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XH) Liiiels at im ia i sat Ha aa ite srt i My A na Ae a tits i) wi ae th it y pe oe Pate i i Het, ' titi 1 Ph te ) Mt siete fh Sy I Biba aia it My ih i rit a oe i Ait ratatatangent Seat ae Hi a KK Bh He} Het + i} i ia Mt a ae aint latersta sf Hit ISTE SHE AR eats | thee Sit a i Heit ht > t } We Hi He Pitty nth i hey itt ie $ oo ee 5 tf) oh in ible e) ‘sie it ry i she + i I i rit Hi ies} ia tit it ia a 14 il! the ih tit a his wiht i) f . f Heats rit? hi Ki ae t $ ithe Hf Lith ! tite! af fii fit } Hi Ht if i ss a ; . iat hat ht 5 a fi See = Oa nde oe Sel ection: Sep town Ser oe te ~~" : =< 2 ae. * ~ = re ‘- = = : : Pee per e OOS OS PE wee ae oO eee mei. oe Sree atesss eae eres _~ = FOR THE PEOPLE _ FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Ts Bn Lah D. i j Ce CHECK- LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION FIFTH EDITION ZoGlogical Nomenclature is a means, not an end, of ZoGlogical Science PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION 1957 Copyright 1957 by The American Ornithologists’ Union All rights reserved, except that an author may quote pages or sections for his use in his individual researches. The Lord Baltimore Press, Inc. Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION The historical record of the Check-list of North American Birds includes four previous editions published respectively in 1886, 1895, 1910, and 1931, with thirty Supplements issued during the interim periods, thirteen of these since the appearance of the fourth edition. At the fifty-seventh stated meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union, held at Berkeley in June 1939, it was decided that a fifth edition of the Check-list should be prepared by the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature, under direction of Alexander Wetmore, chairman. Names of committee members, with dates of service, are given at the end of this preface. | It will be obvious to all those who have engaged in similar research that much detailed checking of original sources and careful weighing of evidence in new material were required to cover the progress of a quarter century in North American ornithology. The consideration of newly described forms, records of forms new to the Check-list area, revision of names and status, and the deletion of species included in the fourth edition on the basis of inadequate data or false identifica- tion have required much study. Further, the accumulation of detailed data and the effects of changes in bird populations made necessary complete revision of the entire range statements for practically every species. The fourth edition covered 1,420 species and subspecies, while in the present work this number has grown to 1,686. As the work progressed, the length of time needed for full comple- tion of so sizable an undertaking became apparent, and at a meeting of the Council of the American Ornithologists’ Union held in New York in October 1943, it was decided that the Committee should pre- pare a digest of changes in names and status and of additional forms agreed upon to date, and should publish these as the Nineteenth Sup- plement to the Check-list. This appeared in The Auk for July 1944, and similar supplements have been issued in each successive July num- ber to the year 1956. Procedure. In considering alterations in status, new forms pro- posed, changes in names, and eliminations suggested, detailed memo- randa were prepared by the chairman, based on published proposals. These memoranda were circulated to the Committee, and voted on by iti iv PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION mail, or were discussed and voted on at sessions of the Committee held at the time of the Union’s annual meetings. Decisive votes were in- corporated in the Check-list Supplements drafted annually by the chairman. The first-draft account for each family was drawn by the various members of the Committee, with assistance, in part, in outlining the ranges by data from the files of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. In the beginning the latter information was assembled by Chandler S. Robbins of that Service, but from June 15, 1948, to Feb- ruary 13, 1953, this was continued by Edgar M. Reilly, Jr., employed for the purpose through funds provided by the Smithsonian Institution. As each section was completed it was mimeographed at the Smithson- ian, and copies for correction and comment were sent to all Committee members, as well as to about 40 collaborators in various parts of the United States and Canada, each of whom had special information on some family or geographic area. In addition, the chairman received much useful information from many other individuals. The manu- script was then rewritten, with incorporation of the pertinent cor- rections and additions that had been received. This work was done, family by family, by the Committee members, and the following col- laborators: W. H. Behle, E. R. Blake, John Davis, H. G. Deignan, Hoyes Lloyd, K. C. Parkes, and L. L. Snyder. The chairman then pro- ceeded to edit the accounts to bring them into harmony of treatment, after which the manuscript was typed in the office of Frederick C. Lincoln, was read again, and then set in type for scrutiny by the Committee members. Scope of the Check-list. After careful consideration, the Committee decided to make no change in the area covered by previous editions. It remains thus, North America north of México, with inclusion of Greenland, Bermuda, and Baja California. Systematic order. The classification used in the fourth edition has been followed with only minor alterations, principally those necessi- tated by the synonymizing of certain genera. Species and subspecies headings. A separate heading has been sup- plied for each species that is divided into subspecies. This paragraph includes the scientific name for the species, a species vernacular name, and an outline of the species range. If the nominate form is not found in our area, the original reference for the name is given in a footnote. PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION Vv Subspecies are listed only under the scientific name, with the appro- priate reference, followed by the range in detail. Nomenclature. Procedures relative to names of birds included in the Check-list have been governed by the American Ornithologists’ Union Code of Nomenclature printed in the first edition of the Check-list in 1886, issued in separate form in 1892, and slightly revised in 1908. The basic rules, therefore, have been in force for nearly three-quarters of a century, and the present Committee, in revising the Check-list, has continued to follow them, with the exception of the much-dis- cussed “One-letter Rule.” * After careful study, the Committee decided to adopt the International ruling on this point in order to establish con- formity for names of wide-ranging bird groups which appear in check- lists dealing with other parts of the world. Cases not explicitly covered by the Union Code have been decided by a majority vote of the Committee. Nomenclature has been held as stable as possible, only those changes being made that seemed neces- sary in order to maintain a logical and comprehensible system. At the very start of its work the Committee decided to provide vernacular names for all species, whether polytypic or not. After lengthy discussions and consultation with many members of the Union, it was decided to abandon the effort to provide vernacular names for subspecies. The Committee hopes that this procedure will help to re- store emphasis to the species—the unit usually involved in most studies made outside the museum or laboratory. Spelling. The original spelling used by the author of each name has been followed with these exceptions: (1) Specific and subspecific names used as adjectives have been made to agree with the gender of the genus. (2) Diphthongs are written as separate letters. Accents. Accents are indicated to aid pronunciation, the accentu- ation given following classical rules. However, the original accent of a 1 The only ruling in which the Union and International Codes differed sig- nificantly. The Union Code, as interpreted by the revisers of 1908, stipulated that etymologically identical generic names were to be considered identical whether the ending was masculine, feminine, or neuter, or in Greek or Latin form. The International Code, on the other hand, stated that new generic names which differ from those already in use only in termination, or in slight variation in spelling, when once properly published are not to be rejected on simple grounds of preémption. vi PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION proper name is retained when this is the base for a specific or subspe- cific term. In these matters the chairman is deeply indebted to Robert S. Woods for a careful memorandum covering most of the names. References. As in the fourth edition, an attempt has been made to supply definite dates of publication whenever possible. When works published in installments are in question, it will be noted that the date of publication follows the part (as volume, signature, or page) to which the date applies. The date carried by the printed work is given, followed when necessary by the actual date of publication where this differs. Pages are cited for the description, and for previous occur- rences of the name in the same publication (as in table of contents or keys). If a plate has been published in connection with a new species, it also is cited. References to two works are sometimes required, as for names from Audubon’s folio edition of the Birds of America, since the type localities, and other explanatory information, are to be found in his Ornithological Biography. As in the fourth edition, the source is given for names based by Linnaeus, Gmelin, and other early authors on plates or descriptions by the nonbinomial authors who preceded them (notably Catesby, Edwards, and Brisson). Type localities. The type locality given by the original author is quoted verbatim in most instances, restrictions and interpretations, when necessary, being added in square brackets. Statement of range. The known extent of range is given, even when the probabilities suggest wider limits. Limitations of space obviously require that ranges be given in outline and in geographical (not eco- logical) terms, the finer details being left to regional lists. In general, the range outlines first the northern boundary, beginning at the north- west and continuing to the northeastern limit; then the southern boundary, beginning at the southwest and continuing to the southeast. The winter range is stated with migratory species, and migration routes, when of special significance, are noted. With certain excep- tions, geographic names, particularly those of Latin America, follow the official spelling used in the country concerned, including the customary accent marks. Casual and accidental occurrences. Extralimital species and sub- species are included in the Check-list on the basis of casual or acci- dental occurrence only when such occurrence is proved by an authen- tically identified specimen. PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION Vii Records of North American birds in Europe have been subject to considerable difference of opinion among Old World ornithologists. Owing to the widespread interest in aviculture foreign species, includ- ing many from North America, have been imported into Europe over a period of many years. Individual birds frequently escape from cap- tivity, and in addition there have been numerous attempts to establish a considerable variety of our American species at liberty in England and elsewhere. Some ornithologists feel that these extralimital records should be disregarded, but it seems more reasonable to consider part of them at least as bona-fide Atlantic crossings on the part of storm- blown birds, or birds that have wandered when some other circum- stance has caused confusion in their normal direction of travel. This is particularly true since there are numerous European records of species that are not usually imported for aviaries. W. B. Alexander and R. S. R. Fitter in an article entitled “American Land Birds in Western Europe,” published in British Birds, vol. 48, no. 1, January 1955, pp. 1-14, have summarized the available information, and in general their findings have been followed, even when the records have not been accepted in the current Check-list of the Birds of Great Brit- ain and Ireland of the British Ornithologists’ Union. The records con- sidered valid come in the main during the period of fall or spring mi- gration when wandering may be expected. Numbers. In the first to the third editions of the Check-list num- bers were assigned to each species and subspecies, and these have been used widely in marking eggs and for other purposes. In the new order of classification the old Check-list numbers have been retained un- changed, and numbers fitting that sequence have been supplied for species and subspecies newly recognized in this edition. As in the fourth edition, a special index of these numbers, in numerical sequence, appears as an appendix (pp. 651-655), with a reference to the page in the Check-list on which each number occurs. Fossil occurrence. Where fossil records of modern birds are avail- able these have been included under the species as a separate item at the end of the range, in a statement giving the geologic age and the locality by state. Such information is given for 189 living forms whose bones have been identified in Pliocene or Pleistocene deposits. Limi- tations of space have prevented inclusion of the complete list of ex- tinct species that has been an appendix in the four previous editions, Vili PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION since knowledge in this field has grown until the full detail would have required more than one hundred additional pages.? The fossil data presented are for North America. It must be noted that various of our species that range to other continents are recorded also from Pleisto- cene deposits abroad. Contributions. The Committee acknowledges its great obligation to the Smithsonian Institution, which contributed from its research funds for more than four years to make possible the part-time employ- ment of Edgar M. Reilly, Jr., who, as has been indicated, labored effectively in compiling data on bird distribution from published lit- erature, and especially from the files of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. From October 1952 to the end of the work the Com- mittee is indebted to Dr. Ralph S. Palmer for permitting Mr. Reilly to continue part time to complete this task after he had become a staff member of the New York State Museum. The late E. A. McIlhenny contributed a sum of money to aid in the work of handling the manuscript through the press. This has been of concrete and valuable assistance. The Wildlife Management Institute also made a contribution in 1948 toward the employment of Mr. Reilly, which assistance is acknowledged with appreciation. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service has allowed free access to its files on the geographic distribution of North American birds, a matter of major assistance. Also, as noted above, the final manuscript was typed in the office of Frederick C. Lincoln of that bureau. The Committee acknowledges with much appreciation its indebted- ness to Paul H. Oehser, Chief of the Editorial and Publications Divi- sion of the Smithsonian Institution, for his assistance in the arrange- ments for printing with the Lord Baltimore Press, and for his aid with the manuscript and the proofs. Copyright. The copyright will protect the American Ornithologists’ Union against any reproduction of the entire book by any other agency or individual. However, authors may quote, copy, and publish specific pages or sections required in their individual researches. The Committee records with sadness the loss of four of its most distinguished members during the years involved in this undertaking. 2 For the most recent summary on this subject see Wetmore, A., Check-list of the fossil and prehistoric birds of North America and the West Indies. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 131, no. 5, Jan. 25, 1956, pp. 1-105. PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION ix A. J. van Rossem, active on the Committee from 1940 through his special knowledge of western birds and of the whole historical back- ground of North American ornithology, died on September 4, 1949. James L. Peters, who contributed his encyclopedic learning to the final stages of the Fourth Edition and through eleven years of work on the Fifth, died on April 19, 1952. John T. Zimmer, member of the Committee from 1940, especially skilled in specific relationships of those forms migrant to tropical America, died on January 6, 1957. Josselyn Van Tyne, an original member since 1940, died on January 30, 1957, having contributed greatly to the work through his extensive knowledge and particularly through his extreme care in the prepara- tion of manuscript and the editing of proof. ALEXANDER WETMORE, 1939-1957, Chairman HERBERT FRIEDMANN, 1940-1957, Vice Chairman (from 1949) DEAN Amapon, 1953-1957 FREDERICK C. LINCOLN, 1940-1957 Committee: GEORGE H. Lowery, JR., 1953-1957 ALDEN H. MILLER, 1940-1957 * JAMES L. PETERS, 1940-1952 FRANK A. PITELKA, 1953-1957 * ADRIAAN J. VAN ROSSEM, 1940-1949 * JOSSELYN VAN TYNE, 1940-1957 * JOHN T. ZIMMER, 1940-1957 * Deceased a? ie on me rue}! aah ina oat pts id Works Wades ee pativahe kein re) inant dina 0 Vin. = *t) (be tone act semtesBi2 de: eh di sitar atl to angus Es feng woskatb ay! bei i 9 peak was eee ‘ a4 f; ‘ e te 8) )} ] 118 ayia spars “A an é tatty 18 Ue ne oe 1% ey WANs samara et ae’ ' pact cy Nerul 9 (am +k Bt) ANA. FES ~~ Herve a BFF ease | CONTENTS PREFACE . CHECK-LIST I. Il. Til. VI. VIL. VIII. Gaviiformes 1. Gaviidae: Loons Podicipediformes ANNE 1. Podicipedidae: Grebes . Procellariiformes bOI 1. Diomedeidae: Albatrosses . 2. Procellariidae: Shearwaters, Fulmars . 3. Hydrobatidae: Storm Petrels Pelecaniformes . Phaéthontidae: penis lite Pelecanidae: Pelicans Sulidae: Boobies and Gannets . Phalacrocoracidae: Cormorants Anhingidae: Darters Fregatidae: Frigate-birds iconiiformes A Ardeidae: Herons an Bitten: , SEE ON ist ee 4. Phoenicopteridae: Flamingos Anseriformes " 1. Anatidae: Swans, Gree pad Ducks: Falconiformes 1. Cathartidae: rmerican Niaitines 2. Accipitridae: Hawks, Old World Vultures, and Harriers 3. Pandionidae: Ospreys 4. Falconidae: Caracaras and Palcons Galliformes ley @racidac: Guracsous: Guane aad Ghachalsens 2. Tetraonidae: Grouse and Ptarmigan . 3. Phasianidae: Quail, Pheasants, and Peacocks . 4 . Meleagrididae: Turkeys xi 2. Ciconiidae: Storks and Wood Ibises . 3. Threskiornithidae: Ibises and Spoonbills CONTENTS IX. Gruiformes . i. Zi a Gruidae: Grates Aramidae: Limpkins .. Rallidae: Rails, Gallinules, and Cooks X. Charadriiformes il ifs —y NS BOF sat GN at fas 3 IND Fees Jacanidae: Jacganas . Haematopodidae: Oystercatchers Charadriidae: Plovers, Turnstones, and gate | Scolopacidae: Woodcock, Snipe, and Sandpipers Recurvirostridae: Avocets and Stilts Phalaropodidae: Phalaropes Stercorariidae: Jaegers and Skuas Laridae: Gulls and Terns Rynchopidae: Skimmers... Alcidae: Auks, Murres, and Puffins . Columbiformes . Columbidae: Pigeons and Doves . Psittaciformes Psittacidae: Lories, Pore fad ee Cuculiformes 11 Cuculidae: Sacerte. Roadvanies and ae Strigiformes i ap i. 2. Tytonidae: Barn Owls Strigidae: Typical Owls . Caprimulgiformes 1. . Apodiformes Caprimulgidae: Goatsuckers Apodidae: Swifts Bhs Trochilidae: Hummingbirds Trogoniformes iL. . Coraciiformes ie Trogonidae: Trogons Alcedinidae: Kingfishers Piciformes i Picidae Passeriformes al eae aaah Cotingidae: Cotingas Tyrannidae: Tyrant Flycatchers Alaudidae: Larks gine Hirundinidae: Swallows Page 149 149 151 152 163 163 163 165 177 209 210 pa e 216 244 245 258 258 267 267 268 268 Zitz pat 21a 290 290 297 297 300 308 308 309 309 311 311 331 331 332 351 357 CONTENTS Xili Page 5. (Corvidae: Jays. /Maopies, and @rows) 40.) 2) 366 6. Paridae: Titmice, Verdins, and Bushtits . . . . 382 Poy Situdae Nuthatehes it 9 Aan Naaty UN a ae ME sO 6 Sr CerthndaeCreepersi me) Vey \euaen tures) fa antl au eate ae OF Chamacidacs wWrentitsyt to) se tte ey aly wae el ARO LO Cinchidaes MDI PESIG sO eg allo cece ere SU yn aC eae ORAS 11. Troglodytidae: Wrens . . Piithed eae OG 12. Mimidae: Mockingbirds and eases, de ae DOU Ee me 1322 13. Turdidae: Thrushes, Solitaires, and Bluebirds. . . 430 14. Sylviidae: Old World Warblers, Gnatcatchers, and Kaneletsys ayia he . 448 15. Prunellidae: Accentors .. SS MOOR Ye i Deva ASS 16. Motacillidae: Wagtails and Pipits aks CEM Meee 2) iv. ‘Bombeyillidae; \Waxwings)) 20) en ay ea ee ASO 18. Ptilogonatidae: Silky Hoan Le He Petit Leal een pte A OL 19. Laniidae: Shrikes .. LM Same OU yeu ee us 215) 20s» Sturmidae:: Starlimesy eo) 8st gl sill Oe tka eal OS) 2M SON ITEOMGAE TH VITCOS eh Ye) Oe icy oe eae ct ee OO. 22, CoerebidaeVHONeyCreepersy. 11/1 3) i) es we einen ne 250 Parulidae> Wood) Warblers) 594.0 ee eS 24. Ploceidae: Weaver Finches Whee 17920 25. Icteridae: Meadowlarks, Blackbirds, and Trametes Aires 26. Thraupidae: Tanagers .. Fo er AD, 27. Fringillidae: Grosbeaks, Finches, , Sparrows, and Buntin gs eee hye . et S46 HYPOTHETICAL LIsT aay Whe). hut Be eum? Seite GEES INDEX TO CHECK-LIST NUMBERS A BSR Fa ey SEEN Se TRIG SL Tiss eR Ue Bite Pata Tempeh 1, ANAS NCR ng WM ane | TUR SAREIR RPL MI EGS} Oa era Ae te Sh A ob OMe ke “Et an" La ae Lei yes hy ba: vial mia oe Tid: + vena oa, at . Eb Mabie: Baal head podbiny) 2 of, a) ’ ' -) a : i Shela | “ani ; ‘ » ranhaoamnedd eo Ae Bi ehainan willis atl t Hevieee tind athe CWS i ahs ania: sii et ; iy, 3 ie . eet *, tae satiaigrl ‘i non camel odintt A | “roetuiene i) AY Ae A NG Pa a iy a ial mk cit Ai sision? ae, Naa Hak ha ie i, nt ctl: Scams "Tiana Noten a Mai at 1h AN GRAS AM ae One balan ry ia LRSM RAT THE CHECK-LIST Class AVES: Birds Subclass NEORNITHES: True Birds Superorder NEOGNATHAE: Typical Birds Order GAVIIFORMES: Loons Family GAVIIDAE: Loons Genus GAVIA Forster Gavia J. R. Forster, Enchirid. Hist. Nat., 1788, p. 38. Type, by subsequent designation, Colymbus imber Gunnerus = C. immer Briinnich (Allen, 1907). Gavia immer (Briinnich): COMMON LOON. [7.] Colymbus Immer Briimnich, Orn. Borealis, 1764, p. 38. (E Faeroa= Faeroe Islands.) Breeds from the Aleutian Islands (Kiska), northwestern Alaska (Norton and Kotzebue sounds), northern Yukon, and Banks Island (Mercy Bay), to Barrow Strait, Baffin Island, and Greenland (Thule, Scoresby Sound) south to north- eastern California, northwestern Montana (Flathead Lake), North Dakota, northern Iowa (formerly), northern Illinois (formerly), northern Indiana, northern Ohio, northern Pennsylvania (casually), northern New York, Massa- chusetits (formerly), Connecticut (casually), New Hampshire, Maine, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland; also in Iceland and Bear Island. Found in summer occasionally in Jan Mayen, Faeroes, Outer Hebrides, north Scotland, Shetlands, and Spitsbergen, possibly breeding in some of the more northern localities. Sum- mers regularly on salt water south of breeding range, occasionally to California, the Gulf coast, and the Carolinas. Winters chiefly along the coasts, from southern Alaska, the Great Lakes, Newfoundland, and Maine to Sonora, the Gulf coast from Texas to Florida, and through the Florida Keys to Key West; in the Old World from the English Channel, and the North and Baltic seas, to the western Mediterranean, and south to Madeira and the Azores, casually to the Black Sea. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of Orange County, California. 1 2 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Gavia ddamsii (Gray): YELLOW-BILLED Loon. [8.] Colymbus adamsii G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 27, Aug. 1859, p. 167. (Russian America, through Behring’s Straits = Alaska.) Breeds from the Murmansk coast, probably from northern Finland and Novaya Zemlya, eastward through northern Siberia (Omoloi and Anadyr rivers); and from Cape Prince of Wales, Point Hope, Point Barrow, and Salmon River, Alaska, to the Mackenzie River Delta and western Keewatin, north of timber line. Found in summer north to Banks, Victoria, and Somerset islands and Boothia Peninsula, east to Melville Peninsula, and south to Great Slave, Yathkyed, and Baker lakes. Winters in southeastern Alaska (Alexander Archipelago) and, rarely, Van- couver Island (Comox); commonly in Norway; casually to the Baltic coasts of Sweden and Finland; and in China and Japan. Casual in migration south to Great Britain, Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Poland, Italy, Slavonia, Czechoslovakia, the Caspian Sea, and in the Komandorskie Islands. Accidental in Greenland, Long Island, and Colorado. Gavia arctica (Linnaeus): ARCTIC LOON. Holarctic. Breeds from Scotland, Norway, Finland, and northern Russia south to northern Germany, Baltic states, and to lat. 55° N. in Russia; in the New World trom Alaska east to Melville Peninsula and southern Baffin Island, south to the Alaska Peninsula and northern Ontario. Winters south to Portugal, the Mediterranean, the Black and Caspian seas, India, and Japan; in North America from southeastern Alaska to southern Baja California and the coast of central Sonora. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of San Pedro, California. Gavia arctica pacifica (Lawrence). [10.] Colymbus pacificus Lawrence, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. liv, 887, 889. (San Diego, Cal. and Puget’s Sound = Presidio, near San Francisco, California.) Breeds from Cape Prince of Wales and Point Barrow, Alaska, east to Melville Peninsula and southern Baffin Island; south to the Alaska Peninsula, Kodiak Island, northern Saskatchewan (Lake Athabaska), northern Manitoba (Church- ill), and northern Ontario (Cape Henrietta Maria); east to Labrador Peninsula (casually). Recorded in summer at the Carey Islands, near lat. 77° N. at the northern end of Baffin Bay, Devon Island (Dundas Harbor), Hudson Bay (Mansel Island), and James Bay (South Twin Island), and on the Pacific coast from the Sitkan district of Alaska to the Queen Charlotte Islands, northwestern Washington, and Oregon; casual at Monterey, California, and on the Kurile Islands. Winters mainly along the Pacific coast from southeastern Alaska to Guada- lupe Island, southern Baja California, the western side of the Gulf of California, 1 Colymbus arcticus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 135. (Europa & America boreali = Sweden.) ORDER GAVIIFORMES 3 and along the eastern side to southern Sonora (Guaymas); also on the coasts of Japan. Accidental in Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Iowa, New York (Long Island), New Hampshire, Quebec (Saguenay County), and Greenland. Gavia arctica viridigularis Dwight. [10a.] Gavia viridigularis Dwight, Auk, 35, no. 2, Apr. 6, 1918, p. 198. (Gichega (or Ghijiga) northeastern Siberia.) Breeds in northeastern Siberia, from the Khatanga River to Kamchatka and Sakhalin Island, and at Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska.1 Winters south to the Baltic Sea (Kurische Nehrung), Sakhalin, and Japan. Casual at Nome, St. Michael, and St. George Island, Alaska, and in British Columbia (Victoria, Comox). Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan): RED-THROATED LOoNn. [11.] Colymbus Stellatus Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, vol. 1, 1763, p. 621. (No locality mentioned = Denmark.) Breeds from northern Alaska, Banks Island (Mercy Bay), Melville Island, northern Ellesmere Island, and northern Greenland (Whale Sound and southern Peary Land) south to the Aleutian Islands, Vancouver Island, coast of British Columbia to lat. 52° N., southern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, James Bay (South Twin Island), Anticosti Island, and Newfoundland; casually to the north shore of Lake Superior (off Thunder Cape). Recorded in summer south to California, northern Michigan (Whitefish Point), the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario, and Maryland.? In the Old World from Iceland, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, Bear Island, Novaya Zemlya, northern Russia, and northern Siberia south to Ireland (Donegal), Scotland, southern Sweden, Perm, Lake Baikal, Kamchatka, and the Komandorskie and Kurile islands (probably to Sakhalin). Winters from the Aleutian Islands and the coast of British Columbia to Sonora (Tiburon Island); and from the Great Lakes area (casually) and Maine to the Gulf coast and southern Florida; in the Old World, from southwestern Iceland, the British Isles, and the Baltic Sea to the southern shores of the Mediterranean, the Black and Caspian seas, southern Baluchistan, Turkestan, China, Formosa, and Japan. Casual in migration in Idaho, Montana, Colorado, and the Mississippi Valley south to Arkansas; in eastern Texas and West Virginia; also in Egypt and the Mekran coast of Iran. 1Jt is possible that this may prove to be a distinct species since A. M. Bailey, Birds of Arctic Alaska, Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., Popular Ser. no. 8, Apr. 1, 1948, pp. 138- 143, records viridigularis and pacifica breeding here in the same area. 2A breeding record for Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, is subject to verification. See Kemsies, Wilson Bull., 42, 1930, pp. 199, 201. 4 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Order PODICIPEDIFORMES: Grebes Family PODICIPEDIDAE: Grebes Genus PODICEPS Latham Podiceps Latham, Gen. Syst. Birds, Suppl., [1], 1787, p. 294. Type, by subsequent designation, Colymbus cristatus (Gray, 1840). Subgenus PODICEPS Latham Pédiceps grisegéna (Boddaert): RED-NECKED GREBE. From Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and northern Russia through the Kirghiz Steppes and northeastern Siberia to northwestern Alaska, Canada, and northern United States; in winter south to northern Africa, the Balkan Peninsula, northern Iran, China and Japan; and to southern California, the Ohio Valley, and North Carolina. Podiceps grisegena grisegéna (Boddaert). [2a.] Colymbus grisegena Boddaert, Table Planch. Enlum., 1783, p. 55. (No locality stated = France.) Breeds from France (casually), Netherlands (rarely), Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Finland, northern Russia (Arkhangelsk), the Kirghiz Steppes, and western Siberia to northern Austria, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, southern Russia, Astrakhan, Caucasia, Armenia, and the Aral and Caspian seas. Winters from the British Isles to northern Africa, Balkan Peninsula, northern Iran, Turkestan, and Semipalatinsk. Casual in Spitsbergen and Greenland (Sukkertoppen and Julianehaab dis- tricts). Podiceps grisegena hélbollii Reinhardt. [2.] Podiceps Holbdéllii Reinhardt, Videnskab. Medd., 1853, p. 76. (Nenortalik i Julianehaabs Distrikt, Gronland.) Breeds from Transbaikalia and Manchuria through northeastern Siberia (except Kamchatka, where another race is found), the Komandorskie Islands, northwestern Alaska, the Mackenzie Delta, north-central Saskatchewan, south- central Manitoba, and northwestern Ontario (Favourable Lake) south to the Kurile Islands, Hokkaido (Ishikari, Kitami), northern Washington (Chelan and Spokane counties), Montana (Swan Lake; and Lewis and Clark and Sheridan counties), North Dakota (Ward County and Sweetwater Lake), northeastern South Dakota (Day County), and southern Minnesota (Nicolet County). Spo- radic in central southern Wisconsin, southern Ontario (Burlington), southern Quebec, and New Hampshire. Casual in summer in Ohio and New Jersey and on Southampton Island and James Bay. Winters in Asia south to Turkestan, China, and Japan; in North America from the Pribilof and Aleutian islands, Kodiak, and southeastern Alaska to central (rarely southern) California; and from Newfoundland, southwestern Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick to Georgia and central Florida (Wakulla ORDER PODICIPEDIFORMES 5 County); more rarely from the Great Lakes to western Tennessee (Reelfoot Lake); one record at Lake Catahoula, Louisiana. In migration at many inland localities and on James Bay; recorded in winter from Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland; accidental in Scotland (Aultbea, Ross-shire) and France (Loire-Inférieure). Subgenus DYTES Kaup Dytes Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, p. 41. Type, by subsequent designation, Dytes cornutus Kaup = Colymbus auritus Lin- naeus (Gray, 1842). Podiceps auritus (Linnaeus): HORNED GREBE.! From Alaska, Mackenzie, Manitoba, Ontario (casually), New York, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Nova Scotia to southern British Columbia, northern South Dakota, northeastern Iowa, and Wisconsin. In winter south to southern California, New Mexico, southern Texas, and Florida. And in Iceland, Faeroes, northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, lat. 65° N. in Russia, Semipalatinsk, Altai, Amuria, and Sakhalin; in winter south to the Mediterranean, Yugoslavia, Cau- casia, Iran, Turkestan, China, and Japan. Fossil, in Pleistocene of Tennessee and Florida. Podiceps auritus cornutus Gmelin. [3.] Colymbus cornutus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 591. (in America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.) Breeds from central Alaska (Nulato and Fort Yukon), northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, and northern Manitoba (Churchill) south to southern British Columbia, probably Nevada (Pyramid and Franklin lakes), eastern Idaho (Jefferson County), northern South Dakota (Sand Lake), northern Ne- braska, northeastern Iowa (Clayton County), and central (casually southern) Wisconsin. Sporadic in southern Ontario, northwestern New York (Lake On- tario), southwestern New Brunswick (Milltown), and the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Anticosti and Magdalen islands); formerly to northern Utah and northwestern Indiana; found in summer in eastern Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, IIli- nois, Michigan, and northwestern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Fort Severn). Winters from the Aleutian Islands (Adak, Dutch Harbor) and southern Alaska to southern California (San Diego Bay) and from Nova Scotia to southern Florida (Fleming Key); less commonly from the Great Lakes to southern Texas and New Mexico. Casual in southern Greenland, Newfound- land, Bermuda, Baja California (Concepcién Bay), Colorado (Larimer County), and Kansas (Lawrence). Podiceps caspicus (Hablizl)?: EARED GREBE. From Denmark, the British Isles, southern Sweden, Russia, the Caspian Sea, Altai Mountains, Mongolia, Manchuria, and Jehol south to Morocco, Algeria, 1 Colymbus auritus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 135. (in summis Europae & Americae lacubus = Sweden.) 2 Colymbus caspicus Hablizl, Neue Nordische Beytrage, 4, 1783, p. 9. (Meerbusen von Enzeli, Kaspisches Meer = Enzeli Bay, Caspian Sea, Gilan, Iran.) 6 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Italy, Yugoslavia, Cyprus, Palestine, and northern Baluchistan; in eastern and southern Africa from Ethiopia to southern Angola and Cape Province; in North America from central British Columbia and southern Manitoba to northern Baja California, New Mexico, and western Minnesota. In winter through southern Europe, to India (casually), China, and Japan; and from Washington to Colombia. Fossil, in Pliocene of Kansas and Pleistocene of Oregon, California, and Kansas. Podiceps caspicus calif6rnicus Heermann. [4.] Podiceps Californicus Heermann, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, no. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1854 (Apr. 12, 1855), p. 179. (California.) Breeds from central interior British Columbia (Cariboo District), north- western Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Minnesota (Becker County), northwestern Iowa (Clay County), and northern Nebraska south to northern Baja California (Laguna Hanson), southern Nevada, central Arizona, northern (rarely southern) New Mexico, and southern Texas (Mitch- ells Lake, Bexar County). Winters from southern British Columbia (Vancouver Island) to Colombia (Sabana de Bogota), less commonly in Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, and southern Texas; east in migration to Wisconsin. Casual at Great Slave Lake and in Missouri, Kansas (transient), Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Ontario (Niagara Falls), and Tennessee, and at Guadalupe Is- land off Baja California. Subgenus TACHYBAPTUS Reichenbach Tachybaptus Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 (1853), p. iii. Type, by monotypy, Colymbus minor Gmelin = Colymbus ruficollis Pallas. Podiceps dominicus (Linnaeus): LEAST GREBE. From central Baja California, southern Sonora (casually southern Arizona), and southern Texas to central Argentina; the Bahama Islands and the Greater Antilles; also Trinidad and Tobago. Podiceps dominicus brachypterus (Chapman). [5.] Colymbus dominicus brachypterus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.. 12, art. 19, Dec. 23, 1899, p. 256. (Lomita Ranch, lower Rio Grande Texas.) Resident from southern Texas (Aransas and Bexar counties) through México (except Sonora and Baja California) and Central America to Panama. Accidental in Louisiana (Baton Rouge). 1 Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 223. (Do- minica = Hispaniola.) ORDER PODICIPEDIFORMES 7 Podiceps dominicus bangsi (van Rossem and Hachisuka). [Sa.] Colymbus dominicus bangsi van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, no. 23, June 15, 1937, p. 323. (Santiago, Baja California.) Resident in the southern half of Baja California and southern Sonora (Agia- bampo, Camoa); one breeding record for southeastern California (Imperial Dam). Casual in southern Arizona (Quitobaquito, Tucson, and Camp Verde). Genus AECHMOPHORUS Coues Aechmorphorus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14, no. 5, Apr.- May (Aug. 1), 1862, p. 229. Type, by original designation, Podiceps occidentalis Lawrence. Aechmophorus occidentalis (Lawrence): WESTERN GREBE. [1.] Podiceps occidentalis Lawrence, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. liv, 892, 894. (Washington Territory to California = Fort Steilacoom, Washington.) Breeds from south-central British Columbia, northwestern Alberta, south- central Saskatchewan, and south-central Manitoba to central (rarely southern) California, western Nevada, northern Utah, west-central Wyoming, and north- ern North Dakota, locally in southwestern Colorado (Trites Lake, Saguache County), western Nebraska (Garden County), South Dakota (Bennett, Brown, and Day counties), and southwestern Minnesota (Heron Lake). Recorded casually in summer north to Craig, Alaska, and south to northeastern Baja California. Winters mainly near the coast from southeastern Alaska (Ketchikan) and British Columbia to Baja California and Jalisco; locally inland to western Nevada (Pyramid Lake) and south to Puebla. Casual in Yukon (Teslin Lake), New Mexico, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, eastern Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michi- gan, Indiana, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, southern Ontario, and South Caro- lina. Fossil, in Pleistocene of the San Francisco Bay region, California. Genus PODILYMBUS Lesson Podilymbus Lesson, Traité d’Orn., livr. 8, June 11, 1831, p. 595. Type, by monotypy, Podiceps carolinensis Latham = Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus. Podilymbus pédiceps (Linnaeus): PIED-BILLED GREBE. From British Columbia, southern Mackenzie, Quebec, and New Brunswick south locally through Central America, the West Indies, and South America to Chubut, Argentina. Fossil, in Pleistocene of Oregon, California, México, and Florida. 8 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Podilymbus podiceps poédiceps (Linnacus). [6.] Colymbus Podiceps Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 136. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Breeds from Vancouver Island and central British Columbia, southern Mac- kenzie (casual at Great Slave Lake), north-central Alberta, central Saskatche- wan, northern Manitoba, northwestern Ontario (casually to James Bay), south- ern Quebec, central New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south, locally, to south- ern Baja California, Jalisco, the State of México,1 Texas, Louisiana, and southern Florida. Winters from Vancouver Island, southern British Columbia, rarely central Arizona, Utah (near Great Salt Lake), and central Texas (Dallas) eastward, north to the line of winter ice in Tennessee and the lower Potomac River (rarely to New York and southern Ontario; casually to Connecticut, Massachu- setts, and New Brunswick), south to southern Baja California, western Panama, Cuba, and Grenada. Casual in Alaska (Ketchikan), Yukon, Baffin Island (Fair Ness), Labrador, Newfoundland, and Bermuda. Accidental in the Azores (Terceira). Order PROCELLARIIFORMES: Albatrosses, Shearwaters, Petrels, and Allies Family DIOMEDEIDAE: Albatrosses Genus DIOMEDEA Linnaeus Diomedea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 132. Type, by subsequent designation, Diomedea exulans Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). Diomedéa albatrus Pallas: SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS. [82.] Diomedea albatrus Pallas, Spic. Zool., vol. 1, fasc. 5, 1769, p. 28. (ad oram Kamtschatcae orientalum . . . ad Insulam Beringii = Bering Sea.) Bred formerly on Torishima in the Seven Islands of Izu, on Kita-no-shima in the Parry group, Nishi-no-shima (or Rosario), Yome-shima, and Muko-shima, in the Bonin Islands, and Kobisho of the Senkaku Archipelago in the southern Ryukyu Islands; possibly on Agincourt Island (or Hoka-sho) north of For- mosa; and probably on Rasa and other of the Daito Islands, as well as other remote islands south of Japan.2 Now near extinction; about 10 pairs on Tori- shima in 1954.3 Ranged formerly to the China coast, the Japan and Okhotsk seas, Bering Sea from the Komandorskie Islands north to the Diomede Islands and Norton Sound, and through the North Pacific from Alaska to southern Baja California. (Bones abundant in prehistoric Indian kitchen middens on the coasts of Oregon and California.) 1 Southern limits in México uncertain. 2 Data from Austin, Pacific Science, 3, no. 4, Oct. 1949, pp. 283-295. 2 Yamamoto, Sokkojiho (Tokyo), 21, no. 8, Aug. 1954, pp. 232-233, 1 pl. ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES 9 Reported 70 miles off San Francisco on February 17, 1946,1 and in the Gulf of Alaska, 140 miles from Cape Spencer, on November 25, 1947.? Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Diomedea nigripes Audubon: BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS. [81.] Diomedea nigripes Audubon, Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 327. (Pacific Ocean, in lat. 30° 44’ N., long. 146° [W.].) Breeds on Torishima in the Seven Islands of Izu (formerly), northern Bonin Islands (formerly), Iwo Jima in the Volcano Islands, Marcus Island (formerly), Taongi in the Marshall Islands, Johnston Island, and the following in the Lee- ward Islands of Hawaii: Kure (Ocean), Midway, Pearl and Hermes Reef, Lisianski, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, Necker, Nihoa, and Kaula. Ranges to the coast of China, Pescadores Islands, Formosa, Ryukyu Islands (Ishigaki), Pacific coast of Japan, Kurile Islands, Kamchatka, the Aleutian Islands, southern Bering Sea (Bristol Bay), and the coast of North America south to southern Baja California and the Revilla Gigedo Islands. Diomedea immutabilis Rothschild: LaySAN ALBATROSS. [82.1.] Diomedea immutabilis Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 1, no. 9, June 1, 1893, p. 48. (Laysan Island.) Breeds on Torishima in the Seven Islands of Izu (formerly), Marcus Island (formerly), Wake Island (formerly), and on the following islands of Hawaii: Kure (Ocean), Midway, Pearl and Hermes Reef, Lisianski, Laysan, Gardner Rock, Necker, Nihoa, Niihau, and Moku Manu Islet off Oahu. Ranges to the Pacific coast of Japan, the Bonin Islands, Kurile Islands, Kamchatka, the Aleutian Islands, the Gulf of Alaska, and east to the coasts of California (45 miles off Bodega Head; San Nicolas Island) and northern Baja California (between San Gerénimo and Guadalupe islands). Diomedea melanéphris Temminck: BLACK-BROWED ALBATROSS. [82.2.] Diomedea melanophris Temminck, Nouv. Rec. Planch. Col. Ois., vol. 5, livr. 77, Apr. 1828, pl. 456 and text. (Cape of Good Hope.) Breeds on the Auckland and Campbell islands south of New Zealand; on Ildefonso, Diego Ramirez Island, Isla de los Estados (Staten Island) off Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands, South Georgia, Prince Edward Islands, and Ker- guelen; questionably on Tierra del Fuego, Bouvet Island, the Crozets, and Heard Island. Ranges generally through the southern oceans from the Tropic of Capricorn to lat. 64° S., occasionally to 69°, or farther. Accidental near Greenland (Lille Hellefiskebanke off Sukkertoppen®), Spits- bergen, the Faeroes, England (Linton), and Norway (Oslofiord). 1 Traylor, Condor, 52, 1950, p. 90. 2 Kenyon, ibid., pp. 99-100. 8 Hgrring and Salomonsen, Medd. Grgnland, 131, no. 5, 1941, pp. 59-60, fig. 5. 10 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Diomedea catita Gould: WHITE-CAPPED ALBATROSS. South Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, breeding on islands in Bass Strait, and Bounty Island, and the Chatham Islands; less common in South Atlantic Ocean. Accidental in North Pacific Ocean. Diomedea cauta catita Gould. [82.3.] Diomedea cauta Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 8, 1840 (July 1841), p. 177. (Bass Strait.) Breeds on islands in Bass Strait, southeastern Australia. Ranges east to near Chatham Islands. Accidental off the coast of Washington (39 miles west of mouth of Quillayute River) .+ Diomedea chlororhynchos Gmelin: YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROsS. [83.] Diomedea chlororhynchos Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 568. Based on the Yellow-nosed Albatross of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 309. (ad caput bonae spei et in mari australi extra tropicos = off Cape of Good Hope.) Breeds on Tristan da Cunha and Gough islands, South Atlantic Ocean, and on St. Paul Island, Indian Ocean. Ranges widely through the South Atlantic and southern Indian oceans and through the seas south and southeast of Australia to near the coast of New South Wales. Accidental in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (near mouth of Moisie River, Que- bec), New Brunswick (Machias Seal Island off Grand Manan), and in Maine (East Fryeburg). Family PROCELLARIIDAE: Shearwaters, Fulmars Subfamily FULMARINAE: Fulmars Genus DAPTION Stephens Daption Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zodls vol. 13, pt. 1, Feb. 18, 1826, p. 239. Type, by original designation, Procellaria capensis Linnaeus. Daption capénsis (Linnaeus): CAPE PETREL. [102.] Procellaria capensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 132. (ad Cap. b. Spei = Cape of Good Hope.) Breeds on the shores of the Antarctic Continent (King George V Land, Queen Mary Land, Enderby Land), the islands of the West Antarctic Archi- pelago, South Shetland, South Orkney, South Georgia, South Sandwich, Bouvet, Kerguelen and Heard islands, and probably on the Crozet Islands. 1 Slipp, Auk, 69, 1952, pp. 458-459, pl. 16. ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES 11 Ranges north to northern Pert (rarely crossing the Equator), southeastern Brasil (Iguapé, Rio de Janeiro), French Equatorial Africa (Loango), Zanzibar, lat. 30° S. in the Indian Ocean, southern Australia (to Geraldton, West Aus- tralia, and Brisbane, Queensland), and New Zealand. Recorded casually north to the Marquesas Islands, southern México (Acapulco), California (Monterey), Maine (Harpswell, Casco Bay), Eire (Dublin), England (Bournemouth, the Dovey), France (Hyéres, Bercy), Netherlands, and Ceylon (Gulf of Mannar). Genus FULMARUS Stephens Fulmarus Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. ZoGl., vol. 13, pt. 1, Feb. 18, 1826, p. 233. Type, by subsequent designation, Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus (Gray, 1855). Fulmarus glacidlis (Linnaeus): FULMAR. In summer to Wrangel and Herald islands, islands in Bering Sea, Komandor- skie, Kurile, and Aleutian islands, and Alaska Peninsula, in the west; Arctic and Atlantic oceans, from Banks, Melville, and Ellesmere islands, northern Greenland, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, and Novaya Zemlya south to eastern Baffin Island, southern England, and Norway, in the east. In winter south to Japan, Baja California, and the northern coast of France; casually farther south. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Fulmarus glacialis glacialis (Linnaeus). [86.] Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus, Fauna Suecica, ed. 2, 1761, p. 51. (in mari septentr. intra circulum arcticum = Spitsbergen.) Breeds from east Greenland (Kronprins Christians Land and Raffles Island, lat. 70° 35’ N.), Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Bear Island, Franz Josef Land, and Novaya Zemlya south to the Faeroes, Outer Hebrides, Orkney, and Shetland islands, southern Eire, southern England (south coast of Devon), eastern England (coast of Norfolk), and Norway (Rund Island and adjacent coast) .? Winters in the Atlantic from the northern limit of open water off northern Labrador, east-central Greenland, Spitsbergen, and northern Norway to the fishing banks off Newfoundland, Georges Bank off Massachusetts, at sea to lat. 40° N., and off the north coast of France. Casual in Ontario, Quebec, Connecticut, New Jersey, Virginia, the Baltic Sea, Portugal, and Madeira. Accidental in Switzerland and Czechoslovakia. 1 The authenticity of records for England and France has been questioned because of known release in or near the English Channel of captive birds brought in ships from southern waters. See Witherby, Jourdain, Ticehurst, and Tucker, Handb. Brit. Birds, vol. 4, 1940, p. 80; N. Mayaud, Inventaire des Oiseaux de France, 1936, p. 166. 2 The Atlantic Fulmar has increased its breeding range widely in the last hundred years. It reached the Faeroes as a nesting species between 1816 and 1839. Until 1878 it was known to breed in the British Isles only on St. Kilda, the spread (to 1949) being indicated above. The first were recorded breeding in Norway in 1924. See Fisher, The Fulmar, 1952. 12 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Fulmarus glacialis minor (Kjzerbg¢lling). [862.] Procellaria minor Kjaerbglling, Danmarks Fugle, 1852, p. 324. (North Greenland. ) Breeds from Devon Island and eastern Baffin Island (Admiralty Inlet, Cum- berland Gulf) east to western and northern Greenland (Saunders Island, Or- pigsoq Fjord). Found in nesting season, but not recorded as breeding, west to Banks and Melville islands, north of Ellesmere Island to about lat. 85° N., and south to Newfoundland. Winters south to Newfoundland (St. Anthony) and off Nova Scotia (80 miles east-southeast of Chebucto Head). Probably mingles at this season with F. g. glacialis in the western Atlantic from Labrador to New England. Fulmarus glacialis rédgersii Cassin. [86.1.] Fulmarus Rodgersii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, July-Sept. (Oct. 28) 1862, p. 326. (South Indian Ocean = North Pacific.) Breeds from Cape Dezhneva (East Cape), Siberia, to Komandorskie Islands and the Kurile Islands, and to Hall, St. Matthew, and the Pribilof islands in Bering Sea; south to Segula, Gareloi, Amukta, and Chagulak islands in the Aleutians and to Seal, Semidi, and Barren islands off the Alaska Peninsula; probably breeds on Wrangel, Herald, and St. Lawrence islands. Stragglers recorded in summer casually to British Columbia, California, and northern Japan. Winters in offshore waters from the Pribilof and Aleutian islands south to Sakhalin (Robben Island), and the Izu islands, Japan, in the west, and to Baja California (off Magdalena Bay) in the east; recorded in the Pacific Ocean to lat. 30° N. Subfamily PUFFININAE: Shearwaters Genus ADAMASTOR Bonaparte Adamastor Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, no. 11 (for Sept. 15), 1856, p. 594. Type, by original designation, Procellaria haesi- tata Forster = Procellaria cinerea Gmelin. Adamastor cinéreus (Gmelin): BLACK-TAILED SHEARWATER. [97.] Procellaria cinerea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 563. Based on the Cinereous Fulmar of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 405. (intra circulum Antarcticum = lat. 48° S., Antarctic seas.) Breeds on Tristan da Cunha and Gough islands in the South Atlantic, Ker- guelen Island in the Indian Ocean, and Macquarie Island and the Antipodes south of New Zealand. Ranges between lat. 25° S. and lat. 55° S., regularly reaching the coast of Peru. Accidental off Monterey, California. ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES 13 Genus PUFFINUS Brisson Puffinus Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 56; vol. 6, p. 130. Type, by tau- tonymy, Puffinus Brisson = Procellaria puffinus Brinnich. Subgenus ARDENNA Reichenbach Ardenna Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 (1853), p. iv. Type, by original designation, Procellaria maior Faber = P. gravis O’Reilly. Puffinus diomedéa (Scopoli): Cory’s SHEARWATER. The North Atlantic and northern South Atlantic oceans, Mediterranean and Adriatic seas to Asia Minor and the western Indian Ocean. Puffinus diomedea diomedéa (Scopoli). [88a.] Procellaria diomedea Scopoli, Annus I, Historico-Naturalis, 1769, p. 74. (No locality given = Corsica.) Breeds on islands in the Mediterranean from southern Spain and north- western Africa to Italy, the Balkan Peninsula, and Asia Minor. Ranges throughout the Mediterranean to the Bosporus and also enters the Atlantic. Casual on the coasts of France and New York (Long Island). Accidental in England, Faeroes, Germany, Switzerland, and Czechoslovakia. Puffinus diomedea borealis Cory. [88.] Puffinus borealis Cory, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 6, no. 1, Jan. 1881, p. 84. (Near Chatham Island, Cape Cod, Massachusetts.) Breeds on the Azores and the Canary, Salvages, Madeira, and Berlengas islands, Portugal. Ranges west through the Atlantic Ocean north to lat. 44° N., off the coast of North America, from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to South Carolina, at sea south to lat. 36° S., and off the coast of Baia, Brasil. Casual in England and northern Spain. Accidental in Germany and New Zealand. Puffinus credtopus Coues: PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER. [91.] Puffinus creatopus “Cooper (mss.),” Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, Mar.-Apr. (June 30) 1864, p. 131. (ex insula “San Nicholas” prope California = San Nicolas Island, California.) Breeds at Mocha Island, Arauco Bay, and the Juan Fernandez Islands (Mas a Tierra and Santa Clara), Chile (possibly on Huafo and other islands near Chiloé). Ranges south to Chiloé Island, Chile, and north through the eastern Pacific; occurs in North American waters offshore from Baja California (Guadalupe Island; Coronados Islands) to California (more commonly south of the latitude 14 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS of San Francisco), Oregon, Washington, British Columbia (off Vancouver Island), and southeastern Alaska (Forrester Island). Puffinus carnéipes Gould: PALE-FOOTED SHEARWATER. [95.1.] Puffinus carneipes Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 13, no. 85, May 1, 1844, p. 365. (small islands off Cape Leeuwin [Western Australia].) Breeds on islands off the south coast of Western Australia (near Cape Leeu- win, Breaksea Island, and Archipelago of the Recherche), around North Island, New Zealand (Hen and Chickens, Mercury, Alderman, and Karewa islands and the islands off Marlborough Sound; probably at Three Kings Islands), and Lord Howe Island. Ranges to South Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania; the seas east of the Chatham Islands (lat. 42° to 40° S., long. 173° to 175° W.); north to Hokkaido (Hakodate) and Honshu (Sagami Bay), Japan, off British Columbia (50 miles west-southwest of Cape Calvert, Goose Island Banks), Washington (Cape Flattery), and California (off Monterey); and Juan Fernan- dez Islands (off Mas a Tierra Island), Chile. Two records for Ceylon (Pana- dura, Mt. Lavinia). Puffinus gravis (O’Reilly): GREATER SHEARWATER. [89.] Procellaria Gravis O’Reilly, Voy. Greenland, Adjacent Seas, 1818, p. 140, pl. 12, fig. 1. (Latitude of Cape Farewell and Staten Hook, frequenting Newfoundland in summer.) Breeds in the Tristan da Cunha group, South Atlantic Ocean. Ranges throughout the Atlantic Ocean from Tierra del Fuego and the Falk- land Islands, South America, and off the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa north to northeastern Labrador, Resolution Island, and Davis Strait (to Hol- steinsborg, Greenland); occasional in coastal waters from Florida northward. Migrates north from breeding grounds in April through the western Atlantic, reaching the latitude of New England late in May and Greenland in June; then spreads eastward in European waters to British Isles, Faeroes, and Iceland, casually to Netherlands, Helgoland, and Norway; in the Mediterranean east to Algeria and Sardinia. Subgenus THYELLODROMA Stejneger Thyellodroma Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 11, Nov. 8, 1888, p. 93. Type, by original designation, Puffinus sphenurus Gould = P. chloro- rhynchus Lesson. Puffinus pacificus (Gmelin)?: WEDGE-TAILED SHEARWATER. The Pacific Ocean from Iwo Jima, Bonin, Marcus, and Wake islands, the Hawaiian Islands, and the Revilla Gigedo Islands south to Australia, Lord Howe and Norfolk islands, and Kermadec Islands; Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean. 1 Procellaria pacifica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 560. (circa insulam Euopoa aliasque maris pacifici = Kermadec Islands.) ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES te) Ranges outside the breeding area to Japan, southern Baja California, the Tres Marias Islands, México, and New Zealand. Puffinus pacificus chlororhynchus Lesson. [96.1.] Puffinus chlororhynchus Lesson, Traité d’Orn., livr. 8, June 1831, p. 613. (No locality given; type from Shark Bay, Western Australia.) Breeds on Iwo Jima, the Bonin Islands, Wake Island, Leeward Islands of Hawaii (Kure, Midway, Pearl and Hermes Reef, Lisianski, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, Gardner Pinnacle, Necker, Nihoa, and Kaula), Kauai and Lehua islands, islets around Oahu (Moku Manu, Manana, Popoia), Johnston, Christmas, and Jarvis islands, and the Revilla Gigedo Islands (San Benedicto) ; and the Seychelles Islands, west and east coasts of Australia, Lord Howe and Norfolk islands, and Tonga Islands. Ranges from the Formosa Channel (Pescadores Islands) and off Japan to southern Baja California (Cape San Lucas) and the Tres Marias Islands, México,! and generally through warmer parts of the Indian and Pacific oceans. Puffinus billeri Salvin: NEw ZEALAND SHEARWATER. [96.2.] Puffinus bulleri Salvin, Ibis, ser. 5, 5, no. 3, July 1888, p. 354. (New Zealand.) Breeds on islets around North Island, New Zealand (Poor Knights; probably also on Three Kings Islands and Whale Island). Ranges east to the Chatham Islands, the coast of Chile (off Valparaiso), and north to California (off Monterey), Oregon (mouth of Columbia River), and Washington (Grays Harbor). Subgenus PUFFINUS Brisson Puffinus griseus (Gmelin): SooTy SHEARWATER. [95.] Procellaria grisea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 564. Based on the Grey Petrel of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 399. (in hemi- sphaerio australi inter 35° et 50° = New Zealand.) Breeds on Tasman Island, Tasmania, on islands in the New Zealand area (Mokohinau, Alderman, Whale, White, Kapiti, and other off-lying islands, South, Stewart, and Snares islands, Auckland and Chatham islands), and on islands near Cape Horn (Wollaston, Deceit); probably also on Isla de los Estados (Staten Island), small islands bordering Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands, Huafo and Mocha islands, Chile. Ranges widely at sea through the Pacific to New South Wales, Formosa Channel (Pescadores Islands), coast of Fukien, Sakhalin, Japan (Honshu), Kurile Islands, and Kamchatka, and along the entire western coast of South America to the Bay of Panama?; and from Sonora (uncommonly) and Baja California (including the Gulf of California casually) north along the coasts 1 Jewett, Auk, 46, 1929, p. 224, records a specimen labeled Vancouver, British Columbia, received from a taxidermist without indication of collector or date. 2 Lines of flight off Central America at present uncertain. 16 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS of California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska to the Aleu- tian Islands. In the Atlantic, north along the coasts of Argentina, Uruguay, and Brasil to Cuba (Matanzas), Bermuda, eastern United States and Canada, in- cluding Newfoundland and Labrador (Okak), to southern Greenland (60 miles off Cape Farewell) and Iceland; and to South Africa, Angola, Fernando Po, Algiers, Portugal, northern France, Denmark, Helgoland, Great Britain, the Faeroes, and Norway. Casual in Florida (Pensacola), North Carolina (Twin Oaks, Beaufort), and Alabama (Attalla). Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Puffinus tenuiréstris (Temminck) : SLENDER-BILLED SHEARWATER. [96.] Procellaria tenuirostris Temminck, Nouv. Rec. Planch. Col. Ois., vol. 5, livr. 99, 1835, text facing pl. 587. (dans les mers au nord du Japon et sur les cotes de la Corée = Japan.) Breeds on coastal islands of South Australia, Victoria, and Tasmania, in- cluding Bass Strait, and on the Bounty Islands. In migration widely distributed across the Pacific Ocean north to Japan, Sakhalin, Okhotsk Sea, Kurile Islands, Kamchatka, and Komandorskie Islands east to Samoa, the Tuamotu Islands, and the Pacific coast of North America from Los Coronados Islands, Baja California, to the Aleutian Islands and the northern Alaskan coast (Bering Strait, Wainwright, Point Barrow). Casual in Panama (Naos Island, Bay of Panama) and Iran (Mekran coast). Puffinus puffinus (Briinnich): MANx SHEARWATER. Breeds from Bermuda, Salvages Islands, and the Azores to the Aegean Sea, the coast of Brittany, the British Isles, the Faeroes, and Iceland, wandering to southern Brasil (casually to Argentina), Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Canary Islands, Portugal, northern Spain, Denmark, and Norway; also in the Pacific on islands off Baja California, ranging north to Vancouver Island and south to Sonora. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California and Florida. Puffinus puffinus puffinus (Briinnich). [90.] Procellaria Puffinus Briinnich, Orn. Borealis, 1764, p. 29. (E Feroa & Norvegia = Faeroes Islands.) Breeds in Bermuda (Gurnet Head Rock), Salvages Islands, Madeira (Deser- tas, Porto Santo), Azores (Corvo), Brittany (islets of Bannec, Moléne, Rouzic), Scilly Isles, Lundy, islands of Skomer, Skokholm, Bardsey and St. Tudwal on the coast of Wales (probably occasionally on mainland of Pembroke and Carnarvon), Isle of Man (formerly), Inner and Outer Hebrides (Eigg, Canna, St. Kilda), the Orkneys, Shetlands, the coast of Ireland, Faeroes, and Iceland (Westman Islands). Ranges in the Atlantic to Canary Islands, Portugal, northern Spain, Denmark, and Norway; and to Argentina (Cabo San Antonio, Mar del Plata), Brasil (Iguape and Ilha de Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo). Casual to New York (Long Island), Newfoundland (St. Anthony; 60 miles ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES 17 east of Cape Race), Greenland (Umanak), Switzerland, and Germany. Bones found in pre-Columbian cave deposits on Crooked Island, Bahamas. Puffinus puffinus opisthémelas Coues. [93.] Puffinus opisthomelas Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Mar.- Apr. (June 30), 1864, p. 139. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.) Breeds on Guadalupe, San Benito, Natividad, and Asuncion islands off the west coast of Baja California; possibly also on islands in the Gulf of California. Ranges north regularly to Monterey Bay, casually to Vancouver Island (Albert Head); south along the entire western coast of Baja California to Clarion Island in the Revilla Gigedo group, and in small numbers through the Gulf of California to the coast of Sonora (between San Pedro Nolasco Island and Kino Bay). Puffinus auriculdris Townsend: TOWNSEND’s SHEARWATER. [93.1.] Puffinus auricularis C. H. Townsend, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 13, Sept. 9, 1890, p. 133. (Clarion Island [México].) Breeds on Clarion, San Benedicto, and Socorro islands of the Revilla Gigedo group, off western México. Ranges north to southern Baja California (Cape San Lucas) and south to Clipperton Island. Puffinus assimilis Gould'!: LITTLE SHEARWATER. Southwestern Australia (Houtman Abrolhos and Recherche archipelagoes), Chatham Islands, Lord Howe and Norfolk islands, and Kermadec Islands; in the Atlantic Ocean, Tristan da Cunha and Gough islands, Canary Islands, Salvages Islands, Madeira, and the Azores. Puffinus assimilis baréli Bonaparte. [92.1.] Puffinus baroli Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, vol. 2, sig. 26, Feb. 1, 1856 (Oct. 1, 1857), p. 204. (ex mediterraneo = Desertas, Madeira Islands.) Breeds on Canary Islands, Salvages Islands, Madeira, and the Azores. Ranges to Sardinia, Italy, Spain, and France, casually to the British Isles and the Skaggerak. Accidental in South Carolina (Sullivans Island) and Nova Scotia (Sable Island). Puffinus lherminiéri Lesson: AUDUBON’S SHEARWATER. Seychelles and Réunion islands (possibly also Mauritius) in the Indian Ocean; New Hebrides (possibly also the east coast of Australia) north to the Bonin Islands and east to Samoa, the Society, Tuamotu, Marquesas, and Gala- 1 Puffinus assimilis Gould, Syn. Birds Austr., pt. 4, app., April 1838, p. 7. (New South Wales = Norfolk Island.) 18 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS pagos islands in the Pacific Ocean; Bermuda to the Lesser Antilles, British Guiana, and the Cape Verde Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. Puffinus lherminieri lherminiéri Lesson. [92.] Puffinus [sic] Lherminieri Lesson, Rev. Zool., vol. 2, no. 3, Apr. (May) 1839, p. 102. (ad ripas Antillarum = Straits of Florida.) Breeds on Bermuda, the Bahamas, Mona Island, the Virgin Islands (Little Saba Island near St. Thomas, Ginger Island), at many of the Lesser Antilles (St. Martins, St. Bartholomew, Saba, St. Eustatius, Guadeloupe, Martinique, various islands in the Grenadines, and Barbados), and on islets off Tobago. Ranges to the latitude of North Carolina (occasionally farther), the north coast of Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Navassa Island, and south to British Guiana. Casual on the Atlantic coast of Florida (from Cape Florida northward), South Carolina, Virginia, New Jersey, New York, and Massachusetts (Martha’s Vineyard), and on the coast of Texas (Brazos Island). Genus PTERODROMA Bonaparte Pterodroma Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, no. 11 (for Apr. 28), 1856, p. 768. Type, by subsequent designation, Procellaria macroptera A. Smith (Coues, 1866). Pterédroma hasitdta (Kuhl): BLACK-CAPPED PETREL. [98.] Proc{ellaria] hasitata Kuhl, Beitr. Zodl., Abth. 1, 1820, p. 142. (No locality given = Dominica.) Breeds (or bred formerly) in the mountains of Jamaica, Guadeloupe, and Dominica; probably also in mountains of Hispaniola (Morne La Selle). Ranges in the Caribbean and in the western North Atlantic from off eastern Brasil north to the latitude of Florida; recorded 400 miles west of the Azores. Now rare, but recorded recently in the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Dominica, and at sea off the Greater and Lesser Antilles and the Azores. Accidental in Florida, Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, New York, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Ontario, and England. Pterodroma cahow (Nichols and Mowbray): BERMUDA PETREL. [98.1.] AEstrelata cahow Nichols and Mowbray, Auk, 33, no. 2, Apr. (Mar. 31), 1916, p. 194. (Southeast side of Castle Island, Bermuda.) Breeds on Bermuda, persisting in reduced numbers on islets in Castle Roads. Ranged formerly to Crooked Island in the Bahamas (bones found in pre- Columbian cave deposits). ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES 19 Pterodroma inexpectata (Forster): SCALED PETREL. [99.] Procellaria inexpectata J. R. Forster, Descr. Anim., ed. Lichtenstein, 1844, p. 204. (in Oceano antarctico = Antarctic Ocean.) Breeds in New Zealand (the Snares, islets around Steward Island, Preserva- tion Inlet, and Puysegur Point, South Island; Cuvier Island; Maungapohatu Mountain and other inland ranges, North Island) and on the Bounty and Chatham islands. Now considerably reduced, at least in the interior of North Island, New Zealand. Ranges in the Pacific Ocean from near the Antarctic Circle (from lat. 68° S.) north to the Aleutian Islands (Kiska), the south coast of the Alaskan Penin- sula (near base of Frosty Peak), Kodiak Island, and near Sitka; reported 400 miles west of San Francisco. Casual in Tasmania (Circular Head). Accidental in New York (Mount Morris). Pterodroma arminjoniana (Giglioli and Salvadori): SOUTH TRINIDAD PETREL. [98.2.] Aestrelata arminjoniana Giglioli and Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Milano, 11, 1868, p. 452. (South Trinidad Island.) Breeds on South Trinidad and Martin Vas islands in the South Atlantic Ocean (lat. 21° S.) and on Round Island, 13 miles north of Mauritius, Indian Ocean.? Ranges in the South Atlantic Ocean adjacent to its nesting grounds; recorded in the North Atlantic (lat. 21° 51’ N., long. 43° 35’ W.). Accidental in New York (Caroline Center) .? Pterodroma coékii (Gray)*: Cook’s PETREL. Pacific Ocean from New Zealand and the Bounty, Chatham, Kermadec, and Austral islands to the coast of central Chile, the Juan Fernandez Islands, and the coast of Pert; north to the Aleutian Islands. Pterodroma cookii orientalis Murphy. [98.3.] Pterodroma cookii orientalis Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov. no. 370, Sept. 6, 1929, p. 5. (200 miles west of Callao, Pert). Breeding stations unknown (possibly islands near the Straits of Magellan on the coast of Chile). Ranges in the eastern Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America between lat. 12° S. (off central Pert) and lat. 40° S. (off central Chile), from near the 1 See Murphy, Amer. Mus. Noy. no. 1580, July 31, 1952, pp. 37-38 (where Ptero- droma heraldica of the South Pacific is considered a race of P. arminjoniana.) 2 Specimen in U.S. National Museum secured Aug. 24, 1933, after a tropical storm. See A. A. Allen, Univ. State New York Bull. Schools, 20, Mar. 15, 1934, pp. 134-135. 3 Procellaria Cookii G. R. Gray, in Dieffenbach, Travels in New Zealand, vol. 2, Jan. 1843, p. 199. (New Zealand.) 20 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS coast to 200 miles offshore; recorded between the Revilla Gigedo Islands and Cape San Lucas, Baja California, and near Adak in the Aleutian Islands. Family HYDROBATIDAE: Storm Petrels Genus PELAGODROMA Reichenbach Pelagodroma Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 (1853), p. iv. Type, by original designation, Procellaria marina Latham. Pelagédroma marina (Latham)?: WHITE-FACED PETREL. Breeds on the Cape Verde, Canary, and Salvages islands, on Tristan da Cunha and Nightingale islands, on islands off the southwestern and southern coasts of Australia, New Zealand (Cavalle, Mokohinau, Noises, Gannet Rock, Mercury, and Alderman islands), and on Auckland, Kermadec, and Chatham islands. Ranges widely in the Atlantic Ocean from off the shores of Patagonia and the mouth of the Rio de la Plata north to Madeira, the Azores, and off the Georges Bank in the Gulf of Maine; in the Pacific from the seas near Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand to the coast of Ecuador, near the Galapagos Islands, and near Cocos Island. Pelagédroma marina hypoletica (Webb, Berthelot, and Moquin-Tandon). [111.] Thalassidroma hypoleuca Webb, Berthelot, and Moquin-Tandon, Orn. Canarienne, 1841, p. 45. (Les parages de Ténériffe [Canary Islands].) Breeds on the Cape Verde (Branca and Cima in the Rombos islets) and Salvages Islands. Ranges to Madeira, the Azores, and the Canary Islands, casually to the British Isles (Walney Island, Lancashire; Colonsay, Inner Hebrides); one record at lat. 40° 34’ 18” N., long. 66° 09’ W., near Georges Bank, about 200 miles off the coast of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts?; another at lat. 39° 48” N., long. 71° 02” W., about 100 miles off Montauk Point, Long Island. Genus OCEANODROMA Reichenbach Oceanodroma Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 (1853), p. iv. Type, by original designation, Procellaria furcata Gmelin. Subgenus OCEANODROMA Reichenbach Oceanddroma furedta (Gmelin): FORK-TAILED PETREL. Breeds from the Kurile, Komandorskie, and Aleutian islands southeast to northern California. Ranges from Bering Strait and Kotzebue Sound to Japan, Marcus Island, and southern California. 1 Procellaria marina Latham, Index Orn., vol. 2, 1790, p. 826. (Southern oceans = off the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, lat. 35° to 37° S.) 2 Ridgway, Auk, 2, 1885, p. 386. ORDER PROCELLARITFORMES 21 Oceanodroma furcata furcata (Gmelin). [105.] Procellaria furcata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 561. Based on the Forktail Petrel of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 535. (in glacie maris, Americam et Asiam interfluentis = Bering Sea.) Breeds from the central Kurile Islands and the Komandorskie Islands (Cop- per Island) east through the Aleutians to Sanak Island. Ranges north through Bering Sea to Kotzebue Sound and south in the western Pacific off Japan, the Volcano Islands, and Marcus Island. Oceanodroma furcata plimbea (Peale). [105a.] Thalassidroma plumbea Peale, U.S. Expl. Exped., vol. 8, 1848, p. 292. (coast of Oregon = close off Cape Flattery, Washington.) Breeds from the Alexander Archipelago, Alaska, south to islands off the coast of Washington (Clallam County), Oregon (Three Arch Rocks), and northern California (coastal islets near Crescent City, Del Norte County, and Trinidad, Humboldt County). Ranges north to Prince William Sound, Alaska, and south to central Cali- fornia, occasionally to southern California (Cardiff, Ocean Beach). Subgenus CYMOCHOREA Coues Cymochorea Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Mar.-Apr. (June 30) 1864, p. 75. Type, by original designation, Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot. Oceanodroma leucérhoa (Vieillot): LEACH’S PETREL. Northern Japan, the Kurile, Komandorskie, and Aleutian islands, southeast along the Pacific coast to Baja California; in the Atlantic Ocean from southern Labrador, Iceland, and the Faeroes south to Massachusetts and Eire. Ranges in the Pacific to the Hawaiian and Galapagos islands and in the Atlantic to the Equator and occasionally the Gold Coast and South Africa. Oceanodroma leucorhoa leucérhoa (Vieillot). [106.] Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 25, Dec. 1817, p. 422. (sur les bords maritimes de la Picardie, se tient sur lOcean, jusqu’au Brésil = Picardy, France.) Breeds on the coast of Japan (small islands off Hokkaido), Kurile Islands, Copper Island in the Komandorskie group, and the Aleutian Islands (Attu, Kiska, Amchitka); in the Atlantic, from southern Labrador, southern Iceland (Westman Islands), and the Faeroes (Myggenaes) south to Newfoundland, Maine (Casco Bay), Massachusetts (Penikese Island), and northern British Isles (North Rona, Sulisker and Flannan islands, and the St. Kilda group); formerly to western Eire on islands off Mayo (Black Rock, Duvillaun Beg) and Kerry (Tearaght, Inishnabro). Ranges in the Pacific south to Midway Islands in the Hawaiian group, and 22 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS near the Galapagos Islands; in the Atlantic north to Greenland (southern Davis Strait, rarely to Upernavik) and south to the latitude of St. Pauls Rocks, Fer- nando de Noronha, Rocas Reef, and Liberia. Casual from Norway and Finland to Spain and in the Mediterranean east to Sicily; from Cuba to the Barbados and the coast of British Guiana and Surinam; the Gold Coast, and near the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Accidental inland in Vermont, Ontario, Ohio, District of Columbia, South Carolina, and Florida. Oceanodroma leucorhoa beali Emerson. [106a.] Oceanodroma beali Emerson, Condor, 8, no. 2, Mar. 20, 1906, p. 54. (Sitka Bay, Alaska.) Breeds on offshore islands from southeastern Alaska (St. Lazaria and For- rester islands) south along the coast of British Columbia (Tree and Storm islands; Cox Isiand, Queen Charlotte Islands), Washington (Tatoosh Island to Grenville Rocks), Oregon (Three Arch Rocks, Island Rock off Port Orford, rocks near Brookings), and California south to the latitude of San Francisco (islets near Crescent City and Trinidad; Farallon Islands). Ranges at sea adjacent to the breeding grounds and to long. 145° W. between lat. 28° and 40° N.; recorded at Afio Nuevo Island and Pigeon Point Light, San Mateo County, California. Accidental inland on the Willamette River near Portland, Oregon. Oceanodroma leucorhoa willetti van Rossem. [108.1.] Oceanododroma [sic] leucorhoa willetti van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 55, May 12, 1942, p. 10. (Little Middle Island, Los Coronados Islands, Pacific coast of northern Lower California.) Breeds on Los Coronados Islands, Baja California. Ranges to waters off San Diego, California. Oceanodroma leucorhoa chapmani Berlepsch. [106).] Oceanodroma monorhis chapmani Berlepsch, Auk, 23, no. 2, Apr. 1906, p. 185. (San Benito Isld.) Breeds on the San Benito Islands, Baja California. Oceanodroma leucorhoa socorroénsis Townsend. [105.2.] Oceanodroma socorroensis C. H. Townsend, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 13, Sept. 9, 1890, p. 134. ([at sea near] Socorro Island [México].) Breeds on Guadalupe Island, off Baja California. Ranges north to the vicinity of San Miguel Island, California, and south to the Revilla Gigedo Islands (Clarién and Socorro islands) and the Galapagos Islands. ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES 23 Oceanodroma homéchroa (Coues): ASHY PETREL. [108.] Cymochorea homochroa Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Mar.- Apr. (June 30), 1864, p. 77. (Farallone Islands, Pacific coast of North America = Farallon Islands, California.) Breeds on the Farallon Islands and San Miguel and Santa Cruz in the Santa Barbara Islands, California, rarely on Los Coronados Islands, Baja California. Ranges north to Point Reyes, Marin County, California; south to San Benito Islands, Baja California. Recorded off the California coast from April 8 to November 16, once on February 2 (Salinas). Casual on San Francisco Bay near Redwood City. Oceanodroma macrodactyla Bryant: GUADALUPE PETREL. [106.1.] Oceanodroma leucorhoa macrodactyla W. E. Bryant, Bull. California Acad. Sci., 2, no. 8, July 23, 1887, p. 450. (Guadalupe Island, Baja California.) Bred formerly on Guadalupe Island, Baja California; now probably extinct (last recorded in August, 1912).1 Known only from the vicinity of the breeding grounds. Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt): HARCOURT’S PETREL. Breeds in the Pacific area on the Hawaiian Islands, the Galapagos Islands, and possibly Cocos Island; in the Atlantic from the Azores to Ascension Island and St. Helena. Ranges to the Canary Islands and Brasil. Oceanodroma eastro castro (Harcourt). [106.2.] Thalassidroma castro Harcourt, Sketch of Madeira, 1851, p. 123. (Dezerta Islands.) Breeds in the eastern Atlantic on the Azores (Praia Island off Graciosa), Madeiras (Desertas, Porto Santo), Salvages, Cape Verdes (Cima, Branco, Razo, Sao Nicolau, Brava), St. Helena, and Ascension islands. Ranges to the Canary Islands and the coast of Brasil (Para, Rio de Janeiro). Casual in England (coast of Kent, Hants), Eire (Littlestone Light, County Mayo), and Sao Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea. Accidental in Missouri (Weldon Springs), Indiana, Ontario (Ottawa), Penn- sylvania (Chambersburg), and the District of Columbia. Oceanodroma téthys (Bonaparte): GALAPAGOS PETREL. Breeds on the Galapagos Islands and on Pescadores and San Gallan islands, Peri. Ranges from Baja California to northern Chile. 1 Davidson, Condor, 30, 1928, pp. 355-356. 24 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Oceanodroma tethys téthys (Bonaparte). [106.3.] Thalassidroma Tethys Bonaparte, Tagebl. Deutsch. Naturf. Aerzte (Weis- baden), Beilage no. 7, 1852, p. 89. (Galapagos Islands.) Breeds in the Galapagos Islands. Ranges at sea north to Revilla Gigedo Islands off western México and south to northern Peru. Accidental at Melpomene Cove, Guadalupe Island, Baja California.* Genus LOOMELANIA Mathews Loomelania Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 54, Mar. 29, 1934, p. 119. Type, by original designation, Procellaria melania Bonaparte. Loomelania melania (Bonaparte): BLACK PETREL. [107.] Procellaria melania Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, no. 14 (for Apr. 3), 1854, p. 662. (Coast of California = vicinity of San Francisco.) Breeds off the west coast of Baja California (Los Coronados and San Benito islands) and in the northern third of the Gulf of California (Consag Rock, San Luis Islands, Partida Island). Ranges north to Point Reyes, Marin County, California. Winters from south- ern California and the Gulf of California (rarely; one record, Jan. 31, 1940, at Consag Rock) to northern Pert (lat. 8° S.). Genus HALOCYPTENA Coues Halocyptena Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Mar.-Apr. (June 30) 1864, p. 78. Type, by original designation, Halocyptena microsoma Coues. Halocypténa micros6éma Coues: LEAST PETREL. [103.] Halocyptena microsoma Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Mar.- Apr. (June 30) 1864, p. 79. (San Jose del Caba, Lower California = San José del Cabo, Baja California.) Breeds off the west coast of Baja California on the San Benito Islands and on small islands in the northern third of the Gulf of California (Consag Rock, San Luis Islands, and Partida Island). Ranges north to extreme southern California (off San Diego County, July 19 to September 9) and south along the Pacific coast from Sonora (arrives April 17) and Sinaloa (off Mazatlan), to Panama (Gulf of Panama) and Ecuador (lat. 2° S.) Genus OCEANITES Keyserling and Blasius Oceanites Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur., vol. 1, 1840, pp. xciii, 131, 238. Type, by subsequent designation, Procellaria wilsonii Bona- parte = Procellaria oceanica Kuhl (Gray, 1841). 1 Huey, Auk, 69, 1952, pp. 460-461. ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES 25 Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl): WILSON’s PETREL. Breeds on islands near Cape Horn, Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetlands, South Orkney Islands, and Kerguelen Island to the shores of the Antarctic Continent in suitable localities from Ross Sea to Enderby Land. Ranges off the Antarctic Continent north in the Atlantic Ocean to Labrador and the British Isles; in the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Mekran coast of Iran; in the Pacific Ocean to Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, the northern Moluccas, and central Peri, casually to California. Oceanites oceanicus oceanicus (Kuhl). [109.] Pro{cellaria] oceanica “Banks,” Kuhl, Beitr. Zodl., Abth. 1, 1820, p. 136, pl. 10, fig. 1. (Locality not given = South Georgia.) Breeds on South Georgia, South Orkneys, South Shetlands, Graham Land, and on the Antarctic mainland at South Victoria Land, King George V Land, Kaiser Wilhelm Land, and Enderby Land. Ranges from the limits of open water off the Antarctic Continent north, mainly through the western areas of the Atlantic Ocean, off South America, and off North America, to Labrador and Resolution Island; in small numbers into the Gulf of Mexico (off Pensacola, Florida, Louisiana, and Veracruz, México); in the eastern Atlantic in lesser abundance along the western coast of Africa, from the Gold Coast and Canary Islands to the British Isles (Inner Hebrides). Casual off northern France (Gulf of Gascogne, Arcachon) and near Sardinia in the Mediterranean; also off East London, South Africa, in the Indian Ocean. Accidental in Ontario (Lake Muskoka), northern and western New York, Pennsylvania (Greensburg, Reading), and interior Florida (Gainesville). Oceanites oceanicus chilénsis Murphy. [109a.] Oceanites oceanicus chilensis Murphy, Oceanic Birds South America, vol. 2, 1936, p. 754. (Wollaston Island, Fuegia, Chile.) Breeds on islands near Cape Horn (Wollaston, Deceit, and Herschel islands, probably Ildefonso, Hoste, Chanticler, and Hall islands), possibly also on the Falkland Islands. Ranges northward in the eastern Pacific off the coasts of South America to the Gulf of Pefias, off the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile, and to Peri (off Callao, Ancén, Guafiape Islands, and Bay of Pisco). Accidental on the coast of California (25 miles west-northwest of Point Loma, August 31, 1935; Monterey Bay, August 24, 1910). Genus FREGETTA Bonaparte Fregetta Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, no. 17 (for Oct. 22), 1855, p. 1113. Type, by original designation, Thalassidroma leu- cogaster Gould. Fregétta trépica (Gould): BLACK-BELLIED PETREL. [110.] Thalassidroma tropica Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 13, no. 85, May 1, 1844, p. 366. (in the Atlantic, where it is confined to the equa- 26 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS torial regions being most abundant in the vicinity of the line = South Atlantic Ocean.) Breeds on South Shetland, South Orkney, South Georgia, Crozet, Kerguelen, St. Paul, Amsterdam, Auckland, and Bounty islands; possibly on Bouvet Island. Ranges north in the Pacific Ocean to lat. 4° 20’ S. near the Galapagos Islands; in the Atlantic to lat. 6° 33’ N. off the west coast of Africa. Accidental at St. Marks, Florida, and in the Bay of Bengal. Order PELECANIFORMES: Tropic-birds, Pelicans, Frigate-birds, and Allies Suborder PHAETHONTES: Tropic-birds Family PHAETHONTIDAE: Tropic-birds Genus PHAETHON Linnaeus Phaéthon Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 134. Type, by subsequent designation, Phaéthon aethereus Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). Phaéthon aethéreus Linnaeus!: RED-BILLED TROPIC-BIRD. Breeds in the Pacific from the Gulf of California and the Revilla Gigedo Islands to the Galapagos and islands near the coast of Ecuador; in the Atlantic from northeastern Panama and the coast of Venezuela to the Lesser Antilles; also on Ascension, Fernando de Noronha, St. Helena, and the Cape Verde Islands; Dahlak Islands in the Red Sea; and islands in the Persian Gulf. Ranges widely through tropical and subtropical seas offshore from Valparaiso, Chile, and Callao, Peri, to southern California, in the Pacific; and from the southern Caribbean Sea to the Lesser Antilles and the coasts of Brasil and Senegal, in the Atlantic. Phaéthon aethereus mesonatta Peters. [113.] Phaéthon aethereus mesonauta Peters, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, Apr. 15, 1930, p. 261. (Swan Key, Almirante Bay, Panama.) Breeds on islands in the Gulf of California? (Consag Rock, George, San Pedro Martir, and probably San Ignacio Farallén); Isabel Island; islets off San Blas, Nayarit; the Tres Marias Islands; Revilla Gigedo Islands (San Benedicto) ; off Zihuatenejo, Guerrero; Malpelo Island; Galapagos Islands (Daphne, Hood, Onslow, Tower,? Wenman); La Plata Island, Ecuador; Panama (Swan Key, Bocas del Toro); Venezuela (Horquilla in Los Hermanos Islands); near St. 1 Phaéthon aethereus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 134. (in Pelago inter tropicos = Ascension Island.) 2 Probably also on North Rock of the Alijos Rocks, off western Baja California; see Hanna, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 15, Mar. 30, 1946, p. 29. 3 Tower Island birds have been described as P. a. limatus on the basis of a longer bill, which is yellow instead of red, but probably are not separable. They are included here in mesonauta. See Murphy, Oceanic Birds South America, vol. 2, 1936, p. 798. ORDER PELECANIFORMES D7. Thomas, Virgin Islands (Cockroach Cay, Water Island); St. Martin, Anegada (probably), Antigua, Saba, Montserrat, Les Saintes, Martinique, St. Vincent, the Grenadines (Bequia, Battowia, Balliceaux, Frigate Rock, Rose Rock, Kick-’em Jenny, Les Tantes, Lea Rocks), and the Cape Verdes (Praia, Brava, Razo, Rombos Islets). Ranges in the Pacific to southern California (between Long Beach and Cata- lina Island, near San Clemente Island, off San Diego), along the western coast of México from the western side of Baja California southward; coasts of El Salvador, western Honduras, and Costa Rica; also northern Pert, and casually to northern and central Chile (off Taltal and Valparaiso); in the Atlantic through the southern Caribbean Sea to lat. 23° 17’ N., long. 42° 50’ W. in the central Atlantic, casually north to the Newfoundland Banks. Accidental in Washington (Westport,! June 18, 1941) and in Arizona (Phoe- nix and near Dos Cabezos). Phaéthon leptirus Daudin?: WHITE-TAILED TROPIC-BIRD. Breeds in the Pacific from the Palau and Hawaiian islands to New Caledonia, Fiji, the Marquesas and Tuamotu islands; in the Atlantic from Bermuda and the Bahama Islands to Fernando de Noronha, Ascension Island, the Gulf of Guinea (Sette-Pedras and Rolas islets and Isla das Cabras off Sao Tomé); in the Indian Ocean from the Mascarene and Seychelles islands to the Andaman Islands and Christmas Island. Ranges in the Pacific from Japan (Honshu), Bonin Islands, Marcus Island, and Formosa to Woodlark Island and northern and eastern Australia; in the Atlantic casually to the coast of Florida, and through the Greater and Lesser Antilles; throughout the Indian Ocean. Phaéthon lepturus catesbyi Brandt. [112.] Phaéthon Catesbyi Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, 4, no. 7, May 10, 1838, col. 98. (No locality mentioned = Bermuda.) Breeds on Bermuda, in the Bahama Islands (Great Abaco, Ragged Island Keys, Water Key), Cuba (Cabo Cruz), Hispaniola (Jérémie, Gonave Island, Jean Rabel, and Tortue Island, Haiti; near Ciudad Trujillo, Dominican Repub- lic), Jamaica (north coast); Mona Island, Puerto Rico (mouth of Rio Guaja- taca, San Antonio, Tallaboa, Quebradillas, Isla Caja de Muertos); Culebra Island, Cas and Congo cays near St. Thomas, Barbuda, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent (reputedly also Youngs Island and Duvernette Island), Tobago, and Little Tobago. Ranges in the western Atlantic to lat. 40° N., rarely east of long. 30° W., through the Greater and Lesser Antilles, and in the Caribbean Sea to Guatemala (Puerto Barrios); casual on the coasts of North Carolina (Cape Lookout, Oregon Inlet, and off Beaufort), South Carolina (Jocassee, Oconee County), Florida (Merritt Island, Dry Tortugas, and off St. Marks). Accidental from Nova Scotia to Long Island, New York; and in the interior in western New York. 1Flahaut, Murrelet, 28, Apr. 30, 1947, p. 6. 2 Phaéton lepturus Daudin, in Buffon Hist. Nat., ed. Didot, Quadr., vol. 14, 1802, p. 319. (Mauritius. ) 28 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Phaéthon rubricauda Boddaert!: RED-TAILED TROPIC-BIRD. Breeds in the Indian Ocean on islets near Mauritius, Cocos-Keeling Islands, and off the northwest coast of Australia; in the Pacific on Raine Island, Queens- land, Christmas Island, and from Kermadec, Lord Howe, and Norfolk islands to the Bonin Islands, Marcus Island, the Leeward Islands of Hawaii, the Tuamo- tus, and Pitcairn. Ranges to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf and from the Volcano Islands and northern Australia widely through the Pacific, casually to near the North American continent. Phaéthon rubricauda réthschildi (Mathews). [113.1.] Scaeophaethon rubricauda rothschildi Mathews, Birds Australia, vol. 4, pt. 3, June 23, 1915, p. 303. (Laysan; Niihau [Hawaiian group].) Breeds on Tori Shima, Volcano Islands, Marcus Island, Wake Island, and islands in the Leeward chain of Hawaii (Kuré, Midway Islands, Pearl and Hermes Reef, Lisianski, Laysan, French Frigate Shoal, Gardner Pinnacle, Necker, Nihoa), Niihau (possibly on others of the main Hawaiian group), Johnston, and Christmas islands. Ranges to Japan (Honshu), Formosa, and the Bonin Islands; recorded in the eastern Pacific off Guadalupe Island, between the Revilla Gigedo Islands and Clipperton Island (lat. 70° 53’ N., long. 114° 45’ W., and lat. 14° 58’ N., long. 110° W.) and 600 miles southeast of Clipperton (lat. 7° 3’ N., long. 101° 36’ W.) Suborder PELECANI: Pelicans, Boobies, Cormorants, and Darters Superfamily PELECANOIDEA: Pelicans Family PELECANIDAE: Pelicans Genus PELECANUS Linnaeus Pelecanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 132. Type, by sub- sequent designation, Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). Subgenus CYRTOPELICANUS Reichenbach Cyrtopelicanus Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 (1853), p. vii. Type, by original designation, Pelecanus trachyrhynchus Latham = P. erythro- rhynchos Gmelin. Pelecdnus erythrorhynchos Gmelin: WHITE PELICAN. [125.] Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 571. Based on the Rough-billed Pelican of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 586. (in America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.) Breeds from central British Columbia (Sucker Lake, 25 miles northwest of Quesnel), extreme southern Mackenzie District (Fort Smith), Alberta (Buffalo 1 Phaeton rubricauda Boddaert, Table Planch. Enlum., 1783, p. 57. (Mauritius.) ORDER PELECANIFORMES 29 Lake), central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba (Winnepegosis, Manitoba, and Shoal lakes), and southwestern Ontario (Lake of the Woods) southward locally to eastern Oregon (Klamath, Lake, and Harney counties),1 northeastern, cen- tral, and southeastern California,1 central western Nevada (Pyramid Lake), northern Utah (Great Salt Lake), northwestern Wyoming (Yellowstone Lake), southern Montana (Lake Bowdoin, Big Lake, Stillwater County), east-central North Dakota (Chase Lake), and northwestern and south-central South Dakota (Brown and Bennett counties); also at Laguna de la Madre, southeast Texas. Formerly to: Colorado, Minnesota, and northern Iowa. Casual in summer from southern Mackenzie District (Great Slave Lake) south to Texas, Arizona, Arkansas, Kansas, Nebraska, and Minnesota and on the coasts of Louisiana and Florida. Winters from north-central California, central Arizona, the Gulf States, and Florida south through México to Guatemala. Recorded at James Bay, in northeastern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and from all States east of the Mississippi River except New Hampshire, Vermont, and Delaware. Accidental at Liverpool Bay, on the Arctic Ocean, Mackenzie District, and in Cuba. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Oregon and California; and in deposits of ques- tionable Pleistocene age in Nevada. Subgenus LEPTOPELICANUS Reichenbach Leptopelicanus Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 (1853), p. vii. Type, by original designation, Pelecanus fuscus Gmelin = P. occidentalis Lin- naeus. Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus: BROWN PELICAN. From southern British Columbia south along the Pacific coast to Chiloé Island, southern Chile, casually to Tierra del Fuego, including the Pearl Islands, in the Gulf of Panama, and the Galapagos Islands; and from North Carolina and the Gulf coast of the United States southward through the West Indies and along the coasts of Central America and northern South America, including the Netherlands West Indies, to British Guiana, casually to extreme northern Brasil. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis Linnaeus. [126a]. Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 215. (in America = Jamaica.) Breeds locally in eastern Cuba (southern Oriente Province), Jamaica, Haiti (Gonave Island, Gran Boucan), the Dominican Republic (Islas de los PAjaros, San Lorenzo Bay, Catalineta Island, Beata Island), Puerto Rico (coastal islets near Parguera, Ensenada, and Humacao), Dutch Cap near St. Thomas, Little Tobago in the Virgin Islands, St. Martin (Pelican Key) and Barbuda; Los Roques, Venezuela. 1 Breeding dependent in part on presence of water in lakes that periodically are dry. 30 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Ranges from Jamaica through the Lesser Antilles to St. Eustatius, Antigua, Guadaloupe, and the Grenadines (Catholic Island); wanders to the Bahamas (Rolle Cay, Great Inagua Island), the Caribbean coast of México (Contoy Island, and Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo), and the northern coast of Vene- zuela (La Ciénaga). Casual in Florida (Pensacola) .1 Pelecanus occidentalis carolinénsis Ginclin. [126.] Pelecanus carolinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 571. (in sinu urbis Charlestown = Charleston Harbor, South Carolina.) Breeds on the coasts of Texas, Louisiana, Florida, South Carolina (north to Cape Romain), rarely North Carolina (Pamlico Sound, 1929, 1947); Cuba, possibly the northern Bahamas (Andros Island); Panama, including the Pearl Islands (crossing regularly between the Caribbean and the Pacific over the Canal Zone). Ranges from North Carolina, Florida, the Gulf States, and the eastern shores of México south along Central America to the Caribbean coasts of Colombia and Venezuela (Ocumare de la Costa, Margarita Island, Cumana), and through the Greater and Lesser Antilles to Trinidad; on the Pacific coast of Central America from Guatemala (probably from southern México) to El Salvador, and Costa Rica. Casual north to New York (Long Island), and south to northern Brasil (Rio Uraricuera). Accidental in Colorado, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota (sight rec- ords), Nebraska, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Tennessee, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Nova Scotia. Pelecanus occidentalis califérnicus Ridgway. [127.] P{elecanus] californicus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Birds North America, vol. 2, 1884, pp. 132 (in key), 143.2 (Coast of California from San Francisco Bay to Cape St. Lucas =La Paz, Baja California.) Breeds on Anacapa Island, irregularly on Santa Barbara Island, on Bird Island, near Point Lobos, Monterey County, California, and on Santa Cruz and San Miguel islands, Los Coronados Islands, islands along the Pacific coast of Baja California and in the Gulf of California, south to Isabel Island and the Tres Marias Islands off Nayarit. Wanders north after the breeding season to northern California and southern British Columbia (Vancouver Island and adjacent mainland) and south along the western coast of México at least to Colima; casual at Guadalupe Island off Baja California and inland in California and Arizona.® 1 Wetmore, Auk, 62, no. 4, Oct. 1945, p. 579. 2 Pelecanus (fuscus?) californicus on p. 143. 3 Sight records of Brown Pelicans in Nevada and Utah presumably refer to this race. ORDER PELECANIFORMES 31 Superfamily SULOIDEA: Boobies, Cormorants, and Darters Family SULIDAE: Boobies and Gannets Genus SULA Brisson Sula Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 60; vol. 6, p. 494. Type, by tautonymy, Sula Brisson = Pelecanus piscator Linnaeus. Sula dactylatra Lesson: BLUE-FACED BooBy. Indian Ocean from the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, India, and Sarawak to South Africa, Assumption Island, the Seychelles, Mauritius, Christmas Island, Java, and northern Australia; Pacific Ocean from the Ryukyu Islands, Marcus Island, the Leeward Islands of Hawaii, and central Baja California south to northeastern Australia, the Fiji, Tuamotu, and Galapagos islands, and Malpelo, San Félix, and San Ambrosio islands, Chile; in the Atlantic from Yucatan and the Bahama Islands to Los Hermanos Islands, Venezuela, the Grenadines, Fernando de Noronha, South Trinidad, and Ascension islands. Sula dactylatra dactylatra Lesson. [114.] Sula dactylatra Lesson, Traité d’Orn., livr. 8, June 11, 1831, p. 601. (L’ile de l’Ascension = Ascension Island, South Atlantic.) Breeds on the Cayos Arcas, Cayo Arenas and Alacran Reef (Isla Pajaros) off northern Yucatan, Santo Domingo Cay (at least formerly) in the southern Bahama Islands; Cockroach Cay, Virgin Islands; the Grenadines (Battowia Bullet, All-awash Islet, Kick-’em-Jenny), Los Hermanos Islands (Horquilla), Venezuela; Rocas Reef, Fernando de Noronha, Abrolhos, and South Trinidad islands, Brasil; and Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean. Ranges regularly to the Dry Tortugas, Florida, and casually to the coasts of Tamaulipas (Matamoros), Texas, and Louisiana (Avery Island, Grand Gosier Island), through the Caribbean Sea, and off the coasts from South Carolina to British Guiana. Bones found in pre-Columbian kitchen midden deposits on St. Croix, Virgin Islands. Sula dactylatra califérnica Rothschild. [114a.] Sula dactylatra californica Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 35, no. 203, Jan. 27, 1915, p. 43. (San Benedicto Island [Revilla Gigedo group, western México].) Breeds on the Revilla Gigedo group (Clarion and San Benedicto islands) and on Clipperton Island; probably on Alijos Rocks, Baja California. Ranges over the adjacent ocean. Sula nebouxti Milne-Edwards: BLUE-FOOTED Boosy. Breeding range, as for the nominate subspecies, with addition of the Gala- pagos Islands (Chatham, Hood, Champion, Daphne, Brattle, Albemarle, and Tower islands). 32 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Sula nebouxii nebouxii Milne-Edwards. [114.1.] Sula Nebouxii Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.), sér. 6, 13, 1882, art. 4, p. 37, pl. 14. (la cété pacifique de l’Amérique = Pacific coast of America. ) Breeds on islands in the Gulf of California (from Consag Rock and George Island southward), Isabel Island, Tres Marias Islands (Maria Madre, Maria Magdalena), Tres Marietas Islands, México; Pacheca and Galera islands, Gulf of Panama; Gorgonilla Island, Colombia; La Plata Island, Santa Clara, Pelado, and El Muerto islands in Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador; Lobos Islands and, formerly, Guafape Islands, Pert. Ranges through the Gulf of California (casually to San Benito Island on the west coast of Baja California); in the Gulf of Panama, and along the coast of Ecuador and northern Peru. Accidental on Salton Sea, Riverside County, and Big Bear Lake, San Ber- nardino County, California; and off Everett, Washington. Sula leucogaster (Boddaert): BROwN Boosy. In the Indian Ocean from eastern India and Ceylon (casually) to Burma, South China Sea (Paracel Islands), the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Cocos Islands, and Christmas Island; in the Pacific from Japan (Honshu), Marcus Island, Wake Island, Hawaiian Islands, and the Gulf of California to northern Australia, the Tonga, Society, and Tuamotu islands, and northern Ecuador; in the Atlantic Ocean from eastern México and the Bahama Islands to islands in the Caribbean Sea, the Lesser Antilles, the coast of southern Brasil, Fernando de Noronha, Ascension Island, and the Cape Verde Islands. Sula leucogaster leucogaster (Boddaert). [115.] Pelecanus Leucogaster Boddaert, Table Planch. Enlum., 1783, p. 57. Based on Le Fou de Cayenne of Daubenton, Planch. Enlum., pl. 973. (No locality mentioned = Cayenne.) Breeds? on Cayo Arcas, Bahia de Campeche, México; Mauger Cay, British Honduras; islets off Rio Moin, and Isla de Uva, near Puerto Limén, Costa Rica; Little Swan Island, Caribbean Sea; Bahama Islands (Samana Cay, Cay Verde, Great Ragged Island, Miraporvos Islands, Santo Domingo Cay), Cuba (Cayo Piedras and, formerly, Cayo Mono Grande); Navassa Island; Dominican Re- public (Alta Vela Island, reported); Puerto Rico (Mona, Desecheo, Blanquillo in the Cordilleras Reefs, Caja de Muertos); Virgin Islands (Cockroach Cay, Cricket Rock, Dutch Cap, Sula Cay, Kalkun Cay); Lesser Antilles (Redonda, Dominica, Carriacou, Les Tortes, Giles Islets off Tobago); Los Hermanos, Los Testigos, and Islas las Aves off the coast of Venezuela; St. Paul Rocks, Fer- nando de Noronha, and Ascension Island; Cape Verde Islands (Rombos Islands, Razo); islets in the Gulf of Guinea (rocks off Principe Island, Sette-Pedras off Sao Tomé, Tortuga off Annobon). 1 Larrison, Murrelet, 26, Dec. 28, 1945, p. 45. 2 Chapman, Pap. Tortugas Lab. Carnegie Inst. Washington, 2, no. 5, 1908, p. 144, shows that Audubon’s breeding record for the Dry Tortugas is erroneous. ORDER PELECANIFORMES 33 Ranges to the Caribbean coast of México and Central America and to the Dry Tortugas; casually to Texas, Louisiana, both coasts of Florida, and Ber- muda; through the West Indies; to the north coast of Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana, Surinam, and Cayenne south to southern Brasil (Santa Cata- rina), throughout the Cape Verde Islands, and the Gulf of Guinea. Accidental in Massachusetts (Cape Cod), New York (Moriches Bay, Long Island), and South Carolina. Sula leucogaster bréwsteri Goss. [115.1.] Sula brewsteri Goss, Auk, 5, no. 3, July 1888, p. 242. (San Pedro Martir Isle, Gulf of California.) Breeds on islands in the Gulf of California from Consag Rock and George Island south to San Ignacio Farall6n off northern Sinaloa and Ildefonso on the Gulf coast of Baja California; also on San Benedicto Island, Revilla Gigedo group. Ranges through the Gulf of California and near the Revilla Gigedo Islands; casual in southeastern California (Imperial Dam), western Arizona (Havasu Lake), on the west coast of Baja California (12 miles south of Los Coronados Islands, and on the San Benito Islands), Sonora (Punta Penascosa), and Nayarit (Tres Marietas Islands). Sula sila Linnaeus: RED-FOOTED BOOBY. Indian Ocean from Aldabra and Assumption islands to the Laccadive Islands, the Bay of Bengal, Pagi Islands, Cocos Islands, Java, Bali, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula; South China Sea (Paracel Islands); Pacific Ocean from the Bonin Islands, Marcus Island, and the Philippines (Mindanao, Palawan), Wake Island, Hawaiian Islands, and Revilla Gigedo Islands to New Guinea, north- eastern Australia, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, and Tuamotu Islands, the coast of Sinaloa (Labrados), Cocos Island, and the Galapagos Islands; in the Atlantic area from Little Swan and Little Cayman islands, British Honduras, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, through the Lesser Antilles and to Fer- nando de Noronha and South Trinidad; casually to Panama. Sula sula sala (Linnaeus). [116.] Pelecanus Sula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 218. (in Pelago indico = Barbados, Lesser Antilles.) Breeds on Little Swan and Little Cayman Islands; Half Moon Cay, British Honduras; Navassa Island; Desecheo Island, Puerto Rico; Cockroach and Sula cays near St. Thomas, Virgin Islands; the Grenadines (Battowia, Kick-’em- Jenny); Tobago (Giles Islets); Los Hermanos and Los Testigos islands, Ven- ezuela; Fernando de Noronha and South Trinidad islands, off Brasil; possibly formerly on Ascension Island. Ranges outside its breeding area to Panama (sight records), Cuba, Hispaniola (Saona Island), and Puerto Rico (Mona and Monito islands). Accidental on the coast of Louisiana (7 miles below Buras, Plaquemines Parish). 34 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus MORUS Vieillot Morus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, p. 63. Type, by monotypy, “Fou de Bassan” of Brisson = Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus. Morus bassanus (Linnaeus): GANNET. [117.] Pelecanus Bassanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 133. (in Scotia, America = Bass Rock, Scotland.) Breeds on Bonaventure, Anticosti (Gulf Cliff Bay), the Magdalen Islands (Bird Rocks), and formerly on Perroquet Island, Quebec; Cape St. Mary, Baccalieu Island, and Funk Island, Newfoundland; formerly on Gannet Rock near Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, and Gannet Rock near Grand Manan, New Brunswick; Iceland (Westman Islands, Eldey, Grimsey; formerly in the Geith- ellna district and Bolungarvik); Faeroes (Myggenaes Holm), Shetland (Her- maness), Orkney (Sule Stack), Outer Hebrides (Sula Sgeir, St. Kilda), coast of Scotland (Ailsa Crag, Scar Rocks, Bass Rock), Eire (Little Skellig, Bull Rock, Great Saltee, Broadhaven), Wales (Grassholm), and East Yorkshire (Bempton), formerly on Lundy, North Devon. Ranges in summer to southern New Brunswick, rarely to Massachusetts. In winter from the coast of Virginia, rarely from Massachusetts, to southern Florida and from Ireland, England, and northern France to the Azores (rarely), Madeiras, the Canary Islands, and the coast of Africa from Morocco to Gambia; in the Mediterranean to southern France (Camargue), Malta, Egypt, and Syria; casual in the Gulf of Mexico to eastern Texas and Louisiana (Rigolets); Ber- muda and southern Greenland (Julianehaab, Quarsog, Nanortalik, and Syd Kap, Scoresby Sound), Jan Mayen, Bear Island, the coast of Norway, Finland, and the Baltic Sea. Accidental in the Great Lakes area and the St. Lawrence Valley (Toronto, Niagara, Ottawa), Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Vermont. Family PHALACROCORACIDAE: Cormorants? Genus PHALACROCORAX Brisson Phalacrocorax Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 60; vol. 6, p. 511. Type, by tautonymy, Phalacrocorax Brisson = Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus. Phalacrécorax carbo (Linnaeus): GREAT CORMORANT. Atlantic coast from southern Newfoundland, southeastern Quebec, and northern Nova Scotia (in winter) to Long Island; coasts of Greenland, Ice- land, the Faeroes, and Russia (Kola Peninsula) to the Mediterranean, central and southern Europe, and the coasts and larger bodies of water of Africa; central and eastern Asia to Sakhalin, Japan, Formosa, the Bonin and Philippine islands, India, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, 1 The Guanay, Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (Lesson), of Peru and Chile, introduced on San Geronimo Island, Baja, California, was reported to be well established and nesting in April 1953. ORDER PELECANIFORMES 35 southern New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Chatham Islands. Phalacrocorax carbo carbo (Linnaeus). [119.] Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 133. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds in southern Greenland, southwestern Newfoundland (Guernsey Is- land, Port.au Port Peninsula), probably on Petit Miquelon, St. Pierre and Miquelon Territory, along the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Lake, Outer Wapitagun, and St. Mary islands), the north shore of Anticosti Island, the Magdalen Islands (Bryon, Entry), Prince Edward Island (Cape Tryon, East Point), and in Antigonish and Victoria counties, Nova Scotia, formerly in the Bay of Fundy west to Grand Manan; Iceland, Faeroes, Norway to lat. 71° N., northern Finland, and the northern Kola Peninsula, south to the Inner Hebrides and along the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, occasionally inland. In North America nonbreeding birds are found in summer west to Grand Manan, New Brunswick, rarely to Muscongus Bay, Maine. In part resident, but ranges in winter to Long Island, casually to South Carolina and Georgia, and to northern France, Spain, Portugal, the western Mediterranean, and northwestern Africa, from Morocco and Rio de Oro to Mauritania and the Canary Islands. Accidental inland in Maine, Vermont, New York, Ontario, and West Virginia. Phalacroecorax auritus (Lesson): DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT. Southwestern Alaska (Lake Iliamna, Kodiak Island), the coast of British Columbia, central Alberta, central Manitoba, James Bay, the Gulf of St. Law- rence, and Newfoundland, south to the Revilla Gigedo Islands, Baja California, Guerrero, Cuba, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. In winter to British Hon- duras. Fossil, in the Pliocene of Oregon and Idaho; in the Pleistocene of California and Florida; and in deposits of questionable Pleistocene age in Nevada. Phalacrocorax auritus auritus (Lesson). [120.] Carbo auritus Lesson, Traité d’Orn., livr. 8, June 11, 1831, p. 605. (la Nouvelle-Zélande = North America.) Breeds from central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, the northern shore of Lake Superior (Agawa Bay), southeastern shore of James Bay, north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Newfoundland (formerly from southern Labrador) south, locally, to southeastern Idaho (Caribou County), northern Utah (Great Salt Lake), northeastern Colorado (Barr), New Mexico (Rio Grande Bird Refuge), western Nebraska (Grant and Lincoln counties), southwestern and northeastern South Dakota, southern Minnesota (Heron Lake, Winona), southern Wisconsin, northern Michigan (Huron Is- lands, Marquette County), Ontario (Lake Nipigon, islands in lakes Erie and Ontario), and the coasts of the Maritime Provinces, Maine, and Massachusetts; isolated colonies in southeastern Iowa (Green Bay, Lee County), central and 36 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS southern Illinois, Indiana (Hoveys Lake, Posey County), Tennessee (Reelfoot Lake), and northern Texas (Vernon),! formerly in northeastern Arkansas and northwestern and east-central Ohio. Recorded in summer north to southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake) and southern Baffin Island (Frobisher Bay); nonbreeding birds occur regularly along the Atlantic coast from New York (Long Island) to Maryland. Winters in the Mississippi Valley from Tennessee southward, from New York (Long Island) south to the Gulf coast, and from southern New Mexico to southern Texas (Webb and Calhoun counties), rarely to Cuba and Bermuda. Casual in winter north to Michigan, southern Ontario, and New York. Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus (Audubon). [120q]. Carbo floridanus Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 3, 1835, pl. 252 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 3, 1835, p. 387). (Florida Keys.) Breeds at Great Lake, Craven County, North Carolina, probably in South Carolina, and from Florida including the Florida Keys to southern Louisiana, southeastern Texas (Santa Rosa Lake, Matagorda Peninsula), Cuba, the Isle of Pines, and the Bahama Islands. Winters from Florida and southeastern Texas to the Bahama Islands (re- corded from Grand Bahama, Abaco, Bimini Islands, Andros, New Providence, Watling, and Cay Lobos), Cuba, Campeche, Yucatan, and British Honduras. Casual in Guadeloupe. Phalacrocorax auritus cincinatus (Brandt). [1205]. Carbo cincinatus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, 3, no. 4, Nov. 16, 1837, col. 55. (insula Kadiak = Kodiak Island, Alaska.) ate ai hoot Na Se a al ae Breeds on Carlisle Island in the eastern Aleutians, the Alaska Peninsula, Kodiak Island, and the Kenai Peninsula. Resident in part in the breeding range, except possibly the more northern areas, but southward in winter to the coast of southern British Columbia. Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus Ridgway. [120c]. Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 2, Apr. 10, 1884, p. 94. (Farallone Islands to Cape St. Lucas and Revil- legigedo Islands, Western Mexico = Farallon Islands, California.) Breeds from southern British Columbia (Bare Island, near Sidney, Vancouver Island, and Ballingall Islet) south along the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California to Baja California, islands in the Gulf of California, and the Revilla Gigedo Islands; also in the interior of southern Oregon and California, western Nevada (Pyramid Lake), and Arizona (lower Colorado River, Roosevelt Lake). Winters in most of breeding range, except in more northern latitudes. 1 Subspecies nesting here not certain. ORDER PELECANIFORMES 37 Phalacrocorax olivaceus (Humboldt)': OLIVACEOUS CORMORANT. From southern Sonora, Texas, and Louisiana south through lowland areas of México, Central America, and South America to Tierra del Fuego; Cuba and the Bahama Islands. Phalacrocorax olivaceus mexicanus (Brandt). [121.] Carbo mexicanus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, 3, no..4, Nov. 16, 1837, col. 56. (Mexico.) Breeds from southeastern Louisiana (Cameron Parish) to southern Texas (Brownsville) and México (except the States from Sonora to Guerrero), south in Central America to northern Nicaragua (Lake Nicaragua); Cuba, Isle of Pines, and Watling Island in the Bahamas. Winters on the coasts of Louisiana and Texas and through most of its breed- ing range. Accidental in Colorado, central Texas, Kansas, and southern Illinois. Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt): BRANDT’s CORMORANT. [122.] Carbo penicillatus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, 3, no. 4, Nov. 16, 1837, col. 55. (Type locality unknown = Vancouver Island.) Breeds along the Pacific coast from Washington (Matia Island) south to Natividad Island and Gull Rocks, San Crist6bal Bay, Baja California; also on San Pedro Martir Island, and Roca Blanca near Isla Partida, Gulf of California. Resident near its nesting colonies but ranges in winter to Cape San Lucas, Baja California, and widely in the Gulf of California. Casual at Forrester Island, southeastern Alaska, and at Guadalupe Island, México. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pallas: PELAGIC CORMORANT. Coastal waters of the Pacific from west of Cape Dezhneva (East Cape), northeastern Siberia, through Bering Sea to Japan and southern China in the west and from Alaska to central Baja California in the east. Phalacrocorax pelagicus pelagicus Pallas. [123.] Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 2, 1811, p. 303. (maris Camtschatici orientalis et Americanarum insularum incola = Aleutian Islands.) Breeds in coastal areas from Cape Irkaipij and Koliutschin Island on the Arctic coast of Siberia, Cape Dezhneva (East Cape), Chamisso Island in Kotzebue Sound, Diomede and St. Lawrence islands, Norton Sound (Sledge Island), St. Matthew, Nunivak, and St. Paul islands, Komandorskie Islands, and many of the Aleutian Islands south on the west to the Kurile Islands and 1 Pelecanus olivaceus Humboldt, in Humboldt and Bonpland, Rec. Observ. Zodl. Anat. Comp., 1805, p. 6. (prope Banco ad Magdalenae fluminis ripas, lit. 8° 55’ = El Banco, Magdalena.) 38 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Honshu, Japan; on the east along the Alaskan coast at Homer and Kachemak Bay, Cook Inlet, and through the Alexander Archipelago to the Queen Char- lotte Islands (Langara Island). Winters from the Komandorskie, Pribilof, and Aleutian islands to the coast of China (Hopeh, Shantung, Kiangsu, Fukien, Kwangtung); and on the coasts of British Columbia and Vancouver Island. Casual at Point Barrow, Alaska. Phalacrocorax pelagicus respléndens Audubon. [1235.] Phalacrocorax resplendens Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 4, 1838, pl. 412, fig. 1 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 148). (Cape Disappointment near entrance of Columbia River [Washington].) Breeds along the Pacific coast from southern British Columbia (Bare Island, near Victoria) south to Los Coronados Islands, Baja California. Winters throughout the entire breeding range and south to Natividad Island, central Baja California, casually to Cape San Lucas. Phalacrocorax trile (Gmelin): RED-FACED CORMORANT. [124.] Pelecanus Urile Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1789, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 575. Based mainly on the Urile of Steller, Beschr. von dem Lande Kamtschatka, 1774, p. 157. (in Camtschatcae rupestribus maritimis = Kamchatka.) Breeds from the Arctic coast of northeastern Siberia at Cape Schmidt (North Cape) and the Komandorskie Islands (Bering and Copper islands) to the Pribilofs (St. Paul, St. George, and Walrus islands), Bogoslof Island, through- out the Aleutian Islands, and east to Amak, the Shumagin, and Semidi islands. Winters from the Komandorskie, Aleutian, and Pribilof islands to Kam- chatka, the Kurile Islands, and Honshu (Echigo), Japan. Casual near St. Michael, Alaska. Family ANHINGIDAE: Darters Genus ANHINGA Brisson Anhinga Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 60; vol. 6, p. 476. Type, by tauton- ymy and monotypy, Anhinga Brisson = Plotus anhinga Linnaeus. Anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus): ANHINGA. From the coast of Sinaloa south to western Ecuador; from southern Texas, Tennessee, Alabama, southern Georgia, and central North Carolina to Cuba, the lowlands of eastern México, and Central America; and from Colombia, Venezuela, Tobago, and Trinidad south, east of the Andes, to northern Argen- tina; casual in Grenada. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. 1 Plotus Anhinga Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 218. (In America australi = Brasil.) ORDER PELECANIFORMES 39 Anhinga anhinga leucogaster (Vicillot). [118.] Plotus leucogaster Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 1, Sept. 1816, p. 545. (dans les Florides = Florida.) Breeds locally in southern Texas from Bexar County southward and in the Mississippi Valley to southeastern Oklahoma (Eagletown), eastern Arkansas (Helena, Wilmot, Walker Lake), and northwestern Tennessee (Reelfoot Lake), formerly to southern Illinois; through Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, south- ern Georgia, and eastern North Carolina (Washington) south to Cuba, Isle of Pines, and in the lowlands on both the Caribbean and Pacific sides of México and Central America to Panama. Winters from central coastal South Carolina and the Gulf coast southward. Casual in Arizona, New Mexico, Kansas, Nebraska, Michigan, Ontario, Ohio, Virginia, and Maryland. Suborder FREGATAE: Frigate-birds Family FREGATIDAE: Frigate-birds Genus FREGATA Lacépéde Fregata Lacépéde, Tabl. Ois., 1799, p. 15. Type, by subsequent designa- tion, Pelecanus aquilus Linnaeus (Daudin, 1802). Fregadta magnificens Mathews!: MAGNIFICENT FRIGATE-BIRD. In the eastern Pacific from Baja California south to the Galapagos Islands, the coast of Ecuador, and occasionally to Pert; in the Atlantic area from the Bahama Islands, south to Santos and Fernando de Noronha, Brasil; the Cape Verde Islands and the coast of Gambia.? Wanders to coasts of California, Texas, Louisiana, and Florida. Fregata magnificens rothschildi Mathews. [128.] Fregata minor rothschildi Mathews, Birds Australia, vol. 4, June 23, 1915, p. 280. (Aruba, Netherlands West Indies.) Breeds along the Pacific coast from Baja California (Santa Margarita Island) and Nayarit (Isabel and Tres Marietas islands) south to the Pearl Islands, Pan- ama and the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador; in the Atlantic area at Man-o’-war Cays, British Honduras, Cayo Arcas, Bay of Campeche, Isla Contoy, Quintana Roo, Little Swan Island, Little Cayman Island, Cuba (Puerto Escondido), Isle of Pines (Siguanea Bay), Navassa Island, Bahama Islands (Cay Verde, Bimini Islands, Atwood Cay, Seal Cay), Hispaniola (Gonave Island, Samana Bay), 1 Fregata minor magnificens Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, no. 6, Dec. 19, 1914, p. 20. (Barrington, Indefatigable, Albemarle Islands = Barrington Island, Galapagos Archipelago. ) 2A race of Fregata minor nests in the Revilla Gigedo Islands and is reported to occur along the shores of western Baja California and of California, but no specimens are known from the two latter areas. 40 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Mona, Desecheo, Puerto Rico (coastal islets); Virgin Islands (Tobago, George Dog, Dutch Cap), the Grenadines (Battowia), Giles Islets off Tobago, Los Testigos, Los Hermanos, and Margarita Islands, Venezuela, and Fernando de Noronha, Abrolhos Islets, and islands off Rio de Janeiro and Santos, Brasil. Ranges in the Pacific north to northern California, casually to Oregon (Tilla- mook Rock), and along the coasts from western Baja California and the head of the Gulf of California south to Panama, Ecuador, and Pert (Paita, Talara, Salaverry); in the Atlantic area along the Caribbean coasts of northern South America and the West Indies, north to southern Veracruz, Texas, Louisiana, and Florida, casually to North Carolina, and south along the coast of South America to Sao Sebastiao and Santos, Sao Paulo, Brasil. Accidental in Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indi- ana, Ohio, Newfoundland, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Scotland (Tiree, Inner Heb- rides). Order CICONIIFORMES: Herons, Storks, Ibises, Flamingos, and Allies Suborder ARDEAE: Herons, Bitterns, and Allies Family ARDEIDAE: Herons and Bitterns Subfamily ARDEINAE: Herons Genus ARDEA Linnaeus Ardea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 141. Type, by subse- quent designation, Ardea cinerea Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). Ardea occidentalis Audubon: GREAT WHITE HERON. Southern Florida to Cuba, the Isle of Pines, and the coasts of Yucatan and Quintana Roo,! formerly to Jamaica. Ardea occidentalis occidentalis Audubon. [192.] Ardea occidentalis Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 3, 1835, pl. 281 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 3, 1835, p. 542). (Keys near Key West, Florida.) Resident in the Florida Keys from Oyster and Palm keys near Cape Sable southwestward to Indian, Torch, Cudjoe, and Marquesas keys near Key West. Formerly along the west coast of Florida to Fakahatchee Bay (1922), Johns Pass (1874), near Tampa (1895, 1906), and Royal Palm State Park (1916). Wanders to the Florida mainland back of Cape Sable and casually to central and northern Florida (Leon County, Gainesville, Brevard Island). Accidental in Mississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania. 1 The subspecies found on the Mexican coast has not been certainly identified. ORDER CICONIIFORMES 41 Ardea herédias Linnaeus: GREAT BLUE HERON. Southeastern Alaska, northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Mani- toba, central Ontario, and southern Quebec to southern México and the West Indies; also Galapagos Islands. Vagrant northward to Alaska Peninsula, Hudson Bay, and northern Quebec. In winter chiefly from British Columbia and north- ern United States south to Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and Bermuda. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Oregon, California, and Florida. Ardea herodias herédias Linnaeus. [194.] Ardea Herodias Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 143. Based mainly on the Ash-coloured Heron from North America of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 135. (in America = Hudson Bay.) Breeds from southeastern British Columbia (Enderby), northeastern Wash- ington (Omak Lake), northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Mani- toba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, southern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Magdalen Islands, and Nova Scotia south to southern Montana, Nebraska, Missouri, northern Illinois, West Virginia, and northern South Caro- lina; also Bermuda. Wanders northward during or after the breeding season to Hudson Bay, northern Quebec (Fort Chimo), Anticosti Island, and Newfoundland. In migra- tion to California (San Joaquin Valley, recovery of banded bird) and eastern Colorado. Winters from western Montana (Ravalli County), Nebraska (rarely), the Ohio Valley, southern Ontario (rarely), the coast of Massachusetts, and south- ern Maine (rarely) south through México to British Honduras, eastern Panama, Curacao, Colombia, and Venezuela and to Cuba, Jamaica, and the Dominican Republic; also in Bermuda. Accidental in Greenland. Ardea herodias wardi Ridgway. [1945.] Ardea wardi Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 7, no. 1, Jan. 1882, p. 5. (Oyster [= Estero] Bay, Florida.) Breeds from southeastern Kansas, southern Illinois, southwestern Indiana, and southern South Carolina south to southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast, and the Florida Keys. Winters in the Gulf Coast States and southward in México to Jalisco (Ocot- lan). Casual in Nebraska (Frontier County) and Iowa (Hillsboro). Ardea herodias treganzai Court. [194c.] Ardea herodias treganzai Court, Auk, 25, no. 3, July 1908, p. 291. (Egg Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah.) Breeds from eastern Washington (Moses Lake, intergrade between A. h. herodias and A. h. treganzai), southern Idaho, and southern Wyoming south 1 DuMont, Univ. Iowa Studies Nat. Hist., 15, 1934, p. 22. 42 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS through the Great Basin and the southern Rocky Mountain region to north- eastern Baja California (San Felipe), northern Sonora, southern New Mexico, and western Texas. Winters from eastern Oregon, Idaho (rarely), northern Utah (rarely), Wyo- ming (rarely), and western Texas south through northern and central México to Colima, Hidalgo, and Tamaulipas. Wanders to southeastern British Columbia (Okanagan Valley, Edgewood) and Nebraska (Hall County). Ardea herodias fannini Chapman. [194a.] Ardea herodias fannini Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14, art. 8, Apr. 15, 1901, p. 87. (Skidegate [on Graham Island], Queen Charlotte Islands [British Columbia].) Breeds along the Pacific coast from southeastern Alaska (Yakutat Bay) south to Washington. Mainly resident but wanders to Cook Inlet, Alaska, and the interior of cen- tral and southern British Columbia (Bulkley Lake). Ardea herodias hyperénca Oberholser. [194d.] Ardea herodias hyperonca Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 43, Dec. 12, 1912, p. 550. (Baird [Shasta County], California.) Resident from western Oregon, west of the Cascades, south through Cali- fornia, west of the Sierra Nevada and the Colorado Desert, to northwestern Baja California (to about lat. 27° N.). Wanders to western Nevada (Fallon), Guadalupe Island, and Sinaloa.? Ardea herodias sancti-licae Thayer and Bangs. [194e.] Ardea herodias sancti-lucae Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New England Zodél. Club, 4, Feb. 23, 1912, p. 83. (Espiritu Santo Island, Lower California.) Resident in southern Baja California from San José Island to San José del Cabo, and on the coast of Sonora from lat. 27° N. southward. Ardea cinérea Linnaeus: GRAY HERON. From the Outer Hebrides, northern Norway, northern Russia, Siberia, Mon- golia, and Japan south to the Canary Islands, South Africa, the Red Sea, Iran, Hainan, and Formosa; also Madagascar and Aldabra Island. Winters south to South Africa, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippine Islands. 1 Alcorn, Condor, 43, 1941, p. 118. 2 Lincoln, Bird-Banding, 7, no. 4, Oct. 1936, p. 141. ORDER CICONIIFORMES 43 Ardea cinerea cinérea Linnaeus. [195.] Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 143. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds from Northern Ireland, Outer Hebrides, lat. 70° N. in northern Nor- way, northern Sweden, northern Russia, central Siberia, and western China south to southern Spain, central France, central Italy, the Balkan Peninsula, Iraq, and Iran; in Africa, in northern Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, and locally to South Africa; Canary Islands. Winters from the British Isles and central Europe to southern Africa, Iran, Baluchistan, and Sind. Casual in Iceland, the Faeroes, Spitsbergen, and Ascension Island. Accidental in Greenland. Genus BUTORIDES Blyth Butorides Blyth, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiatic Soc., 1849 (1852), p. 281. Type, by monotypy, Ardea javanica Horsfield. Butorides viréscens (Linnaeus): GREEN HERON. Western Washington, southern Nevada, central Arizona, north-central Texas, central Minnesota, central Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, coastal Maine, and southern New Brunswick south through México, Central America, and the West Indies to the Pearl Islands in the Gulf of Panama, Darién, north- ern Colombia (Rio Baud6é), and Curagao. Winters chiefly from southern United States southward, extending to Colombia (Bogota area), Venezuela, and Trini- dad. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California and Florida. Butorides virescens viréscens (Linnaeus). [201.] Ardea virescens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 144. Based mainly on The Small Bittern, Ardea stellaris minima Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 80. (in America = South Carolina.) Breeds from the coast of southern Sonora (south from Kino Bay), eastern Jalisco (Ocotlan), Michoacan (Patzcuaro), State of México, southern New Mexico (near Las Cruces), north-central Texas (Winkler and Wilbarger coun- ties), central Kansas, Nebraska, southeastern South Dakota, central Minnesota (Minneapolis), central Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario (Wel- lington, York, and Leeds counties), central (rarely northern) New York, cen- tral Vermont, central New Hampshire, southern Quebec (rarely Laval County), southeastern Maine, and southern New Brunswick (rarely Washademoak River) south to Chiapas (Tonala), Veracruz (Isla de los Frijoles, Rivera), the Gulf coast of the United States, the Dry Tortugas, and the Florida Keys (to Key West). Wanders north in spring and summer rarely to northern New Mexico (Rin- conada), southern Manitoba (Brandon), northeastern North Dakota, central Ontario (Lake Nipissing), central Nova Scotia, and southeastern Newfoundland (St. Marys Bay). Accidental in Greenland, Bermuda, and Surinam. 44 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters from the coast of western México (probably north to Sonora), west- ern and southern Texas (Rio Grande), southern Louisiana, northern Florida, South Carolina, and Georgia south along the coasts of México and through Central America to eastern Panama (Darién), northern Colombia, and northern Venezuela; also Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, Swan Island, and Old Providence Island. Butorides virescens frazari (Brewster). [201a.] Ardea virescens frazari Brewster, Auk, 5, no. 1, Jan. 1888, p. 83. (La Paz, Lower California.) Resident locally in the southern half of Baja California (San Ignacio, Pond Lagoon, and Mulegé south to the Cape district). Butorides virescens anthonyi (Mearns). [201c.] Ardea virescens anthonyi Mearns, Auk, 12, no. 3, July 1895, p. 257. (Seven Wells, Salton River, on the Colorado Desert, Lower California.) Breeds from southwestern Washington (Camas) south through western Ore- gon (Portland) and California to northwestern Baja California (San Ramon); in the interior from southern Nevada, southwestern Utah (St. George), and central Arizona south to northeastern Baja California and northern Sonora (Colonia Independencia, Pilares). Wanders north and east to northwestern and eastern Washington (to King and Whitman counties), central Oregon (Wasco and Lake counties), and central Nevada (Reno, Fallon). Casual in Texas (Brewster County) and Tamaulipas (Victoria). Winters from western Washington (rarely Lake Washington) south along the Pacific coast, but chiefly from southern California, southwestern Arizona, and southern Sonora through western México and Central America to El Salvador and Costa Rica. Genus FLORIDA Baird Florida Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xxi, xlv, 659, 671. Type, by monotypy, Ardea caerulea Linnaeus. Flérida caertilea (Linnaeus): LITTLE BLUE HERON. Southern Sonora, central Oklahoma, southeastern Missouri, and Massachu- setts south along the coasts of México and Central America and through the West Indies to northwestern Peri and Uruguay. Wanders northward to south- eastern Canada, casually south to Argentina (Tucuman, Corrientes). Winters chiefly south of lat. 30° N. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. ORDER CICONIIFORMES 45 Florida caerulea caertilea (Linnaeus). [200.] Ardea caerulea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 143. Based mainly on The Blew Heron, Ardea caerulea Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 76. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Breeds from central Oklahoma (Lake Overholser), northeastern Texas, southeastern Arkansas, southeastern Missouri (rarely from Charles County), northeastern Tennessee (Reelfoot Lake), and central Alabama south to the Gulf coast, and on the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts (Marshfield, casually) to southern Florida (except the Florida Keys) .1 Wanders north after the breeding season to western Nebraska (rarely), cen- tral North Dakota (near Sims), northeastern Iowa, southern Wisconsin, south- ern Michigan (to Barry County), southern Ontario (to Delaware), Quebec (Moisie River), Labrador (Strait of Belle Isle), and Newfoundland. Accidental in Greenland. Winters from southern Baja California (San Gregorio), the Gulf coast (rarely inland to Bexar and Dallas counties, Texas) of the United States, and coastal South Carolina south (on basis of banded birds) through México to British Honduras, Honduras, and Panama and to the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Colombia, and Venezuela. Casually north to northeastern Virginia. Genus BUBULCUS Bonaparte Bubulcus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, no. 14, Apr. 1855, p. 722. Type, by tautonymy, Ardea ibis “Hasselquist” Linnaeus = Ardea bubulcus Audouin. Bubilecus ibis Linnaeus: CATTLE EGRET. Southern Portugal and southern Spain; Africa; eastern Turkey, the Caspian Sea, Iran, India, Burma, southern China, and Honshu south to southwest Arabia, Ceylon, Java, Bali, Australia (Northern Territory), the Philippine Is- lands, and the Moluccas; now established and breeding in the New World from northern and eastern Venezuela south to British Guiana and Surinam; South Carolina, central Florida, and Louisiana. The Old World range has expanded widely in the past 50 years, particularly in Africa, and to Australia, with many records of vagrants outside the breeding areas. Bubulcus ibis ibis Linnaeus. [200.1.] Ardea ibis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 144. (Egypt.) Breeds in southern Portugal and southern Spain; from Morocco and Tunisia to Egypt and south of the Sahara to Cape Province (Capetown), Madagascar, Aldabra, Comoro Islands, Seychelles, and Mauritius; and from Dagestan and Azerbaijan south in eastern Turkey, Iraq, and northern Iran to Syria and south- western Arabia. Noted between 1877 and 1882 in the New World on the Courentyne River, 1 The birds breeding in México, Central America, and South America, called F. caerulea caerulescens, may not be racially separable. 46 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Surinam (im Thurn), and in 1911-1912 on the Essequibo Coast, British Guiana (A. W. B. Long); now spreading rapidly. Common from northern and eastern Venezuela south to Surinam; recorded from Aruba, Colombia (west to the Pacific coast on the lower Rio San Juan), Bolivia (Irupana, Yungas), the Canal Zone, Bahama Islands (Eleuthera), Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix. Established and breeding near Lake Okeechobee, Gainesville, Florida, Southport, South Carolina, and Lacassine Refuge, Louisi- ana; recorded in Maine (Brownfield), Massachusetts (Sudbury Valley, Cam- bridge, North Truro), New Jersey (Cape May), New York (East Moriches, Long Island), Virginia (Norfolk, Chincoteague), elsewhere in Florida (Key West), Illinois (Chicago region), Bermuda, and at sea off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Genus DICHROMANASSA Ridgway Dichromanassa Ridgway, Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, no. 1, Feb. 5, 1878, pp. 224, 246. Type, by original designation, Ardea rufa Boddaert = Ardea rufescens Gmelin. Dichromanassa ruféscens (Gmelin): REDDISH EGRET. From Baja California, the coast of Texas, and southern Florida to south- ern México, Guatemala, El Salvador, Cuba, and the Bahamas, in winter to Venezuela. Dichromanassa rufescens ruféscens (Gmelin). [198.] Ardea rufescens Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 628. Based mainly on the Aigrette rousse of Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 7, 1783, p. 378. (in Louisiana.) Breeds along the Texas coast (Cameron County to Chambers County), in the Florida Keys (near Tavernier), and in the Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, and Hispaniola; formerly in central Florida and Jamaica. Winters from southern Texas, rarely Louisiana and Florida, south to Cam- peche, Chiapas, Guatemala, and El Salvador, and to Venezuela (Paraguana, Los Roques, Margarita Island). Casual to central Texas (Taylor and Angelina counties), southern Mississippi (Gulfport), and central Florida (Pinellas County). Accidental in Arizona, Colo- rado, southern Illinois, and South Carolina. Dichromanassa rufescens dickeyi van Rossem. [198a.] Dichromanassa rufescens dickeyi van Rossem, Condor, 28, no. 5, Sept. 21, 1926, p. 246. (San Luis Island, Gulf of California.) Baja California from San Quintin on the Pacific coast and Angel de la Guarda in the Gulf of California to the Cape district, the coast of Sonora (probably breeding at Tébari Bay) and Sinaloa (breeding, Isla Las Tunas). In winter north casually to southern California (San Diego County) and south to El Salvador. 1 Summary to June 1956, based in part on sight records. ORDER CICONIIFORMES 47 Genus CASMERODIUS Gloger Casmerodius Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg., 1842 (1841), p. 412. Type, by subsequent designation, Ardea egretta Gmelin (Salvadori, 1882). Casmerdédius albus (Linnaeus)!: COMMON EGRET. Austria, Hungary, Rumania, the Volga Delta, Turkestan, southern Siberia, northern China, and Japan south locally to South Africa, Iran, India, Ceylon, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, the East Indies, Australia, and New Zealand (South Island); in the New World from southern Idaho, southern Minnesota, northern Ohio, and New Jersey south through México, Central America, the West Indies, and South America to the Straits of Magellan. Wanders peripher- ally to southern Canada, Great Britain, Sweden, and the Baltic states and to the Azores, Canary, and Falkland islands. Winters chiefly south of lat. 40° N. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California, Florida, and Cuba. Casmerodius albus egrétta (Gmelin). [196.] Ardea Egretta Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 629. Based mainly on the Grande Aigrette of Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 7, 1783, p. 377. (in insula S. Dominici, insulis Falkland et America australi ad Louisi- anam usque = Cayenne.) Breeds locally from southeastern Oregon (Klamath County to Harney County), southern Idaho (Payette), northern Texas, central Oklahoma, south- ern Minnesota (Jackson and Martin counties), western Wisconsin (Trempea- leau County), central Illinois, southern Indiana, northern Ohio (Eagle and West Sister islands), and southwestern New Jersey (Salem and Gloucester counties) south through México, Central America, the West Indies, and South America to the Straits of Magellan. In recent years the breeding range in the United States has been extending northward. Wanders north, mainly after the breeding season, to northwestern Oregon, Washington (Turnbull Refuge), southern Saskatchewan (Yorkton, Davidson), southern Manitoba (Lake Winnipegosis), northeastern South Dakota, central Michigan, southern Ontario (Lake Nipissing), southern Quebec (Quebec, Little Mecatina River), and Newfoundland (Hermitage Bay, Conception Bay). Winters from northern coastal California, southern Oregon, central Nevada, central Arizona, central New Mexico, central Texas, southern Louisiana, and coastal North Carolina southward. Birds banded in Mississippi have been re- covered in Veracruz, British Honduras, and northern Colombia. Casual in the Falkland Islands. Genus LEUCOPHOYX Sharpe Leucophoyx Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 3, Apr. 30, 1894, p. xxxix. Type, by original designation and monotypy, Ardea candidissina Gmelin = Ardea thula Molina. 1 Ardea alba Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 144. (in Europa = Sweden.) 48 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Leucophoyx thila (Molina): SNowy EGRET. Northern California, southeastern Idaho, Colorado, central Oklahoma, the Gulf coast of the United States, and New Jersey south locally through Central America, the West Indies, and South America to central Chile and central Argentina. Wanders north to Washington, Alberta, Wisconsin, southern Michi- gan, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland. Winters from California and South Carolina southward. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. Leucophoyx thula thila (Molina). [197.] Ardea Thula Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, 1782, p. 235. (Chili.) Breeds from central Oklahoma (Lake Overholser), southeastern Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi (north to Lula), Alabama (formerly), and, on the At- lantic coast, from southern New Jersey (Cape May County) to peninsular Florida (west to Leon County), south locally through eastern México, Central America, the Greater Antilles, and South America to central Chile and central Argentina. Formerly bred north to Nebraska, Illinois, and Indiana and is now again extending northward. Wanders north after the breeding season to Nebraska, Iowa, southern Wis- consin, southern Michigan, West Virginia, and Massachusetts, casually to Al- berta,1 Vermont, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland (Trepas- sey). Accidental in Bermuda. Winters from the coasts of Texas, Louisiana, Florida, and South Carolina south to central Argentina. Leucophoyx thula bréwsteri (Thayer and Bangs). [197a.] Egretta candidissima brewsteri Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New England Zo6l. Club, 4, Apr. 29, 1909, p. 40. (San José Island, Gulf of California.) Breeds from northern California (Butte County), northern Nevada, south- eastern Idaho (Caribou County), northern Utah (Box Elder and Uintah coun- ties), and Colorado (San Luis Valley, Fort Collins) south to southwestern Arizona (Topock), southern New Mexico (Dona Ana County) and western Texas (El Paso County); Baja California (Colorado River near El Mayor, Scammon Lagoon, and San José Island near La Paz) and the coasts of southern Sonora and Sinaloa. Wanders north casually to Oregon (Tillamook, Malheur), eastern Washing- ton (Walla Walla), northeastern Idaho (Jefferson and Fremont counties), and northern Wyoming (Buffalo). Winters from northern California (Butte County), southern Arizona, and western Texas south, on basis of banded birds, to Nayarit and Guerrero. Genus EGRETTA Forster Egretta T. Forster, Syn. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, p. 59. Type, by monotypy, Ardea garzetta Linnaeus. 1 Possibly L. t. brewsteri. ORDER CICONIIFORMES 49 Egrétta garzétta (Linnaeus): LITTLE EGRET. Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, southern Russia, Transcaspia, Iran, Turkestan, China, and Japan south through Africa to Cape Province and Madagascar; Aldabra; through India to northern Ceylon, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Australia. Egretta garzetta garzétta (Linnaeus) [196.1.] Ardea Garzetta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 237. (Oriente = northeast Italy.) Breeds from southern Portugal (Algarve), southern Spain, southeastern France (Rhone delta), northern Italy, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania (Dobruja), southern Russia, Caucasia, Turkestan, northern India, China, and Japan (Honshu) south, locally, to South Africa and Madagascar; and to Al- bania, northern Greece, Turkey, Iran, through India to Ceylon, Burma, Thai- land, southern China (Hainan), Ryukyu Islands, and Formosa, including the Pescadores Islands and Botel Tobago. Wanders to England, Wales, Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, Madeira, Canary Islands, and the Azores. Accidental in Newfoundland (Conception Bay, May 8, 1954). Genus HYDRANASSA Baird Hydranassa Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, p. 660. Type, by original designation, Ardea ludoviciana Wilson = Egretta ruficollis Gosse. Hydranassa tricolor (Miiller)': LOUISIANA HERON. Central Baja California, the Gulf coast, and southern Maryland south through México, Central America, the Bahamas, and the Greater Antilles to Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas, and northern Brasil. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. Hydranassa tricolor ruficdllis (Gosse). [199.] Egretta ruficollis Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, p. 338. (Burnt Savanna River [Jamaica]. ) Resident and breeding locally from central Baja California (Scammon La- goon), Sonora (casual in north), the coast of Texas (inland to Colorado and Austin counties), Louisiana (casually north to East Feliciana Parish), Alabama, and coastal Maryland (Worcester County) south along the coasts of México and Central America and through the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles to Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. Wanders north to southern California (San Diego and Mission bays), south- ern Nevada, central Arizona, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and New Jersey. Casual in 1 Ardea tricolor P.L.S. Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, p. 111. (America = Cay- enne. ) 50 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS southern Nebraska, northeastern Missouri, central Indiana, central Pennsyl- vania, coastal New York and Massachusetts, and New Brunswick (Hammond River, St. John). Genus NYCTICORAX Forster Nycticorax T. Forster, Syn. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, p. 59. Type, by tau- tonymy and monotypy, Nycticorax infaustus Forster = Ardea nycticorax Linnaeus. Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnacus)1: BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON. Netherlands, Germany, Hungary, Rumania, south Russia, Turkestan, south- ern Manchuria, and Japan (Honshu) south to South Africa, Iraq, Iran, Baluchi- stan, southern India, Ceylon, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Kangean Islands, Philippine Islands, Celebes, and the Moluccas; Hawai- ian Islands; and from Washington, southern Idaho, southern Saskatchewan, southwestern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and New Bruns- wick south through Central America and the West Indies to southern South America and the Falkland Islands. Ranges casually north to the British Isles, Norway, Finland, northwest Russia, British Columbia, and Newfoundland. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California, México, and Florida. Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli (Gmelin). [202.] . Ardea Hoactli Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 630. Based mainly on the Hoactli or Dry Bird of Ray, Synopsis Avium, p. 179 (ex Hernan- dez). (in novae Hispaniae lacubus = Valley of México.) Breeds from northwestern Oregon (Portland), central eastern Washington (from Douglas County), southern Idaho, central Wyoming, northeastern Mon- tana (Sheridan County), southern Saskatchewan (from Last Mountain Lake and Rousay Lake), southwestern Manitoba (from Shoal Lake), central Min- nesota, central Wisconsin, southern Michigan (from Saginaw Bay), southern Ontario (from Lambton, York, and Carleton counties), southern Quebec (from Rimouski County), and northeastern New Brunswick south locally through México, Central America, and the West Indies to northern Chile and south- central Argentina (Buenos Aires Province); the Hawaiian Islands (Niihau to Hawaii). Wanders north after the breeding season, casually reaching southern British Columbia (Okanagan Valley), northwestern Wyoming (Yellowstone Park), northern Wisconsin, central Ontario (Lake Nipissing), central and eastern Que- bec (Lake Mistassini and the Gaspé Peninsula), and Newfoundland (Come-by- chance). Accidental on Midway in the Leeward Islands of Hawaii, Greenland, and on Bermuda. Winters from Oregon, Nevada, Utah (rarely), central Arizona, New Mexico (Albuquerque), Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama and, on the Atlan- tic coast, from southern Massachusetts (irregularly) southward. 1 Ardea Nycticorax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 142. (in Europa australi = southern Europe.) ORDER CICONIIFORMES | Genus NYCTANASSA Stejneger Nyctanassa Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 10, Aug. 3, 1887, p. 295. Type, by original designation, Ardea violacea Linnaeus. Nyctanassa violacea (Linnaeus): YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON. Baja California, Sonora, Texas, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Massachusetts south through México, Central America, and the West Indies to Peri and eastern Brasil; Socorro Island of the Revilla Gigedo group; the Galapagos Islands. Wanders north to Colorado, Nebraska, southeastern Wisconsin, south- ern Ontario, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland. Winters from Baja California, Sonora, the Gulf coast of the United States, and South Carolina southward. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. Nyctanassa violacea violacea (Linnaeus). [203.] Ardea violacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 143. Based on The Crested Bittern, Ardea stellaris cristata americana Catesby, Caro- lina, vol. 1, p. 79. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Breeds locally from Oklahoma (Roger Mills and Noble counties), south- eastern Kansas, Missouri, and western and central Tennessee, rarely from Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio (Paulding County), and on the Atlantic Seaboard from Massachusetts (Essex and Plymouth counties) south into eastern México and eastern Central America to Guatemala, the Gulf coast of the United States, and through Florida to Key West; extending northward in recent years. Wanders west to long. 100° W. in Texas and north irregularly to eastern Colorado, southeastern Nebraska, northern Iowa, southeastern Wisconsin, southern Ontario (Toronto), western New York, southern New Hampshire, coastal Maine, southwestern New Brunswick, Nova Scotia (including Sable Island), and Newfoundland (Petites). Accidental in Bermuda. Winters from southern Texas, southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, and coastal South Carolina (occasionally) south to Nicaragua (Corinto), Costa Rica (Guanacaste), Panama (to Darién), Great Corn Island, and widely through the West Indies to Swan Island, Barbados, and the Grenadines. Nyctanassa violacea bancrofti Huey. [203a.] Nyctanassa violacea bancrofti Huey, Condor, 29, no. 3, May 15, 1927, p. 167. (Scammon Lagoon, Lower California, Mexico.) Breeds from lat. 28° 31’ N. in central Baja California and the coast of cen- tral Sonora (Tepopa Bay) south along the west coast of México to western Guatemala and El Salvador; and from the Bahama Islands through the Greater and Lesser Antilles to Tobago. Mainly resident but wanders to lat. 30° 29’ N. in Baja California, and to Panama (Almirante) and the north coast of Venezuela (El Limén, Distrito Federal). 52 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Subfamily BoTAURINAE: Bitterns Genus IXOBRYCHUS Billberg Ixobrychus Billberg, Syn. Faunae Scand., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1828, p. 166. Type, by subsequent designation, Ardea minuta Linnaeus (Stone, 1907). Ixobrychus exilis (Gmelin): Least BITTERN. Eastern Oregon, Montana, South Dakota, Minnesota, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, New York, Maine, and New Brunswick south through México, Central America, the Bahama Islands, the Greater Antilles, and South America to Paraguay and Brasil. Wanders north to southwestern Saskatchewan, Manitoba, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland. North American races winter from California, southern Texas, and central Florida south to Colombia. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of Cuba. Ixobrychus exilis exilis (Gmelin). [191.] Ardea exilis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 645. Based on the Minute Bittern of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 66. (in Jamaica.) Breeds from Montana (Stillwater County), Colorado (Boulder County), Nebraska (west to Garden County), northeastern South Dakota, northwestern Minnesota (Marshall and Polk counties), central Wisconsin, northern Michi- gan, southern Ontario (Sault Sainte Marie, Lake Nipissing, Ottawa), northern New York, southern Maine, and New Brunswick (St. John County) south to southern Texas, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, and St. Croix; probably locally through eastern México to El Salvador and southern Nicaragua. Wanders casually to New Mexico, southwestern Saskatchewan (Crane Lake), Manitoba (Lake St. Martin, York Factory), southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Island of Orleans), southern Nova Scotia (Queens and Halifax counties, Sable Island), and southern Newfoundland (St. John’s). Accidental in Bermuda. Winters from southern Texas (El Paso and Hidalgo counties), central Flor- ida, the Bahamas, and the Greater Antilles to Panama and Colombia (Riofrio in Cauca Valley). Ixobrychus exilis hésperis Dickey and van Rossem. [191a.] Ixobrychus exilis hesperis Dickey and van Rossem, Bull. Southern Cali- fornia Acad. Sci., 23, Feb. 20, 1924, p. 11. (Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, California.) Breeds in southeastern Oregon (Klamath and Harney counties), California (Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, the central and southern coastal areas, and Salton Sea), and central Baja California (San Ignacio and La Purisima); probably also along lower Colorado River, north to St. George, Utah. Wanders casually to northern Oregon (Multnomah County), Nevada, and northern Utah (Box Elder and Washington counties). 1 Status of birds from Central America is uncertain. ORDER CICONIIFORMES BS. Winters from California (casually north to Sutter County) and southeastern Arizona (Topock) south to Michoacan (Lake Patzcuaro); apparently also south through Central America to Costa Rica. Genus BOTAURUS Stephens Botaurus Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zodl., vol. 11, pt. 2, Aug. 1819, p. 592. Type, by subsequent designation, Ardea stellaris Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). Botautrus lentiginédsus (Rackett): AMERICAN BITTERN. [190.] Ardea lentiginosa Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Birds, Shells and .. . Plants Dorsetshire, ed. 2, May 1813, p. 14. (Parish of Piddletown, Dorset- shire, England.) Breeds from central British Columbia, southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), central Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba (Churchill), northern On- tario (Fort Severn and Fort Albany), northeastern Quebec, and Newfound- land south to southern California, central Arizona, southern Colorado, southern Kansas, central Missouri, central and western Tennessee, central Ohio, western Pennsylvania, central Virginia, and eastern Maryland; also locally in northern Texas (Wilbarger County), Louisiana, and Florida. Winters from southwestern British Columbia (Fraser Delta), Utah, southern Arizona, central New Mexico (Bosque del Apache Refuge), Oklahoma, the Ohio Valley, and Delaware south through México, Central America, the Ba- hamas, and the Greater Antilles to Panama (Canal Zone), Swan Island, Grand Cayman, and Puerto Rico. Occasionally north to southern Michigan, southern Ontario, and Massachusetts. Casual in southeastern Alaska (Stikine Flats), southern Labrador, and St. Croix, Virgin Islands. Accidental in Bermuda, Greenland, Iceland, the Faeroes, British Isles, Chan- nel Islands, Azores, and Canary Islands. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Oregon, California, and Florida. Suborder CIcoNIAE: Storks, Ibises, and Spoonbills Superfamily CicoNIomDEA: Storks and Wood Ibises Family CICONIIDAE: Storks and Wood Ibises Subfamily MYCTERIINAE: Wood Ibises Genus MYCTERIA Linnaeus Mycteria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 140. Type, by monotypy, Mycteria americana Linnaeus. 54 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Myctéria americana Linnaeus: Woop Isis. [188.] Mycteria americana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 140. Based mainly on the Jabiru-guagcu of Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Brasil., p. 200. (in America calidiore = Brasil.) Breeds and winters on Pacific coast of North America from Sonora (prob- ably breeds at Laguna Gudsimas) south to western Costa Rica (Guanacaste); on the Gulf and Atlantic coasts from Texas, Louisiana (at least formerly), South Carolina (probably breeds), eastern Georgia (formerly), and central and south- ern Florida south through eastern México and Central America to Panama, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic (now very rarely); in South America lo- cally from Colombia and Venezuela to eastern Peri, eastern Bolivia, Argentina (Province of Buenos Aires), and Uruguay. Wanders north regularly to southern California, central Arizona, and western Tennessee; casually to northeastern California, southern Idaho, southern Mon- tana, Nebraska, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, central New York, northern Vermont, southern Maine, and southern New Brunswick. Superfamily THRESKIORNITHOIDEA: Ibises and Spoonbills Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE: Ibises and Spoonbills Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE: Ibises Genus PLEGADIS Kaup Plegadis Kaup, Skizz. Ent.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, p. 82. Type, by monotypy, Tantalus falcinellus Linnaeus. Plégadis falcinéllus (Linnaeus): Glossy IBIs. Southern Spain, Italy, Austria, Rumania, southern Russia, Iran, Turkestan, Afghanistan, India, Burma, Borneo, Java, Philippine Islands, and Celebes south to South Africa, Madagascar, Ceylon, and Australia. In New World from east- ern Texas, South Carolina, and Florida to Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Plegadis falcinellus falcinéllus (Linnaeus). [186.] Tantalus Falcinellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 241. (in Austria, Italia = Austria.) Breeds at Eagle Lake, Colorado County, Texas (casually), in Alachua, Bre- vard, Indian River, and Monroe counties, Florida, Charleston County, South Carolina (recently), Chincoteague Bay, Maryland, New Jersey (Stone Harbor, 1955), Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. In the Old World, in Morocco, Spain, western Italy, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Albania, Rumania, and Bul- garia; tropical Africa, at least as far south as Kenya; Madagascar; and from Caucasia, the Volga Delta, the Kirghiz Steppes, northeastern India (Oude and Assam), and Burma south to Iran, Sind, and Ceylon. ORDER CICONIIFORMES 35 Winters, at least casually, north to coastal Texas, southern Louisiana (mouth of Mississippi River), and southern Florida; in the Old World throughout Africa, Palestine, and India. Wanders north in spring and summer to southern Ontario, Quebec (Mont- real), and Nova Scotia and through states east of the Mississippi River. Casual in the Bahama Islands, Jamaica, Panama, northern Colombia, and Madeira Islands. Accidental in Bermuda, Iceland, the Faeroes, British Isles, Norway, Sweden, and Finland. Plegadis chihi (Vieillot): WHITE-FACED Isis. [187.] Numenius chihi Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 8, Mar. 1817, p. 303. (Paraguay et dans les plaines de Buenos-Ayres.) Breeds from central California (Los Bafios), eastern Oregon (Malheur Lake) northern Utah (Box Elder County), Colorado (Saguache County), Nebraska (Clay County), and Minnesota (Jackson County, 1894-95 only) south locally to Colima, State of México, Veracruz, Texas, and southwestern Louisiana (Cameron Parish); also Florida occasionally (Brevard County, 1886; Lake Okeechobee, recently). In South America from central Pert, southern Bolivia, and southeastern Brasil (Rio de Janeiro) south to central Chile (Santiago) and central Argentina (Cape San Antonio). Winters from California (rarely from central and northern sections), south- eastern Arizona (rarely), southern Sonora, Guanajuato, Tamaulipas, southern Texas, and southwestern Louisiana south to Guerrero and Puebla, casually to El Salvador and Costa Rica. In South America, generally resident in breeding Tange. Wanders casually north to southern British Columbia, eastern Washington, northern Idaho, northern Wyoming, North Dakota, Michigan, Ohio, and west- ern New York; south to the Straits of Magellan. Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Genus EUDOCIMUS Wagler Eudocimus Wagler, Isis von Oken, 1832, col. 1232. Type, by subsequent designation, Scolopax rubra Linnaeus (Reichenow, 1877). Eudécimus albus (Linnaeus): WHITE IBIs. [184.] Scolopax alba Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 145. Based on The White Curlew, Numenius albus Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, 1731, p. 82. (in America = South Carolina.) Resident from central Baja California (north to about lat. 27° N.), central Sinaloa, coastal Texas (Cameron to Chambers counties), southern Louisiana, Florida, southeastern Georgia, and South Carolina (from Georgetown County) south along both coasts of México and Central America to northwestern Pert and Venezuela, and to Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. Wanders casually north, generally in autumn, to southern California (San 56 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Diego and Imperial counties), Colorado, South Dakota, Missouri, Illinois, North Carolina, Virginia, New Jersey, New York (Long Island), Quebec (Nicolet River), and Vermont. Casual also in Puerto Rico. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. Eudocimus riiber (Linnaeus): SCARLET Isis. [185.] Scolopax rubra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 145. Based mainly on The Red Curlew, Numenius ruber Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 84. (in America.') Resident in northern South America from northwestern Venezuela through Trinidad and the Guianas to Para, Maranhiao, Piaui, Sao Paulo, and Parana, Brasil. Accidental in Texas, Louisiana, Florida, Jamaica, Honduras, and Costa Rica. Subfamily PLATALEINAE: Spoonbills Genus PLATALEA Linnaeus Platalea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 139. Type, by sub- sequent designation, Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). Plataléa leucorédia Linnaeus: WHITE SPOONBILL. Southern Spain, Netherlands, Austria, Hungary, Rumania, southern Russia, Transcaucasia, Turkestan, Transbaikalia, Mongolia, Manchuria, Korea, and Japan to Egypt, Sudan, Somaliland, Aden, Sokotra Island, Transjordan, Iraq, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, India, Ceylon, eastern China, and Formosa. Migra- tory in northern part of range. Platalea leucorodia leucorédia Linnaeus. [183.1.] Platalea Leucorodia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 139. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds locally in southern Spain, Netherlands, formerly in Norfolk and Suffolk, England, Denmark (irregularly), Austria, Hungary, Rumania, Yugo- slavia, Albania, Bulgaria, southeastern Russia, and Transcaucasia. Winters in tropical Africa. Accidental in Greenland (Itivdleq, Julianehaab District), Faeroes, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Baltic States, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, northern Russia, Azores, Madeira Islands, and Canary Islands. Genus AJAIA Reichenbach Ajaia Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 (1853), p. xvi. Type, by orig- inal designation, Ajaia rosea Reichenbach = Platalea ajaja Linnaeus. 1 The type locality is usually restricted to “Bahama Islands” from Catesby’s account. Since no record is known from that island group this is incorrect. ORDER CICONIIFORMES 57 Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus): ROSEATE SPOONBILL. [183.] Platalea Ajaja Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 140. Based mainly on the Aiaia Brasiliensibus Marcgrave, Nat. Hist. Brasil, p. 204. (in America australi = Jamaica.) Breeds from northern Sinaloa, coastal Texas (Second Chain of Islands, Aran- sas County, to Vingt’un Islands, Chambers County), southwestern Louisiana (Black Bayou and Sabine Refuge, Cameron Parish), and southern Florida (Little Patricio in Charlotte Harbor, and Bottlepoint Key in Florida Bay; formerly to the latitude of Tampa Bay and Poinsett) south locally along both coasts of México and Central America, and through the Bahamas (Great Inagua Island), Cuba, Isle of Pines, and Hispaniola to central Chile, central Argentina, and southern Uruguay. Winters from Jalisco, Guanajuato, the coast of southern Texas (north to Corpus Christi), and southern Florida southward. Wanders to Baja California, central California, northern Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, southern Indiana, southern Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania. Casual in Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Grenada, the Grenadines, south- ern Chile (Straits of Magellan), and the Falkland Islands. Suborder PHOENICOPTERI: Flamingos Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE: Flamingos Genus PHOENICOPTERUS Linnaeus Phoenicopterus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 139. Type, by monotypy, Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus. Phoenicépterus ruber Linnaeus: AMERICAN FLAMINGO. [182.] Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 139. Based largely on The Flamingo, Phoenicopterus bahamensis Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 73. (in Africa, America, rarius in Europa = Bahama Islands. ) Resident in Yucatan, Cuba, Isle of Pines (formerly), Jamaica (formerly), the Bahamas (Andros, Abaco, Mayaguana, Great Inagua, and Caicos islands), Hispaniola (Gonave, Beata, and Saona islands), Antigua (formerly), Aruba (formerly), Bonaire (Pekelmeer), Los Roques (Isla Maria Uespén), the Gui- anas, and the coast of Brasil to the mouth of the Amazon; also the Galapagos Islands. Wandered formerly in abundance, but now rarely, to Florida, and apparently bred occasionally on Florida Keys. Casual in coastal Texas, Louisiana, north- western Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Bermuda, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. 1 Sprunt, Auk, 54, 1937, pp. 531-532. 58 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Order ANSERIFORMES: Screamers, Swans, Geese, and Ducks Suborder ANSERES: Swans, Geese, and Ducks Family ANATIDAE: Swans, Geese, and Ducks Subfamily CyGNINAE: Swans Genus CYGNUS Bechstein Cygnus Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. Deutschland, vol. 2, 1803, p. 404, foot- note. Type, by monotypy, Anas olor Gmelin. Subgenus CYGNUS Bechstein Cygnus olor (Gmelin): MUTE SwAN. [178.2.] Anas Olor Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 502. (in Russia, Sibiria, Persico etiam littore maris caspii = Russia). Breeds from the British Isles, Denmark, southern Scandinavia, northern Germany, eastern, central and southern Russia, and the lower Danube Valley east to Asia Minor and Iran, and through Turkestan to Mongolia, eastern Si- beria, and Ussuriland. Winters south to northern Africa, the Black Sea, and southwestern Asia; also to northwestern India and Korea, casual in Japan (Islands of Izu). Introduced and naturalized in New York (lower Hudson Valley, Long Island, and Gardiners Island); wanders to eastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Ohio (Cleveland), Pennsylvania (Erie Bay, Pymatuning), and West Virginia (Brooke and Jefferson counties). Genus OLOR Wagler Olor Wagler, Isis von Oken, 1832, col. 1234. Type, by subsequent designa- tion, Cygnus musicus Bechstein = Anas cygnus Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). Subgenus OLOR Wagler Olor c¥ygnus (Linnaeus): WHOOPER Swan. [179.] Anas Cygnus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 122. (in Europa, America septentrionali = Sweden.) Breeds from Greenland (formerly), Iceland, northern Scotland, and Scandi- navia (from lat. 70° N.) eastward through Finland, northern Russia, and cen- tral Siberia south of the tundra to the Anadyr region and Kamchatka south to Turkestan, eastern Altai, northwestern Mongolia, and Ussuriland. Winters south to the British Isles, southern Spain, France, Italy, and Turkey and to China, Korea, and Japan. Occasional in Greenland, north on the west coast to Sukkertoppen, and in ORDER ANSERIFORMES 59 the Angmagssalik District; once on the Liverpool coast; accidental on St. Paul Island, Alaska,? and in Maine. Olor columbianus (Ord): WHISTLING Swan. [180.] Anas columbianus Ord, in Guthrie, Geogr., 2d Amer. ed., 1815, p. 319. Based on the Whistling Swan of Lewis and Clark, Hist. Exped. Rocky Mountains and Pacific, vol. 2, p. 192. (Below the great narrows of the Columbia River.) Breeds from Cape Prince of Wales and Point Barrow, Alaska, Victoria Island (from about lat. 74° N.), and Baffin Island south to St. Lawrence Island, the Alaska Peninsula (Morzhovi Bay, Nelson Lagoon, Becharof Lake), and the Barren Grounds of Northwest Territories to Southampton, Nottingham, and Belcher islands. Winters on the Pacific coast from Washington and Oregon (occasionally in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska) and from British Columbia (Kamloops) to Cali- fornia, occasionally to extreme northern Baja California; on the Atlantic coast from Maine and Long Island (rarely), chiefly from Maryland (Chesapeake Bay) south to North Carolina (Currituck Sound); rarely south to Florida and the Gulf coasts of Louisiana and Texas; rarely in Michigan; casually on Lake Erie. In migration on larger bodies of water throughout the interior, including the Great Basin. Recorded from the Anadyr region, eastern Siberia. Casual in México (near Colonia Diaz, Chihuahua, and Silao, Guanajuato); accidental in Bermuda, Cuba (Ciénaga de Zapata), Puerto Rico (Gudanica Lagoon), Newfoundland (Gambo Lake), and the Komandorskie Islands (Ber- ing Island). Recorded questionably from Scotland. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California and Florida. Subgenus CLANGOCYCNUS Oberholser Clangocycnus. Oberholser, Emu, 8, pt. 1, July 1908, p. 3. Type, by mono- typy, Cygnus buccinator Richardson. Olor buceinator Richardson: TRUMPETER Swan. [181.] Cygnus buccinator Richardson, in Wilson and Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., Jameson ed., vol. 4, Aug. 1831, p. 345. (Hudson Bay.) Breeds in southern Alaska (lower Copper River, near mouth of Bremner River), central British Columbia (probably), western Alberta (Grand Prairie region), eastern Idaho (Island Park area), southwestern Montana (Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge), and Wyoming (Yellowstone National Park). Formerly bred from north-central Alaska (Fort Yukon), northern Mackenzie (Franklin Bay), Manitoba (Norway House), and James Bay south to British Columbia (Chilcotin), Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, and Indiana. Colonies have been introduced recently in national wildlife refuges at Mal- heur, Oregon, and Ruby Lakes, Nevada. Winters in the large islands of southeastern Alaska (Alexander Archipelago), western British Columbia (between lat. 55° and 49° N.), Idaho, Montana, and 1 Wilke, Auk, 61, 1944, p. 655. 60 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Wyoming. Formerly through the western United States south to southern Cali- fornia, Texas, northeastern México (Matamoros), the Mississippi Valley to the Gulf coast of Louisiana, and on the Atlantic seaboard to North Carolina. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Oregon, Illinois, and Florida. Subfamily ANSERINAE: Geese Genus BRANTA Scopoli Branta Scopoli, Annus I, Historico-Naturalis, 1769, p. 67. Type, by sub- sequent designation, Anas bernicla Linnaeus (Bannister, 1870). Branta canadénsis (Linnaeus): CANADA GOOSE. From the Komandorskie Islands (probably from the Kuriles) and western Alaska eastward across the Arctic mainland, and Southampton and southern Baffin islands, to Labrador and Newfoundland, south to northeastern California, Utah, Kansas, and Massachusetts, in winter to Honshu, northern Baja Cali- fornia, the mainland of México (south as far as Veracruz), and the Gulf States. Accidental in Bermuda, the Bahama Islands (Andros and New Providence), and Jamaica. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Oregon and California; and from beds of ques- tionable Pleistocene age in Nevada. Branta canadensis canadénsis (Linnaeus). [172.] Anas canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 123. Based mainly on The Canada Goose, Anser canadensis Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 92. (in Canada = City of Quebec.) Breeds in southern Baffin Island, in Quebec, from the head of Ungava Bay south to Anticosti Island, and on the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland; occasionally south to Maine (Penobscot and Piscataquis counties) and Massa- chusetts (Lincoln and Concord). Introduced and well established in England, Scotland, Iceland, and New Zealand. Winters on the Atlantic seaboard from southern Nova Scotia (regularly), Maine (occasionally), southeastern Massachusetts, and Connecticut south to South Carolina; occasionally to Georgia. On migration confined to the seaboard. Branta canadensis intérior Todd. [172e.] Branta canadensis interior Todd, Auk, 55, no. 3, Oct. 1938, p. 662. (Port Harrison, east coast of Hudson Bay, northern Quebec.) Breeds from northeastern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Ontario, and southern Baffin Island around Hudson and James bays south to Minnesota and Michigan; probably formerly farther south. 1 Since the 1930’s several races of Branta canadensis have been involved in numer- ous transplantings and releases of wild and semidomesticated birds. This should be kept in mind when a specimen is obtained that appears to be much outside the normal range of the race. ORDER ANSERIFORMES 61 Winters from South Dakota, Nebraska, Illinois, and Maryland south to Texas, Louisiana, Alabama (Leighton), northwestern Florida (St. Marks Na- tional Wildlife Refuge), and North Carolina. Not recorded from the Atlantic coast north of Maryland. Branta canadensis maxima Delacour. [172h.] Branta canadensis maxima Delacour, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1537, Nov. 12, 1951, p. 5. (Round Lake, Grant County, Minnesota.) Bred, formerly, from North Dakota and Minnesota south to Kansas, northern Arkansas, Tennessee, and western Kentucky. Now believed to be extinct. Branta canadensis moffitti Aldrich. [172f.] Branta canadensis moffitti Aldrich, Wilson Bull., 58, no. 2, June (Aug. 2) 1946, p. 96. (Blue Lake, near Coulee City, Washington.) Breeds from southern and central British Columbia (Lac la Hache, Big Salmon River, Yellowhead Pass), central Alberta (Athabaska Valley), southern Saskatchewan, and probably southern Manitoba (Delta) south to northeastern California (Tule Lake, Tahoe Lake), and northern Utah (Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge) to south-central Wyoming (Pathfinder National Wildlife Ref- uge); introduced in northeastern Texas (Hagerman National Wildlife Refuge) from the Bear River Refuge in Utah. Winters over a large part of the breeding range but also south to southern California (Imperial Valley), northern Baja California, the mainland of north- ern México (Sonora, Coahuila), and southern Texas. Branta canadensis parvipes (Cassin). [172g.] Anser parvipes Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1852, p. 187. (Vera Cruz, Mexico.) Breeds from central and eastern Alaska east across northern Canada and southern Victoria Island, to western Melville Peninsula and eastern Keewatin south to northern British Columbia, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, and northern Manitoba. Winters south to California, México, and Louisiana. Accidental in North Carolina (Currituck Sound) and western Greenland (Godhavn) .? Branta canadensis fulva Delacour. [172i.] Branta canadensis fulva Delacour, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1537, Nov. 12, 1951, p. 7. (Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. ) Breeds from Glacier Bay, Alaska, south along the coast and islands to north- ern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. 1 Banding records show extensive postbreeding movement northward as well as east-west wandering. 2 Canada geese of unknown race are reported now to breed in western Greenland. Cf. Salomonsen, Grgnlands Fugle, pt. 1, 1950, pp. 86-87. 62 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters generally throughout the breeding range but also south to north- western California (Del Norte and Humboldt counties). Branta canadensis occidentalis (Baird). [1725.] Bernicla occidentalis Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pacific, vol. 9, 1858, p. 766. (Port Townsend, W[ash- ington] T[erritory].) Breeds around Prince William Sound, Alaska, and perhaps farther north and south. Winters (at least in part) south to Oregon (Port Townsend). Accidental in Nevada (Lahontan Valley). Branta canadensis leucoparéia (Brandt). [172d.] Anser leucopareius Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, 1, no. 5, May 11, 1836, p. 37 (Aleutian Islands.) Breeds on the Aleutian Islands; formerly on Bering Island and the Kurile Islands. Now much reduced in numbers. Winters in Japan, and from British Columbia to California. Branta canadensis hutchinsii (Richardson). [172a.] 1 Anser Hutchinsii Richardson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.- Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 470. (Melville Peninsula.) Breeds near the arctic coast of Northwest Territory from Queen Maud Gulf east to Melville Peninsula, Southampton Island, and western Baffin Island, and probably on Ellesmere Island. Winters in México (from Chihuahua south to Jalisco), on the Gulf coast, and on the Atlantic coast south to South Carolina. Recorded from Alaska (Solomon), Oregon (Klamath Falls), and western Greenland (Qaersuq in Umanaq District). Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. Branta canadensis minima Ridgway. [172c.] Branta minima Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 8, May 6, 1885, p. 22. (Yukon delta and contiguous shores of Norton Sound = St. Michael, Alaska.) Breeds across northern Alaska east to extreme northern Yukon (Mackenzie Delta), south to Bristol Bay, the Alaska Peninsula and southern Alaska; in the interior east to the central Yukon. Winters from the coast of southern British Columbia (rarely) south to California, where restricted in midwinter chiefly to the Sacramento Valley and the northern end of San Joaquin Valley; formerly south to San Diego County. 1 This bird has been confused with B. c. leucopareia so that many of the references in literature refer to the latter form. Cf. Taverner, Ann. Rept. Nat. Mus. Canada for 1929, 1931, pp. 28-40. ORDER ANSERIFORMES 63 Casual in Nevada (Ruby Lake National Wildlife Refuge), Wisconsin (Wau- shara County), southern Baja California (La Purisima), the Hawaiian Islands, and Japan (Tokyo Bay). Branta bérnicla (Linnaeus)!: BRANT. Breeds in the circumpolar arctic belt across eastern North America and Eurasia. Winters south to Japan and northern China and along the coasts from southern British Columbia to California, from Massachusetts to North Carolina, and from the British Isles and northern Russia to Portugal and Egypt. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Oregon. Branta bernicla hréta (Miller). [173a.] Anas Hrota O. F. Miller, Zool. Dan. Prodr., 1776, p. 14. (Isl[andis] = Iceland.) Breeds in maritime arctic regions of eastern North America and western Europe; in North America from about long. 100° W. (probably including the Parry Islands), on Axel Heiberg Island and northern Ellesmere Island (reported as hybridizing with B. nigricans at the western limits of its range), Southamp- ton Island, the islands around the Gulf of Boothia, Prince Regent Inlet, and Wellington Channel, Baffin Island, to northern Greenland from Carey Islands and Etah to Danmarks Fjord, casually south to Upernavik and Scoresby Sound; Spitsbergen. Winters chiefly on the Atlantic coast of the United States from Massachusetts (Cape Cod, Martha’s Vineyard), New York (occasionally Long Island), and New Jersey (especially Barnegat Bay) south to North Carolina; rarely south to Florida (possibly to Louisiana); less commonly on the Pacific coast from British Columbia (Victoria, Sooke) and Washington to California (Humboldt, Siskiyou, and Solano counties); also on coasts of northwestern Europe from the Baltic and North seas to the British Isles, Netherlands, Germany, and France. Common in migration through Quebec. Occasionally along the coast of Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales, Point Barrow). Casual in the interior of North America; recorded from South Dakota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania south to Texas, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Kentucky, Arkansas, and West Virginia. Accidental in Barbados, Finland, and southern Norway. Branta nigricans (Lawrence): BLACK BRANT. [174.] Anser nigricans Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 4, 1846, p. 171, pl. xii. (Egg Harbor, New Jersey.) Breeds in the arctic maritime regions of eastern Asia and western North America, from the Taimyr Peninsula, the Yenisei River, and the New Siberian Islands east to northern Alaska and northwestern Canada (Coronation Gulf, the 1 Anas Bernicla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 124. (Europa boreali = Sweden.) 2 One, not preserved as a specimen, has been recorded from Fort Lyon, Colorado, April 11, 1883. Cooke, Birds of Colorado, Colorado Agr. Coll. Bull. 37, 1897, p. 59. 64 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS arctic islands around Banks Island, Prince Patrick Island, and Melville Island, east to about long. 110° W.); south to Nelson Island, Alaska, and northeastern Mackenzie. Winters chiefly on the Pacific coast of North America, from the Queen Charlotte Islands and Vancouver Island, British Columbia, south to Baja Cali- fornia (where it is common south to Magdalena Bay), inland to Malheur and Klamath lakes, Oregon, Tule Lake, California, and Pyramid and Washoe lakes, Nevada; also to Bering Island, Kamchatka, the Kuriles, Korea, Japan, and northern China (Tsingtao). Casual in Wyoming, Utah, and Texas; accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Maui), Massachusetts (near Chatham), New York (Long Island), New Jersey (Egg Harbor), and Virginia (Cobbs Island). Branta leucépsis (Bechstein): BARNACLE Goose. [175.] Anas leucopsis Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. Deutschland, vol. 2, 1803, p. 424. (auf dem Zuge, Deutschland = Germany.) Breeds in eastern Greenland from Germania Land (Trekroner Mountain) to Blosseville Coast, in Spitsbergen, and in Novaya Zemlya. Winters in northwestern Europe south to the British Isles (mainly the Inner and Outer Hebrides and Solway; the coasts and islands of Ireland; rarely in southern England); northern France, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Ger- many, the Baltic States, and Poland. Occurs in migration in Iceland, Faeroes, and Scandinavia. Casual in Labra- dor, Baffin Island, James Bay, at Cap Tourmente, St. Lawrence River, Quebec, and in the eastern United States (Massachusetts, New York, Vermont, Ohio, and North Carolina). Accidental in Jan Mayen, southern Spain, Portugal, Italy, southern France, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, central Russia, Azores, Mo- rocco, and Egypt. Genus PHILACTE Bannister Philacte Bannister, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 22, no. 3, Aug.-Dec. 1870 (Mar. 14, 1871), p. 131. Type, by monotypy, Anas canagica Sewastianov. Philacte canagica (Sewastianov): EMPEROR Goose. [176.] Anas canagica Sewastianov, Nova Acta Acad. Sci. Imp. Saint-Pétersbourg, 13, 1802, p. 349, pl. 10. (Kanaga Island, Aleutian Islands.) Breeds on the northeastern coast of Siberia from Koliutschin Bay east to Mys Dezhneva (East Cape), and south around the Gulf of Anadyr to Mys Navarin, St. Lawrence Island, and in the coastal areas of northwestern Alaska from Point Barrow to the mouth of the Kuskokwim River (apparently not going inland more than 10 miles). Winters mainly in the Aleutian Islands, and along the Alaska Peninsula eastward to Sanak Island and Bristol Bay, probably to Cook Inlet; west to Kamchatka and the Komandorskie Islands; casually along the Pacific coast to 1 Some of the casual records may be of birds escaped from captivity. ORDER ANSERIFORMES 65 British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California (northwest coastline, and the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys south to Merced County, where it winters on fresh water), and to the Hawaiian Islands. Genus ANSER Brisson Anser Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 58; vol. 6, p. 261. Type, by tau- tonymy, Anser domestica Brisson = Anas anser Linnaeus. Anser albifrons (Scopoli)!: WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE. Breeds in a circumpolar belt except for a gap between the west coast of Greenland and northeastern Mackenzie; in winter to north Africa, the Black and Caspian seas, India, China, and Japan; and in America from southern British Columbia, Montana, the Dakotas, and Illinois south to southern México and the Gulf States. Anser albifrons frontalis Baird. [171.] Anser frontalis Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pacific, vol. 9, 1858, p. 762. (Selkirk Settlement and Fort Thorn = Fort Thorn, New Mexico.) Breeds in western and northern Alaska (Bristol Bay, Kotzebue Sound, Point Barrow), probably in Yukon, east to northeastern Mackenzie (Perry River), and northeastern Keewatin (Repulse Bay). Winters chiefly west of the Mississippi, from southern British Columbia (rarely) and southern Illinois south to Baja California, Sinaloa, Guanajuato, Jalisco, México, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz, Texas, and Louisiana; rarer east of the Mississippi; recorded from Massachusetts, Long Island, New Jersey, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. Casual in southern Ontario, southern Quebec, West Virginia (Putnam County), on the Atlantic coast from Labrador to North Carolina, and in Cuba.? Anser albifrons gambelli Hartlaub. [171a.] Anser Gambelli Hartlaub, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 4, no. 1, Jan. 1852, Dol (Texas et du sud de l’Amerique du nord = Texas.) Breeding area not known. Probably in the arctic islands. Winters in Sutter and Solano counties, California, mainly around Butte Creek. Casual in Arizona (vicinity of Tucson). Anser albifrons flaviréstris Dalgety and Scott. [171D.] Anser albifrons flavirostris Dalgety and Scott, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 68, no. 6, May 7, 1948, p. 115. (North Slob, Wexford, Eire.) Breeds on the western coast of Greenland from the southern Upernavik district to the Godthaab district; in migration to Iceland, Eire, and Scotland, 1 Branta albifrons Scopoli, Annus I, Historico-Naturalis, 1769, p. 69. (No locality given = Italy.) 2 Some of these occurrences may refer to A. a. flavirostris. 66 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS casually to the Atlantic coast of North America. One banded in Greenland shot on the St. Lawrence River, Quebec; other records are Knotts Island, Currituck Sound, North Carolina; and “Washington, D.C., market.” Anser fabalis Latham!: BEAN GOOsE. Iceland and Spitsbergen, eastward across northern Eurasia to the Chukotski Peninsula. South in winter to Hungary, the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas, Turkestan, China, and Japan. Anser fabalis sibiricus (Alphéraky). [171.1a.] Melanonyx arvensis sibiricus Alphéraky, Geese of Europe and Asia, 1905, p. 104, pls. 10, 23. (East Siberia.) Breeds inland in northern and eastern Siberia from the upper Khatanga River east through the middle Lena and the middle Kolyma to eastern Chukot- ski and south to Altai, northern Mongolia, and Ussuriland. Winters to eastern Turkestan, eastern China, Korea, and Japan. Accidental on St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska.? Anser fabalis brachyrhynchus Baillon.? [171.2.] Anser brachyrhynchus Baillon, Mém. Soc. Roy. Emul. Abbeville, 1, 1833, p. 74. (Abbeville, France.) Breeds in eastern Greenland, between Hochstetters Forland and Mikkis Fjord, Iceland, and Spitsbergen. Winters in Great Britain, France (rare), Belgium, Netherlands, and Ger- many; in migration through Jan Mayen, Bear Island, Faeroes, and Scandinavia. Accidental in Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Czechoslovakia, the Baltic States, Russia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Rumania. Anser fabalis serriréstris Swinhoe [171.1).] Anser segetum var. serrirostris Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Oct. 1871, p. 417. (near Amoy, China.) Breeds in the arctic tundras of northern Siberia from the lower Lena River east to Chaunskaya Bay, across to the southern shores of the Gulf of Anadyr, and south along the Koryak coast to the base of the Kamchatkan Peninsula and the western shores of the Sea of Okhotsk. Winters from southern Mongolia to south-central China, and in Japan. Accidental on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska (Gambell, April 7, 1952.) Genus CHEN Boie Chen Boie, Isis von Oken, 10, 1822, col. 563. Type, by monotypy, Anser hyperboreus Pallas. 1 Anas Fabalis Latham, Gen. Syn., Suppl., pt. 1, 1787, p. 297. (Great Britain.) 2 Gabrielson, Auk, 64, 1947, p. 325. 3 For use of this name see Wetmore, Ibis, 94, 1952, pp. 360-361. This is the Pink-footed Goose of the B.O.U. Check-list. There is no valid record in our limits for Anser fabalis fabalis, the Bean Goose of the B.O.U. list. ORDER ANSERIFORMES 67 Chén hyperbo6rea (Pallas): SNow Goose. From the arctic coast of northeastern Siberia across the arctic coasts of North America to Baffin Island and northern Greenland. South in winter to northern Baja California, the Gulf coast, and the Atlantic coast from New Jersey to North Carolina; in smaller numbers over the western United States and northern and central México; rarely to the West Indies (where formerly more numerous); also in Asia south to Korea (rarely) and Japan. Fossil, in ‘the late Pleistocene of Oregon and California. Chen hyperborea hyperbérea (Pallas). [169.] Anser hyperboreus Pallas, Spic. Zool., vol. 1, fasc. 6, 1769, p. 25. (in terris borealibus ad Orientem 130° longitudinis sive circa Lenam et Janam fluvios = northeastern Siberia.) Breeds on Wrangel Island, and from Point Barrow, Alaska, east to South- ampton Island and southern Baffin Island, including Banks Island and Victoria Island; and south of Eskimo Point at the McConnell and Tha-Anne rivers, Keewatin; occasionally at Cape Henrietta Maria, Ontario. Recorded in sum- mer on the arctic coast of northeastern Siberia from the Kolyma River (rarely from the Yana River) east to the Chukotski Peninsula. Winters chiefly in two disconnected areas, the Puget Sound region of British Columbia, Washington, and California (particularly the lower portions of the Sacramento Valley and the San Joaquin Valley); and on the Gulf coast from Veracruz (Rio Papaloapan) and Texas to western Florida (Pensacola rarely). Found in migration (and in suitable localities in winter) over southern Canada and the United States (especially west of the Mississippi River) from south- western British Columbia, western Alberta, Nevada, Utah, and southern Colo- rado east to northern Illinois, and northern Alabama (Tennessee Valley), and south to central México (Baja California, Jalisco, and Guanajuato). Rarely to Cuba (Isle of Pines), Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the Bahama Islands (Abaco, New Providence, Inagua); apparently formerly more common in the West Indies. One bone from kitchen midden on St. Croix. Recorded on the Atlantic coast from the lower St. Lawrence River, Rhode Island, and New Jersey to Virginia and South Carolina; in Asia south to Korea (once at Cholla Namdo) and Japan (formerly in abundance, now very rare). Casual in eastern Canada (Quebec) and western Greenland (Upernavik to Nonartalik); accidental in eastern Greenland (Scoresby Sound). Chen hyperborea atlantica Kennard. [169a.] Chen atlantica Kennard, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 9, Feb. 16, 1927, p. 93. (Back Bay, Princess Anne County, Virginia.) Breeds in northwestern Greenland (from Robertson Bay to MacCormick Bay, and near Thule), northern Baffin Island (Navy Board Inlet, Eclipse Sound), Bylot, Devon, and Somerset Islands; probably also on Ellesmere Island and Axel Heiberg Island. Winters on the Atlantic coast of New Jersey (casually north to Long Island, New York), Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, chiefly from 68 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Chesapeake Bay to Core Sound; occasionally to South Carolina; migrates northward along the Atlantic coast to Delaware Bay, thence overland to Quebec (congregating at St. Joachim). Accidental at Cape Fullerton, Hudson Bay. Chen caeruléscens (Linnaeus): BLUE Goose. [169.1.] Anas caerulescens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 124. Based on the Blue-winged Goose of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 152. (in Canada = Hudson Bay.) Breeds in southwestern Baffin Island, southern Southampton Island, near the Perry River on the coast of Queen Maud Gulf, and south of Eskimo Point, Northwest Territories. Winters in a coastal strip bordering the Gulf of Mexico, from the Mississippi Delta in southern Louisiana to near the Sabine River, from here, decreasingly, westward to near Brownsville, Texas, and south to the coast of Veracruz (Rio Papaloapan); in very small numbers on the Atlantic coast from Maine south to Georgia; also in Tennessee Valley, northern Alabama. Migrates chiefly through the Mississippi Valley to and from James Bay. Casual in Iceland (near Reykjavik), California, Ontario, interior New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Florida, and Cuba. Chen réssii (Cassin): Ross’ Goose. [170.] Anser Rossii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 13, sig. 5-6, Mar.- Apr. (June 30), 1861, p. 73. (Great Slave Lake.) Breeds along the Perry River, northeastern Mackenzie, inland from the shores of Queen Maud Gulf, and on Boas River, Southampton Island. Winters in California, chiefly in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, and along the coast farther south (formerly to Ventura and Orange counties). Oc- curs regularly in migration at the western end of Lake Athabaska (Chipewyan), Alberta. Casual in Oregon, Arizona (Camp Verde and Topock), Colorado, Idaho, Louisiana (Cameron Parish and Little Vermillion Bay), and México (Laguna Bustillos, Chihuahua). Recorded occasionally in Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta, British Columbia (Comox, Stuart Lake, Lumby), Oregon, Idaho, Utah, and North Dakota. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of Oregon. Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE: Tree Ducks Genus DENDROCYGNA Swainson Dendrocygna Swainson, Class. Birds, vol. 2, July 1, 1837, p. 365. Type, by subsequent designation, Anas arcuata Horsfield (Eyton, 1838). 1 Published records of C. h. atlantica from Bermuda and the West Indies are un- certain; they may refer to C. h. hyperborea. ORDER ANSERIFORMES 69 Dendrocygna autumnalis (Linnaeus)!: BLACK-BELLIED TREE DUCK. From southern Texas through México and Central America to southern Brasil and northern Argentina. Dendrocygna autumnalis failgens Friedmann. [177.] Dendrocygna autumnalis fulgens Friedmann, Condor, 49, no. 5, Sept. 12, 1947; p. 190. (Lomita Ranch, Texas.) Breeds from the Gulf coast of Texas (Corpus Christi) and the lower Rio Grande Valley south through México (west to Sinaloa) and Central America to central Panama. Winters from Veracruz and Sinaloa (Mazatlan) south to the Canal Zone. Casual in Arizona, California, and the West Indies. Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot)?: FULvous TREE DUCK. From central California, southeastern Texas, and southwestern Louisiana south to south-central México; in South America, in two separate areas, from Colombia to the Guianas, and from central Brasil to the northern half of Argentina; eastern Africa from the Sudan to Natal; Madagascar; India and Ceylon. Dendrocygna bicolor hélva Wetmore and Peters. [178.] Dendrocygna bicolor helva Wetmore and Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 35, Mar. 20, 1922, p. 42. (Unlucky Lake, San Diego County, California.) Breeds from central California (mainly in the San Joaquin Valley and on the Pacific slope of southern California), casually, central Nevada (Washoe Lake), possibly central Arizona (Fort Whipple), eastern Texas (Eagle Lake, Hous- ton, Brownsville), and southern Louisiana (Lake Arthur, Crowley) south to central México (Lake Chapala, Jalisco, the valley of México). Winters from its breeding range southward to Guerrero, Tabasco, and Chiapas, wandering northward in California to the Sacramento Valley and Marin County. Casual north to Washington (Grays Harbor and above Okanogan) and Van- couver Island, British Columbia (Alberni). Accidental in Minnesota (Arco), Missouri (Knox City, New Albany, Cuivre Island), Florida (Lake Okeechobee), North Carolina (Swan Island), Cuba, and Bermuda. 1 Anas autumnalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 127. (America = West Indies. ) 2 Anas bicolor Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., vol. 5, Dec. 1816, p. 136. (Paraguay. ) 70 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Dendrocygna arborea (Linnaeus): WEST INDIAN TREE DUCK. Anas arborea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 128. (in America = Jamaica.) Resident in the Bahama Islands (Andros, Watling, Inagua), Cuba, Isle of Pines, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Grand Cayman, Puerto Rico (now rare), Virgin Islands, Barbuda, and Antigua. Accidental in Bermuda. Subfamily ANATINAE: Surface-feeding Ducks Genus TADORNA von Oken Tadorna Lorenz von Oken, Isis, 1, Heft 8, 1817, p. 1183. Type, by tau- tonymy, Anas tadorna Linnaeus. Tad6érna tadérna (Linnaeus): SHELD-DucK. [141.2.] Anas Tadorna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 122. (in Europae maritimis = Sweden.) Breeds from the British Isles, the Scandinavian Peninsula (north to lat. 69° N.), Aland Island, southwestern Finland, the Baltic States, Transcaspia, south- western Siberia, Semipalatinsk, Zaisan, northwestern Mongolia, and Manchuria south to Spain, northern France, Sardinia, Greece, Bulgaria, Rumania, Crimea, Caucasia, Iraq, Iran, and Turkestan. Winters from the southern part of the breeding range to Madeira and the coasts and islands of the entire Mediterranean from Gibraltar to Cyprus and Egypt; also to eastern Russia, Baluchistan, northern India, Burma, southern China, Formosa, and Japan. Casual in Iceland and the Faeroes; accidental in Massachusetts (Ipswich Bay). Genus CASARCA Bonaparte Casarca Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, p. 56. Type, by mono- typy and tautonymy, Anas rutila Pallas = Anas ferruginea Pallas. Casarea ferruginea (Pallas): Ruppy SHELD-Duck. [141.1.] Anas (ferruginea) Pallas, in Vroeg, Cat., Adumbr., 1764, p. 5. (no locality given = Tartary.) Breeds from southern Spain, Greece, Rumania, southern Russia, Transcaspia, the Kirghiz and Kalunda steppes, Semipalatinsk, Zaisan, Altai, and Mongolia, south to Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt (formerly), Asia Minor, Iraq, Iran, Turkestan, Afghanistan, and Tibet. Winters south to the northern edge of the Sahara, also to southern Arabia, Baluchistan, India, Ceylon, southern China, Korea, and Formosa. Casual in western Greenland (Augpilagtog District, northeast of Upernavik; 1 Bond, Check-list Birds West Indies, ed. 4, 1956, p. 19. ORDER ANSERIFORMES 7 fe | Ritenbenk), Iceland, Faeroes, British Isles, Scandinavia, and all countries of western and southern Europe; Japan; and New Jersey (Barnegat Bay, Novem- ber 14, 1916). Genus ANAS Linnaeus Anas Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 122. Type, by subse- quent designation, Anas boschas Linnaeus = A. platyrhynchos Linnaeus (Lesson, 1828). Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus: MALLARD. Breeds across Europe and Asia from south of the Arctic Circle to the Medi- terranean, Turkestan, Mongolia, and Japan; and in North America from Alaska and northwestern and southeastern Canada to northern Baja California, south- ern Texas, Illinois, Ohio, and Virginia. Winters from the southern part of the breeding range south to Madeira, the Canary Islands, Ethiopia, India, Burma, and Borneo; in America to south-central México, casually to Panama, and the West Indies. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Oregon, California, Florida, and Cuba. Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos Linnaeus. [132.] Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 125. (in Europae maritimis = Sweden.) Breeds from the Aleutian and Pribilof islands, northwestern Alaska, central Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, the west-central and southwestern coasts of Hudson Bay, the west coast of James Bay, and southern Ontario south to northern Baja California, southern New Mexico, southern Kansas, northeastern Arkansas, southeastern Illinois, southwestern Indiana, southern Ohio, Kentucky (rarely), northern and central West Virginia, and northern Virginia (Back Bay); Iceland, the Faeroes, lat. 70° N. in Norway, northern Finland, Russian Lapland, Russia from Arkhangelsk and Perm southward, lat. 61° N. in western and central Siberia, from lat. 65° N. in eastern Siberia, Kamchatka, and the Komandorskie Islands south to the Mediterranean, Iran, Turkestan, Tibet, Mongolia, the mountains of western China, Korea, and Japan. Winters from central Alaska, central British Columbia, central Alberta, western Montana, southern Saskatchewan, Nebraska, Minnesota, southern Wis- consin, northern Indiana, southern Ontario, and Maryland, casually from Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, south to south-central México, rarely to Panama (Canal Zone), the Bahamas (Andros, New Providence), Cuba, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix; and from the southern part of the breeding range in Eurasia to Madeira, the Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Arabia, Socotra Island, India, northern Burma, China, and Borneo. Accidental in Spitsbergen; in migration more or less regularly to Hawaii. Introduced in New Zealand. Anas platyrhynchos conbéschas Brehm. [132a.] Anas conboschas C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. V6gel Deutschlands, 1831, p- 865. (Gronland.) Resident on the coast of Greenland, north to Upernavik on the west and Angmagssalik on the east; wandering to the Scoresby Sound region. 72 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Anas diazi Ridgway': MEXICAN DUCK. From the upper Rio Grande Valley in northern New Mexico to southwest- ern Texas, and in the highlands of central México. Anas diazi novimexicana Huber. [133.1.] Anas novimexicana Huber, Auk, 37, no. 2, Apr. 15, 1920, p. 273. (Rio Grande, west of Las Cruces, Dona Ana County, New Mexico.) Breeds from northern New Mexico (Lake Burford, Rio Arriba County) south in the Gila watershed of southwestern New Mexico and in the Rio Grande Valley to northern Chihuahua (Ramos). Delineation of the range is confused by frequent hybridization with Anas p. platyrhynchos. Winters in the breeding range except at higher elevations. Casual in Nebraska (Dads Lake, Cherry County, October 17, 1921), Colo- rado (Adams and Sedgwick counties). Anas rubripes Brewster: BLAcK Duck. [133a.] Anas obscura rubripes Brewster, Auk, 19, no. 2, Apr. 1902, p. 184. (Lake Umbagog, New Hampshire shore.) Breeds from northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, Labra- dor, and Newfoundland south to North Dakota (rarely Upper Souris Refuge), northern Minnesota (Leech Lake), Wisconsin, northern Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia (in small numbers), and eastern Vir- ginia; sparingly to eastern North Carolina (Hog Island, Pea Island, Bodie Island, Mattamuskeet Lake). Winters from northern Indiana, southern Ontario, southern Michigan, New York, and the coasts of southwestern New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and New- foundland south to the lower Rio Grande Valley in southeastern Texas, the Gulf states, all of Florida (though uncommon in the southern part), and Bermuda. Casual in Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), Alberta, Washington, Utah, Mon- tana, Wyoming, Colorado, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; acci- dental in Puerto Rico (Guanica Lagoon). Has spread westward in recent years.” Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. Anas fulvigula Ridgway: MOTTLED DUCK. The coastal region of southern Texas and Louisiana, and peninsular Florida from Alachua County southward. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. 1 Anas diazi Ridgway, Auk, 3, no. 3, July 1886, p. 332. (Laguna del Rosario, Tlaxcala.) 