hurricane after a few years of reforestation, the Robin and Canada
Warbler led with thirteen pairs each. With the growth of raspberries on
the denuded areas, from two to three pairs of Mourning Warblers nested
for several years but when larger growth choked the raspberries, the
warblers disappeared. Changes could apparently be correlated with changes
in the vegetation. Woodpeckers and flycatchers increased with the decay
of the hurricane debris and decreased as the brush became humus.

The early morning chorus was as rewarding in North Carolina as in
Vermont but differed in composition. In Vermont songs of Hermit Thrush
and Veery were its finest features although the antiphonal effect of White-
throated Sparrows in early morning song on the denuded parts was par-
ticularly interesting. Wherever taken, the breeding census is one of the
most enjoyable activities of the bird student’s year. — September . 1955

December, 1955

81

CHRISTMAS COUNTING IN WILMINGTON, N. C.

Edna Lanier Appleberry

What’s the use of what is done
If in the doing there be no fun.

That is my motto and from the very first the Wilmington Christmas
Count has always been fun.

When asked to write this article I hestitated for fear it might seem
presumptuous but then I realized that perhaps those who had never been
to Wilmington might really be interested in knowing something about an
area that could come up with such consistently high counts each year. You
will note from the following table that we started low and climbed gradually
as we learned more about identification and became more familiar with our
territory and its possibilities.

1945 .

61

1950

. . . .147

1946 . . .

. . . . 97

1951

141

1947. . . .

115

1952

142

1948 .

.139

1953 . . .

162

1949

. . .136

1954

163

There are a number of reasons for our high counts:

1 — A wide variety of habitats to attract many species. This area seems to
be on the dividing line between north and south. The climate is temperate.
There is always open water, plenty of berries and insects for food and plenty
of cover. There are practically all types of habitat except mountain and
desert arc! if the county keeps on with its present drainage program we
may soon have some desert. There are pine barrens, savannahs, ocean
beaches; rivers, lakes, creeks, ponds, sounds, salt and freshwater marshes;
abandoned and cultivated fields; cypress swamps; peat bogs and sand hills.

2 — Outside help. First our own North Carolina boys, then boys from other
states and later, adult birders from other parts of the country who had
become curious about the area have come to help.

3 — No competitive spirit in the count. Our only goal is to determine what
species are in the area. There is no group competition. We think we have
the best birding territory in the United States and we are always happy
and proud when we can prove it but our target is the potential of the area
itself and not someone else’s record. We believe that in a favorable year
with sufficient expert coverage (which we have never had) a total of 200
would not be impossible and that is our goal.

4 — The integrity of our observers. Each participant is required to turn in a
written, signed description of any unusual species. If the observer is one
whose ability is known he or she will be questioned later and if the written
statement and the verbal discussion are satisfactory the record will be in-
cluded. If the observer is rew and a check the next day fails to confirm the
report our system is explained and the record is placed on the hypothetical
list for future confirmation. In order to avoid embarrassing anyone in public
a record is sometimes accepted at the tally supper but omitted in the final
count.

5 — The co-operative spirit of the observers. They work cheerfully wherever
placed. Each person works the greater part of the day where his knowledge
will be most useful. Then he may go somewhere else if he wants to. For
instance — a visiting birder who is most familiar with land birds will work
the early part of the day among land birds. Then he is moved to a shore
bird area so that his trip may be both useful and enjoyable.

6 — Using the same organizer and compiler each year. This gives a sense of
unity as such a person is familiar with the territory and the capabilities of
each observer. This method also insures more uniform and accurate records
and reports.

82

The Chat

7 — Preparation for the Count. During the summer several of the local ob-
servers get together and decide on the date, a home where those who aie
interested but not active may gather and a place for the tally suppei. In the
fall we begin to check our old habitats to see if there have been any changes
due to burning, clearing, etc. If a certain habitat of long standing has been
destroyed we try to locate a similar one. We check these as often as possible
and keep on the lookout for new ones that may have opened up. This spring
many of our favorite spots were burned over and others were ruined by
hurricanes so we will have to do a lot of relocating for the 1955 count.

In early December the compiler plots the entire census area on paper and
makes up lists of the birds which may be found in each section, underlining
those which might not be seen except in that particular spot. The undei-
lined birds are the ones that are to be concentrated on. A list is given to the
leader of each area group and he or she keeps and turns in the tally toi
that group.

On the night before the count the out-of-town birders come to my house.
They are briefed on where they will work and what they may expect to find.
Most of them try to get here as early as possible so that preliminary checks
may be made. Each one gets all the instructions that night as to wheie he
is to go and when and where to report for the tally.

Only trained observers are allowed on the actual count. Back in 1946 lorn
Odum advised me to make and observe such a rule. He said the Christmas
Count was no time for teaching. The only exceptions made are when a car
driver is needed or a promising yourg student is used to keep the tally for
a group. These people understand that they are not to talk and that no time
will be spent in identifying birds for them but, of course, they may see and
learn many new ones.

The other members of the club gather at the chosen home for the day.
This is always a spot where both land and shore birds may be seen from
the yard. Each person takes a picnic lunch and the hostess serves coffee and
cake. They have a lot of fun, a chance to study birds if they want to and they
join the working observers for supper and the tally.

To most of you this may seem very elementary but it works for us and if
you have no better plan it may work for you.

— CBC—

REVISED RULES FOR CHRISTMAS COUNTS

The widespread popularity of the Christmas Count has created a real
problem to the National Audubon Society in the matter of publication costs.
After attempting voluntary contributions for several years, the decision has
been made requiring a small payment by each participant in the counts.
Beginning this present winter, the following rules will apply to all counts
presented for publication in Audubon Field Notes:

1) Report forms supplied by Audubon Field Notes must be used.

2) The sum of fifty cents for each participant must be submitted along
with the count.

3) Dawn to dusk counts (or longer) are preferred. Counts covering fewer
than eight hours will not be printed.

4) Counts reaching National Audubon Society, 1130 Fifth Avenue, New
York 28, N. Y., after Jan. 15, will not be considered.

5) Count dates for this winter: Dec. 24 through Jan. 2.

PLEASE NOTE: The above applies only to counts submitted for publica-
tion in Audubon Field Notes. For publication in the Chat, the old rules still
apply but the data must be sent to us promptly and observations of rare
species or occurrences must be adequately supported. DO NOT send money
for printing your counts in the Chat. We suggest Chat, subscriptions for
your friends as good use for it.— B.R.C.

December, 1955

83

GENERAL FIELD NOTES

Advisory Council: E. B. Chamberlain, Robert Holmes, Jr., Robert Overing,
Thomas W. Simpson, Arthur Stupka, Robert L. Wolff.

Department Editor: B. R. Chamberlain, Route 1, Matthews, N. C.

This department will carry noteworthy data to the extent of the allotted space. Bare
lists of occurrences, unless of special interest, will be held for publication in regional
groupings. All material should be sent to the Department Editor. It may he presented in
final form or subject to re-write. The normal dead-line for any issue is six weeks prior
to the issue date. Data must be complete enough to enable the Council to render decisions.

Feeding of Certain Herons and Egrets Other Than Cattle Egret with
Cattle — In the current watch being maintained in many parts of the
East for the appearance of the Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis ibis) in locali-
ties where it has not yet occurred, it seems well to point out a very im-
portant phase of behavior on the part of certain others of this tribe in
connection with proximity to cattle.

There appears to be a rather widespread belief that the Cattle Egret
is the only one which feeds in close proximity to these animals. State-
ments to that effect have appeared in print, both in nationally known
magazines and highly reputable ornithological periodicals. In one of the
latter (May-August, 1955 issue) the author makes the following state-
ment, in discussing the reasons for the Cattle Egret being overlooked in
Florida for as long as it was — “observers who did not realize that no
native egret normally stalks about in close association with cattle”. As a
matter of actual fact, the exact opposite is true! It was because of many
observers DID know that white herons DO NORMALLY STALK ABOUT
IN CLOSE ASSOCIATION WITH CATTLE. The feeding of Snowy Egrets
and immature Blue Herons in close proximity with cattle is such a com-
monplace in Florida, and elsewhere in the Southeast, that no particular
attention was paid to it, and when other white herons (Cattle Egrets) ap-
peared and did the same thing, they were simply overlooked. Not that this
is to be construed as an alibi, for the writer is as much to blame as any-
body else. For 14 years he has led the Audubon Wildlife Tours out of
Okeechobee, Florida, and the fact that the Cattle Egret was there, and
had been there, some time before he was aware of it, is, perhaps, inexcus-
able. None the less, the fact that for years, he had shown tour visitors
white herons feeding with cattle and not stopped to put a glass on them
if at any distance, may be advanced for a reason why Bubulcus ibis ibis
was overlooked.

Before the Cattle Egret was reliably reported from South Carolina,
the writer followed up several false alarms. These came from people
who had seen white birds feeding among cows. In every case they proved
to be either Snowy Egrets or Little Blue Herons, or both. The Cattle Egret
has now appeared in South Carolina and in every one of the now known
instances, other white herons were closely adjacent with the cattle. Now
and then the Cattle Egret is reported as perching upon the backs of cows.

84

The Chat

So it does, but the writer has seen many more Snowy Egrets so perched
than he has Cattle Egrets! And his acquaintance with the latter species
now runs into hundreds of individuals. Actually, among these only three
were seen on cattle. Not that this means anything except the apparently
little known fact that native egrets DO normally associate with cattle.
Incidentally, the only other livestock the writer has ever seen attended by
Cattle Egrets have been horses and, on one occasion, pigs.

So — in your search for the Cattle Egret do not by any means, ignoi e
the above fact and be sure to examine the white herons you see with
cattle with a critical eye.— Alexander Sprunt, Jr., The Crescent, Charles-
ton JJ, S. C. — July 26, 1955. ., ,

Remarkable Flight of Wood Ibises.— Linville Hendren has contributed
the following notes on the appearance in force of Wood Ibises (My ctena
amencana) near Elkin, N. C. “On Thursday, June 23, 1955, a large flock
of Wood Ibises settled near Elkin. I did not see the dock, but I did see
one bird that was killed and one that was crippled in the wing. Accenting
to reports, they came in small docks. The total number was estimated at
150 to 200. The local men and boys attempted to kill as many as possible.
The site of this occurrence is about 5 miles northeast of Elkm Other re-
ports came of birds settling a mile or two to the northwest of this site.
(Possibly some of the same ibises.) At both places several were killed. Re-
ports indicate that there were 10 to 15 victims. Both birds I saw weie
immature. I made colored slides of the cripple. This cripple is now on a
protected pond and seems to be in fair condition. It has fed twice on small
fish offered to it. When I saw it this afternoon it was fairly close to a
Great Blue Heron, which flew at our approach. The ibis walked slowly
down the edge of the water. I watched it stand on one lee- and slowly stir
the mud with the other foot as it watched the water with head lowered
and bill open. I did not see it strike. Excepting the injured or killed birds,
the ibises were in the area but a few hours. Some were known to have
left in a northwesterly direction when fired upon.” _ .

Since there have been so few records of Wood Ibis m North Carolina
and especiallv since Elkin is more than 200 miles inland and within 25
miles of the Virginia state line, we asked that the remains of one ot the
dead birds be obtained, if possible. Parts of “three immatures were for-
warded promptly. These were a head and two wings, all sun cured, the
head certainlv came from an immature Wood Ibis. The hair-like, sparce
feathering is brownish in color. The length of the bill from nares to tip
is 6.00 inches, rather than 8.00 inches as. given by Chapman for the adult.
The wine-s, the primaries and secondaries, are glossv black with a rich
p-rc«n cast, and with no tracP of brown. Is this a second or third vear bird.

Following closelv upon the Elkin report, news came to Wood Ibises to
the north of us. Chandler S. Robbins, in a note dated July 7, writes: We
have a flock of 15 or more Wood Ibises up here, the first Maryland record
in over 50 years. They’re not at the Refuge, but oyer at Gibson Island on
the west shore of the Bay (25 miles south of Baltimore). Also writing
on July 7, Ellison Williams at Charleston calls attention to an item in
the Tryon (N. C.) Bulletin lust received by him on a “large white Florida
ibis” seen at Trvon. in Polk Countv. According to the report. Andrew
I, aw. Trvon, says (the bird) made the night hideous with its squawking.
He finally took a shot in the air and it soon quieted down. In view of the
other reports, it seems likelv that the Trvon bird was also a Wood Ibis.
Also, because of the large number of birds driven from Elkm, other ob-
servations will doubtless be reported.

Of interest because of possible influence upon these ibis flights, are
the following weather data: Jacksonville. Fla.. Coolest June since 1047.
prevailing wind S to WSW. June 18 to 22: Charleston. S. C.. . coolest June
since 1930, prevailing wind E to S. June 18 to 22; Raleigh. N. C.. coolest
June since beginning of record. 1887. prevailing wind NNE to bW, June

18 to 22. B. R- Chamberlain, Matthews. N. C. July 10. 1955.

Small Canada Geese. — In the past several vears, from Virginia, the Caro-
linas Georgia and Florida, a number of reports of sight observations

December, 1955

85

have been made of “small geese”, with the thought that they were sub-
species of Branta c. canadensis. The reports indicated they were exact
duplicates of common Canada Geese but simply smaller. It is doubtful
that such observations can be accepted as positive identification. Some of
these birds had been trapped, shot, or found dead and even in hand
seemed small, but when standard measurements were made, were nearly
always Branta c. canadensis. Age, food and sex will cause variation of
several pounds in weight, so usually this factor can be of little consideration.

There is no doubt that subspecies of the Canada Goose are present in
the South Atlantic states as specimens have been collected over a num-
ber of years from this area. However, the professional Fish and Wildlife Ser-
vice men who are on the job constantly, report them to be exceedingly un-
common. The same men all agree that sight records are extremely risky
for identification. It is suggested that any collected Canada Goose be-
lieved to represent a smaller race, he submitted to the National Museum
for firm identification.

Specimens from

the Southeast Atlantic coast, now in

the

National

Museum collection

follow :

Branta c. interior

Collector

Location

Date

W. L. McAtee

N. C., Currituck Sound

Dec.

13,

1909

W. L. McAtee

N. C., Currituck Sound

Dec.

2,

1909

W. L. McAtee

N. C., Currituck Sound

Dec.

2,

1909

W. L. McAtee

N. C., Currituck Sound

Dec.

13,

1909

J. Weber

N. C., Portsmouth

Dec.

14,

1915

J. Weber

N. C., Portsmouth

Dec.

14,

1915

J. Weber

N. C., Portsmouth

Nov.

24,

1916

J. Weber

N. C., Portsmouth

Dec.

14,

1915

J. Weber

N. C., Portsmouth

Dec.

14,

1915

J. Riley

N. C.j Currituck Sound

Nov.

24,

1898

J. Weber

N. C., Portsmouth

Dec.

14,

1915

H. Stoddard

Florida, Wakulla Co.

Nov.

14,

1954

H. Stoddard

Florida, Wakulla Co.

Nov.

18,

1954

W. Robinson

Virginia, Buckingham Co.

Dec.

28,

1900

Branta c. leucopareia

H. Stoddard

Florida, Wakulla Co.

Jan.

2,

1941

Branta c. parvipes

H. Stoddard

Georgia, Grady Co.

Mar.

8,

1937

W. McAtee

N. C., Currituck Sound

Nov.

25,

1909

H. Stoddard

Florida, Wakulla Co.

Apr.

22,

1945

Branta c. Hutchinsii

I. Hinckley

N. C., Crow Island

Nov.

21,

1882

L. Couch

N. C., Lake Mattamuskeet

Nov.

29,

1939

J. Mann

N. C., Hyde Co., Fairfield

Nov.

24,

1944

J. Steenis

N. C., Dare Co., Pea Island

Feb.

9,

1951

Other reports at hand:

Bi anta c. interior

Virginia, Prince Wm. Co.

W. Cahoon

N. C., Lake Mattamuskeet

W. Cahoon

N. C., Lake Mattamuskeet

Branta c. Hutchinsii

J. Perkins

Virginia, Back Bay

Jan. 2,

1949

.T. Perkins

Virginia, Back Bay

1943

J. Perkins

Virginia, Back Bay

L. Turner

N. C., Pea Island

1955

W. Cahoon

N. C., Lake Mattamuskeet

W. Cahoon

N. C., Ansonville (Gaddy’s pond)

Contributors to

this study were Refuge Managers Jack

Perkins,

Back

Bay; Louis Turner

•, Pea Island; Willie Gray Cahoon, Mattamuskeet;

E. S.

86

The Chat

Jaycocks, Cape Romain; Harris Womble, Savannah; and Paul Kreager,
St. Marks. Also Dr. George Saunders, Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta;
Dr. John W. Aldrich, Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta; Herbert L.
Stoddard, Sr., Thomasville, Ga.

Several small specimens collected by Horace West and the writer h<.ve
all been identified as Branta c. canadensis. — Robert L. Wolff, Greenville,
N. C. April 10, 1955.

A 1950 Bridled Tern Record for South Carolina. — A specimen of
Sterna anaethetus melanoptera was found by John E. Gibbs’ dog, “Whisk-
ers”, on the front beach of Sullivan’s Island, S. C., Sept. 8, 1950. It
proved to be an immature female in good plumage and it is now in my
private collection. I believe this is the eighth record for South Carolina.

In this connection, the specimen recorded in the Auk (44:93, 1927) was
a mummified adult in fine plumage that could not be preserved as a skin.
It was eventually turned over to the Charleston Museum.

In South Carolina Bird Life there is recorded a specimen found by me
on Sept. 7, 1935 on the Isle of Palms. This bird is an immature male
and is also in my collection. — Edward von Siebold Dingle, Middleburg
Plantation, Huger, S. C., Sept. 1955. (We are not sure that this is the
eighth record for South Carolina. The Bridled Tern found on the Isle
of Palms in 1952 by Alex and Sandy Sprunt and recorded in the Chat,
(16, ( 4 ) : 98 , 1952) was thought to be the seventh. — Dept. Ed.)

Early Whip-poor-will. — A male Whip-poor-will was taken alive in the
Physics building on the North Carolina State College campus, Mar. 5,
1955 by Edward J. McCoy, one of my students in Ornithology. McCoy
found the bird flying down a hallway at eight o’clock in the morning. The
specimen is now in our college bird collection. This record is considerably
earlier than the Mar. 16 date listed as earliest in Birds of North Carolina.
On Mar. 25 we flushed several Whip-poor-wills in the daytime in the de-
ciduous woods bordering Lake Raleigh. — T. L. Quay, State College, Raleigh,
N. C.

Brown-headed Nuthatch Uses Nest-Box. — C. D. Beers reported ( Chat 16
( 4 ) : 78-80 ) the first known instance of a Brown-headed Nuthatch nesting
in a man-made box, at Chapel Hill. A second instance of this species using
a nest-box is herein recorded, this time for Raleigh.

The general nesting site is a dry, oak-pine hilltop in a surburban settle-
ment along Western Boulevard in west Raleigh. This is a cut-over area
practically lacking in dead trees or stumps and with relatively few bird
boxes of any kind. During the early part of May, 1955, four Brown-headed
Nuthatches noisily occupied the vicinity of the home of Dr. and Mrs.
Donald Moreland. Between the 10th and the 19th this vicinity became the
territory of one pair and by the 19th there were four eggs in the nest
box which had been the focal point of the territorial disputing. Four eggs
was the total clutch and incubation apparently began on the 19th. Three
of the four eggs hatched on June 2, fourteen days later. The fourth egg did
not hatch. On June 16, one nestling was killed when some predator, pre-
sumably a house cat, reached into the nest during the night. The More-
land’s had heard the commotion, and found the entrance hole in the box
plugged with nesting material, dragged from the inside. The adult nut-
hatches could not enter the nest in the morning to feed the young until the
Morelands removed this plug. The remaining two nestlings were still in
the nest but fully feathered and about ready to leave on June 25, after 23
days of nestling life. Thus this family of nuthatches was both smaller and
had a longer nestling period than that of the Chapel Hill family (20 days).
The Raleigh nesting was different from the Chapel Hill one also in that' the
adults in Raleigh did not occupy the nest and brood the young at night, at
least not on the nights of June 16 and 24. This may account for their
slower development.

The nest box was of pine board crating, painted white on the sides and
green on the hinged roof. The box was 4" x 5" inside diameter and 8”
deep. The entrance hole was 1!4" in diameter, placed 2" from the top of

December, 1955

87

the box. The hole was six feet from the ground, the box nailed to a pine
tree 15' from the house, facing- west. The foundation nesting material was
shredded cedar bark, on top of which the adult nuthatches had placed a
covering of pine-seed wings. The Shortleaf Pine nest-tree had a ten-inch
diameter hole, and the first limbs were three feet above the nest. The adult
nuthatches were unexcited or unbothered by the numerous children and
dogs in the neighborhood. T. L. Quay, State College , Raleigh, N. C. [This
nest is also interesting in respect to time. It was late enough to have been
a second brood, although Brown-headed Nuthatches are said to raise but
one brood in a season. — Dept. Editor.']

Behavior: Shrike. — Aug. 5; 8:00 a.m.; clear. While eating breakfast I
glanced out of the window and saw a Loggerhead Shrike perched on a
limb of a dead sweet gum tree, 10 feet from the house and about 8 feet
from our feeding station. In a moment it flew to the ground between the
feeder and the gum and picked up the body of a female House Sparrow,
which it had apparently just killed, and returned to the tree. After wedg-
ing the sparrow’s body in the fork of a branch the shrike began working
at the neck with its beak and after much pulling, decapitated it. The
body fell to the ground and the shrike retained the head. It then wedged
the head in the same fork and proceeded to remove and eat the brains.
Several House Sparrows and a female Cardinal watched in what seemed
to be “morbid fascination’’ from about 5 feet above, in the same tree. The
shrike made no move at these birds, nor did they attempt to molest it.

After finishing the brains, the shrike remained in the gum and a Blue
Jay flew at it but was frightened off when it uttered a call and lunged
at the Jay. Then a Mockingbird was driven away and the shrike dropped
to the ground and picked up the body of the sparrow with its feet and
returned to a branch of the gum, alighted on one foot, and after two at-
tempts transferred the body from foot to beak, on the under side of the
limb. Remaining perched only a short time, it then flew about a hundred
yards to a wild cherry tree in another yard, the body of the sparrow still
hanging from its beak. I did not see it again that day. It seemed to be
more of a brownish color than the usual grey. — Joseph R. Norwood,
Charlotte, N. C, (The coloring suggests immature plumage. The shrike’s
use of both beak and feet for carrying pi-ey has been recorded often. In
this case, the use of the beak for the longer haul may be significant. —
Dept. Ed.)

LARK SPARROW. ( Chonaestes grammacus grammacus ) identified on
rice banks near McClellanville, S. C. August 6, 1955. About 4:30 in the
afternoon while driving across a rice marsh on a narrow one-track road,
directly in front of the car, this sparrow was immediately recognized
as different. It had a marked facial pattern with brown side patches and
small white area on each side clearly visible, a striped crown, dark “stick-
pin” on buffy breast, white tail feathers and a singular body movement
while it fed on the ground unlike any other species of sparrow I’d ever seen.

Everybody yelped, grabbed for Peterson’s, riffled to Page 219 and there
it was our first Lark Sparrow. We all jumped out and watched it within
15-20 feet in excellent light as long as we wished with and without four
pair of high-powered binoculars. We then followed it for 70-100 feet down
the road as it alternately flew, showing the dark fan-shaped tail edged in
white — and lit on the ground to feed.

This is presumed to be the fourth record for this western snecies in
South Carolina, there being one noted in South Carolina Bird Life seen
October 12 through 15, 1943 by Eugene Eisenmann, John Bull, Jr., and
George Komorowski on Bull’s Island, and another, also seen on Bull’s
Island, December 28, 1950 by Anna Hallock and on the following day by
Tucker McCravy and recorded in Audubon Field Notes, 5:200, 1951. — Mr.
and Mrs. Robert Edwards, Arthur Doyle, Kay Sisson. [This corrects
the note in Briefs for the Files, ( Chat 19, (3) : 71, 1955)- — Ed.]

88

The Chat

MEMBERSHIP LIST, CAROLINA BIRD CLUB, JULY, 1955

Life Members

Clarkson, Edwin O., Mrs. 248 Ridgewood Ave.,
Charlotte 7, N. C.

Cone, Edward T., 1030 Summit Ave.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Ginter, Karl Mrs., 260 Ridgewood Avenue,
Charlotte 4, N. C.

Guy, Mary M. Mrs., Rt. 1, West Lafayette, Ind.

Jones, Joe, Box 271, Chapel Hill, N. C.

Puett, May W. Miss, P. O. Box 2183,
Greenville, S. C.

Honorary Life Member

McAtee, Waldo Lee, 3 Davie Circle,

Chapel Hill, N. C.

Supporting Members

Anderson, Ina M. Miss, 528 Walnut St.,
Statesville, N. C.

Babcock, Charles Jr„ Box 3154, Winston-Salem,

N. C.

Ballance, Leon G., Lake Landing, N. C.

Beckett, Theodore A., Magnolia Gardens,
Johns Island, S. C.

Beers, C. Dale, Dr., 707 Gimghool Rd.,

Chapel Hill, N. C.

Branch, B. Jason, Maple Ave., Mocksville,
N. C.

Burroughs, F. A. Mrs., Box 25, Conway, S. C.

Cannon, Gabriel Mrs., 543 Otis Boulevard, Sta.
A, Spartanburg, S. C.

Chamberlain, B. R., Rt. 1, Matthews, N. C.

Chatham, The Honorable Thurmond, 3508 Pros-
pect Ave., Washington, D. C.

Church, M. L., 1626 Queens Road West,
Charlotte 7, N. C.

Clark, Gordon H., Mr. & Mrs., 5433 Woodcrest
Drive, Minneapolis 10, Minn.

Crane, Frank, Mr. & Mrs., 802 Williamson Dr.,
Raleigh, N. C.

Crook, Barrett Mrs., New London, N. C.

Cuyler, W. Kenneth, Dr., Rt. 1, Box 19,
Durham, N. C.

Cuyler, W. Kenneth, Mrs., Rt. 1, Box 19,
Durham, N. C.

Darrin, Erwin N., Mrs., 837 Glendalyn Ave.,
Spartanburg, S. C.

Davis, Harry T., State Museum,

Raleigh, N. C.

Davis, Harry T., Mrs., 102 Logan Court,
Raleigh, N. C.

Dingle, Edward von Seibold, Huger, S. C.

Eaton, Frank Wales. Melrose Ave., Try on, N. C.

Faver, William H., Mrs., Eastover, S. C.

Field, F. E., Mrs., 32 Buena Vista Road,
Biltmore Forest, Biltmore, N. C.

Forbus, Sample B., Mrs., c/o Watts Hospital,
Durham, N. C.

Giddens, Sara, Miss, 306 W. Mulberry St.,
Goldsboro, N. C.

Gifford. L. C„ Hickory, N. C.

Grady, Henry A., Judge, Box 1297,

Now Bern, N. C.

Green, R. W., Mrs., 3320 White Oak Rd.,
Raleigh, N. C.

Hendren, Linville L., & Family, Box 148,

Elkin, N. C.

Hostetler, Ivan, Mrs., 2604 Van Dyke Ave.,
Raleigh, N. C.

Hutaff, Dorothv, Miss, 97 Magnolia Ave.
Fayetteville, N .C.

Hutaff, Lucile, Dr., 337 Lynn Ave.,
Winston-Salem, N. C.

Ingram, J. T., 330 So. Mulberry St.,

Lenoir, N. C.

Joyner, J. W. E., 1504 Lindy Ave.,

Rocky Mount, N. C.

Kelly, Virgil, 212 Highland Ave.,

Fayetteville, N. C.

Klenner, Fred R., Mrs., Box 1015,

Reidsville, N. C.

Law, A. M., Esq., Box 427, Tryon, N. C.

Ludeke, A., Mrs., Castle Hayne, N. C.

McGee, Hall T., 80 Rutledge Ave.,

Charleston 37, S. C.

McRae, Thomas, Jr., Mrs., Rockingham, N. C.

Maffitt, C. D., Mrs., 219 South Fifth St.,
Wilmington, N. C.

Manning, John A., Mrs., Summerville, S. C.

May, Fred H., 211 Beall St., Lenoir, N. C.

May, Fred H., Mrs., 211 Beall St., Lenoir, N. C.

McLaurin, James L., Mrs., Box 392,
Washington, N. C.

Moore, H. Lan, Mrs., P. O. Box 907,

Tryon, N. C.

Northrop, Harry C.. Mrs., 1568 Stanford Place,
Charlotte 7, N. C.

Norwood, Joseph R., Jr., 1329 Greenwood Ave.,
Charlotte 5, N. C.

Norwood, Joseph R., Jr., Mrs.,

1329 Greenwood Ave., Charlotte 5, N. C.

Overing, Robert, RFD 4, Raleigh, N. C.

Potter, G. C., Mrs., 2111 Malvern Road,
Charlotte 7, N. C.

Quay, T. L., 2608 Barmettler, Raleigh, N. C.

Ramsey, D. Hiden, 58 Woodland Rd.,

Asheville, N. C.

Rankin, H. A., Jr., Box 803, Fayetteville, N. C.

Royal, Ben F., Dr., Morehead City, N. C.

Rupp, R. E., Dr., 2323 Westfield Rd.,
Charlotte, N. C.

Sample, Fred, Arcadia, Rt. 3, Columbia, S. C.

Schiele, R. M., Mr. & Mrs., Box 966,

Gastonia. N. C.

Simpson, Thomas W., Dr.,

175 Pennsylvania Ave., Winston-Salem, N. C.

Simpson, Thomas W., Mrs.,

175 Pennsylvania Ave., Winston-Salem, N. C.

Sisson, Clyde, Mrs.. 1430 Wellington Drive,
Columbia 32, S. C.

Snyder, Mark D., Mrs., 1830 Bunting Drive,
North Augusta, S. C.

Street, Thomas E., Box 958, Greensboro, N. C.

Tillinghast, D. A., 309 E. Faris Road,
Greenville, S. C.

Tillinghast, Edward S., Box 900,

Greenville, S. C.

Townes. George F., Mr. & Mrs.,

209 Masonic Temple, Greenville, S. C.

Wall, Margaret Y., Mrs., 5 Springdale Court,
Greensboro, N. C.

Watkins, John Overbey, Dr., 359 Pine St.,
Spartanburg, S. C.

Wortham, Samuel C., 710 Country Club Drive,
Greensboro, N. C.

Family Members

Adams, Hal B., Box 803, Lenoir, N. C.

Baldwin, S. Glidden, M.D., Danville, 111.

Barkalow, Fred S., Jr., Dr., 2607 Barmettler St.,
Raleigh, N. C.

Brown, O. J., Mrs., 314 Mitchell St.,

Salisbury, N. C.

Clinard, Weston J., 563 Ninth St., N. W.,
Hickory, N. C.