2 Casual records from Oregon, California, and possibly other western states may be of introduced birds. ORDER ANSERIFORMES 73 Anas fulvigula fulvigula Ridgway. [134.] Anas obscura var. fulvigula Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, no. 2, Feb. 1874, p. 111. (Dummits, Brevard Co. = St. Johns River, Florida.) Resident in peninsular Florida from Alachua County (Paynes Prairie, Orange Lake) south to Cape Sable and Key Largo. Anas fulvigula maculdésa Sennett. [134a.] Anas maculosa Sennett, Auk, 6, no. 3, July 1889, p. 263. (Nueces Bay, near Corpus Christi, Texas.) Breeds in the coastal region of southern and eastern Texas, from the mouth of the Rio Grande eastward, and in southern Louisiana from Cameron Parish (mouth of Sabine River) to Chandeleur Island and Chef Menteur; reported also in West Feliciana Parish. Found in summer (not definitely breeding) at San Antonio, Texas. Winters in the breeding range but wanders inland for considerable distances (Waco and Mason, Texas). Casual in Kansas (Neosho Falls) and Colorado. Anas strépera Linnaeus: GADWALL. [135.] Anas strepera Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 125. (in Europae aquis dulcibus = Sweden.) Breeds from southern Alaska (probably Port Moller, the Ugashik River, probably Kodiak Island), southern British Columbia, Alberta (Lesser Slave Lake), central Manitoba, and rarely Quebec (Anticosti Island) south through California (chiefly west of the deserts), Nevada, northern Arizona, southern Colorado, northwestern New Mexico, northern Texas (Buffalo Lake), south- western Kansas, northern Iowa, central Minnescta, southern Wisconsin, Ohio (formerly), northwestern Pennsylvania, New Jersey (Egg Island), Delaware (Bombay Hook Refuge), Maryland (Somerset County), North Carolina (Pea Island Refuge); and from Iceland, British Isles, southeastern Sweden, East Prussia, Poland, and Russia (from lat. 59° N.) east to Transcaspia, the Aralo- Caspian area, southwestern Siberia (from lat. 58° N. on the Yenisei), north- western Mongolia, Kamchatka and Bering Island south to southern Spain, southern France, northern Algeria, the Balkans, Turkestan, northern Iran, northern Afghanistan, northeastern China, and Sakhalin Island. Winters from southern Alaska (Kodiak Island), southern British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, northeastern Colorado, northern Arkansas, southern IIli- nois, West Virginia, rarely New York (Long Island), and Chesapeake Bay south to southern Baja California, most of the mainland of México (south at least to Tabasco), the Gulf coast, and northern Florida (to Cape Canaveral) ; from the British Isles and southern Europe south to Nigeria, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya Colony, and Socotra Island; and from southern Iran, northern India, and southern and eastern China south to all of India, Burma, Thailand, and southeastern China. Accidental in the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island), Greenland, Bermuda, Cuba, and Jamaica. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. 74 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Anas actita Linnaeus: PINTAIL. [143.] Anas acuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 126. (in Europae maritimis = Sweden.) Breeds from the tundra lakes of arctic Alaska east to northern Mackenzie, Southampton Island (where apparently uncommon), eastern Quebec (Anti- costi Island, probably), southeastern New Brunswick, Newfoundland (prob- ably), western Greenland (Sarqaq; Disko Island), Iceland, Spitsbergen, north- ern Scandinavia, and northern Russia eastward across northern Siberia to lat. 72° 30’ N. on the Yenisei, Kamchatka, and the Komandorskie Islands, south to southern California, northwestern Nevada, northern Arizona, southern Colo- rado (San Luis Valley), central Nebraska, central Iowa, and central Illinois; sparingly to southern Michigan, northern Ohio, and northwestern Pennsylvania; and in the Old World to southern Spain, southern France, Netherlands (rare), central and eastern Europe, Rumania, Caucasia, Turkestan, Altai, Semipala- tinsk, Tarbagatai, Ussuriland, Sakhalin, and the Kurile Islands; formerly to Wisconsin, extreme southern Ontario, and New Brunswick. Winters from southeastern Alaska (Juneau, Craig, rarely the Aleutians), northern California, southern Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Okla- homa, central Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Ohio, Massachusetts, New York (Long Island), and Chesapeake Bay; casually from Nebraska, Wisconsin, southern Ontario, and Maine; and from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, Saudi Arabia, Baluchistan, and southern and eastern China and Japan south throughout México, including Baja California, and Central America to central Panama, Colombia (Bogota Savanna, upper Cauca Valley), the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica, rarely to Puerto Rico, St. Croix, St. Thomas, Antigua, Guadeloupe, and Martinique; the Canary Islands, Senegal, Nigeria, Kenya Colony, and Tanganyika Territory; Arabia, India, Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Borneo, the Philippines, and the Hawaiian Islands. Uncommon transient in Newfoundland Labrador; southern Baffin Island, Bermuda, China, Laysan and Palmyra islands. One banded in northern Iceland was retaken at Bradore, Saguenay County, Quebec. Accidental in Surinam. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of Oregon and Kansas. Anas bahaménsis Linnaeus: BAHAMA DUCK. Resident in the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles, and northern Lesser Antilles; from the Guianas south through eastern Brasil to Uruguay, Paraguay, eastern Argentina, and Patagonia; and from Peri to Bolivia and Chile. Anas bahamensis bahaménsis Linnaeus. [143.1.] Anas bahamensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 124. Based on the Ilathera Duck, Anas bahamensis rostro plumbeo, macula Aurantii coloris Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 93. (in Bahama = Bahama Islands.) Resident in the Bahama Islands (Abaco, Andros, Watling, Acklin, Long, Great and Little Inagua, and the Caicos group), Hispaniola (including Beata 1 Lewis, Bird Banding, 4, no. 2, Apr. 1933, p. 112. ORDER ANSERIFORMES fia) Island), Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the more northern Lesser Antilles (Anguilla, St. Barts, St. Kitts, Barbuda, Antigua, and Guadeloupe); Colombia, Bonaire, Curagao, Trinidad, British, Dutch, and French Guiana, and north- eastern Brasil (southern limits not yet certainly known). Casual in Florida (Cape Canaveral), Wisconsin (Lake Winneconne), Vir- ginia (Pungo, December 1937),1 and Cuba. Anas faleata Georgi: FALCATED TEAL. [137.1.] Anas falcata Georgi, Bemerk. Reise Russ. Reich, vol. 1, 1775, p. 167. _ (Baikal region, Siberia.) Breeds in southeastern Siberia from the vicinity of Irkutsk (possibly from the Yenisei River) to Transbaikalia; in Kamchatka and the Komandorskie Islands (recorded in summer, but no definite breeding records); south to eastern Mongolia, Manchuria, Ussuriland, the Kurile Islands, Sakhalin, and northern Japan (Hokkaido). Winters in Iran, northern Baluchistan, India, Burma, southern and eastern China, Korea, and Japan. Casual in Sweden, Hungary, Czechoslovakia; and on St. George, Pribilof Islands, and Attu Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska (May 23, 1945).? Anas crécea Linnaeus: COMMON TEAL. Breeds from Iceland, northern Europe and Asia, and the Aleutian Islands south to Spain, Sardinia, Rumania, southern Russia, and northwestern China. Winters south to Nigeria, Kenya Colony, southern Arabia, India, Thailand, and the Philippines. Anas crecea crécea Linnaeus. [138.] Anas Crecca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 126. (in Europae aquis dulcibus = Sweden.) Breeds from Iceland, the Faeroes, northern Scandinavia (from lat. 70° N.), Finland, northern Russia (lower Petchora), Siberia (from about lat. 70° N.), northwestern Mongolia, Manchuria, Sakhalin, Japan, and Kurile Islands south to Spain, Portugal (rarely), southern France, Corsica, Sardinia, northern Italy, Yugoslavia, Rumania, southern Russia, Caucasia, Kirghiz Steppes, Turkestan, Altai, Semipalatinsk, Tarbagatai, and Hom anes ara China (Kansu). Recorded in summer in Greenland. Winters south to the Mediterranean, SHeeti Sudan, and Kenya Colony, southern Arabia, Socotra Island, Iraq, Baluchistan, India, Ceylon, Burma, For- mosa, Thailand, China, Hainan, and the Philippines; also in Japan and Korea. Casual in the Pribilof Islands, Greenland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Bear Island, Novaya Zemlya, the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores. Acci- dental in Labrador, Nova Scotia, Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. 1 Murphy, Auk, 56, no. 4, Oct. 1939, p. 471-472. 2 Wilson, Condor, 50, no. 3, May-June 1948, p. 126. 76 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Anas crecca nimia Friedmann. [138a.] Anas crecca nimia Friedmann, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 61, Sept. 3, 1948, p. 157. (Kiska Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska). Resident in the Aleutian Islands from Akutan westward. Anas carolinénsis Gmelin: GREEN-WINGED TEAL. [139.] Anas carolinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 533. Based on the American Teal of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 569. (in Amer- icae a Carolina ad sinum Hudsonis = South Carolina.) Breeds from north-central Alaska (south of the arctic coastal belt), northern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), northern Manitoba, James Bay, southeastern Quebec, and Newfoundland south to southern California (casually), eastern Arizona, northern New Mexico, northern Nebraska, southern Minnesota (prob- ably), western Ontario, northern Ohio, northwestern Pennsylvania, western New York, Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia; casually to Massachu- setts. Formerly in Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, northern Michigan, and southern Quebec. Winters from southern British Columbia, central Montana, northern Ne- braska, northern Missouri, Wisconsin, southern Illinois, Ohio, northwestern Pennsylvania (Erie Bay), Massachusetts, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to Baja California, the mainland of México (Jalisco, México, Tlaxcala, and Tabasco), British Honduras, Honduras, the Gulf coast, the Florida Penin- sula, the Bahamas (New Providence, Andros), and rarely in Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, Barbuda, St. Vincent, the Grenadines, Gre- nada, Barbados, and Tobago. Occasional in winter north to Sitka, Alaska, the lower Great Lakes, and Newfoundland. Casual in Bermuda, Greenland, British Isles, Hawaiian Islands, and Japan (Honshu). Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Oregon, California, Kansas, and Florida. Anas formosa Georgi: BAIKAL TEAL. [139.1.] Anas formosa Georgi, Bemerk. Reise Russ. Reich, vol. 1, 1775, p. 168. (um Irkutsk ... und dem ganzen siidlichen Baikal = Lake Baikal, Siberia. ) Breeds in northern and eastern Siberia mainly between lat. 48° and 72° N. aud long. 80° and 175° E., from the Yenisei River to the Lena, Indigirka, and Kolyma rivers, and northern Ussuriland; possibly in Kamchatka. Winters from eastern and southeastern China, Korea, and Japan to India, Assam, and Burma (rarely). Occurs in migration in the Kurile Islands and Komandorskie Islands. Casual in Alaska (Wainwright, King Island,1 Wales,? and St. Lawrence Island). Recorded doubtfully from Iceland and from California (probably on the basis of escaped captive birds), Ohio, England, Switzerland, and Italy. 1 Bailey, Auk, 50, no. 1, Jan. 1933, p. 97. 2 Bailey, Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., 18, no. 1, 1943, p. 86. 3 Gabrielson, Auk, 58, no. 3, July 1941, p. 400. ORDER ANSERIFORMES qd Anas discors Linnaeus: BLUE-WINGED TEAL. Breeds from British Columbia, northern Saskatchewan, southern Quebec, and Nova Scotia south to southern California, southern New Mexico, central Texas, Louisiana, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Winters from southern California, Texas, and North Carolina through Cen- tral America and the West Indies to Ecuador and Brasil. Anas discors discors Linnaeus. [140.] Anas discors Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 205. Based on The White Face Teal, Querquedula americana variegata Catesby, Caro- lina, vol. 1, p. 100. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Breeds from central British Columbia, Great Slave Lake, northern Saskatche- wan, central Manitoba, southern Ontario, and southern Quebec south to eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, California (Modoc region south to Lassen County, and east of the Sierran divides to Los Angeles County), Nevada, northeastern Utah, southwestern Colorado, southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, western and central Texas, Louisiana, northern Missouri, Tennes- see (Grundy and Maury counties), and West Virginia (occasionally). Winters from southern California (rarely), Texas, Louisiana, Tennessee, and North Carolina (casually north to southern Illinois, southern Indiana, and the Chesapeake Bay area) south throughout México and Central America to Co- lombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, British Guiana, Surinam, French Guiana, Brasil, Ecuador, the Galapagos Islands, Peri, and Clipperton Island; and throughout the Bahamas and the West Indies. Casual in Yukon Territory. Accidental in Greenland, Bermuda, the British Isles, France, Denmark, and Netherlands. Anas discors 6rphna Stewart and Aldrich. [140a.] Anas discors orphna R. E. Stewart and J. W. Aldrich, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 69, May 21, 1956, p. 31. (Elliott, Dorchester County, Maryland.) e Breeds in tidal marshes along the Atlantic seaboard from New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south through Massachusetts (New buryport), the Delaware Bay marshes of New Jersey and Delaware, Maryland (mainly in Dorchester County), and northeastern North Carolina (Pea Island). Recorded in breeding season at Moose Factory and Nattabisha Point, James Bay, northern Ontario. In migration and winter recorded from Michigan (Beaver Island, Grand Rapids), the lower Potomac River (Oxon Hill, Maryland), Virginia (Nelson County), Texas (Henrietta), Louisiana (Cameron), Mississippi (Bay St. Louis), Florida (Lake Harney, Immokalee), Cuba (Provincia Las Villas), and Co- lombia (Cali). Accidental in Montana (Jordan). 78 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Anas cyanoptera Vicillot': CINNAMON TEAL. From southwestern Canada and Wyoming south to California, New Mexico, and México, casually to Panama; Colombia; and from southern Pert, Chile, northern Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and southeastern Brasil to Patagonia and the Falkland Islands. Winters from California and Texas southward. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Oregon and California. Anas cyanoptera septentrionalium Snyder and Lumsden. [141.] Anas cyanoptera septentrionalium Snyder and Lumsden, Occ. Pap. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., no. 10, Aug. 10, 1951, p. 16. (2 miles south of Jensen, Utah.) Breeds from the Cariboo District, British Columbia, southern Alberta, west- ern Saskatchewan (rarely), eastern Montana (Medicine Lake), eastern Wyo- ming, and west-central Nebraska (casually in Garden County) south to southern California, northern Baja California, Chihuahua, Jalisco, Tamaulipas, and cen- tral western Texas. Winters from central and southern California (sparingly), southern Arizona (rarely), central New Mexico (rarely), and southern Texas south through México to Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (Canal Zone), and northern Colom- bia (from the Cauca Valley to Santa Marta); possibly to Ecuador. Rare or casual from North Dakota and Minnesota south and east to Louisi- ana, western New York (Seneca Lake), North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Cuba. Genus MARECA Stephens Mareca Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. 12, pt. 2, 1824, p. 130. Type, by subsequent designation, Mareca fistularis Stephens = Anas penelope Linnaeus (Eyton, 1838). Maréca penélope (Linnaeus): EUROPEAN WIDGEON. [136.] Anas Penelope Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 126. (in Europae maritimis et paludibus = Sweden.) Breeds in Iceland, Faeroes, British Isles, Scandinavia (from lat. 70° N.), north- ern Finland, northern Russia, and across Siberia to Kamchatka and the Koman- dorskie Islands, south to the Netherlands (rarely), Denmark (rarely), East Prussia, northern Poland, Transcaucasia, Syria, Kirghiz Steppes, Turkestan, Altai, and Semipalatinsk to northwestern Mongolia and southern Ussuriland. Winters from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, southern Russia, the Balkans, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, northern India, northern Burma, southern China and southern Japan south to Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Kenya Colony, and to Arabia, Baluchistan, southern India, Indochina, the Soenda Islands, Celebes, 1 Anas cyanoptera Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 5, Dec. 1816, p. 104. (dans l’Amérique méridionale sur la riviére de la Plata et 4 Buenos Ayres = Rio de la Plata and Buenos Aires.) 2 One record of a bird banded at Malheur Lake, Oregon, taken in the Santa Marta region. ORDER ANSERIFORMES 719 and the Philippines. Recorded rarely but regularly, in North America (on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and in the interior) from Alaska (St. Lawrence Island and the Pribilof Islands), Great Slave Lake, Lake Winnipeg, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, Labrador, Newfoundland, and Greenland to northern Baja California, Texas (Corpus Christi, Dallas), Louisiana (Cameron Parish), Alabama, Tennessee (Henderson), and Florida (Titusville, Orange Lake, and near McIntosh)1; one record for Barbuda, Lesser Antilles. Accidental in Spitsbergen, Bear Island, Novaya Zemlya, the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary and Marshall islands. Mareca americana (Gmelin): AMERICAN WIDGEON. [137.] Anas americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 526. Based mainly on the American Wigeon of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 567. (in America a Cayenna insulisque vicini Oceani ad sinum Hudsonis usque = New York.) Breeds from the Bering Sea coast of Alaska (north to Kotzebue Sound), the interior of Alaska, the Yukon and Mackenzie basins, Great Slave Lake, Lake Athabaska, southern Manitoba (occasionally north to Churchill), western Minnesota (rarely), and Wisconsin south through the interior of British Co- lumbia and the Great Plains to northeastern California (Modoc County), northern Nevada, northern Arizona (rarely), northern Colorado, and north- ern Nebraska. Formerly to Wisconsin and northern Indiana. Recently rarely in Michigan, southern Ontario, and northwestern Pennsylvania (Pymatuning Lake). Winters from southern Alaska (Kodiak Island), southern British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, Oregon, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah (Virgin River), northeastern Colorado, southern Illinois, Wisconsin (rarely), Ontario, the Gulf states, and along the Atlantic seaboard (from southern New England, rarely, and Chesapeake Bay) south through Baja California and the mainland of México to Central America as far as Costa Rica (more rarely to the Canal Zone and Colombia), the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Kitts, Nevis, and Antigua. Occurs in migration regularly to the coast of Maine. Casual or accidental in the Komandorskie Islands, Japan, Aleutian Islands, Hawaiian Islands, New Brunswick, Greenland, Iceland, Grenada, Trinidad, Tobago, Venezuela (Lake Valencia, pre-Columbian bones), the Azores, British Isles, France, and the Netherlands. Fossil, in Oregon and California. Genus SPATULA Boie Spatula Boie, Isis von Oken, 10, 1822, col. 564. Type, by monotypy, Anas clypeata Linnaeus. 1 American records come in part at least from birds that nest in Iceland. 80 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus): SHOVELER. [142.] Anas clypeata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 124. (in Europae maritimis = southern Sweden.) Breeds from western Alaska (Norton Sound) irregularly east to Mackenzie Bay, Great Slave Lake, central Alberta (Edmonton), central Saskatchewan (Saskatchewan River), the west coasts of Hudson and James bays, southern Ontario, northwestern Pennsylvania (Pymatuning Lake), and Delaware (Bom- bay Hook National Wildlife Refuge) south through eastern Washington and Oregon to southern California (rarely), central Arizona (formerly), south- central New Mexico, Kansas (rarely; Manhattan), Nebraska, western Iowa, northern Alabama (Wheeler Lake), and northeastern North Carolina (Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge); occasionally to Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan (Saginaw Bay), southern Ontario, northern Ohio, western New York (Montezuma Marshes), New Brunswick, Missouri, and Texas; and from the British Isles, Scandinavia (north to northwestern Sweden), Finland, Russia, Si- beria, from the lower Ob east to the Kolyma, Kamchatka, and the Komandor- skie Islands, (possibly in Japan), south to southern Spain (rarely), France, Corsica, Austria, the Balkans, southern Russia, Transcaspia, and the Kirghiz Steppes to Altai, Transbaikalia, and Ussuriland. Winters from the coast of southern British Columbia, southeastern Washing- ton, central Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, the Gulf coast from Texas to Florida, West Virginia (occasionally), and the coast of Georgia and South Carolina south through Baja California and the mainland of México, Guate- mala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, casually to Panama and Colombia (Laguna de Herrera); western Cuba, rarely to Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Croix, Dominica, Barbados, St. Lucia, Grenada, and Trinidad; rarely north to Minnesota, Illinois, New York (Long Island), Maine, and Lab- rador; and from the British Isles, France, and southern Europe, Transcaspia, Iran, northern India, southern and eastern China, and Japan, south to Senegal, Gold Coast, northern Nigeria, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya Colony, Tanganyika Territory, Arabia, Ceylon, the Malay States, Borneo, Micronesia, and the Philippines. Casually in migration to Hawaii, Big Makin Island in the Gilbert Islands, Bermuda, and South Africa. Fossil, in Pleistocene of Oregon, California, and Kansas. Genus AIX Boie Aix Boie, Isis von Oken, 21, 1828, col. 329. Type, by subsequent designa- tion, Anas sponsa Linnaeus (Eyton, 1838). Aix spénsa (Linnaeus): Woop Duck. [144.] Anas Sponsa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 128. Based mainly on The Summer Duck, Anas americana Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 97. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Breeds from the Okanagan Valley and southwestern British Columbia, Wash- ington, northern Idaho, and northwestern Montana (east to Pondera and Teton ORDER ANSERIFORMES 81 counties) south through western and central Oregon (formerly to eastern Ore- gon) to central California (Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys and Marin, San Mateo, and Santa Cruz counties); and from southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island south to southeastern Texas (Victoria, Colorado, and Jefferson counties), the Gulf coast, Florida, and Cuba; west in the central United States to eastern North Dakota (at least formerly), eastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas (where formerly common), eastern Oklahoma, and east-central Texas (Wilbarger County, formerly Young and Kern counties). Found in summer in most of the states between the two areas outlined above, casually north to Great Slave Lake and Lake Winnipeg and east to James Bay and Newfoundland. Winters from southern British Columbia (rarely) to southern California and central México (Sinaloa and Valley of México) and from central Missouri, southern Illinois, eastern Maryland, and Virginia to the Gulf coast, Florida, and Cuba, casually to Jamaica and Bermuda. Subfamily AyTHYINAE: Diving Ducks Genus AYTHYA Boie Aythya Boie, Tageb. Reise Norwegen, (before May) 1822, p. 351. Type, by monotypy, Anas marila Linnaeus. Aythya americana (Eyton): REDHEAD. [146.] Fuligula americana Eyton, Mon. Anatidae, 1838, p. 155. (North America.) Breeds from central British Columbia, northern Alberta, Mackenzie (rarely to Great Slave Lake), southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, and north- western Minnesota south through central and eastern Washington and Oregon to southern California, central Nevada, central Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, southern Colorado, central western Nebraska, northern Iowa (Clay and Palo Alto counties), southern Wisconsin, and northwestern Pennsylvania (Pymatuning Lake, rarely); formerly to Michigan (St. Clair Flats and Saginaw Bay), Maine (Calais), and New Brunswick. Winters from southern British Columbia, Utah, Nevada, northeastern Colo- rado, northern Arkansas, southern Illinois, and eastern Maryland south to Baja California, the mainland of México (Guanajuato, Hidalgo, the Valley of Méx- ico, Veracruz), the Gulf states, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida (rarely); also to the Bahamas (New Providence), western Cuba, and Jamaica; occasion- ally north as far as southern Ontario (Toronto), western New York (Seneca Lake), southern Massachusetts, and Rhode Island; rarely in migration to Maine and Nova Scotia. Casual on Kodiak and Amukta islands, Alaska, Greenland, and on Bermuda. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of Oregon and California. 82 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Aythya ferina (Linnaeus): COMMON POcHARD. [146.1.] Anas ferina Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 126. (in Europae maritimis = Sweden.) Breeds from the British Isles, France, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, cen- tral Sweden, the Baltic States, Finland, and Russia (east to the Kirghiz Steppes), Aralo-Caspian area, Turkestan, Semipalatinsk, Altai, and central Siberia to northwestern Mongolia, south to southern Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, eastern Austria, Yugoslavia, Rumania, southern Russia, Transcaucasia, and Turkestan. Recorded in summer (though not breeding) in Kamchatka. Winters from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, western, central, and southeastern Europe, and the Mediterranean islands to Morocco, Algeria, Egypt (south along the Nile to Khartoum), Palestine, Iraq, Iran, Baluchistan, Afghan- istan, India, Burma, northern Thailand, China, Japan, Formosa and the Philip- pine Islands. Casual in the Azores, the Canaries, Madeira, the Faeroes, northern Sweden, Komandorskie Islands, and the Pribilof Islands, Alaska (St. Paul Island, May 4, 1912). Aythya bderi (Radde): BAER’s POCHARD. [149.2.] Anas (Fuligula) Baeri Radde, Reise Siid von Ost-Sibirien, vol. 2, 1863, p. 376, pl. 15. (in der oberen Salbatsche-Ebene auf dem rechten Amur- ufer = Upper Salbatch Plains, middle Amur River.) Breeds from Transbaikalia to Ussuriland and the Amur Valley. Winters from China, Japan, and Korea to upper Assam and Burma. Accidental in northwestern America.! Aythya collaris (Donovan): RING-NECKED Duck. [150.] Anas collaris Donovan, Brit. Birds, vol. 6, 1809, pl. 147 and text. (Lincoln- shire (?), England. Found in Leadenhall market, London.) Breeds from southern Alaska (probably), Mackenzie (Fort Simpson), central British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, western Ontario, central Quebec, and Newfoundland south to eastern Oregon, eastern California (Lake Tahoe, rarely), White Mountains of Arizona (Big Lake), central Colorado, northern Nebraska, northern Iowa, northwestern Pennsylvania (occasionally), Maine, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia (including Cape Breton Island). Winters from southern British Columbia, Nevada (casually), New Mexico, northern Texas, northeastern Arkansas, and southern Illinois east to Massachu- setts and Long Island, south to Baja California, and through the mainland of México to the Canal Zone; Texas, the other Gulf states, including Florida, the 1 Friedmann, Condor, 51, no. 1, Feb. 1949, pp. 43-44, has recorded one collected by Titian Peale on the U.S. Exploring Expedition about 1841 marked “Oregon,” without more definite locality. The “Oregon” of Peale’s day included the region from the present State of Oregon to southern British Columbia. ORDER ANSERIFORMES 83 Bahamas (New Providence, Long Island, Great Inagua), Cuba, Jamaica, His- paniola, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Grenada, and Bermuda. Accidental in England. Fossil, in Pleistocene of Florida. Aythya valisinéria (Wilson): CANVASBACK. [147.] Anas valisineria Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 8, 1814, p. 103, pl. 70, fig. 5. (United States.) Breeds from central Alaska (Fort Yukon), the Copper River Valley, north- ern Mackenzie (Anderson River), Great Slave Lake, and southeastern Mani- toba south to southern and southeastern Oregon (Lake, Harney, and Klamath counties), northern California (Tule Lake), western Nevada (Ruby Lake), northern Utah (Box Elder and Davis counties), casually central Utah (Fill- more), northern Colorado, central western Nebraska, and northern Minnesota. Recorded in summer in northern New Mexico (Lake Burford). Winters from southern British Columbia (Okanagan Lake and Puget Sound area), northwestern Montana (Flathead Lake), northern Colorado (rarely), northern Tennessee (Reelfoot Lake, Nashville), Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, Chesapeake Bay, eastern Massachusetts, and Quebec (rarely, formerly of regu- lar occurrence) south to México (Baja California, Michoacan, Hidalgo, México, Veracruz) and the Gulf States; rarely to Guatemala and Cuba; doubtfully to Jamaica. Casual or accidental in Japan, Alaska (St. George Island, Pribilofs), Clip- perton Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Bermuda. Fossil, in Pleistocene of Florida. Aythya marila (Linnaeus): GREATER SCAUP. From Iceland, the Orkneys, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northern Siberia (chiefly north of lat. 60° N.), in winter south to the British Isles, France, Denmark, the Mediterranean area (including northern Africa), Asia Minor, Iran, Baluchistan, western India, southeastern and eastern China, Korea, and Japan; and from Alaska and the arctic coast of Canada east to the western shore of Hudson Bay and the St. Lawrence Basin to British Columbia and Michigan, south in winter to southern California, rarely to northern Baja California and Sinaloa; the Gulf coast, the Atlantic coast from Maine to Florida, the Bahama Islands, and Cuba. Aythya marila marila (Linnaeus). [148a.] Anas Marila Linnaeus, Fauna Suecica, ed. 2, 1761, p. 39. (in Lapponia = Lapland.) Breeds from Iceland, Orkneys, Hebrides, the Scandinavian Peninsula, and northern Russia east to northern Siberia, mainly north of lat. 60° N. Winters south to southern Europe, the Black Sea, Persian Gulf, and north- western India. 1 Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 109, Oct. 1953, pp. 363-364. 84 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Casual in Greenland (Nanortalik, Danmark’s Havn, Angmagssalik, Hoch- stetters Forland) .1 Aythya marila nearctica Stejneger. [148.] Aythya marila nearctica Stejneger, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 29, 1885, p. 161. (North America.) Breeds from arctic Alaska and the arctic coasts of Canada east to the west coast of Hudson Bay (Churchill), northern Ontario (Fort Severn), central Que- bec (Great Whale River), casually to southeastern Quebec (Anticosti Island and the Magdalen Islands), and possibly to Labrador; south to northwestern British Columbia, North Dakota (rarely Lower Souris Wildlife Refuge, prob- ably Devils Lake), and southeastern Michigan (St. Clair Flats, one record). Winters chiefly on the sea coasts: On the Pacific from the Aleutian Islands and southeastern Alaska south to southern California, rarely to northern Baja California and Sinaloa; on the Gulf coast south almost to the Mexican border; on the Atlantic coast from Quebec (Montreal) to Florida, western Cuba, casu- ally to the Bahama Islands (Watling Island, Rum Cay). Large numbers winter on Lake Ontario and eastern Lake Erie, some in the western states from Utah and Colorado south to Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico. Casual in eastern Labrador. Aythya affinis (Eyton): Lesser ScAup. [149.] Fuligula affinis Eyton, Mon. Anatidae, 1838, p. 157. (North America.) Breeds in the interior of northwestern North America from central Alaska (Yukon River) and the northern limit of trees in the Mackenzie and Anderson River regions east to the west shore of Hudson Bay (Churchill); south to southern Alaska (Glacier Bay), central British Columbia, northern Idaho, northeastern Colorado, Nebraska (near North Platte), and northeastern Iowa; formerly, or sporadically, to southern Wisconsin, southern Ontario, and Ohio. Winters from southern British Columbia (Vancouver, Okanagan Lake), northeastern Colorado (Barr Lake), northeastern Arkansas (Big Lake), south- ern Illinois, and eastern Maryland (Chesapeake Bay), less commonly from southern Ontario, New York, and Connecticut south to the Gulf states, México, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador, and Trinidad; also to the West Indies, where common in the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles but rare in the Lesser Antilles (recorded from Guadeloupe, Dominica, St. Lucia, and Grenada). Casual in Greenland, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Bermuda. Fossil, in Pleistocene of Oregon and Florida. Aythya fuligula (Linnaeus): TuFTED Duck. [149.1.] Anas Fuligula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 128. (in Europae maritimis = Sweden.) Breeds from Iceland, the Faeroes, probably Bear Island, the Scandinavian Peninsula (from lat. 69° N.), Russia (Arkhangelsk Government to the northern 1 H¢grring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr¢gnland, 131, no. 5, 1941, p. 12. ORDER ANSERIFORMES 85 Urals), Siberia east to Ussuriland, Sakhalin, Japan, and the Komandorskie Islands south to Netherlands (rarely), central Europe, Cyprus (rarely), Syria, Transcaucasia, the Pamirs, the Altai Mountains, and northwestern Mongolia. Winters in the British Isles and continental Europe south to the coasts of the Mediterranean and Black seas; in Africa, south to Uganda and Kenya Colony; and in Asia from Arabia to India, Burma, southern China, and the Philippines. Casual or accidental in Madeira, Liberia, the Seychelles, Greater Soenda, Palau and Marianas islands, Borneo, the Kurile and Pribilof islands (St. Paul Island, May 9, 1911), the Aleutian Islands (Attu, sight record), Greenland, and Massachusetts (Newburyport? and Marshfield, sight records). Genus BUCEPHALA Baird Bucephala Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xxiii, L, 787, 788, 795. Type, by original designation, Anas albeola Linnaeus. Bucéphala cléngula (Linnaeus): CoMMON GOLDENEYE. From Iceland, Norway, Sweden, northern Finland, and Russia across Siberia to Kamchatka, Alaska, Mackenzie, the southwest shore of Hudson Bay, south- ern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to Germany, Rumania, Altai and Mongolia, and to British Columbia, Montana, Minnesota, and New Brunswick; in winter to the north coasts of the Mediterranean and Black seas, Asia Minor, Iran, northern India, Burma, China, and Japan; and (in America) to Baja California, Sinaloa, Nevada, New Mexico, Kansas, Louisiana, Alabama, and northern Florida. Bucephala clangula clangula (Linnaeus). [151a.] Anas Clangula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 125. (in Europa; saepius maritima = Sweden.) Breeds from Norway (from lat. 70° N.), Sweden, northern Finland, and Russia (north to the Pechora River and the northern Urals) east across north- ern Siberia to Kamchatka and the Komandorskie Islands, south to Germany (Schleswig and Saxony), Switzerland, Yugoslavia, northern Bulgaria, Rumania, Russia (Pskov, Kaluga, and Astrakhan governments), the Kirghiz Steppes, Semipalatinsk, Tarbagatai, Altai, northeastern Mongolia and Sakhalin; casually in England (Cheshire). Winters from the British Isles, southern Norway, southern Sweden, the Baltic States, central Russia, and the southern fringe of the breeding range across Asia to central Kamchatka; south to southern France (rarely to Spain), Italy, Sardinia, Corsica, Algeria, Tunisia, Greece, Egypt (no recent records), Asia Minor, Iraq, Iran, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, northeastern India (Punjab), southern China, Formosa, Korea, Japan, and the Komandorskie and Kurile islands. Casual in the Azores, the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island), and Greenland. 1 Wilson, Condor, 50, no. 3, May-June 1948, p. 126. 2 Bull. Massachusetts Aud. Soc., 38, no. 3, 1954, p. 127. 86 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Bucephala clangula americana (Bonaparte). [151.] Clangula Americana Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, p. 58. New name for Anas Clangula Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 8, 1814, p. 62, pl. Ixvii, fig. 6. (Eastern United States.) Breeds from western and central Alaska (Kotzebue Sound and the Yukon Valley), northern Mackenzie (nearly to the mouth of the Mackenzie River, and Fort Anderson), Great Slave and Athabaska lakes, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, central Labrador, and Newfoundland south to southern British Columbia, northwestern Montana (Flathead Lake, Glacier National Park), southern Saskatchewan, eastern North Dakota, northern Min- nesota, northern Michigan, central Ontario, southern Quebec, northeastern New York, northern Vermont, Maine, and New Brunswick. Winters, wherever there is open water, from southeastern Alaska, southern British Columbia, central Montana, northeastern Wyoming, central Nebraska, northern Jowa, Minnesota, central Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia south to Baja California (rarely), Sinaloa (one record), and the coasts of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Casual in Komandorskie Islands, the Pribilof Islands, Greenland, and Bermuda. Bucephala islandica (Gmelin): BARROW’s GOLDENEYE. [152.] Anas islandica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 541. (in Islandia = Iceland.) Breeds in widely separated areas as follows: From southern and southeastern Alaska and northern Mackenzie (Fort Anderson and Great Slave Lake) south to eastern Washington, southwestern Oregon and the high central Sierra Nevada, California; mountains of Colorado; and in northeastern Quebec (Killinek), northern Labrador, southwestern Greenland (to lat. 70° N.), and Iceland. Winters from southern Alaska (Juneau, Wrangell, and Portage Bay) south- ward along the Pacific coast to central California (rarely southern California); on the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to New York (Long Island), rarely to South Carolina; in the interior irregularly and sparingly from southern British Columbia and northern Montana, to Utah, Colorado, and Missouri. Accidental in Norway, Finland, Belgium, England, and Spain. Bucephala albéola (Linnaeus): BUFFLEHEAD. [153.] Anas Albeola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 124. Based on the Little Black and White Duck of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 100. (in America = Newfoundland.) Breeds from south coastal Alaska, the upper Yukon Valley, northern Mac- kenzie (Great Slave Lake), and western and northwestern Ontario south to southern British Columbia, northern Montana, southern Saskatchewan, and central Manitoba; also in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and mountains of northeastern California (Lassen, Tehama, and Plumas counties); formerly in ORDER ANSERIFORMES 87 Wyoming (Meeteetse Creek), northern Iowa (Clear Lake), and southeastern Wisconsin (Pewaukee Lake). Winters from the Komandorskie Islands, the Aleutian Islands, the Alaska Peninsula, southern British Columbia, northwestern Montana, the Great Lakes, the coast of Maine, and southwestern New Brunswick south to Baja California, the mainland of México (Jalisco, Guanajuato, Michoacan, and the State of México), the Gulf coast from Texas eastward, and along the Atlantic coast from New Brunswick to northern Florida. Casual in the Kurile Islands, Japan, the Hawaiian Islands, Greenland, Ber- muda, Cuba, Puerto Rico, England, and the Orkneys. Fossil, in Upper Pliocene of Kansas; in Pleistocene of Oregon, California, and Florida. Genus CLANGULA Leach Clangula Leach, in Ross, Voy. Discovery, 1819, App., p. xlviii. Type, by monotypy, Anas glacialis Linnaeus = Anas hyemalis Linnaeus. Clangula hyemdalis (Linnaeus): OLDsSQuAw. [154.] Anas hyemalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 126. (in Europa et America arctica = northern provinces of Sweden.) Breeds from Iceland, the Orkneys, Bear Island, Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya, northern Norway, northern Sweden, northern Finland, northern Russia, and northern Siberia to northern Kamchatka, the Komandorskie Islands, St. Law- rence Island, arctic Alaska, the arctic coast of Canada and the islands to the north (Banks Island, Parry Islands, and Ellesmere Island), and both coasts of Greenland (to latitude 83° N.), south to about lat. 60° N. in Scandinavia, south- west Finland, and to the southern limits of the arctic tundra of Siberia; in America, to the Aleutian Islands, British Columbia (White Pass), across the southern limit of the Barren Grounds to Hudson Bay at Churchill, along the south coast to Cape Henrietta Maria, Ontario, to Cape Jones on the eastern shore, and to the Straits of Belle Isle (Bradore). Winters from Iceland, the Faeroes, Norway, southern Sweden, and the Baltic States and adjacent parts of Russia south to the British Isles, northern France, Netherlands, Belgium, and the Black Sea; occasionally to northern Italy, Yugo- slavia, and Rumania; in Asia from Caucasia to northern Iran, Lake Baikal (probably the larger lakes of all central Asia), Korea, northeastern China, and northern Honshu, Japan. In America chiefly on the seacoasts and in the Great Lakes area; on the Pacific coast from the Diomede Islands (occasionally) and the Aleutian Islands south to southern California (where rare, the main popula- tion not going south of Washington); in the interior, chiefly on the Great Lakes, but also, irregularly and sparingly, on other lakes and rivers south to Colorado (Barr Lake), Utah, Nebraska (Omaha), Texas (Lake Surprise), Kentucky (Kentucky Lake), and Tennessee; on the Atlantic coast from southern Green- land, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to South Carolina, rarely to Florida (Brevard, Escambia, Wakulla, and Leon counties), occasionally to the Gulf coast of Alabama and Louisiana. Casual in the Azores and Madeira. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of Oregon. 88 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus HISTRIONICUS Lesson Histrionicus Lesson, Man. Orn., vol. 2, 1828, p. 415. Type, by original designation, Anas histrionica Linnaeus. Histriénicus histriédnicus (Linnaeus): HARLEQUIN Duck. [155.] Anas histrionica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 127. Based on The Dusky and Spotted Duck of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 99. (in America = Newfoundland. ) Breeds from Lake Baikal and the Lena River, Siberia, east to northern Kam- chatka and the Komandorskie Islands south to northern Mongolia, Manchuria, the Kurile Islands; and from St. Lawrence Island, central western Alaska, south- eastern Baffin Island, possibly Southampton Island, northeastern Quebec (Man- uan Lake), Greenland (on the west coast north to Umanak, probably to the southern Upernavik District, and on the east coast to Angmagssalik), and Ice- land south to the Aleutian Islands, the mountains of southeastern Alaska and British Columbia, the western slopes of the central Sierra Nevada in California, the mountains of Colorado, eastern Quebec (probably), and central Labrador (Hopedale).1 Summer occurrences are reported from northwestern Canada to the Mackenzie Valley and Great Slave Lake. Winters from Kamchatka, Manchuria, the Aleutian and Pribilof islands, and the Alaska Peninsula south to Korea and southern Japan (Kyushu), and to central western (rarely southern) California; and from southern Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia along the Atlantic coast to Massachusetts (Martha’s Vineyard), rarely to Long Island Sound; casually on Lake Ontario (Toronto), the Niagara River, and Lake Erie (Buffalo); also in southern Greenland and Iceland. Rare or casual in the interior of North America south to Idaho, Nebraska, Missouri, and Illinois; and in Spitsbergen, the Faeroes, Scandinavia, Russia, the Baltic States, Great Britain, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Italy, and Bulgaria. Accidental in Ohio (Starve Island), South Carolina (Mount Pleasant), and Florida (Pensacola). Genus CAMPTORHYNCHUS Bonaparte Camptorhynchus “Eyton,” Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, p. 58. Type, by monotypy, Anas labradoria Gmelin. Camptorhynchus labradérium (Gmelin): LABRADOR Duck. [156.] Anas labradoria Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 537. Based on the Pied Duck of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 599. (in America boreali = Labrador.) Extinct. Breeding range unknown; supposed to have nested in Labrador. Formerly in winter on the Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia south to New Jersey, probably to Chesapeake Bay. Casual on the St. Lawrence River near 1 There are unsubstantiated records of this bird breeding in the Ural Mountains of Russia. ORDER ANSERIFORMES 89 Montreal, and at Elmira, New York. Last record of living bird, December 12, 1878.1 Genus POLYSTICTA Eyton Polysticta Eyton, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, p. 58. Type, by monotypy, Anas stelleri Pallas. Polysticta stélleri (Pallas): STELLER’s EIpErR. [157.] Anas stelleri Pallas, Spic. Zool., vol. 1, fasc. 6, 1769, p. 35, pl. v. (E. Kamtschatka = Kamchatka.) Breeds on the coasts of arctic Siberia from the New Siberian Islands and the Lena Delta east to the Chukotski Peninsula, and along the arctic coast of Alaska to Point Barrow, probably to Demarcation Point and Cape Bathurst in northern Mackenzie; south in the Bering Sea region to Anadyr Bay, St. Law- rence Island, and Hooper Bay, Alaska, possibly farther south to the Aleutian Islands, the Alaska Peninsula, and the Shumagin Islands. Found in summer in the Lofoten Islands and eastern Finnmark, Norway, and in northern Finland. Winters from the coasts of northern Scandinavia (rarely), Denmark, the Baltic Sea, and northern Siberia south to southern Kamchatka, the Koman- dorskie and Kurile islands, the Pribilof and Aleutian islands, the south coast of the Alaska Peninsula, and the Shumagin Islands to Kodiak and the Kenai Peninsula. Casual or accidental in Japan, southern Baffin Island (Cumberland Sound), Greenland (Disko Island, Sabine Island), Quebec (Godbout), Maine (Scar- borough), England (Norfolk, Yorkshire), and Germany (Nordmark and Helgoland). Genus SOMATERIA Leach Somateria Leach, in Ross, Voy. Discovery, 1819, App., p. xlviii. Type, by monotypy, Anas spectabilis Linnaeus. Subgenus ELDER Jarocki Eider Jarocki, Spis Ptak6w Gab. Zo6l. krél. Warsz. Univ., 1819, p. 62. Type, by monotypy, Anas mollissima Gmelin = Anas mollissima Lin- naeus. Somatéria mollissima (Linnaeus)?: COMMON EIDER. From Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, the Faeroes, Norway, and Finland south to the British Isles, Denmark, France, and the Baltic States, in winter to Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the Azores; the New Siberian Islands, northeastern Siberia and Kamchatka; in North America, 1 Gregg, Amer. Nat., 13, no. 2, Feb. 1879, p. 128; Dutcher, Auk, 8, Apr. 1891, palS. 2 Anas mollissima Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 124. (Europa boreali, pelagica = Island of Gotland, Sweden.) 90 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS across the arctic area to Greenland, south to Kodiak Island, in winter to the lower Mackenzie, Washington, Manitoba, and southern Ontario, New York, and New Jersey; casually to North Carolina. Somateria mollissima borealis (Brehm). [159.] Platypus borealis C. L. Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Vogel, vol. 2, 1824, p. 813. (auf dem Kiisten und auf dem Inseln der Baffinsbai und Davis Strasse besonders an der West Kiisten von Groénland = Greenland.) Breeds, in North America, on the coastal islands and shores of southeastern Somerset Island (summer occurrence), Ellesmere Island (to lat. 81° 40’ N.), and Greenland (north on the west coast to Hall Land and on the east coast to Germania Land) south to Southampton Island, Hudson Strait, and northern Labrador (including the eastern shore of Ungava Bay). Winters along the coast of southern Greenland and northeastern Labrador from Cape Chidley south to Nova Scotia, occasionally to the coast of Maine, rarely to Massachusetts and Connecticut. Somateria mollissima drésseri Sharpe. [160.] Somateria Dresseri Sharpe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 8, no. 43, July 1871, p. 52. (North America.) Breeds on islands along the coast of Labrador (south of Hamilton Inlet), Newfoundland, eastern Quebec (along the St. Lawrence River to the Pilgrim Islands), Nova Scotia, and Maine (west to Mark Island, Casco Bay). Winters from Newfoundland (very rarely) and the Gulf of St. Lawrence south regularly to Massachusetts (Vineyard Sound, Nantucket), New York (eastern end of Long Island), rarely to New Jersey, and Delaware, casually to Virginia (Broadwater Bay) and North Carolina (Ocracoke Island). Accidental in Colorado (Loveland, Marston Lake), Wisconsin (Lake Kosh- konong), Illinois (Chicago), and west Greenland. Somateria mollissima sedentaria Snyder. [160a.] Somateria mollissima sedentaria Snyder, Occ. Pap. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., no. 6, May 5, 1941, p. 3. (Churchill, Manitoba, on Hudson Bay.) Breeds on islands and coasts of Hudson Bay from Cape Fullerton to the east coast south of Southampton, Coats, and Mansel islands, and southward into James Bay. Winters in the open water west of the Belcher Islands and probably elsewhere in Hudson and James bays. Casual southward (one record, Niagara River). Somateria mollissima vy. nigra Bonaparte. [161.] Somateria v. nigrum Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, no. 17 (not earlier than Oct. 22), 1855, p. 661. (Contrées les plus boréales d’Amérique = Kotzebue Sound, Alaska.) Breeds on the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, and the coast of north- eastern Siberia, from Chaunskaya Bay south to the base of the Kamchatkan ORDER ANSERIFORMES 91 Peninsula and the Komandorskie Islands; and from northern Alaska, Banks Island, Victoria Island (Walker Bay), and Coronation Gulf south to the Aleutian Islands and the south side of the Alaska Peninsula, east to Kodiak Island, Cook Inlet, and Glacier Bay. Winters from the Diomede Islands to Kamchatka, the Aleutian Islands, and the Alaska Peninsula, occasionally to the lower Mackenzie and Great Slave Lake, rarely to British Columbia (Vancouver Island), Washington, and Mani- toba. Accidental. in North Dakota (Valley City), Kansas (Lecompton), Iowa (Sioux City), Newfoundland (Cuslett), and west Greenland. Subgenus SOMATERIA Leach Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus): KiNG Emer. [162.] Anas spectabilis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 123. (in Canada, Svecia = Sweden.) Breeds from the Kanin Peninsula, northern Russia, east, including the islands of Kolguev, Spitsbergen, and Novaya Zemlya, along the arctic coast of Siberia to the Chukotski Peninsula, the northern shore of the Gulf of Anadyr, St. Lawrence and St. Matthew islands, northern Alaska, and the arctic coasts of Canada east to Hudson and James bays, northern Labrador, and both coasts of Greenland (from Upernavik and Scoresby Sound southward). Winters on the Pacific, north as far as open water is found in Bering Sea, south along the east coast of Kamchatka to the Kurile Islands, the Aleutian and Shumagin islands, and Kodiak; casually to California (off Blackpoint, San Francisco; Solano and Marin counties); occasionally to the Great Lakes (status uncertain), casual elsewhere in the interior (Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, West Vir- ginia, Ontario, Ohio, and New York); on the Atlantic from southern Greenland to Newfoundland, frequently to Massachusetts, more rarely to New York (Long Island) and New Jersey, casually to Georgia (mouth of Altamaha River, Ossa- baw Island, and St. Catherines Island); Iceland, northern Russia, Finland, Norway, Bear Island, Faeroes, and Denmark; casually to the British Isles, the southern Baltic, France, Italy, Hungary, and southern Russia. Genus LAMPRONETTA Brandt Lampronetta J. F. Brandt, Fuligulam (Lampronettam) Fischeri Novam Avium Rossicarum Speciem, 1847, pp. 18, 19 and plate. Type, by mono- typy, Fuligula (Lampronetta), fischeri Brandt. Lampronétta fischeri (Brandt): SPECTACLED Emer. [158.] Fuligula Fischeri Brandt, Fuligulam (Lampronettam) Fischeri Novam Avium Rossicarum Speciem, 1847, p. 18, pl. 1. (St. Michael, Alaska.) Breeds along the arctic coast of Siberia from east of the Yana Delta to the Chukotski Peninsula; and on the arctic coast of northwestern Alaska to Point Barrow (occasionally to the Colville River) south in Bering Sea to St. Law- 1 DuMont, Wilson Bull., 46, no. 3, Sept. 1934, p. 203. 92 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS rence Island, and to the mouth of the Kuskokwim River. Recorded in summer, but without evidence of breeding, from the New Siberian Islands. Winters in the north Pacific from the Pribilof Islands, the Aleutians (Near Islands and Unalaska), and, more sparingly, eastward along the south side of the Alaska Peninsula to Sanak and Kodiak islands. Casual to California (Bitterwater Lake, San Benito County) .2 Genus MELANITTA Boie Melanitta Boie, Isis von Oken, 5, 1822, col. 564. Type, by subsequent designation, Anas fusca Linnaeus (Eyton, 1838). Subgenus MELANITTA Boie Melanitta fusca (Linnaeus): VELVET SCOTER. [164.] Anas fusca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 123. (In Oceano Europaeo = Swedish coast.) Breeds in Norway, Sweden (including Oland and Gotland), Finland, Estonia, northern Russia, and northeastern Siberia, in the valley of the Ob and the lower Yenisei. Winters from the North and Baltic seas to northern Spain; also in the Caspian Sea. Casual in Greenland (Kingigtog, Narssaq, and Fiskenaes), Iceland, the Faeroes, Spitsbergen, the Mediterranean, and the Atlantic off Morocco. Melanitta deglandi (Bonaparte): WHITE-WINGED SCOTER. From northwestern Alaska, the Mackenzie Delta, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, Labrador, and Newfoundland south in winter to Baja California, Colo- rado, Louisiana, and South Carolina. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. Melanitta deglandi deglandi (Bonaparte). [165.] Oedemia deglandi Bonaparte, Rev. Crit. Orn. Eur., 1850, p. 108. (d’Amér- ique = America.) Breeds from the Mackenzie Delta and south-central British Columbia, north- ern Alberta, Saskatchewan, central Manitoba (almost to Churchill), and north- western Ontario (Ney Lake) south, chiefly east of the Rocky Mountains, to northeastern Washington, southern Manitoba, and central North Dakota (Devils Lake). Found in summer in northern Ontario and James Bay, eastern and southern Labrador, and Newfoundland, and south to Massachusetts (Cape Cod), but without definite evidence of breeding. Winters sporadically to southern British Columbia, Colorado, Nebraska, Louisiana, Tennessee (Nashville), and Alabama (Tennessee Valley), on the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to South Carolina.? Frequently on the Illinois River in migration. 1 Moffitt, Condor, 42, no. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1940, p. 309. 2 Some may winter also on the Pacific coast, as White-winged Scoters from that area seem to include some individuals of this race. ORDER ANSERIFORMES 93 Casual in West Greenland (Nugssuaq), Florida (on both the east and Gulf coasts),! and Kansas. Melanitta deglandi dixoni (Brooks). [165a.] Oidemia deglandi dixoni W. S. Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 59, Sept. 1915, p. 393. (Humphrey Point [= Griffin Point], arctic Alaska.) Breeds probably in northwestern Alaska (Kotzebue Sound); eastern limits unknown. Winters on the Pacific coast from the eastern Aleutian Islands, the Alaska Peninsula, the Sanak Islands, and Kodiak south to Baja California. Subgenus PELIONETTA Kaup Pelionetta Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, p. 107. Type, by monotypy, Anas perspicillata Linnaeus. Melanitta perspicillata (Linnaeus): SURF SCOTER. [166.] Anas perspicillata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 125. Based on The Great Black Duck from Hudson’s Bay of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 155. (in Canada = Hudson Bay.) Breeds from western Alaska (Bristol Bay region and Kotzebue Sound), east in northwestern Canada from the Mackenzie Delta to the Anderson River, south to northern British Columbia (Atlin region), Great Bear and Great Slave lakes, and Lake Athabaska, probably farther east in Northwest Territories; also in James Bay (Charlton and Sheppard islands) and central Labrador. Found in summer, but not reported nesting, in the Komandorskie Islands, the western Aleutian Islands, southeastern Alaska, Point Barrow, widely through Northwest Territories, central British Columbia, and from northern Saskatche- wan to the shores of Hudson and James bays and Hudson Strait; casually to Greenland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Winters chiefly on the sea coasts: On the Pacific coast from the Aleutian Islands and southeastern Alaska south to the Gulf of California; regularly in the interior on the Great Lakes, also found rarely and sporadically in southern British Columbia, Wyoming, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, South Dakota, Min- nesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Kentucky, Alabama, and Louisiana; and on the Atlantic coast from the Bay of Fundy south to Florida. Casual in Bermuda, Iceland, Scandinavia, Finland, the Faeroes, British Isles, France, Belgium, Netherlands, and Switzerland. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of Oregon and California. Genus OIDEMIA Fleming Oidemia Fleming, Phil. Zodl., vol. 2, 1822, p. 260. Type, by subsequent designation, Anas nigra Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). 1 Howell, Florida Bird Life, 1932, p. 154. 94 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Oidémia nigra (Linnaeus): COMMON SCOTER. From Iceland, Spitsbergen (rarely), Bear Island, northern Norway, Finland, northern Russia, northern Siberia, and northern Alaska, south to Scotland, north-central Siberia, the Aleutian Islands and Kodiak, in winter to western Europe, Rio de Oro, the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas, Japan, Korea, and eastern China (Fukien), and to southern California, the Great Lakes, and Florida. Oidemia nigra nigra (Linnaeus). [163a.] Anas nigra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 123. (Lapland and England.) Breeds in Iceland, Ireland, Scotland, the Scandinavian Peninsula, northern Finland, and northern Russia and Novaya Zemlya east to the watershed be- tween the Khatanga and Lena rivers. Winters south to the coasts of western and southern Europe, to the Mediter- ranean, Black and Caspian seas, and Rio de Oro. Accidental in Greenland. Oidemia nigra americana Swainson. [163.] Oidemia americana Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.- Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 450. (Hudson Bay, lat. 57° N.) Breeds from the Lena Valley in central Siberia, eastward, inland from the arctic coast to the Gulf of Anadyr, south to the upper Lena River, the Okhotsk Sea, Kamchatka, and the northern Kurile Islands; and from northern Alaska (St. Lawrence Island and Cape Lisburne) south to the Aleutian Islands, south- ern Alaska (Ugashik Lake, Lake Clark, McKinley National Park, rarely Kodiak Island); found in summer across the Barren Grounds of arctic Canada to Hudson and James bays and from Hudson Strait southward, including the coast of Labrador and interior Newfoundland. Winters from Kamchatka and the Komandorskie Islands to Korea, Japan, and eastern China (Fukien); in America from the Pribilof and Aleutian islands to southern California; on the Great Lakes, and irregularly to Wyoming, Colo- rado, North Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Louisiana; and on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland and the Bay of Fundy south to South Carolina, rarely to Florida. Subfamily OxYURINAE: Ruddy and Masked Ducks Genus OXYURA Bonaparte Oxyura Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 2, 1828, p. 390. Type, by monotypy, Anas rubidus Wilson. Oxytira jamaicénsis (Gmelin)*: Ruppy DUCK. From British Columbia, Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), Alberta, northern Manitoba, Ungava, and Nova Scotia south through México to Guatemala, the 1 Anas jamaicensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 519. (Jamaica.) ORDER ANSERIFORMES 95 Gulf coast, and Florida, the Bahama Islands, the Greater and Lesser Antilles, and the lakes of the central and eastern Andes of Colombia. Oxyura jamaicensis ribida (Wilson). [167.] Anas rubidus Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 8, 1814, p. 128, pl. 71, figs. 5, 6. (Delaware River, near Philadelphia.) Breeds from central British Columbia, northern Alberta (Egg Lake), prob- ably from Great Slave Lake and northern Manitoba, south to southern Baja California (Santiago), the Valley of México, Guatemala, central Arizona, north- ern New Mexico, central Texas, northern Iowa, and northern Illinois; recently to Ohio and Pennsylvania (Pymatuning Lake). Older records, some doubtful, indicate sporadic breeding and summer occurrences east as far as Ungava (Richmond Gulf), southeastern Maine, eastern Massachusetts, southern Rhode Island, and central New York. Winters from southern British Columbia, southern Nevada, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, central Texas, southern Louisiana, southern Illinois, northwestern Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts south to Baja California, Guer- rero, Guatemala, and Costa Rica (Irazi), Florida, and the Bahamas (New Providence, Watling, and Inagua). Casual in Alaska (Kupreanof Island), Lake Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Bermuda. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Oregon, California, and Florida. Oxyura dominica (Linnaeus): MASKED Duck. [168.] Anas dominica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 201. Based mainly on La Sarcelle de S. Domingue, Querquedula Dominicensis Brisson, Orn., vol. 6, p. 472. (in America meridionali = Santo Do- mingo.) Resident in Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Grand Cayman, and Puerto Rico; and from Nayarit, Jalisco, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz south through Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad to Ecuador, Perit, Bolivia, Chile, Brasil, Uruguay, and eastern Argentina. Casual in southern Texas (Brownsville) and on Guadeloupe, Barbados, Do- minica, and Martinique. Accidental in Wisconsin, Vermont, Massachusetts, Maryland, and Louisiana. Subfamily MERGINAE: Mergansers Genus LOPHODYTES Reichenbach Lophodytes Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., 1852 (1853), p. ix. Type, by original designation, Mergus cucullatus Linnaeus. Lophodytes cucullatus (Linnaeus): HooDED MERGANSER. [131.] Mergus cucullatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 129. Based on The Round-crested Duck, Anas cristatus Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 94. (in America = South Carolina.) Breeds from southeastern Alaska (near Haines, and at mouth of Stikine River), rarely central Alaska (Innoko River), northern British Columbia, 96 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), central Alberta, Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, and New Brunswick south to southwestern Oregon, central Idaho, south-central Wyoming, central Nebraska, south-central Iowa, eastern Missouri, eastern Arkansas, and western Tennessee (Reelfoot Lake); sporadically in Louisiana (West Feliciana Parish), Alabama (Autaugaville), Florida (Wekiva River, St. Johns River), and South Carolina. Winters from southern British Columbia, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, the Great Lakes (chiefly around Lake Michigan), Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachusetts south to Baja California (rarely), the mainland of México (Distrito Federal, Veracruz, and Tamaulipas), and the Gulf coast in Louisiana and northern Florida, rarely to Cuba. Accidental in Newfoundland, Bermuda, St. Croix, Martinique, Eire, Wales, and England. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Florida. Genus MERGUS Linnaeus Mergus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 129. Type, by subse- quent designation, Mergus castor Linnaeus = Mergus serrator Linnaeus (Eyton, 1838). Mérgus merganser Linnaeus': COMMON MERGANSER. From Iceland, northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and northern Russia, east across Siberia to Kamchatka, the Komandorskie and Kurile islands, south- eastern Alaska, British Columbia, central Alberta, Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, and Newfoundland, to Netherlands, Germany, Poland, and south-central Russia; and to central California, Arizona, Chihuahua, South Dakota, Michigan, New York, and Nova Scotia, in winter south to Morocco, the northern Mediterranean, and the Black, Caspian, and Aral seas, Iran, cen- tral India, northern Indochina, southeastern China, and Japan; in America to Baja California, the northern mainland of México, Louisiana, Alabama, and Florida. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Oregon and Illinois. Mergus merganser americanus Cassin. [129.] Mergus americanus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6, no. 5, Sept.-Oct. (Dec. 31), 1852, p. 187. (North America. ) Breeds from southern Alaska (Unalaska, Lake Brooks, and Paxson Lake), southern Yukon, British Columbia, southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), central Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, Newfoundland, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence south in the mountains to central California (Tulare and Monterey counties), central Arizona, northern New Mexico, and Chihuahua (Colonia Pacheco), and to southwestern South Dakota, southwestern Minnesota, northeastern Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, central New York, central Vermont, central New Hampshire, southern Maine, and west-central Nova Scotia. 1 Mergus Merganser Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 129. (in Europa = Sweden.) ORDER ANSERIFORMES 97 Winters from the Pribilof and Aleutian islands (rarely), southern British Columbia, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, Missouri, the Great Lakes, the lower Ottawa and central St. Lawrence valleys, Prince Edward Island, and New- foundland south to southern California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Tamaulipas, Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Florida (south at least to Biscayne Bay), and Bermuda. Accidental in Greenland and Puerto Rico. Mergus serrator Linnaeus: RED-BREASTED MERGANSER. From Greenland, Iceland, the British Isles, and the Scandinavian Peninsula across northern Europe and Asia, Alaska, Mackenzie, Baffin Island, and Labra- dor south to the British Isles, Germany, central Russia, Kamchatka, southern Alaska, British Columbia, Alberta, Minnesota, Michigan, southern Ontario, New York, Maine, and Newfoundland, in winter to Morocco, Greece, Egypt, and the Gulf of Persia; and to southeastern China; Baja California, and the Gulf coast, including Florida. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of Oregon. Mergus serrator serrator Linnaeus. [130.] Mergus Serrator Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 129. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds from Iceland, the Faeroes, northern Scandinavia (from lat. 71° N.), northern Finland, and Russia across Siberia to Kamchatka, the Komandorskie and Kurile islands, the arctic coast of Alaska (Icy Cape), Mackenzie, King William Island, southern Baffin Island, and northeastern Labrador south to Ireland, Scotland, Denmark, the Baltic States, northern Germany, Poland, central Russia, the Lake Baikal region, Kamchatka, the Aleutian Islands, south- eastern Alaska (Chichagof Island), northwestern British Columbia (possibly western Washington), central Alberta, southern Manitoba, central Minnesota, central Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, northern New York (casually on Long Island and Gardiners Island), the coast of Massachusetts (rarely), eastern Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. Winters in the Old World from Iceland, the British Isles, Scandinavia, the coasts of western Europe (from Spain to the Baltic), to Morocco (occasionally to the Azores), Greece, Egypt, Palestine, the Caspian Sea, and the Gulf of Persia; and from Kamchatka, Komandorskie Islands, Korea, and Japan to southeastern China, the Bonin Islands, Formosa, and Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands; in America, from southeastern Alaska, the Great Lakes (rarely), the St. Lawrence Valley, Maine, and Nova Scotia south to southern Baja Cali- fornia, Sonora, central Arizona and New Mexico, the Gulf coast, and all Florida. Casual in the Pribilof Islands; accidental in the Hawaiian Islands, Bermuda, the Bahamas (New Providence), Cuba, and the Virgin Islands (St. Croix). Mergus serrator schigleri Salomonsen. [130a.] Mergus serrator schigleri Salomonsen, Danske Orn. For. Tidsskr., 43, no. 2, June 1949, p. 186. New name for Mergus serrator major Schigler, pre- occupied. (West Greenland.) 98 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Breeds on the coasts of Greenland, north to Upernavik (Bjgrlings Island) on the west and to Scoresby Sound, rarely to Sofia Sound, on the east. Winters in southern Greenland. Order FALCONIFORMES: Vultures, Hawks, and Falcons Suborder CATHARTAE: American Vultures Superfamily CATHARTOIDEA: American Vultures Family CATHARTIDAE: American Vultures Genus CATHARTES Illiger Cathartes Illiger, Prodromus, 1811, p. 236. Type, by subsequent designa- tion, Vultur aura Linnaeus (Vigors, 1825). Cathartes aura (Linnaeus): TURKEY VULTURE. Southern Canada south across the United States to the Greater Antilles, Central America, and South America (to the Straits of Magellan). Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California and Florida. Cathartes aura aura (Linnaeus). [325b.] Vultur aura Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 86. (America calidiore = Veracruz, México.) Resident from central Sonora (Guaymas) and the Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas (Chisos Mountains, Brownsville) south through the lower, trop- ical portions of México, and through Central America to Costa Rica, probably to northeastern Panama; also in extreme southern Florida (Cape Sable), the Bahamas (Grand Bahama, Abaco islands), Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico (introduced). Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied. [325.] Cathartes septentrionalis Wied, Reise Nord-Amer., vol. 1, 1839, p. 162. (Fox-River = near New Harmony, Indiana.) Breeds from southern Michigan, southern Ontario, central New York, south- western Massachusetts, and Connecticut south to Louisiana and Florida (south at least to Miami); breeding range extending gradually in the northeastern section. Winters from the Ohio Valley and central Maryland south to the Gulf of Mexico and Florida. Casual in Quebec, eastern Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Labrador, and Bermuda. ORDER FALCONIFORMES 99 Cathartes aura téter Friedmann. [325a.] Cathartes aura teter Friedmann, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 46, Oct. 26, 1933, p. 188. (Riverside, California.) Breeds from southern British Columbia, central Alberta, Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western Ontario, northern Minnesota, and Wisconsin south to southern Baja California, and in the interior of México to Colima, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Michoacan, and Distrito Federal; east to eastern Texas. Winters from California and Nebraska south to Ecuador. One winter record for Vancouver Island (Comox). Genus CORAGYPS Geoffroy Coragyps Geoffroy, in Le Maout, Hist. Nat. Ois., 1853, p. 66. Type, by monotypy, Vultur urubu Vieillot = Vultur atratus Bechstein. Coéragyps atratus (Bechstein): BLACK VULTURE. [326.] Vultur atratus Bechstein, in John Latham’s Allg. Uebers. Vogel, Bd. 1, Anh., 1793, p. 655. Based on Vultur atratus, the black vulture or car- rion crow of Bartram, Travels, p. 289. (Florida.) Resident in tropical and warm temperate portions of continental America from southern Arizona, Chihuahua, western Texas, eastern Oklahoma, south- eastern Kansas (formerly), Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, south- ern Ohio, eastern West Virginia, and Maryland south through México, Central America, and South America as far as the Rio Negro, Argentina, and Chile (Coquimbo, south to Chiloé and Llanquihue). Casual in the Dakotas, northern Ohio, southern Ontario, northern New York, Massachusetts, southwestern Quebec, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Cerralvo Island, Baja California. Fossil, in Pleistocene of Florida; Quaternary (probably Recent) of New Mexico. Genus GYMNOGYPS Lesson Gymnogyps Lesson, Echo du Monde Savant, sér. 2, 6, Dec. 8, 1842, col. 1037. Type, by monotypy, Vultur californianus Shaw. Gymnogyps californianus (Shaw): CALIFORNIA Conpor. [324.] Vultur californianus Shaw, Naturalists’ Misc., 9, 1797, text to pl. 301. (Coast of California = San Francisco or Monterey.) Resident formerly near Pacific coast from Washington (Fort Vancouver, 1827) and Oregon (Drain, and the Columbia River) south to northern Baja California; now chiefly confined to the southern Coast Range of California, from southeastern Monterey County to northern Los Angeles County, north- east through the mountains around the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley to Kern and Tulare counties, casually along the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada as far as Fresno County. Bones recorded from prehistoric cave deposits in Nevada, New Mexico, and Texas. 100 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus SARCORAMPHUS Duméril. Sarcoramphus Duméril, Zodl. Anal., 1806, p. 32. Type, by subsequent designation, Vultur papa Linnaeus (Vigors, 1825). Sarcoramphus papa (Linnaeus): KING VULTURE. [326.1.] Vultur Papa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 86. (India occi- dentalis = Surinam.) Resident from Sinaloa, Puebla, and Veracruz, México south to northern Argentina; formerly in Florida (St. Johns River). Suborder FALconEs: Secretarybirds, Hawks, and Falcons Superfamily FALCONOIDEA: Hawks, Falcons, and Allies Family ACCIPITRIDAE: Hawks, Old World Vultures, and Harriers Subfamily ELANINAE: White-tailed Kites Genus ELANUS Savigny Elanus Savigny, Descr. Egypte, vol. 1, 1809, pp. 69, 97. Type, by mono- typy, Elanus caesius Savigny = Falco caeruleus Desfontaines. Elanus leuctrus (Vieillot)*: WHITE-TAILED KITE. California (west of the desert areas), Texas, Florida, and lowland areas from Baja California and Tamaulipas south to Chile and Argentina. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California and Nuevo Leon. Elanus leucurus majusculus Bangs and Penard. [328.] Elanus leucurus majusculus Bangs and Penard, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, 7, Feb. 19, 1920, p. 46. (San Rafael, California.) Resident in California, west of the deserts, from the upper Sacramento Valley and Humboldt County south to the San Diego area and (formerly) north- western Baja California; in Oklahoma (one nesting record near Fort Arbuckle), southeastern Texas (formerly to Cameron County and Lee County), and penin- sular Florida (now very rare); south through eastern México to British Hon- duras and, occasionally, to Guatemala. Casual in Oregon, Louisiana, southern Illinois, and Massachusetts. Subfamily PERNINAE: Honey Buzzards and Swallow-tailed Kites Genus ELANOIDES Vieillot Elanoides Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 24, Dec. 1818, p. 101. Type, by monotypy, Milan de la Caroline = Falco forficatus Linnaeus. 1 Milvus leucurus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 20, May 1818, p. “556” [misprint = 563]. (Paraguay.) ORDER FALCONIFORMES 101 Elanoides forficdtus (Linnaeus): SWALLOW-TAILED KITE. From the Gulf coast, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, locally; south- ward, more generally, through eastern México and Central America to Bolivia, Brasil, and northern Argentina; formerly north to Minnesota, Wisconsin, and North Carolina. Elanoides forficatus forficatus (Linnaeus). [327.] Falco forficatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 89. Based on The Swallow Tail Hawk, Accipiter cauda furcata Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 4. (in America = South Carolina.) Breeds locally from central and southern Texas (San Antonio, Waco) and Louisiana south through eastern México to Oaxaca and eastern Guatemala (probably to Nicaragua); and from South Carolina and Georgia through peninsular Florida; formerly north to Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, eastern Ne- braska, northwestern Minnesota (Polk and Marshall counties), and southern Wisconsin (Fort Atkinson, Racine), and in Mississippi, Alabama, and North Carolina. Winters, so far as known, south to Bucay, Ecuador (recorded in migration in eastern Guatemala). Accidental in New Mexico, Colorado, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia; also in Cuba and Jamaica. Subfamily MILvINAE: True Kites Genus ICTINIA Vieillot Ictinia Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, p. 24. Type, by monotypy, Milan cresserelle Vieillot = Falco plumbeus Gmelin. Ictinia misisippiénsis (Wilson): Mississippi KITE. [329.] Falco misisippiensis Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 3, 1811, p. 80, pl. 25, fig. 1. (a few miles below Natchez [Mississippi].) Breeds from northeastern Kansas, Iowa (formerly southern Illinois and southern Indiana), Tennessee, and South Carolina south to Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama (rarely), and northern Florida (Pensacola, Caloosahatchee River). Winter range not certainly known; recorded from southern Texas (Eagle Pass, Nunnville) and Florida south through México (rarely) to Guatemala (Coban), and in Paraguay (Colonia Italia, near Villeta). Casual or accidental in Colorado, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Kentucky, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina. Formerly in Ohio (bones found in Indian deposits, Jackson County). 102 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus ROSTRHAMUS Lesson Rostrhamus Lesson, Traité d’Orn., livr. 1, Feb. 13, 1830, p. 55. Type, by monotypy, Rostrhamus niger Lesson = Herpetotheres sociabilis Vieillot. Rostrhamus sociabilis (Vicillot)': EVERGLADE KITE. From Florida, Cuba, Isle of Pines, and Veracruz south through Central America and northern and eastern South America to eastern Argentina. Rostrhamus sociabilis plimbeus Ridgway. [330.] Rostrhamus sociabilis var. plumbeus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, vol. 3, 1874, pp. 208 (in key), 209. (Everglades, Florida = near the head of Miami River.) Breeds near the southwestern shores of Lake Okeechobee (formerly locally in peninsular Florida, north casually to Wakulla County, Panasoffkee Lake, Sumter County, and Crescent Lake, Putnam County). Subfamily ACCIPITRINAE: Bird Hawks Genus ACCIPITER Brisson Accipiter Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 28; vol. 6, p. 310. Type, by tautonymy, Accipiter Brisson = Falco nisus Linnaeus. Accipiter gentilis (Linnaeus)”: GosHAWK. From Norway, northern Sweden, and northwestern Russia across Siberia, south to Morocco, Corsica, Sardinia, the Balkans, Iran, Tibet, northern India, China, Burma, and Japan; in North America from Alaska and northern Canada to northwestern México, Colorado, Minnesota, and western Maryland, in winter to Texas, Tennessee, Virginia, and casually to Florida. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. Accipiter gentilis atricapillus (Wilson). [334.] Falco atricapillus Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 6, 1812, p. 80, pl. 52, fig. 3. (within a few miles of Philadelphia [Pennsylvania]. ) Breeds from northwestern Alaska (Kobuk River), northwestern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec, Labrador, and Newfoundland south to California (Sequoia National Park), Nevada (Charles- ton and Sheep mountains), southeastern Arizona, Colorado, northern Min- nesota, Michigan (to Roscommon County), Pennsylvania, and western Mary- land; and in Jalisco. 1 Herpetotheres sociabilis Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 18, Dec. 1817, p. 318. (Corrientes and Rio de la Plata.) 2 Falco gentilis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 89. (in Alpibus = Dalecarlian Alps, Sweden.) ORDER FALCONIFORMES 103 Winters from western and central Alaska, British Columbia (Cariboo dis- trict), Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland south to southern California (near San Diego), Jalisco, Texas, Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Virginia. Casual in Florida (Lake Iamonia, Leon County; Maximo Point, Pinellas Peninsula). Accidental in Ireland (four records), Scotland, and Scilly Isles. Accipiter gentilis laingi (Taverner). [334a.] Astur atricapillus laingi Taverner, Condor, 42, no. 3, May 15, 1940, p. 160. (Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.) Breeds (probably resident) on Queen Charlotte Islands and Vancouver Island. Accipiter siriatus Vicillot': SHARP-SHINNED HAwk. From northwestern Alaska and northern Canada south to Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico, in winter to western Panama and the Bahama Islands. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. Accipiter striatus vélox (Wilson). [332.] Falco velox Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 5, 1812, p. 116, pl. 45, fig. 1. (banks of the Schuylkill, near Mr. Bartram’s = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.) Breeds from northwestern Alaska (Kotzebue Sound), Yukon, northwestern Mackenzie (Great Bear Lake), northern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to California (Monterey County; San Bernardino Mountains), Arizona, New Mexico, Texas (Texarkana, Edinburg), Louisiana, Tennessee, South Carolina, and Alabama (Greensboro). Winters from southern British Columbia, western Montana, Nebraska, south- ern Minnesota (casually), Illinois, southern Michigan (rarely), southern On- tario (casually), New York, southern Vermont, southern New Hampshire, southern Maine, New Brunswick (casually), and Nova Scotia south to the Gulf coast, southern Florida (Lake Okeechobee), and through México and Central America to Costa Rica, casually to Panama. Accidental in Cuba, the Bahamas (New Providence, Acklin, Great Inagua), and Bermuda. Accipiter striatus suttoni van Rossem. [332a.] Accipiter striatus suttoni van Rossem, Auk, 56, no. 1, Jan. 1939, p. 127. (Mesa del Chipinque, near Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.) Breeds from the east side of the San Luis Mountains on the New Mexico- Chihuahua border south through the highlands of México to Michoacan, Ja- lisco, Coahuila, and Veracruz. 1 Accipiter striatus Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, p. 42, pl. 14. (Saint-Domingue = Haiti.) 104 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters in the adjacent lowlands, probably also in the breeding range. Re- corded in winter from Sonora (Tesia) and Tamaulipas. Accipiter striatus perobscurus Snyder. [3325.] Accipiter striatus perobscurus Snyder, Occ. Pap. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., no. 4, July 14, 1938, p. 4. (McClinton Creek, Massett Inlet, Graham Island (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia.) Breeds in the Queen Charlotte Islands; possibly also in the northwest coastal area from Yakutat Bay, Alaska, south to the Olympic Peninsula of Washington (Neah Bay). Winters from the Queen Charlotte Islands to Vancouver Island (Comox, Cedar), and on the mainland from central British Columbia (Hazelton, Rain- bow Mountains) south to Oregon (Tillamook and Portland). Accipiter coéperii (Bonaparte): CooPper’s Hawk. [333.] Falco Cooperii Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., vol. 2, 1828, p. 1, pl. 10, fig. 1. (near Bordentown, New Jersey.) Breeds from southern British Columbia, central Alberta, northwestern Mon- tana, Wyoming, eastern North Dakota, southern Manitoba, western Ontario, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Maine, northern New Brunswick (Restigouche Valley), Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south to Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, south-central Texas (Kerrville), Louisi- ana, central Mississippi, central Alabama (Greensboro), and central Florida (Orlando, Manatee). Winters from Washington, Colorado, Nebraska, Iowa, southern Wisconsin (rarely), southern Minnesota, southern Michigan, southern Ontario (casually), New York, Vermont (casually), southern Maine, and Massachusetts (Taunton, rarely) south throughout the United States and México to Costa Rica. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. Subfamily BUTEONINAE: Hawks and Eagles Genus BUTEO Lacépéde Buteo Lacépéde, Tabl. Ois., 1799, p. 4. Type, by tautonymy, Falco buteo Linnaeus. Buteo jamaicénsis (Gmelin)*: RED-TAILED HAwkK. Central Alaska and central and eastern Canada south through México and Central America to Panama (mountains of Veraguas), and in the West Indies to the Leeward Islands. Fossil, in Pleistocene of California and Florida. 1 Falco jamaicensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 266. (Jamaica.) ORDER FALCONIFORMES 105 Buteo jamaicensis borealis (Gmelin). [337.] Falco borealis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 266. Based on the American Buzzard of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 50, and the Redtailed Falcon of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 205. (in America boreali, potissimum Carolina = South Carolina.) Breeds from southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Maine, and Nova Scotia south through eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and eastern Oklahoma, to eastern Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and northern Florida (probably to Gainesville). Winters from eastern Nebraska, northeastern Iowa, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, central New York, and southern Maine south to Jalisco, Michoacan, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida (Fort Myers). Occasionally north to Minnesota and northern New England. Accidental in Bermuda and England (Nottinghamshire, 1860). Buteo jamaicensis umbrinus Bangs. [337f.] Buteo borealis umbrinus Bangs, Proc. New England Zo6l. Club, 2, July 31, 1901, p. 68. (Myakka, Manatee Co., Florida.) Resident in peninsular Florida north to Tampa Bay and the Kissimmee Prairie, formerly to San Mateo and Cedar Keys. Accidental in eastern North Carolina (Rocky Mount). Buteo jamaicensis kriderii Hoopes. [337a.] Buteo borealis var. kriderii Hoopes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 25, sig. 16, June 3, 1873, p. 238, pl. 5. (Winnebago County, Iowa.) Breeds! from southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba (Oak Lake, Riding Mountains), and extreme western Ontario (Malachi) south to south-central Montana (Toluca), Wyoming (Black Hills), western Nebraska, and western Minnesota. Winters from South Dakota and southern Minnesota south to Arizona (San Francisco Mountains), New Mexico (near Espanola), Durango, Zacatecas, Texas, and Louisiana. Casual in Alaska (Eagle), Wisconsin, Illinois, Kentucky, South Carolina, and Georgia. Buteo jamaicensis fuértesi Sutton and Van Tyne. [337g.] Buteo jamaicensis fuertesi Sutton and Van Tyne, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 321, Sept. 23, 1935, p. 1. (Calamity Creek Bridge, 22 miles south of Alpine, Brewster County, Texas.) Breeds from northern Chihuahua (Colonia Pacheco) to Brewster County, Kerr County (Kerrville), and Corpus Christi in southern Texas and south to south-central Nuevo Leén. 1 The breeding range assigned is based on the few authentic records at present avail- able. There are extensive areas of intergradation with B. j. borealis on the east and B. j. calurus on the west. 106 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winter (or other nonbreeding) records from central Sonora (Hermosillo), southwestern Arizona (Chiricahua Mountains), New Mexico (Reserve, Col- fax), and southern Louisiana (Johnson Bayou, Grosse Tete). Buteo jamaicensis calurus (Cassin). [337b.] Buteo calurus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, no. 7, Jan.- Feb. (May 22), 1855, p. 281. (Fort Webster [Rio Mimbres], New Mexico.) Breeds from central interior Alaska (Circle, Tanana River), Yukon (Forty Mile), west-central Mackenzie, and Saskatchewan south to Baja California, Sonora, and western New Mexico, ranging east to Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana and to northeastern Manitoba, south-central Ontario, central and eastern Quebec, Prince Edward Island, and Cape Breton Island. Winters from southwestern British Columbia to southern Minnesota and south and southwest across its breeding range to Guatemala and northern Nica- ragua; east to Louisiana. Casual in Illinois, southern Ontario, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Buteo jamaicensis alaseénsis Grinnell. [337e.] Buteo borealis alascensis Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zodl., 5, no. 2, Feb. 18, 1909, p. 211. (Glacier Bay, Alaska.) Breeds (probably resident) from southeastern coastal Alaska (Yakutat Bay) to the Queen Charlotte Islands and Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Buteo harlani (Audubon): HARLAN’s HAwk. [337d.] Falco Harlani Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 1, 1830, pl. 86 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 1, 1831, p. 441). (St. Francisville, Louisiana.) Breeds from the valley of the Yukon (Forty Mile) and the Mount Logan area, Alaska, to northern British Columbia east of the coast ranges (Atlin region, Blue Canyon, Wilson Creek) and apparently southeastward to the Red Deer region, Alberta. Winters from Kansas, southern Missouri, and Arkansas south to Texas (Gainesville, San Antonio, Medina River) and Louisiana. Occasional in Colorado, Illinois, Mississippi, Indiana, and Pennsylvania; accidental in California (Santa Clara). Buteo lineatus (Gmelin): RED-SHOULDERED HAwk. From northern California to northwestern Baja California; and from eastern Nebraska, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, and southern Quebec south to Zacatecas, Distrito Federal, Veracruz, the Gulf coast of the United States, Florida, and the Florida Keys. Fossil, in Pleistocene of California and Florida. ORDER FALCONIFORMES 107 Buteo lineatus lineatus (Gmelin). [339.] Falco lineatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 268. Based on The Red-shouldered Falcon of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 206. (in insula Longa = Long Island, New York.) Breeds from eastern Nebraska, central Minnesota, Wisconsin, northern Michigan (Isle Royale, Sault Ste Marie), southern Ontario (Parry Sound and Muskoka districts), and southern Quebec south to southern Kansas, Arkansas (except southwestern portion), Tennessee, and North Carolina (Walker, Lake Ellis). Winters from eastern Kansas, Missouri, southern Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, northwestern Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachusetts (rarely) south to central Texas and Nuevo Leon, rarely to the Gulf coast and Florida; occa- sionally north to eastern Nebraska, Iowa, central Illinois, southern Michigan, southern Ontario (Toronto), and Vermont (Montpelier, Bennington). Accidental in Scotland (Inverness-shire, 1863). Buteo lineatus alleni Ridgway. [339a.] Buteo lineatus alleni Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 7, 1884 (Feb. 25, 1885), p. 514. (Tampa, Fl[orid]a.) Resident from eastern Texas (west to San Antonio), eastern Oklahoma (west to Cleveland County), and southwestern Arkansas (Texarkana) through Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina (north at least to Charles- ton) to Florida (except the extreme tip of the peninsula and the Florida Keys). Casual in México (La Barca, Jalisco). Buteo lineatus éxtimus Bangs. [339c.] Buteo lineatus extimus Bangs, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, 7, Jan. 16, 1920, p. 35. (Cape Florida, southern end of Key Biscayne, [Florida].) Resident in southern Florida from Lake Okeechobee to the Florida Keys and the Dry Tortugas. Buteo lineatus texanus Bishop. [339d.] Buteo lineatus texanus Bishop, Auk, 29, no. 2, Apr. 5, 1912, p. 232. (Corpus Christi, Texas.) Resident in southern Texas from San Antonio and Corpus Christi to Browns- ville and south to Zacatecas, Distrito Federal, and Veracruz. Casual in southern Louisiana (Baton Rouge). Buteo lineatus élegans Cassin. [339b.] Buteo elegans Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, Jan.-Feb. (May 22), 1855, p. 281. (California.) Resident from northern California, west of the Sierran divides, chiefly in the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys and the southern coastal lowlands, south to northeastern Baja California (San Rafael, Rosario). In winter to Sinaloa. 108 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Buteo platypterus (Vicillot): BROAD-wINGED HAwkK. Breeds from Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick south to Texas, the Gulf coast, and Florida; and in Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Lesser Antilles, and Tobago. Winters mainly from Guatemala to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, northern Peri, and western Brasil; and in Florida; casually farther north. Fossil, in Pleistocene of Florida. Buteo platypterus platypterus (Vicillot). [343.] Sparvius platypterus Vieillot, Tabl. Encycl. Méth., Orn., vol. 3, 1823, p. 1273. New name for Falco pennsylvanicus Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 6, 1812, p. 92, pl. 54, fig. 1. (L’Amérique septentrionale = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ) Breeds in central Alberta (Athabaska) and central Saskatchewan (Hudson Bay Junction) and from central Manitoba (Gypsumville), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Fraserdale), southern Quebec (Quebec), New Brunswick (St. John), and Nova Scotia south to central and southern Texas (Nueces River), Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, west to North Dakota (Fargo), eastern Nebraska (Omaha), eastern Kansas (Topeka), and Okla- homa (Vinita, Copan). Winters in Florida (from St. Marks to the Florida Keys) and from Guate- mala south through Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Brasil, and Pert; casually north to Sinaloa, Jalisco, Oaxaca, and Veracruz. Reported in winter from southern Illinois, New Jersey, and Florida. Casual in Colorado. Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte: SWAINSON’s Hawk. [342.] Buteo Swainsoni Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, p. 3. New name for Buteo vulgaris Audubon (= Falco buteo Audubon), Birds Amer. (folio), pl. 372. (Columbia River = Fort Vancouver, Washington.) Breeds from Alaska (Fort Yukon), northwestern Mackenzie (Fort Ander- son), Saskatchewan, Manitoba (Carberry, Winnipeg), western Minnesota, and, uncommonly, Illinois (Philo, Fox Prairie) south to Baja California, Chihuahua, Durango, south-central Texas (San Angelo, Cotulla), and, rarely, Missouri (Pierce City). Winters in Argentina; migrates in great flocks through México and Central America, Colombia, Ecuador, and Brasil; occasionally in western Venezuela (Mérida). Casual in eastern North America: Ontario (Moose Factory, Toronto, Ot- tawa), Quebec (Montreal), Michigan (Manitou Island, Keweenaw County, Grand Rapids), Maine, Vermont (Hartland), northeastern Massachusetts, New York (Brockport; Onondaga County; Lake George; Cornwall), Pennsylvania (Jacobs Creek), Kentucky, West Virginia (White Sulphur Springs), Alabama (Selma), and Florida. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. ORDER FALCONIFORMES 109 Buteo albonotatus Kaup: ZONE-TAILED HAwk. [340.] [Buteo] albonotatus Kaup, Isis von Oken, 1847, Heft 5 (May), col. 329. (Mexico. ) Breeds from northern Baja California (San Pedro Martir district southward), Central Arizona (Williams River, Camp Verde, Roosevelt Lake, Graham Moun- tains), southwestern New Mexico, and western Texas (Guadalupe and Davis mountains; Tom Green and Comal counties) south through México and (lo- cally) Central America to northern South America (east to Surinam). Winters in most of its breeding range but appears to be rare in Arizona (except along the lower Colorado River), New Mexico, and Texas; reported (rarely) from southern California (San Diego County, Death Valley). Buteo albicaudatus Vieillot!: WHITE-TAILED HAWK. Resident from Sonora, southern Arizona (rarely), and southern Texas south to Colombia, Venezuela, the islands of Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, and Trinidad; Surinam; and from northwestern Argentina, southern Brasil, and Uruguay south to central Patagonia. Buteo albicaudatus hypospédius Gurney. [341.] Buteo hypospodius Gurney, Ibis, ser. 3, 6, no. 1, Jan. 1876, p. 73, pl. 3. (Medellin, in New Granada = Medellin, Colombia.) Resident from Sonora, southern Arizona (rarely), and southern Texas (north to Tom Green County and Houston) south locally through México and Central America to northern Colombia and western Venezuela. Buteo brachyurus Vicillot: SHORT-TAILED HAwkK. [344.] Buteo brachyurus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 4, Dec. 1816, p. 477. (No locality given = Cayenne.) Resident, locally, in Florida (St. Marks and San Mateo south to Cape Sable) ; and from Tamaulipas south through Central America and South America to northern Argentina. Buteo lagépus (Pontoppidan)?: ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK. From Scandinavia and northern Russia eastward across northern Siberia to northwestern Alaska, Victoria Island, southwestern Baffin Island, and northern Labrador south to the Aleutian Islands, Manitoba, and Newfoundland, in winter south to the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Balkan Peninsula, Transcaspia, Turkestan, northern China, and northern Japan, and to California, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Virginia. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. 1 Buteo albicaudatus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 4, Dec. 1816, p. 477. (Amérique meridionale = Rio de Janeiro.) 2 Falco Lagopus Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, 1763, p. 616. (Denmark.) 110 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Buteo lagopus s.johannis (Gmelin). [347a.] Falco S. Johannis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 273. Based on St. John’s Falcon of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 200. (in freto Hudsonis et nova terra = Newfoundland. ) Breeds from the Aleutian Islands, the interior of Alaska (Fort Yukon), Yukon (Herschel Island), northern Mackenzie (Franklin Bay), Prince Patrick Island, Victoria Island, Melville Peninsula, southwestern Baffin Island, and northern Labrador south to Manitoba (Churchill), southeastern Quebec (Wolf Bay), and Newfoundland. Winters from southern British Columbia (Sumas, Victoria), central Alberta (Glenevis), southern Saskatchewan (Eastend), North Dakota (Charlson, Ar- gusville), Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec (Montreal), New Hampshire, and Maine (Norway) south to California (rarely to San Diego County), southern Arizona (Fort Whipple), New Mexico (Zuni, Tularosa, Rio Mimbres), Oklahoma (Norman, Tyrone), Missouri, Tennessee (rarely), and Virginia; casually to Texas (Fredericksburg, Electora, Aransas River), Louisiana, and Georgia (Thomasville). Accidental on St. George, Pribilof Islands, and Bermuda. Buteo lagopus kamtschatkénsis Dementiev. [347).] Buteo lagopus kamtschatkensis Dementiev, Orn. Monatsb., 39, no. 2, Mar. 4, 1931, p. 54. (Kamtschatka, Miindung d. Flusses Kichtschik = mouth of Kikhchik River, Kamchatka.) Breeds throughout northern Siberia from the Ob River and the Kolyma River to Kamchatka, Ussuriland, and the Kurile Islands, south to Lake Baikal; and from northwestern Alaska (east along Arctic coast to Chipp River) south to St. Michael.1 Winters in Ussuriland, Turkestan, Transcaspia, the Black Sea, northern Iran (rarely), China, Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), and Ishigaki, Ryukyu Islands. Buteo regalis (Gray): FERRUGINOUS HAwk. [348.] Archibuteo regalis G. R. Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. 1, pt. 1, May 1844, pl. vi. (No locality given = Real del Monte, Hidalgo, México.) Breeds from eastern Washington (Chelan), southern Alberta, southern Sas- katchewan, and southwestern Manitoba south to eastern Oregon, Nevada (Camp MacDermot), New Mexico, northwestern Texas (Staked Plains), and western Oklahoma. Winters chiefly in the southwestern United States, south to Baja California, Durango, Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Coahuila, and Hidalgo; rarely to the northern limits of the breeding range (Edmonton, Alberta; Eastend, Saskatchewan); casually in Oregon, Montana, North Dakota, and western Minnesota. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. 1 The Alaskan population is in large part intermediate toward B. 1. s.johannis; for discussion, see Cade, Condor, 57, 1955, pp. 339-344. ORDER FALCONIFORMES 111 Buteo nitidus (Latham)!: Gray Hawk. Southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and southern Texas south to east- ern Bolivia, southern Brasil, and northern Argentina (Chaco). Buteo nitidus maximus (van Rossem). [346.] Asturina plagiata maxima van Rossem, Condor, 32, no. 6, Nov. 22, 1930, p- 303. (San Javier, Sonora.) Breeds from southern Arizona, southern New Mexico (Fort Bayard), and southern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley) south to Nayarit, San Luis Potosi, Nuevo Le6én, and northern Tamaulipas. Winters from Sonora, Nuevo Le6én, and northern Tamaulipas to Oaxaca (Tehuantepec). Genus PARABUTEO Ridgway Parabuteo Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, vol. 3, 1874, pp. 248, 250. Type, by monotypy, Buteo harrisi Audubon. Parabiiteo unicinctus (Temminck)?: Harris’ HAWK. From southeastern California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and (casually) Louisiana and Mississippi south through México and Central America to central Chile and Argentina. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Nuevo Leon. Parabuteo unicinetus harrisi (Audubon). [335.] Buteo Harrisi Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 4, 1837, pl. 392. (Falco Harrisii in Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 30). (between Bayou Sara and Natchez, Mississippi.) Resident from southern Texas (Eagle Pass, San Antonio, Giddings) south through eastern and southern México and Central America to Colombia and western Ecuador. Casual in Louisiana (Bayou Sara, Calumet Plantation), Iowa (Hillsboro), and Ohio (Harrisburg). Parabuteo unicinctus supérior van Rossem. [335a.] Parabuteo unicinctus superior van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9, no. 33, Feb. 17, 1942, p. 377. (Laguna Dam, lower Colorado River, Imperial County, California.) Resident from southeastern California (Brawley, Palo Verde), Arizona (Topock on Colorado River, Fairbank, San Bernardino Ranch), and southern New Mexico (Carlsbad) south to Baja California, Sonora, and Sinaloa. 1 Falco nitidus Latham, Index Orn., vol. 1, 1790, p. 41. (Cayenne.) 2 Falco unicinctus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. Planch. Col. Ois., livr. 53, Dec. 25, 1824, pl. 313. (Brésil . . . dans les environs du Rio-Grande, prés Boa-Vista = Brasil.) 112 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus BUTEOGALLUS Lesson Buteogallus Lesson, Traité d’Orn., livr. 2, Feb. 13, 1830, p. 83. Type, by monotypy, Buteogallus cathartoides Lesson= Falco aequinoctialis Gmelin. Buteogallus anthracinus (Deppe): BLAcK Hawk. Southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and southern Texas south through México and Central America to Colombia, northern Venezuela, and Ecuador; Cuba and the Isle of Pines; St. Vincent in the Lesser Antilles and Trinidad. Buteogallus anthracinus anthracinus (Deppe). [345.] Falco anthracinus W. Deppe, Preis-Verz. Saugeth. Vég. . . . Mexico, 1830, p. 3. (Veracruz.) Breeds (possibly resident) from central Arizona, southern New Mexico (San Luis Mountains, Gila River, near Silver City), and the Rio Grande Valley of Texas (Starr and Cameron counties) south through México and Central Amer- ica (except the Pacific coastal area from El Salvador southward) to northern Colombia. Genus AQUILA Brisson Aquila Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, pp. 28, 419. Type, by tautonymy, Aquila Brisson = Falco chrysaétos Linnaeus. Aquila chrysdétos (Linnaeus)*: GOLDEN EAGLE. From Norway, Lapland, northern Russia, Siberia, northern Alaska, and northern Canada south to Scotland, Spain, the Pyrenees, Balearic Islands, moun- tains of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunis, the Caucasus, Iran, Baluchistan, the Himalayas, China, Korea, and Japan; and to central México, Texas. Tennessee, and North Carolina. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Oregon, California, and Nuevo Leon. Aquila chrysaétos canadénsis (Linnaeus). [349.] Falco canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 88. Based on The White Tailed Eagle of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, pt. 1, p. 1. (in Canada = Hudson Bay.) Breeds locally from northern Alaska (Brooks Range), British Columbia, Mackenzie (Fort Good Hope, Horton River), northern Saskatchewan (Stone River), northern Manitoba (Hell Gate Gorge), and Quebec (Fort Chimo), also the Gaspé Peninsula, south to northern Baja California, Sonora, Sinaloa, Durango, Guanajuato, Nuevo Leén, western Texas (Brewster County), western Oklahoma (Woods and Cimarron counties), western Kansas (formerly), west- ern Nebraska, western South Dakota, eastern Montana, (probably western North Dakota), northern Ontario (Cape Henrietta Maria), New York, northern 1 Falco Chrysaétos Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 88. (in Europa = Sweden.) ORDER FALCONIFORMES 113 New Hampshire, and Maine; also occurs in summer and perhaps breeds from southern Franklin (Repulse Bay), and Labrador (Lake Michikamau) south to Anticosti Island and Nova Scotia (Colchester Island); probably also in the wilder mountain areas of Virginia, West Virginia, western North Carolina, and eastern Tennessee; at least formerly in eastern counties of southern Ontario, New Hampshire, Vermont, western Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. In fall and winter casually south to Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina, and northern Florida. Accidental in northeastern Siberia (Nizhne Kolymsk). Genus HALIAEETUS Savigny Haliaeetus Savigny, Descr. Egypte, vol. 1, 1809, pp. 68, 85. Type, by monotypy, Haliaeetus nisus Savigny = Falco albicilla Linnaeus. Haliaéetus albicilla (Linnaeus): Gray SEA EAGLE. [351.] Falco Albicilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 89. (in Europa, America = Sweden.) Breeds from the west coast of Greenland (Disko Bay to Cape Farewell), Iceland, northern Norway, northern Sweden, northern Finland, northern Rus- sia, Novaya Zemlya, northern Siberia, northwestern Mongolia, and Kam- chatka south to northern Germany (formerly to the British Isles and Denmark), Hungary, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Rumania, Crimea, Caucasia, Syria, Iraq, northern Iran, and Turkestan; also in Corsica, probably Sardinia, and formerly to northeastern Africa; casually on Baffin Island (Cumberland Sound). Winters throughout most if not all of the breeding range, extending south- ward also to the Mediterranean, Canary Islands, Egypt, the Red Sea, northern India, Japan, Izu Islands, and Formosa. Casual at Unalaska, in eastern Greenland (Aluk), and Massachusetts (off Nantucket Lightship). Haliaeetus leucocéphalus (Linnaeus): BALD EAGLE. From northeastern Siberia, northern Alaska, Mackenzie, Manitoba, south- eastern Quebec, and Newfoundland south to Baja California, Arizona, New Mexico, southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and Florida. Accidental in Bermuda and Sweden (1850). Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Oregon, California, Nebraska, and Florida. Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocéphalus (Linnaeus). [352.] Falco leucocephalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 124. Based on The Bald Eagle, Aquila capite alba Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 1. (in America, Europa = South Carolina.) Breeds! from northern California (Mount Lassen area) south to both coasts of Baja California, central Arizona, New Mexico (formerly western Nevada 1 Boundary limits assigned to indicate the breeding ranges of the northern and southern forms of the Bald Eagle are arbitrary. The two races are separated on size, there being a gradual increase in dimension in the breeding populations from the south northward, with the largest individuals known coming from Bering Island in the northwest. Through the central section of the United States there is an exten- 114 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS and southern Utah), and from northern Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri (formerly Nebraska and Jowa), southern Illinois, western Kentucky, and Virginia, south to the Gulf coast and Florida. Winters throughout the breeding range but wanders northward after the breeding season to northern Illinois, southern Michigan, New York, Connecti- cut, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and southern Quebec. Haliaeectus leucocephalus alascanus Townsend. [352a.] Haliaetus leucocephalus alascanus C. H. Townsend, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 11, no. 34, June 9, 1897, p. 145. (Unalaska, Aleutian Islands.) Breeds from Bering Island in the Komandorskie group, and from the Aleutian Islands, northwestern Alaska (Noatak River), Mackenzie (Anderson River, Artillery Lake), Manitoba (Churchill), central Ontario, Labrador (Petitsikapau Lake), southeastern Quebec (Mascanin, Anticosti Island), and coasts of New- foundland south to southern Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Mary- land. Recorded in summer from the upper Yukon, Alaska. Winters from Alaska, northern Mackenzie, southern Ontario, southern Que- bec, and southern Nova Scotia south through (and perhaps beyond) the breed- ing range; reported from the arctic coast of northeastern Siberia (Nizhne Ko- lymsk, Chukotski Peninsula). Haliaeetus pelagicus (Pallas): STELLER’S SEA EAGLE. [352.1.] Aquila pelagica Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 1, 1811, p. 343, and plate. (in Insulis inter Camtshatcam et Continentem Americes, prae- sertim in infami naufragio et monte Beringii insula = Bering Island.) Breeds from northeastern Siberia (Yakutsk, Avatcha Bay, Gichiga) and Kamchatka (Petropaulski) to Sakhalin Island (Nikolskoe, Korsakoff). Winters south to Korea, Kurile Islands, Japan, the Izu Islands, Amurland, and Ussuriland. Casual on Bering Island, eastern China (Peiping), the Aleutians (Unalaska Island), the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island), and Kodiak Island, Alaska. Subfamily CrrcrnaE: Harriers Genus CIRCUS Lacépéde Circus Lacépéde, Tabl. Ois., 1799, p. 4. Type, by subsequent designation, Falco aeruginosus Linnaeus (Lesson, 1828). Circus cydneus (Linnaeus)': MarsH HAwK. South of the arctic tundra from northern Norway, Finland, northern Russia and eastern Siberia (except Kamchatka) south to Spain, Italy, and central Asia, sive area where the birds are intermediate in measurements. The situation is fur- ther complicated by the postbreeding, northward wandering of the small southern birds, leucocephalus, into the breeding range assigned to alascanus, to an extent at present only partly known. (See Broley, Wilson Bull., 59, 1947, pp. 1-20.) 1 Falco cyaneus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 126. (in Europa, Africa = vicinity of London, England.) ORDER FALCONIFORMES 115 in winter to the Mediterranean (casually to northern Africa and Arabia), Palestine, Iran, Baluchistan, northern India, Burma, and southern China; and from northern Alaska, Mackenzie, Manitoba, Ontario, central Quebec, and Labrador, south to Baja California, New Mexico, Kansas, and Virginia, in winter to southern Colombia; the Gulf coast, Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola; casually in the Antilles to Barbados. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Oregon, California and Nuevo Leén. Circus cyaneus hudsoénius (Linnaeus). [331.] Falco hudsonius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 128. Based on The Ring Tal’ed Hawk Pygargus canadensis Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 107. (ad fretum Hudsonis = Hudson Bay.) Breeds from northern and western Alaska (St. Michael, Kobuk River), northwestern Mackenzie (Mackenzie River, lower Anderson River), northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, Labrador, and Newfoundland (probably) south to northern Baja California (El Rosario, Cape Colnett, San Ramén), southern Arizona (Tucson, formerly), southern New Mexico (Pecos Valley south to Lake Arthur), northern Texas (probably), western Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, Ohio, West Virginia, and southeastern Virginia. Winters from southern British Columbia (Okanagan, lower Fraser Valley), Alberta (Belvedere, rarely), Saskatchewan (McLean, rarely), western South Dakota, Minnesota (occasionally), southern Wisconsin, Lower Peninsula of Michigan, southern Ontario, New York, and Massachusetts (casually in south- ern Vermont and New Hampshire) south through México and Central America to Colombia, and to Cuba, the Isle of Pines, and Hispaniola; casually to Puerto Rico, St. Croix, and the Bahamas. Accidental in Hawaii (Oahu), Barbados, and Bermuda. Family PANDIONIDAE: Ospreys Genus PANDION Savigny Pandion Savigny, Descr. Egypte, vol. 1, 1809, pp. 69, 96. Type, by mono- typy, Pandion fluvialis Savigny = Falco haliaetus Linnaeus. Pandion halidetus (Linnaeus)!: OSPREY. Cosmopolitan, ranging along sea coasts and on the larger bodies of water in the temperate and tropical areas of all the continents. From northern Europe and Siberia to southern Africa, India, Malaysia, Philippines, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Australia, and Tasmania; also from Alaska, Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, and Labra- dor south to Baja California, Arizona, the Gulf coast, and Florida, in winter to Chile and Argentina. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. 1 Falco Haliaetus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 91. (in Europa = Sweden.) 116 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Pandion haliaetus carolinénsis (Gmelin). [364.] Falco carolinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 263. Based mainly on The Fishing Hawk, Accipiter piscatorius Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 2, pl. 2. (in America = South Carolina.) Breeds from northwestern Alaska (Kobuk Delta, Fort Yukon), central Yukon (Kandik River), southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), northern Manitoba (Grass River, probably York Factory and Churchill), northern On- tario (Fort Severn, James Bay), central Quebec, southern Labrador, and New- foundland south in scattered localities along the Pacific coast to both shores of Baja California, and the coast of Sonora; and to central Arizona, central New Mexico, southern Texas (Corpus Christi), and the Gulf coast to Florida (south to Key West). Winters from central California (Farallon Islands), southern Texas (Eagle Pass, Rockport), Louisiana, southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, central Florida, and the Bahama Islands south to Peri and Brasil (Mato Grosso to Rio de Janeiro), casually to Chile (Paine, Puerto Montt), Argentina (Tucuman), and Paraguay (Lambaré); also to Guadalupe Island, Cocos Island, the Gala- pagos Archipelago, and Bermuda. Nonbreeding individuals remain through the northern summer south to Panama and Colombia. Accidental in Hawaii (Oahu, Kauai, Niihau) and Greenland. Family FALCONIDAE: Caracaras and Falcons Subfamily CARACARINAE: Caracaras Genus CARACARA Merrem Caracara Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss. Kiinste, vol. 15, 1826, p. 159. Type, by subsequent designation, Falco plancus Miller (Hellmayr and Conover, 1949). Caracara chériway (Jacquin)*: CARACARA. Baja California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas south through México and Central America to Peri, Colombia, Venezuela, Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire, Trinidad, and Surinam; central Florida south to Cuba and the Isle of Pines. Caracara cheriway audubonii (Cassin). [362.] Polyborus Audubonii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 17, no. 1, Jan.-Mar. (Aug. 7), 1865, p. 2. (Florida.) Resident in arid country from northern Baja California and southern Arizona (Yuma, Tucson, Oracle) through Sonora (except the northwest), Sinaloa, Nayarit, Guanajuato, and Distrito Federal, and from southern Texas (Kerr- ville, Austin, Houston), through Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, 1 Falco cheriway Jacquin, Beytr. gesch. V6g., 1784, p. 17, pl. 4. (auf der Insel Aruba, an der Kiiste von Venezuela = Aruba.) ORDER FALCONIFORMES 117 Veracruz, and Yucatan, south to western Panama; central and southern Florida, from northern Brevard County (formerly from Enterprise and St. Augustine) south to Fort Pierce and the edge of the Everglades; Cuba and the Isle of Pines. Casual in southern New Mexico (Fort Thorn, Mesquite) and southern Loui- siana; accidental in Ontario (Port Arthur). Caracara lutésus (Ridgway): GUADALUPE CARACARA. [363.] Polyborus Lutosus Ridgway, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., 1, 2d ser., no. 6, 1874-75 (Feb. 8, 1876), p. 459. (Guadelupe Islands, Lower California = Guadalupe Island.) Resident, formerly, on Guadalupe Island, Baja California. Now extinct; last reported 1903. Subfamily FALCONINAE: Falcons Genus FALCO Linnaeus Falco Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 88. Type, by subsequent designation, Falco subbuteo Linnaeus (A.O.U. Comm., 1886). Subgenus HIEROFALCO Cuvier Hierofalco Cuvier, Régne Animal, vol. 1, 1817 (Dec. 7, 1816), p. 312. Type, by monotypy, Falco candicans Gmelin = Falco obsoletus Gmelin. Faleo rusticolus Linnaeus:: GyRFALCON. From Iceland, northern Norway, northern Finland, and northern Russia across northern Siberia to Kamchatka and the islands in Bering Sea, in winter to northern France, Belgium, Netherlands, northern Germany, Poland, southern Russia, southern Siberia (to the middle Amur), and Japan; and from northern Alaska, Victoria Island, Ellesmere Island, and northern Greenland, in winter to southern British Columbia, Montana, southern Manitoba, New York, and Massachusetts. Falco rusticolus obsolétus Gmelin. [354).] Falco obsoletus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 268. Based on the Plain Falcon of Pennant, Arctic Zool., vol. 2, p. 208. (in freto Hud- sonis = Hudson Strait.) Breeds from Victoria Island (probably from northern Alaska), Devon Island (Grinnell Peninsula), Ellesmere Island (East Bay), and Greenland south to northern Mackenzie (Fort Anderson), Southampton Island, northern Quebec (Fort Chimo), and northern Labrador (Nain). Winters largely in the far north, but irregularly southward to southern British Columbia, Oregon, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, 1 Falco rusticolus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 88. (in Svecia = Sweden.) 118 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS southern Ontario, Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Maine, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland; more rarely to Kansas (Manhattan), Nebraska (Johnson County), Michigan (Sault Ste Marie), northern Ohio, and Connecticut (Durham); and to Iceland, Jan Mayen, the Faeroes, Scotland, England, and Ireland. Falco rusticolus uralénsis (Severtzov and Menzbier). [354c.] Hierofalco uralensis Severtzov and Menzbier, Orn. Geogr. Europ. Russl., vol. 1, 1882, p. 288, pl. 3. (Ural Mountains, Russia.) Breeds from eastern Arkhangelsk in northern Russia eastward across north- ern Siberia to the Chukotski Peninsula and Bering Island, and probably along the Bering Sea coast of Alaska, south in Asia to the lower Pechora River, the lower Tunguska River, and Kamchatka, and in Alaska to Nushagak. Winters southward to the Ural Mountains and Amurland, Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands, and Japan (Hokkaido), probably to the Aleutian Islands. Casual on the Pribilofs; accidental in Washington (Spokane) and North Dakota (Wilton). Faleo mexicanus Schlegel: PRAIRIE FALCON. [355.] Falco mexicanus Schlegel, Abh. Geb. Zodl. Vergl. Anat., Heft 3, 1851, p. 15. (Mexico.) Breeds from central British Columbia (Vaseaux Lake, Napier Lake, Chilco- tin), southern Alberta (Little Sandhill Creek), southern Saskatchewan (East- end) and North Dakota, south to Baja California, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and northern Texas (Blanco Canyon), formerly to northwestern Missouri (Marysville). Winters from the northern part of the breeding range south to Sonora, Du- rango, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Nuevo Leén, and Tamaulipas. Casual in Manitoba, Minnesota, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, and Oaxaca. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California and Nuevo Leén. Subgenus RHYNCHODON Nitzsch Rhynchodon Nitzsch, Obs. Avium Art. Carot. Comm., 1829, p. 20. Type, by subsequent designation, Falco peregrinus Tunstall (A.O.U. Comm., 1886). Falco peregrinus Tunstall’: PEREGRINE FALCON, Nearly cosmopolitan. Ranging from Alaska, Somerset Island, and Greenland south through the Americas to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands; and from northern Norway, Novaya Zemlya, northern Siberia, and the Komandor- skie Islands south through Europe, Africa, and Asia to Angola, South Africa, the Comoro Islands and Madagascar, Arabia, Iran, Baluchistan, India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay States, and the Philippine Islands; through the East Indies, New 1 Falco Peregrinus Tunstall, Orn. Brit., 1771, p. 1. (Ex Pennant, Brit. Zool., vol. 1, p. 136 = Northamptonshire, England.) ORDER FALCONIFORMES 119 Guinea, Australia, and Tasmania; in the southwest Pacific to Palau, New Heb- rides, Fiji, and Loyalty Islands. (Absent from the islands of the eastern Pa- cific and from New Zealand.) Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Faleo peregrinus anatum Bonaparte. [356a.] Falco Anatum Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, p. 4. New name for Falco peregrinus Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 9, 1814, p. 120, pl. 76. (Egg Harbor, [New Jersey].) Breeds from northern Alaska (Colville River, Romanoff Mountains, Camden Bay, Demarcation Point), northern Mackenzie (Melville Mountains, Lockhart River), District of Keewatin (Frozen Strait), Somerset Island (Fort Ross), north Baffin Island (Arctic Bay, River Clyde), and southern Greenland (north to Holsteinsborg and Angmagssalik) south through Alaska and British Columbia (east of the range of pealei) to Baja California, the coast of Sonora, central Arizona, southwestern Texas (Chisos Mountains), New Mexico (Lake Bur- ford), Colorado, Kansas (formerly), Arkansas (Little Red River, Cleburne County), northeastern Louisiana (Tallulah), Tennessee, northern Alabama, and northwestern Georgia. Winters from Vancouver Island southward through western Washington, Oregon, and California and from southern and western Arizona, southern New Mexico, Colorado, southern Nebraska, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, south- ern Ontario, Pennsylvania, New York (Long Island), Massachusetts, and New Brunswick (Grand Manan) south through México, Central America, and the West Indies to northern Chile, central Argentina, and Uruguay. Accidental on Bermuda and in England (two records). Falco peregrinus pealei Ridgway. [356).] Falco communis var. Pealei Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, no. 12, Dec. 1873 (Feb. 1874), p. 201. (Oregon to Sitka = Oregon.) Breeds from the Aleutian Islands and islands off the coast of southern Alaska, occasionally to St. George Island in the Pribilof group south to the Queen Charlotte Islands (Graham Island, Langara Island) and Moore Islands; reported also to breed in the Kurile Islands. Winters from the Queen Charlotte Islands and southwestern British Columbia (Porcher Island and Chilliwack) south along the coast to Washington and Oregon, rarely to California (San Diego Bay) and northern Baja California (Colorado Landing); reported uncertainly from Hokkaido, Japan. Faleo peregrinus harterti Buturlin. [356c.] Falco peregrinus harterti Buturlin, Psov. Ruzhein. Okhota, 13, no. 7, 1907, p. 100. (Lower Kolyma.)?* Breeds in eastern Siberia from the lower Lena River, probably from the lower Tunguska, to the Kolyma River and Kamchatka, probably to the Chukot- ski Peninsula. 1 Listed as Falco peregrinus japonensis Gmelin by Austin and Kuroda, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 100, Oct. 1953, pp. 382-383. 120 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters south to India, Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Malay States, Sumatra, Borneo, and Java, and from Japan to the Philippine Islands. Accidental in Alaska (Seward Peninsula, near Cape Prince of Wales). Subgenus RHYNCHOFALCO Ridgway Rhynchofalco Ridgway, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 16, 1873, p. 46. Type, by original designation, Falco femoralis Temminck. Faleo femordalis Temminck?: APLOMADO FALCON. Irregularly distributed from Arizona, New Mexico, and southern Texas south through México to Guatemala; from western Panama through most of South America, from Colombia east to Trinidad and the Guianas and south to Patagonia. Faleo femoralis septentrionalis Todd. [359.] Falco fusco-coerulescens septentrionalis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, 29, June 6, 1916, p. 98. (Fort Huachuca, Arizona.) Breeds (or bred formerly) from southern Arizona (Fort Huachuca), south- western New Mexico (Engle, Apache, Rincon), and southern Texas (Pecos, Brownsville), south to Sinaloa, Nayarit, Veracruz, Yucatan, Oaxaca, and Chiapas. Winters from Sinaloa, Chihuahua, and southern Tamaulipas to southern México; casual in Guatemala (San Agustin). Subgenus TINNUNCULUS Viceillot Tinnunculus Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, p. 39. Type, by subsequent designation, Falco columbarius Linnaeus (Walden, 1872). Faleo columbdarius Linnaeus: PIGEON HAwWK.? From Iceland, the Faeroes, northern Norway, Finland, and northern Russia across the northern forests of Siberia to Sakhalin, in winter south to northern Africa, Asia Minor, northern India, southern China, and Japan; and from northern Alaska, Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Quebec, and Lab- rador to British Columbia, North Dakota, Michigan, and Nova Scotia, in winter south to Peri and central Venezuela and through the West Indies to Trinidad. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Faleo columbarius columbdarius Linnaeus. [357.] Falco columbarius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 90. Based on The Pigeon Hawk, Accipiter palumbarius Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 3, pl. 3. (in America = South Carolina.) Breeds from tree limit in northern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Fort Albany), northern Quebec (Whale River, Fort Chimo), 1 Falco femoralis Temminck, Nouv. Rec. Planch. Col. Ois., livr. 58 (vol. 1), May 1825, pl. 343. (Brésil.) 2 Called Merlin in the B.O.U. Checklist. ORDER FALCONIFORMES 121 Labrador (Cape Chidley, Nain, Battle Harbour), and Newfoundland south to northeastern North Dakota (Grafton), northern Minnesota (Lake Saganaga), Iowa (Grinnell, and Linn County, formerly), northern Wisconsin (formerly), northern Michigan (Isle Royale and Upper Peninsula), southern Ontario (to lat. 45° N.), northern Ohio (rarely), northern New York, New Hampshire (probably), Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Winters from southern Texas (Brownsville), southern Louisiana (New Or- leans), Alabama (Anniston), South Carolina, and Georgia south through Méx- ico, Central America, and the West Indies to northern Pert, Colombia, and northern Venezuela; casually north to Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Maine. Accidental in the Outer Hebrides (South Uist, 1920) and Greenland (Kangeq). Falco columbarius sickleyi Ridgway. [357a]. Falco columbarius var. Suckleyi Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, no. 12, Dec. 1873 (Feb. 1874), p. 201. (Shoalwater Bay, W. T., Ft. Steilacoom = Shoalwater Bay, Washington.) Breeds in western British Columbia (Owikeno Lake, Redstone, and upper Campbell Lake). Winters, chiefly in the coastal area, southward through Washington and Oregon to southern California. Casual in Alaska (Twin Points, Toklat River), New Mexico (Lake La Jara), and Colorado. Falco columbarius richardsonii Ridgway. [357b.] Falco (Hypotriorchis) richardsonii Ridgway, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil- adelphia, 22, no. 3, Aug.-Dec. 1870 (Mar. 14, 1871), p. 145. (Mouth of the Vermilion River [South Dakota].) Breeds in the prairie and grove belt of southern Alberta (Lac la Nonne, Red Deer River, Calgary), southern Saskatchewan (Carleton, Pelly), and south- western Manitoba (Oak Lake) south to northern Montana and northern North Dakota. Winters from Wyoming (Green River, La Bonte Creek, Bridger Mountains) and Colorado (Walkers Basin; El Paso, Boulder, and Larimer counties) to Cali- fornia (uncommon), Sonora, Zacatecas, and Tamaulipas. Migrates through South Dakota, central and western Nebraska, and Kansas; casual in British Columbia (Okanagan Landing), Missouri (Stone County), Illinois (Warsaw), Iowa, and Oklahoma. Falco columbarius béndirei Swann. [357c.] Falco columbarius bendirei Swann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 42, no. 265, Feb. 2, 1922, p. 66. (Fort Walla Walla, Washington State.) Breeds from northwestern Alaska (Kobuk River, Brooks Range), northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, and northern Saskatchewan south to southern Alaska (Mount McKinley National Park); and through cen- 122 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS tral and eastern British Columbia and central and eastern Washington and Oregon to northern California (probably) and Idaho. Winters from California, Nevada (Truckee Meadows), New Mexico, and southwestern Texas (Comstock) south to Baja California, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Nuevo Leén, Tamaulipas, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island); casual in migration to Louisiana, Florida (Key West, Dry Tortugas), and the Ba- hamas (Abaco, New Providence). Falco columbarius aésalon Tunstall. [358.1.] Falco AEsalon Tunstall, Orn. Brit., 1771, p. 1. Based on L’Emerillon of Brisson, Orn., vol. 1, p. 382. (France.) Breeds from the Faeroes, Ireland, Scotland, Norway (from lat. 71° N.), Sweden, Finland, the Kola Peninsula, and western Arkhangelsk (to the Mezen River) south to Wales, Yorkshire, Czechoslovakia, the Baltic States, and Minsk. Winters southward to the Mediterranean, the Ukraine, and Transcaucasia, rarely to northern Egypt. Casual in Greenland (Cape Farewell, and near Christianshaab), off Bear Island, and on Novaya Zemlya; accidental in Natal. Falco columbarius subaésalon Brehm. [358.1a.] Falco subaesalon C. L. Brehm, Ornis, 3, 1827, p. 9. (Iceland.) Breeds in Iceland. On migration, strays to Eire (Offaly County) and Green- land (Angmagssalik). Subgenus CERCHNEIS Boie Cerchneis Boie, Isis von Oken, 19, Heft 10, Oct. 1826, col. 970. Type, by monotypy, Falco rupicolus Daudin. Faleo tinntinculus Linnaeus: KESTREL. From the British Isles, northern Norway, Finland, northern Russia, and northern Siberia south to South Africa, Transjordan, Iran, Baluchistan, Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, the Malay States, Borneo, Japan, and the Philippines. Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus Linnaeus. [359.1.] Falco Tinnunculus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 90. (in Europae turribus, etc. = Sweden.) Breeds from the Shetland Islands, Norway (lat. 70° N.), northern Finland, Russia (lat. 63° N.), and Siberia (lat. 71° N.) south to Morocco, Tripolitania, Cirenaica, the Mediterranean islands, northern Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, Iran, Turkestan, and Outer Mongolia. Winters from northern Scotland, Denmark, Sweden (rarely), East Prussia, south Poland, southern Russia, Turkestan, and China, south to the Gold Coast, Togoland, Nigeria, Uganda, Tanganyika Territory, Saudi Arabia, Ceylon, Burma, and Thailand. ORDER FALCONIFORMES 123 Accidental in Greenland, Iceland, the Faeroes, Bear Island, the Azores, and Massachusetts (Nantasket Beach). Falco sparvérius Linnaeus: SPARROW HAWK. From northern Alaska, Mackenzie, Alberta, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Nova Scotia south through the Americas, in- cluding the West Indies, to the Juan Fernandez Islands and Tierra del Fuego. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California, Nuevo Leon, and Florida. Falco sparverius sparvérius Linnaeus. [360.] Falco sparverius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 90. Based on The Little Hawk, Accipiter minor Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 5, pl. 5. (in America = South Carolina.) Breeds from east-central Alaska (Circle, Craig), northwestern and central Mackenzie (Fort Good Hope, Fort Rae), northern Manitoba (Ilford), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Lake Attawapiskat, Fraserdale), southern Quebec, and Nova Scotia south to northern Baja California, northern México (probably to eastern Sonora and Durango), southern Texas (San Angelo, Kerrville, San Antonio), Arkansas, Tennessee, northern Alabama, and northern Georgia. Winters from southern British Columbia, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota (occasionally), Illinois, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, New York, central Vermont, central New Hampshire, southern Maine (rarely), and Nova Scotia, south to the Gulf coast of the United States, Florida (to Key West), and the Bahama Islands; through México and Central America to east- ern Panama. Accidental in Denmark (1901). Faleo sparverius paulus (Howe and King). [360c.] Cerchneis sparverius paulus Howe and King, Contr. North Amer. Orn., 1, May 21, 1902, p. 28. (Miami, Fl[orid]a.) Breeds from Louisiana (except the coastal area), Mississippi, central Ala- bama, and southern Georgia to southern Florida. Winters south to the Gulf of Mexico in Louisiana and to Key West, Florida. Falco sparverius peninsularis Mearns. [360D.] Falco sparverius peninsularis Mearns, Auk, 9, no. 3, July 1892, p. 267. (San Jose, Lower California.) Breeds in southern Baja California from Santana (lat. 28° N.) south to Cape San Lucas and in the lowlands of Sonora and Sinaloa (south to the Rio Fuerte). Winters south to Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Falco sparverius guadalupénsis Bond. [360d.] Falco sparverius guadalupensis R. M. Bond, Condor, 45, no. 5, Sept. 24, 1943, p. 179. (Guadalupe Island, Baja California.) Resident on Guadalupe Island, Baja California. 124 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Order GALLIFORMES: Megapodes, Curassows, Pheasants, and Hoatzins Suborder GALLI: Megapodes, Curassows, Grouse, and Pheasants Superfamily CRACOIDEA: Megapodes, Curassows, and Guans Family CRACIDAE: Curassows, Guans, and Chachalacas. Genus ORTALIS Merrem Ortalida (accusative case) = Ortalis (nominative) Merrem, Avium Rar. Icones et Descr., vol. 2, 1786, p. 40. Type, by original designation, Phasianus motmot Linnaeus. Ortalis vétula (Wagler)1: CHACHALACA. Resident from the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, south through eastern, central, and southwestern México to northern Nicaragua and Honduras. Ortalis vetula meealli (Baird). [311.] Ortalida McCalli Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, p. 611. (Boquilla, New [= Nuevo] Leén.) Resident from the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas (Rio Grande City, Fort Ringgold, Lomita Ranch, Hidalgo, Brownsville), and Nuevo Leén south to southeastern San Luis Potosi (Valles) and extreme northern Veracruz. Introduced and established on Sapelo and Blackbeard islands, Georgia.” Superfamily PHASIANOIDEA: Grouse, Quails, Pheasants, and Turkeys Family TETRAONIDAE: Grouse and Ptarmigan Genus DENDRAGAPUS Elliot Dendragapus Elliot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 16, no. 1, Jan.- Feb. (Apr. 23), 1864, p. 23. Type, by subsequent designation, Tetrao obscurus Say (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, 1874). Dendragapus obsctirus (Say): BLUE GROUSE. From southeastern Alaska, southern Yukon, southwestern Mackenzie, and western Alberta south in the offshore islands of Alaska to the Queen Charlotte Islands and Vancouver Island; along the coast to northern California, in the 1 Penelope vetula Wagler, Isis von Oken, 23, Heft 11 (Nov.), 1830, col. 1112. (Mexico = Tampico, Tamaulipas.) 2 According to Phillips, J. C., U.S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 61, Apr. 1928, pp. 9-10, the stock was obtained from Tamaulipas. ORDER GALLIFORMES 125 mountains to southern California (Mount Pinos), northern Arizona, and west- central New Mexico. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Dendragapus obscurus obsctrus (Say). [297.] Tetrao obscurus Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mountains, vol. 2, 1823, p. 14. (near Defile Creek = about 20 miles north of Colorado Springs, Colorado.) Resident in mountain regions from central Wyoming (Dubois) and western South Dakota south through eastern Utah and Colorado to northern and eastern Arizona and the Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico. Dendragapus obscurus richardsonii (Douglas). [297b.] Tetrao Richardsonii “Sabine” Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 16, pt. 1, 1829, p. 141 (read Dec. 16, 1828). (Rocky Mountains, latitude 52° N., longitude 115° W.; more numerous in Columbia River region, latitude 48° N., longitude 118° W. = Jasper House, Alberta.) Resident from the Stikine region of Alaska, southern Yukon (Lake Teslin), and southwestern Mackenzie south through British Columbia (except the south- central and coastal areas) and western Alberta (Jasper House, Henry House) to Idaho, western Montana, and northwestern Wyoming (Yellowstone Park, Teton Pass, Jackson, Big Horn Mountains). Dendragapus obscurus pallidus Swarth. [297g.] Dendragapus obscurus pallidus Swarth, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 20, 1931, p. 4. (Cornucopia, Baker County, Oregon.) Resident from south-central British Columbia (in a narrow area from the Chilcotin district south through the Kamloops and Okanagan regions) south through eastern Washington to northeastern Oregon (Morrow and Wallowa to northern Harney and Malheur counties) and Idaho. Dendragapus obscurus oreinus Behle and Selander. [297h.] Dendragapus obscurus oreinus Behle and Selander, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 64, Nov. 19, 1951, p. 125. (Three miles north of Queen of Sheba Mine, west side of Deep Creek Mountains, 7500 feet elevation, Juab County, Utah.) Resident in Snake Range, Ruby Mountains, and Toiyabe Range, Nevada, and Deep Creek Mountains, Utah. Dendragapus obseurus fuliginédsus (Ridgway). [297a.] Canace obscura var. fuliginosa Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, no. 12, Dec. 1873, p. 199. (Cascade Mountains, Chiloweyuck Depot, Washington Ter., foot of Mt. Hood, Oregon = Mount Hood.) Resident from the boundary between southwestern Yukon and Alaska (Skag- way, White Pass) south through the mainland of southeastern Alaska, coastal 126 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, western Washington, and western Oregon to northwestern California, from western Siskiyou County (Happy Camp), and South Fork Mountain, Trinity County to southern Mendocino County (Ornbaun); formerly to Sonoma County (Seaview). Dendragapus obscurus sitkénsis Swarth. [297e.] Dendragapus obscurus sitkensis Swarth, Condor, 23, no. 2, Mar. 31, 1921, p. 59. (Kupreanof Island, southern end of Keku Straits, southeastern Alaska.) Resident in southeastern Alaska from Glacier Bay, Chichagof and Admiralty islands, and Juneau south through the coastal islands (except Prince of Wales Island) to Calvert Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Dendragapus obscurus siérrae Chapman. [297c.] Dendragapus obscurus sierrae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 20, art. 11, Apr. 25, 1904, p. 159. (Echo, El Dorado Co., California.) Resident on the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains in central Wash- ington (Mount Stewart, Bench Lake, Husum) south to Mount Sanhedrin, Mendocino County, and central Lake County, California, and from the Warner Mountains, southern Oregon, south along the Sierra Nevada to about lat. 37° N. in Fresno County, California, extending into western Nevada in the Sierra Nevada, Sweetwater Mountains, and White Mountains from Washoe to north- western Esmeralda County. Dendragapus obscurus héwardi Dickey and van Rossem. [297f.] Dendragapus obscurus howardi Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, 25, no. 5, Oct. 3, 1923, p. 168. (Mount Pinos, Kern Co., California.) Resident on the southern Sierra Nevada, California, from about lat. 37° N. in Fresno County to near Kern Gap, Tulare County, on the Piute Mountains, Tehachapi Peak, and Mount Pinos, Kern County, and on Frazier Mountain, Ventura County. Now extremely rare (possibly extinct) in the Tehachapi, Mount Pinos, and Frazier Mountain areas. Genus CANACHITES Stejneger Canachites Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 8, (Oct. 3) 1885, p. 410. Type, by original designation, Tetrao canadensis Linnaeus. Canachites canadénsis (Linnaeus): SPRUCE GROUSE. From central Alaska, Yukon, Mackenzie, northern Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Labrador, and Cape Breton Island south to north- eastern Oregon, central Idaho, western Montana, northwestern Wyoming, Mani- toba, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, northern New York, northern Vermont, northern New Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. ORDER GALLIFORMES 127 Canachites canadensis canadénsis (Linnaeus). [298.] Tetrao canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 159. Based on The Black and Spotted Heath-cock of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 118. (in Canada = Hudson Bay.) Resident in east-central British Columbia (Peace River), central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southwestern Keewatin, northern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Ontario, northern Quebec (Fort Chimo), and Labrador (Okak, Paradise River) south to central Manitoba, central Ontario, and central Quebec. Canachites canadensis canace (Linnaeus). [298c.] Tetrao Canace Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 275. Based on La Gelinote de Canada, Bonasa canadensis Brisson, Orn., vol. 1, p. 203. (in Canada = Quebec City.) Resident from southern Manitoba, southern Ontario (Port Arthur), southern Quebec (Charlevoix, Kamouraska, and western Gaspé counties), New Bruns- wick, and Cape Breton Island south to northern Minnesota (eastern Marshall County to Lake Superior, formerly to Wadena and Mille Lacs counties), north- ern Wisconsin, Michigan (to Ogemaw County), northern New York (Adiron- dacks, now rare), northern New Hampshire (northern Coos County, White Mountains), northern Vermcent, northern and eastern Maine (Calais, St. Croix River), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Canachites canadensis atratus Grinnell. [298d.] Canachites canadensis atratus Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 5, no. 12, Mar. 5, 1910, p. 380. (Cedar Bay, Hawkins Island, Prince Wil- liam Sound, Alaska.) Resident in the coast region of southern Alaska from Bristol Bay to Cook Inlet, Prince William Sound, and Kodiak Island. fanachites canadensis 6sgoodi Bishop. [298b.] Canachites canadensis osgoodi Bishop, Auk, 17, no. 2, Apr. 1900, p. 114. (Lake Marsh, Northwest Territory [Yukon].) Resident from northern Alaska (Noatak River, Fort Yukon), northern Yu- kon (lat. 66° 40’ N.), and northern Mackenzie (Fort Franklin, Lake Hardisty, Gros Cape, Fort Simpson) south to the base of the Alaska Peninsula, Prince William Sound, northwestern British Columbia (Atlin, Telegraph Creek), north- ern Alberta, and northern Saskatchewan (Lake Athabaska). Canachites canadensis franklinii (Douglas). ]299.] Tetrao Franklinii Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 16, pt. 1, 1829, p. 139 (read Dec. 16, 1828). (Rocky Mountains, latitude 50°-54° N., near sources of Columbia River; also bases of Mt. Hood, Mt. St. Helens, and Mt. Baker = Okanagan, British Columbia.) Resident from southeastern Alaska (Prince of Wales Island, Zarembo Island, and Kasaan Bay), central British Columbia (Thudade, Hudson’s Hope on 128 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Peace River, Yellowhead Pass), and west-central Alberta (Banff, Jasper, Ed- monton) south through the interior of Washington (Yakima Pass, Nachess Pass, Pasayten River, Hidden Lakes, Cascade Mountains) to northeastern Oregon (Wallowa County and extreme northern Baker County), central Idaho (Baker Creek, Sawtooth City, Resort), western Montana (St. Marys Lake, Belton, Paola, Mount McDonald, Belt Mountains), and northwestern Wyoming (Yellowstone National Park). Genus BONASA Stephens Bonasa Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. 9, pt. 2, 1819, p. 298. Type, by subsequent designation, Tetrao umbellus Linnaeus (A.O.U. Committee, 1886). Bonasa umbéllus (Linnaeus): RUFFED GROUSE. Resident in forested areas from central Alaska, central Yukon, southern Mackenzie, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, southern Labrador (south of Hamilton Inlet), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to northern California, northeastern Oregon, central Idaho, central Utah, northwestern Colorado, Wyoming, western South Dakota, Min- nesota (formerly to eastern Nebraska and eastern Kansas), central Arkansas, Tennessee (formerly northeastern Alabama), northern Georgia, western South Carolina, western North Carolina, and northeastern Virginia. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California, Tennessee, Pennsylvania, and Mary- land. Bonasa umbellus umbéllus (Linnaeus). [300.] Tetrao umbellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 275. Based on The Ruffed Heath-cock or Grous of Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., p. 248. (in Pennsylvania = eastern Pennsylvania.) Resident in wooded areas of two separate regions: From east-central Min- nesota (Elk River) ,? southern Wisconsin, and southwestern Michigan south to central Arkansas, extreme western Tennessee, western Kentucky, and central Indiana, formerly to eastern Nebraska and eastern Kansas; and from central New York and central Massachusetts south to eastern Pennsylvania, eastern Maryland (formerly), and New Jersey, formerly to the District of Columbia and central Virginia (Amelia County). 1 The western population has been named Bonasa umbellus mediana Todd, Auk, 57, no. 3, July 1940, p. 394 (Excelsior, Minnesota). These birds are, however, so similar to umbellus that the Committee has voted not to recognize them as distinct, though they are separated by the race monticola from the eastern range assigned to the typical form. 2 Status of birds in northwestern and west-central Minnesota uncertain, but pre- sumed to represent intergrades with adjacent populations. ORDER GALLIFORMES 129 Bonasa umbellus togata (Linnaeus). [300a.] Tetrao togatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 275. Based on La grosse Gelinote de Canada, Bonasa major Canadensis Brisson, Orn., vol. 1, p. 207. (in Canada = City of Quebec.) Resident from northeastern Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to northern Wisconsin (Ashland County), central Michigan (Oceana and Midland counties), southeastern On- tario (Toronto), central New York (Piseco), western and northern Massachu- setts, and northwestern Connecticut. Bonasa umbellus monticola Todd. [300h.] Bonasa umbellus monticola Todd, Auk, 57, no. 3, July 1940, p. 392. (4,000 feet elevation, two and one half miles east of Cheat Bridge, Randolph County, West Virginia.) Resident from southeastern Michigan, northeastern Ohio, and the western half of Pennsylvania south to northern Georgia, northwestern South Carolina, western North Carolina, and the mountain and Piedmont areas of western Virginia and western Maryland (formerly in northeastern Alabama). Bonasa umbellus incana Aldrich and Friedmann. [300g.] Bonasa umbellus incanus Aldrich and Friedmann, Condor, 45, no. 3, May 24, 1943, p. 99. (Barclay, 15 miles east of Salt Lake City, Utah.) Resident from extreme southeastern Idaho, central-western Wyoming, and northeastern North Dakota (Walhalla) south to central Utah, northwestern Colorado (Nucla and Estes Park), and western South Dakota (Custer State Park and Rosebud) .} Bonasa umbellus umbélloides (Douglas). [3005.] Tetrao Umbelloides Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 16, pt. 1, 1829 (read Dec. 16, 1828), p. 148. (Valleys of Rocky Mountains, latitude 54° N., and near sources of Columbia east of the Coast and Cascade ranges = Henry House, Alberta.) Resident from extreme southeastern Alaska, northern British Columbia, north-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, northern On- tario, and central Quebec south, east of the coastal ranges and the Cascades, to southern British Columbia, western Montana, southeastern Idaho, extreme northwestern Wyoming, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario (Lake of the Woods), and across south-central Quebec to the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, probably to southeastern Labrador. 1 This form may range to northwestern Nebraska. 130 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Bonasa umbellus phaia Aldrich and Friedmann. [300i.] Bonasa umbellus phaios Aldrich and Friedmann, Condor, 45, no. 3, May 24, 1943, p. 98. (Priest River, Idaho.) Resident from southeastern British Columbia, eastern Washington, and northern Idaho south to eastern Oregon and on the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains to south-central Idaho. Bonasa umbellus brunnéscens Conover. [300f.] Bonasa umbellus brunnescens Conover, Condor, 37, no. 4, July 15, 1935, p. 204. (Comox, Comox District, Vancouver Island, B.C.) Resident on Vancouver Island and the adjoining mainland from the vicinity of Lund south to the city of Vancouver, British Columbia. Bonasa umbellus yukonénsis Grinnell. [300e.] Bonasa umbellus yukonensis Grinnell, Condor, 18, no. 4, July 20, 1916, p. 166. (Forty-mile, Yukon Territory, on Yukon River, near Alaska boundary.) Resident from western Alaska (Akiak, Russian Mission, and Nulato) east, chiefly in the valleys of the Yukon and Kuskokwim Rivers, across central Yukon, from Selkirk and the Lewes River Valley, to southern Mackenzie (from Liard to Great Slave Lake), northern Alberta (to Fort McMurray), and north- western Saskatchewan (Lake Athabaska). Ruffed grouse recorded from north- ern Manitoba (Brochet and York Factory) may belong to this race. Bonasa umbellus sabini (Douglas). [300c.] Tetrao Sabini Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 16, pt. 1, 1829 (read Dec. 16, 1828), p. 137. (Coast of Northwest America, between the 40° and 49° parallels from Cape Mendocino to Vancouver’s Island = near Fort Vancouver.) Resident from southwestern British Columbia (exclusive of Vancouver Is- land and the immediately adjacent mainland coast), southwest of the Cascade Range, through western central Washington (east of the range of B. u. cas- tanea) and Oregon, to Siskiyou, Trinity, and Humboldt counties, northwestern California. Bonasa umbellus castanea Aldrich and Friedmann. [300j.] Bonasa umbellus castaneus Aldrich and Friedmann, Condor, 45, no. 3, May 24, 1943, p. 95. (Soleduck River, elevation 1200 feet, Olympic Mountains, Washington.) Resident from the Olympic Peninsula and the shores of Puget Sound south through western Washington to the mouth of the Columbia River (possibly to northwestern Oregon). ORDER GALLIFORMES 131 Genus LAGOPUS Brisson Lagopus Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, pp. 26, 181. Type, by tautonymy, Lagopus Brisson = Tetrao lagopus Linnaeus. Lagépus lagopus (Linnaeus)*: WILLOW PTARMIGAN. In Eurasia from Norway, Sweden, northern Russia, and northern Siberia south to central Russia, Transbaikalia, the Altai Mountains, the lower Amur, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka; in North America from northern Alaska, Banks Island, Melville Island, Victoria Island, Boothia Peninsula, Southampton Island, Baffin Island, and central Greenland south to the Alaska Peninsula, southeastern Alaska, central British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, central Ontario, central Quebec, and Newfoundland. Lagopus lagopus albus (Gmelin). [301.] Tetrao albus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 750. Based mainly on The White Partridge of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 72. (septen- trionalis Americae, Europae et Asiae silvis = Hudson Bay.) Breeds from northern Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie (Great Bear and Great Slave lakes), northeastern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Ontario and south-central Quebec south to central British Columbia (inter- grades in northwestern British Columbia with Lagopus lagopus alexandrae), northern Alberta (south in the mountains to Banff), and northern Saskatche- wan, reaching the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Quebec. Winters throughout most of its breeding range, wandering farther south in central Manitoba (Grand Rapids, Norway House), central Ontario, and south- ern Quebec (Maniwaki), casually to Montana (Midvale, Glacier National Park), North Dakota (Killdeer Mountains, Dunn County), Minnesota (Spring- steel Island, Lake of the Woods), Wisconsin (Racine), New York (Watson, Lewis County), and Maine (Kenduskeag). Lagopus lagopus ungavus Riley. [301c.] Lagopus lagopus ungavus Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24, no. 45, Nov. 28, 1911, p. 233. (Ft. Chimo, Ungava.) Resident in northern Quebec (Fort Chimo) and northern Labrador, south to central Ungava (Ashuanipi Lake). Lagopus lagopus Alleni Stejneger. [301a.] Lagopus alba alleni Stejneger, Auk, 1, no. 4, Oct. 1884, p. 369. (New- foundland.) Resident in Newfoundland. 1 Tetrao Lagopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 159. (in Europae alpinis = Swedish Lapland.) 132 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Lagopus lagopus leucépterus Taverner. [301e.] Lagopus lagopus leucopterus Taverner, Ann. Rep. Nat. Mus. Canada, for 1930, 1932, p. 87. (Camp Kungovik, west coast Baffin Island, latitude 65° 35° N,) Resident from southern Banks Island and the adjacent mainland at Dolphin and Union straits to Southampton and southern Baffin islands; northern limits not known; wanders south in winter to southern Keewatin (Nueltin Lake). Lagopus lagopus alascénsis Swarth. [301d.] Lagopus lagopus alascensis Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 30, no. 4, Sept. 1926, p. 87. (Kowak [= Kobuk] River Delta, Alaska.) Breeds from northern Alaska (Cape Lisbourne, Wainwright, Point Barrow, Smith Bay, Camden Bay, and Demarcation Point) south through most of Alaska to Nushagak, the Kenai Peninsula, and Mount McKinley. Winters in breeding range to Kotzebue Sound and the Yukon Valley (in small numbers farther north). Lagopus lagopus miuriei Gabrielson and Lincoln. [301f.] Lagopus lagopus muriei Gabrielson and Lincoln, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 62, Dec. 22, 1949, p. 175. (Nagai Island, Shumagin Islands, Alaska.) Resident in the Aleutian Islands from Atka to Unimak; the Shumagin Islands; and Kodiak. Lagopus lagopus alexandrae Grinnell. [301D.] Lagopus alexandrae Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 5, no. 2, Feb. 18, 1909, p. 204. (Mountain at Bear Bay, on Peril Strait, Baranof Is- land, Alaska.) Resident on the Alaska Peninsula south to northwestern British Columbia (Atlin, Dease Lake, Nine-mile Mountain near Hazelton, and Porcher Island), intergrading with Lagopus lagopus albus in the Skeena River area of western British Columbia and with Lagopus lagopus alascensis north of the base of the Alaska Peninsula (Nushagak). Lagopus miutus (Montin)*: Rock PTARMIGAN. From Iceland, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, Scotland, Norway, northern Sweden, northern Finland, and northern Russia across northern Siberia to the Chukotski Peninsula and the Komandorskie Islands; the higher Pyrenees in Spain and France; the Alps from southeastern France (Savoie) through Swit- zerland to southern Bavaria, the Tyrol, and Styria; the mountain ranges of cen- tral Asia; the Kurile Islands and the mountains of central Honshu, Japan; and 1 Tetrao mutus Montin, Phys. Salsk. Handl., 1, 1776, p. 155. (Alpibus lapponicis = Sweden.) ORDER GALLIFORMES 133 from northern Alaska, northwestern Mackenzie, Melville Island, northern Ellesmere Island, and northern Greenland south to the Aleutian Islands, Kodiak Island, southwestern and central British Columbia, southern Mackenzie, Kee- watin, northern Quebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland. Lagopus mutus rupéstris (Gmelin). [302.] Tetrao rupestris Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 751. Based on the Rock Grous of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 312. (in borealibus oris ad sinum Hudsonis = shores of Hudson Bay.) Breeds from northern Mackenzie, Melville Island, northern Ellesmere Island,1 and southern Greenland (north to Godthaab and the Blosseville coast) south to central British Columbia (on the coast to Mount Seymour and the Van- couver area), southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), southern Keewatin (lat. 62° N.), Southampton Island, northern Quebec (to lat. 55° N.), and Labrador. Lagopus mutus saturatus Salomonsen. [302k.] Lagopus mutus saturatus Salomonsen, Dansk. Orn. For. Tidsskr., 44, Dec. 5, 1950, p. 221. (Skansen, Disko Island, West Greenland.) Resident in central western Greenland from Upernavik District south to Egedesminde District (intergrading with L. m. rupestris south through Suk- kertoppen). Lagopus mutus captus Peters. [302i.] Lagopus mutus captus J. L. Peters, Check-list Birds World, vol. 2, 1934, p. 35. New name for Lagopus mutus groenlandicus Schigler, preoccu- pied. (Eastern Greenland = Germania Land.)? Resident in northeastern Greenland from Peary Land south to Scoresby Sound and the Blosseville coast. Lagopus mutus wélchi Brewster. [303.] Lagopus welchi Brewster, Auk, 2, no. 2, Apr. 1885, p. 194. (Newfound- land.) Resident in Newfoundland. Lagopus mutus nélsoni Stejneger. [302b.] Lagopus rupestris nelsoni Stejneger, Auk, 1, no. 3, July 1884, p. 226. (Is- land of Unalashka [Alaska].) Resident from northern Alaska and northern Yukon south to the eastern Aleutians (from Chuginadak and Kagamil in the Islands of the Four Mountains 1 Birds of northern Ellesmere Island and northwestern Greenland (Thule District) verge toward Lagopus m. captus. 2See Salomonsen, Medd. Gr¢gnland, 118, no. 2, 1936, p. 33. 134 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS to Umnak, Unalaska, Akutan, and Unimak islands), the Alaska and Kenai peninsulas and Kodiak Island, eastward toward Glacier Bay, intergrading through eastern Alaska, Yukon, and western Mackenzie with Lagopus m. rupes- tris; extending westward across northern Siberia to the Yamal Peninsula. Lagopus mutus yunaskénsis Gabrielson and Lincoln. [302I.] Lagopus mutus yunaskensis Gabrielson and Lincoln, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 64, Apr. 13, 1951, p. 63. (Yunaska Island, Aleutian Islands.) Resident on Yunaska Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Lagopus mutus atkhénsis Turner. [302c.] Lagopus mutus atkhensis Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5 (Aug. 5), 1882, pp. 227, 230. (Atkha Islands [sic], Aleutian Chain.) Resident on Atka Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Lagopus mutus gabrielsoni Muric. [302j.] Lagopus mutus gabrielsoni Murie, Condor, 46, no. 3, May 24, 1944, p. 121. (Amchitka Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska.) Resident on Amchitka, Little Sitkin, and Rat islands, probably also on Semi- sopochnoi Island, in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutians, Alaska. Lagopus mutus chamberlaini Clark. [302e.] Lagopus rupestris chamberlaini Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 32, June 15, 1907, p. 469. (Adak Island, Aleutians.) Resident on Adak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Lagopus mutus sanfordi Bent. [302g.] Lagopus rupestris sanfordi Bent, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 56, no. 30, Jan. 6, 1912, p. 1. (Tanaga Island, Alaska.) Resident on Tanaga and Kanaga islands in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Lagopus mutus téwnsendi Elliot. [302d.] Lagopus rupestris townsendi Elliot, Auk, 13, no. 1, Jan. 1896, p. 26. (Kyska Island, Aleutian Chain.) Resident on Kiska and Little Kiska islands in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Lagopus mutus évermanni Elliot. [302.1.] Lagopus evermanni Elliot, Auk, 13, no. 1, Jan. 1896, p. 25, pl. 3. (Attu Island [Alaska].) Resident on Attu Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. ORDER GALLIFORMES 135 Lagopus mutus dixoni Grinnell. [302f.] Lagopus dixoni Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 5, no. 2, Feb. 18, 1909, p. 207. (Near Port Frederick, at 2700 feet, Chichagof Island, Alaska.) Resident on the islands and coastal mainland from the Glacier Bay region, Alaska, and the mountains of extreme northwestern British Columbia south to Baranof and Admiralty islands, intergrading with L. m. rupestris in northern British Columbia (Ingenika, Chapa-atan, and Sheslay rivers). Lagopus leuctrus (Richardson): WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN. From central Alaska, northern Yukon, and southwestern Mackenzie south to the Kenai Peninsula, Vancouver Island, the Cascade Mountains of Washing- ton, and along the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia and Alberta south to northern New Mexico. Lagopus leucurus peninsularis Chapman. [304a.] Lagopus leucurus peninsularis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 16, art. 19, Aug. 18, 1902, p. 236. (Kenai Mountains, Alaska.) Resident on alpine summits from south-central Alaska (Mount McKinley) to Cook Inlet and the Kenai Peninsula, extending east and southeast to Glacier Bay and White Pass. Lagopus leucurus leuctiirus (Richardson). [304.] Tetrao (Lagopus) leucurus Richardson, in Wilson and Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., Jameson ed., vol. 4, Aug. 1831, p. 330. (Rocky Mountains, lat. 54° N.) Resident above timberline from northern Yukon (La Pierre House, Ogilvie Mountains), western Mackenzie, British Columbia, and west-central Alberta south to the northern border of the United States. Lagopus leucurus saxatilis Cowan. [304d.] Lagopus leucurus saxatilis Cowan, Condor, 41, no. 2, Mar. 15, 1939, p. 82. (Mount Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, B.C., 6000 feet altitude.) Resident on the higher peaks of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Lagopus leucurus rainierénsis Taylor. [3045.] Lagopus leucurus rainierensis Taylor, Condor, 22, no. 4, Aug. 10, 1920, p. 146. (Pinnacle Peak, 6,200 ft., Mt. Rainier, Washington.) Resident on alpine summits in the State of Washington, from Mount Baker south to Mount Adams and Mount St. Helens, and on Calispell Peak, inter- grading along the northern boundary of the state with L. 1. leucurus. 136 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Lagopus leucurus altipetens Osgood, [304c.] Lagopus leucurus altipetens Osgood, Auk, 18, no. 2, Apr. 1901, p. 180. (Mt. Blaine, Colorado.) Resident on alpine summits in the Rocky Mountains from Montana (Teton and Lewis and Clark counties) south through Wyoming and Colorado to northern New Mexico (Costilla Peaks, formerly to Taos Mountains and Truchas Peaks). Genus TYMPANUCHUS Gloger Tympanuchus Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg., 1842 (pp. 1-450, 1841), p. 396. Type, by monotypy, Tetrao cupido Linnaeus. Tympantchus cupido (Linnaeus): GREATER PRAIRIE CHICKEN. Resident in the prairie districts from Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba south to northern Texas; the coastal areas of Texas and southwestern Louisiana; and formerly from Massachusetts and New York south to Maryland and north-central Tennessee. Tympanuchus cupido cipido (Linnaeus). [306.] Tetrao Cupido Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 160. Based on Le Coq de bois d’Amérique, Urogallus minor, fuscus cervice, plumis Alas imitantibus donata Catesby, Carolina, vol. 3, p. 1. (in Virginia = Pennsylvania. ) Extinct. Formerly resident from Massachusetts (Boston), possibly from southern New Hampshire, south along the Atlantic seaboard through Long Island, New Jersey (Schooly Mountains and the pine barrens), eastern Pennsyl- vania (Pocono plateau), Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia to the Potomac River at Washington, D.C.1; after 1835 confined to the island of Martha’s Vineyard, where last seen March 11, 19322 (reported uncertainly in 1933). Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus (Brewster). [305.] Cupidonia pinnata Brewster, Auk, 2, no. 1, Jan. 1885, p. 82. (Vermilion, [South] Dakota.) Resident from central Alberta (Edmonton; casually as far north as Lac la Biche), southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba,? northern Minnesota, cen- tral Wisconsin, the northern peninsula of Michigan, and southern Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie, Manitoulin Island) south to eastern Colorado (Barton, Barr), 1 From present information records from Maine and the Carolinas seem uncertain. 2 Actual specimens are preserved only from Martha’s Vineyard, Nonamesset, and Nashawena islands, Massachusetts, and Burlington County, New Jersey. Other rec- ords are assumed to be of this race, which is the bird known as the Heath Hen. 3 Supposed to have extended its range considerably northward with clearing for agriculture during the early and middle part of the nineteenth century. ORDER GALLIFORMES 137 Kansas, northeastern Oklahoma, northern Arkansas, Missouri, southern Illinois, and southern Indiana; formerly to northeastern Texas (Cooke and McLennan counties), central Ohio, Kentucky, and north-central Tennessee (Nashville) .1 Casual in Montana (near Huntley) and northern Louisiana. Tympanuchus cupido Aattwateri Bendire. [305a.] Tympanuchus attwateri Bendire, Forest and Stream, 40, no. 20, May 18, 1893, p. 425. (Refugio Co., Texas.) Resident locally in the coastal area of southeastern Texas from Aransas and Refugio counties to Chambers and Jefferson counties and in southwestern Louisiana in western Cameron and Calcasieu parishes; formerly throughout the coastal prairies from northeastern Cameron County, Texas, to near Opelou- sas and Abbeville, Louisiana. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus (Ridgway): LESSER PRAIRIE CHICKEN. [307.] Cupidonia cupido var. pallidicincta Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, no. 12, Dec. 1873, p. 199. (Prairies of Texas [near latitude 32° N.].) Breeds from southeastern Colorado (Baca and Prowers counties) and west- ern Kansas (Finney County) south through western Oklahoma (Cimarron to Woodward and Beckham counties) to east-central New Mexico (Portales, Staked Plains) and northern Texas (Mobeetie, Alanreed); formerly to Ne- braska, southeastern Kansas (Garnett), and southern Missouri (Pierce and Lawrence counties). Winters chiefly in central Texas from Monahans, Midland, and Colorado City south to Kinney and Bandera counties and the Davis Mountains (probably also in southeastern New Mexico). Genus PEDIOECETES Baird Pedioecetes Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xxi, xliv. Type, by monotypy, Tetrao phasianellus (Linnaeus). Pedioecétes phasianéllus (Linnaeus): SHARP-TAILED GROUSE. North-central Alaska, Yukon, northern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, and central Quebec south to eastern Oregon, Nevada, Utah, northern New Mexico, Colorado, Nebraska, eastern South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and northern Michigan; formerly to northeastern California, western Kansas, and northern Illinois. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of Oregon. 1 Reported only by Wilson as seen in May, 1810. 138 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Pedioecetes phasianellus phasianéllus (Linnaeus). [308.] Tetrao Phasianellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 160. Based on The Long-tailed Grous from Hudson’s-Bay of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 117. (in Canada = Hudson Bay.) Breeds in northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, and central Quebec, casually to the Parry Sound District, Ontario, and the Saguenay River, Quebec. Partially migratory in winter, particularly in the northern parts of the range. Pedioecetes phasianellus kénnicotti Suckley. [308c.] Pediocaetes Kennicotti Suckley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 13, Nov. 1861 (1862), p. 361. (Fort Rae and Big Island, Great Slave Lake.) Resident in Mackenzie, from the Mackenzie River (lower Peel River, Fort Good Hope, Fort Simpson) to Great Slave Lake (Big Island, Fort Resolution, Fort Rae). Pedioecetes phasianellus caurus Friedmann. [308d.] Pedioecetes phasianellus caurus Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., 33, no. 6, June 15, 1943, p. 190. (Fairbanks, Alaska.) Resident from north-central Alaska on the north fork of the Kuskokwim and upper Yukon rivers to southern Yukon (Tagish Lake) and northern Alberta (Peace River village, southern Mackenzie Highway above Grimshaw, Fort Chipewyan). Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus (Ord). [308a.] Phasianus Columbianus Ord, in Guthrie, Geogr., 2d Amer. ed., 1815, p. 317. Based on the Prairie Hen of Lewis and Clark, Exped. Rocky Mountains, vol. 2, pp. 180-182. (Great Plains of the Columbia River.) Resident from north-central British Columbia (east of the coastal moun- tains) and western Montana south to eastern Oregon, northeastern Nevada, northern Utah, western Colorado, and northern New Mexico; formerly to northeastern California. Pedioecetes phasianellus campéstris Ridgway. [308).] Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 2, Apr. 10, 1884, p. 93. (Illinois, and Rosebud Creek, Montana Terr. = Illinois. ) Breeds from southeastern Manitoba, southwestern Ontario, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan south to Minnesota (now chiefly in the northern half) and central Wisconsin; formerly throughout Wisconsin to northern Illinois. Winters in the breeding range, but partially migratory in the north, ranging south to northwestern Iowa. ORDER GALLIFORMES 139 Pedioecetes phasianellus jamesi Lincoln. [308e.] Pedioecetes phasianellus jamesi Lincoln, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 30, May 23, 1917, p. 84. (Three miles west of Castle Rock, Colorado.) Resident from north-central Alberta and central Saskatchewan south to Mon- tana (except the extreme western part), Wyoming, east-central Colorado, and western Nebraska; formerly to western Kansas and northwestern Oklahoma. Genus CENTROCERCUS Swainson Centrocercus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), pp. 358, 496. Type, by original designation, Tetrao urophasianus Bonaparte. Centrocércus urophasianus (Bonaparte): SAGE GROUSE. Resident locally, now in reduced numbers, from central Washington, southern Idaho, Montana, southeastern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and western North Dakota (Billings County) south to eastern California, Nevada, Utah, western Colorado, and northwestern Nebraska; formerly to southern British Columbia, and to northern New Mexico and the Oklahoma Panhandle. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of Oregon. Centrocerecus urophasianus urophasianus (Bonaparte). [309.] Tetrao urophasianus Bonaparte, Zool. Journ., 3, no. 10, Apr.-Sept., 1827, p. 213. (Northwestern countries beyond the Mississippi, especially on the Missouri = North Dakota.) Resident locally from southern Idaho, eastern Montana, southeastern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and western North Dakota (Billings County) south to eastern California (Inyo County), south-central Nevada, Utah, western Colo- rado, and northwestern Nebraska (Sioux and Dawes counties); formerly to northern New Mexico and the Oklahoma Panhandle. Centrocercus urophasianus phaios Aldrich. [309a.] Centrocercus urophasianus phaios Aldrich, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 59, Oct. 25, 1946, p. 129. (Fremont, Oregon.) Resident from central and eastern Washington (Ellensburg, Columbia County) south to southeastern Oregon; formerly to southern British Columbia (Osoyoos Lake). Family PHASIANIDAE: Quails, Pheasants, and Peacocks Subfamily ODONTOPHORINAE: American Quails Genus COLINUS Goldfuss Colinus Goldfuss, Handb. Zool., Abth. 2, 1820, p. 220. Type, by monotypy, “Perdix mexicanus, Caille de la Louisiane, Pl. Enl. 149” = Tetrao vir- ginianus Linnaeus. 140 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Colinus virginidnus (Linnaeus): BOBWHITE. Southwestern Wyoming, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and southern Maine south through eastern Colorado, eastern New Mexico, western Texas, and east- ern México to Oaxaca, Guatemala, the Gulf coast of the United States, Florida, Cuba, and the Isle of Pines; and from southern Arizona to Sonora. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida and Tennessee. Colinus virginianus virginianus (Linnaeus). [289.] Tetrao virginianus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 161. Based on The American Partridge, Perdix sylvestris virginiana Catesby, Caro- lina, App., vol. 2, p. 12, pl. 12. (in America = South Carolina.) Resident from eastern South Dakota, southern Minnesota, southern Wiscon- sin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario (Toronto, Port Hope), central New York, southern Vermont, southern New Hampshire, and southwestern Maine (West Gardiner, West Fryeburg) south through eastern Nebraska, north- eastern Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, and eastern Texas to the Gulf coast in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and northern Florida (east to Gainesville, Palatka). Introduced successfully, either as pure or mixed stock, in Montana, Idaho, Colorado, Oregon, Washington, southern British Columbia (lower Fraser Val- ley), the Island of Hawaii, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, St. Croix, and New Zealand. Colinus virginianus floridanus (Coues). [289a.] Ortyx virginianus var. floridanus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, p. 237. (Florida = Enterprise, Volusia County, Florida.) Resident in the Florida Peninsula, from near Gainesville and Anastasia Is- land south to Miami and Paradise Key, formerly to Key West. Colinus virginianus texanus (Lawrence). [289b.] Ortyx Texanus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 6, 1853, p. 1. (above Ringgold Barracks, Texas.) Resident from southeastern New Mexico and central and western Texas (east to the neighborhood of the Brazos River, where it intergrades with the nominate race) south to northeastern Coahuila, central Nuevo Leén, and central Tamaulipas.+ 1 The race texanus has been introduced widely, mainly with stock imported from México, into many parts of the United States and British Columbia, within and beyond the ranges of taylori and virginianus, where, however, it has not become established. Though hybrids between texanus and the native races may have been common soon after introduction, neither the introduced nor the mixed stock seems to have persisted for more than a few years. ORDER GALLIFORMES | 141 Colinus virginianus taylori Lincoln. [289d.] Colinus virginianus taylori Lincoln, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 28, May 27, 1915, p. 103. (Laird, Yuma County, Colorado.) Resident from southeastern Wyoming and central South Dakota south through eastern Colorado, the western half of Nebraska, Kansas except the northeastern portion, Oklahoma, and northwestern Arkansas to north-central Texas. Introduced successfully in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, where it now exists locally in relatively pure form. Colinus virginianus ridgwayi Brewster. [291.] Colinus ridgwayi Brewster, Auk, 2, no. 2, Apr. 1885, p. 199. (about 18 miles southwest of Sasabe [50 miles west of Nogales], Sonora, Mexico.) Resident in central interior Sonora from about lat. 31° N. south to Las Arenas, Batamoti, San Marcial, and Las Capomas; formerly north to the Baboquivari, Whetstone, and Huachuca mountains, southern Arizona. Genus CALLIPEPLA Wagler Callipepla Wagler, Isis von Oken, 1832, col. 277. Type, by monotypy, Callipepla strenua Wagler = Ortyx squamatus Vigors. Callipépla squamata (Vigors)*: SCALED QUAIL. From southern Arizona, northern New Mexico, eastern Colorado, south- western Kansas, and western Oklahoma south to Jalisco, Guanajuato, and México. Callipepla squamata pallida Brewster. [293.] Callipepla squamata pallida Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 6, no. 2, Apr. 1881, p. 72. (Rio San Pedro, Arizona.) Resident from south-central Arizona, northern New Mexico (Haynes, Taos Mountains), east-central Colorado (Mattheson, Holly), southwestern Kansas (north to the Arkansas River), western Oklahoma (Cimarron County), and western Texas (east almost to long. 100° W.; Lipscomb, Del Rio) south to extreme northern Sonora and northern Chihuahua. Successfully introduced into Yakima County, Washington. Callipepla squamata castanogastris Brewster. [293a.] Callipepla squamata castanogastris Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 8, no. 1, Jan. 1883, p. 34. (Rio Grande City, Texas.) Resident from southern Texas (Dimmit County to Cameron County) south to northern Coahuila (Sabinas), northern Nuevo Léon, and northern Tamau- lipas. 1 Re-introductions into Arizona apparently have not been successful. 2 Ortyx squamatus Vigors, Zool. Journ., 5, 1830, p. 275. (Mexico.) 142 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus LOPHORTYX Bonaparte Lophortyx Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, p. 42. Type, by subsequent designation, Tetrao californicus Shaw (Gray, 1840). Lophortyx califérnicus (Shaw): CALIFORNIA QUAIL. From southern Oregon and western Nevada south to the Cape region of Baja California. Introduced into New Zealand, Hawaii, Chile, southern British Columbia,! Washington, northern Oregon, and Utah. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. Lophortyx californicus brunnéscens Ridgway. [294.] Lophortyx californicus brunnescens Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 2, Apr. 10, 1884, p. 94. (Santa Barbara = San Francisco.) Resident in the humid coastal area of California from near the Oregon boundary south to southern Santa Cruz County. Introduced in British Columbia on Vancouver Island and the adjacent main- land, and in New Zealand. Lophortyx californicus califérnicus (Shaw). [294a.] Tetrao californicus Shaw, in Shaw and Nodder, Naturalists’ Misc., vol. 9, 1798, text to pl. 345. (California = Monterey.) Resident from Oregon (except for coastal counties) and western Nevada south in California to extreme southwestern San Diego County, east and south of the range of brunnescens and west of the central and southern Sierra Nevada and desert areas (except locally), and Los Coronados Islands, Baja California (possibly introduced). The Oregon range (except for the south-central counties) and probably the extension into Nevada come from introduction. Introduced and established also in Hawaii (Niihau, Kaui, Hawaii, Molokai), eastern Wash- ington, western Idaho, eastern Oregon, Nevada, central and northern Utah, New Zealand, and central Chile. Lophortyx californicus canfieldae van Rossem. [294e.] Lophortyx californica canfieldae van Rossem, Auk, 56, no. 1, Jan. 1939, p. 68. (Lone Pine, Inyo County, California.) Resident in Owens Valley and eastward to the Panamint Mountains, east- central California. Lophortyx californicus catalinénsis Grinnell. [294b.] Lophortyx catalinensis Grinnell, Auk, 23, no. 3, July 1906, p. 262. (Ava- lon, Santa Catalina Island, California.) Resident on Santa Catalina Island, off southern California. Introduced and now established on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands, southern California. 1 Introductions into central British Columbia and Washington appear to have in- cluded more than one race and are regarded as mixed stock. ORDER GALLIFORMES 143 Lophortyx californicus plimbeus Grinnell. [294c.] Lophortyx californica plumbea Grinnell, Condor, 28, no. 3, May 15, 1926, p. 128. (San José, 2500 ft. altitude, about 45 miles northeast of San Quintin, Lower California, Mexico.) Resident in northwestern Baja California, between lat. 32° N. and lat. 30° N., east, in canyons, to the east base of the Sierra San Pedro Martir and to San Felipe on the Gulf of California.+ Lophortyx califernicus decolordtus van Rossem. [294f.] Lophortyx californica decolorata van Rossem, Condor, 48, no. 6, Nov. 29, 1946, p. 265. (Bahia Concepcion, Gulf coast of Baja California.) Resident in Baja California, from lat. 30° N. south to about lat. 25° N. Lophortyx ealifornieus achriisterus Peters. [294d.] Lophortyx californica achrustera Peters, Proc. New England Zodél. Club, 8, May 16, 1923, p. 79. (La Paz, Lower California.) Resident in southern Baja California, from lat. 25° N. south to Cape San Lucas. Lophortyx gambelii Gambel: GAMBEL’s QUAIL. Resident from southern Nevada, southern Utah, and western Colorado south to northeastern Baja California, central Sonora, northwestern Chihuahua, and western Texas. Lophortyx gambelii gambelii Gambel. [295.] Lophortyx Gambelii “Nutt.” Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1, nos. 24-25, Mar.-Apr. (May 19), 1843, p. 260. (Some distance west [= east] of California = southern Nevada.) Resident from southern Nevada (Ash Meadows, Pahrump Valley) and southern Utah (St. George, Uinta, Toquerville, Kanab, Moab) south to the Colorado and Mojave deserts, California, northeastern Baja California, south- central and northeastern Sonora (Cajén Bonito Creek), northwestern Chihua- hua, and central and southwestern New Mexico. Introduced in Hawaii (Kahoo- lawe), San Clemente Island, California, and north-central Idaho. Lophortyx gambelii sAanus Mearns. [295a.] Lophortyx gambelii sanus Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27, July 10, 1914, p. 113. (Olathe, Montrose Co., Colorado.) Resident in western Colorado in the drainage areas of the Uncompahgre, Gunnison, and upper Rio Grande rivers.? 1 Introductions of this race have been made in southern California. 2 Individuals of Lophortyx gambelii gambelii were released near Montrose, Colo- tado, between 1885 and 1889, and so it is argued by some that the birds of this 144 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Lophortyx gambelii ignéscens Friedmann. [295).] Lophortyx gambelii ignoscens Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., 33, no. 12, Dec. 15, 1943, p. 371. (San Elizario, Texas.) Resident from southern Dona Ana County, southern New Mexico, to Jeff Davis (Limpia River) and Presidio counties, western Texas. Genus OREORTYX Baird Oreortyx Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xlv, 638, 642. Type, by monotypy, Ortyx picta Douglas. Oreértyx pictus (Douglas): MOUNTAIN QUAIL. From southern Washington and southwestern Idaho south to northern Baja California. (Formerly to New Mexico, where bones have been found in pre- historic cavern deposits in the Guadalupe Mountains.) Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California; and in the Quaternary (probably Recent) of New Mexico. Oreortyx pictus palmeri Oberholser. [292.] Oreortyx picta palmeri Oberholser, Auk, 40, no. 1, Jan. 10, 1923, p. 84. (Yaquina, Oregon.) Resident in the humid coastal area from southwestern Washington south through western Oregon (east in the Willamette Valley to the western slope of the Cascade Mountains) to northwestern San Luis Obispo County, Cali- fornia. Introduced (possibly native) in southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Oreortyx pictus pictus (Douglas). [292a.] Ortyx picta Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 16, pt. 1, 1829, p. 143. (Interior of California as far as 45° N.) Resident from southeastern Washington south through eastern Oregon (east of the Cascades, and the Rogue River Valley west of the Cascades in Jackson and Josephine counties), and southwestern Idaho (Indian Creek, Boise Bottom, and Owyhee foothills) to the inner coast ranges (Snow Mountain, Colusa County, and Mount Sanhedrin, Mendocino County) and the Sierra Nevada (to about lat. 37° N.; Madera County) of California, and to western Nevada (east as far as the Toiyabe Mountains, Lander County). area are descended from that introduction. The birds now found in the region are, however, so much darker than gambelii that it appears there must have been a native population. It does not seem probable that the evident differences could have arisen in an introduced stock. ORDER GALLIFORMES 145 Oreortyx pictus ereméphilus van Rossem. [292c.] Oreortyx picta eremophila van Rossem, Condor, 39, no. 1, Jan. 15, 1937, p. 22. (Lang Spring, Mountain Spring Canyon, Argus Mountains, Inyo County, California, 6000 feet elev.) Resident in the mountains of central southern California and extreme south- western Nevada, from about lat. 37° N. in the Sierra Nevada and from central San Luis Obispo County south, except in the Little San Bernardino Mountains to the Baja California boundary. Oreortyx pictus russelli Miller. [292d.] Oreortyx picta russelli A. H. Miller, Condor, 48, no. 2, Apr. 2, 1946, p. 75. (4300 feet elevation, 2 miles southwest of Pinyon Wells, Little San Bernardino Mountains, Riverside County, California.) Resident in the Little San Bernardino Mountains in Riverside and San Bernardino counties, California, from the vicinity of Morongo Valley eastward to Eagle Mountain. Oreortyx pictus confinis Anthony. [292b.] Oreortyx pictus confinis Anthony, Proc. California Acad. Sci., 2d ser., 2, Oct. 11, 1889, p. 74. (San Pedro Martir [Mountains, at 8500 feet], Lower California.) Resident in the Sierra Juarez and Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California. Genus CYRTONYX Gould Cyrtonyx Gould, Mon. Odontophoridae, pt. 1, 1844, pl. and text. Type, by monotypy, Ortyx massena Lesson = Ortyx montezumae Vigors. Cyrtényx montezimae (Vigors)t: HARLEQUIN QUAIL. From central Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas south to Oaxaca and Vera- cruz. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Nuevo Leén. Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi Nelson. [296.] Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi Nelson, Auk, 17, no. 3, July 1900, p. 255. (Fort Huachuca, Arizona.) Resident, usually at elevations of from 4,000 to 9,000 feet, from central Arizona, central New Mexico, and central Texas (Mason, Kerrville, San An- tonio) south in central Sonora at least to lat. 29° 30’ N. (from the Pajaritos Mountains eastward) and to northwestern Durango (Pasaje de las Mujeres), northern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen), and northern Nuevo Leén. 1 Ortyx Montezumae Vigors, Zool. Journ., 5, June 1830, p. 275. (Mexico.) 146 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Subfamily PHASIANINAE: Old World Partridges and Pheasants Genus PHASIANUS Linnaeus Phasianus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 158. Type, by tautonymy, Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus. (Phasianus cited in syn- onymy.) Phasianus célchicus Linnaeus: RING-NECKED PHEASANT.? [309.1.] Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 158. (Africa, Asia = Rion, formerly Phasis, Georgian S.S.R.) Native, locally, from Rostov and Astrakhan in southern Russia, southern Kazakh, East Kazakhstan, central Outer Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Manchuria, and Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, Japan south to the Georgian S.S.R., Ar- menia, northern Iran, Turkmen, northern Afghanistan, the Pamirs, Sinkiang, Koko Nor, southern China, northern Shan States, Tonkin, and Formosa. Now established widely, through introduction, in Europe, from the British Isles, southern Norway, and southern Sweden to Spain, France, Corsica, Italy, Germany, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Bulgaria; in New Zealand; in Hawaii; and in North America from the Queen Charlotte Islands and southern British Columbia south through Washington, Oregon, and western and southern Idaho to the lowlands of California (south to the Imperial Valley), Utah (ex- cept in the mountains and desert areas), and Nevada, and from south-central Alberta, Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, Minnesota, Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, New York, southern Quebec (Montreal), southern Vermont, central New Hampshire, south-central Maine, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (locally) south through Montana, northern and eastern Wyoming, and eastern Colorado to New Mexico, the northern Panhandle of Texas, north- western Oklahoma, Kansas, northwestern Missouri, southern Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania (except in the mountains), northern Maryland, and New Jersey; also in southeastern Arizona and northern Baja California. (Status in 1955; introduced widely elsewhere.) Genus ALECTORIS Kaup Alectoris Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, pp. 180, 193. Type, by monotypy, Perdix petrosa Auct., not of Gmelin = Perdix bar- bara Bonnaterrte. 1 The pheasants now established in our limits have come from China, supposedly Phasianus colchicus torquatus, and from England, where the races colchicus, tor- quatus, and some others have been introduced and have mingled. The North Ameri- can bird, being a composite of several subspecies, is included, therefore, only under the specific name. The Old World range given is that for the species in the broadest sense, including approximately 30 races. It should be noted, however, that Delacour recently proposed that the forms of eastern Asia should be separated as distinct under the specific name torquatus and those of Japan under the name versicolor. ORDER GALLIFORMES 147 Aléctoris graéea (Meisner): CHUKAR. [288.2.] Perdix graeca Meisner, Syst. Verz. Vég., 1804, p. 41. (Greece.) 1 Resident from southeastern France, southern Switzerland, southern Germany, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, northern Turkey, Caucasus, Kazakh S.S.R., Altai, Outer Mongolia, and Manchuria south to Italy, Sicily, Greece, islands of the Aegean Sea, Crete, Cyprus, northern Arabia, Iraq, Baluchistan, northern India, Nepal, eastern Tibet, and Inner Mongolia. Introduced and established in Washington, southern Idaho, California, Ne- vada, central Wyoming, and southwestern Colorado; introduced elsewhere, but present status (1955) not known. Genus PERDIX Brisson Perdix Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, pp. 26, 219. Type, by tautonymy, Perdix cinerea Brisson (Perdix cited in synonymy) =Tetrao perdix Linnaeus. Pérdix pérdix (Linnaeus): GRAY PARTRIDGE.’ Ireland, Scotland, southern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and northern Russia east to the Altai Mountains in Mongolia, south to northern Portugal, northern Spain, central France, Italy, Hungary, western Rumania (formerly to Greece), southern Russia, central Turkey, northern Iran, and Dzungaria; introduced into North America. Perdix perdix pérdix (Linnaeus). [288.1.] Tetrao Perdix Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 160. (in Europae agris = southern Sweden.) Resident from Ireland, Scotland, south-central Norway (Trondheim Fjord), and southern Sweden south to southern England (probably to northeastern France), Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, western Rumania (formerly to Greece), and the Ukraine; introduced widely into North America from stock obtained from England, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary and established now in southern Canada and the United States from southern British Columbia, cen- tral Alberta (Edmonton), Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario (locally), southwestern Quebec (Montreal), Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to northeastern California (east of the Cascades), northern Nevada, western and northern Utah, northern Wyoming, northern Nebraska, northwestern Iowa, eastern Wisconsin, northern Illinois, Indiana, southern Michigan, northwestern Ohio, and northern New York. (Status in 1955. Attempts at introduction have been made in most of the other states.) 1JIn the native range more than 20 geographic races are recognized, several of which have furnished the stock now established in the United States. Whether these have remained unchanged or whether part or all now are of mixed ancestry is not certain. 2 Known to hunters as Hungarian Partridge. 148 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Family MELEAGRIDIDAE: Turkeys Genus MELEAGRIS Linnaeus Meleagris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 156. Type, by tautonymy, Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus. (Meleagris cited in syn- onymy.) Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus': TURKEY. From Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, southeastern Oklahoma, east- ern Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New York, locally, south to Oaxaca, Veracruz, and Florida; formerly north to eastern Nebraska, southeastern South Dakota, Iowa, southern Wisconsin, cen- tral Michigan, southern Ontario, Massachusetts, southern Vermont, southern New Hampshire, and southwestern Maine. Introduced in New Zealand. Fossil, in the Upper Pliocene of Kansas; and in the Pleistocene of New Mex- ico, Kansas, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Tennessee, Pennsylvania, and Florida. Meleagris gallopavo silvéstris Vieillot. [310a.] Meleagris silvestris Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 9, Mar. 1817, p. 447. Based on the Dindon d’Amérique of Bartram, Travels (French ed.), vol. 1, 1799, p. 467. (Pennsylvania.) Resident, locally, in reduced numbers, from eastern Texas, southwestern Oklahoma, southern Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, and northern Pennsyl- vania south to central Louisiana, southern Mississippi (Pascagoula River), southern Alabama, and Georgia; formerly north to northeastern New Mexico, northern Oklahoma, Kansas,? eastern Nebraska, southeastern South Dakota, Iowa, southern and central eastern Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern On- tario, New York, southern Vermont, southern New Hampshire, and south- western Maine. Part of the present range has been re-established by stocking, sometimes with mixtures of domestic and western strains. Birds from the coastal lowlands in southeastern South Carolina and Georgia are somewhat inter- mediate toward M. g. osceola of Florida. Meleagris gallopavo osceéla Scott. [3105.] Meleagris gallopavo osceola Scott, Auk, 7, no. 4, Oct. 1890, p. 376. (Tar- pon Springs, Florida.) Resident, locally, in Florida from near Gainesville and the lower Aucilla River south to Collier County, casually to Royal Palm Park (Monroe County); intergrades with M. g. silvestris in northern Florida. 1 Meleagris Gallopavo Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 156. (America septentrionali = México.) 2 The eastern race may have followed the main river valleys through western Kansas into eastern Colorado. ORDER GRUIFORMES 149 Meleagris gallopavo intermédia Sennett. [310c.] Meleagris gallopavo intermedia Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., 5, no. 3, Nov. 30, 1879, p. 428. (Lomita, Texas.) Resident from northern Texas (Panhandle) south to northwestern Coahuila, Nuevo Le6én, extreme southeastern San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas (Soto la Marina, Forlén, Rio de la Cruz), and northern Veracruz: Re-established through stocking in northern and central Texas. Meleagris gallopavo mérriami Nelson. [310.] Meleagris gallopavo merriami Nelson, Auk, 17, no. 2, Apr. 1900, p. 120. (47 miles southwest of Winslow, Arizona.) Resident, locally, in mountain areas, from central Colorado south through east-central Arizona (west to San Francisco Peak and Santa Catalina Moun- tains) to southern New Mexico, and the Guadalupe Mountains (formerly) and elsewhere in southwestern Texas (through introduction, the original stock hav- ing been extirpated). Introduced and now established in the coast ranges of central California, in eastern Utah (La Sal Mountains), in central Wyoming (Laramie Peak area), and in southwestern South Dakota (Black Hills). Order GRUIFORMES: Cranes, Rails, and Allies Suborder GRUEsS: Cranes, Rails, and Limpkins Superfamily GRUOIDEA: Cranes and Limpkins Family GRUIDAE: Cranes Subfamily GRUINAE: Cranes Genus GRUS Pallas Grus Pallas, Misc. Zool., 1766, p. 66. Type, by tautonymy, Ardea grus Linnaeus. Gris americana (Linnaeus): WHOOPING CRANE. [204.] Ardea americana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 142. (in America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.) Bred, formerly, from southern Mackenzie to Alberta (Chipewyan, Whitford Lake, Stony Plain), Saskatchewan (Qu’Appelle, Yorkton, Muddy Lake near Unity), Manitoba (Moose Mountain, Shoal Lake, Winnipeg), North Dakota, and Minnesota (Elbow Lake) south to Iowa (Franklin County, Midway, Spirit Lake); also Louisiana (Cameron and Vermilion parishes). The few that sur- vive nest, so far as known, in south-central Mackenzie. Wintered, formerly, from Texas (Refugio, Brazoria, and Harris counties), Louisiana (Avery Island, Vermilion Bay, Pecan Island, Chenier au Tigre), 150 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Alabama (Prattville, Millwood, Dauphin Island), Georgia (St. Simons Island), and Florida (Putnam County, Alachua Savanna) south to Jalisco, Guanajuato, and northern Tamaulipas; in recent years recorded in winter only from southern Texas and Louisiana. On migration has occurred in Wyoming (Yellowstone National Park), Colo- rado (Cheyenne County, Loveland), New Mexico (Fort Thorn), Ontario (Yarker), New York (Cayuga Lake), Pennsylvania (Chester County, Phila- delphia), New Jersey (Beesleys Point), and South Carolina (Waccamaw River); in recent years recorded in migration only from the Great Plains area in Texas, central Kansas, central Nebraska, and Canada. Fossil, in Upper Pliocene of Idaho; and in Pleistocene of California and Florida. Grus canadénsis (Linnaeus): SANDHILL CRANE. From northeastern Siberia, northern Alaska, Banks Island, and Baffin Island south to the Aleutian Islands, southeastern Alaska, California, Baja California, Jalisco, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island), southern and eastern Texas, and Louisiana; also in Alabama, southern Georgia, Florida, Cuba, and the Isle of Pines. Fossil, in Lower Pliocene of Nebraska; in Pleistocene of California, Tli- nois, and Florida; and in beds of questionable Pleistocene age in Wyoming and Nebraska. Grus canadensis canadénsis (Linnaeus). [205.] Ardea canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 141. Based on the Brown and Ash-colour’d Crane of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 133. (in America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.) Breeds from northeastern Siberia (shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, Anadyr Bay), northern Alaska (St. Lawrence Island, Wainwright, Point Barrow), northern Mackenzie (Mackenzie Delta, Liverpool and Franklin bays), Banks Island (Mercy Bay), Boothia Peninsula, Igloolik, Bylot Island, and Baffin Island (Pond Inlet) south to Nushagak and Cook Inlet, Alaska, southern Mackenzie (Resolution), southern Keewatin (near Cape Eskimo), and South- ampton Island. Winters from the southern half of California (San Joaquin Valley) to north- ern Baja California (Colorado Delta, Laguna Salada, near Cerro Prieto) and northwestern Sonora, and from southern Texas (San Patricio, Corpus Christi) to Jalisco (Ocotlan), Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi. Casual in Ontario (Toronto, Beaumaris), Prince Edward Island (Alexander, Earnscliffe), and South Carolina (Mount Pleasant). Recorded on Wrangel Island and along the Arctic coast of Siberia west to the Lena River. Grus canadensis tabida (Peters). [206.] Megalornis canadensis tabida Peters, Auk, 42, no. 1, Jan. 2, 1925, p. 122. (Valley of the South Fork of the Humboldt River, Nevada.) Breeds locally from British Columbia (Graham Island, mouth of Fraser River, Cariboo and Chilcotin districts), Alberta (Spotted Lake, Innisfail), ORDER GRUIFORMES 151 Saskatchewan (Big Quill Lake, Balgonie, Kutanajan Lake), Manitoba (Shell River, Oak Point, Crescent Lake, Ossawo), Minnesota (now very rarely), Wisconsin (rarely), and Michigan (Schoolcraft, Chippewa, Calhoun, Jackson, Ingham, Livingston, and Washtenaw counties) south to Oregon (Blitzen Valley, east of the Steens Mountains, and Warner Valley, Lake County), California (northeastern plateau area), eastern Nevada, northwestern Utah (Fish Springs), Idaho (Fort Sherman), Montana (Beaverhead County), and Wyoming (Teton County); also in North Dakota (Towner County), South Dakota (Sanborn County), and Colorado (Middle Park, Loveland, Gunnison, San Juan County); formerly to Nebraska, southern Ontario, and northern Ohio. Winters from California (Tehama County) south to northeastern Baja Cali- fornia (Colorado River Delta) and from southern Texas (Eagle Pass, Fred- ericksburg, Corpus Christi) south to Sinaloa, Jalisco (La Barca), Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi (Angestura). Casual in Ontario (Guelph), New York (near Cohoes), Vermont (Lunen- burg), New Hampshire (Wakefield), Pennsylvania (Waynesburg), and District of Columbia. Grus canadensis praténsis Meyer. [206a.] Grus pratensis F. A. A. Meyer, Zool. Annalen, 1, 1794, p. 286. Based on Grus pratensis, corpore cinereo, vertice papillosa, the great savanna crane of Bartram, Travels, p. 293. (Florida=near Bronson, Levy County, Florida.‘) Resident, locally, from Alabama (Baldwin County), southern Mississippi (west of Pascagoula), and southern Georgia (Okefinokee Swamp) south through Florida. Formerly in southern Louisiana (Calcasieu Pass, Black Bayou, Cameron Parish). Casual in South Carolina (Waccamaw River). Family ARAMIDAE: Limpkins Genus ARAMUS Vieillot Aramus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, p. 58. Type, by monotypy, Courliri Buffon = Ardea scolopacea Gmelin. Aradmus guaratina (Linnaeus)?: LIMPKIN. Oaxaca, Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo south locally through Central America and South America east of the Andes, in- cluding Trinidad, to central Argentina (Province of Buenos Aires) and Uru- guay; and from southeastern Georgia through Florida to Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico (very rare). Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. 1 See Harper, F., Proc. Rochester Acad. Sci., 8, 1942, p. 219. 2 Scolopax Guarauna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 242. (in America australi — Cayenne.) 152 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Aramus guarauna pictus (Meyer). [207.] Tantalus pictus “Bartram” F. A. A. Meyer, Zool. Annalen, 1, 1794, p. 287. Based on Tantalus pictus, the crying bird of Bartram, Travels, 1791, pp. 147, 293. (circa fluvium Sti. Johannis. nec non circa Floridae et Georgiae lacus = St. Johns River, near St. Francis, Lake County, Flor- ida.) Resident locally from southeastern Georgia (Altamaha River southward) through peninsular Florida (west to Wakulla County) to Cuba, the Isle of Pines, and Jamaica (Black River). Casual in South Carolina (Charleston, Georgetown, and Aiken County), the Florida Keys (Indian Key), on Dry Tortugas, and on Cay Lobos, Bahama Islands. Superfamily RALLOIDEA: Rails, Gallinules, and Coots Family RALLIDAE: Rails, Gallinules, and Coots + Subfamily RALLINAE: Rails Genus RALLUS Linnaeus Rallus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 153. Type, by subse- quent designation, Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus (Fleming, 1821). Rallus élegans Audubon: KING RAIL. Eastern Nebraska, Iowa, southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts south to Veracruz, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Cuba, and the Isle of Pines; also the states of México and Tlaxcala. Migrant in winter from the northern part of the breeding range. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. Rallus elegans élegans Audubon. [208.] Rallus elegans Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 3, 1834, pl. 203 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 3, 1835, p. 27). (Kentucky, South Carolina, Louisiana, and north to Camden, N.J. and Philadelphia = Charleston, S.C.) Breeds (in fresh, occasionally in brackish, marshes) from eastern Nebraska, Iowa, central Minnesota (Otter Tail and Hennepin counties), southern Wiscon- sin (Janesville, Madison, Racine), southern Michigan (Grand Rapids; Saginaw Bay), southern Ontario (St. Clair Flats to Toronto), New York (Buffalo, Branchport, Ithaca, Long Island), Connecticut, and Massachusetts (rarely) south through eastern Nebraska, east-central Kansas, and central Oklahoma to southern Texas (rarely to Corpus Christi), southern Louisiana, central Missis- 1 The Wood Rail, Aramides cajanea (Miiller), of tropical America has been found fossil in the Pleistocene of Florida. ORDER GRUIFORMES 153 sippi (Vicksburg), central Alabama (Autaugaville), and southern Florida (Royal Palm Park). Winters regularly from southeastern Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, southern Alabama, and southern Georgia (Augusta) south into eastern México (Guana- juato, Veracruz, Tlacotalpam) and Florida, occasionally north to Oklahoma, southern Michigan (St. Clair, Hillsdale, and Monroe counties), Massachusetts, and Connecticut and from eastern Maryland south on the Coastal Plain to South Carolina. Reported casually in winter from southern Wisconsin (Beaver Dam), central Michigan (Roscommon County), Ontario (Point Pelee), New York (Ithaca, Greene, New York City), New Hampshire (Hampton), eastern Penn- sylvania (Philadelphia), and West Virginia (Putnam County). Casual in fall in North Dakota, Ontario (Ottawa), southern Maine, and New- foundland (St. John’s). Rallus longiréstris Boddaert': CLAPPER RAIL. Along the coasts from the San Francisco Bay region, California, south around Baja California to Nayarit, Ecuador, and northwestern Peri; and from Con- necticut south to México, Central America, northern South America, and through the West Indies to southern Sao Paulo, Brasil; also in the lower Colo- rado River Valley and the Valley of México. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. Rallus longirostris obsolétus Ridgway. [210.] Rallus elegans var. obsoletus Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, no. 2, Feb. 1874, p. 111. (San Francisco, California.) Resident in salt marshes of west-central California, at Tomales Bay, San Francisco Bay, Monterey Bay, and Morro Bay, wandering casually off the breeding grounds. Accidental at Humboldt Bay and South Farallon Island. Rallus longirostris lévipes Bangs. [210.1.] Rallus levipes Bangs, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, 1, June 5, 1899, p. 45. (Newport Landing, Los Angeles [= Orange] Co., California.) Resident, locally, in salt marshes of southern California from Hueneme (formerly from Santa Barbara) south to San Diego Bay, probably to north- western Baja California (Ensenada); occasional in fresh and brackish sloughs a short distance inland (Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County); wanders casu- ally after the breeding season south to San Quintin Bay, Baja California. Rallus longirostris magdalénae van Rossem. [211e.] Rallus longirostris magdalenae van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 60, May 19, 1947, p. 51. (Almejas Bay, Santa Margarita Island, Magda- lena Bay, Baja California.) Breeds from San Quintin Bay south to Magdalena Bay, Baja California, wandering casually in fall south to Todos Santos in the Cape region. 1 Rallus longirostris Boddaert, Table Planch. Enlum., 1783, p. 52. (Cayenne.) 