Craft, Floyd H., Box 2488, Greensboro, N. C.

Crunkleton. Tolliver, Box 494, Highlands, N. C.

Dapper, John R.. Rt. 3, Pickens, S. C.

Davant, C. R., 3312 Evans St.,

Moi'ehead City, N. C.

Deaton, R. L., 2120 Cowper Dr., Raleigh, N. C.

Eagle, Watt W., Dr., Box 3801, Duke Hospital,
Durham, N. C.

Frierson, Jack, Mrs., 120 St. John’s St.,
Darlington, S. C.

December, 1955

89

Fuller, David H.. 1705 N. Walnut St.,
Lumberton, N. C.

Heins, E. C., Jr., 410 Gulf St., Sanford, N. C.

Hendrix, P. B.. Rt. 4, Lexington, S. C.

Jarvis, P. O., Box 627, New Bern, N. C.

Johnson, Harry L., 138 Edgedale Dr.,

Elkin, N. C.

Jones, Thomas J., 1811 West Pettigrew St.,
Durham, N. C.

Kramer, Paul J., 2251 Cranford Road,

Durham, N. C.

Locke, S. Ann, Miss, 2332 Croydon Rd.,
Charlotte. N. C.

Lybrand, H. S., Edisto Beach, S. C.

McLeod, John A., Jr., 113 East Hendrix St.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Mattocks, James R., Box 462, High Point, N. C.

Mott, Thomas A., 507 Second Ave.. N. W.,
Hickory, N. C.

Oates, John A., 406 St. James Square,
Fayetteville, N. C.

Page, Fred C., Jr., Westover Dr., Elkin, N. C.

Parks, Thomas, 110 Mimosa Lane,

Lenoir, N. C.

Patterson, S. Kay, 21 Grove St., Concord, N. C.

Powers, Etheridge, 3415 Hope Valley Rd.,
Durham, N. C.

Rhodes, John S., Dr., 2704 Vanderbilt Ave.,
Raleigh, N. C.

Rice. Thekla Knefler, Mrs., 42 Rogerson Drive,
Chapel Hill, N. C.

Shackelford, Francis Lee, 416 Byrd Blvd.,
Greenville, S. C.

Smith, Ben W., 701 Runnymede Road,

Raleigh, N. C.

Smith, George A., 211 E. Avondale,

Greensboro, N. C.

Smith, J. Gilbert, Robersonville, N. C.

Smith, Sterling L., RFD 5, Paris Mt.,
Greenville, S. C.

Smith, Wendell P., 711 Kensington Ave.,

North Wilkesboro, N. C.

Speyers, Julian, Venice, Fla.

Wade, Douglas, 3403 Duncan St.,

Columbia, S. C.

Whittemore, Laura B., Box 581, Tryon, N. C.

Winkler, Edwin W., 509 Gardner St.,

Raleigh, N. C.

Winslow, Margaret Davis, Mrs.,

503 St. Patrick St., Tarboro, N. C.

Zum-Brunnen, T. P., Box 320, Salisbury, N. C.

Regular Members

Adams, Elizabeth, Route 2, Hodges, S. C.

Adams, Lt. Philip W.. Company F, 29th Infan-
try Regiment, Ft. Benning, Ga.

Adams, Walter S., 389 Montford Ave.,
Asheville, N. C.

Addis, Edward, Mrs., Tryon. N. C.

Addis, Marian. Route 7, Greenville, S. C.

Alexander, Albert, 1122 Rotary Drive,

High Point, N. C.

Allee, George, Mrs., 435 Lake Shore Drive,
Fayetteville, N. C.

Allen, D. R., Mrs., 330 Irvin St.,

Reidsville, N. C.

Allen, G. Murray, Box 773, Raleigh, N. C.

Allen, J. M., Mrs., 2127 Mecklenburg Ave.,
Charlotte, N. C.

Allen, Paul, Mrs., 2100 Roswell Ave.,
Charlotte, N. C.

Allen, Susan J., Miss, Box 467,

Milford, Delaware.

Alston, Edith, Miss, 43 Prospect Parkway,
Portsmouth, Virginia

Althouse, H. D., Rev., 535 Second Ave., N. W.,
Hickory, N. C.

Ames, J. E., Jr., Driver, Va.

Anderson, Norman L., Dr.

86 Victoria Rd., Asheville, N. C.

Andrew, L. A., Jr., Dr., 630 Reynolds Bldg.,
Winston-Salem, N. C.

Andrews, G. C., 102 Park Ave., Kinston, N. C.

Andrews, G. C., Mrs., 102 Park Ave.,

Kinston, N. C.

Andrews, Isaac, Mrs., 519 E. Main St.,
Spartanburg, S. C.

Apple, Roy D., Mrs., Edgewood Ave. Ext.,
Burlington, N. C.

Appleberry, C. M., 5 Lake Forest Parkway,
Wilmington, N. C.

Appleberry, C. M., Mrs., 5 Lake Forest Pkwy.,
Wilmington, N. C.

Asbill, C. M., Jr., 2407 Stafford Ave.,

Raleigh, N. C.

Ashcraft, F. B., Mrs., 2625 Van Dyke Ave.,
Raleigh, N. C.

Ashworth, Olive, Mrs., Rt. 1, Saluda, N. C.

Atwood, Paul, Mrs., Edisto Island, S. C.

Aycock, J. B., Mrs., Fremont, N. C.

Aycock, Wiley E., Mrs., Fremont. N. C.

Baber, Orpha P., Miss, 545 N. Highland Ave.,
N. E., Apt. 8, Atlanta, Ga.

Bachman, A. W., Mrs., Ill Jennette Ave.,
Henderson, N. C.

Bagg, Aaron Moore, 72 Fairfield Ave.,

Holyoke, Mass.

Bailey, Donald B., Williamsburg Presbyterian
Church, Kingstree, S. C.

Bailey, Joseph R.. Dept, of Zoology, Duke Uni-
versity, Durham, N. C.

Bain, Edgar H., 700 Park Ave.,

Goldsboro, N. C.

Baker, Mary, Mrs., 1124 Country Club,
Wilmington, N. C.

Baker, W. S., Jr., 106 So. 5th St.,

Wilmington, N. C.

Baldwin, William P., Summerville. S. C.

Ball, George W., Box 614, Morehead City, N. C.

Banzet, Julius, Warrenton, N. C.

Banzet, Julius, III. Warrenton, N. C.

Barber, Lunette, Miss, Rt. 1, Clayton, N. C.

Barber, Yates M., Box 117,

Wrights ville Beach, N. C.

Barney, M. H.. 1328 Sycamore St.,

Rocky Mount, N. C.

Barrington, Francis, 313 Stono Drive, River-
land Terrace, Charleston 43, S. C.

Barrington, Louise S., Mrs., 313 Stono Drive,
Riverland Terrace, Charleston 43, S. C.

Barringer, Osmond, Rt. 4, 2001 Wilmount Road,
Charlotte, N. C.

Barrow, Elva, Miss, Mclver St.,

Greensboro, N. C.

Bartholomai, C. W., Mrs., 3027 S. Columbus St.,
Apt. A-2. Arlington 6. Virginia

Basnight, William E., Lake Mattamuskett Re-
fuge. New Holland, N. C.

Bates, J. M., Mrs., 1317 Norton St.,

Durham, N. C.

Bauer, Vernon, Mrs., Hemingway. S. C.

Beal, John L., 309 South York St.,

Gastonia, N. C.

Beatty, S. Lorene, Miss, Rt. 1, Stanley, N. C.

Bealy, Anna M., Miss, Masonic Temple,
Greenville, S. C.

Beaty, Ellyn B., Mrs., 113% W. Woodlawn,

N. Augusta, S. C.

Beckrege, John H., 733 Abelia Road,

Columbia, S. C.

Bedon, Helen D., Miss, 102 Grace St.,
Greenwood, S. C.

Beecher, Norman B., Mrs., 432 Druid Road,
Clearwater, Fla.

Beems, Helen H., Mrs., 103 N Oleander Ave.,
Goldsboro, N. C.

Beeson, J. H„ P. O. Box 106, Elkin, N. C.

Behrend, Fred W., 607 Range St.,

Elizabethton, Tenn.

Bell, Frank, Mondamin, Tuxedo, N. C.

90

The Chat

Bell, John C., Mrs. Deerbrook Farm.

Inman, S. C.

Bell, W. A., Box 105, Florence, S. C.

Benbow, C. D., P. O. Box 128,

Rocky Mount, N. C.

Benbow, C. D., Mrs., 1521 Lafayette St.,

Rocky Mount, N. C.

Bennett, Esther, Miss, 406 West Oak St.,
Carbondale, 111.

Bennett, G.. 31 King High Ave.,

Wilson Heights, Ontario, Canada

Bennett, J. R.. Mrs., 126 Harris St.,

Rocky Mount, N. C.

Benson. Charles P., Mrs., Landrum, S. C.

Bergseng, Margaret, Mrs., 2801 Ridge Road,
Madison, Wis.

Bernard, J. B„ Mrs., 301 Beall St.,

Lenoir, N. C.

Bernhardt, Isabel, Miss, 325 E. College Ave.,
Lenoir. N. C.

Beymer, Flora, Miss, 255 Elford Terrace,
Spartanburg, S. C.

Bicknell, Jessie V., Mrs., The Artaban 502,
Long Beach 12, Calif.

Biggs, Joe D., Mrs., 119 N. Liberty St.,
Greenville, N. C.

Biggs, Joseph D., Jr., 6624 First St., N. W.,
Washington 12, D. C.

Biggs, W. A., Mrs., 2116 Club Blvd.,

Durham, N. C.

Billica, Harry R., Mrs., 216 Pineview Drive,
Greenville, N. C.

Bird. Rex L., 1619 Kensington Road,
Hendersonville, N. C.

Black, Ellen R.. Miss, N. C. Orthopedic Hosp.,
Gastonia, N. C.

Blair, T. W.. Rev., 131 W. Council St.,
Salisbury, N. C.

Blevins, Ballard, Mrs., Crumpler, N. C.

Bloodworth. Elizabeth, Miss, Box 1653,
Hickory, N. C.

Boehm, M. A., Rt. 1, Haw River, N. C.

Bolt, W. H„ Mrs., Seneca, S. C.

Book, P. E., 6 Tallassee Road, Badin, N. C.

Borden, Eunice Hemphill, Miss, 202 Borden
Apts., Goldsboro, N. C.

Bostian, C. K., Dr., State College Station,
Raleigh, N. C.

Boulware, J. H., Mrs., 315 Bratton Ave.,
Winnsboro, S. C.

Boyd, George W., Mrs., 115 Jennette Ave.,
Henderson, N. C.

Boyd, Jerman. Mrs., West End Ave.,
Statesville, N. C.

Boyette, Cleon, Mrs., Rt. 2, Kenly, N. C.

Brandt, B. B.. Dr., 3218 Bedford Ave.,

Raleigh. N. C.

Brandt. Herbert, Bird Research Foundation,
2425 N. Park Blvd., Cleveland Heights 6, O.

Brawley, S. C., Sr., Mrs., 2422 Club Blvd.,
Durham, N. C.

Breckenridge, M. S., 108 Pickard Lane,

Chapel Hill, N. C.

Bremer, Henry M., Mrs., 3048 Lewis Farm Rd.,
Raleigh, N. C.

Brewer, C. S., Mrs., 107 Clarke St.,
Henderson, N. C.

Brintnall, Arthur W., Mrs., Seven Hearths,
Tryon, N. C.

Brinton, C. H., Mrs., Glad Acres, Rt. 4,
Hendersonville, N. C.

Bristow, G. J., 2921 Blossom St.,

Columbia, S. C.

Brooks, Barbara, Miss, 301 Louise Ave.,

High Point. N. C.

Broome, Nell M., Miss, 607 Rhodes Ave.,
Kinston, N. C.

Brown, E. M., Mrs., 140 E. Main St.,
Washington, N. C.

Brown, Gordon H., 823 Shull St.,

West Columbia, S. C.

Brown, Paul, Mrs., 309 Church St.,

Elkin, N. C.

Brown, Roy M., Dr., Rt. 2, Chapel Hill, N. C.

Brown-Page, C. E., Box 226, Buies Creek, N. C.

Bruner, Elsie C., Mrs., Fort Motte, S. C.

Brunson, J. W., Mrs., 216 Knox Circle,
Durham, N. C.

Bryan, Thomas R., Mrs., 218 Surry Ave.,
Elkin, N. C.

Bryan, Patricia, 218 Surry Ave., Elkin, N. C.

Bryant, Walter E., Mrs., Box 126,

Hemingway, S. C.

Buchheister, Carl W., Dr., 1180 5th Ave.,

New York 28, N. Y.

Bull, May H., Mrs., Cameron, S. C.

Burgwyn, Mebane Holaman, Mrs.,

Jackson, N. C.

Burkhardt, Arthur H., Mrs., 2101 Highland
Park Drive, Aiken, S. C.

Burroughs, Annie Gray, Miss, Rt. 4,
Henderson. N. C.

Burt, Clara C., Miss, Rt. 1, Box 95,

Tyronza, Ark.

Burton, Carrie, Miss, 710 Parham St.,
Henderson, N. C.

Burton, K. L.. Mrs., 224 Belle St.,

Henderson, N. C.

Burton, Milby, Charleston Museum,

Charleston, S. C.

Burwell, W. Micajah, Mrs., 291 Merriman Ave.,
Asheville, N. C.

Butler, B. C., Mrs., Addison Drive,

Charlotte, N. C.

Buxton, J. T., Mi-3., 26 Frank Clarke St.,
Sumter, S. C.

Buy3, Hazel O., Mrs., 108 Beall St.,

Lenoir, N. C.

Bynum, Sue, Miss, Box 425, Scotsboro, Ala.

Cabell, Clyde, 810 Swann St.,

Parkersburg, W. Va.

Cahoon, W. G., Mattamuskett Nat. Wildlife
Refuge, New Holland, N. C.

Campbell, Nancy, Miss, Eastover, S. C.

Campbell, R. S.. Mrs.. Cowpens, S. C.

Canady, Susie, Miss, 600 N. Queen St.,
Kinston, N. C.

Cannon, Marjorie, Miss. 1001 Madison, St.,
Roanoke Rapids. N. C.

Cannon, Sara Miss, 536 Hamilton St.,

Roanoke Rapids, N. C.

Cannon, V. S., Mrs., 11 Brunson St.,
Greenville, S. C.

Carleton, Lester R., Mrs., 1243 Woodland Dr.
Charlotte 5, N. C.

Carlisle, Louisa B., Miss, 151 N. Fairview Ave.,
Spartanburg. S. C.

Carmichael, William D., Jr.. Mrs.,

Chapel Hill, N. C.

Carroll, Edwin P., 188 Tradd St.,

Charleston 21, S. C.

Carroll, Edwin P., Mrs., 188 Tradd St.,
Charleston 21, S. C.

Carroll, Robert, The Crescent,

Charleston 50. S. C.

Carroll, W. B„ Box 432, Siler City. N. C.

Carson. J. H.. 1727 Queens Road West,
Charlotte 7, N. C.

Carter, Joseph H., 116 W. 8th St.,

Newton, N. C.

Carter, Ruth, Miss, 717 N. Williams St.,
Henderson, N. C.

Cathey, George, Mrs., Box 475, Tryon, N. C.

Causey, Rebecca M.. Miss, Rt. 1. Liberty, N. C.

Cely, Marvin, Mrs., Rt. 4, Easley, S. C.

Chalfant. J. W., 3135 Sussex Road,

Raleigh, N. C.

Chalfant, J. W., Mrs., 3135 Sussex Road,
Raleigh, N. C.