154 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Rallus longirostris béldingi Ridgway. [209.] Rallus beldingi Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5, Sept. 11, 1882, p. 345. (Espiritu Santo Islands, Baja California.) Resident, locally, on the gulf coast of Baja California (near La Paz and on San José and Espiritu Santo islands). Rallus longirostris yamanénsis Dickey. [210a.] Rallus yumanensis Dickey, Auk, 40, no. 1, Jan. 10, 1923, p. 90. (Bard, Imperial County, California.) Resident in fresh or brackish marshes of the Colorado River in California and Arizona from Laguna Dam to Yuma and at the southeastern end of Salton Sea. Rallus longirostris crépitans Gmelin. [211.] Rallus crepitans Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 713. Based on the Clapper Rail of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 490. (in Nove- boraco = Long Island, New York.) Breeds in salt marshes from Connecticut (Saybrook) and southeastern New York (Long Island) south to southern North Carolina (intergrading there with Rallus longirostris waynei). Winters from New Jersey, occasionally from southern Connecticut and New York, south to Georgia (Savannah, St. Marys, and Sapelo Island), casually to Florida (Amelia Island). Casual in Nova Scotia (Lawrencetown), New Brunswick, Maine (Popham Beach, Sabattus Pond), New Hampshire (Portsmouth), and Massachusetts. Accidental in the interior in Vermont (Burlington), New York (Ossining), and Virginia (Lexington). Rallus longirostris waynei Brewster. [211c.] Rallus crepitans waynei Brewster, Proc. New England Zod]. Club, 1, June 9, 1899, p. 50. (St. Mary’s, Camden Co., Georgia.) Breeds in coastal marshes from extreme southern North Carolina (Southport) south to east-central Florida (Merritt Island); mainly resident; recorded south to Jupiter, Florida, possibly as a wanderer. Rallus longirostris scéttii Sennett. [211).] Rallus longirostris scottii Sennett, Auk, 5, no. 3, July 1888, p. 305. (Tar- pon Springs, Florida.) Resident along the coasts of Florida, from Pensacola on the west and Jupiter on the east south to Cape Sable. Occasional as a wanderer (not breeding) in southwestern Alabama (Perdido Bay). ORDER GRUIFORMES 155 Rallus longirostris insularum Brooks. [211d.] Rallus longirostris insularum W. S. Brooks, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 7, June 24, 1920, p. 53. (Big Pine Key, Florida.) Resident in mangrove swamps in the Florida Keys (Key Largo to Key West and Marquesas Key). Ralius longirostris saturatus Ridgway. [211a.] Rallus longirostris var. saturatus “Henshaw” Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 5, no. 3, July 1880, p. 140. (Louisiana = Rigolets, Lake Borgne, Louisiana.) Resident in the salt marshes of the Gulf coast from southern Texas (Browns- ville) to southeastern Alabama (Perdido Bay); casual to west coast of peninsu- lar Florida (Seven Oaks, Tampa Bay). Rallus limicola Vieillot: VIRGINIA RAIL. British Columbia, Alberta, Montana, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to Guatemala; the higher mountains of Ecuador (possibly also of Peri); and from central Chile and the Province of Buenos Aires, Ar- gentina, to the Straits of Magellan. Migrant in central and eastern Canada and north-central and eastern United States. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Oregon, California, and Florida. Rallus limicola limicola Vieillot. [212.] Rallus limicola Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 28, May 1819, p. 558. (Etats Unis = Pennsylvania.) Breeds from Cariboo region, British Columbia, Alberta (Brooks), central Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, Indian Head), central Manitoba (The Pas, Shoal Lake, Winnipeg), western Ontario (Wabigoon), southern Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie, Bigwood), southern Quebec (including Magdalen Islands), New Bruns- wick (Scotch Lake, St. John), and Nova Scotia (Kentville) south to north- western Baja California (San Ramon, El Rosario), central eastern Arizona (White Mountains), northern New Mexico (Lake Burford), western Oklahoma, Missouri, Illinois, northern Alabama, West Virginia (Putnam and Brooke coun- ties), northern Virginia (Dyke), and the coast of North Carolina; and in the Distrito Federal, México. Winters in southern British Columbia (Chilliwack, Okanagan) and, locally, from western Washington and western Oregon south through the lowland areas of California to Baja California; rarely in central and southern Texas, southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, and southern Alabama; more commonly near the Atlantic coast from North Carolina (Pea Island) south to Georgia and central Florida; and southward irregularly through México, where it has been recorded from northern Sonora (Sonoyta), Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Chihuahua (Chihuahua), Jalisco, Distrito Federal, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz (Jalapa), to the plateau region of Guatemala (Antigua, Duefias); recorded irregularly 156 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS from Montana (Helena), Utah (Provo, St. George), Colorado (Clear Creek Valley, Barr), Arkansas (Stuttgart), Illinois (Mount Carmel), Michigan (Mon- roe County), Ohio (Buckeye Lake), southern Ontario, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia. Accidental in Greenland (Godthaab), Bermuda, and Cuba. Casual in Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland (Placentia). Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus’: WATER RAIL. Iceland, southern Norway, southern Sweden, central Russia, Transcaspia, Iran, Turkestan, eastern Siberia (Irkutsk, Olek-minsk), Sakhalin, and the Kurile Islands south to Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, India (rarely south to Ceylon), Burma, southern China, Formosa and southern Japan (Kyushu). Rallus aquaticus hibérnans Salomonsen. [212.1.] Rallus aquaticus hibernans Salomonsen, Vid. Medd. Dansk Naturh. For., 90, 1931, p. 360. (Husavik, northern Iceland.) Resident in Iceland. Casual in Greenland (Kangeq, Julianehaab, Nanortalik, Frederiksdal, Ang- magssalik), Faeroes, and Jan Mayen. Genus PORZANA Vieillot Porzana Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, p. 61. Type, by monotypy and tautonymy, Marouette of Buffon = Rallus porzana Linnaeus. Porzadna porzana (Linnaeus): SPOTTED CRAKE. [213.] Rallus Porzana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 262. (in Europa ad ripas = France.) Breeds from England, Wales (formerly Ireland and southern Scotland), Nor- way (to Trondheim Fjord), southern Sweden (Varmland, Uppland), Finland (to lat. 64° N.), northern Russia (Arkhangelsk), lat. 61° N. in the Ural Mountains, Tomsk, Yeniseisk, and northwestern Mongolia south to Spain, Balearic Islands, southern France, Sardinia, Italy, Greece, Crete, and Turkey, formerly to eastern Turkestan (Yarkand) and Kashmir (Gilgit); possibly also in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Ethiopia. Winters from Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia to southern Rhodesia and in India (Sind to Bengal). Occasional in Madeira and the Canary Islands. Accidental in Greenland (Kangamiut, Sukkertoppen, Godthaab, Julianehaab, Nanortalik) and South Africa. 1 Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 153. (Europa = Great Britain.) ORDER GRUIFORMES Sz Porzana carolina (Linnaeus): SorA. [214.] Rallus carolinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 153. Based on The Little American Water Hen of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 144. (in America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.) Breeds from British Columbia (Cariboo district, Peace River district), Mac- kenzie (Simpson, Rae, Resolution), Saskatchewan (Flotten Lake, Pelican Nar- rows), northern Manitoba (Chemawawin, Churchill, York Factory), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, west coast of James Bay), central and southern Quebec (Great Whale River, Montreal, Quebec, Godbout, the Magdalen Islands), New Brunswick (Midgic), and Prince Edward Island south to northwestern Baja California (San Antonio del Mar), Nevada (Quinn River, Pyramid Lake), Ari- zona (Williams, White Mountains), southern New Mexico (Socorro County), Colorado (Denver, Barr, Blue River, Lay), Oklahoma (Tulsa), Missouri (Inde- pendence), Illinois (Springfield), Indiana (Bluffton), central Ohio, West Vir- ginia (Greenbrier County), and Pennsylvania. Winters from California (Sonoma County), central Arizona, southern Texas (Corpus Christi), southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, southern South Carolina (Santee River), and Florida south through México, Central America, and the West Indies to Colombia, Peri (Tumbes, Sarayaci), Venezuela (Lake Valencia, Caracas), Trinidad, and British Guiana (Bartica). Occasional in winter in southwestern British Columbia (Fraser River Delta), Minnesota (Lanesboro), Illinois (Rantoul), Michigan (Monroe County), south- ern Ontario, Pennsylvania (Kresgeville), West Virginia (Weston), New York (Rochester, Flushing), Connecticut (Hartford), and Massachusetts (Salem). Casual in the Queen Charlotte Islands (Massett), Anticosti Island, New- foundland, Greenland (Sukkertoppen, Umanaq, Timerdlit, Frederikshaab), Bermuda, England (Newbury, Berkshire), Wales (Cardiff), Eire (Galway), and the Outer Hebrides (Tiree, Lewis). Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. Genus COTURNICOPS Gray Coturnicops G. R. Gray, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 120. Type, by monotypy, Rallus noveboracensis Gmelin = Fulica noveboracensis Gmelin. Cotuirnicops noveboracénsis (Gmelin): YELLOW RaIL. Recorded locally from Mackenzie, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Bruns- wick, and Maine south to California, Arizona, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida; and the State of México (Lerma). Migrant in the northern part of breeding range. Coturnicops noveboracensis noveboracénsis (Gmelin). [215.] Fulica noveboracensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 701. Based on the Yellow-breasted Gallinule of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 493. (in Noveboraco = New York.) Breeds, locally, in central eastern California (Mono County), and from Mac- kenzie (Fort Resolution), Manitoba (Churchill, York Factory), Ontario (Fort 158 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Severn, coast of James Bay), Quebec (Old Fort Bay, Gaspé), New Brunswick (Sackville, Milltown), and Maine (Calais) south to Alberta (Red Deer, Cam- rose), Saskatchewan (Fort Qu’Appelle), North Dakota (Devils Lake, Esmond), Minnesota (Murray County), Wisconsin (Jefferson County, Racine), Ohio (Pickaway, Hamilton, Huron, and Ashtabula counties), Massachusetts (New- buryport), and Connecticut (Middletown); formerly in northern Illinois (Win- nebago, Chicago). One summer record for Colorado (Barr Lake). Winters locally from Oregon (Scio) through California (south to Orange and Riverside counties); and in southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi (Bay St. Louis), Alabama (Barachias, Greensboro, Bayou La Batre), and Florida (south to Cape Sable). Casual in Washington (Skagit County). Genus LATERALLUS Gray Laterallus G. R. Gray, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, p. 120. Type, by monotypy, Rallus melanophaius Vieillot. Laterallus jamaicénsis (Gmelin): BLACK RAIL. Central California to northwestern Baja California; Colorado, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts south to Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico; coast of Peri (Lima); and central Chile (Aconcagua to Colchagua). Migrant in northern United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Laterallus jamaicensis jamaicénsis Gmelin. [216.] Rallus jamaicensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 718. (Ja- maica.) Breeds, rarely and locally, in Kansas (Garden City, Princeton), Indiana (Greencastle, Windfall), Ohio (Hamilton County), New York (Jones Beach), Connecticut (Saybrook, Hazardville), Massachusetts (Chatham), New Jersey, Delaware, Virginia (Blacksburg), North Carolina (Wake and Guilford coun- ties), South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, Georgetown), and Florida (St. Marks, Alachua County, Clearwater, Merritt Island); formerly in Illinois (Calumet River, Philo). Winters in southern Louisiana (Grand Isle, Morgan City, New Orleans) and from southern Georgia (Coleraine) south to southern Florida (Key West, Tortugas). Recorded, as a migrant or in summer, from Colorado (near Denver), Ne- braska, Oklahoma (Cleveland County), Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong), Michigan, Tennessee, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. Casual in Bermuda and Guatemala (Duefias’). Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus (Ridgway). [216.1.] Porzana Jamaiensis var. coturniculus “Baird” Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, no. 2, Feb. 1874, p. 111. (Farallon Islands, coast of California.) Breeds, locally, in California, near San Diego and Chino (one record), prob- ably to northwestern Baja California (San Ramdén, San Quintin). 1 Subspecies not certain. ORDER GRUIFORMES 159 Winters north in California to Tomales Bay and the San Francisco Bay area. Accidental on the Farallons, and casually inland to Stockton, Riverside, and Salton Sea, California. Genus CREX Bechstein Crex Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. Deutschland, pt. 2, 1803, p. 336. Type, by monotypy and tautonymy, Crax pratensis Bechstein = Rallus crex Linnaeus. Créx créx (Linnaeus): CorN CRAKE. [217.] Rallus Crex Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 153. (in Europae agris, carectis = Sweden. ) Breeds from the Faeroes, northern Norway, Sweden (formerly to Lapland), Finland (to lat. 65° N.), northern Russia (Solovetski Island, Arkhangelsk, lat. 61° N. in the Urals), and central Siberia, east to the Ob, Yenisei, and upper Lena rivers south to southern France, northern Italy, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Turkey, northern Iran, Kazakstan, Altai, and Irkutsk. Winters throughout Africa, including Madagascar, and Arabia, occasionally in Madeira, Canary Islands, and the Azores. Casual in Greenland (Godthaab, Egedesminde, Sukkertoppen, Julianehaab, Atangmik, Jakobshavn, Arsuk, Nanortalik, Angmagssalik). Accidental in Baffin Island (near Cape Dorset), Newfoundland (St. Shotts), Nova Scotia (Pictou), Maine (Falmouth), Rhode Island (Cranston), Con- necticut (Saybrook), New York (Long Island), New Jersey (Salem, Bridgeton, Cape May), Pennsylvania (near Philadelphia), Maryland (Hursley, Worcester County), and Bermuda; also in Kashmir (Gilgit), Australia (New South Wales), and New Zealand. Genus PORPHYRULA Blyth Porphyrula Blyth, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiatic Soc., 1849 (1852), p. 283. Type, by monotypy, P. chloronotus Blyth = Porphyrio alleni Thomson. Porphyrula martinica (Linnaeus). PURPLE GALLINULE. [218.] Fulica martinica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 259. (in Martinicae inundatis = Martinique, West Indies.) Breeds from the coastal region of Louisiana, Tennessee (Reelfoot Lake and Franklin County), western and southern Mississippi, southern Alabama (Chuck- vee Bay, Baldwin County), and South Carolina (Yemassee, Frogmore) south through eastern Georgia, Florida, the Bahama Islands, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (now rare), St. Croix, the Lesser Antilles (recorded from Guadeloupe southward), Tobago, and Trinidad; and from Nayarit on the west, and southern Texas on the east, through the lowlands of México and Central America south to Ecuador, Pert, Brasil, Uruguay, and northern Argentina (Province of Buenos Aires). Winters from western México, southern Texas (Brownsville), Louisiana (casually Carlisle), and Florida southward to Brasil and northern Argentina. Wanders widely to Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, 160 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, West Virginia, Ohio, southern Ontario, Pennsyl- vania, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Bermuda, Tristan da Cunha, and the island of South Georgia. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. Genus GALLINULA Brisson Gallinula Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 50; vol. 6, p. 2. Type, by tau- tonymy, Gallinula Brisson = Fulica chloropus Linnaeus. Gallinula chléropus (Linnaeus)*: COMMON GALLINULE. Shetlands, Norway, Sweden, Finland, northern Russia, southern areas of western Siberia, Altai district, Manchuria, Sakhalin, and Japan, south to the Azores, South Africa, Madagascar, Réunion, Mauritius, Seychelles, Saudi Ara- bia, Iran, Baluchistan, India (to Ceylon), Burma, Indochina, Malay States, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali, Lombok, Soembawa, Ryukyu Islands, Formosa, Philippine Islands, and Celebes; Bonin Islands, Marianas Islands, Hawaiian Islands; from California and Arizona south through western México; Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, and Que- bec south through eastern México, Central America, and the West Indies to northern Chile and central Argentina; casually to the Faeroes and Iceland. Migrant in winter in the far north. Fossil, in Upper Pliocene of Idaho; and in Pleistocene of Florida and Cuba. Gallinula chloropus cachinnans Bangs. [219.] Gallinula chloropus cachinnans Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 5, p. 96, May 17, 1915. (Arbuckle Creek, DeSoto Co., Florida.) Breeds in California, locally, from Glenn and Butte counties south to San Diego County and the lower Colorado River Valley (probably to the Colorado Delta in northeastern Baja California); in the Cape district of southern Baja California; in Nayarit (near Tepic); in central Arizona; and from central Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska (from Cherry County), Iowa, central Minnesota (from Becker County), southern Wisconsin (Madison), Michigan (Cheboygan County, Saginaw Bay), southern Ontario (Wasaga Beach, Peterborough, Ot- tawa), southern Quebec (Montreal), Vermont (Lake Bomoseen, St. Albans), and Massachusetts (Cambridge, Belmont, Provincetown, Truro) south to south- ern and southeastern Texas (to Brownsville), southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, Alabama, and southern Florida (Cape Sable); in Bermuda; and in the Galapagos Islands (Chatham Island, Albemarle Island). (Reported to breed locally south to Panama.) Winters from north-central California and Arizona (Tucson) south through western México and from southern and southeastern Texas (Aransas Bay, Port 1 Fulica Chloropus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 152. (Europa = England.) ORDER GRUIFORMES 161 Arthur), Louisiana, southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, and eastern North Carolina (rarely) south through eastern and southern México and Central America to central Panama (Almirante, Canal Zone) and to southern Florida; also in the Galapagos Islands and Bermuda; casual in winter in Minnesota (Minneapolis), southern Ontario (Toronto), Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), Massachusetts (Ware, Palmer), and New York (Carman River, Long Island). Casual in summer and autumn in Colorado (Colorado Springs), Manitoba (Sandy Bay Indian Reservation on Lake Manitoba), South Dakota (Vermil- ion, Sioux Falls area), Ontario (Lake Nipissing), Quebec (Quebec, Anticosti Island, Gaspé), New Hampshire (Rollinsford), Maine (Calais, Portland), New Brunswick (Dicks Lake, St. John), Nova Scotia (near Kentville, Cornwallis River, Sable Island), and Newfoundland (St. John’s, St. Shotts). Accidental in Greenland. Subfamily FULICINAE: Coots Genus FULICA Linnaeus Fulica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 152. Type, by subse- quent designation, Fulica atra Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). Fulica atra Linnaeus: EUROPEAN COOT. Iceland, British Isles, Norway, Sweden, Finland, northern Russia, through central Siberia (Lena River) to Sakhalin and Japan, south to northwestern Africa, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, southern India, Annam, Sumatra, Java, and Luzon; mountains of New Guinea; Australia and Tasmania. Migrant in winter in the far north. Fulica atra atra Linnaeus. [220.] Fulica atra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 152. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds from Iceland (rare), Outer Hebrides, Norway (Trondheim Fjord), Sweden (to lat. 61° N.), Finland (from lat. 61° 30’ N.), northern Russia (Vo- logda, Ural Mountains to lat. 57° N.), and through central Siberia (upper Lena River) to Sakhalin, south to Portugal, Spain, Balearic Islands, Morocco, Algeria, northern Tunisia, Egypt, Cyprus, Palestine, Iraq, Baluchistan, southern India, northern China (to the lower Yangtze River), Korea, and northern Honshu; and in the Azores. Winters from the British Isles and all but the northern part of its breeding range south to Madeira, Canary Islands, the oases of the Sahara Desert (Bilma), the Blue Nile, Saudi Arabia, Burma, Thailand, Annam, Sumatra, Java, Luzén, and the Marianas. Occasional in the Faeroes, Greenland (Kangeq, Nanortalik, Julianehaab, Frederiksdal, Angmagssalik), Labrador (Tangnaivik Island in Anaktalak Bay, Separation Point in Sandwich Bay), and Newfoundland (Exploits Harbour). 162 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Fulica americana Gmelin: AMERICAN Coot. British Columbia, southern Mackenzie, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick, south through México and Central America to Panama, the Greater Antilles, and the Bahama Islands; northern Andes from the Bogota Savanna, Colombia, to northern Ecuador; and the Hawaiian Islands (except Lanai). Fossil, in Upper Pliocene of Kansas; and in Pleistocene of California, Texas, Nuevo Leén, and Florida. Fulica americana americana Gmelin. [221.] Fulica americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 704. Based on the Cinereous Coot of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 279. (in America septentrionali = North America.) Breeds from British Columbia (from Vanderhoof and Peace River districts in the interior), southern Mackenzie (Resolution), central and northern Alberta (Lesser Slave Lake, Chipewyan), central Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, Cum- berland House), Manitoba (Moose Lake, Chemawawin), western Ontario (Whitefish Lake), northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern On- tario (Sudbury, Beaumaris), southern Quebec (Montreal, Quebec), and New Brunswick south, locally, to southern Baja California, Nayarit, Jalisco, Guada- lajara, Michoacan (Lake Patzcuaro), Guatemala (Duefias, Lake Atitlan), Nic- aragua, southern and southeastern Texas, southern Louisiana, southern Mis- sissippi, western Tennessee (Reelfoot Lake), Alabama (Tennessee Valley) Georgia (Albany), Florida, Cuba and the Isle of Pines, Jamaica, and Grand Cayman. Winters widely across the continent from British Columbia south through Washington, Oregon, and California, eastward through northern Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas to the Mississippi and Ohio valleys in southern Illinois, southern Indiana, southern Ohio, and western West Virginia, and along the Atlantic coast from Maryland southward, and from these limits south through México, Central America (to Panama), the Greater Antilles (east to Puerto Rico and St. Croix), and the Bahama Islands, casually to Bermuda and the Grenadines. Occasional in winter north to Colorado (Barr), Nebraska, Michigan (Monroe County), New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. Casual in the Aleutians (Unimak Island), Queen Charlotte Islands (Graham Island), southeastern Alaska (Sitka, St. Lazaria Island), northern Manitoba (Churchill), Franklin District, Bellot Strait, northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Moose Factory), Newfoundland, Labrador (Table Bay), western Greenland (Christianshaab, Godthaab, Sydpr¢ven, Frederikshaab), and Clipperton Island. 1A specimen in the South African Museum, Capetown, taken near Durban, Natal, in 1891, is believed by Clancey to have been an escape from captivity; cf. Sclater, Syst. Av. Aeth., pt. 1, 1924, p. 109. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 163 Order CHARADRIITFORMES: Shorebirds, Gulls, Auks, and Allies Suborder CHARADRII: Jaganas and Shorebirds Superfamily JACANOIDEA: Jaganas Family JACANIDAE: Jaganas Genus JACANA Brisson Jacana Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 48; vol. 5, p. 121. Type, by tau- tonymy, Jacana Brisson = Parra jacana Linnaeus. Jacana spinosa (Linnaeus): JAGANA. Resident from southern Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Michoacan, and Tamaulipas south through México and Central America to western Panama; Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic.1 Occasional summer resi- dent in the southern tip of Texas. Jacana spinosa spindésa (Linnaeus). [288.] Fulica spinosa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 152. (in America australi = Panama.) Resident from Tamaulipas south on the east coast to Campeche and Yucatan and on the west coast from Michoacan to Chiapas and extreme western Pan- ama; also Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, and Hispaniola. Casual in Texas (Mitchell, Bexar, Cameron, Victoria, and Matagorda coun- ties); accidental at Lake Okeechobee, Florida. Superfamily CHARADRIOIDEA: Shorebirds Family HAEMATOPODIDAE: Oystercatchers Genus HAEMATOPUS Linnaeus Haematopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 152. Type, by monotypy, Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus. Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus?: EUROPEAN OYSTERCATCHER. From Iceland, the Faeroes, British Isles, Norway, and northern Russia south to Portugal, Senegal, the Canary Islands, the Mediterranean Sea, and Mozam- 1The range given covers the forms with 3-lobed frontal shield and rudimentary rictal wattle. Those with 2-lobed frontal shield and large rictal wattle, ranging from Panama and Trinidad to Bolivia, northern Argentina, and Uruguay, are considered a distinct species, Jacana jacana (Linnaeus), by some workers, and by others are united with J. spinosa. 2 Haematopus Ostralegus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 152. (In Europae, Americae septentrionalis littoribus marinis = Oland Island, Sweden.) 164 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS bique; through the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Baluchistan, Kathiawar, eastern Bengal, Ceylon, and Burma (Arakan) to central China; from Kamchatka and the Komandorskie Islands to Korea and Japan (in winter); and from the Kai and Aroe islands, and the south coast of New Guinea to the coasts of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Chatham Islands. Haematopus ostralegus occidentalis Neumann. [285.] Haematopus ostralegus occidentalis Neumann, Gefiederte Welt, 58, Heft 14, 1929, p. 161. (No locality mentioned = Auskerry, Orkney Islands.)* Breeds from Iceland and the Faeroes to the Orkney Islands. Winters in most of the breeding range south to western France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Casual in southern Greenland (Godthaab, Jakobshavn). Haematopus palliatus Temminck: AMERICAN OYSTERCATCHER. From northern Baja California south along the Pacific coast to Chiloé Island, Chile, including the Galapagos Islands; from the northern shores of the Gulf of México and eastern New Jersey to the Bahama Islands, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the Lesser Antilles, ranging from Florida west and south to Texas, eastern México, Central America and South America to the Province of Chubut, Argentina. Haematopus palliatus palliatus Temminck. [286.] Haematopus palliatus Temminck, Man. Orn., ed. 2, vol. 2, 1820, p. 532. (a lAmérique méridionale = Venezuela.) Breeds locally on the coasts of Aransas and San Antonio bays, Texas, Louisiana (east of the Mississippi Delta), Alabama (formerly), and western Florida (where formerly common, now rare); and from New Jersey south to Georgia, formerly to eastern Florida; and along the east coast of México and Central America, and of northern and northeastern South America to Brasil; on the Pacific coast from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec south to Colombia.? Winters in the breeding range from North Carolina and the Gulf coast south- ward; casual on the coasts of New Brunswick, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and Delaware, and inland in Brunswick County, Virginia. Haematopus palliatus frazari Brewster. [286.1.] Haematopus frazari Brewster, Auk, 5, no. 1, Jan. 1888, p. 84. (Carmen Island, Gulf of California.) Resident on the Pacific coast and islands of Baja California from Todos Santos southward through the Gulf of California, and south along the Mexican 1 This race was described to cover the breeding population of the British Isles and northwestern France, but the B.O.U. list of 1952 calls the British bird H. o. ostra- legus. The oystercatchers of Iceland are definitely larger, becoming smaller south- ward through the Faeroes. Should it be established that the Orkney birds are nearer typical ostralegus, the stragglers found in Greenland will be called Haematopus ostralegus malacophaga Salomonsen; Ibis, 1930, p. 58, type locality, Thorsa, Iceland. 2 Subspecific status of Pacific coast birds from southern México southward is not certain. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 165 coast to the Tres Marietas Islands, Nayarit, Colima, and Guerrero; formerly north to Ventura County and Santa Barbara Island, California, and Los Coro- nados Islands, Baja California. Haematopus bachmani Audubon: BLACK OYSTERCATCHER. [287.] Haematopus Bachmani Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 4, 1838, pl. 427, fig. 1 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 245). (Mouth of the Columbia River.) Breeds from Kiska Island in the western Aleutians eastward and southward along the Pacific coast and islands of North America to Abreojos Point and Natividad Island, central western Baja California. Casual in winter on the Pribilof Islands. Family CHARADRIIDAE: Plovers, Turnstones, and Surfbirds Subfamily VANELLINAE: Lapwings Genus VANELLUS Brisson Vanellus Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 48; vol. 5, p. 94. Type, by tau- tonymy, Vanellus Brisson = Tringa vanellus Linnaeus. Vanéllus vanéllus (Linnaeus): LApwinc. [269.] Tringa Vanellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 148. (in Europa, Africa = Sweden.) Breeds from the Faeroes (rarely), British Isles, northern Norway (from lat. 70° N.), northern Sweden, northern Finland (to lat. 68° N.), northern Russia (from lat. 62° N. in west and from 59° N. in the Urals), Transbaikalia, the Amur, and Ussuriland south to the European shores of the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, Armenia, northwestern Iran, Turkestan, Semipalatinsk, northwestern Mongolia, and Jehol. Winters from Ireland, southern Scotland, Spain, France, central Germany (in mild winters), Italy, southern Russia, Asia Minor, Palestine, Iraq, Iran, Sind, Oudh, Assam, northern Burma, China, and Japan (Honshu) south to the Madeiras, Canary Islands, northern Africa (occasionally to the White Nile), India, Upper Burma, Indochina, Formosa, and the Ryukyu Islands. Casual in Greenland. Accidental in Baffin Island, Labrador, eastern Quebec (St. Augustine), Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, Rhode Island, New York (Long Island), North Carolina, South Carolina (sight rec- ord), the Bahamas, and Barbados; and in Iceland, Jan Mayen Island, Bear Island, the White Sea (Solovetski Island), the Azores, and northwestern Siberia. Subfamily CHARADRIINAE: Plovers Genus CHARADRIUS Linnaeus 1 Charadrius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 150. Type, by tautonymy, Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus. (Charadrios s. Hiaticula Aldrovandus, prebinomial specific name, in synonymy.) 1 Salomonsen, Gr¢gnlands Fugle, pt. 3, 1951, p. 566, lists the accidental occurrence 166 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus: RINGED PLOVER. Breeds from Ellesmere and Baffin islands, northern Greenland, Spitsbergen, Bear Island, Kolguev Island, Novaya Zemlya, Vaigach Island, and through northern Siberia to the Chukotski Peninsula, south to northern Russia, and through central Siberia east to Bering Sea at the base of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Winters from the British Isles, Mediterranean Sea, Asia Minor, and China south to southern Africa and northwestern India. Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula Linnaeus. [275.] Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 150. (in Europa & America = Sweden.) Breeds on Ellesmere Island (Alert, probably), eastern Baffin Island (Arctic Bay, Pond and Clyde inlets, Cumberland Sound), both coasts of Greenland (north to lat. 78° N. in the west and to Dove Bugt in the east), in Iceland, the Faeroes, British Isles, Denmark, central Norway, central Sweden, western Finland, and the Baltic States south to Portugal, Spain, Balearic Islands, Sar- dinia, Italy, and Sicily. Winters chiefly on the shores of the British Isles and western Europe (un- certainly south to the Canary Islands, Fernando Po, the mouth of the Congo, and Cape Province). The New World population migrates eastward through Greenland to western Europe. Casual in the Azores and Madeiras. Accidental in Barbados. Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte: SEMIPALMATED PLOVER. [274.] Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, Aug. 1825, p. 98. New name for Tringa hiaticula Ord, in Wilson, Amer. Orn., Ord reprint, vol. 7, 1824, p. 65. (Coast of New Jersey.) Breeds from Alaska (rarely and locally, Nunivak Island, Hooper Bay, Col- ville Delta), northern Mackenzie (Eskimo Lakes), Victoria Island (Cambridge Bay), southern Somerset Island, Melville Peninsula (Fury and Hecla Strait), southern Baffin Island, and the northern Labrador coast south to the Alaska Peninsula, Queen Charlotte Islands, northwestern British Columbia (Atlin Lake, Haines Road), southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), the Manitoba and Ontario coast of Hudson Bay (Churchill, Fort Severn, Cape Henrietta Maria), and James Bay (Cockispenny Point); also the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, the Magdalen Islands, Sable Island, southern Nova Scotia, and formerly to southern New Brunswick (Grand Manan region). Nonbreeding birds are found in summer in coastal areas south to California, Panama, and Florida. Winters from central California (San Francisco Bay, Santa Barbara), central of the Mongolian Plover, Charadrius asiaticus veredus Gould from Greenland, with indication that details are to be recorded in another paper, not yet at hand as the fifth edition goes to press. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 167 Sonora, the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coast from South Carolina (rarely New Jersey) south, on both coasts of México, to Colombia, the Galapagos Archipelago, and Chile (Aconcagua, Llanquihue), and through the West Indies to Patagonia (Puerto Deseado). Migrates along both coasts and through the interior of North America, though rarely in the intermountain region south of British Columbia. Casual in northeastern Siberia (Plover Bay, Koliuchin Bay, Herald Island), western Greenland, and Bermuda. Accidental in England. Charadrius melédus Ord: PIPING PLOVER. Breeds locally from central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Mani- toba, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence (probably), Prince Edward Island, the Magdalen Islands, and southwestern Newfoundland south to southeastern South Dakota, central Ne- braska, the southern shores of lakes Michigan and Erie and the Atlantic coast south to Virginia. Reported formerly in summer in Iowa. Winters along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico from Texas eastward, and on the Atlantic coast from South Carolina to Florida, more rarely in the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles east to Puerto Rico. Charadrius melodus melédus Ord. [277.] Charadrius melodus Ord, in Wilson, Amer. Orn., Ord reprint, vol. 7, 1824, p. 71. (Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.) Breeds on coastal beaches from southeastern Quebec (Natashquan, prob- ably), southwestern Newfoundland, northern New Brunswick (Northumber- land County), Magdalen Islands, Prince Edward Island, southern Nova Scotia, and southern Maine to Virginia; formerly to North Carolina (Pea Island). Winters mainly on the south Atlantic coast of the United States from South Carolina to Florida. Casual in Mississippi, Louisiana, Bermuda, the Bahamas (Andros, New Providence, Current Islands), Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic (Seven Brothers Islands, Saona Island), and Puerto Rico. Charadrius melodus circumecinctus (Ridgway). [277a.] Aegialitis melodus var. circumcinctus Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, no. 2, Feb. 1874, p. 109. (Loup Fork of Platte River, Nebraska.) Breeds locally from central Alberta (Beaverhill Lake), southern Saskatche- wan (north to Quill Lake), southern Manitoba (Lake Manitoba, Lake Winni- peg), northern Michigan (Schoolcraft and Alger counties, Beaver Island), and southern Ontario (Wasaga Beach, Ipperwash Beach, Long Point, Conse- con, Rockport) south to northwestern North Dakota, southeastern South Dakota (Union County), central and eastern Nebraska, and the southern shores of lakes Michigan, Erie, and Ontario.1 1 Birds from the Great Lakes area are intermediate but are referred to C. m. circumcinctus. 168 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico from Texas east at least to Alabama. Casual in southeastern Wyoming, northeastern Colorado (Barr), Maryland (Worcester County), and South Carolina (Isle of Palms) .* Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus?: SNowy PLOVER. From southern England, southern Sweden, southern Russia, southeastern Siberia, southern Kamchatka, Komandorskie Islands, and southern Japan south to South Africa, Madagascar, Ceylon, Australia, and Tasmania; and from Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, southwestern Kansas, northwestern Oklahoma, north-central Texas, southern Louisiana, and western Florida south to Baja California; coasts of Peri and Chile; and locally in the West Indies (Bahama Islands and Greater Antilles). In winter to Nayarit, Yucatan, and Venezuela. Charadrius alexandrinus nivdésus (Cassin). [278.] Aegialitis nivosa Cassin, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xlvi, 696. (Presidio [now within San Francisco], California.) Breeds on the Pacific coast from southern Washington, Oregon, and Cali- fornia to southern Baja California; also in Harney Valley, Oregon; San Joaquin Valley (rarely) and Salton Sea, California; western Nevada, Utah, eastern Colorado (Nee-Grande Reservoir, Kiowa County), southern New Mexico (Bosque del Apache Refuge, Salt Creek north of Roswell), along the Cimarron River in southwestern Kansas and northwestern Oklahoma, north-central Texas (Pease River, Wilbarger County), and extreme southern Texas (Brownsville) ; possibly also extreme northeastern México (Tamaulipas). Known in Arizona only as a migrant. Winters on the coast and adjacent islands from northern Oregon to southern Baja California and along the Gulf of California south at least to Nayarit; also on the Gulf of Mexico coast from southern Texas east to Mississippi (Gulfport and Deer Island). Casual in Wyoming and Nebraska. Reported as occasional to extreme west- ern Florida (Okaloosa and Bay counties) in winter. Charadrius alexandrinus tenuiréstris (Lawrence). [278a.] Aegialitis tenuirostris Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 7, 1862, p. 455. (near Guantanamo, Cuba.) Breeds along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico from Louisiana to western Florida (Pensacola; Estero Island), and in Cuba, and St. Croix; probably also in the Bahama Islands, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Winters from central western Florida and the Bahamas through the Greater 1 West Indian and Florida records of the species may also include C. m. circum- cinctus. 2 Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 150. (Aegypti = Egypt.) ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 169 Antilles (Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico) to the Virgin Islands; south to the coast of Yucatan (Rio Lagartos) and northern Venezuela (Margarita Island); also occasionally on the north coast of the Gulf of Mexico (East Timbalier Island, Louisiana). Casual on the Atlantic coast of Florida (Merritt Island). Accidental in Wisconsin (Kenosha County) and southern Ontario (Toronto). Charadrius mongolus Pallas!: MONGOLIAN PLOVER. Breeds in the Pamirs, Kashmir, Tibet, Koko Nor, and Inner Mongolia; and in the Kirghiz Steppes, Outer Mongolia, Chukotski Peninsula, Kamchatka, the Komandorskie Islands, and western Alaska. Winters from the Red Sea, Iran, Baluchistan, India, Thailand, eastern China, and the Philippines south to central Mozambique, Seychelles Islands, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, the Malay Peninsula, Java, New Guinea, and Australia. Charadrius mongolus stégmanni Stresemann. [279.] Charadrius mongolus stegmanni Stresemann, Orn. Monatsb., 48, no. 2, 1940, p. 55. New name for Charadrius mongolus litoralis Stegmann, preoccupied. (Bering Island.) Breeds from the Yablonoi and Stanovoi mountains, the Chukotski Peninsula, Kamchatka, the Komandorskie Islands, and western Alaska (St. Lawrence Island, probably; Goodnews Bay) south to Mongolia. Winters from eastern China, the Philippines, the Marianas, and Carolines south to northern Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, New Guinea, and Australia. Recorded on Nunivak Island and at Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska. Charadrius wilsénia Ord: WILSON’S PLOVER. Breeds from central Baja California, central Sonora, and the Gulf coast of the United States, along both coasts of México and Central America, to Co- lombia and Peri; from southern New Jersey to Florida, and through the West Indies to Venezuela and British Guiana. Winters from the coasts of central Baja California, central Sonora, south- eastern Texas, Louisiana, and Florida (occasionally north to South Carolina) to Pera and central eastern Brasil. Charadrius wilsonia wilsénia Ord. [280.] Charadrius Wilsonia Ord, in Wilson, Amer. Orn., Ord reprint, vol. 9, 1814, p. 77, pl. 73, fig. 5. (Shore of Cape Island [= Cape May], New Jersey.) Breeds on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico from southern Texas to western Florida, and on the Atlantic coast from Virginia (rarely southern New Jersey) to Florida; south along the east coast of México (probably) to the cays off British Honduras, and locally in the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and the Lee- ward Islands (Anguilla, St. Kitts, Antigua). 1 Charadrius mongolus Pallas, Reise versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, vol. 3, 1776, p. 700. (circa lacus salsos versus Mongoliae fines = Kulussutai, probably on the Onon River, Siberia.) 170 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters from the coasts of Texas, Louisiana, and Florida south to eastern Costa Rica, and to Jamaica, Cuba, and other Greater Antillean islands; also along the coast of South America from British Guiana (probably) to central eastern Brasil (Baia). Casual north to New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, and Nova Scotia. Accidental in Ohio (Lucas County). Charadrius wilsonia béldingi (Ridgway). [280a.] Pagolla wilsonia beldingi Ridgway, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 8, June 26, 1919, p. 112. (La Paz, Lower California.) Resident locally from central Baja California and central Sonora south along the Pacific coast to Peri. Casual in San Diego County, California. Accidental on the east coast of México (Tecolutla, Veracruz) and in Ven- ezuela (Barcelona). Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus: KILLDEER. Breeds from northwestern British Columbia, southern Mackenzie, north- eastern Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, and New Brunswick south to south-central México, southern Texas, the Gulf coast of the United States to central Florida, the southern Bahamas (Turks Island, Inagua, Caicos), and the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Croix); also on the coast of northern and central Peri to extreme northern Chile (Arica). Winters from southern British Columbia, Oregon, northern Utah, Colorado, Oklahoma, the Ohio Valley, and Long Island south to Colombia, Peri, and Chile; also in Venezuela. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. Charadrius vociferus vociferus Linnaeus. [273.] Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 150. Based on The Chattering Plover, Pluvialis vociferus Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 71. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Breeds from northwestern British Columbia, northern Alberta, southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake, probably), northeastern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Fort Albany), southern Quebec (to Kamouraska), Maine, and New Brunswick (rarely) south to southern Baja California, Guerrero, Guanajuato, and Tamaulipas; and along the Gulf coast of the United States to central Florida (Fort Myers, mouth of Kissimmee River). Found in summer north to northern Alaska (Point Barrow), west-central Yukon (Fortymile), southern Keewatin (Nueltin Lake), the Ontario coast of Hudson Bay (Shagamu River), eastern Quebec (Mingan, Anticosti Island), central Labrador (Nain), Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia. Winters from southern British Columbia, Oregon, northern Utah, Colorado, Oklahoma, the Ohio Valley, and Long Island south through the southern ORDER CHARADRIJFORMES 171 United States, México, and Central America to Colombia and Ecuador; also in Bermuda, the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles, and the Lesser Antilles to northern Venezuela. Found irregularly in winter north to Montana, Iowa, Illinois, southern Ontario, and the coast of New Hampshire. Accidental in Greenland, Iceland, Faeroes, the British Isles, the Azores, and Madeira. Genus EUPODA Brandt Eupoda J. F. Brandt, in Tchihatchev, Voy. Sci. Altai Orient., 1845, p. 444. Type, by monotypy, Charadrius asiaticus Pallas. EKupoda montana (Townsend): MOUNTAIN PLover. [281.] Charadrius montanus J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, pt. 2 (Nov. 21) 1837, p. 192. (tableland of the Rocky Mountains = near Sweetwater River, Wyoming.) Breeds from northern Montana and northeastern North Dakota (rarely) south through eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska, Colorado, and western Kansas to central and southeastern New Mexico, western Texas (Brewster County), and western Oklahoma (Cimarron County). Winters from central California, southern Arizona, and central and coastal Texas south to southern Baja California; also recorded from Sonora, Zacatecas, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas. Casual north to northwestern California (Humboldt County), southern Al- berta (Wildhorse), southern Saskatchewan (Bracken), Utah, and southeastern Nebraska (Lancaster County). Accidental in Florida and Massachusetts (Chatham). Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. Genus EUDROMIAS Brehm Eudromias C. L. Brehm, Isis von Oken, 23, Heft 10, 1830, col. 987. Type, by monotypy, Charadrius morinellus Linnaeus. Eudrémias morinéllus (Linnaeus): DOTTEREL. [269.1.] Charadrius Morinellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 150. (in Europa: ad Alpes migrans per Upsaliam etc. = Sweden.) Breeds locally in the mountains of Scotland, England, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Rumania; in northern and central Norway and Sweden, Finland, and the Kola Peninsula; Ural Mountains; the base of the Taimyr Penin- sula; the Lena Delta and the Verkoyansk Mountains; from east of the Indigirka to the Kolyma; in northwestern Mongolia (Ala-tau, Tarbagatai, Altai, and Sayan mountains); and near Barrow, Alaska (pair taken, female with egg in oviduct). Winters in southern Europe, northern Africa, Arabia, Iraq, and Iran. Casual in the Canary Islands, the Madeiras, Sakhalin, the Kuriles, Japan, and western Alaska (St. Lawrence Island, King Island, Sledge Island, Cape Prince of Wales). Accidental in the Faeroes and western Washington (Westport) .1 1 Brown, Condor, 37, 1935, p. 82. 172 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus PLUVIALIS Brisson Pluvialis Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 46; vol. 5, p. 42. Type, by tau- tonymy, Pluvialis aurea Brisson=Charadrius pluvialis Linnaeus = Charadrius apricarius Linnaeus. Pluvialis apricaria (Linnaeus)1: EURASIAN GOLDEN PLOVER. Breeds from Iceland, the Faeroes, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northern Siberia east to the Yenisei River, south to Ireland, southern Wales, central England, Netherlands, Denmark, northern Germany, Poland, and the Baltic States. Winters from Ireland, Scotland, southern Norway, southern Sweden, and northern Germany to northern Africa, British Somaliland, Baluchistan, and northwestern India (Sind). Pluvialis apricaria Altifrons (Brehm). [271.] Charadrius altifrons C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vé6gel Deutschlands, 1831, p. 542. (Faeroes.) Breeds in Iceland, the Faeroes, northern Norway, northern Sweden, Finland, northern Russia, and northwestern Siberia south to central Norway (Trond- heim), central Sweden (Jaémtland), the Baltic States (rarely), and east through northern Russia and northwestern Siberia to the Yenisei Delta. Winters on the shores of the Mediterranean, rarely in the British Isles, and south to British Somaliland, Aden, Baluchistan, and northwestern India (Sind). Regular in migration in southern Greenland, casual in Jan Mayen Island, Bear Island, the Azores, Madeiras, Canary Islands, and Cape Verde Islands. Pluvialis dominica (Miiller): AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER. Breeds from the Arctic coasts of Siberia and Alaska, Banks Island, Parry Islands, and North Devon Island south to central Siberia, southwestern Alaska, central Mackenzie, northeastern Manitoba, and southern Baffin Island. Winters from eastern India, southern China, and the Hawaiian Islands south to Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Tuamotu Islands; also from Bolivia and southern Brasil south to central eastern Argentina. Pluvialis dominica dominica (Miiller). [272.] Charadrius Dominicus P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, p. 116. Based on Le Pluvier doré de S. Domingue, Pluvialis Dominicensis aurea Brisson, Orn., vol. 5, p. 48. (St. Domingo = Hispaniola.) Breeds from the Arctic coast of Alaska (from Point Barrow eastward), northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, Banks Island, northern Victoria Island (Prince Albert Peninsula), Melville Island, and northern Devon Island (lat. 77° N.) south to central western and south-central Alaska (Nunivak Island, 1 Charadrius apricarius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 150. (in Oelandia, Canada = Lapland.) ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 173 Mount McKinley), southwestern Yukon (Kluane, probably), central Mackenzie (Artillery Lake), northeastern Manitoba (Churchill), Southampton Island, and southern Baffin Island (Nettilling Lake area). Winters from Bolivia, Paraguay, and southern Brasil south to east-central Argentina (Bahia Blanca) and Uruguay; casual in winter in coastal Louisiana, Mississippi, Costa Rica, Pert, and Chile. Migrates in spring through Central America, México (both coasts and the interior), the Mississippi Valley (east to Kentucky and Ohio), the prairie prov- inces, and west of Hudson Bay; more rarely west to the Pacific and east to the Atlantic. In fail, east and west of Hudson Bay and chiefly over the Atlantic Ocean from Nova Scotia and Massachusetts to South America (rather rare in the West Indies; occurrences along the Atlantic coast of the United States are usually associated with easterly storms); also in small numbers in the North American interior (e.g., Alberta, Manitoba, the Great Lakes region, Arkansas’), in the intermountain region of British Columbia, and along the Pacific coast. Casual in Greenland, Newfoundland, and Bermuda (including one spring record). Accidental in the British Isles and Helgoland. Pluvialis dominica fulva (Gmelin). [272a.] Charadrius fulvus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 687. Based on the Fulvous Plover of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 211. (In Tahiti maritimis et uliginosis = Tahiti.) Breeds from the Yamal Peninsula and the Yenisei River on the Arctic coast of Siberia east to Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales), south in Siberia to the Stanovoi and Koryak mountains, the Gulf of Anadyr, and the Komandorskie Islands, and in western Alaska along the coast of Norton Sound (St. Michael) and the Bering Sea to Nunivak and Nelson islands. Nonbreeding birds found in summer in the Hawaiian Islands. Winters from eastern India, southern China, Formosa, and the Hawaiian Islands south to the Malay Archipelago, Australia, Tasmania, southern New Zealand, Tonga Islands, and the Tuamotu Archipelago. Migrates chiefly through central Asia, Mongolia, China, and Japan, and over the Pacific to and from Oceania. Casual in migration on Kodiak Island, near Wrangell, Alaska, and in coastal British Columbia, Alberta, Washington, Idaho, Oregon, California, Clarién Island, and Chile; also in Greenland (Cape Hope, Angmagssalik), Norway, the Orkneys, England, Helgoland, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Italy, Malta, Al- geria, Arabia, and eastern Africa. Accidental in Maine. Genus SQUATAROLA Cuvier Squatarola Cuvier, Régne Anim., vol. 1, 1817 (Dec. 7, 1816), p. 467. Type, by tautonymy, Tringa squatarola Linnaeus. 1 Meanley and Neff, Wilson Bull., 65, 1953, p. 201. 174 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Squatarola squatdrola (Linnaeus): BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER. [270.] Tringa Squatarola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 149. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds on the arctic tundras from north-central Russia (Kanin Peninsula) across northern Siberia, including Kolguev Island, southern Novaya Zemlya, Great Lyakhov in the New Siberian Islands, and Wrangel Island, to the shores of the Gulf of Anadyr, northern Alaska (Wainwright, Point Barrow, Colville River Delta), northwestern Mackenzie (Baillie Island, Franklin Bay), and probably Banks, Victoria, Somerset, and Devon islands, south to southwestern Alaska (Hooper Bay, Nelson Island), the Yukon River (sparingly), north- central Mackenzie (Cockburn Point), King William Island, Melville Peninsula, Southampton Island, and southwestern Baffin Island. Nonbreeding birds occur in summer in small numbers south to the British Isles in the Old World; in the New World south to California, Panama, the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, southern Florida, the Bahamas (Bimini), and Jamaica. Winters in the Old World from the British Isles, the southern coasts of Europe, the Cape Verde Islands, northwestern India, Burma, southern China, southern Japan (occasionally), and the Solomon Islands south to southern Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, the Seychelles Islands, Ceylon, the Malay Pen- insula, Australia, and New Zealand; in the New World locally along the Pacific coast from southwestern British Columbia, California, and México to Chile, including the Galapagos Islands; from Louisiana south along the eastern shores of Central America, and on the Atlantic coast from New Jersey (Massa- chusetts rarely) south through the West Indies to southern Brasil (Rio Grande do Sul). Migrates in spring and fall along the coasts of the Old World, less commonly inland; in the New World in spring, along the Pacific coast (uncommonly along the Bering Sea), through the West Indies and along the Atlantic coast (south of the Maritime Provinces), and regularly but locally in the interior, west of Hudson Bay. In fall, over the spring route, and in America also east of Hudson Bay, spreading to Newfoundland. Casual in Labrador, Greenland, Iceland, the Faeroes, Azores, Madeiras, Clipperton Island, and interior Brasil (Villa Murtinho). Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands and in Argentina (General Lavalle, Buenos Aires). Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. Subfamily ARENARIINAE: Surfbirds and Turnstones Genus APHRIZA Audubon Aphriza Audubon, Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 249. Type, by monotypy, Aphriza townsendi Audubon = Tringa virgata Gmelin. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 175 Aphriza virgata (Gmelin): SURFBIRD. [282.] Tringa virgata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 674. Based on the Streaked Sandpiper of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 3, p. 180. (in sinu Sandwich = Prince William Sound, Alaska.) Breeds in the mountains of south-central Alaska (Mount McKinley Park, Fortymile River system). Recorded north to Kobuk River, Kotzebue Sound region (where it may breed), and west to St. Michael, Hooper Bay, and Goodnews Bay. Nonbreeding birds remain occasionally in summer on the Pacific coast from California to British Columbia. (There are summer sight records also from Panama.) Winters along the Pacific coast from southeastern Alaska (Petersburg, Wrangell, Craig) to the Straits of Magellan (in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, Baja California, Sonora, Colima, Guatemala, Panama, Ecuador, Pert, and Chile). Casual in southwestern Yukon (Carcross, Whitehorse). Genus ARENARIA Brisson Arenaria Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 48; vol. 5, p. 132. Type, by tau- tonymy, Arenaria Brisson = Tringa interpres Linnaeus. Arenaria intérpres (Linnaeus): RUDDY TURNSTONE. Breeds in northern Alaska and Victoria Island, Ellesmere Island, northern Greenland, Iceland, northern Scandinavia, Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya, and the New Siberian Islands south to the delta of the Yukon River, King William Island, Boothia Peninsula, Southampton and Baffin islands, central Greenland, the west coast of Norway, and islands in the Baltic Sea; also the northern Siberian coast to Bering Sea. Winters from central California, the Gulf coast, South Carolina, and the Bahamas south to central Chile and southern Brasil; also from the British Isles, the Mediterranean, the south coast of western Asia, and the Hawaiian Islands south to southern Africa, southern India, the East Indies, Australia, and New Zealand. Arenaria interpres intérpres (Linnaeus). [283.] Tringa Interpres Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 148. (in Europa & America septentrionali = Gotland, Sweden.) Breeds in northwestern Alaska from near Point Barrow south to St. Lawrence Island and the Yukon Delta; on Ellesmere Island; and from northern Green- land (Pearyland), northern Finland, Novaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, and Wrangel Island (probably) south to central Greenland (Disko Bay in the west; Scoresby Sound in the east), Iceland (rarely), the west coast of Norway, islands in the Kattegat, Riigen (formerly), Oland, the Gulf of Riga, and the Baltic States; also to Kolguev Island, the north coast of Russia, the Taimyr Peninsula, and the coast of Siberia east to the Gulf of Anadyr. 176 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters along the Pacific coast to California and México, probably to Chile; in the Old World from the British Isles, the Mediterranean, and the Canary Islands south to South Africa, Madagascar, India, Indochina, Sumatra, Java, Australia, and New Zealand, and from the Hawaiian Islands through the Pacific islands. Migrates along the coasts in the Eastern Hemisphere and on the shores of larger inland waters; in America casually along the Pacific coast. (The Alaskan population may migrate chiefly along the Asiatic side of the Pacific. The Ellesmere Island population apparently migrates east through Greenland to Europe.) Casual in Jan Mayen and Franz Josef Land. Accidental in Massachusetts (Monomoy Island). Arenaria interpres morinélla (Linnaeus). [283a.] Tringa Morinella Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 249. Based mainly on The Turn-Stone, Morinellus marinus Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 72. (ad maris littora Americae septentrionalis; & Europae = coast of Georgia.) Breeds from northeastern Alaska, Victoria Island (Cambridge Bay), south- ern Somerset Island (Creswell Bay, probably), and western Baffin Island (Taverner Bay), south to Bristol Bay, Alaska, King William Land, the Boothia Peninsula, and Southampton Island.1 Nonbreeding birds summer in small num- bers locally on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, in the West Indies (Jamaica, Carriacou), the coast of Venezuela, the Galapagos Islands, and south along the Pacific coast to Peri and Chile. Winters along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the United States from South Carolina (occasionally north to Massachusetts) to Florida, around the Carib- bean Sea, through the West Indies, and along both coasts of South America to the Galapagos Islands, and Chile, and to southern Brasil and Fernando de Noronha. Migrates in spring along the coasts; rarely on the Pacific side; on the Atlantic north to the Maritime Provinces; regularly through the lower Great Lakes region (locally in small numbers elsewhere in the interior); in fall, west and east of Hudson Bay and over the spring routes, extending east to Labrador and Newfoundland. Casual in the Aleutians (Sanak Island), the Queen Charlottes, coastal Cali- fornia, Sonora, and Bermuda. Arenaria melanocéphala (Vigors): BLACK TURNSTONE. [284.] Strepsilas melanocephalus Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, no. 15, Oct. 1828 (Jan. 1829), p. 356. (Northwest coast of [North] America.) Breeds locally along the coast of western and southern Alaska, from Shis- maref Inlet south to the Sitka district. 1 The northern and western limit of the breeding range where A. i. morinella and the nominate race intergrade is little known but probably extends from Devon and north Baffin islands westward. The two forms are so similar in postbreeding dress that their ranges in fall migration and winter at present are poorly understood. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 177 Recorded in summer along the Pacific coast from British Columbia to north- ern Baja California (Los Coronados Islands). Winters from southeastern Alaska (Hobart Bay and Portage Bay) south along the coast to southern Baja California and central Sonora. Casual inland to Watson Lake, Yukon; the Atlin region and Nulki Lake, British Columbia; Washington County, Oregon; Salton Sea (Imperial County) and Needles (San Bernardino County), California. Recorded in fall north in Alaska from Sanak Island to inner Kotzebue Sound (Eschscholtz Bay). Family SCOLOPACIDAE: Woodcock, Snipe, and Sandpipers Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE: Woodcock and Snipe Genus PHILOHELA Gray Philohela G. R. Gray, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, 1841, p. 90. Type, by original designation, Scolopax minor Gmelin. Philéhela minor (Gmelin): AMERICAN WooDCOCK. [228.] Scolopax minor Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 661. Based on the Little Woodcock of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 463. (in Americae . in Carolinae . . . Noveboraci silvis humidis = New York.) Breeds from southeastern Manitoba, western and central Ontario (Fort William, rarely; Temagami), southern Quebec (to Gaspé), northern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia (except northern Cape Breton Island), and southern Newfoundland (probably), west to central Minnesota, central Iowa, west-central Missouri, Arkansas (except extreme west), and ex- treme eastern Texas (rarely), and south to Louisiana, Mississippi, south-central Alabama, Georgia, and central Florida; formerly west to eastern North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, and central eastern Texas (Houston and Hardin counties). Winters mainly in southeastern Arkansas, Louisiana, and southwestern Mis- sissippi; in lesser numbers from eastern Oklahoma, southern Missouri, south- western Tennessee, northern Mississippi, northern Alabama, western South Carolina, west-central North Carolina, and southeastern and western Virginia south to eastern Texas (Montgomery, Harris, and Matagorda counties), south- ern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, and southern Florida; rarely north to central Missouri and southern Illinois (near the Mississippi River), southern Indiana, southern Ohio, and western West Virginia (near the Ohio River) and to New Jersey; occasionally in the more northern parts of the breeding range. Accidental in Colorado (Timnath), Montana (Billings), northeastern Ontario (Onakawana), eastern Quebec (Betchewan), and Bermuda. Genus SCOLOPAX Linnaeus Scolopax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 145. Type, by tautonymy, Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus. (Scolopax, prebinomial specific name, in synonymy.) 178 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Scélopax rusticola Linnaeus: EUROPEAN WOODCOCK. Breeds from the Arctic Circle to Great Britain, Russia, Siberia, and moun- tains of Europe and Asia; also in the Azores, Madeira, and Canary islands. Winters in Great Britain, southern Europe, northern Africa, India, China, Japan, and the Philippines. Scolopax rusticola rusticola Linnaeus. [227.] Scolopax Rusticola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 146. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds in northern Ireland, northern Scotland, northern Norway (to lat. 70° N.), northern Sweden, northern Finland (to lat. 66° 30’ N.), northern Russia (to lat. 66° N.), the Urals (to lat. 62° N.), and across south-central Siberia to Altai and Sakhalin south to northern Spain (Pyrenees), southern France, Corsica, northern Italy, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Caucasia, north- ern India (Kashmir), the Himalayas, northern China (Peiping), central Hon- shu, and the Izu Islands; also in the Azores, Madeira, and Canary islands. Winters from the Hebrides, British Isles, France, Italy, Switzerland (occa- sionally), Greece, Iraq, Iran, India, Burma, Thailand, southern China, and Japan south to the Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, northwestern Africa (Atlas Mountains), Egypt, Ceylon (rarely), Malay States, and the Philippines (rarely). Casual in Greenland, Iceland, the Faeroes, and Spitsbergen. Accidental in Newfoundland (St. John’s), Quebec (Chambly), New Jersey (Shrewsbury), Pennsylvania (Chester and Northampton counties), Ohio (Geauga County), Virginia (Loudoun County), and Alabama. Genus CAPELLA Frenzel Capella Frenzel, Beschr. V6g. und Eyer Wittenberg, 1801, p. 58. Type, by monotypy, Scolopax coelestis Frenzel = Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus. Capélla gallinago (Linnaeus): COMMON SNIPE. Breeds from Alaska, Yukon, Mackenzie, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Labrador south to California, Arizona, Colorado, Nebraska, Iowa, northern Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey; and from the British Isles, Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, Siberia, and Bering Island to southern Europe, southern Russia, the Kirghiz Steppes, the Himalayas to the Amur River, and the Kurile Islands. Winters from southern British Columbia to Oregon, Utah, Colorado, and east through Nebraska to western Kentucky, northern Alabama, Georgia, and Vir- ginia; south to Colombia, Venezuela, and Brasil; also from the British Isles, western Norway, Germany, southern Russia, and approximately along its south- ern breeding limits to Japan; south to the islands off northwestern Africa, south- central Africa, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Java, and the Philippines. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 179 Capella gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus). [229.] Scolopax Gallinago Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 147. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds from Ireland, Scotland, northern Norway (from lat. 70° N.), northern Sweden, northern Finland, northern Russia (Pechora River), Taimyr Peninsula, Kamchatka, and Bering Island south to northern Portugal, northern Spain (Pyrenees), central France, northern Italy, northern Albania, Bulgaria, Ru- mania, southern Russia (Sea of Azov, Caucasia, Armenia, Turkestan), northern India (Kashmir, Himalayas), Altai Mountains, Manchuria, Sakhalin, and the Kurile Islands. Winters from the British Isles (from the Orkneys and Shetlands), western Norway (Bergen), Germany, Poland (occasionally), Hungary, southern Russia, Turkey, Iran, Turkestan, India, Assam, Burma, southern China, Formosa, and central Japan (Tokyo southward) south to the Azores, Madeiras, and Canary Islands, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika, Gulf of Aden, Ceylon (rarely), Andaman islands, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and the Philippines (Bohol, Leyte, Luz6n, Mindanao, Mindoro). Casual in Greenland (Fiskenaes; Scoresby Sound; Angmagssalik). Accidental in Labrador (Jack Lane’s Bay) and Bermuda. Capella gallinago faeroeénsis (Brehm). [229a.] Telmatias Faeroeensis C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. V6gel Deutschlands, 1831, p. 617. (Faeroes.) Breeds in Iceland, the Faeroes, Orkney Islands, and Shetland Islands. Winters in part on the breeding grounds and in part in the British Isles (throughout), wandering to the Netherlands and Helgoland. Casual in eastern Greenland (Angmagssalik). Capella gallinago delicata (Ord). [230.] Scolopax delicata Ord, Wilson, Amer. Orn., Ord reprint, vol. 9, 1825, p. ccxvili. (Pennsylvania. ) Breeds from northwestern Alaska (Hooper Bay, Nome, Point Hope), north- ern Yukon (La Pierre House), northern and eastern Mackenzie (Aklavik, Thelon River marshes), northeastern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Ontario (Fort Severn), both coasts of James Bay, northern Quebec (Fort Chimo), and central Labrador (Webb Bay, Hopedale) south to northern and eastern Cali- fornia (locally to Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties), central eastern Arizona, northern Colorado (casually south to San Luis Lakes), western Ne- braska (Garden County), central Iowa (Des Moines, rarely), northeastern Illinois, northern Indiana (formerly), southern Michigan, northern Ohio, north- ern West Virginia (mountains of Tucker County), northwestern Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey (rarely), southern New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. Also reported breed- ing in central México (Jalisco, Guanajuato). Winters from southern British Columbia, western Washington, Idaho, Oregon (chiefly west of Cascades), northern Utah, northern Colorado, central Ne- 180 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS braska, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, western Kentucky, western and central Ten- nessee, northern Alabama, northern Georgia, South Carolina, central North Carolina, and Virginia south through México, Central America, and the West Indies to Colombia, Venezuela, and southern Brasil (Rio de Janeiro); casually or irregularly in winter north to southwestern Alaska, Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, southern Ontario, Ohio, West Virginia, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and Nova Scotia. Casual in Greenland. Accidental in Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii); also in Bermuda and Scotland (South Uist, Outer Hebrides). Genus LYMNOCRYPTES Kaup Lymnocryptes Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, p. 118. Type, by monotypy, Scolopax gallinula Linnaeus = Scolopax minima Briinnich. Lymnocryptes minimus (Brinnich): EUROPEAN JACKSNIPE. [230.2.] Scolopax Minima Briinnich, Orn. Borealis, 1764, p. 49. (E Christiansde [Island, Denmark].) Breeds from northern Norway (to lat. 69° 30’ N.), northern Sweden, north- ern Finland, northern Russia, and across northern Siberia (except the extreme north) to the Kolyma Delta; south to central Sweden (Jamtland), northern Poland, the Baltic States, central Russia (Orel, Kazan, Perm), and central southern Siberia (Minusinsk); formerly in northern Germany (Schleswig to Bavaria). Winters from the Faeroes (casually), British Isles, France, Switzerland, central Germany, Ionian Isles, Crete, Cyprus, Palestine, Iraq, Iran, northwest India (Baluchistan), and southern Asia south to central Africa (Gambia; Kenya), Ceylon, and Formosa. Casual to Madeira, Nigeria, the Andaman Islands, Burma, southern China, and Japan. Accidental in Alaska (St. Paul, Pribilof Islands), California (Butte County), and Labrador (Makkovik Bay). Subfamily TRINGINAE: Curlews, Yellowlegs, and Allies Genus NUMENIUS Brisson Numenius Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 48; vol. 5, p. 311. Type, by tautonymy, Numenius Brisson = Scolopax arquata Linnaeus. Numénius americanus Bechstein: LONG-BILLED CURLEW. Breeds from southern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Mani- toba south to Utah, New Mexico, and Texas (formerly in Kansas, Iowa, Min- nesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois). Winters from California, western Nevada, Arizona (formerly), Texas, and ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 181 Louisiana south to Baja California, Oaxaca, and Guatemala; also from South Carolina to Florida. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. Numenius americanus americanus Bechstein. [264.] Numenius americanus Bechstein, in Latham, Allg. Uebers. Vogel, vol. 4, pt. 2, 1812, p. 432. (New York.) Breeds from northeastern Nevada, southern Idaho, southern Wyoming, and southern South Dakota south to central Utah, central New Mexico, central southern Texas (casually to southeastern Texas), and southwestern Oklahoma; formerly to eastern Kansas, northern Iowa, and southern Wisconsin. Recorded occasionally in summer on the coast of South Carolina (nonbreeding) and southern Florida (sight record, Biscayne Bay). Winters from central California, extreme northern Sonora, southern Texas, southern Louisiana, and the coasts of South Carolina and Florida (rarely) south on both coasts of México (locally in the interior), including Baja Cali- fornia, to southern Guatemala. Casual on the Atlantic coast north to New Brunswick! and to the West Indies (Cuba, formerly). Numenius americanus parvus Bishop. [264a.] Numenius americanus parvus Bishop, Auk, 27, no. 1, Jan. 1910, p. 59. (Crane Lake, Saskatchewan.) Breeds from south-central British Columbia (drainage of the Fraser and Okanagan rivers), southern Alberta (Morrin, Sullivan Lake), southern Sas- katchewan (Quill Lake, Elbow), and southern Manitoba south to northeastern California (Siskiyou, Modoc, and Lassen counties), central western Nevada, northern Idaho, southwestern Montana, central Wyoming, and northwestern South Dakota; formerly east to North Dakota. Winters from central California, extreme southern Arizona (formerly), southern Texas, and southern Louisiana (rarely) south to southern Baja California, Jalisco, San Luis Potosi, Durango, Zacatecas, Guanajuato, and Tamaulipas. Migrates chiefly through the interior, west of the Missouri River. Casual in Mackenzie (Fort Simpson), James Bay,? rarely to the Atlantic coast and the West Indies (Cuba and Jamaica, formerly). Numenius arquata (Linnaeus): EURASIAN CURLEW. Breeds from Great Britain, northern Scandinavia, and northern Russia across Siberia to Altai and south to France, Yugoslavia, southern Russia, Caucasia, the Kirghiz Steppes, and the Pamirs. 1 There is some uncertainty in assigning older records to N. a. americanus or N. a. parvus. While there is an average size difference between the two, there is overlap, making the racial identification of specimens of unknown age and sex difficult. 2 Todd, Canadian Field-Nat., 57, 1943, p. 79 (possibly a representative of the northern population). 182 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters to the shores of the Mediterranean, Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, South Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles Islands, Arabia, Baluchistan, India, Cey- lon, China, Japan, Malay Peninsula, Nicobar Islands, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and the Philippines. Numenius arquata arquata (Linnaeus). [264.1.] Scolopax Arquata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 145. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds from Northern Ireland, northern Scotland, northern Norway (lat. 70° N.), northern Sweden (Pajala), northern Finland, and northern Russia south to France (Brittany, Ain, Isére), Switzerland, Austria, Yugoslavia, Ru- mania (Dobrogea), east-central Russia (Perm), and Caucasia. Winters from the Faeroes, northern British Isles, coasts of the North Sea, Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, Mediterranean coun- tries, Iran, and northwestern India (Delhi) south through coastal and interior Africa to Cape Province and Madagascar. Casual in Greenland (Nanortalik; Angmagssalik) and Iceland. Accidental in New York (Long Island). Numenius phaéopus (Linnaeus): WHIMBREL. Breeds from Iceland, the Faeroes, northern Norway, Finland, northern Rus- sia and northwestern Siberia to the River Ob, and from the River Yana across northeastern Siberia to western and northern Alaska, northern Yukon, north- western Mackenzie District, and the west side of Hudson Bay; south to the Orkneys, Shetlands (occasionally to the Outer Hebrides), central Sweden, Es- tonia, and central Russia, and to the northwest shore of James Bay. Winters from the British Isles (rarely), the Mediterranean, Arabia, India, Burma, China, Philippine Islands, and the Marianas Islands south to southern Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene and Rodriguez islands, Ceylon, Sumatra, Aus- tralia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Fiji, and the Caroline Islands; and from the coasts of the southern United States south to the Galapagos Islands and south- ern Chile, and to Brasil. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. Numenius phaeopus phaéopus (Linnaeus). [267.] Scolopax Phaeopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 146. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds from northern Norway, northern Sweden, northern Finland, northern Russia (White Sea), and northwestern Siberia (east to the Ob River) south to the Orkneys, Shetlands,t Outer Hebrides (formerly), Scottish mainland (Inverness, very rare), central Sweden, Estonia, central Russia (Pskof, Samara, and Chkalov governments), and central western Siberia (Kirghiz Steppes). Winters from Iceland (casually), the British Isles, the Mediterranean, Saudi Arabia, and western India south irregularly to the Azores, Madeira, Canary 1 Birds from the Orkneys and Shetlands are intermediate toward Numenius phaeo- pus islandicus. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 183 Islands, southern Africa, Madagascar, Aldabra, Comoro, Seychelles, Mauritius, Mascarene Islands, Rodriguez, and Ceylon. Casual on Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, and Bear Island. Accidental in New York (Long Island) and southern Labrador (Red Bay, Straits of Belle Isle‘). Numenius phacopus islandicus Brehm. [267).] Numenius islandicus C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vogel Deutschlands, 1831, p. 610. (Island = Iceland.) Breeds in Iceland, and the Faeroes (where it is intermediate toward Nume- nius phaeopus phaeopus). Winter range uncertain. Casual but fairly regular in southern Greenland in May and June; occasional in fall. Accidental off Sable Island, Nova Scotia, and on Newfoundland (Pistolet Bay). Numenius phaeopus hudsoénicus Latham. [265.] Numenius hudsonicus Latham, Index Orn., vol. 2, 1790, p. 712. (in sinu Hudsonis = Hudson Bay.) Breeds from western and northern Alaska (Norton Sound, Cape Blossom, Kobuk River, Wainwright, Point Barrow, Collinson Point) eastward along the Arctic coast to northwestern Mackenzie (Mackenzie Delta, Anderson River), south to Mount McKinley National Park (Copper Mountain, Savage River), southwestern Yukon (Burwash Creek, probably), and along the western side of Hudson Bay (Tha-Anne River, Churchill) to northwestern James Bay (Lake River). Nonbreeding birds summer in small numbers on the coasts of California, Panama, and Ecuador; from New Jersey to South Carolina; and in the West Indies. Winters locally on the Pacific coast from central California to the Revilla Gigedo Islands, Galapagos Islands, and southern Chile (Chiloé Island), rarely on the coasts of Texas, Louisiana, and South Carolina; also on the Caribbean coast of Colombia and from the mouth of the Rio Orinoco, Venezuela, to Baia, Brasil. Migrates in spring along the Pacific coast from México to Alaska (uncom- monly along Bering Sea coast) and inland through the San Joaquin and Sacra- mento valleys of California; also along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico (Ta- basco, Tamaulipas, and the Gulf States), the West Indies (rarely), and on the Atlantic coast north to New Jersey; regularly in the lower Great Lakes region (lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario), locally in small numbers elsewhere in the interior and west of Hudson Bay. In fall, both east and west of Hudson Bay and over the spring routes, extending eastward to Labrador and Newfoundland. Casual in the Pribilof Islands and Clipperton Island; also in northern Baffin Island (Arctic Bay), western Greenland (north to Robertson Bay, Thule Dis- trict), and Bermuda. 1Van Tyne, Wilson Bull., 60, 1948, p. 241. 184 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Accidental in Iceland and Spain; also in Tierra del Fuego (Cape San Se- bastian) and New Zealand. Numenius phaeopus variegatus (Scopoli). [267a.] Tantalus variegatus Scopoli, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., fasc. 2, 1786, p. 92. (No locality mentioned = Luzén, ex Sonnerat.) Breeds in eastern Siberia from the Lena River east to the Gulf of Anadyr. Winters from Assam, Burma, eastern China, the Philippines, Guam, the Marianas, Caroline Islands, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, and Fiji Islands south to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. Migrates through eastern Asia and adjacent Pacific islands (the Komandor- skie Islands, Kurile Islands, Sakhalin, Japan) and overseas to and from its winter range. Accidental in western and northern Alaska (St. Lawrence Island,+ Point Barrow?). Numenius tahitiénsis (Gmelin): BRISTLE-THIGHED CURLEW. [268.] Scolopax tahitiensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 656. Based on the Otaheite Curlew of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 122. (in Tahiti [Society Islands].) Breeds in western Alaska (near mouth of the Yukon River). Recorded in summer at Kotzebue Sound, Hooper Bay, Kobuk River, Lopp Lagoon, and Mint River, Alaska. Winters from the Marshall Islands and the Hawaiian Islands (mainly in the Leeward group from Kure to French Frigates Shoal) south to the Santa Cruz (Tucopia), Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Marquesas, and Tuamotu islands. Migrates directly over water to and from its summer and winter ranges. Casual west to the Marianas and Caroline islands. Accidental in Japan (Yamashiro). Numenius borealis (Forster): EskImMo CURLEW. [266.] Scolopax borealis J. R. Forster, Phil. Trans., vol. 62, 1772, art. 29 (read June 18 and 25), p. 431. (Fort Albany [on James Bay], Hudson Bay.) Nearly extinct. Bred formerly in northern Mackenzie (Anderson River, Franklin Bay, Rendezvous Lake, Point Lake), possibly west in northern Alaska, perhaps to Norton Sound. Wintered formerly from southern Brasil (Mato Grosso, Sao Paulo) south through Paraguay and Uruguay to southern Argentina (Chubut) and Chile (Paposo, Chiloé Island). Migrated in spring through the interior; recorded for Central America (casual), central northern México (Lake Palomas, Chihuahua) and north from Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi through the Mississippi and Missouri river 1 Gabrielson, Condor, 54, 1952, p. 359. 2 Bailey, Auk, 56, 1939, p. 333. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 185 drainage, and west of the Great Lakes and Hudson Bay. In fall, east and west of Hudson Bay, chiefly toward the Gulf of St. Lawrence (southern Labrador, eastern Quebec, Newfoundland, and the Maritime Provinces, more casually to the New England States), south over the Atlantic Ocean to eastern South America. Casual formerly in Colorado and Montana; also in Baffin Island, Greenland, the lower Great Lakes region (Michigan, southern Ontario), South Carolina, Bermuda, the more eastern West Indies (Puerto Rico, Barbados, Carriacou, Grenada). Tobago, and Trinidad. Accidental in the Pribilof Islands; also in Iceland, the British Isles, and Falkland Islands. Last recorded specimens, Argentina (Mar del Plata, Province of Buenos Aires, September 29, 19141), Nebraska (Norfolk, April 17, 1915), Maine (Schoodic Point, August 28, 1929), and Labrador (Battle Harbour, August 29, 1932). Last sight observations, Nebraska (Hastings, April 8, 1926), Argentina (near General Lavalle, Province of Buenos Aires, January 17, 19392), and Texas (Galveston, April 29, 19453). Fossil, in late Pleistocene of Kansas. Genus BARTRAMIA Lesson Bartramia Lesson, Traité d’Orn., livr. 7, Apr. 9, 1831, p. 553. Type, by monotypy, Bartramia laticauda Lesson = Tringa longicauda Bechstein. Bartramia longicatda (Bechstein): UPLAND PLOVER. [261.] Tringa longicauda Bechstein, in Latham, Allg. Uebers. Vogel, vol. 4, pt. 2, 1812, p. 453. (Nordamerika.) Breeds locally from southern Alaska (McKinley River), southwestern Yukon (Burwash Landing), southern Mackenzie, central Saskatchewan, southern Mani- toba, central Minnesota, western Ontario (Fort William, rarely), central Wis- consin, central (rarely northern) Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec (Céte St. Luc and Hatley, rarely), and central Maine south to eastern Wash- ington (Cheney), northeastern Oregon (Umatilla and Grant counties, formerly Fort Klamath), Idaho, southern Montana, northern Utah (formerly), south- eastern Wyoming, central Colorado, northwestern Oklahoma, north-central Texas (Willbarger County), central Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indi- ana, southern Ohio, central Tennessee (probably), northern and eastern West Virginia, central Virginia (Lexington), and Maryland (Baltimore County, Dick- erson). Formerly abundant, now greatly reduced in number. Winters on the pampas of southern South America from northern Argentina, Uruguay, and extreme southern Brasil south to south-central Argentina (Pampa, Rio Negro); occasionally to Chile. Migrates through the interior of Colombia, México (not recorded for Baja California or the Yucatan Peninsula), the United States, and Canada, extending in fall to the West Indies. 1 Murphy, Oceanic Birds South America, vol. 1, 1936, p. 186. 2 Wetmore, Auk, 56, 1939, p. 475. 3 Heiser, Auk, 62, 1945, p. 635. 186 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Casual in northeastern California, eastern Quebec (Godbout), New Bruns- wick, Nova Scotia, and South Carolina. Accidental in Bermuda, Greenland, the British Isles, Netherlands, Denmark, Italy, Malta, the South Shetland Islands (Deception Island), and the Falkland Islands.* Fossil, in late Pleistocene of Kansas. Genus ACTITIS Illiger Actitis Illiger, Prodromus, 1811, p. 262. Type, by subsequent designation, Tringa hypoleucos Linnaeus (Stejneger, 1885). Actitis macularia (Linnaeus): SPOTTED SANDPIPER. [263.] Tringa macularia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 249. Based mainly on the Spotted Tringa of Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., p. 139. (in Europe & America septentrionali = Pennsylvania.) Breeds from northwestern Alaska (Kobuk River), northern Yukon (La Pierre House), northern Mackenzie, northeastern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Ontario (coasts of Hudson and James bays), northern Quebec (Fort Chimo), and Labrador (Okak) south to mountains of southern California (Big Bear Lake, San Bernardino County), southern Nevada, central Arizona, northern New Mexico, central Texas, central Mississippi (probably), northern Ala- bama, western North Carolina (in mountains), Virginia, and eastern Maryland. Reported in summer in southern Louisiana and southern Mississippi. Winters from southern British Columbia (rarely, Chilliwack and Vancouver Island), western Washington, southwestern (rarely central) Arizona, southern New Mexico, southern Texas (Medina, Travis, and Galveston counties), south- ern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, western Florida (Gulf coast), and the coast of South Carolina south through México, Central America, and the West Indies to northern Chile (Arica), central Bolivia, and southern Brasil; occasionally to Argentina (Concepciédn, Tucuman, Rio Ajo, eastern Buenos Aires). Often remains far south through the northern summer. Migrates in spring and fall on both coasts and throughout the interior. Com- mon in migration in Bermuda and the West Indies. Accidental in Greenland (Godthaab, Nanortalik), British Isles, Belgium, Helgoland, Switzerland, and Turkey. Genus TRINGA Linnaeus Tringa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 148. Type, by tau- tonymy, Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus. (Tringa, prebinomial specific name, in synonymy.) Tringa solitaria Wilson: SOLITARY SANDPIPER. Breeds from central Alaska, northern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, north- erm Ontario, central Quebec, and central Labrador south to central eastern 1 A mounted specimen in the Australian Museum is believed to have been shot near Sydney, New South Wales, in 1848. See Hindwood, Emu, 50, 1950, pp. 91-96. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 187 British Columbia, southern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, central Quebec and south-central Labrador. Found south in summer to northern United States. Winters from Baja California (rarely), the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, southeastern Georgia, Florida, and the West Indies (rarely) south to south- central Argentina. Tringa solitaria solitaria Wilson. [256.] 72 ringa solitaria Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 7, 1813, p. 53, pl. 58, fig. 3. (Pocano Mt., Pa., Kentucky, and New York=Pocono Mountains, Pennsylvania.) Breeds from southeastern Yukon (Lapie River, probably), central Saskatch- ewan (North Montreal Lake), north-central Manitoba (Ilford, probably), the west and south coast of James Bay (Raft River, Moosonee), west-central Quebec (Moar Bay of James Bay), and central Labrador (Nain) south to central eastern British Columbia (Charlie Lake, possibly), southern Alberta (Didsbury), south-central Saskatchewan (Emma Lake, Hudson Bay Junction), southern Manitoba (Lake St. Martin, probably), central eastern Ontario (Low- bush, probably), and south-central Labrador (Hopedale). Winters from Tamaulipas, the coastal area of Texas, and southern Louisiana, and from southeastern Georgia, Florida, and the Bahamas south through eastern and southern México, Central America, and the Greater and Lesser Antilles to Ecuador, central Bolivia, Paraguay, central Brasil, and northern Argentina. Migrates in spring and fall over a wide area from México and the West Indies through the United States from Utah and Montana east to the Atlantic. Casual in Alaska (Humphrey Point) and Baja California. Accidental in Greenland (Godthaab), Iceland (Laugarholt), Great Britain, and Bermuda. Tringa solitaria cinnamdémea (Brewster). [256a.] Totanus solitarius cinnamomeus Brewster, Auk, 7, no. 4, Oct. 1890, p. 377. (San Jose del Cabo [Baja California].) Breeds from central Alaska (Bethel, Circle), northern Mackenzie (the delta), and east-central Mackenzie (Thelon Sanctuary, probably) south to extreme northwestern British Columbia (Atlin), southern Yukon (except the southeast portion), southern Mackenzie District (Great Slave Lake, probably), and north- eastern Manitoba (Churchill). Winters from Ecuador, Bolivia, and Paraguay south to south-central Argen- tina; casual in winter in northern Baja California. Migrates chiefly through the intermountain region of the west, east to Mon- tana and Colorado. Casual on the Pacific coast north of southern California; also east to Illinois, Tennessee, and Mississippi. Accidental in Massachusetts and South Carolina. 1 The breeding range as outlined, based on definite and apparently acceptable evi- dence, omits reports of breeding in more southern localities, which remain uncon- firmed. Transients occur in the United States in all summer months. 188 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Tringa glaréola Linnaeus: Woop SANDPIPER. [257.1.] Tringa Glareola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 149. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds from northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, northern Russia (Pechora River), northern Siberia (from southern limit of tundra), the Chukotski Penin- sula, and the Komandorskie Islands south to Belgium (formerly in Northumber- land County, England), Netherlands, Denmark, northern Germany, (locally to Austria and southern Yugoslavia), Poland, southern Russia (Caucasus), Turke- stan, Kirghiz Steppes, Semipalatinsk, northern Mongolia, Amur River, Kam- chatka, and the northern Kuriles. Winters from the Mediterranean basin, Iran, Baluchistan, India, northern Thailand, and southern China south to southern Africa (Cape Province), Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Timor, and Australia. Casual on the Faeroes, Madeira, Canary Islands, and Cape Verde Islands; also on Kolguev Island, Palau, and Guam. Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands and Alaska (St. George Island, Sanak Island). Genus HETEROSCELUS Baird Heteroscelus Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xxii, xlvii, 728, 734. Type, by monotypy, Totanus brevipes Vieillot. Heteréscelus incanum (Gmelin): WANDERING TATTLER. [259.] Scolopax incana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 658. Based on the Ash-coloured Snipe of Latham,, Gen. Syn., vol. 3, p. 154. (in insulis Eimeo et Palmerston = Eimeo [Moorea] Island, Society Group, Pacific Ocean.) Breeds in the mountains above timberline in the interior of Alaska from Mount McKinley National Park south to Prince William Sound; also east to Yukon (MacMillan River, possibly; Rose River, Canol Road, probably) and northwestern British Columbia (Alsek River, Haines Road). Nonbreeding birds are found in summer in the Philippines, Guam, and the Hawaiian Islands; also on the Pacific coast of America south to Baja California, Cocos Island, and the Galapagos. Apparently nests in the Anadyr range, northeastern Siberia (young taken still partly in down). Winters on the Pacific coast and islands of America from southern California (rarely from Oregon and Washington) south to Revilla Gigedo Islands, Co- lombia (Malpelo Island), Cocos Island, the Galapagos (Narborough), and Ecuador; also from the Hawaiian Islands, the Marianas, and the Philippines south to the Fiji Islands, Samoa, the Society Islands, and the Tuamotu Archi- pelago. Migrates chiefly over water; transients recorded from Amchitka Island in the Aleutians and at Nome, Alaska. Casual inland in North America (Swan Lake, British Columbia; Crater Lake, Oregon; Salton River, Baja California) and from Bonin Island, Volcano Island, Japan, Marcus Island, the Ryukyu Islands, and Formosa to New Guinea, Aus- tralia (Cape York), and New Zealand. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 189 Heteroscelus brévipes (Vieillot): POLYNESIAN TATTLER. [259.1.] Totanus brevipes Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 6, 1816, p. 410. (Pays inconnu = Timor.) Nest and eggs unknown. Breeds, probably, in mountains of eastern Siberia. Recorded at 6,000 feet west of Lake Baikal, on the central Tunguska River, and in the Verkhoyansk Mountains east of the middle Lena River; reported also but not with certainty in the interior of Kamchatka and the Kurile Islands. Winters from the Malay Peninsula, the Philippine Islands, and the Caroline Islands south to Java, Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), New Guinea, Australia, and Norfolk Island. Migrates along the coasts of Japan, eastern China, and Indochina. Casual on the Pribilof Islands and on St. Lawrence Island in Bering Sea. Genus CATOPTROPHORUS Bonaparte Catoptrophorus Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 2, 1827, p. 323. Type, by monotypy, Totanus semipalmatus Temminck = Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin. Catoptréphorus semipalmatus (Gmelin): WILLET. Breeds from eastern Oregon, Idaho, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, and Minnesota (formerly) south to northeastern California, Nevada, northern Utah, northern Colorado, and eastern South Dakota; also, locally, along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts in southern Nova Scotia, from New Jersey to Florida and southern Texas, and in the Bahama Islands and the Greater Antilles. Winters from northern California, the Gulf of Mexico, and south Atlantic coasts of the United States south to northwestern Peri, Bolivia, and Brasil (Amazon River). Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus (Gmelin). [258.] Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 659. Based on the Semipalmated Snipe of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 469. (in Noveboraco = New York.) Breeds in southwestern Nova Scotia (locally) and from southern New Jersey and Delaware south along the Atlantic coast to Florida; from extreme southern Texas (possibly Tamaulipas) eastward along the coast of Louisiana, the islands off southern Mississippi and Alabama, to the west coast of Florida; also locally in the West Indies (the Bahamas, Grand Cayman, Beata Island, St. Croix, Antigua). Winters locally along the Gulf of Mexico coast (Tamaulipas, Texas, Louisi- ana, Florida), on the south Atlantic coast from Virginia to Florida, and in the West Indies (Bahamas, Greater Antilles); south to Central America (rarely on the Pacific side), Venezuela (Margarita Island), British Guiana, and northern Brasil (Para). Casual north to Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island. Accidental in Bermuda, France (Abbeville), Sweden, and Yugoslavia (Dal- matia). 190 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus (Brewster). [258a.] Symphemia semipalmata inornata Brewster, Auk, 4, no. 2, Apr. 1887, p. 145. (Larimer County, Colorado.) Breeds locally from eastern Oregon, Idaho, central Alberta, southern Sas- katchewan, and southern Manitoba south to northeastern California, western Nevada (Douglas County), central Utah, northern Colorado, western and northern Nebraska (rarely), and eastern South Dakota; formerly in western and southeastern Minnesota and Iowa. Recorded in summer south along the Pacific coast of México to Panama and Ecuador. Winters locally from northern California (Humboldt Bay) south to the Galapagos Islands and northern Chile (Arica, Iquique); also from South Caro- lina to Florida, along the Gulf of Mexico in Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, and México, and around the Caribbean from Central America to northern Colombia. Migrates in spring chiefly along the Pacific and Gulf coasts and through the interior; in fall, over the spring route but also spreading to the Atlantic coast. Casual to western Washington; also to lakes Michigan, Erie, and Ontario, Massachusetts (Newburyport), the West Indies (St. Croix, Mustique), and Surinam. Genus TOTANUS Bechstein Totanus Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. Deutschland, vol. 2, 1803, p. 282. Type, by tautonymy, Totanus maculatus Bechstein = Scolopax totanus Lin- naeus. Toétanus melanoleicus (Gmelin): GREATER YELLOWLEGS. [254.] Scolopax melanoleuca Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 659. Based on the Stone Snipe of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 468. (auctumno in arenis littoris Labrador = Chateaux Bay, Labrador.) Breeds from central southern Alaska (Iliamna Peak in the Aleutian Range), central British Columbia (Cariboo), and central Alberta east (probably in the spruce bogs near the Ontario coasts of Hudson and James bays) to north- central Quebec and Labrador (probably) and south to southeastern Quebec (Anticosti Island) and Newfoundland. Nonbreeding birds summer along the coasts of the United States, in the West Indies, and casually in southern South America. Winters from southwestern British Columbia (rarely), Oregon, central Cali- fornia, southern Nevada, southwestern (rarely central) Arizona, central New Mexico, central Texas, southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, southern Ala- bama, and the coastal lowlands of South Carolina (rarely from Long Island, New York) south through México, Central America, and the West Indies to southern South America (Tierra del Fuego). Migrates in spring and fall through the interior, in the Pacific and Atlantic coastal regions, and through the West Indies. Casual in Bermuda. Accidental in Baffin Island (Cumberland Sound), north- ern Greenland (Thule), Eire (Skibereen), and England (Scilly Islands and Sussex). Fossil, in Pleistocene of Oregon and California. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 191 Totanus flavipes (Gmelin): LESSER YELLOWLEGS. [255.] Scolopax flavipes Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 659. Based on the Yellowshank of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 468. (auctumno in Noveboraco = New York.) Breeds from north-central Alaska (Kotzebue Sound, upper Yukon Valley), northern Yukon, northwestern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin (Nueltin Lake, probably), northeastern Manitoba (Churchill), extreme northern Ontario (Fort Severn), and northwestern Quebec (James Bay) south to east-central British Columbia (Swan Lake, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Mani- toba, northern Ontario (Favourable Lake), and west-central Quebec (Fort George). Nonbreeding birds recorded casually in summer south to Argentina. Winters from the coastal lowlands of east México (more rarely in the interior and on the Pacific side), Texas, Louisiana, Florida, and South Carolina (rarely north to Long Island, New York) south through Central America (rarely) and the West Indies to Chile and Argentina. Migrates in spring chiefly through the interior, more abundantly east of the Colorado River, more rarely in the Pacific and Atlantic coastal regions. In fall, over the spring route, but also commonly in the Atlantic coastal region south of the Maritime Provinces and through the West Indies. Casual in the Pribilof Islands and Amchitka Island, Alaska, and along the Pacific coast of México; in Labrador, Newfoundland, and Bermuda. Accidental in Greenland (Nanortalik, Godthaab), Great Britain, Nether- lands, Denmark (Sonderborg), the Azores, and the Falkland Islands. Totanus to6tanus (Linnaeus): REDSHANK. Breeds from Iceland, the Faeroes, the British Isles, northern Norway, north- ern Finland (rarely), northern Russia, and central Siberia south to the Medi- terranean, southern Russia, northern India, the Himalayas, and central China (Kansu Province). Winters from Iceland (rarely), the British Isles, western Europe, northern Africa (Morocco, Egypt), and Iraq south to southern Africa, Saudi Arabia, southern India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Soenda Islands, Celebes, the Philippine Islands, and Japan. Totanus totanus tétanus (Linnaeus). [253.1.] Scolopax Totanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 145. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds from northern Norway, northern Finland, and northern Russia east to the Urals at lat. 58° N. and south to Portugal, southern Spain, Sardinia, central Italy, Bulgaria, Greece, Asia Minor, Iran, and northern India. Winters on the west coast of Europe and Africa (south to Walvis Bay); also in the Mediterranean and Red Sea regions, India, and Burma. Accidental in eastern Greenland. 1 The breeding range as outlined, based on definite and apparently acceptable evi- dence, omits unconfirmed reports of breeding farther south (Lake Koshkonong, Wis- consin; near Chicago, Illinois; Phelps, Ontario County, New York). 192 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Subfamily CaLtpripliNnaAE: Sandpipers, Godwits, and Allies Genus CALIDRIS Merrem Calidris Anonymous = Merrem, Allg. Lit. Zeitung, 2, no. 168, June 8, 1804, col. 542. Type, by tautonymy, Tringa calidris Gmelin = Tringa canutus Linnaeus. Calidris cantitus (Linnaeus): KNoT. Breeds in Ellesmere Island, northern Greenland, Spitsbergen, the New Si- berian Islands, Wrangel Island, and northern Alaska south in the New World to Victoria Island, Melville Peninsula, and Southampton Island and in the Old World to the Arctic mainland (Taimyr Peninsula). Winters in the Western Hemisphere from southern California and from Massachusetts (rarely) south to southern South America; in the Eastern Hemi- sphere from the British Isles, western and southern Europe, and southern Asia south to western and central Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Calidris canutus canititus (Linnaeus). [234a.] Tringa Canutus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 149. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds in northern Alaska (near Point Barrow, Cooper Island), Ellesmere Island (Cape Sheridan; Slidre Fiord), northern Greenland (Peary Land), Spits- bergen, New Siberian Islands, and Wrangel Island, south in Greenland to Mel- ville Bay (west coast) and Scoresby Sound (east coast) and in Siberia to the Taimyr Peninsula.1 Nonbreeding birds are recorded in summer in the British Isles. Winters from the British Isles to Portugal, rarely to Gambia, the Gold Coast, and South-West Africa (Walvis Bay); also to northern Egypt, Black Sea, Iran, Baluchistan, Burma, the Philippines, North Natuna Islands, Java, Banks Island (Australia), and New Zealand; sparingly on the Pacific coast of South America. Migrates chiefly along the coasts of the Old World. The Ellesmere Island population probably migrates to and from Europe (recorded in Iceland and Jan Mayen). The Alaskan population may migrate in part to Asia; occurs sparingly on the Pacific coast of North America (British Columbia, California). Casual in the Cape Verde Islands, Azores, and Madeira; also in Ceylon and Japan. Calidris canutus rifa (Wilson). [234.] Tringa rufa Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 7, 1813, p. 43, pl. 57, fig. 5. (Middle Atlantic States = New Jersey.) Breeds from Victoria Island (Cambridge Bay, probably) and northern Mel- ville Peninsula (Igloolik, probably) south to Southampton Island (Bay of God’s 1 East Siberian and Alaskan birds have been assigned by some authors to the supposed race Calidris canutus rogersi, which the Committee has not accepted. Alaskan and Pacific coast birds are regarded as intermediate between C. c. canutus and C. c. rufa (see Conover, Condor, 45, 1943, pp. 226-228). ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 193 Mercy).1 Nonbreeding birds occasionally summer on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. Winters casually on the coast from Massachusetts to Florida, the Gulf coast of Texas, México (probably), Central America, and south to Chile and Argen- tina (Buenos Aires to Tierra del Fuego). Migrates in spring chiefly along the Atlantic coast from Florida to Massa- chusetts (rare in the West Indies) and through the lower Great Lakes region; also along the coast of México and in varying numbers locally and irregularly through the interior, west to Utah; more rarely on the Pacific coast north to Oregon. The spring flight passes west of Hudson Bay; in fall, chiefly east of Hudson Bay to the New England coast, more rarely through the interior and on the Pacific coast. Casual in southern Labrador, Newfoundland, the Maritime Provinces, the West Indies (Jamaica, Barbados), Trinidad, and northeastern Venezuela (Cumana). Accidental in Bermuda. Calidris tenuirdéstris (Horsfield): GREAT KNOT. [234.1.] Totanus tenuirostris Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 13, pt. 1, May 1821, p. 192. (Java.) Breeds on mountains in northeastern Siberia near the lower Kolyma and Anadyr rivers. Winters from the coasts of Baluchistan, India, Burma, Thailand, and the Philippines south to the Laccadive Islands, the Malay States, Java, Moluccas, New Guinea, and Australia (Western, Northern Territory, Queensland). Migrates rarely in the interior of eastern Siberia, regularly along the coast of Kamchatka, the Kurile Islands, Sakhalin, Japan, China, Ryukyu Islands, and Formosa. Accidental at Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska. Genus EROLIA Vieillot Erolia Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, p. 55. Type, by monotypy, Erolia variegata Vieillot = Scolopax testacea Pallas. Erolia maritima (Briinnich) : PURPLE SANDPIPER. [235.] Tringa Maritima Briimnich, Orn. Borealis, 1764, p. 54. (E Christiansde & Norvegia = Christians6e, Denmark.) Breeds from northern Ellesmere Island, western and southeastern Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Bear Island, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, New Siberia Island (Novaya Sibir), and the Taimyr Peninsula south to Southampton Island and the islands on the east coast of Hudson Bay (King George Islands, Belcher Islands), the Faeroes, northern Norway, central Sweden (Jaimtland), the Murmansk coast, and Vaigach Island. Observed in summer west to Banks 1 The racial status of birds from Melville Island east to Devon Island and south to Somerset Island is uncertain. 194 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Island (Mercy Bay), Victoria Island (Cambridge Bay), and the northwest coast of Hudson Bay (Chesterfield Inlet), also in the British Isles (Farne Island, Shetland Islands). Winters from southwestern Greenland, Newfoundland (uncommonly), Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and southern New Brunswick south along the Atlantic coast to Maryland (Ocean City); also in Iceland, the British Isles, and the shores of the North and Baltic seas; south, rarely, to the Mediterranean. Migrates mainly east of Hudson Bay and along the Atlantic coast in North America; and along the coasts of the Atlantic, North Sea, and Baltic, in Europe. Casual in Ohio (Sandusky, Painesville), southern Ontario (Crystal Beach, Toronto, Ottawa), and western New York (Buffalo) south to the coast of Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia (Savannah, sight record), and Florida (Key Biscayne, Gordon’s Pass); also to the Azores. Accidental in southern Manitoba (Whytewold Beach),-Wisconsin (Door County), Illinois (near Chicago), and Indiana. Erolia ptilocnémis (Coues): ROCK SANDPIPER. Breeds from northeastern Siberia, Komandorskie Islands, Sakhalin, islands in Bering Sea, and central western Alaska south to the Kurile Islands, the Aleu- tians, western Alaska Peninsula, and the Shumagin Islands. Winters from the Komandorskie Islands, the Aleutians, and the south coast of Alaska south to the middle Kurile Islands, in Asia, and to the coasts of Oregon and northern California, in America. Erolia ptilocnemis tschuktschérum (Portenko). [235d.] Arquatella maritima tschuktschorum Portenko, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 22, Oct. 30, 1937, p. 225. (Terrae Tschuktschorum = Uelen, Chukotski Peninsula, Siberia.) Breeds in northeastern Siberia (Chukotski Peninsula), on St. Lawrence and Nunivak islands, and in central western Alaska (Wales) south probably to Hooper Bay. Winters on the Chukotski Peninsula in Siberia (probably) and from the Alaska Peninsula south along the Pacific coast to Washington and Oregon, rarely to northwestern California (Humboldt Bay). Erolia ptilocnemis quarta (Hartert). [235c.] Erolia maritima quarta Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, no. 1, June 15, 1920, p. 137. (Bering Island, Commander Islands.) Resident on the Komandorskie Islands, eastern Siberia. Casual at Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska. Erolia ptilocnemis ptilocnémis (Coues). [235).] Tringa ptilocnemis Coues, in Elliott, Rep. Seal Islands [in Affairs in Alaska], 1873 (not paged). (St. George Island, Pribilof Islands. ) Breeds on St. Matthew, Hall, and the Pribilof islands, Alaska. Winter range imperfectly known; recorded as migrant or wintering at Hooper 1 Bailey, Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., 18, no. 1, 1943, p. 95. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 195 Bay, Nunivak Island, Unimak Island, along the Alaska Peninsula, and on the south Alaskan coast to Juneau. Erolia ptilocnemis couési (Ridgway). [235a.] Arquatella couesi Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 5, no. 3, July 1880, p. 160. (Aleutian Islands and coast of Alaska = Attu Island, Aleutian Islands.) Resident on the Aleutian Islands, from Attu east to Unimak, and in the Shumagin Islands (Sanak) .1 Erolia acuminata (Horsfield): SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER. [238.] Totanus acuminatus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 13, pt. 1, May 1821, p. 192. (Java.) Breeds on the tundra of northern Siberia from the Indigirka to the Kolyma. Winters from New Guinea, New Caledonia, and the Tonga Islands south to Australia and Tasmania, rarely to New Zealand. Migrates through eastern Siberia, Sakhalin, Japan, eastern China, Ryukyu Islands, the Philippines and occasionally to Java and central Siberia (Yeniseisk Government) ; also the Alaskan coast (Kotzebue and Norton sounds, the Pribilof Islands, Unalaska, Valdez, Douglas Island, Alexander Archipelago), coastal British Columbia (Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands; Comox, Vancouver Island), and rarely south to Washington (Westport) and California (Olema, Marin County; Mission Bay, near San Diego). Casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Midway, Laysan, Oahu). Accidental in northern India (Gilgit, Kashmir), Guatemala (Vera Paz), and England (Norfolk). Erolia melanétos (Vieillot): PECTORAL SANDPIPER. [239.] Tringa melanotos Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 34, Dec. 1819, p. 462. (Paraguay.) Breeds on the Arctic coast of eastern Siberia from the eastern base of the Taimyr Peninsula and the Khatanga Delta eastward, along the western and northern coasts of Alaska (south to Goodnews Bay), northern Yukon (Herschel Island, unconfirmed), northwestern Mackenzie (Richards Island), Victoria Is- land (Cambridge Bay), and Southampton Island (locally), and south to east- central Mackenzie (Thelon Sanctuary, probably), southern Keewatin (Nueltin Lake, probably), and the south coast of Hudson Bay (locally to Cape Henrietta Maria). Winters from Peru, southern Bolivia, northern Argentina, and Uruguay south to Chile and Patagonia (Santa Cruz Territory); in small numbers casually to Samoa,? Australia (Geelong, Albany), and New Zealand. Rarely north to southern British Columbia (Chilliwack). 1Intergrades with E. p. tschuktschorum on the Alaska Peninsula. 2 Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 67, 1919, p. 333. 196 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Migrates in spring chiefly through Central America and México and the in- terior of the United States west of Hudson Bay; rarely west of the Sierra Ne- vada and Cascade mountains in the United States or the Coast Range in Canada, or east to the Atlantic coast. In fall, both west and east of Hudson Bay, through the interior, extending to the Pacific and plentifully to the Atlantic coast, rarely to Labrador and Newfoundland, and the West Indies; also in small numbers along the coasts of eastern Asia through Sakhalin, the Kuriles, Korea, and Japan. Casual in western Greenland, Iceland, Norway, the British Isles, and France. Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Hawaii). Erolia fuscicéllis (Vieillot): WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER. [240.] Tringa fuscicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 34, Dec. 1819, p. 461. (Paraguay.) Breeds from northern Alaska (rarely, Wainwright and Barrow), northern Yukon (Herschel Island, unconfirmed), Melville Island (Winter Harbour), and northern Baffin Island (Arctic Bay and Bylot Island) south to the Arctic coast of Mackenzie (reported in the interior to Fort Anderson, Bathurst Inlet, Perry River), the northwest coast of Hudson Bay (Chesterfield Inlet), Southampton Island, and southwestern Baffin Island (Cape Dorset). Recorded in summer on Banks Island (Cape Kellett) and southern Somerset Island (Fort Ross). Winters in southern South America east of the Andes, from Paraguay and southern Brasil south through Argentina to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands. Migrates in spring chiefly through Central America, México (Yucatan, Cozumel Island), and the interior plains of the United States (west to the Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico) and of Canada (from the Rocky Mountains east to Hudson Bay); also rarely on the eastern seaboard north to the Mari- time Provinces. In fall, both east and west of Hudson Bay, through the con- tinental interior, and to the Labrador coast and Newfoundland; commonly along the northern Atlantic coastal States, more rarely southward, and through the West Indies. Casual in British Columbia (Atlin, Tupper Creek), Greenland, and Bermuda. Accidental in Franz Josef Land, England, Switzerland, and the Azores. Erolia bairdii (Coues): BAIRD’s SANDPIPER. [241.] Actodromas Bairdii Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 13, 1861, sigs. 11-17, June-Aug. (Dec. 28), p. 194. (Fort Resolution [Great Slave Lake, Mackenzie District].) Breeds in northeastern Siberia on the Chukotski Peninsula, and from the Arctic coast of Alaska (Wales, Wainwright, Point Barrow, Demarcation Point), northern Yukon (Herschel Island), northern Victoria Island, Melville Island (probably), Ellesmere Island, and northwestern Greenland south in western Alaska to Cape Romanzof (Askinuk Mountains), northern Mackenzie (Peel River, Bathurst Inlet), King William Island, southern Boothia Peninsula, south- ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 197 eastern Melville Peninsula (Gore Bay), and southwestern Baffin Island. Re- corded in summer south to Southampton Island. Winters locally in the Andes in northern Ecuador (near Quito) and Chile (from Tarapaca to Valdivia) and from southwestern Bolivia south through west- ern Argentina to Santa Cruz; more rarely north to El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, and Venezuela. Migrates in spring chiefly through Central America, México, the plains of the United States (rarely west of central Arizona or Utah, or east of the Mississippi River), and the interior of Canada (west to intermountain British Columbia and east to Hudson Bay). In fall, largely west of Hudson Bay, and over the spring route, but regularly and locally to the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts. Recorded widely in South America. Casual in the Kurile Islands (Paramushiro), Sakhalin, the Galapagos Islands, and the Falkland Islands; also in Newfoundland (Argentia), Outer Hebrides (St. Kilda), and England (Sussex, Norfolk). Accidental in South-West Africa (Walvis Bay). Erolia minutilla (Vieillot): LEAST SANDPIPER. [242.] Tringa minutilla Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 34, Dec. 1819, p. 466. (Amérique jusq’au dela du Canada = Halifax, Nova Scotia.) Breeds from central western Alaska (Kobuk River, rarely), northern Mac- kenzie (Franklin Bay), and possibly southern Victoria Island (Cambridge Bay) southeastward in the interior to central eastern Mackenzie (Thelon Sanctuary, probably), southern Keewatin (Tha-Anne River), the central eastern coast of Hudson Bay (Port Harrison, probably), and northern Labrador (Ramah), south to the Alaska Peninsula (Stepovak Bay), southeastern Alaska (Yakutat Bay), and southern Yukon (Lake Marsh); also south to northeastern Manitoba (Churchill), the south coast of Hudson Bay (Fort Severn), the west and east coasts of James Bay, and eastern (apparently not interior) Quebec (Anticosti Island, Magdalen Islands), Sable Island off Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. Nonbreeding birds summer south to California, Utah, the Gulf coast of the United States, and South Carolina. Winters from the coast of Oregon, California, southern Nevada, western and central Arizona, southern Utah (rarely), central New Mexico, central Texas, southern Louisiana, Mississippi (occasionally north to Bolivar County), south- ern Alabama, and North Carolina (rarely to Pea Island) south through México, Central America, and the West Indies to the Galapagos Islands, central Peri (Pisco), and central Brasil (Mato Grosso, Baia). Migrates in spring and fall through the Pacific and Atlantic coastal regions (including the West Indies) and through the interior; locally plentiful in inter- mountain areas; west in Alaska to the eastern Aleutians (Unalaska Island) and east to western Greenland (north to Godthaab). Casual in northeastern Siberia (Plover Bay), the Pribilof Islands, and Ber- muda. Accidental in England (Cornwall, Devon), France (Somme), and Finland. 198 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Erolia submintta (Middendorff) : LONG-TOED STINT. [242.1.] Tringa subminuta Middendorff, Reise Sibir., vol. 2, pt. 2, 1851, p. 222. (Hohen des Westabhanges vom Stanowoi Gebirge und des Nahe des Ausflusses der Uda = Stanovoi Mountains, Siberia.) Breeds on Bering Island, Komandorskie Islands, Sakhalin, and the Kurile Islands (Paramushiro, Onnekotan).1 Recorded in summer from Minusinsk and Lake Baikal to Yakutsk; also on Otter Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska. Winters from eastern India, Burma, northern Thailand, French Indochina, eastern China, and the Philippines south to Ceylon, the Soenda Islands, and Celebes. Casual in northwestern Australia (Fitzroy River). Erolia ruficéllis (Pallas): RUFOUS-NECKED SANDPIPER. [242.2.] Trynga ruficollis Pallas, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, vol. 3, 1776, p. 700. (circa Lacus salsos Dauuriae campestris = Kulussutai, eastern Siberia.) Breeds in northeastern Siberia from the Chukotski Peninsula (Providence Bay) to the Anadyr District, possibly in Lena Delta, and near Wales at the end of the Seward Peninsula, western Alaska. Winters from southern China south to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Soenda islands, New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. In migration to the mouth of the Yenisei, the Taimyr Peninsula, New Siberian Islands, the Komandorskie and Kurile islands, Sakhalin, Korea, and Japan. Casual on St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands and at Nome, Alaska. Erolia ferruginea (Pontoppidan): CURLEW SANDPIPER. [244.] Tringa Ferrugineus Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, vol. 1, 1763, p. 624. (Ice- land and ChristiansGe. ) Breeds in northern Siberia from the Yenisei Delta east through the Taimyr Peninsula, and the New Siberian Islands (except Novaya Sibir), to near Cape Baranov. Recorded in summer on Bering Island. Winters from the British Isles (rarely), the Mediterranean region, Iraq, Balu- chistan, India, Burma, southern Thailand, and the Philippines (rarely) south to southern Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula, southern Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. Casual in Japan, on the coasts of northern Alaska (Point Barrow), British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands), Ontario (Toronto), New Brunswick (St. Andrews), Maine (Pine Point), Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York (Long Island), New Jersey, Texas (sight record, Galveston Island), Louisiana (Cam- eron, sight record), Lesser Antilles (Grenada, Carriacou, Barbados), and east- ern Patagonia; also in Madeira, Aldabra, and Marcus Island. 1 Yamashina, Tori, 6, no. 27, Apr. 1929, p. 86; Journ. fiir Orn., 79, 1931, p. 526. 2 Townsend, Cruise of the Corwin, 1885, 1887, p. 100. [Date June 8, 1885, in- correctly given as July 8 in 1931 Check-list.] ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 199 Erolia alpina (Linnaeus): DUNLIN. Breeds from eastern Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya, and the Arctic coasts of Siberia, Alaska, northwest Mackenzie District, southern Somer- set Island, the northwest coast of Hudson Bay, and Southampton Island south to central Eire, southern Wales, northern England, Netherlands (rarely), north- ern Germany (locally), the Baltic States, southern Finland, and northern Rus- sia, and to southwestern Alaska, northeastern Mackenzie, and the south coast of Hudson Bay. Winters from the British Isles, shores of the Mediterranean and Red seas, the Gulf of Aden, Baluchistan, India, southeastern China, and Japan south to the Cape Verde Islands, northern Africa, Ethiopia, British Somaliland, India, and Formosa; from southeastern Alaska to Baja California; and from Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. Erolia alpina alpina (Linnaeus). [243.] Tringa alpina Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 149. (in Lap- ponia = Lapland.) Breeds from Spitsbergen, Kolguev Island, Novaya Zemlya, Vaigach Island, and on the Arctic coast of Siberia east to the Yenisei south to northern Nor- way, northern Sweden, northern Finland, and northern Russia. Winters from the British Isles, the Mediterranean Basin, Saudi Arabia, Balu- chistan, central India, and Nepal south to the Cape Verde and Canary islands, northern Africa, Ethiopia, British Somaliland, Zanzibar (questionably), and Aden. Migrates through Europe and the western half of Asia. Accidental in Massachusetts (Monomoy') and South Carolina (Sullivan Island). Erolia alpina pacifica (Coues). [243a.] Pelidna pacifica Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 11, 1861, p. 189. (West coast of North America = Simiahmoo, Washington.) Breeds from northern Alaska (Point Barrow), extreme northern Mackenzie (Cape Bathurst), and southern Somerset Island (Port Kennedy = Fort Ross) south along the west coast of Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales, Nunivak Island, Hooper Bay) and northern Mackenzie (Peel River, probably) to Southampton Island; also locally along the west and south coasts of Hudson Bay (Church- ill, Cape Henrietta Maria). Recorded in summer north to southern Melville Island and east to Baffin Island. Nonbreeding birds occasionally summer south to California, Louisiana, and South Carolina. Winters on the Pacific coast from southwestern British Columbia (casually from southeastern Alaska) to southern Baja California and the coast of Sonora (Tébari Bay), rarely in New Mexico; also on the Gulf coast from Texas east- ward and on the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to Florida. Migrates in spring along the Pacific coast and the Bering Sea; and in the At- 1 Griscom, Auk, 54, 1937, p. 72. 200 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS lantic coastal region, chiefly south of New England, through western Maryland, the lower Great Lakes region, and west of Hudson Bay, with minor flights lo- cally elsewhere in the interior. In fall, over the spring route but spreading east to Maine, with an increase in numbers through the Mississippi Valley and other interior areas. Casual in Arizona (Tucson), Nevada (Smoke Creek, Washoe County), western Nicaragua (Momotombo), eastern Quebec (Godbout, Gaspé), and Newfoundland (Stephenville Crossing). Erolia alpina arctica Schigler. [243b.] Erolia alpina arctica Schigler, Dansk. Orn. For. Tidsskr., 16, May 1922, p. 19. (Grgnlands @stkyst = east coast of Greenland.) Breeds locally in eastern Greenland from Germania Land south to Kap Dal- ton and Barclay Bay. Recorded at Brgnlund Fjord in southern Peary Land but not breeding. Winter range not known; recorded as migrant at Kangerdlugssuak, Green- land, and in northern Iceland. Accidental in Massachusetts (Chatham’). Erolia alpina schinzii (Brehm). [243c.] Tringa Schinzii C. L. Brehm, in Brehm and Schilling, Beitr. Vogelk., vol. 3, 1822, p. 355. (an der Ostsee = Riigen Island, Germany. Breeds in southeastern Greenland (Qingmiut, Angamagssalik District), Ice- land, the Faeroes,? Hebrides, northern Scotland, Orkneys, Shetlands, southern Norway, southern Sweden (Oland), and southern Finland south to central Eire, southern Wales, northern England, Netherlands (rare), Denmark, north- ern Germany (Riigen Island, Pommern District), and the Baltic States. Winters from southern Eire and southern England (rarely north to Orkney) through Europe south to Rio de Oro and Egypt. Genus LIMNODROMUS Wied Limnodromus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil, vol. 4, Abth. 2, 1833, p. 716. Type, by monotypy, Scolopax noveboracensis Gmelin = Scolopax grisea Gmelin. Limnédromus griseus (Gmelin): SHORT-BILLED DOWITCHER. Breeds in the coastal region of southern Alaska, southern Mackenzie, north- ern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, and northeastern Manitoba (probably in northern Ontario and Quebec). Winters from central California, western Nevada, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, central western Texas, the Gulf coast of the United States, and 1 Griscom, Auk, 54, 1937, p. 71. 2 The birds of the Faeroes are recorded as intermediate between Erolia alpina schinzii and E. a. alpina but nearer schinzii. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 201 coastal South Carolina south through Central America and the West Indies to northwestern Peri and central-eastern Brasil. Casual or accidental in Bermuda, Greenland, the British Isles, France, and Sweden (subspecies uncertain). Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. Limnodromus griseus héndersoni Rowan. [231a.] Limnodromus griseus hendersoni Rowan, Auk, 49, no. 1, Jan. 1932, p. 22. (Devil’s Lake, Alberta.) Breeds from east-central British Columbia (possibly Peace River District), southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), and northeastern Manitoba (Church- ill) south probably to northern Saskatchewan and central Alberta (Fawcett, Klondike City, Rochester). Winters south probably to the northern and northwestern coasts of South America. Migrates through the Mississippi Valley and along the Atlantic coast, chiefly south of Chesapeake Bay but occasionally north to New Hampshire (Rye Beach). Limnodromus griseus caurinus Pitelka. [231b.] Limnodromus griseus caurinus Pitelka, Univ. California Publ. Zodl., 50, Mar. 31, 1950, p. 43. (Yakutat, Alaska.) Breeds in southern Alaska from Nushagak Bay east to Yakutat Bay; in migra- tion south along the Pacific coast, at least to Baja California (San Felipe), probably to Colombia and Peru. Limnodromus griseus griseus (Gmelin). [231.] Scolopax grisea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 658. Based on the Brown Snipe of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 464. (in Noveboraci maritimis = Long Island, New York.) Breeding range uncertain but presumed to be in the interior of the Ungava Peninsula, north to Fort Chimo! and possibly south to northern Ontario (south of Fort Albany) .? Winters chiefly in the eastern Caribbean region (Bahama Islands and Lesser Antilles); also on the coast of Brasil (Mangunga Island, Recife). Accidental in Greenland. Limnodromus scolopdceus (Say): LONG-BILLED DoWITCHER. [232.] Limosa scolopacea Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mountains, vol. 1, 1823, p. 170. (near Boyer Creek = Council Bluffs, Iowa.) Breeds across the Chukotski Peninsula and the drainage of the Anadyr River, northeastern Siberia, in the northwestern coastal region of Alaska (Hooper Bay 1 Specimen (June 10), Aldrich, Auk, 65, 1948, p. 285; and Gabrielson and Wright, Canadian Field-Nat., 65, 1951, p. 135. 2 Pitelka, Univ. California Publ. Zodl., 50, 1950, p. 42. 202 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS to Point Barrow), possibly south to Goodnews Bay, and in Mackenzie (Ander- son River and Franklin Bay). Small numbers summer in California, Texas, and Louisiana. Winters from central California (Marin County), western Nevada, southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, northern Chihuahua, central western Texas, Tamaulipas, and the Gulf coast of the United States (to Florida) south through México (principally western) to Guatemala. Migrates in spring and fall chiefly through the western half of the United States and Canada; more rarely eastward, largely in fall, to the Atlantic coast from Maine to Georgia. Casual in the West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica, Anegada) and in Argentina (Santo Domingo, Buenos Aires). (Two dowitcher records for Hokkaido and the Yoko- hama market, Japan, probably belong here.) Genus MICROPALAMA Baird Micropalama Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xxii, xlvii, 714, 726. Type, by monotypy, Tringa himantopus Bonaparte. Micropdlama himantopus (Bonaparte): STILT SANDPIPER. [233.] Tringa himantopus Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 2, 1826, p. 157. (Long Branch, New Jersey.) Breeds from northeastern Alaska (Barter Island, probably), northern Mac- kenzie (Cockburn Point), southern Victoria Island (Cash Point, Cambridge Bay), northeastern Mackenzie (Perry River), southeastern Keewatin (Boundary Lake), northeastern Manitoba (Churchill), and extreme northern Ontario (Cape Henrietta Maria) probably south, locally, to continuous forest. Winters in South America (range imperfectly known) from Bolivia, central western Brasil (Mato Grosso), and Paraguay south to Uruguay, and central eastern Argentina (Province of Buenos Aires). Migrates in spring chiefly through Central America, México, and the western Mississippi Valley, rarely west of the Rocky Mountains. In fall regularly in small numbers through the lower Great Lakes region, the Atlantic coastal states (south of Maine), and the West Indies. Casual in western Alaska (Wales), coastal British Columbia (Vancouver Island), and Chile (Arica); also in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Bermuda. Genus EREUNETES Illiger Ereunetes Uliger, Prodromus, 1811, p. 262. Type, by monotypy, Ereunetes petrificatus Illiger = Tringa pusilla Linnaeus. Ereunétes pusillus (Linnaeus): SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER. [246.] Tringa pusilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 252. Based on La petite Alouette-de-mer de S. Domingue, Cinclus Dominicensis minor ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 203 Brisson, Orn., vol. 5, p. 222, pl. 25, fig. 2. (in Domingo = Hispaniola, West Indies.) Breeds from the Arctic coast of Alaska (Wales, Point Barrow, Barter Island), northern Yukon, northwestern Mackenzie (the delta), Victoria Island (Cam- bridge Bay), King William Island, Boothia Peninsula (Spence Bay, probably), central Baffin Island (Taverner Bay, Nettilling Lake, probably), and northern Labrador (Ramah) south to the mouth of the Yukon in Alaska and from north- eastern Mackenzie (Bathurst Inlet), central eastern Mackenzie (Thelon Sanc- tuary), southeastern Keewatin (Tha-Anne River), northeastern Manitoba (Churchill), locally along the south coast of Hudson Bay (Cape Henrietta Maria), the east side of Hudson Bay (Port Harrison), and northern Quebec (Fort Chimo). Found in summer north to Somerset Island (Fort Ross). Non- breeding birds have been recorded in summer south to the Gulf of Mexico and Panama. Winters from the Gulf coast of the United States and South Carolina on the Atlantic coast south through eastern México (Quintana Roo), Venezuela, and the West Indies to Peri, northern Chile, Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), and southern Brasil. Migrates in spring through eastern and northern South America, Central America, México, the West Indies, the interior of the United States and Canada, and the Atlantic coast including Labrador; rare in the intermountain region of the west. In fall, over the spring route, but spreading to intermountain British Columbia. Casual in the Pribilof Islands and in southern Argentina (Bahia Nueva, Chubut). Accidental in Bermuda, England (Romney Marsh, Kent), and France (Lam- paul-Ploudalmézeau, Finistére) . Ereunetes mauri Cabanis: WESTERN SANDPIPER. [247.] Ereunetes Mauri Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 4, Nov. 1856 (1857), p. 419. (South Carolina.) Breeds on the coasts of western and northern Alaska from Nunivak Island and the Kashunuk River to the Seward Peninsula and, less commonly, to Point Barrow and Camden Bay. Nonbreeding birds are recorded in summer south to California, the Gulf coast of the United States, and Panama. Winters from the coast of California (rarely from Sitka, Alaska), the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico, and North Carolina (rarely to New Jersey) south on both coasts of México to Central America, Colombia, Ecuador, and Perit; and in the West Indies and Venezuela. Migrates in spring and fall chiefly along the Pacific coast, rarely in the central interior from North Dakota and southern Ontario southward, more commonly in the southern interior (Texas, Utah), and regularly in small numbers (largely in fall) on the south Atlantic coast (more rarely north to Massachusetts). Casual in northeastern Siberia (East Cape, Cape Serdtse), Maine, and Surinam. 204 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus TRYNGITES Cabanis Tryngites Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 4, Nov. 1856 (1857), p. 418. Type, by original designation, Tringa rufescens Vieillot = Tringa subruficollis Vieillot. Tryngites subruficollis (Vicillot) : BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER. [262.] Tringa subruficollis Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 34, Dec. 1819, p. 465. (Paraguay.) Breeds, locally, in northern Alaska (Point Barrow), northern Yukon (Her- schel Island, probably), northern Mackenzie (vicinity of the Anderson and Horton rivers; Franklin Bay, Bernard Harbour), Melville Island (Winter Har- bour, probably), and Bathurst Island (Cape Cockburn, probably) south to King William Island. Winters in central Argentina (Province of Buenos Aires, probably also in northern Rio Negro). Migrates in spring chiefly through Colombia, Central America, the western interior of the United States and Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains, with concentrations in extreme southern Texas (Rockport) and south-central Alberta (near Edmonton). In fall, east to Hudson Bay (Churchill), south through the interior (North Dakota, Missouri, northwestern Louisiana, Tamaulipas, Guana- juato), and in small numbers eastward (Ontario, Ohio) to the New England states, rarely north to eastern Quebec (Godbout), and south to western Florida (Leon County). Casual in eastern Siberia (Chukotski Peninsula), Kurile Islands (Para- mushiro, Ushishiru), Honshu (Owari, Tokyo), British Columbia (Queen Char- lotte Islands), Washington (Shoalwater Bay), and California (San Luis Obispo County, Death Valley); also in Labrador (Henley Harbour), Newfoundland (Argentia), Magdalen Islands, the West Indies (Dominican Republic, Guade- loupe, Barbados, Mustique), and Venezuela (Lake Maracaibo). Accidental in England, Ireland, France, Switzerland, Helgoland, and Egypt (El Quseir). Genus LIMOSA Brisson Limosa Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 48; vol. 5, p. 261. Type, by tau- tonymy, Limosa Brisson = Scolopax limosa Linnaeus. Limosa fédoa (Linnaeus): MARBLED GopwiIT. [249.] Scolopax Fedoa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 146. Based on the Greater American Godwit of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 137. (in America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.) Breeds from central Alberta (Edmonton), southern Saskatchewan, and south- ern Manitoba south to central Montana (Pishkun and Lake Bowdoin refuges), central North Dakota, northeastern South Dakota (Sand Lake Refuge, Fort Sisseton), and west-central Minnesota; formerly to central Nebraska, central Iowa, and southern Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong). Found in summer on the ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 205 coast of James Bay (Akimiski Island, Fort Albany)!. Nonbreeding birds are re- corded in summer south to México, California, and South Carolina, formerly to Florida. Winters from central California, western Nevada, southeastern Texas, coastal South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida south on the coast of México to Guate- mala and British Honduras; rarely to Ecuador (Santa Rosa), northern Pert (Rio Tumbes), and Chile. Migrates in spring chiefly through the western interior and on the California coast; in fall, over the spring route, scattering eastward to the Atlantic coast and through the West Indies (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, Carriacou, Grenada), Tobago, and Trinidad. Casual to British Columbia, Oregon, and Nova Scotia (Sambro Light). Accidental in Alaska (Ugashik, Nelson Island). Limosa lappénica (Linnaeus): BAR-TAILED GoODwIT. Breeds from northern Norway and Sweden, northern Finland, and northern Russia east through northern Siberia to western and northern Alaska. Winters from the British Isles, the North, Baltic, and Black seas, Arabia, and northwestern India south to Gambia and Italian Somaliland; also from south- eastern China and the Philippines south to Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. Limosa lapponiea lappénica (Linnaeus). [250a.] Scolopax lapponica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 147. (in Lapponia = Lapland.) Breeds in northeastern Norway (eastern Finnmark), northeastern Sweden (lo- cally), northern Finland, northwestern Russia (Murmansk), and northern Siberia east to the Taimyr Peninsula and the Khatanga River. Winters from Ireland, the Outer Hebrides, England, shores of the North and Baltic seas, the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the shores of the Arabian Sea east to northwestern India (Sind); south in Africa to Gambia in the west and to Italian Somaliland in the east. Casual in Iceland, the Faeroes, the Azores, Canary Islands, Seychelles, Natal, and Cape Province. Accidental in fall in Massachusetts, New York (Long Island), and New Jersey (Absecon). Limosa lapponica bateri Naumann. [250.] Limosa Baueri Naumann, Naturg. Vogel Deutschlands, vol. 8, 1836, p. 429. (Neuholland = Australia.) Breeds in Alaska from Wales east to Point Barrow and south to the Yukon River Delta (Igiak and Hooper bays) .? 1 Specimens: June 23, 1947, Nat. Mus. Canada; June 23, 1942, Roy. Ontario Mus. 2 Russian authors recognize Limosa lapponica menzbieri Portenko for the popula- tion that breeds from the Lena River to the Anadyr region. 206 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters from southeastern China (rarely) and the Philippines south through Malaysia to Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. Migrates in the Aleutians (Dutch Harbor), along the Asiatic Pacific coast region (Japan), and over water to many of the Pacific islands from the Hawaiian Islands (Laysan, Hawaii) to the Gilbert, Samoa, and Tonga islands. Accidental in British Columbia (Colebrook’). Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus): HUDSONIAN GopwiIT. [251.] Scolopax Haemastica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 147. Based on The Red-breasted Godwit of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 138. (in America septentrionali = Hudson Bay.) Breeds locally from northwestern Mackenzie (mouth of Mackenzie River, Fort Anderson) to northeastern Manitoba (Churchill); also perhaps in the high interior of Southampton Island and on James Bay (Akimiski Island). Winters on the coast of Chile from Chiloé Island to the Straits of Magellan (in some years north to Africa) and from Paraguay, southern Brasil, and Uru- guay south through eastern Buenos Aires to the Rio Chubut, Tierra del Fuego, and the Falkland Islands. Migrates in spring chiefly through the interior (Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, South Dakota, North Dakota, Alberta, Saskatchewan) and west of Hudson Bay. In fall regularly west of Hudson Bay (rarely east) but in numbers southeastward from James Bay to the Maritime Provinces and the New England states, thence by sea southward. Occurs casually in numbers in the lower Great Lakes region (Ontario, Ohio, Pennsylvania) and in the West Indies (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Dominica, Barbados), Trinidad, and Venezuela. Casual in northern and western Alaska (Point Barrow, mouth of the Yukon), British Columbia (Cariboo District, Peace River Parklands, Atlin), and Idaho; also in Bermuda. Accidental in New Zealand (November to July, five specimens from South Island; nine sight records). Limosa limosa (Linnaeus)*?: BLACK-TAILED GODwIT. Breeds from Iceland, the Faeroes, southern Sweden, the Baltic States, central Russia, central Siberia, and Kamchatka south to France, Belgium, Austria, Hun- gary, Rumania, southern Russia, Turkestan, Lake Baikal, Mongolia, and the shores of the Okhotsk Sea. Winters from the British Isles, the Mediterranean Sea, India, Burma, China, and the Philippines south to Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, central India, Malay States, Borneo, Australia, and Tasmania. 1 Munro, Condor, 37, 1935, p. 178. 2 Scolopax Limosa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 147. (in Europa = Sweden. ) ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 207 Limosa limosa islandica Brehm. [252.] Limosa Islandica C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vogel Deutschlands, 1831, p. 636. (Iceland.) Breeds in Iceland, rarely in the Faeroes; one record for Norway (And¢ya). Winter range not known, probably in the Mediterranean area and northern Africa. Accidental in western Greenland (Holsteinsborg!) and Newfoundland (Pla- centia Bay). Genus PHILOMACHUS Merrem Philomachus Anonymous = Merrem, Allg. Lit. Zeitung, 2, no. 168, June 8, 1804, col. 542. Type, by monotypy, Tringa pugnax Linnaeus. Philémachus pignax (Linnaeus): RUFF. [260.] Tringa Pugnax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 148. (in Europa minus boreali = southern Sweden.) Breeds from northern Norway (from lat. 71° N.), northern Sweden, northern Finland, northern Russia (from Arkhangelsk Government, Kolguev and Wai- gach islands), northern Siberia (Yamal Peninsula, Lena, Kolyma and Indigirka rivers), and the New Siberian Islands (possibly) south to England (formerly), western France, Belgium, Netherlands, southern Germany (Bavaria), Hungary, southern Poland (Galicia), southern and east-central Russia (Bessarabia, Don River, Chkalovy and Molotov governments), and southern Siberia (Uralsk, Turgai, Kirghiz Steppes, southwestern Buryat-Mongol). Winters from southern Scotland (rarely), England, the Mediterranean area, Iraq, Iran, Baluchistan, and India south to South Africa, Ceylon, Tenasserim, and Thailand; rarely to the Malay States and Borneo. Migrates throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia. Casual or accidental in the Faeroes, Iceland, Greenland, the Maritime Prov- inces, and the Atlantic states from Maine to North Carolina and Virginia, and © inland to southern Ontario, Ohio, Indiana, and Iowa?; in West Indies (Barbados, Grenada), Colombia (record uncertain); also in the Komandorskie Islands, St. Lawrence Island, Pribilof Islands, Kuriles, Japan, and the Philippines (Luzén). Genus CROCETHIA Billberg Crocethia Billberg, Syn. Faunae Scand., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1828, p. 132. Type, by monotypy, Charadrius calidris Linnaeus = Trynga alba Pallas. Crocéthia alba (Pallas): SANDERLING. [248.] Trynga (alba) Pallas, in Vroeg, Catal., 1764, Adumbr., p. 7. (de Noord- sche Zeekusten = Coast of the North Sea.) Breeds on Banks Island (Mercy Bay), Melville Island (Winter Harbour, probably), northern Ellesmere Island (Eureka), and northern and northeastern 1 Oldenow, Fugleliv i Grgnland, Grgnlandske Selsk. Aarsskr., 1933, p. 65. 2 Dill, Auk, 58, 1941, p. 257. 208 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Greenland (Hall Land through Peary Land, south to Scoresby Sound); Spits- bergen, Taimyr Peninsula, New Siberian Islands, and North Land; south to northern Mackenzie (Franklin Bay), southern Victoria Island (Cambridge Bay), Melville Peninsula (Igloolik), the northwest coast of Hudson Bay (Cape Fullerton), and western Southampton Island (probably). Nonbreeding birds occur in summer south to southern California, the Gulf coast of the United States, eastern Florida, northern Venezuela, the British Isles, Tunisia, and southern Somaliland. Winters in the New World from southern British Columbia (Fraser River flats), the Gulf coast of the United States, and Massachusetts south along the coasts of México, Central America, and the West Indies to southern Chile (Chiloé Island) and southern Argentina (Chubut); in the Old World from Ire- land, the Outer Hebrides, Helgoland (rarely), the Mediterranean basin, Caspian Sea, Gulf of Oman, northern India, Burma, China, and the Marianas, Marshall, and Hawaiian islands south to South Africa, Madagascar, shores of the Indian Ocean, Maldive Islands, southern India, Ceylon (casual), Java, Borneo, Aus- tralia, and the Phoenix and Union islands. Migrates in spring and fall along the shores of the seas of the world, over water to Pacific islands, and inland particularly about the larger bodies of water. In North America, in spring, along the Pacific coast north to British Columbia (more rarely around the Alaska coast), along the Atlantic coast north to New England, through the Great Lakes region and the western interior (California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Alberta), and west of Hudson Bay; in fall, west and east of Hudson Bay, over the spring routes in increased numbers, spreading to intermountain British Columbia and to Labrador (rarely) and Newfoundland. Casual on Jan Mayen, Franz Josef Land, and New Zealand (South Island). Genus EURYNORHYNCHUS Nilsson Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, Orn. Suecica, vol. 2, 1821, p. 29. Type, by mono- typy, Eurynorhynchus griseus Nilsson = Platalea pygmea Linnaeus. Eurynorhynchus pygméum (Linnaeus): SPOON-BILL SANDPIPER. [245.] Platalea pygmea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 140. (in Surinami = eastern Asia.) Breeds around the Chukotski Peninsula in northeastern Siberia, from Ilkheta- gen southeast of Cape Vankarem to Bering on the north side of the Gulf of Anadyr. Winters in eastern Assam, Burma, and southeastern China (Kiangsi, Fukien, Island of Hainan). Migrates through Sakhalin, Kurile Islands, Korea, Japan (autumn only, Hokkaido, Honshu, and Kyushu). Casual in northwestern Alaska (Wainwright Inlet). ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 209 Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE: Avocets and Stilts Subfamily RECURVIROSTRINAE: Avocets and Stilts Genus RECURVIROSTRA Linnaeus Recurvirostra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 151. Type, by monotypy, Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus. Recurviréstra americana Gmelin: AMERICAN AVOCET. [225.] Recurvirostra americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 693. Based mainly on the American Avocet of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 502. (in America septentrionali et Nova Hollandia = North America.) Breeds from east-central Washington (Moses Lake), south-central Oregon, southern Idaho (Hagerman), northern Montana (Teton County), central Al- berta (Beaver Hill Lake, Hay Lake, Camrose), southern Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba (Winnipeg) south to southern California (near Santa Ana, Orange County; Lake Elsinore, Riverside County), southern Nevada, northern Utah, south-central Colorado (San Luis Lakes), southern New Mexico (Chlo- ride, Carlsbad), and southern Texas (El Paso County, rarely to Brownsville), east to eastern North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, western Nebraska (Sand Hills), eastern Colorado, and north-central Oklahoma (Salt Plains Refuge); for- merly to southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), western Minnesota (Traverse County), Wisconsin (Green Bay), northern Iowa (Sioux County), and New Jersey (Cape May). Winters from north-central California (Novato, Willows, Honey Lake) and southern Texas south to Baja California and along the Pacific coast of México to Guatemala (Champerico). In migration throughout the United States west of the Mississippi River, rarely or casually eastward to the Atlantic coast from New Brunswick to Florida. Casual in British Columbia (mouth of Fraser River, Arrow Lake, Okanagan Landing). Accidental in Greenland (Sukkertoppen District), Baffin Island, Cuba, Ja- maica, Barbados, and Tobago. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of Oregon and California. Genus HIMANTOPUS Brisson Himantopus Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 46; vol. 5, p. 33. Type, by tau- tonymy, Himantopus Brisson = Charadrius himantopus Linnaeus. Himantopus mexicanus (Miiller): BLACK-NECKED STILT. [226.] Charadrius Mexicanus P. L. S. Miller, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, p. 117. Based on the Echasse de Mexique, Himantopus Mexicanus Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 5, p. 36. (in Mexico.) Breeds from southern Oregon, Idaho (Rupert), southern Saskatchewan (casu- aliy, Qu’Appelle), northern Utah (Bear River Marshes), southern Colorado 210 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS (formerly San Luis Lakes), eastern New Mexico (rarely, Las Vegas, Carlsbad), the Gulf coast of Texas, and southern Louisiana (east to Vermilion Bay) south to northeastern Baja California (Mexicali); locally throughout México and Central America to Nicaragua; Galapagos Islands; the coast of Ecuador, prob- ably western Pert; also from southern New Jersey (formerly), South Caro- lina, and central and eastern Florida south through the Bahama Islands (Andros, Green Cay, New Providence, Watling, Cay Sal, Acklin, Great Inagua, Mari- guana), the Greater Antilles, St. Thomas, and the northern Lesser Antilles (An- guilla, St. Kitts, Barbuda, Antigua, and Montserrat); also northern Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and northern Brasil (Para, Maranhao, Piaui). Winters from central California (usually in San Francisco Bay area), the coast of Sonora, the Rio Grande Valley in Texas, and the northwest coast of the Gulf of Mexico east to the Mississippi Delta, south locally to the southern limits of the breeding range in northern South America. In migration casually to San Nicolas Island, California, and to North Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Wisconsin, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Caro- lina, Mississippi, Alabama, and Bermuda. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of Oregon. Family PHALAROPODIDAE: Phalaropes Genus PHALAROPUS Brisson Phalaropus Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 50; vol. 6, p. 12. Type, by tau- tonymy, Phalaropus Brisson = Tringa fulicaria Linnaeus. Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus): RED PHALAROPE. [222.] Tringa Fulicaria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 148. Based on the Red Coot-footed Tringa of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 142. (in America = Hudson Bay.) Breeds circumpolarly, along northern coasts and offshore islands of North America, Europe, and Asia, mainly above the Arctic Circle. In North America from western and northern Alaska (Hooper Bay, Cape Prince of Wales, Point Barrow), Mackenzie (Mackenzie Delta, Rendezvous Lake, Franklin Bay), Banks Island (Mercy Bay), Melville Island (Winter Harbour), Ellesmere Island, eastern Keewatin (Nunalla), Southampton Island, southern Baffin Island, north- ern Quebec (Chimo), northern Labrador (Ramah), and Greenland (Life Boat Cove to Disko Bay on west, and Germania Land to Scoresby Sound on east); and in Iceland, Spitsbergen, Bear Island, Novaya Zemlya, New Siberian Islands, and across northern Siberia (Markovo, Taimyr River, Nizhne Kolymsk). Nonbreeding birds occur off coast of Newfoundland in summer. Migrates along both coasts of North America, rarely in the interior; through- out the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, the North Sea, the Mediterranean, and casually on inland waters in northern and central Eurasia. Winters, at sea, chiefly in the Southern Hemisphere, off western Africa and both coasts of South America south to the latitude of the Falkland Islands, Patagonia, and New Zealand. Accidental in India. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 211 Genus STEGANOPUS Vieillot Steganopus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 24, Sept. 1818, p. 124. Type, by monctypy, Chorlito del tarso comprimido of Azara = Steganopus tricolor Vieillot. Steganopus tricolor Vicillot. WILSON’s PHALAROPE. [224.] -Steganopus tricolor Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 32, Sept. 1819, p. 136. (Paraguay.) Breeds from the interior of British Columbia (103 Mile Lake, 149 Mile Lake, Dale Lake, Nuiki Lake), central Alberta (Belvedere, Rochester), central Sas- katchewan (Battleford, Prince Albert National Park), northeastern Manitoba (The Pas), central Minnesota (Twin Lakes, Minneapolis), southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, and southern Ontario (east to Simcoe County) south through the interior of Washington and Oregon to south-central California (Los Banos, Fresno, Bishop), central Nevada (Washoe Lake, Virgin Valley), western and northern Utah (Bear River Marshes to Millard County), north- eastern Colorado (lower Platte Valley), central Kansas, western Nebraska (Sand Hills), eastern South Dakota, and northern Indiana; formerly to northern Iowa, and northern Illinois. Nonbreeding birds recorded in summer north to central Mackenzie (Fort Simpson, Artillery Lake), northern Saskatchewan (Ile a la Crosse), and Nova Scotia. Winters in Chile (rarely) and Argentina south to Chubut; casually in the Falkland Islands, and in southern Texas (three records on Gulf coast from Corpus Christi southward). Migrates casually outside the breeding range to the coast of British Columbia, and through western United States from the Mississippi River westward; also in México, Central America, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brasil, and Paraguay; occasionally along the Atlantic coast from Quebec (Anticosti Island) to Florida, more rarely east of the Mississippi River in the interior and Gulf States. Accidental in England. Genus LOBIPES Cuvier Lobipes Cuvier, Régne Animal, vol. 1, 1817 (Dec. 7, 1816), p. 495. Type, by original designation, Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus = Tringa lobata Linnaeus. Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus): NORTHERN PHALAROPE. [223.] Tringa tobata [sic] Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 148 [lobata in Emendanda, p. 824]. Based on the Cock Coot-footed Tringa of Ed- wards, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 143. (in America septentrionali, Lapponia = Hudson Bay.) Breeds in the Western Hemisphere from western and northern Alaska (Hooper Bay, St. Matthew Island, St. Lawrence Island, Point Barrow, Demarca- 1 Hamilton and Macgregor, Brit. Birds, 48, no. 1, Jan. 1955, pp. 15-17. 212 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS tion Point), northern Mackenzie (Mackenzie Delta, Franklin Bay, Read Island, Aylmer Lake), central Keewatin (Cape Fullerton), east-central Baffin Island (Kingwah Fjord), and on the coasts of Greenland (from Upernavik on west, Hurry Fjord on east) south to southern Alaska (Pribilof and Aleutian islands, Kenai, Yakutat Bay), southern Yukon (probably Carcross), northwestern Brit- ish Columbia, southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), northeastern Manitoba (Churchill, York Factory), islands in southern James Bay, and locally along the Labrador coast (Ramah to Battle Harbour). In the Eastern Hemisphere in Iceland, northwestern Ireland (Donegal, Mayo), northern Scotland (Outer Hebrides), Faeroes, Shetland Islands, Spitsbergen (rarely), northern Norway, northern Sweden, northern Finland, the Baltic States, northern Russia (Solovet- ski Islands, Dwina and Pechora valleys, Kanin, Kolguev), and across northern Siberia to Bering Sea and south to the base of the Kamchatka Peninsula, and the Komandorskie Islands. Nonbreeding birds recorded in summer throughout southern Yukon, along the coasts of Newfoundland, and on Miquelon Island. Winters at sea; in the Western Hemisphere, recorded at the Galapagos, off Ecuador, Peri (abundant), Chile, and southern Argentina; in Eastern Hemi- sphere, off north Africa (rarely to the Azores), the coasts of Arabia, Baluchi- stan, India, Malaya, southern Japan, China, Philippines, Celebes, Ceram, north- ern New Guinea, and New Zealand. Migrates abundantly along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America, often well offshore; also common in western interior from British Columbia and Alberta (Beaverhill Lake) south to northern Arizona; of rare occurrence in interior farther east. Casual in Hawaii, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Bermuda. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of Oregon. Suborder Lari: Skuas, Gulls, Terns, and Skimmers Family STERCORARIIDAE: Jaegers and Skuas Genus STERCORARIUS Brisson Stercorarius Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 56; vol. 6, p. 149. Type, by tautonymy, Stercorarius Brisson = Larus parasiticus Linnaeus. Stercordrius pomarinus (Temminck): POMARINE JAEGER. [36.] Lestris pomarinus Temminck, Man. Orn., 1815 (1814), p. 514. (les régions du cercle arctique; de passage accidentel sur les cdtes de Hollande et de France = Arctic regions of Europe.) Breeds principally north of the Arctic Circle from western Alaska (Hooper Bay, Cape Lisburne, Point Barrow), Mackenzie (Baillie Island, Cape Bathurst), Banks Island (Cape Kellet), Melville Island (Winter Harbour), Somerset Island (Fury Point), Southampton Island (Itiuachuk), Baffin Island (Exeter Sound), and northern Quebec (Port Harrison) to central western Greenland (Upernavik to Sukkertoppen); Spitsbergen, Bear Island, Novaya Zemlya, and from the Kanin Peninsula across northern Russia and the base of the Taimyr Peninsula ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 213 eastward to the Gulf of Anadyr, including the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, and Herald Island. Nonbreeding birds found in summer off west coast of Alaska, in the Aleutians, British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Sound), southern Yukon (Teslin Lake), northeastern Alberta (Lake Athabaska), along the shores of Hudson Bay, and on the Atlantic coast south to Massachusetts (Chatham, Woods Hole); near Jan Mayen and occasionally off Norway and Helgoland. Winters principally at sea, in the Atlantic from Cape Hatteras to the West Indies and off the coast of Africa; in the eastern Pacific from the latitude of southern California south to Peri, and off eastern Australia. Casually north to Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, and the British Isles. Migrates often well out at sea; in the Pacific quite commonly off British Columbia; in the Atlantic off the British Isles and northern Europe, chiefly in fall; common in spring well off east coast of United States; ranging widely, to northern Greenland, Gulf coast of Texas (Brownsville, Matagorda Island), Panama, Galapagos Islands, British Guiana; the Baltic, Mediterranean, Aral, and Red seas; central Europe to southern Russia; northern Australia, Japan (Inosima, Tokyo Bay), and Burma (Moulmein). Accidental or casual inland in British Columbia (Chilcotin), Saskatchewan (Yellow Grass), Manitoba (Winnipeg), Idaho (Snake River), South Dakota (Madison), Wisconsin (Green Bay, Lake Koshkonong), Michigan (Marquette County), Ontario (Detroit River, Hamilton), Nebraska (North Platte, Kearney, Fremont), Ohio, New York (Buffalo, Ossining), Pennsylvania (upper Susque- hanna River, Harrisburg, Presque Isle), Missouri (Kansas City), and Arizona (Flagstaff). Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus): PARASITIC JAEGER. [37.] Larus parasiticus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 136. (intra tropicum Cancri, Europae, Americae, Asiae = coast of Sweden.) Breeds in North America, from northern Alaska (Hooper Bay, Point Barrow, Colville Delta, Barter Islands), Northwest Territories (Mackenzie Delta, Baillie Island, Franklin Bay), Banks Island (Prince of Wales Strait), northern Elles- mere Island (lat. 82° N.) and Greenland (Store Flad¢g Island to Qagssimiut, and Thule area on west coast, Liverpool Land to Hochstetters Forland on east coast) south to the Alaska Peninsula, Aleutian Islands (probably), Kodiak Island, southern Mackenzie (Fort Rae, Fort Resolution), Manitoba (Landing Lake), Southampton Island, Baffin Island (Koukdjuak River and Foxe Basin), Ontario (Cape Henrietta Maria), Quebec (Port Burwell), and Labrador (Metik Islands); in the Old World, from Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Bear, and Franz Josef islands south to northern Scotland, northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, northern Russia (Russian Lapland, Arkhangelsk, lower Pechora River), Novaya Zemlya, and northern Siberia (Taimyr Peninsula, Ob, Yenisei, and Kolyma deltas) to the Komandorskie Islands, Kamchatka, and the northern shore of the Sea of Okhotsk. Nonbreeding birds range in summer throughout the Arctic regions, south along the Pacific coast of North America to Prince of Wales Island, and to southern Mackenzie, southern Manitoba (Lake St. Martin, Scanterbury), north- ern Ontario, northern and eastern Quebec and Newfoundland; in the Eastern 214 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Hemisphere throughout the coasts of northern Europe, including the British Isles, and northern Asia, casually inland. Winters offshore; in the Pacific from southern California (Point Conception) to southern Chile, northern and eastern Australia and New Zealand, south to the Chatham Islands; in the Atlantic from Maine and the British Isles south to Brasil, eastern Argentina (Cape San Antonio, Mar del Plata), and the west coast of Africa (Liberia, southern Angola, Cape of Good Hope); also in the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea. Migrates along the eastern Pacific coast from British Columbia to the Gala- pagos Islands and Pert; along the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba, Grenadines, and Barbados; in the Eastern Hemisphere along Scandinavia, the British Isles, northern and western Europe, and western Africa, casually through the Mediterranean, Caspian, and Aral seas, and the Gulf of Suez. Casual in the Great Lakes area (occasionally in some numbers); recorded also in Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, Nebraska, North Dakota, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Stercorarius longicatidus Vieillot: LONG-TAILED JAEGER. [38.] Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 32, Sept. 1819, p. 157. (le nord de l’Europe, de I’Asie et de ’ Amérique = northern Europe.) Breeds in North America, from western Alaska (Nunivak Island, St. Matthew Island, Hooper Bay, St. Lawrence Island, Teller, Cape Prince of Wales, Wain- wright, and in the interior in Mount McKinley National Park), northern Yukon (La Pierre House), Mackenzie (Anderson River, Baillie Island), Banks Island (Cape Kellet), Meiville Island (Winter Harbour), Ellesmere Island (Fort Con- ger), and northern Greenland (Thule and Peary Land to Disko Bay and Scoresby Sound) south to Southampton Island, and northern Quebec (Fort Harrison, George River, Cape Chidley); in the Old World, from Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Bear Island, and Novaya Zemlya south to northern Nor- way, Lappmark, northern Finland, northern Russia (Arkhangelsk, lower Pe- chora River), and northern Siberia through the base of the Taimyr Peninsula, to Anadyr, Kamchatka and the north coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. Nonbreeding birds wander in summer throughout the breeding range, com- monly in the Aleutian Islands, southern coastal Alaska, Mackenzie River Valley (to Fort Simpson), and the lakes and river valleys of central and northern Mackenzie, casually to southern Hudson Bay (Manitoba, Ontario). Winters offshore, in the Atlantic Ocean, from lat. 40° N. to 50° S., and in the Pacific off South America from lat. 10° to 50° S.; more abundantly in the southern areas. Migrates sparingly off British Columbia, Oregon, and California, casually in the interior in southern British Columbia (Buffalo and Okanagan lakes), James Bay (Ship’s Sands Island), Ontario (Ottawa), casually on the Great Lakes, and rarely from Maine and Massachusetts to New Jersey (Cape May); abun- dant in spring migration in the middle North Atlantic; recorded occasionally on the coast of Cuba, Argentina (Cape San Antonio, Mar del Plata), on the west- ern coasts of Europe, Straits of Gibraltar, and Africa, in the Mediterranean, and ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 215 along the Kuriles, Sakhalin, Hokkaido, and Honshu; accidental in Utah (Bear River Refuge), Nebraska (Lincoln), Wisconsin (Lake Como), Minnesota (Warren), Iowa (Lone Tree), Ohio (Buckeye Lake), Illinois, and Indiana. Genus CATHARACTA Briinnich Catharacta Briinnich, Orn. Borealis, 1764, p. 32. Type, by subsequent designation, Catharacta skua Briinnich (Reichenbach, 1852). Catharacta sktia Briinnich: SKUA. Breeds in Iceland, Faeroes, Shetlands, and Orkneys, ranging widely over the North Atlantic to Massachusetts and Gibraltar; also breeds in New Zealand, Chatham Islands, southern Chile, Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands, Gough, Inaccessible, Tristan da Cunha, Kerguelen islands, and mainland of the Ant- arctic area, ranging widely to the coasts of Brasil and southern Africa, the southern Indian Ocean, and in the Pacific to Japan and British Columbia. Catharacta skua skua Briinnich. [35.] Catharacta Skua Briinnich, Orn. Borealis, 1764, p. 33. (E. Feroa Islandia = Iceland.) Breeds in Iceland, the Faeroes, Shetland Islands, and Orkney Islands. Nonbreeding birds recorded in summer from Franklin District (Barrow Straits, Lancaster Sound, Baffin Bay), northern Quebec (Port Burwell), south- ern Labrador (Straits of Belle Isle), Newfoundland (Funk Island,.Cape Broyle), Nova Scotia (Sable Island), Massachusetts (east of Nantucket), Greenland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, and off the European coast south to lat. 45° N. Winters offshore, mainly in the eastern North Atlantic, from lat. 60° N. south to the Tropic of Cancer, the Sargasso Sea, Madeira, and Gibraltar, casu- ally to the Canaries and the western Mediterranean; sparingly westward on the Newfoundland Banks, casually from Nova Scotia to Massachusetts (Swamp- scott, Cape Cod). Accidental in Missouri (Kansas City), the Niagara Gorge between Ontario and New York, Novaya Zemlya, the Baltic, central Europe, Italy, and the Adriatic. Catharacta skua chilénsis (Bonaparte). [35.1.] Stercorarius antarcticus b. chilensis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, vol. 2, sig. 26, Feb. 1, 1856 (Oct. 1, 1857), p. 207. (Ex Amf[erica] m[eridionale] = Chile.) Breeds from Arauco Bay, Chile, south along the coast to Tierra del Fuego. Ranges throughout the year over the Humboldt Current north to northern Pert; casually north in the southern winter to the coast of southern California (Monterey) and Brasil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catharina, Rio de Janeiro). 216 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Catharacta skua antarctica (Lesson). [35a.] Lestris antarcticus Lesson, Traité Orn., livr. 8, 1831, p. 616. (Des iles Malouines, de la Nouvelle-Zélande = Falkland Islands.) Breeds on the Falkland Islands. Winter range uncertain; recorded in the South Atlantic at lat. 21° 40’ S., long. 34° 12’ W., along eastern South America from the Straits of Magellan to Brasil (Cape Frio); in the Pacific off the coast of Washington (Westport). Catharacta skua lénnbergi Mathews. [35).] Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi Mathews, Nov. Zool., 18, no. 3, Jan. 31, 1912, p. 212. (New Zealand seas.) Breeds on South Island (Otago district), Stewart Island, Snares, and Chatham Islands, New Zealand; Macquarie, Auckland, Campbell, Antipodes, South Shetlands, Deception, South Orkneys, South Georgia, South Sandwich (prob- ably), Bouvet, Prince Edwards, Crozets, Kerguelen, Heard, and St. Paul (prob- ably) islands. Winter range unknown, except for reports in the seas south of Australia, off the coast of Washington (Grays Harbor and Jefferson counties) and south- western British Columbia (Goose Island Banks). Family LARIDAE: Gulls and Terns Subfamily LaRINAE: Gulls Genus LARUS Linnaeus Larus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 136. Type, by subse- quent designation, Larus marinus Linnaeus (Selby, 1840). - Larus hyperbéreus Gunnerus: GLAUCOUS GULL. Breeds on the arctic coasts and islands from northern Alaska, Northwest Territories, Greenland, Iceland, Bear Island, Jan Mayen Island, Spitsbergen, and Franz Josef Land south to Hudson Bay and Labrador; also across northern Europe and Asia to eastern Siberia. Winters from southern part of breeding range (casually farther north) to southern California, through the Great Lakes region, and to New York, casu- ally to Georgia; British Isles, Norway, and north-central Europe; occasionally to the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas; Japan and northern China. Larus hyperboreus hyperbéreus Gunnerus. [42.] Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus, in Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapper, 1767, p. 226 (note). (Northern Norway.) Breeds on arctic coasts and islands from central northern Mackenzie (Coro- nation Gulf) to southern Ellesmere Island, northern Greenland (Washington Land, Germania Land), Iceland, Jan Mayen Island, Spitsbergen, Bear Island, ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 217 Franz Josef Land, northern Russia (Kanin Peninsula, Kolguev, Pechora Delta) and the arctic coast of northern Siberia, including Novaya Zemlya, North Land, New Siberian Islands, and Wrangel Island south to Cape Fullerton, Southampton Island, Walrus Island, Richmond Gulf, southern Baffin Island (Lake Harbour), central Labrador (Hopedale), and southern Greenland (Ju- lianehaab in the west, Cape Fare Well in the east); south in Asia to lat. 70° N. on the Lena and Kolyma rivers and to the Gulf of Anadyr in eastern Siberia. Nonbreeding birds found in summer north to Peary Land in Greenland, south casually to northern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Ontario (Cape Henrietta Maria), southeastern Quebec (Natashquan River), and Maine (Richmond Island), rarely farther south; in Europe, to Helgoland. Winters from southwestern Greenland south along the Atlantic coast to New York (Long Island), casually to Georgia (mouth of Savannah River) and Florida (Pensacola), and the Great Lakes area; in the Eastern Hemisphere south along the British Isles and Norway to Denmark and the north German coast, occasionally to the Mediterranean, casually to Austria, Silesia, Saxony, Baden, and Alsace, and the Black and Caspian seas. Accidental or casual in the interior of the United States and Canada, in Alberta (Lacombe), southern Manitoba (Treesbank, Margaret), Minnesota (Grand Marais, Spruce), Wyoming (Lake Hattie), Nebraska, Iowa (state line at Lake Manawa), Utah (Provo), Colorado (Barr Lake), Missouri (Hartwell), northern Texas (Clay County, Gainesville), and southern Mississippi (Gulf- port)?; the Azores and Madeira. Larus hyperboreus barrévianus Ridgway. [42.1.] Larus barrovianus Ridgway, Auk, 3, no. 3, July 1886, p. 330. (Point Bar- row, Alaska.) Breeds on coasts and islands of Alaska from the Pribilofs (Walrus Island), Hall Island, St. Matthew Island, and Hooper Bay, locally north and east to Barter Island, Herschel Island, Yukon, and Franklin Bay, Mackenzie. Non- breeding birds found in summer throughout the breeding range, and in the Yukon River Valley (Tanana, Rampart), the Aleutian Islands (Unalaska, Unimak), and Yakutat Bay; casually to Washington (Seattle). Winters from the Pribilof and Aleutian islands south along the Pacific coast (inland, along the Columbia River to Portland, Oregon) to southern California (Orange County). Casual in the interior of British Columbia (Okanagan Lake); accidental in northern Texas (Clay County). Larus glaucoides Meyer: ICELAND GULL. Breeds from Ellesmere Island, western Greenland, and Iceland south to southern Baffin Island; formerly on Jan Mayen Island (reported in 1882-1883). Winters along the Atlantic coast from southern Labrador to New York and New Jersey; in the Great Lakes area (casually); Iceland, British Isles, northern France, Belgium, Holland, Helgoland, and the Baltic area. 1 As these interior records have not been checked by examination of specimens part may refer to L. h. barrovianus. 218 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Larus glaucoides glaucoides Meyer. [43.] Larus glaucoides Meyer, Ziisatze und Bericht. in Meyer und Wolf, Taschenb. deutsch. Végelk., 1822, p. 197. (“Meere der arktischen Zone, z. B. in Island, zuweilen im Herbst an den Kiisten der Ost- und Nordsee” = Iceland.) Breeds in Greenland (Upernavik District and Blosseville Coast, south to near Cape Farewell and King Frederik VI Coast), Jan Mayen Island, and Iceland (Westman Islands). Nonbreeding birds recorded in summer to southern Baffin Island, southern Labrador (Red Bay), Massachusetts, and casually to Minne- sota (Grand Marais) and Ontario (Toronto). Winters along the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to New Jersey (Brigan- tine Beach) and Virginia (Cape Henry, Thimble Shoal Channel’); casually in the Great Lakes area; Iceland, the Faeroes, Norway, and Sweden south to the British Isles, northern France, northern Belgium, northern Netherlands, Helgo- land, and the Baltic, casually to Denmark, East Prussia, Pomerania, Liibeck, and Schleswig-Holstein. Accidental in Nebraska (Dorchester), Georgia (mouth of the Savannah River), Florida (mouth of the Crystal River), Novaya Zemlya, Italy, Portugal, and Madeira. Larus giaucoides kimlieni Brewster. [45.] Larus kumlieni Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 8, no. 4, Oct. 1883, p. 216. (Cumberland Sound [Baffin Island], Arctic America.) Breeds in southern Baffin Island from Foxe Peninsula and Cumberland Sound (Cape Dorset, Foxe Islands, Lake Harbour, Itivirk Bay, Icy Cove) and extreme northwestern Ungava (Erik Cove). Nonbreeding birds found in summer in northern Labrador (Saglek Bay, Grenfell Tickle). Winters from southern Labrador (Red Bay) to New York (Long Island) and New Jersey (Brigantine Beach); also on Great Lakes (Buffalo). Casual in western Greenland (Holsteinborg, Godthaab). Larus glaucéscens Naumann: GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL. [44.] Larus glaucescens Naumann, Naturg. Vogel Deutschlands, vol. 10, 1840, p. 351. (Nord-Amerika.) Breeds from the Komandorskie Islands, St. Lawrence Island, western Alaska (Cape Denbigh, Hooper Bay), the Pribilof and Aleutian islands, and south- eastern Alaska south to northwestern Washington (San Juan Islands, Cape John- son, Copalis Rock). Nonbreeding birds found in summer south to California. Winters from Bering Island to Kamchatka, the Kurile Islands (Etorofu), and Hokkaido; and from southeastern Alaska (Juneau) south along the coast to southern Baja California (Cape San Lucas), the Gulf of California, and Sonora (San Pedro Bay). Casual in eastern China (Minhow); accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Laysan, Oahu, Hawaii), and Oklahoma (Capron). Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. 1 Sight records. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 219 Larus marinus Linnaeus: GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL. [47.] Larus marinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 136. (in Europa = Gotland, Sweden.) Breeds from central and southern Greenland (Disko Island, Angmagssalik District) through Iceland, the Faeroes, Shetlands, Spitsbergen, Bear Island, northern Norway, Finland, and northern Russia (Murmansk); south to east- ern Labrador (Eclipse Harbour to the Strait of Belle Isle), southeastern Quebec (Mingan, Anticosti Island, Gaspé), Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and New York (Cartwright Island off eastern Long Island); in the Eastern Hemisphere through the British Isles, northern France (Normandy, Brittany, Channel Islands), and Denmark, casually to Estonia; occasionally nesting on fresh-water lakes in Ire- land (Donegal, Mayo), Sweden (Vanern), and Norway (Jaeren). Nonbreed- ing birds recorded in summer from Melville Island (Winter Harbour), east coast of Greenland (Franz Josef Fjord, Scoresby Sound), Jan Mayen, and New Jersey (Island Beach). Winters from Strait of Belle Isle south to North Carolina (Pea Island), casu- ally to Georgia (Chatham County), northeastern Florida (St. Augustine), and Bermuda; now regular and not uncommon on the Great Lakes; Iceland, the Faeroes, British Isles, Norway, Sweden, and northern Germany south to the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas; casually to the Canaries, Madeira, and the Azores. Accidental in Nebraska (Dakota City), southern Ohio (Pike County), West Virginia (Monongalia County), and interior of Germany and France. Larus schistisagus Stejneger: SLATY-BACKED GULL. [48.] Larus schistisagus Stejneger, Auk, 1, no. 3, July 1884, p. 231. (Bering Island and Petropaulski, Kamtschatka = Bering Island, Komandorskie Islands.) Breeds from the Gulf of Anadyr, Kamchatka, and the Komandorskie Is- lands south through the Kurile Islands to Sakhalin and Hokkaido (Daikoku- jima near Akkeshi); recorded also from Harrowby Bay, northwestern Mac- kenzie. Winters from Kamchatka to Honshu, Seven Islands of Izu, Shikoku, Volcano Islands, Quelpart Island, Ryukyu Islands (Ishigaki), and the coast of China (Fukien), occasionally to Amoy and Formosa. Casual or accidental in the Aleutians (Atka, Unalaska), Pribilof Islands, and the coast of Alaska (Nome, St. Michael, Port Clarence, Sitka). Larus occidentalis Audubon: WESTERN GULL. Breeds from northern Washington (Destruction Island) south along the Pacific coast to western Baja California, and in the Gulf of California to Sonora. Winters from southern British Columbia south through the breeding range; casual on the coasts of Sinaloa and Nayarit. 220 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Larus occidentalis occidentalis Audubon. [49.] Larus occidentalis Audubon, Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 320. (Cape Dis- appointment [Washington].) Breeds on coasts and islands from northern Washington (Destruction Island, Lapush) south to central California (Farallon Islands). Winters north to southern British Columbia (southern and eastern Vancouver Island, Chilliwack) and south to San Pedro, California. Accidental in the lower Colorado River Valley (one, Parker Dam, Arizona). Larus occidentalis wymani Dickey and van Rossem. [495.] Larus occidentalis wymani Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, 27, no. 4, July 15, 1925, p. 163. (Santa Catalina Island, California.) Breeds on islands and coasts from central California (Monterey Bay) to central western Baja California (Asuncién Island) and Guadalupe Island. Winters throughout breeding range, wandering south to Cape San Lucas, Baja California, and the coast of Sonora (San Pedro Bay), casually north to the coast of Washington (Shoalwater Bay). Accidental in Illinois (Chicago). Larus occidentalis livens Dwight. [49a.] Larus occidentalis livens Dwight, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 32, Feb. 14, 1919, p. 11. (San Jose Island, Lower California.) Breeds on the shores and islands of the Gulf of California, from George Island and Consag Rock south to Espiritu Santo and San Pedro Nolasco islands. Winters throughout breeding range, wandering to the mouth of the Colorado River, San José del Cabo, along the coast of Sonora (Tébari Bay, Agiabampo, Masocari Island), and to Santa Cruz, California; probably to Sinaloa (Mazat- lan), Nayarit, and Claridn Island, Revilla Gigedo Archipelago.+ Larus fuscus Linnaeus?: LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL. Breeds from Iceland, the Faeroes, northern Norway, northern Sweden, Fin- land, and northern Russia south to the British Isles and France. Winters from the British Isles, southern Norway, western Sweden, and the Baltic south to Senegal, the Gold Coast, Nigeria, mouth of the Congo River, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, the lakes of eastern Africa, the Red Sea, and the Persian Gulf. Larus fuscus graéllsii Brehm. [50.] Larus Graellsii A. E. Brehm, Allg. Deutsche Naturhist. Zeit., n. f., 3, 1857, p. 483. (Malaga, Spain.) Breeds on the Faeroes and coasts of the British Isles (occasionally on fresh water inland), the Channel Islands, and islands off the coast of northern France (Brittany; formerly to Normandy). 1 Subspecific identity of Western Gulls from these points is not certain. 2Zarus fuscus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 136. (Europa = Sweden.) ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES ppd Winters from the British Isles, Portugal, Spain, and France south to the western Mediterranean (east to Corsica and Sardinia) and Nigeria. In migration, or as nonbreeding stragglers, to Iceland, the East Frisian Islands (possibly breeding), and Denmark (western Jylland). Accidental in Greenland (Qérnoq near Godthaab), New York (Buffalo), and Maryland (Green Run). Larus argentatus Pontoppidan’: HERRING GULL. Breeds from Alaska, northern Mackenzie, Banks Island, southern Devon Island, eastern Ellesmere Island, western Greenland, Labrador, Iceland, the Faeroes, northern British Isles, Norway, Sweden, northern Russia, and northern Siberia south to southern British Columbia, southern Mackenzie, eastern Al- berta, western Saskatchewan, eastern Montana, southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, central Wisconsin, central Michigan, northern Ohio, northern New York, and south along the Atlantic seaboard to Long Island and (casually) northern Virginia; in the Eastern Hemisphere south to northern France, Neth- erlands, Denmark, southern Norway, the western Baltic, southern Russia, and across south-central Siberia to Zaisan-Nor and Ala-Tau; the Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands; islands in the Mediterranean and to the Black and Caspian seas. Winters from southern limits of breeding range throughout North America to Panama, Bermuda, and Barbados; and to northern and central Africa, Arabia, northern India, French Indochina, and the northern Philippines. Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues. [51a.] Larus Smithsonianus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14, no. 6, June (Aug. 1), 1862, p. 296. (Eastern and Western coasts of North America.) Breeds from central Alaska (middle Yukon Valley), southern Yukon (Lake Tagish), northern Mackenzie and Keewatin (Fort Anderson, Warren Point, Pearce Point, Perry River, Repulse Bay, Polecat Harbour), Southampton Island, southern Baffin Island (Taverner Bay, Kennedy Lake, Foxe Peninsula), north- ern Quebec (Cape Prince of Wales, Cape Chidley), and northern Labrador south to southern Alaska (Muir Inlet, Forrester Island), central British Co- lumbia (Topley Landing, Iotsa Lake, Bridge Lake, Cariboo), southern Mac- kenzie (Great Slave Lake), northeastern Alberta (Buffalo Lake), eastern Mon- tana (Lake Bowdoin, Billings), southern Manitoba (Shoal Lake, Lake Winni- peg), northern Minnesota (Leach Lake, shores of Lake Superior), northern Wisconsin (Green Bay), central Michigan (Charity Islands), southern Ontario (Lake Erie, Lake Ontario), northern Ohio, and northern New York (Falls Pond, Four Brothers Island in Lake Champlain), and south along the Atlantic seaboard to Long Island, casually to southeastern New Jersey (Stone Harbor), Maryland (Chesapeake Bay), and Virginia (Chincoteague). Nonbreeding birds range in summer in the Aleutian Islands and western British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands; Okanagan and Kootenay lakes), 1 Larus Argentatus Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, vol. 1, 1763, p. 622. (No locality given = ChristiansGe, Denmark, ex Briinnich, Orn. Borealis, 1764, p. 44.) Zoe. CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS casually to northwestern Washington (Port Townsend, San Juan Islands), and occasionally in the interior and along all the coasts of the United States. Winters from the southern parts of the breeding range south along the Pacific coast to El Salvador (La Libertad), along the Atlantic coast commonly to Florida, Cuba, and the Gulf of Mexico, casually to Panama (Bocas del Toro), Bermuda, and throughout the West Indies from the Bahamas (Hope- town, Nassau, Gregory Town) to Barbados; regularly in the interior of the United States on the Great Lakes, and along the Mississippi River and many of its tributaries. Migrates along both coasts of North America and through the Mississippi Valley. Accidental on Laysan, Hawaiian Islands, in Greenland, and in Spain. Larus argentatus thayeri Brooks. [51b.] Larus thayeri Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 59, no. 5, Sept. 1915, p-. 373. (Buchanan Bay, Ellesmere Island.) Breeds from Banks Island (Cape Kellet), Cornwallis Island (Browne Island), southern Devon Island (Dundas Harbour), and east-central Ellesmere Island (Buchanan Bay) south to northeastern Mackenzie (Kater Point), northern Keewatin and Franklin districts (Perry River, Igloolik Island, Melville Penin- sula), and islands in Frozen Strait; northwestern Greenland (middle Thule District). Nonbreeding birds recorded in summer in northern Alaska (Icy Cape, Grif- fin Point, Demarcation Point), Sea Island off Vancouver, British Columbia, and southern Quebec (Tadousac). Winters on coasts of western North America from southern British Columbia (Georgia Strait) to central and southern California (San Francisco to San Diego), casually to central Baja California (San Benito Islands). Migrates off coasts and islands of southern Alaska (Sitka, Craig, Wrangell). Accidental in Colorado (Barr Lake, La Salle), New Jersey (Mount Ephraim near Delaware River), and Ohio (South Bass Island). Larus argentatus végae Palmén. [52.] Larus argentatus Briinn., var. Vegae Palmén, in Nordenskidid, Vega- Exped. Vetensk. Iakttag., vol. 5, 1887, p. 370. (Pidlin, near Pitlekai, extreme northeastern Siberia.) Breeds in Siberia from the eastern side of the Taimyr Peninsula to the Gulf of Anadyr. Winters south to Kamchatka, the Kurile Islands, Japan, the Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa, Ishigaki), central China, Formosa, and the Bonin Islands; found casually in western Alaska (St. Lawrence Island, Nome, Norton Sound, St. Michael), the Aleutians (Unalaska), and British Columbia (Vancouver Island). Larus calif6rnicus Lawrence: CALIFORNIA GULL. [53.] Larus Californicus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 6, 1854, p. 79. (near Stockton, California.) Breeds from north-central Mackenzie (Fort Anderson, Cape Lyon, Duke of York Island) south through Saskatchewan and Manitoba (Dog Lake) to south- ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 223 ern Washington (Benton County), southeastern Oregon, northeastern California (Clear Lake, Eagle Lake, Mono Lake), northwestern Nevada (Lahontan Reser- voir, Pyramid and Soda lakes), northwestern Utah (Great Salt Lake, Utah Lake), eastern Idaho (Blackfoot Reservoir), northwestern Wyoming (Yellow- stone Lake), central Montana (Billings), and SESE SEL 2h North Dakota (Devils, Stump, and Chase lakes). Nonbreeding birds found casually in summer in Or riteresicha and central British Columbia (Atlin region, Puntchezakeet, Kootenay Lakes, Lac la Hache), south-central Mackenzie (Fort Simpson), northwestern Saskatchewan (Lake Athabaska), and along the Pacific coast from Oregon to southern California. Winters from southern Washington (Shoalwater Bay) and eastern Idaho (Idaho Falls) south along the Pacific coast to Cape San Lucas, through the Gulf of California, and Guatemala (Champerico, San José). Casual in migration in southeastern Alaska (Craig, Klawock), Georgia Strait (Comox, Esquimalt, Vancouver), interior British Columbia (Okanagan Valley), Arizona, eastern Colorado (Barr Lake), south-central Kansas (Reno County), southern Texas (Laredo, Galveston, San Luis Pass), and Veracruz (Alvarado). Accidental in Hawaii. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of Oregon. Larus delawarénsis Ord: RING-BILLED GULL. [54.] Larus Delawarensis Ord, in Guthrie, Geogr., 2d Amer. ed., 1815, p. 319. (Delaware River, below Philadelphia.) Breeds in western North America from south-central Oregon (Klamath, Lake, and Harney counties), central Washington (Moses Lake), Alberta (Lesser Slave Lake, Fort Chipewyan, Bitter Lake), north-central Saskatchewan (Reindeer Lake), and south-central Manitoba (Lake Winnipegosis, Lake Mani- toba, Shoal Lake) south to northeastern California (Honey Lake), south- central Idaho (Minidoka National Wildlife Refuge), south-central Colorado (San Luis Lakes), southeastern Wyoming (Bamforth Lake), and northeastern South Dakota (Waubay Lake); in eastern North America from central and southern Quebec (off Fort George, Rupert Bay, Kegaska River, St. Augustin), and northeastern Newfoundland (South Penguin Island) south to northern Michigan (St. Martins Bay, Cecil, Bird Island in Thunder Bay), southern Ontario (North Channel, Georgian Bay, and lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario), and northern New York (Little Galloo Island, formerly Hermon); formerly in southern and eastern Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong, Spider and Strawberry islands, Green Bay). Increasing in numbers in recent years. Nonbreeding birds recorded in summer in British Columbia (Bella Bella, Kootenay Flats), south-central Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), southeastern Keewatin (50 miles south of Cape Eskimo), northwestern Washington (Simiah- moo), coastal California, northeastern Colorado (Loveland), northern Wiscon- sin (Orienta, Port Wing), Ohio, Labrador (Port Manvers), and south near the Atlantic coast to New Jersey (Atlantic City), and District of Columbia (Washington), casually to Georgia, Florida, southern Mississippi, and Louisiana. Winters from Oregon (casually north to southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia) south along the Pacific coast to southern México, commonly to Baja California and Sonora, casually to El Salvador (Acajutla); in the interior 224 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS of México and the United States around larger lakes and rivers, north to Lake Michigan and the lower Great Lakes, wherever there is open water; along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico from Texas (Brownsville) to Florida (Fort Myers); and on the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence (rarely) to southern Florida (Key West), and Cuba. Migrates throughout the interior of the United States and southern Canada, most commonly in the Mississippi and Missouri river basins. Accidental in Hawaii (Molokai), Bermuda, the Azores, Jamaica (Morant Point), and Martinique. Larus crassiréstris Vicillot: BLACK-TAILED GULL. [54.1.] Larus crassirostris Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 21, May 1818, p. 508. (Nagasaki, Japan.) Breeds along the Gulf of Tatary, on the shores of southern Maritime Terri- tory and southern Sakhalin, and the southern Kurile Islands south along Hok- kaido, Honshu, and Korea to lat. 22° N. on the coast of China. Winters in the breeding range from northern Hokkaido southward. Accidental in San Diego Bay, California.1 Larus canus Linnaeus: MEW GULL. Breeds from north-central Alaska, southern Yukon, and western Mackenzie south to British Columbia, northeastern Alberta, and north-central Saskatche- wan; and from the Faeroes, British Isles, Norway, Sweden, northern Russia, and Siberia (from the Arctic Circle) south to Denmark, northern Germany, the Black Sea, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, Kirghiz Steppes, Lake Baikal, Altai, northwestern Mongolia, Anadyr, southern shores of the Okhotsk Sea, Kam- chatka, and the Kurile Islands. Winters from southeastern Alaska to southern California; in Europe from breeding area south to the Mediterranean Sea; and in eastern Asia along the coasts of China and Japan to Formosa. Larus canus canus Linnaeus. [55a.] Larus canus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 136. (Europa = Sweden. ) Breeds from the Faeroes, northern Norway, and northwestern Russia (Kola Peninsula) south to Ireland, the south coast of England (Kent, Sussex), Neth- erlands (Hoek van Holland, Zwanewater, Texel), Denmark, and the interior of northern Germany to Hamburg, Liibeck, Mecklenburg, and West and East Prussia. Winters through Europe from the southern parts of breeding range to the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf. Casual in western Greenland (Narssaq, Fiskenaes), Iceland, Spitsbergen, Bear Island, and the Canary Islands. 1 Monroe, Auk, 72, 1955, p. 208. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 225 Larus canus brachyrhynchus Richardson. [55.] Larus brachyrhynchus Richardson, in Wilson and Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., Jameson ed., vol. 4, Aug. 1831, p. 352. (Great Bear Lake [Fort Frank- lin, Mackenzie].) Breeds from northern Alaska (Kobuk River delta, Fort Yukon), southern Yukon, and northern Mackenzie (Mackenzie Bay, Baillie Islands) south to the Alaska Peninsula (Morzhovoi Bay, Stepovak Bay), southern Alaska (Kodiak Island, Homer, Hawkins Island, Yakutat, Taku Inlet), and southern coastal British Columbia (Harrison River), and in the interior to southern Yukon (Lake Marsh), southern Mackenzie (Fort Smith), and northern Saskatchewan (Black Bay, Lake Athabaska). Nonbreeding birds found in summer from the Diomede Islands in Bering Strait, northern Alaska (Icy Cape, Barrow, Demarcation Bay), and central Mackenzie (Great Bear Lake) east to the Keewatin District (Beverley Lake) and south to Washington (Bellingham Bay, Simiahmoo), central Alberta (Bel- vedere), and northeastern Saskatchewan (Reindeer Lake); recorded also from the Komandorskie Islands. Winters from southern Alaska (Sitka, Wrangell), southwestern British Co- lumbia (Vancouver Island, New Westminster), western Washington (Puget Sound area, Shoalwater Bay), and western Oregon (inland along Columbia River to Portland) to southern California (Santa Barbara, San Diego). Accidental in Wyoming (Lake Fork River) and Massachusetts (Chatham). Larus ridibimdus Linnaeus: BLACK-HEADED GULL. Breeds from Iceland, the Faeroes, southern Norway, central Sweden, Finland, northern Russia, and across northern Siberia to Kamchatka south to Sardinia, mouth of the Danube River, central Russia (Smolensk, Perm), southwestern and south-central Siberia, and northwestern Mongolia to Kamchatka. Winters from the southern parts of the breeding range to the Azores, Gambia, northern Africa, the Nile Valley, Persian Gulf, India, Indochina, Japan, For- mosa, and the Philippines. Larus ridibundus ridibiindus Linnaeus. [55.1.] Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 225. (in Mari Europaeo = England.) Breeds from Iceland, Faeroes (since 1800), southern Norway (from Trond- heim), Sweden (Lulea, Uppland), Finland, northern Russia (Arkhangelsk, Perm), and across northern Siberia (from the tree limit) south to southern France (Camargue), Sardinia, northern Italy, Switzerland, Hungary, Bulgaria, southern Russia (Crimea), Armenia, Turkestan, Tarbagatai, and northern Mongolia. Nonbreeding birds taken in summer on Jan Mayen Island and in northern Norway. Winters from southern third of breeding range to the Azores, Madeira, Ca- naries, Gambia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Gulf of Aden, Persian Gulf, Kashmir, north- ern India (Bombay, Bengal), Assam, Singapore Straits, and eastern China. 226 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Accidental in Greenland (Fiskenaes, Frederiksdal and Tuapait in the Nanor- talik District), Labrador (Stag Bay),1 Newfoundland (Badger, Green Island), Massachusetts, New York (Brooklyn), México (Veracruz), Barbados (Bridge- town), and the Grenadines. Larus ridibundus sibiricus Buturlin. [55.1a.] Larus ridibundus sibiricus Buturlin, Mess. Orn., 2, no. 1, 1911, p. 66. (Kamchatka.?) Breeds in northeastern Siberia from the Kolyma Delta to Kamchatka. Winters from the Komandorskie Islands and Kamchatka to Sakhalin, Kurile Islands, Japan, Korea, Formosa, and the northern coasts of China. Accidental in the Aleutian Islands (Kiska) .° Larus atricilla Linnaeus: LAUGHING GULL. [58.] Larus Atricilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 136. Based on the Laughing Gull, Larus major Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 89. (in America = Bahamas.) Breeds along the coast from northern Nova Scotia (Bird Islands, Halifax County), Maine (formerly), and Massachusetts (Muskeget Island) to New Jersey (Brigantine Beach, Stone Harbor, Egg Island), southern Maryland (Cornfield Harbor at the mouth of the Potomac River), Virginia (Chincoteague, Cobbs Island, Cape Charles), North Carolina (Pea and Royal Shoal islands), South Carolina (Cape Romain), and Florida (Port Orange, Mosquito Lagoon, Tavernier); the Bahama Islands and the Greater and Lesser Antilles; around the Gulf of Mexico in Texas (Brownsville, Matagorda, Bolivar Bay, Port Arthur), Louisiana, and Florida (St. Marks, Sarasota, Cape Sable); Cayo Arcas off Campeche, and the Alacran Reefs off northern Yucatan; Los Roques (Sar- qui), off northern Venezuela; Salton Sea, southeastern California; and the coasts of Sonora (Tobari Bay) and Sinaloa. Nonbreeding birds recorded in summer on Lake Ontario and Lake Erie and on the coasts of Veracruz, British Honduras (Belize, Lighthouse Reef, Saddle Cay), Panama, Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire, northeastern Venezuela (Isla Mar- garita), and Trinidad. Winters from the Pacific coast of southern México to Ecuador (mouth of Guayaquil River) and northern Peri (Point Parinas); and from the Gulf of Mexico and North Carolina (Marshallberg) south along the Caribbean and Atlantic coasts to Colombia, Venezuela, and the West Indies to the Guianas, and Brasil (Amazon Delta). Migrates inland along the larger streams near the eastern seaboard and in Texas; casual in Baja California (San José del Cabo). Accidental in Greenland (Fiskenaesset, Narssaq), New Mexico (Fort Win- gate), Colorado, Nebraska (Inland), South Dakota (Lake Goodenough), Wis- 1 Gross, Bird-Banding, 6, 1935, p. 24. 2The type locality “Kolyma Delta and Ussuriland” cited by Peters, Check-list Birds World, vol. 2, 1934, p. 323, is erroneous, as Buturlin named the bird of Kamchatka. 30. J. Murie, Auk, 62, 1945, p. 313. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 225 consin (Lake Koshkonong), Tennessee (Reelfoot Lake), Durango, and south- ern Peri (Mollendo). One banded at Muskeget Island, Massachusetts, and recovered at Acajutla, El Salvador, indicates crossing from the Atlantic to the Pacific coasts. Larus pipixcan Wagler: FRANKLIN’S GULL. [59.] Larus Pipixcan Wagler, Isis von Oken, 24, (May) 1831, Heft 5, col. 515. (Advena est, neque educat stagnis Mexicanis Prolem = México.) Breeds from southeastern Alberta (Spotted, Big Hay, and Beaverhill lakes), central and southern Saskatchewan (Kazan and Torch lakes, Wiseton, York- ton), and southwestern Manitoba (Brandon, Oak Lake; formerly at Lake Mani- toba and Shoal Lake) south to central eastern Oregon (Malheur Lake), south- central Montana (Big Lake, one record), northwestern Utah (Bear River Refuge, Ogden), eastern North Dakota (Sweetwater, Devils, and Chase lakes), northeastern South Dakota (Aberdeen, Waubay Lake, Brookings), southwest- ern Minnesota (Marsh Lake, Heron Lake), and northwestern Iowa (Barringer’s Slough, Clay County). Nonbreeding birds recorded in summer from British Columbia (Alta and Okanagan lakes; Peace River district), northern Alberta (Peace River, Lake Athabaska), south-central Saskatchewan (St. Louis), and northeastern Mani- toba (Hayes River) south to south-central Idaho (Minidoka Wildlife Refuge), north-central New Mexico (Lake Burford), southeastern Wyoming (Wheat- land), and central Iowa (Sioux City, Clear Lake). Winters in the Pacific from Guatemala south to the Gulf of Panama, the Galapagos Islands, and Chile (to Mocha Island), and along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico from Texas to Louisiana. Migrates from the Rocky Mountains east to the Mississippi River, more sparingly but regularly eastward to Lake Erie, and through eastern and central México, east to Veracruz, casually in Yucatan; casual in southern British Co- lumbia (Okanagan Landing, Alta Lake, Chimney Lake), west-central Wash- ington (Steilacoom), Idaho, southern California, southwestern Utah (Virgin River), Ohio, and Wisconsin. Accidental in Hawaii (Maui), New Brunswick (Grand Manan), Massa- chusetts (Salem), and Virginia (Blacksburg) and in the West Indies (St. Bartholomew). Larus philadélphia (Ord): BONAPARTE’s GULL. [60.] Sterna Philadelphia Ord, in Guthrie, Geogr., 2d Amer. ed., 1815, p. 319. (No locality mentioned = near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.) Breeds from western and central Alaska (Innoko River, Nulato, Fort Yukon), southern Yukon (Dezadeash Lake; Lapie and Pelly rivers), northern and western Mackenzie (lower Anderson River to Fort Anderson, Great Bear Lake), northern Saskatchewan (Black Lake), northeastern Manitoba (Church- ill), and west-central Ontario (Mimiska Lake, Rat Rapids) south to central British Columbia (Bridge Lake), southeastern Alberta (Belvedere, Buffalo Lake, Warner), and central western Saskatchewan (North Battleford). Nonbreeding birds recorded in summer from northwestern Washington (Neah 228 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Bay, Copalis), California, northern Ohio, Ontario, southeastern Quebec (God- bout, Magdalen Island), Prince Edward Island (Summerside), and Massa- chusetts. Winters from west-central Washington (Oyster Bay, Steilacoom), casually from southern Vancouver Island and Georgia Strait, to southern Baja Cali- fornia (La Paz), and western Jalisco; and from Lake Erie (Erie, Buffalo), Lake Ontario (Rochester), and northern Massachusetts (in mild winters), casually from southern Ontario (Hamilton, Toronto), Maine, and New Hamp- shire (Seabrook), south to central Florida; in south-central Louisiana (False River), and in the Gulf of Mexico from Yucatan and Texas (Padre Island, Corpus Christi) to west-central Florida; Bermuda, Cuba (Matanzas Bay), and Haiti. In migration found in the Mississippi Valley and casually, sometimes regu- larly, at other interior localities. Accidental in the Hawaiian Islands (Laysan), Bahamas (Long Island), Green- land, England, Scotland (Loch Lomond), Ireland (Belfast, Dublin Bay), France (coast of Vendée), and Helgoland. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of Oregon. Larus minutus Pallas: LITTLE GULL. [60.1.] Larus minutus Pallas, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, vol. 3, 1776, p. 702. (Circa alueos majorum Sibiriae fluminum = Berezovo, Tobolsk, Siberia.) Breeds from Denmark, southern Sweden (Uppland), Finland (Karlé), and northwestern Russia (Ladoga and Onega lakes) south to northern Germany, eastern Poland, south-central Russia (Ryazan, Transcaucasia, Astrakhan, Chka- lov) and central Siberia from the valley of the Ob and Lena rivers to Turke- stan, Altai, and Lake Baikal. Winters from Iceland (rarely), the Faeroes, northern British Isles, southern Sweden, and the Baltic coasts south to the Mediterranean and Black and Caspian seas; in the Pacific area, questionably south to the lower Yangtze-Kiang River, China. Migrates through central Europe and western Asia. Casual in Saskatchewan, Ontario (Toronto), New York (Bird Island in Niagara River, Cayuga Lake, Rockaway Beach, Fire Island, and New York Bay), New Jersey, Maine (Scarborough, St. George), Massachusetts (New- buryport), Ohio (Lake Erie), western Pennsylvania (Erie), Bermuda, and southwestern Greenland (Godthaab area). Larus heérmanni Cassin: HEERMANN’S GULL. [57.] Larus Heermanni Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6, no. 5, Sept.- Oct. (Dec. 31) 1852, p. 187. (San Diego, California.) Breeds on San Roque Island, western Baja California, on George, Raza, Sal- sipuedes, Ildefonso, and Monserrate islands in the Gulf of California, Isabel Island in the Tres Marias Islands, Las Tres Marietas Islands, and locally else- where along the coast of Sinaloa and Nayarit. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 229 Postbreeding birds range in summer from Vancouver Island (June to late October) south to the western coast of México. Winters from Oregon to Guatemala (San José, Chiapam). Accidental in New Mexico (Los Pinos Mountains). Genus PAGOPHILA Kaup Pagophila Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, pp. 69, 196. Type, by monotypy, Larus eburneus Phipps. Pagéphila ebirnea (Phipps): Ivory GULL. [39.] Larus Eburneus Phipps, Voy. N. Pole, Append., 1774, p. 187. (Spits- bergen.) Breeds in scattered groups on Prince Patrick Island, Melville Island, northern Baffin Island, northern Greenland (Inglefield Land, locally to Germania Land), Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, northern Novaya Zemlya, and North Land. Winters mainly over the northern drift ice south to the northern coasts of North America, southern Greenland, Iceland, the Faeroes, Norway, Finland, northern Russia, and northeastern Siberia to the Komandorskie Islands, casually south to Maine (Southwest Harbor, Penobscot Bay), Massachusetts (Glouces- ter), New York (Sayville), New Jersey (Seaside Park), the Shetlands, Orkneys, and Great Britain. Accidental in British Columbia (Dease Lake, Penticton), Colorado (Adams County), Manitoba (Egg Lake, Woodlands), Wisconsin (Oconto Harbor), On- tario (Fort Albany, Oba, Toronto), northern France, Netherlands, Denmark, Helgoland, Switzerland (Lake Geneva), and Hokkaido (Nemuro). Genus RISSA Stephens Rissa Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. 13, pt. 1, Feb. 18, 1826, p. 180. Type, by monotypy, Rissa brunnichii Stephens = Larus tridactylus Lin- naeus. Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus): BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE. Breeds from northern Alaska, Banks Island, Devon Island, northern Green- land, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, and the New Siberian, Bennet, Wrangel, and Herald islands south to the Aleutian Islands and southern Alaska; and to Newfoundland, southern Greenland, Iceland, Faeroes, British Isles, France, Helgoland, Denmark, Norway, northern Russia, and eastern Siberia to Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands. Winters south to Japan and northwestern Baja California in the Pacific, to southern New Jersey, Bermudas, the Tropic of Cancer, and northwest Africa in the Atlantic; also through the Mediterranean Sea. 230 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Rissa tridactyla tridactyla (Linnaeus). [40.] Larus tridactylus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 136. (in Europa septentrionali = Great Britain.) Breeds from eastern Devon Island, northwestern Greenland (Garde Islands, Melville Bay), and northeastern Greenland (Mallemuk Fjoeldet) south through eastern Hudson Strait (Resolution and Button islands) and along the Labrador coast to the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Godbout, Percé Rock, Magdalen Island, Bird Rock) and Newfoundland (Cape St. George, Bacalieu Island), and from Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, New Siberian Islands, Bennet Island and Wrangel Island south to Iceland, the Faeroes, British Isles, Channel Islands, Brittany, Normandy (formerly), Helgoland, Norway, and northern Russia (Murmansk coast). Nonbreeding birds recorded in summer on Victoria Island (Prince Albert Land), and northern Greenland (Etah, casually farther north). Winters along the coast and at sea from Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence (in smaller numbers north occasionally as far as Greenland) south to southern New Jersey (Atlantic City), and the Bermudas, rarely to eastern Florida (Jupiter); in the Eastern Hemisphere from lat. 60° N. south to the Sargasso Sea, off the west coast of Africa, and throughout the Mediterranean. Casual to the Cape Verde Islands, the Senegal coast, and the Baltic Sea. Accidental in Wyoming (Douglas), Colorado (Boulder, Fort Morgan), Mis- souri (Kansas City), Iowa (Des Moines), Wisconsin (Milwaukee County), Illinois (Chicago), Ohio (Buckeye Lake), Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, south- western Pennsylvania (McKees Rocks), southern Russia, interior Siberia, and Turkestan. Rissa tridactyla pollicaris Ridgway. [40a.] Rissa tridactyla pollicaris “Stejn{eger] MS.,” Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Birds North America, vol. 2, 1884, pp. 202, 205. (Kotzebue Sound, Alaska.) Breeds from the Kolyma Delta along the coast of northeastern Siberia, to northwestern Alaska (Cape Lisburne), south to Sakhalin, Kamchatka, the Kurile Islands, the Komandorskie Islands, and throughout the Aleutian and Pribilof islands to south-central Alaska (Kodiak Island, Homer, Resurrection Point). Winters on the Asiatic coast south to Japan and in the eastern Pacific from British Columbia (casually from Alaska) south to northwestern Baja California. Rissa brevirostris (Bruch): RED-LEGGED KITTIWAKE. [41.] Larus (Rissa) brevirostris “Brandt,” Bruch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1, no. 2, Mar. 1853, p. 103. (Nord-Westkiiste von America = Northwestern America.) Breeds on the Komandorskie and Pribilof islands in Bering Sea. Winters on adjoining seas. Accidental in west-central Yukon (Forty Mile), and northwest Oregon (De- lake).1 Bones found in archeological deposits on Kodiak Island, Alaska.” 1 Gabrielson, Auk, 50, no. 2, 1933, p. 216. 2 Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., 27, 1937, p. 434. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 231 Genus RHODOSTETHIA MacGillivray Rhodostethia MacGillivray, Man. Brit. Orn., vol. 2, 1842, p. 252. Type, by original designation, Larus rossii Richardson = Larus roseus MacGilli- vray. Rhodostéthia résea (MacGillivray): Ross’ GULL. [61.] Larus roseus MacGillivray, Mem. Wernerian Soc., 5, 1824, p. 249. (Igloo- lik, Melville Peninsula, ex Richardson.) Breeds in northern Siberia, in the delta of the Kolyma River, south to Aby, Malaya (on the Alazeya River), and Sredne Kolymsk, and east, near the coast, to Chaun River, also along the lower Indigirka River; one record (June 15, 1885) for west-central Greenland (island near Ikamiut, in Disko Bay). In migration, mainly late in summer and fall, east to Wrangel and Herald islands, northern Alaska (Point Barrow), Melville Peninsula (Igloolik), and western Greenland (Melville Bight, Disko Bay area, Godthaab), and to Spits- bergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, and Bennet Island; south casually in Bering Sea to Bering Island, the Pribilof Islands, and western Alaska (St. Michael); one record for eastern Greenland (Sando Island, Young Sound). Winter range unknown; probably pelagic on open waters of the Arctic region. Accidental in England (Yorkshire), the Faeroes, Helgoland, Norway, France (Vendée), and Sardinia (Cagliari). Genus XEMA Leach Xema Leach, in Ross, Voyage Discovery, 1819, App. 2, p. lvii. Type, by monotypy, Larus sabini Sabine. Xéma sabini (Sabine): SABINE’s GULL. Breeds from northern Alaska, north-central Mackenzie, southern Victoria Island, King William Island, eastern Keewatin, southwestern Baffin Island, west- ern Greenland, Spitsbergen, Taimyr Peninsula, Lena Delta, and the New Si- berian Islands south in Bering Sea to Anadyr and to Bristol Bay in western Alaska. Winters south to the coast of Pert, also in the Atlantic. Xema sabini sabini (Sabine). [62.] Larus sabini J. Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 12, pit 240S19s pi d22, pl. 29. (Sabine Islands near Melville Bay, west coast of Greenland.) Breeds from northern Alaska (from Wales along entire Arctic coast), north- western Mackenzie (Cape Dalhousie, Cape Bathurst, Franklin Bay), southern Victoria Island (Austin Bay, Cambridge Bay), King William Island, Melville Peninsula, and Igloolik Island to northern Greenland (Hall Land to Melville Bay in northwest, Germania Land in northeast), south to Keewatin (Chester- field Inlet), Southampton Island (Cape Low), and southwestern Baffin Island (from Taverner Bay to northern Foxe Land); and from Spitsbergen and the New Siberian Islands south to the Taimyr Peninsula and the Lena Delta. 232 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Nonbreeding birds recorded in summer in northern Ellesmere Island, north- eastern Saskatchewan (Sandy Lake), central and northeastern Manitoba (Nor- way House, Churchill, York Factory), northern Ontario (Cape Henrietta Maria), and northeastern Quebec (George River). Winter range not wholly known; in the Pacific from Tumbez to Callao Bay, Pert; also in the Atlantic. In migration recorded along the Pacific coast from Alaska to Washington and California and from southern Greenland and Labrador to Maine, Massachusetts, and New York; also from Iceland, Jan Mayen, the Faeroes, and Franz Josef Land, south to the shores of the Baltic and North seas, British Isles, and northern France, casually to Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Finland, northern Germany, and Switzerland. Accidental in Japan (Miyagi, Honshu), Montana (Terry), Utah (Ogden), Arizona (Grand Canyon, Tucson), New Mexico (Albuquerque), Wyoming (James Lake, Laramie), Colorado (Golden, Denver, Barr), Nebraska (Lincoln, Beatrice), Kansas (Hamilton, Humboldt), Oklahoma (Claremore), Texas (Corpus Christi), Iowa (Burlington), Missouri (Foxe Island), Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong, Walworth County), Ohio (Buck- eye Lake), New York (Lake Keuka, Lake Cayuga), Ontario (Ottawa), and southern Quebec (Quebec, Beauport Flats) .1 Xema sabini woznesénskii Portenko. [62a.] Xema sabini woznesenskii Portenko, Ibis, ser. 14, 3, no. 2, Apr. 1939, p. 268. (Hooper Bay, Alaska.) Breeds in western Alaska from Norton Sound and St. Lawrence Island to Hooper Bay; probably on the shores of the Gulf of Anadyr, northeastern Siberia. Winter range probably northwestern Peru. In migration occurs on the Pribilof Islands, St. Matthew Island, Nushagak, Ugashik River on the Alaska Peninsula, and San Quintin, Baja California.? Subfamily STERNINAE: Terns Genus GELOCHELIDON Brehm Gelochelidon C. L. Brehm, Isis von Oken, 23, Heft 10 (Oct.) 1830, col. 994. Type, by monotypy, Gelochelidon meridionalis Brehm = Sterna nilotica Gmelin. Gelochelidon nilética (Gmelin)*: GULL-BILLED TERN. Widely distributed from Salton Sea, California, and Sonora to southern Ecua- dor; southern Texas and southern Maryland to Florida, Panama, and the West 1 Two additional races that have been proposed, Xema sabini palaearctica Steg- mann and X. s. tschuktschorum Portenko, are considered synonyms of typical sabini. Birds from Arctic shores immediately adjacent to Bering Strait are somewhat inter- mediate toward X. s. woznesenskii. 2 This form mingles with Xema sabini sabini in Pacific waters when off its breeding grounds. The records cited are based on specimens. 3 Sterna nilotica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 606. (Aegypto = Egypt.) ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 233 Indies; mouth of the Amazon River, Brasil, to southern Buenos Aires Province; British Isles, northern Germany, Hungary, southern Russia, Aral and Caspian seas, Kirghiz Steppes, Turkestan, Transbaikalia, and Mongolia to Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanganyika, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, India, Ceylon, Cochin China, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Australia, and Tasmania. Gelochelidon nilética aranea (Wilson). [63.] Sterna aranea Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 8, 1814, p. 143, pl. 72, fig. 6. (Cape May, New Jersey.) Breeds in southeastern Texas (Brownsville to Galveston), southeastern Louisi- ana (Isle au Pitre), southern Mississippi (Petit Bois Island), western Florida (Pensacola), and casually in interior Florida (Lake Okeechobee, Haulover); from southeastern Maryland (Chincoteague Bay), formerly from southern New Jersey (Seven Mile Beach, Cape May City), along the coasts of Virginia (Chin- coteague Bay to Smith Island) and North Carolina (Ocracoke Island) to Geor- gia (Robinson and Tybee islands) and eastern Florida (Mosquito Lagoon); the Bahamas (Great Inagua, Harbour Island) and in the Virgin Islands (Cock- roach Cay). Winters from southern Texas, southern Louisiana (fairly common), central Florida (casually Hillsboro County), the Caribbean coast of Central America and northern and northeastern South America to Surinam. In migration recorded widely through the West Indies. Accidental or casual in New Brunswick (Grand Manan), Illinois, Ohio, New York (Long Island), Massachusetts, Maine, and Bermuda. Gelochelidon nilotica vanréssemi Bancroft. [63a.] Gelochelidon nilotica vanrossemi Bancroft, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, no. 19, Dec. 10, 1929, p. 284. (Salton Sea, Imperial County, California.) Breeds on Salton Sea, Imperial County, California, and on the coast of Sonora (Tébari Bay), probably elsewhere in western México. Winters from the west coast of México to Ecuador. Genus STERNA Linnaeus Sterna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 137. Type, by tau- tonymy, Sterna hirundo Linnaeus (Sterna, prebinomial specific name in synonymy). Stérna trudeatii Audubon: TRUDEAU’S TERN. [68.] Sterna Trudeaui Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), 1838, pl. 409, fig. 2 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 125.) (Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.) Breeds near the coast and in the interior of eastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina and in Province of Tarapaca (near Iquique), Chile (probably else- where in northern Chile). 234 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters, and occurs in migration, from Aconcagua to Valdivia and Llanqui- hue, Chile; and from Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, to the Straits of Magellan. Accidental in New Jersey (type specimen taken by Audubon at Great Egg Harbor). Sterna foérsteri Nuttall: FoRSTER’s TERN. [69.] Sterna forsteri Nuttall, Man. Orn. U.S. and Canada, vol. 2, 1834, p. 274. New name for Sterna hirundo Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., p. 412 (nec Linnaeus). (banks of the Saskatchewan between Cumberland House and Lake Winnipeg.) Breeds from south-central Alberta (Bittern, Driedmeat lakes), southern Sas- katchewan (Rush Lake), and southern Manitoba (Winnipegosis, Shoal, Mani- toba lakes) south through east-central Washington (Brook and Moses lakes, Columbia River Refuge) and south-central and eastern Oregon (Klamath, Warner, Malheur lakes) to south-central California (Buena Vista Lake), south- central Idaho (Rupert), north-central Utah (Bear River Refuge, Jordan River, Utah Lake), southeastern Wyoming (Laramie), eastern Colorado (Barr Lake), western Nebraska (Cherry County), eastern South Dakota (Webster, Sioux Falls), north-central Iowa (Emmetsburg, Ruthven, Mud Lake), southern Min- nesota (Heron, Swan, King lakes; Minneapolis), and southeastern Wisconsin (Puckaway, Muskeo lakes); from northern Tamaulipas and southeastern Texas to southern Louisiana; southeastern Maryland (Chincoteague Bay), and eastern Virginia (Cobbs, Smith islands); formerly in western Nevada (Washoe Lake), northeastern Illinois (Grass Lake), southeastern Ontario (St. Clair Flats), and South Carolina (Bulls Bay). Winters from central California and Baja California to southwestern México (Tehuantepec) and Guatemala (Duefas); from eastern México (northern Vera- cruz) northward and eastward along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico to western Florida; and from Virginia (Cape Charles) to northern Florida (Amelia Island, Mayport). In migration widely distributed through the central United States, casually to southern British Columbia (Okanagan Lake) and western Texas (Fort Stock- ton), southern Ontario, New Hampshire (Seabrook), and Massachusetts. Accidental at sea 200 to 300 miles east of Pernambuco, Brasil. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of Oregon. Sterna hirtiindo Linnaeus: COMMON TERN. Breeds from central Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, Ontario, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland south to Montana, South Dakota, northeastern Illinois, southern Michigan, northern Ohio, northwestern Pennsyl- vania, and northern New York, and from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia south along the Atlantic seaboard to North Carolina; southeastern Texas, the Dry Tortugas, Florida, and Bermuda; British Isles, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, northern Russia, north-central Siberia and Mongolia, south to the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands, through the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas, and in Asia Minor, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Turkestan, Ladakh, and Tibet. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 235 Winters from southern limits of breeding range to northern Ecuador, southern Argentina, Falkland Islands, southern Africa, Madagascar, coasts of the Arabian Sea, Ceylon, Burma, Malay States, New Guinea, Louisiade and Solomon islands. Sterna hirundo hirando Linnaeus. [70.] Sterna Hirundo Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 137. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds from south-central Mackenzie (Fort Rae, Slave River Delta), northern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba (Cedar Lake), southeastern Ontario, southern and eastern Quebec, southeastern Labrador, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to southeastern Alberta, northeastern Montana, North Dakota (Kenmare, Devils Lake, Stump Lake), northeastern South Dakota (Sand, Waubay and Poinsett lakes), central Minnesota (Gull and Leech lakes), northeastern Illinois (Whiting), northwestern Indiana (Lake County), southern Michigan, northern Ohio, northwestern Pennsylvania (Presque Isle), central and northern New York (Lake Oneida, Watertown), northwestern Vermont (St. Albans), and south along the Atlantic coast to North Carolina (Cape Hatteras, Royal Shoal Rocks, Ocracoke Inlet); also on the coast of Texas from Point Isabel to Galveston Bay (Bird Island), on the Dry Tortugas, Florida, and in Bermuda‘; from the British Isles, north-central Norway (Lofoten Islands), Sweden, Finland, northern Russia (White Sea), and northwestern Siberia (Yenisei and Ob rivers) south to the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas; in west-central Asia from Asia Minor through Syria, Iraq, northern Iran, and Turkestan. Nonbreeding birds recorded in summer from the west coast of James Bay, western Quebec, and along the Gulf of Mexico from Louisiana to Florida (Pensacola). Winters from Baja California south to southern Ecuador (Jambeli Island) and from South Carolina and Florida to northern and eastern South America, the Straits of Magellan and the Falkland Islands; in the Eastern Hemisphere from the west coast of Africa and the coast of western India south to the Cape of Good Hope, Madagascar, and the Arabian Sea. Occurs in migration to southern British Columbia (Comox, Lake Okanagan), ‘commonly in California and through the interior United States, casually in Labrador (Rigolet). Sterna paradisaéa Pontoppidan: ARcTIC TERN. [71.] Sterna Paradisaea Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, vol. 1, 1763, p. 622. (Chris- tians6e, Denmark, ex Briinnich.) Breeds from northern Alaska (Wales, Wainwright, Point Barrow), northern Yukon (Firth River, Herschel Island), northern Mackenzie (Mackenzie Delta, Baillie Islands, Franklin Bay, Cockburn Point), Victoria Island, Bathurst Island (Freemans Cove), Axel Heiberg Island (Slidre Bay), northern Ellesmere Island, northern Greenland (Hall Land on the west, Independence Fjord on the east), Jan Mayen Island, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Taimyr Pen- 1 Reports of breeding in the West Indies require verification. 236 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS insula, New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, and the Siberian coast to Bering Strait south through the Aleutian Islands to southern Alaska, southern Yukon (Lake Tagish), northern British Columbia (Atlin), south-central Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), northeastern Alberta, northwestern Saskatchewan (Lake Athabaska), northeastern Manitoba (Churchill), extreme northern Ontario (Fort Severn; Cape Henrietta Maria), west-central Quebec (Fort George, East Main), southeastern Labrador, southern Greenland, Newfoundland, and along the Atlantic coast to Maine (Casco Bay) and Massachusetts (Martha’s Vine- yard, Cape Cod, Plymouth, Thacher Island); and to Iceland, northern and central British Isles, Netherlands, Denmark, southern Sweden, Estonia, Finland, northern Russia, and across Siberia to the Gulf of Anadyr, the Komandorskie Islands, and the northern and western shores of the Gulf of Shelekhova. Winters in the Southern Hemisphere in subantarctic and antarctic waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans, from off central Chile, central Argen- tina, and South Africa to Weddell Sea, occasionally to shores of the Antarctic Continent. Migrates offshore in the eastern Pacific Ocean off Alaska, British Columbia (casually inland), California, Oregon, Colombia, Pera, and Chile; in the At- lantic Ocean along the west coast of Europe and Africa, and, south of the Equator, along Brasil and northern Argentina; casual in southern New York (Long Island). Accidental in Colorado (near Denver), western New York (Ithaca), south- central Alberta (Belvedere), southeastern Ontario (Toronto), Hawaii (Hilo, Oahu), New Zealand, and the Black Sea. Sterna dotgallii Montagu: ROSEATE TERN. Breeds locally from Nova Scotia to Virginia, Dry Tortugas, Bahama Islands, the West Indies from Haiti to the Grenadines, and on Aruba; and from the British Isles and Denmark to Tunisia, the Azores, Madeira, and southernmost Africa; in the Indian Ocean from the east coast of Africa, Seychelles Islands, Ceylon, and the Andamans to the Mergui Archipelago and western Australia; in the Pacific Ocean from China and the Ryukyu and Philippine islands to the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, and northern and eastern Australia. Winters from the West Indies to Brasil; from the Azores and Madeira to South Africa; and in the Indian and Pacific oceans adjacent to the breeding grounds. Sterna dougallii dougallii Montagu. [72.] Sterna Dougallii Montagu, Suppl. Orn. Dict., 1813, not paged, see under Tern, Roseate (with plate). (The Cumbrey Islands in Firth of Clyde [Scotland].) Breeds locally from Nova Scotia (Crescent Beach, Sable Island), Maine (Machias Bay, Upper Sugar Loaf Island), Massachusetts, Connecticut (Goose, Faulkner, and Gone islands), New York (Long and Gardiners islands), and southern New Jersey (Seven Mile Beach) to Virginia (Chincoteague Bay to Cobbs Island); Dry Tortugas (Bush Key); the Bahamas, Jamaica (Pedro Cays), Hispaniola (Beata Island, Cayos de los Pajaros), Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, the Grenadines, Aruba, Curacao, and Los ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 237 Roques (Noronqui); Bermuda (formerly); British Isles, northern France (Finis- tére, Morbihan), Tunisia, Azores, islands off Cape Agulhas, South Africa, and possibly the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba. Winters from the West Indies to Brasil (Baia) and from the Azores and Madeira to South Africa; casually north to North Carolina (Cape Hatteras). Migrates to the west coast of Florida and to the western Mediterranean Sea, casually to Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, and northwestern Germany. Accidental in Indiana (Miller), western New York (Niagara River), Gulf coast of Texas (Corpus Christi, Lydia Ann Island, Matagorda Island), southern Louisiana (Grand Chenier), Helgoland, Switzerland, Italy, and Sardinia. Sterna aletitica Baird: ALEUTIAN TERN. [73.] Sterna aleutica Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, pt. 2, 1869, p. 321, pl. 31, fig. 1. (Kadiak = Kodiak Island, Alaska.) Breeds on Sakhalin Island, and in Alaska on islands in Norton Sound, Good- news Bay, and near Yakutat (Situk River Flats), formerly on Kodiak Island. Winters in northwestern Pacific, where recorded from Sakhalin and casually to Honshu (Miyagi, Chiba, Choshi, Sagami Bay). Sterna fuscadta Linnaeus: Sooty TERN. Breeds in the Pacific Ocean from the Ryukyu, Bonin, Marcus, Wake, Ha- waiian, Revilla Gigedo, and Tres Marias islands to New South Wales, and Lord Howe, Norfolk, and Kermadec islands, Tuamotu and Galapagos archipelagoes, and San Félix Island, Chile; in the Atlantic area, locally, from Alacran reefs off Yucatan, Louisiana, the west coast of Florida, Dry Tortugas, and the Bahama Islands through the West Indies; Fernando de Noronha, Ascension, Martin Vas, and St. Helena islands; in the Indian Ocean from the Mascarene, Seychelles, Laccadive, Maldive, and Andaman islands to western Australia. In nonbreeding season ranging widely over tropical and subtropical seas. Sterna fuscata fuscata Linnaeus. [75.] Sterna fuscata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 228. Based on L’Hirondelle-de-mer Brune, Sterna fusca Brisson, Orn., vol. 6, p. 220. (in Insula Dominicensi = Hispaniola, West Indies.) Breeds from Alacran Reef off Yucatan, the Gulf coast of Texas, Louisiana, Florida (the Dry Tortugas, irregularly in recent times), and the Bahama Is- lands to Honduras (Roatan Island), Cuba (Cayo Mono Grande, Cayo de las Piedras), Jamaica (Pedro Cays), Mona Island, Virgin Islands, the Grenadines, Margarita Island, Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Reef, Ascension Island, South Trinidad, Martin Vas, and St. Helena. In nonbreeding season ranging widely in the open seas and appearing casually, usually after hurricanes, near Bermuda and off coasts of continental United States north to Nova Scotia. Accidental inland (usually after hurricanes) in Tennessee (Gatlinburg, Knox- ville), West Virginia (Wheeling, Charleston), New York (Oswego), Vermont 1 Subspecific identification tentative. 238 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS (Larrabee Point, Rutland), Georgia (Milledgeville, Richmond County, Bruns- wick), North Carolina (Chatham, Raleigh, Nashville), and Florida (Gaines- ville). Sterna fuseata crissalis (Lawrence). [75a.] Haliplana fuliginosa var. crissalis “Baird, M.S.” Lawrence, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 14, 1871 (Apr. 1872), p. 285. [Socorro Island, Revilla Gigedo Group, México.] Breeds on the Revilla Gigedo Islands, Tres Marias Islands (Isabel), Clipper- ton Island, and Galapagos Islands (Culpepper, Wenman). Recorded off Baja California, Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Cocos Island, and western Panama. Sterna anaethétus Scopoli': BRIDLED TERN. Breeds locally, in Atlantic waters, from British Honduras and the West Indies south to Tobago; probably also in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa; from the Red Sea and Somaliland to the Persian Gulf and the Mekran coast; in the Indian Ocean from the Seychelles, Mauritius, Laccadive, and Maldive islands to western India (Vingorla Rocks); and in the Pacific from Formosa to the Soenda Islands, New Guinea, and Australia, also coast of Guerrero, western Central America, and South America. Ranges in the nonbreeding season to Alabama, Florida, and South Carolina; to Mozambique, western India, Ceylon, Mergui Archipelago, Japan, Volcano Islands, Marcus Island, and the Ryukyu Islands; and to Principe and Sette- Pedras, near Sao Tomé, Gulf of Guinea. Sterna anaethetus recégnita (Mathews). [76.] Melanosterna anaethetus recognita Mathews, Birds Australia, vol. 2, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, p. 403. (Bahama Islands.) Breeds, locally, off British Honduras (Saddle Cay) and Cuba (Cayo Mono Grande), in the Bahamas, Jamaica (Morant Cays, Pedro Cays, and off Port Royal), Navassa, Hispaniola (Seven Brothers Islands, Beata Island), Puerto Rico (Mona and Desecheo islands), the Virgin Islands, Dominica, St. Lucia, and Aruba. Ranges through tropical and subtropical seas to the coast of Nicaragua, south- ern Alabama, Florida (off Cape Canaveral), and South Carolina. Sterna albifrons Pallas?: LEAst TERN. Breeds from central California south through Baja California to Pert; inland along the Colorado, Red, Missouri, and Mississippi river systems to Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky; along the Atlantic coast from Massa- 1 Sterna Anaethetus Scopoli, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., fasc. 2, 1786, p. 92. (In Guinea = Panay, Philippine Islands, ex Sonnerat.) 2 Sterna albifrons Pallas, in Vroeg, Cat., Adumbr., 1764, p. 6. (Maasche Land = Maasland, Netherlands.) ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 239 chusetts to Florida; from the coast of eastern México and British Honduras to the Bahamas, Greater and Lesser Antilles, Bermuda, northern Venezuela, and eastern Brasil; from the British Isles, southern Sweden, Baltic Sea coasts, and inland rivers and lakes to Tobolsk, Mesopotamia, northern India, northern Burma, Korea, China, Japan, and the Philippines, south through the Mediter- ranean, Black, and Caspian seas to West Africa, Gaboon, Somaliland, Mekran coast, Java, Sumatra, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, and Australia. Sterna albifrons antill4rum (Lesson). [74.] Sternula Antillarum Lesson, Descr. Mamm. Ois. Récemment Decouverts, Suppl. Oeuvres Buffon, ed. Lévéque, vol. 20, 1847, p. 256. (Guadeloupe [Island, West Indies].) Breeds along coasts and coastal islands from Texas (Point Isabel) through Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama to Florida (also inland in Orange and Seminole counties), and from northeastern Massachusetts (Ipswich, Plum Island) to Georgia, Bermuda, the Bahamas, Cuba, Grand Cayman, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, St. Christopher, Antigua, British Honduras (Grassy Cay), and Curacao. Winters off northeastern Brasil (Para); casual on the coast of Louisiana. Accidental in the interior of Alabama (Montgomery), Georgia (Millen), West Virginia (Poca), western Pennsylvania (Conneaut Lake), coastal New Hampshire (Hampton), Maine (Small Point), Nova Scotia (Polly Bog), and England (Whitby in Yorkshire’). Sterna albifrons bréwni Mearns. [74a.] Sterna antillarum browni Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 29, no. 14, Apr. 4, 1916, p. 71. (near Monument 258, Mexican Boundary Line, on the edge of the Pacific Ocean, in San Diego County, California.) Breeds along Pacific coast from central California (Moss Landing) to south- ern Baja California (San José del Cabo). Nonbreeding birds range in summer north to Alameda County, California. Winter range not clearly defined, probably from the Gulf of California to Guatemala. Sterna albifrons athalassos Burleigh and Lowery. [74).] Sterna albifrons athalassos Burleigh and Lowery, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., no. 10, Mar. 4, 1942, p. 173. (St. Francisville, West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana.) Breeds in the interior of the United States along the Colorado, Red, Missouri, and Mississippi river systems from northeastern Nebraska (west locally to York County), western Iowa, southeastern Missouri (Bird Point), northwestern Indi- ana (Wolf Lake), southwestern Kentucky (Fulton County), western Tennessee, and northwestern Ohio (Toledo) south through western Kansas (Cimarron River), central Oklahoma (Cimarron County), and northeastern Texas to central Louisiana (Baton Rouge). 1 One record of a banded bird. 240 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Nonbreeding birds taken in summer in eastern Wyoming (North Platte River), central Colorado (Boulder), southeastern Wisconsin (Sheboygan County, Lake Koshkonong), southeastern Michigan (Erie), and northeastern Illinois (Calumet Marshes). Winter range not known. In migration on the coast of Louisiana and Missis- sippi. Genus THALASSEUS Boie Thalasseus Boie, Isis von Oken, 1, Heft 5, May 1822, col. 563. Type, by subsequent designation, “Th. cantiacus” = Sterna cantiaca Gmelin= Sterna sandvicensis Latham (Wagler, 1832). Thalasseus maximus (Boddaert): RoyAL TERN. Breeds from Baja California to the Tres Marias Islands; from southern Texas to southern Louisiana and on Cayo Arcas in the Bay of Campeche; from Mary- land to Georgia; locally in the West Indies; and the west coast of Africa. Winters from central California south to Peri; from the Caribbean area and South Carolina south to Colombia and Argentina; and on the west coast of Africa from the Straits of Gibraltar to Benguella. Thalasseus maximus maximus (Boddaert). [65.] Sterna maxima Boddaert, Table Planch. Enlum., 1783, pl. 58. Based on the Hirondelle de Mer de Cayenne of Daubenton, Planch. Enlum., pl. 988. (Cayenne = French Guiana.) Breeds in west-central Baja California (Scammons Lagoon, San Roque Is- land), Sonora (George Island), and Tres Marias Islands (Isabel); from south- ern Texas to southern Louisiana; from Maryland (Chincoteague Bay), Virginia Cobbs Island), North Carolina (Miller’s Lump, Royal Shoal Island), and South Carolina (Georgetown, Sullivan Island, St. Helena Sound) to Georgia (Oyster- bed Island, Blackbeard Island), and formerly to the coasts of Florida; from Cayo Arcas in the Bay of Campeche, Yucatan, and the Bahamas locally through the West Indies to the Grenadines; and Los Roques (Noronqui), off northern Venezuela. Nonbreeding birds taken in summer north to central California (Marin County) and in Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and British Honduras. Winters from central California (Monterey Bay) south to Peri (Payta); and from North Carolina, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea south to Uruguay and central Argentina. Wanders north to Massachusetts, New York (Raynor, Long Island), New Jersey (Cape May), and Delaware (Indian River Inlet). Thalasseus élegans (Gambel): ELEGANT TERN. [66.] Sterna elegans Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 4, no. 6, Dec. 1848 (June 16, 1849), p. 129. (Mazatlan [Sinaloa], Pacific coast of Mexico.) Breeds along the Pacific coast of Baja California at Scammons Lagoon and San Roque Island and on Raza, Trinidad, and George islands in the Gulf of California. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 241 Winters along Pacific coast from Perti (Callao) to Chile (Valdivia). Wanders in fall north to central California (San Francisco and Monterey bays). Accidental in Texas (Corpus Christi). Thalasseus sandvicénsis (Latham)!: SANDWICH TERN. Breeds from Virginia to South Carolina; from southern Texas to Louisiana; off Yucatan on the Cayo Arcas and Alacran Reef and in the Bahamas; and from the British Isles, Denmark, and southern Sweden south to Tunisia, Sardinia, Sicily, and the Black and Caspian seas. Winters in the Pacific from southern México to Panama; from Florida and the Caribbean area to southern Brasil; and to the Azores, Canary Islands, Natal, the Red and Arabian seas, the Persian Gulf, and northwestern India. Casual in Norway; accidental in Czechoslovakia and Jan Mayen. Thalasseus sandvicensis acuflavidus (Cabot). [67.] Sterna acuflavida Cabot, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, 1847, p. 257. (Tancah, on the coast of Yucatan = Quintana Roo.) Breeds on the coasts of North Carolina (Royal Shoal Island) and South Caro- lina (Georgetown, Vessel Reef, Deveaux Banks); from southern Texas (Browns- ville) to southern Louisiana (Raccoon Pass, Breton and Chandeleur islands); Cayo Arcas and Alacran Reef off Yucatan; and in the Bahamas (Ragged Is- lands, Green Cay). Formerly to Virginia (Northampton County), southern Alabama (Pelican Island, now washed away), and the Gulf coast of Florida (St. George Island, Clearwater, Charlotte Harbor). Nonbreeding birds recorded in summer in Virginia (Cobbs Island), western Florida (Casey’s Pass, Puntarosa), and British Honduras (Lighthouse Reef). Winters along the Pacific coast from southern México (Tehuantepec) to Panama (Darién) and from the coast of Louisiana and western Florida to north- ern Colombia (Cartagena), the West Indies, Brasil, and Argentina. Accidental in southern Ontario (Lucknow). Genus HYDROPROGNE Kaup Hydroprogne Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, p. 91. Type, by subsequent designation, Sterna caspia Pallas (Gray, 1846). Hydroprogne caspia (Pallas): CASPIAN TERN. [64.] Sterna caspia Pallas, Novi Comm. Acad. Sci. Petr., 14, pt. 1, 1770, p. 582, pl. 22. (Mare Caspium—=Caspian Sea, southern Russia.) Breeds, locally, in the interior from central Mackenzie (Fort Rae) and Mani- toba (Reindeer and Winnipeg lakes), and from eastern Washington (Moses Lake, Pasco), eastern Oregon (Klamath, Malheur, Warner, and Tule lakes) to western Nevada (Lahontan Reservoir), northern Utah (mouth of Bear River, 1 Sterna sandvicensis Latham, Gen. Syn., Suppl., vol. 1, 1787, p. 296. (Sandwich, Kent, England.) 242 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Utah Lake), and northwestern Wyoming (Yellowstone) and south through Cali- fornia (chiefly in interior); at Scammon Lagoon, Baja California; in northeast- ern Wisconsin (Gravel Island), Michigan (Green Bay, Beaver Islands), south- ern Ontario, northwestern Pennsylvania (casually Presque Isle), southeastern Quebec (Fog Island, Natashquan), and Newfoundland (Long Harbour River); on the coast of Virginia (Cobbs Island); South Carolina (Cape Romain); south- ern Texas (Pass Brazos to Galveston Island) and southeastern Louisiana (Rac- coon Pass to Chandeleur Islands); and from Finland, Sweden, Denmark, north- ern Germany, Estonia, southern Russia, the Black and Caspian seas, south- western Siberia, Turkestan, Afghanistan (Seistan), northern Mongolia, Ussuri- land, and eastern China south to the southern shores of the Mediterranean, the Persian Gulf, Mekran coast, Ceylon, Australia, and New Zealand; and on east and west coasts of Africa to Cape Province and Lake Rudolph, Kenya Colony. Nonbreeding birds recorded in summer from western Ontario (Lake of the Woods) and James Bay (Moose Factory; Nettichi River). Winters from central California (Oakland) south through Baja California; in the western Atlantic, along the shores of Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, casually north to North Carolina, and in the West Indies to Cuba, Jamaica (Rio Minho), and Hispaniola; and from the Mediterranean to southern Africa, India, the Soenda Islands, Australia, and New Zealand. In migration occurs along both coasts of the United States, less commonly inland (along the larger river systems); casually in the British Isles. Accidental in the Faeroes, Belgium, and central Europe. Genus CHLIDONIAS Rafinesque Chlidonias Rafinesque, Kentucky Gazette, n.s., 1, no. 8, Feb. 21, 1822, p. 3, col. 5. Type, by monotypy, Sterna melanops Rafinesque = Sterna suri- namensis Gmelin. Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus): BLACK TERN. Breeds from southeastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Maine south to California, northern Nevada, northern Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Missouri, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and western New York; in the Eastern Hemisphere from Denmark, Germany, (formerly southern Sweden), southern Finland, north-central Russia, Tobolsk, Tomsk, Minusinsk, Zaisan Nor, and Marka Kul south to France, Sardinia, northern Italy, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Crimea, Asia Minor, Turkestan, and the Caspian and Aral seas. Winters from Panama to Chile and from Colombia to Surinam; and in Africa to the Belgian Congo, Angola, and Tanganyika Territory. Chlidonias niger surinaménsis (Gmelin). [77.] Sterna surinamensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 604. Based on the Surinam Tern of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 352. (in Surinam.) Breeds from east-central British Columbia (Peace River), northeastern Al- berta (Peace River, Lake Athabaska), central Saskatchewan (Redberry, Cowan; 1 Sterna nigra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 137. (Europa = near Uppsala, Sweden.) ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 243 Emma Lakes), northern Manitoba (Reed Lake, Churchill), and northern On- tario (Favourable Lake) south to south-central California (Castroville, Buena Vista Lake), northern Nevada (Carson Lake, Ruby Lake), northern Utah (Great Salt Lake), Colorado (Barr Lake, Colorado Springs, Fort Lyon), Ne- braska, Missouri, south-central Illinois (Roodhouse, Collinsville), western Ken- tucky (Bowling Green), Ohio, Pennsylvania, western New York, northwestern Vermont (Missisquoi Bay), Maine (Belgrade Lakes), and central New Bruns- wick (Big Timber Lake). Nonbreeding birds recorded in summer to south-central Mackenzie (Fort Resolution), southern California (Nigger Slough, Elsinore), southeastern Texas, southern Louisiana (Cameron, Grand Isle), southern Mississippi (Gulfport), southern Alabama (Petit Bois and Dauphine islands), central Tennessee (Mur- freesboro), central Kentucky (Harrodsburg), north-central West Virginia (Leachtown), Virginia (Blacksburg), central Vermont (Lake Bomaseen), Rhode Island (Newport), and Massachusetts; and on the Pacific coast of western Panama. Winters from Panama to Peri, casually to Chile, on the Pacific, and from Panama to Surinam on the Atlantic. In migration occurs along Atlantic coast of North America (more commonly in fall) from Nova Scotia to North Carolina (Bogue Islands), Florida (rarely), Cuba, Saona Island, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Barbados, along both coasts of México and Central America, along the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and throughout the interior of the United States. Accidental in southern Alaska (Wrangell) and in Bermuda. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of Oregon. Chlidonias leucépterus (Temminck): WHITE-WINGED BLACK TERN. [78.] Sterna leucoptera Temminck, Man. Orn., 1815 (1814), p. 483. (les bords de la Méditerranée, etc. = Mediterranean Sea.) Breeds locally from Belgium, Germany, Estonia, north-central Russia, and across southern Siberia to Maritime Territory and southern Sakhalin, south to northeastern Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Asia Minor, Iraq, Turkestan, Mongolia, and Manchuria; formerly in Algeria. Winters in Africa south to Cape Province, Madagascar, southern Asia, Ma- laya, Australia, and New Zealand. Casual in Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Korea and Japan (Izu Islands). Accidental in Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong), Barbados, Netherlands, Den- mark, Sweden, and Guam. Genus ANOUS Stephens Anoiis Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. 13, pt. 1, Feb. 18, 1826, p. 139. Type, by subsequent designation, Anoiis niger Stephens = Sterna stolida Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). Anoiis stélidus (Linnaeus): NopDy TERN. Breeds in tropical seas and the Galapagos Islands from the Tres Marias Islands, western México, to Cocos Island, Costa Rica; Dry Tortugas, Bahama Islands, through the West Indies, Margarita, South Trinidad, Ascension, St. 244 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Helena, and Tristan da Cunha islands; in the Gulf of Guinea, the southern half of the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aden; Madagascar and the Seychelles; Laccadive Islands, islands in the Gulf of Siam, and from the Ryukyu, Bonin, and Hawaiian islands to northern Australia, Norfolk Island, and Tuamotu Islands. Winters at sea through the breeding range. Anoiis stolidus stélidus (Linnaeus). [79.] Sterna stolida Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 137. Based largely on Hirundo marina minor capite albo of Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 88, and Sloane, Jamaica, vol. 1, p. 31. (in Americae Pelago = West Indies. ) Breeds on the Dry Tortugas, Florida, in the Bahama Islands, islands off coast of Yucatan, Quintana Roo, and British Honduras, Jamaica (Pedro Cays, Morant Cays), Navassa Island, Hispaniola (Seven Brothers Islands, Beata Island), Puerto Rico (Mona and Desecheo islands), Virgin Islands, St. Martin, Som- brero, Antigua, Redonda, Guadeloupe, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grena- dines, Trinidad, Venezuela (Los Roques, Horquilla), South Trinidad, Ascension, St. Helena, Tristan da Cunha, and islands in the Gulf of Guinea. Winters at sea near the breeding areas. Casual in southern Louisiana (Sabine Refuge), eastern México, British Hon- duras, Florida (Indian Key, Daytona Beach), South Carolina (Porchers Bluff, Myrtle Beach, and Isle of Palms), and Bermuda. Family RYNCHOPIDAE: Skimmers Genus RYNCHOPS Linnaeus Rynchops Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 138. Type, by monotypy, Rynchops nigra Linnaeus. Rynchops nigra Linnaeus: BLACK SKIMMER. Breeds locally along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Massachusetts to Yucatan; on the Pacific coast from northwestern México to the Straits of Ma- gellan; on the Caribbean and Atlantic coasts, and the larger rivers of northern and eastern South America from eastern Colombia to central Argentina. Winters from the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico, eastern Florida, and western México to Argentina and Chile. Rynchops nigra nigra Linnaeus. [80.] Rynchops nigra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 138. Based mainly on the Cut Water, Larus major Rostro inequali of Catesby, Caro- lina, vol. 1, p. 90. (in America = coast of South Carolina.) Breeds locally along the coasts of eastern and southeastern United States from Massachusetts (Plymouth), New York (Babylon, Moriches), and New Jersey (Ocean County, Cape May) to central eastern Florida (Daytona Beach, Mos- ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 245 quito Inlet) and from southern Texas (Brazos de Santiago, Padre Island) to central western Florida (Pass-a-Grille, Passage Key) south to Yucatan (Rio Lagartos); also on the coast of Sonora, Sinaloa, and Nayarit. Winters along the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico, south to eastern México; casually to North Carolina (Buxton), South Carolina, Florida (Or- lando, Lake Okeechobee, Hickpochee and Newmans lakes), Cuba, Virgin Is- lands (between St. Thomas and St. Croix), and the Bahamas (Great Inagua); and from western México to Guatemala, El Salvador (Lake Olomega), and Nicaragua. Wanders casually north to New Brunswick (St. Andrews, Grand Manan) and Nova Scotia (Cape Sable). Accidental in the interior of Quebec (Lake St. Peter), Texas (Brazos River in McLennan County), Tennessee (Obion County), Georgia (Sandbar Ferry), New York (Braddocks Bay, Whitesboro), Massachusetts (West Springfield), and Bermuda. Suborder ALCAE: Auks Family ALCIDAE: Auks, Murres, and Puffins Genus PINGUINUS Bonnaterre Pinguinus Bonnaterre, Tabl. Encyc. Méth., Orn., pt. 1, 1790, pp. Ixxxiii, 28. Type, by subsequent designation, Alca impennis Linnaeus (Ogilvie- Grant, 1898). Pinguinus impénnis (Linnaeus): GREAT AUK. [33.] Alca impennis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 130. (in Europa arctica = Norwegian Seas.) Extinct. Last certain record of a living bird, one taken June 3, 1844, on Eldey, Iceland. Formerly bred on Bird Rocks in Gulf of St. Lawrence; Funk Island, New- foundland; Leifs Island and Erik den Ré¢de Island, near Angmagssalik, Green- land, Grims Ey, Westman Islands, Geirfuglasker (destroyed by volcanic action in 1830), Geirfuglandrangar, Eldey, and an island near Papey, on the coast of Iceland; St. Kilda, Outer Hebrides, probably on the Holm of Papa Westray in the Orkneys, possibly on the Faeroes and Lundy, questionably on the Isle of Man. Wintered' from southern Greenland (Disko southward) south to Maine (Sawyer Island, White Island, North Harpswell, Flagg Island, Calf Island, Sew- ard Island, Mount Desert Island, Winter Harbor), Massachusetts (Ipswich, Plum Island, Marblehead, Wareham), and casually to South Carolina and Florida (Ormond); and to Ireland, Great Britain, Channel Islands (Jersey), the coast of France (Morbihan), southern Spain (Gibraltar), Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Fossil, in Pleistocene deposits in the Grotto Romanelli, Otranto, Italy. 1 The localities include records of bones in archeological sites. 246 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus ALCA Linnaeus Alca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 130. Type, by tautonymy, Alca torda Linnaeus. (Alca, prebinomial specific name in synonymy.) Alea térda Linnaeus: RAZORBILL. From western Greenland, Iceland, Bear Island, Norway, and northern Russia south to Maine, northern France, Gotland, and southern Finland. In winter to South Carolina, the Canary Islands, Portugal, and the western Mediterranean Sea. Alea torda térda Linnaeus. [32.] Alca Torda Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 130. (in Europae borealis oceano = Stora Karls6, Baltic Sea.) Breeds from western Greenland (southern Melville Bay) and the Labrador coast to southeastern Quebec (north shore of Gulf of St. Lawrence, Cape Whittle, Anticosti Island, Bonaventure Island, Magdalen Islands, Bird Rocks), eastern Newfoundland, southern New Brunswick (Grand Manan), and eastern Maine (Seal Island) ; and from Norway and northern Russia (western and south- ern shores of the White Sea) south to southern Norway, southern Sweden, and southern Finland (to Lake Ladoga). Winters from southwestern Greenland (in small numbers) south to New York (Long Island), rarely to New Jersey (Cape May County), casually to Virginia (10 miles south of Chincoteague) and South Carolina (Pawley Island); and from southern Norway and the Baltic to Portugal and the western Mediterranean Sea, casually to the Canary Islands. Accidental on Lake Ontario (Hamilton, Toronto), in Pennsylvania (Pittston), and in central Germany and Switzerland. Genus URIA Brisson Uria Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 52; vol. 6, p. 70. Type, by tautonymy, Uria Brisson = Colymbus aalge Pontoppidan. Uria adlge (Pontoppidan): COMMON MURRE. In the northern Pacific from Bering Straits to Sakhalin Island, eastern Korea, and northern Japan, and to central California; in the north Atlantic from west- ern Greenland, Iceland, Bear Island, and Novaya Zemlya south to Nova Scotia, and to northern France. In winter to New Jersey and the Mediterranean Sea. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Uria aalge aadlge (Pontoppidan). [30.] Colymbus aalge Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, vol. 1, 1763, p. 621, pl. 26. (Island = Iceland.) Breeds from southern Greenland (Sermilinguaq Fjord, Sukkertoppen Dis- trict), Labrador (locally), and Quebec (north shore of the Gulf of St. Law- ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 247 rence) south to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia; around the coast of Iceland; from the Outer Hebrides, Shetlands, and Orkneys south to eastern Scotland (St. Abbs Head) and western Scotland (Islay); and central Norway from Lofo- ten to the vicinity of Bergen. Winters offshore throughout its range, extending farther south to Maine, casu- ally to Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey (Avon); and to northern Spain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany. Uria aalge califérnica (Bryant). [30a.] Catarractes Californicus H. Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, 1861, p. 142. (Farrellones Islands, near San Francisco, Cal[ifornia] = Farallon Islands.) Breeds from northern Washington south to California (the Farallon Islands and Monterey County; formerly to Prince Islet, Santa Barbara County). Winters offshore on adjacent seas. Casual south to Newport Beach, Orange County, California. Uria aalge inornata Salomonsen. [30D.] Uria aalge inornata Salomonsen, Ibis, ser. 13, 11, Jan. 1932, p. 128. (St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea.) Breeds from the Komandorskie Islands, St. Matthew Island, and northwestern Alaska (Sledge Island, Cape Romanof) to Kamchatka, the Kurile Islands, southern Sakhalin, eastern Korea, and Hokkaido, and through the Aleutian and the Pribilof Islands to southern British Columbia. Winters offshore on adjacent seas north to the limit of open water. Uria lomvia (Linnaeus): THICK-BILLED MURRE. From Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, northeastern Siberia, and northern Alaska south to the Komandorskie and Aleutian islands, and from Ellesmere Island, Greenland, Iceland, and Jan Mayen south to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and northern Russia. In winter south to Japan and southern British Columbia, casually to Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario; and to northern France, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, and Sweden. Uria lomvia lé6mvia (Linnaeus). [31.] Alca Lomvia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 130. (in Europa boreali = Greenland.) Breeds from Ellesmere Island, northwestern Greenland (Hakluyt Island, Thule District), eastern Greenland (Scoresby Sound), Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, and Novaya Zemlya south to northern Hudson Bay (Coats Island, Chesterfield Inlet), northern Quebec (Ungava Bay, Cape Wolstenholme, Cape Hope’s Advance, Cape Chidley), Labrador, and Bird Rock, Gulf of St. Law- 1 Winter records south to the Canary Islands, Morocco, and the Mediterranean may include this subspecies but have not been separated by race. 248 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS rence; formerly to Maine (Penobscot Bay), and to northern Russia (Murmansk coast). Winters in open waters within the breeding range from Greenland south into Hudson Bay and on the Atlantic coast to New York (Long Island), New Jersey, Delaware, and South Carolina; casually to Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake On- tario, and Lake Champlain (transient); and from Iceland, northern Norway, and the Kara Sea to northern France, Denmark, northwestern Germany, and western Sweden, casually in the Baltic Sea. Accidental inland in Ontario, Quebec, Michigan, Iowa (Atlantic; Johnson County), Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania (Conneaut Lake), Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Germany. Uria lomvia arra (Pallas). [31a.] Cepphus Arra Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 2, 1811, p. 347. (in oceano orientali circa Camtschatcam = Kamchatka.) Breeds along the coast of northeastern Siberia to the Diomede Islands, Kot- zebue Sound (Chamisso Island), and northern Alaska (at least to Cape Lis- burne; possibly also to the east of Point Barrow); south to the east coast of Kamchatka, the Komandorskie Islands, the Kurile Islands, Bogoslof Island, the Pribilof Islands, Aleutian Islands, and Kodiak. Winters from Bering Sea south to Sakhalin and Honshu, and to southeastern Alaska (Seymour Narrows); casually to northern Yukon (Herschel Island) and British Columbia (Vancouver Island, Boundary Bay). Genus PLAUTUS Gunnerus Plautus Gunnerus, Trondheimske Selks. Skrifter, 1, 1761, p. 263, pl. 6. Type, by monotypy, Plotus eller Plautus columbarius Gunnerus = Alca alle Linnaeus. Platitus alle (Linnaeus): DOVEKIE. Breeds from Greenland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, and Franz Josef Land south to Iceland, Bear Island, and Novaya Zemlya. Winters south from the breeding range commonly to New Jersey, the Azores, northern France, and the Baltic Sea; irregularly and casually to Florida, Ber- muda, Madeira, and the western Mediterranean (to Malta). Plautus alle alle (Linnaeus). [34.] Alca Alle Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 131. (in Europae Americae arcticae oceano = Scotland.) Breeds from Ellesmere Island (Cape Isabella), northwestern Greenland (Etah), central eastern Greenland (Liverpool Land), Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya and North Land south to central western Greenland (Disko Bay, formerly to Frederikshaab), Iceland, and Bear Island; probably also on the New Siberian Islands. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 249 Nonbreeding birds taken in summer in east-central Baffin Island (Cape Walker) and south to eastern Maine (Seal Island). Winters south from breeding range, in open water, to Southampton Island, Ungava Bay (Whale River, Koksoak River), along the Gulf of St. Lawrence, southeastern Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, the Bay of Fundy, rarely to New Jersey (Atlantic City, Cape May), and to the Canary Islands, Azores, France, and the Baltic Sea; irregularly far southward in considerable numbers, when stragglers may reach Florida, Cuba, Bermuda, Madeira, and the western Medi- terranean Sea to Italy and Malta. Accidental at Point Barrow, near Melville Island, in Keewatin (Perry River), central Manitoba (Warren’s Landing), Minnesota (Lake of the Woods), Wis- consin (Port Washington), Michigan (Detroit River, Marshall), Ontario (Carle- ton Place), the interior of the northeastern United States, western Florida (Bay County), Sweden, England, and Germany. Genus CEPPHUS Pallas Cepphus Pallas, Spic. Zool., vol. 1, fasc. 5, 1769, p. 33. Type, by mono- typy, Cepphus lacteolus Pallas = Alca grylle Linnaeus. Cépphus grylle (Linnaeus): BLACK GUILLEMOT. From ,Melville Peninsula, northern Hudson Bay, northern Quebec, Labrador, and northern Greenland to James Bay and Maine; and from Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, northern Russia, Novaya Zemlya, and New Siberian, Wran- gel, and Herald islands south to Ireland, Scotland, southern Scandinavia, the north coast of Siberia, and the northern Alaskan coast. In winter south to south- central Alaska. Cepphus grylle atlantis Salomonsen. [27.] Cepphus grylle atlantis Salomonsen, Goteborgs Kungl. Vetensk. Vitterhets- Samhilles Handl., 6th Foljd., ser. B, 3, no. 5, 1944, p. 77. (Géteborgs skargard, Bohuslan, Sweden.) Breeds from southeastern Quebec (Saguenay River to Strait of Belle Isle, Anticosti Island), Newfoundland, and southern Labrador? south to Maine (Matinicus Rock, Eastern Egg Rock); and from the Shetland Islands, northern Norway, northern Finland, and northwestern Russia (east to the White Sea) south to Ireland, Isle of Man, northern England (Cumberland, rarely York- shire), and islands in the Kattegat from Sejré, Denmark, to Hallands Vader6, Sweden. Winters in open waters off the breeding places south to Massachusetts and Rhode Island, rarely to Long Island and New Jersey (Egg Harbor), northern France, Belgium, Netherlands, northwestern Germany, and southern Norway. Accidental in eastern Pennsylvania (Delaware River near Chester). 1 Alca Grylle Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 130. (in Europae borealis oceano = Gotland, Sweden.) 2 Not typical, being intermediate toward the northern races. 250 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Cepphus grylle altimus Salomonsen. [275]. Cepphus grylle ultimus Salomonsen, Goteborgs Kungl. Vetensk. Vitterhets- Samhilles Handl., 6th Foljd., ser. B, 3, no. 5, 1944, p. 93. (Frozen Strait, Melville Peninsula, Higharctic Canada.) Breeds from Melville and Ellesmere islands south to Melville Peninsula, Southampton Island, the eastern shore of Hudson Bay and James Bay (Sleeper Islands, Strutton Islands, Fort George), and northern Labrador; western Green- land from Hall Land south to Disko Bay. Winters off the breeding grounds, wherever there is open water, north to north Greenland, moving south in Hudson and James bays. Cepphus grylle arcticus (Brehm). [27a.] Uria arctica C. L. Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Vog., vol. 2, 1824, p. 923. (Groén- land = southwestern Greenland.) Breeds in Greenland, from Disko Bay in the west and Blosseville coast in the east, south to Cape Farewell, intergrading with C. g. ultimus near Disko Bay and with C. g. mandtii south of Scoresby Sound. Winters in open waters off the breeding range. Cepphus grylle mandtii (Mandt). [28.] Uria mandtii “Licht.,” Mandt, Obs. Hist. Nat. Itin. Groenl., 1822, p. 30. (Spitsbergen. ) Breeds from northeastern Greenland (Shannon Island to Scoresby Sound), Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Bear Island, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Vai- gach Island, New Siberian Islands, Bennet Island, Wrangel Island, and Herald Island south to the arctic coast of Siberia (sometimes nesting on mountain cliffs inland from the sea). Winters in open waters throughout the breeding range, and south in Bering Sea from Bering Strait to St. Lawrence Island, along northern Alaska (Wain- wright, Point Barrow), in the Kara Sea, Barents Sea, and along the arctic coast of Russia (Kola Peninsula) and the northern Alaskan coast. Cepphus colimba Pallas: PIGEON GUILLEMOT. From the Chukotski Peninsula, islands in the Bering Sea (except the Pribi- lofs), and the Aleutian Islands south to Kamchatka, the Kurile Islands, and Hokkaido, and to the Santa Barbara Islands, California. Cepphus columba colimba Pallas. [29.] Cepphus Columba Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 2, 1811, p. 348. (in oceano arctico pariterque circa Camtschatcam et in omni freto inter Sibiriam et Americam = Kamchatka and Bering Strait.) Breeds from the Chukotski Peninsula and Diomede Islands to southern Kam- chatka, and from St. Lawrence, St. Matthew, Hall and Bogoslof islands, the 1 The breeding population of southern Baffin Island and northern Labrador is re- ported to be intermediate toward C. g. arcticus. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 251 eastern Aleutians (Unalaska, Biorka), Shumagin Islands, Kodiak, and south- eastern Alaska south to Santa Barbara Island, California. Nonbreeding birds taken in summer at Nunivak Island, Nushagak, and the Pribilofs, Alaska. Winters from the Pribilof and the Aleutian islands to Kamchatka and the Kurile Islands (casually to Sakhalin and Hokkaido) and to southern California. Cepphus columba kaidrka Portenko. [29a.] Cepphus columba kaiurka Portenko, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 22, pt. 2, Oct. 30, 1937, p. 228. (Kupfer-Insel = Copper Island, Komandorskie Islands.) Breeds in the Komandorskie Islands and in the western Aleutians (Near Islands, Kiska Island). (Sight records of birds breeding on Amchitka may per- tain to this race.) Winters in the breeding range, so far as known. Genus BRACHYRAMPHUS Brandt Brachyramphus M. Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, 2, no. 22, Mar. 19, 1837, col. 346. Type, by subsequent designation, Colymbus marmoratus Gmelin (G. R. Gray, 1840.) Brachyramphus marmoratum (Gmelin): MARBLED MURRELET. From Kamchatka and Sakhalin (accidental in Korea) to Honshu and Amami Oshima; and from Unalaska and Kodiak to northern California. Brachyramphus marmoratum marmoratum (Gmelin). [23.] Colymbus marmoratus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 583. Based on the Marbled Guillemot of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 517. (in America occidentali et Camtschatca = Prince William Sound, Alaska.) Breeds apparently (nest not known) on islands and near the coast from south- eastern Alaska to northwestern California. Females with fully formed egg in oviduct taken off Pleasant Island, north of Juneau, in Prince of Wales Archi- pelago,? Alaska, and near Mittelnach Island, Strait of Georgia, British Colum- bia’; young birds unable to fly reported at Little Port Walter, Alaska,* 25 miles inland, on the south fork of the Coos River, Oregon,® near Devils Lake, Lincoln County, Oregon,® and in the vicinity of Minerva, Lane County, Oregon.? Recorded in summer to Unalaska and Kodiak Island, Alaska, and to the Arctic coast of northeastern Siberia east of Kolyuchin Bay. 1 Jewett, Murrelet, 1942, p. 71. 2 Cantwell, Auk, 1898, p. 49. 3 Sutton and Semple, Auk, 1941, pp. 580-581. 4 Gabrielson, Auk, 1944, p. 271. 5 Barber, Murrelet, 1941, pp. 38-39. 6 Jewett, Murrelet, 1934, p. 24. 7 Gabrielson and Jewett, Birds of Oregon, 1940, p. 314. 252 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters from southern Alaska (Juneau) to southern California (Santa Bar- bara), casually north to the western Aleutians (Near Islands) and the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island). Brachyramphus brevirdstre (Vigors): KITTLITZ’s MURRELET. [24.] Uria brevirostris Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, no. 15, Oct. 1828 (Jan. 1829), p. 357. (San Blas [México] = North Pacific.) Breeds apparently along the Alaskan coast from Cape Prince of Wales, pos- sibly from east of Point Barrow, to Wrangell; nesting recorded definitely from Wales Mountain, near Wales, from Pavlof Mountain on the Alaska Peninsula, and near Glacier Bay. Winters in the southern parts of its breeding range. Casual near North Cape and East Cape, northeastern Siberia and in the Kurile Islands (Paramushiro). Genus ENDOMYCHURA Oberholser Endomychura Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 51, June 2, 1899, p. 201. Type, by original designation, Brachyramphus hypoleucus Xantus. Endomychutra hypoletica (Xantus): XANTUS’ MURRELET. Breeds from southern California to central Baja California. Winters from central California to Cape San Lucas, Baja California. Endomychura hypoleuca serippsi Green and Arnold. [25a.] Endomychura hypoleuca scrippsi J. E. Green and L. W. Arnold, Condor, 41, no. 1, Jan. 17, 1939, p. 28. (Anacapa Island, California.) Breeds on Anacapa and Santa Barbara islands, southern California, and on Los Coronados, Todos Santos, San Benito, and Natividad islands, western Baja California. Winters north to Monterey Bay, casually to Point Arena, California. Endomychura hypoleueca hypoletca (Xdantus). [25.] Brachyramphus hypoleucus Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 11, sig. 21-23, Oct.-Nov. 1859 (Jan. 12, 1860), p. 299. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California = 14 miles off the coast of Cape San Lucas, Baja California.) Breeds on Guadalupe Island, western México. Ranges to Baja California (south to Cape San Lucas), north casually to the vicinity of Catalina Island, southern California. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 253 Endomychura cravéri (Salvadori): CRAVERI’S MURRELET. [26.] Uria Craveri Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 8, 1865, p. 387. (Golfo della California, Lat. 27° 50’ 12” Long. 110° 10’ 45” = Raza Island, Gulf of California.) Breeds on islands in the Gulf of California, north to Consag Rock. Ranges north in autumn along western Baja California to Monterey, Cali- fornia. Genus SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS Brandt Synthliboramphus M. Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, 2, no. 22, Mar. 19, 1837, col. 347. Type, by subsequent designation, Alca antiqua Gmelin (G. R. Gray, 1840). Synthliboramphus antiquum (Gmelin): ANCIENT MurRRELET. [21.] Alca antiqua Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 554. Based on the Ancient Auk of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 512. (in mari inter Camtschatcam, insulas Kuriles et Americam intermedio = Bering Sea.) Breeds from the Komandorskie Islands and Kamchatka to Amurland, Sakha- lin, the Kurile Islands, Korea, and Dagelet Island; and from the Aleutian, Sanak, and Kodiak islands to Graham and Langara islands in the Queen Char- lotte group, British Columbia; casually to northwestern Washington (Carroll Island). j Winters from the Komandorskie Islands south to Fukien, Formosa, and the Ryukyu Islands (Ishigaki); and from the Pribilof Islands to northern Baja California (Ensenada). Accidental in interior British Columbia (Swan Lake, Okanagan), Oregon (Bend), Nevada (Elko), Idaho (Hayden Lake), Nebraska (Tekamah), Min- nesota (Lake Hook), Wisconsin (Lodi, Lake Koshkonong), Ohio (Sandusky Bay), southern Ontario (Toronto, Crystal Beach), and southern Quebec (Montreal). Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Genus PTYCHORAMPHUS Brandt Ptychoramphus M. Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, 2, no. 22, Mar. 19, 1837, col. 347. Type, by monotypy, Uria aleutica Pallas. Ptychoramphus alettica (Pallas): CAssIN’s AUKLET. From the Sanak Islands, Alaska, to central Baja California. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Ptychoramphus aleutica alettica (Pallas). [16.] Uria Aleutica Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 2, 1811, p. 370. (Russis ad Oceanum orientalem = North Pacific Ocean.) Breeds on the Sanak Islands, Shumagin Islands, and Kodiak Island, south to San Gerénimo and San Martin islands, Baja California, and Guadalupe Island. 254 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters from Vancouver Island (rarely at Barclay Sound) to northern Baja California. Accidental in interior Washington (Tacoma) and Oregon (Portland). Ptychoramphus aleutica australe van Rossem. [16a.] Ptychoramphus aleuticus australis van Rossem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 11, 4, Oct. 1939, p. 443. (West San Benito Island, Baja California, México.) Breeds off the west coast of Baja California from the San Benito Islands south to Asuncién and San Roque islands. Winters within the breeding range. Genus CYCLORRHYNCHUS Kaup Cyclorrhynchus Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, p. 155. Type, by monotypy, Alca psittacula Pallas. Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (Pallas): PARAKEET AUKLET. [17.] Alca psittacula Pallas, Spic. Zool., vol. 1, fasc. 5, 1769, p. 13, pl. ii; pl. v, figs. 4-6. (in mari Kamtschatkam .. . et circa insulas partim versus Iaponiam partim versus Americam septentrionalem sparsas = Kam- chatka.) Breeds from Cape Serdtse Kamen to the northeastern shore of the Gulf of Anadyr, Siberia, and from the Diomede Islands, Fairway Rock, and Sledge, St. Lawrence, St. Matthew, the Komandorskie, and Pribilof islands south to the Aleutian Islands and to Chirikof Island southwest of Kodiak Island, Alaska. Winters from Bering Sea south to Sakhalin Island, the Kuriles, and Honshu (Echigo), and to the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California (to Mon- terey, possibly farther). Casual in northern Alaska (Point Barrow). Accidental in Sweden (Lake Vattern). Genus AETHIA Merrem Aethia Merrem, Vers. Grundr. Allg. Gesch. nat. Eintheil. Vog., vol. 1, Tentamen Nat. Syst. Av., 1788, pp. 7, 13, 20. Type, by monotypy, Alca cristatella Pallas. Aéthia cristatélla (Pallas): CRESTED AUKLET. [18.] Alca cristatella Pallas, Spic. Zool., vol. 1, fasc. 5, 1769, p. 18, pl. iii; pl. v, figs. 7-9. (ultimarum versus Japoniam insularum maxime incola et circa insulam Matmey = Hokkaido to Kamchatka.) Breeds on the eastern end of the Chukotski Peninsula, the Diomede Islands, Sakhalin, and the central Kurile Islands, in eastern Siberia, and from the Pribi- lof and Aleutian islands east to the Shumagin Islands, Alaska. Nonbreeding birds recorded in summer north to Wrangel and Herald islands and northern Alaska (Wainwright, Barrow). ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 255 Winters in open waters within the breeding range and south to Hokkaido and northern Honshu. Accidental inland in Alaska (Nulato), and on the North Atlantic off the northeast coast of Iceland (lat. 66° 48’ N., long. 12° 55’ W.). Aethia pusilla (Pallas): LEast AUKLET. [20.] Uria pusilla Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 2, 1811, p. 373. (circa Camtschatcam = Kamchatka.) Breeds on the north coast of Chukotski Peninsula, the Diomede Islands, and Cape Lisburne, Alaska, south through islands in the Bering Sea, including the Pribilofs, to the Aleutian and Shumagin islands. Winters at sea off the coast of eastern Siberia south to Kamchatka, Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands, off northern Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), and off the Aleu- tian Islands. Casual along the Arctic coast of Alaska to Point Barrow, and to northern Mackenzie (Kittigazuit). Aethia pygmaéa (Gmelin): WHISKERED AUKLET. [19.] Alca pygmaea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 555. Based on the Pygmy Auk of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 513. (circa insulam avium inter Asiam septentrionalem et Americam = Islands in Bering Sea.) Breeds in the Komandorskie Islands, in the southern Kurile Islands, and in the Near Islands of the Aleutian chain, possibly eastward in the Aleutians to Unalaska. Winters in the breeding range. Casual in northern Bering Sea (Plover Bay, St. Lawrence Island). Genus CERORHINCA Bonaparte Cerorhinca Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 2, 1828, p. 427. Type, by monotypy, Cerorhinca occidentalis Bonaparte = Alca mono- cerata Pallas. Cerorhinca monocerata (Pallas): RHINOCEROS AUKLET. [15.] Alca monocerata Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 2, 1811, p. 362. (circa promontorium S. Eliae Americae et ad littora insulae Kadiak = Cape St. Elias, Alaska.) Breeds from the Maritime Province, southern Sakhalin, and the southern Kurile Islands south to Korea and northern Honshu; and from St. Lazaria and Forrester islands, southeastern Alaska, to northwestern Washington (Destruc- tion Island); formerly on Whidbey and Smith islands, Washington, and on the Farallon Islands, California. Nonbreeding birds found in summer along the Pacific coast of North Amer- ica casually to southern California (San Pedro). 256 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters from the southern part of its breeding range southward off the coasts to Korea, Japan, and Baja California (Santa Margarita Island). Casual in the Komandorskie and Aleutian islands. Genus FRATERCULA Brisson Fratercula Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 52; vol. 6, p. 81. Type, by mono- typy and tautonymy, Fratercula Brisson = Alca arctica Linnaeus. Fratércula arctica (Linnaeus): COMMON PUFFIN. From northwestern Greenland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, and Novaya Zemlya to New Brunswick and eastern Maine; and to Iceland, Bear Island, the British Isles, and the coasts of Brittany, Norway, and northwestern Russia; in winter casually to southern New Jersey, commonly to the western Mediterranean Sea. Fratercula arctica arctica (Linnaeus). [13.] Alca arctica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 130. (in Europae borealis oceano = northern Norway.) Breeds from western Greenland (Agpalersalik, southern Melville Bay) south along the coasts of western Greenland and Labrador to southeastern Quebec (Mingan Islands, Anticosti Island, Gaspé Peninsula, Magdalen Islands), New- foundland, southern New Brunswick (Grand Manan), and eastern Maine (Seal Island and Matinicus Rock); and on Iceland, Bear Island, and northern Nor- way (south to Bergen). Winters in western Atlantic waters from the ice line south to Massachusetts, casually to southern New Jersey; on the European side to the Faeroes and western Sweden, rarely to Denmark. Accidental in Ontario (Ottawa) and on the coast of Germany. Fratercula arctica naimanni Norton. [13a.] Fratercula arctica naumanni Norton, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, May 1901, p. 144 (note). Based on Mormon glacialis Naumann (nec Temminck); see Norton, Auk, 34, 1917, pp. 205-206. (Spitzbergen, ex Naumann.) Breeds in northern Greenland (Thule District in the west, Raffles Island near Scoresby Sound in east), on Jan Mayen, and on Spitsbergen, probably on Novaya Zemlya, and on the Murmansk coast, intergrading with F. a. arctica in Finland and east along the Kola Peninsula. Nonbreeding birds recorded north to Mackenzie Bay. Winters in adjacent seas. ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES pas Fratercula arctica grabae (Brehm). [13.] Mormon Grabae C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vogel Deutschland, 1831, p. 999, pl. 46, fig. 1. (die Faérder und andere ihnen nahe liegenden Inseln = Faeroes. ) Breeds from the Faeroes, the Orkneys, southern Norway (Rott Island off Stavanger), and southwestern Sweden south through the British Isles to the Channel Islands and islands off the coast of Brittany; formerly on Helgoland and probably the Berlenga Islands, Portugal. Winters in the breeding range and south to France, Spain, Portugal, the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, Morocco, and the western Mediterranean (east to the Adriatic Sea); rarely to Denmark and northern Germany. Accidental in Newfoundland? and the interior of northern Germany. Fratercula corniculata (Naumann): HORNED PUFFIN. [14.] Mormon corniculata Naumann, Isis von Oken, Bd. 2, Heft 8, Aug. 1821, col. 782, pl. vii, figs. 3, 4. (Kamchatka.) Breeds in northeastern Siberia from Kolyuchin Bay to the east coast of the Chukotski Peninsula, the Diomede Islands to the Gulf of Kresta, east coast of Kamchatka, the Komandorskie Islands, the Gulf of Shelekhova, the Shantarskie Islands, Sakhalin, and the northern Kurile Islands (Paramushiro); and from the Alaskan coast at Cape Lisburne south through the islands of Bering Sea to the Aleutian Islands, and along the Alaska Peninsula east and south to Glacier Bay and Forrester Island. Nonbreeding birds recorded in summer at Wrangel and Herald islands. Winters in open waters throughout the breeding range, south to British Co- lumbia, Washington, and Oregon; casually to Honshu, (Cape Kashira), and California. Genus LUNDA Pallas Lunda Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 2, 1811, p. 363. Type, by sub- sequent designation, Alca cirrhata Pallas (Gray, 1840). Lunda cirrhata (Pallas): TUFTED PUFFIN. [12.] Alca cirrhata Pallas, Spic. Zool., vol. 1, fasc. 5, 1769, p. 7, pl. i; pl. v, figs. 1-3. (in Mari inter Kamtschatcam et Americam Archipelagumque Kurilum = Bering Sea.) Breeds from the Kolyuchin Islands, East Cape, and the Diomede Islands to Kamchatka, the Komandorskie Islands, Kurile Islands, the Sea of Okhotsk, Sakhalin, Maritime Province and Hokkaido (Daikoku Island near Akkeshi); and from Kotzebue Sound through Bering Sea to the Aleutian Islands, Kodiak Island, Kenai Peninsula, southeastern Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and southern California (Santa Barbara Islands). Resident except in the far north; wanders north to Point Barrow, Alaska, and south to Honshu, Japan, and San Nicolas Island, California. Accidental in Maine. 1 Leach, Brit. Birds, 33, no. 10, March 1940, p. 281. 258 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Order COLUMBIFORMES: Sand-grouse, Pigeons, and Doves Suborder CoLUMBAE: Pigeons and Doves Family COLUMBIDAE: Pigeons and Doves Subfamily CoLUMBINAE: Pigeons and Doves Genus COLUMBA Linnaeus Columba Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 162. Type, by sub- sequent designation, Columba oenas Linnaeus (Vigors, 1825). Columba leucocéphala Linnaeus: WHITE-CROWNED PIGEON. [314.] Columba leucocephala Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 164. Based mainly on The White-crown’d Pigeon, Columba capito albo of Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 25. (in America septentrionali = Bahama Islands.) Breeds from the lower Florida Keys and the Bahama Islands through the Greater Antilles, the Virgin Islands, and the Cayman and Swan islands to the Lesser Antilles (south to St. Lucia), Cozumel Island, the Bay Islands off British Honduras and Honduras, the Corn Islands, Old Providence Island, and Swan Key, off Bocas del Toro, northwestern Panama. Winters chiefly in the more southerly parts of the breeding range. Casual on the mainland of Florida (Monroe and Dade counties). Accidental on the Pacific side of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Salina Cruz) and on the Quintana Roo mainland (La Vega). Columba squamésa Bonnaterre: SCALY-NAPED PIGEON. [314.1.] Columba squamosa Bonnaterre, Tabl. Encyc. Méth., vol. 1, 1792, p. 234. (La Guadeloupe = Guadeloupe Island, West Indies.) Resident in the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles (not reported from Anguilla, St. Bartholomew and Désirade). Recorded on Aruba, Curagao, and Bonaire, Netherlands West Indies, and Los Frailes and Los Testigos off Venezuela. Accidental at Key West, Florida. Columba fascidta Say: BAND-TAILED PIGEON. From British Columbia, Utah, and north-central Colorado south to the Cape region of Baja California, the Mexican tableland, and the mountains of Guate- mala, Honduras, El Salvador, and northern Nicaragua. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California and Nuevo Leon. ORDER COLUMBIFORMES 259 Columba fasciata fasciata Say. [312.] Columba fasciata Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mountains, vol. 2, 1823, p. 10 (note). (small tributary of the Platte = Plum Creek, near Castle Rock, Douglas County, Colorado.) Breeds in the mountains from Utah and north-central Colorado south through the Sierra Madre Occidental of México to the mountains of central Guatemala. Winters from central Arizona (Prescott, Verde River) and New Mexico (Sandia Mountains, Haut Creek, Black Range, Cliff) southward. Accidental in Oklahoma (Crescent) and North Dakota (Eagleville). Columba fasciata monilis Vigors. [3125.] Columba monilis Vigors, Zool. Beechey’s Voy. . . . Blossom, 1839, p. 26, pl. 10. (Monterey [California].) Breeds from southwestern British Columbia (Victoria, Courtenay, Chilli- wack) south through Washington, Oregon, and California (chiefly in the moun- tains) to the Sierra San Pedro Martir in northern Baja California. Casual in summer in northwestern British Columbia (Graham Island, Prince Rupert, Terrace, Spuzzum). Winters from the head of the Sacramento Valley southward, most numerously in the oak regions of southern California. Casually north to British Columbia (Bella Coola) and to Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina islands, in the Santa Barbara group off southern California, and Nevada (4 miles west of Fallon, juv. female, probably this race). Columba fasciata vidscae Brewster. [312a.] Columba fasciata vioscae Brewster, Auk, 5, no. 1, Jan. 1888, p. 86. (La Laguna [Sierra de la Laguna], Lower California.) Resident in the mountains of the Cape region of Baja California. Columba flaviréstris Wagler: RED-BILLED PIGEON. Resident from central Sonora, southern Chihuahua, northern Nuevo Le6én, and the lower Rio Grande Valley south over the lowlands of México (both coasts), the Tres Marias Islands, and Central America to Costa Rica. Columba flavirostris flaviréstris Wagler. [313.] Columba flavirostris Wagler, Isis von Oken, 24, May 1831, Heft 5, col. 519. (Mexico = Veracruz.) Resident from southern Sonora and from the lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and Tamaulipas south through the Mexican and Central American low- lands, including the Yucatan Peninsula, to Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and north-central Nicaragua. 260 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Columba livia Gmelin: Rock Dove. [313.1.] Columba domestica 8 livia Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 769. (No locality given = southern Europe.) Resident from the Faeroes, Norway (formerly to Stavanger), Russia (to lower Pechora River, lat. 66° N.), western Siberia, the Altai region, Man- churia, and northern China south through the British Isles and western Europe to Madeira, the Canary Islands, Azores, Gold Coast, northern Sahara, Egypt, northern and eastern Saudi Arabia, Iran, Baluchistan, India, Ceylon, and Burma (the range as outlined including many modern extensions through the estab- lishment of feral domestic stock, particularly in Siberia and the interior of Europe). Now established widely in North, Central, and South America and parts of the West Indies, particularly in the larger cities, from feral domestic stock’; also in Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, Juan Fernandez, the Easter Islands, the Hawaiian Islands, and other widely scattered localities. Genus ZENAIDA Bonaparte Zenaida Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, p. 41. Type, by tau- tonymy, Zenaida amabilis Bonaparte = Columba zenaida Bonaparte. Zenadida aurita (Temminck)?: ZENAIDA DOVE. From the Florida Keys (formerly), the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and Virgin Islands south to Grenada in the Lesser Antilles and to Holbox, Mujeres, and Cozumel islands, and the coast of the Yucatan Peninsula. Zenaida aurita zenaida (Bonaparte). [317.] Columba zenaida Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, 1825, p. 30. (from the southern part of Florida = Florida Keys.) Breeds throughout the Bahama Islands, the Greater Antilles, and Virgin Is- lands; formerly on islands near Indian Key, Florida.® 1Jt is generally accepted that the common pigeon was domesticated from several wild subspecies in separate sections of the world, notably from Columba livia livia in Europe, from C. |. intermedia in India, and from C. I. schimperi in Egypt, these forms differing from one another in depth of color and in marking. In addition to these, 11 other races have been recognized, while pigeon fanciers have developed numerous strains in captivity. The mongrel wild stock found in our New World cities includes so many of the characters of these races and variants that it is listed only under the specific name livia. 2 Columba Aurita Temminck, in Knip, Les Pigeons, 1, 1810, Les Colombes, p. 60, pl. 25. (Martinique. ) 3 There seem to be no satisfactory records from the Florida Keys since Audubon found this dove common there over a hundred years ago. Sight records come from Indian Key (April 24, 1903) and the mainland of Florida (Pass-a-Grille, February 11, 1918; between Coot Bay and Flamingo, November 13, 1948; Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge, Hernando County, October 21, 1954). ORDER COLUMBIFORMES 261 Zenaida asiatica (Linnaeus): WHITE-WINGED DOVE. From southern Nevada, southeastern California, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and the lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas south to the Cape region of Baja California and through México and Central America to western Panama; from the Bahama Islands to Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola; and from southwestern Ecuador to northern Chile. Zenaida asiatica asiatica (Linnaeus). [319.] Columba asiatica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 163. Based on The Brown Indian Dove of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 76. (in Indiis = Jamaica.) Breeds from central southern Texas (San Antonio, Uvalde, Castroville, and the lower Rio Grande Valley) south through eastern México to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and Central America to El Salvador and Nicaragua, possibly to Costa Rica; Old Providence and St. Andrews Islands; and from the southern Bahamas (Great Inagua, South Caicos Island) to eastern Cuba (Oriente), His- paniola, Jamaica, and Grand Cayman. (Introduced in Pinar del Rio Province, western Cuba, in 1931.) Winters in breeding range but in lesser numbers northerly. Wanders widely at this season to Colorado (Lamar), Louisiana, Mississippi (Jackson County), Alabama (Escambia and Baldwin counties), Florida (Key West, Kissimmee, and Orlando), Georgia (Hoboken), Maine (Lincoln), Puerto Rico, and Mona Island. Birds banded in Texas have been recorded in El Salvador, suggesting the extent of the southerly movement. Zenaida asiatica mearnsi (Ridgway). [319a.] Melopelia asiatica mearnsi Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 28, no. 18, May 27, 1915, p. 107. (five miles north of Nogales, Arizona.) Breeds from southern Nevada (north to Pahrump Ranch, Nye County), southeastern California (13 miles east of Julian, Twentynine Palms, Coachella Valley, and Needles), central Arizona (from Mohave County to Greenlee County), and southwestern New Mexico (Grant, Dona Ana, and Hidalgo counties) south through Baja California (except Cape region) and western and south-central México (including Tiburén Island and the Tres Marias Islands) to Puebla and Guerrero, possibly farther south in Central America. Accidental at James Bay (Fort Albany, Ontario). Winters in general over the breeding range but uncommonly north of México; casual or accidental at this season to the coastal region of California (several records north to Santa Cruz County), Washington (Puyallup), and Vancouver Island (Sherrington Point). Zenaida asiatica clara van Rossem. [319b.] Zenaida asiatica clara van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 60, no. 12, May 19, 1947, p. 52. (Agua Caliente, alt. 800 feet [Baja California].) Resident in the Cape region of Baja California. 262 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus ZENAIDURA Bonaparte Zenaidura Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, Jan. 1855, p. 96. Type, by original designation, Columba carolinensis Linnaeus. Zenaidtira macrotra (Linnaeus )*: MOURNING DOVE. From Alaska, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Maine, and New Brunswick south through México (including the Tres Marias Islands and Clarién Island in the Revilla Gigedo group) and Central America to western Panama, and from the Bahama Islands to Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Migrant in the northern part of the range. Fossil, in the Upper Pliocene of Kansas and in the Pleistocene of California, Nuevo Leon, Kansas, and Florida. Zenaidura macroura carolinénsis (Linnaeus). [316.] Columba carolinensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 286. Based principally on The Turtle of Carolina, Turtur carolinensis Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 24, pl. 24. (in America = South Carolina.) Breeds from Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, cen- tral New York, Vermont (Burlington), New Hampshire (Concord), Maine, and southern New Brunswick south through eastern Iowa, eastern Missouri, Tennessee, and extreme eastern Texas to the Gulf coast from Texas to Florida, and the Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama to Long Island). Accidental in summer at James Bay (mouth of Moose River). Winters occasionally north to the limits of the breeding range in Wisconsin, Ontario, New York, and Massachusetts; normally from eastern Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, southern Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey south to eastern México (southern Veracruz); in small numbers to western Panama (Divala), also to Cuba; accidental in Greenland (Narssalik), Quebec, Labrador, New- foundland, and Bermuda. Zenaidura macroura marginélla (Woodhouse). [316a.] Ectopistes marginella Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6, no. 3, May-June (Aug. 20) 1852, p. 104. (cross timbers on the North Fork of the Canadian [River, Oklahoma].) Breeds from southeastern Alaska, southern British Columbia, Alberta, Sas- katchewan, Manitoba, and Minnesota south to southern Baja California, south- ern México, Puebla, and central Texas, east at least to central Arkansas. Winters over most of the breeding range, in small numbers north to British Columbia, Idaho, and Minnesota, but mainly from northern California, south- ern Nevada, central Arizona, central Colorado, Nebraska, and Iowa south through México and Central America to western Panama; casual in Alaska (mainly southeastern, but north to Fort Yukon), Prince of Wales Island, and 1 Columba macroura Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 164. Based prin- cipally on the Long-tailed Dove of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, vol. 1, p. 15, pl. 15, and Columba macroura Edwards (op. cit.), vol. 2, p. 125. (West Indies = Cuba.) 2 Eastern limits in Canada and the central Mississippi Valley not certainly known. ORDER COLUMBIFORMES 263 northern British Columbia (Telegraph Creek); recorded in western Tennessee (Fayette County in April and Lake County in October). Genus ECTOPISTES Swainson Ectopistes Swainson, Zool. Journ., 3, no. 11, Sept.-Dec. 1827, p. 362. Type, by subsequent designation, Columba migratoria Linnaeus (Swain- son, 1837). Ectopistes migratérius (Linnaeus): PASSENGER PIGEON. [315.] Columba migratoria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 285. Based mainly on The Pigeon of Passage, Palumbus migratorius Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 23. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Extinct. Formerly bred from central Montana, North Dakota, southern Mani- toba, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, southern Quebec, New Bruns- wick, and Nova Scotia south to eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, Mississippi, and Georgia. Wintered from Arkansas, southeastern Missouri, Tennessee, and North Caro- lina south to Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and central Florida; oc- casionally north to Indiana, southern Pennsylvania, and Connecticut. Was casual or accidental in British Columbia (Chilliwack), Idaho, Nevada, Wyoming, Mackenzie, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Quebec, Prince Ed- ward Island, Labrador, Baffin Bay, Veracruz, Puebla, Valley of México, Cuba (Havana), and Bermuda. Last specimen obtained in the wild taken at Sargento, Pike County, Ohio, March 24, 1900; last living individual known died in captivity in the Cincinnati Zoological Gardens, Cincinnati, Ohio, September 1, 1914, Accidental! in Scotland (Westall, Fife, 1825), Eire (Kerry, 1848), and France (1840). Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California and Tennessee. Genus STREPTOPELIA Bonaparte Streptopelia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, Jan. 1855, p. 17. Type, by subsequent designation, Columba risoria Linnaeus (Gray, 1855). Streptopélia chinénsis (Scopoli): SPOTTED DOVE. From China (Szechwan, Hopeh, and the Shantung Peninsula), Formosa, and Hainan south to India, Ceylon, Burma, Indochina, the Malay Peninsula, Pala- wan, Borneo, and the Soenda Islands. Streptopelia chinensis chinénsis (Scopoli). [315.1.] Columba chinensis Scopoli, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., fasc. 2, 1786, p. 94. (China = Canton.) Breeds from western Szechwan and Hopeh to southern China; migrant in the north. Introduced and established about Los Angeles and adjacent areas in 1 Many were brought very early to England and France, and so records are not certain. 264 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS southern California; also in the Hawaiian Islands, Celebes, Moluccas, and small islands in the Flores Sea. Streptopélia riséria (Linnaeus): RINGED TURTLE Dove.’ [315.2.] Columba risoria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 165. (India.) Native country unknown; long domesticated, now nearly throughout the world. Naturalized in a wild state about Los Angeles, California, and Miami, Florida. Genus COLUMBIGALLINA Boie Columbigallina Boie, Isis von Oken, (19) 1826, Heft. 10 (Oct.), col. 977. Type, by monotypy, Columba passerina Linnaeus. Columbigallina passerina (Linnaeus): GROUND DOVE. From southern California, central Arizona, southern Texas, western Missis- sippi, South Carolina, and Bermuda south to Costa Rica; and from Colombia and Venezuela to Ecuador and Brasil (west to the Rio Madeira), including the Bahamas, the Greater and Lesser Antilles, and other Caribbean islands. Columbigallina passerina passerina (Linnaeus). [320.] Columba passerina Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 165. Based mainly on The Ground Dove, Turtur minimus guttatus Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 26. (in America inter tropicos = South Carolina.) Breeds from Guadalupe and Bexar counties, southeastern Texas, (possibly from southern Louisiana and Mississippi) to central Alabama, southern and eastern Georgia, and South Carolina south through Florida, including the Florida Keys. Winters on the breeding range. Casual or accidental north to Iowa, Arkansas, northern Mississippi, northern Alabama, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, District of Columbia, Pennsyl- vania, New Jersey, and New York. Columbigallina passerina palléscens (Baird). [320a.] Chamaepelia passerina ? var. pallescens Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, 11, sig. 21-23, Oct.-Nov. 1859 (Jan. 12, 1860), p. 305. (Cape St. Lucas = Cape San Lucas, Baja California.) Breeds from southeastern California, central Arizona (north to Big Sandy and Verde rivers, east to Gila and Graham counties), southern New Mexico (Mesilla Park), and Texas (Pecos River, Brewster County, to the lower Rio Grande 1 The wild species that the Ringed Turtle Dove most nearly resembles is Streptopelia roseogrisea (Sundevall), which ranges through north-central Africa from Timbuktu to Eritrea, extending into Saudi Arabia. The Ringed Turtle Dove is believed by some geneticists to be an artificially bred variety of that species. ORDER COLUMBIFORMES 265 Valley) south through Baja California (mainly eastern) to the Cape region, through most of México, and to El Salvador and British Honduras. Winters on the breeding range, although part of the western population shifts southward and eastward as far as southern Louisiana, and southern Mississippi. Casual in the coastal region of California north to San Francisco. Columbigallina passerina bahaménsis (Maynard). [320b.] Chamaepelia Bahamensis Anonymous = Maynard, Amer. Exch. and Mart, 3, no. 3, Jan. 15, 1887, p. 33. (Throughout the Bahamas = Nassau, New Providence Island.) Resident in Bermuda and the Bahama Islands (except Great and Little Inagua, Caicos, and Turks islands). Genus SCARDAFELLA Bonaparte Scardafella Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, 1855, no. 1 (for Jan. 3), p. 24. Type, by original designation, Columba squamosa Tem- minck (not of Bonnaterre) = Columba squammata Lesson. Seardafélla inca (Lesson): INCA DoveE. [321.] Chamaepelia inca Lesson, Descr. Mamm. Ois. Récemment Decouverts, Apr. 1847, p. 211. (Mexico [probably west coast].) Breeds from southern Arizona (Parker, Wickenburg, Safford, Rice), New Mexico (Silver City, Virden), southern Texas (Kerrville, Austin, Columbus, Bryan, Santa Maria), and Tamaulipas south over the lowlands of México on both coasts to northwestern Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Winters on the breeding range. Genus LEPTOTILA Swainson Leptotila Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Birds, vol. 2, (July 1) 1837, p. 349. Type, by monotypy, Pleristera] rufaxilla [Selby], Nat. Libr., vol. 5, pl. 24 (not P. rufaxilla Richard and Bernard) = Columba jamaicensis Lin- naeus. Leptotila verreatiixi Bonaparte’: WHITE-FRONTED DOVE. From central Sonora and the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, south through the tropical lowlands of México, Central America, and South America to northern Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brasil, including the islands of Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire, and Margarita in the Caribbean Sea, Trinidad, and Tobago. 1 Leptoptila verreauxi Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, no. 3, Jan. 18, 1855, p. 99. (de la Nouvelle-Grenade = Colombia.) 266 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Leptotila verreauxi angélica Bangs and Penard. [318.] Leptotila fulviventris angelica Bangs and Penard, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 8, May 8, 1922, p. 29. (Brownsville, Texas.) Breeds on the west coast of México from Nayarit south to southwestern Chiapas and from the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, to northern Nuevo Leon and northern Veracruz. Genus GEOTRYGON Gosse Geotrygon Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, p. 316. Type, by subsequent des- ignation, Columba cristata Latham, i.e., Gmelin (not of Temminck)= Geotrygon sylvatica Gosse, 1847 =Columbigallina versicolor Lafres- naye, 1846 (Reichenbach, 1852 = 1853). Geotrygon chrysia Bonaparte: Key West Quatt-Dove. [322.] Geotrygon chrysia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, no. 3, Jan. 15, 1855, p. 100. (Floride = Florida.) Resident from the Bahamas (Grand Bahama, Eleuthera, and New Providence islands; bones recorded in prehistoric cave deposits on Exuma) to Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico (very rare). Casual, formerly at least, to Key West, Florida (last records, Sept. 15, 1889; Oct. 20 and Nov. 12, 1897). Geotrygon montana (Linnaeus): RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE. From the lowlands of southern Sinaloa and Tamaulipas, México, south through Central America to Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brasil; the Greater Antilles, Grenada, and Trinidad. Geotrygon montana montana (Linnaeus). [322.1.] Columba montana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 163. Based on The Mountain Partridge of Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 304. (Jamaica.) Resident from southern Sinaloa (Arroyo Los Limones), Tamaulipas (Gémez Farias), Hidalgo (Potrero), and southern Veracruz (Esperanza) south through the tropical lowlands of México and Central America to Pert, northeastern Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brasil (Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul); Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Gonave, Mona, Puerto Rico, Vieques, and Grenada. Accidental at Key West, Florida. ORDER PSITTACIFORMES 267 Order PSITTACIFORMES: Lories, Parrots, Parakeets, and Macaws Family PSITTACIDAE: Lories, Parrots, and Macaws Subfamily PsIrTAcINAE: Parrots and Macaws Genus CONUROPSIS Salvadori Conuropsis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 20, 1891, pp. 146, 203. Type, by original designation and monotypy, Psittacus carolinensis Linnaeus. Conuro6psis carolinénsis (Linnaeus): CAROLINA PARAKEET. Extinct. Formerly ranged from North Dakota, eastern Nebraska, Iowa, south- ern Wisconsin, Ohio, and central New York south to the Gulf coast of eastern Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and near the Atlantic coast to Florida, except the extreme southern portion. Conuropsis carolinensis carolinénsis (Linnaeus). [382.] Psittacus carolinensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 97. Based on the Parrot of Carolina of Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 11. (in Carolina, Virginia = South Carolina.) Extinct. Last reported in February 1920 on Fort Drum Creek, Florida. Formerly ranged east of the Appalachians from southern Virginia to Ala- bama, Georgia, and southern Florida (except the extreme southern portion), wandering casually north (from fall to winter) to New York (Albany), eastern Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, Shareman’s Valley near Carlisle, Juniata River), New Jersey, the District of Columbia, and Maryland. Conuropsis carolinensis ludoviciana (Gmelin). [382a.] Psittacus ludovicianus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 347. Based on Papagai a téte aurore Du Pratz [= Perroquet de la Louisiane Du Pratz, Hist. Louisiane, vol. 2, p. 128]. (in Louisiana.) Extinct. One reported shot near Potter, Atchison County, Kansas, in 1904; last seen near Courtenay, Jackson County, Missouri, in 1912 (possibly an es- caped cage bird). Formerly ranged throughout the Mississippi-Missouri Valley region from North Dakota (Oliver County), South Dakota (Stanley County), eastern Ne- braska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and West Virginia south to east-central Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Casually to southern Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong). Genus RHYNCHOPSITTA Bonaparte Rhynchopsitta Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 6, Mar. 1854, p. 149. Type, by monotypy, Macrocercus pachyrhynchus Swainson. 268 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Swainson): THICK-BILLED PARROT. [382.1.] Macrocercus pachyrhynchus Swainson, Phil. Mag., new ser., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 439. (Table land [of México].) Breeds, so far as known, only in the mountains of Chihuahua and Durango; however, occurs widely in the mountains from central Sonora and east-central Chihuahua south to Jalisco, Michoacan, México (Popocatépetl), and central Veracruz (Cofre de Perote, Jalapa). Wanders sporadically, and at times abundantly, north to the mountains of south-central and southeastern Arizona (principally to the Chiricahua Moun- tains; also to the Dragoon, Galiuro, and Patagonia mountains) and southwest- ern New Mexico (Animas Mountains). Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Nuevo Leon. Order CUCULIFORMES: Cuckoos and Plantain-eaters Suborder CucuL1: Cuckoos, Roadrunners, and Anis Family CUCULIDAE: Cuckoos, Roadrunners, and Anis Subfamily CucuLINAE: Typical Cuckoos Genus CUCULUS Linnaeus Cuculus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 110. Type, by tau- tonymy, Cuculus canorus Linnaeus (Cuculus, prebinomial specific name, in synonymy). Cuculus saturatus Blytht: ORIENTAL CUCKOO. From the Arctic Circle in eastern Siberia south to the Himalayas, Burma, southern China, and Formosa, Winters in southern India, the Philippines, and on many Pacific islands south to the Solomons, New Guinea, and Australia. Cuculus saturatus horsfieldi Moore.? [388.1.] Cuculus horsfieldi Moore, in Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Birds Mus. Hon. East India Co., 1856-1858 (1857), p. 703. (Java.) Breeds from south-central Russia northwest through the northern Urals to the Arctic Circle near the Yenisei River, east across northern Siberia to the Gulf of Anadyr and Kamchatka, south to the Kirghiz Steppes and across north- ern Mongolia to Manchuria, Korea and eastern China, Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands and central Honshu. 1 Cuculus saturatus “Hodgson” Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 12, pt. 2, 1843, p. 942. (Nepal.) 2 Replaces Cuculus optatus Gould of the 1931 edition of the Check-list, as this is a synonym of Cuculus saturatus saturatus Blyth. ORDER CUCULIFORMES 269 Winters from India and southern China through the East Indies to New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Australia. Accidental on St. Lawrence Island (2 records), Seward Peninsula (Cape Prince of Wales), the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island), and the Aleutian Islands (Rat Island). Subfamily PHAENICOPHAEINAE: Nonparasitic Cuckoos Genus COCCYZUS Vieillot Coccyzus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, p. 28. Type, by monotypy, “Coucou de la Caroline” of Buffon = Cuculus americanus Linnaeus. Coceyzus minor (Gmelin)’: MANGROVE CUCKOO. From western México (Sinaloa, Tres Marias Islands, and Nayarit) east to Tamaulipas and southern Florida, south through Central America (including Cocos Island), the Bahama Islands, and the Greater and Lesser Antilles to St. Andrews and Old Providence islands, Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas, and Para. Resident over most of the range. Coccyzus minor maynardi Ridgway. [386a.] C.[occyzus] maynardi Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, p. 274. (Bahamas and Florida Keys = Ten Thousand Islands, Florida.) Breeds on the east coast of Florida from the Anclote Keys southward through the Florida Keys, the Bahama Islands, and Cuba (rare). Apparently resident except in Florida, where noted only between March 15 and September 19. Coccyzus americanus (Linnaeus): YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. From southern British Columbia, North Dakota, Minnesota, southern On- tario, Quebec, and New Brunswick south through México, Central America, to Baja California, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, the Greater Antilles and the northern Lesser Antilles; winters in South America to central Argentina and Uruguay. Coccyzus americanus americanus (Linnaeus). [387.] Cuculus americanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 111. (Based on The Cuckoo of Carolina, Cuculus carolinensis Catesby, Caro- lina, vol. 1, p. 9. (In Carolina = South Carolina.) Breeds from North Dakota, Minnesota, southern Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick south to eastern Colorado, Nuevo Leén, Tamaulipas, Louisiana, the Florida Keys, Bahama Islands (probably), Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and the northern Lesser Antilles (probably). Winters from Colombia and Venezuela to Ecuador, central Argentina, and Uruguay. 1 Cuculus minor Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 411. (Cayenne = French Guiana.) 270 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Accidental in Newfoundland, Greenland, Bermuda, Great Britain, France, Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Sicily, and the Azores. Coccyzus americanus occidentalis Ridgway. [387a.] C.[occyzus] americanus occidentalis Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, p. 273. (Western United States = Old Fort Crittenden, east base of Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona.) Breeds from southwestern British Columbia (Pitt Meadows, Victoria), west- ern Washington, northern Utah, central Colorado, and western Texas south to the Cape region of Baja California, and to Sinaloa, and Chihuahua (probably farther south in the mountains). Winter home probably in South America; migrates through México, El Salvador, and Costa Rica. Coccyzus erythropthalmus (Wilson): BLACK-BILLED Cuckoo. [388.] Cuculus erythropthalma Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 4, 1811, p. 16, pl. 28, fig. 2. (Locality not stated = probably near Philadelphia, Penn.) Breeds from southern Saskatchewan (Johnson Lake), southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south to southeastern Wyoming, Ne- braska, northwestern Arkansas, eastern Kansas, eastern and central Tennessee, North Carolina (Raleigh and Winston-Salem), and South Carolina (Mount Pleasant). Occurs in summer and possibly breeds west to Alberta (Camrose), western Saskatchewan, western Idaho (Boise County), and Colorado. Winters in northwestern South America in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and northern Pert. Casual in migration on the Dry Tortugas, Bermuda, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Barbuda, Dominica, Tobago, and Trinidad. Accidental in Greenland (Kangamiut near Sukkertoppen, Julianehaab), Northern Ireland (County Antrim), Scotland, Scilly Isles, France, Italy, and Azores. Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE: Ground Cuckoos Genus GEOCOCCYX Wagler Geococcyx Wagler, Isis von Oken, 24, Heft 5, (May) 1831, col. 524. Type, by monotypy, Geococcyx variegata Wagler = Saurothera califor- niana Lesson. Geocéccyx californianus (Lesson): ROADRUNNER. [385.] Saurothera californiana Lesson, Compl. Oeuvres Buffon, vol. 6, 1829, -p. 420. (Californie = San Diego, California.) Resident from Del Norte County and from the head of the Sacramento Valley in California, Nevada (Lincoln, Clark, and Esmeralda counties), south- ern Utah, Colorado, southwestern Kansas, central and eastern Oklahoma, ORDER CUCULIFORMES 271 western Arkansas, and northwestern Louisiana, south to Baja California (to Cape San Lucas), Michoacan, Puebla, and Veracruz. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE: Anis Genus CROTOPHAGA Linnaeus Crotophaga Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 105. Based on The Great Black-Bird of Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, vol. 2, p. 298. Type, by monotypy, Crotophaga ani Linnaeus. Crotophaga ani Linnaeus: SMOOTH-BILLED ANI. [383.] Crotophaga Ani Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 105. (Amer- ica, Africa = Jamaica.) Resident from the Bahama Islands through the Greater Antilles; in the Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe and Iles les Saintes to Grenada (except Barbados) and Trinidad; the Caymans and Swan Island; Cozumel and Holbox islands off Quintana Roo, México; Utila, Roatan, and Guanaja islands, Hon- duras; Corn Islands; Panama from the Canal Zone, locally from Chiriqui and Veraguas, through the Pearl Islands to Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, southern Brasil, and northern Argentina. Established and breeding in Florida, near Clewiston, irregularly near Miami; casual in Louisiana (St. Bernard Parish); accidental in New Jersey (Petty Island, Delaware River) and North Carolina (Edenton; Piney Creek). Crotophaga sulciréstris Swainson: GROOVE-BILLED ANI. From the Cape region of Baja California and southern Sonora east to the lower Rio Grande Valley and south through México and Central America to Pert and British Guiana. Crotophaga sulcirostris sulciréstris Swainson. [384.] Crotophaga sulcirostris Swainson, Phil. Mag., new ser., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 440. (Table land. Temiscaltipec = Temascaltepec, México.) Resident from southern Sonora, México, and the lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas (Lomita, Corpus Christi) south through the tropical areas of México (including the islands of Holbox, Mujeres, and Cozumel off Quintana Roo) and Central America to Peri (Lima), Colombia, Venezuela, Curacao, Trinidad, and British Guiana. Casual in fall and winter in Louisiana and Mississippi; accidental in Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Florida. In the fall of 1952 there were notable occurrences in Nebraska (Elgin, late September to October 4), Kansas (Blue Rapids, October 28), Oklahoma (Drummond, September 25-27; 11 miles northeast of Duncan, October 7), and Arkansas (Stuttgart, September 21). 272 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Crotophaga sulcirostris pallidula Bangs and Penard. [384a.] Crotophaga sulcirostris pallidula Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64, no. 4, Jan. 1921, p. 365. (Lower California: San José del Cabo.) Breeds in southern Sonora in the lower Rio Mayo valley (Tesia) and at Guiracoba; apparently not resident, birds arriving on the nesting grounds in May. Formerly bred in the Cape region of Baja California (last recorded in 1896; possibly extirpated there). Casual in Arizona (Fort Huachuca, May 1888; Chiricahua Mountains, Octo- ber 1928; and 20 miles north of Tucson, August 21, 1932). Order STRIGIFORMES: Owls Family TYTONIDAE: Barn Owls Subfamily TyToONINAE: Barn Owls Genus TYTO Billberg Tyto Billberg, Syn. Faunae Scand., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1828, tab. A. Type, by monotypy, Strix flammea auct. = Strix alba Scopoli. Tyto alba (Scopoli)’: BARN OWL. Nearly cosmopolitan, ranging from the British Isles, the Baltic area, and southern Russia south through Africa to Madagascar and the Cape district; India, northern Burma, Palestine, and Iraq to Arabia; Indochina, Java, New Guinea, and the Society Islands south to Australia; and from British Columbia, North Dakota, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, and southern New Eng- land south through the West Indies, Central America, and South America to Tierra del Fuego. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California, Nuevo Leon, and Florida. Tyto alba pratincola (Bonaparte). [365.] Strix Pratincola Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, p. 7. New name for Strix flammea Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 6, 1812, p. 57, pl. 50, fig. 2. (No locality given = Pennsylvania.) Breeds from southwestern British Columbia (Ladner, Duncan, Vancouver Island), North Dakota (Grand Fork County), southern Minnesota (Hennepin County), southern Wisconsin (Dodge County), southern Michigan (Genesee County), extreme southern Ontario (Lambton and Middlesex counties), south- ern Quebec (Berthierville), and Massachusetts (Wenham) south to Baja Cali- fornia (Cape San Lucas), through México to eastern Guatemala, probably to 1 Strix alba Scopoli, Annus 1, Historico-Naturalis, 1769, p. 21. (Ex Foro Juli= Friuli, Italy.) ORDER STRIGIFORMES BAS eastern Nicaragua, and from Texas through the Gulf States to southern Florida. Ranges north casually to southern Saskatchewan (Aylesbury), southern Manitoba (St. Anne), northern Minnesota (Roseau County), southern Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie; Bruce and Carleton counties), northern Vermont (Lyndon), southern Maine (Portland), and Nova Scotia (Yarmouth County). Family STRIGIDAE: Typical Owls Genus OTUS Pennant Otus Pennant, Indian Zool., 1769, p. 3. Type, by monotypy, Otus bakka- moena Pennant. Otus asio (Linnaeus): SCREECH OWL. Resident, except as noted, from southeastern Alaska, southern British Co- lumbia, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Maine south to the Cape district of Baja California, Jalisco, Hidalgo, southern Tamaulipas, and Florida. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California, Nuevo Leén, Tennessee, and Florida. Otus asio naévius (Gmelin). [373m.] Strix naevia Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 289. Based on the Mottled Owl of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, 1785, p. 231. (in Nove- boraco = New York.) Northeastern Minnesota, northern Michigan (Cheboygan County), southern Ontario (Lake Nipissing), southern Quebec (Montreal), and Maine (Franklin County) south to eastern Kansas, Missouri, central Illinois, Ohio, and Virginia. Mainly resident, but wanders in winter south to Alabama (Ardell) and Georgia (Newton County). Otus asio asio (Linnaeus). [373.] Strix asio Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 92. Based on The Little Owl, Noctua aurita minor Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 7. (in America = South Carolina.) From southern Missouri, southern Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and south- eastern Virginia to Arkansas (except in northwest), central Mississippi, central Alabama, and Georgia. Otus asio floridanus (Ridgway). [373a.] Scops asio var. Floridanus Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, no. 12, Dec. 1873, p. 200. (Indian River, Florida.) From eastern Texas, Louisiana, and the Gulf region of Mississippi and Ala- bama through the Florida Peninsula south to Key West. 274 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Otus asio mecallii (Cassin). [3735.] Scops McCallii Cassin, Ilustr. Birds California, Texas, etc., pt. 6, (Sept. 12) 1854, p. 180. (Texas and northern Mexico = Lower Rio Grande, Texas.) From southern Texas in Kinney, Comal, and Refugio counties south to cen- tral Nuevo Leén and south-central Tamaulipas (Forlén). Otus asio hasbroucki Ridgway. [373i.] Otus asio hasbroucki Ridgway, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 6, 1914, p. 694. (Palo Pinto County, Texas.) From southeastern Kansas (Greenwood County, Cedarvale) and north- western Arkansas through central and eastern Oklahoma to central Texas (east to Dallas County and south to Kerr and Travis counties). Otus asio swénki Oberholser. [373n.] Otus asio swenki Oberholser, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., 27, no. 8, Aug. 15, 1937, p. 354. (Chadron, Dawes County, Nebraska, altitude 3,450 feet.) From southern Manitoba (Winnipeg), eastern North Dakota (Grafton, Hankinson), and western Minnesota (Roseau County) south to western and central Nebraska, western Kansas, and western Oklahoma (Arnett). Otus asio aikeni (Brewster). [373g.] Megascops asio aikeni Brewster, Auk, 8, no. 2, Apr. 1891, p. 139. (El Paso County, Colorado.) From the plains of central Colorado (El Paso County) and extreme western Kansas south through eastern New Mexico and extreme western Oklahoma (Kenton); southern limit of distribution not known. Otus asio maxwelliae (Ridgway). [373e.] Scops asio <.maxwelliae Ridgway, Field and Forest, 2, no. 12, June 1877, p. 213. (Mountains of Colorado = Boulder County.) Eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains from central and eastern Montana, probably from southern Saskatchewan (Eastend, Regina), south to central Colorado (Douglas County*). Otus asio macfarlanei (Brewster). [373h.] Megascops asio macfarlanei Brewster, Auk, 8, no. 2, Apr. 1891, p. 140. (Fort Walla Walla, Washington.) Northern Great Basin from the interior of southern British Columbia (Sica- mous) through eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and western Montana, west 1 Birds from northeastern Utah may belong to this race. Behle, Condor, 46, 1944, p. 75. ORDER STRIGIFORMES 275 of the continental divide, to northeastern California (Shasta County), northern Nevada (northern Washoe County), and southern Idaho (Cassia County). Otus asio inyoénsis Grinnell. [3730.] Otus asio inyoensis Grinnell, Auk, 45, no. 2, Apr. 1928, p. 213. (Inde- pendence, Inyo County, California.) Central Nevada (Fallon) and northwestern Utah to the Inyo region of Cali- fornia, between the Sierra Nevada and Death Valley. Otus asio cineraceus (Ridgway). [373f.] Megascops asio cineraceus Ridgway, Auk, 12, no. 4, Oct. 1895, p. 390. (Northwestern Mexico and contiguous border of United States = Fort Huachuca, Arizona.) Southern Nevada (Grapevine Mountains), exclusive of Colorado River Valley, and central and southern Utah south through central and eastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico to central Sonora and western Texas (Brewster and Val Verde counties). Otus asio yumanénsis Miller and Miller. [3731.] Otus asio yumanensis A. H. Miller and L. Miller, Condor, 53, no. 4, July 26, 1951, p. 172. (10 miles west of Pilot Knob, 1 miles south of United States-Mexican boundary, Baja California, México.) Lower Colorado and Gila River valleys and adjoining deserts in extreme southern Nevada, southeastern California (west to Coachella Valley), south- western Arizona, northwestern Baja California, and northwestern Sonora. Otus asio kénnicottii (Elliot). [373d]. Scops Kennicottii Elliot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 19, 1867, no. 3, June-Sept. (Nov. 1), p. 99. (Sitka [ , Alaska].) From southeastern Alaska (Situk River and Juneau) south through coastal British Columbia and western Washington to the Columbia River Valley (Sea- side, Clatsop County, Oregon; Kalama, Cowlitz County, Washington). Otus asio bréwsteri Ridgway. [373j.] Otus asio brewsteri Ridgway, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 50, pt. 6, 1914, p. 700. (Salem, Oregon.) Oregon, west of Cascade Range and south of the lower Columbia River Valley, and a narrow coastal belt in northwestern California (Carlotta, Hum- boldt County). 276 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Otus asio béndirei (Brewster). [373c.] Scops asio bendirei Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 7, no. 1, Jan. 1882, p. 31. (Nicasio, California.) South-central Oregon, in Josephine, Jackson, and Klamath counties, and the northwest coast region of California (exclusive of narrow coastal strip in Del Norte and Humboldt counties) from Trinity County south to Monterey Bay, inland to the edge of the Sacramento—San Joaquin Valley. Otus asio quercinus Grinnell. [373k.] Otus asio quercinus Grinnell, Auk, 32, no. 1, Jan. 1915, p. 60. (Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California.) California west of the Sierra Nevada and west of the deserts but exclusive of northern coastal districts, from Sacramento Valley (vicinity of Redding) and Monterey Bay south to about lat. 30° 30’ N. in coastal Baja California. Otus asio cardonénsis Huey. [373p.] Otus asio cardonensis Huey, Auk, 43, no. 3, July 1926, p. 360. (Canyon San Juan de Dios, about ten miles east of El Rosario, Lower California.) Baja California from lat. 30° 30’ N. on the west slope (San Quintin) and lat. 31° N. (El Cajon Cafion) on the east slope, south to lat. 28° N. Otus asio xantusi (Brewster). [373.2.] Megascops xantusi Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 41, no. 1, Sept. 1902, p. 93. (Santa Anita, Lower California.) Cape district of Baja California, from about lat. 27° 30’ N. southward to Cape San Lucas. Otus trichépsis (Wagler)?: WHISKERED OWL. Mountain areas from southeastern Arizona to Honduras. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Nuevo Leén. Otus trichopsis aspérsus (Brewster). [373.1.] Megascops aspersus Brewster, Auk, 5, no. 1, Jan. 1888, p. 87. (El Carmen, Chihuahua. ) Resident in mountains of southeastern Arizona (Baboquivari, Pajarito, and Santa Catalina mountains to Chiricahua Mountains) and of northeastern Sonora, Chihuahua, and Durango south to Nayarit (Sierra Madre) and San Luis Potosi (Alvarez). 1 Birds occurring between ranges of cardonensis and xantusi are as yet undetermined as to race. 2 Scops trichopsis Wagler, Isis von Oken, Heft 3, (Mar.) 1832, col. 276. (Mexico.) ORDER STRIGIFORMES 277 Otus flamméolus (Kaup): FLAMMULATED OWL. Southern British Columbia south through the mountains west of the Great Plains to the highlands of México and Guatemala (Duefias). Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California and Nuevo Leon. Otus flammeolus flamméolus (Kaup). [374.] Scops (Megascops) flammeola “Licht.” Kaup, in Jardine, Contr. Orn., 1852 (1853), p. 111. (Mexico.) Breeds from southern British Columbia (Kamloops), Idaho (Ketchum), and northern Colorado (Estes Park) south through the mountains, except near coast, to southern California (San Bernardino Mountains), western Texas (Guadalupe and Chisos mountains), and the highlands of México to the State of México (Chimalpa) and Veracruz (Las Vigas). Winters chiefly south of the United States, rarely in southern California (San Bernardino Mountains). Accidental in Louisiana (West Baton Rouge). Genus BUBO Duméril Bubo Duméril, Zod]. Anal., 1806, p. 34. Type, by tautonymy, Strix bubo Linnaeus. Bubo virginidanus (Gmelin): GREAT HORNED OWL. America, exclusive of West Indies, from the limit of trees in the Arctic to the Straits of Magellan. Resident, except as noted. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Oregon, California, and Nuevo Leon. Bubo virginianus wapactthu (Gmelin). [375).] Strix Wapacuthu Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 290. Based on the Wapacuthu Owl of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 1, 1785, p. 231. (Woods about Hudson Bay.) Breeds from the tree limit in Mackenzie Valley to Hudson Bay, and in north- eastern British Columbia (Peace River) south to central Alberta, Saskatche- wan, central Manitoba, and northern Ontario. Winters south to western Washington, southern British Columbia, northern Idaho, Wisconsin, and southern Ontario, casually to Nebraska, New York, and Massachusetts (Somerville). Bubo virginianus heterocnémis (Oberholser). [375f.] Asio magellanicus heterocnemis Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 27, (Jan. 22) 1904, pp. 178 (in key), 187. (Lance au Loup = L’Anse au Loup, Labrador.) Wooded portions of northern Quebec (Fort Chimo), Labrador (Okak), and Newfoundland. 278 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Casual in winter south and west as far as Ontario, New Brunswick, and Connecticut (Black Hall). Bubo virginianus virginianus (Gmelin). [375.] Strix virginiana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 287. Based mainly on the Virginia Eared Owl of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 119. (in omni Americana, etc. = Virginia.) From Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, western New Bruns- wick, and Nova Scotia south through southeastern South Dakota, eastern Kan- sas, eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas to the Gulf coast and Florida (Cape Sable). Bubo virginianus occidentalis Stone. [375j.] Bubo virginianus occidentalis Stone, Auk, 13, no. 2, Apr. 1896, p. 155. (Mitchell Co., Iowa.) Montana (except extreme northwestern section), southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern and western Minnesota, and Isle Royale, Lake Superior, south through eastern and southern Idaho to south- eastern Oregon, northeastern California (Modoc area), central Nevada, central Utah, Colorado, and western and central Kansas. Casual in winter to Iowa and southern British Columbia. Bubo virginianus algistus (Oberholser). [375g.] Asio magellanicus algistus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 27, (Jan. 22) 1904, pp. 178 (in key), 190. (St. Michael, Alaska.) Coast region of western Alaska from Kotzebue Sound to Bristol Bay. Casual at Point Barrow. Bubo virginianus lagéphonus (Oberholser). [375i.] Asio magellanicus lagophonus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 27, (Jan. 22] 1904, p. 178 (in key), 185. (Fort Walla Walla, Washington.) Cook Inlet, interior of Alaska (Yukon drainage), and Yukon south through northern British Columbia (except Peace River parklands) to eastern Wash- ington, northeastern Oregon (Blue and Wallowa mountains), northern Idaho (to Salmon River drainage), and extreme northwestern Montana (Kalispell). Casual in winter to Utah (St. George), Colorado, and Nebraska. Bubo virginianus saturatus Ridgway. [375c.] Bubo virginianus saturatus Ridgway, U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. 4, pt. 3, Orn., 1877, p. 572 (note). (“A northern littoral form” = Sitka, Alaska.) Humid region of Pacific coast from southeastern Alaska (Glacier Bay) through coastal British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon from Cascade ORDER STRIGIFORMES 279 Range westward, and a narrow coastal belt in California south to Monterey Bay (Santa Cruz). Winter visitant to interior British Columbia (Okanagan Valley). Bubo virginianus pacificus Cassin. [375d.] Bubo virginianus var. pacificus Cassin, Illustr. Birds California, Texas, etc., pt. 6, (Sept. 12) 1854, p. 178. (The West = Sacramento, California.) California west of Great Basin and desert areas (exclusive of northern humid coast belt) south to lat. 30° N. in northwestern Baja California and east to extreme western central Nevada (Tahoe area). Bubo virginianus palléscens Stone. [375a.] Bubo virginianus pallescens Stone, Amer. Nat., 31, no. 363, Mar. 1, 1897, p. 237. (Watson Ranch, 18 miles southwest of San Antonio, Texas.) Arid regions of southeastern California (from Inyo district), southern Ne- vada (Clark County), southern Utah (Virgin River), northern New Mexico, and north-central Texas south to extreme northeastern Baja California, northern Sonora (Hermosillo), Chihuahua, Durango, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and north- ern Tamaulipas, Bubo virginianus elachistus Brewster. [375e,] Bubo virginianus elachistus Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 41, no. 1, Sept. 1902, p. 96. (Sierra de la Laguna, [Baja California].) Baja California from lat. 30° N. to Cape San Lucas. Genus NYCTEA Stephens Nyctea Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. ZoGl. vol. 13, pt. 2, 1825 (Feb. 18, 1826), p. 62. Type, by tautonymy, Strix erminea Shaw = Strix nyctea Linnaeus = Strix scandiaca Linnaeus. Nyctea scandiaca (Linnaeus): SNowy OwL. [376.] Strix scandiaca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 92. (in Alpibus Lapponiae = Lapland.) Breeds on the tundras from northern Norway, northern Sweden, northern Russia, southern Novaya Zemlya, the coast of northern Siberia (to the Chukot- ski Peninsula), northern Alaska (Point Hope, Barrow), Yukon (Herschel Island), Melville Island, northern Devon Island (Grinnell Peninsula), northern Ellesmere Island (Fort Conger), and northernmost Greenland (Peary Land) south in the Old World to the Baltic States, East Prussia (one record), Chkalov and across the southern boundary of the tundra area of northern Siberia to the upper Anadyr Valley, Cape Olyutorski, and the Komandorskie Islands; in North America south to Hall Island, Bering Sea, the coastal area of western Alaska to Hooper Bay, across northern Alaska, northern Northwest Territories, northeastern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Quebec (Fort Chimo), northern 280 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Labrador (Okak) and northern Greenland (south to Humboldt Glacier on the west, and Scoresby Sound on the east. Irregular winter migrant, some remaining north to Novaya Zemlya, northern Siberia, northern Alaska and Greenland; regularly south to Iceland, the Faeroes, Shetlands, British Isles (rare in England), northern Germany, central Russia, Turkestan, northern China, and Sakhalin; and to British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, North Dakota, Minnesota, Ontario, New York, southern Quebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland. Occasionally to southern California (Los Angeles County), Nevada (Clark County), Utah (Provo), Colorado (Denver), Oklahoma, central Texas (Austin), Missouri, Louisiana, Tennessee, Georgia, and South Carolina. May summer rarely far south of breeding range following years of far southern winter migrations. Casual in France, Croatia, Azores (Fayal), Iran, northwestern India, Punjab, Japan (Honshu), and Bermuda. Genus SURNIA Duméril Surnia Duméril, Zool. Anal., 1806, p. 34. Type, by subsequent designation, Strix funerea Gmelin = Strix ulula Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). Suirnia tlula (Linnaeus): HAWK-OWL. Forests of northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, northern Siberia, Alaska, northwestern Mackenzie, northern Quebec, and Labrador south to central Russia, Tien Shan, northern Mongolia, northern Manchuria, and Sakhalin; and to southern British Columbia, central Alberta, east-central Saskatchewan, north- ern Michigan, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland. Partly migratory south to Scotland, central Europe, and southern Canada; less commonly to northern United States (Washington, North Dakota, and New York). Surnia ulula ulula (Linnaeus). [377.] Strix Ulula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 93. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds in forests of Norway north to lat. 70° N., northern Sweden, Finland, northern Russia to lat. 67° N., Siberia, and Kamchatka south to Smolensk and Ulyanovsk in Russia, Altai Mountains, northern Mongolia, northern Manchuria (Kingan Mountains), and Sakhalin. Winters south to Scotland, Germany, Poland, and southern Russia; casually to southern England, Austria, northern Yugoslavia, and Rumania. Accidental in France, Belgium, Switzerland, and western Alaska (St. Michael). Surnia ulula caparoch (Miller). [377a.] Strix caparoch P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, p. 69. Based on The Little Hawk Owl of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, pt. 2, p. 62, pl. 62. (Europa = Hudson Bay.) Breeds from northern Alaska (Jade Mountains; Coldfoot), Yukon (La Pierre House), northwestern and central Mackenzie (Good Hope; Lake Hardisty), ORDER STRIGIFORMES 281 northern Saskatchewan (Fond du Lac), northern Manitoba, northern Quebec (Whale River; Fort Chimo), Labrador (Okak), and Newfoundland south to northern British Columbia (Atlin), central Alberta (Jasper; Glenevis), east- central Saskatchewan (Hudson Bay Junction), northern Michigan (Isle Roy- ale), central Ontario (Lake Temiskaming), southern Quebec (Lochaber), and New Brunswick (Tabusintac). Casual in summer in Idaho (Stanley Butte) and Montana (Summit; Madison River). Winters: south to southern Canada and northern United States; casually to Washington (Martin), northwestern Montana, northeastern North Dakota (Grafton), Nebraska (Raymond), Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong), Illinois (Chicago), southern Michigan (Port Huron), northern Ohio, western New York (Conquest), and New Jersey (Mercer County). Accidental in Scotland and England. Genus GLAUCIDIUM Boie Glaucidium Boie, Isis von Oken, 1826, Bd. 2, col. 970. Type, by subsequent designation, Strix passerina Linnaeus (Gray 1840). Glaucidium gnéma Wagler: PyemMy OWL. Resident from southeastern Alaska and northern British Columbia through the Rocky Mountains and California to the Helene: of the Cape district of Baja California and Guatemala. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Glaucidium gnoma grinnélli Ridgway. [379c.] Glaucidium gnoma grinnelli Ridgway, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 6, 1914, pp. 781 (in key), 791. (Humboldt Bay = mouth of Mad River, California. ) Pacific coast district from southeastern Alaska (Wrangell), through western British Columbia (exclusive of Vancouver Island), western Washington, and western Oregon to coastal districts of northern and central California (to Monterey County); inland to lower Willamette Valley, Oregon, and extreme western Trinity, Napa, and eastern Alameda counties, California. Glaucidium gnoma califérnicum Sclater. [379a.] Glaucidium californicum Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 15, no. 327, (May 26) 1857, p. 4. (Oregon and California = Calaveras County, California. ) Northern interior British Columbia (Doch-da-on Creek, Stikine River; Drift- wood River) and western Alberta south through central and eastern Washing- ton and Oregon (east of lower Willamette Valley, but including upper Rogue River Valley) to inner coast ranges of northern California (Yolla Bolly Moun- tains), Sierra Nevada, and mountains of southern California (San Luis Obispo County to San Diego County); Great Basin ranges and Rocky Mountains from northern Idaho and western Montana through Wyoming, Utah, and western and 282 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS central Colorado (Colorado Springs) to Arizona (except southern border) and northern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen). Glaucidium gnoma swarthi Grinnell. [3795.] Glaucidium gnoma swarthi Grinnell, Auk, 30, no. 2, Apr. (Mar. 31) 1913, p. 224. (Errington, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.) Confined to Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Glaucidium gnoma héskinsii Brewster. [379.1.] Glaucidium gnoma hoskinsii Brewster, Auk, 5, no. 2, Apr. (Feb. 10) 1888, p. 136. (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California.) Cape district of Baja California, north to lat. 26° 30’ N. Glaucidium gnoma gnoma Wagler. [379d.] Glaucidium Gnoma Wagler, Isis von Oken, 1832, Heft 3, col. 275. ( Mexico.) Extreme southern Arizona (Atasco, Pajarito, Santa Rita, Huachuca, and Chiricahua mountains) and the highlands of México from Chihuahua, Nuevo Ledén, and Tamaulipas (Galindo) south through Nayarit and Morelos to Guer- tero (Omilteme, Venta de Zopilote), and Chiapas. Glaucidium brasilidnum (Gmelin)?: FERRUGINOUS OWL. Resident from southern Arizona and the lower Rio Grande Valley south in the lowlands of México, Central America and South America to the Straits of Magellan. Glaucidium brasilianum cactérum van Rossem. [380.] Glaucidium brasilianum cactorum van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, 50, Feb. 23, 1937, p. 27. (between Guaymas and Empalme,.... Sonora.) South-central Arizona (Phoenix and Tucson, west to Agua Caliente), western and northwestern Sonora (Sonoyta) and lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas (Hidalgo County, Brownsville), south to Michoacan, Nuevo Ledén, and Tamaulipas. Genus MICRATHENE Coues Micrathene Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1866, p. 51. Type, by original designation, Athene whitneyi Cooper. Micrathéne whitneyi (Cooper): ELF OWL. Desert areas and oak zone of southeastern California, central Arizona, south- western New Mexico, and southern Texas south to the Cape district of Baja California, the Revilla Gigedo Islands, and central México (Puebla). 1 Strix brasiliana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 289. (Brazil = Ceara.) ORDER STRIGIFORMES 283 Micrathene whitneyi idénea (Ridgway). [381a.] Micropallas whitneyi idoneus Ridgway, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 6, 1914, pp. 807 (in key), 810. (Five miles from Hidalgo, Texas.) Resident in lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas (Hidalgo; Brownsville) south to Guanajuato, Valley of México, and Puebla (Tehuacan). Micrathene whitneyi whitneyi (Cooper). [381.] Athene whitneyi Cooper, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 1, 2, (before Dec.) 1861, p. 118. (Fort Mojave, latitude 35°, Colorado Valley [Arizona].) Breeds from lower Colorado River Valley of California and Arizona (Fort Mojave), southern Arizona (Prescott; Oracle), southwestern New Mexico, and southwestern Texas (Chisos Mountains) south to Sonora (Guirocoba), Guana- juato, México, and Puebla. Casual at Cottonwood Springs, Riverside County, California. Winters largely or entirely south of United States. Micrathene whitneyi sanfordi (Ridgway). [3815.] Micropallas whitneyi sanfordi Ridgway, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 6, 1914, pp. 807 (in key), 809. (Miraflores, Lower California.) Resident, Cape district of Baja California south of lat. 26° N. (Comondit). Genus SPEOTYTO Gloger Speotyto Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg., 1842 (1841), p. 226. Type, by monotypy, Strix cunicularia Molina. Speétyto cunicularia (Molina)*: BURROWING OWL. Plains and unforested areas from southern British Columbia, southern Al- berta, central Saskatchewan, and central southern Manitoba south to Hon- duras; Guadalupe and Revilla Gigedo islands; central and southern Florida; Bahama Islands, Hispaniola, Gonave, Beata, Nevis, Antigua (formerly), and Marie Galante (formerly); Central America and South America, locally, includ- ing Aruba and Margarita islands on the Caribbean coast, to Tierra del Fuego. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Speotyto cunicularia hypugaéa (Bonaparte). [378.] Strix hypugaea Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., vol. 1, 1825, p. 72 (note). (West- ern United States = Plains of the Platte River.) Breeds from southern interior British Columbia (Okanagan), southern AI- berta (Munson), Saskatchewan (Livelong; Rush Lake; Nipawin), and central southern Manitoba (Kildonan) south through eastern Washington and Oregon, Rogue River Valley of Oregon, and California, including the Farallon Islands 1 Strix Cunicularia Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, 1782, p. 263. (Chili = Chile.) 284 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS and Channel Islands, and Baja California, including coastal islands and Guada- lupe Island, east to eastern border of Great Plains in Minnesota (Swift and Martin counties), northwestern Iowa (Paton), central Kansas (Sedgwick County), Oklahoma, central Texas (Bonham; Austin) and Louisiana (Baton Rouge), south at least to central México (southern limits of breeding range not certainly known). Winters over much of breeding range except in the northern Great Basin and Great Plains regions. In migration to southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, and western Florida, and south through southern México and western Central America to western Panama (Chiriqui). Accidental in Indiana, Michigan, southern Ontario, New Hampshire, Massa- chusetts, New York, and Virginia. Speotyto cunicularia floridana Ridgway. [378a]. Speotyto cunicularia var. floridana Ridgway, Amer. Sportsman, 4, no. 14 (n. s. no. 40), July 4, 1874, p. 216. (16 miles east of Sarasota Bay, Manatee County, Florida.) Resident, prairies of central and southern Florida (Hillsborough and Osceola counties; Hendry County; Miami Beach); Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama to Great Inagua). Accidental in Alabama (Blakely Island near Mobile) and Cuba. Genus STRIX Linnaeus Strix Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 92. Type, by tautonymy, Strix stridula Linnaeus (Strix, prebinomial specific name in synonymy) = Strix aluco Linnaeus. Strix varia Barton: BARRED OWL. Northern British Columbia, northern Alberta, central Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia southward, east of the Rocky Mountains, through eastern Montana, eastern Wyoming, and northeastern Colorado to Texas, Louisi- ana, and Florida; and the mountains of México and Central America from Durango, México, and Veracruz south to western Guatemala and Honduras. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. Strix varia varia Barton. [368.] Strix varius Barton, Fragm. Nat. Hist. Pennsylvania, 1799, p. 11. (Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania.) Northern and central British Columbia (rare, Hazeltine Creek, Liard Cross- ing), eastern Montana (Billings; Gallatin County), Alberta (Fort McMurray), central Manitoba (Chemawawin), Ontario (Ingolf, Port Arthur, Amyot, Moose Factory), Quebec (Montreal, Godbout, Anticosti Island), and Nova Scotia (Pictou) south through eastern Wyoming (Bear Lodge) and eastern Colorado (Holyoke) to western Oklahoma (Kenton), northern Arkansas, eastern Ten- nessee, and the mountains of northern Georgia, northwestern South Carolina, and Virginia. Partly migratory in northern parts of range; recorded in winter to Louisiana. ORDER STRIGIFORMES 285 Strix varia geérgica Latham. [368a.] Strix Georgica Latham, Index Orn., Suppl., 1801, p. 15. (Georgia ameri- cana = southern Georgia.) Resident, central Arkansas, western Tennessee, central Georgia, coastal South Carolina, and coastal North Carolina to eastern Texas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Strix varia helvéola (Bangs). [3685.] Syrnium nebulosum helveolum Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1, Mar. 31, 1899, p. 31. (Corpus Christi, Texas.) Resident in south-central Texas from Bexar and Lee counties to Nueces and Brazoria counties; probably northwest to Tom Green County. Strix occidentalis (X4ntus): SPOTTED OWL. Resident, Pacific coast region from forests of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada westward in southwestern British Columbia, Oregon, Washington, and Cali- fornia; southern Rocky Mountains from central Colorado south through eastern Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas to Sonora, Michoacan, Guanajuato, and Nuevo Leén. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Nuevo Leén. Strix occidentalis caurina (Merriam). [369a.] Syrnium occidentale caurinum Merriam, Auk, 15, no. 1, Jan. 1898, pp. 39, 40. (Mt. Vernon, Skagit Valley, Washington.) From southwestern British Columbia (north to Alta Lake, east to Hope) through western Washington (east to Lake Wenatchee, Chelan County; Cle Elum, Kittitas County), western Oregon, and coast ranges of California to San Francisco Bay (Marin County). Strix occidentalis occidentalis (Xantus). [369.] Syrnium occidentale Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 11, sigs. 15-19, Aug.-Sept., 1859 (Jan. 10, 1860), p. 193. (Fort Tejon, California. ) West slope of Sierra Nevada in California from Tehama County to Tulare County, and mountains of southern California from Santa Barbara County to San Diego County. Strix occidentalis luicida (Nelson). [3690.] Syrnium occidentale lucidum Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 16, no. 40, Nov. 30, 1903, p. 152. (Mt. Tancitaro, Michoacan, México.) Northern Arizona (Grand Canyon), southeastern Utah (Navajo Mountain), central Colorado (Park County, Colorado Springs) and western Texas (Guada- lupe Mountains) south into México, where it has been recorded in northern 286 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Sonora (Sierra de Oposura), Chihuahua (Pinos Altos, Vasagota), Michoacan, Guanajuato, and Nuevo Leén (Cerro Potosi). Strix nebuldésa Forster: GREAT GRAY OWL. Lapland, northern Russia, and Siberia to the upper Anadyr, south to central Russia, southern edge of the taiga of Siberia, northern Mongolia (Kentei Mountains), and Sakhalin Island; in the New World from tree limit in Alaska and Mackenzie south in the mountains to the central Sierra Nevada of Cali- fornia, northern Idaho, western Wyoming, western Montana, and east of the mountains to Alberta, Manitoba, northern Minnesota, and Ontario. Partly migratory, wintering south to eastern Germany, south-central Russia, and the Amur, and to northern California, southern Montana, southern Min- nesota, Wisconsin, New York, and Massachusetts, casually farther south. Strix nebulosa nebuloésa Forster. [370.] Strix nebulosa J. R. Forster, Phil. Trans., 62, art. 29, 1772, p. 424. (Severn River [northwestern Ontario].) Breeds in boreal forests from central Alaska (Nulato, Fort Yukon), northern Yukon (La Pierre House), northern Mackenzie (Anderson River), northern Manitoba, and northern Ontario (Severn River) south to the central Sierra Nevada in California (Madera County), northern Idaho (Fort Sherman), west- ern Montana (Lincoln County), Wyoming (Moose), northern Minnesota (near Roseau), and Ontario (Nipissing district) ; found in summer in southern Quebec (Gaspé County). Winters in breeding range, and south and east irregularly to northern Cali- fornia (at lower elevations to Butte County), southern Montana (Billings), southern Minnesota (Goodhue County), Wisconsin (Racine), Michigan, New York (Painted Post; Fulton County), and Massachusetts (Springfield). Casu- ally to southern Idaho (St. Anthony), Nebraska (Omaha), Iowa (Hillsboro), Indiana (Posey County), Ohio (Clark County), and New Jersey (Mendham). Genus ASIO Brisson Asio Brisson, Orn., vol. 1, 1760, pp. 28 (key), 477. Type, by tautonymy, Asio Brisson = Strix otus Linnaeus. Asio é6tus (Linnaeus)!: LONG-EARED OWL. British Isles, western Europe from lat. 66° N., Siberia from lat. 60° N., and Japan south to the Azores, Canary Islands, Morocco, Tunisia, southern Europe, Palestine, Afghanistan, the Himalayas, Manchuria, Korea, and Formosa; south- ern Alaska, southern Mackenzie, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, and Nova Scotia south to northwestern Baja California, southern Ari- zona, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Virginia. In winter south to Egypt, Iraq, northwestern India, and southern China, and to Baja California, central México, Texas, and Florida. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California and Nuevo Leon. 1 Strix Otus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 92. (Europa = Sweden.) ORDER STRIGIFORMES 287 Asio otus wilsonianus (Lesson). [366.] Otus Wilsonianus Lesson, Traité Orn., livr. 2, May 8, 1830, p. 110. (Etats- Unis et principalement dans l’automne Pennsylvanie = Pennsylvania. ) Breeds from southern Manitoba (Shoal Lake), western and southern On- tario, southern Quebec (Lake St. John), New Brunswick (Woodstock), and Nova Scotia (Kentville) south to northern Oklahoma (Kenton, Gate), Arkan- sas, and Virginia. Winters from eastern Canada south to southern Texas (Brownsville), Louisi- ana, Alabama, Florida (Cape Sable), and the Bermudas. Accidental in Cuba. Asio otus tuftsi Godfrey. [366a.] Asio otus tuftsi Godfrey, Can. Field-Nat., 61, no. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1947 (Feb. 13, 1948), p. 196. (South Arm, Last Mountain Lake, Saskatche- wan.) Breeds from southern Mackenzie (Fort Simpson, Fort Providence), central British Columbia (Nulki Lake), and Saskatchewan south to southern California (including Catalina Island), northwestern Baja California (to lat. 30° N.), southern Arizona (Bates Well, Pima County, Santa Rita Mountains), New Mexico (Santa Fe), and western Texas. Winters from southern Canada south to northern Baja California, Sonora (Tiburon Island), and Durango. Accidental in southern Alaska (Taku River). Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan): SHORT-EARED OWL. From Iceland, Norway, Finland, northern Russia, and northern Siberia south to Spain, Italy, Caucasus, Afghanistan, and Sakhalin; Ponapé, Caroline Islands; Hawaiian Islands; northern Alaska, Mackenzie, Baffin Island and central Green- land to California, Utah, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, and Virginia. Hispaniola and Puerto Rico; Galapagos Islands; higher mountains of Colombia and Ecua- dor, and from southern Peri, Bolivia, and southern Brasil to Mas a Tierra Island, Tierra del Fuego, and the Falkland Islands. In winter to Lake Chad, the Nile Valley, western Somaliland, southwestern Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Burma, Malay States and Borneo; Hidalgo, Tamaulipas, Texas, the Gulf coast, and Florida. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Asio flammeus flammeus (Pontoppidan). [367.] Strix flammea Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, vol. 1, 1763, p. 617, pl. 25. (Sweden. ) Breeds in the Old World from Iceland, lat. 70° N. in Norway, northern Finland, northern Russia, across northern Siberia to Anadyr and Kamchatka, south to England, Wales, Eire (rarely Kilkenny), France, Italy, Sicily, Malta, Macedonia, Rumania, Crimea, Caucasus, Kazakh, Afghanistan, and Sakhalin (southern limit in central Asia at present uncertain); in North America 288 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS from northern Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales; Point Barrow), northern Mackenzie (Franklin Bay), District of Keewatin (Cape Eskimo), southeast- ern Baffin Island (Greater Kingwah; Kingnait Fiord), Labrador, and New- foundland south to southern California (San Diego County), northern Nevada (Lee), Utah, northeastern Colorado (Sterling), Kansas (Manhattan, Neosho Falls), Missouri, southern Illinois (Odin), northern Indiana, southern Ohio (Circleville), northwestern New York (Brockport, Buffalo), New Jersey (Cape May), and Virginia (tidewater areas). Winters occasionally almost throughout breeding range, south to the Mediter- ranean, northern Africa, Palestine, northern India, and southeastern China, and from southern British Columbia, east-central Washington, Montana, South Da- kota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, and Massa- chusetts south to Baja California (Cape San Lucas), Oaxaca, Texas, the Gulf coast and Florida (Cape Sable). Casual in Greenland (north to Upernavik District), Bermuda, Cuba, and Guatemala (Volcan de Agua). Accidental on St. Bartholomew. Genus AEGOLIUS Kaup Aegolius Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, p. 34. Type, by monotypy, Strix tengmalmi Gmelin = Strix funereus Linnaeus, 1758. Aegolius funéreus (Linnaeus)*: BOREAL OWL. Scandinavia from lat. 70° N., Arkhangelsk, Ob River at lat. 61° N., Kras- noyarsk, Yakutsk district, and Kolyma River at lat. 68° 41’ N. south in moun- tain forests to the Pyrenees, Alps, Balkan Peninsula (Bulgaria), northern Cau- casus, Tien Shan, Kansu, Manchuria, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka; in winter to Spain and Asia Minor; accidental in Japan (Hokkaido); in North America from northern Alaska, northern Yukon, Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, and Quebec south to northern British Columbia, northern Alberta, Manitoba, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Nova Scotia; in winter to southern British Columbia, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, southern Ontario, and Massachusetts (rarely). Fossil, in the Pleistocene of New Mexico. Aegolius funereus richardsoni (Bonaparte). [371.] Nyctale Richardsoni Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, p. 7. New name for Strix tengmalmi Audubon, Birds Amer., folio, pl. 380. (Ban- gor, Maine.) Breeds from northern Alaska (Nulato; Fairbanks), central-western Yukon (Fortymile), Mackenzie (probably Lake Hardisty), central Saskatchewan (Ni- pawin), northern Manitoba (probably York Factory), northern Ontario (prob- ably Kapuskasing), Quebec (Magdalen Islands), Labrador (Hopedale), and probably Newfoundland south to northern British Columbia (Flood Glacier, Laurier Lake), central Alberta (Athabaska Landing, Belvedere), southern 1 Strix funerea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 93 (in Europa = Sweden.) ORDER STRIGIFORMES 289 Manitoba (probably Winnipeg), western Ontario (probably Wabigoon), and New Brunswick (Grand Manan). Winters in part throughout breeding range but spreads southward to southern British Columbia (Sumas, Okanagan), northern Montana, North Dakota (Fargo), southern Minnesota (Fillmore County), southern Michigan (Free- land), Ontario (north shore of Lake Ontario; Ottawa), southern Quebec, and Massachusetts. Casually to southern Oregon (Fort Klamath), Idaho (Fort Sherman), Colorado (Crested Butte), Nebraska (Lincoln), Illinois (Rockford, Sycamore, Cicero, Kenilworth), Pennsylvania (Allegheny County), New York (Fort Covington; Plattsburg), Connecticut (East Windsor Hill, Kent), and Rhode Island (Providence). Aegolius funereus magnus (Buturlin). [371a.] Nyctala magna Buturlin, Orn. Monatsb., 15, no. 5, May 1907, p. 80. (Kolyma River, 68° 40’ n. [Siberia].) Northeastern Siberia from lat. 68° 41’ N. on the Kolyma River to Kamchatka. Accidental in Alaska (St. Paul Island, January 26, 1911). Aegolius acadicus (Gmelin): SAW-wWHET OWL. Southern Alaska, central British Columbia, central Alberta, southern Sas- katchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Ontario, and central and eastern Quebec south to mountains of southern California and southern Arizona, moun- tains of México to Veracruz and Oaxaca, Oklahoma, central Missouri, Ohio, West Virginia, and Maryland. In winter to lowlands of southwestern United States, Louisiana, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California and Nuevo Leén. Aegolius acadicus aeadicus (Gmelin). [372.] Strix acadica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 296, Based on the Acadian Owl of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 1, p. 149. (in America septen- trionali = Nova Scotia.) Breeds from southern Alaska (Mitkof Island), central British Columbia (Nulki Lake, Indianpoint Lake) exclusive of Queen Charlotte Islands, cen- tral Alberta (Carvel), central Saskatchewan (Nipawin), southern Manitoba (Aweme), northern Ontario (probably from Moose Factory), central and eastern Quebec (Anticosti Island), and Nova Scotia (Sydney) south to southern California (mountains of San Diego County), in the highlands of México to Veracruz, and to Oklahoma (near Tulsa), central Missouri (Bluffton), central Ohio, West Virginia, and Maryland (Cumberland). Winters through breeding range, and to Queen Charlotte Islands, the south- western deserts (Desert Center, California; La Osa, Pima County, Arizona), Louisiana (Madisonville), South Carolina (St. Helena Island), Georgia (Tybee Island), and Florida (Fort Myers). Casual in Bermuda and Newfoundland. 290 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Aegolius acadicus brooksi (Fleming). [372a.] Cryptoglaux acadica brooksi Fleming, Auk, 33, no. 4, Oct. 11, 1916, p. 422. (Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.) Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES: Goatsuckers, Oilbirds, and Allies Suborder CAPRIMULGI: Goatsuckers, Potoos, and Frogmouths Family CAPRIMULGIDAE: Goatsuckers Subfamily CAPRIMULGINAE: Goatsuckers Genus CAPRIMULGUS Linnaeus Caprimulgus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 193. Type, by tautonomy, Caprimulgus europaeus Linnaeus. Caprimulgus, prebinomial specific name in synonymy. Caprimiulgus carolinénsis Gmelin: CHUCK-WILL’s-wipow. [416.] Caprimulgus carolinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1028. Based mainly on The Goat Sucker of Carolina, Caprimulgus Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 8. (in Virginia et Carolina = South Carolina.) Breeds from eastern Kansas (Arkansas City, Independence, Clinton), Mis- souri (Sulphur Springs), southern Illinois (Olney), southern Indiana, southern Ohio (West Union), southern Maryland and southern New Jersey (Cape May), south to central Texas (Kerrville), southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, and southern Florida (Man-o-war Key). Casual north of breeding range to Iowa (Sugar Creek), Indiana (Indian- apolis), Ontario (Point Pelee), Connecticut (New Haven), Massachusetts (Revere; East Boston), New Brunswick (St. John), and Nova Scotia (Pictou). Winters from Louisiana and Florida (in small numbers) south through the Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles (to Vieques and St. Croix islands), eastern and southern México and Central America to Colombia (Medellin, El Tambo, Cauca). Caprimulgus vociferus Wilson: WHIP-POOR-WILL. From central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and southwestern Texas, and from central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western and southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south through most of México to Honduras.! Winters from Sonora, southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and South Carolina to Costa Rica and Cuba. 1 Caprimulgus noctitherus (Wetmore) of Puerto Rico may be conspecific with C. vociferus. ORDER CAPRIMULGIFORMES 291 Caprimulgus vociferus vociferus Wilson. [417.] Caprimulgus vociferus Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 5, 1812, p. 71, pl. 41, figs. 1-3. (Pennsylvania = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.) Breeds from central Saskatchewan (Prince Albert), southern Manitoba (Gyp- sumville), western Ontario (Off Lake, Port Arthur), central Ontario (Sudbury, Uno Park), southern Quebec (Montreal), northern Maine (Presque Isle), New Brunswick (Scotch Lake), and Nova Scotia south (east of the Great Plains) through southeastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and northeastern Oklahoma to northeastern Texas (Troup), northern Louisiana (De Soto and Ouachita parishes), northern Mississippi, central Alabama (Talla- dega Mountains), northern Georgia (Atlanta), northwestern South Carolina, east-central North Carolina, and eastern Virginia. Winters from Sonora, southern Texas, southern Louisiana (Baton Rouge), southern Alabama, and east-central South Carolina (Mount Pleasant) south through eastern México and Florida to El Salvador and Honduras, casually to Costa Rica and Cuba; rarely north to eastern North Carolina (New Bern). Casual in Colorado (Fort Collins), southwestern Saskatchewan (Eastend), and Quebec (Harrington Harbor, Saguenay County; Gaspé Peninsula). Caprimulgus vociferus arizénae (Brewster). [417a.] Antrostomus vociferus arizonae Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 6, no. 2, Apr. 1881, p. 69. (Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona.) Breeds from central Arizona (Bradshaw Mountains, Sierra Ancha), south- ern New Mexico (Chloride), and southwestern Texas (Guadalupe and Chisos mountains) south in mountains of México to Sinaloa, Durango, and Guana- juato. Winters in Guanajuato and Michoacan. Genus PHALAENOPTILUS Ridgway Phalaenoptilus Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880, p. 5. Type, by original designation, Caprimulgus nuttallii Audubon. Phalaen6ptilus niuttallii (Audubon): Poor-wiLt. From southern interior British Columbia, southeastern Montana, northwest- ern South Dakota, Nebraska, and southwestern Iowa south on the Pacific coast from central California to southern Baja California and through eastern Kansas and central Texas to central México (Guanajuato). Winters from central Cali- fornia, southern Arizona, and southern Texas southward. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Nuevo Leoén. Phalaenoptilus nuttallii nattallii (Audubon). [418.] Caprimulgus Nuttallii Audubon, Birds Amer., octavo ed., vol. 7, 1844, p. 350, pl. 495. (Upper Missouri = between Fort Pierre and mouth of Cheyenne River, South Dakota.) Breeds from southern interior British Columbia (Clinton), southern Alberta, southern Montana (Valley, Gallatin, Fergus, and Prairie counties), north- 292 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS western South Dakota (Slim Buttes), and Nebraska south through eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and eastern California (east of the Cascade Mountains and the Sierra Nevada) to the Mohave Desert, central and south- eastern Arizona, Sonora, and Coahuila (Saltillo), east to eastern Kansas (Law- rence), northwestern Oklahoma (Woods and Cimarron counties), and southern Texas (San Antonio); casual in southwestern Iowa (Pottawattamie County). Winters from eastern California (Death Valley), southern Arizona (Tucson), and southern Texas (El Paso, Kerrville) south to Sonora (Tiburén Island), Guanajuato, and Coahuila. Casual in western Washington, western Oregon, and southwestern California (San Diego County). Phalaenoptilus nuttallii califérnicus Ridgway. [418b.] Phalaenoptilus nuttallii californicus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, p. 588, note. (Nicasio and Calaveras County, California = Ni- casio, Marin County.) Breeds from Rogue River Valley, Oregon, and the head of the Sacramento Valley (Shasta and Lassen counties), California, south along west slopes of the Sierra Nevada and coast ranges to coastal southern California and north- western Baja California to lat. 30°. Winters from central California (Stockton; Alameda County) south through breeding range. Casual in Del Norte County, California, in winter, and on coastal islands in spring migration. Phalaenoptilus nuttallii hieyi Dickey. [418c.] Phalaenoptilus nuttallii hueyi Dickey, Condor, 30, no. 2, Mar. 15, 1928, p. 152. (Bard, Imperial County, California.) Breeds in valley of lower Colorado River in southeastern California, south- western Arizona, northeastern Baja California, and extreme northwestern Sonora. Probably resident. Phalaenoptilus nuttallii aduistus van Rossem. [418e.] Phalaenoptilus nuttallii adustus van Rossem, Condor, 43, no. 5, Sept. 18, 1941, p. 247. (Bates Well, Pima County, Arizona, altitude 1,500 feet.) Breeds in southwestern Arizona (Bates Well, Pima County), from east of the Colorado Valley to the Pajaritos Mountains, south to central Sonora (Mocte- zuma River Valley) and possibly to southern Sonora (Agiabampo). Phalaenoptilus nuttallii dickeyi Grinnell. [418d.] Phalaenoptilus nuttallii dickeyi Grinnell, Condor, 30, no. 2, Mar. 15, 1928, p. 153. (San Ignacio, latitude 27°, Lower California.) Resident in Baja California from lat. 30° N. south to the Cape district. 1 Birds of the Shasta and upper Klamath valleys, California, probably do not belong to this race. ORDER CAPRIMULGIFORMES 293 Genus NYCTIDROMUS Gould Nyctidromus Gould, Icones Av., pt. 2, 1838, pl. (12) and text. Type, by monotypy, Nyctidromus derbyanus Gould. Nyctidromus albicollis (Gmelin)*: PAURAQUE. Southern Texas and Sinaloa south through México, Central America, and northern South America to eastern Pert, Bolivia, Paraguay, northeastern Argen- tina (Entre Rios), and southern Brasil (Rio Grande do Sul). Also Tres Marias, Mujeres, and Cozumel islands, México. Nyctidromus albicollis mérrilli Sennett. [419.] Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli Sennett, Auk, 5, no. 1, Jan. 1888, p. 44. (Nueces River, Nueces Co., Texas.) Breeds from the lower Rio Grande Valley (Starr County) and southern Gulf coast of Texas (Refugio County) south to San Luis Potosi and northeastern Puebla. Winters in the breeding range and south to southern Veracruz (Tres Zapotes) and Puebla. Subfamily CHORDEILINAE: Nighthawks Genus CHORDEILES Swainson Chordeiles Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 496. Type, by original designation, Caprimulgus virginianus Gmelin = Caprimulgus minor J. R. Forster. Chordeiles minor (Forster): COMMON NIGHTHAWK. Summer resident from southern Yukon, lower Mackenzie Valley, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, Quebec, and Newfound- land south to southern California, central Nevada, northwestern, central, and southeastern Arizona, northeastern Sonora, Durango, Chiapas, Bahama Islands, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. In winter, South America from Colombia and Venezuela south to central Argentina. Chordeiles minor minor (Forster). [420.] Caprimulgus minor J. R. Forster, Cat. Anim. North Amer., 1771, p. 13. Based on The Whip-poor Will of Catesby, Carolina, vol. 2, App., p. 16, 1743. (No locality given = South Carolina.) Breeds from southern Yukon (Tatchun River), the upper Mackenzie Valley (Simpson), northern Saskatchewan (Reindeer River), northern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake; west coast of James Bay), and central Quebec (Lake Mistassini) south through southeastern Alaska to Van- couver Island, western Washington (Cascades westward), south-central British 1 Caprimulgus albicollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1030. (Cayenne.) 294 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Columbia, central Alberta (Banff), southern Manitoba, western Ontario, central Minnesota, Iowa, central and eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, northeastern Oklahoma, northwestern Arkansas (Pettigrew), southern Illinois (Odin), In- diana (except extreme southwest), Kentucky (except extreme west), central Tennessee (Chattanooga), northern Georgia (Ellijay), western North Carolina, and southern Virginia. Winters in South America, from Colombia (Antioquia; Bogota) and Ven- ezuela (Orinoco Valley) south to central Argentina (La Plata). In migration through the West Indies, México, and Central America. Accidental in northern Alaska (Koyukuk River, Point Barrow), northern Yukon (La Pierre House), Melville Island, Labrador (Grand Falls; Makkovik), Newfoundland, southwestern Greenland (Kangamiut), Bermuda, the Scilly Islands, and Yugoslavia (Pétervarad, 1845) .1 Chordeiles minor hésperis Grinnell. [420d.] Chordeiles virginianus hesperis Grinnell, Condor, 7, no. 6, Nov. 22, 1905, p. 170. (Bear Lake, 6700 feet, San Bernardino Mountains, California.) Breeds from northern Washington (east of the Cascade Mountains) and southeastern British Columbia (Trail, Cranbrook) south to northwestern Cali- fornia (rarely to Humboldt Bay), in interior California from the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino Mountains, and through western Montana, northwestern Wyoming (Yellowstone Park), and Idaho to central Nevada (Sharp) and cen- tral Utah. Winter range unknown; presumably in South America. Recorded in migra- tion in Colorado (Estes Park), Kansas (Hamilton), New Mexico (Tres Pie- dras), Texas (Brownwood), Louisiana, Campeche, and Nicaragua. Chordeiles minor sénnetti Coues. [420c.] Chordiles [sic] popetue Sennetti Coues, Auk, 5, no. 1, Jan. 1888, p. 37. (50 miles west of Pembina, Minn. and Wharton Co., Texas = 50 miles west of Pembina, North Dakota.) Breeds from eastern Montana (east of the Rocky Mountains), southern Sas- katchewan (Davidson), extreme southwestern Manitoba (Whitewater Lake), and northern North Dakota (Pembina) south to southeastern Wyoming (Uva), Nebraska (except extreme east), extreme north-central Colorado, northwestern Iowa (Sioux City; Dickinson County), and southwestern Minnesota (Madison). Winters in South America. Recorded in migration in eastern Colorado (Barr), Kansas (Burlington, Hamilton), Ohio (Cleveland), Oklahoma (Pawhuska), Louisiana, and Colombia (Bogota, Cicuta). Chordeiles minor héwelli Oberholser. [420e.] Chordeiles virginianus howelli Oberholser, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 86, (Apr. 6) 1914, pp. 25 (in key), 57. (Lipscomb, Texas.) Breeds from north-central Wyoming (north to Big Horn County), north- eastern Utah (Uinta Basin), Colorado (except the southwestern portion), 1 See Stresemann, Orn. Monatsb., 31, 1923, p. 18. The locality, given as Hungary, is now included in Yugoslavia. ORDER CAPRIMULGIFORMES 295 and central Kansas south to northeastern New Mexico (Cuervo), western and central Oklahoma (Lawton), and north-central Texas (Giddings). Winter range presumably in South America. Recorded in migration in south- ern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, Campeche, and Nicaragua. Chordeiles minor hénryi Cassin. [420a.] Chordeiles Henryi Cassin, Ilustr. Birds California, Texas, etc., pt. 8, (Mar. 13) 1855, p. 239. (Fort Webster, New Mexico.) Breeds from southeastern Utah (Garfield County) and southwestern Colo- rado (Montrose) south through mountains of Arizona (south of Grand Can- yon) and New Mexico (except northeastern section) to the mountains of east- ern Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango (Nombre de Dios), and western Texas (Presidio and Pecos counties). Winters in South America (recorded near San Gil, Santander, Colombia). Reported in migration in Louisiana, Tamaulipas, Jalisco, Campeche, and Oaxaca. Chordeiles minor aserriénsis Cherrie. [420f.] Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis Cherrie, Auk, 13, no. 2, Apr. 1896, p. 136. (valley of the River Aserri, San José, C[osta] R[ica].) Breeds from central southern Texas (Edwards, Bexar, and Fort Bend coun- ties) south to extreme northern Tamaulipas (Matamoros). Winters in South America (recorded from Riofrio, Magdalena, Colombia). Reported in migration in Louisiana, Campeche, and Costa Rica. Chordeiles minor chapmani Coues. [420).] Chordiles [sic] popetue Chapmani Coues (ex Sennett MS.), Auk, 5, no. 1, Jan. 1888, p. 37. (Gainesville, Florida.) Breeds from northeastern Texas (Bowie County) and south-central Arkansas (Delight; Stuttgart) north along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to southern Illinois (Mount Carmel), southwestern Kentucky (Hickman), and western Tennessee; eastward across northern Mississippi, north-central Alabama, cen- tral Georgia (Augusta), South Carolina, and central North Carolina (Raleigh) ; south to the coast in eastern Texas (Galveston), Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, and to southern Florida (Miami). Winters in South America from western Brasil (Mato Grosso) south to northern Argentina (provinces of Santiago and Entre Rios). In migration in Campeche, Yucatan, and Colombia (Pizarro, Choco). Chordeiles minor vicinus Riley. [420g.] Chordeiles virginianus vicinus Riley, Auk, 20, no. 4, Oct. 1903, p. 432. (Long Island, Bahama Islands.) Breeds through the Bahama Islands, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico and on Stock Island, near Key West, Florida.t Recorded (presumably nesting) from 1 Recorded originally as C. m. gundlachii on basis of two skins in worn plumage. Examination of additional specimens has shown that the breeding bird of the lower 296 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS the southern Florida Keys (Upper Matecumbe, Boca Chica, and Key West). Winter range presumably in South America. Chordeiles acutipénnis (Hermann)*: LeEsseER NIGHTHAWK. Interior of central and southern California, southern Nevada, western and central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and southwestern and southern Texas south through México and Central America to western Peri, northern Chile, northern and eastern Bolivia, and southern Brasil (state of Sado Paulo); also Venezuela (including Margarita Island), Trinidad, and Tobago. Winters from southern Baja California and Sinaloa southward. Chordeiles acutipennis texénsis Lawrence. [421.] Chordeiles texensis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 6, Dec. 1857, p. 167. (Texas = Ringgold Barracks near Rio Grande City.) Breeds from interior central California (Red Bluff; Santa Clara County; Bishop), southern Nevada (Fish Lake), extreme southwestern Utah (Virgin River Valley), western and central Arizona (Fort Verde), southern New Mexico (Socorro, Lakewood), and southwestern and southern Texas (Pecos, Kerrville) south to about lat. 30° N. in Baja California, Guanajuato, Puebla, and Veracruz. Winters from central Sinaloa, Durango, Veracruz, and Cozumel Island to western Colombia (Noanama), rarely north to southern California (Long Beach, Calexico) and southwestern Arizona (Phoenix; Menager’s Dam). Re- corded in spring in southern Louisiana (Cameron). Casual on Santa Barbara Island, California, and in Colorado (Trinidad). Chordeiles acutipennis inférior Oberholser. [421a.] Chordeiles acutipennis inferior Oberholser, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 86, Apr. 6, 1914, pp. 24 (in key), 109. (Triunfo, Lower California.) Breeds in Baja California from about lat. 30° N. south to the Cape district and from about lat. 29° N. on the coastal plain of Sonora, and from Yucatan, south through western and southern México to Guatemala and British Hon- duras. Winters in the Cape district of Baja California and in some numbers through- out the mainland breeding range. Recorded in winter or on migration south- ward to El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Panama (Canal Zone). Florida Keys is C. m. vicinus. This form and the related race gundlachii of Cuba and Jamaica, while superficially similar to Chordeiles minor, have such distinct call notes that they may prove to be specifically separable. 1 Caprimulgus acutipennis Hermann, Tab. Affin. Anim., 1783, p. 230. (Cayenne = French Guiana.) ORDER APODIFORMES 297 Order APODIFORMES: Swifts and Hummingbirds Suborder Apopi: Swifts Family APODIDAE: Swifts Subfamily CHAETURINAE: Spine-tailed Swifts Genus CYPSELOIDES Streubel Cypseloides Streubel, Isis von Oken, Heft 5, 1848, col. 366. Type, by sub- sequent designation, Hemiprocne fumigata Streubel (Sclater, 1865). Cypseloides niger (Gmelin): BLACK SWIFT. From southeastern Alaska, British Columbia, and western Montana to Costa Rica; the Greater and Lesser Antilles from Cuba to St. Vincent; Trinidad; and the Merumé Mountains, British Guiana. Winters in tropical America. Cypseloides niger borealis (Kennerly). [422.] Cypselus borealis Kennerly, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 9, sigs. 14- 16, Oct.-Dec. 1857 (May 1, 1858), p. 202. (Simiahmoo Bay, Puget Sound, Washington Territory.) Breeds from southeastern Alaska (Portage Cove and Boca de Quadra), British Columbia (Telegraph Creek; Hazelton), and southern Alberta (Jasper and Banff) south to southern California (Santa Cruz, Hemet), Nayarit, Puebla, and Veracruz, and in southwestern Colorado (Howardsville). Winter range not determined but apparently in tropical America. Recorded in migration in Arizona, New Mexico, eastern Colorado, Baja Californa, Du- rango, Tlaxcala, México, Oaxaca, and Guatemala. Genus CHAETURA Stephens Chaetura Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zo6l., vol. 13, pt. 2, Feb. 18, 1826, p. 76. Type, by subsequent designation, Chaetura pelasgia Stevens (sic) = Hirundo pelagica Linnaeus (Swainson, 1829). Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus): CHIMNEY SWIFT. [423.] Hirundo pelagica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 192. Based on The American Swallow, Hirundo cauda aculeata americana Catesby, Carolina, vol. 2, App., p. 8. (in America = South Carolina.) Breeds from southeastern Saskatchewan (Carrot River), southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, Cape Breton Island, and Nova Scotia south to southeastern Texas (Houston), Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, and central Florida. 1 Hirundo nigra Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1025. (in insulae S. Dominici et Cayennae = Hispaniola.) 298 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters in the upper Amazon drainage, being recorded from northeastern Pert (Rio Yanayacti) between the Putumayo and Napo rivers. Recorded in migration from Nuevo Le6én, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, Vera- cruz, Cozumel Island, Guatemala, British Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. Casual in western North Dakota (Sanish), Montana (Charlson, Miles City), New Mexico (Rinconada, Mimbres River), and Utah (Keysville). Accidental in Bermuda (several records), Newfoundland (St. George’s, Cod- roy), and Greenland (Sukkertoppen) .? Chaetura vaixi (Townsend): VAux’s SWIFT. Distribution discontinuous. From southeastern Alaska and northern British Columbia to Central America, Cozumel Island, and eastern Panama; and in northern Venezuela. Winters casually north to central California and south- ern Louisiana but chiefly from southern México to Panama. Chaetura vauxi vauxi (Townsend). [424.] Cypcelus [sic] Vauxi J. K. Townsend, Narr. Journ. Rocky Mountains, etc., 1839, p. 348. (Columbia River = Fort Vancouver, Washington.) Breeds from southeastern Alaska (Chickamin River, probably Baranof Is- land), northern British Columbia, and western Montana (probably) south through Oregon and Washington, chiefly west of the Cascades and Sierra Ne- vada, to central California (Santa Cruz County). Casual in summer in Alberta (Jasper National Park, July 6, 1918). Winters casually in central California (Muir Beach, Marin County, December 22) and Louisiana (Baton Rouge, October to March); regularly from southern México to Guatemala. Occurs in migration east of the breeding range in Nevada, Idaho, and Ari- zona, in Baja California, and from Sonora and Veracruz southward. Chaetura vauxi tamaulipénsis Sutton. [424a.] Chaetura vauxi tamaulipensis Sutton, Wilson Bull., 53, no. 4, Dec. 20, 1941, p. 231. (Rancho Rinconada, along the Sabinas River . . . in the vicinity of . . . Gémez Farias, southwestern Tamaulipas.) Breeds in southwestern Tamaulipas and southeastern San Luis Potosi. Winter range not known; recorded casually in southern Arizona (Fort Huachuca Reservation, Cochise County) and Guatemala (taken in November). Subfamily APoDINAE: Typical Swifts Genus APUS Scopoli Apus Scopoli, Intr. Hist. Nat., 1777, p. 483. Type, by tautonymy, Hirundo apus Linnaeus. 1A supposed winter record for Baton Rouge, Louisiana (Bent, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 176, 1940, p. 291), pertains to Vaux’s Swift. ORDER APODIFORMES 299 Apus pacificus (Latham): WHITE-RUMPED SWIFT. Northeastern Asia from the western Altai to Kamchatka, the Komandorskie and Kurile islands, Japan, Korea, and Formosa south to northern India, south- ern China, the Malay and Shan States, and Thailand. Apparently resident in the northern Himalayas and Burma; more northern populations winter chiefly in Australia. Apus pacificus pacificus (Latham). [424.1.] Hirundo pacifica Latham, Index Orn., Suppl., 1801, p. Iviii. (New Holland = New South Wales.) Breeds from the Altai Mountains of Siberia to Kamchatka and the Koman- dorskie Islands south to the mountains of northern Mongolia, Szechwan, the Yangtse Valley, Kansu, and Japan. Winters in Australia and (occasionally) in Tasmania, in migration through Formosa. Accidental at St. George Island, Alaska (August 1, 1920). Apus apus (Linnaeus)': COMMON SwIFT. From northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and central Siberia to southern Manchuria, south to northern Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, northern Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Kashmir, and northeastern China; in winter to Africa and Madagascar. Apus apus pekinénsis (Swinhoe). [424.2.] Cypselus pekinensis Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 435. (Pekin, China.) Breeds from Cyprus, Asia Minor, Iran, Turkestan, northwestern Mongolia, and southern Manchuria south to Palestine, southern Iraq, Baluchistan, Kash- mir, Kansu, and Chihli. Winters in Africa to the Kalahari Desert and Transvaal; in migration to India. Accidental on St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska (June 28, 1950).? Genus AERONAUTES Hartert Aéronautes Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 16, 1892, pp. 436 (in key), 459. Type, by monotypy, Cypselus melanoleucus Baird = Acanthylis saxatalis Woodhouse. Aéronatites saxatalis (Woodhouse): WHITE-THROATED SWIFT. From southern British Columbia and southern Alberta (possibly) to Mon- tana and northwestern South Dakota, south in the mountains to Guatemala and 1 Hirundo Apus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 192. (in Europae altis = Sweden.) 2 Specimen collected by K. W. Kenyon. 300 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS El Salvador. Winters from central California, central Arizona, and southwestern New Mexico southward. Aéronautes saxatalis saxatalis (Woodhouse). [425.] Acanthylis saxatalis Woodhouse, in Sitgreaves, Rep. Exped. Zuni and Colo- rado Rivers, 1853, p. 64. (Inscription Rock, New Mexico.) Breeds from southern British Columbia (Vaseaux Lake and Okanagan Val- ley), Idaho, western Colorado, New Mexico, and western Texas (Davis and Chisos mountains) south to the Cape region of Baja California (including the Santa Barbara Islands and Guadalupe Island), Sinaloa, and Guanajuato. Winters from the San Francisco Bay region in central California, central Arizona (Big Sandy and Phoenix), and southwestern New Mexico (Hachita and Chloride) south to south-central México. Accidental in Michigan (Hillsdale, August 1926). Aéronautes saxatalis sclateri Rogers. [425a.] Aéronautes saxatilis [sic] sclateri Rogers, Auk, 56, no. 4, Oct. 1939, p. 465. (Loveland, Larimer County, Colorado.) Breeds from Montana (possibly from southern Alberta) and northwestern South Dakota south to eastern Colorado and western Nebraska. Winter range unknown but probably in México. Accidental in Arkansas (Hot Springs National Park, May 4, 1935). Recorded in migration in southwestern Texas (Davis Mountains). Suborder TRocHILI: Hummingbirds Family TROCHILIDAE: Hummingbirds Genus CALOTHORAX Gray Calothorax G. R. Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, p. 13. Type, by original designation, C. cyanopogon (Lesson) = Cynanthus lucifer Swainson. Caloth6rax licifer (Swainson): LUCIFER HUMMINGBIRD. [437.] Cynanthus Lucifer Swainson, Phil. Mag., n.s., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 442. (Temiscaltipec = Temascaltepec, México.) Breeds in mountain areas in eastern and central México; nesting reported in Durango, Guanajuato, and Nuevo Ledén; recorded from Sinaloa, Durango, and Nuevo Leén south to Chiapas. Winters, presumably, in the breeding range, but migratory in the north. Casually north in summer to Chisos Mountains, Texas (several records). Accidental at Fort Bowie, Arizona. ORDER APODIFORMES 301 Genus ARCHILOCHUS Reichenbach Selasphorus 8 Archilochus Reichenbach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1, Extra-H., Beil., 1854, p. 13. Type, by monotypy, Trochilus alexandri Bourcier, i.e., Bourcier and Mulsant. Archilochus eélubris (Linnaeus); RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD. [428.] Trochilus Colubris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 120. Based on The Hummingbird, Mellivora avis carolinensis Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 65. (in America imprimis septentrionali = South Carolina.) Breeds from central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia (except Cape Breton Island) south to southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, and southern Florida, west to eastern North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, central Nebraska, central Kansas, central Oklahoma, and east-central Texas. Winters from southern Sinaloa (Escuinapa) and southern Texas (Port Ar- thur) south through México (including Cozumel and Holbox islands) and Central America to Costa Rica, casually to western Panama (Chiriqui); and in southern Alabama (Fairhope) and southern (occasionally northern) Florida (Pensacola, Tallahassee, Jacksonville). Casual in Alaska (St. Michael), northern Ontario, Anticosti Island, Labrador, western Cuba, New Providence Island, and Bermuda. Archilochus alexandri (Bourcier and Mulsant): BLACK-CHINNED HUM- MINGBIRD. [429.] Trochilus Alexandri Bourcier and Mulsant, Ann. Sci. Phys, Nat. Agr. Ind., Soc. Roy. etc., Lyon, 9, 1846, p. 330. (Sierra Madre [Occidental], Mexico. ) Breeds from southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Montana (Columbia Falls) south through western Montana, central Idaho, western Colorado, New Mexico, and south-central and southwestern Texas (Kerrville, San Antonio, Chisos Mountains) to northern Baja California (Sierra San Pedro Martir, Cerro Prieto), Sonora, and extreme northwestern Chihuahua (San Luis Mountains). Winters from southeastern California (Palm Springs), northern Baja Cali- fornia, and Sonora to Michoacan, Guanajuato and Distrito Federal; recorded in migration or wandering east to Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas and south to Guerrero and Veracruz; accidental in Louisiana (Baton Rouge). Genus CALYPTE Gould Calypte Gould, Monogr. Trochil., pt. 11, May 1856, pls. (5-7) [=pls. 134-136 of vol. 3] and text. Type, by subsequent designation, Ornismya costae Bourcier (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, 1875). 302 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Calypte céstae (Bourcier): CostTa’s HUMMINGBIRD. [430.] Ornismya Costae Bourcier, Rev. Zool., 2, no. 8, Oct. 1839, p. 294. (la Californie = Magdalena Bay, Baja California.) Breeds from central California (southern Monterey, Merced, and Inyo coun- ties), southern Nevada (from Toiyabe Mountains), and southwestern Utah (Beaverdam Mountains) south to the Santa Barbara Islands, southern Baja California including all near-shore islands, southern Arizona (south from Fort Mojave and Fort Grant), and southwestern New Mexico (Cliff) to Sonora, including Tiburén and San Esteban islands, and Sinaloa. Winters over most of the breeding range, from southern California (Ven- tura, Los Angeles, Riverside, and San Diego counties) and southwestern Ari- zona (Williams River) southward. Casual in the San Francisco Bay region (Oakland). Calypte anna (Lesson): ANNA’S HUMMINGBIRD. [431.] Ornismya Anna Lesson, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouches, “Mai” (1829), p. xxxj; (1830), p. 205, pl. 74. (la Californie = San Francisco, California.) Breeds in California west of the Sierra Nevada and southern coastal moun- tains from Humboldt, Shasta, and Tehama counties south to the Sierra San Pedro Martir and San Quintin in northwestern Baja California; extends to Santa Cruz Island, California, and Guadalupe Island, Baja California. Winters over the breeding range; additionally, north to Humboldt Bay and to islands off the coast of California (Farallones and Santa Barbara group) and Baja California (Los Coronados, Todos Santos, Guadalupe, Cedros, and Nativi- dad islands) and on the Baja California mainland south at least to Catavifia at lat. 29° 45’ N. Also winters in considerable numbers eastward from southern California across southern Arizona to northern Sonora (Punta Pefascosa and Los Pinitos). Accidental in Texas (Chisos Mountains, October 23, 1936). Genus SELASPHORUS Swainson Selasphorus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 324. Type, by monotypy, Trochilus rufus Gmelin (Gray, 1855). Selasphorus platycércus (Swainson): BROAD-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD. From east-central California, northern Nevada, northern Wyoming, eastern Colorado, New Mexico, and southwestern Texas to southern México and the highlands of Guatemala. Winters from central México southward. Selasphorus platycercus platycéreus (Swainson). [432.] Trochilus platycercus Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 441. (No locality given = México.) Breeds from the mountains of east-central California (Inyo region), northern Nevada, northern Utah, and northern Wyoming (Yellowstone National Park, ORDER APODIFORMES 303 Midwest) south to southeastern California (Clark Mountain), northeastern Sonora (Sierra de Oposura), Guanajuato, México, Distrito Federal, and south- western Texas (Chisos Mountains). Winters in central and southwestern México; recorded south to Oaxaca. Casual in summer in Oregon (Mount Vernon, Enterprise), Idaho (Big Butte, Spencer), Montana (Glacier National Park, Chico), and Nebraska. Selasphorus riifus (Gmelin): RUFOoUS HUMMINGBIRD. [433.] Trochilus rufus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 497. Based on the Ruffed Honey-sucker of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 290. (in sinu Americae Natka = Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.) Breeds from southeastern Alaska, southern Yukon, east-central British Co- lumbia, southwestern Alberta (Banff), and western Montana (Belton, Ana- conda, Red Lodge) south through Washington and Oregon (chiefly west of the Cascades), to the Trinity Mountain region of northwestern California and southern Idaho. Winters in México south to Guerrero, México, and Veracruz; casual or acci- dental in fall migration and winter east to Alberta (Camrose), Saskatchewan (Eastend), Nebraska (Scotts Bluff and Logan counties), Oklahoma (Kenton, Cimarron County), Texas (Brownsville), Louisiana (Baton Rouge), South Carolina, and Florida (Pensacola, November and December). Selasphorus sdsin (Lesson): ALLEN’s HUMMINGBIRD. From the coastal district of southern Oregon south to Ventura County, California; migrating through Arizona and Baja California to winter to north- western México; resident on most of the Santa Barbara Islands. Selasphorus sasin sasin (Lesson). [434.] Ornismya sasin Lesson, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouches, “Mai” (1829), p. xxx; (1830), p. 190, pls. 66, 67. (la Californie, la cote N. O. d’ Amérique = San Francisco, California.) Breeds from southwestern Oregon (Curry County) south along a narrow coastal strip in California to Ventura County; east to Trinity County. Winters in northwestern México to Sinaloa; in fall migration in Arizona (east to Santa Catalina, the Mule Mountains and Bisbee) and in spring in Baja California from lat. 26° northward, including Los Coronados and Cedros islands. Accidental in Washington (Seattle). Selasphorus sasin sedentarius Grinnell. [434a.] Selasphorus alleni sedentarius Grinnell, Condor, 31, no. 5, Sept. 16, 1929, p. 226. (Smuggler’s Cove, San Clemente Island, California.) Resident on Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, Anacapa, Santa Catalina, and San Clemente islands of the Santa Barbara group, California. 304 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus ATTHIS Reichenbach Trochilus 6 Atthis Reichenbach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1, Extra-H., Beil., 1854, p. 12. Type, by subsequent designation, Ornismyia heloisa Lesson and Delattre (G. R. Gray, 1841). Atthis heloisa (Lesson and Delattre): HELOISE’s HUMMINGBIRD. From the mountains of southwestern Chihuahua, southeastern Sinaloa, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas south to Oaxaca and Veracruz; accidental in Arizona. Atthis heloisa heloisa (Lesson and Delattre). [435.] Ornismya Heloisa Lesson and Delattre, Rev. Zool., 2, no. 1, Jan. 1839, p. 15. (Jalapa et Quatepu = Coatepec, Veracruz.) Resident over most of the Mexican highlands from San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas south to Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Veracruz. Accidental in the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona (2 specimens, July 2, 1896). Genus STELLULA Gould Stellula Gould, Intr. Troch., 1861, p. 90. Type, by monotypy, Trochilus calliope Gould. Stéllula calliope (Gould): CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD. [436.] Trochilus (Calothorax) Calliope Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 15, no. 168, (Mar. 29) 1847, p. 11. (Mexico = Real del Monte, Hidalgo.) Breeds in mountainous areas from central British Columbia (Vanderhoof, Quesnel) and southwestern Alberta (Banff) south through Washington, Oregon, Nevada, and California to northern Baja California (Sierra San Pedro Martir); east to Utah and western Colorado. Winters in México south to Guerrero. Accidental in Saskatchewan (Shaunavon) and eastern Colorado; casual in southwestern Texas (El Paso). Genus EUGENES Gould Eugenes Gould, Mon. Troch., pt. 12, Sept. 1856, pl. (7) (=pl. 59 of vol. 2) and text. Type, by monotypy, Trochilus fulgens Swainson. Euigenes fulgens (Swainson)*: RIVOLI’S HUMMINGBIRD. Mountains of southern Arizona and southern New Mexico south to El Salvador and northern Nicaragua.? 1Trochilus fulgens Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 441. (Temiscaltipec = Temascaltepec, México.) 2 The closely related Eugenes spectabilis (Lawrence) of Costa Rica and Panama is sometimes regarded as a subspecies of E. fulgens. ORDER APODIFORMES 305 Eugenes fulgens aureoviridis van Rossem. [426.] Eugenes fulgens aureoviridis van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 52, Feb. 4, 1939, p. 7. (Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona.) Breeds in the mountains from southern Arizona (Santa Rita, Santa Catalina, Pinaleno, Huachuca, and Chiricahua mountains) and southwestern New Mexico (San Luis Mountains) south through eastern Sonora, western Chihuahua, western Durango, and Sinaloa, to northern Jalisco (Sierra de Nayarit; Sierra Bolafios). | Winters in México, probably in the southwest.1 Genus LAMPORNIS Swainson Lampornis Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, June 1827, p. 442. Type, by monotypy, Lampornis amethystinus Swainson. Lampornis cleménciae (Lesson): BLUE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD. Mountains of southern Arizona, southwestern Texas, Nuevo Leoén, and Tamaulipas south to Oaxaca. Lampornis clemenciae cleménciae (Lesson). [427a.] Ornismya Clemenciae Lesson, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouches (1829), p. xlv; (1830), p. 216, pl. 80. (le Mexique = México.) Breeds from the mountains of western Texas (Chisos Mountains) south through the Central Plateau and the Sierra Madre Oriental of México to Oaxaca. Winters in México, descending to the lowlands. Lampornis clemenciae besséphilus (Oberholser). [427.] Cyanolaemus clemenciae bessophilus Oberholser, Condor, 20, no. 5, Sept. 27, 1918, p. 181. (Fly Park, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona.) Breeds from the mountains of southeastern Arizona (Santa Rita, Santa Cata- lina, Huachuca, and Chiricahua mountains) and southwestern New Mexico (San Luis Mountains) south along the Sierra Madre Occidental to northwestern Durango and southwestern and southeastern Sinaloa. In winter to lower elevations; recorded in Chihuahua. Genus AMAZILIA Lesson Amazilia Lesson, Echo du Monde Savant, 1843, col. 757. Type, by subse- quent designation, Ornismya cinnamomea Lesson = Ornismia rutila Delattre (Stone, 1918). Amazilia tzacatl (De la Llave): RIEFFER’s HUMMINGBIRD. From southern Tamaulipas south through eastern México and Central Amer- ica to Colombia (including Gorgona Island), western Ecuador, and Venezuela. 1 Sight record near Spicer, Jackson County, northern Colorado, late June and July 1942. Bailey, Auk, 62, 1943, pp. 630-631. 306 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Amazilia tzacatl tzacatl (De la Llave). [438.] Trochilus Tzacatl De la Llave, Registro Trimestre, 2, no. 5, 1833, p. 48. ( Mexico.) Breeds from southern Tamaulipas (Tampico) south through eastern México, British Honduras, eastern Guatemala, Honduras, eastern and central Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama to Colombia (except the southwest portion) and western Venezuela (Andes of Mérida). Winters throughout the breeding range. Accidental at Fort Brown, Texas (2 specimens, June and July 1876). Amazilia yucatanénsis (Cabot)?: BUFF-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD. From the lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, northern Coahuila, northern Nuevo Ledn, and northern Tamaulipas south through Veracruz and Yucatan to Guatemala (Petén) and British Honduras. Resident except in the extreme northern portion of the range. Amazilia yucatanensis chaleonota Oberholser. [439.] Amazilia cerviniventris chalconota Oberholser, Auk, 15, no. 1, Jan. 1898, p. 32. (Beeville [= Brownsville], Texas.) Breeds from the lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas (Brownsville) south through Coahuila, Nuevo Ledén, and Tamaulipas to San Luis Potosi and north- eastern Veracruz. Winters in southern Tamaulipas and Veracruz. Amazilia verticalis (Deppe)?: WIOLET-CROWNED HUMMINGBIRD. From Sonora and western Chihuahua to Puebla, Guerrero, and Chiapas; casual in Arizona. Amazilia verticalis éllioti (Berlepsch).* [439.1.] Uranomitra ellioti Berlepsch, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 11, Sept. 25, 1889, p. 562. (Mazatlan, Sinaloa.) Breeds from northeastern Sonora, southwestern Chihuahua, and Sinaloa south on the Pacific slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental to Colima, and from there east to Hidalgo. Winters from southeastern Sonora southward. Casual in Arizona (Palmerlee, Huachuca Mountains; Paradise, Chiricahua Mountains). 1 Trochilus yucatanensis Cabot, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, 1845, p. 74. (Yucatan. ) 2 Trochilus verticalis “Lichtenst.” W. Deppe, Preis.-Verz. Saugeth ... Vog.... Mexico, 1830, p. 1. (No locality given = Veracruz.) 3 Replaces Amazilia salvini Brewster, of previous editions of the Check-list, since the type of salvini is considered to be a hybrid between A. v. ellioti and Cynanthus latirostris. ORDER APODIFORMES 307 Genus HYLOCHARIS Boie Hylocharis Boie, Isis von Oken, 1831, col. 546. Type, by subsequent desig- nation, Trochilus leucotis Vieillot (Gray, 1855). Subgenus BASILINNA Boie Basilinna Boie, Isis von Oken, 1831, col. 546. Type, by subsequent desig- nation, Trochilus leucotis Vieillot (G. R. Gray, 1855). Hylochdris xantusii (Lawrence): XANTUS’ HUMMINGBIRD. [440.] Amazilia Xantusii Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 7, 1860, p. 109. (Cape San Lucas, Lower California = San Nicolas, 10 miles northeast of Cape San Lucas, Baja California.) Resident in the southern half of Baja California, casually north to lat 20° N. including San José Island, and probably other islands in the Gulf of California. Hylocharis leucétis (Vieillot)1: WHITE-EARED HUMMINGBIRD. In mountains from southern Arizona southward over the highlands of México to El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Hylocharis leucotis borealis Griscom. [440.1.] Hylocharis leucotis borealis Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 379, Oct. 17, 1929, p. 10. (Pinos Altos, Chihuahua [México].) Breeds, or at least occurs in summer, from the Santa Rita, Huachuca, Santa Catalina, and Chiricahua mountains, southern Arizona, to the mountains of Sonora, Chihuahua, northern Sinaloa, and northern Durango; reported also from western Tamaulipas (Galindo; Realito). Winters from southern Sonora and Chihuahua southward; casually as far north as the Huachuca Mountains (December 31, 1919). Genus CYNANTHUS Swainson Cynanthus Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 441. Type, by subsequent designation, Cynanthus latirostris Swainson (Stone, 1907). Cynanthus Jatiréstris Swainson?: BROAD-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD. From western Sonora, south-central Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, southwestern Texas, and Tamaulipas south to Chiapas on the western slope and northern Veracruz on the east. 1 Trochilus leucotis Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 23, Sept. 1818, p. 428. (au Brésil = Orizaba, Veracruz.) 2 Cynanthus latirostris Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 441. (Table land ? [of México] = Valley of México, near México City.) 308 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Cynanthus Iatirostris magicus (Mulsant and Verreaux). [441.] Hylocharis magica Mulsant and Verreaux, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n. s., 18, Jan. 31, 1872, p. 110. (Mazatlan, Basse Californie = Mazatlan, Sinaloa.) Breeds from south-central Arizona (Baboquivari, Pajarito, Santa Catalina, Huachuca, Chiricahua, and Guadalupe mountains) and southwestern New Mexico (Cloverdale Mountains) south through Sonora, Chihuahua, and Du- rango to Zacatecas, Jalisco, Colima, and Aguascalientes. Winters from central Sonora southward. Order TROGONIFORMES: Trogons Family TROGONIDAE: Trogons Genus TROGON Brisson Trogon Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 42; vol. 4, p. 164. Type, by subse- quent designation, Trogon viridis Linnaeus = Trogon strigilatus Linnaeus (Stone, 1907). Trégon élegans Gould': CoPpPERY-TAILED TROGON. From the mountains of southern Arizona and (casually) the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, south through México, including the Tres Marias Islands, and Central America to northwestern Costa Rica. Trogon elegans canéscens van Rossem. [389a.] Trogon elegans canescens van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., 77, no. 7, Dec. 29, 1934, p. 441. (San Javier, Sonora, Mexico.) Breeds from south-central Arizona (Santa Rita and Huachuca mountains; possibly Santa Catalina Mountains) and extreme northwestern Chihuahua (San Luis Mountains) south on the western drainage, through the foothills and low- lands of Sonora, Chihuahua, and Sinaloa (Mazatlan). Winters in northwestern México from about lat. 28° 30’ N. southward. Trogon elegans ambiguus Gould. [389.] Trogon ambiguus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 3, no. 27, (June 1) 1835, p. 30. (in Mexico in plagis Septentrionalibus = [probably] Bolafios, Jalisco.) Resident from Durango, central Nuevo Leén, and central Tamaulipas south through eastern, central, and southwestern México to the Isthmus of Tehuan- tepec; casual north to the lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas (Ringgold Bar- racks, near Rio Grande City; Fort Brown; Las Cuevas). 1 Trogon elegans Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 2, no. 15, 1834, p. 26. (apud Guatimala, in Mexico = [probably] Escuintla, Guatemala.) ORDER CORACIIFORMES 309 Order CORACIIFORMES: Kingfishers, Motmots, Rollers, Bee-eaters, and Hornbills Suborder ALCEDINEs: Kingfishers, Todies, Motmots Superfamily ALCEDINOIDEA: Kingfishers Family ALCEDINIDAE: Kingfishers Subfamily CERYLINAE: Typical Kingfishers Genus MEGACERYLE Kaup Megaceryle Kaup, Verh. naturhist. Ver. Grossherz. Hessen, 2, 1848, p. 68. Type, by subsequent designation, Alcedo guttata Vigors = Ceryle gut- tulata Stejneger (Sharpe, 1871). Subgenus STREPTOCERYLE Bonaparte Streptoceryle Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, 2, no. 11, Aug. 1854, p. 320 (Consp. Volucr. Anisod., 1854, p. 10). Type, by subsequent designa- tion, Alcedo torquata Linnaeus (Gray, 1855). Megacéryle aleyon (Linnaeus): BELTED KINGFISHER. From northwestern Alaska, southern Yukon, southwestern Mackenzie, cen- tral Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, Ontario, central Quebec, and central Labrador to Panama, southern California, southern New Mexico, the Gulf coast, and Florida; in winter to Curagao, and throughout the West Indies to Trinidad; and Bermuda. Megaceryle aleyon Aleyon (Linnaeus). [390.] Alcedo alcyon Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 115. Based on the Kingfisher, Ispida Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 69. (in America = South Carolina.) Breeds in Yukon (Teslin, Sheldon Lake, Lapie River), and northeastern British Columbia, and east of the Rocky Mountains from Mackenzie (Fort McPherson, Fort Wrigley, Fort Smith), central Saskatchewan (Knee Lake, Pelican Lake), Manitoba (Oxford Lake), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Moosonee), central Quebec, east-central Labrador (Grand Falls), and New- foundland south to southern Texas (Pecos, Giddings, Corpus Christi), southern Louisiana (Bird Island, Bayou Sara), southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, and southern Florida (Flamingo). Winters from British Columbia (Barkley), Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts (less commonly from Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, Vermont, New Hamp- shire, and Maine) south through western Texas (Fort Clark), eastern México, and Central America to eastern Panama (Darién); the Caribbean and West Indian islands to Curagao, Bonaire, and Trinidad; Bermuda. 310 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Accidental in Greenland, Iceland (Westman Islands), England, Netherlands (December 1899), and the Azores (Flores). Megaceryle aleyon caurina (Grinnell). [390a.] Ceryle alcyon caurina Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 5, no. 12, Mar. 5, 1910, p. 388. (Graveyard Point, Montague Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska.) Breeds from central Alaska (Kobuk River, Fairbanks) and southwestern Yukon south to southern California (San Diego) and southern New Mexico (Chloride), east to the eastern Rocky Mountains, including extreme south- western Alberta and the Black Hills in southwestern South Dakota. Winters from southeastern Alaska (Wrangell, Sitka), southern British Co- lumbia (Okanagan and coast region), western Montana, and Wyoming (Wheat- land) south to the Cape region of Baja California and in western México to Chihuahua, Durango, and Nayarit (Tres Marias Islands); southern limits of the winter range imperfectly known. Megaceryle torquata (Linnaeus): RINGED KINGFISHER From southern Sinaloa, Nuevo Leén, and Tamaulipas south along both coasts of México, Central America, and South America to Tierra del Fuego; Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Martinique in the Lesser Antilles. Megaceryle torquata torquata (Linnaeus). [390.1.] Alcedo torquata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 180. Based mainly on Le Martin-pescheur hupé du Mexique, Ispida Mexicana cris- tata Brisson, Orn., vol. 4, p. 518. (Mexico and Martinica = México.) Resident from southern Sinaloa (Mazatlan), the Tres Marias Islands, Nuevo Leén, and Tamaulipas (Rio Cruz; Tamaulipas) south through the lowlands of México, Central America, the Island of Trinidad, and most of South America to Peri, Bolivia, northern Argentina, and Uruguay. Accidental on the lower Rio Grande in Texas (Laredo, June 2. 1888). Genus CHLOROCERYLE Kaup Chloroceryle Kaup, Verh. naturhist. Ver. Grossherz. Hessen, 2, 1848, p. 68. Type, by subsequent designation, Alcedo superciliosa Linnaeus = Alcedo aenea Pallas (Sharpe, 1871). Chlorocéryle americana (Gmelin)*: GREEN KINGFISHER. From south-central Arizona and southern Texas south through tropical Méx- ico, Central America, and South America, including the islands of Tobago and Trinidad, to western Peri, southern Bolivia, central Argentina, and Uruguay. 1 Alcedo americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 451 (Cayenne = French Guiana.) ORDER PICIFORMES 311 Chloroceryle americana septentriondlis (Sharpe). [391.] Ceryle septentrionalis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 17, 1892, p. 134. (Lower California .... to Panam4a=Teapa, Tabasco, México.) Resident from Nayarit on the west coast of México and from south-central Texas (Mason, Kerr, Bexar, and Comal counties) south through tropical Méx- ico to Guatemala and El Salvador. Casual north to northeastern Texas (Decatur, Wise County). Chloroceryle americana hachisukai (Laubmann). [391a.] Ceryle americana hachisukai Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 22, 1940 (Jan. 25, 1941), p. 165. New name for Chloroceryle americana leucosticta van Rossem and Hachisuka, preoccupied. (Rancho La Ari- zona, near Saric, extreme northern Sonora, Mexico.) Resident from extreme northern Sonora (Rancho La Arizona, Cajén Bonito Creek) and west-central Texas (Valverde County) south through northwestern México to Nayarit; casually north to the Santa Cruz River (near Patagonia) and the San Pedro River (Fairbank), southern Arizona. Order PICIFORMES: Woodpeckers, Jacamars, Toucans, and Barbets Suborder Pict: Woodpeckers and Wrynecks Family PICIDAE: Woodpeckers and Wrynecks Subfamily JyNGINAE: Wrynecks Genus JYNX Linnaeus Jynx Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 112. Type, by monotypy, Jynx torquilla Linnaeus. Jynx torquilla Linnaeust: WRYNECK. Breeds from England, northern Scandinavia, and northern Russia across Siberia to the Okhotsk Sea and Sakhalin south to Spain, northern Algeria, the Balkans, Turkestan, Baluchistan, Kashmir, northern Szechwan, the Yangtze Valley, and Japan; and in winter south to equatorial Africa, southern India, Burma, Thailand, northern Indochina, and southern Japan (Shikoku and Kyushu). Jynx torquilla chinénsis Hesse. [415.1.] Jynx torquilla chinensis Hesse, Orn. Monatsb., 19, no. 11, Nov. 1911, p- 181. (Tsingtao, China.) Breeds from northern Manchuria and Sakhalin to Kashmir and central China. Migrates south to eastern India, Thailand, and Indochina. Accidental in For- mosa (Tainan), and Alaska (Wales, September 8, 1945). 1 Jynx Torquilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 112. (in Europa = Sweden.) 312 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Subfamily PicinaAE: Woodpeckers Genus COLAPTES Vigors Colaptes Vigors, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 14, pt. 3, 1826, p. 457 (note). Type, by original designation, Cuculus auratus Linnaeus. Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus): YELLOW-SHAFTED FLICKER. North America from limit of trees in central Alaska, northwestern Macken- zie, northern Manitoba, James Bay, central Quebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland south (east of the Rocky Mountains) to southern Texas, the Gulf coast, the Florida Keys, Cuba, and Grand Cayman. Accidental in England (Wiltshire, 1836). Colaptes auratus borealis Ridgway. [412b.] Colaptes auratus borealis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24, Feb. 24, 1911, p. 31. (Nulato, lower Yukon R[iver], Alaska.) Breeds from limit of trees in central Alaska, northwestern Mackenzie, north- ern Manitoba (Churchill), James Bay, central Quebec, and southern Labrador (Kaipokok Bay, lat. 55° N.) south to central and eastern British Columbia and the northern border of the United States from eastern Montana to northern Minnesota, central Ontario (Lake Nipigon, Lake Abitibi), and Anticosti Island. Winters from near the northern limits of its breeding range (in small num- bers) south to southern California, Arizona, Kansas, the Gulf coast of Louisi- ana and Mississippi, Georgia, West Virginia, and Virginia. Casual on St. George, Pribilof Islands, on the Bering Sea and Arctic coasts of Alaska, and in northern Quebec and Newfoundland. Colaptes auratus liteus Bangs. [412a.] Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs, Auk, 15, no. 2, Apr. 1898, p. 177. (Water- town, Mass.) Breeds from eastern Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, southeastern Labrador (Chateau Bay), and Newfoundland south (east of the Rocky Mountains) to northern Texas, northern Arkansas, southeastern Missouri, Kentucky, and southern Virginia, and in the mountains to eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. Winters from southeastern South Dakota (Yankton, Vermillion, Sioux Falls), Minnesota (casual north to Otter Tail, Clay, and St. Louis counties), southern Wisconsin (North Freedom, Milwaukee), the southern third of Michigan, southern Ontario (Plover Mills, Hamilton, Toronto), Newfoundland (St. John’s), New York, and Maine (Waterville) to southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and northern Florida (St. Marks, Whitfield). Accidental in Arizona (Santa Rita and Chiricahua mountains) and Oregon. ORDER PICIFORMES 313 Colaptes auratus auratus (Linnaeus). [412.] Cuculus auratus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 112. Based on The Golden-winged Wood-pecker, Picus major, alis aureis Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 18. (in Carolina = South Carolina.) Breeds from eastern Texas, eastern Oklahoma, southeastern Kansas, southern Arkansas, southeastern Missouri, Tennessee, North Carolina (except in the mountains), and southeastern Virginia to the Gulf coast and southern Florida. Mainly resident. Casual in Kentucky (Brownsville, November)1!; formerly to Key West, Florida. Colaptes cafer (Gmelin): RED-SHAFTED FLICKER. Southeastern Alaska, central British Columbia, west-central Alberta, south- western Saskatchewan, and central North Dakota southward along the western portion of the Great Plains (where it hybridizes with C. auratus) to northern Baja California and the Mexican mainland to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of Oregon and California. Colaptes cafer cafer (Gmelin). [413a.] Picus cafer Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 431. (ad caput bonae spei=Bay of Good Hope, Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.) Breeds from southern Alaska (Sitka, Portage Cove) southward through western and southern British Columbia (including Vancouver Island), through western Washington west of the Cascade Mountains, and Oregon west of the Cascades (except the Rogue River Valley in Jackson and Josephine counties), to Humboldt County, California. Mainly resident, but some withdraw in winter from the north. Colaptes cafer collaris Vigors. [413.] Colaptes collaris Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, no. 15, Oct. 1828 (Jan. 1829), p. 354. (N. W. coast of America = Monterey, California.) Breeds from southern British Columbia east of the Cascade Mountains (north to the Cariboo Parklands and Yellowhead Pass), southern Alberta, and south- western Saskatchewan southward east of the Cascades in Washington and Oregon and through the greater part of California (except the northwestern section and the Mojave and Colorado deserts), including Santa Cruz Island, east to the western edge of the Great Plains, south to northwestern Baja Cali- fornia (western slope of the Sierra Juarez and Sierra San Pedro Martir), eastern Sonora, Chihuahua, and western Texas, and at higher elevations to Durango and Zacatecas. Winters from southern British Columbia (Okanagan Landing), Montana, and South Dakota south to northern Baja California, Oaxaca, and Veracruz. Casual in migration to northern Alberta (Fort Chipewyan), Manitoba (Winni- peg), Iowa, western Missouri (Kansas City), eastern Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, 1 Wetmore, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 88, Apr. 23, 1940, p. 538. 314 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Arkansas (Van Buren), and eastern Texas (Gainesville, Waco, Somerset, Brownsville). Colaptes cafer rufipileus Ridgway. [415.] Colaptes mexicanus rufipileus Ridgway, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., 2, no. 2, Apr. 1876, p. 191. (Guadeloupe = Guadalupe Island, Baja California.) Extinct. Formerly resident on Guadalupe Island off the west coast of Baja California. Last reported in June 1906. Colaptes cafer nanus Griscom. [413c.] Colaptes cafer nanus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 75, no. 10, Jan. 1934, p. 381. (Ipina, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.) Resident from Brewster County, Texas, south to Coahuila, Nuevo Ledn, San Luis Potosi, and southern Tamaulipas. Colaptes chrysoides (Malherbe): GILDED FLICKER. Southeastern California and central southeastern Arizona (San Pedro River near Benson) south through Baja California and through Sonora to northern Sinaloa. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Nuevo Leén. Colaptes chrysoides mearnsi Ridgway. [414a.] Colaptes chrysoides mearnsi Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24, no. 9, Feb. 24, 1911, p. 32. (Quitovaquita, Arizona.) Resident in the lower Colorado Valley (north to vicinity of Needles), in southeastern California and central Arizona, south to northeastern Baja Cali- fornia and western Sonora to about lat. 29° N., including Tiburén Island. Colaptes chrysoides brunnéscens Anthony. [4145.] Colaptes chrysoides brunnescens Anthony, Auk, 12, no. 4, Oct. 1895, p. 347. (San Fernando, Lower California.) Resident in central Baja California between lat. 30° N. and 28° N. Colaptes chrysoides chrysoides (Malherbe). [414.] Geopicus (Colaptes) chrysoides Malherbe, Rev. et Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 4 (no. 12), Dec. 1852, p. 553. (l’Amérique = Cape San Lucas, Baja California.) Resident in Baja California from lat. 28° N. southward. Genus DRYOCOPUS Boie Dryocopus Boie, Isis von Oken, 2, 1826, col. 977. Type, by monotypy, Picus martius Linnaeus. ORDER PICIFORMES 315 Dryocopus pileatus (Linnaeus): PILEATED WOODPECKER. Forested regions from southern Mackenzie, southern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, Anticosti Island, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to central California, central Texas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California and Tennessee. Dryocopus pileatus picinus (Bangs). [405c.] Phloeotomus pileatus picinus Bangs, Proc. New England Zodél. Club, 4, Apr. 2, 1910, p. 79. (Sumas, British Columbia.) Resident from central and northeastern British Columbia to the Rocky Moun- tains (north at least to Hazelton, Thutade Lake, and Fort Nelson River) south through Washington, western Idaho, western Montana, and Oregon to Cali- fornia (through the coast range to Sonoma County), casually to Marin County, in the interior through the Sierra Nevada to the Greenhorn Mountains. Casual in southeastern Utah (Bluff), northern Arizona (Kaibab Plateau), and south- western New Mexico. Dryocopus pileatus abieticola (Bangs). [405a.] Ceophloeus pileatus abieticola Bangs, Auk, 15, no. 2, Apr. 1898, p. 176. (Greenville, Maine.) Breeds from southern Mackenzie, southern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, Anticosti Island, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to extreme northeastern British Columbia, western Alberta, northeastern Kansas (Linn County), northern Missouri, northern Illinois (formerly), northern In- diana, northeastern Ohio, Pennsylvania (except southeastern portion), New Jersey, New York, western Connecticut, and western and central Massachusetts. Mainly resident, but casual in winter to southern Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Dryocopus pileatus pileatus (Linnaeus). [405.] Picus pileatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 113. Based mainly on The larger red-crested Wood-pecker, Picus niger maximus capite rubro Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 17. (in America = South Carolina.) Resident from southeastern Kansas, Oklahoma, central Missouri, southern Indiana, southern Illinois, Kentucky, West Virginia, southeastern Pennsylvania, and Maryland to the Gulf coast and Georgia. Dryocopus pileatus floridanus (Ridgway). [405b.] Phloeotomus pileatus floridanus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24, Feb. 24, 1911, p. 33. (Prevatt’s Camp, 24 miles s.w. of Kissimmee, Florida.) Resident throughout the Florida Peninsula to Key Largo. 1 According to Trautman, the Pileated Woodpeckers of Ohio, except as noted here, are intergrades with D. p. pileatus. 316 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus CENTURUS Swainson Centurus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Birds, vol. 2, July 1, 1837, p. 310. Type, by subsequent designation, C. carolinus L. = Picus carolinus Lin- naeus (Gray, 1840). Centurus carolinus (Linnaeus): RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER. Southeastern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, extreme southern Ontario, western New York, and Delaware south to southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and the Florida Keys to Key West. Local in distribution in the more northern areas. Centurus carolinus zébra (Boddaert). [409a.] Picus zebra Boddaert, Table Planch. Enlum, 1783, p. 43. (la Louisiane = Baton Rouge, Louisiana.) Resident from southeastern Minnesota (Hennepin County), south-central Wisconsin (North Freedom), southern Michigan (Saginaw County, formerly from Lake County), southwestern Ontario (Middlesex County, formerly from Wellington and Halton counties), and western New York south through Iowa and eastern Nebraska to central Texas and the Mississippi Delta. Eastward limits appear to be the upper Ohio Valley, central Kentucky, central Tennessee, and central Mississippi.? Accidental in Colorado (Limon). Centurus carolinus carolinus (Linnaeus). [409.] Picus carolinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 113. Based on the Red-bellied Wood-pecker, Picus ventre rubro Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 19. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Resident from eastern Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland, and southeastern Pennsylvania south through eastern Tennessee, Alabama, and southeastern Mississippi! to the Gulf coast and central Florida. Centurus carolinus perpléxus Burleigh and Lowery. [4095.] Centurus carolinus perplexus Burleigh and Lowery, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., no. 17, Dec. 30, 1944, p. 298. (Cape Sable, near Flamingo, Monroe County, Florida.) Resident in the lower Florida Peninsula (from Venice, Fort Myers, and Stuart south) and on the Florida Keys (to Key West). Centurus carolinus harpdceus Koelz. [409c.] Centurus carolinus harpaceus Koelz, Contr. Inst. Regional Expl., 1, pt. 3, Sept. 24, 1954, p. 32. (Matagorda, Matagorda County, Texas.) Resident in eastern Texas from Austin and Houston to the Gulf coast (Chambers County south to Cameron County). 1The definite boundary between the two subspecies zebra and carolinus remains to be determined. ORDER PICIFORMES 317 Centurus aurifrons (Wagler): GOLDEN-FRONTED WOODPECKER. Eastern Chihuahua, southwestern Oklahoma, Texas, and Tamaulipas south to northern Nicaragua, including islands off the coast of Yucatan and the Bay Islands of Honduras. Centurus aurifrons incanéscens Todd. [410a.] Centurus aurifrons incanescens Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 30, Dec. 16, 1946, p. 298. (12 miles south of Marathon, Brewster County, Texas.) Resident from extreme southwestern Oklahoma and western and central Texas south to northeastern Chihuahua and northern Coahuila. Centurus aurifrons aurifrons (Wagler). [410.] Picus aurifrons “Lichtenst.,” Wagler, Isis von Oken, 22, Heft 5 (May), 1829, col. 512. (Mexico = Ismiquilpam, Hidalgo.) Resident from southern Texas (Eagle Pass, San Antonio, Seguin) south through eastern Coahuila (Monclova) to Jalisco, Michoacan, México, and central Tamaulipas. Centurus uropygialis Baird: GiLA WOODPECKER. Resident from southeastern California, southwestern Nevada, southern Ari- zona, and southwestern New Mexico to southern Baja California, Jalisco, and Aguascalientes. Centurus uropygialis uropygialis Baird. [411.] Centurus uropygialis Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, no. 3, May-June (Oct. 20) 1854, p. 120. (Bill Williams Fork of Colorado River, New Mexico [Arizona].) Resident from southern Arizona (except the lower Colorado Valley) and southwestern New Mexico south to northern and central Sonora. Centurus uropygialis albéscens van Rossem. [41il1c.] Centurus uropygialis albescens van Rossem, Condor, 44, no. 1, Jan. 15, 1942, p. 22, fig. 8. (Laguna Dam, lower Colorado River, Imperial County, California.) Resident in the Imperial Valley of California and in the Colorado River Valley from southern Nevada to northeastern Baja California and northwestern Sonora. 1 Centurus hoffmanii of Nicaragua and Costa Rica is closely allied and may prove to belong to this species. 318 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Centurus uropygialis cardonénsis Grinnell. [411a.] Centurus uropygialis cardonensis Grinnell, Condor, 29, no. 3, May 15, 1927, p. 168. (Mouth of Cafion San Juan de Dios, within ten miles east of El Rosario, near latitude 30°, Baja California.) Resident in Baja California between lat. 30° N. and 28° N., extending north on the eastern side of the peninsula along the western rim of the Colorado Desert nearly to the California line. Centurus uropygialis bréwsteri Ridgway. [411b.] Centurus uropygialis brewsteri Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24, Feb. 24, 1911, p. 32. (Santiago, southern Lower California.) Resident in Baja California from lat. 28° N. south to the Cape district. Genus MELANERPES Swainson Melanerpes Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 316. Type, by monotypy, Picus erythrocephalus Linnaeus. Subgenus MELANERPES Swainson Melanérpes erythrocéphalus (Linnaeus): RED-HEADED WOODPECKER. From southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western and southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New York, and southern New Hampshire to north- ern New Mexico, central Texas, the Gulf coast, and Florida. Melanerpes erythrocephalus caurinus Brodkorb. [406a.] Melanerpes erythrocephalus caurinus Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 303, Jan. 8, 1935, p. 2. (Lodgepole Creek, 2 miles northwest of Chappell, Deuel County, Nebraska.) Breeds from southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, and western Ontario south through central Montana, eastern Wyoming, and eastern Colorado to northern New Mexico and northwestern Texas, east to western Minnesota, cen- tral South Dakota, central Nebraska, central Kansas, and central Oklahoma. Migratory in the north. Casual in Alberta, Utah, and Arizona. Melanerpes erythrocephalus erythrocéphalus (Linnaeus). [406.] Picus erythrocephalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 113. Based on The Red-headed Wood-pecker, Picus capite toto rubro Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 20. (in America = South Carolina.) Breeds from southern Ontario, New York, and southern New Hampshire (rare and local east of the Hudson and Delaware rivers) south to central Texas, the Gulf coast, and Florida (except the Cape Sable region and the Florida Keys), west to Minnesota (except western portion), eastern Nebraska, eastern ORDER PICIFORMES 319 Kansas, and eastern Oklahoma; casual in southern Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia; accidental on the Dry Tortugas, Florida. Irregularly migratory in the northern part of its range; in recent years re- duced in abundance in various localities in the Middle Atlantic States. Subgenus BALANOSPHYRA Ridgway Balanosphyra Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24, Feb. 24, 1911, p. 34. Type, by original designation, Picus formicivorus Swainson. Melanerpes formicivorus (Swainson): ACORN WOODPECKER. Southwestern Oregon, California west of the Sierra Nevada, Arizona, and west-central Texas to southern Baja California, and through the highlands of México and Central America to western Panama. Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi Ridgway. [407a.] Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi Ridgway, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 21, 1881, pp. 34, 85. (California . . . . western Mexico, down to Colima at least = Petaluma, California.) Resident from southwestern Oregon (Umpqua River) south over the greater part of California west of the Sierran divide to the Baja California boundary, including Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz islands. Melanerpes formicivorus formicivorus (Swainson). [407.] Picus formicivorus Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 439. (Temiscaltipec = Temascaltepec, Mexico.) Resident from Arizona, New Mexico, and west-central Texas southward to Oaxaca, Puebla, and Veracruz. Casual in southeastern California (Eagle Moun- tain, central Riverside County). Melanerpes formicivorus mariirénsis (Grinnell and Swarth). [407d.] Balanosphyra formicivora martirensis Grinnell and Swarth, Condor, 28, no. 4, July 15, 1926, p. 176. (La Jolla . . . . Sierra San Pedro Martir, Lower California.) Resident in northern Baja California, chiefly on the western slopes of the Sierra San Pedro Martir and Sierra Juarez, from near the United States border south to about lat. 31° N. Melanerpes formicivorus angustifrons Baird. [407).] Melanerpes formicivorus var. angustifrons Baird, in Cooper, Geol. Surv. California, Orn., vol. 1, 1870, p. 405. (Cape San Lucas [Baja Cali- fornia].) Resident in the mountains of the Cape district of Baja California. 320 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus ASYNDESMUS Coues Asyndesmus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 17, no. 1, Jan.- Mar. (June 11) 1866, p. 55. Type, by original designation, Picus tor- quatus Wilson = Picus lewis Gray. Asyndésmus léwis (Gray): LEwis’ WoopPECKER. [408.] Picus Lewis “Drapf[iez],” Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. 3, 1849, App., p. 22. New name for Picus torquatus Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 31, preoccu- pied. (No locality mentioned = Montana, about lat. 46° N.) Breeds from southern British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, western Alberta (Jasper Park), Montana (Lewiston, Billings), and southwestern South Dakota to southern California (Kern County), central Arizona, and southern New Mexico, east to northwestern Nebraska and eastern Colorado. Winters regularly from northern Oregon (Portland, The Dalles), occasionally from southern British Columbia (southern Vancouver Island and Okanagan Valley), south to northern Baja California, northern Sonora, and southern Arizona, and from central Colorado and south-central Nebraska to southern New Mexico and western Texas. Casual in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, north- western Iowa, eastern Kansas, and Oklahoma. Accidental in Illinois and Rhode Island. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Genus SPHYRAPICUS Baird Sphyrapicus Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xviii, xxviii, 80, 101. Type, by original designation, Picus varius Linnaeus. Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus): YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER. From southeastern Alaska, southern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, southern Labrador, Anticosti Island, and Newfound- land to the mountains of southern California, central Arizona, northern New Mexico, southeastern South Dakota, eastern Missouri, central Illinois, north- western Indiana, northern Ohio, western Pennsylvania, northern New York, and central New England southward in the Alleghenies to Tennessee, North Carolina, and northern Georgia. In winter south to northern Baja California, western Panama, the Gulf coast, and Florida; less commonly to the Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles, and islands in the western part of the Caribbean Sea. Sphyrapicus varius varius (Linnaeus). [402.] Picus varius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 176. Based mainly on The yellow belly’d Wood-pecker, Picus varius minor, ventre luteo Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 21. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Breeds from central Mackenzie, northeastern British Columbia, central Al- berta, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Moosonee), ORDER PICIFORMES 6 | southern Quebec, southern Labrador (Hamilton River Valley), Anticosti Island, and Newfoundland south to southern Alberta (Red Deer), South Dakota, Iowa, eastern Missouri, central Illinois, northwestern Indiana, northern Ohio, western Pennsylvania, southwestern New York, western Massachusetts, northwestern Connecticut, and in the mountains to northwestern Virginia. Casual in summer in Yukon and extreme eastern Nebraska. Winters from Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, the Ohio Valley, and southern New Jersey (more rarely farther north) through the southern United States to Texas, the Gulf coast, Florida, México, Central America to western Panama, islands in the western and southern Caribbean (Swan Island, Providence, St. Andrews Island, Aruba), the Bahama Islands, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Anegada, St. Martin, Guade- loupe, and Dominica. Accidental in Wyoming, eastern Colorado, Arizona, southwestern Greenland, and Bermuda. Sphyrapicus varius appalachiénsis Ganier. [402).] Sphyrapicus varius appalachiensis Ganier, Migrant, 25, no. 3, Sept. (Oct. 22), 1954, p. 40 and plate. (Unicoi Mountains, 4400 feet, Monroe County, Tennessee.) Breeds in the mountains from southwestern Virginia through eastern Tennes- see and western North Carolina to northwestern Georgia. Recorded at present only from the breeding range. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis Baird. [402a.] Sphyrapicus varius var. nuchalis Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xxviii, 103. (Mimbres River, New Mexico.) Breeds in the Rocky Mountain region from south-central British Columbia (Cariboo Parklands region) and southwestern Alberta south on the east slope of the Cascade Mountains to northeastern California (also in the White Moun- tains of eastern California), Nevada (except the region of Lake Tahoe), central Arizona, northern New Mexico, and extreme western Texas. Winters from the southern part of its breeding range southward through central and southern California, Baja California, and northern México to Jalisco, Durango, and Coahuila. Casual in Kansas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. Accidental in Guatemala. Sphyrapicus varius riber (Gmelin). [403a.] Picus ruber Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 429. Based on the Redbreasted Woodpecker of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 1, p. 562. (in Cayenna = Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island.) Breeds from southeastern Alaska (Skagway), Queen Charlotte Islands, Van- couver Island, and coastal and central interior British Columbia (Hazelton, Stuart Lake, Quesnel, Tupper Creek) to the Willamette Valley and the coastal 1 Breeding here in company with S. v. varius. See Cowan, Occ. Pap. British Co- lumbia Prov. Mus., no. 1, 1939, p. 36. 322 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS ranges of Oregon; occasionally east of the Cascades in Washington (Yakima County) and Oregon (Deschutes County). Mainly resident except in interior British Columbia. Accidental in Arizona (Chiricahua Mountains). Sphyrapicus varius daggetti Grinnell. [403.] Sphyrapicus varius daggetti Grinnell, Condor, 3, no. 1, Jan. 15, 1901, p. 12. (Pasadena, California.) Breeds from the mountains of southern Oregon (Josephine, Jackson, and Klamath counties)! south into California, to Mendocino County, and along the Sierra Nevada to Kern County, extending into extreme western Nevada (Lake Tahoe) and recurring on the higher mountains of southern California from Mount Pinos to the San Jacinto Mountains. Winters at lower elevations, ranging to the coast of California, the Santa Barbara Islands, and northern Baja California. Casual in Arizona (Chiricahua and Huachuca mountains). Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cassin): WILLIAMSON’s SAPSUCKER. Southern British Columbia south in mountains through central and eastern Washington, Oregon (west to the eastern slope of the Cascades), western Mon- tana, Wyoming, and Colorado to southern California, southern Nevada, central Arizona, and northern New Mexico. In winter to northern Baja California, Jalisco, Durango, and western Texas. Sphyrapicus thyroideus thyroideus (Cassin). [404.] Picus thyroideus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, no. 12, Nov.-Dec. 1851 (Feb. 17, 1852), p. 349. (California = Georgetown, about twelve miles from Sutter’s Mill, Eldorado County.) Breeds from central southern British Columbia (Okanagan region east of Okanagan River) southward in the mountains through central and eastern Washington and Oregon (summit and eastern slopes of the Cascades, inter- grading in Blue Mountains and isolated eastern mountains with S. t. nataliae) to northern California, and south along the Sierra Nevada in California and western Nevada; also the higher ranges of southern California to the San Jacinto Mountains. In winter to lower elevations. Sphyrapicus thyroideus nataliae (Malherbe). [404a.] Picus Nataliae Malherbe, Journ. fiir Orn., 2, no. 8, Mar. 1854, p. 171. (Mexique.) Breeds from southeastern British Columbia (Kootenay) south in the moun- tains of Idaho, western Montana, Wyoming, Nevada (except the Sierra Ne- vada), Utah, and Colorado to central Arizona and northern New Mexico. Winters from southeastern Baja California, Arizona, New Mexico, and west- 1Intergrades with §. v. ruber in extreme southern Oregon. See Howell, Condor, 54, no. 5, 1952, p. 241. ORDER PICIFORMES B25 ern Texas south to Jalisco and Durango. Casual in western California (Susan- ville, Hyampom, Providence Mountains) and Nebraska (Adams County). Genus DENDROCOPOS Koch Dendrocopos C. L. Koch, Syst. baier. Zool., 1, July 1816, p. 72. Type, by subsequent designation, D. major =Picus major Linnaeus (Hargitt, 1890). Subgenus DENDROCOPOS Koch Dendrécopos villésus (Linnaeus): HAIRY WOODPECKER. Central Alaska, middle Yukon, central Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, James Bay, south-central Quebec, and Newfoundland south to northern Baja California, México, central Texas, the Gulf coast, southern Florida, the Bahama Islands, and through the mountains of Central America to western Panama. Dendrocopos villosus septentrionalis (Nuttall). [393a.] Picus septentrionalis Nuttall, Man. Orn. U.S. and Canada, ed. 2, vol. 1, 1840, p. 684. (Northern parts of the continent as far as the 63d parallel as well as in the Oregon Territory = Saskatchewan River, Saskatchewan, Canada.) Breeds from the limit of trees in central southern Alaska, middle Yukon, central Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Fort Albany), and south-central Quebec south to northeastern British Columbia, northern Montana, northern North Dakota, central Ontario, Anticosti Island, and the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Mainly resident but ranges southward irregularly in winter to the northern United States, south at least to Nebraska; intermediate toward D. v. villosus from Rainy River District and the north shore of Lake Superior, Ontario, to northern Maine, and New Brunswick. Dendrocopos villosus terraenévae (Batchelder). [393g.] Dryobates villosus terraenovae Batchelder, Proc. New England Zo6l. Club, 4, June 24, 1908, p. 37. (Placentia, Newfoundland.) Resident in the forested parts of Newfoundland. Dendrocopos villosus monticola (Anthony). [393e.] Dryobates villosus monticola Anthony, Auk, 15, no. 1, Jan. 1898, p. 54. New name for Dryobates v. montana Anthony, preoccupied. (Boulder County, Colorado.) Resident in the Rocky Mountain region from south-central British Columbia, eastern Washington, extreme southwestern Alberta, central Montana, western South Dakota, and western Nebraska south through northeastern Oregon, northeastern Nevada, Idaho, Wyoming, central Utah, and Colorado (except the eastern part) to north-central New Mexico. 324 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Dendrocopos villosus villé6sus (Linnaeus). [393.] Picus villosus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 175. Based on The Hairy Wood-pecker, Picus medius quasi villosus Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 19. (in America septentrionali = New Jersey.) Breeds from central North Dakota, Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Nova Scotia south through eastern Colorado to central Texas, the Ozark region of Arkansas, southeastern Missouri, northern Tennessee, western North Carolina, and central and western Virginia. Southward irregularly in autumn and winter to Arkansas, northern Alabama, and eastern North Carolina. Dendrocopos villosus aidubonii (Swainson). [393).] Picus Audubonii Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.- Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 306. (Georgia.) Resident from eastern Texas, southern Arkansas, southern Tennessee, North Carolina (east of the Appalachians), and southeastern Virginia to the Gulf coast and southern Florida, extending up the Mississippi Valley to southern Illinois and southern Indiana. Dendrocopos villosus sitkénsis (Swarth). [393i.] Dryobates villosus sitkensis Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 7, no. 9, Oct. 9, 1911, p. 315. (Etolin Island, Alaska.) Resident in the coast region of southeastern Alaska and of British Columbia south to Calvert Island and Burke Channel; south in winter to Vancouver, British Columbia; one record from Vancouver Island (Campbell River) .1 Dendrocopos villosus picoideus (Osgood). [393f.] Dryobates picoideus Osgood, North Amer. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, p. 44. (Cumshewa Inlet, Moresby Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.) Resident on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Dendrocopos villosus harrisi (Audubon). [393c.] Picus Harrisi Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 4, 1838, pl. 417, figs. 8, 9 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 191). (Columbia River = near Fort Van- couver, Washington.) Resident in the humid coast belt from southern British Columbia to Humboldt County, California (intergrades in Mendocino County with D. v. hyloscopus). Dendrocopos villosus érius (Oberholser). [393).] Dryobates villosus orius Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 40, June 3, 1911, pp. 597, 609. (Quincy, California.) Resident from southwestern British Columbia (Cascade Mountains) and north-central Washington (northern Chelan County) southward through central 1 Brooks, Condor, 44, no. 1, 1942, p. 34. ORDER PICIFORMES B25 Oregon to the Yosemite region, eastern California, and northwestern Nevada (south and east to the Monitor Mountains). Dendrocopos villosus hyléscopus (Cabanis and Heine). [393d.] Dryobates hyloscopus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 4, Th. 2, sig. 9, for June 20, 1863, p. 69 (note). (San Jose in Californien.) Resident in California in forested areas from western Siskiyou and Mendo- cino counties and from near lat. 37° N. in the Sierra Nevada south through San Diego County (except the interior valleys and the southeastern desert areas) to northern Baja California (Sierra Juarez and Sierra San Pedro Martir). Dendrocopos villosus leucothoréctis (Oberholser). [3931.] Dryobates villosus leucothorectis Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 40, June 3, 1911, pp. 597 (in key), 608. (Burley, New Mexico.) Resident in the White, Panamint, Coso, Grapevine, and Clark mountains in southeastern California, the higher mountains in southern Nevada and southern Utah, Arizona (except southwestern deserts, and mountains in southeastern part), western and central New Mexico, and the Guadalupe Mountains in western Texas. Dendrocopos villosus icastus (Oberholser). [393h.] Dryobates villosus icastus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 40, June 3, 1911, pp. 597 (in key), 612. (El Salto, Durango, Mexico.) Resident in the mountains of southeastern Arizona and extreme southwestern New Mexico south through eastern Sonora, western Chihuahua and Durango to Jalisco and Zacatecas; east to southern Coahuila. Dendrocopos pubescens (Linnaeus): DowNy WOODPECKER. From southeastern Alaska, southwestern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, cen- tral Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, James Bay, southern Quebec, Anticosti Island, and Newfoundland south to southern California, central Arizona, north- ern New Mexico, south-central Texas, and the Gulf coast from Louisiana to Florida. Recorded in England (Dorset, 1836; Gloucester, 1908). Dendrocopos pubescens glacialis (Grinnell). [394f.] Dryobates pubescens glacialis Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 5, Mar. 5, 1910, p. 390, fig. 7. (Valdez Narrows, Prince William Sound, Alaska.) Resident in southeastern Alaska from Kenai Peninsula to Taku River. 326 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Dendrocopos pubescens nélsoni (Oberholser). [394d.] Dryobates pubescens nelsoni Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 18, June 24, 1896, p. 549. (Nulato, Alaska.) Breeds from north-central Alaska (Yukon Valley), southwestern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northwestern Ontario, and James Bay (Akimiski Island) south to extreme northern British Columbia, central Alberta and probably west-central Ontario (intermediate toward D. p. medianus in the western Rainy River District). Wanders irregularly southward to eastern Colorado, Minnesota, Michigan, and central New England; casual in Kentucky. Dendrocopos pubescens medianus (Swainson). [394c.] Picus (Dendrocopus) medianus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 308. (New Jersey.) Breeds from southeastern Alberta, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Newfoundland, Anticosti Island, and Nova Scotia south to central eastern Kansas, Missouri (except the southeastern part), Kentucky, northern Tennessee, Virginia (except the southeastern part), and western North Carolina. Casual in eastern Colorado. Dendrocopos pubescens pubéscens (Linnaeus). [394.] Picus pubescens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 175. Based on The smallest Spotted Wood-pecker, Picus varius minimus Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 21. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Resident from southeastern Kansas (Montgomery and Labette counties), Oklahoma, southeastern Missouri, southern Tennessee, southeastern Virginia, and eastern North Carolina south to southeastern Texas and the Gulf coast from Louisiana to Florida (except the Florida Keys). Dendrocopos pubescens leuctrus (Hartlaub). [3945.] Picus leucurus Hartlaub, Naumannia, 2, Heft 2, 1852, p. 55. (Rocky Mountains. ) Breeds from the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, southward to Burke Channel, British Columbia; thence east of the coastal mountains in British Columbia, extreme southwestern Alberta, and the greater part of Montana southward through eastern Washington and eastern Oregon to extreme northeastern Cali- fornia, northern and eastern Nevada, central Arizona, and northern New Mexico, east to western Nebraska. Casual on Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. ORDER PICIFORMES 327 Dendrocopos pubescens gairdnerii (Audubon). [394a.] Picus Gairdnerii Audubon, Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 317. (No locality given = Fort Vancouver, Washington.) Breeds from southwestern British Columbia (west of the coastal mountains) and Vancouver Island south through western Washington, western Oregon, and northwestern California to Mendocino County. Dendrocopos pubescens turati (Malherbe). [394e.] Picus Turati Malherbe, Monogr. Picidées, vol. 1, 1860, p. 125 (vol. 3, pl. 29, figs. 5-7). (Californie . . . non loin de Monterey = near Monte- rey, California.) Breeds from north-central Washington (Okanagan County) southward along the east slopes of the Cascades through southwestern Oregon (Josephine, Jack- son, and Klamath counties), the greater part of California west of the Sierra divide (except the humid coast belt from Mendocino County northward), including the deserts, and west-central Nevada in the valleys of the Truckee, Carson, and Walker rivers. Dendrocopos scalaris (Wagler)+: LADDER-BACKED WOODPECKER. From southeastern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and southern Colorado south through México (including Baja California, the Tres Marias Islands, and Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo) to Chiapas and British Honduras. Dendrocopos scalaris cactéphilus (Oberholser). [396b.] Dryobates scalaris cactophilus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 41, June 30, 1911, pp. 140 (in key), 152. (Tucson, Arizona.) Resident in the desert areas of southeastern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, central Arizona, central New Mexico, and western Texas, south to the Colorado River Delta in northeastern Baja California, to about lat. 29° N. in Sonora (including Tiburén Island), Chihuahua, and northern Durango. Dendrocopos scalaris sympléctus (Oberholser). [396.] Dryobates scalaris symplectus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 41, June 30, 1911, pp. 140 (in key), 155. (Mouth of Nueces River, Texas.) Resident from southeastern Colorado and western Oklahoma south through Texas east of the Pecos and west of long. 97° W. to northern Coahuila, Nuevo Leén, and Tamaulipas. 1 Picus scalaris Wagler, Isis von Oken, 22, 1829, col. 511. (Mexico = central Veracruz.) 328 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Dendrocopos scalaris erémicus (Oberholser). [396c.] Dryobates scalaris eremicus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 41, June 30, 1911, pp. 141 (in key), 151. (San Fernando, Lower California, Mexico.) Resident in northern Baja California from about lat. 32° N. (except for the Colorado River Valley) south to about lat. 29° N. Dendrocopos sealaris lucasanus (Xantus). [396a.] Picus lucasanus Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 11, sig. 21-23, Oct.-Nov. 1859 (Jan. 12, 1860), p. 298. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.) Resident in southern Baja California from about lat. 29° N. to the Cape district. Dendrocopos nuitallii (Gambel): NUTTALL’s WooDPECKER. [397.] Picus Nuttalii [sic] Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1, nos. 24- 25, Mar.-Apr. (May 19) 1843, p. 259. (Near the Pueblo de los Angelos [sic], Upper California = Los Angeles, California.) Resident in California west of the deserts and the Sierra divide, from southern Humboldt and Sonoma counties and the head of the Sacramento Valley south to northwestern Baja California. Accidental in Arizona. Dendrocopos arizénae (Hargitt): ARIZONA WOODPECKER. From the mountains of south-central and southeastern Arizona and extreme southwestern New Mexico to Colima, Michoacan, and Zacatecas. Dendrocopos arizonae arizo6nae (Hargitt). [398.] Picus arizonae Hargitt, Ibis, ser. 5, 4, no. 2, Apr. 1886, p. 115. (In montibus “Santa Rita,” dictis, in Arizona.) Resident from the mountains of southeastern Arizona (west to the Graham, Santa Catalina, and Baboquivari ranges) and extreme southwestern New Mexico (Animas and San Luis mountains) south to east-central Sonora and west- central Chihuahua. Subgenus PHRENOPICUS Bonaparte Phrenopicus Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, 2, no. 8, May 1854, p. 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, p. 8). Type, by subsequent designation, Picus querulus Wilson = Picus borealis Vieillot (Gray, 1855). 1 Peters, Condor, 38, no. 5, Sept. 15, 1936, p. 218. ORDER PICIFORMES 329 Dendrocopos borealis (Vieillot): RED-cOCKADED WOODPECKER. Eastern Oklahoma, southern Missouri, eastern Kentucky, Tennessee, and southeastern Virginia, south to eastern Texas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Dendrocopos borealis borealis (Vieillot). [395.] Picus borealis Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807 (1808 or 1809), p. 66, pl. 122. (dans le nord des Etats-Unis = Southern States.) Resident from eastern Oklahoma, southern Missouri, eastern Kentucky (Laurel and Wolfe counties), southern Maryland (Golden Hill), southeastern Virginia and North Carolina south to eastern Texas, the Gulf coast, and north- ern Florida. Accidental in Pennsylvania. Dendrocopos borealis hylgnomus (Wetmore). [395a.] Dryobates borealis hylonomus Wetmore, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 90, Oct. 31, 1941, p. 498. (7 miles southwest of Kissimmee, Florida.) Resident in north-central and southern Florida (north to Tarpon Springs, Gainesville, and Enterprise). Subgenus XENOPICUS Baird Xenopicus Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., 1858, pp. xviii, xxviii, 83, 96. Type, by monotypy, Leuconer- pes albolarvatus Cassin. Dendrocopos albolarvatus (Cassin): WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER. From south-central British Columbia, north-central Washington, and northern Idaho south to southern California and western Nevada. Dendrocopos albolarvatus albolarvatus (Cassin). [399.] Leuconerpes albolarvatus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, no. 5, Sept.-Oct. (Dec. 7) 1850, p. 106. (near Sutter’s Mill, California = Oregon Cafion, near Georgetown, 12 miles from Sutter’s Mill.) Resident from north-central Washington and northern Idaho southward through the timbered areas of Oregon (east of the Cascades) and western Idaho to northern California, in the inner coast ranges to Colusa County, and in the Sierra Nevada to Mount Pinos; also on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada in Nevada. Casual in southern British Columbia. Dendrocopos albolarvatus graviréstris (Grinnell). [399a.] Xenopicus gravirostris Grinnell, Condor, 4, no. 4, July 17, 1902, p. 89. (Camp Chileo, Sierra San Gabriel, Los Angeles County, California.) Resident on the higher mountains of southern California (San Gabriel, San Bernardino, San Jacinto, Santa Rosa, Volcan, and Cuyamaca mountains). 330 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus PICOIDES Lacépéde Picoides Lacépéde, Tabl. Ois., 1799, p. 7. Type, by subsequent designation, Picus tridactylus Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). Picoides arcticus (Swainson): BLACK-BACKED THREE-TOED WoopD- PECKER. [400.] Picus (Apternus) arcticus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 313. (mear the sources of the Athabasca River, lat. 57°, on the eastern declivity of the Rocky Moun- tains.) Breeds from central Alaska, southern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, north- ern Ontario (Favourable Lake, southern James Bay), northern Quebec (Rich- mond Gulf), southern Labrador (Natashquan River), Anticosti Island, and Newfoundland south in California to the Siskiyou and Warner mountains, the Cascade Range, and the Sierra Nevada to lat. 37° 30’ N., and to western Ne- vada, northwestern Wyoming, southwestern South Dakota, northern Minnesota, northeastern Wisconsin, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, southeastern Ontario (Muskoka district), northern New York (Adirondack Mountains), Vermont (Green Mountains), New Hampshire (White Mountains), and northern Maine. Casual in winter to Nebraska, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and north- ern New Jersey. Picoides tridactylus (Linnaeus): NORTHERN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. From the limit of trees in Sweden, Lapland, northern Russia, northern Siberia, Alaska, Yukon, Mackenzie, Manitoba, and Quebec south to the Alps, the Carpathian, Tien Shan, and the Altai mountains, northern Mongolia, west- ern China, northeastern Korea, Sakhalin, and Hokkaido; and to Oregon, Ari- zona, New Mexico, Minnesota, Ontario, northern New York, and northern New England. Picoides tridactylus fasciatus Baird. [401a.] Picoides Americanus var. fasciatus Baird, in Cooper, Geol. Surv. Cali- fornia, Orn., vol. 1, 1870, p. 385. (No locality mentioned = Fort Simp- son, Mackenzie River.) Resident from northern Alaska, northern Yukon, and northern and western Mackenzie southward through British Columbia (including Vancouver Island), Alberta, and western Saskatchewan to the mountains of southern Oregon, northern Idaho, and northwestern Montana. Picoides tridactylus dorsalis Baird. [4015.] Picoides dorsalis Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xxviii, 97, 100. (Laramie Peak [Wyoming].) Resident in the Rocky Mountain region from north-central Montana south to eastern Nevada (Snake Range), central Arizona, and central New Mexico. Accidental in Nebraska. 1 Picus tridactylus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 114. (Svecia ad Alpes Lapponicas, Dalekarlicas frequens = mountains of Sweden.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 331 Picoides tridactylus bacatus Bangs. [401.] Picoides americanus bacatus Bangs, Auk, 17, no. 2, Apr. 1900, p. 136. (Bangor, Maine.) Resident from northern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Ontario (Fort Severn), northern Quebec (Chimo), northern Labrador (Okak), and New- foundland south to northern Minnesota, central Ontario (Savanne, Thunder Bay District, Lake Abitibi), northern New York (Adirondack Mountains), northern Vermont (Green Mountains), northern New Hampshire (White Mountains), -and northern Maine. Casual in winter to southern Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, Long Island, and Massachusetts. Genus CAMPEPHILUS Gray Campephilus G. R. Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, p. 54. Type, by original designation, Picus principalis Linnaeus. Campéphilus principalis (Linnaeus): IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKER. [392 Picus principalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 113. Based on The Largest White-bill Woodpecker, Picus maximus rostro albo Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 16. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Resident formerly in the southeastern United States from northeastern Texas, southeastern Oklahoma, northeastern Arkansas, southeastern Missouri, south- eastern Illinois, southern Indiana,1 and southeastern North Carolina southward to the Brazos River, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Nearing extinction; last reported March 3, 1950. Order PASSERIFORMES: Perching Birds Suborder TyRANNI: Tyrant Flycatchers, Woodhewers, and Allies Superfamily TyRANNOIDEA: Tyrant Flycatchers, Pittas, and Allies Family COTINGIDAE: Cotingas Genus PLATYPSARIS Sclater Platypsaris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 25, July 14, 1857, p. 72. Type, by original designation, Pachyramphus latirostris Bonaparte. Platypsaris aglaiae (Lafresnaye)*: ROSE-THROATED BECARD. From southern Arizona and southern Texas south through México to Nica- ragua and Costa Rica. 1 Known also from bones found in archeological sites of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries A.D. in Scioto County, southern Ohio. 2 Pachyrhynchus aglaiae Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 2, 1839, p. 98. (Mexico = Jalapa, Veracruz.) 332 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Platypsaris aglaiae richmondi van Rossem. [441.1] Platypsaris aglaiae richmondi van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 43, July 18, 1930, p. 130 (Saric [= Rancho la Arizona], Sonora, Mexico. ) Breeds from the Santa Cruz River drainage, southern Arizona (sparingly), south to southern Sonora. Migratory in Arizona and northern Sonora. Casual in the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Platypsaris aglaiae gravis van Rossem. [441.1a.] Platypsaris aglaiae gravis van Rossem, Condor, 40, no. 6, Nov. 15, 1938, p. 262. (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas.) Resident from the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas (Hidalgo and Cameron counties sparingly) south to San Luis Potosi and northern Veracruz. Family TYRANNIDAE: Tyrant Flycatchers Genus TYRANNUS Lacépéde Tyrannus Lacépéde, Tabl. Ois., 1799, p. 5. Type, by tautonymy, Lanius tyrannus Linnaeus. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus): EASTERN KINGBIRD. [444.] Lanius Tyrannus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 94. Based mainly on The Tyrant, Muscicapa corona rubra Catesby, Carolina, 1, p. 55. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Breeds from northern British Columbia (Peace River Parklands), central southern Mackenzie (Fort Resolution, Grand Detour), central Saskatchewan (Emma Lake), central Manitoba (The Pas area), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Lake Attawapiskat, Fort Albany), southern Quebec, and Cape Breton Island (Baddeck) south to western Washington (Dungeness Spit, Seattle), Oregon east of the coast ranges (Maupin, Warner Valley), northeastern Cali- fornia (Pit River, Eagleville), northern Nevada, southern Idaho, northern Utah (Bear River Marshes, Jensen), Colorado, northeastern New Mexico (Folsom), central Texas (Whitefish Creek, Refugio), the Gulf coast, and southern Florida (Fort Myers, Coral Gables). Winters in South America from Pert to Bolivia. (Northern limit uncertain; records from Colombia northward apparently refer to migrants.) Casual in California, Arizona, Newfoundland (possibly breeding), Labrador, Cuba, the Isle of Pines, and the Bahamas. Accidental in Alaska (Barrow), Yukon (Champagne), southern Greenland, Venezuela (Mérida), and British Guiana (Abary River). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 333 Tyrannus dominicénsis (Gmelin): GRAY KINGBIRD. Coasts of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida; the West Indies, Netherlands Antilles, and the small islands north of Venezuela; in winter from Hispaniola to Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas. Tyrannus dominicensis dominicénsis (Gmelin). [445.] Lanius tyrannus B dominicensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 302. Based largely on Le Tyran de S. Domingue, Tyrannus dominicensis Brisson, Orn., vol. 2, p. 394. (in insula S. Dominici et Jamaica = Hispaniola.) Breeds on the southern Atlantic coast from South Carolina to Florida and along the Gulf coast west to Fort Morgan, Alabama; the Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles, and the northern Lesser Antilles east to St. Bartholomew and Nevis; Trinidad, Tobago; Aruba, Curagao, Bonaire, Isla Aves, Los Roques (Gran Roque), Tortuga, Blanquilla, and Margarita; south in central Venezuela to the Rio Orinoco (Ciudad Bolivar). Winters mainly from Hispaniola and Puerto Rico south to Colombia, northern Venezuela, and adjacent islands; casually in Florida (Lakeport, Miami), Cuba (Gibara), the Isle of Pines, and Jamaica. In migration in Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Casual in Massachusetts (West Newbury, Lynn), Long Island, New York (Setauket, Orient), New Jersey (Point Pleasant, Cape May), and Quintana Roo (Cozumel and Cancun islands). Accidental in British Columbia (Cape Beale) and Bermuda. Tyrannus melancholicus Vicillot': TROPICAL KINGBIRD. Southeastern Arizona, Sonora, Nuevo Leén, and southern Texas south to Bolivia and Argentina; island of Grenada. Tyrannus melancholicus couchii Baird. [446.] Tyrannus couchii Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. 170, 175. (San Diego and New Leon, Mexico = Nuevo Leén, Mexico.) Resident from extreme southern Texas (Lomita, Santa Maria, Brownsville) and Nuevo Leén (Estancia, Cerralvo) south to southeastern San Luis Potosi (Valles, Tamazunchale), Hidalgo (Jacala), Puebla (Metlatoyuca), and cen- tral Veracruz (Orizaba, Jalapa). Partly migratory in the north. Casual in central and northeastern Texas (Kerrville, Tyler). Tyrannus melancholicus occidentalis Hartert and Goodson. [446).] Tyrannus melancholicus occidentalis Hartert and Goodson, Nov. Zool., 24, pt. 2, 1917, p. 412. (San Blas, Tepic, Mexico = San Blas, Nayarit.) Breeds from southeastern Arizona (Tucson region, perhaps only sporadically) south through western México to Guerrero. 1 Tyrannus melancholicus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 35, Dec. 1819, p. 84. (Paraguay.) 334 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters in Guatemala (Ocos) and probably in adjacent areas; migratory in the northern part of the range. Casual in British Columbia (Vancouver Island, Renfrew), Washington (De- struction Island, Westport), and California. Tyrannus melancholicus chloronétus Berlepsch. [446a.] Tyrannus chloronotus Berlepsch, Ornis, 14, 1907, p. 474. (Temax, Yuca- tan.) Resident from southern México through Central America to northern Co- lombia, northern Venezuela (south to northern Bolivar), Trinidad, Tobago, and Grenada. Accidental in Maine (Scarboro). Tyrannus verticalis Say: WESTERN KINGBIRD. [447.] Tyrannus verticalis Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mountains, vol. 2, 1823, p. 60. (Ash River, near Rocky Mts. = near La Junta, Colorado.) Breeds from western Oregon (Coos Bay, Corvallis, Elkton), western Wash- ington east of the coast ranges (Tacoma), southern British Columbia, southern Alberta (Morrin, Medicine Hat), southern Saskatchewan (Wiseton, Yorkton), southern Manitoba (Oak Lake, Winnipeg), and western Minnesota (Warren, Stillwater), rarely to southern Wisconsin (Madison, Beloit), southern Michigan (Barry County), southernmost Ontario (Port Alma), and northwestern Ohio (Lucas County); south to northern Baja California (San Quintin Bay, Cerro Prieto), Sonora, northwestern Chihuahua (White Water, Casas Grandes), southern New Mexico (Las Cruces, Mesilla), west-central Texas (Alpine, Tar- rant County), northeastern Oklahoma (Tulsa County), central eastern Kansas (Lawrence), and, rarely, north-central Missouri (Columbia). Casual in summer on the southern coast of British Columbia, central Manitoba (Lake St. Martin, Oak Point), Ontario (Ingolf, Hamilton), northern Wisconsin (Oneida County), and northern Michigan (Huron Mountain, Lovells). Winters in smali numbers from the coast of South Carolina to Florida, but chiefly in Middle America from Guerrero and Morelos to northern Nicaragua. East in migration, in small numbers chiefly in autumn, to the Atlantic coast, casually north to New Brunswick (Machias Seal Island) and Nova Scotia (Lower Wedgeport, West La Have). Tyrannus vociferans Swainson: CASSIN’s KINGBIRD. Central California and southern Montana south to Guerrero; in winter south to Guatemala. Tyrannus vociferans vociferans Swainson. [448.] Tyrannus vociferans Swainson, Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts Roy. Inst., 20, no. 40, Jan. 1826, p. 273. (Temascaltepec, Mexico.) Breeds from central California (northern San Joaquin Valley; San Benito County), northern Arizona, southern Utah (Zion National Park), Colorado, ORDER PASSERIFORMES 335 eastern Wyoming, southeastern Montana (Powder River County), east to southwestern Kansas (Cimarron River), western Oklahoma (Kenton, Boise City), and western Texas (Davis Mountains); south to northwestern Baja Cali- fornia (San Quintin, Aguaita), central and southeastern Sonora (Hermosillo, Guaymas), Durango (Rancho Baillon, El Salto), Jalisco (Ocotlan), Colima (Colima), Michoacan (Patzcuaro), Puebla (Atlixco), and central Tamaulipas (Miquihuana). Winters from central California (casually) and south-central Tamaulipas (Victoria) south to southern Baja California (La Paz) and south-central Guatemala (Salama, Duefias). Casual on migration to Oregon (Mercer), northwestern Nebraska (Glen, Fort Robinson), and central and southern Texas (Kerrville, Brownsville). Accidental in Ontario (Algonquin Park). Genus MUSCIVORA Lacépéde Muscivora Lacépéde, Tabl. Ois., 1799, p. 5. Type, by subsequent designa- tion, Muscicapa forficata Gmelin (Fischer, 1813). Muscivora tyrannus (Linnaeus): FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER. Ranges from southern México through Central America and South America to Argentina. Muscivora tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus). [442.] Muscicapa Tyrannus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, p. 325. Based on Le Tyran a queue fourchue, Tyrannus cauda bifurca Brisson, Orn., 2, p. 395. (in Canada, Surinamo = Surinam.) Breeds from northwestern Argentina (Salta), southern Bolivia (probably Caiza), central Paraguay (probably Puerto Pinasco), and southern Brasil (Tibagy, Castro) south to south-central Argentina (General Roca, Bahia Blanca). Winters from northern Colombia (Ciénega), Venezuela (Mérida, Mount Roraima), Grenada, Grenadines (Carriacou), Trinidad, Tobago, the Guianas, and northeastern Brasil (Mexiana Island, Baia). Accidental in Pennsylvania (Fox Chase), Maine (Marion), Cuba (Vista Alegre), Bermuda, and the Falkland Islands. The following sight records prob- ably refer to this race: Mississippi (Natchez), New Jersey (Cape May), New York (Long Island), and Massachusetts (Martha’s Vineyard). Muscivora tyrannus sanctaemartae Zimmer. [442a.] Muscivora tyrannus sanctaemartae Zimmer, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 962, Nov. 18, 1937, p. 7. (Bonda, Santa Marta [region], Colombia.) Breeds in northern Colombia; probably in extreme northwestern Venezuela. Accidental in New Jersey. 1 Bond, Auk, 57, 1940, p. 418. 336 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Muscivora forficata (Gmelin): SCISSOR-TAILED FLYCATCHER. [443.] Muscicapa forficata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 931. Based mainly on the Swallowtailed Fly-catcher of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 2, p. 356. (nova Hispania = Mexico.) Breeds from eastern New Mexico (Carlsbad, Glenrio), western Oklahoma (Kenton), southeastern Colorado, Nebraska (Adams, Logan, and Lancaster counties), central and southeastern Kansas (Pratt, Independence), western Arkansas (Fort Smith), and western Louisiana (Bossier) south to southern Texas (Pecos, Houston, Galveston). Winters from southern Chiapas (Tapachula, San Benito) and Guatemala (Atitlan, San José, Duefias) south to western Panama (Divala); rarely north to Veracruz (El Conejo); sparingly in southern Florida (north to Okeechobee). Migrates through México and in small numbers along the Gulf coast to Florida. Casual in southern California, Arizona (Kayenta), Manitoba (York Factory, Cormorant), Minnesota (New London, Lakefield), Wisconsin (Milton), Mis- souri (Columbia), Indiana (Wolf Lake), Kentucky (Versailles), Alabama (Autaugaville), Ontario (Lucknow), Quebec (Noranda, Godbout), and Ver- mont (St. Johnsbury); and along the Atlantic coast from New Brunswick (Clarendon Station, Grand Manan) south to Florida. Genus PITANGUS Swainson Pitangus Swainson, Zool. Journ., 3, no. 10, Apr.-Sept. 1827, p. 165. Type, by original designation, Tyrannus sulphuratus Vieillot = Lanius sulphur- atus Linnaeus. Pitangus sulphurdtus (Linnaeus)*: KISKADEE FLYCATCHER. Southern Sonora and southern Texas south to Costa Rica and northwestern Panama; Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad south through eastern Ecuador east of the Andes to central Argentina and Uruguay. Pitangus sulphuratus texanus van Rossem. [449.] Pitangus sulphuratus texanus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9, no. 17, Apr. 30, 1940, p. 82. (Brownsville, Texas.) Resident from southern Texas (Corpus Christi, Hidalgo, Brownsville) and central Nuevo Leén south to southeastern San Luis Potosi (Tamazunchale) and southern Veracruz (Motzorongo). Casual in central Texas (Devils Lake, Santa Anna) and Louisiana (Chenier au Tigre). Genus MYIODYNASTES Bonaparte Myiodynastes Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, 1857, p. 35. Type, by monotypy, Muscicapa audax Gmelin = Muscicapa maculata Miiller. 1 Lanius sulphuratus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, p. 137. (Cayenne = French Guiana.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 337 Myiodyndstes luteivéntris Sclater!: SULPHUR-BELLIED FLYCATCHER. Southeastern Arizona, central Nuevo Leén, and south-central Tamaulipas south to Costa Rica; winters in western South America. Myiodynastes luteiventris swarthi van Rossem. [451.] Myiodynastes luteiventris swarthi van Rossem, Condor, 29, no. 2, Mar. 15, 1927, p. 126. (Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.) Breeds from southeastern Arizona (Santa Rita Mountains, Chiricahua Moun- tains) south through the mountains of eastern Sonora (Cajén, San Francisco Cafion), western Chihuahua, Sinaloa, and Nayarit to Jalisco and Colima. Winters in Peri and Bolivia. Genus MYIARCHUS Cabanis Myiarchus Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 10, pt. 1, 1844, p. 272. Type, by subsequent designation, Muscicapa ferox Gmelin (Gray, 1847). Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus): GREAT CRESTED FLYCATCHER. Southeastern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southwestern Quebec, northern Maine, and central New Brunswick south to western Okla- homa, central Texas, the Gulf of Mexico, and southern Florida. Winters from eastern México and southern Florida to central Colombia. Myiarchus crinitus béreus Bangs. [452a.] Myiarchus crinitus boreus Bangs, Auk, 15, no. 2, Apr. 1898, p. 179. (Scituate, Mass.) Breeds from southeastern Saskatchewan (High Hill), southern Manitoba (Brandon, Hillside Beach), central Ontario, northeastern Minnesota (Vermilion Lake), northern Wisconsin (Superior, Plum Lake), northern Michigan, south- ern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Quebec City), northern Maine, and central New Brunswick (Woodstock, Fredericton) south through eastern North Dakota (Grafton, Wahpeton), eastern South Dakota (Faulkton, Yankton), eastern Nebraska (West Point, Hastings), Kansas (Stockton, Wettick), and west-central Oklahoma (Cleo Springs, Wichita Mountains) to south-central Texas (San Angelo, Orange), southwestern and central Louisiana (Lake Charles, Port Barre), south-central Alabama (Autaugaville), northwestern Georgia, and cen- tral South Carolina (Greenwood, Georgetown). Winters from southern Veracruz (Motzorongo) and Yucatan (Chichén Itza) south through Central America to central and northeastern Colombia (Ville- vieja); casually in southern Florida (Miami). Casual in Alberta (Elk Island National Park, Warner), western Saskatchewan (Eastend, Moose Mountain district), Montana (Great Falls), Wyoming (Doug- las), Colorado (Windsor), Arizona (Huachuca Mountains), and Nova Scotia (New Minas). 1 Myiodynastes luteiventris P. L. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, May 1859, p. 42. (Vera Paz, Guatemala, and Orizaba, Mexico.) 338 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Myiarchus crinitus crinitus (Linnaeus). [452.] Turdus crinitus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, p. 170. Based on The Crested Fly-catcher, Muscicapa cristata, ventre luteo Catesby, Caro- lina, 1, p. 52. (in America = South Carolina.) Breeds from southeastern Louisiana (Bains, Bayou L’Outre), southern Mis- sissippi (Saucier, Deer Island), and southern South Carolina (Aiken, Charles- ton) south through Georgia and Florida. Winters in southern Florida (sparingly) and Cuba (rarely); and from El Salvador (San Salvador) to Costa Rica (Liberia), Panama, and Colombia (Rio Frio). Myiarchus tyradnnulus (Miiller)1: WIED’s CRESTED FLYCATCHER. Southern Nevada, central Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, eastern Coa- huila, and southern Texas south to northwestern Costa Rica; northern Colombia, northern Venezuela, Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire, and the Lesser Antilles south to Paraguay, northern Argentina, and south-central Brasil. Myiarchus tyrannulus magister Ridgway. [453.] Myiarchus mexicanus magister Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 2, Apr. 10, 1884, p. 90. (Camp Lowell, Arizona; . . . Tehuantepec, Mexico = Fossil Creek, Arizona.) Breeds from extreme southern Nevada, central Arizona (Big Sandy River, Fossil Creek), and probably New Mexico (Gila River) south through western México to Oaxaca (Santo Domingo, Tapanatepec) and Chiapas. Winters within breeding range; probably chiefly in southern half. Casual in southeastern California and Baja California (San José del Cabo). Myiarchus tyrannulus codperi Baird. [453a.] Myiarchus cooperi Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xxx, 180. (Mexico.) Breeds from the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas (Hidalgo, Brownsville) south through eastern México to Tabasco (Teapa, Balancan), Yucatan, Quin- tana Roo, eastern Guatemala (Finca Chama, Puebla), and apparently to British Honduras; west to eastern Coahuila and eastern San Luis Potosi. Winters, probably, from southern half of breeding range south to southern Guatemala, El Salvador, and southern Honduras. Accidental in southern Florida (Big Pine Key). Myiarchus cinerascens (Lawrence): ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER. Southwestern Oregon, eastern Washington, northeastern Utah, western Colo- rado, northern New Mexico, and northern Texas south to Guerrero; winters from the southwestern United States south to El Salvador, casually to Costa Rica. 1 Muscicapa tyrannulus P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, p. 169. Based on Daubenton, Planch. Enlum., 571, fig. 1. (Cayenne = French Guiana.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 339 Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens (Lawrence). [454.] Tyrannula cinerascens Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 5, 1851 (Sept.), p. 121. (Western Texas.) Breeds from southwestern Oregon (Rogue River Valley, Jackson County), eastern Washington (Early Winters), southern Idaho (Cassia County, Poca- tello), southwestern Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico (Rinconada, Montoya), and northern and central Texas (Palo Duro Canyon, San Antonio) south to northern Baja California (San Fernando), Guerrero, and southwestern Tamau- lipas. Winters from northern Baja California (San Fernando), southeastern Cali- fornia (Colorado River Valley), central Arizona (Fort Mohave, Phoenix), and southern Tamaulipas (Victoria) south to Guatemala (Sacapulas, Zacapa), and El Salvador (Libertad, Barro de Santiago), casually to Costa Rica; rarely in southwestern California (Pasadena). Casual in British Columbia (Vancouver, Marpole), Montana (Libby), south- western Kansas (Morton County), western Oklahoma (Kenton), and Louisiana (University, New Roads, Holly Beach). Accidental in Florida (Pensacola Bay). Myiarchus cinerascens pértinax Baird. [454b.] Myiarchus pertinax Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, (11), nos. 21-23, Oct.-Nov. 1859 (Jan. 12, 1860), p. 303. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.) Resident in Baja California south of lat. 29° and on San Esteban Island, Sonora. Myiarchus tuberculifer (Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny)?: OLIVACEOUS FLy- CATCHER. Southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, central Nuevo Leén, and central Tamaulipas south to northwestern Argentina, western Bolivia, and southern Brasil; migratory at northern border of range. Myiarchus tuberculifer olivascens Ridgway. [455a.] Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 2, Apr. 10, 1884, p. 91. (Sta. Efigenia, Tehuantepec = Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, México.) Breeds from southeastern Arizona (Baboquivari Mountains, Chiricahua Mountains), southwestern New Mexico (San Luis Mountains), western Chi- huahua, and northwestern Durango (Rio Sestin) south to southeastern Sonora (Chinobampo, Guirocoba) and central Sinaloa. Winters from southern Sonora (Mayo River valley) south to eastern Oaxaca (Santa Efigenia). Casual in Colorado (Fort Lyon) and Texas (Brewster County). 1 Tyrannus tuberculifer Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny, Syn. Av., vol. 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, 1837, p. 43. (Guarayos, Bolivia.) 340 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Myiarchus tuberculifer tresmariae Nelson. [455b.] Myiarchus lawrencei tresmariae Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17, Mar. 10, 1904, p. 49. (Maria Madre Island, [Tres Marias Islands], Tepic [= Nayarit], Mexico.) Resident in the Tres Marias Islands, western México. Casual in the Sierra Laguna, Baja California. Myiarchus nuttingi Ridgwayt: NUTTING’s FLYCATCHER. Central Sonora and western Chihuahua south to western Costa Rica. Myiarchus nuttingi inquiétus Salvin and Godman. [453.1.] Myiarchus inquietus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, vol. 2, Mar. 1889, p. 88. (Acaguisotla, Mexico = Acahuizotla, Guerrero.) Resident from central Sonora and western Chihuahua south to western Chiapas (Gineta Mountains). Casual in Baja California (Cataviia, lat. 29° 46’ N.) and Arizona (Roosevelt). Genus SAYORNIS Bonaparte Sayornis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, 1854, p. 657. Type, by monotypy, Sayornis nigricans Bonaparte = Tyrannula nigricans Swainson. Sayornis phoébe (Latham): EASTERN PHOEBE. [456.] Muscicapa Phoebe Latham, Index Orn., vol. 2, 1790, p. 489. (Nove- boraco = New York.) Breeds from central Mackenzie (Old Fort Wrigley, Hill Island Lake), north- ern Saskatchewan (Methye Portage, Reindeer River), northern Manitoba (Mile 349, Hudson Bay R. R.), northwestern and central Ontario (Favourable Lake, Lake Nipigon, Lake Abitibi), southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake), and New Brunswick (Scotch Lake, Chatham) south to northeastern British Columbia, southern Alberta (Calgary, Brooks), southwestern South Dakota (Black Hills), southeastern Colorado (Baca County, Las Animas), western Oklahoma (Ken- ton), eastern New Mexico (Santa Rosa), central and northeastern Texas (San Angelo, Kerrville, Commerce), Arkansas, southwestern Tennessee (Memphis), northeastern Mississippi (Iuka), central Alabama (Birmingham, Auburn), northern Georgia, western South Carolina (Seneca, Spartanburg), and North Carolina. Winters from Virginia south through the Atlantic coast states and thence west through the Gulf coast states, and in México to central Chihuahua, Oaxaca (Cuicatlan, Tapanatepec), and southern Veracruz (Tlacotalpan, Mirador); casually north to central and northeastern Texas (San Angelo, Gainesville), southeastern Oklahoma (Caddo, Sallisaw), northern Arkansas (Fayetteville, 1 Myiarchus nuttingi Ridgway, in Nutting, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5, Sept. 16, 1882, p. 394. (about 10 miles northwest of Colorado, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 341 Clinton), Ontario (Hamilton), Vermont (Bennington), New Hampshire (Mil- ford), and Connecticut (New Haven). Casual in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Accidental in California (Pacific Grove, San Fernando, Shandon), Baja California (San Ignacio), Arizona (Blue Point, Paradise), Quintana Roo (Camp Mengel), and Bermuda. Sayérnis nigricans (Swainson)!: BLACK PHOEBE. California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and central Texas south through México (except the Yucatan Peninsula) and the mountains of Central America and South America to northern Argentina. Sayornis nigricans semiatra (Vigors). [458.] Muscicapa semiatra Vigors, Zool. Beechey’s Voy. Blossom, 1839, p. 17. (no locality given = Monterey, California.) Resident from California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah (St. George), central Arizona (Grand Canyon, Springerville), southwestern New Mexico (Cooney, Mesilla), and western and central Texas (San Antonio) south to southern Baja California (San José del Cabo, Miraflores), central Chihuahua (Jesis Maria, Chihuahua), and Colima. Casual in Oregon (Mercer, Cascadia) and British Columbia (Vancouver). Sayornis saya (Bonaparte): SAy’s PHOEBE. Central Alaska, Yukon, western Mackenzie, central Alberta, southern Sas- katchewan, and southwestern Manitoba south to Zacatecas and Durango; in winter to Puebla and central Veracruz. Sayornis saya saya (Bonaparte). [457.] Muscicapa saya Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., vol. 1, 1825, p. 20, pl. 11, fig. 3. (Arkansaw River, about twenty miles from the Rocky Mountains = near Pueblo, Colorado.) Breeds from northeastern British Columbia, southwestern Mackenzie (Fort Simpson), northeastern Alberta (Fort MacMurray), central Saskatchewan (Carlton House, Indian Head), southwestern Manitoba (Aweme), central North Dakota (Minot, Bismarck), central South Dakota (Tuttle, White River), east-central Nebraska (Rock County, Red Cloud), western Kansas (Coolidge, Decatur County), western Oklahoma (Kenton), and west-central Texas (Arm- strong County, Painted Grove) south to southern California (rarely west of the coastal ranges), northern Sonora (Rancho la Arizona, Magdalena), north- western Durango (Rio Sestin), central Zacatecas (Sombrerete), and south- eastern Coahuila (Saltillo, Diamante Pass). Winters north to northern California (rarely Samoa, Standish), northern 1 Tyrannula nigricans Swainson, Phil. Mag., n.s., 1, May 1827, p. 367. (Tableland of Mexico.) 342 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Arizona (Cerbat Mountains, Tuba City), central and southeastern New Mexico (Albuquerque, Carlsbad), and southern Texas (San Angelo, Corpus Christi), and south to southern Baja California, México, Puebla (Puebla, Chapulco), and central Veracruz (Orizaba, Jalapa). Casual in coastal British Columbia (Victoria, Chilliwack), western Wash- ington (Cape Disappointment, Puyallup), western Oregon (Portland, Corvallis, Coos Bay), insular California (San Clemente Island); occasional east to west- ern Iowa (Havarden, Mills County), western Missouri (Butler, Stotesbury), and eastern Texas (Gainesville, Dallas, Houston). Accidental in Wisconsin (Racine), Illinois (Cook County), Indiana (Wil- son), New York (Brooklyn), Connecticut (Gaylordsville), Massachusetts (North Truro, Ipswich), and Quebec (Godbout). Sayornis saya yukonénsis Bishop. [457).] Sayornis saya yukonensis Bishop, Auk, 17, no. 2, Apr. 1900, p. 115. (Glacier, White Pass, Alaska.) Breeds in northern Alaska (junction Killik and Colville rivers, Chamisso Island), Yukon (Fort Reliance, Sheldon Lake, Carcross), northwestern and central northern Mackenzie (Kittigazuit, head of McTavish Bay), and north- western British Columbia (Bennett, Telegraph Creek). Winters from central western California (Palo Alto) south to northern Baja California (Laguna Hanson, Rosario); occasional in Texas (Dry Lake, Kerr County). Sayornis saya quiéscens Grinnell. [457a.] Sayornis sayus quiescens Grinnell, Condor, 28, no. 4, July 15, 1926, p. 180. (San Jose, 2500 ft. altitude, latitude close to 31°, about 45 miles north- east of San Quintin, Lower California, Mexico.) Resident in the northern half of Baja California, principally on the western side; wandering after the breeding season to southeastern California (Kelso, Needles, Kane Spring, Laguna Dam), western Arizona (Colorado River basin), southern Baja California, and western and southern Sonora. Genus EMPIDONAX Cabanis Empidonax Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 3, no. 18, Nov. 1855, p. 480. Type, by monotypy, Empidonax pusillus Cabanis = Platyrhynchos virescens Vieillot. Empidonax flavivéniris (Baird and Baird): YELLOW-BELLIED FLy- CATCHER. [463.] Tyrannula flaviventris W. M. and S. F. Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, 1, nos. 28-29, July-Aug. (Sept. 18) 1843, p. 283. (Cumberland Co., Pa. = Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania.) Breeds from northern British Columbia, northern Alberta, southern Macken- zie, central Saskatchewan (Nipawin, Flotten Lake, Emma Lake), central Mani- ORDER PASSERIFORMES 343 toba, northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Fort Albany), central Quebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to northern North Dakota (Turtle Moun- tains), northern Minnesota (Moose River, Duluth), northern Wisconsin, south- ern Ontario (Amherst Island, Mount Forest), northeastern Pennsylvania (Po- cono Mountains), and New York (Adirondack and Catskill mountains). Winters from Puebla (Metlatoyuca) and Tamaulipas south to eastern Pan- ama (Cana, Darién). Casual on north coast of British Columbia, in northern Manitoba (Churchill), and in Greenland (Godthaab). Empidonax viréscens (Vieillot): ACADIAN FLYCATCHER. [465.] Platyrhynchos virescens Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., vol. 27, Dec. 1818, p. 22. New name for Muscicapa querula Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 2, 1810, p. 77, pl. 13, fig. 3. (No locality given = near Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania.) Breeds from southeastern South Dakota, northern Iowa (Emmetsburg, Na- tional), southern Wisconsin (Sauk and Grant counties), southern Michigan (from Saginaw County), extreme southern Ontario (Rondeau), southern New York, northeastern Pennsylvania (Towanda, Dingman’s Ferry), and south- western Connecticut (Stamford, Danbury), casually from Vermont (Benning- ton) and Massachusetts (Hyde Park, Cohasset), south through eastern Ne- braska (Omaha), central Kansas (Geary, Wichita), and central Oklahoma (Oklahoma and Murray counties) to central and southeastern Texas (Kerrville; northern Chambers County), the Gulf coast, and central Florida (Orange and Osceola counties); now rarer than formerly, or absent, from some northeastern localities. Winters from Costa Rica to Ecuador and western Venezuela; on migration, sparingly in western Cuba. Casual in western South Dakota (Rapid City), western Nebraska (Pine Ridge), southern Ontario (Toronto, London), and the Bahamas (Cay Lobos). Empidonax traillii (Audubon): TRAILL’s FLYCATCHER. Central Alaska, central Yukon, northwestern Mackenzie, northeastern Al- berta, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland, Cape Breton Island, and Nova Scotia south to northern Baja California, Missouri, and Virginia. Winters from southern México to Argentina. Empidonax traillii bréwsteri Oberholser. [466.] Empidonax traillit brewsteri Oberholser, Ohio Journ. Sci., 18, no. 3, Jan. 1918, p. 93. (Cloverdale, Nye County, Nevada.) Breeds from southern British Columbia (Nootka Sound, Okanagan Landing), northern Montana (Fortine, Great Falls), southeastern Wyoming (Laramie), Colorado, and western Oklahoma south to southwestern California (San Diego), southern Nevada (Clark County), southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico (Redrock), and western Texas (Brewster County); possibly to northern Baja California (Las Cabras). 344 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters from Guatemala (Las Amates), El Salvador (Rio San Miguel), and Nicaragua (Greytown) south to northern Pera (El Tingo, Saposoa), Bolivia (Yungas), and western Venezuela (Coro, Encontrados). Casual in Mississippi (Deer Island). Empidonax traillii traillii (Audubon). [466a.] Muscicapa Traillii Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 1, 1828, pl. 45 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 1, 1831, p. 236). (skirts of the woods along the prairie lands of the Arkansas River=Fort of Arkansas [Arkansas Post], Arkansas. ) Breeds from central Alaska (Nulato, Fort Egbert), central Yukon (Fort Selkirk), northwestern Mackenzie (Fort McPherson, Fort Resolution), north- eastern Alberta (Chipewyan), northern Saskatchewan (Flotten Lake, Hudson Bay Junction), northern Manitoba (Lac du Brochet, Ilford), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Attawapiskat Post), central and southeastern Quebec (Mingan, Esquimaux Island), Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and southern Newfoundland south to southern Alaska (Kenai Mountains, Sitka), south-central British Columbia (east of Cascade and Coast ranges), south-central Alberta (Jasper Park, Red Deer), southwestern Saskatchewan (Cypress Lake), eastern Montana (Fort Keogh), western South Dakota (Little Missouri River, Pine Ridge Reserve), eastern Colorado (Colorado Springs), central Kansas (probably Hays), northeastern Oklahoma (Mohawk Point, Vi- nita), Arkansas (Rogers, Stuttgart), Missouri (Greene and Ste. Genevieve coun- ties), southern Illinois (Murphysboro, Mount Carmel), southern Indiana (Bloomington), Ohio (Wilmington, Canton), West Virginia (Beechbottom Swamp, Morgantown, Cranberry Glades), Maryland (Cranesville Swamp, Mountain Lake Park, Carroll County), southeastern Pennsylvania (Lykens, rarely near Philadelphia), northern New Jersey (Plainfield, Beverly), south- eastern New York, northwestern Connecticut, and Massachusetts. Winters from El Salvador and Honduras south through southern Central America to Bolivia and northern Argentina (Embarcacién). Casual in Nayarit, southern Baja California (San Bernardo Mountain), and Bermuda. Empidonax minimus (Baird and Baird): LeEAsT FLYCATCHER. [467.] Tyrannula minima W. M. and S. F. Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, 1, nos. 28-29, July-Aug. (Sept. 18) 1843, p. 284. (Cumberland Co., Pa. = Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania.) Breeds from southwestern Yukon, central Mackenzie (Fort Norman, Fort Simpson, Fort Smith), northeastern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan (Athabaska Lake, Pelican Narrows), central Manitoba (Oxford Lake), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Lake Attawapiskat, Fort Albany), central Quebec (Mis- tassini Post, Cap des Rosiers), Prince Edward Island, and Cape Breton Island (Baddeck) south to northeastern British Columbia (Peace River), Montana (Choteau, Broadwater County, Missoula), northeastern Wyoming (Newcastle), southwestern South Dakota (Elk Mountains), northeastern Kansas (Topeka), southwestern Missouri (Marionville), central Illinois (Warsaw, Leroy), south- ORDER PASSERIFORMES 345 central Indiana (Carlisle, Richmond), northern Ohio, western Pennsylvania (Sewickley, Chestnut Ridge), West Virginia, eastern Tennessee (Maryville), northwestern Georgia (Clayton), western North Carolina (Hayesville, Pineola), western Virginia (Blacksburg), western Maryland (Dan’s Mountain), south- eastern Pennsylvania, and central New Jersey (Princeton, Haddonfield). Winters from Sinaloa and southern Tamaulipas south through México (in- cluding the Yucatan Peninsula) and Central America to Panama (David, Lion Hill). Casual in central British Columbia (Indianpoint Lake), southern Sonora (Alamos), and Grand Cayman. Empidonax hammondii (X4ntus): HAMMOND’s FLYCATCHER. [468.] Tyrannula hammondii De Vesey (= Xantus), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, (10), sig. 8, May (after May 25) 1858, p. 117. (Fort Tejon, California.) Breeds from southern Alaska (McCarthy, Skagway), southern Yukon, British Columbia (Atlin, Telegraph Creek, Stuart Lake), central western Alberta (Jas- per), western and central southern Montana (Fortine, mountains above Red Lodge), and northwestern Wyoming (Yellowstone Park) south to northwestern and central eastern California (South Fork Mountains, Whitakers Canyon), northwestern Nevada, Utah, western Colorado, and central northern New Mex- ico (Elizabethtown, Taos Peak). Winters from southeastern.Arizona (Patagonia, rarely Tucson), central Nuevo Leén (Monterrey), and central Tamaulipas (Victoria) south through the high- lands to northern Nicaragua. Casual east in migration to western Oklahoma (Kenton) and central Texas. Empidonax oberhdlseri Phillips: Dusky FLYCATCHER. [469.] Empidonax oberholseri A. R. Phillips, Auk, 56, no. 3, July 1939, p. 311. (Hart Prairie, San Francisco Mountain, Arizona.) Breeds from southern Yukon, northwestern and central British Columbia (Atlin, Yellowhead Lake), southwestern Alberta (Jasper, Waterton Lakes), southwestern Saskatchewan (Cypress Hills), and Wyoming (Laramie, Guern- sey) south to southern California (Santa Rosa Mountains), southern Nevada (Charleston Mountains), southwestern Utah (Pine Valley), central Colorado (Boulder County, Idaho Springs, Fairplay), central Arizona (Kaibab Plateau, San Francisco and White mountains), and northern New Mexico (Lake Burford). Winters from southeastern Arizona (casually, Patagonia), Sonora, north- western Durango (Tamazula), southern Coahuila (San Pedro), central Nuevo Leén (Monterrey), and central Tamaulipas (Victoria) south to Guerrero and Oaxaca (Chivela, Tapanatepec); on migration, casually to Baja California (San José del Cabo), southwestern Kansas (Morton County), and Texas (Marathon, Chisos Mountains, San Angelo). 1 Listed as Empidonax wrightii Baird, Wright’s Flycatcher, in Check-list, ed. 4, 1931. The name wrightii in the present edition is used for the Gray Flycatcher, called E. griseus Brewster in the 1931 edition. 346 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Casual in coastal Washington (Crescent Lake) and coastal Oregon (Netarts Bay). Empidonax wrightii Baird: GRAy FLYCATCHER.’ [469.1.] Empidonax wrightii Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pacific, vol. 9, 1858, p. 200. (El Paso, Texas.) Breeds from central Oregon (Bend, Narrows), southwestern Idaho (Cassia County), southwestern Wyoming (probably Fort Bridger), northeastern Utah (Vernal, Jensen), and central Colorado (Montezuma County, Major’s Sand Wash) south to central eastern California (Inyo Mountains), southern Nevada, central Arizona (San Francisco Mountains, Fort Apache), and central western New Mexico (Reserve, Alto). Winters from southern California (Ventura, Needles), central Arizona, south- ern Coahuila (San Pedro), and central Tamaulipas (Victoria) south to southern Baja California (Todos Santos, San José del Cabo), Jalisco (Bolafios, La Barca), northern Michoacan (San Agustin), México (Mexicalcingo), and Puebla (Chalchicomula); in migration to western Texas (Glass Mountains, Chisos Mountains). Casual in northeastern Oregon (Elgin) and northern Wyoming (Cody). Accidental in Yukon (Carcross). Empidonax difficilis Baird: WESTERN FLYCATCHER. Breeds from southeastern Alaska, southern British Columbia, west-central Montana, northern Wyoming, and southwestern South Dakota south in the mountains to Baja California, Honduras, and western Texas. Winters north to Baja California and Sonora. Empidonax difficilis difficilis Baird. [464.] Empidonax difficilis Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xxx, 198. (West coast; Ft. Steilacoom, Shoalwater Bay, Ft. Tejon = Fort Steilacoom, Washington.) Breeds from southeastern Alaska (Glacier, Chickamin River), coastal and central southern British Columbia, northern Idaho (Bay View, St. Joe National Forest), and western Montana (Belt River Canyon) south to southwestern California (San Clemente Island, San Jacinto) and central western Nevada (Mount Magruder). Winters from southern Baja California (Santiago, San José del Rancho), rarely northern Sonora (Pozo de Luis), south to southern Sinaloa (San Ignacio) and southern Oaxaca (Puerto Angel). 1 This species was called Empidonax griseus Brewster in the Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, while the name wrightii Baird was used for the Dusky Flycatcher, herein called E. oberholseri Phillips. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 347 Empidonax difficilis héllmayri Brodkorb. [464b.] Empidonax difficilis hellmayri Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich- igan, no. 306, Jan. 30, 1935, p. 1. (Boot Spring, 6800 feet, Chisos Mountains, Brewster County, Texas.) Breeds from south-central Montana and western South Dakota (Black Hills) south to eastern Nevada, Arizona (Flagstaff, Huachuca Mountains), New Mexico (Guadalupe Mountains), western Chihuahua, western Texas (Guada- lupe and Chisos mountains), and northern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen). In winter recorded from northern Durango (Chacala) and Hidalgo (Jacala); taken in migration in Baja California, the Tres Marias Islands, and southwestern Kansas (Morton County). Empidonax difficilis cineritius Brewster. [464a.] Empidonax cineritius Brewster, Auk, 5, no. 1, Jan. 1888, p. 90. (La Laguna [= Sierra de la Laguna], Lower California.) Breeds in the mountains of Baja California in the Sierra San Pedro Martir and in the Cape district; descends to lowlands in winter. Empidonax fulvifrons (Giraud)*: BUFF-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. Highlands of central and southeastern Arizona and central western New Mexico south through western México to El Salvador and Honduras; descends to lowlands in winter, remaining north as far as Sonora. Empidonax fulvifrons pygmaéus Coues. [470a.] E[mpidonax] pygmaeus Coues, Ibis, n. s. (ser. 2), 1, no. 4, Oct. 1865, p. 537. (Fort Whipple [= Prescott], Arizona.) Breeds from central and southeastern Arizona (Natanes Plateau, Huachuca Mountains, Chiricahua Mountains, formerly Prescott) and central western New Mexico (Inscription Rock, Fort Bayard) to southwestern Chihuahua (Los Frailes, Pacheco, Laguna Juanota). Winters from southeastern Sonora and western Durango (Tamazula) south to Nayarit, possibly to México (La Venta) and Morelos (Ocotepec). Genus CONTOPUS Cabanis Contopus Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 3, Nov. 1855, p. 479. Type, by original designation, Muscicapa virens Linnaeus. Contépus pértinax Cabanis and Heine?: Cougs’ FLYCATCHER. Central and southeastern Arizona, western New Mexico, and western Chi- huahua east to central Tamaulipas and south to northern Nicaragua. 1 Muscicapa fulvifrons Giraud, Sixteen Species Texas Birds, 1841, [p. 9], pl. 4, fig. 2. (“Texas” = locality unknown.) 2 C[ontopus] pertinax Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., vol. 2, Sept. 1859, p. 72. (Xalapa = Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.) 348 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Contopus pertinax pallidivéntris Chapman. [460.] Contopus pertinax pallidiventris Chapman, Auk, 14, no. 3, July 1897, p. 310. (Pima County [= Santa Catalina Mountains], Arizona.) Breeds in central and southeastern Arizona (Baker’s Butte, White Mountains, Santa Catalina Mountains, formerly Prescott), southwestern New Mexico (Fort Bayard), eastern Sonora, western Chihuahua, and northern Nayarit (Santa Teresa). Winters from southern Sonora and southwestern Chihuahua (Durazno) south to Guatemala, casually in southern Arizona (Patagonia). Casual in California (Salton Sea), Colorado (Fort Lyon), and central Texas (Davis Mountains). Contopus virens (Linnaeus): EASTERN WooD PEWEE. [461.] Muscicapa virens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 327. Based on Muscicapa Carolinensis cinerea, Le Gobemouche cendré de la Caro- line of Brisson, Orn., vol. 2, p. 368. (in Carolina ad ripas = South Carolina.) Breeds from southern Manitoba (Whitemouth, Shoal Lake, Indian Bay), west- ern and central Ontario, southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Hatley), northern Maine (Fort Kent, Presque Isle), central New Brunswick (Fredericton), Prince Edward Island, and northern Nova Scotia (Pictou, Antigonish) south through eastern North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kan- sas, and central Oklahoma (Major County, Wichita Mountains) to central and southeastern Texas (San Angelo, Houston), the Gulf coast, and central Florida (Tarpon Springs; Osceola County). Winters from central Costa Rica south to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peri; in migration in Colorado (Springfield), Cuba, Swan Island and St. Andrews Island. Accidental at sea, 200 miles off Hopedale, Labrador and in Bermuda. Contopus sordidulus Sclater!: WESTERN Woop PEWEE. Central eastern Alaska, southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, central eastern Saskatchewan, and central Manitoba south in the mountains to Guatemala and possibly to Costa Rica and Colombia. Winters from central Panama (Canal Zone) to Venezuela, Peri, and Bolivia. Contopus sordidulus véliei Coues. [462.] Contopus veliei Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18, March 1866, p. 61. (Fort Whipple, Arizona.) Breeds from central eastern Alaska, southern Yukon (probably: Little Salmon River, Rancheria River), southern Mackenzie (probably: mouth of Liard River, Fort Smith), northeastern Alberta (probably: Athabaska Delta, Chipewyan), northwestern and central Saskatchewan (Flotten Lake, Cumberland House), 1 Contopus sordidulus P. L. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, June 1859, p. 43. (In Mexico meridionali et Guatemala = Orizaba, Veracruz.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 349 and central Manitoba (northwest of Lake Winnipegosis, Red Deer River) south to northern Baja California (Tiajuana, Sierra San Pedro Martir), eastern So- nora, and western Chihuahua (Colonia Pacheco) and east to North Dakota (Bismarck), South Dakota (Black Hills), and central and western Texas (Kerr County, Glass Mountains). Winters from central Panama (Canal Zone) to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecua- dor, Pert, and Bolivia. Accidental in northern Alaska (Point Barrow) and Jamaica. Contopus sordidulus saturatus Bishop. [462).] Contopus richardsonii saturatus Bishop, Auk, 17, no. 2, Apr. 1900, p. 116. (Haines, Alaska.) Breeds from southeastern Alaska (Haines) south through western British Columbia, western Washington, including the Cascade Mountain area, and western Oregon. Recorded in spring and fall migration in Sonora; winter home not known. Contopus sordidulus peninsulae Brewster. [462a.] Contopus richardsonii peninsulae Brewster, Auk, 8, no. 2, Apr. 1891 (sep- arates publ. February 17), p. 144. (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower Cali- fornia. ) Breeds in southern Baja California. Winters probably in northwestern South America (one record from Belén, Colombia); recorded in migration in southern México. Genus NUTTALLORNIS Ridgway Nuttallornis Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, Sept. 1887, p. 337. Type, by monotypy, Tyrannus borealis Swainson = Muscicapa meso- leuca Lichtenstein. Nuttallérnis borealis (Swainson): OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER. [459.] Tyrannus borealis Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.- Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (Feb. 1832), p. 141, pl. 35. (Cumberland House = Carlton House, Saskatchewan.) Breeds from northern Alaska (north fork Kuskokwim River, Circle, Wild Lake in Brooks Range), central western and southern Yukon, central western and southern Mackenzie (Fort Norman, Grand Detour), northeastern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan (Lac Ile-a-la-Crosse), north-central Manitoba (Thicket Portage, Bird), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Attawapiskat, Fort Al- bany), central Quebec (Mistassini Post, mouth of Kagaska River), and central Newfoundland south to northern Baja California (Sierra Juarez, Sierra San Pedro Martir), central Nevada (Belmont), central Arizona (Bill Williams Mountain, White Mountains), northern New Mexico (Taos), central Sas- katchewan (Nipawin), southern Manitoba (Duck Mountain, Winnipeg), north- eastern North Dakota (Grafton), central Minnesota (Williams; Isanti County), 350 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan (Burt Lake), southern Ontario (Mount Forest, Holland Swamp, Sharbot Lake), northeastern Ohio (Ashtabula County), and Massachusetts, and in the mountains of New York (Adirondacks, Catskills), Pennsylvania (Pocono Mountains, Warren), eastern West Virginia (Cheat Mountains, Cranberry Glades), southwestern Virginia (Highland County), eastern Tennessee (Great Smoky Mountains), and western North Carolina (Black Mountain, Highlands). Winters in South America from Colombia and northern Venezuela to Peri; one record for northern Brasil (Itacoatiara); in migration through Central America. Accidental in Greenland (Nanortalik) and Bermuda. Genus PYROCEPHALUS Gould Pyrocephalus Gould, Zool. Voy. Beagle, pt. 9, 1839, p. 44. Type, by mono- typy, “Pyrocephalus parvirostris Gould and Muscicapa coronata Gmelin” = Muscicapa rubinus Boddaert. Pyrocéphalus rubinus (Boddaert)': VERMILION FLYCATCHER. Southwestern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, central Ari- zona, southwestern New Mexico, and western and central Texas south to Guate- mala and Honduras; South America from the Galapagos Islands, Colombia, and Venezuela to central Chile and southern Argentina. Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus Sclater. [471.] Pyrocephalus mexicanus P. L. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 27, May 1859, p. 45. (Mexico= Tampico, Tamaulipas.) Breeds from south-central and southern Texas (Uvalde, Corpus Christi, Brownsville) south to Michoacan (Lake Patzcuaro), Guerrero (Chilpancingo), Puebla, and central Veracruz (Orizaba, Jalapa). Winters in the breeding range, and northward and eastward to southern Louisiana (Cameron Parish, New Orleans), southern Mississippi (Bay St. Louis, Gulfport), and northwestern Florida. Casual in Colorado (San Luis Valley), north-central Texas (Abilene), Ar- kansas (Magnolia, Mena, Stuttgart), northwestern Mississippi (Rosedale), and eastern Florida. Accidental in Ontario (Toronto). Pyrocephalus rubinus flammeus van Rossem. [471a.] Pyrocephalus rubinus flammeus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, no. 30, May 31, 1934, p. 353. (Brawley, Imperial County, California.) Breeds from southeastern California (Mohave and Colorado deserts, Coa- chella), southern Nevada (Ash Meadows, Pahrump Ranch), southwestern Utah 1 Muscicapa rubinus Boddaert, Table Planch. Enlum., 1783, p. 42. Based on Dau- benton, Planch. Enlum. 675, fig. 2. (Cayenne = Teffé, Brasil.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 351 (Virgin River Valley, probably Kanab), central Arizona (Prescott, Camp Verde), southwestern New Mexico, and western Texas (Brewster County) south to southern Baja California (Cabo San Lucas) and Nayarit (San Blas). Winters in México and west and north sparingly in California (Santa Barbara, San Diego) and Nevada (Alamo). Casual in Colorado and Nebraska. Genus CAMPTOSTOMA Sclater Camptostoma P. L. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 25, Nov. 16, 1857, p. 203. Type, by monotypy, Camptostoma imberbe Sclater. Camptéstoma imbérbe Sclater: BEARDLESS FLYCATCHER. Southern Arizona and southern Texas south through México, including Yucatan and Quintana Roo, to northwestern Costa Rica. Camptostoma imberbe imbérbe Sclater. [472.] Camptostoma imberbe P. L. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 25, (Nov. 16) 1857, p. 203. (in vicinitate urbis St. Andres Tuxtla, [Veracruz] in rep. Mexicana). Breeds from extreme southern Texas and Nuevo Leon through eastern and southern México, including Yucatan and Quintana Roo, south to northwestern Costa Rica. Winters north at least to Nuevo Leon (Monterrey) and Tamaulipas (Victoria, Alta Mira). Camptostoma imberbe ridgwayi (Brewster). [472a.] Ornithion imberbe ridgwayi Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 7, no. 4, Oct. 1882, p. 208. (Tucson, [Arizona].) Breeds from south-central and southeastern Arizona south to Nayarit (San Blas) and Michoacan (Lake Patzcuaro). Winters from southern Arizona (Tucson area) and southern Sonora (Ala- mos) southward. Suborder PASSERES: Songbirds Family ALAUDIDAE: Larks Genus ALAUDA Linnaeus Alauda Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 165. Type, by subse- quent designation, Alauda arvensis Linnaeus (Selby, 1825). Alavida arvénsis Linnaeus: SKYLARK. The Faeroes, British Isles, Scandinavia (north to about lat. 70° N.), Russia (north to lat. 60°-62° N.), and Siberia (north to the middle valley of the Ob, 352 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS the upper Lena, the middle Yana, the lower Chaun, and the base of the Kam- chatka Peninsula; northern limits in Siberia not certainly known), south to and including the islands in the Mediterranean, northern Africa, Palestine, northern Iran, northeastern Afghanistan, the Pamirs, western Tien Shan, northern Mon- golia, northeastern China, Korea, Japan, and Quelpart Island. Introduced on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, where it is now resident. Alauda arvensis arvénsis Linnaeus. [473.] Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 165. (in Europae apricis = Uppsala, Sweden.) Breeds from the southern Faeroes, eastern Scotland, eastern and southern England, Scandinavia (except extreme north), Finland, and northern Russia (from lat. 61° N.) south to central France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, and south-central Russia. Winters from the British Isles and Germany south to France and Italy. Accidental in Bermuda, Madeira, and Canary Islands. Introduced and established in southern Vancouver Island (Saanich Penin- sula); formerly on Long Island, New York, where it disappeared about 1913. Skylarks, probably of this race, are now established in New Zealand, on Auck- land, Kermadec, and Chatham islands, and Hawaii (Oahu, Lanai). Genus EREMOPHILA Brehm Eremophila Brehm, Isis von Oken, 21, pts. 3-4, 1828, col. 322. Type, by subsequent designation, Alauda alpestris Linnaeus (Sharpe, 1890). Erem6phila alpéstris (Linnaeus): HORNED LARK. Holarctic in distribution; from Alaska and the Arctic coast of Canada south to Baja California, southern México, Texas, southwestern Louisiana, northern Mississippi, northern Georgia, and North Carolina; also the Bogota savanna, Colombia; Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Kolguev Island, Vaigach Island, Europe and Asia from the Arctic Ocean south to the British Isles, northern Germany, northern Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, north- ern Iran, Afghanistan, Kashmir, the Himalayas, northern China, and Japan; the Atlas Mountains, Morocco, and in desert areas from Rio de Oro to Egypt and northern Arabia. Migrant in winter from more northern parts of range. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Eremophila alpestris arcticola (Oberholser). [474a.] Otocoris alpestris arcticola Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24, June 9, 1902, pp. 806 (in key), 816. (Fort Reliance, Yukon River, British America.) Breeds from northern Alaska (Wales, Cape Beaufort, Demarcation Point, Endicott Mountains), the Mackenzie Delta, and Yukon (upper Yukon Valley) south on high mountains in British Columbia (Atlin, mountains above Barker- ville, Alta Lake, Ashnola). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 353 Winters in interior British Columbia (Comox, Okanagan Landing, Osoyoos), eastern Washington (Walla Walla), casually west of the Cascades, eastern Oregon (Gilliam, Lake, Baker, and Wallowa counties), northeastern California (Lassen County), Idaho (Moscow), Montana (Bitterroot Valley, Sun River, Miles City), Utah (Salt Lake City), and Wyoming. Eremophila alpestris héyti (Bishop). [474k.] Otocoris alpestris hoyti Bishop, Auk, 13, no. 2, Apr. 1896, p. 130. (Cando, Towner County, North Dakota.) Breeds along the Arctic coast of North America from North Devon, Bylot, and northern Baffin islands south to northern Alberta (Fort Chipewyan), Mani- toba (Churchill), and extreme northwestern Ontario (Fort Severn). Winters south to Nevada, Utah (Utah County), eastern Kansas, and Michi- gan, casually to southern Ontario, Ohio, and New York (Long Island), occa- sionally to Massachusetts (Concord), Connecticut, and Maryland (Cambridge). Eremophila alpestris alpéstris (Linnaeus). [474.] Alauda alpestris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 166. Based mainly on The Lark, Alauda gutture flavo Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 32. (In America septentrionali = coast of South Carolina.) Breeds from Hudson Strait and northern Labrador (Cape Chidley, Strait of Belle Isle) south to Moose Factory, Ontario, southeastern Quebec (Gaspé, Magdalen Islands), and Newfoundland. Winters from Manitoba and Newfoundland south to Kansas, Missouri, Ohio (Buckeye Lake, Cincinnati), West Virginia (Preston, Grant, and Tucker coun- ties), North Carolina (Kitty Hawk, Pea Island, Raleigh, Asheville), and DeKalb County, Georgia. Casual in Greenland, Louisiana, and Bermuda. Eremophila alpestris leucolaéma Coues. [474c.] Eremophila alpestris var. leuacolaema Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, pp. 38, 39 (Fort Randall, [South Dakota].) Breeds from southern Alberta, extreme southwestern Saskatchewan (Cypress Lake, Gowenlock, Robsart), and western and central Montana south through eastern Idaho, northeastern Utah, western Wyoming, and western and central Colorado to eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas. Winters from Montana and western Nebraska southward to southeastern California, Sonora, Chihuahua, and southern Texas. Eremophila alpestris enthymia (Oberholser). [474p.] Otocoris alpestris enthymia Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 24, June 9, 1902, pp. 807 (in key), 817. (St. Louis, Saskatchewan.) Breeds in central Saskatchewan, eastern Montana, eastern Wyoming, eastern Colorado, western Oklahoma, and northwestern Texas east to extreme western 354 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Ontario (Emo), central North Dakota, central South Dakota, central Nebraska, and central Kansas. Winters south to southeastern California, Arizona, and southern Texas. Eremophila alpestris praticola (Henshaw). [474).] Otocorys alpestris praticola Henshaw, Auk, 1, no. 3, July 1884, pp. 258, 264. (Mt. Carmel and Richland Co., IIl., and Gainesville, Texas = Rich- land County, Illinois.) Breeds from Minnesota, Michigan, central Ontario (Peninsula, Bigwood), southwestern Quebec (Gatineau Point), Maine, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south to eastern Kansas (Manhattan), central Mis- souri, Tennessee, northern Alabama (Tennessee Valley), and North Carolina (Roan Mountain, Winston-Salem, Raleigh). Winters south to Texas, northern Mississippi, Tennessee, central Alabama, northeastern Georgia, and rarely to Florida (Hastings, Daytona Beach, Miami Beach), casually to Colorado. Eremophila alpestris giraudi (Henshaw). [474d.] Otocorys alpestris giraudi Henshaw, Auk, 1, no. 3, July 1884, pp. 260, 266. (Corpus Christi, Brownsville, Texas = Corpus Christi.) Resident in the coastal prairie region from Cameron Parish, Louisiana, and Galveston Bay, Texas, to extreme northeastern Tamaulipas. Eremophila alpestris utahénsis (Behle). [474r.] Otocoris alpestris utahensis Behle, Condor, 40, no. 2, Mar. 15, 1938, p. 89. (10 mi. W. Salt Lake City Airport, Salt Lake County, Utah.) Breeds from central and southeastern Idaho (Elk Creek Ranger Station, Goldburg, near Idaho Falls) south to central Nevada (Millett), central and southwestern Utah (Sanpete County; Lund, Iron County). Winters in breeding range and south and west to southern California (Inyo, Kern, and San Bernardino counties), Nevada, and northwestern Arizona. Eremophila alpestris alpina (Jewett). [474s.] Otocoris alpestris alpina Jewett, Auk, 60, no. 2, Apr. 1943, p. 262. (Arctic Alpine zone of Mt. St. Helens, Skamania County, Washington.) Breeds above timberline in the Cascades (Mount St. Helens, Mount Adams, and Mount Rainier) and the Olympic Mountains (Hurricane Ridge) of Wash- ington. Winters in surrounding lowlands from the coast to central Washington. Eremophila alpestris lamprochré6ma (Oberholser). [474q.] Otocoris alpestris lamprochroma Oberholser, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, no. 1, Sept. 19, 1932, p. 4. (Spanish Lake, east base of ORDER PASSERIFORMES 355 Hart Mountain, northern end of Warner Valley, 20 miles northeast of Adel, Oregon.) Breeds from southeastern Washington, except in mountainous areas, south- ward through southeastern Oregon, southwestern Idaho (Owyhee County), northeastern California (Cowhead Lake, Modoc County, Eagleville, Honey Lake Valley), and northern Nevada (Martin Creek Ranger Station, Humboldt County) to central eastern California (White Mountains, Mono County) and central western Nevada (Fish Lake Valley, Esmeralda County). Winters tn the breeding range, and in southern Nevada (Las Vegas), the Sacramento Valley (Richvale, Chico, Corning), the San Joaquin Valley, Santa Cruz County (Santa Cruz), Los Angeles County (Long Beach), and Imperial County (Imperial Valley), California; also in southern Arizona (Tucson). Eremophila alpestris strigata (Henshaw). [474¢.] Otocorys alpestris strigata Henshaw, Auk, 1, no. 3, July 1884, pp. 261, 267. (Ft. Steilacoom, Puget Sound, and Yuba Co., California = Fort Steila- coom, Washington.) Breeds in the coastal strip west of the Cascade Mountains from extreme southwestern British Columbia (Lulu Island, Sumas Prairie, Chilliwack) to Washington (Tacoma) and Oregon (Scio, Salem, Medford). Winters in breeding range; also to eastern Washington and Oregon, and south to California (Red Bluff, San Francisco); casual on southern Vancouver Island. Eremophila alpestris mérrilli (Dwight). [474i.] Otocoris alpestris merrilli Dwight, Auk, 7, no. 2, Apr. 1890, p. 153. (Ft. Klamath, Oregon.) Breeds in the intermontane valleys of British Columbia, from Chilcotin Plateau southward (Napier Lake, Kamloops, Newgate), in northeastern Wash- ington (Prescott), on the eastern slopes of the Cascades (Ellensburg), and in the Blue Mountains (Anatone), in Oregon east of the Cascades (Shaniko, Fort Klamath), and northern Idaho south to central northern California (Shasta Valley, Eagle Lake and Petes Valley, Lassen County). Specimens from northern Idaho and extreme eastern Washington and Oregon are not typical. Winters in eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, northern California (Sacra- mento and Honey Lake valleys), and northern San Joaquin Valley (Sonoma County). Casual in winter in Utah (Salt Lake City). Eremophila alpestris siérrae (Oberholser). [474?.] Otocoris alpestris sierrae Oberholser, Condor, 22, no. 1, Jan. 26, 1920, p. 34. (Head of Pine Creek, Lassen County, California.) Breeds in California in the southern Cascade Mountains and northern Sierra Nevada from Pittville south to Truckee, Nevada County. Winters in the Honey Lake and Sacramento valleys, California. 356 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Eremophila alpestris insularis (Townsend). [474m.] Otocoris alpestris insularis C. H. Townsend, in Dwight, Auk, 7, Apr. 1890, p. 152. (Santa Cruz Islands = San Clemente Island, California.) Breeds on San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, Santa Barbara, San Nicolas, San Clemente, and Santa Catalina islands off southern California. Winters in breeding range and on the adjacent mainland (Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles, and San Diego counties). Eremophila alpestris ribea (Henshaw). [474/.] Otocorys alpestris rubeus Henshaw, Auk, 1, no. 3, July 1884, pp. 260, 267. (Stockton, California.) Resident in the Sacramento Valley, California, from Red Bluff, Tehama County, south to the northern shore of Suisun Bay, Solano County. Eremophila alpestris actia (Oberholser). [474e.] Otocoris alpestris actia Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24, June 9, 1902, pp. 806 (in key), 845. (Jacumba, San Diego County, California.) Resident in California through the coast range area from Capetown, Hum- boldt County, and in the San Joaquin Valley, except the extreme southern end, south to about lat. 30° N. in northern Baja California. Eremophila alpestris enértera (Oberholser). [474n.] Otocoris alpestris enertera Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 20, Mar. 27, 1907, p. 41. (Llano de Yrais (near Magdalena Bay), Lower California.) Resident in west-central Baja California, including coastal islands, from Santa Rosalia Bay and San Benito Islands south to Magdalena Bay and Santa Margarita Island (lat. 29° to 24° N.). Eremophila alpestris occidentalis (McCall). [4741/.] Otocoris ?occidentalis McCall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, no. 9, May-June (Dec. 31) 1851, p. 218. (Near Santa Fe, New Mexico.) Breeds from northern and central Arizona (mainly north of the Mogollon Divide, west to Kingman) to central New Mexico (Fort Wingate east to the Santa Fe region, south to Albuquerque). Winters in breeding range, ranging also to Sonora (La Noria; San Luis Spring), Chihuahua, and western Texas. Eremophila alpestris adusta (Dwight). [474/.] Otocoris alpestris adusta Dwight, Auk, 7, no. 2, Apr. 1890, p. 148. (Camp [= Fort] Huachuca, Arizona.) Resident in the desert grasslands from southern Arizona (Ventana Ranch, Altar Valley, Oracle, Willcox, San Simon Valley) and southwestern New ORDER PASSERIFORMES 357 Mexico (Rodeo, Hidalgo County) south to extreme northern Sonora (Sasabe Valley). Winters in breeding range and also in adjacent valleys. Eremophila alpestris amméphila (Oberholser). [4740.] Otocoris alpestris ammophila Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24, June 9, 1902, pp. 806 (in key), 849. (Coso Valley, southeastern California.) Breeds in the Mojave and Amargosa deserts of southwestern Nevada (19 miles southeast of Goldfield, Nye County) and southern California (Owens Lake, Inyo County; San Bernardino County) and in Kern Basin and vicinity (Buena Vista Lake, Kern County; Carrizo Plains). Winters in breeding range; also south to southern end of Salton Sea, Im- perial County, California, and northwestern Sonora (Punta Pefiascosa). Eremophila alpestris leucansiptila (Oberholser). [474j.] Otocoris alpestris leucansiptila Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24, June 9, 1902, pp. 806 (in key), 864. (Yuma, Arizona.) Resident from extreme southwestern Nevada (Arden, Clark County), south- eastern California (Echo Island, Salton Sea; Bard; Coyote Well), and south- western Arizona (Aquila, Congress Junction, Hassayampa, Gila Bend) south to northwestern Sonora (east to Punta Pefiascosa). Family HIRUNDINIDAE: Swallows Genus CALLICHELIDON Baird Callichelidon Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, sigs. 17, 19, May 1865, pp. 271 (in key), 303. (Callichelodon in key.) Type, by original designation, Hirundo cyaneoviridis H. Bryant. Callichelidon cyaneoviridis (Bryant): BAHAMA SWALLow. [615.1.] Hirundo cyaneoviridis H. Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, 1859, p. 111. (Nassau [New Providence, Bahamas].) Resident in the Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama, Abaco, the Berry Islands, Bimini, Andros, New Providence, Current Island, Eleuthera, Cay Sal, Anguilla Cays, and Great Inagua); probably breeds only on the northern islands; in part migrates southward after the nesting season to winter in eastern Cuba. Accidental on Garden Key, Dry Tortugas (April 7, 1890), and at Tarpon Springs, Florida (September 3, 1890). Genus TACHYCINETA Cabanis Tachycineta Cabanis, Mus. Hein., vol. 1, 1851 (after Oct. 23), p. 48. Type, by original designation, Hirundo thalassina Swainson. 358 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Tachycinéta thalassina (Swainson): VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW. Western North America from the Yukon River Valley through southern Alaska, western and southern British Columbia, southwestern Alberta, Mon- tana, southwestern South Dakota, and northwestern Nebraska south to southern Baja California and Sonora in the west, and through Colorado, New Mexico, and western Texas to central México in the east; winters south to Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Tachycineta thalassina lépida Mearns. [615.] Tachycineta lepida Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15, Mar. 5, 1902, p. 31. (Campbell’s ranch in the Laguna Mountains (Coast Range) 20 miles north of Campo, San Diego County, California.) Breeds from Alaska (Yukon River Valley, McCarthy, Yakutat Bay), south- western Yukon (Dawson, Selkirk, Whitehorse), British Columbia, southwestern Alberta (Deer Park, Donald), central Montana (Judith Basin, Billings, Big Horn), and southwestern South Dakota (Rapid City, Pine Ridge) south to northern Baja California (San Fernando), southern Arizona (Fort Huachuca, Chiricahua Mountains), and southern New Mexico (Gila Fork Reservation, Sacramento Mountains); recorded in summer in Sonora, Chihuahua, and Coahuila. Winters from central coastal (Salinas River) and southern California (San Diego, Needles), Sonora, Chihuahua, and Coahuila south to Guatemala (San Mateo, Chichicastenango), Honduras, and El Salvador (Puerto del Triunfo), casually to Costa Rica (Bebedero). Casual in northern Alaska (Point Barrow) and the Pribilofs. Accidental in southeastern Manitoba (Sandilands?) and Illinois (Calumet). Tachycineta thalassina brachyptera Brewster. [615a.] Tachycineta thalassina brachyptera Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, no. 1, Sept. 1902, p. 167. (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California.) Resident in central and southern Baja California (north to San Ignacio) and the coastal plain of Sonora (Guaymas), possibly to the Mayo River Valley (Tesia). Genus IRIDOPROCNE Coues Iridoprocne Coues, Birds Colorado Valley, 1878, p. 412. Type, by original designation, Hirundo bicolor Vieillot. Iridoproécne bicolor (Vicillot): TREE SwALLow. [614.] Hirundo bicolor Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807 (1808), p. 61, pl. 31. (Centre des Etats-Unis = New York.) Breeds from north-central Alaska, southwestern Yukon, central western and southern Mackenzie (Norman, Great Slave Lake), northern Alberta, north- 1 Hirundo thalassinus Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 5, May 1827, p. 366. (Real del Monte = Hidalgo, México.) 2 Norris-Elye, Can. Field-Nat., 59, 1945, p. 173. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 359 ern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to southeastern Alaska, along the Pacific coast to southern California, west-central Nevada, east-central Oregon, southeastern Washington, Idaho (Coeur d’Alene, Paris), west-central Utah, western Colorado, southeastern Wyoming, southern North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, northeastern Kansas, south-central Missouri, northwestern Tennessee (Reelfoot Lake), southern Illinois, south-central Indi- ana, central Ohio, northern West Virginia, Virginia, central Maryland, north- eastern Pennsylvania, eastern New York, northern Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts; casually farther south to northeastern Arkansas, north- eastern Louisiana, central western Mississippi, and New Jersey. Winters from southern California, southwestern Arizona, northern México, the shores of the Gulf of Mexico (Louisiana to Key West), southeastern Virginia, and occasionally eastern Massachusetts (Cape Cod) and New York (Long Island) south to southern Baja California, Guatemala, British Honduras, Honduras, and Cuba. Casual in northern Alaska (Point Barrow, Demarcation Point), the Pribilof Islands, and Bermuda. Accidental in Greenland, England (Derby, 1850), and Colombia.1 Genus RIPARIA Forster Riparia T. Forster, Syn. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, p. 17. Type, by monotypy, Riparia europaea Forster = Hirundo riparia Linnaeus. Riparia riparia (Linnaeus): BANK SWALLOw. North-central Alaska, northwestern Canada, southern Labrador, Newfound- land, British Isles, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northern Siberia south to southern United States, northwestern Africa, Abyssinia, Iraq, Iran, northwest India, and Japan. Winters in South America, southern and eastern Africa, and southern Asia. Riparia riparia riparia (Linnaeus). [616.] Hirundo riparia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 192. (In Europae collibus arenosis abruptis = Sweden.) Breeds from north-central Alaska, southern Yukon, northwestern and south- central Mackenzie, northeastern Alberta, central eastern Saskatchewan, north- eastern Manitoba (Herchmer), northern Ontario, southern Quebec, southern Labrador, and southwestern Newfoundland south to southern Alaska, British Columbia, mainly east of the coast ranges, and through Washington and Oregon to southern California, western Nevada, northern Utah, Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas (Miller County, Helena), northern Alabama (Tennessee Valley), central West Virginia, and eastern Virginia, casually to south-central South Carolina (Aiken County); and from the Hebrides, the Orkneys, northern Norway and Sweden, Finland, northern Russia, and northern Siberia (east to the Kolyma River) south to northwestern Africa (Morocco to Tripoli), Asia 1 de Schauensee, Caldasia, 5, no. 25, Aug. 1951, p. 876. 360 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Minor, Iraq, western Iran, and Siberia north of the Kirghiz Steppes and Altai. Winters, in the New World, from Colombia (Cali) and British Guiana to Peru, Bolivia, central Brasil (Faro, Rio Jamundaé), Paraguay, and northern Argentina (Tucum4n); in the Old World, in Africa from Sierra Leone, Lake Chad, and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan south to South Africa. Migrant through eastern México and Central America and, in lesser numbers, through the Greater and Lesser Antilles. Accidental on Melville Island (Liddon Gulf), the Pribilofs, and Bermuda. Riparia riparia ijimae (Loénnberg). [616a.] Clivicola riparia ijimae Lonnberg, Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 23, art. 14, 1908, p. 38. (Tretia Padi, Sakhalin Island.) Breeds from the vicinity of Lake Baikal east to Ussuriland, Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands, and Hokkaido, Japan. Recorded in summer in Alaska (Point Barrow, June 8 and September 151; Port Moller, June 19).? Winters south to China, Burma, and northern Thailand (Ban Na Noi, Nan Province; April 2, 1937). Accidental in the Commander Islands. Genus STELGIDOPTERYX Baird Stelgidopteryx Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xxxiv, 312. Type, by monotypy, Hirundo serripennis Audubon. Stelgidépteryx ruficéllis (Vieillot)*: ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW. British Columbia, southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan, southeastern Manitoba, western and southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, central Ver- mont, and New Hampshire south to Peri, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina. Winters from southern United States southward. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripénnis (Audubon). [617.] Hirundo serripennis Audubon, Orn. Biogr., vol. 4, 1838, p. 593. (Charles- ton, South Carolina.) Breeds from the Puget Sound lowlands and the interior of British Columbia (Hazleton, Vancouver, Okanagan Landing, Arrow Lakes), southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan (Eastend), southeastern Manitoba, western Ontario (Rainy River District), northeastern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario (Parry Sound District; Ottawa), southwestern Que- bec, central New York, central Vermont, central New Hampshire, and southern Maine south to California (north of the Tehachapi Mountains and San Ber- nardino County), western and northern Nevada, northeastern and central Ari- 1 Bailey, Birds Arctic Alaska, 1948, p. 273. 2 Zimmer, Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 1723, 1955, p. 31. 3 Deignan, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 186, 1945, p. 272. * Hirundo ruficollis Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 14, Sept. 1817, p. 523. (Bresil = vicinity of Rio de Janeiro.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 361 zona, central New Mexico, Colorado, central Oklahoma, eastern Texas, south- ern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, and central Florida; recorded in summer in southern Nevada and southern Arizona. Winters in southern Louisiana, casually in southeastern South Carolina, and from México (northern limit uncertain) south to Guatemala, British Honduras, Honduras, Costa Rica, and western Panama (Almirante). Casual in southern Florida (Fort Myers, Key West) and Cuba (in spring migration). Stelgidopteryx ruficollis psamméchrous Griscom. [617a.] Stelgidopteryx serripennis psammochrous Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 11, Dec. 14, 1929, p. 72. (Oposura, Sonora.) Breeds from southern California (Santa Barbara, Long Beach, Pasadena), south tip of Nevada, southern Arizona (Yuma, Whipple, Camp Verde, San Carlos), New Mexico (Redrock), and southern Texas (Brewster County, La- redo) south to Baja California (San Quintin, Trinidad), and in western México from Sonora and Chihuahua to central Guerrero (Chilpancingo, Omilteme) .1 Winter range unknown. Genus DELICHON Moore Delichon Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 22, 1854 (Apr. 1855), p. 104. Type, by monotypy, Delichon nipalensis Moore. Délichon tirbica (Linnaeus): House MartTIN. British Isles, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northern Siberia to northern Africa, Asia Minor, the Himalayas, China, and Japan. In winter south to southern Africa, India, northern Burma, and Indochina. Delichon urbica urbica (Linnaeus). [615.2.] Hirundo urbica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 192. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds from the British Isles, northern Scandinavia (from lat. 71° N.), northern Russia, and western Siberia (Yenisei River) south to southern France, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, southern Italy, Greece, Cyprus, Asia Minor, and Kashmir. Winters in Senegal, French Guinea, Ivory Coast, and Kenya Colony south to South Africa; also in India. Casual in Greenland, Iceland, the Faeroes, Kolguev, the Azores, Madeira, and the Canaries. Genus HIRUNDO Linnaeus Hirundo Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 191. Type, by sub- sequent designation, Hirundo rustica Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). 1 Brodkorb, Condor, 44, 1942, p. 215. 362 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Hiriindo riistica Linnaeus: BARN SWALLOW. North-central Alaska, southwestern Mackenzie, central Saskatchewan, south- ern Manitoba, southern Ontario, Labrador, Newfoundland, and western Green- land south to central México and the Gulf coast of the United States, wintering from western Panama to southern South America. In the Eastern Hemisphere from the Faeroes, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and north-central Siberia to northwestern Africa, Asia Minor, northwestern India, and northern China, wintering south to South Africa, India, Burma, the Malay States, East Indies, the Philippines, and Micronesia. Hirundo rustica erythrogaster Boddaert. [613.] Hirundo erythrogaster Boddaert, Table Planch. Enlum., 1783, p. 45. Based on the Hirondelle 4 ventre roux de Cayenne of Daubenton, Planch. Enlum., p. 724, fig. 1. (Cayenne = French Guiana.) Breeds from north-central Alaska, southern Yukon (Whitehorse), western Mackenzie, Saskatchewan (Goldfields, Nipawin), southern Manitoba, central Ontario (Malachi, Chapleau), southeastern Quebec, Labrador, and southwestern Newfoundland south to the eastern Aleutian Islands (Unalaska), northwestern Baja California, southern Nayarit, southern Jalisco, northern Michoacan, north- ern Puebla, northern Veracruz, western Texas, Oklahoma, northern Arkansas, northern Alabama, northwestern North Carolina, central Virginia, and south along the Atlantic coast to southern North Carolina, casually to southeastern Georgia; also in southwestern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, southern Ala- bama, and western Florida. Winters mainly from Panama and northern South America south to central Chile (coast of Arauco Province) and central Argentina (Buenos Aires); migrant through México, Central America, and the West Indies; irregular in winter north to southeastern California and central Arizona. Casual at Point Barrow and in the Pribilofs (St. George Island), Alaska; Victoria and Mansel islands; southern Greenland (north to Upernavik); Revilla Gigedo Islands (Isla Clarién), and the Galapagos; Bermuda, Tristan da Cunha, Tierra del Fuego, and the Falkland Islands. Hirundo rustica rustica Linnaeus. [613.1.] Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 191. (in Europae domibus intra tectum = Sweden.) Breeds from the Faeroes (rarely), British Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia (from the Pechora River), northwestern Siberia (lat. 64° N. on the Yenisei River) and Altai south to Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, western Libya, the Medi- terranean and its islands, Asia Minor, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, north- western Pakistan, Kashmir, and Sikkim. Winters in Africa south of lat. 12° N., India, and Ceylon. Casual in northern Alaska (Point Barrow),1 southern Greenland (Godthaab, Angmagssalik), Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Bear Island, Franz Josef Land, No- vaya Zemlya, the Azores, Madeira, and the Canaries. 1 Bailey, Birds Arctic Alaska, 1948, p. 274. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 363 Hirundo rustica gutturalis Scopoli. [613a.] Hirundo (gutturalis) Scopoli, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., vol. 2, 1786, p. 96. (in nova Guiana = Antigua, Panay, Philippine Islands.) Breeds from Amurland and Ussuriland south to Assam, China, Korea, and Japan. Winters from Japan, southern China, India, Ceylon, and Thailand through the Philippines and East Indies to New Guinea and through Micronesia. Accidental in western Alaska (St. Lawrence Island”). Genus PETROCHELIDON Cabanis Petrochelidon, Cabanis, Mus. Hein., vol. 1, Oct. (after Oct. 23) 1851, p. 47. Type, by subsequent designation, Hirundo melanogaster Swainson (Gray, 1855). Petrochélidon pyrrhonota (Vicillot): CLIFF SWALLOow. Central Alaska, central Yukon, western Mackenzie, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, and southern Quebec south to central México, west-central Texas, central Missouri, western Kentucky, west-central Tennessee, northern Alabama, and western North Carolina; winters from southern Brasil south to central Chile and central Argentina. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Petrochelidon pyrrhonota pyrrhon6ta (Vieillot). [612.] Hirundo pyrrhonota Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 14, Sept. 1817, p. 519. (Paraguay.) Breeds from southwestern British Columbia, western Washington, western Oregon, California (except Mono and northern Inyo counties), northwestern Baja California, southern Nevada, southern and eastern Utah, southeastern Wyoming, North Dakota, southern Manitoba, Ontario (Fort Severn), southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south to north- eastern Arizona, northern New Mexico, northern and east-central Texas, east- central Oklahoma, western and northern Missouri, southern Illinois, western Kentucky, west-central Tennessee (along Tennessee River), northern Alabama, the mountains of western North Carolina and Virginia, northern Maryland, southeastern Pennsylvania, and southern New Jersey; probably in Delaware; found in summer in southwestern Tennessee (Memphis). Winters in South America from central Brasil (Mato Grosso, Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul) south to Paraguay, Uruguay, and central Argentina (Entre Rios; southern Buenos Aires); casually in southeastern California and southern Arizona; in migration through México and Central America. Casual in northern Alaska (Point Barrow), southwestern Greenland (Suk- kertoppen), southern Florida (Fort Pierce, Key West, Dry Tortugas), Cuba (Guantanamo), the Virgin Islands (St. Croix), Chile (Tarapaca), and Tierra del Fuego. 1 Allocation of breeding range between this race and H. r. rustica uncertain. 2 Friedmann, Condor, 41, 1939, p. 37. 364 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Petrochelidon pyrrhonota tachina Oberholser. [612a.] Petrochelidon lunifrons tachina Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 16, Feb. 21, 1903, p. 15. (Langtry, Texas.) Breeds from the lower Colorado River Valley and northern Arizona (Tuba City, Lakeside, Springerville), and central New Mexico, to southern Texas. Winter range unknown; migrates through Central America. Petrochelidon pyrrhonota minima van Rossem and Hachisuka. [6125.] Petrochelidon pyrrhonota minima van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9, no. 2, Nov. 21, 1938, p. 5. (“Pichicuate” = Cuchujaqui River, 7 miles east of Alamos, Sonora.) Breeds from southeastern Arizona (San Bernardino Ranch, St. David, So- noita), eastern Sonora, and western Chihuahua south to Sinaloa and Nayarit. Winters in South America, probably to northern Argentina. In migration in eastern Panama (Puerto Obaldia Oct. 6). Petrochelidon pyrrhonota hypopélia Oberholser. [612c.] Petrochelidon lunifrons hypopolia Oberholser, Can. Field-Nat., 33, Nov. 1919 (Jan. 3, 1920), p. 95. (Fort Norman, Mackenzie.) Breeds from central Alaska, central Yukon, western and central Mackenzie, Saskatchewan, and extreme southwestern Manitoba (Whitewater Lake) south to central and southeastern British Columbia, eastern Washington, eastern Ore- gon, eastern central California, central Nevada, northern Utah, Montana, and northwestern Wyoming. Winter range unknown; migrates through México and Central America. Petrochelidon filva (Vieillot)+: CAVE SWALLOW. Southeastern New Mexico, south-central Texas, and the Greater Antilles south through eastern Coahuila to southern Tamaulipas and Yucatan; migrates through Chiapas and Costa Rica. Petrochelidon fulva cavicola Barbour and Brooks. [612.1.] Petrochelidon fulva cavicola Barbour and Brooks, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 6, Jan. 13, 1917, p. 52. (San Antonio de los Bafios, Prov. Havana, Cuba.) Resident in Cuba and the Isle of Pines. Accidental in Florida (Garden Key, Dry Tortugas). Petrochelidon fulva pallida Nelson. [612.1a.] Petrochelidon fulva pallida Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15, Oct. 10, 1902, p. 211. (Saltillo, Coahuila, México.) Breeds from southeastern New Mexico (Goat Cave, southern Eddy County?), south-central Texas (Edwards and Kerr County), and Coahuila to Tamaulipas. 1 Hirundo fulva Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, p. 62, pl. 32. (Saint-Domingue = Hispaniola. ) 2 Kincaid and Prasil, Condor, 58, 1956, p. 452. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 365 Winter range unknown; recorded in migration season in southern México (Ocozocoautla, Chiapas!) and southwestern Costa Rica (El General?). Genus PROGNE Boie Progne Boie, Isis von Oken, 1826, col. 971. Type, by monotypy, Hirundo purpurea Linnaeus = H. subis Linnaeus. Prégne subis (Linnaeus): PURPLE MARTIN. West of the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada, from southwestern British Columbia south to Baja California, Sonora, and Arizona and, east of the Rock- ies, from northeastern British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western Ontario, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, and central Nova Scotia south to the Gulf coast and southern Florida. Winters in South America. Progne subis subis (Linnaeus). [611.] Hirundo Subis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 192. Based on The Great American Martin of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Uncommon Birds, p. 120. (ad sinum Hudsonis = Hudson Bay.) Breeds west of the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada from southwestern British Columbia, western Washington, and western Oregon (also Klamath and Lake counties) south to extreme western Nevada and through California to the Mexican boundary in San Diego County; east of the Rockies (absent from extensive areas in the Great Basin) from northeastern British Columbia (Fort St. John), central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western Ontario, northeastern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, south- ern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island (rare), and central Nova Scotia south to extreme eastern Idaho, north-central Utah, central Arizona, south-central Texas, the Gulf of Mexico, and southern Florida. Winters from Venezuela (Mérida, Caio Casiquiare), British Guiana, and Surinam to the Amazon Valley (Manaus) and Baia (Joazeiro), Espirito Santo (Guarapari), and Sao Paulo (Iguape); in migration through México and Cen- tral America. Casual in northern Nova Scotia (Cape Breton), Sable Island, the Dry Tor- tugas, and the Florida Keys. Accidental in Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales), northwestern Ontario (Favour- able Lake), Bermuda, and Eire (Dublin). Progne subis hespéria Brewster. [611a.] Progne subis hesperia Brewster, Auk, 6, no. 2, Apr. (separates publ. Jan. 31), 1889, p. 92. (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California.) Breeds in Baja California north to lat. 31° N., in the saguaro region of south- central Arizona (Ajo, Mesa, Roosevelt Lake, Feldman, Arivaca), and through the lowlands of Sonora, including Tiburén Island. 1 Specimen in U.S. National Museum. 2A. P. Smith, Oologist, 51, 1934, p. 100. 366 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winter range unknown; migrates through Nicaragua (Rio Escondido, Sep- tember 13). Progne cryptoleica Baird: CUBAN MarTIN. [611.1.] Progne cryptoleuca Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, sign. 18, May 1865, p. 277. (Remedios, Cuba.) Breeds in Cuba and the Isle of Pines. Winter range uncertain; found in migration in Jamaica; taken also in Guate- mala (Quirigua and Gualan, February 25, March 23) and British Honduras (Belize). Casual in southern Florida (Cape Florida, Key West, Clearwater). Progne chalybea (Gmelin): GRAY-BREASTED MARTIN. Central México south through Central America and South America to south- ern Peru, Bolivia, and central Argentina. Progne chalybea chalybea (Gmelin). [611.2.] Hirundo chalybea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 1026. Based mainly on l’Hirondelle de Cayenne, Hirundo cayanensis Brisson, Orn., vol. 2, p. 495. (in Cayenna = French Guiana.) Resident from Nayarit, Coahuila, and Tamaulipas south through Central America and northern South America, including Tobago, Trinidad, and other islands off northern Venezuela, to western Ecuador, eastern Peri, and Brasil (south to the lower Madeira, the lower Tapajéz, northern Maranhao, and ex- treme northern Mato Grosso). Wanders casually in summer to the Rio Grande Valley, Texas (Rio Grande City, Hidalgo). Family CORVIDAE: Jays, Magpies, and Crows Subfamily GARRULINAE: Jays and Magpies Genus PERISOREUS Bonaparte Perisoreus Bonaparte, Giornale Arcadico, 49, 1831, p. 42. Type, by sub- sequent designation, Corvus canadensis Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). Periséreus canadénsis (Linnaeus): GRAY JAY. Northern North America from north-central Alaska, northern Yukon, west- ern Mackenzie, southwestern Keewatin, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, northern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to northern California, central Arizona, southwestern Colorado, northern New Mexico, South Dakota, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, south-central Ontario, northeastern New York, northern New England, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia; casually south to Nebraska, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 367 Perisoreus canadensis canadénsis (Linnaeus). [484.] Corvus canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 158. Based on Le Geay brun de Canada, Garrulus Canadensis fuscus Brisson, Orn., vol. 2, p. 54. (in Canada = Quebec.) Breeds from northern British Columbia, southern Mackenzie, southwestern Keewatin, northeastern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island south to central interior British Columbia, northern Alberta (except northwest), northern Saskatchewan, northern Minne- sota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, northeastern New York, northern Vermont, northern New Hampshire, and Maine. Winters at lower altitudes within the breeding range and south to southern Ontario and Massachusetts, casually to central Minnesota, southeastern Wis- consin, northwestern Pennsylvania, and central New York. Accidental in southeastern Pennsylvania (Philadelphia). Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus Ridgway. [484c.] Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5, no. 1, June 5, 1882, p. 15. (Labrador.) Resident, within tree limits, from northern Quebec (Fort Chimo, Whale River, George River) throughout Labrador to southeastern Quebec (Mingan, Blanc Sablon). Perisoreus canadensis sanfordi Oberholser. [484h.] Perisoreus canadensis sanfordi Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27, no. 8, Mar. 20, 1914, p. 49. (Fox Island River, Newfoundland.) Resident in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Perisoreus canadensis barbouri Brooks. [484f.] Perisoreus barbouri Brooks, Proc. New Engiand Zool. Club, 7, May 4, 1920, p. 49. (Ellis Bay, Anticosti Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada.) Resident on Anticosti Island, Quebec. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Ridgway. [484a.] Perisoreus canadensis, var. capitalis Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, no. 11, Nov. 1873 (Feb. 1874), pp. 193, 199. (Henry’s Fork, Wyoming = Utah.) Resident in the southern Rocky Mountains from eastern Idaho (Sawtooth Mountains, Teton), central southern Montana (Gallatin County), and western and southern Wyoming (Yellowstone Park, Gros Ventre, Laramie) south through eastern Utah (Wasatch Mountains, Uinta Mountains, Cedar Breaks) and western and central Colorado (Rio Blanco County, Durango, Estes Park, and Saguache County) to central eastern Arizona (White Mountains) and north-central New Mexico (near Santa Fe, Cowles). 368 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Perisoreus canadensis albéscens Peters. [484d.] Perisoreus canadensis albescens Peters, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, 7, May 4, 1920, p. 51. (Red Deer, Alberta.) Resident from northeastern British Columbia (Tupper Creek) and north- western Alberta (Peace River) southeastward, east of the Rocky Mountains, to South Dakota (Black Hills). Casual in northwestern Nebraska. Perisoreus canadensis bicolor Miller. [484e.] Perisoreus canadensis bicolor A. H. Miller, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, no. 25, Oct. 6, 1933, p. 294. (4 miles west Meadow Creek, elevation 3000 feet, Boundary County, Idaho.) Resident in southeastern British Columbia (Lac la Hache, Midway, Creston), southwestern Alberta (Jasper, Griffin Lake, Moose Mountain), eastern Wash- ington (Curlew, Blue Mountains), northeastern Oregon (Crook, Grant, and Wallowa counties), northern and central Idaho (Meadow Creek, Salmon River Mountains), and western Montana (St. Marys Lake, Belt Mountains, Madison County). Perisoreus canadensis pacificus (Gmelin). [4845.] Corvus pacificus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 372. (in insulis maris australis = Norton Sound, Alaska.) Resident in north-central Alaska (Kobuk River, Endicott Mountains, Fort Yukon), northern Yukon (Arctic Circle at the International Boundary, Peel River), and northwestern Mackenzie (Mackenzie Delta, lower Horton River), south in Alaska to lat. 60° N. Perisoreus canadensis 4reus Miller. [484g.] Perisoreus canadensis arcus A. H. Miller, Condor, 52, no. 1, Jan. 24, 1950, p. 46. (Mount Brilliant, 5000 feet, Rainbow Mountains [north of Bella Coola River], Coast District, British Columbia.) Resident in the Rainbow Mountains area, headwaters of the Dean and Bella Coola rivers, central coast range, British Columbia. Perisoreus canadensis obscurus Ridgway. [485.] Perisoreus Canadensis var. obscurus Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, no. 11, Nov. 1873 [Feb. 1874], p. 194. (northwest coast, from the Columbia to Alaska = Shoalwater Bay, Washington Territory.) Resident in the coastal belt from Washington (Crescent Lake, Seattle, Colum- bia River) through western Oregon to northwestern California (Humboldt County). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 369 Perisoreus canadensis griseus Ridgway. [485a.] Perisoreus obscurus griseus Ridgway, Auk, 16, no. 3, July 1899, p. 255. (Keechelus Lake, Kittinas [= Kittitas] Co., Washington.) Resident from southwestern British Columbia (north to Kimsquit) and Van- couver Island south through central Washington (Mount Baker, Okanogan County, Mount Adams) and central Oregon (Cascade Mountains, Oregon Caves, Warner Mountains) to mountains of north-central and northeastern California (Siskiyou Mountains, South Fork Mountain, Siskiyou and Modoc counties). — Genus CYANOCITTA Strickland Cyanocitta Strickland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 15, no. 98, Apr. 1845, pp. 260, 261. Type, by original designation, Corvus cristatus Linnaeus. Cyanocitta cristata (Linnaeus): BLUE JAY. Central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland south through the Dakotas, eastern Wyoming, Nebraska, eastern Colorado, and the Texas Panhandle to south- eastern Texas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Cyanocitta cristata brémia Oberholser. [477.] Cyanocitta cristata bromia Oberholser, Auk, 38, no. 1, Jan. 1921, p. 86. (Wooster, Wayne County, Ohio.) Resident from central Alberta (Athabaska, Red Deer), central Saskatchewan (Emma Lake, Qu’Appelle River Valley), southern Manitoba (Brandon, Winni- peg), central Ontario (Port Arthur, Bicotasing), southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Quebec City, Point de Mont), and Newfoundland south through west- central North Dakota (Turtle Mountains, Killdeer Mountains, Bismarck), cen- tral South Dakota (Faulkton, Rosebud), northeastern Nebraska (Niobrara), and eastern Kansas to central Missouri (Jefferson City, St. Louis), south-central Illinois (Mount Vernon), central Indiana (Terre Haute, Indianapolis), north- eastern Kentucky (Louisville, Versailles, Lexington), northeastern Tennessee (Knoxville, Surgoinsville, Roan Mountain), and south-central Virginia (Blacks- burg, Lynchburg, Petersburg)1; migratory in part in winter to southern Louisi- ana (West Baton Rouge Parish, New Orleans), central Alabama (Selma), and northeastern Georgia (Athens). Accidental in Bermuda. Cyanocitta cristata cristata (Linnaeus). [477a.] Corvus cristatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 106. Based on The Blew Jay, Pica glandaria caerulea cristata Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 15. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Resident from eastern Texas (Wichita Falls, Fort Worth, Dallas), Arkansas, southern Missouri (Springfield, West Plains, Cape Girardeau), southern IIli- 1 Exact southeastern limits of the range are not definite. A male attributed to this race was collected in extreme northeastern Georgia (Rabun Bald) on June 1. 370 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS nois (Carbondale, Cairo), southwestern Indiana (Vincennes, Bloomington, New Albany), western Kentucky (Bardstown, Coopersville, Bowling Green), Ten- nessee (except the extreme northeastern corner), southwestern Virginia (Mount Rogers, White Top) and North Carolina south to southeastern Texas (Giddings, Brenham, Houston), Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and central Florida (Orlando). Cyanocitta cristata sémplei Todd. [4775.] Cyanocitta cristata semplei Todd, Auk, 45, no. 3, July 6, 1928, p. 364. (Coconut Grove, Florida.) Resident in southern Florida from Osceola and Hillsborough counties south to the Keys. Cyanocitta cristata cyanotéphra Sutton. [477c.] Cyanocitta cristata cyanotephra Sutton, Auk, 52, no. 2, Apr. 13, 1935, p. 176. (Kenton, Cimmarron [sic] County, Oklahoma.) Resident (so far as known) from southeastern Wyoming (Torrington) and Nebraska (except the northeastern corner) south through eastern Colorado, western Kansas, and Oklahoma (Kenton, Enid, Tulsa) to northern Texas. Cyanocitta stélleri (Gmelin): STELLER’S JAy. Southern Alaska (except the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands), western and southern British Columbia, southwestern Alberta, western Mon- tana, Wyoming, southwestern South Dakota, and western Nebraska south through southern California and México to El Salvador and southern Nicaragua; east to east-central Colorado, eastern New Mexico, and southwestern Texas. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Cyanocitta stelleri stélleri (Gmelin). [478.] Corvus Stelleri Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 370. Based on Steller’s Crow of Latham, Syn., vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 387. (in sinu Natka Americae borealis = Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, B. C.) Resident from southern Alaska (Prince William Sound, Ketchikan) and coastal British Columbia (lower Stikine River, Vancouver Island, Alta) south to western Washington (Clallam Bay, Glacier, Long Beach, Goldendale) and northwestern Oregon (Vernonia, Hood River, Depoe Bay, Corvallis). Cyanocitta stelleri carléttae Osgood. [478d.] Cyanocitta stelleri carlottae Osgood, North Amer. Fauna, no. 21, Sept. 26, 1901, p. 46. (Cumshewa Inlet, Moresby Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.) Resident in the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 371 Cyanocitta stelleri carbonacea Grinnell. [478¢e.] Cyanocitta stelleri carbonacea Grinnell, Condor, 2, no. 6, Nov. 16, 1900, p- 127. (Stevens’ Creek Cafion, Santa Clara County, California.) Resident in the coastal area of California from Marin and Contra Costa counties through Monterey County. Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (Ridgway). [478a.] Cyanura Stelleri var. frontalis Ridgway, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, 5, no. 25, Jan. 1873, pp. 41, 43. (the Columbia southward, along the Sierra Nevada to southern California = Carson City, Nevada.) Resident from central Oregon south through the mountains of California (except the central coastal belt, and the southeastern desert area) and central western Nevada (Reno south to the White Mountains). Casual in winter in the Sacramento Valley, California (Stockton); also ex- treme northwestern Baja California. Cyanocitta stelleri annéctens (Baird). [478c.] [Cyanura stelleri] var. annectens Baird, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, vol. 2, 1874, p. 281. (region toward the head- waters of the Columbia = Hell Gate, east of Missoula, Montana.) Resident in the interior of British Columbia (Stikine River, Cariboo District), southwestern Alberta (Henry House, Banff), eastern Washington (Tunk Moun- tain, Calispell Peak, Walla Walla), northern Idaho (St. Joe, Moscow Moun- tains), western Montana (Lake McDonald, Lewis and Clark and Gallatin counties), northeastern Oregon (Blue Mountains, Powder River Mountains), and northwestern Wyoming (Yellowstone Park). Casual in autumn and spring south of the breeding range in Wyoming (Hoback Mountain, Gros Ventre) and in southeastern Saskatchewan (Indian Head). Accidental in southeastern Quebec (Cap Rouge). Cyanocitta stelleri macrolépha Baird. [478).] Cyanocitta macrolopha Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, no. 3, June 1854, p. 118. (100 miles west of Albuquerque, N.M.) Resident in eastern and southern Nevada (Sheep, Charleston, and Snake mountains), Utah (Salt Lake County, Uinta, Pine Valley, and La Sal Moun- tains), western and central Colorado (Mesa and La Plata counties, Walden, Colorado Springs, Gunnison), southeastern Wyoming (Wheatland), south- western South Dakota (Black Hills), and western Nebraska (Scotts Bluff County, Oshkosh) south through Arizona and New Mexico to northern Sonora, Chihuahua (Mount Mohinora), and western Texas (Guadalupe and Davis mountains). Casual in central Texas (San Antonio). 372 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus APHELOCOMA Cabanis Aphelocoma Cabanis, Mus. Hein., vol. 1, sign. 28, for Oct. 15, 1851, p. 221 (note). Type, by subsequent designation, Garrulus californicus Vigors (Baird, 1858). Subgenus APHELOCOMA Cabanis Aphelécoma coeruléscens (Bosc): SCRUB JAY. Southwestern Washington, Oregon, northern Nevada, southeastern Idaho, northern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, Colorado, except the northeast, and central Texas south through México, including Baja California, to Guerrero, Oaxaca and Veracruz; also in central Florida. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Aphelocoma coerulescens coeruléscens (Bosc). [479.] Corvus coerulescens Bosc, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1, 1795, p. 87. (in Amer. Septentrional. = Florida.) Resident in central Florida, except in the east-central interior (Pine Point, St. Johns River, Naples, Rockdale). Casual on Key West (one record, December). Aphelocoma coerulescens texana Ridgway. [480.2.] Aphelocoma texana Ridgway, Auk, 19, no. 1, Jan. 1902, p. 70. (near head of Nueces R[iver], Edwards Co. [Edwards County], Texas.) Resident in west-central Texas in the southern Concho River drainage and the Edwards Plateau from Tom Green and Concho counties south to Kerr, Edwards, and Crockett counties). Casual in northwestern Bexar County (Leon Springs). Aphelocoma coerulescens woddhouseii (Baird). [480.] Cyanocitta woodhouseii Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xliii (woodhousii), 584, 585. (central line of Rocky mountains to table-lands of Mexico = Fort Thorn, New Mexico.) Resident from north-central and eastern Utah (Ogden, Fish Lake, Navajo Mountain), southern Wyoming (Green River), western and southern Colorado (Moffat County, Boulder, Colorado Springs, Fort Lyon), and western Okla- homa (Kenton) south to northeastern Arizona (east and north of the Colo- rado and Little Colorado rivers), southern New Mexico (Florida Mountains, Las Cruces, Guadalupe Mountains), northern Chihuahua (White Water), and western Texas (Davis and Glass mountains). Casual in Nebraska (North Platte), southwestern Kansas (Morton County), and the Texas Panhandle (Canadian River north of Amarillo, Claude). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 373 Aphelocoma coerulescens nevadae Pitelka. [481f.] Aphelocoma coerulescens nevadae Pitelka, Condor, 47, no. 6, Feb. 10, 1945, p. 24. (3 miles east of Jackass Springs, 6200 feet, Panamint Moun- tains, Inyo County, California.) Resident from southeastern Oregon (Andrews), southern Idaho (Cassia), and western Utah (Kelton, Cove Fort, Kanab) south to southeastern California (Providence Mountains), southern Nevada (Potosi Mountains, Virgin Moun- tains), west-central and southeastern Arizona (Chemehuevi and Baboquivari mountains), extreme southwestern New Mexico (Sierra Hachita), northeastern Sonora (San José Mountains), and extreme northwestern Chihuahua. Aphelocoma coerulescens immanis Grinnell. [481c.] Aphelocoma californica immanis Grinnell, Auk, 18, no. 2, Apr. 1901, p. 188. (Scio, Oregon.) Resident in extreme southwestern Washington (Ridgefield, Vancouver) and in the Willamette Valley of interior western Oregon. Aphelocoma coerulescens superciliésa (Strickland). [481g.] Cyanocitta superciliosa Strickland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 15, No. 98, Apr. 1845, pp. 260, 261. (California = Sacramento Valley.) Resident from south-central Oregon (Eagle Point, Summer Lake, Hart Moun- tain) south in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, adjacent coast range and the Sierra Nevada foothills to Mount Pinos, California, east to northwest- ern and central western Nevada (Franktown, Granite Mountains, Gardnerville). Aphelocoma coerulescens oocléptica Swarth. [481d.] Aphelocoma californica oocleptica Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zodl., 17, no. 13, Feb. 23, 1918, p. 413. (Nicasio, Marin County, California.) Resident in the coastal area of southwestern Oregon (Wedderburn) and northern California from Del Norte and Humboldt counties south through Marin County to the Golden Gate and on the east side of San Francisco Bay through Alameda and Contra Costa counties to Mount Diablo. Aphelocoma coerulescens californica (Vigors). [481.] Garrulus Californicus Vigors, in Zool. Beechey’s Voy., 1839, p. 21, pl. v. (Monterey [California].) Resident in the coastal ranges of central California (Los Gatos, Cedar Moun- tain, Ojai Valley, Santa Paula). Aphelocoma coerulescens cana Pitelka. [481h.] Aphelocoma coerulescens cana Pitelka, Univ. California Publ. Zodl., 50, no. 3, July 20, 1951, p. 237. (north side of Eagle Mountain, 4,000 feet, Riverside County, California.) Resident on Eagle Mountain, Riverside County, California. 374 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Aphelocoma coerulescens obscura Anthony. [481b.] Aphelocoma californica obscura Anthony, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 2, sign. 6, Oct. 11, 1889, p. 75. (Valladores, L. C. = Valladares, Baja California.) Resident in southwestern California and northern Baja California, south to Ensenada and the southern end of the Sierra San Pedro Martir. Aphelocoma coerulescens insularis Henshaw. [481.1.] Aphelocoma insularis Henshaw, Auk, 3, no. 4, Oct. 1886, p. 452. (Santa Cruz Island, California.) Resident on Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara group, off southern California. Aphelocoma coerulescens cactéphila Huey. [481e.] Aphelocoma californica cactophila Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9, no. 35, Oct. 1, 1942, p. 432. (3 miles north of Punta Prieta, Lower California, Mexico; lat. 28° 56’ north, long. 114° 12’ west.) Resident in central Baja California from the Sierra de Calamajué to Magda- lena Bay on the Pacific side, and to Loreto, lat. 26° N., on the Gulf side. Aphelocoma coerulescens hypoléuca Ridgway. [481a.] Aphelocoma californica hypoleuca Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, p. 356. (Lower California (vicinity of Cape St. Lucas) = La Paz, Baja California.) Resident in southern Baja California (La Paz and Todos Santos to Cape San Lucas). Subgenus SIEBEROCITTA Coues Sieberocitta Coues, Key N. Amer. Birds, ed. 5, vol. 1, 1903, p. 497. Type, by monotypy, Cyanocitta ultramarina arizonae Ridgway. Aphelocoma ultramarina (Bonaparte)': MEXICAN JAY. Resident from central Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, Chihuahua, and southwestern Texas south along the Sierra Madre Occidental and eastern coastal mountains of México to Colima, northern Michoacan, México, central Puebla, and central Veracruz. Aphelocoma ultramarina arizénae (Ridgway). [482.] Cyanocitta ultramarina var. Arizonae Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, no. 12, Dec. 1873 (Feb. 1874), p. 199. (Fort Buchanan, Arizona; and Copper 1 Corvus ultramarinus Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 4, May 1825, p. 387. (no locality given = Temascaltepec, México.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 375 Mines, Arizona=Old Fort Buchanan, near Crittenden, Santa Cruz County, Arizona.) Resident from central and east-central Arizona (Payson, McNary) and south- western New Mexico (San Francisco River, Santa Rita) south to north-central Sonora (Sierra de San Antonio, Sierra de Oposura) and northern Chihuahua (30 miles west of Mifiaca, Bustillos). Accidental in southern Kansas (Clark County). Aphelocoma ‘ultramarina céuchii (Baird). [482a.] Cyanocitta couchii Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, p. 588. (Monterey [= Monterrey, Nuevo Leén], Mexico.) Resident from southwestern Texas (Chisos Mountains) southeastward through Coahuila to central Nuevo Leén (Cerro Potosi, Carneros) and Tamau- lipas (Carricitos, Ciudad Victoria, Miquihuana). Casual at Alpine, Texas. Genus CYANOCORAX Boie Cyanocorax Boie, Isis von Oken, 19, pt. 10, 1826, col. 975. Type, by monotypy, Corvus pileatus Temminck = Pica chrysops Vieillot. Cyanoc6érax yneas (Boddaert)+: GREEN Jay. West-central México and extreme southern Texas south to the highlands of Guatemala and northern Honduras; and from the subtropical zones of Colombia and northern Venezuela south to eastern Ecuador, Peri, and northern Bolivia. Cyanocorax yneas luxudésus (Lesson). [483.] Garrulus luxuosus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, Apr. 1839, p. 100. (Mexico.) Resident from the lower Rio Grande Valley and southeastern Texas (Webb County to Brownsville) to Guanajuato and central Veracruz. Genus CISSILOPHA Bonaparte Cissilopha Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, vol. 1, 1850 (Feb. 3, 1851), p. 380. Type, by monotypy, Garrulus sanblasianus Lafresnaye = Pica sanblasiana Lafresnaye. Cissilépha san-blasidna (Lafresnaye)?: SAN BLAs Jay. Western México from Nayarit to Guerrero. 1 Corvus yncas Boddaert, Table Planch. Enlum., 1783, p. 38. Based on Daubenton, Planch. Enlum., pl. 625. (Peru.) 2 Pica San-Blasiana Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 4, 1842, Ois., pl. 28 and text. (Acapulco et 4 San Blas . . . Mexique = Acapulco, México.) 376 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Cissilopha san-blasiana nélsoni Bangs and Penard. [483.1.] Cissilopha sanblasiana nelsoni Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 63, no. 2, June 1919, p. 40. (Mexico: Colima.) Resident in western México in Nayarit, Jalisco, and Colima. Accidental near Tucson, Arizona. Genus PICA Brisson Pica Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 30; vol. 2, p. 35. Type, by tautonomy, Pica Brisson = Corvus pica Linnaeus. Pica pica (Linnaeus)*: BLACK-BILLED MAGPIE. The British Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia, northern Siberia (to Kam- chatka), southern and coastal Alaska, southwestern Yukon, interior British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, and southwestern Manitoba south to northwestern Africa, southern Europe, Asia Minor, Iran, eastern Tibet, southern China, Korea, and Japan; and to central eastern California, western Nevada, northern New Mexico, west-central Kansas, western Nebraska, and central South Dakota. Fossil, in the early Pleistocene of Texas. Pica pica hudsénia (Sabine). [475.] Corvus Hudsonius Sabine, in Franklin, Narr. Journ. Polar Sea, 1823, p. 671. (Cumberland House [Saskatchewan].) Resident from the southern Alaska Peninsula and central coastal Alaska, southern Yukon, interior British Columbia, central Alberta, northwestern and east-central Saskatchewan, and western Manitoba south to central eastern Cali- fornia, western Nevada, southern Idaho, central and northeastern Utah, north- eastern Arizona (formerly), northern New Mexico, western Kansas, and west- ernmost Oklahoma. Recent spread northward is indicated by recorded breeding at Pikwitonie, mile 213, Hudson Bay Railway, northern Manitoba, June 1946. Casual from central western Alaska (Kobuk River, Flat), central Yukon (Fortymile), central Northwest Territories, northwestern Saskatchewan (Rein- deer Lake), northern Manitoba, central Ontario, and western Quebec (East Main, James Bay) south to the Puget Sound area, southwestern California, southern Nevada, northern Arizona, southeastern New Mexico, western Texas, and the Mississippi River in Minnesota, Iowa, and northern Missouri. In recent years of more regular winter occurrence in the northeastern part of the range. Accidental east of the Mississippi River in Wisconsin, Illinois, Ohio, Ontario, Quebec, New York, South Carolina, and Florida. 1 Corvus Pica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 106. (in Europa = Sweden.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 27h Pica nuttalli (Audubon): YELLOW-BILLED MAGPIE. [476.] Corvus Nutalli Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 4, 1837, pl. 362, fig. 1. (Corrected to Corvus Nuttalli in Audubon, Orn. Biogr., vol. 4, 1838, p. 450). (Upper California, around the village of Sta. Barbara.) Resident in California, west of the Sierra Nevada axis, chiefly in the floor and lower foothills of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, from Redding, Shasta County, south to base of Breckenridge Mountain, Kern County, and in the valleys among the coast ranges from San Francisco Bay southeast to Ventura County. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Subfamily CorvINAE: Ravens and Crows Genus CORVUS Linnaeus Corvus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 105. Type, by subse- quent designation, Corvus corax Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). Corvus corax Linnaeus!: COMMON RAVEN. Holarctic regions from subarctic Alaska, northern Canada, Greenland, Ice- land, British Isles, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and Siberia south through western United States and México to Nicaragua; in central and eastern North America to Minnesota, Wisconsin, northern Michigan, central Ontario, southern Quebec, and Maine, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to north- western Georgia; in the Eastern Hemisphere south to northwestern Africa, Lake Chad, northern Kenya Colony, Italian Somaliland, Arabia, Iran, northwestern India, Nepal, Tibet, northwestern China, Mongolia, and Japan. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Oregon, California, and Nuevo Leon. Corvus corax principalis Ridgway. [486a]. C. corax principalis Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, p. 361. (Northern North America, from Greenland to Alaska, south to British Columbia, Canada, New Brunswick, etc. = St. Michael, Alaska.) Resident on the islands of Bering Sea (St. Lawrence, St. Matthew, Nunivak), the Aleutians, Alaska (north to Cape Lisburne and the Colville River), north- ern Yukon, northwestern Mackenzie, Franklin (north at least to Winter Har- bour, Cornwall Island, Cape Sabine), northern Greenland (Etah, in the west; Germania Land, casually to Independence Fjord, in the east) south through central British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Mani- toba, northeastern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, central and northeastern Quebec, southeastern Maine, southern New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland; also in the more remote parts of the Appalachian Mountains of western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, western 1 Corvus Corax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 105. (in Europa = Sweden.) 378 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Maryland, Virginia (including Shenandoah National Park), eastern Tennessee, western North Carolina, and northeastern Georgia (Brasstown Bald). Formerly bred over the areas between these isolated ranges and, locally, in the Great Plains! of the United States south to central Kansas (Fort Riley), northern Arkansas (Copeland, Newport), and northeastern Alabama (Sipsey Forks, Cullman County). Casual throughout the Great Plains, New England, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, South Carolina, and along the southern shores of the Great Lakes; formerly to the coast of Virginia. Corvus corax sinuatus Wagler. [486.] Corvus sinuatus “Lichtenst.,” Wagler, Isis von Oken, 22, Heft 7, July 1829, col. 748. (Mexico.) Resident in the mountains from south-central British Columbia (Okanagan Valley), northern Idaho, western and south-central Montana, and southwestern South Dakota south to southern California, Arizona, and México (except Baja California and adjacent islands), and through Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador to northwestern Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte); farther east through Wyoming, Colorado, western Oklahoma (Boise City), New Mexico, and western Texas (Pecos, Fort Davis, formerly east to Tom Green County). Corvus corax clarionénsis Rothschild and Hartert. [486b.] Corvus corax clarionensis Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, July 25, 1902, p. 381. (Clarion Island [Revilla Gigedo Islands, México].) Resident throughout Baja California, the Revilla Gigedo Islands, and the islands of the Gulf of California. Corvus cryptoleicus Couch: WHITE-NECKED RAVEN. [487.] Corvus cryptoleucus Couch, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, no. 2, Mar.-Apr. (May 20) 1854, p. 66. (State of Tamaulipas, Mexico = Charco Escondido.) Resident from southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, northeastern Colorado, south-central Nebraska (Kearney, Axtell, Holstein), and western Kansas south to Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, and Tamaulipas. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm: COMMON Crow. British Columbia (except coastal areas), southwestern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, and south- ern Newfoundland south to northern Baja California, central Arizona, north- central New Mexico, Colorado, central Texas, the Gulf of Mexico, and south- ern Florida; uncommon in the Great Basin area. Partly migrant in winter from northern limits. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of California and Florida. 1 The Great Plains records may belong with this race or with sinuatus. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 379 Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm. [488.] Corvus brachyrhynchos C. L. Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk., 2, 1822, p. 56. (Nord- lichen Amerika = Boston, Massachusetts.) Breeds from southwestern Mackenzie (Hay River, Fort Smith), northeastern Alberta (Lake Athabaska), northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, north- ern Ontario (north to James Bay area), central Quebec, and Newfoundland south to Oklahoma, northeastern Texas, central Arkansas, central Tennessee, northwestern West Virginia, southern Pennsylvania, and southern New Jersey. Introduced in Bermuda. Winters from the Canadian border south to southeastern Louisiana (Mar- rero), north-central Virginia (Charlottesville), northeastern North Carolina (Currituck Sound), east-central Alabama (Greensboro), and northern Georgia (Augusta). Corvus brachyrhynchos pautlus Howell. [488c.] Corvus brachyrhynchos paulus Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 26, no. 52, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 199. (Bon Secour, Alabama.) Resident from eastern Texas, Louisiana, southeastern Arkansas, Mississippi, eastern Tennessee, southeastern Kentucky, southern and eastern West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware south to the shores of the Gulf of Mexico and the northern border of Florida. Corvus brachyrhynehos pascuus Coues. [488a.] Corvus americanus pascuus Coues, Auk, 16, no. 1, Jan. 1899, p. 84. New name for Corvus americanus var. floridanus Baird. (extreme southern portion of Florida, not far from Fort Dallas = Miami.) Resident in Florida; sight records for Dry Tortugas and the Florida Keys. Corvus brachyrhynchos hésperis Ridgway. [488b.] Corvus americanus hesperis Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, p. 362. (Western United States, north to Washington Territory (Puget Sound), Idaho, Montana, etc., south to northern Mexico, east to Rocky Mountains = Fort Klamath, Oregon.) Resident from northern British Columbia (Fort St. John, Hazelton, Babine Lake, Fort Connolly), central Alberta, and central Saskatchewan south to northern Baja California (Guadalupe), central Arizona, and north-central New Mexico. Winters north to southern British Columbia (Okanagan valley, Nulki Lake). Casual in northwestern Sonora (lower Colorado River). Corvus caurinus Baird: NORTHWESTERN Crow. [489.] Corvus caurinus Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xliii, 559, 569. (Washington Terri- tory and northwestern coast = Fort Steilacoom, Washington. ) Resident on coasts and islands of southern Alaska (Kodiak Island, Sitka, Forrester Island), British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands, Vancouver Is- 380 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS land, Vancouver), and Washington (San Juan Islands, Puget Sound, Long Beach); wanders inland in Washington (Vancouver) and Oregon (Portland). Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Corvus ossifragus Wilson: FisH Crow. [490.] Corvus ossifragus Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 5, 1812, p. 27, pl. 37, fig. 2. (Great Egg-Harbor = Beasley’s Point, New Jersey.) Resident on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New York southward and from southeastern Texas and Louisiana eastward to Florida (Key West); inland along major river systems to southwestern Tennessee (Memphis), northwestern Louisiana, western Arkansas (Fort Smith), central Georgia, western South Carolina, northwestern North Carolina, central Virginia, District of Columbia, central Maryland, central Pennsylvania, and central eastern New York. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. Corvus frugilegus Linnaeus: Rook. From the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, southern Lapland, north-central Russia, central Siberia, and Japan south to southern Europe, the Mediterranean islands, Palestine, Iran, northern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, northern India, and central China. Corvus frugilegus frugilegus Linnaeus. [490.1.] Corvus frugilegus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 105. (in Europa = Sweden.) Resident in the British Isles, Norway north to lat. 63° 30’ N., Sweden to lat. 60° N., Finland to lat. 62° N., and northern Russia (north of Arkangelsk), east in western Siberia to the middle and upper Ob and upper Yenisei, south to central France, northern Italy, Serbia, Bulgaria, and northern Turkey. In winter to Spain, southern France, southern Italy, Greece, the Mediter- ranean islands, and Israel; in migration to the Faeroes and Lapland. Casual in Iceland, Novaya Zemlya, Algiers, Egypt, the Azores, and Madeira. Accidental in southeast Greenland (Cape Dan). Corvus cérnix Linnaeus: HOoDED Crow. From Ireland, Scotland, northeastern England, Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northwestern Siberia (from the mouth of the Ob to the mouth of the Yenisei) south through eastern Germany, Austria, and Italy to Corsica, Sar- dinia, Sicily, Greece, northern Egypt, Palestine, Asia Minor, the Khirgiz Steppes, Iran, Afghanistan, Punjab, Kashmir, and Lake Baikal. 1 The Hooded Crow hybridizes with the Carrion Crow Corvus corone, where the breeding ranges overlap in southern Scotland, southern Denmark, from eastern Ger- many to eastern Yugoslavia, thence west across northern Italy, and in Siberia. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 381 Corvus cornix cornix Linnaeus. [490.2.] Corvus Cornix Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 105. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds from Ireland, Scotland, northeastern England, Faeroes, Scandinavia, Finland, and northern Russia (Solovetskie Islands, Arkangelsk) south through Denmark, Germany east of the Elbe, Poland, Austria, and Hungary to Italy and Sicily, and in southern Russia to the Caucasus; migratory in the northern part of the range. Winters south to France, Belgium, and Netherlands. Casual in southern Spain, northwestern Africa, and Egypt. Accidental in Greenland (Angmagssalik), Iceland, Spitsbergen, and Novaya Zemlya. Genus GYMNORHINUS Wied Gymnorhinus Wied, Reise Nord-Amer., vol. 2, 1841, p. 21. Type, by monotypy, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Wied. Gymnorhinus cyanocéphala Wied: PINON Jay. [492.] Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Wied, Reise Nord-Amer., vol. 2, 1841, p. 22. (am Maria-River = between the Marias and Yellowstone rivers, Mon- tana.) Resident from central Oregon (Grand View), east-central Montana (Billings, Terry), and western South Dakota (North Cave Hills, Black Hills) south through eastern California to northern Baja California, central Nevada, central and central eastern Arizona, central New Mexico, and western Oklahoma. Wanders to central Washington (Yakima Valley), northwestern Oregon, northern Idaho, northwestern Montana, southwestern Saskatchewan, through- out the Great Basin, Nebraska, Kansas, central western and southwestern Cali- fornia, southeastern Arizona, central Texas (Guadalupe Mountains, Pecos, Sutton County), and Chihuahua (La Junta). Fossil, in the Pleistocene of New Mexico. Genus NUCIFRAGA Brisson Nucifraga Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 30; vol. 2, p. 58. Type, by tautonymy, Nucifraga Brisson = Corvus caryocatactes Linnaeus. Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson): CLARK’s NUTCRACKER. [491.] Corvus Columbianus Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 3, 1811, pp. xv, 29, pl. 20, fig. 2. (shores of the Columbia = Clearwater River, about 2 miles north of Kamiah, Idaho.) Resident from central interior British Columbia, southwestern Alberta, west- ern and central Montana, and western and southeastern Wyoming south through the mountains of central Washington, eastern Oregon, central and eastern Cali- fornia, and Nevada to northern Baja California (Sierra San Pedro Martir), and south in the Rocky Mountains to eastern Arizona and western New Mexico. 382 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Wanders north to central Alaska, southern Yukon, southern Saskatchewan, southwestern Manitoba, western British Columbia (Graham and Vancouver islands), the Puget Sound area, the lower Columbia River, southwestern Cali- fornia, and southern Arizona; east to southwestern South Dakota, western Nebraska, Kansas, and southwestern Texas. Accidental in Iowa, western Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, Ar- kansas, and Nuevo Leén (Cerro Potosi). Family PARIDAE: Titmice, Verdins, and Bushtits Subfamily PARINAE: Titmice Genus PARUS Linnaeus Parus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 189. Type, by subse- quent designation, Parus major Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). Parus atricapillus Linnaeus: BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE. Central Alaska, southern Yukon, southwestern Mackenzie, central Saskatche- wan, central Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland south to northwestern California, northeastern Nevada, central Utah, northern New Mexico, northeastern Oklahoma, central Missouri, south-central Illinois, central Indiana, southern Ohio, West Virginia, western Virginia, eastern Ten- nessee, western North Carolina, western Maryland, Pennsylvania, and northern New Jersey.1 Parus atricapillus atricapillus Linnaeus. [735.] Parus atricapillus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 341. Based on Parus atricapillus Canadensis, Le Mésange a teste [= téte] noire de Canada of Brisson, Orn., vol. 3, p. 553. (in Canada = Quebec City, Quebec. ) Resident from southeastern Manitoba (Lake St. Martin, Berens Island, Win- nipeg River), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Fort Albany), southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Lake Saint John, Godbout, Anticosti Island), New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south through western Minnesota,” west-central Iowa (Sac County, Atlantic), southeastern Nebraska (Omaha), and eastern Kansas to central Missouri (Warrensburg, Jonesburg, St. Louis), central Illinois (English, Virden, Philo, Martinsville), central In- diana (Carlisle, Richmond), Ohio (Delaware, Youngstown, Corning), northern and western Pennsylvania (Beaver County, Pymatuning Swamp, Ridgway, Scranton, Laceville), and northern New Jersey (Paterson, Newark, Raritan River). Winters south irregularly to southeastern Missouri (Lawrence County), cen- 1 The American Black-capped Chickadees are regarded as specifically distinct from the Old World Willow Tits. For a recent discussion see Snow, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 76, no. 2, Feb. 1956, pp. 29-31. 2 Zone of intergradation with P. a. septentrionalis is not well defined. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 383 tral Kentucky (Danville, Versailles), District of Columbia, northern Virginia (Arlington County), Maryland (Baltimore), and southeastern New Jersey (Atlantic City). Parus atricapillus practicus (Oberholser). [735d.] Penthestes atricapillus practicus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 50, Dec. 28, 1937, p. 220. (Mount Guyot, 6,500 feet altitude, Great Smoky Mountains, North Carolina.) Resident in the Appalachian highlands of northeastern Ohio (Geauga and Portage counties), central and southwestern Pennsylvania (Charter Oak, State College, Greencastle), western Maryland (Garrett County), northern and east- ern West Virginia, western Virginia (Crabbottom, Bluefield), and in the Great Smoky Mountains of eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. Wanders in fall and winter adjacent to the breeding range, casually to southern Ohio (Circleville), District of Columbia, and northern Virginia (Arlington County). Parus atricapillus bartletti (Aldrich and Nutt). [735f.] Penthestes atricapillus bartletti Aldrich and Nutt, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, no. 2, Dec. 28, 1939, p. 29. (Makinson’s Grove, Avalon Peninsula, eastern Newfoundland.) Resident in Newfoundland and on Miquelon Island. Parus atricapillus septentrionalis Harris. [735a.] Parus septentrionalis Harris, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2, no. 12, Nov.-Dec. 1845 (Feb. 18, 1846), p. 300. (Yellow-Stone River, about thirty miles below [ = above] its junction with the Missouri [Montana].) Resident from southern Yukon, northern British Columbia, Alberta, southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan (Fond-du-lac, Pelican Narrows), and west- ern and central Manitoba (The Pas, Echimamish River, Oak Lake, Treesbank) south in northern and eastern Montana and North Dakota to eastern Colorado and central Kansas. Wanders in winter to eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, and north- ern Texas. Parus atricapillus tarneri Ridgway. [735c.]1 Parus atricapillus turneri Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 2, Apr. 10, 1884, p. 89. (St. Michael’s, Alaska.) Resident in Alaska from the Yukon River Valley south to Alaska Peninsula (Kings Cove), Shumagin Islands (Nagai), Kodiak Island, Yakutat Bay, and Chilkat River). Casual at Point Barrow and on Nunivak Island. 1 Racial affinities of chickadees of lower southeastern Alaska, southern Yukon, southwestern Mackenzie, and northern British Columbia are stated from available information but require verification. 384 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Parus atricapillus nevadénsis (Linsdale). [735e.] Penthestes atricapillus nevadensis Linsdale, Condor, 40, no. 1, Jan. 15, 1938, p. 37. (Salmon River at Shoshone Creek, 5000 feet, Elko County, Nevada. ) Resident in southwestern and south-central Idaho (Bellevue, Albion, Elba), northeastern Nevada (Salmon River), and western Utah (Yost, Draper, Navajo Lake). Wanders in fall to northern Arizona (southwest of Kayenta). Parus atricapillus garrinus Behle. [735h.] Parus atricapillus garrinus Behle, Auk, 68, no. 1, Jan. 30, 1951, p. 75. (near Merkley Park, 5500 feet, Ashley Canyon, 10 miles north Vernal, Uintah County, Utah.) Resident in eastern Idaho (Lemhi, Paris), southwestern and south-central Montana (Lolo, Ruby Mountains, Livingston, Roundup), eastern Utah (Mid- way, Vernal, Price), western and central Wyoming (Moran, Valley, Greybull, Green River Lakes), western and central Colorado (Silver Plume, Denver, Animas River, Antonito), and northern New Mexico (Horse Lake, Pecos, Red River, Cimarron). Wanders in winter to adjacent areas. Parus atricapillus fortuitus (Dawson and Bowles), [735g.] Penthestes atricapillus fortuitus Dawson and Bowles, Birds of Washington, vol. 1, 1909, p. 273. (eastern Washington ... western Idaho... and central British Columbia = Walla Walla, Washington.) Resident in southern British Columbia (Ashcroft, Arrow Lakes), eastern Washington (Nighthawk, Kettle Falls, Prosser, Prescott), northern and western Idaho (Clark Fork, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho City), northwestern Montana (Gla- cier Park, Waterton Lake), and northeastern Oregon (Camp Harney, Brogan). Parus atricapillus occidentalis Baird. [735b.] Parus occidentalis Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xxxvii, 388, 391. (North Pacific coast of United States [many localities] = Shoalwater Bay, Washington.) Resident from extreme southwestern British Columbia (Vancouver, Chilli- wack) south along the coast and coast ranges to northwestern California (Eureka); in winter east, in Washington, to Roosevelt and, in Oregon, to Pinehurst. Parus carolinénsis Audubon: CAROLINA CHICKADEE. From southeastern Kansas, southwestern and east-central Missouri, central Illinois, central Indiana, central Ohio, southwestern and southeastern Pennsyl- vania, and central New Jersey south through east-central Texas to the Gulf coast and central Florida. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 385 Parus carolinensis éxtimus (Todd and Sutton). [736c.] Penthestes carolinensis extimus Todd and Sutton, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 49, July 3, 1936, p. 70. (Bethany, West Virginia). Resident from southern and central eastern Missouri (McDonald County, St. Louis), central Illinois (Carlinville, Urbana), Indiana (Albion, Indian- apolis, Brookville), central Ohio (Delaware, Barnesville), southwestern and southeastern Pennsylvania (Beaver, Washington, and Greene counties, Doyles- town, Berwyn), and central New Jersey (Princeton, Point Pleasant) south to Kentucky (except southeastern part), western Tennessee (Hickory Withe, Reel- foot Lake), Virginia (except southeastern part), and northwestern and central North Carolina (Reidsville, Raleigh, South Mills). Casual in Iowa (Buchanan County, Keokuk), northern Illinois (Lake Forest, Ravinia), southeastern Michigan (Ecorse), and east-central Mississippi (Co- lumbus). Parus carolinensis carolinénsis Audubon. [736.] Parus carolinensis Audubon, Orn. Biogr., vol. 2, 1834, p. 341 (Birds Amer., folio, pl. 160, 1833, “Parus atricapillus”). (Charleston in South Carolina [and] not far from New Orleans [Louisiana] = Charleston, South Carolina.) Resident from northern Arkansas (Winslow, Dardanelle, Cardwell, Turrell), central and eastern Tennessee (Gallatin, Waynesboro, Johnson City, Copper- hill), southeastern Kentucky (Log Mountain, Harlan, Black Mountain), south- eastern Virginia (Norfolk), and eastern and southern North Carolina (Murphy, Statesville, Engelhard) south to eastern Louisiana (Edwards, New Orleans), southern Mississippi (Hancock County, Biloxi), southwestern and central Ala- bama (Mobile, Castleberry, Auburn), central Georgia (Columbus, Macon, McIntosh), and western Florida (Appalachicola, St. Marks). Casual in winter in northeastern Florida (Palatka). Parus carolinensis impiger Bangs. [736)]. Parus carolinensis impiger Bangs, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, 4, Mar. 16, 1903, p. 1. (Deep Creek (about three miles from Lake Ashby), Florida.) Resident from southern Georgia (Newton, Thomasville, St. Marys), south to southern Florida (Fort Myers and Whittier). Parus carolinensis atricapilloides Lunk. [736d.] Parus carolinensis atricapilloides Lunk, Wilson Bull., 64, no. 1, Mar. 15, 1952, p. 19. (10 miles south of Arnett, Ellis County, Oklahoma.) Resident from southern and southeastern Kansas (Meade, Greenwood, and Montgomery counties) south through Oklahoma to central Texas. 386 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Parus carolinensis agilis Sennett. [736a.] Parus carolinensis agilis Sennett, Auk, 5, no. 1, Jan. 1888, p. 46. (Bee Co., Texas.) Resident from eastern Texas (Kerrville, San Antonio, Bee County), southern Arkansas, and the western half of Louisiana (Caddo Lake, Alexandria, Bayou Sara) south to the Gulf coast in southern Texas and southwestern Louisiana. Parus sclateri Kleinschmidt!: MEXICAN CHICKADEE. From southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico south to Guerrero, Oaxaca, and western Veracruz. Parus sclateri eidos (Peters). [737.] Penthestes sclateri eidos Peters, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, 9, June 24, 1927, p. 113. (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona.) Resident from extreme southeastern Arizona (Chiricahua Mountains) and southwestern New Mexico (San Luis and Animas mountains) south to north- western Durango and southeastern Coahuila (Diamante Pass). Parus gambeli Ridgway: MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE. Resident in the Rocky Mountains, the Sierra Nevada, and the inner coast ranges from northwestern British Columbia and southwestern Alberta to northern Baja California, central and southeastern Arizona, central and south- eastern New Mexico, and southwestern Texas. Parus gambeli grinnélli (van Rossem). [738b.] Penthestes gambeli grinnelli van Rossem, Auk, 45, no. 1, Jan. 19, 1928, p. 104. (Priest Lake, Bonner County, Idaho.) Resident in the mountains of British Columbia (Atlin, Doch-da-on Creek, Thudade Lake, Nine Mile Mountain, Robson) and southwestern Alberta (Smoky Valley, Banff, Watertown Lakes Park) south through eastern Wash- ington and the Rockies to northeastern Oregon (Wasco County, Canyon City, Powder River Mountains) and south-central Idaho (Meridian, Ketchum). Descends to lower altitudes in winter. Casual in summer in Yukon (Dezadeash Lake) and in winter in coastal Washington (Bellingham, Seattle, Tacoma) and Oregon (Netarts). Parus gambeli abbreviatus (Grinnell). [738c.] Penthestes gambeli abbreviatus Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 17, no. 17, May 4, 1918, p. 510. (Horse Creek, Siskiyou Mountains (near Seiad Valley P. O.), Siskiyou County, California.) Resident in the Cascade and Siskiyou mountains of Washington (Austin Pass), and Oregon (Pinehurst, Fremont National Forest, Klamath Falls), in 1 Parus sclateri Kleinschmidt, Journ. fiir Orn., 45, 1897, p. 133. New name for Parus meridionalis Sclater preoccupied. (El Jacale, southern Mexico.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 387 California in the northern inner coast ranges (South Fork Mountains, Yolla Bolly Mountains, Snow Mountain), the Warner Mountains, the Sierra Nevada, and the Piute Mountains and in western Nevada (Pine Forest Mountains, Galena Creek, Carson City). Casual in winter on the northern coast of California (Eureka). Parus gambeli baileyae Grinnell. [738a.] Parus gambeli baileyae Grinnell, Condor, 10, no. 1, Feb. 1, 1908, p. 29. (Mount Wilson, 5500 feet altitude, Sierra San Gabriel, Los Angeles County, California.) Resident in the mountains of southern California (Santa Lucia Mountains, Mount Pinos, and the San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and Laguna mountains). Parus gambeli atratus (Grinnell and Swarth). [738d.] Penthestes gambeli atratus Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 30, no. 5, Sept. 16, 1926, p. 163. (La Grulla, 7200 feet, Sierra San Pedro Martir, Lower California, Mexico.) Resident in northern Baja California (Sierra Juarez and Sierra San Pedro Martir). Parus gambeli gambeli Ridgway. [738.] Parus gambeli Ridgway, A.O.U. Check-List, (Mar. 20) 1886, p. 335. New name for Parus montanus Gambel. (about a-day’s journey [west] from Santa Fé, in New Mexico.) Resident in the Rocky Mountains from south-central Montana (Anaconda, Fort Custer) south through Wyoming, eastern Utah, and Colorado to south- eastern Arizona (Fort Whipple, the Mazatzal, Pinal, and Santa Catalina moun- tains, Mount Graham), southern New Mexico (Pifios Altos, Magdalena, Capitan, and Guadalupe mountains), and southwestern Texas (Davis and Guadalupe mountains). Parus gambeli inyoénsis (Grinnell). [738e.] Penthestes gambeli inyoensis Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 17, no. 17, May 4, 1918, p. 509. (Panamint Mountains (northern part), 3 miles east of Jackass Spring, 6200 feet altitude, Inyo County, Cali- fornia.) Resident in the Great Basin from south-central Idaho (Rupert, Pocatello) through central and eastern Nevada (Martins Creek, Desayoto Mountains, Mount Magruder) and western and central southern Utah (Pine Valley Moun- tains, Zion National Park) south to eastern California (White, Inyo, and Pana- mint mountains, Clark Mountains), and southern Nevada (Charleston and Sheep mountains). 388 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Parus cinctus Boddaert': GRAY-HEADED CHICKADEE. Resident from northern Norway, northern Finland, northern Russia, northern Siberia (to the Gulf of Anadyr), northern Alaska, northern Yukon, and north- western Mackenzie south to central Norway, central Sweden, southern Finland, north-central Russia, central Altai, Lake Baikal, upper Amur River, Kamchatka, and the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk; in Alaska south to St. Michael and the central and upper Yukon River basin. Parus cinctus lathami Stephens. [739.] Parus Lathami Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zodl., vol. 10, pt. 1, 1817, p. 44. (No type locality given = Norton Sound, Alaska.) Resident in western and central Alaska (Kobuk River, St. Michael, Distna River, Yukon River), northern Yukon (Old Crow River), and northwestern Mackenzie (Aklavik, Richardson Island, and Fort Anderson). Parus hudsénicus Forster: BOREAL CHICKADEE. Northern North America from the northern limit of wooded country through continental Alaska south to central northern Washington, northwestern Mon- tana, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, northeastern Minnesota, northern Michigan, central Ontario, northeastern New York, northern Vermont, northern New Hampshire, Maine, and Nova Scotia. Casually farther south in winter. Parus hudsonicus hudsénicus Forster. [740.] Parus Hudsonicus J. R. Forster, Phil. Trans., 62, art. 29, 1772 (read June 18 and 25), pp. 408, 430. (Severn River [west coast of Hudson Bay, Canada].) Resident from tree limits in north-central Alaska (Kobuk River, Alatna River, Porcupine River), northwestern and south-central Mackenzie (Aklavik, Fort Good Hope, Rae, Fort Resolution), northern Saskatchewan (Lake Atha- baska, Big River), northern Manitoba (Cochrane River, Churchill), and north- ern Ontario (Fort Severn, Lake Attawapiskat, Fort Albany) south to south- central Alaska (Nushagak, Mount McKinley, Circle, Eagle), northern Yukon, southwestern Mackenzie (Fort Liard), central Alberta (Peace River, Lesser Slave Lake, Wood Buffalo National Park), central Saskatchewan (Prince Al- bert), central Manitoba (Grand Rapids, Lake Saint Martin), northern Minne- sota (Big Sandy Lake, Hibbing), northern Michigan (Whitefish Point), and southeastern Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie, Algonquin Park). Casual farther south in winter in Wisconsin (Iron and Jefferson counties), Illinois (Waukegan), Michigan (East Lansing; Monroe County), Ohio (Turtle Island, western Lake Erie), Ontario (London, Toronto), and New York (Buffalo). 1 Parus cinctus Boddaert, Table Planch. Enlum., 1783, p. 44. Based on Mésange de Sibérie of Daubenton, Planch. Enlum., vol. 6, pl. 708. (Sibérie = Siberia.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 389 Parus hudsonicus columbianus Rhoads. [740b.] Parus hudsonicus columbianus Rhoads, Auk, 10, Jan. 1893, p. 23. (central Rocky Mountains near Field, British Columbia, . . . elevation of 5000 feet.) Resident from southern Alaska (Kenai Peninsula, Trail End) and southern Yukon (Kluane, Nisutlin River, Sheldon Lake) south through the mountains of British Columbia (Atlin, Nine-mile Mountain, Cariboo District to Schoon- over Mountain, Selkirk Mountains) and southwestern Alberta (Grande Prairie, Jasper, Banff) to northwestern Montana (south fork of the Teton River). Parus hudsonicus caseadénsis Miller. [740c.] Parus hudsonicus cascadensis A. H. Miller, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., no. 14, Nov. 22, 1943, p. 262. (1 mile south of Monument 83 (long. 120°, 383’) on the United States-Canadian boundary, 6000 feet, Okanogan County, Washington.) Resident in extreme south-central British Columbia (west side of Okanagan Valley) and in the northern Cascade Mountains of extreme north-central Wash- ington (south to Barron). Parus hudsonicus littoralis Bryant. [740a.] Parus hudsonicus var. littoralis H. Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 9, Apr. 1865, p. 368. (Yarmouth, Nova Scotia.) Resident from the tree limits of northern Quebec (Fort Chimo) and Labrador (Nain) south to northeastern New York (Big Moose Lake, Long Lake), north- ern Vermont (Sutton), northern New Hampshire (White Mountains), Maine, New Brunswick (Grand Manan), and Nova Scotia. Casually south in winter to Maryland (Rockville), New Jersey (Plainfield), New York (Staten Island), Connecticut (New Haven), and Rhode Island (Warwick, Providence). Parus hudsonicus rabbittsi Burleigh and Peters. [740d.] Para [sic] hudsonicus rabbittsi Burleigh and Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 61, no. 19, June 16, 1948, p. 115. (St. Andrews, Newfoundland.) Resident in Newfoundland and on Petite Miquelon Island. Parus ruféscens Townsend: CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE. Along the coast and islands from central southern Alaska to south-central California, inland along the coast ranges, and to southeastern Washington, northern Idaho, and northwestern Montana. Parus rufescens ruféscens Townsend. [741.] Parus rufescens J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 1, 7, pt. 2 (Nov. 21, 1837), p. 190. (forests of the Columbia river = Fort Vancouver, Washington.) Resident along the coast and islands from central southern Alaska (Resur- rection Bay, Montague Island) south to central California (Sebastopol); farther 390 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS inland, from British Columbia (Alta Lake), Washington (Yakima, Lake Chelan, Blue Mountains), northern Idaho (Fernan Lake, south fork of Clearwater River), and central northeastern Oregon (Klamath County, Blue Mountains) to central northern California (west slopes of Mount Shasta, McCloud) and northwestern Montana (Coeur d’Alene Mountains). Fall and winter specimens have been taken in southeastern British Columbia (Glacier National Park, West Kootenay), southwestern Alberta (Seebe), north- western Montana (McDonald Lake, Columbia Falls), and central southern Oregon (Adel). Parus rufescens negléctus Ridgway. [741a.] Parus rufescens, ® neglectus Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1, no. 31, May 22, 1879, p. 485. (Coast of California = Nicasio, Marin County, California. ) Resident in southwestern Marin County, California (Tomales Point, Point Reyes, Nicasio, Inverness). Parus rufescens barlowi Grinnell. [741b.] Parus rufescens barlowi Grinnell, Condor, 2, no. 6, Nov. 16, 1900, p. 127. (Stevens’ Creek Canon, Santa Clara County, California.) Resident in south-central coastal California from the Golden Gate and San Francisco Bay south to Cambria, San Luis Obispo County. Parus bicolor Linnaeus: TUFTED TITMOUSE. [731.] Parus bicolor Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 340. Based on The Crested Titmouse, Parus cristatus Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 57. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Resident from southeastern Nebraska, central and eastern Iowa, southeastern Minnesota (Washington and Fillmore counties), southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario (Hamilton), northern Ohio (Toledo, Cleveland, Painesville), northwestern Pennsylvania (Erie County, State College, Doyles- town), extreme southern New York (Chautauqua County, Elmira, Staten Island), and southwestern Connecticut south through eastern Kansas and eastern Oklahoma (Custer County) to eastern Texas (Decatur, Fort Worth, Waco, Bee County), southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, southern Ala- bama, central Florida (Micanopy, Fruitland Park, Kissimmee, to Fort Myers on the Gulf coast), and southern Georgia (Cumberland Island). In recent years has spread northward; probably now breeds irregularly north of the range here delineated; sight records, mostly in winter, reported from South Dakota to Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Accidental in central Maine (Orono). Parus atricristatus Cassin: BLACK-CRESTED TITMOUSE. Texas, eastern Coahuila, Nuevo Leén, and Tamaulipas south to eastern San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, and northern Veracruz. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 391 Parus atricristatus palodiro (Stevenson). [732b.] Baeolophus atricristatus paloduro Stevenson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 53, no. 5, Feb. 16, 1940, p. 15. (Palo Duro Canyon, Harold [ = Harrell] Ranch, Armstrong County (18 miles e. Canyon, Randall County), Texas.) Resident in the drainage of the South Fork of the Red River in Randall and Armstrong counties, Texas. Parus atricristatus dysléptus Van Tyne. [732c.] Parus atricristatus dysleptus Van Tyne, Auk, 71, no. 2, May 14, 1954, p. 201. (Texas, Brewster County, 5 miles south of Alpine, at 5,000 feet.) Resident from Jeff Davis County (Fort Davis) and Brewster County (Alpine, Chisos Mountains), Texas, to the Sierra del Carmen, Coahuila. Parus atricristatus atricristatus Cassin. [732.] Parus atricristatus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, no. 5, Sept.-Oct. (Dec. 7) 1850, p. 103, pl. 2. (Texas, on the Rio Grande.) Resident from extreme southern Texas (Fort Brown) south through eastern Coahuila (Sabinas), Nuevo Leén (Lampazos, Monterrey), and Tamaulipas (Matamoros, Gomez Farias) to eastern San Luis Potosi (Valles, Tamazun- chale), Hidalgo (Jacala), and northern Veracruz. Parus atricristatus sénnetti (Ridgway). [732a.] Baeolophus atricristatus sennetti Ridgway, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 3, (Dec. 31) 1904, p. 386. (Leon Springs, Bexar County, Texas.) Resident in central and central southern Texas (Langtry, San Angelo, Ranger, Kerrville, San Antonio, Corpus Christi, Houston). In the southeastern part of its range (Palo Pinto, Travis, Bee, Refugio, and San Patricio counties) hy- bridizes with Parus bicolor. Parus inornatus Gambel: PLAIN TITMOUSE. Southern Oregon, Nevada, southeastern Idaho, southwestern Wyoming, and south-central Colorado south to northern Baja California, central and south- eastern Arizona, southwestern and central New Mexico, and western Texas. Also resident in extreme southern Baja California. Parus inornatus sequestratus (Grinnell and Swarth). [733c.] Baeolophus inornatus sequestratus Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 30, no. 5, Sept. 16, 1926, p. 166. (Eagle Point, Jackson County, Oregon.) Resident in the interior coast ranges of southwestern Oregon (Rogue River Valley, Eagle Point, Ashland) and northwestern California (Bogus, The Caves, Hyampom). 392 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Parus inornatus inornatus Gambel. [733.] Parus inornatus Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2, no. 10, July-Aug. (Dec. 5) 1845, p. 265. (Upper California = Monterey.) Resident in central western California from Mendocino County and the Sacramento Valley south to Santa Barbara and Tulare counties. Parus inornatus transpésitus (Grinnell). [733d.] Baeolophus inornatus transpositus Grinnell, Condor, 30, no. 2, Mar. 15, 1928, p. 154. (Mount Wilson, Los Angeles County, California.) Resident in southwestern California from Santa Barbara County to the Mexi- can boundary (Palmdale, Hesperia, Santa Rosa Mountains, Campo). Parus inornatus mohavénsis Miller. [733i.] Parus inornatus mohavensis A. H. Miller, Condor, 48, no. 2, Apr. 2, 1946, p. 76. (Pinyon Wells, 4000 feet, Little San Bernardino Mountains, River- side County, California.) Resident in the Little San Bernardino Mountains of southeastern California. Parus inornatus kernénsis (Grinnell and Behle). [733g.] Baeolophus inornatus kernensis Grinnell and Behle, Condor, 39, no. 5, Sept. 15, 1937, p. 226. (Rankin Ranch, 3300 feet, Walker Basin, Kern County, California.) Resident in California in southern Tulare and Kern counties (Basin of the Kern River, Walker Basin) and on adjacent eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada (Inyo County). Parus inornatus affabilis (Grinnell and Swarth). [733e.] Baeolophus inornatus affabilis Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 30, no. 5, Sept. 16, 1926, p. 164. New name for Baeolophus inornatus murinus Ridgway, 1903, preoccupied. (Concepcion, 6000 feet altitude, Sierra San Pedro Martir, Lower California.) Resident in northern Baja California (Nachogiiero, Las Cruces, Valladares, Concepcion). Parus inornatus cineraceus (Ridgway). [733b.] Lophophanes inornatus cineraceus Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 6, Oct. 5, 1883, p. 154. (Laguna, Lower California.) Resident in southernmost Baja California (Sierra Victoria, Sierra de la Laguna). Parus inornatus zaléptus (Oberholser). [733h.] Baeolophus inornatus zaleptus Oberholser, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, no. 1, Sept. 19, 1932, p. 7. (rim of Warner Valley northwest ORDER PASSERIFORMES 393 of the Jacobs Ranch, Twenty Mile Creek, 9 miles south of Adel, Oregon.) Resident from central southern Oregon (Warner Valley, Blitzen Canyon), northeastern California (Clear Lake, Secret Valley, Manton), and western Nevada (the Peavine and Virginia mountains, Carson City) south to central eastern California (Benton; White, Inyo, and Panamint mountains). Parus inornatus ridgwayi Richmond. [733a.] Parus inornatus ridgwayi Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15, June 20, 1902, p. 155. New name for Lophophanes inornatus griseus Ridgway, 1882, preoccupied. (Nevada, Utah, and Colorado to New Mexico and Arizona = Iron City, Utah.) Resident in the mountains from northeastern Nevada (Elko, Arthur, Wells, Ruby Mountains), southeastern Idaho (Pocatello), southwestern Wyoming (Green River), south-central Colorado (El Paso County, Canon City), and western Oklahoma (Kenton) south to southeastern California (Clark, New York, and Providence mountains), central and central southern Utah (Beaver, Zion Park), northeastern Arizona (Segi Canyon, Keams Canyon), central New Mexico (Gallup, Fort Wingate, Albuquerque, Capitan Mountains), and western Texas (Guadalupe Mountains). Parus inornatus plumbéscens (Grinnell). [733f.] Baeolophus inornatus plumbescens Grinnell, Condor, 36, no. 6, Nov. 15, 1934, p. 251. (Silver City, Grant County, New Mexico.) Resident from northwestern to southeastern Arizona (Mount Trumbull, San Francisco Mountains, Natanes Plateau, White and Chiricahua mountains) and in southwestern New Mexico (Silver City, Burro Mountains). Parus wollwéberi (Bonaparte)1: BRIDLED TITMOUSE. Central and southeastern Arizona, and southwestern New Mexico, south through the highlands of México to Guerrero, Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Parus wollweberi phillipsi van Rossem. [734.] Parus wollweberi phillipsi van Rossem, Fieldiana, Zool., 31, no. 10, Feb. 28, 1947, p. 89. (Yank Spring, Sycamore Cajon, Pajaritos Mountains, Santa Cruz County, Arizona. Altitude 4,000 feet.) Resident from central and southeastern Arizona (Oak and Walnut creeks southeast, below the Mogollon Plateau, to the Chiricahua Mountains) and southwestern New Mexico (San Francisco Canyon, Burro Mountains) south through central and eastern Sonora (Saric, Cibuta, Hacienda de San Rafael) 1 Lophophanes wollweberi Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 31, no. 14, Sept. 1850, p. 478. (ex Mexico Zacatecas = Zacatecas, México.) 394 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS and Chihuahua to northwestern Durango (Matalotes, Arroyo del Buey, Ciénaga de las Vacas). Subfamily REMIZINAE: Verdins Genus AURIPARUS Baird Auriparus Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, sig. 6, Aug. 1864, p. 85. Type, by original designation, Aegithalus flaviceps Sundevall. Auriparus flaviceps (Sundevall): VERDIN. Southeastern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, western and southern Arzona, southern New Mexico, and southwestern and south-central Texas south to southern Baja California, Jalisco, and San Luis Potosi. Auriparus flaviceps acaciarum Grinnell. [746.] Auriparus flaviceps acaciarum Grinnell, Condor, 33, no. 4, July 18, 1931, p. 168. (Palm Springs, Riverside County, California.) Resident from southeastern California (Death Valley, Vallecito), southern Nevada (St. Thomas, Bunkerville, Ash Meadows), and southwestern Utah (St. George) south to lat. 31° N. in Baja California (El Valle de la Trinidad, San Felipe) and through western Arizona (Hackberry, Wickenburg, Wellton) to western Sonora (Sonoyta, Pozo de Luis, Puerto Libertad). Auriparus flaviceps ornatus (Lawrence). [746).] Conirostrum ornatum Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 5, 1852, p. 112, pl. 5, fig. 1. (on the Rio Grande in Texas.) Resident from central and southeastern Arizona (Roosevelt Lake, Clifton), southern New Mexico (San Antonio, Deming, Carlsbad) and southwestern and south-central Texas (Monahans, Kerrville, Seguin, Corpus Christi, Harlingen) to northeastern Sonora (Arispe) and Tamaulipas (San Fernando). Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps (Sundevall). [746a.] Aegithalus flaviceps Sundevall, Ofv. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 7, 1850, p. 129 (note). (e Sitka in America bor. occid., vel e California = probably near Loreto, lat. 26° N., Baja California.) Resident in Baja California south of lat. 31° N. (Rosario, San Fernando, Cape San Lucas) and on San Esteban Island, Sonora. Subfamily PSALTRIPARINAE: Bushtits Genus PSALTRIPARUS Bonaparte Psaltriparus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 31, no. 14 (for Sept. 30), 1850, p. 478. Type, by monotypy, Psaltriparus personatus Bonaparte = Parus melanotis Hartlaub. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 395 Psaltriparus minimus (Townsend): COMMON BUSHTIT. Resident from extreme southwestern British Columbia south along the coast ranges to southern Baja California; in the interior from southern and south- eastern Oregon, southwestern Idaho, north-central Utah, western Colorado, westernmost Oklahoma, and northern and central Texas south to Sonora. Psaltriparus minimus minimus (Townsend). [743.] Parus minimus J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, pt. 2, (Nov. 21) 1837, p. 190. (forests of Columbia River [probably near Fort Vancouver, Washington].) Resident in the coast ranges and on offshore islands from extreme south- western British Columbia (Squamish, Vancouver Island), western Washington (Lopez Island, Everson, Tacoma, Vancouver), and western Oregon (Beaverton, Elkton, Grants Pass) south through western California (Horse Creek, Tower House, Paicines, Fort Tejon, San Bernardino Mountains, Jacumba, Santa Cata- lina Island, Santa Cruz Island). Psaltriparus minimus californicus Ridgway. [743a.] Psaltriparus minimus californicus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 2, Apr. 10, 1884, p. 89. (Baird, Shasta Co., California, Ft. Tejon, Cal., Walker’s Basin, Cal. = Baird, California.) Resident in central southern Oregon (Klamath Falls) and the Great Valley in California from Siskiyou County (Yreka) east nearly to the Nevada bound- ary, and south along the west flank of the Sierra Nevada and in the Great Valley to the southern rim of the San Joaquin Valley (Walker Basin). Psaltriparus minimus sociabilis Miller. [743e.] Psaltriparus minimus sociabilis A. H. Miller, Condor, 48, no. 2, Apr. 2, 1946, p. 78. (Pinyon Wells, 4000 feet, Little San Bernardino Mountains, Riverside County, California.) Resident in southeastern California in the Little San Bernardino and Eagle mountains. Psaltriparus minimus melanurus Grinnell and Swarth. [743c.] Psaltriparus minimus melanurus Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 30, no. 5, Sept. 16, 1926, p. 169. (San José, 2500 feet altitude, lat. 31°, Lower California, Mexico.) Resident in northern Baja California from the International Boundary to lat. 30° N. (Tecate, Los Pozos, La Grulla, El] Rosario, San Fernando). Psaltriparus minimus grindae Ridgway. [743).] Psaltriparus grindae “Belding, MS.” Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 6, Oct. 11, 1883, p. 155. (Laguna, Lower California.) Resident in the mountains of the Cape district of southern Baja California (Sierra Victoria, Sierra de la Laguna, Miraflores). 396 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Psaltriparus minimus plimbeus (Baird). [744.] Psaltria plumbea Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, no. 3, May- June (July 3) 1854, p. 118. (Little Colorado, N.M. [= near longitude 111° W., Arizona].) Resident from southeastern Oregon (Warner Range, Camp Harney, Steens Mountains), southwestern Idaho, Nevada (Pyramid Lake, Ruby Mountains), north-central Utah (Cedar Valley, Provo, Sunnyside), southwestern Wyoming (probably Green River), western Colorado (Grand Junction, Colorado Springs, Trinidad), western Oklahoma (Kenton), and northern Texas (Palo Duro Can- yon) south through eastern California (Eagleville, Red Rock, White Mountains, Panamint Range, Providence Mountains), southern Nevada (Charleston Moun- tains, Overton), southwestern Utah (Iron City), north-central and eastern Ari- zona (Grand Canyon, Prescott, Catalina Mountains, Santa Rita Mountains), northeastern Sonora (Patagonia Mountains, Moctezuma), southern New Mexico (Silver City, Big Hatchet and San Andres mountains), and central Texas (Chisos Mountains, San Angelo, Castroville). Psaltriparus minimus cecaumenorum Thayer and Bangs. [743d.] Psaltriparus plumbeus cecaumenorum Thayer and Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 19, no. 4, Feb. 26, 1906, p. 20. (La Chumata mine, north central Sonora, 4,500 feet altitude.) Resident in central western and central southern Arizona (the Hualpai, Babo- quivari, and Pajaritos mountains) and north-central and central Sonora (Sierra de San Antonio, La Chumata Mine). Psaltriparus melanotis (Hartlaub)!: BLACK-EARED BUSHTIT. Southern New Mexico and western Texas south to Guatemala. Psaltriparus melanotis Iléydi Sennett. [745.] Psaltriparus lloydi Sennett, Auk, 5, no. 1, Jan. 1888, p. 43. (Limpia Cafion, near Fort Davis, Presidio [= Jeff Davis] County, [Texas].) Resident in the desert mountains from southwestern New Mexico (San Luis Mountains) and western Texas (Davis Mountains, Alpine, Chisos Mountains) to northeastern Sonora (headwaters of the Bavispe River), Chihuahua (Pinos Altos, Jestis Maria, Bravo), and northern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen). Family SITTIDAE: Nuthatches Subfamily SitTINAE: Typical Nuthatches Genus SITTA Linnaeus Sitta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 115. Type, by monotypy, Sitta europaea Linnaeus. 1 Parus melanotis Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 7, 1844, p. 216. (Mexico, Guatemala = Guatemala.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 397 Sitta carolinénsis Latham: WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH. Southern British Columbia, southeastern Alberta, northwestern and central Montana, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, northern Maine, north-central New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island, and central Nova Scotia south to southern Baja California, central Guer- rero, northern Puebla, and central Veracruz. Absent from most of the Great Plains area of the United States. Sitta carolinensis codkei Oberholser. [727.] Sitta carolinensis cookei Oberholser, Auk, 34, no. 2, Apr. 1917, p. 185. (Washington, D. C.) Resident from southern Manitoba (Brandon, Lake St. Martin, Winnipeg, Hillside Beach), southwestern Ontario (Big Fork), northern Minnesota (Bel- trami County, Duluth, Knife Portage), northern Wisconsin (Ladysmith, North- ern Forest Park), northern Michigan (Isle Royale, Huron Mountains, Alger County, Sault Ste Marie), southern Ontario (Perry Sound District, Algonquin Park, Ottawa), southern Quebec (Montreal, Hatley), central Maine (Pittsfield, Lincoln, Houlton), central New Brunswick (Grand Falls, Fredericton, Petit- codiac), Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island (North Aspy River), and northern Nova Scotia (Pictou) south through eastern North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and eastern Oklahoma to east- central Texas (Eastland and McLennan counties, Giddings), all but southeastern Missouri (Ozarks, Shannon County, St. Louis), southern Illinois (Cairo, Mound City, Mount Carmel), southern Indiana (Knox County, Bloomington, Colum- bus), eastern Kentucky (Mount Vernon, Jenkins), eastern Tennessee (Johnson City, Surgoinsville, Shady Valley), and northern North Carolina. Intermediate toward S. c. carolinensis in Tennessee and North Carolina. Casual in south-central Nebraska (Republican Forks), north-central Kansas (Rooks County), and southeastern Texas. Accidental on Sable Island, off Nova Scotia. Sitta carolinensis carolinénsis Latham. [727).] Sitta carolinensis Latham, Index Orn., vol. 1, 1790, p. 262. (in America, Jamaica = South Carolina.) Resident from southeastern Kansas, northern Arkansas, southeastern Mis- souri (Howell and Dunklin counties), western and central Kentucky (Reelfoot Lake, Sacramento, Rock Haven, Coopersville), western Tennessee, and southern North Carolina (Highlands, Rockingham, Roseboro) south to northern and eastern Louisiana (Logansport, Frierson, Mansfield, Little River Valley, Clinton, Madisonville), central southern Mississippi (Saucier), central Alabama (Greens- boro, Autaugaville), the Gulf coast of western Florida, and central Florida (Chipley, Wakulla County, Seven Oaks, Kissimmee). Casual south to southern Alabama (Long Island). 398 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Sitta carolinensis nélsoni Mearns. [727c.] Sitta carolinensis nelsoni Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24, June 2, 1902, p. 923. (Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.) Resident in the Rocky Mountain region from southwestern and central Mon- tana (Anaconda, Fort Benton, Billings, Miles City) and southwestern South Dakota (Black Hills, Fall River County) south through eastern Wyoming, northwestern Nebraska (Sioux County), central and western Colorado, extreme eastern Nevada (Lehman Creek, Irish Mountain, Virgin Mountains), and northern and southeastern Arizona (Hualpai Mountains, Prescott, Baboquivari Mountains) to north-central and northeastern Sonora (Pajaritos Mountains, La Chumata, Moctezuma), southwestern and south-central New Mexico (San Luis, Organ, and Sacramento mountains), and central western Texas (Guada- lupe and Davis mountains). Casual in southwestern Kansas (Morton County) and westernmost Oklahoma (Kenton). Sitta carolinensis aculeata Cassin. [727a.] Sitta aculeata Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 8, no. 5, Sept.- Oct. 1856 (Apr. 25, 1857), p. 254. (California.) Resident in the western coast ranges from northwestern Washington (Puget Sound) through western Oregon (Dayton, Corvallis, Rogue River Valley) and central California (both slopes of the Sacramento Valley and interior coast ranges) to southwestern California (Kern Basin, Santa Barbara, San Ber- nardino and Laguna mountains), and extreme northern Baja California (Sierra Juarez). Casual in southwestern British Columbia. Sitta carolinensis tenuissima Grinnell. [727e.] Sitta carolinensis tenuissima Grinnell, Condor, 20, no. 2, Mar. 20, 1918, p. 88. (Hanaupah Canyon, Panamint Mountains, Inyo County, Cali- fornia, 8700 feet.) Resident from southern interior British Columbia (Cranbrook, Ashcroft, Okanagan Valley), central and eastern Washington (Bumping Lake, Colville, Spokane, Entiat), northern and central Idaho (Usk, Clark Fork, Coeur d’Alene, Meridian, Salmon River Mountains), western Wyoming (Gros Ventre Moun- tains), and northern Utah (Providence Canyon) south through eastern Oregon (Lava Butte) to eastern California (eastern Siskiyou County, Eagle Lake, crest of Sierra Nevada, Inyo Range) and western and southern Nevada (Galena Creek, Carson City; White, Quinn Canyon, Charleston, and Sheep mountains). Sitta carolinensis alexandrae Grinnell. [727f.] Sitta carolinensis alexandrae Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 21, no. 15, Mar. 9, 1926, p. 405. (Near Arroyo La Encantada, 7200 feet altitude, three miles north of La Grulla, Sierra San Pedro Martir, Lower California, Mexico.) Resident in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, northern Baja California. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 399 Sitta carolinensis laginae Brewster. [727d.] Sitta carolinensis lagunae Brewster, Auk, 8, no. 2, Apr. 1891 (separates publ. Feb. 17), p. 149. (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California.) Resident in the higher mountains of southern Baja California (Sierra de la Laguna, Sierra Victoria). Sitta carolinensis mexicana Nelson and Palmer. [727¢.] Sitta carolinensis mexicana E. W. Nelson and T. S. Palmer, Auk, 11, no. 1, Jan. 1894, p. 45. (Mount Orizaba, Puebla.) Resident from central eastern Sonora (Mina Abundancia), central Chihua- hua (El Carmen, Bustillos), central southern Texas (Chisos Mountains), and central Tamaulipas (Ciudad Victoria) south to central Guerrero (Chilpan- cingo), Puebla, and central Veracruz (Orizaba, Las Vigas, Jalapa). Sitta canadénsis Linnaeus: RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH. [728.] Sitta canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 177. Based on Le Torchepot de Canada, Sitta canadensis Brisson, Orn., vol. 3, p. 593. (in Canada.) Breeds principally in the Canadian Zone from southeastern Alaska (Chitina Moraine), southern Yukon (Fort Selkirk), southwestern Mackenzie (Fort Simpson), central Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, Flotten Lake), southern Mani- toba (Lake Manitoba, Elk Island), James Bay, western and northern Ontario (Lac Seul, Lake Nipigon, Moosonee), southern and eastern Quebec (Lake St. John, Mingan Islands), Newfoundland, and St. Pierre and Miquelon islands south to central coastal (Oakland) and southern California (San Jacinto Moun- tains, casually on Santa Cruz Island), Guadalupe Island (isolated colony), southeastern Arizona (Santa Catalina, Chiricahua, and Graham mountains), and central western and south-central Colorado (Grand Junction, El Paso County, Fort Garland), Wyoming, southwestern South Dakota (Black Hills, Pine Ridge Reservation), Montana, southeastern Manitoba (Winnipeg, Hillside Beach), central Minnesota (Otter Tail Lake, Mille Lacs, Stillwater), Wisconsin (Ladysmith, New London, Pine Lake), northern Michigan (Kalkaska County), southern Ontario (Wallace, Hamilton), through the Appalachians to eastern Tennessee (Roan, Great Smoky, and Unicoi mountains) and western North Carolina (Black Mountain, Mount Mitchell), southern New York (Slide Moun- tain, Long Island), western Connecticut (Norfolk, Winchester), and Massachu- setts (Berkshire County, locally eastward). Winters throughout most of its range, except in higher latitudes and altitudes, erratically south to southern Arizona (Sacaton, Huachuca Mountains), southern New Mexico (Sapello Creek, 35 miles northeast of Silver City, Carlsbad), Texas (El Paso, Knickerbocker, San Antonio, Nueces County, High Island), southern Louisiana (Cameron, Baton Rouge), southern Mississippi (Gulfport, Biloxi), and northern Florida (Pensacola, Bay County, Cedar Keys, Fernandina). Accidental in Bermuda. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. 400 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Sitta pusilla Latham: BROWN-HEADED NUTHATCH. Southeastern Oklahoma, central Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, northern Georgia, southwestern North Carolina, southern Virginia, southern Maryland, and southern Delaware south to the Gulf coast, southern Florida, and Grand Bahama Island. Sitta pusilla pusilla Latham. [729.] Sitta pusilla Latham, Index Orn., vol. 1, 1790, p. 263. (Carolina, Jamaica = South Carolina.) Resident from Arkansas (Pulaski County, Hot Springs), southeastern Okla- homa (Cedar Creek), eastern Texas (Houston, Montgomery County, Marshall, Dallas), northern Louisiana (Caddo Parish, Liberty Hill, Monroe), northern Mississippi (Hickory Flat, Corinth, Iuka), central and northern Alabama (Tus- caloosa, Cullman County, Anniston), northern Georgia (Rome, Mount Berry, Union County), central North Carolina (Statesville, Chapel Hill), southeastern Virginia (Danville, Amelia), southern Maryland (Point Lookout, Clayton, Queen Annes County), and southern Delaware (Seaford, Lewes) south to the Gulf coast of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and western Florida (Alaqua Bayou, Panama City) and to south-central Georgia (Cuthbert, Fitz- gerald, Allenhurst). Casual north to New Jersey (Haddonfield). Accidental in Missouri (Ink), Iowa (Lee County), and New York (Elmira). Sitta pusilla eaniceps Bangs. [729a.] Sitta pusilla caniceps Bangs, Auk, 15, no. 2, Apr. 1898, p. 180. (Clear- water, Florida.) Resident from southern Georgia (Bainbridge, Beachton, Folkston, St. Marys) south to southern Florida (Wakulla County, Fort Myers, Royal Palm Ham- mock, Miami). Rare in southern Florida. Sitta pygmaéa Vigors: PiGMy NUTHATCH. Mountainous areas from southern British Columbia, northern Idaho, western Montana, central Wyoming, and southwestern South Dakota south to northern Baja California, Arizona, and through the Mexican highlands to Jalisco, Micho- acan, Puebla, and central Veracruz. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Sitta pygmaea pygmaéa Vigors. [730.] Sitta pygmaea Vigors, in Zool. Beechey’s Voy. Blossom, 1839, p. 25, pl. 4, fig. 2. (Monterey [California].) Resident in the humid coastal region of central western California (Fort Bragg, Point Reyes, Santa Cruz, Monterey, Cambria). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 401 Sitta pygmaea melanotis van Rossem. [730).] Sitta pygmaea melanotis van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 42, June 25, 1929, p. 176. (Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona.) Resident from southern British Columbia (Vaseaux Lake, Penticton, New- gate), northern Idaho (Coeur d’Alene, Fort Sherman), western Montana (Bel- ton, Wildhorse Island, Ravalli County), central Wyoming (Gros Ventre Moun- tains), and southwestern South Dakota (Loveland Canyon) south to interior northwestern and central California (Mount Sanhedrin, Howell Mountain, Lassen Peak, Sierra Nevada, and the White, Tehachapi, and San Bernardino mountains), extreme western Nevada (Carson City, Galena Creek), eastern Oregon (Deschutes and Lake counties, Powder River Mountains), extreme eastern Nevada (Snake Mountains), central southern Utah (Zion Canyon, Bryce Canyon), all but southwestern Arizona (Hualpai, Santa Catalina, and Santa Rita mountains), northeastern Sonora (San José Mountains), and south- ern New Mexico (Silver City, Hot Springs, Ruidosa, Sacramento Mountains), extending into southwestern Texas (Guadalupe Mountains), the Panhandle of extreme western Oklahoma (Kenton), and northern Coahuila. Casual during nonbreeding season to southwestern British Columbia (Comox) and central Montana (Fort Benton, Fergus County, Miles City). Sitta pygmaea leucontcha Anthony. [730a.] Sitta pygmaea leuconucha Anthony, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 2, sig. 6, Oct. 11, 1889, p. 77. (San Pedro [Martir] Mountains, Lower California.) Resident from southern California (San Jacinto and Laguna mountains) to northern Baja California (Sierra Juarez and Sierra San Pedro Martir). Sitta pygmaea canéscens van Rossem. [730c.] Sitta pygmaea canescens van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, no. 22, June 5, 1931, p. 328. (Yellow pines at 8,200 feet altitude, Lee Canyon, Charleston Mountains, Clark County, Nevada.) Resident in southern Nevada (Sheep and Charleston mountains). Family CERTHIIDAE: Creepers Subfamily CERTHIINAE: Typical Creepers Genus CERTHIA Linnaeus Certhia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 118. Type, by sub- sequent designation, Certhia familiaris Linnaeus (Selby, 1825). Cérthia familiaris Linnaeus': BROWN CREEPER. Southeastern Alaska, British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatche- wan, southern Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, Newfoundland, 1 Certhia familiaris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 118. (in Europae arboribus rupestris = Sweden.) 402 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS the British Isles, northern Scandinavia, central Finland, northern Russia, central Siberia, the Sea of Okhotsk, Sakhalin, and the southern Kurile Islands south through México to Nicaragua, and to the southern Appalachian Mountains; in the Old World to northern Spain, Corsica, Sicily, Italy, the Balkans, Asia Minor, northern Iran, Kashmir, Nepal, Bhutan, northern Burma, Sinkiang, central China, Korea, and Japan. In winter to the Gulf coast and Florida. Certhia familiaris americana Bonaparte. [726.] Certhia Americana Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, p. 11. New name for Certhia familiaris Audubon (Birds Amer., folio, pl. 419, 1838). (Western [= eastern] and northern parts of North America.) Breeds from south-central Manitoba (Brandon, Lake St. Martin, Hillside Beach), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Lake Nipigon, Fort Albany), southern Quebec (Lake St. John, Quebec City, Seven Islands), and Newfound- land south to southeastern Nebraska (Red Cloud, Lincoln, Omaha), southern Iowa (Blakesburg, Davenport), southern Wisconsin (Prairie du Sac, Beaver Lake, Milwaukee), central Michigan (Ludington, Ottawa County, Sand Point, and Calhoun County), northeastern Ohio (Ashtabula County), southern On- tario (London, Toronto, Lindsay), through the mountains to south-central Pennsylvania (Crumb, Somerset County, Harrisburg) and western Maryland (Bittinger), central eastern and southeastern New York (Rhinebeck, Pawling; Bear Mountain and Van Cortland parks), and Massachusetts (Springfield, Huntington, Lexington, Taunton). Winters throughout most of its breeding range, except at higher latitudes and altitudes, south to southern Texas (Chisos Mountains, Del Rio, Somerset, Aransas Refuge), the Gulf coast, and southern Florida (Royal Palm Hammock, Coconut Grove), west casually to southeastern Arizona (Tucson). Certhia familiaris nigréscens Burleigh. [726/.] Certhia familiaris nigrescens Burleigh, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 48, May 3, 1935, p. 62. (Mount Mitchell, North Carolina, altitude 6,600 feet.) Breeds in the southern Appalachian Mountains from the higher portions of northern and eastern West Virginia (Preston, Mineral, and Pendleton counties) and southwestern Virginia (Mount Rogers, White Top Mountain) to Roan Mountain and the Great Smoky Mountains in eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina (Mount Mitchell). Winter specimens have been taken in central western Virginia (Lexington), Tennessee (Memphis), Georgia (Atlanta, Decatur, Athens, Blackbeard Island), Mississippi (Bolivar County, Gulfport, Biloxi), and Louisiana (Baton Rouge, New Orleans). Certhia familiaris montana Ridgway. [726b.] Certhia familiaris montana Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5, July 21, 1882, p. 114. (Middle Province of North America; north to Kadiak, ORDER PASSERIFORMES 403 Alaska, breeding south to New Mexico and Arizona = Mount Graham, Arizona. ) Breeds from southern Alaska (Kenai Peninsula, Cook Inlet, Yakutat Bay, Point Gustavus), central British Columbia (Tetana Lake, Cariboo District, Okanagan Valley), western Alberta (Banff, Pigeon Lake, Battle Lake), and central Saskatchewan (Nipawin, Big River, Flotten Lake) south through eastern Washington and eastern Oregon to northeastern Nevada (Jarbidge; Diamond and Snake mountains), northern Arizona (Grand Canyon, San Francisco, Gra- ham and Santa Catalina mountains, mountains near Prescott), central and southeastern New Mexico (Black Canyon, Sacramento Mountains), and west- ern Texas (Guadalupe Mountains). Winters at lower altitudes within its breeding range, casually to northwestern Nebraska (Sioux County) and southeastern California (29 miles south of Needles; the Colorado River Valley, Riverside County). Certhia familiaris zel6tes Osgood. [726d.] Certhia familiaris zelotes Osgood, Auk, 18, no. 2, Apr. 1901, p. 182. (Battle Creek, Tehama Co., California.) Breeds in California on the eastern slopes of the coast ranges and in the Sierra Nevada south to southern California (Trinity Mountain, Mount St. Helena, Sierra Nevada, Mount Pinos, San Gabriel, San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and Laguna mountains). Winters at lower altitudes, in the Great Valley of California and in southern California (Santa Barbara; casually to San Diego and Daggett). Certhia familiaris occidentalis Ridgway. [726c.] Certhia familiaris occidentalis Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5, July 21, 1882, p. 115. (Pacific coast of North America, breeding from mountains of southern [=central] California to British Columbia = Simiahmoo, Washington. ) Resident on the Pacific coast from southern Alaska (Chichagof Island, Juneau) and northwestern British Columbia (Stikine River) south through western Washington and western Oregon to central western California (Big Creek, Monterey County). Certhia familiaris leucosticta van Rossem. [726e.] Certhia familiaris leucosticta van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, no. 22, June 5, 1931, p. 329. (Altitude 8,500 feet in the Hidden Forest, Sheep Mountains, Clark County, Nevada.) Resident in the Charleston and Sheep mountains of southern Nevada and in Kane County, Utah. 404 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Certhia familiaris albéscens Berlepsch. [726a.] Certhia mexicana albescens Berlepsch, Auk, 5, no. 4, Oct. 1888, p. 450. (Ciudad Durango, N. W. Mexico.) Breeds from the highlands of southeastern Arizona (Santa Rita and Huachuca mountains) and southwestern New Mexico (San Luis Mountains) south through eastern Sonora and western Chihuahua to Durango, Nayarit, and Zacatecas. Winters at lower altitudes throughout its breeding range. Family CHAMAEIDAE!: Wrentits Genus CHAMAEA Gambel Chamaea Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 3, no. 7, Jan.-Feb. (May 7) 1847, p. 154. Type, by original designation, Parus fasciatus Gambel. Chamaéa fasciata (Gambel): WRENTIT. Western Oregon (Columbia River) to northern Baja California, east to the middle Umpqua, Rogue, and Klamath river valleys, Oregon, and to the Great Valley of central California. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Chamaea fasciata phaéa Osgood. [7425.] Chamaea fasciata phaea Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13, May 29, 1899, p. 42. (Newport, Yaquina Bay, Oregon.) Resident in the humid coastal belt of western Oregon from the Columbia River (Astoria) to the California border. Chamaea fasciata rufula Ridgway. [742c.] Chamaea fasciata rufula Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 16, Sept. 30, 1903, p. 109. (Nicasio, Marin County, California.) Resident in the humid coastal belt of northwestern California from Del Norte County (Smith River) to Marin County (Sausalito). Chamaea fasciata intermédia Grinnell. [742e.] Chamaea fasciata intermedia Grinnell, Condor, 2, no. 4, July 14, 1900, p. 86. (Palo Alto, Santa Clara County, California.) Resident in the southern and interior sections of the San Francisco Bay region of California (eastern Sonoma, western Napa counties; San Francisco, Mount Diablo, Watsonville). 1 The allocation of Chamaea as a separate family has been questioned, but without clear proof of other relationships. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 405 Chamaea fasciata fasciata (Gambel). [742.] Parus fasciatus Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2, no. 10, July-Aug. (Dec. 5), 1845, p. 265. (California = Monterey, Monterey County.) Resident near the coast of southern California from western Monterey County (Moss Landing, Soledad) south to central San Luis Obispo County. Chamaea fasciata hénshawi Ridgway. [742a.] Chamaea fasciata henshawi Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5, (July 21), 1882, p. 13. (Interior districts of California, including west slope of Sierra Nevada = Walker Basin, northeast of Caliente, California.) Resident from the middle Umpqua and middle Rogue river valleys of Oregon (Roseburg, Grants Pass, Medford) south through interior northern and central California and coastal southern California, from Santa Barbara County to the Mexican border (Hornbrook, Hyampom, Covelo, Howell Mountain, Rackerby, Yosemite Valley, Walker Pass, Jolon, Santa Barbara, San Bernardino Moun- tains, San Diego, Campo). Casual at Klamath Falls, Oregon. (Sight records from Waterville and Cottage Grove in the Willamette Valley may be of this race.) Chamaea fasciata canicaida Grinnell and Swarth. [742d.] Chamaea fasciata canicauda Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 30, no. 5, Sept. 16, 1926, p. 169. (La Grulla, 7200 feet altitude, Sierra San Pedro Martir, Lower California, Mexico.) Resident in northwestern Baja California from the international boundary south to lat. 30° N. (El Rosario, San Fernando, El Caj6n Cafion). Family CINCLIDAE: Dippers Genus CINCLUS Borkhausen Cinclus Borkhausen, Deutsche Fauna, vol. 1, Apr. 1797, p. 300. Type, by monotypy, Cinclus hydrophilus Borkhausen = Sturnus cinclus Linnaeus. Cinclus mexicanus Swainson: DIPPER. From the Aleutian Islands, north-central Alaska, central Yukon, northwestern and central Alberta, north-central Montana, and southwestern South Dakota south to southern California and through the highlands of México and Central America to western Panama. Cinclus mexieanus unicolor Bonaparte [701.] Cinclus unicolor Bonaparte, Zool. Journ., 3, no. 9, Jan. (July 1), 1827, pp. 52, 53. (Near the Rocky Mountains, on the Athapescow Lake = near the source of the Athabaska River.) Resident from the Aleutian Islands (Unalaska, Unimak), north-central Alaska (Kobuk River, Alatna River, Porcupine Creek), central Yukon (Coal Creek, 406 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Ogilvie Range, Russell Creek), northwestern and central Alberta (Hog River, Stony Plain, Mundare), central northern Montana (Big Sandy, Fort Belknap), and southwestern South Dakota (Black Hills) south to southern California (San Luis Rey River, San Bernardino Mountains), southern Nevada (Charles- ton Mountains, Pioche), central northern and southeastern Arizona (Bright Angel Creek, Beaver Creek, Sabino Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains), and central New Mexico (headwaters of the Nigreto River, Silver City, Ruidoso). Accidental in southern Mackenzie (Buffalo River, near Great Slave Lake) and northwestern Nebraska (White River). Cinclus mexicanus mexicanus Swainson. [701a.] Cinclus Mexicanus Swainson, Phil. Mag. (n. s.), 1, no. 5, May 1827, p. 368. (No locality given = Temascaltepec, Mexico.) Resident in the central Mexican highlands from Sonora and Chihuahua south to Michoacan (Cerro de Tancitaro), State of México (Temascaltepec), Puebla (Popocatepetl), and Veracruz (Jalapa, Orizaba). Casual in southeastern Arizona (Huachuca Mountains). Family TROGLODYTIDAE: Wrens Genus TROGLODYTES Vieillot Troglodytes Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807 (18087), p. 52. Type, by subsequent designation, Troglodytes aedon Vieillot (Baird, 1858). Troglédytes aédon Vieillot: House WREN. Southern and central eastern British Columbia, central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, Maine, and New Brunswick south to northern Baja California, southeastern Arizona, northern Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, and northern Georgia. In winter south to Guerrero, Oaxaca, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Troglodytes aedon aédon Vieillot. [721.] Troglodytes aedon Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807 (1808?), p. 52, pl. 107. (No definite locality mentioned = New York City.) Breeds from Maine? (Presque Isle) and New Brunswick (Grand Falls, Chat- ham, Fredericton) south along the Atlantic Coastal Plain to North Carolina (Engelhard) and west to eastern New York (Lewis County), eastern Pennsyl- vania (Wellsboro, Lewistown, Harrisburg), eastern West Virginia (Charles Town), central Virginia (Barnesville), and eastern North Carolina (Engelhard). Nestings reported from central North Carolina (Statesville, Lexington, Durham, Charlotte) may be of this race. 1 Nesting birds of south-central Quebec (Sherbrook, Hatley) may also be of this race. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 407 Winters from the southern parts of its breeding range south to Veracruz (Tres Zapotes) and southern Florida (Cape Sable, Cape Florida). Accidental on Sable Island, Nova Scotia. Troglodytes aedon baldwini Oberholser. [7215.] Troglodytes domesticus baldwini Oberholser, Ohio Journ. Sci., 34, Mar. 1934, p. 90. (Gates Mills, 15 miles east of Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, Ohio.) Breeds from north-central Michigan (Crawford County), southern Ontario (Manitoulin Island, Bigwood, Lake Nipissing, Algonquin Park), and south- western Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Sainte Marguerite, Hudson) south to Kentucky (Madisonville, Bowling Green, Belfry), northeastern Tennessee (Knoxville, Roan Mountain), western South Carolina (Greenville, Spartanburg), and north- eastern Georgia (Athens). Winters south of breeding range to Texas (Guadalupe Mountains, Dallas, Lometa) and the Gulf coast from Louisiana (Gueydan) to southern Florida (Everglades, Long Pine Key) and along the Atlantic coast from South Carolina south to Florida. Troglodytes aedon parkmanii Audubon. [721a.] Troglodytes Parkmanii Audubon, Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 310. (Co- lumbia River = near Fort Vancouver, Washington.) Breeds from southern and central eastern British Columbia (Comox, Kam- loops, Peace River district, Kootenay Park), central Alberta (Grande Prairie, Peace River, McMurray), southern Saskatchewan (Conquest, Fort Carlton, Emma Lake, Yorkton), southern Manitoba (Brandon, Lake St. Martin, Hillside Beach), and central Ontario (Minaki, Sioux Lookout, Weatherbee, Lake Abi- tibi) south to northern Baja California (Sierra San Pedro Martir), southern Nevada (Charleston Mountains), southwestern Utah (St. George), northwest- ern and southeastern Arizona (Hualpai, Santa Catalina, Huachuca, and Chiri- cahua mountains), central New Mexico (Cloudcroft), central Oklahoma (Enid, Stillwater, Tulsa), northwestern Arkansas (Winslow), southeastern Missouri (Knox City), western Kentucky (Hickman, Uniontown), and northern Michi- gan (Cheboygan County). Winters from southern portion of breeding range south to southern Baja California (San José del Cabo, La Paz, Triunfo), Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Vera- cruz, and along the Gulf coast to southern Florida (Everglades). Casual in southern South Carolina (Port Royal) and southern Georgia (Grady County). Troglodytes brunneicollis Sclater': BROWN-THROATED WREN. Southeastern Arizona, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leén, and Tamaulipas south to Oaxaca. 1 Troglodytes brunneicollis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 26, Nov. 9, 1858, p. 297. (La Parada, six leagues from Oaxaca, Mexico.) 408 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Troglodytes brunneicollis vérhiesi Brandt. [721.1.] Troglodytes brunneicollis vorhiesi Brandt, Auk, 62, no. 4, Oct. 1945, p. 576. (Pat Scott Canyon, altitude 7,200 feet, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona.) Resident in the Rincon, Santa Rita, Huachuca, and Chiricahua mountains, southeastern Arizona. Troglodytes troglédytes (Linnaeus)*: WINTER WREN. Holarctic region from the Aleutians, Alaska, southern Yukon, south-central Mackenzie, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Ontario, cen- tral Quebec, Newfoundland, Iceland, the Faeroes, the Shetlands, northern Norway, northern Sweden, northern Finland, northern Russia, Turkestan, Iran, Buryat-Mongol area, Tibet, northwest China, Sakhalin, the Kuriles, and the Komandorskie Islands south to central California, central Idaho, the Great Lakes area, northern Georgia, the Mediterranean area, Iran, northern India, China, and Japan. In winter south in the Western Hemisphere to southern California, Arizona, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Troglodytes troglodytes hiemalis Vieillot. [722.] Troglodytes hiemalis Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouvy. éd., vol. 34, Dec. 1819, p. 514 (a la Nouvelle-Ecosse et dans l‘Etat de New York = New York.) Breeds from northeastern British Columbia (Tupper Creek), south-central Mackenzie (Snow Drift Island), central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba (Margaret, Hillside Beach), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Fort Albany), central Quebec (East Main, Lake Mistassini), southern Labrador (Anse au Loup), and Newfoundland south to central Alberta (Athabaska), central Sas- katchewan, central Minnesota (Otter Tail Lake, Onamia), Wisconsin (Lady- smith, Devils Lake, Camp Long Lake), central Michigan (Kent and Lapeer counties), southern Ontario (Wellington, Waterloo, York, and Prince Edward counties), New York (south to the Catskill Mountains), western and central Massachusetts (Berkshire and Worcester counties), Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia (Sandy Cove, Seal Island); and in the Appalachians through southern Pennsylvania (Somerset County) to northeast- ern West Virginia (Preston County) and western Maryland (Garrett County): Formerly in northwestern Connecticut (Salisbury), and Rhode Island (Wash- ington County). Winters from northeastern Colorado (Julesburg), southeastern Nebraska (Hastings, Lincoln, Fremont), central Iowa (rarely Polk and Story counties), Missouri (Lexington, Mount Carmel), central Illinois (Peoria), southern Michi- gan (Erie), southern Ontario, Ohio, central New York (Buffalo, Ithaca, Al- bany), and Massachusetts (Holyoke, Danvers) south to central Texas (Hot Springs, San Antonio, Victoria, Anahuac), the Gulf coast, and southern Florida (Chokoloskee, St. Lucie); casually northward within breeding range. 1 Motacilla Troglodytes Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 188. (Europa = Sweden.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 409 Troglodytes troglodytes pullus (Burleigh). [722g.] Nannus hiemalis pullus Burleigh, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 48, May 3, 1935, p. 61. (Mount Mitchell, North Carolina, altitude 6,500 feet.) Breeds in the Appalachians from eastern West Virginia (Tucker and Grant counties) south through western Virginia (Mount Rogers), eastern Tennessee (Roan Mountain, inadu Knob, Unicoi Mountains), and western North Carolina (Grandfather Mountain, Mount Mitchell) to northeastern Georgia (Brasstown Bald). Winters in part in the breeding range; elsewhere taken in Virginia (Lexing- ton), western Tennessee (Shelby County), eastern North Carolina (Conetoe Creek), South Carolina (Kershaw County), Georgia (Grady County, Atlanta, Athens, Stone Mountain), Mississippi (Bolivar County, Gulfport, Deer Island), and northeastern Texas (Dallas County). Troglodytes troglodytes meligerus (Oberholser.) [723.1.] Anorthura meligera Oberholser, Auk, 17, no. 1, Jan. 1900, p. 25. (Attu Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska.) Resident in the western Aleutians (Attu, Agattu); probably Buldir Island. Troglodytes troglodytes kiskénsis (Oberholser). [722c.] Nannus troglodytes kiskensis Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 55, Apr. 28, 1919, p. 228. (Kiska Harbor, Kiska Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska.) Resident on Kiska, Little Kiska, Amchitka, Semisopochnoi, and Ogliuga islands, western Aleutians. Troglodytes troglodytes alascénsis Baird. [723.] Troglodytes alascensis Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, pt. 2, 1869, p. 315, pl. 30, fig. 3. (St. George’s Island, Behring’s Sea = St. George Island, Pribilof Islands.) Resident in the Pribilof Islands (St. George, St. Paul, and Otter islands). Accidental at Point Barrow, Alaska. Troglodytes troglodytes tanagénsis (Oberholser). [722d.] Nannus troglodytes tanagensis Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 55, Apr. 28, 1919, p. 230. (Tanaga Bay, Tanaga Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska.) Resident on the Andreanof group, central Aleutians (Tanaga, Kanaga, Adak, Kagalaska, Umak, Igitkin, Atka, and Amlia islands). 410 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Troglodytes troglodytes seguaménsis Gabrielson and Lincoln. [722i.] Trogolodytes [sic] trogloydtes [sic] seguamensis Gabrielson and Lincoln, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 64, May 14, 1951, p. 73. (Seguam Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska.) Resident on Seguam, Amukta, and Yunaska islands in the central Aleutians; probably on the Islands of Four Mountains. Troglodytes troglodytes stévensoni (Oberholser). [722h.] Nannus troglodytes stevensoni Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 43, Sept. 26, 1930, p. 151. (Amak Island, Alaska.) Resident on Amak and Amagat islands off the western Alaska Peninsula; Cold Bay and Kings Cove, Alaska Peninsula (probably). Troglodytes troglodytes petréphilus (Oberholser). [722e.] Nannus troglodytes petrophilus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 55, Apr. 28, 1919, p. 232. (Unalaska, Unalaska Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska.) Resident on the Fox Islands group, eastern Aleutians (Bogoslof, Umnak, Unalaska, East Unalga, and Akutan islands). Troglodytes troglodytes semidiénsis (Brooks). [722f.] Nannus hiemalis semidiensis W. S. Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 59, no. 5, Sept. 1915, p. 400. (Choyiet [ = Chowiet] Island, Semidi Islands, Alaska.) Resident on the Semidi Islands (Chowiet and Aghiyuk islands) off the south- eastern Alaska Peninsula. Troglodytes troglodytes hélleri (Osgood). [722b.] Anorthura hiemalis helleri Osgood, Auk, 18, no. 2, Apr. 1901, p. 181. (English Bay, near Kadiak, Kadiak Island, Alaska.) Resident on Kodiak, Afognak, and Raspberry islands, off southern Alaska. Troglodytes troglodytes pacificus Baird. [722a.] Troglodytes hyemalis, var. pacificus Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, sign. 9, Sept. 1864, p. 138 (in key); sign. 10, p. 145. (Simiahmoo, Puget Sound, W. T. [ = Washington]. ) Breeds from southern Alaska (Prince William Sound, Glacier, Prince of Wales Island, Ketchikan), southern Yukon, British Columbia (Upper Stikine River), and southwestern Alberta (Moose Pass, Banff) south along the Pacific coast to central California (Little Sur River, Santa Cruz Mountains), inland to east-central California (Sequoia Park), southern Washington (Skamania, Blue Mountains), northeastern Oregon (Blue and Wallowa mountains), central ORDER PASSERIFORMES 411 Idaho (Payette Lake, Meridian, Van Camp), and western Montana (Glacier National Park, Beaver Creek, German Gulch). Winters at lower altitudes in the breeding range and south to southern Cali- fornia (Santa Barbara, San Fernando Valley, rarely San Diego County) and western Nevada (Truckee Valley); casually to Arizona (Oak Creek, Huachuca Mountains), New Mexico (Cooney), and Colorado (Colorado Springs). Accidental in northern Alaska (Point Barrow). Genus THRYOMANES Sclater Thryomanes Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, 1862, p. 22. Type, by mono- typy, Troglodytes bewickii Audubon. Thryémanes béwickii (Audubon): BEWICK’s WREN. Southwestern British Columbia, central Washington, Nevada, southern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, central Colorado, southeastern Nebraska, southern Iowa, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, Ohio, central Pennsylvania, and Virginia south to Guadalupe Island, southern Baja California, Jalisco, Puebla, and the northern sections of the Gulf states. In winter to the Gulf coast and southern Florida. Thryomanes bewickii béwickii (Audubon). [719.] Troglodytes Bewickii Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 1, 1827, pl. 18 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 1, 1831, p. 96). (Five miles from St. Francisville, Louisiana. ) Breeds from southeastern Nebraska (Otoe County), northeastern Kansas (Manhattan, Lawrence), central Missouri (Missouri River Valley), southern Iowa (Des Moines, Iowa City, Davenport), southwestern Wisconsin (Richland County, Reedsburg, Prairie du Sac), southern Michigan (Grand Rapids, Ann Arbor), and southwestern Ohio (Cincinnati) south to easternmost Oklahoma (Grove, Broken Bow), eastern Texas, northern Arkansas (Winslow, Darda- nelle, Clinton, Forrest City), central western and northeastern Mississippi (Cal- houn City, Greenwood Springs), and western and central Tennessee (Memphis, Nashville, Crossville). Winters south to Louisiana (Natchitoches, Baines, St. James Parish), southern Mississippi (Gulfport, Saucier, Biloxi), and western Florida (Valparaiso). Casual in west-central Nebraska (Oshkosh), central Iowa (Webster County), and southeastern South Carolina (Charleston). Thryomanes bewickii altus Aldrich. [719m.] Thryomanes bewickii altus Aldrich, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., no. 18, Dec. 30, 1944, p. 307. (7 miles east of Philippi, Barbour County, West Virginia, elevation 1,750 feet.) Resident in the Appalachian region from southern Ontario (Point Pelee), central Ohio (Mercer, Logan, Morrow, Ashland, Wayne, and Stark counties, occasionally north to Lake Erie), and central Pennsylvania (Beaver, State Col- 412 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS lege, South Williamsport) south to central Alabama (Sand Mountain, Wood- bine, Prattville), central Georgia (Roswell, Augusta), and central South Caro- lina (Columbia). In recent years has been supplanted by the House Wren in extensive areas of Virginia. Casual in winter to Illinois (Chicago), eastern Texas (Pittsburg), Louisiana (Natchitoches, Baines, East Baton Rouge, Foster), Mississippi (Bolivar County, Deer Island, Gulfport), central Florida (Waukeenah, St. Petersburg, Daytona), eastern Maryland (Baltimore, Ocean City), southeastern Pennsylvania (Wynne- wood), and New Hampshire (Monroe, Alton). Thryomanes bewickii cryptus Oberholser. [719c.] Thryomanes bewickii cryptus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 21, Nov. 19, 1898, pp. 422 (in key), 425. (San Antonio, Texas.) Resident from central southern Kansas (Sun City, Comanche County, Harper, Clearwater), through Oklahoma (Kenton, Copan, Tulsa), except the extreme east, south to northern Nuevo Leén (Rodriguez, China), northern Tamaulipas (Camargo, Santa Rosalia, San Fernando), and southern Texas (Brownsville, Corpus Christi, Victoria). Thryomanes bewickii ereméphilus Oberholser. [719b.] Thryomanes bewickii eremophilus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 21, Nov. 19, 1898, pp. 422 (in key), 427. (Big Hatchet Mountains, Grant County, New Mexico.) Resident from eastern California (White Mountains, Grapevine Mountains), southern Nevada (Clayton Valley, Valcalda Spring, Pahrump Ranch, Irish Mountain, Coyote Springs), southern Utah (St. George, Toquerville, Bryce Canyon, Block Canyon), southwestern Wyoming (Superior), and Colorado (Sandwash, Walden, Rouse Junction) south to northern Sonora (Cibuta, Rancho Arizona), Chihuahua (Minaca), Durango (Matalotes, Papasquiero, Durango), and central Zacatecas. In winter wandering to the desert areas of southern California, Arizona, and northern Sonora. Thryomanes bewickii calophénus Oberholser. [719e.] Thryomanes bewickii calophonus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 21, Nov. 19, 1898, pp. 422 (in key), 440. (South Park, King County, Washington. ) Resident in southwestern British Columbia (Comox, French Creek, Howe Sound, Vancouver, Chilliwack), western Washington (Mount Vernon, North Bend, Enumclaw; and an outlying colony along the Yakima River), and west- ern Oregon (Portland, Tillamook, Newport, Salem, Sisters, Elkton, Coos Bay, Gold Beach). In winter wandering to northwestern California (Humboldt County). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 413 Thryomanes bewickii marinénsis Grinnell. [719f.] Thryomanes bewicki marinensis Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 5, no. 8, Feb. 21, 1910, p. 307. (Nicasio, Marin County, California.) Resident in the humid coastal belt of northwestern California from Del Norte County south through Marin County (Crescent City, Covelo, Ukiah, Santa Rosa, Nicasio). Thryomanes bewickii spilurus (Vigors). [719a.] Troglodytes spilurus Vigors, in Zool. Beechey’s Voy., 1839, p. 18, pl. 4, fig. 1. (No locality given = near San Francisco, California.) Resident in the coast belt of central western California from the Golden Gate and San Francisco Bay south through Santa Cruz County (Santa Cruz). Thryomanes bewickii drymoécus Oberholser. [719g.] Thryomanes bewickii drymoecus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 21, Nov. 19, 1898, p. 423 (in key), p. 437. (Baird [Shasta County], California.) Resident from southwestern Oregon (Rogue River Valley, Klamath Valley, Merrill, Olene) south through the Sacramento Valley (Scott River, Yreka, Mount Saint Helena, Vacaville) to the northern San Joaquin Valley (Mount Diablo, Stockton, Fresno County), California. Thryomanes bewickii atréstus Oberholser. [7191/.] Thryomanes bewickii atrestus Oberholser, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, no. 1, Sept. 19, 1932, p. 8. (Mouth of Twenty Mile Creek, Warner Valley, 9 miles south of Adel, Oregon.) Resident in central southern Oregon (Warner Valley, Plush, Adel), north- eastern California (Sugar Hill, Red Rock, Ravendale), and central western Nevada (Lahontan Valley, Fallon, Walker River Valley). Thryomanes bewickii corréctus Grinnell. [719k.] Thryomanes bewickii correctus Grinnell, Condor, 30, no. 2, Mar. 15, 1928, p. 154. (Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California.) Resident in southwestern California from the western slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada and San Benito and Monterey counties south to the Mexican boundary (Carmel, Paicines, Santa Maria, Kern County, San Bernardino Moun- tains, San Diego). Casual in winter to the deserts of southeastern California (Barstow, Palm Springs, Mecca). Thryomanes bewickii neséphilus Oberholser. [719h.] Thryomanes bewickii nesophilus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 21, Nov. 19, 1898, p. 423 (in key), p. 442. (Santa Cruz Island, California.) Resident on Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, and Anacapa islands, and probably on Santa Barbara and San Nicolas islands, off southwestern California. 414 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Thryomanes bewickii catalinae Grinnell. [719i.] Thryomanes bewicki catalinae Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 5, no. 8, Feb. 21, 1910, p. 308. (Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, California.) Resident on Santa Catalina Island, off southwestern California. Thryomanes bewickii leucéphrys (Anthony). [719.1.] Thryothorus leucophrys Anthony, Auk, 12, no. 1, Jan. 1895, p. 52. (San Clemente Island, California.) Resident on San Clemente Island off southwestern California. Thryomanes bewickii charientiurus Oberholser. [719d.] Thryomanes bewickii charienturus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 21, Nov. 19, 1898, p. 423 (in key), p. 435. (Nashoguero [ = Nachogiiero] Valley, Lower California.) Resident in northwestern Baja California from the international boundary to about lat. 30° N. (Valle de Nachogiiero, El] Rayo, Los Pozos, El Rosario, Laguna Hanson). Casual in winter east to the Colorado River Delta. Thryomanes bewickii cerroénsis (Anthony). [719j.] Thryothorus cerroensis Anthony, Auk, 14, no. 2, Apr. 1897, p. 166. (Cer- ros [ = Cedros] Island, Lower California.) Resident in central western Baja California (Cedros Island, Punta Prieta, Santo Domingo Landing, Rosarito). Thryomanes bewickii magdalénensis Huey. [719n.] Thryomanes bewickii magdalenensis Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9, no. 35, Oct. 1, 1942, p. 430. (Santo Domingo, Magdalena Plain, Lower California, Mexico, lat. 25° 30’ [N.].) Resident in southwestern Baja California from lat. 26° N. to 24° N. (Santo Domingo, Arroyo Seco). Thryomanes bewickii brevicaida Ridgway. [720.] Thryomanes brevicauda Ridgway, Bull. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 2, no. 2, Apr. 1, 1876, p. 186. (Guadeloupe [= Guadalupe] Island, Lower Cali- fornia.) Extinct. Formerly resident on Guadalupe Island off the coast of Baja Cali- fornia; last seen in 1903. Genus THRYOTHORUS Vieillot Thryothorus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, pp. 45, 70. Type, by monotypy, Troglodytes arundinaceus Vieillot = Sylvia ludoviciana Latham. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 415 Thryothorus ludovicianus (Latham): CAROLINA WREN. Southeastern Nebraska, southern Iowa, southern Illinois, central Indiana, southeastern Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Pennsylvania, southeastern New York, southern Connecticut, and southeastern Massachusetts south to Coahuila, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida, sporadically farther north to southeastern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, east- central Michigan, central New York, Vermont, southern New Hampshire, and southwestern Maine. Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus (Latham). [718.] Sylvia ludoviciana Latham, Index Orn., vol. 2, 1790, p. 548. (in Louisiana = along the Mississippi River at New Orleans.) Resident from southeastern Nebraska (Superior, Omaha), southern Iowa (Des Moines, Sigourney, Linn County), southern Illinois (Murphysboro, Philo, Olney), central Indiana (Crawfordsville, Logansport, Fort Wayne), south- eastern Michigan (Wayne and Washtenaw counties), southern Ontario (Essex, Norfolk, and York counties), southern Pennsylvania (Lawrence, Westmoreland, Huntingdon, and Philadelphia counties), northern New Jersey (Elizabeth, En- glewood), southeastern New York (Long Island), southern Connecticut (Fair- field, Bridgeport, New Haven), and southeastern Massachusetts (Martha’s Vine- yard) south through central Texas (Abilene, San Angelo, Brackettville, Crystal City) to the Gulf coast (from Corpus Christi, Texas, to St. Marks, Florida), and southern Georgia (Bainbridge, Tifton, Vidalia, Savannah); sporadically north to southeastern Minnesota (Fort Snelling, St. Paul), southern Wisconsin (Trempealeau, Reedsburg, Milwaukee), central New York (Corning, Ithaca, Bainbridge), Vermont (Burlington), southern New Hampshire (Center Ossipee, Rye Beach), and southern Maine (Norway Lake, Waterville, Dark Harbor). Casual in South Dakota (Yankton), central Nebraska (Stapleton), north- western Iowa (Sioux City), west-central Kansas (Rooks County, Hays), west- ern Oklahoma (Cheyenne), west-central Michigan (Frankfort), and northeast- ern New York (Essex). Thryothorus ludovicianus miaménsis Ridgway. [718a.] Thryothorus Ludovicianus (Lath.) var. Miamensis Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 9, no. 8, Aug. 1875, p. 469. (Miami River, eastern Florida.) Resident in peninsular Florida (Levy County, Gainesville, Micanopy, Palatka south to East Cape, Key Largo); intergrades with nominate race in southeastern Georgia. Casual at Key West, Florida. Thryothorus ludovicianus buirleighi Lowery. [718c.] Thryothorus ludovicianus burleighi Lowery, Auk, 57, no. 1, Jan. 1940, p. 99. (Cat Island, Mississippi, nine miles offshore from Gulfport, Mis- sissippi.) Resident on the islands off the coast of Mississippi (Cat, Ship, Horn, Petit Bois islands). 416 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Thryothorus ludovicianus lomiténsis Sennett. [718b.] Thryothorus ludovicianus lomitensis Sennett, Auk, 7, no. 1, Jan. 1890, p. 58. (Lomita Ranch, Hidalgo County, Texas.) Resident in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas (Lomita Ranch, Hidalgo, Brownsville) south to adjacent northern Tamaulipas (Camargo, San Fernando, Matamoros). Genus CAMPYLORHYNCHUS Spix Campylorhynchus Spix, Av. Bras., vol. 1, 1824, p. 77. Type, by subsequent designation, “C. variegatus, (Gm.) = C. scolopaceus Spix = Op. turdinus Wied” (Gray, 1840). Campylorhynchus brunneicapillum (Lafresnaye)': CACTUS WREN. Southern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, western and south- central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and central Texas south to southern Baja California, Michoacan, and State of México. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillum couési Sharpe. [713.] Campylorhynchus couesi Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 6, 1881, pp. 186 (in key), 196. (Larido [= Laredo], Texas.) Resident from southern California (Santa Paula, San Fernando, Mohave, Little Owens Lake, Argus Mountains), southern Nevada (Charleston, Sheep and Muddy mountains), southwestern Utah (Beaver Dam Mountains, Toquer- ville), south-central Arizona (Salt River valley, Globe, Dos Cabezas), southern New Mexico (Silver City, San Marcial, Eagle, Tularosa, Carlsbad), and central and southern Texas (Pecos, San Angelo, Lomita, San Antonio, Runge, Browns- ville) south to northern Baja California (Ensenada, Tijuana, El Valle de la Trinidad, eastern base of the Sierra San Pedro Martir), northern Sonora (Puerto Libertad, Pesquiero, 12 miles west of Magdalena), central Chihuahua (Chihua- hua), central Coahuila (Monclova), Nuevo Leén (Galeana), and northern Tamaulipas (Nuevo Laredo, Matamoros). Campylorhynchus brunneicapillum bryanti (Anthony). [713a.] Heleodytes brunneicapillus bryanti Anthony, Auk, 11, no. 3, July 1894, p. 212. (San Telmo, Lower California.) Resident on the Pacific slope of northwestern Baja California from lat. 31° to 29° 30’ N. (San Telmo, San Quintin, western base of Sierra San Pedro Martir, San Fernando, Santa Catarina). Campylorhynchus brunneicapillum affine Xantus. [7135.] Campylorhynchus affinis Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (vol. 11), sig. 21-23, Oct.-Nov. 1859 (Jan. 12, 1860), p. 298. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.) Resident in central western and southern Baja California from lat. 29° N. southward (Santa Margarita, Santiago, Cape San Lucas). 1 Picolaptes brunneicapillus Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., vol. 5, 1835, cl. 2, pl. 47. (Californie [= Guaymas, Sonora]. ) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 417 Campylorhynchus brunneicapillum ptirum (van Rossem). [713c.] Heleodytes brunneicapillus purus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, no. 14, Nov. 28, 1930, p. 225. (Santa Agueda Reservoir, 11 miles west of Santa Rosalia, 27° 20’ N. on the Gulf coast of Lower California, Mexico.) Resident in central eastern Baja California from lat. 28° 50’ N., south to lat. 25° 05’ N. (Punta Prieta, San Ignacio, Concepcién Bay, Dolores Bay). Genus TELMATODYTES Cabanis Telmatodytes Cabanis, Mus. Hein., vol. 1, Oct. 1850 (1851), p. 78 (note). Type, by subsequent designation, Certhia palustris Wilson (Baird, 1858). Telmatédytes palustris (Wilson): LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN. Central British Columbia, northern Alberta, south-central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, southern Maine, and eastern New Brunswick south to northern Baja California, south-central México, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Telmatodytes palustris palustris (Wilson). [725.] Certhia palustris Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 2, 1810, p. 58, pl. 12, fig. 4. (Borders of the Schuylkill and Delaware [rivers, Philadelphia, Pennsy]- vania].) Breeds in coastal and estuarine marshes from Rhode Island (Newport) south to Virginia (Buckroe, Norfolk). Winters through its breeding range and south to southern Louisiana (Chenier au Tigre), southern Mississippi (Gulfport), and southern Florida (Flamingo). Accidental in Nova Scotia (Mink Island Marshes). Records for Greenland (Godthaab, Fiskenaes) may refer to some other subspecies. Telmatodytes palustris waynei Dingle and Sprunt. [725i.] Telmatodytes palustris waynei Dingle and Sprunt, Auk, 49, no. 4, Oct. 1932, p. 454. (Mount Pleasant, South Carolina.) Breeds in the coastal marshes of southeastern Virginia (Back Bay) and North Carolina (Pine, Bodie, and Pea islands, Swanquarter, Smith Island, Southport). Winters from breeding range south to southeastern South Carolina (Charles- ton). Accidental in New Brunswick (Grand Manan, Fairville). Telmatodytes palustris griseus (Brewster). [725b.] Cistothorus palustris griseus Brewster, Auk, 10, no. 3, July 1893, p. 216. (Sapelo Island, Georgia.) Resident in the coastal marshes of the Atlantic coast from South Carolina (Horry County) south to central eastern Florida (New Smyrna). 418 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Telmatodytes palustris marianae (Scott). [725e.] Cistothorus marianae Scott, Auk, 5, no. 2, Apr. 1888, p. 188. (Tarpon Springs, Fl[orida].) Resident in the coastal marshes along the Gulf of Mexico from southwestern Alabama to southwestern Florida (Charlotte Harbor). Telmatodytes palustris thryéphilus Oberholser. [725h.] Telmatodytes palustris thryophilus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, 16, no. 39, Nov. 12, 1903, p. 149. (Sabine, Texas.) Resident in the coastal marshes from Texas (Nueces County, Seadrift, Cove) to southeastern Louisiana (Hog Island, Breton Island, Pilottown, The Rigolets, Lake Catherine) and Mississippi (mouths of Pascagoula and Pearl rivers). Wanders to Deer Island, Mississippi. Telmatodytes palustris dissaéptus (Bangs). [725d.] Cistothorus (Telmatodytes) palustris dissaéptus Bangs, Auk, 19, no. 4, Oct. 1902, p. 352. (Wayland, Mass[achusetts].) Breeds from northern North Dakota (Lostwood, Kenmare, Beaver Creek), southern Manitoba (Aweme, Portage la Prairie, Hillside Beach), southern On- tario (Indian Bay), northern Minnesota (Lake Vermilion, Lake Francis, Du- luth), northern Wisconsin (Superior), northern Michigan (Calumet, Huron Mountains, Sault Sainte Marie, Munuskong Bay), southern Ontario (Otter Lake, Sturgeon Lake, Ottawa), southwestern Quebec (Montreal), northern New York (Watertown, Plattsburg), Vermont (Burlington, Otter Creek), New Hampshire (Hanover, Great Pond), Maine (Belgrade, Waterville, Brewer), and eastern New Brunswick (Midgic) south to eastern Kansas (Wichita, Topeka, Burlington), Missouri (Bolivar, Marionville, St. Louis), southern Illinois (Mur- physboro, Mount Carmel), southern Indiana (Indianapolis, Oak Forest), Ohio (Toledo, Buckeye Lake, Canton), western Pennsylvania (Hollidaysburg), west- ern Virginia (Albemarle County, Blacksburg), eastern West Virginia (Charles Town), south-central Pennsylvania (Harrisburg), central New York (Ithaca, Schenectady), and Massachusetts (locally except on the coastal plain). Winters from Texas (Brownsville) to southern Florida (Royal Palm Park, Cape Sable), casually northward almost to the northern edge of the breeding range. Telmatodytes palustris iliacus Ridgway. [725f.] Telmatodytes palustris iliacus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 16, no. 28, Sept. 30, 1903, p. 110. (Wheatland, Knox County, Indiana.) Breeds east of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta (Lake Sinclair, Peace River Landing, Egg Lake, Athabasca Delta) and central Saskatchewan (Emma Lake, Prince Albert, Stalwart Slough, Devils Lake) south to north-central Montana. In winter south to Zacatecas (Valparaiso), Jalisco (Ocotlan), Michoacan (Lake Patzcuaro), and Veracruz (Jalapa), in migration through central Texas. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 419 Telmatodytes palustris plésius (Oberholser). [725c.] Cistothorus palustris plesius Oberholser, Auk, 14, no. 2, Apr. 1897, p. 188. (Fort Wingate, N[ew]. M[exico].) Breeds from central British Columbia (Tachick Lake, Springhouse, Lac la Hache, Okanagan Landing), central and eastern Washington (Loomis, Kettle Falls, Spokane), Idaho (Lake Pend d’Oreille), western Montana (Fortine, Swan Lake, Big Lake), northwestern Wyoming (Tower Falls), northeastern Utah (Jensen), northwestern Colorado (Lay), southeastern Wyoming (Laramie, Torrington, Cheyenne), and southwestern Nebraska (Pine Bluffs, Crescent Lake Refuge) south to northeastern and central eastern California (Tule Lake, Pitt River, Rowlands Marsh, Lake Tahoe), central Nevada (Yerington, Ruby Lake), south-central Utah (Marysvale), central New Mexico (probably), and southwestern Texas (El Paso, Pena Creek). Winters throughout breeding range and south to southern California (includ- ing Santa Cruz and San Nicolas islands), southern Baja California (San José del Cabo), Michoacan, México, central Veracruz, and southern Texas (San Antonio, Fort Brown, Corpus Christi). Telmatodytes palustris paludicola (Baird). [725a.] Cistothorus palustris, var. paludicola Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, sig. 10, Sept. 1864, p. 148. (Shoalwater Bay, Washington Territory.) Resident in the coastal area from southwestern British Columbia (Burnaby Lake, Lulu Island, Huntingdon) south to southwestern California (Riverside, San Luis Rey). In winter to central California (Modesto, Raisin City), southern Baja Cali- fornia (San José del Cabo), and northwestern Sonora (El Doctor, Patos Island). Telmatodytes palustris aestuarinus Swarth. [725g.] Telmatodytes palustris aestuarinus Swarth, Auk, 34, no. 3, July (June 30), 1917, p. 310. (Grizzly Island, Solano County, California.) Resident in the Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Imperial valleys of California, and the Colorado River Valley from southern Nevada (Searchlight, St. Thomas) south to southeastern California (Salton Sea, Alamo Duck Preserve), northern Baja California (Cerro Prieto, mouth of the Hardy River), northwestern Sonora (Colorado River Delta), and southwestern Arizona (Mittry Lake, California Swamp). Found in winter in southwestern Utah (St. George, Kanab). Genus CISTOTHORUS Cabanis Cistothorus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., vol. 1, Oct. 1850 (1851), p. 77. Type, by subsequent designation, Troglodytes stellaris Naumann (Gray, 1855). Cistéthorus platénsis (Latham): SHORT-BILLED MARSH WREN. Southeastern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western and southern On- tario, southern Quebec, southern Maine, and eastern New Brunswick south 1 Sylvia platensis Latham, Index Orn., vol. 2, 1790, p. 548. (Buenos Ayres = Buenos Aires, Argentina.) 420 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS through eastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, to Arkan- sas, West Virginia, and Virginia; through central México, Central America, and South America except the Amazon Basin to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands. North American birds winter to the Gulf coast and southern Florida. Cistothorus platensis stellaris (Naumann). [724.] Troglodytes stellaris J. F. Naumann, Naturg. Vogel Deutschlands, vol. 3, 1823, table facing p. 724. (Carolina = vicinity of Savannah, Georgia.) Breeds from southeastern Saskatchewan (Last Mountain Lake, Quill Lakes, Yorkton), southern Manitoba (Aweme, Lake St. Martin, Hillside Beach), western Ontario (Malachi, Whitefish Lake, Sault Ste. Marie, Arnprior), south- ern Quebec (St. Hubert, St. Lambert, Hatley), southern Maine (Belgrade, Bangor, Washington County), and eastern New Brunswick (Midgic) south through central North Dakota (Rice Lake, Napoleon), eastern South Dakota (Webster, Vermilion), eastern Nebraska (West Point, Lincoln), and eastern Kansas (Lawrence) to central Missouri (Kansas City, St. Louis), east-central Arkansas (Stuttgart), southern Illinois (Murphysboro, Mount Carmel), central Indiana (Indianapolis), south-central Ohio (Buckeye Lake, Chesterhill), eastern West Virginia (Gandy Creek, Jefferson County), Maryland (Thayersville Swamp, Point Lookout, Somerset County), District of Columbia (Bolling Field), and southeastern Virginia (Cape Henry). Winters from Maryland (occasionally Long Island) along the Atlantic coast to southern Florida; along the Gulf coast to Texas (Galveston, Brownsville) ; and inland to central Virginia (Albemarle County), Tennessee (Reelfoot Lake), and Texas (Austin); south in México to San Luis Potosi. Casual in Alberta (Battle River south of Camrose), Wyoming (Cheyenne), Colorado (Mosca), and western Oklahoma (Kenton). Genus CATHERPES Baird Catherpes Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xix, xxxvi, 354, 356. Type, by original designa- tion, Thryothorus mexicanus Swainson. Cathérpes mexicanus (Swainson): CANON WREN. Central coastal California, central southern British Columbia, Idaho, south- eastern Montana, southwestern South Dakota, western Oklahoma, and central Texas south to southern Baja California and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, south- ern México. Catherpes mexicanus albifrons (Giraud). [717.] Certhia albifrons Giraud, Sixteen Species Texas Birds, 1841, p. (17), pl. (8). (“Texas” = locality unknown.) Resident from southwestern Texas (Chisos Mountains, mouth of the Pecos River, Langtry, Comstock) south to southern Coahuila (Saltillo) and south- western Tamaulipas (Victoria, Gomez Farias). 1 Thryothorus Mexicanus Swainson, Zool. Illustr., ser. 2, vol. 1, no. 3, 1829, pl. 11 and text. (Real del Monte [, Hidalgo].) (The generic name is spelled Thryothorus on the plate, Thriothorus in the text.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 421 Catherpes mexicanus conspérsus Ridgway. [717a.] Catherpes Mexicanus, var. conspersus Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 7, no. 10, Oct. 1873, p. 603. (near Fort Churchill [Washoe Mountains], Nevada.) Resident from northern interior California (Mount Shasta), Oregon (east of the Cascades), eastern Washington (Chelan, Wenatchee, Yakima, Wishram), central southern British Columbia (southern Okanagan Valley north to Pentic- ton), central western Idaho (4 miles north of Pollock), southeastern Montana (Fort Howe Ranger Station), southwestern South Dakota (Spearfish Canyon), western Oklahoma (Kenton, Quartz Mountains, Wichita Mountains), and east- central Texas (Cisco, Bluff Creek, Brazos County) south to southern Baja California (La Paz, Sierra Laguna), central Sonora (Tiburon Island, Guaymas, San Javier), northern Chihuahua (San Luis Mountains), and western Texas (Chinati Mountains, Marfa). Genus SALPINCTES Cabanis Salpinctes Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, pt. 1, 1847, p. 323. Type, by subse- quent designation, Troglodytes obsoleta Say (Gray, 1855). Salpinctes obsolétus (Say): ROCK WREN. Central southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, northwestern North Dakota, and southern South Dakota south to southern Baja California, Revilla Gigedo Islands (off México), and through the Mexican and Central American highlands to northwestern Costa Rica. Salpinctes obsoletus obsolétus (Say). [715.] Troglodytes obsoleta Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mountains, vol. 2, 1823, p. 4 (note). (Northern part of Douglas Co., Colorado, near junction of Plum Creek with South Platte River.) Breeds from central southern British Columbia (Ashcroft, Kamloops, Okana- gan Landing), southern Alberta (Jasper, Nemiskam National Park), south- western Saskatchewan (Cypress Hills, Eastend, Rocky Creek), western North Dakota (Charlson, Minot), and southern South Dakota (White River) south, east of the coast ranges, in Washington, Oregon, and northern California to southern Baja California (including the offshore islands except Guadalupe and the San Benitos), central Chihuahua (Jestis Maria, Pinos Altos, Chihuahua), Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, and southern Tamaulipas. Winters north to northern California (San Francisco, west slope of Lassen Peak, Death Valley), southern Nevada, southern Utah, north-central New Mexico (Las Vegas), and southern Texas (Brackettville, Uvalde, Boerne), casually north to Oregon (Ashland), Wyoming (Guernsey), and Montana (Ravalli County). Casual west of the coast ranges in British Columbia (Chilliwack), Washing- ton (Olympia), and Oregon (Beaverton, Netarts), and in Minnesota (Pipe- stone), Iowa (Sioux City, Decatur County, National), eastern Nebraska (Ne- 422 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS ligh, Dakota City, Blue Springs), eastern Kansas (Riley County, Lawrence), and central Oklahoma (Norman, Ponca City, Fort Gibson Reservoir). Accidental in Illinois (Urbana) and Michigan (Trenton). Salpinctes obsoletus guadeloupénsis Ridgway. [716.] Salpinctes obsoletus guadeloupensis Ridgway, Bull. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 2, no. 2, Apr. 1876, p. 185. (Guadeloupe [= Guadalupe] Island, Lower California.) Resident on Guadalupe Island off Baja California. Salpinetes obsoletus tenuiréstris van Rossem. [715a.] Salpinctes obsoletus tenuirostris van Rossem, Condor, 45, no. 6, Dec. 8, 1943, p. 236. (West San Benito Island, Lower California, Mexico.) Resident on the San Benito Islands off Baja California. Family MIMIDAE: Mockingbirds and Thrashers Genus MIMUS Boie Mimus Boie, Isis von Oken, 10, (Oct.) 1826, col. 972. Type, by monotypy, Turdus polyglottos Linnaeus. Mimus polygléttos (Linnaeus): MOCKINGBIRD. Regularly from northern interior California, central Nevada, northern Utah, southeastern Wyoming, southern South Dakota, central Iowa, central Illinois, central Indiana, central northern Ohio, southeastern and eastern West Virginia, Maryland, and central New Jersey south to southern Baja California, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the Bahama Islands, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands; has spread north in recent years; now found casually to southwestern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Nova Scotia. Intro- duced in Hawaii (subspecies not recorded). Mimus polyglottos polygléttos (Linnaeus). [703.] Turdus polyglottos Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 169. Based mainly on The Mock-Bird, Turdus minor, cinereo-albus, non maculatus Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 27. (in Virginia.) Resident regularly north to eastern Nebraska (Kearney, Franklin, Hastings, Lincoln), southern Iowa (Atlantic, Sigourney, Mount Pleasant), central Illinois (Adams County, Virden, Philo), central Indiana (Crawfordsville, Noblesville, Brookville), central northern Ohio (Ottawa, Sandusky, Erie), southwestern and southeastern Pennsylvania, West Virginia (north to Monongalia and Marion counties), northern Maryland (Oldtown, Bethesda, Towson), central New Jersey (Burlington, Barnegat), and southeastern Massachusetts (Nantucket) south to southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast, southern Florida, and Key West; ORDER PASSERIFORMES 423 sporadically or locally north to southeastern South Dakota (Platte, Sioux Falls), northwestern and central Iowa (Hull, Lake City, Maquoketa), northern Illinois (Joliet), northern Indiana (Elkhart), southern Michigan (Hickory Corners, Ecorse), southern Ontario (Petrolia, Nanticoke, Hamilton), western New York (Rochester, East Bethany), northeastern Vermont (Lunenberg), and southern Maine (Leeds, Corinna, Bangor). Introduced in Bermuda. Casual in North Dakota (Kenmare, Mandan, Fargo), southern Manitoba (Brandon, Winnipeg, Hillside Beach), Minnesota (Aitkin County, Waconia, St. Paul), northern Michigan (Isle Royale), northern Vermont (Burlington), southern New Hampshire (Rye Beach), Quebec (Godbout, Bonaventure Island, Anticosti Island, Seven Islands), New Brunswick (St. John, Grand Manan), Nova Scotia (Truro, Sable Island), and Prince Edward Island (Deroche Pond). Many of the northern casual records occur in winter. Accidental in northern Ontario (Moose Factory) and British Columbia (Duncan, Vancouver Island). Mimus polyglottos leucépterus (Vigors). [703a.] Orpheus leucopterus Vigors, in Zool. Beechey’s Voy. Blossom, 1839, p. 17. (No locality mentioned = Monterey, California.) Breeds from central western and northern interior California (Richmond, Corning, Red Rock), southeastern Oregon (Blitzen Valley, Steens Mountains), northwestern Nevada (Washoe County), northern Utah (Carrington Island, Lehi, Powder Springs), southeastern Wyoming (Laramie, Wheatland), and southwestern South Dakota (Minnekahta, Smithwick) south to southern Baja California, Oaxaca, and the Gulf coast of central southern Texas (Brownsville, Corpus Christi, Victoria); casual in southern Alberta (Didsbury) and southern Saskatchewan (Wilcox); intergrades with M. p. polyglottos in the eastern plains area in Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and central Texas. Winters throughout the breeding range except in the north. Casual in Saskatchewan (Eastend) and Idaho (Marsing). Genus DUMETELLA S. D. W. Dumetella S. D. W., Analyst, 5, no. 18, Jan. 1837, p. 206. Type, by mono- typy, Turdus felivox Vieillot = Muscicapa carolinensis Linnaeus. Dumetélla carolinénsis (Linnaeus): CATBIRD. [704.] Muscicapa carolinensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 328. Based mainly on The Cat-Bird, Muscicapa vertice nigro Catesby, Caro- lina, vol. 1, p. 66. (in Carolina = Virginia.) Breeds from southern British Columbia (Bella Coola, Hazelton, Okanagan Landing, Arrow Lakes), central Alberta (Belvedere, Athabaska, Camrose), cen- tral Saskatchewan (St. Walburg, Conquest, Regina, Yorkton), southern Man- itoba (Oak Lake, Lake St. Martin, Hillside Beach), western Ontario (Malachi, Kenora, Port Arthur), northern Wisconsin (Superior, Ashland, Outer Island), southern Ontario (Echo Bay, Big Wood, Petawawa), southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Montreal, Quebec City), New Brunswick (Woodstock, Fredericton, 424 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Petitcodiac), and Nova Scotia (Wolfville, Pictou, Antigonish) south through northern and eastern Washington (Seattle, Lake Chelan, Walla Walla) and east- ern Oregon (Wallowa, Union, and Malheur counties) to north-central Utah (Ogden, Provo, Ashley Creek Marshes), central eastern Arizona (Springerville), central northern New Mexico (Rinconada, Santa Fe, Taos), western Oklahoma (Kenton), Texas (Vernon, Corsicana, Huntsville), central Louisiana (Natchi- toches, Alexandria, Baton Rouge), central Mississippi (Vicksburg, Edwards, Corinth, Tishomingo County), central Alabama (Leighton, Decatur, Autaugua- ville), and southern Georgia (Tifton, Blackbeard Island), rarely to southern Florida (Whitfield, Cape Sable, Clearwater); and in Bermuda. Winters from southeastern Texas (Edinburg, Giddings, Cove), northern Louisiana (Mansfield, Monroe), southeastern Arkansas (Chicot), central Ala- bama (Greensboro), central Georgia (Columbus, Milledgeville), central South Carolina (Aiken, Columbia), eastern North Carolina (Lumberton, Raleigh), and southeastern Virginia (Richmond, Cape Henry), in small numbers north along the coast to Long Island; south through eastern México and Central America to the Canal Zone, Panama (Gatun, Barro Colorado), islands of the western Caribbean (Swan Islands, St. Andrew, Cayman Islands), the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola; and Anguilla in the Lesser Antilles; casual in winter to South Dakota (Sioux Falls), southeastern Missouri (Dunklin County), southern Michigan (Ann Arbor), southern Ontario (London, Toronto), Penn- sylvania (Industry, Harmarville, McKeesport), New York (Rochester, Schenec- tady), Vermont (Bennington), and southern Maine (Winthrop). Accidental in California (Farallon Islands), Nevada (Cave Spring), western Texas (Alfalfa), Sable Island off Nova Scotia, Colombia (Ciénaga), and Ger- many (Helgoland, 1840). Genus TOXOSTOMA Wagler Toxostoma Wagler, Isis von Oken, 5, May 1831, col. 528. Type, by mono- typy, Toxostoma vetula = Orpheus curvirostris Swainson. Toxdéstoma rifum (Linnaeus): BROWN THRASHER. Southeastern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western Ontario, northern Minnesota, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, southwest- ern Quebec, northern Vermont, central New Hampshire, and southwestern Maine south through central Montana, eastern Wyoming, eastern Colorado, and northern and eastern Texas to the Gulf coast and southern Florida. Migrant in winter from the northern part of the breeding range. Toxostoma rufum rufum (Linnaeus). [705.] Turdus rufus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 169. Based on the Fox-coloured Thrush, Turdus ruffus Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 28. (in America septentrionali & meridionali = South Carolina.) Breeds from northern Minnesota (Oslo, Williams, Duluth), northern Wis- consin (Superior, Ashland), northern Michigan (Hancock, Blaney Park, White- fish Point), southern Ontario (Big Wood, Frank Bay, Algonquin Park, Peta- wawa), southern Quebec (Montreal, Blue Sea Lake), Vermont (Burlington, ORDER PASSERIFORMES 425 St. Johnsbury), New Hampshire (Hanover, Sunapee, Mountain View), and southwestern Maine (Auburn, Lewiston, Waterville) south through western Minnesota, western Iowa, western Missouri, and western Arkansas to eastern Texas (Gainesville, Dallas, Paris), southern Louisiana (Alexandria, Valverda, New Iberia, Avery Island), southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, and Flor- ida (Bradenton, Dade City, Fort Myers, Miami). Winters from Arkansas (Van Buren, Willow Beach, Manila), southern Ten- nessee (Chattanooga), northern Georgia (Atlanta, Athens), North Carolina (Charlotte, Louisburg), and southern Maryland south to the Gulf coast from southeastern Texas (Tivoli, Seabrook) to southern Florida; casually north to southeastern Nebraska, Missouri (Marshall), Minnesota (Minneapolis, St. Paul), Wisconsin (Madison), Michigan (Ann Arbor, Erie), Ohio (Toledo), southern Ontario (Point Pelee, Toronto), western New York (Jamestown), Pennsylvania (Jefferson, Germantown), West Virginia (Morgantown, Cran- berry Glades), and Massachusetts (Essex County). Casual in New Brunswick. Accidental in Bermuda, Cuba, and Germany (Helgoland, 1836). Toxostoma rufum longicatida (Baird). [705a.] Harporhynchus longicauda Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xxxxv (= xxxv), 353. (Republican Fork = Republican River, northwestern Kansas.) Breeds from southeastern Alberta (Brooks, Rossyth, Medicine Hat), southern Saskatchewan (Sovereign, Quill Lake, Yorkton, Frenchman River), southern Manitoba (Brandon, Portage la Prairie, Winnipeg), and extreme western On- tario (Emo, Kenora) south through Montana (Collins, Great Falls, Billings), eastern Wyoming (Careyhurst, Douglas, Wheatland), southwestern Nebraska, eastern Colorado (Loveland, Colorado Springs, Fort Lyon), and western Kansas; recorded in summer outside breeding range in central Alberta (Cam- rose) and central Saskatchewan (Walburg, Emma Lake). Winters from eastern Oklahoma (Oklahoma City, Okmulgee) to central and southeastern Texas (San Antonio, Bee County, Port Lavaca, College Station), southern Louisiana (Chenier au Tigre, New Orleans), and southern Mississippi (Saucier), casually north to southeastern Wyoming (Torrington) and Nebraska (Lincoln). Casual in Oregon (Klamath Lake), California (Clear Lake, Hollywood, Pomona, Cottonwood Spring), Utah (Zion National Park, Salt Lake City), Arizona (Huachuca Mountains), and New Mexico (Rio Grande north of Albuquerque). Toxostoma longiréstre (Lafresnaye)': LONG-BILLED THRASHER. Central southern Texas south to the State of México, Puebla, Querétaro, and central Veracruz. 1 Orpheus longirostris Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., vol. 1, Apr. 1838, p. 55. (du Mexique et de la Californie = México.) 426 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Toxostoma longirostre sénnetti (Ridgway). [706.] Harporhynchus longirostris sennetti Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 10, Aug. 6, 1888, p. 506. (Southern Texas = Lomita, near Hidalgo, Texas.) Resident from central southern Texas (Del Rio, Fort Clark, Three Rivers, Corpus Christi) south to southern Nuevo Leén (Monterrey, Linares) and south- ern Tamaulipas (Victoria, G6mez Farias, Altamira). Accidental in north-central Texas (Fort Worth) and Colorado (Barr). Toxostoma cinéreum (Xantus): GRAY THRASHER. Baja California from San Antonio del Mar to the Cape. Toxostoma cinereum mearnsi (Anthony). [709a.] Harporhynchus cinereus mearnsi Anthony, Auk, 12, no. 1, Jan. 1895, p. 53. (San Quintin, Lower California.) Resident in northwestern Baja California (San Antonio del Mar, San Telmo, Santana). Toxostoma cinereum cinéreum (Xantus). [709.] Harporhynchus cinereus Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 11, sign. 21-23, 1859 (Jan. 12, 1860), p. 298. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.) Resident from central Baja California south to the Cape (Rancho Masquital, San Lucas, Comondt, Todos Santos). Toxostoma béndirei (Coues): BENDIRE’S THRASHER. [708.] Harporhynchus Bendirei Coues, Amer. Nat., 7, no. 6, June 1873, p. 330 (note). (Tucson, Ariz[ona].) Breeds from southeastern California (Victorville, Warrens Wells, Rock Spring), northwestern Arizona (Beale Spring), southern Nevada (Delmar), southern Utah (Garfield, San Juan, and Kane counties), and southwestern New Mexico (Millers Ranch, Rodeo) south to Sinaloa. Winters from southern Arizona (Phoenix) south to southern Sinaloa (Es- quinapa Mountains). Accidental in southwestern California (Los Angeles), central northern Utah (Lehi), and Colorado (Austins Bluffs). Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Toxostoma curviréstre (Swainson)!: CURVE-BILLED THRASHER. Northwestern and central Arizona, New Mexico, and western and southern Texas south to Oaxaca. 1 Orpheus curvirostris Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., vol. 1, no. 5, May 1827, p. 369. (No locality given = probably near Temascaltepec, México.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 427 Toxostoma curvirostre palmeri (Coues). [707a.] Harporhynchus curvirostris var. palmeri Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, p. 351. (Tucson, Arizona.) Resident from northwestern and central Arizona (Big Sandy River, Kirkland, Big Bug, Safford) to west-central Sonora (Punta Pefiascosa, El Plomo); re- corded in winter from southern California (Bard). Accidental in Nebraska (North Platte) and western Florida (Pensacola). Toxostoma curvirostre célsum Moore. [707.] Toxostoma curvirostre celsum Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 54, Dec. 8, 1941, p. 212. (Laguna Juanota, southwest Chihuahua, Mexico; altitude more than 9000 feet.) Resident from southeastern Arizona (Patagonia, Chiricahua Mountains), northeastern and southern New Mexico (San Miguel County, Chloride, Sierra Capitan, Guadalupe Mountains), western Texas (Pine Springs, Davis Moun- tains, Glenn Springs), and extreme western Oklahoma (Kenton) south to central Jalisco and central Guanajuato (Guanajuato, Irapuato). Toxostoma curvirostre oberholseri Law. [707D.] Toxostoma curvirostris oberholseri Law, Condor, 30, no. 2, Mar. 15, 1928, p. 151. (San Diego, Duval County, Texas.) Resident from eastern Coahuila (Sabinas, Saltillo) and southern Texas (Bastrop and Refugio counties) south to central Nuevo Leén (Galeana), and northern Tamaulipas (Matamoros). Toxostoma redivivum (Gambel): CALIFORNIA THRASHER. Northern California south to northern Baja California. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Toxostoma redivivum redivivum (Gambel). [710.] Harpes rediviva Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2, no. 10, July-Aug. (Dec. 5) 1845, p. 264. (near Monterey, in Upper California.) Resident from central California (Point Lobos, Paicines, El Portal, San Joaquin Valley) south to southwestern California and northwestern Baja Cali- fornia (El Rosario, San Fernando, western slopes of the Sierra San Pedro Martir). Toxostoma redivivum sonémae Grinnell. [7105.] Toxostoma redivivum sonomae Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11, Oct. 21, 1915, p. 155. (One mile west of Guerneville, Sonoma County, California.) Resident from southern Humboldt County and Trinity and Shasta counties south to Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, and Eldorado counties, northern California. 428 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Toxostoma lecéntei Lawrence: LE CONTE’s THRASHER. Semiarid and desert regions of central California, southern Nevada, south- western Utah, and western and central Arizona south to central Baja Cali- fornia and northwestern Sonora. Toxostoma lecontei lecéntei Lawrence. [711.] Toxostoma Le Contei Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 5, no. 4, Sept. 1851, p. 121. (California near the junction of the Gila and Colo- rado Rivers = Fort Yuma, California.) Resident from central California east of the coast ranges (Arroyo de los Gatos, Coalinga, eight miles northeast of Bakersfield, Little Owens Lake, Benton), southern Nevada (Table Mountain, Ash Meadows, Virgin Valley), southwestern Utah, and western and central Arizona (edge of the plateau escarpment in the extreme northwest, Fort Mohave, Phoenix, Casa Grande) south to northeastern Baja California (Colorado Desert, Laguna Salada, San Felipe Bay) and northwestern Sonora (Punta Pefiascosa). Toxostoma lecontei arenicola (Anthony). [711a.] Harporhynchus lecontei arenicola Anthony, Auk, 14, no. 2, Apr. 1897, p. 167. (Rosalia Bay, Lower California.) Resident in central western Baja California (Playa Maria Bay, Santa Rosalia Bay, San Javier, San Ignacio Lagoon). Toxostoma dorsale Henry: CRISSAL THRASHER. Southeastern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, northern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and central western Texas south to northeastern Baja California and northwestern and south-central México. Toxostoma dorsale dorsale Henry. [712.] Toxostoma dorsale Henry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 10, no. 7-9, Apr.-May (after Apr. 19), 1858, p. 117. (Fort Thorn [Dona Ana County, New Mexico].) Resident from northwestern and central Arizona (Aquarius Mountains, Wil- liams River, Salome, Camp Verde), southern New Mexico (Carlisle, Silver City, Alamogordo, Carlsbad), and western Texas (Guadalupe Mountains, Marfa, Glass Mountains, Chisos Mountains) south to Sonora (Kino Bay, Guaymas, Costa Rica Ranch) and northern Chihuahua (Mosquito Springs). Toxostoma dorsale coloradénse van Rossem. [7125.] Toxostoma dorsale coloradense van Rossem, Condor, 48, no. 2, Apr. 2, 1946, p. 80. (Brawley, Imperial County, California, altitude minus 113 feet.) Resident from southeastern California (Palm Springs, Coachella Valley, Needles), southern Nevada (Cottonwood Springs, Logandale, Bunkerville), ORDER PASSERIFORMES 429 and southwestern Utah (St. George) south to extreme northern Baja California (Mexicali, Cocopah Mountains, Laguna Salada) and through western Arizona (mouth of Diamond Creek) to northwestern Sonora (Colorado River). Toxostoma dorsale trinitatis Grinnell. [712a.] Toxostoma crissale trinitatis Grinnell, Condor, 29, no. 2, March 15, 1927, p. 127. (El Valle de la Trinidad, 2500 feet altitude, latitude 31° 20’, Lower California.) Resident in the Trinidad Valley of northern Baja California. Genus OREOSCOPTES Baird Oreoscoptes Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xix, xxxv, 346 (Oroscoptes). Type, by monotypy, Orpheus montanus Townsend. Oreoscépies montanus (Townsend): SAGE THRASHER. [702.] Orpheus montanus J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, pt. 2, Nov. 21, 1837, p. 192. (Plains of the Rocky Mountains = Sandy Creek, lat. 42° N., long. 109° 30’ W., Wyoming.) Breeds from central southern British Columbia (Fairview, Oliver), central Idaho (Pollock, Spencer) central southern Montana (Billings, Fort Custer), and northern and southeastern Wyoming (Yellowstone Park, Sheridan, Midwest, Douglas, Wheatland), with an apparently isolated colony in southwestern Sas- katchewan (Eastend), south through eastern Washington (Kittitas County, Yakima), eastern Oregon (Oak Springs, Fort Klamath, Clear Lake), and eastern California (Macdoel, Eagle Lake, White Mountains, Inyo Mountains) to central southern California (Buena Vista Lake, Lockwood Valley, Victor- ville), southern Nevada (Cold Creek, Caliente), Utah, central northern New Mexico (Fort Wingate, Grant, Santa Fe), northwestern Texas, and western Oklahoma (Cimarron County). Winters from the San Joaquin Valley, California, southern Nevada (Colo- rado River), northern Arizona (near Peach Springs, San Carlos), southern New Mexico (Silver City, Fort Webster, Mesilla Park), and central and southern Texas (El Paso, Pecos, Brownsville) south to southern Baja California (Bahia San Bartolmé, San Javier, Cape San Lucas), northern Sonora (Punta Pefias- cosa), northern Chihuahua (Colonia Diaz, Chihuahua), and northern Tamau- lipas (Camargo, Espia), casually north to central Nevada (Carson City), cen- tral northern Colorado (Fort Collins), and northern Texas (Palo Duro Canyon). Casual in western Washington (Protection Island), western Oregon (Port- land), northern Montana (Fort Shaw, Big Porcupine Creek), North Dakota (Medora, Woodbury), South Dakota (Black Hills, Buffalo Valley), western Nebraska (Ashby, Stapleton, North Platte), western Kansas (Finney, Morton and Kearny counties), and southwestern Louisiana (Cameron Parish). Accidental on Guadalupe Island, México, and in New York (Braddocks Bay). Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. 430 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Family TURDIDAE: Thrushes, Solitaires, and Bluebirds Genus TURDUS Linnaeus Turdus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 168. Type, by subse- quent designation, Turdus viscivorus Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). Turdus miusicus Linnaeus: RED-WING. Iceland, the Faeroes, northern Scandinavia, Finland, northern Russia, north- ern Siberia, east to the Kolyma River, south to northern Spain, southern France, northern Italy, Albania, northern Macedonia, Crimea, northern Turkey, northern Iran, and Altai; in winter to northern Africa and northwestern India. Turdus musicus céburni Sharpe. [760.] Turdus coburni Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 12, Nov. 30, 1901, p. 28. (in the north of Iceland.) Breeds in Iceland and (rarely) the Faeroes. Winters in the Faeroes, British Isles, and France. Casual in Greenland (Frederikshaab, Julianehaab, Angmagssalik) , Jan Maven and Bear islands. Turdus musicus musicus Linnaeus. [760a.] Turdus musicus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 169. (in Europae sylvis = Sweden.) Breeds from northern Scandinavia, northern Finland, northern Russia (Ar- changelsk), and northern Siberia (from tree limit east to the Kolyma River) south to Belgium (rarely), Germany, northeastern Poland, the Baltic States, central Russia (Minsk, Tula, Kazan, Ufa, Orenburg), and central Siberia (south to Minusinsk and eastern Yakutsk). Winters from the British Isles and southern Europe to the Mediterranean and Black seas, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and Iran, rarely on the Mediter- ranean islands. Casual on Spitsbergen, Bear Island, the Faeroes, Madeira, and the Canaries. Accidental in eastern Greenland (Scoresby Sound). Turdus mérula Linnaeus: BLACKBIRD. The Azores, the British Isles, central Scandinavia, central Finland, north- central Russia to the Urals, northern Iran, the Himalayas, Turkestan, and Mon- golia south to the Canary Islands, Morocco, northern Algeria, Tunisia, Corsica, Italy, Greece, Crete, Asia Minor, Palestine, Syria, central Iran, southwestern India, Ceylon, northeastern India, northern Burma, and south-central China. Resident except in extreme northern part of range. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 431 Turdus merula mérula Linnaeus. [761.1.] Turdus Merula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 170. (in Europae sylvis = Sweden.) Breeds from the British Isles, Scandinavia (from lat. 63° N.), Finland (from lat. 61° 30’ N.), and central Russia (Leningrad, Kazan, Ufa) east to the Ural Mountains and south to northern Portugal, northern Spain, Italy, northern Yugoslavia, Hungary, southern Poland, and southeastern Russia. Winters at lower altitudes throughout its breeding range and south to central Spain, the Balearic Islands, the Crimea, southeastern Russia, and (probably) Transcaucasus. Casual in Greenland (Sydpréven), Jan Mayen, Iceland, the Faeroes, Bear Island, Spitsbergen, and northern Russia. Turdus migratorius Linnaeus: ROBIN. From the limit of trees in northern Alaska, northern Canada, and Newfound- land south to southern México and the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. In win- ter to southern Baja California, Guatemala, and southern Florida. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Turdus migratorius migratérius Linnaeus. [761.] Turdus migratorius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 292. Based mainly on The Fieldfare of Carolina, Turdus pilaris, migratorius Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 29. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Breeds from northern Alaska (Wales, Kobuk River, Carbon Creek), northern Yukon (La Pierre House), northern Mackenzie (east branch of the Mackenzie River delta, Horton River at lat. 64° N., Rendezvous Lake, Thelon River at long. 103° W.), northern Manitoba (Cochrane River, Churchill, York Factory), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Fort Albany), southern and eastern Quebec (Hull, Quebec City, Lake St. John, Gaspé Peninsula), Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south to southern Alaska (Alaska Peninsula, Palmer, Cor- dova), central British Columbia (Atlin, Telegraph Creek, Hazelton), central Alberta (Grand Prairie, Edmonton), central western Saskatchewan (Battleford, Saskatoon, Moose Jaw), western North Dakota (Medicine Lake, Fairview, Beach), central South Dakota (Missouri River Valley), central Nebraska (Gor- don, North Platte, McCook), Kansas, central Oklahoma (Woodward, Norman, Copan), central Missouri (Missouri River basin), central Illinois (Hannibal, Springfield, Mattoon), south-central Indiana (Terre Haute, Bloomington), northeastern Kentucky (Ghent, Quincy), throughout the Appalachians to southwestern North Carolina (Rocky Ridge), northwestern Virginia (Highland County), western and northern Maryland, and to southern New Jersey (Cape May). Winters mainly from southern South Dakota, southwestern Iowa, Missouri, Tennessee, Virginia, eastern Maryland, New Jersey, Long Island, Connecticut, and eastern Massachusetts south to the Gulf coast and south-central Florida; casually north to North Dakota, southern Manitoba, Minnesota, Wisconsin, 432 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS southern Michigan, southern Ontario, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and southern Maine; and south through eastern México to southern Veracruz (Orizaba, Tres Zapotes), and Yucatan (Chichén Itza), and to southern Florida (Key West, Long Pine Key), Cuba, and Bermuda. Accidental in the Pribilofs (St. Paul Island), Greenland, England, Eire, France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. Turdus migratorius nigrideus Aldrich and Nutt. [761d]. Turdus migratorius nigrideus Aldrich and Nutt, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, no. 2, Dec. 28, 1939, p. 31. (Hodge Water, Avalon Pen- insula, eastern Newfoundland.) Breeds from northern Quebec (Lake Minto, Chimo, Indian House Lake, south to the Great Whale River and Lake Mistassini), to Labrador (Port Burwell, Hopedale, Battle Harbour), Newfoundland, Miquelon, and St. Pierre Island. Winters from southern Newfoundland (Avalon Peninsula) south to southern Louisiana (Baton Rouge), southern Mississippi (Saucier, Gulfport), northern Georgia (Athens, Atlanta), and central South Carolina (Kershaw County, Georgetown); taken in migration in Michigan (Whitefish Point), Illinois (Mount Carmel), Ohio (Geauga County), Pennsylvania (Erie), western North Carolina (Pisgah National Forest), central New York (Ithaca, Syracuse), Massachusetts, Long Island, and Maryland (vicinity of Baltimore). Casual in southeastern Greenland (Sukkertoppen, Kangeg, Qornuk, Graede Fjord). Turdus migratorius achruisterus (Batchelder). [7610.] Merula migratoria achrustera Batchelder, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, 1, Mar. 6, 1900, p. 104. (Raleigh, North Carolina.) Breeds from southern and eastern Oklahoma (Hobart, Ardmore, Tulsa), southern Missouri (Ozark Mountains, Campbell, White Oaks, Kennett), south- ern Illinois (Fieldon, Olney), southwestern Indiana (Vincennes), west-central and southeastern Kentucky (Louisville, Midway), southwestern West Virginia (Williamson), eastern Tennessee (Rockwood, Cosby), northern Georgia (Blue Ridge Mountains), western North Carolina (from the foothills of the moun- tains), western Virginia (Blacksburg, Winstead), and north-central Maryland Frederick, Baltimore) south to central and eastern Texas (San Antonio, Austin, Waco, Marshall), Louisiana (Shreveport, Monroe, casually south to New Or- leans), central western and northern Mississippi (Vicksburg, Aberdeen, Oko- lona), central Alabama (Jasper, Montgomery, Anniston), central Georgia (Atlanta, Hillsboro, Augusta), eastern South Carolina (Florence County, Sum- merville), central North Carolina (Fayetteville, Raleigh), and southeastern Virginia (Norfolk); casually to the Gulf coastal plain from Houston, Texas, to Pensacola, Florida, and to southern Georgia (Fitzgerald, Tifton, Waycross). Winters commonly in the southern half of its breeding range (casually north to the northern extremities), west to central eastern Oklahoma (Norman) and south to southern Texas (Brownsville) and the Florida Keys. Casually to Cuba (Santiago de las Vegas). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 433 Turdus migratorius caurinus (Grinnell). [761c.] Planesticus migratorius caurinus Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 5, no. 2, Feb. 18, 1909, p. 241. (Windfall Harbor, Admiralty Island, Alaska.) Breeds from southeastern Alaska (Glacier Bay, Skagway, Haines) south through the coastal districts and islands and about Puget Sound to northwestern Oregon (Lincoln County and Willamette Valley). Winters from southwestern British Columbia (Courtenay, Comox, Crescent) to central western California (Point Reyes, San Geronimo); casually north in winter to southern Alaska (Craig, Wrangell). Turdus migratorius propinquus Ridgway. [761a.] Turdus propinquus Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 2, no. 1, Jan. 1877, p. 9. (Western region including eastern base of Rocky Mountains = Laramie Peak, Wyoming.) Breeds from southwestern Oregon (Rogue River Valley), eastern Washington, south-central and central eastern British Columbia (Summit Lake, Lilloet, Chil- liwack), southern Alberta (Jasper, Alix, Dried Meat Lake), southwestern Sas- katchewan (Maple Creek, Eastend), eastern Montana (Malta, Fort Keogh), western South Dakota (Buffalo, Belle Fourche, Black Hills), and western Nebraska (Sioux County, Scotts Bluff) south to southern California (San Bernardino Mountains), northern Sonora (Sierra de Oposura), and Chihuahua (Pinos Altos, Jestis Maria). Winters regularly from the southern half of its breeding range south to north- ern Baja California (El Rosario, Santo Domingo, lat. 30° 44’ N.), southern Sonora (Mina Abundancia, Hacienda de San Rafael, Alamos), northwestern Durango (La Boquilla), and western Texas (Chisos Mountains); casually north to the Puget Sound area (Dungeness, Seattle), west-central Nebraska (North Platte), and east-central Kansas (Lawrence), and south to southern Baja California (San José del Rancho), Jalisco (Ciudad Guzman, Sierra Nevada de Colima), Oaxaca (Oaxaca), central Texas (Brackettville, Ingram), and central Oklahoma (Norman). Accidental on Guadalupe Island off central western Baja California. Turdus confinis Baird: SAN Lucas RoBIn. [762.] Turdus confinis Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, sig. 2, June 1864, p. 29. (Todos Santos, Cape St. Lucas [Baja California].) Resident in the Cape district of southern Baja California (Todos Santos, Sierra de la Laguna, San José del Cabo). Turdus pilaris Linnaeus: FIELDFARE. [761.2.] Turdus pilaris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 168. (in Europae = Sweden.) Breeds from northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northwestern Siberia (east to the Middle Yenisei), south to Switzerland, northwestern Germany, 434 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Austria, Hungary, south-central Russia (Poltava, Kiev, Orenburg), and the upper Ob and Yenisei valleys, south-central Siberia; casually in the Netherlands, France, and the Faeroes; established as resident and breeding in Greenland since about 1937 (Julianehaab District). Winters from Greenland, Iceland, the British Isles, central Europe, and central western Siberia south to the Mediterranean, Palestine, northern Iran, and northwestern India. Casual on Jan Mayen, the Canaries, and Madeira, and in northern Africa; accidental on Jens Munk Island, Foxe Basin, off Baffin Island. Genus IXOREUS Bonaparte Ixoreus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, no. 1 (for Jan. 2), 1854, p. 3 (note). Type, by original designation, Turdus naevius Gmelin. Ix6reus naévius (Gmelin): VARIED THRUSH. From north-central Alaska, central Yukon, and northwestern Mackenzie south to northwestern California, northern Idaho, and northwestern Montana; in winter south to northern Baja California. Ixoreus naevius naévius (Gmelin). [763.] Turdus naevius Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 817. Based on the Spotted Thrush of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 27. (in sinu Americae Natcae = Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.) Breeds from Yakutat Bay, southeastern Alaska, south on the western slope of the Coast and Cascade ranges (including off-lying islands) in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon to northwestern California (Eureka, Cuddeback, Peanut). Winters from southwestern British Columbia (Barkley Sound, Victoria, Van- couver) south to central western California; casually north to southern Alaska (Sitka, Juneau, Wrangell, Craig) and south to southwestern California (Los Angeles, San Diego, Santa Cruz Island); casual inland in California (Eagle Lake). Accidental in Alberta (Castor). Ixoreus naevius meruloides (Swainson). [763a.] Orpheus meruloides Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.- Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 187, pl. 38. (Fort Franklin, lat. 653° [Great Bear Lake, Mackenzie].) Breeds from northern Alaska (Kobuk River, Fort Yukon, Eagle), northern Yukon (Porcupine River, Ogilvie Range), and northwestern and western Mac- kenzie (Fort McPherson, east channel of the Mackenzie River, 40 miles from its mouth, Fort Franklin, Wrigley) south to the base of the Alaska Peninsula, Kodiak Island, and Prince William Sound, and through central and southeastern British Columbia (Great Glacier, Okanagan Landing, Kootenay National Park), and southwestern Alberta (Waterton Lakes Park, Lake Louise) south to eastern Washington (mountains near Spokane, Goodman Springs), northeastern Ore- ORDER PASSERIFORMES 435 gon (Union, Bourne, Eagle Creek), northern Idaho (Moscow, St. Joe, Lolo National Forest), and northwestern Montana (Fortine, Swan Lake, St. Marys Lake). Winters from southern British Columbia (Okanagan Landing), and northern Idaho (Rathdrum, Coeur d’Alene) through the western part of the Great Basin to central western and southern California (Berkeley, Palo Alto, Santa Cruz Island, San Clemente Island, Death Valley) and northeastern Baja California (Rancho San Pablo, Laguna Hanson). Casual in southern Alberta (Belvedere, Edburg, Sullivan Lake, Rosebud) and central Montana (Missoula, Bozeman, Fort Custer); accidental in northern Alaska (Point Barrow), Guadalupe Island off western Baja California, Wy- oming (Yellowstone National Park), Colorado (Boulder), New Mexico (Rio Grande Bird Reserve), Nebraska (North Platte, Omaha), Kansas (Finney County), Minnesota (Grand Marais, Duluth), Wisconsin (Janesville, Madison, Osceola, Racine), Quebec, New York (Staten Island, Long Island), New Jersey (Hoboken, Clementon), and Massachusetts (Ipswich). Genus HYLOCICHLA Baird Hylocichla Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, vol. 1, June 1864, p. 12. Type, by original designation, Turdus mustelinus Gmelin. Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin): Woop Turusu. [755.] Turdus mustelinus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 817. Based on the Tawny Thrush of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 29. (in Noveboraco = New York.) Breeds from southeastern South Dakota (Sioux Falls, Yankton, Vermillion), central Minnesota (Otter Tail County, Deer River, Duluth), central Wisconsin (Ladysmith, Unity, Kelley Brook), northern Michigan (Iron County, Elm- wood), southern Ontario (Bruce Peninsula, Eau Claire, Lake Nipissing), ex- treme southern Quebec (Kings Mountain, Lake Manitou, Montreal), northern Vermont (Mount Pisgah, Stowe), central New Hampshire (Boy Mountain, Ossipee), and southwestern Maine (Franklin, Oxford, and Kennebec counties) south through Nebraska, central Kansas (Hays, Harper, Wichita), and eastern Oklahoma (Garfield County, Tulsa) to southeastern Texas, southern Louisiana (Lake Charles, Avery Island, New Orleans), southern Mississippi (Biloxi), southern Alabama (Spring Hill), and northern Florida (Pensacola, Waukeenah, 10 miles west of Jacksonville); casually north to southern New Brunswick (St. Stephen) and west to southwestern North Dakota (Hettinger) and central South Dakota (Fort Pierre). Winters from southern Texas (Brownsville) south through eastern México (including the Yucatan Peninsula), Guatemala (Coban, Godines), El Salvador (Lake Olomega, Mount Cacaguatique), Honduras (Guanaja Island), Costa Rica (Miravalles, Tuis), and Panama (Changuinola, Almirante, Canal Zone); casu- ally north to central Texas (Brady, Fort Worth) and Florida (Chotawhatchee Bay, Kissimmee). Migrates apparently through eastern México and across the Gulf of Mexico, rarely through Cuba (Habana, Cardenas, Santiago de Cuba). Casual in Colorado (Boulder, Dry Willow, Holly) and the Bahamas (New 436 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Providence, Cay Lobos). Accidental in Bermuda, Curagao, and British Guiana (Mazaruni River). Hylocichla guttata (Pallas): HERMIT THRUSH. From central Alaska, southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, northwestern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to southern California, northern New Mexico, central Wisconsin, and Maryland. Winters south to Baja California, Guatemala, the Gulf of Mexico, and southern Florida. Hylocichla guttata guttata (Pallas). [759.] Musicapa guttata Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 1, 1814, p. 465. (in insulis Americae vicinis praesertim Kadiak = Kodiak Island, Alaska.) Breeds from Nushagak and the Alaska Peninsula (including the Shumagin Islands) and Kodiak Island east through Cross Sound to southwestern Yukon (Burwash Landing, Carcross, Teslin) and south to south-central British Co- lumbia (Atlin, Telegraph Creek, Barkerville, Lac la Hache). Winters along the Pacific coast from southern Vancouver Island and north- western Washington (Port Angeles) to Guadalupe Island and southern Baja California (Sierra Victoria), ranging inland to central southern Oregon (Fort Klamath), eastern California (Eagleville, Big Trees, Providence Mountains), southern Nevada (Searchlight), central Colorado (Middle Brush Creek), Texas, southern Sonora (Chinobampo), and southern Coahuila (Saltillo, Diamante Pass). Accidental at Point Barrow, Alaska. Hylocichla guttata nanus (Audubon). [759c.] Turdus Nanus Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), pl. 419, fig. 1, 1838 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 201). (Valleys of the Columbia River = Fort Vancouver, Washington.) Breeds in the coastal area from southeastern Alaska (Idaho Inlet, Taku River) south to western (coastal) British Columbia (Victoria, Forbidden Pla- teau, Spider Island, Cheakamus River). Winters from southwestern British Columbia (Albert Head, Departure Bay, Kains Island) south to southern Baja California (El Triunfo, Miraflores); inland to eastern California (Grass Valley, Yosemite, Palm Springs), southern Nevada (Searchlight), southern Arizona (Agua Caliente, Sacaton), and south- western New Mexico. Hylocichla guttata slévini Grinnell. [759d.] Hylocichla aonalaschkae slevini Grinnell, Auk, 18, no. 3, July 1901, p. 258. (vicinity of Point Sur, Monterey County, California.) Breeds in the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon (also in the Siskiyou Mountains) south through central northern California (Trinity Moun- tains, Mount Shasta) and along the coast ranges to southern Monterey County. Winters from extreme southern Arizona south to Sonora (Guaymas, Chino- ORDER PASSERIFORMES ‘i ag bampo, Alamos, Cumpas), casually to the Cape district of Baja California (Santa Margarita Island, Miraflores). Hylocichla guttata sequoiénsis (Belding). [759e.] Turdus sequoiensis Belding, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 2, June 11, 1889, p. 18. (Big Trees [Calaveras County, California].) Breeds in the Sierra Nevada of California and western Nevada (Galena Creek, Incline) to the mountains of southern California (Mount Pinos, San Bernardino Mountains). Winters in southeastern Arizona (Patagonia) and western and central Texas (Davis Mountains, Chisos Mountains, Ingram, San Antonio, Beeville) south to southern Sonora (Alamos) and southern Tamaulipas (Galindo, Ciudad Vic- toria). Accidental in North Dakota (Bismarck), Kansas (Lane County), Oklahoma (Kenton, Tulsa, Adair County), northeastern Texas (Gainesville), and Louisi- ana (Grand Isle). Hylocichla guttata polionéta Grinnell. [759f.] Hylocichla guttata polionota Grinnell, Condor, 20, no. 2, Mar. 20, 1918, p. 89. (Wyman Creek, 8000 feet, White Mountains, Inyo County, California.) Breeds in eastern Washington (Blue Mountains), eastern Oregon, Nevada (Birch Creek, Petersons Creek, Jefferson, Charleston Mountains), southwestern Utah (Pine Valley Mountains), and central eastern California (White, Inyo, and Panamint mountains, Clark Mountain). Winter specimens of this race have been taken in southeastern Arizona (Chiricahua Mountains), Nuevo Leén (Monterrey), Tamaulipas (Ciudad Vic- toria), and Guatemala (Santo Tomas); in migration in Arizona (Santa Rita and other mountains north to near Granville), Oklahoma (Kenton), and Texas (Davis and Chisos mountains). Hylocichla guttata aiduboni (Baird). [759a.] Turdus auduboni Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, sign. 1, June 1864, p. 16. (Ft. Bridger, [Wyoming].) Breeds in the Rocky Mountains from southeastern British Columbia (Schoon- over Mountains, Chief Mountain Lake) and western Montana (Fortine, Great Falls, Red Lodge) south through Idaho and Wyoming to central eastern Ne- vada (Snake Mountains, Wilson Peak), central and southeastern Arizona (Kaibab Plateau, Bill Williams Mountain, Santa Catalina, Santa Rita, and Chiricahua mountains), southern New Mexico (Animas Mountains, Black Range, Sacramento Mountains), and western Texas (Guadalupe Mountains). Winters from northeastern Sonora (upper Bavispe River), Chihuahua (30 miles west of Mifiaca), Nuevo Leén (Monterrey), and Tamaulipas (Galindo, Montelunga) south to southern Guatemala (Desconsuelo, Sierra Santa Elena). 438 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Hylocichla guttata faxoni Bangs and Penard. [759b.] Hylocichla guttata faxoni Bangs and Penard, Auk, 38, no. 3, July 5, 1921, p. 433. (Shelburne, New Hampshire.) Breeds from central Yukon (15 miles below the mouth of the Little Salmon River), southwestern Mackenzie (Fort Simpson, Hay River, Hill Island Lake), central eastern Saskatchewan (Pelican Lake), southern Manitoba (Brandon, Lake St. Martin, Hillside Beach), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Lake Attawapiskat), central Quebec (Rupert House, Lake Mistassini, Mingan, Na- tashquan River), Anticosti Island, Magdalen Islands, southern Labrador (Ham- ilton River), Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia (Pictou, Antigonish, Hali- fax) south to northeastern British Columbia (Tupper Creek), southern Alberta (Banff), southern Saskatchewan (Beaver River, Big River, Fort Qu’Appelle), southwestern Manitoba (Brandon, Treesbank), central Minnesota (Otter Tail County, Gull Lake, Stillwater), central Wisconsin (Ladysmith, Camp Douglas, Berlin), central northern Michigan (Charlevoix, Spencer, casually Ottawa County and Howard City), central Ontario (Mount Forest, Madoc, Junetown), and to northeastern Ohio (Pymatuning Swamp), central Pennsylvania (Clarion, Somerset), eastern West Virginia (Cranberry Glades, Pocahontas County), western Maryland (Negro Mountain), northeastern Pennsylvania (Pocono Mountains), southern New York (Kingston, Rhinebeck), Connecticut (New Preston, Hartford), and Massachusetts; locally on Long Island, New York. Winters south to central southern Texas (Brackettville, Benton, Brownsville), the Gulf coast, and southern Florida (Fort Myers, Royal Palm Hammock); casually to Bermuda. Accidental on Southampton Island (The Post), Charlton Island in James Bay, and in Colorado (Denver). Records from southwestern Greenland (Frederiks- haab, Nanortalik), Germany, Switzerland, and Italy are probably this race but may be H. g. crymophila. Hylocichla guttata cryméphila Burleigh and Peters. [759g.] Hylocichla guttata crymophila T. D. Burleigh and H. S. Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 61, June 16, 1948, p. 117. (Badger, Newfoundland.) Breeds throughout Newfoundland (St. Anthony, Stephenville, St. John’s). Winter range not known; recorded in migration in Virginia (Shenandoah National Park) and Georgia (Grady County). Hylecichla ustulata (Nuttall): SWAINSON’s THRUSH. From central Alaska, northern Yukon, Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, north- ern Ontario, central Quebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to the Alaska Peninsula and southern Alaska, California, Colorado, the Great Lakes, and West Virginia; in winter from southern México to Peru, north- western Argentina, northern Paraguay, western Brasil, and British Guiana. Hylocichla ustulata ustulata (Nuttall). [758.] Turdus ustulatus Nuttall, Man. Orn. U.S. and Canada, vol. 1, ed. 2, 1840, pp. vi, 400. (Forests of Oregon = Fort Vancouver, Washington.) Breeds in the coastal area from southeastern Alaska (Idaho Inlet, Ketchikan) through coastal British Columbia (Seymour Canyon, Alta Lake, Huntington), ORDER PASSERIFORMES 439 western Washington (Glacier, Mount Rainier, Vancouver), and western Oregon (Portland, Scio, Fort Klamath) to southern and western California west of the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada (Bray, Kings Canyon, San Bernardino Moun- tains). Winters from southern Tamaulipas (Gémez Farias) and Veracruz south to El Salvador (Puerto del Triunfo). Migrates through southern Arizona (Camp Verde, Chiricahua Mountains, Sacaton) and western mainland México; rarely through Baja California. Acci- dental in southeastern Iowa (Keokuk) and Virginia (Smiths Island). Hylocichla ustulata incana Godfrey. [758c.] Hylocichla ustulata incana Godfrey, Can. Field-Nat., vol. 65, no. 5, Sept.- Oct. 1951 (Feb. 21, 1952), p. 173. (Lapie River, Canol Road, mile 132, Yukon Territory.) Breeds from southern and eastern Alaska (Alaska Peninsula, Tanana, Circle, Chitina River), northern Yukon (La Pierre House), and western Mackenzie (Fort Simpson, Fort Resolution) south to northern British Columbia (Summit Lake) and north-central Alberta (east to Grimshaw, Jouard). Recorded in migration in southeastern British Columbia (Elko), southern Saskatchewan (Old Wives Creek, Cypress Lake), Idaho (Moscow), and Illi- nois (Cook County); further distribution in migration and winter uncertain, but believed to include part of the records reported as H. u. almae Oberholser, now considered a synonym of H. u. swainsoni. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi). [758a.] Turdus Swainsoni Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1845, p. 28. New name for Merula wilsoni Swainson, nec Turdus wilsoni Bonaparte. (Carlton House [Saskatchewan River], lat. 53°.) Breeds from south-central British Columbia, central Alberta (Wood Buffalo Park, Lac La Nonne), northern Saskatchewan (Churchill River, Flotten Lake, Cypress Hills), central and northeastern Manitoba (Grand Rapids, York Factory), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Fort Albany), central Quebec (Fort George, upper Hamilton River), and southern Labrador (Chateau Bay) through mountain areas in eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and central eastern California (Sugar Hill, Mono Lake, Mammoth), central Nevada (Mountain City, Franklin Lake), central Utah (Parleys Park, Provo Canyon), and central Colorado (La Plata County, Pikes Peak, Twin Lakes), and to southern Sas- katchewan (Ile la Crosse, Prince Albert, Last Mountain Lake), southern Mani- toba (Lake St. Martin, Portage la Prairie, Hillside Beach), northern Minnesota (Kittson County, Fosston, Duluth), northern Wisconsin (Danbury, Northern Forest Park, Kelley Brook), northern Michigan (Wexford and Kalkaska coun- ties), southern Ontario (Robinsdale, Haliburton, Bird Creek), southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Montreal, Hatley), southern Vermont (Bennington), central New Hampshire (Sunapee, Auburn), and Maine; in the Appalachians south to southern New York (Collins, Slide Mountain) and northern Pennsylvania (Warren, McKeen, and Potter counties, Pocono Mountains); also in eastern West Virginia (Cheat Mountains, Cranberry Glades, Spruce Knob); formerly in western Maryland (Garrett County). 440 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters from El Salvador (Los Esesmiles) to Peri (Monterico, Chinchao, La Gloria, La Merced), Bolivia, northwestern Argentina (Tucuman), and British Guiana. Winter, migration, and accidental records as cited subject to verification in view of recent recognition of additional subspecies. Migrates throughout the United States east of the Rockies, rarely through peninsular Florida and western Cuba, casually in Arizona (Camp Verde, Tucson) and western Texas (Davis Mountains). Accidental in Bermuda, France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Italy, and Russia (Kharkoy). Hylocichla ustulata claréscens Burleigh and Peters. [758d.] Hylocichla ustulata clarescens Burleigh and Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, vol. 61, June 16, 1948, p. 118. (Glenwood, Newfoundland.) Breeds in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia (James River, Cape Breton Island). Recorded in migration in District of Columbia, Virginia (Falls Church, Shenandoah National Park), West Virginia (Williams River), Georgia (Atlanta, Grady County), and Mississippi (Noxubee Wildlife Refuge). Hylocichla minima (Lafresnaye): GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH. From northeastern Siberia, northern Alaska, northern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Quebec, central Labrador, and Newfoundland south to southwestern Alaska, northeastern British Columbia, central Saskatchewan, southeastern New York, and northwestern Massachusetts; in migration and winter through southern México, Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic to northeastern Peri, Ecuador, northwestern Brasil, and British Guiana. Accidental in Scotland and Italy. Hylocichla minima minima (Lafresnaye). [757.] Turdus minimus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 11, no. 1, Jan. 1848, p. 5. (ad Bogotam in Nova-Grenada = Bogota, Colombia.) Breeds from northeastern Siberia (Chukotski Peninsula and the basins of the Kolyma and Anadyr rivers), northern Alaska (Wales, Kobuk River, the Col- ville Delta, Fort Yukon), northern Yukon (La Pierre House), northern Mac- kenzie (Aklavik, Norton River, Coppermine River, Kahdinovay Island), north- ern Manitoba (Churchill, York Factory), northern Ontario (Fort Severn), northern Quebec (Fort Chimo, Whale River), central Labrador (Groswater Bay, Davis Inlet, Makkovik) south to southwestern Alaska (Lake Aleknagik, Nushagak, Swan Lake, Kodiak Island), southern Yukon, northeastern British Columbia (Fort Nelson River), central southern Mackenzie (Fort Providence, Hay River, Hill Island Lake), northern Saskatchewan, eastern Quebec (Mount St. Albans, Point Natashquan, Eskimo Bay), Newfoundland (St. Anthony and Canada Bay south to Grand Lake, Glenwood, Topsail), St. Pierre and Miquelon islands. Winters from Nicaragua, Colombia, Venezuela, and British Guiana south to northern Peri (Chamicuros) and northwestern Brasil (upper Rio Negro). Migrates through the Mississippi River system and eastern United States, ORDER PASSERIFORMES 441 Campeche, and Guatemala (Uaxacttiin), rarely Cuba; casual west of the main drainage of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers in Montana (Fort Keogh, Daw- son County), Wyoming (Laramie, Cheyenne, Torrington), Oklahoma (Sand Springs, Norman), and Texas. Accidental in Arizona (Chiricahua Mountains), northeastern Keewatin (Re- pulse Bay), and Greenland (Godthaab). Hylocichla minima bicknelli Ridgway. [757a.] Hylocichla aliciae bicknelli Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 4, Apr. 13, 1882, p. 377. (near the summit of Slide Mountain, Ulster County, New York.) Breeds in eastern New York (Catskill and Adirondack mountains), Massa- chusetts (Mount Greylock), central and northern Vermont (Killington Park, Mount Mansfield, Camel’s Hump, Huntington), northern New Hampshire (White Mountains, Connecticut Lakes), Maine (mounts Abraham, Bigelow, and Katahdin), southern Nova Scotia (Seal and Mud islands), Magdalen Islands, Gaspé Peninsula, and along the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence from Natashquan, Quebec, east to Cape Saint Charles, southern Labrador. Winters in Haiti (Morne Malanga), Dominican Republic (Puerto Plata, Aguacate, Sanchez) and western and southern Venezuela. Migrates through the United States mainly east of the Alleghenies; reported casually from Illinois (Warsaw, Highland Park), Indiana (Vincennes), Ohio (Swan Creek), Tennessee (Nashville), West Virginia (Morgantown), and southern Louisiana (New Orleans, Breton Island). Hylocichla fuscéscens (Stephens): VEERY. From eastern British Columbia, north-central Alberta, southern Saskatche- wan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and central New- foundland south through the Rockies to northeastern Arizona, and to north- eastern South Dakota, and southeastern Minnesota; in the eastern United States south along the Alleghenies to northern Georgia. Winters from Central America south to Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana, and central and northeastern Brasil. Hylocichla fuscescens fuscéscens (Stephens). [756.] Turdus Fuscescens Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 10, pt. 1, Sept. 1817, p. 182. (Pennsylvania.) Breeds from southern Ontario (Oliphant, Eau Claire, Penetanguishene), southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Quebec City, Kamouraska), New Brunswick (Grand Falls, Scotch Lake), and Nova Scotia (Kings County, Stewiacke, Pictou) south to northeastern Ohio (Congress Lake, Leetonia), through the mountains in Pennsylvania, West Virginia (Terra Alta, Cheat River), Mary- land (Frostburg), Virginia (Stonyman and Humpback mountains), Kentucky (Black Mountain), Tennessee (Roan Mountain, Inadu Knob), and North Caro- lina (Sylva, Grandfather Mountain) to northwestern Georgia (Brasstown Bald); along the Atlantic coast rarely in eastern Pennsylvania (Christmans, 442 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Philadelphia), central New Jersey (Trenton, Newark), and Washington, D.C. (Rock Creek Park). Winter range in South America imperfectly known; from Colombia (Atlan- tico) and Venezuela (Mérida, Orinoco Valley) to south-central Brasil (Cha- pada, Sao Vicente). Migrates through eastern United States, west to eastern Nebraska, western Oklahoma (Kenton), and eastern Texas; recorded in Honduras (Roatan and Guanaja islands), Cuba (Habana), Bahama Islands (Cay Lobos), Costa Rica (San José), and Panama (Cristébal, Lion Hill). Accidental in Germany (Helgoland, Pomerania, probably this race). Hylocichla fuscescens fuliginosa Howe. [756b.] Hylocichla fuscescens fuliginosa Howe, Auk, 17, no. 3, July 1900, p. 271. (Codroy, Newfoundland.) Breeds in south-central Quebec (Lake St. John, Anticosti Island, Magdalen Islands), and southwestern Newfoundland (upper Humber River, Port-au-Port, Codroy). Winter range unknown, presumably in northern South America; in migration reported along the Atlantic seaboard in Massachusetts, Maryland, and Virginia. Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola Ridgway. [756a.] Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 4, Apr. 13, 1882, p. 374. (Fort Garland, Colorado.) Breeds from central southern British Columbia (Ashcroft, Williams Lake, Lac la Hache, Trail), central Alberta (Peace River Landing, Edmonton, Fort McMurray, and Lac la Biche), southern Saskatchewan (Manito Lake, Prince Albert, Fort Qu’Appelle), southern Manitoba (Brandon, Lake St. Martin), and southern Ontario (Kenora, Port Arthur, Sault Ste. Marie, Lake Nipissing) south to northeastern Oregon (Blue Mountains), Idaho (Murphy, Swan Valley), central northern Nevada (Mountain City), northeastern Arizona (Spring- erville), central southern Colorado (Fort Garland, Colorado Springs), south- eastern Wyoming (Laramie, Cheyenne, Torrington), northeastern South Dakota (Faulkton, Redfield), southeastern Minnesota (Owatonna, Rochester, Winona), southern Wisconsin (Baraboo Bluffs, Prairie du Sac), northeastern Illinois (Lacon, Glen Ellyn, Chicago), central northern Indiana (Kendallville), south- eastern Michigan (Lenawee County, Ann Arbor, Detroit), and northwestern Ohio (near Michigan-Ohio boundary); formerly to Iowa (Kossuth, Polk, Powe- shiek, and Winneshiek counties). Recorded in winter in South America from Colombia and Venezuela to Mato Grosso (Chapada), Brasil. Genus SIALIA Swainson Sialia Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 5, May 1827, p. 369. Type, by monotypy, Sialia azurea Swainson = Motacilla sialis Linnaeus. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 443 Sidlia sialis (Linnaeus): EASTERN BLUEBIRD. From southeastern Arizona, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, and southern Nova Scotia south through México to Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Honduras, and to the Gulf of Mexico, southern Florida, and Bermuda. Migrant in part in the north. Sialia sialis sialis (Linnaeus). [766.] Motacilla Sialis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 187. Based mainly on The Blew Bird, Rubicula americana caerulea Catesby, Caro- lina, vol. 1, p. 47. (in Bermudis & America calidiore = South Carolina.) Breeds from southern Saskatchewan (Cypress Hills, Eastend, Davidson), southern Manitoba (Oak Lake, Lake St. Martin, Shoal Lake), western and central Ontario (Malachi, Wabigoon, Lake Nipissing; rarely north to Favour- able Lake and Moose Factory), southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, St. Francis de Sales, Point des Monts), New Brunswick (Bathurst, Northumberland County, Fredericton), and southwestern Nova Scotia (Kentville, Bridgetown, Barring- ton) south, casually, along the eastern foothills of the Rockies in Montana (Great Falls, Billings) ,.Wyoming (Laramie, Cheyenne), and Colorado (Boulder, Denver, Fort Lyon), more commonly through the Dakotas, central Nebraska, central Kansas, and central Oklahoma to central and southeastern Texas (Put- nam, Clifton, Corsicana, Bryan, Navasota, Houston), the coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, and central Florida (Ocala, Gainesville, Winter Park). Winters from the middle parts of the eastern United States south to Nuevo Leén (Sabinas), the Gulf coast, and southern Florida, rarely to western Cuba, casually north to northern Nebraska (Kilgore, Niobrara), southeastern South Dakota (Vermillion), southern Minnesota (Beloit, Racine), southern Michigan (Vicksburg, Hillsdale, Ann Arbor), southern Ontario (Point Pelee, London, Vineland), Quebec, West Virginia, western Virginia (Hillsville, Pulaski, Na- Tuna), and east of the mountains to southern Connecticut (Fairbury, New Haven, New London) and southeastern Massachusetts (Cape Cod, Marshfield, Taunton). Sialia sialis grata Bangs. [766D.] Sialia sialis grata Bangs, Auk, 15, no. 2, Apr. 1898, p. 182. (Miami, Dade Co., Florida.) Resident in peninsular Florida from Lake County southward. Sialia sialis epise6pus Oberholser. [766c.] Sialia sialis episcopus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 30, Feb. 21, 1917, p. 27. (Santa Engracia, Tamaulipas, Mexico.) Resident from southern Texas (Brackettville, Corpus Christi, Rockport) south to southern Tamaulipas (Sierra de Tamaulipas). 444 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Sialia sialis falva Brewster. [766a.] Sialia sialis fulva Brewster, Auk, 2, no. 1, Jan. 1885, p. 85. (Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona.) Mainly resident from south-central Arizona (Santa Rita, Pajaritos, and Huachuca mountains) south along the Sierra Madre Occidental to Guerrero; recorded, presumably in post-breeding wandering, in Veracruz (Orizaba). Sialia mexicana Swainson!: WESTERN BLUEBIRD. From southern British Columbia and central Montana south through the mountains to northern Baja California, Michoacan, Puebla, and central Vera- cruz. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway. [767a.] Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway, Auk, 11, no. 2, Apr. 1894, pp. 151 and 157. (Camp 110, New Mexico = Cactus Pass, 20 miles east of Kingman, Mohave County, Arizona.) Breeds from southern Nevada, central Utah (Boulder) and Colorado (Pifion Mesa, Estes Park, Lyons) south through the mountains to central western and southeastern Arizona (Hualpai Mountains, Prescott, Santa Catalina and Hua- chuca mountains), northern Chihuahua, and western Texas (Guadalupe Moun- tains). Winters throughout breeding range at lower altitudes; wandering to south- eastern California (Little Lake, Victorville, lower Colorado Valley), eastern Sonora (Nogales, Nacori, Alamos), and central Texas (Gainesville, Brackett- ville, Boerne). Sialia mexicana occidentalis Townsend. [767.] Sialia occidentalis Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, pt. 2, (Nov. 21) 1837, p. 188. (Columbia River = Fort Vancouver, Wash- ington.) Breeds from southern British Columbia (Alberni, Courtenay, Okanagan Landing, Edgewood) and western and central southern Montana (Fortine, Nine Pipe Refuge, Laurel, Kirby) south in eastern Oregon (Haines, Weston, Powder River Mountains), northern Idaho (Coeur d’Alene, Moscow, St. Joe National Forest), and northwestern Wyoming (Yellowstone Park), and through the mountains to southern California (San Diego, San Bernardino Mountains, Walker Pass) and western Nevada (Glenbrook, Yerington). Winters in breeding range at lower altitudes, rarely north to southern British Columbia (Comox, Saanich, Okanagan Landing), wandering to southeastern California (Death Valley, Potholes, Twentynine Palms), and Santa Catalina and San Clemente islands. 1 Sialia mexicana Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (Feb. 1832), p. 202. (Tableland of Mexico.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 445 Sialia mexicana anabélae Anthony. [767b.] Sialia mexicana anabelae Anthony, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 2, sig. 6, Oct. 11, 1889, p. 79. (San Pedro Martir Mountain, Lower California.) Resident in northern Baja California (Sierra Juarez, Sierra San Pedro Martir) ; wandering in winter to lower altitudes and to the coastal islands (Todos Santos Islands, San Rafael, San Felipe). Sialia currucoides (Bechstein): MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD. [768.] Motacilla s. Sylvia Currucoides “Borkh,” Bechstein, in Latham, Allgem. Ueb. Vogel, vol. 3, pt. 2, 1798, p. 546, pl. 121. (Virginien = western America. ) Breeds from central Alaska (College), southern Yukon (Dawson, 50 Mile Creek, Lapie River), southern Mackenzie, southern Saskatchewan (Conquest, Yorkton, North Battleford, Dafoe), and southwestern Manitoba (Oak Lake, Brandon, Treesbank) south along the eastern slopes of the coast ranges, and in the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains to northwestern and central south- ern California (South Yolla Bolly Mountain, Mount Sanhedrin, Panamint Mountains, San Bernardino Mountains), central and southeastern Nevada (Toiyabe Mountains, Ruby Mountains, Pioche), northern Arizona (Grand Can- yon, Bly, San Francisco Mountains, Stonemans Lake, Mogollon Mountains), southern New Mexico (Beaver Lake, Cloudcroft, James Canyon), western Oklahoma (Cimarron County), Colorado, western Nebraska, South Dakota (the Black Hills), and northeastern North Dakota (Fort Union). Winters from southern British Columbia (Comox, Okanagan Landing) and western Montana (Missoula) south to northern Baja California (Guadalupe Island, San Ram6n, lower Colorado River), Sonora (Sonoyta, Nacori, Alamos), southern Chihuahua (Pacheco), Guanajuato (Guanajuato), central Nuevo Leén (Monterrey), and southern Texas (Mission, Nueces River, Aransas Ref- uge); extending to the Pacific coast and offshore islands, and to western Kansas, western Oklahoma, and western Texas. Accidental in western and northern Alaska (Nunivak Island, Point Barrow) and northern Manitoba (Churchill). Genus OENANTHE Vieillot Oenanthe Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, p. 43. Type, by monotypy, “Motteux” Buffon = T. leucurus Gmelin. Oendanthe oenanthe (Linnaeus): WHEATEAR. In America from northern Alaska, Ellesmere Island, Baffin Island, and Greenland to southern Alaska, northern Yukon, Mackenzie, and Labrador; in the Old World from Jan Mayen, Iceland, Spitsbergen, the British Isles, northern Norway, Finland, northern Russia, Novaya Zemlya, and northern Siberia south to northern Africa, Asia Minor, and central Asia. In winter to the Belgian Congo, Tanganyika Territory, southern Arabia, Iran, and northwestern India. 446 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Oenanthe oenanthe oenanthe (Linnaeus). [765.] Motacilla Oenanthe Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 186. (in Europae apricis lapidosis = Sweden.) Breeds from northern Alaska at Wales and Anaktuvuk Pass, northern Yukon (King Point), and northwestern Mackenzie (Aklavik) south to McKinley Park and the Chitina River in southern Alaska, and to southwestern Yukon (Tepee Lake); and from the British Isles, northern Norway, northern Sweden, northern Finland, northern Russia, southern Novaya Zemlya, and northern Siberia south to Portugal, northern Spain (western Pyrenees), France, Sicily, Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, northern Syria, northern Iran, Turkestan, Altai, and the Anadyr region. Winters in tropical Africa south to Cameroon, northern Belgian Congo, and Tanganyika Territory, in southern Arabia, northern India (casually), Mongolia, and northern China; casual in east China (Chinkiang Mountains) and the Philippines (Calayan); in Alaska to the Pribilofs (St. Paul Island), Nunivak Island, the Yukon Delta, and Hoonah Bay. Accidental in Colorado (Boulder). Oenanthe oenanthe leucérhoa (Gmelin). [765a.] Motacilla leucorhoa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 966. (in fluvium Senegal = Senegal River.) Breeds from southern District of Franklin, in east-central Ellesmere Island, probably Felix Harbour on Boothia Peninsula and Arctic Bay on Baffin Island, northern Greenland (Etah, Thule, Hochstetters Forland, Shannon Island), Iceland, Jan Mayen, and the Faeroes south to northern Quebec (Cape Wolsten- holme; Port Burwell) and Labrador (Nachvak, Okak, Gready Island). Winters in western tropical Africa from Morocco, Senegal, and Gambia to Sierra Leone. Casual in migration in northeastern Greenland (Germania Land), southern Ontario (Chatham, Beaumarais), New Brunswick, and Quebec. Accidental in New York (Junius, Peekskill; Jamaica, Long Island), Pennsyl- vania (Lansdowne, Philadelphia), Louisiana (New Orleans), Cuba (Santiago de Cuba), and Bermuda (St. Georges). Genus LUSCINIA Forster Luscinia Forster, Syn. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, p. 14. Type, by monotypy, Sylvia luscinia Forster = Luscinia megarhynchos Brehm. Luscinia svécica (Linnaeus): BLUETHROAT. From northern Spain, France, Denmark, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, northern Siberia, and central northern Alaska south in winter to the Sudan, Ethiopia, Palestine, southwestern Iran, India, Burma, Thailand, French Indochina, and southern China; through England in fall migration. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 447 Luscinia svecica svécica (Linnaeus). [764.] Motacilla svecica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 187. (in Europae alpinis = Sweden.) Breeds from northern Scandinavia, northern Finland, northern Siberia, and the coast of northern Alaska from Wales to Point Barrow south to southern Scandinavia, northern central Russia, central Siberia, the western shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Gulf of Anadyr; in Alaska probably south in the valley of the Colville River. Winters in Africa from Tunisia to Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia; Iran and northwestern India. Luscinia calliope (Pallas)?: SIBERIAN RUBYTHROAT. Across northern Siberia (north almost to tree limit) from the Ural Moun- tains to Kamchatka, Sakhalin Island, and the Kurile Islands, south in winter to central India, Burma, Thailand, French Indochina, and the Philippines. Luscinia calliope camtschatkénsis (Gmelin). [764.1.] Turdus camtschatkensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 817. (Camtschatca = Kamchatka.) Breeds in northeastern Siberia from Kamchatka to the Kurile Islands, and Sakhalin. Winters in the Philippine Islands (Luzon, Calayan); in migration through Korea and Japan. Casual on the Komandorskie Islands and the western Aleutians (Kiska). Genus MYADESTES Swainson Myadestes Swainson, Nat. Libr., vol. 10, Flycatchers, 1838, p. 132. Type, by monotypy, Myadestes genibarbis Swainson. Myadéstes t6éwnsendi (Audubon): TOWNSEND’S SOLITAIRE. From Alaska, southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, Alberta, and south- western South Dakota south in the mountains to southern California, and Durango. In winter at lower altitudes from southern British Columbia and western Nebraska south to Baja California and the northern mainland of México. 1 Winter range based on meager information. Several slightly differentiated sub- species have been described between central Europe and Mongolia, ranging south in winter, so that typical svecica may be found mingled with them farther east. 2 Motacilla Calliope Pallas, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, vol. 3, 1776, p. 697. (a Jenisea usque ad Lenam = Yenisei.) 448 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Myadestes townsendi to6wnsendi (Audubon). [754.] Ptilogony’s [sic] Townsendi Audubon, Birds Amer., (folio), vol. 4, pl. 419, fig. 2, 1838 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 206). (Columbia River = near Astoria, Oregon.) Breeds from central eastern and southeastern Alaska (20 miles above Circle, Bern Creek), southern Yukon (White River, Seminof Hills, Lapie River), south- western Mackenzie (mouth of Nahanni River), mountains of southwestern Alberta (Jasper, Henry House, Banff), western and southern Montana (Flat- head Lake, Little Belt Mountains, Beartooth Mountains), northeastern Wyoming (Bear Lodge Mountains), southwestern South Dakota (Custer Peak, Black Hills) and northwestern Nebraska (Sioux County) south through central and southern British Columbia (Doch-da-on Creek, Telegraph Creek, Nulki Lake, Chilliwack), Washington (Mt. Baker, northern Cascades, Calispell Peak, Blue Mountains), Oregon (Cascades, Blue Mountains), and the mountains of north- ern and interior California (Horse Mountain, South Yolla Bolly Mountain, Sierra Nevada, Panamint, San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains) to northeastern Arizona (Kaibab Plateau, San Francisco and White mountains) and northeastern New Mexico (mountains above Taos, Santa Fe, Las Vegas). Winters in the breeding range at lower altitudes, to the coast in southern British Columbia south to northern Baja California (La Grulla, Sierra San Pedro Martir), western Kansas, and central Texas (Ingram, Kerrville, Nueces River); casually to northeastern Sonora (Nogales, San José Mountains), central Alberta (Torrens River, Camrose, Brooks), southern Saskatchewan (Eastend, Lake Johnston), southern Manitoba (Brandon Hills, Stonewall), Minnesota (Collegeville, Lake Minnetonka, Fairmont), Wisconsin (Prairie du Sac), Illi- nois (Waukegan), Ohio (Sylvania), New York (Kings Park), and New Bruns- wick (Woodstock). Family SYLVIIDAE: Old World Warblers, Gnatcatchers, and Kinglets Subfamily SyLvmNAE: Warblers Genus PHYLLOSCOPUS Boie Phylloscopus Boie, Isis von Oken, 19, pt. 10, 1826, col. 972. Type, by monotypy, “Sylv. trochilus Lath.” = Sylvia trochilus Linnaeus. Phylloscépus iréchilus (Linnaeus)*: WILLOW WARBLER. Breeds from northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northern Siberia (east to the upper Anadyr Valley) south through the British Isles to central France, northern Italy, Bosnia, Montenegro, the northern Kiev Government, Minusinsk district, western Sayan Mountains, and eastern Siberia to lat. 60° N. Winters in Africa south to Cape Province. 1 Motacilla Trochilus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 188. (in Europa = England.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 449 Phylloscopus trochilus acrédula (Linnaeus). [747.2.] Motacilla Acredula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 189. (in Europa = Uppsala, Sweden.) Breeds from Norway, Sweden (except southern part where another race is found), Finland, and northern Russia east in western Siberia to the Yenisei Valley, south to East Prussia, northern Poland, Kuibysheyv, Novosibirsk, and the Minusinsk district. Winters in Africa from Cameroon, Sudan, and Kenya Colony south to Damaraland, Transvaal, and Natal. Accidental at Myggbukta, eastern Greenland. Phylloscopus borealis (Blasius)?: ARCTIC WARBLER. Breeds from Finland, northern Russia, and northern Siberia (from the limit of trees), and western Alaska south to southern Finland, the Government of Vologda and northern Perm in Russia, and to southern Krasnoyarsk, north- ern Outer Mongolia, Maritime Territory, and Japan; in Alaska south to Norton Sound and Mount McKinley. In winter to eastern China, Formosa, southern Thailand, Indochina, Philippines, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, northern Celebes, and the Moluccas. Casual in Great Britain, Sweden, Nether- lands, Italy, and Helgoland. Phyllosecopus borealis kénnicotti (Baird). [747.] Phyllopneuste Kennicotti Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, pt. 2, 1869, p. 313, pl. 30, fig. 2. (St. Michael’s, in Norton Sound, Alaska.) Breeds in western Alaska from the Kobuk River and the western Brooks Range (Howard Pass) to St. Michael, Nushagak, Aleknagik, upper Nome River, Katmai National Monument, and Mount McKinley district; recorded in summer at Icy Cape, Barrow, and on St. Lawrence and St. Matthew islands, and in September on Nunivak Island and the Seward Peninsula. Winters in tropical eastern Asia, but range not certainly known. Genus LOCUSTELLA Kaup Locustella Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., vol. 1, 1829, p. 115. Type, by monotypy, Sylvia locustella Latham. Locustélla ochoténsis (Middendorff): MIDDENDORFF’S GRASSHOPPER WARBLER. From northern shores of the Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka south to Sakha- lin, Japan, and Korea; in winter from the Philippines to Borneo and Celebes. 1 Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 129. 2 Phyllopneuste borealis Blasius, Naumannia, 8, 1858, p. 313. (ochotzkischen Meere = Sea of Okhotsk.) 450 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Locustélla ochotensis ochoténsis (Middendorff). [747.1.] Sylvia (Locustella) Ochotensis Middendorff, Siber. Reise, vol. 2, pt. 2, 1853, p. 185, pl. 16, fig. 7. (Uds’ K6j Ostrog = Udskoe, Khabarovsk.) Breeds from the Siberian coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, and the Komandorskie Islands, through the Kurile Islands, to Hokkaido. Winters in the Philippines, Borneo, and Celebes; recorded in migration from Japan, eastern China, Ryukyu Islands, and Formosa. Accidental on Nunivak Island, Alaska. Subfamily POLIOPTILINAE: Gnatcatchers Genus POLIOPTILA Sclater Polioptila P. L. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 23, no. 274, Mar. 27, 1855, p. 11. Type, by subsequent designation, Motacilla caerulea Lin- naeus (Baird, 1864). Poliéptila caerulea (Linnaeus): BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER. From California, central Nevada, southern Utah, Colorado, eastern Ne- braska, central Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, Ohio, western New York, and northern New Jersey south to Baja California, through México to Guatemala, the Gulf coast of the United States, and the Bahama Islands. Winters from southern United States southward, extending to Cuba. Polioptila caerulea caertlea (Linnaeus). [751.] Motacilla caerulea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 337. Based on the Little Blue-grey Flycatcher of Edwards, Gleanings, p. 194. (in Pennsylvania = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.) Breeds from eastern Nebraska, northern Iowa, central Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, extreme southern Ontario (rarely north to Toronto), central western New York (Seneca Lake), northern New Jersey, and Long Island south to southern Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and central Florida; Bahama Islands (Abaco, Inagua); casual in migration and summer along the coasts of New England north to Maine. Winters from southern Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, and on the Atlantic coast from Virginia (rarely) southward through eastern México to Yucatan, Guatemala, Cuba, and the Bahama Islands. Polioptila caerulea amoenissima Grinnell. [7515.] Polioptila caerulea amoenissima Grinnell, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 15, no. 16, Sept. 15, 1926, p. 494. (Pleasant Valley, Mariposa County, California, 600 feet.) Breeds from northern California (from the northern Sacramento Valley and the White Mountains casually north to Siskiyou and Trinity counties), central ORDER PASSERIFORMES 451 Nevada, southern Utah (casually from Great Salt Lake), and Colorado (below 7,000 feet, east to Lincoln County), south to northern Baja California, northern Sonora (to lat. 30° N.), Chihuahua, Nuevo Leén, and Coahuila. Winters from southern California (casually from Marin County), southern Nevada, western and central Arizona, and western Texas (casually) south to about lat. 28° N. in Baja California, Colima, and Coahuila. Casual in Idaho (Bear Lake County). Polioptila cernles obsetrra Ridgway. [751a.] Polioptila caerulea obscura Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5, Apr. 3, 1883, p. 535 (note). (San José [del Cabo], Lower California.) Resident in Baja California from about lat. 28° N. south to the Cape region. Polioptila melanira Lawrence: BLACK-TAILED GNATCATCHER. From southern California, southern Nevada, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and the lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas south to Baja California, Sonora, Durango, Nuevo Leén, and Tamaulipas. Polioptila melanura melantira Lawrence. [752.] Polioptila melanura Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 6, 1857, p. 168. (Texas [Rio Grande Valley].) Resident from southern New Mexico (San Antonio) and the Rio Grande Valley, Texas south to Chihuahua, northern Durango, Coahuila, Nuevo Leén, and Tamaulipas. Polioptila melanura lucida van Rossem. [752c.] Polioptila melanura lucida van Rossem, Condor, 33, no. 1, Jan. 15, 1931, p. 36. (10 miles north of Guaymas, Sonora.) Resident in the desert regions from southeastern California, extreme southern Nevada, and central Arizona south in northeastern Baja California to about lat. 31° N. and southern Sonora (to about lat. 28° N. along the coast and to lat. 28° 40’ N. in the interior). Polioptila melanura califérnica Brewster. [753.] Polioptila californica Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 6, no. 2, Apr. 1881, p. 103. (Riverside, San Bernardino [= Riverside] Co., California.) Resident in southwestern California from the lower Santa Clara Valley and San Gorgonio Pass south into northwestern Baja California, to about lat. 30° N., extending eastward to eastern base of the Sierra San Pedro Martir. Acci- dental at Palm Springs, Riverside County, California. Polioptila melanura pontilis van Rossem. [752d.] Polioptila melanura pontilis van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 44, July 15, 1931, p. 99. New name for P. m. nelsoni van Rossem, Condor, 452 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS 33, 1931, p. 35, preoccupied by P. nelsoni Ridgway 1903. (San Fran- cisquito Bay, Baja California.) Resident in central Baja California from San Bartolomé Bay, lat. 27° 40’ N., on the west coast, San Ignacio, lat. 27° 17’ N., in the interior, and San Francis- quito Bay, lat. 28° 26’ N., on the Gulf of California, south at least to San Bruno, lat. 27° 9’ N. Polioptila melanura margaritae Ridgway. [752b.] Polioptila margaritae Ridgway, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, pt. 3, 1904, p. 733 (note). ([Santa] Margarita Island [Baja California].) Resident in Baja California from about lat. 27° N. south to the Cape district, including the islands of Santa Margarita and Espiritu Santo. Subfamily REGULINAE: Kinglets Genus REGULUS Cuvier Regulus Cuvier, Legons Anat. Comp., vol. 1, 1800, table ii. Type, by monotypy, Roitelets = Motacilla regulus Linnaeus. Subgenus REGULUS Cuvier Régulus satrapa Lichtenstein: GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET. From Kenai Peninsula, Kodiak Island, southeastern Alaska, British Columbia, Lake Athabaska, northern Manitoba, Ontario, southern Quebec, and Newfound- land south to southern California, Guatemala, and western North Carolina. In winter south to the Gulf coast of the United States, and northern Florida. Regulus satrapa satrapa Lichtenstein. [748.] Regulus satrapa Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, p. 35. (Am. sept. = North America.) Breeds from Lake Athabaska, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, Quebec (Lake Mistassini; Lake St. John; north shore of Gulf of St. Lawrence), and Newfoundland south to central Minnesota (Mille Lacs and Isanti counties), northern Michigan (Charlevoix County), southern Ontario, northern New York, central Massachusetts (Mt. Greylock, Worcester County), and southern Maine, extending southward in the mountains to eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. Winters, at least casually, from southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, New York, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland (St. John’s, Badger, Mobile) south to south-central Texas, the Gulf coast, and northern Florida. Accidental in Bermuda and England. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 453 Regulus satrapa olivaceus Baird. [748a.] Regulus satrapa var. olivaceus Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, sign. 5, July 1864, p. 65. (Puget Sound, wintering to Fort Crook = Simiahmoo, Wash- ington.) Breeds from the Sitka area of southeastern Alaska and western British Co- lumbia (west of the Cascades) south to western Oregon. Winters from southeastern Alaska (casually) and British Columbia south to southern California. Accidental at Mineral Springs, Indiana, October 26, 1923.1 Regulus satrapa amoénus van Rossem. [748c.] Regulus satrapa amoenus van Rossem, Condor, 47, no. 2, Apr. 6, 1945, p. 77. (Lake Audrain, Eldorado County, California.) Breeds from the Kenai Peninsula, Kodiak Island, Afognak Island, central Yukon (Dawson), and the interior of British Columbia south to the San Jacinto Mountains, southern California, and in the Rocky Mountain region to eastern Nevada, Utah, and Colorado. Winters from Alaska (casually), British Columbia, and Alberta south to southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico. Regulus satrapa apache Jenks. [748).] Regulus satrapa apache Jenks, Condor, 38, no. 6, Nov. 16, 1935, p. 239. (McKay Peak, White Mountains, 8 miles southeast of McNary, Apache County, Arizona, at 9100 feet altitude.) Breeds in the White, Blue, and Escudilla mountains of east-central Arizona, and probably in the Sangre de Cristo Range, New Mexico, south to the Santa Catalina, Graham, and Chiricahua mountains of southern Arizona. Winters in southern Arizona (Prescott), New Mexico, and Texas (Guada- lupe Mountains). Subgenus CORTHYLIO Cabanis Corthylio Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1, no. 2, Mar. 1853, p. 83. Type, by subsequent designation, Motacilla calendula Linnaeus (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, 1874). Regulus caléndula (Linnaeus): RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET. From northwestern Alaska, northwestern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, Ontario, central Quebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to Gua- dalupe Island off Baja California, central Arizona, central New Mexico, north- ern Michigan, southern Ontario, northern Maine, and Nova Scotia. In winter from southern British Columbia, northern interior United States, and Maryland south to Guatemala, the Gulf coast of the United States, and Florida. 1 Wetmore, Wilson Bull., 52, 1940, p. 35. 454 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Regulus calendula caléndula (Linnaeus). [749.] Motacilla Calendula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 337. Based on The Ruby-crowned Wren of Edwards, Gleanings, p. 95. (In Pennsylvania = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.) Breeds from northwestern Alaska, northwestern Mackenzie, northern Mani- toba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to central British Columbia, central Alberta,+ southern Manitoba, north- ern Michigan (Chippewa County), southern Ontario (locally south to Guelph), northern New York (Paul Smiths), northern Maine (locally south to Mount Desert Island and to Mount Katahdin), and Nova Scotia. Winters from Nebraska (occasionally), southern Iowa (infrequently) north- ern Illinois (Chicago, rarely), southern Ontario (rarely), southern Ohio (irregu- larly), West Virginia (occasionally), Maryland (occasionally), and New Jersey (casually) south to Baja California, the mainland of México, Guatemala, the Gulf coast of the United States, and Florida. Accidental in Greenland, Scotland, and England. Regulus calendula cineraceus Grinnell. [749c.] Regulus calendula cineraceus Grinnell, Condor, 6, no. 1, Jan. 15, 1904, p. 25. (Strain’s Camp, Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles County, California.) Breeds from south-central British Columbia (probably, the mountains of southwestern Alberta) and western Montana southward in the mountains to southern California (to Mount Pinos, and the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and White mountains), central and southern Arizona (Graham and Santa Catalina mountains), east-central Colorado, and central New Mexico. Winters from southern British Columbia (southern Vancouver Island), Idaho, Nevada (rarely), and southern Utah, south to Baja California and the high- lands of northern México. Regulus calendula grinnélli Palmer. [749a.] Regulus calendula grinnelli W. Palmer, Auk, 14, no. 4, Oct. 1897, p. 399. (Sitka, Alaska.) Breeds in the coastal region from Prince William Sound and Skagway, Alaska, to southern British Columbia (including Vancouver Island). Winters southward near the coast to Santa Barbara County, California, and inland to southeastern British Columbia (Okanagan Landing), central Wash- ington, and eastern Oregon. Accidental at Wales, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Regulus calendula obscirus Ridgway. [749b.] Regulus calendula obscurus Ridgway, Bull. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 2, no. 2, Apr. 1876, p. 184. (Guadeloupe [= Guadalupe] Island, [Baja California].) Resident on Guadalupe Island, off Baja California. 1 Region of overlap between this race and R. calendula cineraceus in Alberta not clearly defined from existing information. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 455 Family PRUNELLIDAE: Accentors Genus PRUNELLA Vieillot Prunella Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, p. 43. Type, by monotypy, Fauvette de haie Buffon = Motacilla modularis Linnaeus. Prunélla montanélla (Pallas)1: MOUNTAIN ACCENTOR. Breeds in Siberia in the upper edge of the forest zone from the Urals to near the Gulf of Anadyr, south to the Altai, Transbaikalia, Stanovoi Mountains and Ussuriland (breeding range imperfectly known); in winter to northern China, Korea, and Japan. Prunella montanella badia Portenko. [749.1.] Prunella montanella badia Portenko, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., May 1929, A, no. 9, p. 220. (Tschuktschenland = Chukotski Peninsula, northeastern Siberia. ) Breeds from the Chukotski Peninsula to extreme eastern Manchuria (Lake Khanka). In winter to northern Korea. Accidental on Nunivak Island and St. Lawrence Island,? Alaska. Family MOTACILLIDAE: Wagtails and Pipits Genus MOTACILLA Linnaeus Motacilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 184. Type, by tautonymy, “Motacilla” = Motacilla alba Linnaeus. Motacilla alba Linnaeus: WHITE WAGTAIL. From Greenland, Iceland, Faeroes, the British Isles, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northern Siberia south in winter to the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, Nigeria, Darfur, Kenya Colony, southern Arabia, southern India, Tenasserim, Cochinchina, Borneo, and the Philippines. Motacilla alba alba Linnaeus. [694.] Motacilla alba Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 185. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds from Greenland (Angmagssalik District), Iceland, the Faeroes, north- ern Scandinavia, and northern Russia (west of the Ural Mountains) south to the Mediterranean, Asia Minor, and Syria; occasionally in England and Scot- land. Winters in Africa south to Nigeria, Darfur, and Kenya Colony, and on the 1 Motacilla montanella Pallas, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, vol. 3, 1776, p. 695. (in Dauuriam = Dauria.) 2 Murie, Condor, 40, 1938, p. 227. 456 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Azores (rarely), Madeira, and the Canary Islands; in passage at Scoresby Sound, Greenland. Accidental on Jan Mayen and in northern Ungava (Fort Chimo). Motacilla alba ocularis Swinhoe. [695.] Motacilla ocularis Swinhoe, Ibis, ser. 1, 2, no. 1, 1860, p. 55. (Amoy, China.) Breeds in Siberia from the Taimyr Peninsula to the Chukotski Peninsula south to central Krasnoyarsk and the upper Lena and Indigirka rivers. Winters from southern China, Formosa, and Hainan to Assam, Tenasserim, Borneo, and the Philippines. Casual on Attu Island, Aleutian Chain, and at the mouth of the Yukon; accidental in Baja California (La Paz). Motacilla alba ligens Kittlitz. [695.1.] Motacilla lugens Kittlitz, Kupfert. Naturg. Vog., Heft 2, 1833, p. 16, pl. 21, fig. 1. (Kamtschatka = Kamchatka.) Breeds in Kamchatka, the Komandorskie Islands (occasionally), Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands, Hokkaido, and northern Honshu. Winters in eastern China, southern Japan, Formosa, and the Ryukyu Islands. Accidental on Attu in the Aleutian Islands. Motacilla flava Linnaeus?: YELLOW WAGTAIL. From central Scotland, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and northern Siberia east to western Alaska south in winter to South Africa, India, and Malaysia, casually to New Guinea; accidental in Australia. Moitacilla flava tschutschénsis Gmelin. [696.] Motacilla tschutschensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 962. (ad litora Tschutschi = at sea, in Bering Strait, off the Chukotski Penin- sula, Siberia.) Breeds from the Chukotski Peninsula, northeastern Siberia across northern Alaska (Point Barrow, the Colville River) to northern Yukon (near the mouth of the Firth River); south in Alaska to the Nushagak River, Nunivak Island, and Anaktuvuk Pass. Winter range not known; presumably in the Malayan region and the Phil- ippines. Genus ANTHUS Bechstein Anthus Bechstein, Gemein. Naturg. Deutschlands, ed. 2, vol. 2, 1805, p. 302. Type, by subsequent designation, Alauda trivialis Linnaeus (Sharpe, 1885). 1 Motacilla flava Linnaeus, Syst, Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 185. (in Europa = Sweden.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 457 Anthus spinolétta (Linnaeus)?: WATER PIPIT. Of irregular distribution, breeding on tundra or mountains from the Faeroes, Scandinavia, and the Kola Peninsula throughout Europe; from the Caucasus, Turkestan, Altai, and southeastern Siberia; Kamchatka; south in winter to northwestern Africa, Egypt, Palestine, northern Arabia, Iran, northwestern India, Thailand, Indochina and Japan; and from northern Alaska, northern Mackenzie, King William Island, Bylot Island, and the central west coast of Greenland to northern Oregon, northern Arizona and New Mexico, Hudson Bay area, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland, wintering south to Baja California, Guatemala, the Gulf coast, and Florida. Anthus spinoletta rubéscens (Tunstall). [697.] Alauda rubescens Tunstall, Orn. Brit., 1771, p. 2. Based on The Lark from Pensilvania of Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, vol. 6, p. 185, pl. 297. (Pennsylvania = Philadelphia, Pa.) Breeds from northern Yukon (Herschel Island), northern Mackenzie, King William Island, Bylot Island, and west coast of Greenland (Godhavn, casually to Upernavik) south to southwestern Yukon, northern British Columbia, south- ern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), northern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Cape Henrietta Maria), northern Quebec, southern Labrador, and Newfoundland; also on the higher slopes of the Gaspé Penin- sula and on Mount Katahdin, Maine. Winters from Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, West Virginia (Upshur County), and the lower Delaware Valley south through eastern México to Guatemala, the Gulf coast, and Florida; irregularly north to southeastern New York. Casual in Bermuda; accidental in Scotland, Italy,2 and Helgoland. Anthus spinoletta pacificus Todd. [697a.] Anthus rubescens pacificus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 48, May 3, 1935, p. 63. (Red Pass (6000 feet), British Columbia.) Breeds from the northern shore of the Gulf of Anadyr and northern Alaska south to the Aleutian Islands and Prince William Sound, and in the mountains from northern British Columbia to Oregon (Wallowa Mountains). Winters from southern coastal British Columbia, Oregon, west-central Nevada (Lahontan Valley), and southern Utah to Baja California and western México (south to Oaxaca). Casual in western Texas,? Louisiana,* and Nuevo Leén.® 1 Alauda Spinoletta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 166. (in Italia = Italy.) 2 Moltoni, Riv. Ital. Ornit., 22, 1952, p. 59. 8 Burleigh and Lowery, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., no. 8, 1940, P1275 4 Lowery, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Kansas, 1, no. 9, 1947, p. 188. 5 Sutton and Burleigh, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., no. 3, 1939, p. 39. 458 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Anthus spinoletta alticola Todd. [6975.] Anthus rubescens alticola Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 48, May 3, 1935, p. 64. (Estes Park, Colorado.) Breeds on mountain tops from Utah (Uinta Mountains) and Colorado to northern Arizona (White Mountains) and north-central New Mexico. Winter range unknown; recorded in December from Arizona (Camp Verde), in spring and fall from western Texas, in spring from central and southern California, México (D.F.), and El Salvador. Anthus spinoletta japénicus Temminck and Schlegel. [697.1.] Anthus pratensis japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, in Siebold, Fauna Japonica, Aves, 1847, p. 59, pl. 24. (Japan.) Breeds in central and eastern Siberia from the Podkamennaya, Tunguska, and Angara rivers and the Verkhoyansk Mountains eastward to Kamchatka, south to northern Transbaikalia, Sakhalin, and the Kurile islands. Winters chiefly in eastern China and Japan. Casual or accidental on Iwo Jima? and the Ryukyu Islands, in Turkestan, and on St. Lawrence and Nunivak islands, Alaska. Anthus gustavi Swinhoe: PEcHoraA PipiT. [698.1.] Anthus gustavi Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 90. (Amoy, China.) Breeds from the valley of the Pechora, northeastern Russia, to the Chukotski Peninsula and the Gulf of Anadyr, and in the Komandorskie Islands, eastern Siberia. Winters in the Philippines, Borneo, Celebes, and the Moluccas; recorded from Turkestan, Korea, the Ryukyu Islands, and Formosa. Accidental on the Shetlands (Fair Isle), Iwo Jima, and St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea.? Anthus praténsis (Linnaeus): MEADow PIpiT. [698.] Alauda pratensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 166. (in Europae pratis = Sweden.) Breeds in east Greenland (Angmagssalik District), Iceland, the Faeroes, the British Isles, and northern Scandinavia eastward to the valley of the Ob in western Siberia, south to southern France, Italy, the Carpathians, southern Russia, and northern Turkestan. Winters in parts of its breeding range and southward in the Mediterranean region from Morocco to Asia Minor. Accidental in western Greenland, Mongolia, near Lake Baikal, and in Man- churia. 1 Hand-List Japanese Birds, ed. 3 (rev.), 1942, p. 28. 2 Friedmann, Condor, 40, 1938, p. 88. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 459 Anthus cervinus (Pallas): RED-THROATED PipPIr. [699.] Motacilla Cervina Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 1, 1811, p. 511. (in Camtschatka = Kamchatka. ) Breeds on the tundra of northern Europe and northern Siberia from northern Scandinavia to the Chukotski Peninsula; questionably on Novaya Zemlya; once at Wales, Alaska (June 29, 1931)1; one summer record from St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea (July 1936)?; one specimen (month unknown), St. Michael, Alaska, 1867.3 Winters south to Lake Chad, Tanganyika Territory, Iran, India, and southern China; recorded also from the Faeroes, England, Borneo, and Palawan. Accidental in Baja California (San José del Cabo, January 26, 1883). Anthus spragueii (Audubon): SPRAGUE’s PipiT. [700.] Alauda Spragueii Audubon, Birds Amer. (octavo ed.), vol. 7, 1844, p. 334, pl. 486. (Near Ft. Union [western North Dakota].) Breeds from northern Alberta (Grimshaw), central Saskatchewan, and cen- tral Manitoba (The Pas) south to Montana, North Dakota, and northwestern Minnesota. Winters from southern Arizona, Texas, southern Louisiana, and northwestern Mississippi through México from northwestern Sonora (Sasabe) to Michoacan, Puebla, and Veracruz. Casual in Michigan,‘ South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Family BOMBYCILLIDAE: Waxwings Genus BOMBYCILLA Vieillot Bombycilla Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807 (1808), p. 88. Type, by monotypy, Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot. Bombycilla garrula (Linnaeus): BOHEMIAN WAXWING. From northern Norway, northern Sweden, northern Finland, northern Russia, and northern Siberia in winter south to the British Isles, France, northern Italy, Bulgaria, Asia Minor, northern Iran, Altai, Turkestan, Ussuriland, and Japan; and from western Alaska, northern Mackenzie, and Manitoba south to central Washington, northern Idaho, northwestern Montana, and southern Alberta, wintering south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Arkansas, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New England, and Nova Scotia; casual in Greenland. 1 Bailey, Condor, 34, 1932, p. 47. 2 Friedmann, Condor, 39, 1937, p. 91. 8 Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, p. 180. 4 Trautman and Van Tyne, Auk, 52, 1935, p. 457. (near Lovells, Crawford County, June 25, 1935; specimen.) 460 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Bombycilla garrula garrula (Linnaeus). [618a.] Lanius Garrulus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 95. (in Europa & America boreali; aestivat supra Sveciam = Sweden.) Breeds in the coniferous forest belt of northern Norway, northern Sweden, northern Finland, northern Russia, and northern Siberia. Winters irregularly south to the British Isles, France, northern Italy (rarely), northern Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Turkey, southern Russia, northwestern Asia Minor, and northern Iran. Casual in Iceland, the Faeroes, and Malta; accidental in eastern Greenland (Cape Tobin, Liverpool Land). Bombycilla garrula pallidiceps Reichenow. [618.] Bombycilla garrula pallidiceps Reichenow, Orn. Monatsb., 16, no. 12, Dec. 1908, p. 191. (Shesly-Fluss in n6érdlichen Britisch-Columbien = Shesly River, British Columbia.) Breeds from Alaska (Kobuk River, Fort Yukon, Mount McKinley National Park), central Yukon (Fortymile), northern and central Mackenzie (Ander- son River, Reliance), northeastern Saskatchewan (Theitaga Lake), and north- ern Manitoba (Churchill, Cochrane River) south to central Washington (Lake Chelan), northern Idaho (Sandpoint), northwestern Montana (Glacier and Granite parks), and southern Alberta (Banff). Winters from southeastern Alaska (Ketchikan, Wrangell, and Juneau), south- western Mackenzie (Fort Liard), central British Columbia (Frangois and Punt- chesakut lakes), southern Alberta (Buffalo and Sullivan lakes), central eastern Saskatchewan (Nipawin), southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Que- bec, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south (irregularly) to southern California, southern Arizona, central New Mexico, northern Texas, north- western Arkansas, southern Illinois, central Indiana, central Ohio, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. Bombycilla cedrérum Vieillot: CEDAR WAXwInG. [619.] Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807 (1808), p. 88, pl. 57. (Amérique depuis le Canada jusqu’au Mexique = eastern North America.) Breeds from southeastern Alaska (Ketchikan), north-central British Columbia (Hazelton, McLeod Lake), northern Alberta (Peace River, Chipewyan, south- ern Lake Athabaska), northwestern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, central and southeastern Quebec (Lake Mistassini, Godbout, Natash- quan), and Newfoundland (Searston, Glenwood) south to northern California (Eureka), northern Utah, Colorado (Fairplay, Denver), Oklahoma (Panhandle area), central Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, central Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, northern Alabama (occasionally), and northern Georgia (Tate and Cornelia); recorded in summer north to Juneau in Alaska. Winters from southern British Columbia, northwestern Washington, northern Idaho (casually), northeastern Oregon, central California, central Arizona, cen- tral northern New Mexico, northeastern Colorado, southern Nebraska, central ORDER PASSERIFORMES 461 Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, and Massa- chusetts south irregularly to Panama (Chiriqui), the Gulf coast of the United States, and central Florida (Titusville); rarely to southern Florida; casually to Bermuda, the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Venezuela. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. _ Family PTILOGONATIDAE: Silky Flycatchers Genus PHAINOPEPLA Baird Phainopepla Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xix, xxxiv, 923. Type, by original designa- tion, Ptilogonys nitens Swainson. Phainopépla nitens (Swainson): PHAINOPEPLA. From central California, southern Nevada, southern Utah, southwestern New Mexico, and western Texas south to Baja California, Sonora, and the Mexican Plateau to Puebla and Veracruz. Phainopepla nitens nitens Swainson. [620a.] Ptilogonys nitens Swainson, Anim. Menag., 1838 (Dec. 31, 1837), p. 285. ( Mexico.) Breeds from Brewster County, Texas, to Durango, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and San Luis Potosi; possibly to Guanajuato, México, Puebla, and Veracruz. Extent of seasonal movements not known. Phainopepla nitens lépida Van Tyne. [620.] Phainopepla nitens lepida Van Tyne, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, May 22, 1925, p. 149. (Riverside, California.) Breeds from California (north to the San Francisco Bay region and the head of Sacramento Valley), southern Nevada, southern Utah, southwestern New Mexico, and western (except Brewster County) and southern Texas south through Baja California and Sonora. Winters in breeding range, chiefly from the Mohave and Colorado deserts southward; recorded from February to May in Brewster County, Texas. Family LANIIDAE: Shrikes Subfamily LANIINAE: Typical Shrikes Genus LANIUS Linnaeus Lanius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 93. Type, by subse- quent designation, Lanius excubitor Linnaeus (Swainson, 1824). 462 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Lanius excubitor Linnaeus!: NORTHERN SHRIKE. From Scandinavia, northern Russia, northern Siberia, northern Alaska, north- western Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, and central Labrador south to northern Africa, Arabia, India, northern China, northern Japan, northern British Columbia, northern Alberta, and central Sas- katchewan. In winter south to northern California, central Nevada, central Arizona, New Mexico, southern Kansas, central Missouri, south-central Illinois, southern Indiana, central Ohio, Pennsylvania, northern Virginia, and Maryland. Lanius excubitor borealis Vieillot. [621.] Lanius borealis Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807 (1808), p. 80, pl. 50. (Centre des Etats-Unis = New York.) Breeds from northern Ontario (Severn House, Moose Factory) east through northern Quebec (Fort Chimo, Indian House Lake) to central Labrador (Okak, Sandwich Bay). Winters from southern parts of breeding range south to eastern Kansas, south- eastern Iowa (Hillsboro), south-central Illinois (Big Lake), southwestern In- diana (Vincennes), central Ohio (Springfield, Zanesville), western Pennsylvania (Beaver), Maryland (Dulaneys Valley, Patapsco, Ocean City), Washington, D.C. (and adjacent Virginia), and southern New Jersey (Cape May); casually to central northern Kentucky (Lexington), North Carolina (Pea Island), and Bermuda. Lanius excubitor invictus Grinnell. [621a.] Lanius borealis invictus Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., no. 1, Nov. 1900, p. 54. (Kowak River [= Kobuk River], Alaska.) Breeds from northern Alaska (Kigluaik Mountains, Hunt River, Endicott Mountains), central Yukon (Fortymile, Ogilvie Range), northern Mackenzie (Aklavik, Fort Anderson), and northern Manitoba (Du Brochet Lake, Church- ill) south to southern Alaska (Kenai Mountains, Copper River Valley), north- western British Columbia (Atlin), southeastern Yukon (Rose River), south- western Mackenzie (Fort Liard), and northeastern Alberta (Slave River). Winters from central Alaska (Akiak, Toklat River), northern British Co- lumbia (Atlin), central Alberta (Edmonton), southern Saskatchewan (Wiseton, Indian Head), southern Manitoba (St. Martin, Hillside Beach), central Min- nesota (Parkers Prairie), and northwestern Wisconsin (Ladysmith) south to north-central California (Berkeley, Lake Tahoe), central Nevada (Carson, Reese River), central Arizona (Prescott, Flagstaff), southern New Mexico (Tularosa), western Kansas (Morton County, Wichita), and central Missouri (Kansas City, St. Louis); casually to northern Texas (Decatur) and Arkansas (Fayetteville). Lanius ludovicidanus Linnaeus: LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE. From southern British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, south-central Maine, and southwestern New Brunswick south to southern Baja California, Guerrero, 1 Lanius Excubitor Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 94. (in Europa = Sweden.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 463 Oaxaca, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Winters chiefly from lat. 45° N. southward. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Lanius ludovicianus migrans Palmer. [622e.] Lanius ludovicianus migrans W. Palmer, Auk, 15, no. 3, July 1898, p. 248. (Kingston, Ontario.) Breeds from southern Manitoba (intergrades with L. |. excubitorides near Lake St. Martin), southwestern Ontario (Emo), northern Wisconsin (Lake Owen, Kelley Brook), southern Ontario (MacLennan, Echo Bay, Rutherglen, Ottawa), southern Quebec (Montreal, Kamouraska), and southwestern New Brunswick (Scotch Lake, St. John) south (east of about long. 98° W.) to eastern Oklahoma (Bryan County), northeastern Texas (Commerce; Kirby- ville, intergrades with L. 1. ludovicianus), central Louisiana (De Ridder, Le- compte), Tennessee, northwestern Mississippi (Rosedale), western North Caro- lina (Statesville), northern Virginia, and Maryland. Winters from southern half of breeding range (casually farther north) south to Tamaulipas (Tampico), the Gulf coast, and northern Florida (Bell). Casual in the Bahamas (Andros Island). Lanius ludovicianus ludovicianus Linnaeus. [622.] Lanius ludovicianus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 134. Based on Lanius Ludovicianus, La Pie-grieche de la Louisiane of Bris- son, Orn., vol. 2, 1760, p. 162. (in Ludovicia = Louisiana.) Resident from southern Louisiana (Lake Charles, Clinton), central Missis- sippi (Rankin County), central Alabama (Greensboro, Stewartsville), northern Georgia (Atlanta, Athens), northern South Carolina (Oconee and York coun- ties), central North Carolina (Rockingham, Durham), and central Virginia (Charlottesville) south to the Gulf coast and southern Florida (Cape Sable, Miami). Lanius Iudovicianus exeubitorides Swainson. [622a] Lanius excubitorides Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.- Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 115, pl. 34. (Carlton House, Saskatche- wan Plains.) Breeds from central Alberta (near High Prairie, Battle River region) and central Saskatchewan (Meadow Lake, Nipawin) south through the Great Plains and along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains to eastern New Mexico (Pecos River Valley) and central southern Texas (Pecos River Valley, Victoria, Brownsville); casual in summer in northern Manitoba (Churchill). Intergrades with L. 1. gambeli in Rocky Mountain area from central Montana to New Mexico, with L. 1. sonoriensis in southeastern New Mexico and west Texas (east of the Davis and Chisos mountains), and with L. 1. mexicanus in north- eastern Coahuila and northern Tamaulipas. Winters from northern Texas (Glenrio) south to central and eastern México 464 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS (Jalisco, Mexico City, Isthmus of Tehuantepec) and east to Louisiana (Grand Chenier). Lanius ludovicianus sonoriénsis Miller. [622g.] Lanius ludovicianus sonoriensis A. H. Miller, Condor, 32, no. 3, May 15, 1930, p. 15 5(.Whitetail Cafion, elevation 5000 feet, Chiricahua Moun- tains, Cochise County, Arizona.) Resident from southeastern California (San Gorgonio Pass), extreme south- ern Nevada (Fort Mojave), central Arizona (Prescott, Gila County), south- western New Mexico (Fort Bayard, White Sands), and western Texas (El Paso, Frijole) south to northeastern Baja California, southern Sinaloa (Mazatlan area), and northern Durango (Nombre de Dios). Lanius ludovicianus gambeli Ridgway. [6225.] Lanius ludovicianus gambeli Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, p. 467. (California, especially coast district Murphys, Calaveras County.) Breeds from southern interior British Columbia (30 miles NNE. of Okanagan Landing, Edgewood), eastern Washington (Twisp, Spokane), and southwestern Montana (Anaconda, Bozeman) south through the Great Basin to California (Sonoma to San Diego counties on coast; in interior south to Mohave Desert), southern Nevada (Pahranagat Mountains), northern Arizona (San Francisco Mountains), and northwestern New Mexico (Albuquerque); casual in summer in western Washington (west Skagit County southward). Winters from central Washington (Tacoma, Yakima, Pullman) south to southern Baja California (La Paz), Michoacan (La Salada), and Morelos. Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi Mearns. [622c.] Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi Mearns, Auk, 15, no. 3, July 1898, p. 261. (Santa Cruz Island, California.) Resident on Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, and Santa Catalina islands off southwestern California. Lanius Indovicianus mearnsi Ridgway. [622i.] Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 16, Sept. 30, 1903, p. 108. (San Clemente Island, Santa Barbara group, California.) Resident on San Clemente Island off southwestern California. Lanius Iudovicianus grinnélli Oberholser. [622h.] Lanius ludovicianus grinnelli Oberholser, Wilson Bull., 31, no. 3, Sept. 1919, p. 87. (San Fernando, Lower California.) Resident in northern half of Baja California from near the United States boundary south (exclusive of the Colorado Desert area) throughout the Pen- insula to about lat. 29° N. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 465 Lanius ludoyicianus nélsoni Oberholser. [622f.] Lanius ludovicianus nelsoni Oberholser, Condor, 20, no. 6, Dec. 12, 1918, p. 209. (Todos Santos, southern Lower California.) Resident in southern half of Baja California (Cedros Island, Bahia Santa Rosalia, San José del Cabo). Family STURNIDAE: Starlings Genus STURNUS Linnaeus Sturnus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 167. Type, by tau- tonymy, Sturnus = Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus. Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus: STARLING. From Iceland, northern Norway, Finland, northern Russia, and southern Siberia (north to Yeniseisk and east to Lake Baikal) south to the Canary Islands, northern Africa, Palestine, Iraq, southern Iran, central India, Assam, and northeastern China. Introduced in North America; has spread through southern Canada, and through much of the United States. Also introduced in the West Indies, South Africa, New Zealand, and elsewhere. Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris Linnaeus. [493.] Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 167. (in Europa, Africa = Sweden.) Breeds from Iceland, the British Isles (except the Shetlands), northern Nor- way, Finland (from lat. 64° N.), and Russia (from lat. 60° N. and east to the Volga basin) south to southern France, northern Italy, western Rumania, and central Russia. Winters throughout breeding range except in the most northern parts; south to northern Africa, Palestine, Asia Minor, and the Caucasus. Casual in southern Greenland (north to Godthaab and Angmagssalik), Lab- rador, and Bermuda. Introduced and established in Jamaica. Introduced in the United States (New York City, 1890); now breeding (in part resident) from south-central British Columbia (Williams Lake), south- eastern Alberta (Camrose, Brooks), south-central Saskatchewan (Duck Lake), southern Manitoba (Brandon, Steep Rock, Winnipeg), western and northern Ontario (Sioux Lookout, Fort Albany), southern and eastern Quebec (Lake St. John, Blanc Sablon, Natashquan), and southern Newfoundland (St. John’s) south to eastern Oregon (La Grande), northern Idaho (Idaho County), Utah (Salt Lake City), northeastern Colorado (Denver), southern Kansas (Clear- water), northwestern Arkansas (Rogers), southern Mississippi (Lyman), and central Florida (Pensacola, Jacksonville, Kissimmee). The Starling seems to spread into an area by single individuals or small flocks during winter; so recorded west to Portland, Oregon, and Humboldt County, California, and south to central California (Port Reyes, Leevining), 466 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Arizona (Parker, Patagonia), New Mexico (San Antonio, Carlsbad), south- western and southern Texas (El Paso, Lytle, Brownsville), northeastern México (Nuevo Laredo), southern Florida, and the Tortugas. Genus ACRIDOTHERES Vieillot Acridotheres Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, p. 42. Type, by subsequent designa- tion, Paradisea tristis Linnaeus (Gray, 1855). Acridotheres cristatéllus (Linnaeus): CRESTED MyYNA. From eastern East Pakistan, northern Burma, and southern China (to the Yangtze Valley) south to southern Burma, Thailand, French Indochina, Hainan, and Formosa. Introduced in Japan, the Philippines, and British Columbia. Acridotheres cristatellus cristatéllus (Linnaeus). [493.1.] Gracula cristatella Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 109. (China.) Resident in southern China. Introduced at Vancouver, British Columbia, whence it has spread to Van- couver Island (Union Bay, Nanaimo, Victoria). Recorded casually in western Washington (Bellingham, Lake Washington) and western Oregon (Portland). Also introduced in Japan and the Philippines. Family VIREONIDAE: Vireos Subfamily VIREONINAE: Typical Vireos Genus VIREO Vieillot Vireo Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807 (1808), p. 83. Type, by subsequent designation, Vireo musicus Vieillot = Muscicapa noveboracensis Gmelin = Tanagra grisea Boddaert (Gray, 1840). Subgenus VIREO Viceillot Vireo atricapilla Woodhouse: BLACK-CAPPED VIREO. [630.] Vireo atricapilla Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6, no. 2, (June 9), 1852, p. 60. (San Pedro River, 208 miles from San Antonio, on the road to El Paso del Norte [Texas].) Breeds from central southern Kansas (Comanche County) south through central Oklahoma (Blaine County, Spencer, Tulsa) to western and central Texas (Brewster, Travis, and Comal counties) and Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen). Winters in central México recorded from Sinaloa (Mazatlan), State of México (Volcan de Toluca), and Tamaulipas (Santa Leonor). Accidental in central eastern Nebraska (Bellevue, Meadow), northeastern Kansas (Bendena), and southern Texas (Brownsville). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 467 Vireo griseus (Boddaert): WHITE-EYED VIREO. Breeds from eastern Nebraska, southern Indiana, Iowa, southern Wisconsin, and New York south to San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, and southern Florida, and in Bermuda. In winter from southern Texas and southern Louisiana to Guate- mala, Honduras, and Cuba. Vireo griseus noveboracénsis (Gmelin). [631d.] Muscicapa noveboracensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 947. (in Noveboraco = New York.) Breeds from southeastern Nebraska (Greeley, Omaha), central Iowa (Coun- cil Bluffs, Ogden; Black Hawk and Jackson counties), central Illinois (Lacon, Fairbury, Philo), central Indiana (Terre Haute, Crawfordsville, Kokomo), central Ohio (College Hill, Delaware County, Harrison County), southern Pennsylvania, southeastern New York (Greenwood Lake, Rhinebeck, Ossining), southern Connecticut (Fairfield, New Haven), and Rhode Island (Charleston, Providence) south to north-central Texas, central Louisiana (Alexandria), central Mississippi, central Alabama, central Georgia, northwestern South Carolina, western North Carolina, and central Virginia (Naruna, Petersburg, Mathews County, Wallops Island); rarely farther north in lowa (Woodbury County, Mason City), northern Ohio (Sandusky, Gainesville), and western New York (Buffalo, Lockport). Winters from southern Texas (Brownsville), the Gulf coast, and southern Georgia (Fitzgerald, Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge) south to Guate- mala, northern Honduras, Swan Island, and western Cuba. Casually north, in migration or in summer, to central Wisconsin (La Crosse, New London, Manitowoc), southeastern Michigan (Ann Arbor), southern Ontario (East Sister Island, Point Pelee, Woodstock, Mount Forest, Toronto, Westboro), northern New York (Plattsburg, Jay), Massachusetts, and south- western Quebec (Montreal). Accidental in Arizona (Cochise County) and Utah (Boulder). Vireo griseus griseus (Boddaert). [631.] Tanagra grisea Boddaert, Table Planch. Enlum. 1783, p. 45. Based on the Tanagra olive, de la Louisiane of Daubenton, Planch. Enlum., pl. 714, fig. 1. (Louisiana = New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Louisiana.) Breeds along the coastal plain of the southeastern United States from south- eastern Texas (College Station, Beaumont), southern Louisiana (Cameron, Houma, New Orleans), southern Mississippi (Gulfport), southeastern Georgia (Blakely, Fitzgerald, Hephzibah), eastern North Carolina (Rockingham, Clin- ton, Macon), and southeastern Virginia (Lawrenceville, Norfolk) south to the shores of the Gulf of Mexico and north-central Florida (Port Richey, Jackson- ville) . Winters from South Carolina and southern Louisiana south to eastern México (southern limits not certain) and in Cuba (east to Las Villas Province). Accidental in the Bahamas (Andros Island). 468 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Vireo griseus maynardi Brewster. [631a.] Vireo noveboracensis maynardi Brewster, Auk, 4, no. 2, Apr. 1887, p. 148. (Key West, Florida.) Resident in coastal and insular Florida from Tarpon Springs and Anastasia Island to Key West. Vireo griseus bermudianus Bangs and Bradlee. [631b.] Vireo bermudianus Bangs and Bradlee, Auk, 18, no. 3, July 1901, p. 252. (Hamilton, Bermuda.) Resident in the Bermuda Islands. Vireo griseus micrus Nelson. [631c.] Vireo noveboracensis micrus Nelson, Auk, 16, no. 1, Jan. 1899, p. 30. (Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico.) Resident in southern Texas (Brackettville, Encinal, Corpus Christi, more commonly in the Rio Grande Basin) and eastern México from eastern Coahuila (Sabinas) to northern Hidalgo (Jacala), probably to northern Veracruz. Vireo hiuttoni Cassin: HUTTON’S VIREO. From southwestern British Columbia, western Washington, and western Oregon to the Great Valley and coast of California and northwestern Baja California; the Cape district of Baja California; and from central Arizona, extreme southwestern New Mexico, and western Texas south to the highlands of south-central Guatemala. Vireo huttoni huttoni Cassin. [632.] Vireo Huttoni Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, no. 7, Dec. 1850-Feb. 1851 (June 30, 1851), p. 150, pl. 10, fig. 1. (Monterey, California . . . Georgetown, California = Monterey.) Resident from the mainland of southwestern British Columbia, south through western Washington, western Oregon, and the Great Valley and coastal districts of California (Eureka, Baird, Green Horn Mountains, Witch Creek) to north- western Baja California (Burro Canyon, San Ramén, Valladares). Vireo huttoni stéphensi Brewster. [632a.] Vireo huttoni stephensi Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 7, no. 3, July 1882, p. 142. (Morse’s Well, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona.) Resident from central Arizona (Fort Apache, Mazatzal Mountains) and extreme southwestern New Mexico south through eastern Sonora (Sierra Paja- ritos, Cerro Blanca, Yécora, Quiriego) and western Chihuahua (Pinos Altos and Jesis Maria) to northern Sinaloa (Babizos) and northwestern Durango (Arroyo del Buey). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 469 Winters from southeastern Arizona (Quijotoa Mountains), central Chihuahua (Carmen), and westernmost Texas (El Paso) south into México. Vireo huttoni cognatus Ridgway. [632d.] Vireo huttoni cognatus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 16, Sept. 30, 1903, p. 107. (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California.) Resident in the Cape district of Baja California (Sierra de la Laguna, El Triunfo, Miraflores). Vireo huttoni insularis Rhoads. [632e.] Vireo huttoni insularis Rhoads, Auk, 10, no. 3, July 1893, p. 239, (Vic- toria, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.) Resident on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Vireo huttoni carolinae Brandt. [632f.] Vireo huttoni carolinae H. W. Brandt, Auk, 55, no. 2, Apr. 1938, p. 269. (Boot Canyon, altitude 7000 feet, Chisos Mountains, Brewster County, Texas.) Resident from the Chisos Mountains, western Texas, to southern Coahuila, San Luis Potosi, and southwestern Tamaulipas. Vireo béllii Audubon: BELL’S VIREO. Breeds from the Great Valley of California, southern Nevada, central Ari- zona, southwestern New Mexico, western Texas, eastern Colorado, central Nebraska, southeastern South Dakota, Iowa, southwestern Wisconsin, and northeastern Illinois south to southern Texas and northwestern Louisiana. In winter from southern Louisiana (one specimen), southern Sonora, and southern Baja California south to El Salvador and northern Nicaragua. Vireo bellii béllii Audubon, [633.] Vireo Bellii Audubon, Birds Amer. (octavo ed.), vol. 7, 1844, p. 333, pl. 485. (Upper Missouri river = near St. Joseph, Missouri.) Breeds from eastern Colorado (Wray, Julesburg), central Nebraska (Staple- ton, Valentine, Neligh), southeastern South Dakota (Yankton, Sioux Falls), central and northeastern Iowa (Sioux City, Ames, Fayette), southeastern Min- nesota (Fort Snelling), southwestern Wisconsin (La Crosse, Boscobel, Madi- son), and northeastern Illinois (Ottawa, Joliet) south to western Oklahoma and through central Texas (Vernon, San Angelo, Kerrville, Laredo) to southern Tamaulipas (Jaumave), the Gulf coast of Texas (Port Isabel, Corpus Christi, Houston), northwestern Louisiana (Shreveport), Arkansas (Conway, Stuttgart, Winslow), southwestern Tennessee (Memphis), central Missouri (Warrensburg, St. Charles, St. Louis), and south-central Illinois (Virden, Richland County, Mount Carmel). Winters from Guerrero and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec south to Guatemala 470 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS (Ocos, Solola, Escuintla, Zacapa), El Salvador (Divisadero, Barro de Santiago), and northern Nicaragua. Casual in central Colorado (Denver) and south-central South Dakota (Ben- nett County). Accidental in Wyoming (Lake Como), Michigan (Detroit), Mississippi (Deer Island), New Hampshire (Durham), Connecticut (Redding), and Sinaloa (Escuinapa); once taken in southern Louisiana (Johnsons Bayou) in winter. Vireo bellii médius Oberholser. [633).] Vireo belliit medius Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 16, Feb. 21, 1903, p. 17. (Boquillas, Texas.) Breeds from southwestern Texas (El Paso County, Pecos City, Fort Davis, Marathon, Chisos Mountains, Boquillas) south to northern Durango (Rancho Baillon, Rio Nazas) and eastern Coahuila (Monclova, Sabinas). Winter range unknown. Found in migration in Michoacan (Apatzingan), Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi (Valles). Casual in New Mexico (Chloride, San Antonio). Vireo bellii ariz6nae Ridgway. [633c.] Vireo bellii arizonae Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15, Sept. 30, 1903, p. 108. (Tucson, Arizona.) Breeds from southern Nevada (Boulder City and opposite Fort Mohave, Ari- zona) and southwestern Utah (along Virgin River) to southeastern California (Colorado River Valley) and southern Sonora (Guaymas, Tobari Bay, Chino- bampo), east to central Arizona (Big Sandy River, Oak Creek, Salt River Refuge). Winters, so far as known, in the tropical zone of southern Sonora (Alamos; probably north to Ures). Vireo bellii pusillus Coues. [633a.] Vireo pusillus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18, no. 1, Jan.- Mar. (June 11) 1866, p. 76. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.) Breeds in California in the Great Valley (Red Bluff), Owens Valley (Bishop), Death Valley, Mohave River Valley (Victorville, Camp Cady), and the south- western California (Santa Barbara, San Diego, Escondido) and the north- western Baja California coastal area (Guadalupe, El Cajon, El Rosario, San Fernando). Winters in southern Baja California (Isla Santa Margarita, and La Paz to the Cape). Casual in central western California (San Mateo County) and southwestern Nevada (Ash Meadows). Vireo vicinior Coues: GRAY VIREO. [634.] Vireo vicinior Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18, no. 1, Jan.- Mar. (June 11) 1866, p. 75. (Fort Whipple, Arizona.) Breeds from south-central California (Liebre Mountains, Bodfish, Walker Pass), southern Nevada (Grapevine Mountains, Oak Spring), southwestern ORDER PASSERIFORMES 471 Utah (Beaverdam and Pine Valley mountains), northwestern Arizona (Mount Trumbull, Grand Canyon, northeastern slope of the San Francisco Mountains, southern edge of the Mogollon Plateau), and southwestern New Mexico (Car- lisle) south to northwestern Baja California (Ojos Negros), and central Ari- zona (Kirkland, Santa Catalina Mountains, Graham Mountains, mountains above Fort Bowie), locally to central New Mexico (Montoya), western Okla- homa (Kenton), and western Texas (Guadalupe and Chisos mountains). Winters in southern Sonora (Tiburén and San Sebastian islands, Guaymas) and southern Baja California (San José del Cabo). Casual in central Utah (Salinas). Subgenus LANIVIREO Baird Lanivireo Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xix, “xxxxv” (= xxxv), p. 329. Type, by original designation, Vireo flavifrons Vieillot. Vireo flavifrons Vieillot: YELLOW-THROATED VIREO. [628.] Vireo flavifrons Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807 (1808), p. 85, pl. 54. (Etats Unis = eastern United States.) Breeds from southern Manitoba (Winnipeg, St. Charles), north-central Min- nesota (White Earth, Nisswa, Brainerd), central Wisconsin (St. Croix Falls, Unity, Kelley Brook), central Michigan (Newaygo and Huron counties), south- ern Ontario (Lucknow, Petersborough, Ottawa), southern Quebec (Kirks Ferry, Montreal, Sherbrooke, Hatley), northern New Hampshire (Lancaster), and locally in southwestern Maine (Bridgeton, Farmington, Lewiston) south through eastern North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and eastern Oklahoma to central and eastern Texas (Kerrville, San Antonio, Giddings, Houston), the Gulf coast, and central Florida (Seven Oaks, Ocala, New Smyrna). Winters from eastern Oaxaca (Tapanatepec, Santa Efigenia), southern Vera- cruz (Orizaba, Tres Zapotes, Santecomapan), Yucatan (Chichén Itza), and Quintana Roo (Puerto Morelos, Cozumel) south to Panama; casually to Co- lombia (Perico, Santa Elena, Salento, Minca), western Venezuela (Lara, Mé- rida, Tachira); rarely in southern Texas (Harlingen, Rockport), Cuba (Cay Lobos, Soledad), Isle of Pines, and the Bahamas (Andros, New Providence, Cay Lobos). Casual in summer in Saskatchewan (Moose Jaw), western Ontario (Kenora), central Nebraska (Stapleton, North Platte), southern Ontario (North Bay), and northern Maine (Fort Fairfield). Accidental in Nevada (Crystal Spring) and Bermuda. Vireo solitarius (Wilson): SOLITARY VIREO. Breeds from central British Columbia, southwestern Mackenzie, central Sas- katchewan, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, Newfound- land, and Nova Scotia south to southern Baja California, Guatemala, and El Salvador. Winters from Arizona and South Carolina south to the Cape district of Baja California, southwestern Mexico, northern Nicaragua, and Cuba. 472 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Vireo solitarius solitarius (Wilson). [629.] Muscicapa solitaria Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 2, 1810, p. 143, pl. 17, fig. 6. (Bartram’s Woods, Philadelphia, Pa.) Breeds from northeastern British Columbia (Charlie Lake, Tupper Creek), southwestern Mackenzie, central Saskatchewan (Nipawin), central Manitoba, northern Ontario (Favourable Lake), southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Grand Gréve), southwestern Newfoundland (Tompkins), and Nova Scotia (Cape Breton Island, Baddeck) south to central and southeastern Alberta (Athabaska, Glenevis), southern Saskatchewan (Sovereign, Davidson), central northern North Dakota (Turtle Mountains), central Minnesota (Otter Tail Lake, Brai- nerd), northern and southeastern Wisconsin (Superior, Kelley Brook, Bark River Woods), central Michigan (Iosco County), southern Ontario (Port Syd- ney, Penetanguishene, Ottawa), northern New Jersey (Greenwood Lake), cen- tral Connecticut (Bethel, New Haven, Norwalk) and Massachusetts (Berkshire County, Concord, Grantville); through the Alleghenies to northeastern Ohio (Pymatuning Swamp) and central southern and northeastern Pennsylvania (Cresson Springs, Springville, Pocono Mountains). Winters from northern Louisiana (Bienville Parish), central Mississippi (Ed- wards), north-central Alabama (Birmingham), north-central Georgia (Athens), and central North Carolina (Raleigh) south through eastern México (Monter- rey, Linares, San Luis Potosi) to Guatemala (Huehuetenango, Tecpam, Za- capa), El Salvador (Los Esesmiles, San Salvador, Volcan de San Miguel), and northern Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte); rarely to southern Florida (Fort Myers, Key West, Royal Palm Hammock, Miami) and west-central Cuba (Habana, Santiago de las Vegas). Vireo solitarius alticola Brewster. [629c.] Vireo solitarius alticola Brewster, Auk, 3, no. 1, Jan. 1886, p. 111. (High- lands, Macon Co., North Carolina.) Breeds in the southern Appalachians from northeastern West Virginia (Terra Alta, Cranesville Swamp), western Maryland (Swallow Falls State Park, Spruce Park), and central northern Virginia (Shenandoah National Park) south to southeastern Kentucky (Black Mountain), eastern Tennessee (Mount Le Conte, Great Smoky Mountains National Park), northern Georgia (Young Harris, Burnt Mountains), and northwestern North Carolina; casually east of the mountains in Virginia (Charlottesville), North Carolina (Charlotte, Ra- leigh), central Georgia (Thomaston, Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge), and northwestern South Carolina (Oconee County). Winters from southeastern Louisiana (Tunica, Erwinville, Bogalusa), south- ern Mississippi (Saucier, Gulfport, Biloxi), northwestern Florida (Town Point, Whitfield), and along the Atlantic coast from South Carolina (Mount Pleasant) south to southern Florida (Fort Myers, Miami); casually north to central Georgia (Athens) and central South Carolina (Aiken). Vireo solitarius plimbeus Coues. [629b.] Vireo plumbeus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18, no. 1, Jan.- Mar. (June 11) 1866, p. 74. (Fort Whipple [Arizona].) Breeds from eastern Nevada (Sheep Spring, Ruby Mountains, East Hum- boldt Range), northern Utah (Salt Lake City, Vernal, Jensen), southwestern ORDER PASSERIFORMES 473 Wyoming (Fort Bridger), southeastern Montana (Big Horn and Powder River mountains), southwestern South Dakota (Black Hills), and northwestern Ne- braska south to central and southeastern Arizona (Hualpai Mountains, Prescott, Santa Rita and Huachuca mountains) and western México (Sierra Madre Occidental in northern Sonora and northern Chihuahua); and through the mountains of Colorado and New Mexico to western Texas (Guadalupe, Davis, and Chisos mountains). Winters from the southern part of breeding range from southern Arizona (Tucson) south to Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Colima. Vireo solitarius cassinii Xantus. [629a.] Vireo cassinii Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 10, sig. 8, Apr.- May (after May 25) 1858, p. 117. (Fort Tejon, California.) Breeds from southern British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver, Chilliwack, Loughboro Inlet, Kootenay National Park), northern Idaho (Fort Sherman, Clark Fork), and northwestern Montana (Fortine, Columbia Falls, Flathead Lake) south through central northern Washington (Conconully, Laurier), northeastern Oregon (Powder River Mountains), central Idaho (Payette Lake) to the mountains and foothills of California (Humboldt County, Warner Moun- tains, Campo, Kings Canyon) and southern Nevada (Potosi Mountain). Winters from southeastern Arizona (Tucson, Patagonia) and Nuevo Leon (Mesa del Chipinque) south to Michoacén (Zamora, Patamban) and Guerrero (Taxco, Chilpancingo). Migrates through the Great Basin and eastward in the Rocky Mountain region through Colorado, New Mexico, and western Texas. Vireo solitarius lucasanus Brewster. [629d.] Vireo solitarius lucasanus, Auk, 8, no. 2, Apr. 1891, p. 147. (San José del Rancho [near Triunfo], Lower California.) Resident in southern Baja California (La Paz and Triunfo to San José del Cabo). Subgenus VIREOSYLVA Bonaparte Vireosylva Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, p. 26. Type, by sub- sequent designation, Muscicapa olivacea Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). Vireo altiléquus (Vicillot)t: BLACK-WHISKERED VIREO. Breeds from southern Florida through the Bahamas, and the Greater and Lesser Antilles. Winters mainly in northern South America though some remain in Hispaniola and the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles. Vireo altiloquus barbatulus (Cabanis). [623.] Phyllomanes barbatulus Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 3, no. 18, Nov., 1855, p. 467. (Cuba.) Breeds along the coast of southern Florida (New Port Richey, Anclote Keys, Charlotte Harbor, Miami), south through the Florida Keys and the Dry Tor- 1 Muscicapa altiloqua Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807 (1808), p. 67, pl. 38. (Saint-Domingue = Hispaniola.) 474 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS tugas to the Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman. Winters in the Amazon Basin from central Brasil (Rio Tapajoz, Obidos, Vila Braga) to eastern Peri; in migration in Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Bonaire, and Haiti (Gonave, Ile 4 Vache). Vireo flavoviridis (Cassin): YELLOW-GREEN VIREO. From central Sonora, central Nuevo Leén, central Tamaulipas, south in the lowlands through Central America to Colombia, eastern Ecuador, eastern Pert, northern Bolivia, and western Brasil. Migratory in the northern part of its range. Vireo flavoviridis flavoviridis (Cassin). [625.] Vireosylvia flavoviridis Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, no. 7, Dec. 1850-Feb. 1851 (June 30, 1851), p. 152, pl. 11. (Panama and San Juan de Nicaragua = San Juan, Nicaragua.) Breeds from central and southeastern Sonora (San Francisco Cafion, Tesia), Sinaloa (Potrerillo, Escuinapa, Rosario), Nayarit (Santiago, Real de la Yesca), Jalisco (Guadalajara), Guerrero (Chilpancingo), central Nuevo Leén (prob- ably Monterrey), and central Tamaulipas (Victoria, Gomez Farias, Xicotencatl) south through Central America to central Costa Rica (Miravalles, Punta Arenas, San José). Winters in the upper Amazon Basin from southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador (San José, El Loreto), and eastern Peri (Rio Curaray, Yurimaguas, Iquitos), to northern Bolivia (Tres Arroyos, mouth of the Rio San Antonio, Provincia Sara) and western Brasil (Amazonia). Accidental in California (Riverside) and Quebec (Godbout). Vireo olivaceus (Linnaeus): RED-EYED VIREO. [624.] Muscicapa olivacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 327. Based mainly on The Red Ey’d Fly-catcher, Muscicapa oculis rubris Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 54. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Breeds from southwestern and northeastern British Columbia (Tupper Creek, Chilliwack, Penticton, Okanagan Landing), southwestern Mackenzie (forts Simpson, Providence, and Resolution), northeastern Alberta (Atha- baska Delta), central Saskatchewan (Emma Lake, Pelican Narrows), central Manitoba (Grand Rapids), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Lake Atta- wapiskat, Fort Albany), central Quebec (Mistassini Post, Lake St. John, Gaspé Peninsula), Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia (Sydney, Baddeck) south, east of the coast ranges, to northern Oregon (Portland, Union), northern Idaho (Latah County, St. Joe National Forest), southwestern and central Montana (Flathead Lake, Missoula, Lewis and Clark, Gallatin, and Fergus counties), and through Wyoming, eastern Colorado (Colorado Springs), Kansas (Junc- tion City, St. John), and western Oklahoma (Cheyenne) to central Texas (San Angelo, Kerrville, San Antonio, Corpus Christi), the Gulf coast, and central Florida (Tarpon Springs, Micanopy, New Smyrna). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 475 Winters in the Amazon Basin from southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, and southwestern Venezuela to eastern Pert and western Brasil. Migrates across the Gulf of Mexico to Yucatan, and through Central America to northwestern South America; also through southern Florida, the Florida Keys, western Cuba, and the Isle of Pines; rarely in the Bahamas (New Provi- dence, Watling, Great Inagua, Cay Lobos). Casual in Newfoundland (Cape Anguille), Bermuda, western Oregon (Oak Ridge), Utah (Ogden, Salt Lake City, Heber, Jensen), southwestern Wyoming (Fort Bridger, Green River), and Arizona (Flagstaff, Huachuca Mountains). Accidental in California (Los Angeles, San Diego), south Greenland (1844), and Eire (Tuskar Rock). Vireo philadélphicus (Cassin): PHILADELPHIA VIREO. [626.] Vireosylvia philadelphica Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 5, no. 7, Dec. 1850-Feb. 1851 (June 30, 1851), p. 153, pl. 10, fig. 2. (Philadelphia, Pa.) Breeds from northeastern British Columbia (Charlie Lake), central Alberta (Sylvan Lake, Stony Plain, Athabaska), southern Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, Fort Pelly, Crescent Lake), southern Manitoba (Duck Mountain, Margaret, Treesbank, Sanford), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Lake Attawapiskat, Fort Albany), central Quebec (Mistassini Post, Lake St. John, Gaspé Penin- sula), and southwestern Newfoundland (Tompkins) south to central northern North Dakota, southern Ontario (Bruce Peninsula, Washago, Buckshot Lake), southern Quebec (Quebec City), northern New Hampshire (Connecticut Lake, Dixville Notch, Lakeside), central Maine (Lake Umbagog, Rowe Pond, Jack- son), and northern New Brunswick (Grand Falls, Bathurst, Chandler); re- corded in the breeding season in northern Alberta (Chipewyan) and north- eastern New York (Adirondack Mountains). Winters from central Guatemala (Volcan de Agua, Coban, Tactic) south to Panama and northwestern Colombia (Choco). Migrates chiefly through the Mississippi River Basin west to eastern North Dakota, eastern Nebraska, northeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri, north- western and central Arkansas, and central Louisiana, northeastward through western and central New York, and less commonly through New England; recorded east of the Appalachians mainly in fall. Casual in northeastern Montana (Johnson Lake). Vireo gilvus (Vieillot): WARBLING VIREO. Breeds from northern British Columbia, southern Mackenzie, central Sas- katchewan, southern Manitoba, western Ontario, northern Minnesota, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, extreme southern Quebec, southern Maine, south- ern New Brunswick, and central Nova Scotia south to Baja California, central northern México, central Texas, southern Louisiana, northern Alabama, west- ern North Carolina, and the coastal plain of Virginia. Winters from southern Sonora and Veracruz to Guatemala and El Salvador. 