Chamberlain, B. R., Mrs., Rt. 1,

Matthews, N. C.

December, 1955

91

Chamberlain, E. B., P. O. Box 3039,

St. Andrews Branch, Charleston, S. C.

Chamberlain. Norman. Rt. 1, Matthews, N. C.

Chambers, Odessa, Miss, 1551 Haywood Road,
Asheville, N. C.

Chapman, L. L., 203 Virginia Ave.,

Texarkana, Tex.

Chapman, Steven C., Box 1155,

Myrtle Beach, S. C.

Charles, G. E., Mrs., Box 70, Aynor, S. C.

Charny, Gertrude, Miss, 2502 Chapala St.,
Santa Barbara, Calif.

Chase, Vera L., Miss, 640 N. Broad St.,
Southern Pines, N. C.

Cheek, Chas. C., Mrs., Knox Manor, Apt. 3C,
Felts Dr., Chattanooga 5, Tenn.

Cherry, H. L., Mrs., Paw Creek, N. C.

Christensen, Paul, 326 South Raleigh,

Denver, Colo.

Church, Charles B., Mrs., Oxford Road,
Henderson, N. C.

Clark, Lillian. Miss, 1331 Highland Ave.,
Augusta, Ga.

Clark, Betty, Miss, Box 385,

Mount Pleasant, S. C.

Clark, J. Rhett, Mrs., 2719 Preston St.,
Columbia, S. C.

Clark, Marion, 207 Broad St., Anderson, S. C.

Clark, Robert, Mrs., Box 385,

Mt. Pleasant, S. C.

Clark, Thomas Sanders, Mrs., Box 382,

Trvon, N. C.

Clarkson. Edwin O., Wing Haven, 248 Ridge-
wood Road, Charlotte 4, N. C.

Clay, Emily T., Mrs., 939 Milledge Road,
Augusta, Ga.

Clyde, E. C., Jr., Effingham, S. C.

Cotfey, John, Jr., Box 331, Raleigh, N. C.

Colcock, Hetty, Miss, 55 ^ East Battery,
Charleston, S. C.

Cole, Margaret Evelyn, Miss, Box 433,
Greensboro College, Greensboro, N. C.

Cole, Melba, Miss, 605 Rhodes Ave.,

Kinston, N. C.

Coleman, Dorothy M., Box 260, Univ. of S. C.,
Columbia, S. C.

Coleman, Robert H., Rt. 8, Box 615,

Charleston, S. C.

Coleman, Wilhelmina M., Mrs., Rt. 8, Box 615,
Charleston, S. C.

Colton, George C., Mrs., 290 West Illinois Ave.,
Southern Pines, N. C.

Colvin, Mayme, 148 West End, Chester, S. C.

Combs, G. R.. Jr., Echo Hill Lane, Rt. 1,
Pfafftown, N. C.

Comeau, Clifford M., Bolivia, N. C.

Comstock, Rock L., 911 Rifle Range Rd.,

Mt. Pleasant, S. C.

Comstock, Rock L., Mrs., 911 Rifle Range Rd.,
Mt. Pleasant, S. C.

Conder, William Mrs., 5302 Colonial Drive,
Eau Claire, S. C.

Cor.derman, F. D., Box 211, Rt. 3,

New Bern, N. C.

Conderman, Fred D., Mrs., Box 211, Rt. 3,
New Bern, N. C.

Conner, Robert W., Mrs., 415 E. Farriss Ave.,
High Point, N. C.

Conover. Herbert L., 672 Ridgewood Rd.,
Oradell, N. J.

Conover, H. L.. Mrs., 672 Ridgewood Rd.,
Oradell, N. J.

Conover, Norman Robert, 108 Third Ave.,
Atlantic Highlands, N. J.

Constable, Caroline. Miss, 1942 E. 7th St.,
Charlotte 4, N. C.

Conyers, Z. V., Mrs., 210 Fisher Ave.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Cook, Milton J., Mrs., 303 S. Mulberry St.,
Lenoir, N. C.

Cooper, Albert M., 122 Mulberry St.,
Statesville, N. C.

Copeland, A. M., P. O. Box 132, Montgomery
Bldg., Spartanburg, S. C.

Copeland. Margaret E., Mrs., 606 Buchanan
Blvd., Durham, N. C.

Copeland, W. H., Myrtle Beach, S. C.

Corn, Charles P., Mrs., 11 Crescent Ave.,
Greenville, S. C.

Correll, Harold E., P. O. Box 466,

Spartanburg, S. C.

Covington, Frances, Miss, Rt. 2, Troy, N. C.

Coxe. W. F. P., Jr., 15 Church St.,

Asheville, N. C.

Craft, William Hugh, 1614 Colonial Ave.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Craig, Bradford, Mrs., UK32 Vetville,

State College Station. Raleigh, N. C.

Craighill, Dorothy, Miss, 729 Eastern Ave.,
Rocky Mount, N. C.

Crawford, Larry, Jr., 2708 Rockwood Dr.,
Greeensboro, N. C.

Crick, Ruth, Miss, 151 N. Fail-view Ave.,
Spartanburg, S. C.

Critcher, T. Stuart, 809 Colleton Road.,

Raleigh. N. C.

Croekford, H. D., Mrs., 305 Country Club Rd.,
Chapel Hill. N. C.

Crosby, Paul E., 220 E. Main St.,

Spartanburg, S. C.

Crosland, Lucy P., Miss

220 Woodrow St., Columbia, S. C.

Crowell, Laura, Miss, 1405 Scott Court,
Charlotte, N. C.

Crumpacker, Louise, Miss, Box 1011,

Durham, N. C.

Culler, Emily, Miss, 345 Glover St., S. E.,
Orangeburg. S. C.

Culler, E. E., Jr., 3630 Verner St.,

Columbia, S. C.

Currin, Gladys, Miss, State School for the
Blind, Raleigh. N. C.

Cushman, H. Leeds, Miss, Little Compton, R. I.

Cutts, Ernest, Rt. 4, Box 399a,

Charleston, S. C.

Dabbs, Sophie McBride, Miss, Road’s-End-in-
the-Pines, Mayesville, S. C.

Dameron. W. H., Mrs., Warrenton, N. C.

Daniel, James A., Box 491, Mocksville, N. C.

Daniel, Omara, Miss, 538 Hamilton St.,
Roanoke Rapids, N. C.

Daniel, W. B., Mrs., Oxford Rd.,

Henderson, N. C.

Dapper, John Herman, Rt. 3, Pickens, S. C.

Darby, Elizabeth M., Mrs., Box 29,

Foi-t Motte, S. C.

Darby, Mary Elizabeth H., Miss, P. O. Box 452,
Kinston, N C.

Dargan, Edwin, Mrs., 110 Sanders St.,
Darlington, S. C.

Dargan, Woods. Mrs., Ill Exchange,
Darlington, S. C.

Dash, Dorothy T., Mrs., Rt. 4, Box 26,
Fayetteville, N. C.

Davis, John M.. Mrs., Rt. 6, Box 62,

Reidsville N. C.

Davis, M. A., Mrs., 110 N. Franklin St.,
Whiteville, N. C.

Davis, Philip H., 814 Woodburn Rd.,

Raleigh. N. C

Davis, R. G. S., Mrs., 230 Andrews Ave.,
Henderson, N. C.

Davis, Shirley, Miss, 121 Bernhardt St.,

Lenoir, N. C.

Davison, Zeta C., Miss, Rt. 1, Box 54-B,
Sanford, Florida

Dawley, Charlotte, Dr., W. C. U. N. C.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Deal, Florence M., Mrs., 2011 Beverly Drive,
Charlotte 7, N. C.

Deal, W. R., Little Switzerland, N. C.

92

The Chat

Denton, J. Fred, Dr., 1510 Pendleton Road,
Augusta, Ga.

Dermid, Jack F., Rt. 5, Raleigh, N. C.

Derrick, Roy, Boone, N. C.

Detamble, Fred E., Mrs., Box 2250,
Winston-Salem, N. C.

Dickerson, Woodson, Mrs., 1811 Elizabeth St.,
Orlando, Fla.

Dillard. E. A., Mrs., Shulls Mills, N. C.

Dillard, E. Archer, Jr., Dr., 202 Federal Hvvy.,
Boynton Beach, Fla.

Dimick, Chester E., Mrs., Box 806, Tryon, N. C.

Doak, G. O., Box 1049, Chapel Hill, N. C.

Dobbs, Mrs. James K., 1751 Flagle Ave., N. E.,
Atlanta, Ga.

Dodd, Lillian, Miss, 920 Princess St., c/o Miss
Susan Hall, Wilmington, N. C.

Dorman, D. S., Mrs., 550 E. Mass. Ave.,
Southern Pines, N. C.

Dorsey, George A., Darlington School,

Rome, Ga.

Doscher, Lois T., 6 Murphey St.,

Charleston, S. C.

Douglas, R. D., 900 Dover Rd.,

Greensboro, N. C.

Douglas, R. D., Mrs., 900 Dover Rd.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Drain, B. S., Mrs., 205 Vance St.,

Chapel Hill, N. C.

Drane, Eleanor V., Mrs., 500 Woodlawn Ave.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Drum, N. E.. Mrs., Saint Pauls, N. C.

DuBose, D. S., Mrs., 116 Spring St.,
Darlington, S. C.

Duchein, Annette, Miss, Lake Lure, N. C.

Dunbar, Paul Allen, Mrs., Rt. 2, Sylvan Drive,
Spartanburg, S. C.

Duncan, C. C., P. O. Box 3063,

Winston-Salem, N. C.

Dunigan, C. James, Seven Springs, N. C.

DuPre, Mary S., Miss, 662 Otis Blvd.,
Spartanburg, S. C.

Dusenbury, P. G., Mrs., Box 397, Tryon, N. C.

Dye, Lelia M., Miss, 521 Ramsey St.,
Fayetteville, N. C.

Dysart, S. D., Mrs., 107 Terrace Place,
Morganton. N. C.

Earle, Joseph H., Jr., 357 Riverside Dr.,
Greenville, S. C.

Easom, Herman F., Mrs., E. N. C. Sanatorium,
Wilson. N. C.

Easton, Charlotte, Miss, 17 North Park Drive,
Greenville, S. C.

Edmister, F. H., Pres. Chapel Hill Bird Club,
Chapel Hill, N. C.

Edwards, Bess, Miss, 1310 Shirley St.,

Columbia, S. C.

Edwards, James, Mrs., 905 Johnson St.,

High Point, N. C.

Edwards, Malcolm G., Rt. 1, Arden, N. C.

Edwards, R. D.. R.F.D.. McCIellanville, S. C.

Egerton, Frank N., Ill, 411 N. Gregson St.,
Durham, N. C.

Ekdahl. Conrad H., Box 81, Highlands, N. C.

Ellis, Harry, Rt. 3, Bakersville, N. C.

Ellis, W. F., Mrs., Rt. 2, High Point, N. C.

Ellis, Warren, Ridge St., Marion, N. C.

Ellison, W. A., Mrs., Box 629,

Morehead City, N. C.

Ennett, A. D., Swansboro, N. C.

Ervin, Mary L., Miss, Rt. 3, Darlington, S. C.

Eshelman, J. A.. 905 Johnson St.,

High Point, N. C.

Eshelman, J. A.. Mrs., 905 Johnson St.,

High Point, N. C.

Evans, A. W., Mrs., Lakeview, N. C.

Evans, Lorena S., Mrs., Box 14, Annapolis, Md.

Everson, N. E., Mrs., 4710 Park Ave.,
Wilmington, N. C.

Falls, Bess, Rt. 1, York Road, Gastonia, N. C.

Falls. Mildred, Miss, York Road,

Gastonia, N. C.

Farrell, Edgar L., Mrs., 1907 Brook Drive,
Camden, S. C.

Faver, W. H., Eastover, S. C.

Fisher, Sally M., Mrs., New Holland, N. C.

Fitzgerald, Frank O., Mrs., 308 E. Wilson Ave..
Kinston, N. C.

Flannagan, E. G„ Mrs., 215 Young Ave.,
Henderson, N. C.

Flythe, Starkey, Mrs., 1220% Georgia Ave.,
North Augusta, S. C.

Folk, D. J., Mrs., Box 407, Williston, S. C.

Forbis, R. E., Mrs., Box 560, Rt. 5,

Charlotte 8, N. C.

Forbes, Walter T., Mrs., 302 Sunset Road,
Lookout Mountain, Tenn.

Fordham, Stephen, C., Jr., Delmar Game Farm,
Delmar, N. Y.

Fowler, Manuel A., Box 82, Wilkesboro, N. C.

Fox, Elizabeth, Miss, 240 Chavasse Ave.,
Henderson, N. C.

Foxhall, Haywood P., Mrs., 104 W. Park Ave.,
Tarboro, N. C.

Frazier, J. B., Jr., Mrs., 700 M Ave.,

West Columbia, S. C.

Free, Belle, Miss, Box 133, Jor.esville, S. C.

Freeman, Ellen, Miss, 1224y2 Washington St.,
Columbia, S. C.

French, Dean, Mrs., Box 764, Gastonia, N. C.

Frost, Jack N., 623 Oaklawn Ave.,
Winston-Salem, N. C.

Fryga, Michael B., Mrs.. Saluda, N. C.

Funderburg, J. B., P. O. Box 5215,

State College Station, Raleigh. N. C.

Furrer, Constance, Miss, Box 385,

Mt. Pleasant, S. C.

Gaddy, Lockhart, Mrs., Ansonville, N. C.

Gaede, A. Henry, 1553 Wendover Road,
Charlotte, N. C.

Gage, Gaston, Edgewood Ave., Clemson, S. C.

Gage, Gaston, Mrs., Edgewood Ave.,

Clemson, S. C.

Gage, Lucius G., Jr., Dr.. The Nolle Clinic,
412 N. Church St., Charlotte, N. C.

Gaines, W. E., 228 Halcyon Ave.,
Winston-Salem, N. C.

Gaines, W. E., Mrs., 228 Halcyon Ave.,
Winston-Salem, N. C.

Gale, Martha G., Miss, 3121 Willow Oak Rd.,
Charlotte, N. C.

Gambrill, Richard, Mrs., Vernon Manor,
Peapack, N. J.

Garland, Patrick K., Columbus Rd.,

Demarest, N. J.

Garlick, Sallie, Miss, 420 Burwell Ave.,
Henderson, N. C.

Garris, Thelma P., Miss, 739 Roanoke Ave.,
Roanoke Rapids, N. C.

Gary, Charles B., Mrs., 710 Parham St.,
Henderson, N. C.

Gary, Mariel, Miss. Henderson, N. C.

Gatewood. John Russell, 2621 Old Lexington
Road, Winston-Salem, N. C.

Gault, Lynn, Mrs., Brasstown. N. C.

Geis. Willis. Mrs., 66 Hendrie Ave.,

Riverside, Conn.

George, J. I.. 801 N. College St.,

Kinston. N. C.

George, J. I., Mrs., 801 N. College St.,

Kinston, N. C.

Gibbons, Jesse L., Mrs., 907 Munsen Spring
Road, Columbia, S. C.

Gibbons, Rebekah, Miss, Tryon, N. C.

Gidle.v, Gardner, Tanglewood. Clemmons, N. C.

Gill, T. C., Mrs., Rt. 1, Kittrell. N. C.

Gilliam, Nora W., Mrs., Traphill. N. C.

Gilreath, Ruth, Miss, Travelers Rest, S. C.

Glascock, Thomas A., 1814 St. Andrews Rd.,
Greensboro, N. C.

December, 1955

93

Glascock, Thomas A., Mrs., 1814 St. Andrews
Rd., Greensboro, N. 0.

Gleaton, David V., Mrs., Box 126,

Springfield, S. C.

Glover, Viola, Miss, 1916 Roanoke Ave.,
Roanoke Rapids, N. C.

Godfrey, B. E., Mrs., 33 Byrd Blvd.,

Greenville, S. C.

Goforth, Helen. Miss. RFD 7, Lenoir, N. C.

Golde, Lillian, Mrs., Rt. 3, Box 144,

Chapel Hill, N. C.

Goode, James M., 921 4th Ave., N. W.,
Hickory. N. C.

Goodrich, J. F., Mrs., 2121 Club Blvd.,
Durham, N. C.

Goodson, Neal A., Mrs., 219 Brandywine Ave.,
Charlotte, N. C.

Goodson, William Arthur, Jr., 905 N. King St.,
Windsor, N. C.

Goolsby, Elizabeth, Miss, 407 N. Mendenhall St.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Gordon, Lewis, Mrs., 29 Walker Ten-ace, N. E.,
Atlanta, Ga.

Goudelock, Felix W., 24 Myrtle St.,

Columbia, S. C.

Gowing, N. H., Jr., Mrs., 505 Siskin Circle,
North Augusta, S. C.

Graham, W. A., Mrs., Warrenton. N. C.

Grant, Thelma Lee, Mrs., Box 72,

Murrel's Inlet, S. C.

Grantham. Norman, Mrs., Meadowbrook Drive,
Smithfield, N. C.

Gray, Mamie, Miss, 5 Bessemer St.,

Greensboro, N. C.

Green, F. A., Mrs., Box 1838,

Myrtle Beach, S. C.

Greenway, James C., Jr., M. C. Z. Harvard
College, Cambridge, Mass.

Gregory, J. M., Mrs., 509 Compton Place,
Durham, N. C.

Gregory, W. C., Rt. 1, Cary, N. C.

Greer, R. T., Box 813, Lenoir, N. C.

Greer, R. T., Mrs., Box 813, Lenoir, N. C.

Grey. John H., Jr., Dr., Box 445,
Williamsburg, Va.

Griffin, Olin, Mrs., Rt. 2, Fort Mill, S. C.

Gross, Edwin H., Mrs., Edisto Island, S. C.

Gwaltney, Minnie, Miss, 108 1st Ave., N. E.,
Hickory, N. C.

Habel, Margaret, Miss, 327 E. Jones St.,
Raleigh, N. C.

Haire, John Stokes, 428 Salisbury St.,
Mocksville, N. C.

Haley, Frances, Miss. Apt. 14, Sherwood Apts.,
S. Cherry & High Sts., Winston-Salem, N. C.

Haley, Jules F., 422 Byrd Blvd.,

Greenville, S. C.

Hall, Calvert, 307 Victoria St.,

Greensboro, N. C.

Hall, Fries, Miss, 210 S. Mulberry St.,

Lenoir, N. C.

Hamrett, William L., 2809 Kittrell Drive,
Raleigh, N. C.

Barber, Yates M., Box 117,

Wrightsville Beach, N. C.

Hardin, Fred, Science Dept., Beaver Creek
High School, West Jefferson, N. C.

Harper, Margaret, Miss, Lenoir, N. C.

Harper, M. D., La Grange, N. C.

Harris, Carl, Mrs., Box 1001,

Winston-Salem, N. C.

Harris, Fred M., 187 Victoria St.,

Elkin, N. C.

Harris, Hugh, Mrs., Box 686,

Emory University, Ga.

Harris, Mildred. Miss, 1027 Spring Garden St.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Harris, S. R., Mrs., Henderson, N. C.

Harrison, Cary C., Miss, 110 Hibriten Ave.,
Lenoir, N. C.

Harrison, Hal H., 1102 Highland St.,
Tarentum 1, Pa.

Hart, George, Mrs., 2424 Monroe St.,

Columbia, S. C.

Hart, Gladys, Miss, Rt. 1, Travelers Rest, S. C.

Hart, Lillie, Miss, Rt. 1, Travelers Rest, S. C.

Hart, Mildred, Miss, Rt. 2, Box 328,

Columbia, S. C.

Hart, Rosa Lee, Miss, Rt. 1,

Travelers Rest, S. C.

Harten, Theo.. Mrs., 4520 Colonial Drive,
Columbia, S. C.

Hartley, Maude, Miss, 309 East Ave.,

Lenoir, N. C.

Hartzog, Robert B., Mrs., Rt. 1,

St. Matthews, S. C.

Hatley, Barbara, Miss, Rt. 2, Albemarle, N. C.

Hauser, Roscoe, Mrs., 302 Green St.,
Fayetteville, N. C.

Haworth, Chester C., So. Main St., Ext.,

High Point, N. C.

Hay, J. Lisle, Miss, 210 E. Godbold St.,
Marion, S. C.

Hay, Townsend, RFD 1, Black Mountain, N. C.

Hay, Townsend, Mrs., RFD 1,

Black Mountain, N C.

Hayes, Eloise B., Mrs., 211 Harden St.,
Columbia, S. C.

Hayes, Fannie, Mrs., 1101 Hamilton St.,
Roanoke Rapids, N. C.

Hayes, George, Jr., Mrs., 1101 Hamilton St.,
Roanoke Rapids, N. C

Haynes, Louise M., Miss, Box 660,

Southern Pines, N. C.

Haynsworth, W. F. B., Box 100, Rt. 3,

Sumter, S. C.

Hearne, Clara, Miss, Pittsboro, N. C.

Helder, H. A., Mrs., L. Bx. 546, Canton, N. C.

Henderson, E. M., Mrs., 1615 Valley Road,
Columbia, S. C.

Hendren, L. L., Mrs., Box 148, Elkin, N. C.

Hendren, Thomas R., 506 W. Main St.,

Elkin, N. C.

Hendren, Thomas R., Mrs., 506 W. Main St.,
Elkin, N. C.

Hendrix, B. D., Mrs., 1615 Oaklawn Ave.,
Charlotte, N. C.

Hendrix, Ramie E., Mrs., 537 Lamar Ave.,
Charlotte 4, N. C.

Hester, Eugene, Box 157, Wendell, N. C.

Hester, Joseph R., Dr., Box 157, Wendell, N. C.

Heyward, Katherine B., Miss, Rt. 2, Box 328,
Columbia, S. C.

Hight, Gordon, L., Jr., Box 1626, Rome, Ga.

Hill, A. M.. Mrs., 333 Tenney Circle,

Chapel Hill. N. C.

Hill, Frank, Mrs., Melrose Lodge, Tryon, N. C.

Hill, K. L., Mrs., Cedar Lawn,

Society Hill. S. C.

Hix, Mary Elizabeth, Miss, Box 68,

Roanoke Rapids, N. C.

Hodel. Earl M., 137 Westover Dr., Elkin, N. C.

Hoffman, Edwin M.. Last Resort.

Black Mountain, N. C.

Holbrook, Julius F., Mrs., Mossglade,

John’s Island, S. C.

Holbrook, J. M., Lowell, N. C.

Hollo-man, Terrine, Miss, Cary. N. C.

Holmes, Bob, III. Center St., Mt. Olive, N. C.

Holmes, J. S., 302 Forest Drive, Raleigh, N. C.

Holmes, Sidney, Miss, 315 Mclver St.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Holt, O. W., Mrs., 1015 Hitchcock Drive,
Aiken, S. C.

Hon, C. Ray, Mrs., 2245 Chambwood Drive,
Charlotte, N. C.

Hon, William H., Lt., 2245 Chambwood Drive,
Charlotte, N. C.

Horlbeck, Frederick H., Mrs., 17 Meeting Place,
Charleston. S. C.

Horney, J. E., Mrs., 225 Woodrow Ave.,

94

The Chat

High Point, N. C.

Hough, Ben C., Jr., Mrs., 410 Chesterfield Ave.,
Lancaster, S. C.

Howard, S. B., 108 Mimosa Lane, Lenoir, N. C.

Howard, S. B.. Mrs., 108 Mimosa Lane,

Lenoir, N. C.

Howell, Thelma. Miss, Wesleyan College,
Macon, Ga.

Hudson, George C., Mrs., Box 82,

Pine Bluff, N. C.

Hudson, George W., Box 247, Bayboro, N. C.

Hudson, H. G., Box 2718, Winston-Salem, N. C.

Hudson, J. R., Lowell, N. C.

Huff, Mary J., Miss, Matthews, N. C.

Hughes, Edna C., Mrs., 214 W. Godbold St.,
Marion, S. C.

Hughes, Gilbert C„ III, Box G68,

Homersville, Ga.

Hughes, Lucretia, Miss, 401 E. Main St.,
Washington, N. C.

Hughes. Minta, Mrs., 202 Roland Park Ave.,
H'gh Point, N. C.

Humber, Robert Lee, 117 W. 5th St.,
Greeenville, N. C.

Hunt, Robert G., Mrs., 224 Pineview Drive,
Greenville, N. C.

Hunter, Claudia W., Miss, 203 Horner St.,
Henderson. N. C.

Hunter, Clyde, Mrs., 1515 Jarvis St.,

Raleigh, N. C.

Hunter, Mae, Miss, 203 Horner St.,

Henderson, N, C.

Hurt, Alfred Burman, Mrs.,

Nathans Creek, N. C.

Hursey, John S., Mrs., Vanderbilt Road, Bilt-
more Forest, Asheville, N. C.

Hutchins, James, Rt. 2, Burnsville, N. C.

Hyde, J. Edward, 66 Mill St.,

Springfield, Mass.

Hysham, Phil T.. Mrs., Box 1474, Tryon, N. C.

Ivey, J. Worth. Mrs., 222 Woodrow Ave.,

High Point. N. C.

Izard, Jack, West Wood Road, Biltmore Forest,
Asheville, N. C.

Izard, Robert Andrews, 6 Westwood Road,
Biltmore, N. C.

Jackson, Jos, A., Jr., Mrs., 1051 Taylor St.,
Mount Airy, N. C.

Jacocks, C. West, 2429 Terraceway,

Columbia, S. C.

James, Elizabeth D., Miss, P. O. Box 1131,
Tryon, N. C.

James, Susan H.. Miss, P. O. Box 1131,

Tryon, N. C.

James, William S., P. O. Box 302,

Chatham, Va.

Jeffress, E. B., Jr., Rev., 1119 Virginia St.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Jenkinson, Mary C., Miss, Box 715,

Bryson City, N. C.

Jensen, O. F., Mrs., Maple City, Michigan

John, J. Thomas, Mrs., Laurinburg, S. C.

Johnson, Annie B., 201 Wilcox Ave.

Marion, S. C.

Johnson, Carroll, Miss, Box 343, Marion, S. C.

Johnson, Charles P., Box 450, Kinston, N. C.

Johnson, Charlie P., Mrs., Box 450,

Kinston, N. C.

Johnson, Falba, Miss, 201 Wilcox Ave.,

Marion, S. C.

Johnson, James R., Jr., Box 5003, Duke Sta-
tion, Durham, N. C.

Johnson, Julian W., c/o State Museum,
Raleigh. N. C.

Johnson, Leila G., Miss, Murrell’s Inlet, S. C.

Johnston, David W., Dept, of Biology, Mercer
Univ., Macon, Ga.

Johnston, Ira Thomas, Mrs., Jefferson, N. C.

Jone3, Ella F., Miss, Box 514,

Southern Pines, N. C.

Jones, Harold Charles, Dr., Berry College,

Mt. Berry, Ga.

December, 1955

Jones, Lois, Mrs., Fort Motte, S. C.

Jones, Mabel M., Miss, Box 5313, Raleigh, N. C.

Jones, Thomas T., 2701 Augusta Dr.,

Durham, N. C.

Jones, Thos. T., Mrs., 2701 Augusta Drive,
Durham, N. C.

Jones, Wm. Wright., Mr. & Mrs., 507 Cleveland
St., Raleigh, N. C.

Jones, Weenonah, Miss, 4627 Reamer Ave.,
Columbia, S. C.

Jordan, Martha, Miss, 503 Pritchard Ave.,
Chapel Hill, N. C

Kaighn, Raymond P.. P. O. Box 324,

Chapel Hill, N. C.

Kaighn, Ravmond P., Mrs., P. O. Box 324,
Chapel Hill, N. C.

Kanaly, Mamie C., Mrs., 1407 E. North St.,
Greenville, S. C.

Karsch, F. W. J., Mrs., 510 Vance St.,

Roanoke Rapids, N. C.

Kellam, M. C., Mrs., Emerywood Estates,

High Point, N. C.

Kelley, Forest, Mrs., 226 B. Road St.,

Sumter, S. C.

Kelly, A. Scott, P. O. Box 68, New Bern, N. C.

Kelly, Sue, Miss, 155 Granite St.,

Henderson, N. C.

Kelly, Virgil, Mrs., 212 Highland Ave.,
Fayetteville, N. C.

Kemp, W. P., 1518 E. Mulberry St„

Goldsboro, N. C.

Kendall, Brevard D., Mrs., Cheraw, S. C.

Kenfield, John, Mrs., Box 1105,

Chapel Hill, N. C.

Kent, Lawrence, 1896 Cowden Ave.,

Memphis 4, Tenn.

Kepler, Reginald, Mrs., 3610 Hathaway Rd.,
Hope Valley, Durham, N. C.

Ketchin, J. S.. Mrs., West Washington St.,
Winnsboro, S. C.

Keziah, W. B., Southport, N. C.

Kiddee, Walter, Mrs., 56 Gates Ave.,

Montclair, N. J.

Kinard, R. E., 727 Abelia Road, Columbia, S. C.

King, Albert, Mrs., 1800 Rolling Road,
Greensboro, N. C.

King, Frances, H., Miss, Tryon. N. C.

Kingsbery, E. Cleve, Franklin, N. C.

Kirby, Ethel, Miss, 160 Church St.,

Henderson, N. C.

Kirtland, Eunice, Miss, Tryon, N. C.

Kissam. Edward Bernard, 1430 Horace Mann
Ave., Winston-Salem, N. C.

Kissam. Edward B., Mrs., 1430 Horace Mann
Ave., Winston-Salem, N. C.

Kittrell, C. W., Mrs., Tryon, N. C.

Knight. Glenn, Mrs., Tryon, N. C.

Knight, R. J., Jr., Mrs., 2107 Wilson St.,
Durham, N. C.

Knox, W. B., Mrs., 112 W. Sharpe St.,
Statesville. N. C.

Koonce, M. B., Mrs., P. O. Box 2250,

Raleigh, N. C.

Korkon, John F., Mrs., Presbyterian St.,
Marion, S. C.

Korn, Matthew F., Mrs., 10 Swan Lake Drive,
Sumter, S. C.

Kuchner, Kenneth G., Mrs., Coker College,
Hartsville, S. C.

Kyle, Herbert, Mrs.. Box 189. Rt. 1,
Wilmington. N. C.

Lalsich, LeRoy, Mr. & Mrs., 912 Alwortli Bldg.,
Duluth 2, Minn.

Lancaster, Robert, Union Grove, S. C.

Land, M. B.. Mrs., 102 Winn St., Marietta. Ga.

Lane, Nell Durham, Mrs., 307 Chestnut St.,
Wilmington, N. C.

Langford, Ralph W., 410 Woodlawn,

Gastonia, N. C.

Lane, H. E„ Mrs., 311 Pine Grove Dr.,
Wilmington, N. C.

95

Langley, Katherine P.t Miss, Poreher’s Bluff,
Mt. Pleasant, S. C.