476 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Vireo gilvus gilvus (Viecillot). [627.] Muscicapa gilva Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807 (1808), p. 65, pl. 34. (Etat de New-Yorck = New York.) Breeds from southwestern Alberta (Milk River, Medicine Hat), southern Saskatchewan (Eastend, Raymore, Yorkton), southern Manitoba (Duck Moun- tain, Lake St. Martin, Indian Bay), western Ontario (Kenora), northern Minne- sota (Nisswa, Brainerd, Duluth), southern Ontario (Ottawa, rarely from Mani- toulin and North Bay), southwestern Quebec (Montreal, Quebec City, Hatley), southern Maine (Dead River, Dover-Foxcroft, Bangor, Old Town), southern New Brunswick (Fredericton), and central Nova Scotia (Pictou, Antigonish) south to southeastern Montana (Fort Keogh), northern and eastern North Dakota (Mackenzie County, Rice Lake, Turtle Mountains, Stump Lake, Fargo), eastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and southeastern Colorado (Trinidad, Manzanola), and to eastern Texas, southern Louisiana (Calcasieu Pass, Grand Coteau, Baton Rouge, New Orleans), northern Alabama (Florence, Anniston), southeastern Tennessee (Athens), western North Carolina (Ashe- ville, Piney Creek), and Virginia (Blacksburg, Lynchburg, Petersburg, Mathews County); rare in the higher parts of the Appalachians, and on the Atlantic Coastal Plain from New Jersey to Virginia. Taken in summer at Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. Winter range little known; from southern México (probably), to Guatemala (Progreso, Panajachel, Huehuetenango) and El Salvador (Volcan de San Mi- guel, Mount Cacaguatique). Reported from southern Florida in winter. Migrates mainly through the Mississippi Valley and eastern México. Rare in the south- eastern states both spring and fall. Vireo gilvus swainsonii Baird. [627a.] Vireo swainsonii Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. “xxxxv” [= xxxv], 336. (Petaluma, Calfifornia].) Breeds from northern British Columbia (Atlin, Glenora, Great Glacier, Telegraph Creek, Hazelton, Francois Lake, Fort St. James), southwestern and central southern Mackenzie (Fort Simpson, Fort Smith), northern Alberta (Peace River, Lesser Slave Lake), central Wyoming (Fort Sheridan), south- western South Dakota (Black Hills), and western Nebraska (Sioux County, Crescent Lake) south to southern California west of the Sierra Nevada (San Diego, Yreka, San Bernardino Mountains, Witch Creek), central northern Ore- gon (mouth of the Deschutes River, Weston, Fort Klamath), central Idaho (Moscow, Lost River Mountains), southwestern Utah (Zion Park), central and southeastern Arizona (Santa Catalina Mountains, Huachuca Mountains), south- ern New Mexico (Silver City, Chloride, Cloudcroft), and western Texas (Guad- alupe Mountains). Winters from southern Sonora (rarely Alamos), Durango (Chacala), Micho- acan (Zamora, Los Reyes), Morelos (Cuernavaca), and Veracruz (Vera Cruz) south to El Salvador (Mount Cacaguatique). Migrates through the Great Basin, Baja California, and western México. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 477 Vireo gilvus victoriae Sibley. [627b.] Vireo gilvus victoriae Sibley, Condor, 42, no. 5, Sept. 16, 1940, p. 255. (Laguna Valley, 6000 feet, Victoria Mountains, Lower California.) Breeds in the Victoria Mountains of southern Baja California (Agua Caliente, Triunfo, San José del Rancho). Winter range not known. Vireo gilvus leucopélius (Oberholser). [627c.] Vireosylva gilva leucopolia Oberholser, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, no. 1, Sept. 19, 1932, p. 9. (Barley Camp, Warner Mountains, 14 miles southwest of Adel, Oregon, altitude 6,400 feet.) Breeds in the Great Basin from eastern Washington (Spokane), eastern Oregon (Barley Camp, Adel, Powder River Mountains, Wallowa Valley), and southern Idaho (Meridian, Rupert, Pocatello) south to northeastern and central eastern California (Sugar Hill, Cedarville, Mono Lake, Benton, Wyman Creek), southern Nevada (Lee Canyon, Charleston Mountains, Saint Thomas), and along the western slope of the Wasatch Range to southwestern Utah (Ogden, Provo, Parleys Park, St. George). Winter range uncertain; taken in migration in southern California (San Jacinto Mountains, Argus Mountains, Horse Springs, Providence Mountains, Pilot Knob). Family COEREBIDAE: Honeycreepers Subfamily CoEREBINAE: Typical Honeycreepers Genus COEREBA Vieillot Coereba Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807 (1808), p. 70. Type, by monotypy, Certhia flaveola Linnaeus. Coeréba bahaménsis (Reichenbach)!: BAHAMA HONEYCREEPER. Resident on Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo; on the Bahama Islands; on Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac; and on Old Providence Island in the western Caribbean. Coeréba bahaménsis bahaménsis (Reichenbach). [635.] C.[erthiola] bahamensis L. Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., livr. 5, Nov. 1853, p. 253. (Bahama.) Resident throughout the Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama, Great Abaco, Elbow Cay, Biminis, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat, Great Exuma, Long, Watling, Acklin, Mariguana, Great Inagua, and other islands). Accidental in Florida (Fort Capron, Miami, Indian Key, Marathon). 1 The recent tendency has been to regard the many forms of this group as con- specific under the species name Coereba flaveola. 478 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Family PARULIDAE: Wood Warblers Genus MNIOTILTA Vieillot Mniotilta Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, p. 45. Type, by monotypy, Figuier varié of Buffon = Motacilla varia Linnaeus. Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus): BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER. [636.] Motacilla varia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 333. Based mainly on Ficedula Dominicensis varia, Le Figuier varié de S. Domingue of Brisson, Orn., vol. 3, p. 529. (in Jamaica, Dominica = Hispaniola.) Breeds from southwestern Mackenzie (Fort Simpson, Smith Landing), central Saskatchewan (Flotten Lake), central Manitoba (The Pas), southern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Lake Attawapiskat), southern Quebec (Lake St. John, Min- gan), and northern Newfoundland (Pistolet Bay) south to northeastern British Columbia (Tupper Creek), central Alberta (Glenevis, Camrose), eastern Mon- tana (Miles City), southwestern South Dakota (Black Hills), central Texas (Mountain Home, College Station), southeastern Louisiana (Bayou Sara, Madi- sonville), northern Mississippi, central Alabama (Greensboro; Montgomery County), central Georgia (Milledgeville), central South Carolina (Aiken County), and southeastern North Carolina (Red Springs). Winters from southern Baja California (Triunfo), Nayarit (San Blas), south- eastern Coahuila (Saltillo), central Nuevo Leén (Monterrey), southern Texas (Edinburg), central Florida (Kissimmee), and the Bahamas (Grand Bahama) south through Central America and the West Indies to Ecuador (Baeza), cen- tral Colombia (Macarena Mountains), and northern Venezuela (Andes de Tachira, Crist6bal Colén); casually north to southern California (Santa Bar- bara), southern Arizona (Tucson), central Texas (Boerne, Texarkana), central Georgia (Athens), and southeastern South Carolina (Edisto Island). Casual, chiefly in migration, west to Washington (Pullman) and central California (Farallon Islands) and east to Bermuda. Accidental in Scotland (Shetland Islands). Genus PROTONOTARIA Baird Protonotaria Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xix, xxxi, 235, 239. Type, by monotypy, Motacilla protonotarius Gmelin = Motacilla citrea Boddaert. Protonotdria citrea (Boddaert): PROTHONOTARY WARBLER. [637.] Motacilla citrea Boddaert, Tabl. Planch. Enlum., 1783, p. 44. Based on the Figuier 4 ventre et téte jaunes de la Louisiane of Daubenton, Planch. Enlum. 704, fig. 2. (Louisiana.) Breeds from central eastern Minnesota (Cambridge), south-central Wisconsin (Trempealeau, Shiocton), southern Michigan (Hesperia, South Lyon), southern Ontario (rarely, Rondeau Park), central New York (locally, Medina, Monte- zuma Marshes), and New Jersey (Caldwell) south through eastern Nebraska ORDER PASSERIFORMES 479 (Omaha), eastern Kansas (Manhattan, Winfield), central Oklahoma (Okla- homa City), and eastern Texas (Lake Worth, Bloomington) to the Gulf coast and central Florida (Lake Istokpoga). Winters from Yucatan (Progreso) and Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island) south through Central America to central Colombia (Villavieja) and northern Venezuela (Encontrados, Mérida). Casual north to New Hampshire (Concord), Maine (Matinicus Island), and New Brunswick (St. Stephens); west to Wyoming (Mammoth Hot Springs), Arizona (Tucson, Chiricahua Mountains), and California (Santa Barbara); in migration to the Bahamas (Bimini, New Providence, Eleuthera), Bermuda, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, the Virgin Islands (St. Croix), Martinique, and Surinam (Courantyne River). Genus LIMNOTHLYPIS Stone Limnothlypis Stone, Science, n. s., 40, no. 1018, July 3, 1914, p. 26. Type, by original designation, Sylvia swainsonii Audubon. Limnothlypis swainsonii (Audubon): SwWAINSON’s WARBLER. [638.] Sylvia Swainsonii Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 2, 1834, pl. 198 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 2, 1834, p. 563). (Edisto River, near Charleston in South Carolina.) Breeds locally from northeastern Oklahoma (Copan), southeastern Missouri (Cotton Plant), southern Illinois (Du Quoin, Mount Carmel), southwestern Indiana (Knox County), southern Ohio (Chesapeake), western West Virginia (Wayne and Upshur counties), southern Virginia (Warwick County), and southeastern Maryland (Pocomoke City) south to southeastern Louisiana (Baton Rouge), Mississippi, southern Alabama (Mobile), and northern Florida (Pensacola, Old Town, Duval County). Winters in central and eastern Cuba (rarely, Guantanamo), Jamaica, the Peninsula of Yucatan to Campeche (Pacaittin) and Quintana Roo (Santa Lucia), and in British Honduras. Casual west to Nebraska (Kearney) and Colorado (Holly), in Veracruz (Vera Cruz), on Swan Island off northeastern Honduras, and in the Bahama Islands (Bimini, Cay Lobos). Genus HELMITHEROS Rafinesque Helmitheros Rafinesque, Journ. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat., 88, 1819, p. 418. Type, by original designation, Helmitheros migratorius Rafinesque = Motacilla vermivora Gmelin. Helmitheros vermivorus (Gmelin): WORM-EATING WARBLER. [639.] Motacilla vermivora Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 951. Based mainly on The Worm-eater of Edwards, Gleanings, p. 200. (in Pensil- vania = Philadelphia.) Breeds from northeastern Kansas (Atchison), southeastern Iowa (Grinnell), northern Illinois (Lacon, Riverside), southern Indiana (Terre Haute), southern 480 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS and central eastern Ohio (Butler, Ashland and Columbiana counties), south- western and central Pennsylvania (Beaver, State College), central and south- eastern New York (Branchport, Albany, Westchester County), southern Con- necticut (Hadlyme), and western Massachusetts (South Egremont) south to northeastern Texas, central Arkansas (Rich Mountain), central southern Louisi- ana (St. Francisville), western Tennessee (Wildersville), northern Alabama (Birmingham), northern Georgia (Atlanta), northwestern South Carolina (Mount Pinnacle), and northeastern North Carolina (Chapel Hill). Winters from Veracruz (Tres Zapotes), Chiapas (Huehuetan), Campeche (Aguada Seca), southern Quintana Roo (Bacalar), Cuba (Fermina), Jamaica, Swan Island, and the Bahamas (Grand Bahama, Abaco, Bimini, New Provi- dence, Inagua, Cay Lobos) south to Panama (Chiriqui, Chepo); rarely north to Tamaulipas (Altamira) and northern Florida (Gainesville, Amelia Island). Casual north to Nebraska (Omaha), northern Iowa (Kossuth County), Wis- consin (Wyalusing, Milwaukee), southern Ontario (London, Hamilton) and Vermont (St. Albans, Lunenburg); west to western Texas (Fort Davis); east to Bermuda. Genus VERMIVORA Swainson Vermivora Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 434. Type, by monotypy, Sylvia solitaria Wilson = Certhia pinus Linnaeus. Vermivora chryséptera (Linnaeus): GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER. [642.] Motacilla chrysoptera Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 333. Based on Motacilla alis aureis, The Golden-winged Fly-catcher of Ed- wards, Gleanings, p. 189. (in Pensylvania = Philadelphia.) Breeds from southeastern Manitoba (Vivian), central eastern Minnesota (Onamia), north-central Wisconsin (Ladysmith; Oconto County), northern Michigan (Otsego County), southern Ontario (London, Turkey Point), western and central eastern New York (Niagara Falls, Schenectady), southern Connecticut (Jewett City), and eastern Massachusetts (Fall River) south to southeastern Iowa (formerly Grundy and Lee counties), northern Illinois (Chicago area), northern Indiana (Sedan), southern Ohio (Scioto and Meigs counties), eastern Tennessee (Allardt), northern Georgia (Rising Fawn, Mount Oglethorpe), northwestern South Carolina (Mount Pinnacle, Caesars Head), western Virginia (Blacksburg), central northern Maryland (Dans Mountain), and southeastern Pennsylvania (Philadelphia). Winters from Guatemala (Coban) and eastern Nicaragua south through Central America to central Colombia (Medellin, Villavicencio) and northern Venezuela (Andes of Tachira, Anzoategui). Casual north to southwestern Manitoba (Aweme), northern Michigan (Mc- Millan), central Vermont (Rutland), central New Hampshire (Hanover), and Maine (York and Cumberland counties, Mount Desert Island).1 1 Hybridizes regularly with the Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora pinus. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 481 Vermivora pinus (Linnaeus): BLUE-WINGED WARBLER. [641.] Certhia Pinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 187. Based largely on The Pine-Creeper of Edwards, Gleanings, p. 140. (in America septentrionali = Philadelphia, Pa.) Breeds from central eastern Nebraska (Omaha), central Iowa (Boone County), southeastern Minnesota (Cannon Falls), southern Wisconsin (Reeds- burg), southern Michigan (Lapeer County), northern Ohio (Toledo, Geneva), northwestern Pennsylvania (Conneaut Outlet), western and southeastern New York (Buffalo, Greenwood Lake, Rhinebeck), and southeastern Massachusetts (Acoaxet, Westport, Fall River) south to northwestern Arkansas (Winslow), central eastern Missouri (Morse Mill), southern Illinois (Mount Carmel), cen- tral Tennessee (Wildersville, Fall Creek Park), northern Alabama (Birmingham area), northern Georgia (Margret, Young Harris; Atlanta, rarely), North Carolina (Buncombe County), northern Virginia, central and northeastern Maryland (formerly), and Delaware. Winters from Puebla (Metlatoyuca) and Yucatan (Chichén Itza) south through Central America to Nicaragua, rarely to Panama (Puerto San An- tonio) and casually to northern Colombia (Chiria). Casual north to eastern central Wisconsin (Green Bay), southern Ontario (London, Hallowell), and southern New Hampshire (Manchester); west to California (White Mountains); Cuba and the Bahamas. Vermivora bachmanii (Audubon): BACHMAN’S WARBLER. [640.] Sylvia Bachmanii Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 2, 1833, pl. 185 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 2, 1834, p. 483). (a few miles from Charleston, in South Carolina.) Breeds, or formerly bred, in southeastern Missouri (Culp Island, Buffalo Island), northeastern Arkansas (Boland Island), central southern Kentucky (Russellville), central Alabama (Tuscaloosa; Autauga County), and south- eastern South Carolina (Charleston area). Has been recorded during breeding season from western Arkansas (Winslow), south-central Missouri (Ink), central northern Kentucky (Versailles), Virginia (near Mount Vernon, Aylet), and North Carolina (Raleigh) south to Louisiana (Alexandria, Tallulah), Missis- sippi (Starkville), and southern Alabama (Mount Vernon). Winters in Cuba (Matanzas; Provincia Oriente) and Isle of Pines; rarely north to southern Mississippi (Ship Island) and southern Georgia (Okefinokee Swamp). Transient in the Florida Keys and the Bahamas (Cay Sal). Vermivora peregrina (Wilson): TENNESSEE WARBLER. [647.] Sylvia peregrina Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 3, 1811, p. 83, pl. 25, fig. 2. (banks of the Cumberland river in Tennessee.) Breeds from southern Yukon (Burwash Landing, Carcross), central Mac- kenzie (Norman Wells, Fort Rae, Reliance), northern Manitoba (Churchill, York Factory), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, mouth of Attawapiskat River), northern Quebec (Indian House Lake), central Labrador (lower Hamilton River, Hawkes Bay), and western Newfoundland (Gaff Topsail) south to 482 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS south-central British Columbia (Kimsquit, Clearwater), northwestern Montana (Flathead Lake), central Alberta (Red Deer, Camrose), central Saskatchewan (Cochin, Nipawin), southern Manitoba (Treesbank, Hillside Beach), northern Minnesota (eastern Marshall County, Vermilion Lake), northern Wisconsin (Ladysmith; Vilas County), northern Michigan (south of Grand Marais), south-central Ontario (Bruce Peninsula, Algonquin Park), northeastern New York (North Elba), southern Vermont (Townshend, rarely), central New Hampshire (Franconia), southern Maine (South Lewiston, Deer Isle), southern New Brunswick (Grand Manan), and central Nova Scotia (Wolfville). Winters from Guerrero (Chilpancingo), Oaxaca (Santa Efigenia), and Guatemala (San Crist6bal, Gualan) south to Colombia and northern Ven- ezuela (Andes de Tachira, Cumana). Casual west of Mississippi basin in migration, rarely west to southern British Columbia (Okanagan Valley), California (Marin County, Pasadena), and Baja California (Catavifia). Accidental in Greenland (Narssaq) and Bermuda. Vermivora celaia (Say): ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER. From central Alaska, northwestern and central Mackenzie, northern Mani- toba, northern Ontario, and northwestern Quebec south to northwestern Baja California, southeastern Arizona, western Texas, southeastern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, and western and central Ontario. In winter from northern California, southern Nevada, central Arizona, southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and South Carolina south to southern Baja California, Guatemala, and southern Florida. Vermivora celata celata (Say). [646.] Sylvia celatus Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mountains, vol. 1, 1823, p. 169 (note). (Engineer Cantonment near Council Bluff = Omaha, Nebraska.) Breeds from central Alaska (St. Michael, Fort Yukon), northwestern and central Mackenzie (Fort MacPherson, Fort Anderson, Hill Island Lake), north- ern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Fort Albany), and northwestern Quebec (Richmond Gulf) south to the Alaska Peninsula (Port Heiden), Kodiak Island, and central eastern Alaska (Tanacross), central Yukon (Pelly River), central Alberta (Glenevis), southeastern Saskatchewan (Qu’Ap- pelle), southern Manitoba (Treesbank, Winnipeg), and western and central Ontario (Lake Nipigon, Genier). Winters from southern California (rarely west to Santa Cruz Island; Needles), southern Nevada (Colorado River Valley), southeastern Arizona (Tucson), central Texas, southern Louisiana (New Roads), southern Mississippi (Saucier), southern Alabama (Orange Beach, Ashford), Georgia (Atlanta, Athens), and South Carolina (Chester County) south to southern Baja California (La Paz), Guerrero (Chilpancingo), Guatemala (Tecpam), and southern Florida (Key West, Miami); casually north to Oregon (Eugene area), Tennessee (Memphis, Knoxville), Ohio (Columbus), Connecticut (Greenwich), Massachusetts, and Nova Scotia (Halifax). Casual in northern Alaska (Kobuk River, Barrow). Accidental in Greenland (Narssaq). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 483 Vermivora celata oréstera Oberholser. [646c.] Vermivora celata orestera Oberholser, Auk, 22, no. 3, July 1905, p. 243. (Willis, New Mexico.) Breeds in the Rocky Mountains and the mountains of the Great Basin from southwestern Yukon (Kluane Lake area, Carcross), southern Alberta (Jasper Park, Cypress Hills), and southwestern Saskatchewan (Sovereign) south to central eastern California (White and Panamint mountains), central Nevada (Toiyabe Mountains), central Utah (Parleys Park), southeastern Arizona (Santa Catalina and Graham mountains), and western Texas (Guadalupe Mountains). Winters from southeastern California (Colorado River Valley), southern Nevada (near Searchlight), central and southeastern Arizona (Fort Verde, Patagonia), and southern Texas (Kerr County, Brownsville) south to southern Baja California (Santiago), Guerrero (Chilpancingo), and Veracruz (Orizaba); casually north to central California (10 miles northwest of Merced). Casual north to Mackenzie (Mackenzie Delta) and east to North Dakota (Turtle Mountains), Minnesota (Minneapolis), Pennsylvania (Williamsport), Georgia (Atlanta), and South Carolina (Mount Pleasant). Vermivora celata lutéscens (Ridgway). [646a.] Helminthophaga celata var. lutescens Ridgway, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, 4, no. 24, Dec. 1872, p. 457. (Pacific Coast, from Radiak [sic] to Cape St. Lucas = Fort Kenai, Alaska.) Breeds from southeastern Alaska (Seldovia, Valdez, Haines) south along the coast and the coastal ranges through western British Columbia, western Wash- ington (east to Entiat River), and western Oregon to southern California (Santa Monica, Escondido) and extreme western central Nevada (Tahoe district). Winters from central California (Marysville, rarely; Los Angeles) and south- western Arizona (Parker) south to southern Baja California (San José del Cabo) and through western México to Guatemala (Sierra Santa Elena). In migration east to central Nevada (Toiyabe Mountains), southwestern Utah (St. George), and southeastern Arizona (Fort Huachuca); casually to Oklahoma (Kenton). Vermivora celata sérdida (Townsend). [646).] Helminthophila celata sordida C. H. Townsend, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 13, Sept. 9, 1890, p. 139. (San Clemente Island, California.) Breeds, and in part resident, on islands off southwestern California (San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, Santa Barbara, Santa Catalina, and San Clemente islands) and northwestern Baja California (Coronado Islands and Todos Santos Islands) and locally on mainland seacoast of southern Cali- fornia (Redondo, San Diego). Winters on mainland from northern California (Eureka; Merced County) south to Baja California (to El Rosario, lat. 30° N.). 484 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Vermivora ruficapilla (Wilson): NASHVILLE WARBLER. From southern British Columbia, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, and Nova Scotia south to central California, northern Utah, southern Minnesota, northern Illinois, southern Michigan, north- ern Ohio, northeastern West Virginia, western Maryland, and Pennsylvania. In winter from southern Sonora, Durango, Nuevo Leon, southern Texas, and southern Florida south to Guatemala. Vermivora ruficapilla ruficapilla (Wilson). [645.] Sylvia ruficapilla Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 3, 1811, p. 120, pl. 27, fig. 3. (near Nashville, Tennessee.) Breeds from southern Manitoba (Duck Mountain, Lake St. Martin), central Ontario (Favourable Lake, Fraserdale), southern Quebec (Lake St. John, Ste. Anne des Monts, Magdalen Islands), and Nova Scotia (Baddeck) south to central southern and southeastern Minnesota (Hutchinson), southern Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong), northeastern Illinois (Deerfield), southern Michigan (Jackson County), northeastern Ohio (Pymatuning Swamp), northeastern West Virginia (Cranesville Swamp, Canaan Mountain), western Maryland (Garrett County), southeastern Pennsylvania (Blue Mountain), northern New Jersey (Englewood), southeastern New York (Rhinebeck), southern Connecticut (Bridgeport, Deep River), and Rhode Island. Winters from Durango (Chacala), Nuevo Leon (Monterrey), and southern Texas (Brownsville) south to central Guatemala (Sacapulas, Panajachel); rarely in southern Florida. Casual west to Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, Cumberland House). Accidental in Greenland (Fiskenaes) and Bermuda. Vermivora ruficapilla ridgwayi van Rossem. [645a.] Vermivora ruficapilla ridgwayi van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 42, no. 21, June 25, 1929, p. 179. (New name for V. r. gutturalis (Ridg- way) nec Cabanis.) (Fort Tejon, Cal., and East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada = East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada.) Breeds from southern interior British Columbia (Pemberton, Revelstoke, Creston) and northwestern Montana (Fortine) south through Washington (west to Tacoma), Oregon, and Idaho to interior northwestern and central California (Mount Sanhedrin, Greenhorn Mountains), central western Nevada (Incline), and northern Utah (Wasatch Mountains). Winters from southern Sonora (Chinobampo) and Durango (Durango) south through México (except Yucatan) to Guatemala (Barillos, San Lucas). Vermivora virginiae (Baird): VIRGINIA’s WARBLER. [644.] Helminthophaga virginiae Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Birds North Amer., 1860, p. xi, Atlas, pl. 79, fig. 1. (Cantonment [= Fort] Burgwyn, N.M.) Breeds from central Nevada (Toiyabe Mountains), southeastern Idaho (Cas- sia County), northeastern Utah (Salt Lake City, Vernal), and central northern ORDER PASSERIFORMES 485 Colorado (Estes Park) south to southeastern California (White Mountains, Clark Mountain), southern Nevada (Potosi Mountain), central and south- eastern Arizona (Hualpai, Santa Rita, and Chiricahua mountains), and central- northern New Mexico (Sandia Mountains, Glorieta). Winters from Jalisco (Bolafios) and Guanajuato (Guanajuato) south to Morelos (Yautepec) and Guerrero (Chilpancingo, Tlapa); migrant in western Texas. Casual in migration to southwestern California (Santa Cruz Island), eastern Colorado (Limon), western Kansas (8 miles south of Richfield), Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen), and San Luis Potosi (Morales). Vermivora crissalis (Salvin and Godman): CoLIMA WARBLER. [647.1.] Helminthophila crissalis Salvin and Godman, Ibis, ser. 6, 1, no. 3, July 1889, p. 380. (Sierra Nevada de Colima, Mexico.) Breeds from southwestern Texas (Chisos Mountains) south through the Sierra Madre Oriental of Coahuila (Diamante Pass, Sierra Guadalupe) to southwestern Tamaulipas (Miquihuana). Winters from southern Sinaloa (Rancho Batel) south to Guerrero (Tepox- tepec). Vermivora liciae (Cooper): Lucy’s WARBLER. [643.] Helminthophaga luciae J. G. Cooper, Proc. California Acad. Sci., [ser. 1] 2, sig. 8, Dec. 1861, p. 120. (Fort Mojave, near lat. 35° in the Colorado Valley [, Arizona].) Breeds from southern Nevada (Fort Mojave Indian Reservation), Utah (St. George, San Juan River), and southwestern Colorado (Four Corners) south to northeastern Baja California (10 miles west of Pilot Knob), northern Sonora (Colorado River, Magdalena, Oposura) and southwestern New Mexico (Cliff, Redrock); casual in breeding season in the Colorado Desert of California (Mecca, Silsbee). Winters from Jalisco (Bolafios) south to Guerrero (Chilpancingo). Casual in western Texas (El Paso region). Genus PARULA Bonaparte Parula Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, p. 20. Type, by monotypy, Sylvia americana Latham = Parus americanus Linnaeus. Parula americana (Linnaeus): PARULA WARBLER. [648.] Parus americanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 190. Based on The Finch-Creeper, Parus fringillaris Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 64. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Breeds from southeastern Manitoba (Winnipeg), western and central Ontario (Off Lake, Lake Abitibi), southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Sherbrooke), northern Maine, northern New Brunswick (Jacquet River, Tabusintac), Prince Edward Island (Tignish), and northern Nova Scotia (North Aspy River) south 486 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS to eastern Texas (Kerrville, San Antonio, Galveston), southern Louisiana (Thi- bodaux), southern Mississippi (Bay St. Louis), southern Alabama (Mobile), and northwestern and central Florida (Pensacola, St. Petersburg, Illahaw). Winters from southern Tamaulipas (Altamira), Veracruz (Tres Zapotes), Campeche (Pacaittin), Yucatan (Chichén Itza), Quintana Roo (Holbox and Cozumel islands) through Central America to Nicaragua, casually to Costa Rica; and from Florida and the Bahamas through the Greater and Lesser An- tilles to Barbados. Casual to south-central Quebec (Dolbeau, Gaspé, Anticosti Island), southern Saskatchewan (Sovereign), Wyoming (Cheyenne), Colorado (Clear Creek), and Arizona (San Xavier Mission). Accidental in Greenland (Fiskenaes), Iceland, and Bermuda. Parula pitiayimi (Vicillot)': OLIVE-BACKED WARBLER. From eastern Sonora, southern Chihuahua, northern Coahuila, northern Nuevo Leén, and southern Texas south locally through Central America and South America to Perd, Bolivia, northern Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brasil. Parula pitiayumi nigriléra Coues. [649.] Parula nigrilora Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, no. 1, Feb. 5, 1878, p. 11. (Hidalgo, Texas.) Resident from northeastern Coahuila (Sabinas), northern Nuevo Leon (Cerro de la Silla), and southern Texas (Rio Grande City, Point Isabel) south to northern Hidalgo (Jacala) and northern Veracruz (Buena Vista). Casual in central Veracruz (Presidio). Parula graysoni (Ridgway): SOCORRO WARBLER. [649.1.] Compsothlypis graysoni Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, p. 492. (Socorro Island, off coast of northwestern Mexico.) Resident on Socorro Island, of the Revilla Gigedo group, off northwestern México. Casual in southern Baja California (Todos Santos and El Oro). Genus PEUCEDRAMUS Henshaw Peucedramus Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Geogr. Expl. West 100th Merid., 1875, p. 156. Type, by original designation, Sylvia olivacea Giraud = Sylvia taeniata Du Bus. Peucédramus taeniatus (Du Bus)?: OLIVE WARBLER. From central and southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northern Coahuila south through the mountains to Guatemala, El Salvador, and northern Nicaragua. 1 Sylvia pitiayumi Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 11, June 1817, p. 276. (Paraguay. ) 2 Sylvia Taeniata Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lettr. Beaux-Arts, Belgique, 14, pt. 2, 1847, p. 104. (le Mexique = probably Veracruz.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 487 Peucedramus taeniatus arizonae Miller and Griscom. [651.] Peucedramus olivaceus arizonae W. deW. Miller and L. Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 183, July 18, 1925, p. 10. (Paradise, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona.) Breeds (partly resident) from central and southeastern Arizona (Bakers Butte, White and Graham mountains), southwestern New Mexico (Reserve), and northern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen) south through the mountains to northern Nayarit (Santa Teresa), northern Jalisco (Sierra Nevada), Zacatecas (Valparaiso), and southwestern Tamaulipas (Miquihuana). Winters in breeding range north at least to southeastern Arizona (Santa Catalina Mountains) and southwestern New Mexico (Reserve). Genus DENDROICA Gray Dendroica Gray, Append. List Gen. Birds, 1842, p. 8. Type, by original designation, Motacilla coronata Linnaeus. Dendroica petéchia (Linnaeus)t: YELLOW WARBLER. From north-central Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and central Mac- kenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, north-central Quebec, central Labrador and Newfoundland south to the Alaskan Peninsula, southern Baja California, the Galapagos Islands, central Peri, coast of Venezuela, Trinidad, the Antilles, Bahamas, and Florida Keys; winters from southern Baja California, Guerrero, Veracruz, Yucatan, and the Bahamas south over the southern breed- ing range and beyond to Pera and Brasil. Dendroica petechia aestiva (Gmelin). [652.] Motacilla aestiva Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 996. Based mainly on the Figuier de Canada of Daubenton, Planch. Enlum., 58, fig. 2. (in Gujana, aestate in Canada = City of Quebec, Canada.) Breeds from southeastern Alberta (Warner, Brooks, Cypress Hills), southern Saskatchewan (Davidson, Devil Lake), southwestern Manitoba (Treesbank), northern Minnesota, northern Michigan, southern Ontario (Bigwood, North Bay), southern Quebec (Quebec City, Gaspé Peninsula), Prince Edward Island (Tignish, Charlottetown), and Nova Scotia (Pictou, Antigonish) south to central southern Montana (Billings), central Oklahoma, northern Arkansas, central Alabama (rarely), central Georgia (Macon, Athens), and central South Carolina (rarely Aiken; Chester County). Winters from Veracruz, Oaxaca, and Yucatan south through Central America and in South America to Peri (La Merced, Iquitos, Sarayacti), and northern Brasil (Boa Vista, Rio Branco, Marajé Island) in migration to western Cuba and Bermuda. Accidental in England.? 1 Motacilla petechia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 334. (in America septentrionali = Barbados.) 2 Recorded as aestiva, but subspecies subject to verification. 488 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Dendroica petechia amnicola Batchelder. [652e.] Dendroica aestiva amnicola Batchelder, Proc. New England Zo6l. Club, 6, Feb. 6, 1918, p. 82. (Curslet, Newfoundland.) Breeds from north-central Alaska (Nulato, Fort Yukon), northern Yukon (Potato Creek, 20 miles above Old Crow River; La Pierre House), northwestern and central Mackenzie (Fort Anderson, Rendezvous Lake), northern Manitoba (Churchill, York Factory), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Fort Albany), north-central Quebec (Fort George, Richmond Gulf), and central Labrador (Grand Falls, Holton Harbour) south to central Alaska (Hooper Bay, Fair- banks), northeastern British Columbia (Peace River District), south-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan (Big River), central western and southeastern Manitoba (Grand Rapids, Winnipeg, Indian Bay), central Ontario (Rossport), south-central Quebec (Lake St. John, Anticosti Island, Magdalen Islands), Newfoundland, and St. Pierre Island. Winters from Veracruz and Yucatan south to Peri, Colombia, Venezuela, and French Guiana (Cayenne). Casual in northern Alaska (Icy Cape, Wainwright), on Southampton Island, Arizona (Tucson), and Virginia (Lexington). Dendroica petechia rubiginosa (Pallas). [6525.] Motacilla rubiginosa Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 1, 1811, p. 496. (in insula Kadiak = Kodiak Island, Alaska.) Breeds from southern Alaska (Stepovak Bay, Lake Iliamna, Chitina Moraine, Sitka) to western British Columbia (Atlin, Hazelton, Pemberton, Victoria). Winters from southern Baja California (La Paz), Oaxaca (Tapanatepec), Veracruz (El Conejo), Campeche (Pacaitiin), and Quintana Roo (Chinchorro Banks) south to western Panama (Almirante Bay); casual in migration in Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi (Bolivar County, Gulfport, Deer Island). Dendroica petechia morcomi Coale. [652d.] Dendroica aestiva morcomi Coale, Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, Apr. 1887, p. 82. (Fort Bridger, Utah = Wyoming.) Breeds from western Washington (Destruction Island, Seattle), central southern and southeastern British Columbia (Ashcroft, Okanagan Landing, Crowsnest), and western Montana (Great Falls, Sedan) south to southern California (San Bernardino Mountains, Vallecito), northwestern Baja California (El Rosario), southern Nevada (Indian Springs, Pahranagat Valley), central northern Arizona (San Francisco Mountains), central New Mexico (Anton Chico), western Oklahoma (Kenton), and northwestern Texas. Winters from southern Baja California (El Triunfo), Guerrero (Chilpan- cingo, Coyuca), and Veracruz (Presidio) south through Central America and northern South America to Ecuador, northern Colombia, Venezuela, and French Guiana (Cayenne). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 489 Dendroica petechia sonorana Brewster. [652a.] Dendroica aestiva sonorana Brewster, Auk, 5, no. 2, Apr. 1888, p. 137 (separates publ. Feb. 10, 1888). (Oposura, Sonora, Mexico.) Breeds from extreme southern Nevada (along the Colorado River), north- western, central, and east-central Arizona (Grand Canyon, Oak Creek, Tonto Natural Bridge, Whiteriver), southwestern New Mexico (Mesilla, Fort Fil- more), and southwestern Texas (Castalon, Kerr County) south along the Colorado River to northeastern Baja California (east of Cerro Prieto), and through northwestern México to Zacatecas (Rio Atotnilco). Winters from Guerrero (Coyuca, Chilpancingo, Iguala), Tabasco (Teapa), and Guatemala (Ocos, Escuintla, Gualan) south to western Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador. Dendroica petechia gundlachi Baird. [653a.] Dendroica gundlachi Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, vol. 1, Apr. 1865, pp. 194, 197. (Cuba.) Resident in the lower Florida Keys (Ramrod Key, Big Mullet Key), Cuba, Isle of Pines, and the Bahama Islands. Dendroica petechia castanéiceps Ridgway. [653.] Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 8, (Sept. 17) 1885, p. 350. (La Paz, Lower California.) Resident in southern Baja California south of lat. 27° N. (Pond Lagoon and San Lucas south to San José del Cabo). Dendroica magnolia (Wilson): MAGNOLIA WARBLER. [657.] Sylvia magnolia Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 3, 1811, p. 63, pl. 23, fig. 2. (the Little Miami, near its junction with the Ohio . . . [and] not far from fort Adams on the Mississippi = Fort Adams, Mississippi.) Breeds from southwestern and central southern Mackenzie, northeastern Alberta (Chipewyan), northern Saskatchewan (Fondulac, Pelican Narrows), central Manitoba (The Pas, Norway House, Oxford House), northern Ontario (Favourable and Attawapiskat lakes, Fort Albany), central and eastern Quebec (Fort George, Lake Mistassini, Anticosti Island, Natashquan), and southwestern Newfoundland (Deer Lake, Nicholsville, Tompkins) south to central and central eastern (rarely southern) British Columbia (Liard Crossing, Hazelton, Quesnel), south-central Alberta (Stoney Plain, Mundare), south-central Sas- katchewan, southern Manitoba (Winnipeg, Indian Bay), northeastern Minnesota (Walker, Gull Lake, Duluth), central Wisconsin (Unity, Waupaca County, Kelley Brook), central Michigan (Roscommon County), and southern Ontario (Bruce Peninsula, Wasaga Beach, Sharbot Lake); locally south to northeastern Ohio (Ashtabula County), eastern and central West Virginia (Terra Alta, Pickens, Watoga State Park), western Virginia (Giles County, Highland County), central and northeastern Pennsylvania (Charter Oak, Renovo, Ding- mans Ferry), northwestern New Jersey (Kittatinny Ridge), and northern 490 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Massachusetts (Berkshire Mountains, rarely and locally to Petersham and Winchendon). Winters from southeastern San Luis Potosi (Xilitla), Puebla (Metlatoyuca), central Veracruz (Presidio, Tlacotalpam, Mirador), Tabasco (Frontera), Yuca- tan (Chichén Itza), and Quintana Roo (Puerto Morelos, Cozumel) through Central America to Costa Rica (Guayabo)and Panama (Canal Zone); and in the Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico; casual in winter in Sonora (Alamos), Mississippi (Gulfport, Biloxi), Florida (Mosquito Inlet), Virginia (Lexington). Casual in central Mackenzie (Norman Wells), California (Farallon Islands, Half Moon Bay, Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara Island, Yosemite Valley, Los Angeles), and Nevada (Grapevine Peak), and Colombia (Soata). Accidental in Alaska (Humphrey Point), Greenland (Godthaab), and Barbados. Dendroica tigrina (Gmelin): CAPE MAY WARBLER. [650.] Motacilla tigrina Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 985. Based on Le Figuier brun de Canada of Brisson, Orn., vol. 3, p. 515, pl. 27, fig. 4. (in Canada.) Breeds from southwestern and central southern Mackenzie, northeastern British Columbia (Fort St. John), northern Alberta (Chipewyan), central Saskatchewan, Manitoba (Cormorant, Moose, and Cross lakes), northern On- tario (Moose Factory; Favourable and Nipigon lakes), and southern Quebec (Gaspé Peninsula) south to northeastern North Dakota, northwestern and central eastern Minnesota (Williams), northern Wisconsin (Herbster, Mad- eline Island, Kelley Brook), northern Michigan (Newberry), southern Ontario (Bruce Peninsula, Algonquin Park), northeastern New York (North Elba), central eastern Vermont (Mount Killington), southern and eastern Maine (Lake Umbagog, Hog Island), southern New Brunswick (St. John), and central Nova Scotia (Wolfville, Stewiacke). Winters in Cuba, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, St. Croix); casually in the Lesser Antilles (Bar- buda, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, St. Lucia), Tobago, Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Cayo Norte, Turneffe, Bay Islands of Honduras, and Old Providence. Accidental in California (Laguna Dam) and Arizona and in winter in West Virginia (Bethany, Dec. 7). Dendroica caeruléscens (Gmelin): BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER. From central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, and Nova Scotia south to central Minnesota, northern Michigan, south- ern Ontario, northern Connecticut, and along the Appalachians to northeastern Georgia; in winter from the Gulf coast to Cozumel Island, Swan Island, Cuba, Jamaica, the Bahamas, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Ber- muda. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 491 Dendroica caerulescens caeruléscens (Gmelin). [654.] Motacilla caerulescens Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 960. Based on La Fauvette bleudtre de St. Domingue of Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 5, p. 164. (in insula S. Domingo = Hispaniola.) Breeds from western Ontario (Wabigoon, rarely Port Arthur), central northern and northeastern Minnesota (Cass Lake, Itasca County, Lake Ver- milion, Loon Lake), northern Michigan (Isle Royale), east-central Ontario (upper Michipicoton River, Kapuskasing), southwestern Quebec (Ste. Margaret River, Blue Sea Lake, Montreal, Sherbrooke), northern Maine (Aroostook County), northern New Brunswick (Jacquet River, Tabusintac), Prince Edward Island, and central Nova Scotia south to central eastern Minnesota (Mille Lacs County, Kingsdale), northern Wisconsin (Ladysmith, Sturgeon Bay), central Michigan (Charlevoix, Ogemaw County, Iosco County), southern Ontario (Bruce, Simcoe, and Prince Edward counties), northeastern Ohio (Andover), western and northeastern Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey (Long Valley, Waywayanda Plateau), southeastern New York (northern Rockland County, Putnam County), Connecticut (Hartford, Hadlyme), Rhode Island (Burril- ville), and Massachusetts (east to Worcester County, Harvard, Winchendon); recorded in summer north to Saskatchewan (Emma Lake), Manitoba (Indian Bay), Anticosti Island, Magdalen Islands, and Cape Breton Island (Baddeck). Winters mainly in the Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Cayman and Swan islands, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands (to St. Croix), casually to Cozumel Island. Accidental in Alberta (Tofield) and California (Farallon Islands, Santa Bar- bara), Guatemala (Coban), Colombia (Las Nubes) and Venezuela (sight rec- ords, Rancho Grande, Ocumare de la Costa). Dendroica caerulescens cairnsi Coues. [654a.] Dendroica caerulescens cairnsi Coues, Auk, 14, no. 1, Jan. 1897, p. 96. (Mountains of western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee = Craggy Mountain, Buncombe County, North Carolina.) Breeds from northeastern West Virginia (Morgantown, Cranesville, Terra Alta) and western Maryland (Swallow Falls State Park, Allegany County) south through eastern Kentucky (Black Mountain, Harlan), western Virginia (White Top Mountain, Mountain Lake, Shenandoah National Park), eastern Tennessee (Beersheba, Johnson City), and western North Carolina (Highlands, Boone) to northeastern Georgia (Brasstown Bald) and northwestern South Carolina (Oconee County). Winters so far as known in the West Indies; specimens recorded from Cuba (Matanzas), the Bahamas (New Providence), Dominican Republic (El Rio), and Swan Island. Dendroica corondia (Linnaeus): MYRTLE WARBLER. From northern Alaska, northern Yukon, western and central Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, north-central Labrador, and Newfoundland south to northern British Columbia, southern Alberta, 492 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS northern Minnesota, northern Michigan, central Ontario, northeastern New York, Massachusetts, and Maine; in winter, from Kansas, the southern Great Lakes region, and southern New England south through México and Central America to central Panama; also on Bermuda, Cuba, Jamaica, the Bahamas, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Antigua; and on the Pacific coast from northwestern Oregon south to northern Baja California. Dendroica coronata coronata (Linnaeus). [655.] Motacilla coronata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 333. Based on The Golden-crowned Fly-catcher of Edwards, Gleanings, 187. (in Pensylvania = Philadelphia, Pa.) Breeds from north-central Alberta (Lesser Slave Lake, Grimshaw), northern Saskatchewan (Cochrane River, Reindeer River), northern Manitoba (probably Churchill), northern Ontario (Moose Factory, Fort Severn, Attawapiskat Post), central and northern Quebec (Mistassini Post, Mingan Island, Fort Chimo), north-central Labrador (Richmond Gulf, Okak, Nain, Anatolok Bay), and Newfoundland south to central Alberta (Edmonton, Camrose), central Sas- katchewan (Flotten Lake, Cumberland House, Hudson Bay Junction), southern Manitoba (Duck Mountain, Winnipeg), northern Minnesota (Marshall County, Duluth), northern Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario (Bruce, Simcoe, and Frontenac counties), eastern New York (Adirondack and Catskill mountains), eastern Pennsylvania (Pocono Lake), Massachusetts (fairly com- mon westward, formerly east to Amherst, Springfield, and coast), and southern Nova Scotia (Barrington); once reported breeding in Maryland (Havre de Grace). Winters from Kansas, central Missouri (Columbia, New Haven), southern Wisconsin (Sauk City, Madison), northeastern Illinois (Waukegan, Evanston), central Indiana (Greencastle, Indianapolis), northern Ohio (Toledo, Huron, Cleveland), western Pennsylvania (Erie, Saltsburg), central western and south- eastern New York (Rochester, Highland Falls, Long Island) north along the Atlantic coast to southern Maine (Portland, Cape Elizabeth) and southern Nova Scotia (Yarmouth, Port Joli, Wolfville); south, through eastern México and Central America to central Panama, the Corn Islands, and Old Providence; and to the Gulf states, Bermuda, the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, the Virgin Islands, and Antigua. Accidental in Franklin (King William Island, Repulse Bay, Southampton Island), southwestern Greenland (summer records from Godhavn, Sukker- toppen, Agpamiut, Kangeq, Fiskenaes, Julianehaab, Nanortalik), England, and Colombia (Ciénaga). Dendroica coronata hodéveri McGregor. [655a.] Dendroica coronata hooveri McGregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, no. 2, Mar. 15, 1899, p. 32. (Palo Alto, California.) Breeds from north-central Alaska (Kobuk River, Nulato, Fort Yukon), northern Yukon (La Pierre House), and northwestern and central Mackenzie (the Arctic coast east of Anderson River, McTavish Bay, Fort Reliance) south ORDER PASSERIFORMES 493 to southern Alaska (Brooks Lake, Nushagak, Seldovia, McCarthy) and north- ern British Columbia (Atlin, Telegraph Creek). Winters from northwestern Oregon (Newport, Portland) south to California (San Clemente Island, Potholes), southern Arizona (Parker, Tucson), south- eastern Colorado (Holly), Kansas (Manhattan), and Missouri (New Haven, St. Louis), through México and Central America to Panama (Volcan de Chiri- qui); and southern Texas (Brownsville), southeastern Louisiana (New Orleans, Belair, Grand Isle), and southern Mississippi (Saucier, Gulfport, Cat Island, Biloxi, Deer Island). Casual in northern Alaska (Wainwright, Barrow, Tangent Point) and Siberia (Chukotski Peninsula). Dendroica atiduboni (Townsend): AUDUBON’S WARBLER. From central British Columbia, southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan, central and southeastern Montana, and western South Dakota south in the mountains to southern California, northern Baja California, southern Arizona, and southern New Mexico, and in the Sierra Madre Occidental to Durango; in winter, from southwestern British Columbia, central Washington, central Nevada, southwestern Utah, central New Mexico, and southern Texas through México (except the Yucatan Peninsula) and Central America to Costa Rica. Dendroica auduboni atiduboni (Townsend). [656.] Sylvia Auduboni J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, pt. 2 (Nov. 21), 1837, p. 191. (forests of the Columbia river [near Fort Vancouver, Washington].) Breeds from central British Columbia (Port Hardy, Hazelton, Summit Lake) south along the Pacific coast through the Cascade Mountains and the Sierra Nevada to southern California (Santa Rosa Mountains) and northern Baja California (La Grulla, Sierra San Pedro Martir). Winters from southwestern British Columbia (Comox, Sumas), and coastal Washington (Seattle) south through Baja California and México (except the Yucatan Peninsula) to Guatemala (San Lucas). Casual on Guadalupe Island. Dendroica auduboni memorabilis Oberholser. [656a.] Dendroica auduboni memorabilis Oberholser, Ohio Journ. Sci., 21, May (June 6), 1921, p. 243. (Ward, Boulder County, Colorado.) Breeds from southeastern British Columbia, southwestern Alberta (Henry House, Jasper, Banff), and southwestern Saskatchewan (Cypress Hills) south, east of the Cascade Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, to central eastern Cali- fornia (White and Inyo mountains), southern Nevada (Charleston Mountains), southern Arizona (Baboquivari, Huachuca, and Chiricahua mountains), south- ern New Mexico (Chloride, Black Range, Cloudcroft) and western Texas (Guadalupe Mountains); once found nesting in northwestern Nebraska (War- bonnet Canyon). Winters from east-central Washington (Yakima, Pullman), central western 494 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS and southern Nevada (Truckee Valley, Pahrump Ranch), southwestern Utah (St. George), central Arizona (Camp Verde, Salt River Refuge), central southern New Mexico (Mesilla Park), and western and southern Texas (El Paso, Brownsville) south through México (except Yucatan Peninsula) to Guatemala. Casual in central Alberta (Edmonton, Dried Meat Lake) and southeastern Saskatchewan (Indian Head). Accidental in Illinois (Buffalo Prairie), Pennsyl- vania (Westchester), Connecticut (New Haven), and Massachusetts (Cam- bridge). es nigréscens (Townsend): BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER. [665.] Sylvia nigrescens J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, pt. 2 (Nov. 21), 1837, p. 191. (no locality given = near Fort William [Portland], Oregon.) Breeds from southwestern coastal British Columbia (except Vancouver Is- land), western Washington (Bellingham, Tacoma), central Oregon (Wasco, Jefferson, Crook, and Harney counties), southwestern Idaho, northern Utah (Tickville, Cottonwood Spring), southwestern Wyoming, and northwestern and central Colorado (Huerfano County) south in the mountains to northern Baja California (Sierra San Pedro Martir), northwestern, central, and southeastern Arizona (Baboquivari, Santa Rita, and Huachuca mountains), and eastern and southern New Mexico (Pecos River Valley, Animas, Pinos Altos, and El Capi- tan mountains). Winters from coastal and southern California (casually, Eureka, Oakland; Witch Creek, Potholes) and southern Arizona (Yuma, Fort McDowell, Tuc- son) south to southern Baja California (San José del Cabo, Sierra de la Laguna), southern Guerrero (Chilpancingo, Taxco), Morelos (Cuernavaca), and Veracruz (Presidio), casually to Guatemala (Duefas). Casual in southern and western Texas (Chisos and Guadalupe mountains, Brownsville) and southeastern Louisiana (Cameron Parish). Accidental in Ohio (Columbus), Ontario (Toronto), New York (Ithaca), and Massachusetts (Lenox). Dendroica t6wnsendi (Townsend): TOWNSEND’S WARBLER. [668.] Sylvia Townsendi “Nuttall,” J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, 7, pt. 2 (Nov. 21), 1837, p. 191. (forests of the Columbia River = Fort Vancouver, Washington.) Breeds from southern Alaska (Kenai Peninsula, Craig) and southern Yukon (Lake Marsh, Lapie River, Mount Sheldon) south, along the coasts and islands, to northwestern Washington (Crescent Lake, Oak Harbor, Tacoma, Belling- ham) and inland to central and southeastern Washington (Bumping Lake, Blue Mountains), northern Idaho (Coeur d’Alene, Lolo Pass, Clearwater County), central and northeastern Oregon (Deschutes and Union counties), northwestern and central southern Montana (Flathead Lake, Polson), and northwestern Wyoming (Yellowstone National Park). Winters from central western and southern California (Berkeley, Oakland, ORDER PASSERIFORMES 495 Riverside) and southern Nuevo Leén (Mesa del Chipinque) south to Guate- mala (Antigua, Guatemala City), El Salvador (San José del Sacare, Los Eses- miles), and north-central Nicaragua (Matagalpa); casually north along the Pacific coast to northwestern Washington and in the interior to southern Ari- zona (Patagonia). Casual in eastern Montana (Terry), southwestern Kansas (Morton County), central Texas (San Angelo), and eastern Veracruz (Frontera). Accidental in Mississippi (Gulfport) and Pennsylvania (Coatesville). Dendroica virens (Gmelin): BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER. From central southern Mackenzie, north-central Saskatchewan, north-central Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, southern Labrador, southern Newfoundland, and southern Nova Scotia south to central Alberta, southern Manitoba, central eastern Minnesota, central Wisconsin, central Michigan, east- ern and south-central Ohio, Pennsylvania, and northern New Jersey, thence southward in the mountains and neighboring areas to Alabama and northern Georgia; in winter, from southern Texas and southern Florida south through eastern México and Central America to Panama and the Greater Antilles. Dendroica virens virens (Gmelin). [667.] Motacilla virens Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 985. Based on The Black-throated Green Fly-catcher of Edwards, Gleanings, p. 190. (in Pensilvania = Philadelphia, Pa.) Breeds from central southern Mackenzie, northeastern Alberta (Athabaska Delta), north-central Saskatchewan (probably), north-central Manitoba (prob- ably), central western and northeastern Ontario (Favourable and Attawapiskat lakes, Moose Factory), southern Quebec (Mistassini Post, Anticosti Island), southern Labrador (Goose Bay), Newfoundland, and southern Nova Scotia (Yarmouth, Barrington, Halifax) south to central Alberta (Glenevis, Edmon- ton), central Saskatchewan (Big River, Emma Lake), southern Manitoba (Brandon, Winnipeg), central eastern Minnesota (Cass Lake, Isanti; formerly Wright and Hennepin counties), central Wisconsin (Oconto County, Door Pen- insula), southern Michigan (Huron and St. Clair counties), extreme southern Ontario (Pelee Island), eastern and south-central Ohio (from Cuyahoga, Fair- field, and Adams counties eastward), eastern Kentucky (Big Black Mountain, Rocky Branch), eastern Tennessee (Great Smoky Mountains), central Alabama (10 miles north of Tuscaloosa), northern Georgia (Pinelog Mountain), north- western South Carolina (Pickens County), western North Carolina (Highlands, Black Mountain, Blowing Rock), western Virginia (White Top Mountain, Sounding Knob, Shenandoah National Park), western Maryland (Lewiston, Thurmont), eastern Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), northern New Jersey (locally Hackettstown, Demarest), southeastern New York (Tuckahoe, Long Island), Rhode Island (Newport), and Massachusetts. Winters from southern Texas (Hidalgo, Brownsville) and southern Florida (Fort Myers, Cape Sable) south through eastern México (including Yucatan) and Central America to central Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui, Lion Hill); and to Cuba (Habana, Santiago de las Vegas) and the Bahamas (Eleuthera, Wat- ling Island); casually to Jamaica, Haiti (Ile 4 Vache), Puerto Rico (Adjuntas), St. Croix, Guadeloupe, and northern Colombia (Santa Marta region). 496 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Casual in Colorado (Barr), and Bermuda. Accidental in California (Farallon Islands), Arizona (Toroweap Valley, Tucson, Huachuca Mountains), Labrador (lat. 53° N. off coast, Battle Harbour), Greenland (Sukkertoppen, Fredriks- haab, Julianehaab), and Germany (Helgoland). Dendroica yirens waynei Bangs. [667a.] Dendroica virens waynei Bangs, Proc. New England Zodl. Club, 6, Oct. 31, 1918, p. 94. (near Mount Pleasant, South Carolina.) Breeds along the coastal plain in southeastern Virginia (Dismal Swamp), eastern North Carolina (Lenoir County, Mattamuskeet Refuge; probably Rose- boro and Southport), and eastern South Carolina (McPhersonville, Mount Pleasant). Winters in western Cuba (Habana, Santiago de las Vegas). Teneo ics chrysoparia Sclater and Salvin. GOLDEN-CHEEKED WARBLER. [666.] Dendroeca chrysoparia Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 28, no. 435, (Aug.) 1860, p. 298. (Guatemalensis provincia Verae Pacis, inter montes = Vera Paz, Guatemala.) Breeds in south-central Texas from Tom Green County east to McLennan County (probably) and south to Kerr, Medina, and Bexar counties. Winters from Puebla (Toziutlan) south through Guatemala (Vera Paz) to Honduras (Cerro Cantoral) and Nicaragua (Matagalpa). Dendroica occidentalis (Townsend): HERMIT WARBLER. [669.] Sylvia occidentalis J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, pt. 2, (Nov. 21), 1837, p. 190. (forests of the Columbia River = Fort Vancouver, Washington.) Breeds from southwestern Washington (Shelton, Tacoma) south, through the Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada, to northwestern and central eastern California (North Yolla Bolly Mountain, Lassen Peak, Yosemite, Taylor Meadows) with isolated colonies in central western California (La Honda, Waddell Creek). Winters in central southern México (Cuernavaca, La Parada), Guatemala (San Mateo, Momostenango, Chinquejelve), El Salvador (Los Esesmiles), and Nicaragua (Matagalpa); also rarely in coastal California (Point Reyes, San Geronimo, Hayward, Point Lobos). Accidental in Minnesota (Cambridge). Dendroica cerilea (Wilson): CERULEAN WARBLER. [658.] Sylvia cerulea Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 2, 1810, p. 141, pl. 17, fig. 5. (Pennsylvania = Philadelphia.) Breeds from southeastern Nebraska (Omaha), northern Iowa (Kossuth County), southeastern Minnesota (Minneapolis), southern Wisconsin, southern ORDER PASSERIFORMES 497 Michigan, southern Ontario (Thedford, Toronto), western New York (Bald- winsville, Branchport, Ithaca), eastern Pennsylvania (Berks County), south- eastern New York (Rhinebeck, Poughkeepsie, Tivoli), and northern New Jersey (Palisades Park) south through southeastern Kansas (Independence), east- ern Oklahoma (Copan), eastern Texas (Dallas), and southeastern Louisiana (White Sulphur Springs, Baines), central Alabama (Birmingham), central North Carolina (Greensboro) to central Virginia (east to Albemarle County), southern Maryland (Piscataway, Seneca), and Delaware (Choptank Mills). Winters from Colombia (rarely; Antioquia, Medellin, Buena Vista) and Venezuela (Sierra de Perija, Bramdén, Los Altos) south to Ecuador (San José, Rio Napo, Sarayacti), Peri (Huachipa, Monterico, Pozuzo, Huambo, Amable Maria), and Bolivia (Nairape, Tilotilo). Casual in California (Salton Sea), Baja California (La Grulla), Manitoba (Whitewater Lake), North Dakota (Jamestown, Minot), Colorado (Cherry Creek), Connecticut (Suffield, Bridgeport), Rhode Island (Pawtucket), Massa- chusetts (Cohasset, Lynn), and New Hampshire (Holderness); transient, in migration, in Cuba, Isle of Pines, Grand Cayman, Albuquerque Cay, the Bahamas (Cay Lobos), Alacran Reefs (Isla Pérez), Guatemala (Coban), Hon- duras (San Pedro Sula), Costa Rica (San José), and Panama (Calovevora, Lion Hill, Taboga Island). Dendroica fusea (Miiller): BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER. [662.] Motacilla fusca P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, p. 175. (Guyane = French Guiana.) Breeds from south-central Saskatchewan (Emma Lake), southern Manitoba (Breens Island, Winnipeg), northern Ontario (Severn House, Moose Factory), central Quebec (Lake Albanel, Natashquan), northern Maine (Fort Kent), northern New Brunswick (Bathurst), and northern Nova Scotia (Cape St. Lawrence) south to central Minnesota (Becker County, Gull Lake), central Wisconsin (Ladysmith, New London, formerly Jefferson County), central Michigan (Muskegon and Huron counties), southern Ontario (Mount Forest, Sherbot Lake), northeastern Ohio (Kingsville, Little Mountain), highlands of central and western Pennsylvania (Clarion, Two Lick, State College, Mauch Chunk), southeastern New York (Harmon-on-Hudson), and Massachusetts (Pittsfield, Springfield, Concord, Sudbury); south in the Appalachians through eastern and central West Virginia, western Maryland (Allegany County), east- ern Kentucky (probably Black Mountain), and western Virginia (White Top Mountain, Giles County, Blue Ridge Mountains), to eastern Tennessee (Roan Mountain, Stratton Bald), western North Carolina (Buncombe County), north- central Georgia (Burnt Mountain), and northwestern South Carolina (prob- ably Mount Pinnacle). Winters from Guatemala (Coban) south through Central America to Ven- ezuela (Cerro Ptari-tepui), Colombia (Quetame, Bogota, Magdalena Valley), Ecuador (Ambato, Quito), and central Peri (Utcuyaci, Garita del Sol, Chil- pes); transient, in migration, in western Cuba, Isle of Pines, Grand Cayman, Swan Island, the Bahamas (New Providence, Eleuthera, Watling Island), and eastern México (Veracruz, Campeche, and Yucatan to Oaxaca). Accidental in western Montana (Libby), New Mexico (Fort Bayard), and Bermuda. 498 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Dendroica dominica (Linnaeus): YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER. From Nebraska, northern Iowa, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, northern Ohio, southern Pennsylvania, southeastern New York, and south- western Connecticut south to eastern Texas, the Gulf coast, central Florida, and the northern Bahama Islands; in winter, from southern Texas and southern South Carolina, central Georgia, and northern Florida south through eastern and southern México and Central America to central Costa Rica, the Greater Antilles, and the Bahamas. Dendroica dominica dominica (Linnaeus). [663.] Motacilla dominica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 334. Based mainly on Ficedula Dominicensis cinerea, Le Figuier cendré de S. Domingue of Brisson, Orn., vol. 3, p. 520. (in Jamaica, Dominica = Hispaniola.) Breeds from central Florida, central Georgia (Americus, Macon), west- central North Carolina (Charlotte, Statesville), central Virginia (Lynchburg), eastern Maryland (Baltimore, Kent Narrows), and southern Delaware (Sea- ford, Frankford) to central New Jersey (Delaware River). Winters from southern South Carolina (Charleston), central Georgia, and central northern Florida (St. Marks) south to the Greater Antilles (east to Puerto Rico) and the Bahamas; casual in New York (Sag Harbor), Massa- chusetts (Dedham), southern Louisiana (Chenier au Tigre, New Orleans), southern Mississippi (Gulfport, Deer Island), central Alabama (Greensboro, Anniston), and the Lesser Antilles (Montserrat). Dendroica dominica albiléra Ridgway. [663a.] Dendroica Dominica var. albilora “Baird,” Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 7, no. 10, Oct. 1873, p. 606. (Belize, [British] Honduras.) Breeds from central Oklahoma (Norman), central Missouri (Columbia), southern Illinois (Olney), central Indiana (Indianapolis), southern Ohio (rarely north to Columbus), southwestern West Virginia (Huntington), eastern Ken- tucky (Pineville), eastern Tennessee (Knoxville, Athens), and western North Carolina (Weaverville, Morgantown) south to eastern Texas (San Antonio, Houston), southern Louisiana (Black Bayou, New Orleans), southern Missis- sippi (Perlington), central Alabama, northern Georgia (Atlanta, Blue Ridge Mountains), and northwestern South Carolina (Pickens County; formerly in northern Missouri (Unionville), northern Illinois (St. Charles, Joliet), southern Michigan (Kalamazoo), and northern Ohio (Fulton and Cuyahoga counties); taken in summer in southern Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong, Racine). Winters from southern Texas (Brownsville) south through eastern and south- ern México (including Yucatan), British Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua to central Costa Rica (San José, Cartago) and in Cuba and Jamaica. Rare in Nebraska (Garden County, Valentine, Platte Center, Nemaha), lowa (Wall Lake, Mason City, Sigourney, Keokuk), southern Ontario (Stamford), New York (Conquest), Connecticut (Fairfield), and Massachusetts (Cam- bridge). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 499 Dendroica dominica stéddardi Sutton. [663b.] Dendroica dominica stoddardi Sutton, Auk, 68, no. 1, Jan. 30, 1951, p. 28, pl. 1. (near Freeport, Walton County, Florida.) Breeds in the coastal area of northwestern Florida from southern Santa Rosa County (Milton) east to central Bay County (Panama City), possibly west along the coast to Alabama (Gulf Shores). Winter range not known. Dendroica graciae Baird: GRACE’S WARBLER. From southern Utah and southern Colorado south through the mountains of western and southern México and Central America to northern Nicaragua; in winter from northern México to Nicaragua. Dendroica graciae graciae Baird. [664.] Dendroica graciae “Coues, MSS.,” Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, sign. 14, Apr. 1865, p. 210. (Fort Whipple, near Prescott, Arizona.) Breeds in the mountains from southern Utah (Zion National Park, Navajo Mountain), southwestern Colorado (La Plata County, Pagosa Springs), and central northern New Mexico (Tres Piedras, Mesa Yegua) south to central western, central, and southeastern Arizona (Hualpai, Santa Catalina, Santa Rita, and Chiricahua mountains), southeastern Sonora (Mina Abundancia, Rancho Santa Barbara), central western Chihuahua (Bravo, Pinos Altos), southern New Mexico (Pinos Altos Mountains, Sacramento Mountains), and western Texas (Guadalupe Mountains). Winter range uncertain; probably from northern México south to Michoacan and Veracruz. Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnaeus): CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER. [659.] Motacilla pensylvanica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 333. Based on The Red-throated Fly-catcher of Edwards, Gleanings, p. 193. (in Pensylvania = Philadelphia, Pa.) Breeds from central eastern Saskatchewan (Nipawin), central western Mani- toba, central Ontario (Malachi, Lake Nipigon, Fraserdale), southern Quebec (Gaspé Peninsula), central New Brunswick (Woodstock, Fredericton), and northern Nova Scotia (Antigonish) south to central northern North Dakota (Turtle Mountain), eastern Nebraska (Missouri River Valley), northwestern and southeastern Minnesota (Polk County, Stearns County), southern Wis- consin (Westby, North Freedom, Racine), southern Michigan (Livingston County), northern Ohio (Williams to Ashtabula and Trumbull counties), cen- tral and western Maryland, southeastern Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), central New Jersey (Hackettstown, Princeton), New York, Massachusetts, and Maine; through the Appalachians from western Pennsylvania to southeastern Ten- nessee (Stratton Bald), central northern Georgia (Burnt Mountain), and north- western South Carolina (Mount Pinnacle, Caesars Head). Formerly bred 500 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS in Iowa (10 counties, principally eastern), Missouri (Mount Carmel), Indiana (Elkhart), and central Ohio (Newcomerstown). Winters from southern Nicaragua (San Emilio, Rio Escondido) through Costa Rica to central Panama (Paracoté, Gattiin); in migration in the Bahamas (New Providence), Cuba, and Jamaica. Casual in Alberta (Red Deer), Wyoming (Cheyenne), Colorado (Barr), and western Oklahoma (Kenton); accidental in California (Manor, Sherwood), Bermuda, and Greenland (Nanortalik). Dendroica castanea (Wilson): BAY-BREASTED WARBLER. [660.] Sylvia castanea Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 2, 1810, p. 97, pl. 14, fig. 4. (Pennsylvania. ) Breeds from central Manitoba (Berens Island, Oxford House), northern Ontario (Lake Attawapiskat, Fort Albany), central Quebec (Mistassini Post, Val Jalbert), New Brunswick (Bathurst, Chatham), and central Nova Scotia (Pictou, Halifax) south to southern Manitoba (Lake Manitoba, Winnipeg), northeastern Minnesota (Cass Lake, Itasca Park), northern Wisconsin (Su- perior, Outer Island), southern Ontario (Bruce Peninsula, Algonquin, Norland), southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake), northeastern New York (Long Lake, North Hudson), central Vermont (Tamworth), New Hampshire, southern Maine (Lincoln and Hancock counties), and southern Nova Scotia (Yarmouth); recorded in summer from northeastern British Columbia (Lower Liard Cross- ing, Charlie Lake, Tetana Lake), southwestern Mackenzie (Wrigley), northern and central Alberta (Fort Alberta, Chipewyan, Glenevis, Mundare), central and southeastern Saskatchewan (Pelican Narrows, Big River, Valeport), and northern Michigan (Isle Royale). Winters from central and eastern Panama (Canal Zone, Chepo) to northern Colombia (Turbo, Bonda, Medellin, Bucaramanga) and western Venezuela (Mérida, Tachira); transient in eastern México and eastern Central America. Casual in eastern Quebec (Piashti Bay), Labrador (Black Island), and Curagao. Accidental in Greenland (Narssaq), Bermuda, Mona Island, and St. Croix. Dendroica striata (Forster): BLACKPOLL WARBLER. [661.] Muscicapa striata J. R. Forster, Phil. Trans., 62, art. 29 (read June 18 and 25), 1772, pp. 406, 428. (Severn River = Fort Severn, west coast of Hudson Bay.) Breeds from north-central Alaska (Nulato, Fort Yukon), northern Yukon (La Pierre House), northwestern and central Mackenzie (Fort McPherson, Fort Anderson), northeastern Saskatchewan (Cochrane River), northern Mani- toba (Churchill, York Factory), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Fort Albany), northern Quebec (Fort Chimo, Indian House Lake), northern Labrador (Fort Manvers, Nain, Davis Inlet), and Newfoundland (St. Anthony, St. John’s) south to southern Alaska (Nushagak, Fort Kenai), central British Columbia (Rainbow Mountains, Indianpoint Lake), central Alberta (Rochester, Atha- baska Landing), central Manitoba (Lake Winnipeg and Lake Winnipegosis), north-central Ontario (Favourable Lake, Lake Attawapiskat, Fort Albany). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 501 southern Quebec (Mistassini Post, Anticosti Island), eastern New York (Mount Marcy, Slide Mountain), northwestern Massachusetts (Mount Greylock), cen- tral New Hampshire (Tamworth, Sanbornville), southern Maine (Duck Is- lands off Mount Desert Island), southern New Brunswick (Grand Manan), and southern Nova Scotia (Yarmouth). Winters from eastern Ecuador (Rio Suno), southeastern and central Co- lombia (Morelia, basin of the Magdalena River), and Venezuela, south to northeastern Peri (Puerto Indiana), central western Brasil (upper Rio Negro, Rio Branco), and Chile (Valdivia), casual in French Guiana (Oyapock River). Migrates through the West Indies. Accidental in Greenland (Narssarmiut, Godthaab, Isua), southwestern New Mexico (Fort Webster), and Oaxaca (Tehuantepec City). Dendroica pinus (Wilson): PINE WARBLER. Southeastern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, and central Maine south to southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast, Florida, Dry Tortugas, Cay Sal, the Bahamas, and Hispaniola. In winter from Arkansas, Tennessee, and South Carolina south over the southern part of the breeding range. Dendroica pinus pinus (Wilson). [671.] Sylvia pinus Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 3, 1811, p. 25, pl. 19, fig. 4. (South- ern States = Georgia.) Breeds in pine forests from southern Manitoba (Winnipeg, Indian Bay), western Ontario (Malachi, Sioux Lookout), northeastern Minnesota (Lake Vermilion), northern Wisconsin (Superior), northern Michigan (Porcupine Mountains, Sault Ste Marie), central Ontario (upper Michipicoten River, Washagami), southern Quebec (Chambly), and central Maine (Eustis, Bucks- port) south to southeastern Texas (Orange), south-central Louisiana (Anacoco, Alexandria, Bains), southern Mississippi (Gulfport, Cat Island), and northern Florida (Pensacola, St. Marks); local and rare from southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, Ohio, and western Pennsylvania south to southern Missouri, Kentucky, and West Virginia. Winters in Arkansas, Tennessee (Memphis, Knoxville), western South Caro- lina (Anderson), near the Atlantic coast, casually north to southern New Hampshire (Portsmouth) south to central southern Texas (Skidmore), the Gulf coast, and southern Florida (Fort Myers, West Jupiter). Casual in central eastern Alberta (Rochester, Castor), southern Saskatchewan (Wingard, Indian Head), North Dakota (Arnegard, Jamestown, Fargo), South Dakota (Custer State Park, Sisseton, Sioux Falls), eastern Nebraska (Dakota and Lancaster counties), eastern Oklahoma (Tulsa County, Broken Bow), and New Brunswick (Fredericton, Grand Manan), Prince Edward Island (North River), Nova Scotia (Pictou, Sable Island), and Bermuda. Accidental in Greenland (Godthaab). 502 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Dendroica pinus florida (Maynard). [671a.] Pinacantor vigorsii florida Maynard, Directory Birds East. North Amer., 1906, p. 244. (Deep Creek and Enterprise, Florida.) Resident in peninsular Florida, north to Gainesville, Hibernia, Enterprise, and south to Everglade National Park. Casual on the Dry Tortugas. Dendroica kirtlandii (Baird): KIRTLAND’s WARBLER. [670.] Sylvicola kirtlandii Baird, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 5, 1852, p. 217, pl. 6. (near Cleveland, Ohio.) Breeds in central Michigan, from extreme southwestern Presque Isle County and Alpena County south to Kalkaska County (northeast of Kalkaska), Wex- ford County (north of Manton), Clare County (northwest of Harrison), and Ogemaw County (west of Rose City). Winters in the Bahamas (Little Abaco, Great Abaco, Berry, Andros, Cat Cay, New Providence, Athol, Eleuthera, Green Cay, Cat Island, Great Inagua, Watling Island, and Caicos Islands). Range formerly perhaps more extensive: there are single spring or fall records (all prior to 1901) for Minnesota (Minneapolis), northern Michigan (Spectacle Reef, east of Straits of Mackinac), Ontario (Toronto), Illinois (Rockford, Glen Ellyn, Morgan Park), Missouri (St. Louis), and Virginia (Fort Myer), which are all outside any reasonably expected migration route to the present nesting ground. Dendroica discolor (Vicillot): PRAIRIE WARBLER. Southeastern South Dakota, Iowa, southern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, southeastern New York, southern Vermont, and southern New Hampshire south to eastern Oklahoma, southern Louisiana, northern Mississippi, southern Alabama, central Georgia, Florida, and the Florida Keys. In winter, from central Florida south through the West Indies, and islands off México and Central America from Quintana Roo to Nicaragua. Dendroica discolor discolor (Vieillot). [673.] Sylvia discolor Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807 (1808, possibly 1809), p. 37, pl. 98. (Etats-Unis et les grandes Iles Antilles = New York.) Breeds from southeastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska (Dakota County, Omaha), eastern Kansas, central Missouri (Columbia), Illinois (Chicago, Mount Carmel), southern Wisconsin (Reedsburg), northern Michigan (Mont- morency and Presque Isle counties), southern Ontario (Grand Bend, Wasaga Beach), southern Pennsylvania (Jefferson, Fairchance, Fulton County, Broad Mountain), northern New Jersey (Demarest), southeastern New York (Hudson River Valley to Shagticoke Mountain), Massachusetts (Huntington, Springfield, Essex County), and southern New Hampshire (Manchester, Concord) south to eastern Oklahoma (Tulsa), northeastern Texas, northern and southeastern ORDER PASSERIFORMES 503 Louisiana (Monroe, Baywood), northern Mississippi (Holly Springs, Tisho- mingo Park), central western and southeastern Alabama (Greensboro, Dothan), central Georgia (Milledgeville, Augusta), central South Carolina (middle Sa- vannah Valley, Columbia), and central southern and central eastern North Carolina (Raleigh, Mattamuskeet Refuge). Winters on the islands off Quintana Roo (Mujeres, Cozumel, Chinchorro), Honduras (Bonacca, Swan), and Nicaragua (Great Corn); Cuba, Isle of Pines, the Bahamas, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the northern Lesser Antilles (south to Martinique). Casual to northeastern South Dakota (Faulkton), northern Iowa (Mason City, Osage), central New York (Rochester, Penn Yan), southern Vermont (Bennington), and central Kansas (Fort Hays). Accidental in El Salvador (Volcan San Miguel) and Bermuda. Dendroica discolor paludicola Howell. [673a.] Dendroica discolor paludicola Howell, Auk, 47, no. 1, Jan. 2, 1930, p. 41. (Anclote Key, [Pasco County,] Florida.) Breeds from central western Florida (Cedar Keys, Levy County, Gainesville), eastern Georgia (western Camden County, Allenhurst, Belfast), and south- eastern South Carolina (Charleston) south to southern Florida (Key West, Cape Sable, Florida City). Winters from central Florida (Tampa, Orlando, Micco) to southern Florida (Key West, Miami) and the West Indies (recorded from Cuba and St. Croix) ; casually farther north in Florida (Lukens, Gainesville, Hastings). Dendroica palmarum (Gmelin): PALM WARBLER. Southwestern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, Mani- toba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, and southern Newfoundland south to northeastern British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, south- eastern Manitoba, northeastern Minnesota, central Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Maine, and Nova Scotia. In winter, from Louisiana, Missis- sippi, Tennessee, and North Carolina south to the Yucatan Peninsula, northern Honduras, the Greater Antilles, Bahamas, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Bermuda. Dendroica palmarum palmarum (Gmelin). [672.] Motacilla palmarum Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 951. Based on the Bimbelé ou fausse Linotte of Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vol. 5, p. 330. (in insula S. Dominici = Hispaniola.) Breeds from southwestern Mackenzie (Fort Simpson, Fort Providence), northwestern Saskatchewan (Lake Athabaska), northern Manitoba (Ilford) and extreme northwestern Ontario (Fort Severn, Attawapiskat Post) south to northeastern British Columbia, central Alberta (Fawcett, Rochester), central Saskatchewan (Emma Lake, Cumberland House), southeastern Manitoba (Winnipeg, Indian Bay), northeastern Minnesota (Cass Lake, Aitkin County, Cook County), central Michigan (Lovells), and central Ontario (Kapuskasing). 504 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters from southern Louisiana (Chenier au Tigre, Baton Rouge), south- ern Mississippi (Gulfport, Biloxi), southern Alabama (Mobile), north-central Georgia (Atlanta, Athens), and southern South Carolina (Port Royal) south through Florida to the Yucatan Peninsula (Progreso, Chichén Itza, Mujeres Island, Chinchorro Bank, Cozumel Island), Turneffe, Roatan, Swan, and Old Providence islands, the Greater Antilles, the Bahamas, and the Virgin Islands (to St. Croix); casually north to Oklahoma (north fork of the Canadian River), Tennessee (Nashville), Ohio (Cincinnati, Buckeye Lake, Columbus), West Virginia (Summersville), Virginia (Charlottesville), New York (Hicksville), Massachusetts (Cape Cod), and Bermuda. Casual, in migration, west to Montana (Great Falls), eastern Wyoming (Torrington, Laramie), Colorado (Denver, Limon), eastern Kansas, and eastern Oklahoma (Tulsa County); east to New Hampshire (Shelburne, Intervale), Massachusetts (Cape Cod), and Connecticut (Windsor, New Haven). Accidental in British Columbia (Vancouver), California (Pacific Grove, Berkeley), Oregon (Catlow Valley), Baja California (Chapala), and New Mexico (Alamogordo). Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgway. [672a.] Dendroeca palmarum hypochrysea Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 1, no. 4, Oct. (Nov.), 1876, pp. 85, 87. (Atlantic States = Cambridge, Mass.) Breeds from eastern and southern Ontario (Mer Bleue, Sharbot Lake), cen- tral and southern Quebec (Mistassini Post, Mingan, Kamouraska), and southern Newfoundland (Tompkins, Avalon Peninsula) south to central eastern New Hampshire (Center Ossipee), northern and eastern Maine, New Brunswick (St. John, Scotch Lake), and Nova Scotia (Yarmouth, Halifax). Winters from central Louisiana (Alexandria), northern Mississippi (Bolivar County), central southern and northeastern Tennessee (Columbia, Johnson City), and North Carolina (Mattamuskeet Refuge, Swanquarter) south to southeastern Louisiana (New Orleans), the Gulf coast, and central Florida (Fort Myers, Wilson); casually north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania (Darling), New Jersey (Camden, Moorestown), and Connecticut (Woodmont) ; also Bermuda. Casual in Missouri (St. Charles) and Indiana (South Bend). Genus SEIURUS Swainson Seiurus Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 5, May 1827, p. 369. Type, by subsequent designation, Motacilla aurocapilla Linnaeus (Swainson, July 1827). Seitrus aurocapillus (Linnaeus): OVENBIRD. Northeastern British Columbia, central southern Mackenzie, central Sas- katchewan, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, and New- foundland south to southern Alberta, eastern Colorado, southeastern Oklahoma, northern Arkansas, northern Alabama, and northern Georgia. Winters from Nuevo Leén, the Gulf coast, southern Georgia, and southern South Carolina ORDER PASSERIFORMES 505 south to Panama, northern Colombia, northern Venezuela, and the Lesser Antilles. Seiurus aurocapillus furvior Batchelder. [674a.] Seiurus aurocapillus furvior Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 6, Feb. 6, 1918, p. 81. (near Deer Pond, Newfoundland.) Breeds in- central and southern Newfoundland (Bonne Bay, Lewisport). Winters from Guatemala, Cuba, and the Bahamas (Watling, Cat Island, New Providence) south to Costa Rica and Panama (Chiriqui); casually north to South Carolina (Mount Pleasant). In migration to Ontario (Toronto), Massa- chusetts, Illinois (Cook County), Ohio (Painesville), Mississippi (Bolivar County, Deer Island), Virginia (Shenandoah National Park), North Carolina (Statesville), South Carolina (Rock Hill), and Georgia (Athens). Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus (Linnaeus). [674.] Motacilla aurocapilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 334. Based on The Golden-crowned Thrush of Edwards, Gleanings, vol. 5, p. 91. (in Pensylvania = at sea, apparently off Haiti.) Breeds from northeastern British Columbia (Liard Hot Springs), central southern Mackenzie (Fort Resolution), central Saskatchewan (Pelican Narrows, Cumberland House), central Manitoba (Cross Lake), northern Ontario (Fa- vourable Lake, Moosonee), southern Quebec (Mistassini Post, Ste. Genevieve Isiand, Anticosti Island), Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia (Baddeck) south to central Alberta (Edmonton), southern Saskatchewan, western North Dakota (Charlson), southeastern Oklahoma (northern McCurtain County), northern Arkansas (Clinton), southwestern Tennessee (Fayette County), north- ern Alabama (Florence, Anniston), northern Georgia (Atlanta, Athens), west- ern South Carolina (Greenwood), and central and northeastern North Carolina (Charlotte, Raleigh). Winters from Nuevo Leén (Monterrey), Tamaulipas (Matamoros), southern Louisiana (rarely; Avery Island), northwestern Florida (Pensacola), southern Georgia (Grady County; Fitzgerald), and southern South Carolina (rarely; Charleston County) south to Guatemala (Mazatenango), Panama (Darién), northern Colombia (Bonda), northern Venezuela (Paraguana Peninsula), the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and the Lesser Antilles (to St. Vincent). Casual in Alaska (Kamensichter, Fort Yukon), California (Farallon Islands, Lavic), Guadalupe Island off Baja California, Greenland (Narssaq, Nanortalik), and Bermuda. Seiurus aurocapillus cinéreus Miller. [6745.] Seiurus aurocapillus cinereus A. H. Miller, Condor, 44, no. 4, July 15, 1942, p. 185. (4 miles west of Fort Howe Ranger Station, 4000 feet, Powder River County, Montana.) Breeds from southern Alberta (Waterton Lakes Park, Cypress Hills), south- eastern Montana (Miles City, Ekalaka), and western South Dakota (Black Hills, Pine Ridge Reservation) south to central and southeastern Colorado (Colorado Springs, Holly) and central Nebraska (Camp Sheridan). 506 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS In winter (range only partly known) south to Yucatan (Mérida), El Salvador (Mount Cacaguatique), Honduras (Monte Redondo), and Costa Rica (Bo- ruca). Ranges in migration to Tres Marias Islands (Maria Madre), Sinaloa (21 miles northeast of Rosario), Illinois (Cook County), Louisiana (University), and Mississippi (Rosedale, Gulfport, Horn Island). Seiurus noveboracénsis (Gmelin): NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH. North-central Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and central southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern central Quebec, central Labrador, and Newfoundland south to south- ern continental Alaska, central British Columbia, northern Idaho, western Mon- tana, central Saskatchewan, northern North Dakota, northern Minnesota, north- ern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, northeastern Ohio, northern Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts. Winters from southern Baja California, San Luis Potosi, Yucatan Peninsula, Cuba, the Bahamas, and Bermuda south to northern Ecuador, northeastern Peri, southern Venezuela, British Guiana, Surinam, and French Guiana. Accidental in France (Ile d’Ouessant, subspecies not known). Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracénsis (Gmelin). [675.] Motacilla noveboracensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 958. Based on the New York Warbler of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 436. (in Louisiana, et Noveboraci sepibus = New York.) Breeds from northwestern Pennsylvania (Eagle Rock, Warren), northern New York (Canandaigua, Oswego, the Adirondacks), southeastern Quebec (Hatley, Godbout), central Labrador (Davis Inlet, Cartwright), and Newfound- land south through the Appalachian Mountains to central eastern West Virginia (Cranberry Glades), central eastern Pennsylvania (Pocono Mountains), and northwestern New Jersey (Sparta), and to Massachusetts (Amherst; rarely east to Bedford), Maine, New Brunswick and southern Nova Scotia; rarely to north- eastern Connecticut (Bigelow Pond) and Rhode Island (Washington County). Winters from State of México (Tlalpan), Quintana Roo (Chinchorro Bank), Cuba, the Bahamas, and Bermuda south through Central America and the West Indies to northern Ecuador, northeastern Peri, northern Venezuela (Islas Los Roques, Los Testigos), British Guiana, and French Guiana. Accidental in Greenland (Nanortalik). Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridgway. [675a.] Seiurus naevius notabilis Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 3, 1880, p. 12. (Black Hills [= shores of Como Lake, Carbon County], Wyoming.) Breeds from north-central Alaska (Kobuk and Yukon valleys), northern Yukon (La Pierre House), northwestern and central southern Mackenzie (Fort McPherson, Fort Rae), northeastern Saskatchewan (Cochrane River), northern Manitoba (Churchill, York Factory), northern Ontario (Severn House, Moose Factory), and north-central Quebec (Great Whale River, Lake Albanel) south to southern continental Alaska (Goodnews Bay, Iliamna), northern British ORDER PASSERIFORMES 507 Columbia (Atlia, Fort Nelson), and from Alberta to northern Idaho (St. Maries), western Montana (Florence; Gallatin County), central Saskatchewan (Carlton House, Cumberland House), central northern North Dakota (Turtle Mountains), southeastern Manitoba (Indian Bay), northeastern Minnesota (Gull Lake, Duluth), northern Wisconsin (rarely; Dunn County, Shiocton), southeastern Michigan, northeastern Ohio (locally; Huron and Trumbull coun- ties), extreme northwestern Pennsylvania (Pymatuning Swamp), southeastern Ontario (Toronto, Ottawa) and southwestern Quebec (St. Felicien). Winters from southern Baja California (Magdalena Bay), Veracruz (Tlaco- talpam), Quintana Roo (Holbox Island), Cuba, and the Bahamas (New Provi- dence) south through Central America and the West Indies to northern Ecua- dor (Esmeraldas), Colombia, southern Venezuela (Las Carmelitas), British Guiana, and French Guiana; casually north to Texas (Knickerbocker), Penn- sylvania (Doylestown), and South Carolina (Charleston). Accidental in Franklin (Banks Island). Seiurus noveboracensis limnaéus McCabe and Miller. [675).] Seiurus noveboracensis limnaeus T. T. McCabe and A. H. Miller, Condor, 35, no. 5, Sept. 15, 1933, p. 196. (Indianpoint Lake, Cariboo District, British Columbia. ) Breeds in northwestern and central British Columbia (Glenora, Stuie, Horse Lake). Winters from southern Baja California (La Paz) south to Panama (Puerto Armuelles) and Colombia (Soata); in migration, to Utah (Tooele County), Louisiana (University), Mississippi (Bolivar County; Gulfport), and Georgia (Brunswick). Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot): LOUISIANA WATERTHRUSH. [676.] Turdus motacilla Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 2, 1807 (1808 or 1809), p. 9, pl. 65. (Kentucky.) Breeds from eastern Nebraska (London, Fontanelle Forest), central northern Iowa (Emmetsburg), east-central Minnesota (southern Pine County), central Wisconsin (New London), southern Michigan (Isabella County), southern Ontario (London, Websters Falls), central New York (Rochester, Utica), cen- tral Vermont (Rutland), southwestern New Hampshire (Harrisville), and Rhode Island south to eastern Oklahoma (Tulsa County), eastern Texas (Huntsville), central Louisiana (St. Francisville), southern Mississippi (Brook- lyn), southern Alabama (Abbeville), southwestern and central Georgia (Grady and Richmond counties), central South Carolina (Columbia), and central and northeastern North Carolina (Clinton, Walke). Winters from southern Sonora (Alamos), San Luis Potosi (Xilitla), Cuba, the Bahamas (Berry Islands), and Bermuda south to eastern Panama (Permé), central Colombia (Villavicencio), western Venezuela (Cubiro), and Trinidad; casually north to Maryland (Bowie). Casual in California (Mecca), eastern Ontario (Frontenac County), and Maine (Norway). 508 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus OPORORNIS Baird Oporornis Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xix, xxxii, 240, 246. Type, by original designation, Sylvia agilis Wilson. Oporérnis formésus (Wilson): KENTUCKY WARBLER. [677.] Sylvia formosa Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 3, 1811, p. 85, pl. 25, fig. 3. (Kentucky.) Breeds from southeastern Nebraska (Lincoln, Omaha), central Iowa (Grin- nell), southwestern Wisconsin (Wyalusing, Janesville), northeastern Illinois (rarely Cook County), central Indiana (Indianapolis), central and eastern Ohio (Delaware County, Youngstown), southern Pennsylvania (Beaver; Berks County), northern New Jersey (Drakestown, Demarest), southeastern New York (rarely Ossining), and southwestern Connecticut (formerly, Stamford) south to central and eastern Texas (San Antonio, Houston), southern Louisiana (Sulphur, Thibodaux), southern Mississippi (Harrison County), southern Ala- bama (Mobile), northwestern Florida (15 miles north of Pensacola), central Georgia (Macon), and South Carolina (Summertown; Horry County). Winters from Veracruz (Tres Zapotes), Campeche (Apazote), and Quintana Roo (Chetumal) south through Central America to Panama (Gatun), northern Colombia (Bonda), and northwestern Venezuela (La Sierra). Casual north to northwestern Iowa (Le Mars), southern Michigan (Jackson and Wayne counties), southern Ontario (Strathroy, Bradford), northern New York (Rochester, Lowville), Massachusetts, southern Quebec (Quebec), Ver- mont (Lunenburg), and Nova Scotia (Sable Island); west to Sonora (Rancho Santa Barbara). Oporornis agilis (Wilson): CONNECTICUT WARBLER. [678.] Sylvia agilis Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 5, 1812, p. 64, pl. 39, fig. 4. (Connecticut. ) Breeds from central eastern British Columbia (Tupper Creek), central Al- berta (Peace River, Lac la Biche), central Manitoba (The Pas, Shoal Lake), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Lake River Post), and northwestern Quebec (Rupert House) south to northern Minnesota (Itasca Park, Cam- bridge), northern Wisconsin (Wascott), northern Michigan (Hessel), and central Ontario (Lake Abitibi). Winters from northern Venezuela (Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo) south to northwestern and central Brasil (Tonantins, Alianca, Rio Sao Lourengo). In migration east to Atlantic coast (chiefly in fall); casually to Nova Scotia (Cape Sable Island); casually west to Kansas (Topeka), Colorado (Limon), Utah (Tooele County), Arizona (Cochise County), and western Oklahoma (Gate); south through the Bahamas and Curagao. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 509 Oporornis philadélphia (Wilson): MOURNING WARBLER. [679.] Sylvia Philadelphia Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 2, 1810, p. 101, pl. 14, fig. 6. (within a few miles of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.) Breeds from central Alberta (Lesser Slave Lake, Camrose), central Sas- katchewan, central Manitoba (Cormorant and Cross lakes), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Fort Albany, rarely), southern Quebec (Rupert House, Mistassini Post), and Newfoundland south to northeastern North Dakota (Turtle Mountains, Pembina), northwestern and central eastern Minnesota (eastern Polk County, Isanti County), central Wisconsin (Unity), northeastern Illinois (La Grange Park), southern Michigan (Livingston County), northern Ohio (Lucas and Ashtabula counties), northeastern Pennsylvania (Harveys Lake, LaAnna), southeastern New York (Roxbury), northwestern and central Massachusetts (Mount Greylock, Princeton), central New Hampshire (Mount Moosilauke), southern Maine (Andover, Machias), and central Nova Scotia (Halifax); and through the higher Appalachian Mountains to eastern West Virginia (Pocahontas County) and northwestern Virginia (Highland County). Winters from southern Nicaragua (Greytown) and Costa Rica (Boruca, Juan Vifias) south to northern Ecuador, central Colombia (Villavieja, Villa- vicencio), and western Venezuela (Guasdualito). Accidental in Puerto Rico (Santa Isabel) and Greenland (Fiskenaes, Juli- anehaab). Oporornis télmiei (Townsend): MACGILLIVRAY’s WARBLER. Southern Alaska, southwestern Yukon, northeastern British Columbia, cen- tral Alberta, and southwestern Saskatchewan south to central California, central Arizona, and central New Mexico. Winters from southern Baja California, southern Sonora, and Nuevo Leén south to Panama. Oporornis tolmiei monticola Phillips. [680a.] Oporornis tolmiei monticola A. R. Phillips, Auk, 64, no. 2, Apr. 1947, p. 297. (Hart Prairie, San Francisco Mt., Arizona.) Breeds from southeastern Oregon (Steens and Mahogany mountains), south- ern Idaho (Riddle, Pocatelio), and southern Wyoming (Fort Bridger, Wheat- land) south to northern and central Nevada (Toiyabe Mountains, Monitor Range), central Arizona (San Francisco and White mountains), and central New Mexico (Alto). Winters from Colima, Michoacan (Potamban, Zamora), and Morelos (Yau- tepec) south to Guatemala (Panajachel); east in migration to southern Texas (Los Fresnos). Oporornis tolmiei télmiei (Townsend). [680.] Sylvia Tolmiei J. K. Townsend, Narr. Journey Rocky Mountains, etc., Apr. 1839, p. 343. (the Columbia = Fort Vancouver, Washington.) Breeds from southern Alaska (Port Snettisham), southwestern Yukon (Mile 113 Haines Road), northeastern British Columbia (Lower Liard Crossing), 510 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS central Alberta (Lesser Slave Lake, Edmonton), and southwestern Saskatche- wan (Cypress Hills) south to central California (Hastings Reservation, upper Kern River), northeastern Oregon (Powder River Mountains), central Idaho (Lost River Mountain, Fremont County), northern Wyoming (Yellowstone, Weston County), and southwestern South Dakota (Black Hills). Winters from southern Baja California (Cape San Lucas), southern Sonora (Alamos), and Nuevo Leén (Monterrey) south to Oaxaca (Tehuantepec) and through Central America to Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui, Colén). Casual in migration, east to northeastern Montana (Miles City), eastern Kansas (Blue Rapids), and Indiana (Wolf Lake, Noblesville). Accidental in northern Alaska (Point Barrow). Genus GEOTHLYPIS Cabanis Geothlypis Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, pt. 1, 1847, pp. 316, 349. New name for Trichas Swainson, June 1827, nec Gloger, Mar. 1827. Type, by tautonymy, Turdus trichas Linnaeus. Geothlypis trichas (Linnaeus): YELLOWTHROAT. Southeastern Alaska, southern Yukon, northern Alberta, central Saskatche- wan, central Manitoba, central and northeastern Ontario, central Quebec, and southwestern Newfoundland south to northern Baja California, Colima, Oaxaca, Veracruz, the Gulf coast of the United States, and southern Florida. Winters from northern California, southern Arizona, southern Texas, the Gulf States, and South Carolina south to Oaxaca, the Canal Zone, and Puerto Rico. Geothlypis trichas brachidactylus (Swainson). [681d.] Trichas brachidactylus Swainson, Anim. Menag., 1838 (Dec. 31, 1837), p. 295. (northern provinces of the United States.) Breeds from central and northeastern Ontario (Amyot, Fort Albany), central Quebec (Rupert House, Mistassini Post, Blanc Sablon), and southwestern Newfoundland (Gaff Topsail, Badger) southwest through central Minnesota to north-central Nebraska (Cherry and Logan counties) and south to northeastern Oklahoma (Nash, Tulsa), Missouri, Tennessee (Ellendale, Rockwood), western North Carolina (Murphy, Franklin), western Virginia (Highland and Tazewell counties), western Maryland (Cranesville), northeastern Pennsylvania, northern New Jersey, southeastern New York, and Connecticut. Winters from southern Texas (Brownsville), southern Louisiana (Grand Isle), southern Mississippi (Biloxi), and northern Florida (Choctawhatchee Bay, Gainesville) south through eastern México, Central America, and the West Indies to Panama (Canal Zone), and Hispaniola; rarely to Bermuda and Tobago. Accidental in Greenland (Narssaq). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 511 Geothlypis trichas trichas (Linnaeus). [681.] Turdus Trichas Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 293. Based on The Maryland Yellow-Throat of Edwards, Gleanings, p. 56. (in America septentrionali = Maryland.) Breeds from southeastern Oklahoma (Tuskahoma), northern Arkansas (Winslow, Newport), extreme southeastern Missouri (Cardwell), northern Mississippi (Holly Springs), northern Alabama (Leighton), northern Georgia (Blairsville), extreme eastern West Virginia (eastern Panhandle), southeastern Pennsylvania, and central New Jersey south to eastern Texas (Austin, Houston), southwestern and south-central Louisiana (Cameron, Vermilion Bay), central Mississippi (Edwards), north-central Alabama (Birmingham), north-central Georgia (Fulton County), central North Carolina, and southeastern Virginia (Emporia, Pungo). Winters from southern Texas (Brownsville), southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi (Biloxi), and northern Florida (Gainesville) south through eastern México, Central America, and the West Indies to central Costa Rica (San José), Grand Cayman, Hispaniola (Fort Liberté), and Puerto Rico (Guajatico Reser- voir); rarely north to Virginia (Cape Henry). Casual in Colombia (Baudé Mountains) and Venezuela. Geothlypis trichas typhicola Burleigh. [681].] Geothlypis trichas typhicola Burleigh, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47, Feb. 9, 1934, p. 21. (Athens, Georgia.) Breeds from central Alabama (Autaugaville) , northeastern Georgia (Athens), central South Carolina (Greenwood, Lancaster), eastern North Carolina (Wadesboro, Raleigh), and extreme southeastern Virginia (Dismal Swamp) south to southeastern Alabama (Dothan) and southern Georgia (Newton), exclusive of the coastal district of southeastern South Carolina and Georgia. Winters mainly in southern half of its breeding range; less commonly on the southwestern Gulf coast from southern Texas (Brownsville) and southern Louisiana (Grand Isle) to southern Mississippi (Biloxi) and south to Veracruz (Tres Zapotes). Geothlypis trichas ignéta Chapman. [681D.] Geothlypis trichas ignota Chapman, Auk, 7, no. 1, Jan. 1890, p. 11. (Tar- pon Springs, Florida.) Resident from southeastern Louisiana (Valverda, Covington, Grand Isle), southern Mississippi (Biloxi), northern Florida (Pensacola, Mayo), and coastal southeastern South Carolina (Berkeley and Charleston counties) south to southern Florida (Cape Sable). Casual in coastal Texas (Brownsville, High Island) and the Florida Keys (Key West). 512 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Geothlypis trichas campicola Behle and Aldrich. [681k.] Geothlypis trichas campicola Behle and Aldrich, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 60, July 2, 1947, p. 69. (Yellowstone River, 5 miles west Forsyth, 2,750 feet, Rosebud County, Montana.) Breeds from southern Yukon (Champagne, Pelly River at Canol Road), northeastern British Columbia (Lower Liard Crossing), northern Alberta (Peace River area, Athabaska Delta), central Saskatchewan (Prince Albert National Park), central Manitoba (Cormorant and Cross lakes), and western Ontario (Malachi, Lac Seul) south to southeastern Alaska (Stikine River) and through interior British Columbia to southeastern Washington (Kiona, Walla Walla), central Idaho (Payette), southern Wyoming (Muddy Creek in Uinta County; Laramie Peak), southeastern North Dakota (Fort Rice, Fairmont), and northwestern Minnesota. Winter range undetermined; extends south at least to Sonora (Oposura, Granados), Nuevo Leoén (Monterrey), and Tamaulipas (Altamira). Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster. [681a.] Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 8, no. 3, July 1883, p. 159. (Truckee River, Nevada.) Breeds from eastern Oregon (Hay Creek, Beulah), southern Idaho (near Jor- dan Valley, American Falls), extreme southwestern Wyoming (Fort Bridger), central northern and eastern Colorado (Windsor, Jackson Reservoir, Wray), and western Kansas (Coolidge, Pratt) south to central eastern California (Little Lake, Death Valley), south-central Nevada (Pioche), central southern Utah (Kanab), northeastern Arizona (Tuba City, Snowflake), northern New Mexico (Espanola, Santa Rosa), and northwestern Texas (Canadian). Winters from southeastern California (Palo Verde), western and southern Arizona (Topock, Tucson), central Nuevo Leén (Monterrey), and southern Texas (Brownsville) south to southern Baja California (San José del Cabo), Guerrero (Coyuca), Oaxaca (Cuicatlan), and Guatemala (Ocos, Panajachel). Geothlypis trichas insperata Van Tyne. [681i.] Geothlypis trichas insperata Van Tyne, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michi- gan, no. 255, Feb. 10, 1933, p. 3. (Rio Grande Delta below Browns- ville, Texas.) Resident in the Rio Grande delta region below Brownsville, Texas; taken in summer at Rio Grande City. Geothlypis trichas chryséola van Rossem. [681h.] Geothlypis trichas chryseola van Rossem, Condor, 32, no. 6, Nov. 22, 1930, p. 298. (Saric, north-central Sonora, Mexico.) Breeds, and partly resident, from central and southeastern Arizona (Prescott, White River), south-central and southeastern New Mexico (Socorro, Carlsbad), and western Texas (San Vicente, Del Rio) south to northeastern Sonora ORDER PASSERIFORMES 513 (Rancho La Arizona, Pilares), and through Chihuahua to Durango (12 miles northeast of Durango), and Zacatecas (Rio Florido). Winters from southern Arizona (Tucson) south at least to central Sonora (Tocoripa) and Michoacan (Lake Patzcuaro). Geothlypis trichas arizéla Oberholser. [681c.] Geothlypis trichas arizela Oberholser, Auk, 16, no. 3, July 1899, p. 257. (Fort Steilacoom, Wash.) Breeds along the Pacific coast from extreme southeastern Alaska (Chickamin River) and southwestern British Columbia (Comox, Chilliwack) south through western Washington and western Oregon to south-central California (San Lucas; Tulare County), exclusive of the San Francisco Bay region. Winters from northern California (Tehama County) south to southern Baja California (San José del Cabo) and northern Sonora (Caborca). Geothlypis trichas sinudédsa Grinnell. [681e.] Geothlypis trichas sinuosa Grinnell, Condor, 3, no. 3, May 15, 1901, p. 65. (Palo Alto, California.) Breeds in the salt-water marshes of the San Francisco Bay area of central western California (Tomales Bay, Carquinez Strait, San Jose). Winters along the California coast from the breeding range south to San Diego; casual north to northern California (Eureka). Geothlypis trichas secirpicola Grinnell. [681f.] Geothlypis trichas scirpicola Grinnell, Condor, 3, no. 3, May 15, 1901, p. 65. (El Monte, Los Angeles County, Calif.) Resident in southern California (Santa Barbara, Buena Vista Lake, Mecca), southeastern Nevada (Hiko), southwestern Utah (St. George), and western- most Arizona (Colorado River) south to northern Baja California (Rosario, Colorado Delta) and extreme northwestern Sonora. Geothlypis trichas modésta Nelson. [681g.] Geothlypis trichas modestus Nelson, Auk, 17, no. 3, July 1900, p. 269. (San Blas, Territory of Tepic [= Nayarit], Mexico.) Resident along western coast of México from central western Sonora (Tepopa Bay, Kino Bay) south to Colima (Manzanillo; Colima). Casual in southern Baja California (Bahia Magdalena, San José Island). Geothlypis béldingi Ridgway: BELDING’s YELLOWTHROAT. Resident in the southern half of Baja California. 514 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Geothlypis beldingi géldmani Oberholser. [682a.] Geothlypis beldingi goldmani Oberholser, Condor, 19, no. 6, Dec. 7, 1917, p. 183. (San Ignacio, Lower California, Mexico.) Resident in central Baja California (San Ignacio, Santa Aguada, Comond4). Casual in southern Baja California (San José del Cabo). Geothlypis beldingi béldingi Ridgway. [682.] Geothlypis beldingi Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5, (Sept. 11), 1882, p. 344. (San José del Cabo, Lower California.) Resident in southern Baja California (Triunfo, San José del Cabo). Genus CHAMAETHLYPIS Ridgway Chamaethlypis Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, p. 525. Type, by original designation, Geothlypis poliocephala Baird. Chamaéthlypis poliocéphala (Baird)*: GROUND-CHAT. From southern Sinaloa and extreme southern Texas south through México and Central America to western Panama. Chamaethlypis poliocephala ralphi (Ridgway). [682.1.] Geothlypis poliocephalus ralphi, Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 16, Feb. 5, 1894, p. 692. (Brownsville, Texas.) Resident in lower Rio Grande Valley of southern Texas (Harlingen, Lomita, Brownsville) and Tamaulipas. Genus ICTERIA Vieillot Icteria Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807 (1808), pp. iv, 85. Type, by monotypy, Icteria dumicola Vieillot = Muscicapa viridis Gmelin = Turdus virens Linnaeus. Ictéria virens (Linnaeus): YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT. Southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, North Dakota, southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, central New York, southern Vermont, and southern New Hampshire south to south-central Baja California, Jalisco, México, southern Tamaulipas, the Gulf coast, and northern Florida. In winter from southern Baja California, southern Sinaloa, southern Texas, and Yucatan south to western Panama. Icteria virens virens (Linnaeus). [683.] Turdus virens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 171. Based on The yellow brested Chat, Oenanthe americana pectore luteo Catesby, 1 Geothlypis poliocephala Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, sig. 15, 1865, p. 225. (Mazatlan = Mazatlan, Sinaloa.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 515 Carolina, vol. 1, p. 50. (in America = South Carolina, 200 or 300 miles from the sea.) Breeds from northeastern South Dakota (Aberdeen), southern Minnesota (Hendricks), southern Wisconsin (Madison, Kelley Brook), southern Michigan (Jackson and Wayne counties), southern Ontario (Port Burwell), central New York (Rochester, Schenectady), southern Vermont (Bennington), and southern New Hampshire (South Hooksett) south to eastern Texas (Fort Worth, Hous- ton), the Gulf coast, and northern Florida (Fort Welton, Tallahassee, Amelia Island); recorded north in summer or in migration to southern Manitoba (Brandon), central Minnesota (Brainerd), Maine (Lincoln County), and New Brunswick (St. Andrews). Winters from central Tamaulipas (Arroyo de la Presa), Yucatan (Mérida), and Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island) south to Guerrero (Chilpancingo) and through Central America to western Panama (Almirante); casually north to Michigan (Grosse Pointe), New York, Massachusetts, and Newfoundland (St. John’s). Icteria virens auricéllis (Deppe). [683a.] Tanagra auricollis W. Deppe, Preis-Verz. Sdiugeth., Vég. . . . Mexico, 1830, p. 2. (Mexico = City of México.) Breeds from southern British Columbia (Vaseaux Lake; casual on coast west to Courtenay), northern Idaho (Clark Fork), northwestern Montana (Big Fork), southern Alberta (Milk River Valley), southern Saskatchewan (East- end), and northwestern North Dakota (Minot) south through Washington and Oregon (except near coast) and through the western Great Plains to south- central Baja California (Comondi), Jalisco (Ocotlan), México (Mexico City), and southern Tamaulipas (Tampico). Winters from southern Baja California (Cape San Lucas), southern Sinaloa (Escuinapa), and southern Texas (Laredo) south to Colima (Manzanillo), Oaxaca (Tehuantepec), and central Guatemala (Coban, Choctum); rarely north to southern California (San Diego). Genus EUTHLYPIS Cabanis Euthlypis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, Oct. 1851, p. 18. Type, by original designation, Euthlypis lacrymosa Cabanis = Basileuterus lachrymosa Bonaparte. Euthlypis lachrymésa (Bonaparte): FAN-TAILED WARBLER. [688.1.] Basileuterus lachrymosa Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1850 (Feb. 3, 1851), p. 314. (Mexico = Laguna Huetulacan, Veracruz.) Resident from southern Sonora (Guirocoba, Hacienda de San Rafael), south- ern Chihuahua, and southern Tamaulipas (Santa Leonor) to El Salvador (Lake Olomega), and northwestern Nicaragua (Ometepe). Accidental in northern Baja California (Santo Domingo). 516 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus CARDELLINA Bonaparte Cardellina (Du Bus MS.) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, vol. i pt. >» end of 1850, p. 312. Type, by subsequent designation, Cardellina amicta Du Bus = Muscicapa rubrifrons Giraud (Baird, 1865). Cardellina ribrifrons (Giraud): RED-FACED WARBLER. [690.] Muscicapa rubrifrons Giraud, Sixteen Species Texas Birds, 1841, not paged or numbered (p. 15, pl. vii, 1). (Texas = México.) Breeds from central Arizona (Oak Creek Canyon) and southwestern New Mexico (Mogollon and Magdalena mountains) south in mountains at least to southwestern Chihuahua (Barranca de Cobre); breeding status farther south uncertain. Winter range poorly known; extends from Morelos (Cuernavaca) and Vera- cruz (Jalapa) south to western Guatemala (Chichicastenango, Volcan de Fuego, Tecpam). Genus WILSONIA Bonaparte Wilsonia Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, p. 23. Type, by subse- quent designation, Motacilla mitrata Gmelin = Muscicapa citrina Bod- daert (Ridgway, 1881). Wils6énia citrina (Boddaert): HooDED WARBLER. [684.] Muscicapa Citrina Boddaert, Table Planch. Enlum., 1783, p. 41. Based on the Gobe-mouche de la Louisiane of Daubenton, Planch. Enlum. 666, fig. 2. (Louisiana.) Breeds from extreme southeastern Nebraska (rarely), central Iowa (Grin- nell, Burlington), northern Illinois (Havana, Glen Ellyn), southern Michigan (Newaygo and Montcalm counties), southern Ontario (rarely; Orwell), north- western Pennsylvania (Erie), central and southeastern New York (Rochester, Oswego, Cincinnatus, Highland Falls), southern Connecticut (New Haven), and Rhode Island (Warren) south to southeastern Texas (Matagorda), the Gulf coast, and northern peninsular Florida (Old Town, Palatka). Winters from southern Tamaulipas (Altamira), Yucatan, and Quintana Roo south to Costa Rica (Guadcimo); rarely to central Panama (Canal Zone). Casual north to North Dakota (Kenmare), southern Minnesota (Minneapo- lis), southern Wisconsin (North Freedom, Two Rivers), southeastern Ontario (Kingston, Rondeau, Toronto), northern New York (Potsdam), Vermont (St. Johnsbury), Maine (Falmouth), and New Brunswick (St. John); west to western Nebraska (North Platte), Colorado (Barr Lake), and western Okla- homa (Woodward); east to Bermuda, the Bahamas (Eleuthera, Cay Lobos), the Virgin Islands (St. Croix), and Saba. Wilsonia pusilla (Wilson): WILSON’s WARBLER. Northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, northeastern Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Labrador, and Newfound- ORDER PASSERIFORMES 517 land south to southern California, central Nevada, northern Utah, northern New Mexico, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, southern Ontario, northern Vermont, central Maine, and central Nova Scotia. In winter, from southern Baja California, southern Sonora, central Nuevo Leon, and southern Texas south to Costa Rica and western Panama. Wilsonia pusilla pusilla (Wilson). [685.] Muscicapa pusilla Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 3, 1811, p. 103, pl. 26, fig. 4. (Southern States, . . . lower parts . . . of New Jersey and Delaware = southern New Jersey.) Breeds from northwestern and central eastern Mackenzie (Fort Anderson, Artillery Lake), northeastern Manitoba (York Factory), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Fort Albany), northern Quebec (Richmond Gulf, Mistassini Post), southern Labrador (Hamilton River, Squasho Run), and Newfoundland south to central eastern Alberta (Nevis), central Saskatchewan (Lac Ile a la Crosse), southern Manitoba (Lake St. Martin, Winnipeg), northern Minnesota (Mud Lake, Duluth), southern Ontario (Sudbury), southern Quebec (Sher- brooke), northeastern Vermont (St. Johnsbury), northern New Hampshire (Jefferson), central Maine (Ellsworth), southern New Brunswick (St. John), and central Nova Scotia (Halifax). Winters from central Tamaulipas (Ciudad Victoria) southeast, exclusive of the Yucatan Peninsula, to Costa Rica (Cerro de Santa Maria); casually north to southern Louisiana, Maryland (Snow Hill), and northern Florida (Lake Jackson). Casual to northeastern Quebec (George River Post), western Washington (Everson), western Oregon (Government Island), Nevada (Montello), Arizona (Tucson), and Sonora (Oposura), and to southern Florida (Dry Tortugas) and western Cuba. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (Pallas). [685a.] Motacilla pileolata Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 1, 1811, p. 497. (ex insula Kadiak = Kodiak Island, Alaska.) Breeds from northern Alaska (Kotzebue Sound, Endicott Range), northern Yukon (La Pierre House), and extreme northwestern Mackenzie (Mackenzie Delta) south to southern Alaska (Kodiak Island, Gravina Island), northern British Columbia, and the mountains of interior southern British Columbia, eastern Washington and eastern Oregon, central eastern California (Warner and White mountains), central Nevada (Millett, probably), northern Utah (Parleys Park, Uinta Mountains), southwestern Colorado (San Juan and La Plata counties), and north-central New Mexico (Santa Fe Canyon); ranging east to western Alberta (Banff), central Montana (Great Falls, Cooke), and eastern Wyoming (Sheridan, Cheyenne). Winters from Guerrero (Chilpancingo), Morelos (Cuernavaca), Nuevo Leén (Monterrey), and southern Texas (Santa Maria) south through México (except the Yucatan Peninsula) and Central America to western Panama (Veraguas); casually north to California (Eureka, San Diego). Casual east to Minnesota (Fort Snelling), Missouri (Independence), and Mississippi (Gulfport). 518 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Wilsonia pusilla chryséola Ridgway. [685).] Wilsonia pusilla chryseola Ridgway, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 2, Oct. 16, 1902, pp. 705, 714. (Pacific Coast district = Red Bluff, California.) Breeds along coasts and coastal ranges (east to Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada) from southwestern British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver) south to southern California (San Bernardino Mountains, Escondido). Winters from southern Baja California (San José del Cabo) and southern Sonora (Tesia) south through western México and Central America to western Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui); casually north to central California (Santa Cruz). In migration east to Arizona (Flagstaff, Tucson) and, casually, to Veracruz (Tres Zapotes). Wilsonia canadénsis (Linnaeus): CANADA WARBLER. [686.] Muscicapa canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 327. Based on Muscicapa Canadensis aurea, Le Gobe-mouche cendré de Canada of Brisson, Orn., vol. 2, p. 406. (in Canada.) Breeds from north-central Alberta (Fort McMurray, Edmonton), central Saskatchewan (Cumberland House), central Manitoba (Cormorant and Cross lakes), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake; Moose Factory, casually), and southern Quebec (Mistassini Post, Anticosti Island) south to southern Mani- toba (Aweme, Portage la Prairie), central Minnesota (Mille Lacs), northern Wisconsin (Unity, Kelley Brook), central Michigan (Mason and Osceola coun- ties), northern Ohio (Lucas and Ashtabula counties), through the Appalachian Mountains to eastern Tennessee (Great Smoky Mountains), northwestern Georgia (Brasstown Bald), western North Carolina (Highlands, Boone), west- ern Virginia (Roanoke), western Maryland (Dans Mountain), and central- eastern Pennsylvania (Mauch Chunk), and to northern New Jersey, south- eastern New York (Putnam County), Connecticut (Hadlyme), Rhode Island (Noyes Beach), Massachusetts, Maine, and New Brunswick. Winters from northern Colombia (Alto Bonito, Santandercito) and north- western Venezuela (Tabay) south through Ecuador to central Peri (Lima region, La Merced). Accidental in Alaska (Forrester Island), Greenland, St. Croix (winter), and Guadeloupe. Genus SETOPHAGA Swainson Setophaga Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 5, May 1827, p. 368. Type, by subsequent designation, Motacilla ruticilla Linnaeus (Swainson, Dec. 1827, or later). Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus): AMERICAN REDSTART. Southeastern Alaska, northern British Columbia, central southern Mackenzie, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, and Newfoundland south to eastern Oregon, northern Utah, northern Colorado, southeastern Oklahoma, southern Louisiana, central Alabama, and central ORDER PASSERIFORMES 519 Georgia. In winter from southern Baja California, Veracruz, Yucatan, Cuba, and Puerto Rico south to Ecuador, northern Brasil, and British Guiana. Accidental in Greenland (subspecies not known). Setophaga ruticilla tricol6éra (Miiller). [687a.] Motacilla tricolora P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, p. 175. (Cay- enne = French Guiana.) Breeds from southeastern Alaska (Glacier Bay, probably; Stikine River), northern British Columbia (Atlin, Liard Crossing), central western and central southern Mackenzie (Fort Norman, Fort Resolution), central Saskatchewan (Emma Lake, Cumberland House), central Manitoba (Cormorant and Cross lakes), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Attawapiskat), central Quebec, and Newfoundland south to southwestern British Columbia (Hagensborg, Pem- berton), central northern Washington (Easton), eastern Oregon (Crook County, Minam), northern Idaho (Weippe), northern Utah (Provo; 10 miles north of Vernal), central northern Colorado (Central City, Longmont), southeastern Montana (Forsyth, Glendive), southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, northern Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia (North Sydney). Winters from southern Baja California (San José del Cabo), Puebla (Metla- toyuca), Veracruz (Tres Zapotes), Yucatan (Chichén Itza), and Quintana Roo (Holbox Island) south to Ecuador (Papallacta), northwestern Brasil (Serra Imeri), southern Venezuela, British Guiana (Bartica), and Surinam (Nickerie). Casual north to northwestern Mackenzie (Fort Good Hope), Banks Island (Sach’s Harbour), and northern Quebec (Port Burwell). Setophaga ruticilla ruticilla (Linnaeus). [687.] Motacilla Ruticilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 186. Based on The Red-Start, Ruticilla americana Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 67. (in America = Virginia.) Breeds from North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, southern Ontario (Hamil- ton), New York, Vermont (Newfane), New Hampshire (Hollis), and southern Maine (Andover, Auburn) south to southeastern Oklahoma (Oklahoma City, Pushmataha County), northeastern Texas, northwestern and southeastern Loui- siana (Mansfield, Diamond), central Mississippi (Edwards), central Alabama (Greensboro, Seale), central Georgia (Macon, Savannah; casually), central North Carolina (Charlotte, Raleigh), and southeastern Virginia (Dismal Swamp). Winters from Veracruz, Yucatan, Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island), Cuba, and Puerto Rico south through Central America and the West Indies to Ecuador (Zamora), southern Venezuela (Auyan-tepui, Roraima), and British Guiana. Casual in Bermuda. Setophaga picta Swainson: PAINTED REDSTART. Northwestern and north-central Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, western Texas, and central Nuevo Leén south through the highlands of México, Guate- mala, El Salvador, central Honduras, and northern Nicaragua. Winters north to Sonora and Chihuahua. 520 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Setophaga picta picta Swainson. [688.] Setophaga picta Swainson, Zool. Illus., ser. 2, vol. 1, 1829, pl. 3 and text. (Real del Monte [,Hidalgo], Mexico.) Breeds from northwestern and north-central Arizona (Hualpai Mountains, Oak Creek Canyon, Fort Apache), southwestern New Mexico (Monticello), western Texas (Chisos Mountains), and central Nuevo Leén (Mesa del Chipin- que) south through the mountains to Guerrero (Chilpancingo), Oaxaca (Cinco Sefores), and Veracruz (Orizaba region); casual north in summer to south- western Utah (Zion National Park) and northwestern New Mexico (Zuni Mountains). Winters from eastern Sonora (Huerachi), central western Chihuahua, central Nuevo Leén (Mesa del Chipinque), and central Tamaulipas (Rio Martinez, Victoria) south through the southern part of breeding range; casually north to southern California (Santa Barbara) and southern Arizona (Pajaritos Mountains). Accidental in Massachusetts (Marblehead Neck) and Louisiana (New Orleans). Family PLOCEIDAE: Weaver Finches Subfamily PASSERINAE: House Sparrows Genus PASSER Brisson Passer Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 36; vol. 3, p. 71. Type, by subsequent designation, Passer domesticus Brisson = Fringilla domestica Linnaeus (Gray, 1841). Passer domésticus (Linnaeus): HOUSE SPARROW. Mainly resident but migratory in part. Native in the British Isles, most of Europe, and across central Siberia to western Amurland; south to southern Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan, the Balkan Peninsula, southern Arabia, Iran, India, Ceylon, and southern Burma. Introduced in North America, Hawaii, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, southeastern Brasil, the Falkland Islands, Cuba, Jamaica, St. Thomas, South Africa, Mombasa, Zanzibar, Grand Comoro Island, Mauritius Island, Australia, and New Zealand. Introduced, but not suc- cessfully, in Greenland (Ivigtut), Bahamas (New Providence), and the Philip- pines (Manila). Passer domesticus domésticus (Linnaeus). [688.2.] Fringilla domestica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, p. 183. (in Europa = Sweden.) Resident in Ireland, Great Britain (including the Hebrides), and throughout Europe, except the Balearic Islands, Corsica, and Italy; north in Norway, Finland, and Russia to about lat. 67° 30’ N.; east through central Siberia to western Amurland; south in Asia to the Caucasus Mountains. Irkutsk, and ORDER PASSERIFORMES 521 Nikolaevsk., Introduced in North America and now established from central British Columbia, central southern Mackenzie, northwestern and central Sas- katchewan (Emma Lake), northern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Lake Attawapiskat, Fort Albany, Moose Factory), southwestern and central southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Anticosti Island), and Newfound- land south to central Baja California, Michoacan, Guerrero, Coahuila, Distrito Federal, Veracruz, the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and southern Florida (to Key West), and in Cuba, Jamaica, St. Thomas (Charlotte Amalie), and Bermuda; also introduced and now established in eastern South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, southeastern Brasil (Espiritu Santo to Parana and Rio Grande do Sul), Argentina, and the Falkland Islands. Passer montanus (Linnaeus): EUROPEAN TREE SPARROW. British Isles, Scandinavia, northern Russia, north-central and southeastern Siberia, southern Kuriles, and Japan south to the Iberian Peninsula, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Italy, Greece, Bulgaria, northern Caucasus, eastern Iran, Af- ghanistan, northern India, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, the Malay States, Su- matra, Java, Borneo, southern China, Hainan, Formosa, and the Ryukyu Islands. Introduced in the northern Philippines (Luzén, Cebu), Australia (Victoria, New South Wales), and the central United States. Passer montanus montanus (Linnaeus). [688.3.] Fringilla montana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 183. (in Europa = North Italy.) Mainly resident from eastern Ireland, Great Britain (including the Hebrides and Shetlands), the Faeroes (formerly), Scandinavia, Russia (from lat. 68° N.), and central Siberia (northern Urals, Altai, Buryat-Mongol A.S.S.R.) south through Europe and western Asia to the Mediterranean islands, the northern Caucasus, northern Turkestan, and the central Altai Mountains. In winter to Corsica. Introduced and established in central eastern Missouri (St. Charles County) and western Illinois (Jacksonville; Springfield; Calhoun and St. Clair counties) ; also in Bermuda (no recent records). Family ICTERIDAE: Meadowlarks, Blackbirds, and Orioles Genus DOLICHONYX Swainson Dolichonyx Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 435. Type, by monotypy, Fringilla oryzivora Linnaeus. Dolichényx oryzivorus (Linnaeus): BoBOLINK. [494.] Fringilla oryzivora Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 179. Based mainly on The Rice-Bird, Hortulanus caroliniensis Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 14, 1731. (in Cuba, . . . . in Carolinam = South Carolina.) Breeds from central southern and southeastern British Columbia (Vernon, Waldo), southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan (Eastend, Quill Lake), §22 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS southern Manitoba (Brandon, Winnipeg), central and southern Ontario (north sporadically to Chapleau and Bigwood), southwestern and central southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Newport), New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and northern Nova Scotia (Cape Breton Island) south through eastern Wash- ington (rarely) and eastern Oregon (Blue Mountains) to northeastern Cali- fornia (Eagleville), northern Nevada (Ruby Valley), northern Utah (Spring- ville), central Colorado (Gunnison, Fort Lyon), central Nebraska (North Platte), northeastern Kansas (Cloud County), northern Missouri, central Illi- nois (Peoria, Urbana), south-central Indiana (Worthington, Columbus), south- western and central eastern Ohio (Hillsboro, Scio), northern West Virginia (south in the mountains to Greenbrier County), western Maryland (Red House), Pennsylvania, and central New Jersey; recorded in summer from southwestern British Columbia (Chilliwack), central Alberta (Glenevis, Ed- monton, Camrose), central Saskatchewan (Ladder Lake), western and northern Ontario (Emo, Missanabie, Strickland), the north shore of the St. Lawrence River in Quebec (Godbout), central Nevada (Toiyabe Mountains), central eastern Arizona (Show Low), central northern New Mexico (between Park View and Chama), and north-central Kansas (Rooks County). Winters in eastern Bolivia, western Brasil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso), Para- guay, and northern Argentina; in migration through the Mississippi Basin (chiefly in spring), the Atlantic coastal States, Florida, across the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea and through the West Indies; casually through eastern México and Central America south to Ecuador, the Galapagos Islands, Pera, and Trinidad. Casual in Arizona (Wikieup), Bermuda, Surinam, French Guiana, and south- eastern Brasil (Rio Grande do Sul). Accidental in Greenland (Godthaab, Arsuk), Labrador (Gready Island), southeastern Quebec (Bradore Bay), northern Ontario (Moose Factory), and Helgoland. Genus STURNELLA Vieillot Sturnella Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, p. 34. Type, by monotypy, Stourne ou Merle a fer-a-cheval of Buffon = Alauda magna Linnaeus. Sturnélla magna (Linnaeus): EASTERN MEADOWLARK. Northwestern and central Arizona, southern New Mexico, southwestern South Dakota, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, southeastern Ontario, southwestern and central southern Quebec, and central Nova Scotia south through México (except Baja California) and Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, northwestern and central northern Brasil, and Cuba. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. Sturnella magna magna (Linnaeus). [501.] Alauda magna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 167. Based on The large Lark, Alauda magna of Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 33. (in America, Africa = South Carolina.) Breeds from southwestern South Dakota (Martin), northwestern Iowa (Sioux City, Ashton), central northern and northeastern Minnesota (Itasca County, ORDER PASSERIFORMES 523 Two Harbors), northern Wisconsin (Lake Owen), northern Michigan (Baraga, Whitefish Point), southern Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie, North Bay), southwestern and central southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Kamouraska), southern New Brunswick (rarely, Sussex, Grand Manan), and central Nova Scotia south through Nebraska (Stapleton, Hastings) and central and northeastern Kansas to central Oklahoma (Woods County, Stillwater) and central northern Texas; through Missouri (except the southeast) to northwestern Arkansas, central Illinois, southern Indiana (Wheatland), northern and eastern Kentucky (Cory- don, Monticello), northeastern Tennessee (Shady Valley), northeastern Georgia (Young Harris), western and central North Carolina (Chapel Hill), and south- ern Virginia. Winters (rarely in the more northern areas) north to Nebraska, central Wis- consin, central Michigan, southeastern Ontario, central Vermont, southern Maine, and central Nova Scotia south to southern Texas, southern Louisiana, central Alabama, northwestern Florida, central Georgia, central South Carolina, and northeastern North Carolina. Casual in northwestern Minnesota (eastern Red River Valley), east-central Ontario (Engelhart), and in northeastern Colorado (Wray). Accidental in northwestern Quebec (East Main), Newfoundland (St. Shotts), and England. Sturnella magna argttula Bangs. [5OIc.] Sturnella magna argutula Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1, Feb. 28, 1899, p. 20. (Dunedin, Hillsboro Co., Florida.) Resident from southeastern Kansas, extreme eastern Oklahoma, Arkansas (except the Ozark area), southeastern Missouri (Portageville), southern Illinois (Wabash, Richland, and Lawrence counties), southwestern Indiana (Knox County), southwestern Kentucky (Fulton County, Rockport), Tennessee (ex- cept northeast), Georgia (except extreme northeast), South Carolina, and central southern and northeastern North Carolina (Rockingham, South Mills) south through eastern Texas (Pierce, Galveston) to the Gulf coast and south- ern Florida. Sturnella magna hodpesi Stone. [501a.] Sturnella magna hoopesi Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 49, sig. 10, (April 21) 1897, p. 149. (Brownsville, Texas.) Resident from southern Texas (Eagle Pass, Port Lavaca) south to northern Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and northern Tamaulipas. Sturnella magna lilianae Oberholser. [501d.] Sturnella magna lilianae Oberholser, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, no. 4, 1930, p. 103, pl. 18. (Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.) Breeds from northwestern and central Arizona (Juniper Mountains, Springer- ville) east to southern New Mexico (Gila River, Hachita) and southwestern Texas (El Paso, Chisos Mountains) south to northeastern Sonora and northern Chihuahua. Winters north to central Arizona. 524 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Sturnella neglécta Audubon: WESTERN MEADOWLARK. Central British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western and southern Ontario, northern Michigan, and northwestern Ohio south to Baja California, Zacatecas, Nuevo Leén, central Texas, and Louisiana. In winter south to Michoacan, State of México, Tamaulipas, and southern Mississippi; breeding range slowly extending eastward in the upper Mississippi Valley. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. Sturnella neglecta confluénta Rathbun. [501.1a.] Sturnella neglecta confluenta Rathbun, Auk, 36, no. 1, Jan. 1917, p. 68. (Seattle, Washington.) Breeds from southwestern and central British Columbia south through Wash- ington, western Idaho (Payette), and Oregon to southern California, inter- grading with S. n. neglecta in central Idaho, Death Valley, and San Diego County, California. Winters from Vancouver Island and the adjacent mainland southward. Mi- grant, in part, in the northeastern section of its range. Sturnella neglecta neglécta Audubon. [501.1.] Sturnella neglecta Audubon, Birds Amer. (octavo ed.), vol. 7, 1844, p. 339, pl. 489. (Missouri River above Fort Croghan = Old Fort Union, North Dakota.) Breeds from southeastern British Columbia, central Alberta, central Sas- katchewan (Manitoba Lake, Hudson Bay Junction), southern Manitoba (Dau- phin, Shoal Lake), western Ontario (Emo, Fort William), northeastern Minne- sota, northern Wisconsin (Superior), northern Michigan (Marquette), southern Ontario (Saulte Ste. Marie; rarely Hamilton), and northwestern Ohio (casually) south through western Montana, eastern Idaho, Nevada, and southeastern California to northwestern Baja California (San Quintin), northwestern Sonora, central and southeastern Arizona (Chandler, Safford; rarely Tucson), eastern Sonora, Sinaloa, Jalisco, northwestern Durango, Guanajuato, southeastern Coa- huila, central Texas (Eagle Pass, Austin), northwestern Louisiana (Gilliam), northwestern Arkansas, central eastern Missouri, southwestern Tennessee (Mem- phis), southern Illinois, southern Michigan, and (casually) central Ohio. Winters north to southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Mani- toba, and southern Wisconsin (Racine); south to southern Baja California, Michoacan, México, Tamaulipas, southern Texas (Brownsville, Cove), Louisi- ana, and Mississippi. Casual in Alaska (Craig), northern British Columbia (Ispatseeza River), Mackenzie (30 miles below Fort Simpson), northern Alberta (Fort Chipe- wyan), and Kentucky (Louisville, Bowling Green). Accidental in northern Ontario (Moose Factory), New York (Rochester), and Georgia (St. Marys). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 525 Genus XANTHOCEPHALUS Bonaparte Xanthocephalus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, vol. 1, sig. 54, June 15, 1850 (Feb. 3, 1851), p. 431. Type, by monotypy, Psarocolius perspicil- latus Wagler = Icterus xanthocephalus Bonaparte. Xanthocéphalus xanthocéphalus (Bonaparte): YELLOW-HEADED BLACK- BIRD. [497.] Icterus xanthocephalus Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, Feb. 1826, p. 223. New name for Icterus icterocephalus (not Oriolus icterocephalus Linnaeus) Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., 1, 1825, p. 27, figs. 1, 2. (Pawnee villages on the river Platte = along the Loup River, just west of Fullerton, Nance Co., Nebraska.") Breeds from western Oregon (Portland), central Washington (Yakima Val- ley, Bumping River), central British Columbia (Tachick Lake, Vernon, Cran- brook), northeastern Alberta (Athabaska Delta), north-central Saskatchewan, central and southeastern Manitoba (Grand Rapids, Winnipeg), northern Min- nesota, north-central Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois, and northwestern Ohio (locally) south to southern California (San Jacinto Lake, Potholes), south- western Arizona (near Yuma, Imperial Dam), northeastern Baja California (Colorado River Delta), south-central Nevada (Pahranagat Valley), south- western Utah (formerly Virgin River Valley), central and central eastern Ari- zona (Mormon Lake, Marsh Lake), southern New Mexico (Mesilla, Carlsbad), northern Texas, northwestern Oklahoma (Cimarron County), southern Kansas, northwestern Arkansas, southwestern, central, and northeastern Missouri (Sar- coxie, Clark County), central Illinois (Quiver Lake), and northwestern Indiana (Lake and Porter counties). There are summer records that may indicate breed- ing in western Texas, central-eastern Missouri, southern Illinois, Michigan, and central Ohio. Winters north to central California (Sacramento Valley), central Arizona (Clarkdale), southern New Mexico (Socorro, Carlsbad), central and south- eastern Texas (Medina, Port Arthur), and southern Louisiana (Calcasieu Parish, Octave Pass); south to southern Baja California (San José del Cabo), Jalisco, Michoacan, Guerrero, Puebla, and central Veracruz. Casual in southwestern British Columbia and central Mackenzie, from north- ern Michigan, southern Ontario, and western Pennsylvania south to southern Louisiana, and along the Atlantic seaboard from Maine to northern Florida. Accidental in the Arctic Ocean (100 miles west of Point Hope, Alaska), northern Manitoba (Churchill), central Quebec (Rupert House, Godbout), Nova Scotia (Sable Island), southern Florida (Royal Palm Hammock, Key West), Cuba (Habana, market specimen; Guantanamo), Barbados, Greenland (Sardloq, Nanortalik), and Denmark (Fyen). Genus AGELAIUS Vieillot Agelaius Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, p. 33. Type, by subsequent designation, Troupiale commandeur of Buffon = Oriolus phoeniceus Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). 1 See Nebraska Bird Rev., 1, 1933, p. 34. 526 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Agelaius phoeniceus (Linnaeus): REDWINGED BLACKBIRD. Northwestern British Columbia, southeastern Yukon, central Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, north-central Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, Prince Edward Island, and central Nova Scotia south to southern Baja California, Costa Rica, western Cuba, the Isle of Pines, and the northern Bahamas. Accidental at Nash Lighthouse, Glamorgan, Wales, Oct. 27, 1886 (subspecies not known). Fossil, in Pleistocene of Florida. Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus (Linnaeus). [498.] Oriolus phoeniceus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 161. Based mainly on The red-wing’d Starling, Sturnus niger alis superne rubentibus Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 13, 1731. (in America septentrionali = Charleston, South Carolina.) Breeds from eastern Nebraska, Missouri, eastern Iowa (Johnson and Clayton counties), northern Wisconsin (Danbury), central Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie, Lake Abitibi), southern Quebec (Sainte Felicien, Gaspé), New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and central Nova Scotia south to northeastern Texas, northeastern Louisiana (Mer Rouge, Tallulah), northern Mississippi, south- central Alabama, southern Georgia, and extreme north-central Florida (Cherry Lake, Gainesville). Winters rarely north to Kansas, southern Ontario (Chatham, Ottawa), south- western Quebec, Connecticut, and southeastern Massachusetts, casually to New Hampshire (Warren); regularly south to southern Texas (Brownsville, Tivoli), southern Louisiana, southern Mississippi (Gulfport, Saucier), and Florida. Casual on north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Quebec (Piashti Bay) and in northern Nova Scotia (Cape Breton, Sable Island). Agelaius phoeniceus mearnsi Howell and van Rossem. [498c.] Agelaius phoeniceus mearnsi Howell and van Rossem, Auk, 45, no. 2, Apr. 16, 1928, p. 159. (Alligator Bluff, Kissimmee River, Florida.) Resident in northern and central Florida (west to Apalachicola and south to Fort Myers and Lake Okeechobee, except for a limited area in the north- central section; extending in the east into extreme southeastern Georgia (Oke- finokee Swamp, St. Marys). In winter wanders to southwestern Georgia (Grady County). Agelaius phoeniceus floridanus Maynard. [498).] Agelaius phoeniceus floridanus Maynard, Birds East. North Amer., pt. 40, 1895, p. 698. (Key West, Florida.) Resident in southern Florida (Everglades, Miami, Key West). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 527 Agelaius phoeniceus littoralis Howell and van Rossem. [498h.] Agelaius phoeniceus littoralis Howell and van Rossem, Auk, 45, no. 2, Apr. 16, 1928, p. 157. (Santa Rosa Island, opposite Mary Esther, Florida.) Resident in southeastern Texas (Brenham, Galveston), southern Louisiana (north, at least, to Crowley, Clinton), central western and southern Mississippi (Saucier, Vicksburg), southern Alabama (Mobile), and northwestern Florida (Pensacola Bay, Whitfield). Casual farther west in Texas (Tivoli, Eagle Lake). Agelaius phoeniceus megapétamus Oberholser. [498¢.] Agelaius phoeniceus megapotamus Oberholser, Wilson Bull., 31, no. 1, Mar. 1919, p. 20. (Brownsville, Texas.) Resident from central Texas (Kerrville, Giddings) south to southeastern Coahuila, México, and northern Veracruz. Agelaius phoeniceus arctélegus Oberholser. [498i.] Agelaius phoeniceus arctolegus Oberholser, Auk, 24, no. 3, July 1907, p. 332. (Fort Simpson, Mackenzie.) Breeds from southeastern Yukon, central Mackenzie (Fort Norman, Fort Simpson), northwestern Saskatchewan, north-central Manitoba (The Pas, Ox- ford House), and western and northeastern Ontario (Lake Attawapiskat, Moose Factory) south to central British Columbia (Williams Lake, Tachick Lake), southwestern Alberta (Waterton Lakes Park, Milk River), eastern Montana (Powder River County), southern South Dakota (Menno, Vermillion), and Iowa (east to Tama and Van Buren counties). Winters casually north to southern British Columbia (Okanagan Landing), southeastern Saskatchewan (Estevan), southern Manitoba (Brandon), northern and central Minnesota (Hennepin County), northeastern Illinois (Waukegan), southeastern Michigan (Erie), southern Ontario (Brantford), central Ohio (Licking County), and western West Virginia (Mason County); regularly south to north-central Colorado (Semper), central Texas (Boerne, Edge), and Louisi- ana (Belcher, Jefferson Parish). Casual in southeastern Alaska (Mole Harbor, Sergief Island), central Yukon (Mayo Landing), west-central British Columbia (Kispiox Valley), northern Manitoba (Churchill), extreme northeastern Ontario (Cape Henrietta Maria), central New York (Cayuga and Tompkins counties), Connecticut (North Haven), and Georgia (Tifton). Accidental in northern Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales, Barrow) and northern Mackenzie (headwaters of the Dease River). Agelaius phoeniceus fértis Ridgway. [498d.] Agelaius phoeniceus fortis Ridgway, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 3, Apr. 1901, p. 153. (Omaha, Nebraska.) Breeds east of the Rockies in western Montana (Teton and Gallatin counties), western Nebraska, and western Kansas (Decatur County) south through south- 528 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS eastern Idaho (Bear Lake County), central and central eastern Utah (Salt Lake City, Spanish Fork, Moab), and Colorado to southwestern Utah (Pinto, St. George), southern Nevada (intermediate toward sonoriensis), central and central eastern Arizona (San Francisco Mountains, McNary), central and south- eastern New Mexico (Fort Wingate, Carlsbad), and (probably) northern and western Texas (Boise, Canadian, Ysleta). Winters from northern Utah (Morgan County), Colorado (Barr, Colorado Springs), and eastern Nebraska (Lincoln) south to western and central Texas (El Paso, Hot Springs, Eagle Lake); casually east to Arkansas (Fayetteville, Arkansas County), Tennessee (Reelfoot Lake), Mississippi (Rosedale), and Louisiana (Belcher). Agelaius phoeniceus nevadénsis Grinnell. [498j.] Agelaius phoeniceus nevadensis Grinnell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27, May 11, 1914, p. 107. (Quinn River Crossing, Humboldt County, Nevada.) Breeds from central southern and southeastern British Columbia (Kamloops, Newgate) south through central Washington (Conconully, North Dalles), northern Idaho (Coeur d’Alene, Lewiston), eastern Oregon (Gateway, Pros- pect), and central northern and eastern California (Seiad Valley, Yosemite, Little Lake) to southeastern California (Victorville; Death Valley) and southern Nevada (Ash Meadows). Winters north to south-central British Columbia and northern Idaho, south to western and southern California (Palo Alto, Oro Grande) and southern Arizona (Lochiel). Agelaius phoeniceus caurinus Ridgway. [498f.] Agelaius phoeniceus caurinus Ridgway, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 3, Apr. 15, 1901, p. 153. (Cedar Hill, Vancouver Island.) Breeds along the coast from southwestern British Columbia (Courtenay, Abbotsford) to northwestern California (Eureka, Requa), and inland along the lower Trinity River, California. Winters throughout its range and south to central western California (Palo Alto) and the Great Valley of California (Gray Lodge State Game Refuge, Buena Vista Lake). Accidental in northern Sonora (Sonoyta). Agelaius phoeniceus mailliardérum van Rossem. [498k.] Agelaius phoeniceus mailliardorum van Rossem, Condor, 28, no. 5, Sept. 21, 1926, p. 223. (Palo Alto, Santa Clara County, California.) Resident in central coastal California (Sherwood, Lower Lake) south to Carmel River, Soledad, and Paicines. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 529 Agelaius phoeniceus califérnicus Nelson. [499.] Agelaius gubernator californicus Nelson, Auk, 14, no. 1, Jan. 1897, p. 59. (Stockton, California.) Resident in the Great Valley of California from Fouts Springs, Red Bluff, and Columbia Hill south to Los Bafios, Cuddy Valley, and Visalia. Casual in southeastern California (Calipatria). Agelaius phoeniceus aciculatus Mailliard. [4981.] Agelaius phoeniceus aciculatus Mailliard, Condor, 17, no. 1, Jan. 30, 1915, p. 13. (Isabella, Kern County, California.) Breeds in the mountain valleys of east-central Kern County, south-central California (Bodfish, Isabella, Weldon, Onyx). In winter probably at lower altitudes near breeding range; recorded at Buena Vista Lake. Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis Ridgway. [498ce.] Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis Ridgway, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 3, Apr. 15, 1901, p. 153. (Jacumba, San Diego Co., California.) Resident in southwestern California (Santa Margarita, Redlands, Jacumba) and northwestern Baja California (Sierra Juarez, El Valle de la Trinidad, El Rosario). Casual in winter in southeastern California (Imperial). Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriénsis Ridgway. [498a.] Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, p. 370. (Southern California and Arizona to Mexico=Old Camp Grant, lower San Pedro River, Arizona.) Resident from southeastern California (Indio), southern Nevada (opposite Fort Mohave, Arizona), central western, central, and southeastern Arizona (Fort Mohave, Wikieup, Safford) south to northeastern Baja California (Colo- rado Delta) and northern Sonora. Winters south to southern Baja California (Santiago, San José del Cabo), southern Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Escuinapa), and central Durango (Papasquiero). Agelaius tricolor (Audubon): TRICOLORED BLACKBIRD. [500.] Icterus tricolor Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), pl. 388, fig. 1, 1837 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 1). (Santa Barbara, Upper California.) Breeds east of the coast ranges in southern Oregon (Agency Lake; Klamath Falls) south through California (Modoc Plateau west of the Sierra Nevada; Great Valley; Walker Basin; San Bernardino; and along the coast from Bodega Head to Chula Vista) to northwestern Baja California (San Rafael Valley; EI Rosario). Winters throughout its range in California (at least north to Glenn County); winter specimens reported from Baja California (El Rosario). 530 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Agelaius humerdlis (Vigors): TAWNY-SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD. [500.1.] Leistes humeralis Vigors, Zool. Journ., 3, no. 11, (Dec. 31) 1827, p. 442. (near Havana, Cuba.) Resident throughout Cuba and locally in west-central Haiti (Port de Paix, lower Artibonite River). Accidental in Florida (Key West). Genus ICTERUS Brisson Icterus Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 30; vol. 2, p. 85. Type, by tautonymy, Icterus Brisson = Oriolus icterus Linnaeus. Icterus spiirius (Linnaeus): ORCHARD ORIOLE. [506.] Oriolus spurius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 162. Based mainly on The Bastard Baltimore, Icterus minor Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 49. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Breeds from southern Manitoba (Cypress River), central and southeastern Minnesota (Nisswa, Stillwater), central Wisconsin (northern Wood County), southern Michigan (Greenville, Port Huron), southern Ontario (Lambton, Gananoque), north-central Pennsylvania (Punxsutawney, Lock Haven), central and central eastern New York (casually to Ithaca, Wilmington), and central and northeastern Massachusetts (Amherst, Fitchburg) south through eastern and central southern North Dakota (Devils Lake, Bismarck), central South Dakota (Stamford, Grass Creek), central Nebraska (Fort Niobrara Refuge, North Platte), northeastern Colorado (Wray), and central northern and western Texas (Amarillo, Marfa) to central Durango, central Nuevo Leon, northern Tamaulipas, southern Texas (Hidalgo, Brownsville), the Gulf coast, and north- ern Florida (Aucilla, St. Augustine). Winters from Colima, Guerrero, Puebla (Huexotitla), central Veracruz (Jalapa), Yucatan, and Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island) south to southern and central eastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela; in migration west to southern Sinaloa (Labrados, Rosario) and Nayarit (San Blas), and east through Florida, the Florida Keys, and western Cuba. Casual in New Mexico (Hagerman), central Colorado (Denver, North Creek), Wyoming (New Castle), western South Dakota (Buffalo Gap, Grand River Agency), south-central Manitoba (Lake St. Martin), southern Quebec (Lacolle), northern Vermont (Middlebury, Orleans), central New Hampshire (Grafton County), southern Maine (Auburn, Thomaston), New Brunswick (Kent Island), and Nova Scotia (Halifax County, Sable Island). Accidental in California (Eureka). Icterus graduacduda Lessont: BLACK-HEADED ORIOLE. Jalisco, Guerrero, Nuevo Ledén, and south-central Texas south to north- western Guatemala. 1 Icterus graduacauda Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, April 1839, p. 105. (Mexico.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 531 Icterus graduacauda audubonii Giraud. [503.] Icterus audubonii Giraud, Sixteen Species Texas Birds, 1841, p. 3. (Texas.) Breeds from southern Texas (Rio Grande City, Hidalgo, Brownsville), pos- sibly casually north to Pleasanton and Austwell, south at least to central Tamau- lipas (Realito, Rio Cruz). Winters from southern Texas (Brownsville) south to Nuevo Leén (Mesa de Chipinque, south of Monterrey), San Luis Potosi (Hacienda Angostura), and southern Tamaulipas (Victoria, Tampico). Icterus pectoralis (Wagler): SPOTTED-BREASTED ORIOLE. From Oaxaca south in the tropical zone to northwestern Costa Rica and eastern Nicaragua. Icterus pectoralis pectoralis (Wagler). [503.2.] Psarocolius pectoralis Wagler, Isis von Oken, 7, 1829, col. 755. (Mexico = Totolapan, Oaxaca.) Resident in the semi-arid parts of the tropical zone from the Pacific slope of Oaxaca and Chiapas through the interior of Guatemala (on both slopes), El Salvador, and Honduras to western Costa Rica (Guanacaste). Introduced and established in eastern Dade County, Florida. Icterus cucullatus Swainson: HOODED ORIOLE. Central California, southern Nevada, central and southeastern Arizona, south- ern New Mexico, and western and southern Texas south to southern Baja Cali- fornia, Guerrero, Chiapas, the Yucatan Peninsula, and northern British Hon- duras. Icterus cucullatus sénnetti Ridgway. [505.] Icterus cucullatus sennetti Ridgway, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 3, Apr. 15, 1901, p. 152. (Brownsville, Texas.) Resident from southern Texas (Rio Grande City, Port Isabel) south along the Gulf Coastal Plain to southern Tamaulipas (probably Paso de la Haba). In winter south to northern Guerrero (Taxco, Iguala) and Morelos (Cuer- navaca). Icterus cucullatus cucullatus Swainson. [505d.] Icterus cucullatus Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 436. (Table land. Temiscaltipec = State of México, México.) Breeds from Chihuahua (Sabinas), Nuevo Leén (Monterrey, Linares), and Tamaulipas (Gé6mez Farias) south to San Luis Potosi (probably San Luis Potosi), northern Guerrero (Iguala), and southern Veracruz (Orizaba, Cate- maco). In winter to Morelos (Cuernavaca) and central Veracruz (Mirador); in 532 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS spring and fall to western Texas (Marathon, Val Verde County), Nayarit (Santiago), Michoacan (Lake Patzcuaro, Tacambaro), central Guerrero (Chil- pancingo), and Veracruz (Puerto México). Icterus cucullatus nélsoni Ridgway. [505a.] Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 8, May 6, 1885, p. 19. (Tucson, Arizona.) Breeds from southeastern California (Colorado River Valley), central and southeastern Arizona (Topock, San Carlos, Safford), and southwestern New Mexico (Silver City) south to northeastern Baja California (eastern base of Sierra San Pedro Martir, lat. 31° N.) and southern Sonora (Guaymas, Agia- bampo). Winters from central Sonora (Hermosillo), casually from southern Arizona (Tucson), south to southern Sinaloa (Escuinapa, Rio Mazatlan). Casual in southwestern Utah (St. George; Beaver Dam Wash, where it may breed) and western Texas (Brewster County). Icterus cucullatus califérnicus (Lesson). [505c.] Pendulinus californicus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 7, Nov., 1844, p. 436. (Cali- fornia.) Breeds from central California (Solano County, Fresno, Clark Mountain) south to northwestern Baja California (Santo Domingo, San José). Casual in southern Nevada (Pahrump, Ash Meadows), where it may breed. Winters, casually, north to southwestern California (Pasadena, Los Angeles). Southern limits of winter range unknown. Accidental in Kansas (Garden City). Icterus cucullatus trochiloides Grinnell. [505b.] Icterus cucullatus trochiloides Grinnell, Auk, 44, no. 1, January 5, 1927, p. 70. (Triunfo, about lat. 23° 45’, Lower California.) Resident in southern Baja California, from San Ignacio, Comondi, and Carmen Island south to Cape San Lucas. Icterus gularis (Wagler)*: LICHTENSTEIN’S ORIOLE. Lower Rio Grande Valley south through eastern, central, and southwestern México to central Honduras and northwestern Nicaragua. Icterus gularis tamaulipénsis Ridgway. [503.1.] Icterus gularis tamaulipensis Ridgway, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 3, Apr. 15, 1901, p. 152. (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, E. Mexico.) Resident from central Tamaulipas (Victoria) south through eastern México to Veracruz, Tabasco, México, and Campeche. 1 Psarocolius gularis Wagler, Isis von Oken, 7, 1829, col. 757. (Mexico = Tehuan- tepec, Oaxaca.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 533 Casual, possibly resident, in southern Texas (Brownsville); nested near Santa Maria, Texas, 1951. Icterus pustuldtus (Wagler)': SCARLET-HEADED ORIOLE. Central Sonora, southwestern Chihuahua, western Durango, Jalisco, Micho- acan, México, and central Puebla south to Colima, Guerrero, and Oaxaca. Icterus pustulatus microstictus Griscom. [505.1.] Icterus pustulatus microstictus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo@l., 75, Jan. 1934, p. 408. (Sonora, Guaymas.) Resident from central Sonora (Hermosillo, Ures), southwestern Chihuahua, western Durango, and Jalisco (Bolafios, Guadalajara) south to Sinaloa (Mazat- lan, Escuinapa), Nayarit (San Blas, Tepic), and Jalisco (Barranca Ibarra, Zacoalco). Accidental in California (La Mesa) and Arizona (Tucson). Icterus paris6rum Bonaparte: SCOTT’s ORIOLE. [504.] Icterus Parisorum Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 5, 1837 (June 14, 1838), p. 110. (No type locality specified = Mexico.) Breeds from southern Nevada (White Mountains, Charleston Mountains), southwestern Utah (Beaverdam Mountains), north-central Arizona (Wupatki National Monument), north-central New Mexico (San Miguel County, Mon- toya), and western Texas (Guadalupe Mountains, Chisos Mountains) south through southeastern California (Inyo Mountains, Campo) to southern Baja California (Cape San Lucas, Victoria Mountains), central northern and south- eastern Sonora (Nogales, Rancho Santa Barbara), and southeastern Coahuila (Las Delicias), Has nested recently in central western Nevada (Stillwater) and northeastern Utah (Powder Springs). Winters regularly north to northern Baja California (San Quintin, San Fer- nando) and southern Sonora (San José de Guaymas, Camoa), casually to south- western California (Garnsey, San Diego), south to southern Baja California (Miraflores), central Michoacan (Patzcuaro), Guerrero (Chilpancingo), and Puebla (San Bartolo); east to western Nuevo Leén (Santa Catarina) and Hidalgo (Cuesta Texcueda, Pachuca). Casual in coastal California (Santa Barbara, San Diego) and in east-central Utah (25 miles east of Hanksville). Icterus galbula (Linnaeus): BALTIMORE ORIOLE. [507.] Coracias Galbula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 108. Based on The Baltimore-Bird, Icterus ex aureo nigroque varius Catesby, Caro- lina, vol. 1, p. 48. (in America = Virginia.) Breeds from central Alberta (Lesser Slave Lake, Lac la Biche), central Sas- katchewan (Emma Lake, Yorkton), southern Manitoba (Lake St. Martin, 1 Psarocolius pustulatus Wagler, Isis von Oken, 7, 1829, col. 757. (Mexico = San Mateo, Oaxaca.) 534 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Indian Bay), western Ontario (Malachi, Port Arthur), northern Michigan (Houghton, Newberry), southern Ontario (Manitoulin Island, Lake Nipissing, southern Quebec (Montreal, Blue Sea Lake), central Maine (Avon, Dover- Foxcroft), central New Brunswick (Woodstock, St. John), and central Nova Scotia (Berwick) south to west-central Oklahoma (Woodward, Minco), north- eastern Texas (Marshall), northwestern, central, and southeastern Louisiana (Shreveport, New Orleans), central Mississippi (Jackson, Waverly), northern Alabama (formerly), north-central Georgia (Atlanta, Washington), western South Carolina (Greenville), western North Carolina (Asheville, Boone), cen- tral Virginia (Bedford, Charlottesville), northern Maryland (Baltimore), and Delaware. Has bred in northeastern Colorado (Dry Willow Creek). Hybridizes extensively with J. bullockii in western Oklahoma and western Nebraska. Winters from southern Veracruz (Tres Zapotes, Cerro de Tuxtla) and Ta- basco (San Juan Bautista) throughout Central America to northern and central Colombia (Rio Jurad6, Chafurray, Cucuta) and northwestern Venezuela (San Rafael, Santa Barbara). Rare in Cuba during spring migration. Recorded oc- casionally in winter in southeastern Canada and eastern United States from Toronto, Ontario, south to Louisiana, especially since about 1951. Casual in central Ontario (Chapleau), northern Maine (Mount Katahdin, Presque Isle), Prince Edward Island, eastern Quebec (Seven Islands), New- foundland, and Bermuda. Accidental in northern Manitoba (York Factory), Greenland (Sukkertop- pen), and Scotland (Shetland). Icterus bullockii (Swainson): BULLOCK’sS ORIOLE. Southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan, Montana, southwestern North Dakota, and central South Dakota south to northern Baja California, State of México, and northern Veracruz. In winter from Sinaloa south, west of the continental divide, to northwestern Costa Rica. Icterus bullockii billockii (Swainson). [508.] Xanthornus Bullockii Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 436. (Table land = Real del Monte, Hidalgo, México.) Breeds from southern British Columbia, east of the coastal ranges (Alkali Lake, Milner, Okanagan Landing), northwestern Montana (Flathead Lake), southern Alberta (Warner, Medicine Hat), southwestern Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, Eastend), northeastern Montana (Fairview), southwestern North Da- kota (Medora), western South Dakota (Harding County, Black Hills), western Nebraska (Chadron, McCook), western Kansas (Garden City), western Okla- homa (Gate), and central Texas (Vernon, Austin) south to central and south- ern interior California (Mount St. Helena, Twenty-nine Palms), southern Ne- vada (Charleston Mountains, Pioche), southwestern Utah (St. George), central and central southern Arizona (Prescott, Tucson), northeastern Sonora (Saric, Pilares), probably northern Chihuahua (Casas Grandes), central Coahuila (Monclova), and southern Texas (Rio Grande City, Brownsville). Summer records east of this range: North Dakota (Towner), South Dakota (Pierre), Kansas (Fort Riley, Manhattan, Lawrence). Hybridizes extensively with /. galbula in western Oklahoma and western Nebraska. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 535 Winters from southern Sinaloa (Mazatlan), México (Tlalpam), and Puebla south, west of the continental divide, to northwestern Costa Rica (Liberia); casually north to central California (Durham, Drytown), southern Texas (Nueces), and southern Louisiana (Cameron, Baton Rouge). Casual in western Washington (Tacoma, Vancouver). Accidental in New York (Onondaga County), Massachusetts (Falmouth), Maine (Sorrento), and Georgia (Grady County). Icterus bullockii parvus van Rossem. [508a.] Icterus bullockii parvus van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., no. 21, Oct. 25, 1945, p. 237. (Jacumba, San Diego County, California.) Breeds from central western and southern California (Santa Rosa, San Jacinto Mountains), extreme southern Nevada (opposite Fort Mohave, Ari- zona), and western Arizona (Colorado River Valley) south to northern Baja California (San Rafael, Colorado Delta) and northwestern Sonora (Colonia Independencia, San Luis). Winter range largely unknown; possibly winters sparingly in southern Cali- fornia (Los Angeles) and Arizona (Parker); probably in central western México south to Guerrero (Chilpancingo); migrants taken in Sonora (San Javier, Tesia, Guirocoba) and Arizona (north to Camp Verde, rarely to Wupatki National Monument). Genus EUPHAGUS Cassin Euphagus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18, no. 5, Nov.-Dec. 1866 (July 20, 1867), p. 413. Type, by monotypy, Psarocolius cyano- cephalus Wagler. Euphagus carolinus (Miiller): Rusty BLACKBIRD. From northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and central Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, central Labrador, and Newfoundland south to central Alaska, central British Columbia, south-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, southern Ontario, northeastern New York, northern Vermont, northern New Hampshire, central Maine, south- ern New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. In winter south to central Colorado, southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast and northern Florida. Accidental (subspecies not certain) in Greenland (Fiskenaes, Frederikshaab) and Wales (Cardiff). Euphagus ecarolinus carolinus (Miller). [509.] Turdus Carolinus P. L. S. Miller, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, p. 140. (Caro- lina.) Breeds from northern Alaska (Kotzebue Sound, Barrow, Fort Yukon), north- ern Yukon (Porcupine River at Alaska boundary, King Point), northwestern and central Mackenzie (mouth of Peel River, Pikes Portage), northern Mani- 536 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS toba (Churchill, York Factory), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Lake River Post), northern Quebec (Fort Chimo), and central Labrador (Nain, Mak- kovik) south to south-central Alaska (Bethel), British Columbia (east of the coastal ranges; Atlin, Nulki Lake), south-central Alberta (Calgary, Red Deer), central Saskatchewan (Big River, Emma Lake), central Manitoba (probably Oxford Lake), western and southern Ontario (Savanne, Bruce County, Algon- quin Park), and southern Quebec (Inlet); through the northern Appalachians to northeastern New York (Raquette Lake, Long Lake), northern Vermont (Franklin, St. Johnsbury), northern New Hampshire (Averill, Lake Umbagog), central western and eastern Maine (Oxford to Washington counties), and south- ern New Brunswick (Scotch Lake). Winters north to southern British Columbia (Okanagan Landing casually), central Alberta (Camrose), southern Saskatchewan (Eastend), southern Mani- toba (Portage la Prairie), central Minnesota (Fosston, Elk River), southern Wisconsin (Madison, Waukesha), southern Michigan (Kalamazoo, East Lan- sing), southern Ontario (Kitchener, Reaboro), central and southeastern New York (Geneva, Rhinebeck), central New Hampshire, and southern Maine (Falmouth, Calais), south to central Colorado (Loveland, Denver, Colorado Springs), central and southeastern Texas (Abilene, Seabrook), the Gulf coast and northern Florida (Cedar Keys, New Smyrna). Casual in southwestern and southeastern Alaska (Nushagak, Kodiak Island, Wrangell), California (Amador County, Santa Rosa and San Clemente islands, Jamacha), Idaho (Potlatch), Arizona (Camp Verde, Tucson), and western Texas (Alpine). Accidental in Siberia (Indian Point), Alaskan islands in Bering Sea (St. Paul, St. Lawrence), and Baja California (Valladares). Euphagus carolinus nigrans Burleigh and Peters. [509a.] Euphagus carolinus nigrans T. Burleigh and H. S. Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 61, June 16, 1948, p. 121. (Stephenville Crossing, New- foundland.) Breeds in the Magdalen Islands, Nova Scotia (Halifax, Barrington), and Newfoundland. Recorded in winter in North Carolina (Asheville) and Georgia (Grady County). Euphagus cyanocéphalus (Wagler): BREWER’S BLACKBIRD. [510.] Psarocolius cyanocephalus Wagler, Isis von Oken, 22, Heft 7, July 1829, col. 758. (Mexico.) Breeds from southwestern, central, and southeastern British Columbia (Co- mox, Fernie), central Alberta (Grimshaw, Lesser Slave Lake), central Sas- katchewan (Carlton, forks of the Saskatchewan), southern Manitoba (Duck Mountain, Shoal Lake), northern Minnesota (Crookston, Hibbing), western Ontario (Port Arthur), and northern Wisconsin (Hayward, Oconto, Green Bay) south to northwestern Baja California (La Grulla, San Rafael), central southern and central eastern California (Kenworthy, Saline Valley), southern Nevada (Lincoln County), southwestern and central Utah (Pine Valley, ORDER PASSERIFORMES 537 Meadow, Parleys Park), central Arizona (Flagstaff, Marsh Lake), western and central southern New Mexico (Fort Wingate, Mayhill), northern Texas (Can- yon, Vernon), Oklahoma (Gate; casually, Creek County), northern Iowa, southern Wisconsin (Belleville, Walworth County), northeastern Illinois (Wau- conda, Northfield), northwestern Indiana (Lake and Porter counties), and southwestern Michigan (Kalamazoo County). Summer specimens have been taken farther north in British Columbia (Kathlyn Lake, Francois Lake). Winters from southwestern British Columbia (Vancouver), northern Wash- ington (Bellingham Bay), central Alberta (casually Camrose), central eastern Montana, central Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas (Fayetteville, Stuttgart), south- western Tennessee (Memphis), northeastern Mississippi (Tupelo), Alabama, Georgia (casually, Atlanta, Athens, Augusta), western North Carolina (casu- ally, Asheville), and western South Carolina (casually, Clemson, Chester) south to southern Baja California, Michoacan (Patzcuaro), Oaxaca, central Veracruz (Orizaba, Las Vigas), and the Gulf coast, casually east to western Florida (Panama City). Casual in northern Ontario (Lake Attawapiskat), northeastern Indiana (Ligonier), and northwestern Ohio (Spencer, Jerusalem Township). Accidental in Keewatin (Baker Lake). Fossil, in late Pleistocene of Oregon and Kansas. Genus CASSIDIX Lesson Cassidix Lesson, Traité Orn., livr. 6, Feb. 1, 1831, p. 433. Type, by sub- sequent designation, Cassidix mexicanus Lesson= Corvus mexicanus Gmelin (Gray, 1840). Cassidix mexiedanus (Gmelin)': BOAT-TAILED GRACKLE. Southern Arizona, central New Mexico, west-central and southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast, northern Florida, and the Atlantic coast from southern New Jersey south to southern Florida, through México, Central America, and coastal South America to northern Peri and northwestern Venezuela. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. Cassidix mexicanus nélsoni (Ridgway). [513c.] Scaphidurus major nelsoni Ridgway, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 3, Apr. 15, 1901, p. 151. (Alamos, Sonora.) Breeds from southern Arizona (Tucson) south to southern Sonora (Guaymas, Agiabampo, Guiracoba). Winters in southern Sonora (possibly throughout range). Has moved north- ward in Sonora and into southern Arizona in recent years. 1 Corvus mexicanus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 7, 1788, p. 375. (Mexico = Veracruz, Vera Cruz.) 538 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Cassidix mexicanus monsoni Phillips. [513e.] Cassidix mexicanus monsoni Phillips, Condor, 52, no. 2, Mar. 15, 1950, p. 78. (Near San Antonio, Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico.) Breeds from southeastern Arizona (Benson, Randolph), north-central New Mexico, and western Texas (to Brewster County) south to Chihuahua. Recorded sparingly in winter in Pinal and Graham counties, Arizona; the Bosque del Apache Refuge, near San Antonio, New Mexico; and along the Rio Grande at Juarez, Chihuahua. Presumed to winter mainly in Chihuahua. Has extended its range in the United States northward in recent years. Cassidix mexicanus prosopidicola Lowery. [513).] Cassidix mexicanus prosopidicola Lowery, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., no. 1, May 4, 1938, p. 1. (Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas.) Breeds, and mainly resident, from southeastern New Mexico (Carlsbad) and western, south-central and east-central Texas (Toyahvale, Eagle Lake) south to southern Coahuila (Las Delicias, Saltillo), Nuevo Leén (Monterrey, Monte- morelos), and southern Tamaulipas (Gomez Farias). Casual in winter on Gulf coast of Louisiana (Avery Island). Cassidix mexicanus major (Vicillot). [513.] Quiscalus major Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 28, May 1819, p. 487. (le Mexique et la Louisiane = New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Louisiana.) Breeds from southeastern Texas (Galveston, Port Arthur), southern Louisi- ana (Ged, Madisonville), southern Mississippi (Bay St. Louis, Deer Island), southern Alabama (Chuckvee Bay, Alabama Port), and Florida (Bay County) south to the Florida Keys. Mainly resident, but wandering in winter. Cassidix mexicanus térreyi Harper. [513d.] Cassidix major torreyi Harper, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 86, Mar. 8, 1934, p. 1. (Chincoteague, Virginia.) Breeds along the Atlantic coast from southern New Jersey (Fortescue) south to Georgia. Winters from Cape Henry, Virginia (in mild winters north along the Eastern Shore of Virginia) south to Florida. Genus QUISCALUS Vieillot Quiscalus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, p. 36. Type, by subsequent designation, Gracula quiscula Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 539 Quiscalus quiscula (Linnaeus): COMMON GRACKLE. Northeastern British Columbia, southern Mackenzie, central Saskatchewan, central and northeastern Manitoba, western and northeastern Ontario, southern Quebec, southwestern Newfoundland, and northern Nova Scotia south, east of the Rockies, to central Colorado, southwestern Kansas, central and central southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. Quisealus quiscula sténei Chapman. [511.] Quiscalus quiscula stonei Chapman, Auk, 52, no. 1, Jan. 1935, p. 25. (Lakehurst, N.[ew] J.[ersey].) Breeds from central Louisiana (Opelousas, Lobdell, Lake Arthur, East Baton Rouge), central and northeastern Mississippi (Shubuta, Lucedale), southern and northeastern Tennessee (Selmer, Shady Valley), eastern West Virginia (Frank- lin, Leetown), central and northeastern Pennnsylvania (State College, Scran- ton), central southern and southeastern New York (Binghamton, Hempstead), and southwestern Connecticut (Bethel, Portland) south to central Alabama (Greensboro, Auburn), northern Georgia (Kirkwood, Athens), western South Carolina (Greenwood), east-central North Carolina (Raleigh), and southeastern Virginia (Petersburg). Winters within breeding range, rarely north to southeastern Pennsylvania (Doylestown, Holmesburg) and Rhode Island (Newport); south to the Gulf coast, northern Florida (Cedar Keys, Gainesville), and southeastern Georgia (Riceboro). Casual in Texas (Sour Lake), Kentucky (Barboursville), western Pennsyl- vania (Wilkinsburg), New Hampshire (Tilton), and New Brunswick (Kent Island). Quisealus quiscula quiseula (Linnaeus). [511a.] Gracula Quiscula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 109. Based mainly on The Purple Jack Daw, Monedula purpurea Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 12. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Resident from southeastern Louisiana (Isle Bonne, Chef Menteur), southern Mississippi (Bay St. Louis, Agricola), central western and southeastern Ala- bama (Reform, Dothan), central Georgia (Montezuma, Augusta), eastern South Carolina (Anderson), eastern North Carolina (Lake Mattamuskeet, Kitty Hawk, and extreme southeastern Virginia (Newport News, Pungo), south to southern Florida (Key West, Grassy Key, Key Biscayne). Quiscalus quiseula versicolor Vieillot. [5115.] Quiscalus versicolor Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 28, May 1819, p. 488. (Etats-Unis.) Breeds from northeastern British Columbia (Tupper Creek), central southern Mackenzie (Fort Simpson, Fort Smith), central Saskatchewan (Flotten Lake, Cumberland House), central and northeastern Manitoba (Grand Rapids, 540 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Churchill), western, central, and northeastern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Ross- port, Moose Factory), southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Anticosti Island, Seven Islands), southwestern Newfoundland, and northern Nova Scotia (Bad- deck, Sydney) south along the eastern slope of the Rockies to central southern and southeastern Colorado (Denver, Beulah, Fort Lyon), central and south- eastern Texas (Abilene, Galveston), southwestern Louisiana (Grand Chenier, Calcasieu, Vidalia), western and northern Mississippi (Centerville, Baldwyn), northern Tennessee (Nashville), Kentucky, western and central West Virginia (Nicholas County, Franklin), central Pennsylvania (State College), central and central eastern New York (Ithaca, Troy), northern Connecticut (Litchfield), Rhode Island, and southeastern Massachusetts (Martha’s Vineyard, Dennis); also on Shelter Island at the eastern end of Long Island, New York. Hybridizes with Q. q. stonei along the line of junction from southern Louisiana to Massa- chusetts. Winters casually north to northern Minnesota (Fosston, Grand Marais), southern Wisconsin (Racine), southern Michigan (Vicksburg, Ann Arbor), southern Ontario (Kitchener, Gananoque), and central Nova Scotia (Wolf- ville) ; south to southern Texas (Mission), southern Mississippi (Biloxi), central Alabama (Greensboro), southern Georgia (Fitzgerald), and South Carolina (Aiken, Mount Pleasant). Casual in eastern Washington (Whitman County), Nevada (Fallon, Crystal Springs), central southern Texas (Fort Clark), northern Ontario (Fort Severn), and on Sable Island, Nova Scotia. Genus MOLOTHRUS Swainson Molothrus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 277. Type, by original designation, Fringilla pecoris Gmelin = Oriolus ater Boddaert. Moléthrus ater (Boddaert): BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD. Central and northeastern British Columbia, central southern Mackenzie, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southwestern and central eastern Quebec, New Brunswick, and southern Nova Scotia south to northern Baja California, Durango, northern Tamaulipas, Louisiana, southern Mississippi, and South Carolina. In winter to Guerrero, Oaxaca, central Vera- cruz, the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and southern Florida. Molothrus ater ater (Boddaert). [495.] Oriolus ater Boddaert, Table Planch. Enlum., 1783, p. 37. Based on the Troupiale de la Caroline of Daubenton, Planch. Enlum., p. 606, fig. 1. ({South] Carolina.) Breeds from southeastern Colorado, northwestern Kansas (Decatur County), eastern Nebraska, central Iowa (Polk and Clayton counties), eastern Minnesota, northern Michigan, central Ontario (Biscotasing, Ottawa), southwestern and central eastern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Capstan Island), New Brunswick, and southern Nova Scotia (Digby, Yarmouth) south to north-central Texas, south- central Louisiana, southern Mississippi (Saucier, Gulfport), central Alabama ORDER PASSERIFORMES 541 (Tuscaloosa, Birmingham), central Georgia (Augusta, Athens), western South Carolina (Clemson), western North Carolina (Asheville, Weaverville), and central and southeastern Virginia (Naruna, Virginia Beach). Winters from central Oklahoma (Canadian County, Tulsa), central Missouri (Mount Carmel, St. Louis), southern Michigan (Kalamazoo and Jackson coun- ties), southern Ontario (Chatham, Ottawa), New York (Rochester, Utica), and Connecticut (North Haven) south to Chihuahua (Chihuahua), Morelos (Cuernavaca), central Veracruz (Tlacotalpam), the Gulf coast, and southern Florida (Fort Myers, Key West); rarely north to northern Maine (Presque Isle). Casual in Bermuda. Molothrus ater artemisiae Grinnell. [495d.] Molothrus ater artemisiae Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 5, no. 5, Dec. 31, 1909, p. 276. (Quinn River Crossing, Humboldt County, Nevada.) Breeds from central and northeastern British Columbia (Nulki Lake, Swan Lake, Peace River District), central southern Mackenzie (Fort Simpson, Fort Resolution), northeastern Alberta (Athabaska Delta), central Saskatchewan (Flotten Lake, Emma Lake), southern Manitoba (Lake St. Martin, Hillside Beach), and western Ontario (Rainy River; intergrades with M. a. ater) south through central Washington (rarely west to Tacoma) and eastern Oregon (Klamath County) to northeastern and central eastern California (Alturas, Independence), southern Nevada (except the Colorado River Valley), Utah (except the extreme southwestern section), northeastern and central eastern Ari- zona (Kayenta, Springerville), western New Mexico, Colorado (Fort Lyon), western Nebraska, and through western Minnesota to northwestern Iowa (Sioux City). Winters from western and southern California, southeastern Arizona (Tuc- son), northeastern Texas (Dallas), and southeastern Louisiana (New Orleans, Pearl River) south to southern Baja California (Miraflores), Michoacan (Mo- relia), Guerrero (Chilpancingo), and Veracruz (Cdrdoba). Transient in eastern Iowa (Linn and Johnston counties), Kansas, and central Texas; casual in northern and coastal British Columbia (Massett, Atlin, Calvert Island), west of the Cascades in Washington, Oregon, and California, and in northeastern Ontario (Moose Factory). Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmelin). [495a.] Sturnus obscurus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 804. Based on Sturnus novae-hispaniae Brisson, Orn., vol. 2, p. 448. (in Nova His- pania = Mexico.) Breeds from northwestern, central, and southeastern California (Hoopa, Death Valley), the Colorado Valley in southern Nevada, extreme southwestern Utah (St. George), north-central and northeastern Arizona (northeastern slope of San Francisco Mountains, Show Low), northwestern and central southern New Mexico (Manuelito, Grant County, Playas Valley, Las Cruces), western and southern Texas (El Paso, Houston), and southern Louisiana (Marsh Island, 542 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS St. James Parish) south at least to northern Baja California (San Quintin, Colonia), southern Sonora (Guaymas, Alamos), northern Durango (Rancho Baillon), and northern Tamaulipas (Matamoros). Winters from north-central California (Sacramento Valley), southern Ari- zona (Parker, Phoenix, Tucson), and central Texas (Fort Clark, Boerne) south to southern Baja California (San José del Cabo, Santiago), Colima (Manzanillo, Colima), Guerrero (Iguala, Rancho Correza), Oaxaca (Tehuantepec City), and western Veracruz (Orizaba). Genus TANGAVIUS Lesson Tangavius Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, no. 2, Feb. (Mar.) 1839, p. 41. Type, by monotypy, Tangavius involucratus Lesson. Tangavius aéneus (Wagler): BRONZED COWBIRD. Central and southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, western Chihua- hua, south-central Texas, and Yucatan south through Central America to western Panama. Tangavius aeneus milleri van Rossem. [496a.] Tangavius aeneus milleri van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, May 31, 1934, p. 355. (Tucson, Arizona.) Breeds from central and southeastern Arizona (Wickenburg, Phoenix) and southwestern New Mexico (Guadalupe Cafion) south through central Sonora (Opodepe, Guaymas), western Chihuahua (Durazno), and Sinaloa (Labrados, Presidio) to Nayarit (Tepic) and Colima. Winters throughout most of its breeding range north, rarely, to southern Arizona (Tucson). Accidental in southeastern California (Havasu Lake). Tangavius aeneus aéneus (Wagler). [496.] Psarocolius aeneus Wagler, Isis von Oken, 22, Heft 7, July 1829, col. 758. ({Laguna, Vera Cruz], Mexico.) Resident from south-central Texas (Eagle Pass, Lee County) and the Yuca- tan Peninsula (Chichén Itza, San Felipe) south through Central America to western Panama (Calobre, Chitra); west to Nuevo Leén (Galeana, Linares) and eastern San Luis Potosi (Valles, Tamazunchale). Family THRAUPIDAE: Tanagers Subfamily THRAUPINAE: Typical Tanagers Genus PIRANGA Vieillot Piranga Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807 (1808), p. iv. Type, by monotypy, Muscicapa rubra Linnaeus, 1766 = Fringilla rubra Linnaeus, 1758. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 543 Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson): WESTERN TANAGER. [607.] Tanagra ludoviciana Wilson, Amer, Orn., vol. 3, 1811, p. 27, pl. 20, fig. 1. (Prairies of the Missouri = about 2 miles north of Kamiah, Idaho County, Idaho.) Breeds from southern Alaska (lower Stikine River), northern British Co- lumbia (Glenora, Peace River Parklands), southwestern and central southern Mackenzie (Fort Liard, Fort Smith), northeastern Alberta (Fort Chipewyan), and central Saskatchewan (Nipawin) south to northern Baja California (Sierra Juarez, Sierra San Pedro Martir), southern Nevada (Charleston Mountains), southwestern Utah (Zion Park), central and southeastern Arizona (Bill Wil- liams Mountain south to Santa Catalina, Santa Rita, Huachuca, and Chiricahua mountains), southwestern New Mexico (Black Mountains), and western Texas (the Guadalupe, Davis, and Chisos mountains); east to western South Dakota (Short Pines Hills, Black Hills), northwestern Nebraska (Black Hills), and central Colorado (Colorado Springs, Beulah). One breeding record for southern Wisconsin (Jefferson County, 1877). Winters from southern Baja California (La Paz, Miraflores), Jalisco (Cruz de Vallarta), and southern Tamaulipas (Giiemes, Altamira) south on the Pacific side of the continental divide in Central America through Guatemala and El Salvador to northwestern Costa Rica (Tempate); casually north to Cali- fornia (Santa Barbara, San Diego), southeastern Arizona (Tucson), and south- ern Texas (Brownsville). Accidental in northern Alaska (Point Barrow), Yukon (Kluane), Quebec (Kamouraska), Minnesota, central Nebraska, Missouri, eastern Texas, Louisi- ana (New Orleans, Grand Isle), Mississippi (Gulfport), Maine (near Bangor), Massachusetts (Lynn, Brookline), Connecticut (New Haven), and New York (Highland Falls). Piranga olivacea (Gmelin): SCARLET TANAGER. [608.] Tanagra olivacea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 889. Based chiefly on “Olive Tanager” of Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, 2, p. 218, and Pennant, Arctic Zool., 2, p. 369. (Cayenna et Noveboraco = New York.) Breeds from central Nebraska (North Platte, Neligh), eastern North Dakota (Fargo, Grafton), southeastern Manitoba (Winnipeg, Indian Bay), central western Ontario (Lac Seul, Port Arthur), northeastern Minnesota (Duluth), northern Michigan, southern Ontario (Liard, Lake Nipissing), southern Quebec (Montreal, Hatley), New Brunswick (Beechmont), and central and central southern Maine (Kineo, Hancock County) south to central northern and south- eastern Oklahoma (Pushmataha County, McCurtain County), central Arkansas (Rich Mountain, Hot Springs National Park), west-central Tennessee (Wilders- ville), northwestern and central Alabama (Florence, Talladega Mountains), northern Georgia (East Point), northwestern South Carolina (Walhalla, Spar- tanburg), western North Carolina (Statesville), central and western Virginia (Naruna, Petersburg), and Maryland. Winters from northwestern and central Colombia south through Ecuador to central Peri (Monterico, Chanchamayo) and central western Bolivia (Yungas). In migration through Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Cuba, and the Bahamas (Andros, 544 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS New Providence, Cay Lobos) ; casually elsewhere in eastern México, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama4, the Greater and Lesser Antilles, Aruba, and Curagao. Accidental or casual in Alaska (Point Barrow), British Columbia (Comox), Saskatchewan (Indian Head), California (San Nicolas Island), Arizona (Tuc- son), Colorado (Grand Junction, New Castle, Pueblo, Fort Morgan), Wyoming (Cheyenne), Nova Scotia (Wolfville, Seal Island, Halifax), and Bermuda. Piranga flava (Vieillot)*: HEPATIC TANAGER. Northern Arizona, northern New Mexico, and central western and southern Texas south through México (except the Yucatan Peninsula), Central America, and South America to central Peri, Bolivia, central Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brasil. Migratory in northern part of range. Piranga flava déxtra Bangs. [609a.] Piranga flava dextra Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 20, Mar. 27, 1907, p. 30. (Jalapa, Veracruz.) Breeds from the mountains east of the continental divide in north-central New Mexico (Willis, Mesa Yegua) through western Texas (Guadalupe, Davis, and Chisos mountains), Nuevo Leon (Cerro de la Silla), Tamaulipas (Realito), and Puebla (Huauchinango) to central Veracruz (Las Vigas, Jalapa, Jico), east- ern Oaxaca, and Chiapas (San Cristébal, 28 miles east-southeast of Comit4n). Winters from central Nuevo Leén (Mesa del Chipinque) and northern Tamaulipas (Matamoros) south to western Guatemala (Chanquejelve, Momos- tenango, Chichicastenango); in migration to central and southern Texas. Piranga flava hepatica Swainson. [609.] Pyranga hepatica Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 438. (Real del Monte = Temescaltepec, México.) Breeds from northwestern and central Arizona (Hualpai Mountains, Bill Williams Mountain, Flagstaff) and southwestern New Mexico (Silver City, head of Rio Mimbres) south through the highlands of México west of the Sierra Madre Oriental to Guerrero (Omilteme) and Oaxaca (25 miles northeast of Oaxaca). Winters from southeastern Arizona (Patagonia) and southern coastal Sonora (Guaymas) south to limits of breeding range and into coastal and lowland areas. Piranga rubra (Linnaeus): SUMMER TANAGER. Southeastern California, southernmost Nevada, central Arizona, central New Mexico, central Texas, central Oklahoma, southeastern Nebraska, southern Iowa, central Illinois, central Indiana, central Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware south to Nuevo Leén, Durango, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. In winter from southern Baja California and Veracruz south through 1 Saltator flavus Vieillot, Table Encyc. Méth., Orn., vol. 2, livr. 91, 1822, p. 790. (Paraguay. ) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 545 México and Central America to south-central Peri, western Bolivia, west- central Brasil, and western British Guiana. Piranga rubra rubra (Linnaeus). [610.] Fringilla rubra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 181. Based on The Summer Red-Bird, Muscicapa rubra Catesby, Carolina, 1, p. 56. (in America = South Carolina.) Breeds from west-central Texas, central Oklahoma (Ponca City), eastern Kansas, southeastern Nebraska (Falls City), northwestern Missouri (Albany), southeastern Iowa (Keokuk), central Illinois (Camp Point, Philo), southern Indiana (Silverwood, Greensburg), central Ohio (Cincinnati, Columbiana County), West Virginia (except in high mountains), northeastern Tennessee (Johnson City), western North Carolina (Morganton), Virginia (east of the mountains), eastern Maryland, and southern Delaware south to southern Texas (Lomitas, Houston), the Gulf coast, and southern Florida (Fort Myers, Fort Lauderdale); formerly north to central Iowa (Des Moines), northern Illinois (Lacon, Chicago region), southern Wisconsin (Albion, Milwaukee), central Indiana (Kokomo), and southern New Jersey (Cape May). Winters from Michoacan, Puebla (Metlatoyuca), Veracruz (Motzorongo, Jaltipan), Campeche (Pacaytun, Matamoros), Yucatan (Chichén Itza), and Quintana Roo (Palmul, Xcopen) south through Central America to south- central Pert, western Bolivia, western Brasil (Rio Uaupés, Rio Madeira), and southeastern Venezuela (Mount Roraima); casually north to southern Texas (Brownsville) and western Cuba (Santiago de las Vegas). Casual in California (Los Angeles, Wilmington, San Diego), Baja California (Laguna Salada, Guadalupe Island, La Jolla), Arizona (Tucson), Colorado (Boulder, Denver), Minnesota (Pipestone), Michigan (Pinckney), Ontario (Point Pelee, Rondeau Park, Penetanguishene, Scarboro Heights), New York (Cincinnatus), and along the Atlantic coast north to Maine (Wiscasset), New Brunswick (Grand Manan), and Nova Scotia (Wolfville, Annapolis Royal, Seal Island, Halifax); also in Sonora (Rancho la Arizona), Nayarit (Rio las Cafas), Bermuda, the Bahamas (New Providence, Andros), Jamaica, Swan Island, and Trinidad. Piranga rubra coéperi Ridgway. [610a.] Pyranga Cooperi Ridgway, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 21, no. 2, Apr.-July (July 30), 1869, p. 130. (Los Pinos, New Mexico.) Breeds from southeastern California (Colorado River Valley from Needles to Potholes), southern Nevada (Colorado River opposite Fort Mohave), central and southeastern Arizona (Fort Mohave, Aquarius and Juniper mountains, the Tonto Basin, Clifton), southwestern, central, and southeastern New Mexico (Cooney, Los Pinos), western Texas (Frijole, Davis Mountains, Brewster County), and northeastern Coahuila (Sabinas) south to northeastern Baja California (Cerro Prieto), central northern and southeastern Sonora (Rancho la Arizona, Magdalena, Opodepe, Guirocoba), northern Durango (Rio Sestin), southeastern Coahuila (Sierra de Guadalupe), and central Nuevo Leén (Cerro de la Silla, Allende, Montemorelos. ) 546 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters from southern Baja California (San José del Cabo), and southern Sinaloa (Mazatlan) to Michoacan (Los Reyes, Mount Tancitaro), Morelos (Morelos), and central Guerrero (Chilpancingo). Casual in southwestern California (Santa Barbara, Hueneme, Pasadena, San Clemente Island). Family FRINGILLIDAE: Grosbeaks, Finches, Sparrows, and Buntings Subfamily RICHMONDENINAE: Cardinals and Allies Genus RICHMONDENA Mathews and Iredale Richmondena Mathews and Iredale, Austral Avian Rec., 3, no. 6, June 25, 1918, p. 145. Type, by original designation, Loxia cardinalis Linnaeus. Richmondéna cardindlis (Linnaeus): CARDINAL. Southeastern South Dakota, central Minnesota, western and southern On- tario, western New York, and southwestern Connecticut south through central and eastern United States to the Gulf coast and southern Florida, and from southeastern California, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and northern Texas south through México to southern Baja California, Oaxaca (Tehuante- pec), Tabasco (Balancan), the Yucatan Peninsula, and British Honduras (Be- lize). Introduced, usually with mixture of races, in Hawaii, southwestern Cali- fornia, and the Bermudas. Richmondena cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus). [593.] Loxia Cardinalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 172. Based mainly on The Red Bird, Coccothraustes rubra Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 38. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Resident from southeastern South Dakota (Union and Clay counties), cen- tral Minnesota (Madison, St. Cloud), northern Wisconsin (Washburn and Lincoln counties), western and southern Ontario (Fort William, Owen Sound, Port Hope), western New York (Rochester, Geneva), and southwestern Con- necticut (Stratford) south through central Nebraska, western Kansas, and west- ern Arkansas to northeastern Texas, central Louisiana (Lecompte), the Gulf coast of Mississippi and Alabama, the western panhandle of Florida, and south- ern Georgia (except the southeastern section). Casual north to eastern Colorado (Littleton), central North Dakota (Bis- marck), southeastern Manitoba (Winnipeg, occasionally breeding), Quebec, Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia (Halifax). Range is extending steadily northward. 1 Established definitely in the San Gabriel River bottom from El Monte south to Whittier. See Grinnell and Miller, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 27, 1944, p. 574. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 547 Richmondena cardinalis floridana (Ridgway). [593d.] Cardinalis cardinalis floridanus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1896, p. 606. (Enterprise, Florida.) Resident from eastern part of panhandle of northern Florida (Apalachicola) and southeastern Georgia (Okefinokee Swamp, St. Marys) south through the Florida Peninsula. Richmondena cardinalis magniréstris (Bangs). [593¢e.] Cardinalis cardinalis magnirostris Bangs, Proc. New England Zoél. Club, 4, Mar. 24, 1903, p. 6. (West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana.) Resident in southeastern Texas (Columbus, Beaumont) and southern Louisi- ana (Erwinville, New Orleans). Richmondena eardinalis canicaidus (Chapman). [593c.] Cardinalis cardinalis canicaudus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, art. 22, Aug. 27, 1891, p. 324. (thirty miles west of Corpus Christi, Texas.) Resident from northern Texas (Randall and Armstrong counties) and western Oklahoma (Ellis County) south through central Texas and central and eastern México to Michoacan and Hidalgo. Richmondena eardinalis supérba (Ridgway). [593a.] Cardinalis cardinalis superbus Ridgway, Auk, 2, no. 4, Oct. 1885, p. 344. (Fuller’s Ranch [, a few miles east of old Fort Lowell], Arizona.) Resident in extreme southeastern California (Earp), central western and southern Arizona (Bill Williams River, Fort Verde, Salt and Gila river valleys), and southwestern New Mexico (Redrock) south to northern Sonora (Puerto Libertad, Carbé, Pilares). Richmondena ecardinalis séftoni Huey. [593f.] Richmondena cardinalis seftoni Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9, no. 21, July 31, 1940, p. 216. (Santa Gertrudis Mission, Lower Cali- fornia.) Resident in central Baja California, from lat. 28° 22’ N. (Santa Teresa Bay) south to lat. 27° 14’ N. (10 miles south of Santa Rosalia). Richmondena cardinalis ignea (Baird). [593).] Cardinalis igneus Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, (11), sig. 21- 23, Oct.-Nov. 1859 (Jan. 12, 1860), p. 305. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California. ) Resident in the Cape district of Baja California, from lat. 27° N. south to Cape San Lucas. 548 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus PYRRHULOXIA Bonaparte Pyrrhuloxia Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1850 (1851), p. 500. Type, by monotypy, Cardinalis sinuatus Bonaparte. Pyrrhuléxia sinuata (Bonaparte): PYRRHULOXIA. Central Baja California, central southern and southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and western, central, and southeastern Texas south to southern Baja California, northern Nayarit, Michoacan, Querétaro, and southern Tamau- lipas. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata (Bonaparte). [594a.] Cardinalis sinuatus Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 5, no. 59, 1837 (June 14, 1838), p. 111. (Western parts of Mexico = Zacatecas, México.) Resident from southern New Mexico (Mimbres, Tularosa, Lakewood) and western, central, and southeastern Texas (Kendall County; Colmesneil) south to Michoacan (San Agustin), Querétaro, and southern Tamaulipas (Juamave). Pyrrhuloxia sinuata fulvéscens van Rossem. [594.] Pyrrhuloxia sinuata fulvescens van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, no. 30, May 31, 1934, p. 356. (Fort Lowell, Arizona.) Resident from central southern and southeastern Arizona (Sacaton, Tucson, San Bernardino Ranch) south to northern Nayarit (Acaponeta River) and western Durango (Tamazula). Pyrrhuloxia sinuata peninsulae Ridgway. [594b.] Pyrrhuloxia sinuata peninsulae Ridgway, Auk, 4, no. 4, Oct. 1887, p. 347. (San José [del Cabo], Lower California.) Resident in Baja California from about lat. 27° N. (San Ignacio, Santa Rosalia) south to Cape San Lucas. Genus PHEUCTICUS Reichenbach Pheucticus Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat., June 1, 1850, pl. 78. Type, by subsequent designation, Pitylus aureoventris Lafresnaye and d’Orbigny (Gray, 1855). Subgenus HEDYMELES Cabanis Hedymeles Cabanis, Mus. Hein., vol. 1, Oct. 1851, p. 152. Type, by sub- sequent designation, Loxia ludoviciana Linnaeus (Gray, 1855). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 549 Pheicticus ludovicianus (Linnaeus): ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK. [595.] Loxia ludoviciana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 306. Based on Le Grosbec de la Louisiane, Coccothraustes Ludoviciana Brisson, Orn., vol. 3, p. 247. (in Ludovicia = Louisiana. ) Breeds from northeastern British Columbia (Tupper Creek), northern Al- berta (Slave River near Peace River), central Saskatchewan (Flotten Lake; Cumberland House), southern Manitoba (The Pas, Lake St. Martin), western and southern Ontario (Malachi, North Bay), southwestern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Val Jalbert), northern New Brunswick (Jardin Brook), Prince Edward - Island (Harmony Junction), and Nova Scotia (Whycocomagh) south to central and southeastern Alberta (Red Deer), southern Saskatchewan (Indian Head), central northern North Dakota (Minot), eastern South Dakota (Bijou Hills), eastern Nebraska (Long Pine Canyon, Red Cloud), eastern Kansas (Manhat- tan), southwestern and central Missouri (Freistatt, St. Louis), southern Illinois (Mount Carmel), central Indiana (Terre Haute, Pennville), northern Ohio (Paulding and Tuscarawas counties), eastern Kentucky (Black Mountain), eastern Tennessee (Johnson City, Stratton Bald), northern Georgia (Brasstown Bald), western North Carolina (Rocky Ridge, Boone), western Virginia (throughout mountains), southeastern Pennsylvania (Chestnut Hill), south- western and central New Jersey (Milltown), and southeastern New York (Mount Vernon; western Long Island). Recorded nesting once in Colorado (Longmont), and in southeastern Maryland (mouth of Governors Run). Winters from Michoacan, San Luis Potosi (Xilitla), and southern Louisiana (rarely) south through southern México, Central America, and northwestern South America to northern Ecuador (Sarayact), central Colombia (Villavieja), and southwestern and central northern Venezuela (Bramén, Maracay); rarely in western Cuba. Casual, chiefly in migration, west to California (South Fork Eel River, Quincy) and Arizona (Huachuca Mountains), and east to southeastern Quebec (Moisie River, Anticosti Island), Newfoundland (Tompkins), Bermuda, Wat- ling Island, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Dominica. Accidental in Greenland. Pheucticus melanocéphalus (Swainson): BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK. Southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and central Nebraska south to northern Baja California, Guerrero, and Oaxaca. Winters from southern Baja California, southern Sonora, southern Chihuahua, Nuevo Leén, and Louisiana to Oaxaca. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Pheucticus melanocephalus melanocéphalus (Swainson). [596a.]1 Guiraca melanocephala Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 438. (Table land. Temiscaltipec = Temascaltepec, México.) Breeds from southeastern British Columbia (Okanagan Landing, Creston), northwestern Montana (Flathead Lake), southeastern Alberta (Walsh), south- 1 This eastern race of the Black-headed Grosbeak was listed in the Fourth Edition under the subspecific name papago, no. 596a. With the change in the subspecific name to melanocephalus, it still retains the former number. 550 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS western Saskatchewan (Maple Creek), northeastern Montana (Glasgow), and northwestern North Dakota (Charlson) south through eastern Washington and eastern Oregon to extreme eastern California (White Mountains, Clark Moun- tain), central and southeastern Arizona (Prescott, Huachuca Mountains) and the Mexican Plateau to Guerrero (Amojileca) and Oaxaca (Cerro San Felipe); east to central Nebraska (Greeley) and central Kansas (east to Cloud and Harvey counties), western Oklahoma, western Texas (Midland County), and Tamaulipas (La Joya de Salas). Winters from southern Sonora (Alamos), southern Chihuahua (Chihuahua), Nuevo Leén (Mesa del Chipinque), and Louisiana (Shreveport, Monroe) south to Guerrero and Oaxaca. Casual north and east to eastern North Dakota (Fort Totten), eastern Nebraska (Lincoln), central Oklahoma (Fort Cobb), and central Texas (Me- nard, Somerset). Accidental in Connecticut (Glastonbury) and Massachusetts (Pittsfield). Pheucticus melanocephalus maculatus (Audubon). [596.]1 Fringilla maculata Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 4, 1837, pl. 373, figs. 2-4. (Columbia River [, Oregon].) Breeds from southwestern British Columbia (Quinsam Lake, Coquitlam) south along the Pacific coast to northern Baja California (Sierra San Pedro Martir); east in California to Owens Valley and the San Bernardino Mountains. Winters from southern Baja California (La Paz), southern Sonora (Tesia), and southwestern Chihuahua south to Oaxaca (Mitla). Genus GUIRACA Swainson Guiraca Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 438. Type, by subsequent designation, Loxia caerulea Linnaeus (Swainson, 1827). Guiraca caertilea (Linnaeus): BLUE GROSBEAK. Central California, southern Nevada, southern and eastern Utah, southern Colorado, central South Dakota, central Missouri, southern Illinois, south- western Kentucky, northern Georgia, and, east of the Appalachians, south- eastern Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey, south through México and Central America to Costa Rica. Winters from southern Baja California, southern Sonora, central Veracruz, and Cuba south to western Panama. Guiraca caerulea caertlea (Linnaeus). [597.] Loxia caerulea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 175. Based on The blue Gross-beak, Coccothraustes caerulea Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 39. (in America = South Carolina.) Breeds from southwestern and central northern Oklahoma (Wichita Moun- tains; Kay County), east-central Kansas (Wilsey, Lawrence), north-central 1 The western race was called by the subspecific name melanocephalus in the Fourth Edition. With change in name to maculatus, it retains the number 596. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 551 Missouri (Kansas City, Columbia), southern Illinois (Olney), southwestern Kentucky (Fulton County), northern Alabama (Decatur), northern Georgia (Rome, Clayton), western North Carolina (Weaverville), eastern West Virginia (Shepherdstown), southeastern Pennsylvania (Carlisle), and southwestern New Jersey (Camden) south to central and southern Texas (Brownsville, Austin, Houston), southern Louisiana (Grand Coteau), central Alabama (Greensboro, Montgomery), northwestern Florida (Jackson County, Tallahassee), and south- eastern Georgia (Blackbeard Island). Winters from central Veracruz (Orizaba), Yucatan (Mérida), and Cuba (rarely) south to Guatemala and northern Honduras (Lancetilla, La Ceiba, Yaruca); rarely to Louisiana (New Orleans), the Bahamas (Eleuthera), and western Panama (Almirante). Casual north to southern Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong), Ontario (Chat- ham, Toronto, Stirling), southern Quebec (Mille Vaches), New Brunswick (Grand Manan), and Nova Scotia (Halifax). Guiraca caerulea interfasa Dwight and Griscom. [597a.] Guiraca caerulea interfusa Dwight and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov. no. 257, Mar. 14, 1927, p. 4. (Fort Lowell, Arizona.) Breeds from southeastern California (Coachella, Needles), southern Nevada (Pahranagat Valley), southern and eastern Utah (Santa Clara River, Boulder, Vernal), southern Colorado (Pueblo), central South Dakota (Badlands National Monument, Pierre), and eastern Nebraska (Lincoln) south to northeastern Baja California (Cerro Prieto), northwestern Durango (Rancho Baillon), south- ern Coahuila (Hipdlito), and west-central Texas (San Antonio, Hidalgo); east to western Kansas and central Oklahoma (Minco; Woods County). Winters from southern Sonora (Guirocoba, one record) and Sinaloa south along Pacific coast of México and Central America to northern Costa Rica (Coyal). Guiraca caerulea salicaria Grinnell. [5975.] Guiraca caerulea salicarius Grinnell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24, no. 27, June 16, 1911, p. 163. (Santa Ana River bottom, near Colton, San Bernardino Co., Calif.) Breeds from the Great Valley and Inyo District of central California (Red Bluff, Furnace Creek) and west-central Nevada (Esmeralda County) south through southwestern California (Soledad Mission, Banning, San Diego) to northwestern Baja California (San Quintin). Winters from southern Baja California (San José del Cabo) and southern Sonora (lower Yaqui River) south to Guerrero (Chilpancingo). Genus PASSERINA Vieillot Passerina Vieillot, Analyse, Apr. 1816, p. 30. Type, by subsequent designa- tion, Ministre Buffon = Tanagra cyanea Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). 