Laskey, Amelia R., Mrs., 1521 Graybar Lane,
Nashville 12, Tenn.

Lawing, W. F., 1209 Johnson St.,

High Point, N. C.

Lawing, W. F., Mrs., 1209 Johnson St.,

High Point, N. C.

Lawson, William D., Armstrong Circle,
Gastonia, N. C.

Lee, Mary Heath, Mrs., Fairhope, Ala.

Leiber, A. McL., Mrs., Cypress Drive,
Henderson, N. C.

Leighton, G. W., Mrs., Rt. 8, Box 308,

Lenoir, N. C.

Lemaire, Joseph, Box 124, Sebastian, Fla.

Lemly, Conrad B., Mrs., 1025 Van Hay St„
Winston-Salem, N. C.

Lepper, Lewis, Mrs., 506 Dogwood Drive,
Chapel Hill, N C.

Lesley, Sarah, Miss, Box 392,

Lake Junaluska, N. C.

Lester, George B., Glendale School, Rt. 2,
Kenly, N. C.

Lewis, Mary G., Miss, Warren Wilson College,
Swannanoa, N. C-

Liles, Bruce, Mrs., Pageland Road,

Monroe, N. C.

Lincks, Bob, 307 Berkshire Rd.,

Charlotte, N. C.

Lindsay, J. W., Mrs., 207 Hillcrest Dr.,

High Point, N. C.

Lindsay, John E., Mrs., 1416 Hagood Ave.,
Columbia, S. C.

Little, Charles G., Mrs., P. O. Box 818,

Tryon, N. C.

Little, I tar a W., Mrs., 801 Townsend Ave.,
Gastonia, N. C.

Lockhart, Mary H., Mrs., 107 E. Capitol Ave.,
Kinston, N. C.

Lofton, T. L„ Jr., Mrs., McClellanville, S. C.

Long, Charles S., 1593 Sudbury St.,

Willow Run, Michigan

Lord, Bill, 2727 Cumberland Rd., N. W.,
Roanoke, Va.

Lord, M., Miss, Tryon, N. C.

Lovering, Helen, Miss, Box 1193
Wilmington, N. C.

Lovin, Chas. E., Jr., 2504 Lawndale Dr.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Lovin, C. E., Jr., Mrs., 2504 Lawndale Dr.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Loyless, Angie, Miss, Box 12, Sullins College,
Bristol, Va.

Lynch, Louise, Miss, Montrose School for
Girls, Reistertown, Md.

Lyon, E. R., Laurinburg, N. C.

Lyon, E. R., Mrs., Laurinburg, N. C.

McAlister, Lacy L., Box P, Greensboro, N. C.

McAllister, Claude Huntley, Jr., 1110 Forest
Ave., High Point, N. C.

McCall, Nancy, Miss, 12 Myrtle St.,

Sumter, S. C.

McCandlish, Howard S., Mrs., 920 Evans Rd.,
Marion, S. C.

McCandlish, Mary Montague, Miss, 920 Evans
Rd., Marion, S. C.

MacCarthy, G. R., Dr., Box 544,

Chapel Hill, N. C.

McClam, Maud S., Miss, Rt. 1, Scranton, S. C.

McCown, E. M., Mrs., Rt. 5,

Darlington, S. C.

McCoy, Robert, Mrs., 2014 Hamilton Road,
Greensboro, N. C.

McCravy, Tucker, 321 Marion Ave.,
Spartanburg, S. C.

McDonald, Edna Mae, Miss, 101 Wright St.,
Sumter, S. C.

McGee, Harriotte W., Miss, 95 B. Rutledge
Ave., Charleston 16, S. C.

McGoogan, Della P., Miss, 406 Armfield St.,
St. Pauls, N. C.

McGoogan, Reva, Miss, Rt. 1. Shannon, N. C.

MacGregor, Frank S., Mrs., Tryon, N. C.

MacGregor. Jeanette, Miss, Tryon, N. C.

McIntosh, Rosabelle Faye, Miss, Box 258, Rt. 1,
Stanley, N. C.

McKay, Robert W., Mrs., 44 Eastover Road,
Charlotte, N. C.

McLaurin, James L., Box 392,

Washington, N. C.

McLean, Hubert G., Mrs., Rt. 2, Box 5,
Raeford, N. C.

McLeod, Henry, Jr., Johns, N. C.

McMillin, D. N., Mrs., Sleepy Hollow, Sunset
Circle, Lookout Mountain, Tenn.

McNairy, Ethel, Miss, 1814 St. Andrews, Rd.,
Greensboro, N. C.

McNeill, R. N., 336 Blowing Rock Road,
Boone, N. C.

MacRae, Monimia F., Miss, H-2 Beverly Apts.
Asheville, N. C.

Mairs, Daniel A., Dr., Quarters O, USNH,
Camp Lejeune, N. C.

Mahathey, Gail Brenda, Miss, Box 44,

New London, N. C.

Manson, G. C., Mrs., Tryon, N. C.

Mapes, Herbert L., Box 1232, Tryon, N. C.

Mapes, Herbert L., Mrs., 12 Woodland Ave.,
Bronxville, N. Y.

Marshall, Edison, Mrs., 704 Milledge Road,
Augusta, Ga.

Marshall, Walter, Box 1725, Raleigh. N. C.

Marvin, Walter, Mrs., 1204 Liveoak Parkway,
Wilmington, N. C.

Massenburg, Lillian, Miss, 324 Gary St.,
Henderson, N. C.

Massey, John, 2300 Hopedale Ave.,

Charlotte, N. C.

Massey, John, Mrs., 2300 Hopedale Ave.,
Charlotte, N. C.

Mattocks, C. B.. Mrs., Box 1655,

High Point, N. C.

Maulden, Julia W.. Mrs., 208 Williams St.,
Kannapolis, N. C.

Maulsby, Ben, Mr., 805 Highland Ave.,

Rome, Ga.

Mayfield, A. H., Box 955, Nashville 2, Tenn.

Mayfield, George R., Dr., 2421 Vanderbilt Place,
Nashville, Tenn.

Meacham, Frank B., State Museum,

Raleigh, N. C.

Mebane, W. C., Mrs., 4507 Wrightsville Ave.,
Wilmington, N. C.

Medford, H. L., 830 Cornwallis Rd.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Meeks, Benjamin Spencer, Mrs., We-Lyk-It
Cottage. Ridgeci-est, N. C.

Mehaftie, Harriett. Miss, 309 Mclver St..
Greensboro, N. C.

Merritt. Minnie, Miss, Rt. 3, Easley, S. C.

Metcalf, I. S., St. Andrews Branch, 418 Edge-
water Park, Charleston. S. C.

Metcalf, I. S. H.. The Citadel, Charleston. S. C.

Metcalf, I. S. H.. Mrs., The Citadel,

Charleston, S. C.

Miller, Douglas, Mr., Rt. 2, Albemarle, N. C.

Miller, James I., 43 Grove St.,

Asheville, N. C.

Miller, James I., Mrs., 43 Grove St.,

Asheville, N. C.

Miller, Joe, Boone, N. C.

Miller, William C„ 132 College St.,

Chester, S. C.

Miller, William C., Mrs., 132 College St.,
Chester, S. C.

Miner, Ellen M., Miss, P. O. Box 5345
Columbia, S. C.

Mitchell, Ida, Miss, 1005 N. Eugene St.,
Greensboro, N. C.

96

The Chat

Montfort, Robert C.. Mrs., 3300 Cole Mill Road,
Durham, N. C.

Montgomery, Arnette. Miss, Rt. 2,

Travelers Rest. S. C.

Montgomery, Kenneth, Mrs., 230 Valencia Rd.,
West Palm Beach, Fla.

Montgomery. Walter, Mrs., 755 Plume St.,
Spartanburg, S. C.

Mooar, Harry L.. Mrs., Box 1177, Tryon, N. C.

Moore, Genevieve, Miss, 202 Roland Park Ave.,
High Point, N. C.

Moore, lola. Miss, Avents Ferry Rd.,

Raleigh, N. C.

Moore. Stephanie, Miss, Lake Junaluska, N. C.

Morgan. Martha Frances, Miss, 22 Warren St.,
Greenville, S. C.

Morris, Morgan, Mrs., Tryon, N. C.

Morrison, Loretta, Miss, Nathan’s Creek, N. C.

Morse, Sybil K., Mrs., Box 965, Tryon, N. C.

Moser, S. Everette, Mrs., Box 1123,

Gastonia, N. C.

Mullendore, E. P.. Mrs., 333 Law St.,
Darlington, S. C.

Murray, J. J., Rev., 6 White St.,

Lexington, Va.

Myers, A. S., Mrs., 224 West Fifth Ave.,
Lexington, N. C.

Myers, Garnette, Miss, 264 Charles St.,
Henderson, N. C.

Myers, Helen, Miss, 931 Chartress St.,

New Orleans, La.

Myers, Richard A., Mrs., 2137 Radcliffe Ave.,
Charlotte, N. C.

Meyers, Truman, Mrs., Rt. 1, Cary, N. C.

Natusch, Emma C., Mrs., 591 Gilbert Ave.,
Hamden 14, Conn.

Napier. J. M., Mrs.. Darlington, S. C.

Nash, Thomas Hawkes, Mrs., Tanglewood,
Tryon, N. C.

Neaves, Sam, State Road, N. C.

Newberry, W. R., Mrs., 521 Hampton Road,
Spartanburg, S. C.

Nichols, Margaret, Miss, Rt. 1, Box 212,

Star, N. C.

Niehorster, Norman. Rt. 1, Willow Grove, Pa.

Noble, Robert Cutler, 2717 Fairview Rd.,
Raleigh, N. C.

Nooe, Sarah H., Miss, Queens College,

Charlotte 7, N. C.

Norfleet, Charles M., Mrs., 100 Sherwood Forest
Road, Winston-Salem, N. C.

Norris, Robert A., Department of Zoology,
Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga.

Northend, Allan. Mrs., 509 Pritchard Ave.,
Chapel Hill. N. C.

Norton, J. F.. Mrs., Box 1075, Tryon, N. C.

Oakley, Cledith, E.. Mrs., 313 Davis St.,
Smithfield, N. C.

O’Brien, Joseph W., Rev., 903 W. Markham
Ave., Durham, N. C.

Obropta, Dorothy, Miss, Woman’s College of
University of North Carolina, Greensboro,
N. C.

Odum, Howard T., Dept, of Zoology, Duke
University, Durham, N. C.

Ongar, Phillip, Mis., Tryon, N. C.

Orr, Harry A., McDaniel Heights Apts., Apt.
12-C, Greenville, S. C.

Orr, Harry A.. Mrs., McDaniel Heights Apts.,
Apt. 12-C. Greenville, S. C.

Overing, Wilella P., Mrs., Rt. 4, Raleigh. N. C.

Overton, Hallie G., Mrs., 529 Sims Ave.,
Columbia, S. C.

Owen, Henry L., Jr., Mrs., 221 S. Second St.,
Smithfield, N. C.

Parker, Clara B., Mrs., Rt. 1, Box 182,
Maysville, N. C.

Parker, D. Ralph, Mrs., 813 Carrick Ave.,
High Point. N. C.

Parker, John M., Ill, Mrs., 3113 Darien Dr.,
Raleigh, N. C.

Parks, Richard A., 2303 Pembrook Place, N. E.,
Atlanta, Ga.

Parrott, G. F., Mrs., 313 Moreland Road,
Willow Grove, Penna.

Partridge, E. R., Mrs., 41st. Ave. N.,

Myrtle Beach, S. C.

Patterson, It. L., Mrs., 40 Glenwood Drive,
Greenwich, Conn.

Patterson, W. D., Mrs., 742 E. Franklin St.,
Chapel Hill, N. C.

Patton, Clyde P., Mr. & Mrs., 105 Ashland.
Ave., Raleigh, N. C.

Paul, James, Mrs., 11 W. Hampton Rd.,
Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa.

Peace, S. T., Mrs., 338 Anderson Ave.,
Henderson, N. C.

Peacock, John G., Mrs., Fremont, N. C.

Pearse, A. S., Mrs., 803 Second St.,

Durham. N. C

Pearson, Grady E., Mrs., Rt. 1,

Gastonia, N. C.

Peeler, Shuford K., 1400 Woodland Drive,
Charlotte, N. C.

Pegram, Agnes, Miss, 209 Carolina Ave.,
Henderson, N. C.

Pendleton, A. O., Mrs., Post Office,

Roanoke Rapids, N. C.

Pennell, Brown, Mrs., 1408 Fairview Dr.,
Columbia, S. C.

Penney, Jay W., 1029 Fleming St.,
Hendersonville, N. C.

Penney, J. W., Mrs., 1029 Fleming St.,
Hendersonville, N. C.

Pennington, J. E., Mrs., Pennington Road,
Albemarle, N. C.

Perrett, George W., Mrs., 424 Forest Ave.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Perrin, W. B., Mrs., 4 Woodland Way Circle,
Greenville, S. C.

Peters, Harold S., 968 Cumberland Rd., N. E.,
Atlanta 6, Ga.

Peterson, Elizabeth, Miss, Box 1012,
Wilmington, N. C.

Pettingill, Olin Sewell, Jr., Wayne. Maine

Pettway, Stella, Miss, 2111 Metts Ave.,
Wilmington, N. C.

Phillips, H. C., Box 297, Manteo, N. C.

Philsen, S. A., Mrs., 107 N. Park Drive,
Greenville, S. C.

Piatt, Marion S., Mrs., Rt. 5, Box 263, Dur-
ham, N. C.

Pickelle, Virginia, Miss, 221 W. Park Drive,
Raleigh, N. C.

Pickens, A. L., Dr., Biology Dept., Queens
College, Charlotte 7, N. C.

Pitts, Roland Lewis, Rt. 4, Box 51, Charlotte.
N. C.

Poe, Elizabeth W., Miss, 205 Bradford Ave.,
Fayetteville, N. C.

Polk, H. T., Mrs., Dogwood Dr., Clemson, S. C.

Pomeroy, N. A., Mrs., 96 Hillside Ave.,
Waterbury 20, Conn.

Ponder, Eugenia L., Miss, 333 Biltmore Ave.,
Asheville, N. C.

Post, William, Jr., Millbrook School, Mill-
brook, N. Y.

Potter, George, C., 2111 Malvern Ave., Char-
lotte, N. C.

Potter, Helen F., Miss, Travelodge Mt. Plea-
sant S. C.

Potter, W. T.. Mrs., 702 E. Washington St.,
Greenville, S. C.

Potts, Roscoe F., Mrs., RFD 1, Putnam Vil-
lage, N. Y.

Poutiatine, Serge, 716 Wappoo Hall Road,
Charleston, S. C.

Poutiatine, Serge, Mrs., 716 Wappoo Hall Rd.,
Charleston, S. C.

Powell, R. C., Mrs., 210 N. Boundary St.,
Lenoir, N. C.

Powell, T. J., Box 566, Kinston, N. C.

December, 1955

97

Powell, T. J., Mrs., Box 566, Kinston, N. C.

Presnell, Enolia Sibyl, Miss, 1244 E. Blvd,
Charlotte 3, N. C.

Presser, E. J., Mrs., 217 S. Laurel Ave.,
Charlotte 7., N. C.

Pressly, B. G., Mrs., Due West, S. C.

Price, L. A., Mrs., New London, N. C.

Price, Reginald L., 641 Colville Rd., Char-
lotte 7. N. C.

Prime, Lloyd, Mrs., Southern Pines, N. C.

Pyne, George C., Mr. & Mrs., Durham, N. C.

Quattlebaum, A. M., Box 1457, Florence, S. C.

Quay, Bert W., 2608 Barmettler St., Raleigh,
N. C.

Quay, T. L., Mrs., 2608 Barmettler St., Ra-
leigh, N. C.

Quickmire, J. Stanley, Jr., 1126 Maple Ave.,
Vineland, N. J.

Quincy, Lyman, Mrs., 9 Franke Clarke St.,
Sumter, S. C.

Randolph, Mary, Miss, Randolph Road, Char-
lotte, N. C.

Rankin, Claude W., Jr., 110 Anderson St.,
Fayetteville, N. C.

Reeves, Lena C., Miss, Blowing Rock, N. C.

Rembert, R. H., 166 Pearson Drive, Asheville,
N. C.

Renn, Dorothy, Miss, Box 930, Durham, N. C.

Reynolds, Wallace L., 1426 S. Hawthorne Rd.,
Winston Salem, N. C.

Reynolds, Wallace L., Mrs., 1426 S. Haw-
thorne Rd., Winston Salem, N. C.

Rice, Lucille A., Miss, East Carolina College,
Box 27, Greenville, N. C.

Richards. Paul H., Mrs., 210 S. Main St.,
Mocksville N. C.

Richardson Emma B., Miss, 128 Bull St.,
Charleston 16, S. C.

Richardson, J. Frank, Mrs., Tryon, N. C.

Richardson, M. D., Mrs., 15 Briarcliff Drive,
Charleston 46, S. C.

Rickards. George, RFD No. 1, Monson, Mass.

Rigsby, Wm. A., Mrs., 2226 Hastings Drive,
Charlotte, N. C.

Riherd, Paul M., Mrs., Lake Butler, Florida

Riherd, Paul M., Mr., Lake Butler, Florida

Ritner, H. B., Mrs., 934 Hill St.,

Rocky Mount, N. C.

Robbins, Chandler S.. Patuxent Research Re-
fuge, Laurel, Md.

Robertson, Elizabeth C., Miss, 4 Shaftesbury
Lane, Charleston 37, S. C.

Robinson, Caroline B., Mrs., 1957 Haywood
Road, Asheville, N. C.

Robinson, Florence H., Mrs., Barnesville,
iCharlotte Co.) Va.

Robinson, Kent, Boone, N. C.

Robinson, W. S„ Mrs., 137i/2 West End St..
Chester, S. C.

Rogers, Hollis J., Dr., 420 E. Radiance Dr.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Rogers, W. Davis, Mrs., 47 Legare St..
Charleston 4, S. C.

Rose, G. E„ Mrs., 421 Woodland Rd., Hen-
derson, N. C.

Ross, Blanche, Miss, 303 White St., Morgan-
ton, N. C.

Ross, Charles, 818 Anderson St., Durham,
N. C.

Ross, James B., 2408 Westminister Way, N.
E., Atlanta 6. Ga.

Rowe, Harlan P., Mrs., Laurel H ll Rd., Cha-
pel Hill, N. C.

Rubini, Gunnard, Mrs., Rt. 1, Tryon, N. C.

Rudolph, Royston, R., Jr., MPH Box 107,
Sulphur, La

Russell, A. P., 11 Maplewood Dr., Sumter,

S. C

Russell. Phillips, Dr., Chase Ave., Chapel Hill,
N. C.

Rutledge, Lincoln M., Mrs., Tryon, N. C.

Ryan, Caroline, Mrs., 3601 Coleman St.,
Columbia, S. C.

Safford, J. O., Mrs. Tryon, N. C.

Sanders, James Henery, Mrs., 534 Rutledge
Ave., Gaffney, S. C.

Sanders, Nellie R., Mrs., University of S. C.,
Box 3492, Columbia, S. C.

Sanders, W. B„ Dr., 606 Coolidge St., Chapel
Hill, N. C.

Sandifer, Kitty, Miss, 2126 Dilworth Rd. E.,
Charlotte 3, N. C.

Sandifer, Sally, Miss, 2126 Dilworth Rd.,
East, Charlotte 3, N. C.

Sasher, H. D., Rt. 1, Oldtown, Winston-Salem,
N. C.

Satcher, Elizabeth R., Mrs., 2211 Morning-
side Dr., Augusta, Ga.

Satterfield, Jimmy, Rt. 2, Travelers Rest,
S C.

Sawyer, O. G., Mrs., 2010 Club Blvd., Dur-
ham, N. C.

Scales, Key, Mrs., Box 204, Wrightsville
Beach, N. C.

Sehepkowski, Rachael Orr, Mrs., 531 Park
Lane, East Lansing, Mich.

Schiffman, Etta, Miss, 319 W. Washington
St., Greensboro, N. C.

Schmitt, Alfred H., Mrs., Box 1437, Tryon,
N. C.

Scholl, Grace, Mrs., Box 233, Saluda, N. C.

Schumacher, Gladys H., 21 Townley St., Hart-

ford 5, Conn.

Scott, Frederic R., Kennondale Lane, Rich-
mond 26, Va.

Scott, Irene Adger, Mrs., 2407 Monroe St.,
Columbia, S. C.

Scott. Mary D., Miss, 1105 Fairview Road.
Columbia, S. C.

Scribner, Zoe J., Miss, 4583 Acacia St., La
Mesa, Calif.

Seabrook, William, Mrs., Edisto Island, S. C.

Seehorn, Monte E„ Rt. 9, Box 690, Lenoir,
N. C.

Settan, Edith L., Mrs., Rt. 1, Box 251A,
Greensboro, N. C.

Shackleton Walter H., Rt. 1, Box 76A,
Prospect, Ky.

Shaftesbury, A. D.. Dr., W. C. U. N. C.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Shaftesbury, Archie D., Mrs., 315 Tate St.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Shamburger, Anne, Miss, 517 Highland Ave.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Sharpe Robert B. Mrs., 505 Pittsboro St.,
Chapel Hill, N. C.

Sharp, Louise W., Lt. NC, USN, U. S. Na-
val Hospital, Annapolis, Md.

Shaub, Mary S., Mrs., 159 Elm St., North-
ampton, Mass.

Shaw, Aubrey M.. Ivanhoe, N. C.

Shaw, Margaret, Miss, Rocky Point, N. C.

Shaw, W. M., Mrs., 1001 Clarendon St., Fay-
etteville, N. C.

Sheffield, E. L., Box 458, Warsaw, N. C.

Sheldon, Elmer E., 472 Fernwood Rd., Key Bis-
cayne, Miami 49, Fla.

Sheldon, Elmer E., Mrs., 472 Fernwood Rd.,
Kev Biscavne, Miami 49, Fla.

Shepherd, G. F., Jr., 208 Valley Rd., Ithaca,
N. Y.

Sherrod, Edith Moore, Mrs., 202 Roland Park
Ave., High Point, N. C.

Sherwood, Frank W.. Mrs., 318 N. Boundary
St., Raleigh, N. C.

Shields, C. W., 227 Vance St., Chapel Hill,
N. C.

Shipley, John R., Rt. 2, Germantown, N. C.

Showalter, Merle, Dr., 2820 Barmettler St.,
Raleigh, N. C.

98

The Chat

Showalter, Merle, Mrs., 2820 Barmettler St.,
Raleigh. N. C.

Shuler, Hal D., Mrs., Box (57, Rt. 5, Sumter,
S. C.

Shuler, James B., Jr., 43 Kirkwood Lane,
Greenville, S. C.

Shull, Wehelmina, Mrs., N. C. O. Hospital,
Gastonia, N. C.

Shute, John W., 313 Peyton Ave., Kinston,
N. C.

Siceloff, C. E., Mrs., 539 Parkway. High
Point, N. C.

Siceloff, John C., Mrs., 1104 N. Main St.,
High Point, N. C.

Siceloff, Mary Alice, Miss, 539 Parkway,
High Point, N. C.

Siddall, Thomas H., Mrs., 516 W. Hampton
Ave., Sumter, S. C.

Sigman, Thomas O., Rt. 3, Box 169, Hickory,
N. C.

Simkins, E. A., Mrs., 107 N. Georgia Ave.,
Goldsboro N. C.

Simmons, Claudia, Mrs., 108 Ridge Lane,
Chapel Hill, N. C.

Simons, Andrew, 4 Lamboll St., Charleston
2, S. C.

Simons, Charles Inglesby, Box 388, Colum-
bia 1, S. C.

Simons, W. B., Mrs., 2324 Briarwood Road,
Charlotte 7, N. C.

Simpson. Annie Ellis, Mrs., 506 Second Ave.,
N. W. Hickory, N. C.

Simpson. Lucia E., Miss, 175 Pennsylvania
Ave., Winston-Salem, N. C.

Simpson, Roxie Collie, Mrs., 6624 First St.,
N. W., Washington, D. C.

Singletary, Nelle, Miss, Lake City, S. C.

Sloan, Nancy Ann, Miss, 119 Orange St.,
Beaufort, N. C.

Smallwood, Charles, Mrs., Smallwood Place,
Washington, N. C.

Smathers, Libby, Miss, 1905 Madison Ave.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Smith, Banjo, 306 Westwood, Columbia, S. C.

Smith, Flora. Mrs.. R. F. D., Saint Pauls, N.

C.

Smith. George, Rt. 3, Box 210, New Bern,
N. C.

Smith, Helen P., Miss, 519 E. Main St.,
Spartanburg, S. C.

Smith, Howard B., Mrs., Mullins, S. C.

Smith, Minnie J., Dr., Box 34, Salem Sta.,
Winston-Salem, N. C.

Smith, R. Carlisle, 2714 Preston St., Colum-
bia, S. C.

Smith, Ruby Green, Dr., 302 Fall Ci'eek
Drive, Ithaca, N. Y.

Smith, R. E.. Mrs., Olanta, S. C.

Smith. W. H., Mrs., Box 766, Rocky Mount,
N. C.

Smith. W. M., 2036 E. 7th. St., Charlotte,
N. C.

Smithwick, N. T., Smithfield, N. C.

Smyre. W. F„ Mrs., Rt. 1, Box 181, E. Guil-
ford College, N. C.

Sneed, F. P., Mrs., Lake View, S. C.

Snider. Helen, Miss, 212 Railroad Ave., King-
stree, S. C.

Snow, Marene, Mrs., 672 Virginia Ave. N. E.,
Atlanta, Ga.

Solomon, Bonnell, Miss, Rt. 1, Box 159, Bar-
low, Ky.

Spainhour, R. H., Mrs., 312 South Mulbury
St., Lenoir, N. C.

Speirs, J. Murray, Mrs., Rt. 2, Pickering,
Ont., Canada

Spencer, Auriel, Miss, Tryon, N. C.

Spencer, Merrill P., Dr., 303 Wake Drive,
Winston-Salem, N. C

Spencer, Merrill P., Mrs., 303 Wake Drive,
Winston-Salem, N. C.

Spencer, Merrillyn, MisB, 303 Wake Drive,
Winston-Salem, N. C.

Spinks, John D., Mrs., 651 Summit St.,
Winston-Salem, N. C.

Spivey, Collins A., Mrs., 5th Ave., Conway,
S. C.

Spivey, J. E., Mrs., Woodburn Road, Spar-
tanburg, S. C.

Spratt, Barnett, Miss, 409 Union Ave., Rock
Hill, S. C.

Springs, Ester, Miss, 246 Cottage Place, N
Charlotte 7, N. C.

Sprunt, Alexander, Jr., The Crescent, Char-
leston, S. C.

Sprunt, James, Dr., 1531 Caswell St., Ra-
leigh, N. C.

Squires, Loma, Miss, 1405 Scott Court, Char-
lotte, N. C.

Stainback, Jamie H., 3725 Commonwealth Ave.,
Charlotte 5, N. C.

Starling, Roberta, Mrs., 322 Harden St., Co-
lumbia, S. C.

Stearns, Helen J., Miss, Tryon, N. C.

Steirly, Charles C., Waverly, Va.

Stephens, James L., Jr., Box 841, Lumber-
ton, N. C.

Stevens, R. E., Mrs., 108 N. Oleander Ave.,
Goldsboro, N. C.

Stewart, Florence, Miss, 116 Cypress St.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Stevens, Robert Edward, 607 Blaney St.,
Clinton, N. C.

Stevenson, Henry M., Tallahassee, Florida

Stickley, Allen, 9 Black Hawk Dr., Wash-
ington, D. C.

Stone, Charles H., Mr., 1801 Queens Road,
Charlotte 4, N. C.

Stroud, W. D., Dr., 91 Strickland St., Man-
chester. Conn.

Stroud, W. D., Mrs., 91 Strickland St., Man-
chester, Conn.

Stoddard, H. L., Sr., Rt. 5, Thomasville, Ga.

Strickland, Hal H., 410 West Bessemer St.,
Greensboro, N. C.

Strickland, J. W., Avents Ferry Rd., Rt. 4,
Raleigh, N. C.

Strickland. J. W., Mrs., Avent Ferry Rd.,

Rt. 4, Raleigh, N. C.

Stubbins, Roland C., Rev., Efland, N. C.

Stupka, Arthur, Rt. 1, Gatlinburg, Tenn.

Sturm, Paul W., Carolina Sandhills Natl.
Wildlife Refuge, McBee, S. C.

Sullivan, J. B.. Ill, 3416 Sherwood Road,
Birmingham 9, Ala.

Sutton. Fannie G., Miss, 112 E. Capitola Ave.,
Kinston, N. C.

Swart, Charles M., Box 1261, Greensboro, N.
C.

Swart, Charles M., Mrs., Box 1261, Greens-
boro. N. C.

Swingle, Robert, Mrs., Box 594, Aiken, S. C.

Tate, Murray S., Mrs., 2506 Camden Road.
Greensboro, N. C.

Taylor, E. L., Mrs., Rt. 1, Harmony, N. C.

Taylor, J. C., Broadoaks Sanitorium, Mor-

ganton, N. C.

Taylor, Wesley, Dr., Justamere Farm, Rt. 2.
Box 229, Greensboro, N. C.

Temple, Gray, Rev., 824 Kilbourne Rd., Colum-
bia, S. C.

Teri'y. Rose, Miss, Tryon, N. C.

Thies, Ernestine, Miss, 325 Hermitage Road.
Charlotte, N. C.

Thompson. A. J., Ga. Warm Springs Founda-
tion, Warm Springs, Ga.

Thompson, Hugh S., Mrs, 111 N. Ervin St.,

Darlington, S. C.

Thompson, John, Epstein Bldg.,

Rocky Mount. N. C.

Thompson, Matt L., Mr. & Mrs , Box 88,

Chapel Hill, N. C.

December, 1955

99

Thompson. Waters, Box 872, Southport, N. C.

Thomas, Ellen, Miss, 933 Milledge Road, Au-
gusta, Ga.

Thomas, Laui'ence F., Mrs., 4107 Ridgewood
St., Columbia, S. C.

Tignor, T. W., Mrs., Enfield, N. C.

Tilghman, Horace, Mrs., 408 Harllee St.,
Marion, S. C.

Tilghman, James C., 611 Cedar St., Weldon,
N. C.

Tobin, Peggy, Miss, Box 328, Mt. Pleasant,
S. C.

Tolleson, L. C., 24 Clarendon Ave., Green-
ville, S. C.

Tomkins, Ivan R., 1231 East 50th St., Sa-
vannah, Ga.

Trahan, Joe, Mrs., 3701 Howard Rd., Rich-
mond 23, Va.

Trott, L. John, Jr., New London, N. C.

Trowbridge, K. S., Jr., Box 3765, State Col-
lege Station, Raleigh, N. C.

Tuck, C. E., Mrs., 156 Spring St., West
Bridgewater, Mass.

Turner, Lewis R., Box 297, Manteo, N. C.

Tuttle, William D„ Mrs., Rt. 6, Box 29-a,
Lenoir, N. C.

Tyner, Nina D., Mrs., 1802 Rolling Road,
Greensboro, N. C.

Upchurch, R. T., Mrs., 820 S. Garnett St.,
Henderson, N. C.

Urich, Mary H., Mrs., Box 12, W rights ville
Beach, N. C.

Zzzell, Thomas M., Jr., Ens., USS Benham
|DD796|, Fleet Post Office, New York, N.
Y.

Van. Ebba, Miss, 4131 Forest Dr., Columbia,
S. C.

Van Cleave, C. D., Mrs., 752 Christopher
Rd.. Chapel Hill, N. C.

Van Landingham, J. R., Mrs., 1418 Madison
Ave., Florence, S. C.

Vander Schalie, H., Mrs., Rt. 1, Castle Hayne,
N. C.

Van Eseltine, William P., Dept, of Veteri-
nary Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medi-
cine, University of Ga., Athens, Ga.

Vernon, H. W. Mrs., Box 1261, Tryon, N. C.

Vernon, James W., Dr., Broadoaks Sanato-
rium, Morganton, N. C.

Viner, H. E. S., Mrs. Tryon, N. C.

Vining, Ceth M., Mr., Tryon, N. C.

Vining, Ceth M., Mrs., Tryon, N. C.

Vogler, H. Harold, Mrs., 861 Watson Ave.,
Winston-Salem, N. C.

Wade, Harry J., 1035 Elm St., Beloit, Wis.

Wade, John E., Osborne, S. C.

Walker, Emma, Mrs., 119 Duke Ave.,
Columbia, S. C.

Walker, Fielding L., Mrs., 806 Vickers Ave.,
Durham, N. C.

Walker. Sam A., Poplar Branch, N. C.

Walker, T. Y., Mrs., 1100 E. 3rd St.,
Greenville, N. C .

Walters, Harold, Mrs., 714 Greenwood Rd.,
Chapel Hill. N. C.

Ware, R. E., Box 792, Clemson, S. C.

Waring, Joseph I., MD. Rt. 8, Box 628, Old
Town. Charleston, S. C.

Waring, Joseph I., Mrs., Rt. 8, Box 628, Old
Town, Charleston, S. C.

Warner. Edna. Dr.. Lake Lure Camp for Girls,
Lake Lure, N. C.

Warner, George. Mrs., Tryon, N. C.

Warren, C. S.. Mrs., 309 Beal St.,

Lenoir, N. C.

Warrington, R. B., Mrs., Country Club Road,
New Bern, N. C.

Watson. Adger I.. 3700-A Old Buncombe Rd.,
Greenville. S. C.

Watson, S. R., Mrs., 167 Belle St.,

Henderson, N. C.

Watts, Carrie Mae, Miss, 117 N. Race St.,
Statesville, N. C.

Watts, E. B„ Mrs., 117 Race St.,

Statesville, N. C.

Watts, Ellen C., Mrs., 1514 Barnwell St.,
Columbia, S. C.

Watts, Lenora, Miss, 34 Fulton St.,

Asheville, N. C.

Weatherford, 1406 Victoria St., Columbia. S. C.

Weaver, Richard L.. Dr., School of Natural Re-
sources, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Webb, W. M., Mrs., 1 Scotland Apts.
Laurinburg, N. C.

Weisner, Ralph H., Mrs., Rt. 1,

Guilford College, N. C.

Welborn, Allen B., Mrs., 717 West Farris,

High Point, N. C.

Welding, Weldon, Mrs., 61 Kingsbury St.,
Needham 92, Mass.

Wenger, James Q., Dr., 817 Pittsboro Rd.,
Chapel Hill, N. C

Wenstrand, David, Mrs., Gillette Woods,

Tryon, N. C.

Werner, Ray C., 758 Wildwood Rd., N. E.,
Atlanta, Ga.

Wessinger, Eunice R., Miss, Lexington, S. C.

West, Horace, Aurora, N. C.

West, Thag, Mrs., 500 Woodbrook Court,

High Point, N. C.

Wester, A. B., Mrs., 2220 The Circle,

Raleigh, N. C.

Westmoreland, Ann, Miss, 1103 Evergreen Ave.,
Goldsboro. N. C.

Whaley, Helen G., Mrs., Pine Baron Plantation,
Edisto Island. S. C.

Wheat, Fred, Mrs., 125 S. Fifth Street,
Wilmington, N. C.

Wheeden. Lee, Mrs., Box 347,

Roanoke Rapids. N. C.

Wheeler, D. L., Mrs., Box 526,

Roanoke Rapids. N. C.

Wheeler, Mary, Miss, By Sun and Tide,

Murrells Inlet, S. C.

Whipple, C. R., Jr., Mrs., 211 Saluda Ave.,
Columbia. S. C.

Whisnant, Grace, Miss, Rt. 2,

Morganton. N. C.

White, Elizabeth, Miss, North Main St.,
Sumter, S. C.

White, Harry J., 679 Manly PI.,
Winston-Salem, N. C.

White, Robert N., 826 Overbook Ave.,
Winston-Salem, N. C.

White, Stanley, P. O. Box 648,

Roanoke Rapids, N. C.

Whitehead, Lawrence C., P. O. Box 5577,

State College Sta., Raleigh, n. C.

Whiteman. J. H., Mrs., 801 Third Ave.,

West Point, Ga.

Whitener, Joseph B.. Master Sgt.,

NCO Quarters 202, Ft. Bragg, N. C.

Whitener, Marion C., Mrs., Box 45,

State Road, N. C.

Whitfield, Lewis E.. Mrs., 1811 Lake Shore Dr.,
Fayetteville, N. C.

Whitley, Eula B.. Mrs., 1105 Park Ave.,
Goldsboro. N. C.

Whitley, Melvin Lee. Rt. 2,

New London, N. C.

Whitlock. Patricia Anne, Miss, Box 1672,
W.C.U.N.C., North Spencer Dorm,
Greensboro, N. C.

Wickham, Ashby P., Tryon, N. C.

Wilbur, Ann, Mrs., 415 Riverview Ave., River-
land Terrace, Charleston, S. C.

Wilburn, Mary S., Miss, 46 Westview St.,
Greenville, S. C.

Wilcox, George, Miss, 314 Beall St.,

Lenoir, N. C.

Wilkinson, Frank S.. 408 Wildwood Ave.,

Rocky Mount, N. C.

100

The Chat

Wilkinson, Marcus, Mrs., 525 Club Park Itoad,
Winston-Salem, N. C.

Williams, B. F., 204 W. Harper Ave.,

Lenoir, N. C.

Williams, B. F., Mrs., 204 W. Harper Ave.,
Lenoir, N. C.

Williams, Ellison A., 27 Limehouse St.,
Charleston 21, S. C.

Wills, Camilla Louise, Miss, 1601 Grady Ave.,
Charlottesville, Va.

Wilson. H. J., Mr. & Mrs., 204 E. Park Dr.,
Raleigh, N. C.

Wilson. Kenneth A., Currituck, N. C.

Wilson, Roger. Mrs., Box 1277, Gastonia, N. C.

Wilson, Virgil A., Dr., 3005 N. Claremont Ave.,
Winston-Salem, N. C.

Wilton, Christine, Dr., ECC, Box 123,
Greenville, N. C.

Winstead, T. B., Mrs., Box 365, Elm City, N. C.

Wintyen, Mary K., Miss, W. New Hampshire
Ave., Southern Pines, N. C.

Witherington, Robert H., 996 Kearns Ave.,
Winston-Salem 7. N. C.

Witte, Hattie S., Mrs., 1611 Pendleton St.,
Columbia, S. C.

Wolff, Don, Dr., 107 Overlook Drive,
Winston-Salem, N. C.

Wolff, Robert L., Box 294, Greenville, N. C.

Wollett, Anna. Miss, Box 284, Littleton, N. C.

Wood, Robert D., Crestline Road, Rt. 7,
Greenville, S. C.

Woodfin, Edgar N.. Mrs., Rt. 2,

Campobello, S. C.

Woodward, Joe Lee, Box 206,

Kings Mountain, N. C.

Woodward, Margaret, 11 Park Drive,

Belmont. N. C.

Wooten, Lillian D., Miss, 809 E. Beech St.,
Goldsboro, N. C.

Wooten, J. S., Mrs., 308 Summit Ave.,
Kinston, N. C.

Wooten, Lillian D., Mrs., 809 East Beech St.,
Goldsboro, N. C.

Wooten, S. D., 811 East Beech St.,

Goldsboro, N. C.

Wooters, J. K., 1304 Rhem St.,

Kinston, N. C.

Wooters, J. K., Mrs., 1304 Rhem Street,
Kinston, N. C.

Wotten, Leslie B., Mrs., 23 Arlington St.,
Hyde Park 36, Mass.

Wray, D. L., Division of Entomology, Dept, of
Agriculture, Raleigh, N. C.

Wrigley, F. D., Mrs., Rt. 2, Liberty, S. C.

Wyatt, Wortham, Mrs., 727 Oaklawn Ave.,
Winston-Salem, N. C.

Wylie, Ambrose M., Jr., 121 Reedy St.,
Chester, S. C.

Yarbrough, John A., Dr., Biology Dept.,
Meredith College, Raleigh, N. C.

Yelton, Olen, Miss, Box 279,

Connelly Springs, N. C.

Yocom, Frances, Miss, 516 East Franklin St.,
Chapel Hill, N. C.

York, M. A., 622 Daniels St.. Raleigh, N. C.

Young. Lillian K., Mrs., 229 Young Ave.,
Henderson. N. C.

Young. M M., Mrs., 348 W. Hampton Ave.,
Spartanburg, S. C.

Young, T. B., Mrs., Hillhaven, Florence, S. C.

Zealy, A. H., 3rd, 108 N. Audubon St.,
Goldsboro, N. C.

Zernon, Elizabeth, Miss, Box 606,

Black Mountain, N. C.

Zimmerman, James H., 2114 Van Hise Ave.,
Madison 5, Wisconsin

Clubs

Cardinal Bird Club, Charlotte, N. C.

Chapel Hill Bird Club, Chapel Hill, N. C.

Columbia Bird Club, Columbia, S. C.

Darlington Bird Club, Darlington, S. C.

Fayetteville Audubon Club, Fayetteville, N. C.

Greenville Bird Club, Greenville, S. C.

Henderson Bird Club, Henderson, N. C.

Hickory Bird Club, Hickory, N. C.

Lenoir Audubon Club, Lenoir, N. C.

Mecklenburg Audubon Club, Charlotte, N. C.

Musician’s Bird Club, Concord, N. C.

Myrtle Beach Garden Club, Myrtle Beach, S. C.

Piedmont Bird Club, Greensboro, N. C.

Roanoke Rapids Bird Club, Roanoke Rapids,
N. C.

Stanley County Bird Club, New London, N. C.

Raleigh Bird Club. Raleigh, N. C.

Town & Country Day Garden Club, Aiken, S. C.

Tryon Bird Club, Tryon, N. C.

Wilmington Natural Science Club,

Wilmington. N. C.

Winston-Salem Bird Club, Winston-Salem, N. C.

Chat Subscriptions, Garden Clubs, Libraries

Biology Department, A.S.T.C., Boone, N. C.

The Library, U.N.C., Chapel Hill, N. C.

Charlotte & Mecklenburg County Public Lib-
rary, 310 N. Tryon St., Charlotte 2. N. C.

Duke University Library, Durham, N. C.

Fayetteville Garden Club, Fayetteville, N. C.

Greensboro College Library, Greensboro, N. C.

Greensboro Public Library, Greensboro, N. C.

H. Leslie Perry Memorial Library,

Henderson, N. C.

Dunbar Branch Perry Memorial Library,
Henderson, N. C.

Highlands Biological Station, Highlands, N. C.

Alton School, Rt. 4, Monroe, N. C.

Shiloh School, Rt. 6. Monroe, N. C.

New York State Library, Albany 1, N. Y.

Weddington School, Rt. 3, Waxhaw, N. C.

Winston-Salem Public Library,

Winston-Salem, N. C.

The Charleston Museum, Charleston 16, S. C.

The Nature Club, District Five High School.
Duncan, S. C.

Serials Dept., General Library, University of
Calif., Berkeley 4, Calif.

Union Garden Club, Union. S. C.

Hutchinson, S. A., Mrs., 27 Pilgrim Road.
Marblehead, Mass.

Meritt, James K., Apt. 6, 901 State Street,
Schenectady, N. Y.

Duer, Harry E., Mrs., 9304 Edmonds Ave.,
Cleveland 6, Ohio

Griscom, E. C., Mr. & Mrs., 1246 Edge Hill Rd.,
Roslyn, Penna.

Wykoff. Jack N., 832 Liberty St.,

Meadeville, Pa.

Grundman, Dora, Miss, Western Union
Telegraph Co., Tarboro, N. C.

December. 1955

101

Founded March 6, 1937 Incorporated August 8, 19 J+9

The Carolina Bird Club is an incorporated association for the study and
conservation of wildlife, particularly birds, in the Carolinas. Founded in
1937 as the North Carolina Bird Club, it was joined in 1948 by several
South Carolina natural history clubs and the name changed to the Carolina
Bird Club. In addition to publishing- The Chat, the Club also: (1) holds
an annual spring- business meeting and a fall dinner meeting, (2) conducts
club-wide field trips to places of outstanding ornithological interest, (3)
sponsors Christmas and Spring Bird Censuses by local groups, (4) encour-
ages original research and publication, (5) aids in the establishment of
local clubs and sanctuaries, (6) takes an active interest in conservation
legislation, (7) cooperates with State and Federal agencies, and (8) fur-
nishes information and speakers to interested groups whenever possible.

The Carolina Bird Club, Inc., is a non-profit educational and scientific
organization with no paid personnel. Dues, contributions, and bequests to
the Club are deductible from State and Federal income and estate taxes.

MEMBERSHIP

Membership is open to anyone interested in birds, wildlife, and out-of-
doors. The annual dues for the classes of membership are:

Regular $1.00 Contributing $25.00

Supporting $5.00 Affiliated Club $2.00

Life — $100.00 (payable in four consecutive annual installments)

All members not in arrears for dues receive The Chat and the News-
letter. Seventy-five cents of each annual membership fee is applied as the
annual subscription to The Chat. Checks should be made payable to the
Carolina Bird Club, Inc. Application blanks may be obtained from the
Treasurer, to whom all correspondence regarding membership should be
addressed.

The activities of the Club and the coverage of The Chat will grow in
amount and quality as increased funds become available. Prompt payment
of dues and the securing of new members are vital contributions open to
everyone.

OFFICERS FOR 1955-1956

President : Miss May Puett, Box 2183, Greenville, S. C.

Vice-Presidents : Robert Overing, Rt. 4, Raleigh, N. C.; Linville Hendren,
Elkin, N. C.; Douglas E. Wade, 3403 Duncan St., Columbia, S. C.
Secretary : Mrs. George C. Potter, 2111 Malvern Rd., Charlotte 7, N. C.
Treasurer : W. L. Hamnett, 2809 Kittrell Dr., Raleigh, N. C.

Executive Committee: Composed of Officers, Editors and the following-
four elected Members-at-large : B. R. Chamberlain, Matthews, N. C. ;
Leon Ballance, Lake Landing, N. C.; Dr. Charlotte Dawley, W.C.U-N.C.,
Greensboro, N. C. ; T. M. Simpson, Winston-Salem, N. C.

Newsletter Editor: Fred H. May, 211 Beall Street, Lenoir, N. C.