552 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus): INDIGO BUNTING. [598.] Tanagra cyanea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 315. Based on The blue Linnet, Linaria caerulea Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 45. (in Carolina = South Carolina.) Breeds from southwestern South Dakota (Black Hills), southern Manitoba (Portage la Prairie, Hillside Beach), northern Minnesota (Lake of the Woods and Cook counties), western and southern Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie, North Bay), southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake, Montreal, Hatley), southern Maine (Avon; Washington County), and southern New Brunswick (St. John) south to western Kansas (Finney County), western Oklahoma (Cheyenne), southern central and southeastern Texas (West Frio Canyon, Galveston), southern Loui- siana (Thibodaux), southern Alabama (Fairhope), and northern Florida (Pen- sacola, Jacksonville); sporadically in Colorado (Morrison) and Arizona (Oak Creek Canyon). Winters from Jalisco (Atoyac), San Luis Potosi (Xilitla), Cuba, the Ba- hamas, and Jamaica south throughout southern México and Central America to central Panama; casually to Curagao and northern Venezuela (Sierra de Perija) ; rarely north to Texas (Weathersford, Cove), Louisiana (Baton Rouge), Mis- sissippi (Gulfport), Florida (New Smyrna, Miami), and Bermuda. Casual west to Oregon (Fort Klamath), California (Rialto), and Baja Cali- fornia (Agua Caliente) and north to Alberta (Lake la Nonne), southern Sas- katchewan (Estevan), central Quebec (Mille Vaches), and Newfoundland (Placentia Bay). Accidental in Iceland. Passerina amoéna (Say): LAZULI BUNTING. [599.] Emberiza amoena Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mountains, vol. 2, 1823, p. 47 (note). (Rocky Mountains, source of the Arkansas = near Can- yon City, Colorado.) Breeds from southern British Columbia (Chilliwack, Vernon, Edgewood), northwestern and central Montana (Fortine, Belt Mountains), southern Sas- katchewan (Shaunavon, Regina), central North Dakota (Fort Lincoln), and northeastern South Dakota (Fort Sisseton) south to northwestern Baja Cali- fornia (San Quintin), southeastern California (Clark Mountain), southern Ne- vada (Charleston Mountains), southwestern Utah (St. George, Zion Canyon), central Arizona (Camp Verde), northern New Mexico (Fort Wingate, Santa Fe), and western Oklahoma (Cheyenne); east to central eastern Nebraska (Platte Center) and western Kansas. Winters from southern Baja California (Triunfo) and southern Arizona (Tucson) south to Guerrero (Iguala, Chilpancingo) and central Veracruz (Orizaba). Casual in central western British Columbia (Shushartie), central Alberta (Jasper Park, Castor), western Minnesota (Warren, Lakefield), and western Missouri (St. Joseph). Accidental in Mackenzie (Fort Providence). 1 Hybridizes extensively with the Lazuli Bunting, Passerina amoena, where their ranges overlap in the Great Plains area. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 553 Passerina versicolor (Bonaparte): VARIED BUNTING. Southern Baja California, central southern Arizona, southern Chihuahua, and western and southern Texas south to Guerrero and Oaxaca; also the Motagua River Basin of Guatemala. Resident except at extreme north of range. Passerina versicolor versicolor (Bonaparte). [600.] Spiza- versicolor Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 5, no. 59, 1837 (June 14, 1838), p. 120. (near Temascallepec [= Temascaltepec, México].) Breeds from western and southern Texas (Marfa, Brownsville) south through central and eastern México to Guerrero (Mexcala) and Oaxaca (Mitla). Winters from southern Sonora (Chinobampo), central Nuevo Leén (Monter- rey), and southern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley) south to Guerrero and Oaxaca. Casually north in spring and summer in Texas to vicinity of Kerrville and Aransas Refuge. Passerina versicolor dickeyae van Rossem. [600D.] Passerina versicolor dickeyae van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, no. 33, May 31, 1934, p. 369. (Chinobampo, southern Sonora, Mexico.) Breeds from central southern Arizona (Baboquivari and Santa Catalina mountains) and northeastern Sonora (Sierra de Madera) south through central and eastern Sonora, southwestern Chihuahua, and Sinaloa to Colima. Winters from southern Sonora (Tesia, Alamos) and southern Chihuahua (La Trompa, Carmen) south to Colima. Casually to southeastern California (Blythe). Passerina versicolor pilchra Ridgway. [600a.] Passerina versicolor pulchra Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, p. 448. (Miraflores, Lower California.) Resident in southern Baja California (Comondu, San José del Cabo). In winter, in part, to southern Sonora (Chinobampo) and Sinaloa (Guamu- chil). Passerina ciris (Linnaeus): PAINTED BUNTING. Southern New Mexico, central Oklahoma, central eastern Kansas, southern Missouri, southwestern Tennessee, and southeastern North Carolina south to southern Chihuahua, southern Coahuila, southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and central Florida. In winter from central Sinaloa, San Luis Potosi, central Tamau- lipas, southern Louisiana, central Florida, and the Bahamas south to western Panama and Cuba. 554 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Passerina ciris ciris (Linnaeus). [601.] Emberiza Ciris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 179. Based mainly on The Painted Finch, Fringilla tricolor Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 44. (Carolina not far from the sea = South Carolina.) Breeds from southern Missouri, southwestern Tennessee (Memphis), and southeastern North Carolina (Beaufort) south to southeastern Texas (Houston), southern Louisiana (Calcasieu Lake, Pass a Loutre), southern Mississippi (Bi- loxi), southern Alabama (Mobile), and central Florida (Punta Rasa, New Smyrna). Winters from southern Louisiana (Cameron, New Orleans), central Florida (Seven Oaks, Fort Pierce), and the northern Bahamas (Grand Bahama, Berry Islands, New Providence) south to southern Veracruz (Tres Zapotes), Yucatan (Chichén Itza), Quintana Roo (Cozumel Island), and Cuba. Casual north to Washington, D.C., and Massachusetts (Brookline). Acci- dental in Bermuda. Passerina ciris pallidior Mearns. [601a.] Passerina ciris pallidior Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24, Oct. 31, 1911, p. 217. (Fort Clark [= Brackettville], Kinney County, Texas.) Breeds from southeastern New Mexico (Mesilla, Carlsbad), central Okla- homa (Blaine County, Oklahoma City), and central eastern Kansas (Solomon, Lawrence) south through western and central Texas to southern Chihuahua (Camargo), southern Coahuila (Hipdlito), and southern Texas (Edinburg, Victoria). Winters from central Sinaloa (San Lorenzo), San Luis Potosi (Xilitla), and central Tamaulipas (Victoria) south through México and Central America, exclusive of the Yucatan Peninsula, to western Panama (Chiriqui). Casual in southeastern Arizona (Nogales, Huachuca Mountains). Genus TIARIS Swainson Tiaris Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 438. Type, by monotypy, Tiaris pusillus Swainson. Tiaris bicolor (Linnaeus): BLACK-FACED GRASSQUIT. Bahamas, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, the Lesser Antilles, Tobago, Old Providence, St. Andrews, Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire, Tortuga, Blanquilla, Los Hermanos, and Margarita islands, and northern South America to southern Colombia (Villavieja) and central Venezuela (Bramén, El Sombrero). Tiaris bicolor bicolor (Linnaeus). [603.] Fringilla bicolor Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 324. Based mainly on The Bahama Sparrow, Passerculus bicolor bahamensis Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 37. (in America = Bahama Islands.) Resident throughout the Bahamas. Accidental in Florida (Miami). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 555 Tiaris can6éra (Gmelin): MELopious GrRAssquiT. [603.1.] Loxia canora Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 858. Based on the Brown-cheeked Grosbeak of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 155. (in nova Hispania = Cuba.) Resident in Cuba; rare on the Isle of Pines, where possibly introduced. Accidental in Florida (Sombrero Key, Palm Beach). Genus SPIZA Bonaparte Spiza Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 4, Aug. 1824, p. 45. Type, by subsequent designation, Emberiza americana Gmelin (Bona- parte, 1827). Spiza americana (Gmelin): DICKCISSEL. [604.] Emberiza americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 872. Based on the Black-throated Bunting of Latham, Gen. Syn. vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 197. (in Noveboraco = New York.) Breeds (sporadically in eastern part of range) from eastern Montana (Miles City), northwestern North Dakota (Charlson), southern Manitoba (Oak Lake, Winnipeg), northwestern and central Minnesota (Fosston, Milaca), northern Wisconsin (Alden, Kelley Brook), southern Michigan (Grand Rapids, Fish Point), southern Ontario (Sarnia, St. Thomas), central New York (Meridian), and Massachusetts (Williamstown, Hingham) south to central Colorado (Can- yon City), western Oklahoma (Kenton), Texas (except the western Panhandle), southern Louisiana (Lake Charles, Diamond), central Mississippi, central Ala- bama (Greensboro, Barachias), central Georgia (Atlanta, Augusta), and South Carolina (Columbia); east to central Maryland (Dickerson). Formerly from Massachusetts south through the Atlantic lowlands to South Carolina. Winters from Michoacan (Apatzingan) south through Central America to central Colombia (Villavicencio), southern Venezuela (Caio Cataniapo), British Guiana (Abary River), and French Guiana; rarely north to Arkansas (Grand Prairie area) and Florida (Century). Casual west to California (Santa Monica) and Baja California (San José del Cabo); north to British Columbia (Vaseaux Lake), southern Saskatchewan (Lake Johnstone), eastern Ontario (Ottawa), and Quebec (Baie Johan Beetz, Anticosti Island); east to Maine, Newfoundland (Terra Nova) and Nova Scotia (North Sidney, Sable Island); also on Jamaica, Swan Island, Old Provi- dence, St. Andrew’s, Albuquerque Cay, and Aruba. Subfamily FRINGILLINAE: Finches Genus FRINGILLA Linnaeus Fringilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 179. Type, by tautonymy, “Fringilla” = Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus. 556 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus: BRAMBLING. [514.1.] Fringilla Montifringilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 179. (in Europa = Sweden.) Breeds from tree limits in Eurasia east to the upper Anadyr Valley and south to northern Scotland (Sutherland), the Baltic, central Russia (Novgorod, Kazan, Ufa), southern Siberia (southern Omsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, southern Yakutsk, Udskaya Bay), and Kamchatka. Winters from Scotland and southern Scandinavia south to central Portugal, the Mediterranean, Syria, Iran, Baluchistan, northern West Pakistan, Tibet, southern China, and southern Japan. Casual to Madeira and the Philippines (Calayan). Accidental in Alaska (St. Paul Island in the Pribilofs). Subfamily CARDUELINAE: Purple Finches, Goldfinches, and Allies Genus COCCOTHRAUSTES Brisson Coccothraustes Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 36; vol. 3, p. 218. Type, by tautonymy, Coccothraustes Brisson = Loxia Coccothraustes Linnaeus. Coccothratstes coccothratistes (Linnaeus): HAWFINCH. British Isles, central Norway, southern Sweden, north-central Russia, and central Siberia east to southern Khabarovsk south to Morocco, northern Algeria, Tunis, Greece, northern Iran, northern India, Outer Mongolia, and southern Japan. In winter south to Baluchistan and southeastern China. Coccothraustes coccothraustes japonicus Temminck and Schlegel. [514.2.] Coccothraustes vulgaris japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, in Siebold, Fauna Japonica, Aves, 1848, p. 90, pl. 51. (Japon = Japan.) Breeds in Manchuria, Korea, and northern Japan south to central Honshu; possibly in northeastern China. Winters in breeding range and south to southeastern China (Fukien Prov- ince); accidental in Formosa and Alaska (St. Paul Island in the Pribilofs). Genus HESPERIPHONA Bonaparte Hesperiphona Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, vol. 1, 1850 (1851), p. 505. Type, by original designation, Fringilla vespertina W. Cooper. Hesperiphona vespertina (Cooper): EVENING GROSBEAK. North-central British Columbia, northeastern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, western and central Ontario, central western Quebec, and northern New Brunswick south to central California, northern Nevada, central 1 Loxia Coccothraustes Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 171. (in Europa australiori = Italy.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 557 Arizona, the Sierra Madre Occidental of México, Michoacan, Hidalgo, Vera- cruz, and central Oaxaca, and to northeastern Minnesota, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, northern New York, and Massachusetts. In winter south to southern California, southern Arizona, western Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, and South Carolina. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina (Cooper). [514.] Fringilla vespertina W. Cooper, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 1, pt. 2, 1825, p. 220. (Sault Ste. Marie [Michigan].) Breeds, and largely resident, in a narrow belt from northeastern Alberta (Athabasca Delta), central Saskatchewan (St. Walburg, Prince Albert), south- ern Manitoba (Gimli), western and central Ontario (Kenora, Strickland), central western Quebec (Barraute), and northern New Brunswick (Riley Brook, Tabusintac), south to central Alberta (Dunvegan), southern Manitoba (Indian Bay), northeastern Minnesota (Island Lake, Cramer), northern Michigan (Marquette, Whitefish Point), southern Ontario (Muskoka; Leeds County), southwestern Quebec (Kipawa, Charlesbourg), northeastern New York (Blue Ridge), central Vermont (Woodstock) and Massachusetts (Mt. Vernon). Casual in summer in southern British Columbia (Okanagan Valley). Winters, sporadically and locally, south to southwestern South Dakota (Rapid City), Kansas, central Missouri (Mexico), northwestern Arkansas (Winslow), Tennessee (Rocky River, Elizabethton), northern Georgia, South Carolina (Greenville), central northern North Carolina (Chapel Hill), and southern New Jersey (Cape May); east to Newfoundland (St. John’s) and Nova Scotia (Wolf- ville). Hesperiphona vespertina brodksi Grinnell. [514).] Hesperiphona vespertina brooksi Grinnell, Condor, 19, no. 1, Jan. 15, 1917, p. 20. (Okanagan, British Columbia.) Breeds, and largely resident, from north-central and southeastern British Columbia (Bear Lake, Monashee Pass, Jasper), western Montana (Bozeman), western Wyoming, and central Colorado (Elk Head Mountains, Colorado Springs) south through the mountains to northwestern and central eastern California (Eureka, Sequoia National Park), northeastern Nevada (Tahoe dis- trict, Tuscarora), central Arizona (San Francisco and White mountains), and central southern New Mexico (Sacramento Mountains). Winters from southern interior and southwestern British Columbia (Comox, Chilliwack) south to southern California (Redlands, Cuyamaca Mountains), southern Arizona (Baboquivari Mountains, Tucson), southern New Mexico (Silver City), and western Texas (Guadalupe Mountains; Kerr County); east to South Dakota (Deadwood) and Oklahoma (Caddo County). Hesperiphona vespertina montana Ridgway. [514a.] Hesperiphona vespertina montana Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, Nov. 1873, p. 189. (No locality given = Mirador, Veracruz, México.) Resident from southeastern Arizona (Santa Catalina Mountains, Chiricahua Mountains) south through Sierra Madre Occidental and the mountains of south- 558 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS eastern México to Michoacan (Uruapan), Hidalgo (Tlanchinol), and Oaxaca (Cerro San Felipe). Genus PYRRHULA Brisson Pyrrhula Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 36; vol. 3, p. 308. Type, by tautonymy, Pyrrhula Brisson = Loxia pyrrhula Linnaeus. Pyrrhula pyrrhula (Linnaeus)*: BULLFINCH. British Isles, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, and across central eastern Siberia to Kamchatka south to the Azores, northern Iberian Peninsula, France, northern Italy, Yugoslavia, Macedonia, Asia Minor, Caucasus, northern Iran, Sinkiang, northeastern China, Korea, and southern Japan. Pyrrhula pyrrhula cassinii Baird. [516.] Pyrrhula coccinea De Selys Var. Cassinii Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, pt. 2, 1869, p. 316, pl. 29, fig. 1. (Nulato, Yukon River, Alaska.) Resident in Kamchatka and the Komandorskie Islands (Bering and Copper islands). Casual in fall and winter in Korea (Hamgyong Puktu), Japan (Honshu), northeastern China (northern Hopei), and Sakhalin Island. Accidental in Alaska (St. Lawrence Island, Nunivak Island, Nulato). Genus CARPODACUS Kaup Carpodacus Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, p. 161. Type, by subsequent designation, Loxia rosea Pallas (Gray, 1842). Subgenus CARPODACUS Kaup Carpédacus purptreus (Gmelin): PURPLE FINCH. Northern British Columbia, northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, and Newfoundland south to north- ern Baja California, central interior British Columbia, central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, North Dakota, central Minnesota, central Wisconsin, central Michigan, northeastern Ohio, West Virginia, northeastern Pennsylvania, and southeastern New York. In winter from southwestern British Columbia to central Baja California and southern Arizona, and from southern Manitoba, southern Ontario, and southern Quebec south to southeastern Texas, the Gulf coast, and central Florida. 1 Loxia Pyrrula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 171. (in Europae sylvis = Sweden.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 559 Carpodacus purpureus nesophilus Burleigh and Peters. [517b.] Carpodacus purpureus nesophilus Burleigh and Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 61, June 16, 1948, p. 122. (Stephenville Crossing, New- foundland.) Breeds in Newfoundland (Bay of Islands and Glenwood, south to Tompkins and St. John’s). Winter range imperfectly known; recorded in Illinois (Cook County), Mary- land (Hyattsville), North Carolina (Swannanoa, Asheville), and Georgia (Am- stell, Smyrna, Athens). Carpodacus purpureus purpureus (Gmelin). [517.] Fringilla purpurea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 923. Based mainly on The Purple Finch Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 41. (in Caro- lina = South Carolina.) Breeds from northern British Columbia (Atlin, Hazelton), northern Alberta (Peace River Landing, Fort Chipewyan), central Saskatchewan (Flotten Lake, Hudson Bay Junction), central Manitoba (The Pas, Norway House), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake, Lake Attawapiskat, Fort Albany), central Quebec, Prince Edward Island, and northern Nova Scotia (Cape North) south to central British Columbia (Lac la Hache), central Alberta (Banff, Camrose), south- eastern Saskatchewan, central northern North Dakota (Turtle Mountains), northwestern and central Minnesota (Fosston; northern Isanti County), central Wisconsin (Unity, Clark Lake), central Michigan (Grayling, Sand Point), southern Ontario (London, St. Thomas), northeastern Ohio (four northeastern counties), southeastern West Virginia (Cranberry Glades, Cheatbridge), west- ern Maryland (Accident), northeastern Pennsylvania (Pocono Mountains), northern New Jersey (Ridgewood), and southeastern New York (Westchester County, East Hampton). Winters from southern Manitoba (Brandon, Winnipeg), western and central Ontario (Port Arthur, North Bay, Ottawa), southern Quebec (Montreal, Que- bec), Maine, New Brunswick (Fredericton, St. John), and Prince Edward Island south, east of the 100th meridian, to south-central and southeastern Texas (Real County, High Island), the Gulf coast, and northwestern and central Florida (Pensacola, Oxford, New Smyrna). Casual north to central southern Yukon (Whitehorse) and Labrador (Cart- wright). Accidental in eastern Franklin (off Resolution Island). Carpodacus purpureus ecaliférnicus Baird. [517a.] Carpodacus californicus Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rept. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xxxvii, 413. (Pacific coast of United States = Fort Tejon, Kern County, California.) Breeds along the Pacific coast from the Cascade Range and the west slope of the Sierra Nevada westward, and from southwestern British Columbia (Co- mox, Lillooet) south to southern coastal California (Alhambra) and through mountains of interior southwestern California to northern Baja California 560 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS (Sierra Juarez); east in Washington to Naches Valley, and in Oregon to Friend and Klamath Falls. Winters from southwestern British Columbia south to central western Baja California (San Ramén, Santo Domingo), east to southeastern California (Death Valley, Twentynine Palms) and Arizona (Grand Canyon, Huachuca Mountains). Carpodacus cassinii Baird: CassIN’s FINCH. [518.] Carpodacus cassinii Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, no. 3, May-June (July 3) 1854, p. 119. (Camp 104, Pueblo Creek, N.M.= Walnut Creek, 10 miles east of Gemini Peaks, Yavapai County, Arizona.) Breeds from southern interior British Columbia (Stuie, Arrow Lake), south- western Alberta (Waterton Lakes Park), northwestern, central, and southeastern Montana (Fort Howe in Powder River County), and northern Wyoming (Yel- lowstone Park, Black Hills) south through eastern Washington and Oregon (west to Cascade Mountains) to interior northwestern California (Horse Moun- tain, South Yolla Bolly Mountain), interior southern California (San Jacinto Mountains), northern Baja California (Sierra San Pedro Martir), southern Nevada (Charleston Mountains), northern Arizona (Grand Canyon), and central northern New Mexico (mountains near Taos). Winters from southern British Columbia (Okanagan Landing), northwestern Montana (Missoula), and northwestern and central eastern Wyoming (Teton County, Converse County) south to coastal and southern California (Berkeley, San Nicolas Island, San Diego), and southeastern Arizona (Tucson), and through the highlands of México to Zacatecas (Jérez) and San Luis Potosi (Charcas). Casual east to Nebraska (Crawford, Monroe Canyon) and southeastern Colorado (Fort Lyon), south to Tres Marias Islands, Valley of México, and Veracruz (Orizaba; Mirador in June). Subgenus BURRICA Ridgway Burrica Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, p. 390. Type, by original designation, Fringilla mexicana Miller. Carpodacus mexicdnus (Miiller)': House FINCH. Southwestern and south-central British Columbia, central western and south- ern Idaho, central northern and southeastern Wyoming, and western Nebraska south to southern Baja California, Guerrero, and central Oaxaca. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say). [519.] Fringilla frontalis Say, in Long, Exp. Rocky Mountains, vol. 2, 1823, p. 40 (note). (Arkansas River near the mountains = near Colorado Springs, Colorado.) Breeds, and largely resident, from southwestern and south-central British Columbia (Victoria, Williams Lake, Okanagan Landing), central western and 1 Fringilla mexicana P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, p. 165. (Mexico = Valley of México, designated by Moore, Condor, 41, 1939, p. 201.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 561 southern Idaho (Moscow, Boise, Pocatello), central northern and southeastern Wyoming (Big Horn Valley, Torrington), and western Nebraska (Kimball County, Haigler) south through California, including the northern Channel Islands, to central Baja California (Todos Santos Islands, Cedros Island, San- tana), central Sonora (Tiburén Island, San Pedro Martir Island, Oposura), northwestern Chihuahua (Chihuahua), and western and south-central Texas (Boquillas, Somerset, Austin). Introduced in Hawaii, and on Long Island, New York, where now (1956) breeding in southern Nassau and southwestern Suffolk counties; breeding also in Greenwich Township, Fairfield County, southwestern Connecticut. In winter to the Gulf coast of southern Texas. Casual north to Alberta (Topaz Lake) and Montana (Santon Lake), east to northeastern Texas (Fort Worth), and south to southern Sonora (Chinobampo). Carpodacus mexicanus potosinus Griscom. [519e.] Carpodacus mexicanus potosinus Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 293, Jan. 12, 1928, p. 5. (San Luis Potosi, Mexico.) Resident from south-central and eastern Chihuahua (Chupadero) and the middle Rio Grande Valley of Texas (50 miles northwest of Comstock, Fort Clark), south to Zacatecas (Sombrerete, Lulu), San Luis Potosi (San Luis Potosi), and Nuevo Leén (Linares). Carpodacus mexicanus rubérrimus Ridgway. [519).] Carpodacus frontalis ruberrimus Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Birds, 1887, p. 391 (note). (Cape St. Lucas = La Paz, Baja California.) Resident in the southern half of Baja California (33 miles west of Calmalli, Cabo San Lucas, offshore islands), southern coastal and central interior Sonora (Guaymas, Rio Sonora north to lat. 30° N., San Esteban Island), northern Sinaloa (Rio Fuerte), and southwestern Chihuahua (Barranca de Cobre). Carpodacus mexicanus cleméntis Mearns. [519c.] Carpodacus clementis Mearns, Auk, 15, no. 3, July 1898, p. 258. (San Clemente Island, California.) Resident on Santa Barbara, San Nicolas, Santa Catalina, and San Clemente islands off southern California and Los Coronodos Islands off northwestern Baja California. Carpodacus megrégori Anthony: McGrecor’s House Fincu. [520.1.] Carpodacus mcgregori Anthony, Auk, 14, no. 2, Apr. 1897, p. 165. (San Benito Island, Lower California.) Resident on San Benito Islands, and on Cedros Island (rare) off central western Baja California. 562 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Carpodacus a4mplus Ridgway: GUADALUPE House Fincu. [520.] Carpodacus amplus Ridgway, Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 2, no. 2, Apr. 1876, p. 187. (Guadalupe Island, Lower California.) Resident on Guadalupe Island off central western Baja California. Genus SPOROPHILA Cabanis Sporophila Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 10, pt. 1, 1844, p. 291. Type, by subsequent designation, Spermophila luctuosa Lafresnaye (Sharpe, 1888). Sporéphila torqueéla (Bonaparte): WHITE-COLLARED SEEDEATER. Central Sinaloa, Guanajuato, central Nuevo Leon, and southern Texas south through México and Central America to Costa Rica. Sporophila torqueola sharpei Lawrence. [602.] Sporophila morelleti sharpei Lawrence, Auk, 6, no. 1, Jan. 1889, p. 53. (Lomita, Texas.) Resident from central Nuevo Leén (Monterrey) and southern Texas (Rio Grande City, Port Isabel) south to eastern San Luis Potosi (Valles) and north- ern Veracruz (Laguna Tamiahua). Genus PINICOLA Vieillot Pinicola Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amér. Sept., vol. 1, 1807 (1808), p. iv. Type, by monotypy, Pinicola rubra Vieillot = Loxia enucleator Linnaeus. Pinicola enucleator (Linnaeus)?: PINE GROSBEAK. Northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, northern Siberia, northern Alaska, northwestern and central Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, northern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to north-central Russia, northern Sinkiang, northern Outer Mongolia, Manchuria, Kamchatka, northern Japan (Hokkaido), southern Alaska, central California, central eastern Arizona, central northern New Mexico, central Manitoba, central Ontario, northern New Hampshire, central Maine, and Nova Scotia. In winter south to France, northern Italy, northern Yugoslavia, southwestern New Mexico, Ken- tucky, and Virginia. ae ee (subspecies not certain) in Greenland (Nordprgven) and Ber- muda. 1 Spermophila torqueola Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1850, p. 495. (Mexico. ) 2 Loxia Enucleator Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 171. (in Sueciae summae, Canadae Pinetis = Sweden.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 563 Pinicola enucleator leucura (Miiller). [515.] Loxia leucura P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl., 1776, p. 150. Based on Le Gros-Bec, de Canada of Brisson, Orn., vol. 3, p. 250, pl. 12, fig. 3. (Canada.) Breeds from central Mackenzie (Great Bear Lake, Fort Reliance), northern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Fort Albany), northern Quebec (Richmond Gulf, Fort Chimo, George River), and northern Labrador (Okak) south to northern Alberta, central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, central Ontario (Temagami, occasionally to Sundridge), and central Labrador (upper Hamilton River, Stag Bay). Winters in southern parts of the breeding range, south casually to central Alberta (Edmonton), Nebraska (Neligh), Kentucky (Hickman), Maryland (Assateague Island), Massachusetts (Cambridge), southern Maine (Buckfield, Brewer), and Newfoundland (Pasadena, Bay Bulls). Accidental in northern Keewatin (Repulse Bay). Pinicola enucleator eschatésus Oberholser. [515g.] Pinicola enucleator eschatosus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27, Mar. 20, 1914, p. 51. (Harry’s River, Newfoundland.) Breeds from central Quebec (Mistassini Post, Anticosti Island) and New- foundland south to northern New Hampshire (Connecticut Lakes), central Maine (Somerset County; King and Bartlett Lake), southern New Brunswick (Milltown, St. John), and Nova Scotia (Neil Harbour, Barrington, Sable River); once in Connecticut (Wilton). Winters south to Wisconsin (Madison), northern Ohio (Fulton County, Painesville), Pennsylvania (Warren, State College), and Virginia (Shenandoah National Park). Pinicola enucleator kamtschathénsis (Dybowski). [515f.] Corythus enucleator kamtschathensis [sic] B. Dybowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 8, 1883, p. 367. Based on Corythus enucleator L. ?, Dybowski, op. cit., 7, 1882, p. 394. (Kamtschatka.) Breeds, and mainly resident, in northeastern Siberia from the Anadyr Valley, and Kamchatka south to south-central Khabarovsk (Udskaya Bay). Accidental in Alaska (St. George Island, Pribilof Islands). Pinicola enucleator alascénsis Ridgway. [515c.] Pinicola enucleator alascensis Ridgway, Auk, 15, no. 4, Oct. 1898, p. 319. (Nushagak, Alaska.) Breeds, and partly resident, in central Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales, Fair- banks), Yukon (Russell Creek, Carcross), western Mackenzie (Aklavik, Fort Simpson), and northeastern British: Columbia (Lower Liard Crossing). Winters south to southeastern Alaska (Chitina, Wrangell), central Oregon (Sisters, Camp Harney, Ironside), and northern North Dakota (Turtle Moun- tains, Devils Lake). 564 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Pinicola enucleator flammula Homeyer. [515d.] Pinicola flammula Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 28, Apr. 1880, p. 156. (Nord- westamerika = Alaska.) Breeds in southern Alaska (Kodiak Island, Kenai, Sitka, Dall Island) and northwestern British Columbia (Telegraph Creek, Tetana Lake). Winters from southern Alaska (Juneau, Wrangell) south to Washington (Port Angeles, Dayton) and northwestern Idaho (Cedar Mountains). Pinicola enucleator carléttae Brooks. [515e.] Pinicola enucleator carlottae Brooks, Condor, 24, no. 3, June 10, 1922, p. 86. (Masset, Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Co- lumbia. ) Resident on the islands and along the coast of western British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands, Porcher Island, Rivers Inlet, Vancouver Island). Casual inland in southern British Columbia (Lillooet). Pinicola enucleator montana Ridgway. [515a.] Pinicola enucleator montana Ridgway, Auk, 15, no. 4, Oct. 1898, p. 319. (Bear Creek, Gallatin Co., Montana.) Breeds from central interior British Columbia (Puntchesakut Lake, Mount Revelstoke) and southwestern Alberta (Jasper House, Banff) south through the northern Cascade Range and Rocky Mountains to central and southeastern Washington (Mount Rainier), northeastern Oregon (Wallowa Mountains), south-central Utah (Cedar Breaks), central eastern Arizona (White Mountains), and central northern New Mexico (Truchas Peak). Winters from southern British Columbia (Point-no-point, Alta Lake, Okana- gan Landing), and southern Alberta (Red Deer) south to southeastern Oregon (Crane), southwestern New Mexico (Kingston), northwestern Texas (Pampa), and western Nebraska. Pinicola enucleator califérnica Price. [515).] Pinicola enucleator californica Price, Auk, 14, no. 2, Apr. 1897, p. 182. (Pyramid Peak, near Echo Post Office, Eldorado Co., California.) Resident in the Sierra Nevada of central eastern California (10 miles south of Blairsden; Dinkey Lake in Fresno County). Genus LEUCOSTICTE Swainson Leucosticte Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (Feb. 1832), p. 265. Type, by monotypy, Linaria (Leu- costicte) tephrocotis Swainson. Leucosticte tephrocétis (Swainson): GRAY-CROWNED Rosy FINCH. The islands of Bering Sea (Komandorskie, Pribilofs, St. Matthew, Nunivak), Aleutian Islands, central and northeastern Alaska, central Yukon, and western ORDER PASSERIFORMES 565 Mackenzie south, mainly in the Cascade Mountains, Sierra Nevada, and Rocky Mountains, to central eastern California, eastern Oregon, and northwestern Montana. In winter south to central eastern California, central Nevada, central Utah, northern New Mexico, and northwestern Nebraska. Leucosticte tephrocotis umbrina Murie. [524d.] Leucosticte tephrocotis umbrina O. J. Murie, Condor, 46, May 24, 1944, p. 122. (St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska.) Resident on the Pribilof Islands and St. Matthew Island in Bering Sea. Leucosticte tephrocotis griseonicha (Brandt). [523.] Fringilla (Linaria) griseonucha J. F. Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, 10, no. 14, 15, 16, May 15, 1842, col. 252. (Insulae Aleu- ticae = Aleutian Islands, Alaska. ) Resident in the Aleutian Islands (Near Islands to Akutan Islands), Nunivak Island, Alaska Peninsula, Unga Island, and Semidi Islands. One breeding speci- men taken on Kodiak Island. Winters also on Kodiak Island. Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis Baird. [524a.] Leucosticte littoralis Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, pt. 2, 1869, p. 318, pl. 28, fig. 1. (Sitka; Fort Simpson, British Columbia = Port Simpson, B.C.) Breeds from central Alaska (Kenai Peninsula, McKinley Park), southwestern Yukon (Tepee Lake), and northwestern British Columbia (near Doch-da-on Creek) south through high mountains of southeastern Alaska and western British Columbia to Cascade Mountains of Washington, Oregon (Crater Lake) and central northern California (Mount Shasta). Winters from southern Alaska (Kenai Peninsula, Juneau), central British Columbia (Quesnel), and central Montana (Fort Shaw, Fort Keogh) south to northern California (Chats), western Nevada (Washoe and Storey counties), northern Utah (Bacchus), and central northern New Mexico (Vermejo Park). Accidental in Minnesota (Minneapolis) and Maine (Gorham). Leucosticte tephrocotis tephrocotis (Swainson). [524.] Linaria (Leucosticte) tephrocotis Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 265, pl. 50. (on the Sas- katchewan = near Carlton House, Saskatchewan.) Breeds in the mountains from northern Alaska (Brooks Range), central Yukon, and western Alberta south to southeastern British Columbia (Indian- point Mountain, Moose Pass) and northwestern Montana (Glacier Park). Re- corded in summer in western Mackenzie (Fort Resolution). Winters from southern British Columbia (Chilliwack, Clinton, Cranbrook), central Alberta (Jasper Park), southern Saskatchewan (Skull Creek, Indian 566 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Head), and southwestern Manitoba (Birtle) south to northeastern California (Chats), central Nevada (Reno), central Utah (Provo), northern New Mexico (Cimarron), northwestern Nebraska (Sioux County), and southwestern South Dakota (Rapid City). Casual in Iowa (Sioux City). Leucosticte tephrocotis walléwa Miller. [524c.] Leucosticte tephrocotis wallowa A. H. Miller, Condor, 41, Jan. 17, 1939, p. 34. (18 mi. S, 2 mi. E, Lostine, 8800 feet altitude (north face of Elkhorn Peak), Wallowa Mountains, Wallowa County, Oregon.) Breeds in Wallowa Mountains of northeastern Oregon. Winters south to central western Nevada (Ramsey). Leucosticte tephrocotis dawsoni Grinnell. [524b.] Leucosticte tephrocotis dawsoni Grinnell, Condor, 15, no. 2, Mar. 25, 1913, p. 77. (Whitney Meadows, 9800 feet altitude, Sierra Nevada, Tulare County, California.) Resident in the Sierra Nevada (Mount Tallac, Olancha Peak) and White Mountains of central eastern California; probably also in the Inyo Mountains. Leucosticte atrata Ridgway: BLACK Rosy FINCH. [525.] Leucosticte atrata Ridgway, Amer. Sportsman, 4, July 18, 1874, p. 241. (Canon City, Colorado.) Breeds in the mountains of southwestern Montana (St. Josephs Peak, Cooke), central Idaho (Salmon River and Sawtooth mountains), western Wyoming (Wapiti Ridge, Medicine Mountain, Wind River Range), northern Nevada (Jarbridge Mountains), and northern Utah (Uinta Mountains, Mount Tim- panogos). Winters from central Idaho (Salmon River Mountains) and northwestern and southeastern Wyoming (Yellowstone Park, Laramie) south to northeastern California (Bodie), southern Utah (St. George, Zion Canyon), northern Ari- zona (Grand Canyon), southern Colorado (Durango, Querida), and central northern New Mexico (Vermejo Park). Casual in eastern Oregon (Wallowa Mountains) and eastern Montana (Terry). Leucosticte australis Ridgway: BROWN-CAPPED Rosy FINCH. [526.] Leucosticte tephrocotis, var. australis Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, no. 12, Dec. 1873, p. 197. (Mt. Lincoln, Colorado.) Breeds in the mountains of southeastern Wyoming (Medicine Bow Range), Colorado (near Walden; Pikes Peak) and central northern New Mexico (Wheeler Peak). Winters at lower altitudes within the breeding range. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 567 Genus CARDUELIS Brisson Carduelis Brisson, Orn., 1760, vol. 1, p. 36; vol. 3, p. 53. Type, by tau- tonymy, Carduelis Brisson = Fringilla carduelis Linnaeus. Carduélis carduélis (Linnaeus)!: EUROPEAN GOLDFINCH. British Isles, central Norway, southern Sweden, southern Finland, north- central Russia, and central Siberia south to the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, Morocco, northern Algeria, central Tunisia, northern Libya, Egypt, Sinai, Palestine, Iran, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, south-central Siberia (Lake Baikal), northern Sinkiang, and central Outer Mongolia. Introduced in various parts of the United States. Carduelis carduelis britannica (Hartert). [526.1.] Acanthis carduelis britannicus Hartert, V6gel pal. Fauna, vol. 1, 1903, p. 68. (Rottingdean in Sussex [England].) Resident in the British Isles. Casual in the Hebrides, Shetlands, and Orkneys. Introduced in Oregon (Portland, 1890), Missouri (St. Louis, 1870), Ohio (Cincinnati, 1870), New Jersey (Hoboken, 1878), Massachusetts (probably near Boston, 1889), and Bermuda (before 1875). Now established only in Long Island, New York (Garden City, Freeport, Massapequa) and in Bermuda. Older records of temporary or casual occurrence are scattered from Oregon and California to Wisconsin, Missouri, Ontario, and Massachusetts. Genus ACANTHIS Borkhausen Acanthis Borkhausen, Deutsche Fauna, vol. 1, 1797, p. 248. Type, by subsequent designation, Fringilla linaria Linnaeus (Stejneger, 1884). Acanthis hérnemanni (Holboell): HoARY REDPOLL. Arctic areas, circumpolarly, south in winter to England, France, East Prussia, southeastern Siberia, southern Alaska, southern British Columbia, eastern Mon- tana, South Dakota, Minnesota, northern Illinois, northern Ohio, and Maryland. Acanthis hornemanni hérnemanni (Holboell). [527.] Linota hornemanni Holboell, Naturh, Tidsskr., 4, 1843, p. 398. (North Greenland, above latitude 69° N., in summer.) Breeds on Ellesmere Island (Slidre Fiord), Baffin Island (Clyde Inlet), and in the northern half of Greenland (Inglefield Land to Orpik on west coast, Germania Land to Scoresby Sound on east coast). Has been taken in summer months in Spitsbergen and Jan Mayen Island. Winters in southern half of Greenland (in migration casually north to Peary Land); casually south to northern Manitoba (Churchill), Keewatin (South- ampton Island), northern Michigan (McMillan, Sault Ste Marie), southern 1 Fringilla Carduelis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 180. (in Europae juniperetis — Sweden.) 568 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Ontario (Galt), northern Quebec (Fort Chimo), Labrador (Kamarsuk), Scot- land (Unst, Fair Isle), and England (Whitburn, Spurn); accidental in France (Abbeville). Acanthis hornemanni exilipes (Coues). [527a.] Aegiothus exilipes Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, (13), sig. 26-36, Nov.-Dec. 1861, (Mar. 31, 1862), p. 385. (Fort Simpson [, Mackenzie].) Breeds in Lapland, northern Russia, and northern Siberia east to the Chukot- ski Peninsula, south in eastern Siberia to south-central Khabarovsk; and in western and northern Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bethel), northern Yukon (La Pierre House), northern Mackenzie (Fort McPherson, Anderson River, Caribou Rapids of Hanbury River), northeastern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Que- bec (Fort Chimo), and northern Labrador (Nachvak). Winters irregularly south to England, East Prussia, Kamchatka, the Ko- mandorskie Islands, southern Alaska (Kodiak Island, Chitina), southern British Columbia (Okanagan), eastern Montana (Miles City), southwestern South Dakota (Black Hills), Minnesota (Faribault), northern Illinois (Mount Carroll; near Chicago), northwestern Indiana (Mineral Springs), northern Ohio (Lucas County), Maryland (Worcester County), southeastern New York (Bronx), Connecticut (East Haven). Massachusetts (Nantasket Beach), and New Bruns- wick (Petitcodiac). Casual in Sakhalin and northern Japan. Acanthis flammea (Linnaeus): COMMON REDPOLL. Circumpolar arctic and subarctic areas, extending south to England, the Alps, central Russia, central and southeastern Siberia, southern Alaska, north- ern British Columbia, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, northern Mani- toba, northern Ontario, central and southeastern Quebec, and Newfoundland. Winters from the southern part of the breeding range south to France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Caucasus, China, Japan, northern California, northern Nevada, northern Utah, central Colorado, Kansas, southern Indiana, Ohio, northern West Virginia, and South Carolina. Acanthis flammea flammea (Linnaeus). [528.] Fringilla flammea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 182. (in Europa = Norrland, Sweden.) Breeds from northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, north-central Siberia, western and central Alaska (Kobuk River Valley, Nulato, Circle), central Yukon (Ogilvie Range), northern Mackenzie (Mackenzie Delta, Franklin Bay, mouth of Kogaryuak), northern Keewatin, northern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Ontario (Fort Severn), northern Quebec (Richmond Gulf, Sugluk, Fort Chimo), northern Labrador (Nachvak), and Newfoundland south to the Baltic, East Prussia, Poland, central Russia, Altai, Sakhalin Island, Kamchatka, the Komandorskie Islands, southern Alaska (Dutch Harbor, Kodiak Island), northern British Columbia (Atlin), northern Alberta (probably Chipewyan), northern Saskatchewan (mouth of McFarlane River), northern Manitoba (Coch- ORDER PASSERIFORMES 569 rane River, York Factory), northern Ontario (Lake Attawapiskat), central and southeastern Quebec, the Magdalen Islands (Grosse Ile), and Newfoundland. Has been taken in summer in southeastern Alaska (Thomas Bay) and central British Columbia (Fort George). Winters from the British Isles, southern Scandinavia, central Russia, central Siberia, central Alaska (Nulato, Fairbanks), southwestern Mackenzie (Fort Simpson), northern Alberta (Wood Buffalo Park), northern Manitoba (Thei- taga-Tua Lake), northern Michigan (Isle Royale, Sault Ste Marie), central Ontario (Eganville), southern Quebec (Cap Rouge, Gaspé), central Labrador (Nain), and central Newfoundland south to France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Caucasus, China (Kiangsi), Korea, and Japan (northern Kyushu); and to west- ern Oregon (Eugene), northeastern California (Eagle Lake), northern Nevada (Ruby Lake), northeastern Utah (Uinta Mountains), central Colorado (Colo- rado Springs), Kansas (Lakin, Lawrence), Iowa (Keokuk), southern Indiana (Miller), southern Ohio (Cincinnati), northeastern Virginia (Fort Runyon), Maryland (Baltimore), and Delaware (New Castle County). Casual on the island of Malta and at Repulse Bay, Southampton. Accidental in Bermuda and the Bonin Islands. Acanthis flammea rostrata (Coues). [528).] Aegiothus rostratus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, (13), sig. 26-36, Nov.-Dec. 1861 (Mar. 31, 1862), p. 378. (Jakobshavn, Green- land.) Breeds on Baffin Island (Clyde Inlet, Nettilling Fiord), Greenland (north to Melville Bay on west coast, and to Ravnsfjord on east coast), and Iceland. Has been taken in summer on Southampton Island. Winters from the southern parts of breeding range south casually to Colorado (Magnolia), Minnesota (Kittson County, Minneapolis), Iowa (Iowa City), northern Illinois (Chicago area), southern Michigan (Kalamazoo), northwestern Ohio (Lucas County), northwestern Pennsylvania (Presque Isle), New Jersey (Princeton), southeastern New York (Ossining, Shelter Island), New Bruns- wick (Grand Manan), Newfoundland (Locke’s Cove), Ireland, and Scotland; casually to Helgoland. Acanthis flammea holboellii (Brehm). [528a.]+ Linaria Holboellii C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Végel Deutschlands, 1831, p. 280. (mittlere Deutschland = Roda Valley, Thuringia.) Breeds from northern Scandinavia and northern Russia across northern Si- beria, western and northern Alaska (St. Lawrence Island, Barrow, Collinson Point), and northern Yukon (Herschel Island) south in eastern Siberia to Kamchatka; in general farther north than A. f. flammea, though in unfavorable seasons supposed to colonize within the northern limits of that form. Winters from the southern parts of its range casually south to central Europe and central Asia; recorded in Manchuria, Japan (Hokkaido), and central Alaska (Tanana). 1 The validity of this race is uncertain from present information; possibly it is not separable from A. f. flammea. 570 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Casual in southwestern Alaska (Kodiak Island in summer), Montana (Miles City), Minnesota (Ottertail County), Iowa (Iowa City), Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong), Keewatin (Southampton Island), Ontario (Moose Factory, To- ronto), Quebec (Quebec City), Massachusetts, Maine (North Brighton, Gor- ham), New Brunswick (Grand Manan), Newfoundland (Locke’s Cove), and Great Britain. Genus SPINUS Koch Spinus Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool., vol. 1, 1816, p. 232. Type, by tautonymy, Fringilla spinus Linnaeus. Spinus pinus (Wilson): PINE SISKIN. Southern Alaska, central Yukon, southern Mackenzie, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central and southeastern Quebec, south- ern Labrador, and Newfoundland south to northern Baja California and through the Mexican highlands to Michoacan, México, Chiapas, and Guatemala; in the central and eastern United States south to Kansas, Iowa, northern Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, northern Pennsylvania, southeastern New York, and Connecticut. Winters in or near breeding range and south to Coa- huila, Nuevo Leén, Tamaulipas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Fossil, in late Pleistocene of California. Spinus pinus pinus (Wilson). [533.] Fringilla pinus Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 2, 1810, p. 133, pl. 17, fig. 1. (Bush-hill in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, [Pa.].) Breeds from southern Alaska (Iliamna, Chitina Moraine), central western and southern Yukon (Fortymile River, Carcross), central southern Mackenzie (Moose Island), central Saskatchewan (Flotten Lake, Emma Lake), southern Manitoba (Lake St. Martin), northern Ontario (Favourable Lake), central western and southeastern Quebec (Mistassini Post, Anticosti Island), southern Labrador (Hamilton Inlet), and Newfoundland south to southern California (San Jacinto Mountains), southeastern Arizona (Mount Wrightson, Graham Mountains), southern New Mexico (Cloudcroft), southwestern Texas, west- ern Oklahoma (Cimarron County), central southern and northeastern Kansas (casual Wichita, Onaga), northwestern Iowa (Sioux City), central Minnesota (Walker; Pine County), northern Wisconsin (Mercer), central Michigan (Kal- kaska County), southern Ontario (Guelph), northern Pennsylvania (Harts- town; Monroe County), New York (Tompkins County, Ossining), Connecticut (Hadlyme), and Massachusetts (formerly). Recorded in summer from north- eastern Sonora (Oposura), eastern Tennessee (Cosby), and western North Carolina (Black Mountains). Winters at lower altitudes, probably throughout the breeding range, north at least to southeastern Alaska (Gastineau Channel), central and western British Columbia (Lac la Hache), Montana (Missoula), southern Manitoba (Brandon, Hillside Beach), western and central Ontario (Fort William, New Liskeard), southwestern Quebec (Aylmer, Montreal), central New Brunswick (Frederic- ton), Prince Edward Island, and central Newfoundland, south to northern Baja ORDER PASSERIFORMES STI California (Nachogiiero Valley, Rio Alamo), Sonora (Nacozari), Durango (Ciénaga de las Vacas), Coahuila (Sierra de Guadalupe), Nuevo Leén (Mesa del Chipinque), Tamaulipas (Galindo), southeastern Texas (San Antonio, Houston), southern Louisiana (Cameron, Mandeville), Mississippi (Rosedale), and Florida (rarely south to Miami). Casual in the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island), southern Baja California (La Paz), Labrador (Cape Mugford), and Bermuda. Spinus pinus macrépterus (Bonaparte). [533a.] Chrysomitris macroptera Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, vol. 1, pt. 2, 1850 (1851), p. 515. (Guatimala and Mexico = México.) Resident in northern Baja California (Sierra Juarez, Sierra San Pedro Martir) and in highlands of western and southern México from western Chihuahua (Pacheco) south to Michoacan (Cerro de Tancitaro, Cerro Moluca), México (Mount Popocatepetl), and central western Veracruz (Las Vigas). Wanders locally in vicinity of breeding range. Spinus tristis (Linnaeus): AMERICAN GOLDFINCH. Southern British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, Prince Edward Island, and north- ern Nova Scotia south to northern Baja California, central Utah, southern Colorado, central Oklahoma, northeastern Texas, northern Louisiana, northern Mississippi, central Alabama, central Georgia, and South Carolina. Winters from southern British Columbia, Montana, South Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, southern Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to northern Baja California, northern Sonora, Arizona, Coahuila, central Veracruz, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Spinus tristis tristis (Linnaeus). [529.] Fringilla tristis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 181. Based on The American Goldfinch, Carduelis americanus Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 43. (in America septentrionali = South Carolina.) Breeds from central Nebraska, southern and eastern Minnesota, central On- tario (Lake Nipigon, Fraserdale), southern and eastern Quebec (Rouyn, Gaspé, Anticosti Island), Prince Edward Island, and northern Nova Scotia (Cape North) south to eastern Colorado (Fort Collins, Colorado Springs, Fort Lyon), southern Oklahoma (Sulphur), northeastern Texas (Cooke County), northern Louisiana (Monroe), northern Mississippi (Bolivar County, Oxford), central Alabama (Autaugaville), southwestern and central Georgia (Cuthbert, Macon), and northern South Carolina (Pageland). Winters from northeastern Colorado (Willard), central Nebraska (Stapleton), southeastern South Dakota (Yankton), northeastern Minnesota (Lake Ver- million), northern Michigan (Ironwood), southern Ontario (London), south- western Quebec (Lac Bonhomme), central New Brunswick (Fredericton), and central Nova Scotia (Halifax) south to western Texas (Presidio County), cen- 572 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS tral Nuevo Leén (Mesa del Chipinque), Veracruz (Panuco), the Gulf coast, and southern Florida (Miami). Casual in northern Ontario (Moose Factory), Labrador (Cape Mugford), Newfoundland (Barachois Brook, Cuslett), and Bermuda. Spinus tristis pallidus Mearns. [529a.] Spinus tristis pallidus Mearns, Auk, 7, no. 3, July 1890, p. 244. (Fort [= Camp] Verde, Yavapai County, in central Arizona.) Breeds from the southern interior of British Columbia (Okanagan Landing), central Alberta (40 miles north of Belvedere; Athabaska), central Saskatchewan (Emma Lake), southern Manitoba (Lake St. Martin), and extreme western Ontario (Malachi, Wabigoon) south to eastern Oregon (Fort Klamath), central Nevada (Truckee Reservation, Toiyabe Mountains), central Utah (Parley’s Park), western Colorado (Durango, Walden), and northwestern Nebraska (Springview). Winters from southern British Columbia (Okanagan Landing) and central Montana (Missoula, Miles City) south to southern Nevada (Clark County), southern Arizona (Parker, Patagonia), Texas (Fort Davis, Dallas, Huntsville), northern Coahuila (Sabinas), Nuevo Leén (Galeana), and central Veracruz (Jalapa, Teocelo). Spinus tristis jéwetti van Rossem. [529c.] Spinus tristis jewetti van Rossem, Condor, 45, no. 4, July 23, 1943, p. 158. (Ashland, Jackson County, Oregon.) Breeds, and largely resident, west of Cascade Mountains from southwestern British Columbia (Port Hardy, Chilliwack) south to southwestern Oregon (Rogue River Valley). Winters north to southwestern British Columbia (Vancouver, Chilliwack). Casual east of the Cascades in British Columbia (Lillooet). Spinus tristis salic4amans Grinnell. [529d.] Spinus tristis salicamans Grinnell, Auk, 14, no. 4, Oct. 1897, p. 397. (Pasadena, California.) Resident west of Sierra Nevada in California (Smith River, Edgewood, south- east to Cabezon and Escondido) and in northwestern Baja California (10 miles south of Ensenada). Winters in southern California east to the Mohave and Colorado deserts (Yermo, Twentynine Palms, Palm Springs) and south in Baja California to lat. 30° 30’ N. (San Ramén, San Quintin Plains). Casual in northeastern California (Litchfield) and Arizona (Parker). Spinus psaltria (Say): LESSER GOLDFINCH.2 Southwestern Washington, western Oregon, northeastern California, northern Nevada, northern Utah, northern Colorado, northwestern Oklahoma, and cen- 1 Called Arkansas Goldfinch and Green-backed Goldfinch in the Fourth Edition. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 573 tral Texas south through México, Central America, and northwestern South America to northwestern Pert, central Colombia (San Agustin), and northern Venezuela. Introduced in western Cuba (Habana, Bauza). Spinus psaltria psaltria (Say). [530.] Fringilla psaltria Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mountains, vol. 2, 1823, p. 40 (note). (Arkansas River near the mountains = near Colorado Springs, Colorado.) Breeds, and largely resident, from central eastern Arizona (Springerville) northern Colorado (Grand Junction, Fort Collins), northwestern Oklahoma (Kenton), and northern and central Texas (Palo Duro Canyon, Kerrville, Austin) south through central, eastern, and southern México to Guerrero (Chil- pancingo), Oaxaca (Cerro San Felipe), and central Veracruz (Jalapa). Winters north at least to western and northern Texas (El Paso, Kerrville, Austin). Casual in southern Wyoming (Cheyenne). Spinus psaltria hesperdphilus (Oberholser). [530a.] Astragalinus psaltria hesperophilus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, 16, Sept. 30, 1903, p. 116. (San Bernardino, California.) Resident from southwestern Washington (Vancouver), western Oregon (Port- land; Coos County), northeastern California (Modoc County), northern Ne- vada (Santa Rosa Mountains), and northern Utah (Tooele, Morgan, and Uintah counties) south through California and central Arizona (Flagstaff, Grand Canyon) to southern Baja California (Sierra de la Laguna) and southern Sonora (Guirocoba). Casual to eastern Oregon (Riverside), south-central New Mexico (San An- tonio), and northwestern Durango. Spinus la4wrencei (Cassin): LAWRENCE’S GOLDFINCH. [531.] Carduelis Lawrencei Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, no. 5, Sept.-Oct. (Dec. 7), 1850, p. 105, pl. 5. (Sonoma and San Diego, California.) Breeds in California west of the Sierra Nevada (Hyampom southeast to Santa Rosa Mountains) and in northern Baja California (Sierra Juarez, Sierra San Pedro Martir). Winters from north-central California (San Francisco, Marysville), central Arizona (Fort Mohave, near Prescott, Phoenix, Paradise), and southwestern and central southern New Mexico (Fort Bayard, Las Cruces) south to northern Baja California (20 miles south of San Quintin, Cocopah Mountains), northern Sonora (Tecoripa), and western Texas (El Paso). Genus LOXIA Linnaeus Loxia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 171. Type, by subse: quent designation, Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus (Gray, 1840). 574 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Léxia curviréstra Linnaeus: RED CROSSBILL. The British Isles, northern Scandinavia, northern Russia, north-central Siberia, southeastern Alaska, southern Yukon, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland south to the Iberian Peninsula, northwest Africa, eastern Mediterranean Islands, Caucasus, northern India, southern China, southern Annam, northern Luz6n, Japan, northern Baja California, and northern Nicaragua; in the eastern United States to northern Wisconsin, Ten- nessee, and North Carolina. Movements erratic, extending peripherally beyond principal range of breeding and residence. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Loxia curvirostra curviréstra Linnaeus. [521g.] Loxia Curvirostra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 171. (Europae = Sweden.) Breeds from Ireland, southern Scotland, northern Scandinavia (from tree limit), northern Russia (Arkhangelsk), and central western Siberia to south- western Yakutsk, south to northern Spain (the Pyrenees), northern Italy (the Alps), Rumania (the Carpathians), and central Russia (Kaluga, Kazan). Winters south irregularly to Portugal, southern Spain, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, the Cyclades, and Palestine. Accidental in Greenland (Nappasoq, Kangamiut, Angmagssalik), Jan Mayen, Iceland, and Tangiers. Loxia curvirostra pusilla Gloger. [521b.] Loxia pusilla Gloger, Vollst. Handb. Nat. Vogel Europa’s, 1834, p. 356. (No definite locality = Georgia.) Breeds in Newfoundland. Wanders, chiefly in winter, west and south to western Iowa (Woodbury County), eastern Kansas (Burlington), northern Illinois (Chicago), northern Indiana (Michigan City), southern Ontario (Toronto, Ottawa), northern Virginia (Four-mile Run), and eastern Maryland; casually to Georgia (St. Marys, Stone Mountain) and Bermuda. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm). [521.] Crucirostra minor C. L. Brehm, Allg. deutsche naturhist. Zeit., 1, 1846, p. 532. (Eastern United States.) Breeds, and probably resident, from northern Minnesota, central Ontario (Lake Manitowick, Canoe Lake, Pakenham), southwestern Quebec (Grand Lac), New Brunswick (Bathurst), and Nova Scotia (Wolfville) south irregularly to northern Wisconsin (Burnett County, Kelley Brook), southern Michigan (Hillsdale), southern Ontario (Toronto), West Virginia (Pocahontas County), eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina (Great Smoky Mountains), Maryland (Laurel), southeastern New York (the Bronx, 1875; Miller Place, 1883), and eastern Massachusetts (Marblehead, Cape Ann). Wanders, chiefly in winter, northwest to central southern Mackenzie (Fort ORDER PASSERIFORMES 575 Simpson, Fort Smith), west to southeastern Saskatchewan (Indian Head), and eastern Colorado (Limon), and south to Missouri (Shannon County), Georgia (Fulton County, Midway), and northern Florida (Sumner). Loxia curvirostra béndirei Ridgway. [521d.] Loxia curvirostra bendirei Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 2, Apr. 28, 1884, p. 101. (Ft. Klamath, Oregon.) Resident from southern Yukon (Kluane Lake, Nisutlin River) and northern interior British Columbia (Atlin, Telegraph Creek, Nulki Lake) south, east of the Cascade Mountains, to southern Oregon (Fort Klamath, Malheur River), central Idaho (Alturas Lake), northwestern Wyoming (Yellowstone Park), central southern Montana (Shriver), and southwestern Saskatchewan (Cypress Hills); extends southwest to the Trinity Mountains section of California (French Camp, White Rock Ranger Station). Wanders, chiefly in winter, from southeastern Alaska (Admiralty Island) south to central Baja California (Guadalupe Island, Sierra San Pedro Martir), southeastern Arizona (Huachuca and Chiricahua mountains), southern New Mexico (Cloudcroft), western Texas (Frijole), and eastern Kansas (Lawrence). Loxia curvirostra sitkénsis Grinnell. [521c.] Loxia curvirostra sitkensis Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 5, no. 2, Feb. 18, 1909, p. 223. (Windfall Harbor, Admiralty Island, Alaska.) Resident along the Pacific coast (including islands) from central southern and southeastern Alaska (Cook Inlet, Sergief Island) south to northwestern California (Big Lagoon). Wanders, chiefly in winter, sporadically east and south to southern Alberta (Jasper Park, Red Deer River), northern Wisconsin (Apostle Islands), northern Michigan (Huron Mountains, Beaver Island), southern Ontario (London, Golden Lake), southwestern Quebec (Grondines, Isle aux Canots), southern California (Riverside), Arizona (Tucson), Colorado (Breckenridge), north- eastern Kansas (Lawrence), southeastern Louisiana (Mandeville), South Caro- lina (Charleston), Virginia (Alexandria), southeastern Pennsylvania (George School), southeastern New York (Hicksville, Hither Plain), and Massachusetts (Chatham); casually west in Alaska to Kodiak Island and St. Michael. Loxia curvirostra bénti Griscom. [521e.] Loxia curvirostra benti Griscom, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 41, no. 5, Jan. 1937, p. 129. (Grafton, North Dakota.) Resident from southeastern Montana (Powder River County), northeastern Wyoming (Weston and Crook counties), and western South Dakota (Harding County, Black Hills) south to eastern Utah (Uinta Mountains, Cedar Breaks; intergrading area between grinnelli and benti), southeastern Colorado (La Plata County, Fort Garland), and northern New Mexico (11 miles northeast of Chama). Wanders, chiefly in winter, west to western Oregon (Yaquina Bay, Fort Klamath), Idaho (Moscow), east to eastern North Dakota (Grafton) and 576 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS northern Michigan (McMillan), and south to southern California (Mount Pinos, Providence Mountains), southern Nevada (Lake Mead), central and southeastern Arizona (Yavapai County, Huachuca Mountains), western Okla- homa (Kenton), and western and southeastern Texas (Frijole, Galveston); casual north to southwestern Saskatchewan (Cypress Hills). Loxia curvirostra grinnélli Griscom, [521f.] Loxia curvirostra grinnelli Griscom, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 41, no. 5, Jan. 1937, p. 132. (Phillips, Eldorado Co., California.) Resident in interior mountains of California (Mount Shasta, Sierra Nevada, San Jacinto Mountains, San Bernardino Mountains), and in southwestern Nevada (Grapevine Mountains), southwestern Utah, and northwestern and central eastern Arizona (Mount Trumbull, Kaibab Plateau, Flagstaff, White Mountains). Wanders, chiefly in winter, along the Pacific coast in California (Albion, south to Escondido); also north to central Nevada (Quinn Canyon Mountains) and south to southeastern Arizona (Huachuca Mountains). Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgway. [521a.] Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 8, Sept. 17, 1885, p. 354. New name for Loxia mexicana Strickland (nec Linnaeus), in Jardine, Contr. Orn., 1851, p. 43. (Mexico = City of México.) Resident from northern Baja California (Sierra Juarez, Sierra San Pedro Martir), southeastern Arizona (Chiricahua Mountains), and southern New Mexico (Reserve) south through the tableland of México to Guerrero (Chil- pancingo), central western Veracruz (Las Vigas), and Chiapas (San Cristdbal; intergrading between stricklandi and mesamericana). Wanders north to central California (Pacific Grove), central Nevada (Wheeler Peak, Charleston Mountains), southern Utah (Cedar Mountain, Navajo Mountain), central Colorado (Aurora), eastern Kansas (Lawrence), and central Texas (Fort Worth). Loxia leucéptera Gmelin: WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL. Northern Scandinavia, northern Finland, northern Russia, northern Siberia, central Alaska, central Yukon, central Mackenzie, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, and central Labrador south to north-central Russia, southern Siberia, Washington, northern Oregon, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, southern Ontario, northern New York, northern New England, and Nova Scotia. Wanders south to England, northern Italy, northern Yugoslavia, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia, and North Carolina. An isolated resident subspecies is found in Hispaniola. Loxia leucoptera leucéptera Gmelin. [522.] Loxia leucoptera Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 844. Based on the White-winged Crossbill of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 108. (in sinu Hudsonis et Noveboraco = Hudson Bay and New York.) Breeds, and probably resident, from north-central Alaska (Kobuk River, Fort Yukon), central Yukon (Bern Creek, McMillan River), central Mackenzie ORDER PASSERIFORMES 577 (Fort Wrigley, Fort Rae, Thelon River), central Manitoba (Grand Rapids), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Fort Albany, Moose Factory), northern Quebec (Paul Bay; central Ungava), central Labrador (Okak, Hopedale), and New- foundland south to south-central Alaska (Palmer, McCarthy), northern and interior British Columbia (Flood Glacier, Indianpoint Lake, Monashee Pass), central Alberta (Stony Plain), northern Minnesota (Lake and Cook counties), northern Wisconsin (Kelley Brook), northern Michigan (Escanaba), southern Ontario (Michipicoten River, Head Lake), southern Quebec (Mount Orford), southern New Brunswick (Grand Manan), and Nova Scotia (Barrington, Hali- fax); reported breeding sporadically south to Washington (Mount Rainier), northeastern Oregon (Wallowa Mountains), Montana (Fortine, Glacier Park, near Red Lodge), northeastern New York (eastern Lewis County, Long Lake), northern Vermont (Lunenburg), New Hampshire (White Mountains), and Maine (Mount Desert Island). Wanders, chiefly in winter, south to central Oregon (Big Cultus Lake), southern Idaho (Minidoka), Colorado (Silver Lake, Bakers), Kansas (Hays, Lawrence), Missouri (Shannon County), Illinois (Warsaw), Indiana (Bloom- ington), Kentucky (Louisville), West Virginia (Pocahontas County), Virginia (Blacksburg, Mount Vernon), North Carolina (Raleigh), Maryland (Baltimore, Oxon Hill), and southern New Jersey (Cape May); west and north to western and northern Alaska (St. Paul Island, Malchatna River, Afognak Island, De- marcation Point), northwestern Mackenzie (Fort Anderson), northern Mani- toba (Churchill), and Franklin (Repulse Bay, Baffin Island, Lake Harbour). Accidental in Bermuda, Greenland (Frederikshaab, Julianehaab), Scotland, and England. Subfamily EMBERIZINAE: Sparrows and Buntings Genus ARREMONOPS Ridgway Arremonops Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1896, pp. 434, 605. Type, by original designation, Embernagra rufivirgata Lawrence. Arreménops rufivirgdta (Lawrence): OLIVE SPARROW. Southern Sinaloa and southern Texas, south on the coasts of México to Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula; also the Pacific slope of Costa Rica. Arremonops rufivirgata rufivirgata (Lawrence). [586.] Embernagra rufivirgata Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 5, 1851, p. 112, pl. 5, fig. 2. (Rio Grande in Texas = Brownsville, Texas.) Resident from southern Texas (Kinney, Atascosa, and Nueces counties) south to eastern Coahuila (Sabinas) and central Tamaulipas (Victoria). Genus CHLORURA Sclater Chlorura P. L. Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, 1862, p. 117. Type, by monotypy, Fringilla chlorura Audubon. 578 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Chloruira chlorira (Audubon): GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE. [592.1.] Fringilla chlorura Audubon, Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 336. (No locality given = about 20 miles southwest of Blackfoot, Idaho.) Breeds from southwestern and central Oregon (Onion Mountain, Wheeler County), southeastern Washington (Blue Mountains), southern Idaho, south- western Montana (18 miles northwest of Dillon), and northwestern, central, and southeastern Wyoming (Yellowstone Park, Wheatland) south through the interior mountains to southern California (San Jacinto Mountains), southern Nevada (Charleston Mountains), central Arizona (San Francisco Mountains, White Mountains), and southern New Mexico (Black Mountains, Sacramento Mountains). Winters from southern California (Los Angeles, casually), southern Arizona (Fort Mohave, Gila River Valley), and western and southern Texas (Sierra Blanca, Brownsville) south to southern Baja California (San José del Cabo), Jalisco, Guanajuato (Guanajuato), Morelos (Cuernavaca), Nuevo Leén (Ga- leana), and Hidalgo (Metztitlan); occasionally north to central California (Marysville); in migration to western Kansas and western Oklahoma (Cimar- ron County). Casual north to Saskatchewan (Dollard, Tregarva) and east to Massachusetts (Northampton), New Jersey (Englewood), Virginia (Bowers Hill), South Carolina (Mount Pleasant), and Louisiana (Cameron Parish). Genus PIPILO Vieillot Pipilo Vieillot, Analyse, Apr. 1816, p. 32. Type, by monotypy, Pinson aux yeux rouges of Buffon = Fringilla erythrophthalma Linnaeus. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus): RUFOUS-sSIDED TOWHEE. Southern British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, northern Michigan, southern Ontario, northern New York, northern Vermont, central New Hampshire, and southwestern Maine south to southern Baja California, through México to Guatemala, and western Texas, northern Oklahoma, northern Arkansas, central southern Louisiana, the eastern Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Winters from southern British Co- lumbia, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Iowa, the southern Great Lakes area, and Massachusetts southward. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus). [587.] Fringilla erythrophthalma Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 180. Based on the Towhee-bird, Passer niger, oculis rubris Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 34. (in America = South Carolina.) Breeds from southern Manitoba (Treesbank, Winnipeg), northern Minnesota (Duluth), northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan (Isle Royale, McMillan), southern Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie, North Bay, Ottawa), northern New York, northern Vermont (Burlington, St. Johnsbury), central New Hampshire (Ossi- pee), and southwestern Maine (Norway) south to central northern and north- ORDER PASSERIFORMES 579 eastern Oklahoma (Nash, Tulsa), northern Arkansas (Winslow, Ravenden), - southern Tennessee (Raleigh), northeastern Georgia (Rabun County), north- western South Carolina (Anderson and Cherokee counties), central North Carolina (Sampson County), and Virginia (except Princess Anne County). Winters from Nebraska (Lincoln), Iowa (Sioux City, Polk County), Wis- consin (Portage County), southern Michigan (Washtenaw County), southern Ontario (Essex County), Pennsylvania (Beaver, Harrisburg), southeastern New York (New York City), and Massachusetts (Pleasant Valley) south to western Oklahoma (Woodward County), central southern and southeastern Texas (San Antonio, Brownsville, Galveston), the Gulf coast, and south-central Florida (Basinger). Casual in northern Ontario (Fort Severn, James Bay), Quebec (Buckingham, Quebec City), New Brunswick (Irishtown, Fredericton), and Nova Scotia (Northport). Pipilo erythrophthalmus rileyi Koelz. [587c.] Pipilo alleni rileyi Koelz, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 52, July 22, 1939, p. 121. (Brunswick, Georgia.) Breeds, and largely resident, from southeastern Alabama (Houston County), central Georgia (Crisp, Jones, and McDuffie counties), coastal South Carolina (Dorchester and Horry counties), coastal North Carolina (Carteret County), and extreme southeastern Virginia (Pungo, apparently not typical) south to central northern Florida (Walton, Wakulla, and Madison counties) and south- eastern Georgia (Camden County). Winters from near the northern limit of the breeding range south to western Florida (Escambia County) and midpeninsular Florida (Charlotte and Brevard counties). Pipilo erythrophthalmus alleni Coues. [587a.] Pipilo Alleni Coues, Amer. Nat., 5, no. 6, Aug. 1871, p. 366. (Florida = Dummitts Grove, on the Indian River, Florida.) Resident in Florida from Franklin, Columbia and Duval counties south to southern Dade County. Casual in Florida Keys (Key West). Pipilo erythrophthalmus canaster Howell. [5875.] Pipilo erythrophthalmus canaster Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 26, Oct. 23, 1913, p. 202. (Spring Hill, near Mobile, Alabama.) Breeds, and largely resident, from northeastern Louisiana (West Carroll Parish), northwestern Mississippi (Rosedale, intermediate toward P. e. eryth- rophthalmus) , extreme southwestern Tennessee (Germantown; Wayne County), northern Alabama (Cobert, Limestone, and Calhoun counties), northern Geor- gia (Chattooga and Jackson counties), central South Carolina (northeast to York and Sumter counties), and western North Carolina (Murphy, Rocky Bald) south to central southern Louisiana (Iberia Parish), east along the Gulf coast to northwestern Florida (Okaloosa County), and to central eastern Ala- 580 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS bama (Russell County) and north-central Georgia (Putnam and Taliaferro counties). Winters in breeding range, and south to north-central Florida (Wakulla and Leon counties), southeastern Georgia (Toombs County), and coastal South Carolina (north to Georgetown County). Pipilo erythrophthalmus 4rcticus (Swainson). [588.] Pyrgita (Pipilo) arctica Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 260, pls. 51, 52. (Carlton House, plains of the Saskatchewan.) Breeds from central Alberta (Fort Saskatchewan), central Saskatchewan (Carlton), and central northern North Dakota (Turtle Mountains) south, east of the Rocky Mountains, to southeastern Wyoming (Laramie), northeastern Colorado (Wray), and central northern Nebraska (Long Pine). Winters from central Colorado (Boulder) and Kansas (St. John, Lawrence) south to southwestern New Mexico (Deming), central Chihuahua (Chihuahua), central Nuevo Leén (Monterrey), and southern Texas (Laredo; 15 miles west of Bastrop). Casual west to Utah (Provo) and Arizona (Camp Verde) and east to Min- nesota (Madison), Iowa (Woodbury and Plymouth counties), and [Illinois (North Evanston). Pipilo erythrophthalmus montanus Swarth. [588a.] Pipilo maculatus montanus Swarth, Condor, 7, no. 6, Nov. 22, 1905, p. 172. (Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.) Breeds from central eastern California (Benton), southern and central east- ern Nevada (Grapevine Mountains, Lehman Creek), northern Utah (Stans- bury Island, Uinta Mountains), and northwestern and central northern Colorado (Boulder) south to southeastern California (Providence Mountains), central western and central southern Arizona (Harquahala Mountains, Baboquivari Mountains), northeastern Sonora (San José and San Luis mountains), north- western Chihuahua (Sierra Madre, south to lat. 29° N.), and central southern and northeastern New Mexico (Mesilla Park, Sierra Grande). Winters from southern Utah (Beaverdam Mountains), central Colorado (Golden), and western Texas (Palo Duro Canyon) south to northern Sonora (Sierra Carrizal, Nacozari), central Chihuahua (Chihuahua), and central Texas (Del Rio; Kendall County); casually farther southeast in Texas (Victoria, Eagle Lake). Casual in Nebraska (North Platte) and Kansas (Morton County), and acci- dental in New Jersey (Metuchen). Pipilo erythrophthalmus gaigei Van Tyne and Sutton. [588j.] Pipilo maculatus gaigei Van Tyne and Sutton, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 37, Aug. 24, 1937, p. 102. (Texas, Chisos Moun- tains, southeast of Boot Spring, 6800 feet.) Breeds, and resident, in part at least, in mountains of central eastern and southeastern New Mexico (Cabra Springs, Guadalupe Mountains), western ORDER PASSERIFORMES 581 Texas (Guadalupe, Davis, and Chisos mountains), and northern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen). Pipilo erythrophthalmus curtatus Grinnell. [588f.] Pipilo maculatus curtatus Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 7, no. 8, Aug. 24, 1911, p. 309. (Big Creek Ranch, alt. 4350 feet, base of Pine Forest Mts., Humboldt County, Nevada.) Breeds from central southern British Columbia (Lillooet, Okanagan Landing, Robson) and northern Idaho (5 miles west of Cocolalla) south, east of the Cascades, to northeastern California (south to Mono Lake), western and cen- tral Nevada (Tybo), and southeastern Idaho (Craters of the Moon). Winters in part in breeding range and south to southeastern California (Pot- holes), northwestern Sonora (Sonoyta), and southeastern Arizona (Huachuca and Chiricahua mountains). Pipilo erythrophthalmus oregoénus Bell. [588).] Pipilo Oregonus Bell, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 5, 1849, p. 6. (Oregon territory = Fort Vancouver, Washington.) Resident along the Pacific coast from southwestern British Columbia (Comox, Chilliwack) south through western Washington to southwestern Oregon (Rose- burg). Winters south to northwestern California (Trinidad, Willow Creek); casually south to central (Colusa) and southern California (San Clemente Island). Pipilo erythrophthalmus falcinéllus Swarth. [588g.] Pipilo maculatus falcinellus Swarth, Condor, 15, no. 5, Oct. 15, 1913, p. 172. (Marysville Buttes, alt. 500 feet, 4 miles northwest of Sutter, Sutter County, California.) Resident from the interior of southwestern Oregon (Grants Pass, Medford) south through the northern interior coast ranges, the western and southeastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and the Great Valley of California (Hoopa and Mount Shasta to Vacaville, and Kings and Tulare counties; Laws, Olancha). Pipilo erythrophthalmus falcifer McGregor. [588h.] Pipilo maculatus falcifer McGregor, Condor, 2, no. 2, Mar. 16, 1900, p. 43. (Palo Alto, California.) Resident along the coasts of northwestern and central western California (Smith River south through Santa Cruz and San Benito counties). Pipilo erythrophthalmus megaloényx Baird. [588d.] Pipilo megalonyx Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rept. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xli, 511, 515. (Fort Tejon, Cal[ifornia].) Resident in southwestern California (Monterey and west slope of Walkers Pass south to Santa Cruz Island, Little San Bernardino Mountains, and San 582 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Diego County) and northwestern Baja California (south to about lat. 32° N.). Casual on San Miguel Island, California. Pipilo erythrophthalmus cleméntae Grinnell. [588c.] Pipilo clementae Grinnell, Auk, 14, no. 3, July 1897, p. 294. (Smuggler’s Cove, San Clemente Island, California.) Resident on Santa Rosa, Santa Catalina, and San Clemente islands, off south- western California. Pipilo erythrophthalmus umbraticola Grinnell and Swarth. [588i.] Pipilo maculatus umbraticola Grinnell and Swarth, Condor, 28, no. 3, May 15, 1926, p. 131. (Colnett, lat. 31°, Lower California, Mexico.) Resident in northwestern Baja California between lat. 32° and 30° N. (Sierra Juarez and Sierra San Pedro Martir west to the coast). Pipilo erythrophthalmus consobrinus Ridgway. [589.] Pipilo maculatus consobrinus Ridgway, Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., vol. 2, no. 2, Apr. 1876, p. 189. (Guadeloupe Island, Lower California = Guadalupe Island, Baja California.) Extinct. Formerly resident on Guadalupe Island off northwestern Baja Cali- fornia. Last recorded in 1897. Pipilo erythrophthalmus magniréstris Brewster. [588e.] Pipilo maculatus magnirostris Brewster, Auk, 8, no. 2, Apr. (separates publ. Feb. 17) 1891, p. 146. (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California.) Resident in the mountains of southern Baja California (Triunfo, Sierra de la Laguna); casual at lower levels at Miraflores. Pipilo fascus Swainsont: BROWN TOWHEE. Southwestern Oregon, western and central Arizona, northern New Mexico, southeastern Colorado, extreme western Oklahoma, and western and central Texas south through Baja California to Cape San Lucas and on the Mexican mainland to Colima and Oaxaca. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Pipilo fuscus bullatus Grinnell and Swarth. [5915.] Pipilo fuscus bullatus Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 21, no. 18, Apr. 6, 1926, p. 431. (Eagle Point, Jackson County, Oregon.) Resident in Umpqua River and Rogue River valleys of southwestern Oregon (Roseburg, Takilma, Ashland) and the Klamath River and Shasta valleys of north-central California (Beswick, Hornbrook, Edgewood). 1 Pipilo fusca Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, June 1827, p. 434. (Temiscaltipec.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 583 Pipilo fuscus carolae McGregor. [591c.] Pipilo fuscus carolae McGregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, no. 1, Jan. 1899, p. 11. (Battle Creek [= boundary line between Shasta and Tehama counties], California.) Resident in California east of the humid coastal region, from Humboldt County (Hoopa Valley) to Napa County, east to the foothills of the Cascade Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, and south along the eastern side of San Joaquin Valley to Kern County (Piute Mountains, Fort Tejon). Pipilo fuscus eremdphilus van Rossem. [591f.] Pipilo fuscus eremophilus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, no. 11, Aug. 24, 1935, p. 70. (Lang Spring, 5500 feet altitude, Moun- tain Springs Canyon, Argus Mountains, Inyo County, California.) Resident in the Argus Mountains of Inyo and San Bernardino counties in California. Pipilo fuscus pétulans Grinnell and Swarth. [591d.] Pipilo fuscus petulans Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 21, no. 18, Apr. 6, 1926, p. 430. (Palo Alto, Santa Clara County, Cali- fornia.) Resident in California in humid north-central coastal region from Humboldt County (Korbel) to Santa Cruz County (Corralitos), and inland to the western edge of the northern San Joaquin Valley. Pipilo fuscus crissalis (Vigors). [591.1.] Fringilla crissalis Vigors, in Zool. Beechey’s Voy. Blossom, 1839, p. 19. (No locality stated = Monterey, Monterey County, California.) Resident in California from the central coast area (Seaside) to the western edge of the San Joaquin Valley (Orestimba Peak) and south to western Kern (Temblor Range), Santa Barbara, and Ventura counties. Pipilo fuscus senicula Anthony. [591.1a.] Pipilo fuscus senicula Anthony, Auk, 12, no. 2, Apr. 1895, p. 111. (San Fernando, Lower California.) Resident in southern California, west of the Mohave and Colorado deserts, from Los Angeles County southward through northwestern Baja California, west of the montane coniferous forests, to lat. 29° 20’ N. (Yubay). Recorded once from Todos Santos Island, lat. 31° 48’ N. Pipilo fuseus aripdélius Oberholser. [591e.] Pipilo fuscus aripolius Oberholser, Condor, 21, no. 5, Sept. 30, 1919, p. 210. (San Pablo, Lower California.) Resident on both slopes of middle Baja California from lat. 29° N. (Playa Maria Bay) to lat. 26° 35’ N. (Guajademi). 584 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Pipilo fuscus albigula Baird. [591a.] Pipilo albigula Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, (11), sigs. 21- 23, Oct.-Nov. 1859 (Jan. 12, 1860), p. 305. (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California. ) Resident in southern Baja California from lat. 26° 35’ N. to Cape San Lucas. Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus Baird. [591.] Pipilo mesoleucus Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, no. 3, May- June (July 3) 1854, p. 119. (No locality stated = Big Sandy Valley, just south of latitude 35° N., Mohave County, Arizona.) Resident from western Arizona (Black Mountains, Kofa Mountains, Papago Well) east through New Mexico (except Union County in northeast), south to northern Sonora (lat. 30° N.), northern Chihuahua (lat. 31° N.), and extreme western Texas (E] Paso, Guadalupe Mountains). Casual north to Grand Can- yon, Arizona. Pipilo fuseus relictus van Rossem. [591h.] Pipilo fuscus relictus van Rossem, Auk, 63, no. 4, Oct. 1946, p. 561. (north slope of Harquahala Mountains, Yuma County, Arizona.) Resident in the Harquahala Mountains in southwestern Arizona. Pipilo fuscus mesatus Oberholser. [591i.] Pipilo fuscus mesatus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 50, Aug. 7, 1937, p. 118. (Gaume’s Ranch, altitude 4,600 feet, northwestern corner of Baca County, Colorado.) Resident in southeastern Colorado (mainly south of the Arkansas River, sparingly north to Boulder), northeastern New Mexico (Union County), and extreme northwestern Oklahoma (Kenton). Pipilo fuscus texanus van Rossem. [591g.] Pipilo fuscus texanus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, no. 34, May 31, 1934, p. 371. (Kerrville, Kerr County, Texas.) Resident in northern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen) and in the plateau area of western and central Texas from Reeves, Tom Green, and Kerr counties to Val Verde County. Pipilo aberti Baird: ABERT’s TOWHEE. Southeastern Nevada, southwestern Utah, central Arizona, and southwestern New Mexico south in the Colorado River drainage to southeastern California, northeastern Baja California, northwestern Sonora, and southeastern Arizona. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 585 Pipilo aberti aberti Baird. [592.] Pipilo aberti Baird, in Stansbury, Expl. Surv. Valley Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1852, p. 325. (New Mexico.) Resident along the Gila River and its tributaries in southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico (Cliff, Redrock). Pipilo aberti dumeticolus van Rossem. [592a.] Pipilo aberti dumeticolus van Rossem, Condor, 48, no. 2, Apr. 2, 1946, p. 81. (3 miles northwest of Calexico, Imperial County, California, altitude minus 3 feet.) Resident in the valleys of the Virgin and lower Colorado rivers from south- western Utah (St. George) to northeastern Baja California and northwestern Sonora, and in the Salton Sea Basin of southeastern California (west to White- water). Genus CALAMOSPIZA Bonaparte Calamospiza Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, p. 30. Type, by monotypy, Fringilla bicolor J. K. Townsend = Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger. Calamospiza melanécorys Stejneger: LARK BUNTING. [605.] Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger, Auk, 2, no. 1, Jan. 1885, p. 49. New name for Fringilla bicolor Townsend, nec Linnaeus. (Plains of the Platte river [, Nebraska].) Breeds from southern Alberta (Waterton Lakes Park, Castor), southern Saskatchewan (Skull Creek, Indian Head), southwestern Manitoba (Brandon), southeastern North Dakota (Valley City), and southwestern Minnesota (Otter Tail and Jackson counties, irregularly) south to central southern Montana (Bozeman, Billings) and, east of the Rocky Mountains, to southeastern New Mexico (Vaughn, Lovington), northern Texas, western Oklahoma (Texas and Cimarron counties), and south-central and central eastern Kansas (St. John, Rantoul); also locally or sporadically in Utah (Murray) and southwestern Colorado (Navajo Springs). Winters from southern California (San Fernando Valley), southern Nevada (Corn Creek), central Arizona (Camp Verde, San Carlos), southern New Mexico (Deming, Carlsbad), and north-central Texas (Colorado, Indianola) south to southern Baja California (Cape San Lucas), Jalisco, Guanajuato (Guanajuato), Hidalgo, northern Tamaulipas (Matamoros), and southern Louisiana (near Grand Isle). Casual, chiefly in migration, west to British Columbia (Wistaria, Okanagan Landing), western Alberta (Banff), Idaho (Minidoka, Grays), and central California (Dudley); east to Ontario (Lowbush), New Brunswick (Grand Manan Islands), Massachusetts (Lynn), New York (Millers Place, Montauk Point), Virginia (Lexington), South Carolina (Christ Church Parish), and Georgia (Tybee Island). Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. 586 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Genus PASSERCULUS Bonaparte Passerculus Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, p. 33. Type, by subsequent designation, Fringilla savanna Wilson (Gray, 1840). Passérculus princeps Maynard: IpswicH SPARROW. [541.] Passerculus princeps Maynard, Amer. Nat., 6, no. 10, Oct. 1872, p. 637. (Ipswich, Massachusetts.) Breeds on Sable Island off Nova Scotia. Reported in recent years in reduced numbers, due probably to decrease in the size of Sable Island through erosion. Winters along Atlantic coast from Massachusetts south to southern Georgia (Cumberland Island); casually north to southern Maine (Old Orchard) and central Nova Scotia (Wolfville). Casual inland in Massachusetts (Cambridge) and Connecticut (New Haven, West Haven). Passerculus sandwichénsis (Gmelin): SAVANNAH SPARROW. Northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, northern Keewatin, northern Quebec, and northern Labrador south locally to central Sinaloa, Oaxaca, Guatemala, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, West Virginia, western Maryland, and southeastern Pennsylvania. In winter from southern British Columbia, southern Nevada, southern Utah, central New Mexico, Oklahoma, northern Gulf States, and Massachusetts south to El Salvador, Swan Islands, Grand Cayman, Cuba, and the northern Bahamas. Passerculus sandwichensis labradérius Howe. [542d.] Passerculus sandwichensis labradorius Howe, Contr. North Amer. Orn., vol. 1, Oct. 14, 1901, p. 1. (Lance [L’Anse] au Loup, Labrador.) Breeds from northeastern Quebec (Wakeham Bay, George River) and Lab- rador (Ramah, Battle Harbour) south to southeastern Quebec (Mingan Island, Anticosti Island), Newfoundland, and St. Pierre Island. Winters from northwestern Mississippi (Rosedale) and southeastern Mary- land (Ocean City) south to southeastern Texas (Matagorda), southern Louisiana (New Orleans), southern Mississippi (Gulfport), southern Florida (Tortugas), and western Cuba (Habana); casually north to Massachusetts (Newburyport) and Rhode Island (Warren). . Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wilson). [542a.] Fringilla Savanna Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 3, 1811, p. 55, pl. 22, fig. 3. (Savannah, and Great Egg Harbor, N.J. = Savannah, Ga.) Breeds from southern Ontario (Bigwood), southern Quebec (Montreal, Kamouraska, Magdalen Islands) and Nova Scotia (Cape Breton Island) south to northwestern and central Ohio (Toledo; rarely Columbus), West Virginia (Maxwelton), western Maryland (Accident), southeastern Pennsylvania (Car- lisle, Reading), northern New Jersey (Morristown, Newark), and southeastern ORDER PASSERIFORMES 587 New York (Hicks Island, Plum Island); once in southern New Jersey (Seven- mile Beach). Winters from Massachusetts (casually) south on the Atlantic coast to Florida and the northern Bahamas, and from Kansas (rarely), Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina and eastern Virginia south to Veracruz (Tlacotalpam, Te- huatlan), Yucatan (Rio Lagartos), Quintana Roo (Holbox and Cozumel islands), Grand Cayman, Isle of Pines, and Cuba; rarely north to Nova Scotia (Wolfville). Passerculus sandwichensis oblitus Peters and Griscom. [542f.] Passerculus sandwichensis oblitus J. L. Peters and L. Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 80, no. 13, Jan. 1938, p. 454. (Fort Churchill, Manitoba.) Breeds from northeastern Manitoba (Churchill, Cape Tatnam), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Cape Henrietta Maria), and northwestern Quebec (Kogaluk River, Mistassini Post) south to southern Minnesota (Minneapolis), southern Wisconsin (Friendship, Beaverdam), southern Michigan (East Lan- sing, Ann Arbor), central eastern Ontario (Biscotasing, North Bay) and central southern Quebec (Lake St. John); southern records of breeding, probably re- lating to this subspecies, are known from Missouri (Pierce City, Bolivar), Illi- nois (Pekin, Leroy, Mount Carmel), and Indiana (Bloomington, Waterloo). Winters from northern Oklahoma (Oklahoma City, Tulsa), northern Mis- Sissippi (Rosedale), and northern Georgia (Athens) south to Coahuila (Sa- binas), Nuevo Ledédn (Linares), southern Texas (Brownsville, Matagorda), southern Louisiana (Chenier au Tigre, New Orleans), southern Mississippi (Biloxi), and southern Georgia (Donalsonville, Elba Island). Casual to Cornwallis Island (Resolute Bay), Virginia (Blacksburg), and North Carolina (Buncombe County). Passerculus sandwichensis broéksi Bishop. [542).] Passerculus sandwichensis brooksi Bishop, Condor, 17, no. 5, Oct. 10, 1915, p. 187. (Chilliwack, British Columbia.) Breeds from Vancouver Island and the coast of southwestern British Co- lumbia through western Washington and western Oregon to the coastal district of northwestern California (south through Del Norte County). Winters in the breeding range and south through western California to cen- tral Baja California (Rosario). Passerculus sandwichensis anthinus Bonaparte.1 [5425.] Passerculus anthinus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, no. 25 (for Dec. 19), 1853, p. 920. (Kadiak = Kodiak Island, Alaska.) Breeds from northern Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales, Barrow, Colville Delta), northern Yukon (Herschel Island), northern Mackenzie (Richards Island, Coronation Gulf), and northern Keewatin (Thelon River, Perry River) south to southwestern Alaska (Nunivak Island, Nushagak) and through coastal dis- 1 This form was listed in the Fourth Edition as Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus. P. s. crassus of southern Alaska is recognized as separable from it by some authors. 588 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS tricts in southern Alaska; inland to central British Columbia (Telegraph Creek; 149 Mile), southeastern Yukon (Pelly River), southern Mackenzie (Fort Provi- dence, Fort Resolution), northeastern Saskatchewan (Cochrane River), north- western Manitoba (Fort Du Brochet), and southeastern Keewatin (50 miles south of Cape Eskimo. Winters from southwestern British Columbia (Departure Bay, Crescent), southern Nevada (Searchlight), southwestern Utah (Santa Clara), central Arizona (Oak Creek), central New Mexico (Socorro), and western and cen- tral Texas (Frijole, San Antonio) south to southern Baja California (San José del Cabo), Guerrero (Chilpancingo), El Salvador (Lake Olomega), and Tamaulipas. Casual on the Pribilof Islands (St. George Island). Passerculus sandwichensis sandwichénsis (Gmelin). [542.] Emberiza Sandwichensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 875. Based on the Sandwich Bunting of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 202. (in Unalaschca et sinu Sandwich = Unalaska, Alaska.) Breeds on the eastern Aleutian Islands (west to Amukta Island) and the western Alaskan Peninsula (Kings Cove, Shumagin Islands). Winters along Pacific coast from southwestern British Columbia (Vancouver Island) south to central western California (Berkeley), and in the Great Valley of California (south to Merced County). Casual in the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island) and east of the Cascades in Oregon (Crooked River, Fort Klamath). Passerculus sandwichensis nevadénsis Grinnell. [542e.] Passerculus sandwichensis nevadensis Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 5, no. 9, Feb. 21, 1910, p. 312. (Soldier Meadows, Humboldt County, Nevada.) Breeds from central southern and northeastern British Columbia (Lillooet, Charlie Lake), northern Alberta (Athabaska Delta), northwestern Saskatche- wan (Sand Point on Lake Athabaska), and central Manitoba (Oxford House) south through eastern Washington and eastern Oregon to eastern California (Battle Creek Meadows, Owens Lake, Bodfish), southern Nevada (Pahranagat Valley), southern Utah (Zion Canyon), northern Arizona (Kayenta), central Colorado (Salida, Fort Morgan), western Nebraska (Mitchell), and north- eastern South Dakota (Fort Sisseton). Winters from northern California (Nicasio; near Red Bluff), southern Ne- vada (Indian Springs), southwestern Utah (St. George), central Arizona (Oak Creek), central Texas, central Oklahoma (Okmulgee County), and north- western Mississippi (Rosedale) south to northern Baja California (Colnett), Guerrero, State of México, Veracruz, southern Texas (Brownsville), and south- ern Mississippi (Lyman). Casual east to Kansas, southeastern Michigan (Ann Arbor), Ohio (Clermont County), Kentucky (Carrollton), western Tennessee (Bartlett, Ellendale), and southern Georgia (Grady County). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 589 Passerculus sandwichensis rufofiscus Camras. [542g.] Passerculus sandwichensis rufofuscus Camras, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24, no. 15, June 29, 1940, p. 159. (Babicora, Chihuahua.) Breeds from central Arizona (Springerville) and central northern New Mexico (11 miles northeast of Chama, Taos) south to central Chihuahua. Winter range unknown; recorded casually from Jalisco (Ocotlan) and western Texas (east to Fort Clark). Passereulus sandwichensis alaudinus Bonaparte. [542c.]1 Passerculus alaudinus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, no. 25 (for Dec. 19), 1853, p. 918. (Californie = San Francisco.) Resident in coastal northern and central California (Humboldt Bay south to Morro Bay). Passereulus sandwichensis béldingi Ridgway. [543.] Passerculus beldingi Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 7 (Feb. 25), 1885, p. 516. (San Diego, Calfifornia].) Resident in coastal southwestern California (Santa Barbara south to San Diego) and northwestern Baja California (Todos Santos Islands, El Rosario). Passerculus sandwichensis anulus Huey. [544d.] Passerculus sandwichensis anulus Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, no. 10, Aug. 30, 1930, p. 204. (south side of entrance to Scammon Lagoon, Lower California.) Resident around the shores of Viscaino Bay, western Baja California (Santo Domingo Landing, Scammon Lagoon). Passerculus sandwichensis sanct6érum Ridgway. [544c.] Passerculus sanctorum Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5, Apr. 3, 1883, p. 538. (island of San Benito, Pacific coast of Lower California.) Resident on San Benito Islands off central western Baja California. Passerculus sandwichensis guttatus Lawrence. [544a.] Passerculus guttatus Lawrence, Ann, Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 8, 1867, p. 473. (Lower California, San José [del Cabo].) Resident in central western Baja California (Pond Lagoon, San Ignacio Lagoon). ) Winters casually south to southern Baja California (San Jorge, San José del Cabo). 1 This form was listed in the Fourth Edition as Passerculus sandwichensis bryanti. 590 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Passerculus sandwichensis magdalénae van Rossem. [542h.] Passerculus sandwichensis magdalenae van Rossem, Condor, 49, no. 3, May 31, 1947, p. 102. (North Estero, Magdalena Bay, Baja California.) Resident in marshes of Magdalena Bay, southwestern Baja California (San Jorge, North Estero, Santa Margarita Island). Winters south to Cape district of Baja California (Todos Santos, Cape San Lucas). Passereulus sandwichensis rostratus (Cassin). [544.] Emberiza rostrata Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Sept.-Oct. (Dec. 31) 1852, p. 184. (Sea shore at San Diego, California.) Breeds in northeastern Baja California (delta of the Colorado River, San Felipe) and northwestern Sonora (mouth of Colorado River; south to Isla Patos, intergrades with P. s. atratus). Ranges in nonbreeding seasons from central coastal and southern California (rarely from Santa Cruz; Morro Bay, San Miguel Island, San Clemente Island, San Diego, Mecca) south along both shores of Baja California to the Cape district, to islands of the Gulf of California, the Sonoran coast, and northern Sinaloa (to lat. 25° N.). Passerculus sandwichensis atratus van Rossem. [5427.] Passerculus sandwichensis atratus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, no. 14, Nov. 28, 1930, p. 218. (Tdbari Bay . . . , southern Sonora, Mexico.) Resident from coast of Sonora (Tepopa and Kino bays) south to northern Sinaloa (lat. 25° N.). Winters casually in southern Baja California (Todos Santos). Genus AMMODRAMUS Swainson Ammodramus Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 435. Type, by monotypy, Ammodramus bimaculatus Swainson. Ammédramus savanndrum (Gmelin)?: GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. Northern California, eastern Washington, southeastern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Min- nesota, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, northern Vermont, central New Hampshire, and Maine south to southern California, central Nevada, northern Utah, central Colorado, central Texas, central Gulf States, and Florida; also from southern México to Panama, western Colombia, Ecuador, Jamaica, His- paniola, Puerto Rico, Curacao, and Bonaire. The northern races winter from 1 Fringilla Savannarum Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 921. (in Jamaicae = Jamaica.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 591 central California, southern Arizona, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina south to El Salvador, Isle of Pines, and the Bahamas. Fossil, in the Pleistocene of Florida. Ammodramus savannarum praténsis (Vicillot). [546.] Passerina pratensis Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., vol. 25, Dec. 1818, p. 24. (Etat de New Yorck = New York.) Breeds from Wisconsin, northern Michigan (Beaver Island, Douglas Lake), southern Ontario (Palgrave, Ottawa), southwestern Quebec (Chambly Basin), northern Vermont (Swanton, St. Johnsbury), central New Hampshire (Bos- cawen), and Maine south to eastern Oklahoma, northeastern Texas, Arkansas, central Alabama (Greensboro, Barachias), central Georgia (Marshallville), central South Carolina (Aiken), central North Carolina (Raleigh), and south- eastern Virginia (Buckroe). Winters from Arkansas (Fayetteville), Tennessee (Memphis), central Georgia (Athens), northern South Carolina (Greenville County), and eastern North Carolina (Lake Mattamuskeet) south to Guatemala (Motagua Valley), Quin- tana Roo (Cozumel Island), Isle of Pines, and the Bahamas (Bimini to Cay Sal); occasionally north to Illinois (Champaign), central Ohio (Fairfield County), and Washington, D.C. Casual to central Ontario (Burks Fall, Lake-of-Two-Rivers), New Brunswick (Grand Manan), Prince Edward Island (St. Peters), and Newfoundland (Rose Blanche). Ammodramus savannarum floridanus (Mearns). [546).] Coturniculus savannarum floridanus Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24, Oct. 3, 1902, p. 915. (Kissimmee Prairie, 7 miles east of Alligator Bluff, Osceola County, Florida.) Resident in central peninsular Florida (Alachua County, Lake Hicpochee). Casual in southern Florida (Cape Sable). Ammodramus savannarum perpallidus (Coues). [546a.] Coturniculus passerinus var. perpallidus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, p. 137. (dry western regions = Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah.) Breeds from northwestern California (Hayfork), eastern Washington (Top- penish), southeastern British Columbia (Vernon), southern Alberta (Lost River), southern Saskatchewan (Wiseton, Regina), southern Manitoba (Bran- don, Winnipeg), and western Ontario (Port Arthur) south to southwestern California (San Diego), central Nevada (Eureka), northern Utah (Parley’s Park), central Colorado (Colorado Springs), western Oklahoma (Comanche County), and central Texas (San Angelo, Waco). Winters from central California (Clovis), western and southeastern Arizona (Big Sandy River, Santa Catalina Mountains), and central Oklahoma (Creek County) south to southern Baja California (San José del Cabo), Guerrero (Chilpancingo), El Salvador (Los Esesmiles), Veracruz (Mirador), southern 592 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Louisiana (Baton Rouge), southern Mississippi (Saucier), and southwestern and northern Georgia (Newton, Athens). Accidental in Virginia (Blacksburg). Ammodramus savannarum ammolegus Oberholser. [546c.] Ammodramus savannarum ammolegus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 55, May 12, 1942, p. 15. (Huachuca Mountains at 5,000 feet altitude, 6 miles southeast of Fort Huachuca, Arizona.) Breeds in southeastern Arizona (Fort Grant; Huachuca Mountains) and northern Sonora (Nogales). Winters from southern Sonora (Tesia) south to Sinaloa (Rosario) and. Morelos (Cuernavaca). Ammodramus bairdii (Audubon): BAIRD’s SPARROW. [545.] Emberiza Bairdii Audubon, Birds Amer., 8vo ed., vol. 7, 1844, p. 359, pl. 500. (Prairie of the upper Missouri = near Old Fort Union, North Dakota.) Breeds from southern Alberta (Castor), southern Saskatchewan (Crane Lake, Kutawagan Lake), and southern Manitoba (Oak Lake, Grand Rapids, Lake St. Martin) south to Montana (Dutton), northwestern and central South Dakota (Harding County; Eureka), southeastern North Dakota (northern Sar- gent County), and central western Minnesota (Wheaton). Winters from southeastern Arizona (San Rafael Valley, Sonoita, Chiricahua Mountains) and southern New Mexico (Animas Valley) south to northern Sonora (10 miles south of Sasabe), Durango (Ojito), and Coahuila (Saltillo) ; in migration to western Kansas (Pendennis), central Oklahoma (Cleveland County), and western and central Texas. Accidental in New York (Montauk). Genus PASSERHERBULUS Stone Passerherbulus “Maynard,” Stone, Auk, 24, no, 2, Apr. 1907, p. 193. Type, by original designation, Ammodramus lecontei = Fringilla cau- dacuta Latham. Passerhérbulus caudacititus (Latham): LE CoNTE’s SPARROW. [548.] Fringilla caudacuta Latham, Index Orn., vol. 1, 1790, p. 459. (interior of Georgia.) Breeds from southern Mackenzie (Little Buffalo River), northeastern Alberta (Fort Chipewyan), central Saskatchewan (Flotten Lake, Churchill River), cen- tral Manitoba (Lake Winnepigosis; Lake St. Martin), and northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Attawapiskat Post) south to north-central Montana (Glacier Park), southeastern Alberta (Cassils Lake), southern Saskatchewan (Davidson), northern North Dakota (Souris River, Rock Lake), northwestern and east- ern Minnesota (Marshall County, St. Paul), northeastern Wisconsin (Oconto County), and northern Michigan (Germfask, Munuscong Bay); casually south ORDER PASSERIFORMES 593 to southeastern South Dakota (Miner County), northeastern Illinois (near Chicago), and southern Ontario (near Bradford). Winters occasionally from southern Missouri and southern Illinois, and, more regularly, from central western Kansas (Lane County), central Oklahoma (Canadian and Payne counties), northwestern Arkansas (Fayetteville), central Alabama (Elmore County), south-central Georgia (Tifton), and South Carolina (Chester and Georgetown counties) south to southern Texas (Corpus Christi), southern Louisiana (Avery Island), southern Mississippi (Gulfport), north- western Florida (Rosewood), and southeastern Georgia (Camden County). Casual west to Idaho (Fort Sherman), Utah (Provo), Colorado (Gunnison), and New Mexico (7 miles southeast of Roswell); east to New York (Ithaca) and North Carolina (Raleigh); south to southern Florida (Cape Sable). Passerherbulus hénslowii (Audubon): HENSLow’s SPARROW. Eastern South Dakota, central Minnesota, Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Vermont, and southern New Hampshire south to eastern Kansas, central Missouri, southern Illinois, northern Kentucky, West Virginia, and North Carolina. Winters in Gulf States from southeastern Texas to Florida and on the Atlantic Coastal Plain from South Carolina to central Florida. Passerherbulus henslowii susurrans Brewster. [547.] Passerherbulus henslowi susurrans Brewster, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 6, Feb. 6, 1918, p. 78. (Falls Church, Fairfax County, Virginia.) Breeds, locally, from central New York (Jefferson County, intergrading with P. h. henslowii), southern Vermont (Bennington), southern New Hampshire (Wonalancet), and northeastern Massachusetts (West Newbury) south to ex- treme western West Virginia (Morgan and Berkeley counties), eastern Virginia (Lynchburg; Princess Anne County), and east-central North Carolina (Chapel Hill). Winters chiefly along the Atlantic Coastal Plain, from South Carolina (Horry County) and Georgia (Sapelo Island, Athens) to northern and central Florida (Glades County). Passerherbulus henslowii hénslowii (Audubon). [547a.] Emberiza Henslowii Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 1, pl. 70, 1829 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 1, 1831, p. 360). (opposite Cincinnati, in the State of Kentucky.) Breeds locally from eastern South Dakota (Moody County), central Min- nesota (Grant and Isanti counties), central Wisconsin (Dane and Oconto counties), casually north to central Michigan (Mackinaw City) and southern Ontario (Barrie; Carlsbad Springs) south to central Kansas (Cloud County), northeastern Texas, central Missouri (Hickory and St. Louis counties), southern Illinois (Richland County), northern Kentucky (Jefferson County), and cen- tral southern West Virginia (Monroe County). Winters from north-central Texas, Louisiana (Monroe, New Orleans), and 594 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS southern Mississippi (Saucier) to western and northern Florida (Eau Gallie), southeastern Georgia (Tifton, Sapelo Island), and South Carolina (Chester, Aiken, and Charleston counties); casually in southern Illinois and southern Indiana (Jackson County). Accidental in Massachusetts (Osterville). Genus AMMOSPIZA Oberholser Ammospiza Oberholser, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 48, May 13, 1905, p. 68. Type, by original designation, Oriolus caudacutus Gmelin. Ammospiza caudacita (Gmelin): SHARP-TAILED SPARROW. Northeastern British Columbia, southern Mackenzie, central Saskatchewan, and central Manitoba south to southern Alberta and North Dakota; James Bay; Atlantic coast from lower St. Lawrence Valley south to North Carolina. Winters on the Gulf coast from southern Texas to Florida, and on the Atlantic coast from New York to southern Florida. Ammospiza caudacuta subvirgata (Dwight). [549.1a.] Ammodramus caudacutus subvirgatus Dwight, Auk, 4, no. 3, July 1887, p. 233. (Hillsborough, Albert Co., New Brunswick.) Breeds locally in brackish and salt marshes of southern Quebec (southern side of the lower St. Lawrence Valley; Kamouraska, Riviere du Loup), New Brunswick (Petitcodiac River, Hampton), Prince Edward Island (Tignish), Nova Scotia (Cape Breton Island, Barrington), and eastern Maine (southwest to Popham Beach). Winters in coastal marshes from South Carolina (Charleston County) south- ward to northern Florida; casually north to New York (Long Island); in mi- gration south along the Atlantic seaboard. Ammospiza caudacuta caudactta (Gmelin). [549.] Oriolus caudacutus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 394. Based on the Sharp-tailed Oriole of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 448. (in Noveboraco = New York.) Breeds locally in salt marshes of Atlantic coast from southern Maine (Scar- borough) south to coastal New Jersey (south to near Tuckerton); extends to Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket islands off coast of Massachusetts. Winters in coastal marshes from southern New Jersey (Cape May) south to northern and western Florida (Mosquito Inlet, St. Vincent Island; Tampa Bay region); casually to Massachusetts (Barnstable) and southern Florida (Cape Sable). Ammospiza caudacuta divérsa (Bishop). [549a.] Ammodramus caudacutus diversus Bishop, Auk, 18, no. 3, July 1901, p. 269. (Wanchese, Roanoke Island, North Carolina.) Breeds locally in coastal salt marshes from southern New Jersey (Tuckerton; intergrading with A. c. caudacuta) south to North Carolina (Pea Island). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 595 Winters from South Carolina (Charleston County) south to northeastern Florida (Amelia Island) and along the Gulf coast of northern Florida (Wa- kulla County, Tarpon Springs); casually north to Virginia (Smith’s Island), west to Louisiana (Buras), and south to southern Florida (Cape Sable). Ammospiza caudacuta altera Todd. [549b.] Ammospiza caudacuta altera Todd, Auk, 55, no. 1, Jan. 1938, p. 117. (East Main, James Bay, Quebec.) Breeds in marshes bordering James Bay in northern Ontario (Cape Henrietta Maria) and northern Quebec (Eastmain). Winters in coastal marshes from South Carolina (Charleston County) south to northeastern Florida (Amelia Island); casually north to New York (Long Island) and west to Louisiana (Buras); in migration in Maryland (Cornfield Harbor). Ammospiza caudacuta nelsoni (Allen). [549.1.] Ammodromus caudacutus var. Nelsoni J. A. Allen, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 17, 1875, p. 293. (Calumet Marshes at Ainsworth [= South Chi- cago], Ill.) Breeds in fresh-water prairie marshes from northeastern British Columbia (Charlie Lake), southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), central Saskatchewan (Emma Lake), and central Manitoba (The Pas, Sturgeon Creek) south to southern Alberta (Red Deer, Beaverhill Lake), southern Saskatchewan (Cypress Lake, Last Mountain Lake), northwestern and southeastern North Dakota (Towner, Ludden, Hankinson), northeastern South Dakota (Rush Lake), and northwestern Minnesota (Kittson and Marshall counties). Recorded in summer in eastern Montana. Winters along the Gulf coast from Texas (Corpus Christi, Galveston County) to western Florida (south to Tampa Bay area); also on the Atlantic coast from South Carolina (Charleston County) to Florida (south to Merritt’s Island); in migration to Maine (Cumberland County), Massachusetts (Barnstable), eastern Maryland (Ocean City, Cornfield Harbor), and eastern Virginia (Cobb Island). Accidental in California (Milpitas; Morro Bay). Ammospiza maritima (Wilson): SEASIDE SPARROW. Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts south to northern Florida, and of the Gulf coast from southern Texas to central peninsular Florida. Migrant in part in winter from the northern limits of the breeding range. Ammospiza maritima maritima (Wilson). [550.] Fringilla maritima Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 4, 1811, p. 68, pl. 34, fig. 2. (sea islands along our Atlantic coast = New Jersey.) Breeds in the salt marshes of the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts (Plum Island, Cape Cod, Martha’s Vineyard) south to extreme northeastern North Carolina (Elizabeth City). 596 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters in coastal marshes from Virginia south to northeastern Florida (Amelia Island), occasionally north to Connecticut (New Haven) and Massa- chusetts (Plum Island). Casual in Maine (Shark Rock in outer Muscongus Bay). Ammospiza maritima macgillivraii (Audubon). [550d.] Fringilla Macgillivraii Audubon, Orn. Biogr., vol. 2, 1834, p. 285 (Birds Amer., folio, pl. 355, 1837). (salt marshes of the Carolinas = Charles- ton, South Carolina.) Resident in Atlantic coastal marshes from North Carolina (north to Dare County) south to Georgia (Camden County). Ammospiza maritima pelonoéta (Oberholser). [550g.] Thryospiza maritima pelonota Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 44, Oct. 17, 1931, p. 126. (New Smyrna, Florida.) Resident locally in salt marshes of northeastern Florida from Amelia Island to New Smyrna. Ammospiza maritima peninsulae (Allen). [550a.] Ammodramus maritimus peninsulae J. A. Allen, Auk, 5, no. 3, July 1888, p. 284. (Tarpon Springs, Fla.) Resident in salt marshes of west coast of Florida from Pepperfish Keys to Old Tampa Bay. Ammospiza maritima juncicola (Griscom and Nichols). [550e.] Passerherbulus maritimus juncicola Griscom and Nichols, Abstr. Proc. Linn. Soc. New York, no. 32, Dec. 6 (separates issued Nov. 3), 1920, p. 25. (East Goose Creek, Wakulla Co., Florida.) Resident in coastal marshes of northern Gulf coast of Florida from Escambia Bay to southern Taylor County. Ammospiza maritima fisheri (Chapman). [550c.] Ammodramus maritimus fisheri Chapman, Auk, 16, no. 1, Jan. 1899, p. 10. (Grand Isle, Louisiana.) Resident in coastal marshes from eastern Texas (San Antonio Bay, eastward) east to Alabama (Alabama Port, Dauphin Island) and extreme western Florida (Pensacola). In winter south to Nueces County, Texas. Ammospiza maritima sénnetti (Allen). [550b.] Ammodramus maritimus sennetti J. A. Allen, Auk, 5, no. 3, July 1888, p. 286. (Corpus Christi, Texas.) Resident in coastal marshes of southern Texas (Nueces and Copano bays). In winter south to the mouth of the Rio Grande. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 597 Ammospiza nigréscens (Ridgway): Dusky SEASIDE SPARROW. [551.] Ammodromus maritimus var. nigrescens Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, no. 12, Dec. 1873, p. 198. (Southern Florida (Indian River) = “Dum- mitt’s Grove” just north of the Haulover Canal, on Indian River, Florida.) Resident in salt marshes of eastern Orange and northern Brevard counties, central eastern Florida (Persimmon Hammock on St. Johns River, near Indian River City, and Titusville, Merritt’s Island). Ammospiza mirabilis (Howell): CAPE SABLE SPARROW. [551.1.] Thryospiza mirabilis Howell, Auk, 36, no. 1, Jan. 5, 1919, p. 86. (Cape Sable, Florida.) Resident in southwestern Florida from the Ochopee marshes near Everglade southeast toward the headwaters of Huston River, and the mouth of Gum Slough to the Shark River Basin; formerly to Cape Sable. Genus POOECETES Baird Pooecetes Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xx, xxxix (given as Poocaetes on pp. 439, 447). Type, by monotypy, Fringilla graminea Gmelin. Pooécetes gramineus (Gmelin): VESPER SPARROW. Central British Columbia, southwestern Mackenzie, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central and northeastern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Nova Scotia south to western Oregon, central eastern California, central Nevada, southwestern Utah, central Arizona, central New Mexico, Colorado, Missouri, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Winters from central California, the southern Great Basin and Rocky Mountain regions, central Texas, Arkansas, southern Illinois, Kentucky, West Virginia, southern Pennsylvania, and Connecticut south to southern Baja California, Guerrero, Oaxaca, the Gulf coast, and central Florida. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Pooecetes gramineus gramineus (Gmelin). [540.] Fringilla graminea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 922. Based on the Grass Finch of Latham, Gen. Syn., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 273. (in Noveboraco = New York.) Breeds from northern Minnesota (eastern Marshall County), central and northeastern Ontario (Rossport, Moose Factory, Lowbush), southern Quebec (Blue Sea Lake), Prince Edward Island, and northern Nova Scotia south to central Missouri (Appleton City, St. Louis), southern Illinois (Murphysboro, Mount Carmel), central Kentucky (Lexington), northeastern Tennessee (Tate Spring, Johnson City), western and central North Carolina (Weaverville, Greensboro), and south-central Virginia (western Amelia County, Richmond). 598 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Winters from central Texas (Ingram, Waco), Arkansas (Rogers), southern Illinois (Murphysboro), central southern Kentucky (Mammoth Cave), West Virginia (French Creek), southeastern Pennsylvania (Edge Hill), central New Jersey (Princeton), and Connecticut (Guilford) south to northeastern Tamau- lipas (Matamoros), the Gulf coast, and central Florida (Seven Oaks, Micco); occasionally north to Ontario (Point Pelee, Toronto) and Nova Scotia (Wolf- ville); in migration to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and eastern Oklahoma. Casual in Yucatan (Chichén Itza), southern Florida (Key West), and Ber- muda. Pooecetes gramineus confinis Baird. [540a.] Poocaetes gramineus var. confinis Baird, Rept. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, p. 448. (western [United States] = Loup Fork of the Platte River, Nebraska.) Breeds from central and northeastern British Columbia (Francois Lake, Pouce Coupe), southwestern Mackenzie (below Norman, Fort Smith), central Saskatchewan (Dorintosh, Prince Albert), central Manitoba (The Pas, Lake St. Martin, Hillside Beach), and central western Ontario (Wabigoon, Rainy River) south, east of the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada, to central eastern California (eastern Tulare County, Inyo Mountains), central Nevada (Toiyabe Mountains), southwestern Utah, central northern and central eastern Arizona (Williams, White Mountains), central western and central northern New Mexico (Zuni Mountains, Santa Fe), eastern Colorado, and western Ne- braska; casually north in summer to northwestern Ontario (Favourable Lake). Winters from central California (Fresno, Owens Valley), southern Nevada (St. Thomas), central and southeastern Arizona (Camp Verde, San Carlos), southern New Mexico (Fort Webster, Carlsbad), and southern Texas south to southern Baja California (La Paz), Guerrero (Chilpancingo), and Oaxaca (Tamazulapam), casually east to Veracruz (Zacualpilla), Louisiana (Natchi- toches) and Mississippi (Saucier); in migration to western Kansas. Pooecetes gramineus affinis Miller. [540b.] Poocaetes gramineus affinis G. S. Miller, Auk, 5, no. 4, Oct. 1888, p. 404. (Salem, Ore[gon].) Breeds in western Washington (Dungeness, San Juan Islands) and western Oregon (Willamette Valley, Coos Bay). Winters from central California west of the Sierra Nevada (Fulton, Lagrange) south to northwestern Baja California (Santo Domingo). Casual east to southern Utah (St. George, Henry Mountains). Genus CHONDESTES Swainson Chondestes Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 6, June, 1827, p. 435. Type, by monotypy, Chondestes strigatus Swainson. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 599 Chondéstes grammacus (Say): LARK SPARROW. Western Oregon, southern interior British Columbia, southern Alberta, south- ern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northwestern and central Minnesota, north-central Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, western New York, and central Pennsylvania south to southern California, northern Sonora, Zacatecas, Coahuila, southern Texas, Louisiana, and central Alabama, rarely to western Virginia and central North Carolina. Winters from central California, southern Arizona, central Texas, and the eastern Gulf coast south to Guerrero, El Salvador, and southern Florida. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Chondestes grammacus grammacus (Say). [552.] Fringilla grammaca Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mountains, vol. 1, 1823, p. 139 (note). (Prairies on the Missouri between the Kansas and Platte = Bellefontaine, four miles from the mouth of the Missouri River, Missouri. ) Breeds from northwestern and central Minnesota (Warren; Isanti County), north-central Wisconsin (Dunn County; Kelley Brook), southern Michigan (Kent and St. Clair counties), southern Ontario (Hyde Park, Toronto), western New York (Monroe County), and central Pennsylvania (Beaver, State College) south through eastern Nebraska (West Point), eastern Kansas and Oklahoma to northeastern Texas, Louisiana (Bienville), central western Alabama (Greens- boro), western and central North Carolina (Cranberry; rarely to Raleigh), and north-central Virginia (Dale Enterprise, University). Winters from central Texas (Austin), southern Louisiana (Diamond), and central Florida (Seven Oaks) south to Guerrero (Chilpancingo), Oaxaca (Santa Efigenia), and southern Florida (Key West); occasionally north along Atlantic coast to northern New Jersey (Bergen County). Casual in northern Michigan (Copper Harbor), central Ontario (Chapleau), Connecticut (Long Ridge), Maine, and eastern Maryland (Laurel, Ocean City). Accidental in Quebec (Aguanish), New Brunswick (Grand Manan), Nova Scotia (Sable Island), and Cuba (Guantanamo). Chondestes grammacus strigatus Swainson. [552a] Chondestes strigatus Swainson, Phil. Mag., n. s., 1, no. 6, June 1827, p. 435. (Temiscaltipec [= Temascaltepec], Mexico.) Breeds from western Oregon (Corvallis), central interior British Columbia (Savona, Cascade), central Idaho (Payette Lake), southeastern Alberta (Medi- cine Hat), southern Saskatchewan (Cypress Hills, Regina), and southern Mani- toba (Aweme, Winnipeg) south to southern California (Vallecito), central Nevada (Reno), south-central Arizona (Quitobaquito eastward), northeastern Sonora, Zacatecas (Cerro Gordo), Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen), and south- ern Texas (Raymondville); summer records north to central British Columbia (140 Mile on Cariboo Road; Puntchesakut Lake), south-central Alberta (Red Deer), and central Manitoba (Lake St. Martin). Winters from central and southern California (Nicasio, Colfax), southern 600 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Arizona (Yuma, Phoenix, Camp Verde), western and southern central Texas. and Louisiana (Cameron, New Orleans) south to southern Baja California (Cape San Lucas), Guerrero (Chilpancingo), Chiapas (San Benito), El Sal- vador (La Aldea), and Veracruz (El Conejo). Casual in migration east to New Brunswick (Grand Manan), Massachusetts (Ipswich), North Carolina (Stumpy Point), and Florida (Key West). Genus AIMOPHILA Swainson Aimophila Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Birds, vol. 2 (July 1) 1837, p. 287. Type, by subsequent designation, A. rufescens Swainson = Pipilo rufes- cens Swainson (Gray, 1840). Aim6phila carpalis (Coues): RUFOUS-WINGED SPARROW. Central southern Arizona and Sonora south to south-central Sinaloa. Aimophila ecarpalis carpalis (Coues). [579.] Peucaea carpalis Coues, Amer. Nat., 7, no. 6, June 1873, p. 322 (note). (Tucson, Ariz.) Resident from southern Arizona (Coyote Mountains, Oracle) south to central Sonora (Guaymas, Moctezuma). Aimophila ruficeps (Cassin): RUFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW. Central California, central northern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, southeastern Colorado, and northwestern and central Oklahoma south, discon- tinuously, to southern Baja California, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and central western and northern Veracruz. Aimophila ruficeps eremoéca (Brown). [580).] Peucaea ruficeps eremoeca N. C. Brown, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 7, no. 1, Jan. 1882, p. 26. (Boerne, Kendall Co., Texas.) Breeds from southeastern Colorado (Regnier, Baca County; probably Trini- dad) and northwestern and central Oklahoma (Cimarron County, Arnett, Ar- buckle Mountains) south through eastern New Mexico (Carlsbad) and western Texas (Frijole) to central Coahuila (50 miles south of Monclova) and southern Texas (San Antonio). Winters north to northern Texas (Palo Duro Canyon) and central southern Oklahoma (Arbuckle Mountains), south to Puebla (Chachapa) and northern Veracruz (Maltrata). Casual in southwestern Kansas (Comanche County). Aimophila ruficeps seéttii (Sennett). [580a.] Peucaea ruficeps scottii Sennett, Auk, 5, no. 1, Jan. 1888, p. 42. (Pinal Co., Arizona.) Resident from central northern and central eastern Arizona (Grand Canyon, McNary) and southwestern New Mexico (Catron County) south to central ORDER PASSERIFORMES 601 southern Arizona (Ajo and Baboquivari mountains), northeastern Sonora (Rancho La Arizona; La Chumata), and northwestern Chihuahua (Babicora). Aimophila ruficeps rupicola van Rossem. [580g.] Aimophila ruficeps rupicola van Rossem, Auk, 63, no. 4, Oct. 1946, p. 562. (north slope of Harquahala Mountains, Yuma County, Arizona.) Resident in Harquahala Mountains of southwestern Arizona. Aimophila ruficeps rificeps (Cassin). [580.] Ammodromus ruficeps Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6, Sept.- Oct. (Dec. 31), 1852, p. 184. (Calaveras River [= east of Stockton], California.) Resident in coast ranges and on western slopes of Sierra Nevada in central California (Clearlake Park, Marysville Buttes, McChesney Mountain, Onyx). Aimophila ruficeps obscara Dickey and van Rossem. [580f.] Aimophila obscura Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, 25, no. 4, July 28, 1923, p. 128. (Prisoner’s Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, California.) Resident on Santa Cruz, Anacapa, and Santa Catalina islands off southwestern California. Aimophila ruficeps canéscens Todd. [580d.] Aimophila ruficeps canescens Todd, Condor, 24, no. 4, July 29, 1922, p. 126. (San Diego, California.) Resident in southwestern California (Gaviota, Redlands) and northwestern Baja California (south to lat. 30° 30’ N.; San Martin Island; east to east base of Sierra San Pedro Martir). Aimophila ruficeps sanct6rum van Rossem. [580h.] Aimophila ruficeps sanctorum van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 60, May 19, 1947, p. 55. (Todos Santos Islands, off Ensenada, Baja California.) Resident on the Todos Santos Islands off northwestern Baja California. Aimophila ruficeps soréria Ridgway. [580c.] Aimophila ruficeps sororia Ridgway, Auk, 15, no. 3, July 1898, p. 226. (Victoria Mts., Lower California.) Resident in southern Baja California (Triunfo, Sierra Laguna). Aimophila aestivalis (Lichtenstein): BACHMAN’s SPARROW. Southern Missouri, northeastern Illinois, central Indiana, central Ohio, south- western Pennsylvania, and central Maryland south to southeastern Texas, the 602 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Gulf coast, and central Florida. Winters north to northeastern Texas, central Mississippi, central Alabama, northern Georgia, and North Carolina. Aimophila aestivalis bachmani (Audubon). [575a.] Fringilla Bachmani Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 2, 1833, pl. 165 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 2, 1834, p. 366). (Charleston, [South Carolina] .. . about six miles north.) Breeds from central northern Kentucky (Jefferson County), southwestern and north-central Ohio (Montgomery and Wayne counties), southwestern Pennsylvania (Beaver, Fairchance), eastern West Virginia (Berkeley County), and central Maryland (Beltsville) south to southern Mississippi (Gulfport), southern Alabama (Mobile, Dothan), southern Georgia (Newton, Tifton), and south-central South Carolina (Aiken, Charleston). Winters from central Alabama (Greensboro, Coosada), northern Georgia (Athens), South Carolina (Camden), and central North Carolina (New Bern) south to southern Mississippi (Gulfport) and central Florida (St. Petersburg, Welaka). Casual in Michigan (Monroe and Wayne counties), southern Ontario (Point Pelee, Long Point), New York (Mendon Ponds Park), and New Jersey (Fort Lee). Aimophila aestivalis aestivalis (Lichtenstein). [575.] Fringilla aestivalis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, p. 25. (Georgia.) Breeds on coastal plain of southern South Carolina (Allendale, Jasper, and Beaufort counties), southeastern Georgia (Savannah, Folkston), and peninsular Florida (south to Fort Pierce and Immokalee.) Winters chiefly in peninsular Florida; casually north to Grady County, Georgia. Aimophila aestivalis illinoénsis (Ridgway). [575b.] Peucaea illinoensis Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 4, no. 4, Oct. 1879, p. 219. (Mt. Carmel, Wabash Co., Illinois.) Breeds from southeastern Missouri (Ink), northeastern Illinois (Philo, La Grange), and central Indiana (Crawfordsville) south to southeastern Okla- homa (Bethel), central Texas (Giddings, Buffalo Bayou), and central southern Louisiana (Baton Rouge). Winters from northeastern Texas (Dallas) and central western Mississippi (Edwards) south to southeastern Texas (Silsbee), southern Louisiana (Baton Rouge), and southern Mississippi (Gulfport). Casual in northeastern Kansas (Wyandotte County) and central northern Oklahoma (Alva). F_ 9e Aimophila bottérii (Sclater): BoTTERI’s SPARROW. Southeastern Arizona and southern Texas south through the Mexican high- lands to Guerrero, Oaxaca, and southern Chiapas. Winter range little known; recorded from Guerrero and Morelos. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 603 Aimophila botterii bétterii (Sclater). [576.] Zonotrichia botterii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857 (Jan. 12, 1858), p. 214. (Vicinity of Orizaba in southern Mexico.) Breeds from southeastern Arizona (Altar Valley, Sulphur Springs Valley), northern Durango (8 miles south of Resolana), Zacatecas (Plateada), San Luis Potosi (Villar), and north-central Tamaulipas (Mesa de la Angostura) south to Guerrero (Chilpancingo) and southern Chiapas (San Vicente). In winter recorded from Morelos (Cuernavaca) and Guerrero (Chilpan- cingo); migrant in the northern part of the breeding range. Aimophila botterii texana Phillips. [576a.] Aimophila botterii texana A. R. Phillips, Auk, 60, no. 2, Apr. 1943, p. 242. (Brownsville, Texas.) Resident near the mouth of the Rio Grande in Texas (Los Fresnos, Port Isabel) and northeastern Tamaulipas (Matamoros). Aimophila cassinii (Woodhouse): CAssIN’s SPARROW. [578.] Zonotrichia Cassinii Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6, Mar.-Apr. (June 9), 1852, p. 60. (near San Antonio [Texas].) Breeds from southeastern Arizona (Santa Catalina Mountains), southwestern New Mexico (Apache, Deming), central Colorado (Barr Lake), central west- ern Kansas (Wallace, Hays), western Oklahoma (Cimarron and Cleveland counties), and central and western Texas (Gainesville) south to northern Chi- huahua (45 miles south of Villa Ahumada), southern Coahuila (10 miles east of Saltillo), and northern Tamaulipas (Matamoros). Winters from southwestern Arizona (Tucson, Chiricahua Mountains) and western and south-central Texas (Frijole, San Antonio) south to southern Sinaloa (Rosario), Guanajuato (Irapuato), and central Nuevo Le6én (Linares). Casual in southern Nevada (Timpahute Valley). Genus AMPHISPIZA Coues Amphispiza Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, p. 234. Type, by original designation, Emberiza bilineata Cassin. Amphispiza bilinedta (Cassin): BLACK-THROATED SPARROW. Northeastern California, northern Nevada, northern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, western and southern Colorado, northwestern Oklahoma, and cen- tral northern Texas south to southern Baja California, northern Sinaloa, in- terior Jalisco, Hidalgo, and southern Tamaulipas. Winters from the deserts of southern United States southward in the breeding range. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. 604 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Amphispiza bilineata bilineata (Cassin). [573.] Emberiza bilineata Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, Sept.-Oct. (Dec. 7), 1850, p. 104, pl. 3. (Texas, on the Rio Grande.) Breeds, and largely resident, from central and central northern Texas (east of Pecos River, San Angelo, Wayland) south to eastern Coahuila (Saltillo), south-central Nuevo Leén (Linares), southern Tamaulipas (Magiscatzin), and southern Texas (Rockport). Amphispiza bilineata opintia Burleigh and Lowery. [573d.] Amphispiza bilineata opuntia Burleigh and Lowery, Occ. Pap. Louisiana State Univ. Mus. Zool., no. 6, Nov. 10, 1939, p. 68. (Guadalupe Moun- tains, Culberson County, Texas; 10 miles east of Frijole.) Breeds from southeastern Colorado (Baca County) and northwestern Okla- homa (Kenton) south through eastern New Mexico and western Texas to northeastern Chihuahua and northwestern Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen). Winters in southern part of breeding range. Casual in Kansas (near Garden City). Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Ridgway. [573a.] Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Ridgway, Auk, 15, no. 3, July (separates publ. May 13), 1898, p. 229. (Tucson, Arizona.) Breeds from northeastern California (Alturas), northern Nevada (Virgin Valley in Humboldt County; Wells), northern Utah (Salt Lake City), south- western Wyoming (Rock Creek, Big Canyon), and western Colorado (Little Snake River, Cortez) south through desert areas to central Baja California (south to lat. 27° N.; Cedros, Natividad, and Angel de la Guardia islands), northern Sonora (south to lat. 30° N.), and northwestern Chihuahua (Casas Grandes, Samalayuca). Winters from southeastern California (Providence Mountains), southern - Nevada (Lake Mead), central Arizona (Salt River Valley, Safford), and south- western New Mexico south to central Baja California (San Ignacio Lagoon, San Lucas) and central Sonora (Guaymas). Casual in Oregon (Silver Lake, Wrights Point) and Idaho (Pahsimeroi Valley). Amphispiza bilineata bangsi Grinnell. [573).] Amphispiza bilineata bangsi Grinnell, Auk, 44, no. 1, Jan. 5, 1927, p. 71. (La Paz, Lower California, Mexico.) Resident in southern Baja California from lat. 26° N. southward, including most of the adjacent islands. Amphispiza bilineata tortugae van Rossem. [573c.] Amphispiza bilineata tortugae van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, no. 14, Nov. 28, 1930, p. 222. (Tortuga Island, Gulf of Cali- fornia, Lower California, Mexico.) Resident on Tortuga Island off central eastern Baja California. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 605 Amphispiza bilineata carmenae van Rossem. [573¢e.] Amphispiza bilineata carmenae van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10, no. 13, Aug. 31, 1945, p. 243. (Salinas Bay, Carmen Island, Gulf of California, Baja California, Mexico.) Resident on Carmen Island off central eastern Baja California. Amphispiza bélli (Cassin): SAGE SPARROW. Central interior Washington, southern Idaho, southwestern Wyoming, and northwestern Colorado south to central Baja California, southern Nevada, northern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico. Winters from central Cali- fornia, central Nevada, southwestern Utah, northern Arizona, and central New Mexico south to central Baja California, northern Sonora, northeastern Chi- huahua, and western Texas. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Amphispiza belli nevadénsis (Ridgway). [574.1.] Poospiza bellii var. nevadensis Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, no. 11, Nov. 1873, p. 191. (Entire area of the Middle Province of the U.S. = West Humboldt Mts., Nevada.) Breeds east of the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada and west of the Rocky Mountains from central eastern Washington (Waterville, Wilbur), southern Idaho (Deer Flat, Spencer), southwestern Wyoming (23 miles south- west of Bitter Creek), and northwestern Colorado (Moffat County) south to northeastern California (Sierra Valley, Mono Lake), south-central and south- eastern Nevada (Toiyabe and Charleston mountains), southwestern Utah (Pine Valley), northeastern Arizona (Hopi Buttes), and northwestern New Mexico (Gallina). Winters from central California (Los Bafios, Raisin), central Nevada (Reno), southwestern Utah (St. George), northern Arizona (Tonalea), and central and southeastern New Mexico (San Antonio, Carlsbad) south to northern Baja California (San Andrés, Puerto de Calamajué), northern Sonora (Kino Bay), northwestern Chihuahua (Casas Grandes), and western Texas (Fort Davis). Casual west of the Cascade Range in British Columbia (Lulu Island), Wash- ington (Dupont), and Oregon (Portland) and, east of the Rocky Mountains, in Montana (Sedan) and Wyoming (Wheatland, Cheyenne). Migrates along east base of Rocky Mountains in Colorado. Amphispiza belli canéscens Grinnell. [574.10.] Amphispiza belli canescens Grinnell, Condor, 7, no. 1, Jan. 17, 1905, p. 18. (Seymour Creek Meadow, 5500 feet elevation, Mount Pinos, Ventura County, California.) Breeds in central interior California, in the southern San Joaquin Valley (including bordering mountains; southwestern Merced County to Tulare, Kern, and Ventura counties), the Inyo district (Benton southward) and western and southern borders of the Mohave Desert (east to San Bernardino Mountains); 606 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS also adjoining central western Nevada (Esmeralda County; Grapevine Moun- tains). Winters in breeding range, and extends south to southwestern California (Riverside), northeastern Baja California (Las Palmas Canyon), and south- western Arizona (Arlington, Quitobaquito). Amphispiza belli bélli (Cassin). [574.] Emberiza Belli Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5, Sept.-Oct. (Dec. 7), 1850, p. 104, pl. 4. (California near Sonoma.) Resident in coast ranges of California (Hayfork and French Gulch south- ward; extends to coast from Marin County southward), on the western slope of the central Sierra Nevada of California (Eldorado County to Mariposa County), and northwestern Baja California (south to lat. 29° 30’ N.; Santa Catarina Landing, intergrades with A. b. cinerea). Amphispiza belli cleménteae Ridgway. [574a.] Amphispiza belli clementeae Ridgway, Auk, 15, no. 3, July 1898, p. 230. (San Clemente Island, California.) Resident on San Clemente Island off southwestern California. Amphispiza belli cinérea Townsend. [574.1a.] Amphispiza belli cinerea C. H. Townsend, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 13, Sept. 9, 1890, p. 136. (Ballaenas Bay [Bahia de Ballenas], Lower California.) Resident in central Baja California (lat. 29° N., south to 26° N.). Genus JUNCO Wagler Junco Wagler, Isis von Oken, 24, Heft 5, May 1831, col. 536. Type, by monotypy, Junco phaeonotus Wagler. Junco aikeni Ridgway: WHITE-WINGED JUNCO. [566.] Junco hyemalis var. Aikeni Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 7, no. 10, Oct. 1873, pp. 612 (in key), 614. (near Fountain, El Paso county, Colorado.) Breeds from southeastern Montana (Rosebud Mountains, Long Pine Hills) and western South Dakota (Short Pine Hills in Harding County; Custer) south to northeastern Wyoming (near Newcastle) and northwestern Nebraska (Hat Creek). Winters in vicinity of breeding grounds and south to southwestern Colorado (Plateau Valley, La Plata County), north-central New Mexico (Santa Fe), western Oklahoma (Cimarron and Texas counties), and western Kansas; spo- radically to northern Arizona (Flagstaff, White Mountains). Casual in eastern Nebraska (Omaha) and central Oklahoma (Fort Reno). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 607 Junco hyemalis (Linnaeus): SLATE-COLORED JUNCO. Transcontinental boreal forests from northwestern Alaska to Labrador, south to northern and northeastern British Columbia, central prairie provinces of Canada, central Minnesota, Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, New York, and Connecticut; and through the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia. In winter from southern Canada south to northern Baja California, northern Sonora, Chihuahua, southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and northern Florida. Junco hyemalis hyemalis (Linnaeus). [567.] Fringilla hyemalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 183. Based on The Snow-bird, Passer nivalis Catesby, Carolina, vol. 1, p. 36. (in America = South Carolina.) Breeds from western and northern Alaska (Brooks Range, Kobuk River, Yukon Delta), central Yukon (Ogilvie Range), northwestern and central Mac- kenzie (Mackenzie River Delta, Fort Anderson, Fort Reliance), northern Mani- toba (Churchill), northern Ontario (Shagamu River), northern Quebec (Rich- mond Gulf), Labrador (Tikkoatokuk Bay), and Newfoundland south to south- central Alaska (Lake Clark, Seldovia, Prince William Sound), southern Yukon (Lake Marsh), northeastern British Columbia (Muncho Pass), central Alberta (Edmonton district), central Saskatchewan (McLean), southern Manitoba (Treesbank), central Minnesota (eastern Marshall County, Minneapolis), southeastern Wisconsin (Jefferson, Burlington), central Michigan (rarely south to Ingham County), southern Ontario (London), northeastern Ohio (Geauga and Trumbull counties), northern and western Pennsylvania (Pocono Moun- tains; intergrades with J. h. carolinensis in Appalachian Mountains), southeast- ern New York (Hardenburg, Bald Mountain near Dover), Connecticut (Union; rarely to Hadlyme), and Massachusetts. Winters chiefly south of breeding range and east of Rocky Mountains, but sparsely to westward, from southeastern Alaska (Juneau), southern British Columbia (North Vancouver, Okanagan Landing), northwestern Montana (Fortine), southern Saskatchewan (Eastend, McLean), southern Manitoba (Brandon, Winnipeg), northern Minnesota (Bagley, Duluth), western Ontario (rarely north to Port Arthur), northern Michigan (rarely north to Munising and Sault Ste Marie), central Ontario (Algonquin Park, Ottawa), southern Quebec (Montreal; Anticosti Island, rarely), and Newfoundland (Avalon, Tompkins) south to northern Baja California (Cocopah Mountains), northern Sonora (Sonoyta), central Chihuahua (Chihuahua), southern Texas (Presidio, Rockport, Port Arthur), southern Louisiana (New Orleans), southern Missis- sippi (Cat Island), southern Alabama (Mobile), and northern Florida (Pensa- cola, New Smyrna). Casual in eastern Siberia, islands of Bering Sea (St. Lawrence, Sledge, Nuni- vak, and Pribilof islands), arctic coast of Alaska (Cairn, Wales, Point Barrow), Banks, Southampton and Baffin islands, southern Florida (Chokoloskee), and Bermuda. Accidental in Eire and Italy. 608 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Junco hyemalis carolinénsis Brewster. [567e.] Junco hyemalis carolinensis Brewster, Auk, 3, no. 1, Jan. 1886, p. 108. (Black Mt. [, Buncombe County], North Carolina.) Breeds in mountains from northeastern West Virginia (Terra Alta) and western Maryland (Accident, Finzel) south through extreme eastern Kentucky (Black Mountain), western Virginia, and western North Carolina to eastern Tennessee (Unicoi Mountains), northern Georgia (Ellijay), and northwestern South Carolina (Sassafras Mountain). Winters chiefly on breeding grounds, descending in part to lower elevations in the mountains and the adjacent valleys; casually to central Maryland (How- ard County), central Virginia (Amelia), central North Carolina (Raleigh), coastal South Carolina (Mount Pleasant), and central Georgia (Augusta). Junco hyemalis cismontanus Dwight. [567k.] Junco “cismontanus” Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 38, art. 9, June 1, 1918, p. 295. (east of the Rocky Mountains = Sumas, British Co- lumbia.) Breeds from south-central Yukon (Carcross) south to central interior British Columbia (Hazelton district, Sinkut Mountain, Tupper Creek) and west-central Alberta (140 miles west of Edmonton). (Some hybridization between this form and J. 0. montanus occurs at the western and southern borders of breeding range.) Winters from southern British Columbia (Vancouver, Okanagan Landing, Cranbrook), Nebraska (Long Pine, Lincoln), Minnesota (Minneapolis), and Wisconsin (Beaver Dam) south to northern Baja California (Laguna Hanson), southern Nevada (Charleston Mountains), southern Arizona (Yuma, Chiricahua Mountains), New Mexico (Las Vegas), Oklahoma, Kansas, and central Texas (Waring); casually east to southern Michigan (Ann Arbor), southern Ontario (Toronto), eastern New York (Hastings), Massachusetts (Wellesley), Virginia (Arlington), Tennessee (Germantown), Arkansas (Delight), and Louisiana (Catahoula Lake). Junco oreganus (Townsend): OREGON JUNCO. Southeastern Alaska, central British Columbia, west-central and southern Alberta, and southwestern Saskatchewan south to central coastal California, the mountains of northern Baja California, western Nevada, northeastern Oregon, southern Idaho, and northwestern Wyoming. In winter from south- eastern Alaska, southern British Columbia, northern Idaho, western Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota south to northern Baja California, northern Sonora, central Chihuahua, and central Texas. Junco oreganus montanus Ridgway. [567}.] Junco montanus Ridgway, Auk, 15, no. 4, Oct. 1898, p. 321. (Columbia Falls, Montana.) Breeds from central interior British Columbia (Hazelton district, near Takla Lake, McGregor River) and extreme western Alberta (Yellowhead Pass, Banff, ORDER PASSERIFORMES 609 Didsbury) south through interior British Columbia (east from crests of coast ranges) and eastern Washington (east of Cascade Range) to central and north- eastern Oregon (Maury Mountains, Home), central western Idaho (Heath, Lardo), and northwestern Montana (near Florence, St. Marys Lake). (Breeds and hybridizes, sporadically, in parts of the breeding ranges of J. h. cismontanus and J. h. hyemalis, north to Circle, Alaska, and Fort McMurray, northern Alberta.) Winters from southern British Columbia (Boundary Bay, Arrow Lake), western Montana (Fortine), Wyoming (Thermopolis, Guernsey), and South Dakota (Faulkton, Yankton) south to northern Baja California (lat. 32° N.), northern Sonora (Caborca), Chihuahua (30 miles west of Mifiaca; Chihuahua), central Texas (Fort Clark, Austin, Gainesville), and eastern Kansas (Lawrence). Casual in winter or in migration to Banks Island (Sach’s Harbour), Manitoba (Aweme), Illinois (Waukegan), Ohio (Lucas County), Ontario (Barrie), New York (Branchport, Poundridge Township), Massachusetts (Watertown, Ips- wich), Maryland (Laurel), Arkansas (Winslow), Louisiana (Grand Isle), and southern Texas (San Antonio, Galveston Island). Juneo oreganus mearnsi Ridgway. [5672.] Junco mearnsi Ridgway, Auk, 14, no. 1, Jan. 1897, p. 94. ({Camp Scott,] Fort Bridger, Wyoming.) Breeds from southeastern Alberta (Eagle Butte) and southwestern Saskatche- wan (Cypress Hills) south through central Montana (west to Belt River Canyon and Madison County, east to Big Horn Mountains), eastern Idaho (head Pahsimeroi River, 20 miles northeast of Preston) and northwestern Wyoming (Teton and Wind River mountains). (Hybridization with J. c. cani- ceps occurs to southward in southern Idaho (Cassia County; Swan Lake), northern Utah (to Summit County and Uinta Mountains), and southern Wy- oming (Rattlesnake and Casper mountains).) Winters from northern Utah (Utah Lake Valley), northeastern Wyoming (Newcastle), and western and central Nebraska (Crawford, Johnstown, Red Cloud) south to northern Sonora (Sierra Carrizal), central Chihuahua (Busti- llos), and western Texas (Hemphill and Brewster counties); casually west to southern California (Potholes, Ramona) and east to eastern Nebraska (Omaha). Junco oreganus oreganus (Townsend). [567a.] Fringilla Oregana J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, (Nov. 21) 1837, p. 188. (forests near the Columbia River = Fort Vancouver, Washington.) Breeds in coastal districts of southeastern Alaska (Yakutat Bay, Dall Island, Ketchikan) and British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands, Fort Simpson, south to Calvert Island). Winters from southeastern Alaska (from Juneau) south through coastal British Columbia (east to Okanagan Lake), western Washington, and western Oregon to central California (Monterey County); sparsely through coastal California to northern Baja California (Santa Eulalia); casually southeast to southern Idaho (Nampa), Nevada (Carson, Ruby Lake), central Colorado 610 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS (Denver), southern Arizona (Huachuca Mountains), and western New Mexico (Fort Bayard). Junco oreganus shifeldti Coale. [567b.] Junco hyemalis shufeldti Coale, Auk, 4, no. 4, Oct. 1887, p. 330. (Fort Wingate, N.[ew] M.[exico].) Breeds from southwestern British Columbia (western slopes of coast ranges; intergrades with J. o. oreganus on Vancouver Island) south, from the forests of the Cascade Range to the coast, through western Washington and western Oregon (to lat. 43° N.; intergades with J. o. thurberi in Crater Lake area and the Rogue River Basin). Winters at low elevations throughout the breeding range, south through California (south to Witch Creek, chiefly on coastal drainages), and southeast, sparsely, through eastern Washington, northern Idaho (Fort Sherman), Utah, and Colorado (Wray; northwest Baca County) to southern Arizona (Huachuca Mountains), southern New Mexico (Ancho, Las Cruces), central Chihuahua (Chihuahua), and western Texas (Brewster County). Junco oreganus thirberi Anthony. [567c.] Junco hyemalis thurberi Anthony, Zoe, 1, no. 8, Oct. (Nov.) 1890, p. 238. (Wilson’s Peak, [San Gabriel Range,] Calfifornia].) Breeds from southern Oregon (east to Hart Mountain) south through north- ern coastal California (Sonoma and Napa counties; intergrades with J. o. pinosus in Marin County) and the interior mountains of California to Santa Barbara and San Diego counties (Laguna Mountains), and east to extreme west-central Nevada (Galena Creek). (Hybridizes occasionally with J. c. cani- ceps in eastern Mono, Inyo, and San Bernardino counties, California, and along the southwestern border of Nevada.) Winters at low elevations on or near the breeding grounds north to Rogue River, Oregon, and south throughout coastal, southern, and insular California to northern Baja California (lat. 30° N.); sparsely east to northern Sonora (Saric), eastern Arizona (Flagstaff, Fort Apache, Chiricahua Mountains), and southwestern New Mexico (Big Burro Mountains). Junco oreganus pinésus Loomis. [567d.] Junco pinosus Loomis, Auk, 10, no. 1, Jan. 1893, p. 47. (vicinity of Mon- terey, Cala. = Point Pinos, California.) Resident of coastal hills and mountains of central California from Golden Gate and Carquinez Straits to southern San Benito and Monterey counties (intergrades with J. o. thurberi in San Luis Obispo County). Junco oreganus péntilis Oberholser. [567j.] Junco oreganus pontilis Oberholser, Condor, 21, no. 3, June 6, 1919, p. 119. (El Rayo, Hanson Laguna Mountains, northern Lower California.) Resident in the Sierra Juarez (Los Pozos, Laguna Hanson) in northern Baja California. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 611 Junco oreganus townsendi Anthony. [567i.] Junco townsendi Anthony, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 2, sig. 6, Oct. 11, 1889, p. 76. (San Pedro [Martir] Mountain, L[ower]. Cfali- fornia].) Resident in the Sierra San Pedro Martir (lat. 31° 10’ N. to 30° 36’ N.) in northern Baja California. In winter, some movement to lower altitudes, sporadically to San Agustin, lat. 30° N, Junco insularis Ridgway: GUADALUPE JUNCo. [572.] Junco insularis Ridgway, Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 2, no. 2, Apr. 1876, p. 188. (Guadalupe Island, Lower California.) Resident on Guadalupe Island, Baja California. Junco caniceps (Woodhouse): GRAY-HEADED JUNCO. North-central Nevada, northern Utah, and southern Wyoming south to central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and western Texas. Winters in breed- ing range and south to southern California, northern Sinaloa, and northern Durango. Junco caniceps caniceps (Woodhouse). [570b.] Struthus caniceps Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Nov.- Dec. 1852 (Feb. 7, 1853), p. 202. (San Francisco Mountain, New Mexico [= Arizona].) Breeds in mountains from southern Idaho, Nevada (Santa Rosa and Jarbidge mountains), Utah (Porcupine Ridge, Uinta Mountains), and southern Wy- oming (Uinta Mountains, Medicine Bow Range) south through central and east-central Nevada (Toiyabe Mountains, Wilson Peak), the White Mountains of California, Utah, and western and central Colorado to northern Arizona (intergrades with J. c. dorsalis on Kaibab Plateau) and northern New Mexico (Chuska Mountains; Pecos; intergrades with J. c. dorsalis in Zuni Mountains). Winters in lower mountains and plains of breeding area, north to northern Utah (Utah Lake Valley), northern Colorado (Rocky Mountain Park); and from western Nebraska (Scotts Bluff County) and eastern Colorado (Fort Morgan, Yuma) south to northern Sonora (Rancho Carrizal), northern Sinaloa (Babizos), northern Durango (Ciénaga de las Vacas), and western Texas (Palo Duro Canyon, Chisos Mountains); rarely to southern California (Pasadena, San Diego River, Potholes). Casual north to eastern Montana (Glendive) and east to south-central Ne- braska (Red Cloud) and central Oklahoma (Norman). Junco caniceps dorsalis Henry. [570a.] Junco dorsalis Henry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, sig. 7-9, Apr.- May (after Apr. 19), 1858, p. 117. (Fort Thorn [= Fort Stanton], New Mexico.) Breeds from north-central Arizona (south rim of the Grand Canyon) and central New Mexico (Magdalena Mountains) south to east-central Arizona 612 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS (Sierra Ancha, Hannagan Meadow), southern New Mexico (head of Mimbres River, Guadalupe Mountains), and extreme western Texas (Guadalupe Moun- tains). Winters on or near breeding grounds (north to the Grand Canyon), south in small numbers to southern Arizona (Pajaritos, Huachuca, and Chiricahua mountains), extreme southwestern New Mexico (Big Hatchet Mountains), and southwestern Texas (Chisos Mountains). Junco phaeonétus Wagler*: MEXICAN JUNCO. Resident in mountains from southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northern Coahuila south to Guerrero, Oaxaca, and western Veracruz. Junco phaeonotus palliatus Ridgway. [570.] Junco cinereus palliatus Ridgway, Auk, 2, no. 4, Oct. 1885, p. 364. (Mt. Graham, Arizona.) Resident in the mountains from southeastern Arizona (Pinal Mountain, Santa Catalina and Graham mountains) and extreme southwestern New Mexico (Animas and Big Hatchet mountains) south through northeastern Sonora (San José Mountains), Chihuahua, and Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen, Sierra Encar- nacién) to southern Durango (El Salto). Junco bairdi Ridgway: Barrp’s Junco. [571.] Junco bairdi “Belding Ms.,” Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 6, (Oct. 5) 1883, p. 155. (Laguna, Lower California.) Resident in the Victoria Mountains (La Laguna, Mount Miraflores) of the Cape district of Baja California; casual downslope to Triunfo. Genus SPIZELLA Bonaparte Spizella Bonaparte, Giornale Arcadico, 52, Oct.-Dec. 1831 (1832), p. 205. Type, by original designation, Fringilla pusilla Wilson. Spizélla arbérea (Wilson): TREE SPARROW. Northern Alaska, northern Yukon, Mackenzie, central Keewatin, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, and Labrador south to central Alaska, northern British Columbia, northern Saskatchewan, and central Quebec. In winter from southern British Columbia, southern Saskatchewan, central Minnesota, northern Michigan, central Ontario, southwestern Quebec, and the Maritime Provinces south to northern California, central Nevada, central Arizona, central New Mexico, central Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. 1 Junco phaeonotus Wagler, Isis von Oken, 24, Heft 5, 1831, p. 526. (Mexico.) ORDER PASSERIFORMES 613 Spizella arborea arborea (Wilson). [559.] Fringilla arborea Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 2, 1810, p. 123, pl. 16, fig. 3. (eastern Pennsylvania. ) Breeds in central and eastern Mackenzie (mouth of Coppermine River, Fort Rae, Hanbury River), northern Saskatchewan (Fort Fond du Lac, Rein- deer Lake), central western Keewatin (Hoare Lake), northeastern Manitoba (Churchill, Cape Tatnam), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Little Cape), north- ern and central eastern Quebec (Lake Minto, Fort Chimo, Paint Hills, Old Romaine, Bradore), and Labrador (Okak, Battle Harbor). Winters from central Minnesota (Sherburne and Isanti counties), Wisconsin, northern Michigan (Schoolcraft and Luce counties), central Ontario (North Bay), southwestern Quebec (Montreal), Maine, New Brunswick, Prince Ed- ward Island, and Nova Scotia south to Oklahoma, Arkansas (Winslow), Tennes- see (Memphis, Nashville), western North Carolina (Asheville), and Virginia (Blacksburg, Quantico); casually south to southern Nevada (Lake Mead), southeastern Texas (Hardin), and northwestern Mississippi (Rosedale). Spizella arborea ochracea Brewster. [559a.] Spizella monticola ochracea Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 7, no. 4, Oct. 1882, p. 228. (Fort Walla Walla, Washington Territory.) Breeds from northern Alaska (Kobuk and Colville deltas), northern Yukon (Firth River), and northwestern Mackenzie (Mackenzie Delta, lower Anderson River) south to southwestern and central Alaska (Naknek, Wrangell Moun- tains), northwestern British Columbia (Atlin), southeastern Yukon (Sheldon Lake), and central western Mackenzie (Fort Franklin). Winters from southern British Columbia (Vancouver, Okanagan Landing), southwestern Saskatchewan (Cypress Hills), South Dakota (Harding and Hutchinson counties), and north-central Iowa (Sioux City, Giard) south to northeastern California (Fort Creek, Wendell), central western Nevada (Car- son City), northern and central eastern Arizona (San Francisco Mountains, San Carlos), central New Mexico (San Antonio), and central Texas (San Angelo, Giddings); casually north to southeastern Alaska (Wrangell) and south to southern California (Riverside). Spizella passerina (Bechstein): CHIPPING SPARROW. Central Yukon, southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Mani- toba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, and southwestern Newfoundland south to northern Baja California, northern Nicaragua, the Gulf coast of the United States, and northern Florida. In winter from central California, southern Nevada, central Arizona, central New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia, and Maryland southward. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Spizella passerina passerina (Bechstein). [560.] Fringilla passerina Bechstein, in Latham, Allgem. Ueb. Vogel, vol. 3, pt. 2, 1798, p. 544, pl. 120, fig. 1. (Canada = City of Quebec, Quebec.) Breeds from northeastern Minnesota, northern Michigan (Isle Royale), cen- tral and northeastern Ontario (Big Wood, Kirkland Lake), southern Quebec 614 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS (Lake Mistassini), and southwestern Newfoundland (Tompkins, Codroy Val- ley) south to central southern Oklahoma (Lawton), southeastern Texas (Hunts- ville), central Louisiana (Florien, Baton Rouge), southern Mississippi (Gulf- port), northwestern Florida (Pensacola), central Georgia (Columbus, Camp Stewart), and southeastern South Carolina (Mount Pleasant). Winters from central Oklahoma (Oklahoma City), southern Arkansas (De- light), southwestern Tennessee (Memphis), central Alabama (Birmingham), central western Georgia (Columbus), Virginia, and southeastern Maryland (Newark), rarely farther north from Michigan (Locke), southern Ontario (To- ronto), Connecticut (New Haven), Massachusetts (Boston), and Nova Scotia (Wolfville), south to Nuevo Leén (Linares), the Gulf coast, and southern Florida (Fort Myers, Jupiter). Casual in northern Newfoundland (St. Anthony), Cuba, and Bermuda. Spizella passerina arizonae Coues. [560a.] Spizella socialis var. arizonae Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, p. 143. ({[Fort Whipple,] Arizona.) Breeds from Washington and Oregon south to southern California (San Clemente Island, Escondido, San Bernardino Mountains), northern Baja Cali- fornia (probably Sierra San Pedro Martir), central western and southeastern Arizona (Hualpai Mountains, Huachuca Mountains), northeastern Sonora (south to lat. 30° N.), northwestern Chihuahua (Pacheco), and western and central Texas (Chisos Mountains, Kerrville, San Antonio). Winters from central California (Snelling), southern Nevada (lower Colo- rado River Valley), central Arizona (Camp Verde), central New Mexico (San Antonio), and western and central Texas (El Paso, Ingram) south to southern Baja California (Cape San Lucas), Veracruz (Las Vigas), Guerrero (Chil- pancingo), and Oaxaca (Tamazulapam). Spizella passerina boreéphila Oberholser. [5605.] Spizella passerina boreophila Oberholser, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., 45, no. 2, Feb. (Mar. 14), 1955, p. 59. (Fort Simpson, Mackenzie.) Breeds from east-central Alaska, central Yukon (Dawson), central Mac- kenzie (Fort Reliance, Fort Good Hope, Dickson Canyon), northeastern Al- berta, northern Saskatchewan (Sandy Lake, Reindeer Lake), and northeastern Manitoba south through British Columbia and Idaho to northern Utah, northern Colorado, and central Nebraska, ranging east to west-central Ontario, central North Dakota, and central South Dakota. Winters from southern California, northern Sonora, and north-central Texas to Michoacan, State of México, and Puebla. Accidental at Point Barrow, Alaska. Spizella pallida (Swainson): CLAY-COLORED SPARROW. [561.] Emberiza pallida Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.- Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 251. (Carlton House [, Saskatchewan].) Breeds from northeastern British Columbia (Minaker River, Charlie Lake), central southern Mackenzie (Hay River, Fort Resolution), central Saskatche- ORDER PASSERIFORMES 615 wan (Flotten and Emma lakes), central Manitoba (The Pas, Hillside Beach), western Ontario (Kenora, Port Arthur), and northern Michigan (L’Anse, Mc- Millan) south to southwestern Alberta (Waterton Parks), south-central Mon- tana (Huntley), southeastern Wyoming (Laramie), southeastern Colorado (Pueblo), southern Nebraska (Red Cloud, Belvidere), northern Iowa (Sioux City; Jackson County), southern Wisconsin (Baraboo, Madison, Racine), cen- tral Michigan (Roscommon and Ogemaw counties), and southern Ontario (Grey County, Trafalgar); sparsely west to central British Columbia (Bulkley Lake, Okanagan Landing) and south to northern Texas (Palo Duro Canyon, Red River Canyon); taken in breeding season in Illinois (Urbana) and Indiana (Dune Park). Winters from southern Baja California (La Paz), northern Sonora (Bacoa- chi), northern Durango (Rosario), southern Coahuila (Saltillo), central Nuevo Leén (Monterrey), and southern Texas (Laredo, Falfurrias) south to Guerrero (Chilpancingo) and Oaxaca (Mitla), casually to southwestern Guatemala (Sacapulas). Casual in Utah (Dolomite), northern Ontario (Fort Albany), Ohio (Ottawa County), New York (Ithaca), Massachusetts (Lenox, North Andover), Mis- sissippi (Saucier), Florida (Sarasota), and South Carolina (Cooper River in Berkeley County). Spizella bréweri Cassin: BREWER’S SPARROW. Southwestern Yukon, northwestern British Columbia, central western Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan, and southwestern North Dakota south to southern California, central Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico. In winter, southern California, southern Nevada, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and central Texas south to southern Baja California, Jalisco, Guanajuato, and southern Texas. Spizella breweri tavérneri Swarth and Brooks. [562a.] Spizella taverneri Swarth and Brooks, Condor, 27, no. 2, Mar. 15, 1925, p. 67. (Spruce Mountain, at 5000 feet altitude, 10 miles east of Atlin, British Columbia.) Breeds from southwestern Yukon (Kluane), northwestern and central British Columbia (Atlin region, Hazelton), and central western Alberta (Jasper region) south to mountains of southeastern British Columbia (19 miles west of Inver- mere) and southwestern Alberta (Banff region). Winter range not known in detail; migrants have been taken south to Arizona (Springerville), New Mexico (Escondido), and western Texas (Van Horn, Alpine). Spizella breweri bréweri Cassin. [562.] Spizella Breweri Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 8, Jan.-Feb. (Mar. 25), 1856, p. 40. (Western North America, California, New Mexico = Black Hills, North Dakota.) Breeds from central southern British Columbia (White Lake, Midway), northern Idaho (Moscow), southern Alberta (Deer Creek, Sweetgrass Hills), 616 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS southwestern Saskatchewan (Eastend), central eastern Montana (Fort Keogh), southwestern North Dakota (Marmarth), western South Dakota (Belle Fourche, Black Hills area) and northwestern Nebraska south, east of the Cascades, through Washington and Oregon, to eastern California (south to San Jacinto Mountains), central Arizona (Fort Whipple, Camp Verde), northwestern New Mexico (Fort Wingate, Santa Fe), and central southern Colorado (Fort Gar- land). Winters from southern California (San Fernando Valley, Providence Moun- tains), southern Nevada (Nelson), western and central Arizona (Hualpai Mountains, Safford), southern New Mexico, and western and central Texas (El Paso, Guadalupe Mountains, Boerne) south to southern Baja California (San José del Cabo), Jalisco (Juanacatlan), Guanajuato (Irapuato), and south- ern Texas (Brownsville) ; casually north to northern California (Glenn County). In migration through western Kansas and western Oklahoma. Accidental in Massachusetts (Watertown). Spizella pusilla (Wilson): FIELD SPARROW. Northwestern Montana, northern North Dakota, central Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, north-central Michigan, southern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, and southern Maine south to central Texas, Louisiana, southern Mississippi, and southern Georgia. In winter from Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, West Virginia, south- ern Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts south to Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, northern Tamaulipas, southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and central Florida. Spizella pusilla pusilla (Wilson). [563.] Fringilla pusilla Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 2, 1810, p. 121, pl. 16, fig. 2. (Pennsylvania = Philadelphia.) Breeds from central Minnesota (Nisswa), north-central Wisconsin (Hol- combe; Oconto County), north-central Michigan (Crawford County), southern Ontario (Wasaga Beach, Arnprior), southwestern Quebec (Montreal), and southern Maine (Bangor) south to eastern Texas, northwestern and southeastern Louisiana (De Soto Parish, Hohen Solms), southern Mississippi (casually at Biloxi), central and southeastern Alabama (Greensboro, Abbeville), and south- ern Georgia (Savannah); casually in northern Florida (Waukeenah). Winters from eastern Kansas, central eastern Missouri (St. Louis), central Ohio (Licking County), north-central West Virginia (Morgantown), Maryland (Baltimore), southern Pennsylvania (Morrisville), and Massachusetts (Cape Cod) south to southern Texas (Brownsville), the Gulf coast, and central Florida (Tarpon Springs, Winter Park); casually north to southeastern Wisconsin (Milwaukee), northern Ohio (Toledo), and southern Ontario (Toronto), and south to Nuevo Leén (Linares) and southern Florida (Cape Sable). Spizella pusilla arenacea Chadbourne. [563a.] Spizella pusilla arenacea Chadbourne, Auk, 3, no. 2, Apr. 1886, p. 248. (Laredo, Southern Texas.) Breeds from northwestern (rarely) and southeastern Montana (Billings, Paris) and northern North Dakota (Charlson, Minnewauken) south to north- ORDER PASSERIFORMES 617 eastern Colorado (Boulder, Fort Morgan), western and central southern Okla- homa (Arnett, Arbuckle Mountains, Lake Texoma), and Kansas (intergrades in east with S. p. pusilla). Winters from Kansas, central Oklahoma (Oklahoma City; Creek County), northern Arkansas (Winslow), and northwestern Mississippi (Delta) south to northern Coahuila (Sabinas), central Nuevo Leén (Monterrey), northeastern Tamaulipas (Matamoros), and southeastern Louisiana (Mandeville). Casual east in migration to eastern Iowa (Giard) and western Tennessee (Tiptonville; Hickory Withe). Spizella wértheni Ridgway: WoRTHEN’s SPARROW. Southern New Mexico and Coahuila south to Puebla and Veracruz. Known to breed only in Zacatecas and Tamaulipas. Spizella wortheni woértheni Ridgway. [564.] Spizella wortheni Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 7, Sept. 19, 1884, p. 259. (Silver City, New Mexico.) Breeds in southwestern Tamaulipas (Miquihuana); possibly formerly to New Mexico (one record, the type specimen taken at Silver City, June 16, 1884). Recorded in Coahuila (Saltillo), San Luis Potosi (Tepetate, Salinas), Puebla (Chalchicomula), and Veracruz (Limén). Spizella atrogularis (Cabanis)': BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW. Central California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and western Texas south to northern Baja California, Michoacan, Guerrero, Oaxaca (Mitla), and Puebla. Winters from southern California, southern Arizona, and western Texas southward. Spizella atrogularis evira Coues. [565.] Spizella evura Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, no. 1, Jan.-Mar. (June 11), 1866, p. 87. (Fort Whipple, Arizona.) Breeds east of the Sierra Nevada in central eastern California (east slope of southern Sierra Nevada; White Mountains south to Providence Mountains), southern Nevada (Grapevine, Charleston and Sheep mountains), southwestern Utah (Beaverdam Mountains, Leeds), central and southeastern Arizona (Hual- pai Mountains, Prescott, Chiricahua Mountains), northeastern Sonora (Sierra de Oposura), southern New Mexico (Cuchillo, Sierra Capitan), and western Texas (Chisos and Guadalupe mountains). Winters north to southern Arizona (Ajo and Santa Catalina mountains, Natanes Plateau) and western Texas. 1 Spinites atrogularis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., vol. 1, 1851, p. 133 (note). (Mexico.) 618 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Spizella atrogularis cana Coues. [565a.] Spizella cana Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, no. 1, Jan.-Mar. (June 11) 1866, p. 88. (Cape San Lucas, Lower California.) Breeds in mountains of south-central and southwestern California (Big Sur River and Coulterville south to San Diego County) south to northern Baja California (Sierra San Pedro Martir). Winters from southwestern California (San Fernando Valley, San Clemente Island) south to southern Baja California (Cabo San Lucas). Spizella atrogularis caurina Miller. [565b.] Spizella atrogularis caurina A. H. Miller, Condor, 31, no. 5, Sept. 16, 1929, p. 206. (Las Trampas Peak, elevation 1700 feet, Contra Costa County, California.) Breeds in coast ranges of central western California (Oakland south to San Benito Mountain); one winter record from Santa Cruz Island, California. Genus ZONOTRICHIA Swainson Zonotrichia Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (Feb. 1832), p. 493. Type, by subsequent designation, Fringilla pensylvanica Latham = Fringilla albicollis Gmelin (Bonaparte, 1832). Zonotrichia quérula (Nuttall): Harris’ SPARROW. [553.] Fringilla querula Nuttall, Man. Orn. U.S. and Canada, ed. 2, vol. 1, 1840, p. 555. (a few miles to the west of Independence, Missouri.) Breeds from northwestern and central eastern Mackenzie (Mackenzie Delta, Kah-duonay and Crystal islands) and southern Keewatin (Sandhill Lake) south to northeastern Saskatchewan (Cochrane River) and northern Manitoba (Lac Du Brochet, Bird); casually east in summer to northwestern Ontario (Fort Severn). Winters from southern British Columbia (Comox, Lillooet, Okanagan Land- ing), southern Idaho (Nampa), northern Utah (Centerville, Linwood), north- ern Colorado (Fruita, Boulder), northern Nebraska (Crawford), and central Iowa (Woodbury and Polk counties) south to southern California (Encinitas; San Clemente Island), southern Nevada (mouth of El Dorado Canyon), cen- tral Arizona (Sacaton, San Carlos), south-central Texas (Del Rio; Bee County), northern Louisiana, and Tennessee (Memphis, Nashville). Casual to southern Ontario (Toronto), southern Wisconsin (North Free- dom), Ohio (Lake County), Massachusetts (Hingham), Mississippi (Gulfport), and Georgia (Athens). Zonotrichia leucéphrys (Forster): WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW. Northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern and central eastern Mac- kenzie, central Keewatin, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Que- bec, and Labrador south to south-central California, Nevada, central Arizona, ORDER PASSERIFORMES 619 northern New Mexico, central Manitoba, southeastern Quebec, and northern Newfoundland. In winter, from southern British Columbia, southeastern Wash- ington, southern Idaho, Wyoming, Kansas, Missouri, Kentucky, and western North Carolina south to southern Baja California, Jalisco, Michoacan, Queré- taro, the Gulf coast of the United States, and Cuba. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Zonotrichia leucophrys leucéphrys (Forster). [554.] Emberiza leucophrys J. R. Forster, Phil. Trans., 62, art. 29, 1772, p. 426. (Severn River, west shore of Hudson Bay.) Breeds from north-central and northeastern Manitoba (Churchill, Cape Tatnam, intergrades with Z. 1. gambelii), northern Ontario (Fort Severn), northern Quebec (Richmond Gulf, Fort Chimo), and northern Labrador (Port Burwell) south to central northern Ontario (Fort Albany), central and south- eastern Quebec (Lake Mistassini, Godbout, Blanc Sablon), and northern New- foundland (Flower Cove, St. Anthony). Winters from Kansas, central Missouri (Kansas City, St. Charles County), central Kentucky (Louisville), West Virginia (Charleston), and western North Carolina (Asheville) south to Sinaloa (Elota), Aguascalientes, Nuevo Ledn (Monterrey), northern Tamaulipas (Matamoros), Louisiana (Natchitoches, Houma), and south-central Georgia (Tifton, Savannah); casually north to southern Michigan (Jackson) and southern Ontario (Toronto); south rarely to southern Mississippi (Saucier), northwestern Florida (Pensacola), and Cuba. Casual on Baffin Island (Taverner Bay, Lake Harbour) and in Greenland (Godthaab, Fiskenaes). Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii (Nuttall). [554a.] Fringilla Gambellii Nuttall, Man. Orn. U.S. and Canada, ed. 2, vol. 1, 1840, p. 556. (near Fort Wallah-Wallah [ = Walla Walla, Washington].) Breeds from north-central Alaska (Cape Blossom, Porcupine River at the Yukon boundary), northern Yukon (La Pierre House), northwestern and cen- tral eastern Mackenzie (Mackenzie Delta, Anderson River, Campbell Lake), and central western Keewatin (Thelon River) south to southern Alaska (Nusha- gak, Fort Kenai), southwestern Yukon (Burwash Landing), northwestern and central southern British Columbia (Atlin, Osoyoos; intergrades with Z. 1. oriantha from Jasper area southward), southwestern Alberta (Banff, inter- grades), northern Saskatchewan (mouth of McFarlane River, Reindeer Lake), and northern Manitoba (Ilford, Bird); casual in summer north to northern Alaska (Wainwright, Point Barrow) and west to islands of Bering Sea (Pribi- lofs, Nunivak). Winters from southern British Columbia (Comox, Okanagan Landing), southeastern Washington (Whitman and Asotin counties), southern Idaho (Heyburn), central Wyoming (Thermopolis), and northeastern Kansas (Law- rence) south to southern Baja California (San José del Cabo), Tres Marias Islands, Nayarit (Las Varas), San Luis Potosi (San Luis Potosi), and northern Tamaulipas (Matamoros). 620 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Casual in migration east to southern Ontario (Toronto), New York (Ithaca), Pennsylvania (Lititz), Maryland (Laurel), and Georgia (Tipton). Accidental on Banks Island (Sach’s Harbour), Franklin District, and in Japan (Honshu). Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha Oberholser. [554d.] Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha Oberholser, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, no. 1, Sept. 19, 1932, p. 12. (Barley Camp, Warner Moun- tains, 14 miles southwest of Adel, Oregon, altitude 6400 feet.) Breeds from northern Idaho (Glidden Lakes), northwestern Montana (For- tine, intergrades with Z. Il. gambelii), southern Alberta (Waterton Parks, Cypress Hills), and southwestern Saskatchewan (Eastend) south to south- central Oregon (Fort Klamath), central eastern California (eastern Tulare County, White Mountains), south-central Nevada (Pioche), southwestern Utah (Cedar Breaks), central eastern Arizona (White Mountains), southwestern Colorado (Durango), and northwestern New Mexico (Pecos Baldy, Taos). Winters from southern California (Los Angeles, rarely; Coachella), southern Arizona (Gila Bend, Tucson), southern New Mexico (Silver City), and western and central Texas (Frijole, Kerrville) south to southern Baja California (San José del Cabo), Jalisco (Atoyac), and Querétaro. Casually north to central California (Berkeley). Zonotrichia leucophrys pugeténsis Grinnell. [554c.] Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis Grinnell, Condor, 30, no. 3, May 15, 1928, p. 187. (Parksville, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.) Breeds from southwestern British Columbia (Comox, North Vancouver) south, west of the Cascade Range, in Washington and Oregon to northwestern California (Carlotta). Winters from southwestern British Columbia (Victoria, casually) south to southwestern California (Santa Cruz Island, La Jolla). Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli Ridgway. [5545.] Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli Ridgway (new name for Z. gambeli auct., nec Nuttall), Auk, 16, no. 1, Jan. 1899, p. 36. (No locality given = Santa Cruz, California.) Resident along the narrow coastal strip of central western California from Mendocino County to Santa Barbara County. Zonotrichia atricapilla (Gmelin): GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW. [557.] Emberiza atricapilla Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 875. (in Sinu Natka, et insulis Sandwich = Prince William Sound, Alaska.) Breeds from western coastal Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales, Kobuk River Delta, Nunivak and Kodiak islands) and south-central Yukon (Rose River) south to southeastern Alaska (Lynn Canal), southern British Columbia (Alta ORDER PASSERIFORMES 621 Lake, Moose Pass), southwestern Alberta (Banff), and in the Cascade Moun- tains to extreme northern Washington (Okanogan County). Winters from southern British Columbia (Victoria, Okanagan Landing) southward, principally west of the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada, to northern Baja California (lat. 30° N.), casually south to southern Baja Cali- fornia (Cedros and Guadalupe islands, Cape San Lucas), Arizona (Ajo Moun- tains), and northern Sonora (Caborca) and east to Utah (Zion National Park), Colorado (Wray), and New Mexico (upper Gila River). Accidental in Saskatchewan (Indian Head), Wisconsin (Racine), Illinois (Waukegan), Massachusetts (Bedford), Pennsylvania (Easton), eastern Texas (Orange County), Louisiana (Grand Isle), and Japan (Honshu). Zonotrichia albicéllis (Gmelin): WHITE-THROATED SPARROW. [558.] Fringilla albicollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 921. Based mainly on the White-throated Sparrow of Edwards, Gleanings, vol. 2, p. 198. (in Pensilvania = Philadelphia.) Breeds from southern Yukon (Watson Lake), central Mackenzie (Fort Norman, Sifton Lake), northern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Ontario (Fort Sutton, Severn River), central western and southeastern Quebec (Fort George, St. Pauls River), southern Labrador (Goose Bay), and northern Newfound- land (St. Anthony) south to central British Columbia (Kispiox Valley, Nulki Lake, Charlie Lake), central Alberta (North Edmonton, Battle River area), southern Saskatchewan (Conquest, McLean), central northern North Dakota (Turtle Mountains), central Minnesota (Cambridge), northern Wisconsin (Oconto County), central Michigan (Clare County), northern Ohio (Ottawa and Ashtabula counties), northern West Virginia (Terra Alta), northeastern Pennsylvania (Pocono Lake), southeastern New York (Tannerville), north- western Connecticut (Litchfield), southern New Hampshire (Mount Monad- nock), and Massachusetts. Winters from northern California (sparsely; Del Norte County southward), southern Arizona (sparsely; Tucson), southern New Mexico (Rio Grande Bird Reserve), eastern Kansas, central Missouri (St. Louis), southern Illinois (Mur- physboro), northern Kentucky (Louisville), southern Ohio (Hillsboro), north- ern West Virginia (Morgantown), central New York (Ithaca), Connecticut (Portland), and Massachusetts south to southern Texas (Brownsville, Houston), the Gulf coast, and northern Florida (Gainesville, Enterprise); north casually to British Columbia (Grindrod), Manitoba (Winnipeg), Ontario (Port Arthur, Barrie, Toronto), Maine, New Brunswick (Scotch Lake), and Newfoundland (St. John’s) and south to Nuevo Leén (Linares), northern Tamaulipas (Mata- moros), and southern Florida (Cape Sable). Accidental on Guadalupe Island, Outer Hebrides, and in England. Genus PASSERELLA Swainson Passerella Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Birds, vol. 2, July 1, 1837, p. 288. Type, by monotypy, Fringilla iliaca Merrem. 622 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Passerélla iliaca (Merrem): Fox SPARROW. Northern Alaska, northwestern and central eastern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, and northern Labrador south on the Pacific coast to northwestern Washington; in the mountains to southern California, central Nevada, central Utah, and central Colorado; and to central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, central Ontario, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland. In winter along the Pacific coast from southern British Columbia to northern Baja California; in the interior from southern Utah, central Colorado, eastern Kansas, southern Iowa, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, and southern New Brunswick south to southern Arizona, western and southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and central Florida. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Passerella iliaca iliaca (Merrem). [585.] Fringilla iliaca Merrem, Avium Rar. Icones et Descr., vol. 2, 1786, p. 37, pl. 10. (North America = Quebec.) Breeds from northeastern Manitoba (York Factory), northern Ontario (Fort Severn), northern Quebec (Richmond Gulf), and northern Labrador (Nach- vak) south to north-central Ontario (Favourable Lake, Moose Factory), south- eastern Quebec (Basque Island; Magdalen Islands), and southern Newfoundland. Winters from southern Wisconsin (Hartland), southern Michigan (rarely; Ann Arbor), southern Ontario (rarely; Reaboro, Kingston), northern Vermont, Maine (York and Cumberland counties), and southern New Brunswick (Fred- ericton) south to southern Mississippi (Deer Island), Alabama (Montgomery County), and central Florida (Pensacola, Kissimmee); casually to Colorado (Denver) and southern Florida (Punta Rassa). Accidental in Bermuda, Greenland (Sukkertoppen), Iceland, Germany (Mel- lum Island), and Italy (Genoa). Passerella iliaca zabéria Oberholser. [585p.] Passerella iliaca zaboria Oberholser, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., 36, no. 11, Nov. 15, 1946, p. 388. (Circle, Alaska.) Breeds from northwestern and interior Alaska (Carbon Creek, Utukok River, Bethel, Mount McKinley district, Porcupine River), northern Yukon (Old Crow, La Pierre House), northwestern and central eastern Mackenzie (Mackenzie Delta, Artillery Lake), and northern Manitoba (Churchill) south to northern British Columbia (Atlin, Tupper Creek), central Alberta (Red Deer), central Saskatchewan (Nipawin), and southern Manitoba (Duck Mountain). Winters chiefly east of the Great Plains from eastern Kansas (Manhattan; Douglas County) and southern Iowa (Polk County) south to southern Texas (Laredo, San Antonio, Cove), Louisiana (Natchitoches, New Orleans), Mis- sissippi (Biloxi), Alabama (Woodville), and northern Georgia (Roswell, Ath- ens); rarely west to Washington (Renton, Whitman County), central and ORDER PASSERIFORMES 623 southern California (San Geronimo, Pasadena), southern Arizona (Huachuca Mountains), and Colorado (Denver). Casual on Arctic coast of Alaska (Wainwright, Barrow area). Passerella iliaca altivagans Riley. [585h.] Passerella iliaca altivagans Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24, no. 45, Nov. 28, 1911, p. 234. (Moose Branch of the Smoky River, Alberta, (about 7000 feet altitude).) Breeds from interior central British Columbia (Thutade Lake) southeast to mountains of southeastern British Columbia (Mosher Creek, Mount Revelstoke) and southwestern Alberta (head of Smoky River; Banff, intergrades with P. i. schistacea). Winters chiefly in foothills of Cascade Mountains and Sierra Nevada in California (Paine Creek, El Portal), in coastal southern California (Yucaipa, Flinn Springs, San Clemente Island), and in northwestern Baja California (Santo Domingo, La Grulla); occasionally north to northwestern Oregon (Government Island) and east to southeastern Arizona (Huachuca Mountains). Casual in Manitoba (Deer Lodge). Passerella iliaca unalascheénsis (Gmelin). [585a.] Emberiza unalaschcensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 875. Based on the Unalasha Bunting of Pennant, Arct. Zool., vol. 2, p. 364. (Unalaschca = Unalaska, Alaska.) Breeds on the eastern Aleutian Islands (west to Unalaska), the Shumagin and Semidi islands, and the Alaska Peninsula (east to the Katmai area). Winters from southwestern British Columbia (Departure Bay, Vancouver) south through western Washington and western Oregon to California (Helena, Paine Creek, Escondido; Santa Catalina and San Clemente islands); rarely to northwestern Baja California (La Grulla). Casual north to Pribilof Islands (St. Paul), Nunivak Island, and Point Bar- row, Alaska. Passerella iliaea insularis Ridgway. [585f.] Passerella iliaca insularis Ridgway, Auk, 17, no. 1, Jan. 1900, p. 30. (Kodiak, Alaska.) Breeds in the Kodiak Island group, southern Alaska. Winters chiefly in coastal districts of central and southern California (Lake- port, San Geronimo, Santa Monica Mountains, Catalina Island); less commonly from southwestern British Columbia (Vancouver) south to interior California (Alta, Volcan Mountains). Accidental in Japan (Honshu). 624 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Passerella iliaca sinuésa Grinnell. [585k.] Passerella iliaca sinuosa Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 5, no. 12, Mar. 5, 1910, p. 405. (Drier Bay, Knight Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska.) Breeds in the Kenai Peninsula (Seldovia, Kenai Lake) and Prince William Sound districts (25 miles north of Valdez, Cordova) and on Middleton Island, south-central Alaska. Winters from southwestern British Columbia (Departure Bay, Chilliwack) south through western Washington, western Oregon, and California (Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada westward; Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, and Santa Catalina islands) to northwestern Baja California (10 miles south of Alamo). Casual on Pribilof Islands (St. Paul). Passerella iliaca annéctens Ridgway. [585l.] Passerella iliaca annectens Ridgway, Auk, 17, no. 1, Jan. 1900, p. 30. (Yakutat, Alaska.) Breeds in the vicinity of Yakutat Bay (north shore of Yakutat Bay, Cross Sound), southern Alaska. Winters chiefly in central coastal California; less commonly from south- western British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver) to central interior and southern California (Pasadena, Upland). Passerella iliaca t6wnsendi (Audubon). [585¢.] Plectrophanes Townsendi Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 4, 1838, pl. 424, fig. 7 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 236). (Shores of the Co- lumbia River = Fort Vancouver, Washington.) Breeds in southeastern Alaska from Glacier Bay and Lynn Canal south through the Alexander Archipelago to the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia; also on the adjoining Alaskan mainland north of the Stikine River. Winters from southeastern Alaska (Craig, irregularly) and southern coastal British Columbia (Comox, Victoria, Chilliwack) south through western Wash- ington and western Oregon to coastal northern and central California (Willow Creek, Somersville, Santa Cruz). Casual in southeastern Arizona (Chiricahua Mountains). Passerella iliaca fuliginédsa Ridgway. [585e.] Passerella iliaca fuliginosa Ridgway, Auk, 16, no. 1, Jan. 1899, p. 36. (Neah Bay, Washington.) Breeds from the mainland coast of southeastern Alaska (south from the mouth of the Stikine River) and the coastal districts of British Columbia, ex- clusive of the Queen Charlotte Islands, south to northwestern Washington (Destruction Island, Lopez Island). Winters from southwestern British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver) south in coastal areas to central coastal California (Palo Colorado Creek, Morro); ORDER PASSERIFORMES 625 casually to interior and southern California (Manzanita Lake, Los Angeles, San Antonio Canyon). Passerella iliaca schistacea Baird. [585c.] Passerella schistacea Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xl, 488, 490. (Head of the Platte = south fork of Platte River, about 25 miles east of the northeastern corner of Colorado, in Nebraska.) Breeds from southeastern British Columbia (Crowsnest Pass) and southwest- ern Alberta (Waterton Lakes Park) south through the mountains of northern Idaho (Glidden Lakes), north-central and eastern Oregon (Cascade Mountains south to Warm Springs; Howard; Wallowa Mountains), and western Montana (Judith River, Red Lodge), to north-central and northeastern Nevada (Pine Forest Mountains; 10 miles northeast of San Jacinto), southwestern Wyoming (Fort Bridger), and central Colorado (Cochetopa Creek). Winters from northern interior California (Paine Creek), central Arizona (Hualpai Mountains, Natanes Plateau), and northern New Mexico (Manzano Mountains, Las Vegas) south through southern California (rarely to coastal districts; Alameda, San Nicolas Island) to northern Baja California (Concep- cién; 20 miles southwest of Pilot Knob), southern Arizona (Ajo, Chiricahua Mountains), and western Texas (El Paso). Casual in migration to western Nebraska. Passerella iliaca olivacea Aldrich. [585r.] Passerella iliaca olivacea Aldrich, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 56, Dec. 8, 1943, p. 163. (Reflection Lake, Mount Rainier, Washington, altitude 4,900 feet.) Breeds in the mountains from southwestern and south-central British Co- lumbia (Mount McLean, Nelson) south through central and eastern Wash- ington (10 miles north of Grand Dalles; Blue Mountains). Winters in interior California (Tehama County; Piute Mountains) and north- ern Baja California (Sierra Juarez). Passerella iliaca swarthi Behle and Selander. [585q.] Passerella iliaca swarthi Behle and Selander, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., 41, no. 11, Nov. 14, 1951, p. 364. (North fork Ogden River, 5,200 feet, 2 miles west of Eden, Weber County, Utah.) Breeds in mountains of southeastern Idaho (Bannock and Bear Lake coun- ties) and of northwestern and north-central Utah (Raft River Mountains; Deep Creek Mountains; Wasatch Mountains south to Sanpete County). Winter range unknown. 626 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Passerella iliaca canéscens Swarth. [585m.] Passerella iliaca canescens Swarth, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 31, no. 40, Dec. 30, 1918, p. 163. (Wyman Creek at 8250 feet altitude, east slope of White Mountains, Inyo County, California.) Breeds in central Nevada (Shoshone, Toiyabe, and Monitor mountains) and extreme central eastern California (White Mountains). Winters in southern California (Santa Barbara, San Antonio Canyon, Blythe), northern Baja California (Laguna Hanson; 10 miles southeast of Alamo), and southern Arizona (Big Sandy Creek, Oracle). Passerella iliaca falva Swarth. [5857.] Passerella iliaca fulva Swarth, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 31, no. 40, Dec. 30, 1918, p. 162. (Sugar Hill (5000 feet), Warner Mountains, Modoc County, California.) Breeds from central and southern Oregon on the east side of the Cascade Range (Sisters, Keno, Steens Mountains) south to the Modoc Plateau of Cali- fornia (Butte Lake, Warner Mountains). Winters in southwestern California (Santa Barbara, Cucamonga Canyon, Volcan Mountains) and northern Baja California (Laguna Hanson). Casual in migration to northeastern Nevada (Secret Pass). Passerella iliaca megarkyncha Baird. [585D.] Passerella megarhynchus Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xl, 925. (Fort Tejon [, Kern County, California].) Breeds in mountains from southwestern Oregon (Onion Mountain, Robin- son’s Butte) south through central northern California (Siskiyou Mountains at Del Norte County line; Mount Orr; head of Dog Creek) and the Sierra Nevada of California (exclusive of the Mono Lake district) to lat. 37° N. (Kearsarge Pass); locally to west-central Nevada in the Tahoe district. Winters in lowlands of central and southern California (Tower House, Inskip Hill, Nicasio, Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina islands, Witch Creek) and northwestern Baja California (La Grulla). Passerella iliaca brevicatida Mailliard. [585j.] Passerella iliaca brevicauda Mailliard, Condor, 20, no. 4, July 22, 1918, p. 139. (4 mile south of South Yolla Bolly Mountain, in Trinity County, California.) Breeds in the northern and inner coast ranges of California south of the Trinity River (Horse Mountain and Hayfork Baldy south to Mount Sanhedrin and Snow Mountain). Winters in central and southern coastal California (Howell Mountain, Nica- sio, Santa Monica Mountains, Santa Catalina Island). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 627 Passerella iliaca monoénsis Grinnell and Storer. [585n.] Passerella iliaca monoensis J. Grinnell and T. I. Storer, Condor, 19, no. 5, Sept. 25, 1917, p. 165. (Mono Lake Post Office, altitude 6500 feet, Mono County, California.) Breeds in the Mono district on the east flank of the central Sierra Nevada in California (Woodfords, Mammoth, Benton); locally in adjoining Mineral County, Nevada (Walker River Range). Winters in -central interior and southern coastal California (Coulterville; Mount Wilson; Santa Catalina and San Clemente Islands) and northwestern Baja California (20 miles east of Ensenada; La Grulla). Passerella iliaca stéphensi Anthony. [585d.] Passerella iliaca stephensi Anthony, Auk, 12, no. 4, Oct. 1895, p. 348. ({Tahquitz Valley,] San Jacinto Mts., Calif[ornia].) Breeds in the southern Sierra Nevada of California (from Kings River south- ward) and in the high mountains of southern California (Mount Pinos, San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto mountains). Winters at lower elevations in southern California (Santa Barbara, Holly- wood, Claremont). Genus MELOSPIZA Baird Melospiza Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xx, xl, 440, 476. Type, by original desig- nation, Fringilla melodia Wilson. Subgenus HELOSPIZA Baird Helospiza Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Sury., R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xx, xl, p. 476. Type, by original designation, Fringilla palustris Wilson = Fringilla georgiana Latham. Melospiza lincolnii (Audubon): LINCOLN’s SPARROW. Northwestern Alaska to central Labrador, south in the mountains to southern California, central Arizona, and northern New Mexico in the west, and to southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, northern Michi- gan, southern Ontario, northern New York, central Maine, and Nova Scotia in the east. In winter from northern California, central Arizona, Oklahoma, cen- tral Missouri, and northern Georgia south to Guatemala, El Salvador, the Gulf coast of the United States, and central Florida. Melospiza lincolnii lincolnii (Audubon). [583.] Fringilla Lincolnii Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 2, 1834, pl. 193 (Orn. Biogr., vol. 2, 1834, p. 539). (Labrador = near the mouth of the Natashquan River, Quebec.) Breeds from western and interior Alaska (upper Kobuk River, Iliamna Lake; Cordova Bay, intergrades with M. I. gracilis), central Yukon (Fortymile), 628 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS western and southern Mackenzie (Fort Good Hope, Fort Providence), northern Manitoba (Churchill), northern Ontario (Fort Severn), northern Quebec (Great Whale River, Fort Chimo), central Labrador (Hopedale), and Newfoundland (St. Anthony) south through interior British Columbia (Atlin, Chilcotin Lake) to the mountains of central and northeastern Washington (Mount Rainier, Windy Peak), northern Idaho (Potlatch River), northwestern Montana (Flat- head Lake), southern and central Alberta (Waterton Lake Park, Battle River region), central Saskatchewan (Big River), southern Manitoba (Margaret), northern Minnesota (Leech Lake, Duluth), northern Wisconsin (Madeline Island, Oconto), central Michigan (Crawford County), southern Ontario (casu- ally to Pottageville), western New York (Monroe County 15 miles northeast of Wilmurt), central and eastern Maine, and Nova Scotia (Advocate Harbour). Winters from northern California (Chico, Sebastopol), southern Nevada (Searchlight), northern Arizona (Flagstaff), northern New Mexico (Shiprock), northern Oklahoma (Copan), eastern Kansas, central Missouri (Kansas City), south-central Kentucky (Bowling Green), and northern Georgia (Kirkwood; Chatham County) south to southern Baja California (Victoria Mountains), El Salvador (Los Esesmiles), Quintana Roo (Camp Mengel), southern Louisiana (Cameron), southern Mississippi (Gulfport), and central Florida (Orlando); casually north to Washington (Foster Island), northern Illinois (Beach), south- ern Ontario (Kingston), Pennsylvania (Jeffersonville), and North Carolina (Raleigh). Accidental in Greenland (Nanortalik) and Jamaica (Blue Mountains). Melospiza lincolnii alticola (Miller and McCabe). [5835.] Passerella lincolnii alticola A. H. Miller and T. T. McCabe, Condor, 37, no. 3, May 15, 1935, p. 156. (Bluff Lake, 7400 feet, San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California.) Breeds in mountains from north-central and eastern Oregon (Breitenbush Lake, Wallowa Mountains), central Idaho (Payette Lake), southwestern and south-central Montana (18 miles northwest of Dillon, Shriver), and north- central Wyoming (Big Horn Mountains) south to California (west to the inner northern coast ranges, South Yolla Bolly Mountain; south to the San Jacinto Mountains), west-central Nevada (Galena Creek), southwestern Utah (Cedar Breaks), east-central Arizona (White Mountains), and northern New Mexico (Pecos Baldy). Winters from central California (Hayward, Modesto), northern Arizona (San Francisco Mountain), Chihuahua (Chihuahua), and southern Texas (Kerr- ville) south to southern Baja California (El Sauce), Guatemala (Finca La Primavera), and El Salvador (Los Esesmiles). In migration in western Kansas. Melospiza lincolnii gracilis (Kittlitz). [583a.] Emberiza (Zonotrichia) gracilis Kittlitz, Denkwiirdigk. Reise russ. Amer., Mikronesien und Kamtsch., vol. 1, 1858, p. 199. (Sitka [, Alaska].) Breeds in the coastal district of southeastern Alaska (Yakutat Bay, Juneau) and central British Columbia (Doch-da-on, intergrades with M. 1. lincolnii; Queen Charlotte Islands, Porcher Island); rarely on Vancouver Island (in mountains). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 629 Winters chiefly in central California (Lakeport, Colusa, Morro Bay, Walker Basin); rarely south to southern California (Tia Juana River), northern Baja California (El Valle de la Trinidad), southwestern Arizona (The Needles), central Sonora (Maicoba), and Coahuila (Sierra del Carmen). Melospiza georgiana (Latham): Swamp SPARROW. Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, and Newfoundland south to northeastern British Columbia, central Alberta, south- erm Saskatchewan, eastern Nebraska, northern Missouri, northern Illinois, northern Indiana, central Ohio, south-central West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. Winters from eastern Nebraska, Iowa, and southern Wisconsin through the southern Great Lakes Basin to central New York and from Massa- chusetts south to southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Melospiza georgiana ericrypta Oberholser. [584a.] Melospiza georgiana ericrypta Oberholser, Louisiana Dept. Cons. Bull. 28, 1938, p. 675. (Fort McMurray, Alberta.) Breeds from southwestern and central southern Mackenzie (Fort Norman, Hill Island Lake), northern Saskatchewan (Lake Athabaska), northern Mani- toba (Churchill), northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Attawapiskat Post), central Quebec (Paul Bay, Mingan Island), and Newfoundland (Pistolet Bay, St. John’s) south to northeastern British Columbia (Nulki Lake, Tates Creek), central Alberta (Red Deer), southern Saskatchewan (Cabri Lake, Indian Head), southern Manitoba (Margaret, Indian Bay), northeastern North Dakota (Fargo), northern Minnesota, western and central Ontario (Big Fork, Cha- pleau), and south-central Quebec (Lake St. John, Gaspé Peninsula). Winters south to Jalisco (Ocotlan), Tamaulipas (Altamira), eastern Texas (Beaumont), southern Louisiana (Buras), southern Mississippi (Cat Island), southern Georgia (Grady County, Folkston), and northeastern Florida (Pa- latka). Northern limits in winter imperfectly known; recorded from Tennessee (Nashville), South Carolina (Anderson County), and Massachusetts (Way- land); casually to California (Morro Bay, Riverside, San Diego County), cen- tral Nevada (Ruby Lake), southern Arizona (Tucson), and eastern Montana (Miles City). Melospiza georgiana georgiana (Latham). [584.] Fringilla georgiana Latham, Index Orn., vol. 1, 1790, p. 460. (Georgiae americanae interioribus = Georgia.) ‘Breeds from eastern South Dakota (Yankton), central Minnesota, northern Wisconsin (Herbster, Outer Island), northern Michigan (Isle Royale), southern Ontario (Biscotasing, Eganville), southern Quebec (Kamouraska), northern New Brunswick (Miscou Island), Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia (Sydney) south to eastern Nebraska (Neligh), northern Missouri (St. Charles County), northern Illinois (Philo), northern Indiana (Crawfordsville, Rich- mond), south-central Ohio (Circleville), south-central West Virginia (Fayette and Greenbrier counties), western Maryland (Accident; Allegany County), 630 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS southeastern Pennsylvania (intergrades with M. g. nigrescens; Delaware County), and southern New Jersey (intergrades; Salem, Cape May). Winters from eastern Nebraska, central Iowa (Sioux City), southern Wis- consin (Madison), southern Michigan (Grand Haven, Ann Arbor), southern Ontario (Toronto), central New York (Rochester, Schenectady), and Massachu- setts (Danvers) south to southern Texas (Del Rio), southern Louisiana (New Orleans), southern Mississippi (Gulfport), southern Alabama (Petit Bois Island, Orange Beach), and southern Florida (Aucilla River, Cape Sable); casually north to New Brunswick (Sackville). Accidental in Bermuda. Melospiza georgiana nigréscens Bond and Stewart. [584).] Melospiza georgiana nigrescens G. M. Bond and R. E. Stewart, Wilson Bull., 63, no. 1, Mar. 1951, p. 38. (Wicomico County, Nanticoke River marshes, opposite Vienna, Maryland.) Resident in marshes of Nanticoke River, eastern Maryland and adjacent Delaware, and around Delaware Bay (Delaware City and Bombay Hook, Dela- ware; Hancocks Bridge, Port Norris, and Delmont, New Jersey). In winter to the coast of Maryland (Ocean City); in migration in Virginia (Lexington, Shirley). Subgenus MELOSPIZA Baird Melospiza melédia (Wilson): SoNG SPARROW. Aleutian Islands, southern Alaska, southern Yukon, southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec, and Newfoundland south to south-central Baja California, northern Sonora, Michoacan, and Puebla; and to northern New Mexico, northeastern Kansas, northern Arkansas, southeastern Tennessee, northern Georgia, and northwestern South Carolina. The migratory races of northern continental North America winter from southern Alaska, southern British Columbia, southeastern Montana, South Dakota, southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, central New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to northern Sonora, Chihuahua, southern Texas, the Gulf coast, and southern Florida. Fossil, in the late Pleistocene of California. Melospiza melodia melédia (Wilson). [581.] Fringilla melodia Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 2, 1810, p. 125, pl. 16, fig. 4. (Canada to Georgia = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.) Breeds from southeastern Ontario (Muskoka District, intergrades with M. m. euphonia), central Quebec (Lake St. John, Romaine, Blanc Sablon), and south- western Newfoundland (Parson’s Pond) south through eastern New York (in- tergrades with M. m. euphonia in central section) and Pennsylvania to extreme northeastern West Virginia (Halltown) and central Virginia (Lynchburg, Petersburg). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 631 Winters from southern Ontario (Barrie, Arnprior), southern Quebec (Mont- real), central New Brunswick (Memramcook), Prince Edward Island (North River), and Nova Scotia (Pictou) south to eastern Texas, eastern and southern Louisiana (Kisatchie, New Orleans), southern Mississippi (Saucier), southern Alabama (Petit Bois Island), and western and southern Florida (Pensacola, Flamingo); casually north to Newfoundland (Mobile). Accidental in Bermuda. Melospiza melodia atlantica Todd. [5811.] Melospiza melodia atlantica Todd, Auk, 41, no. 1, Jan. 10, 1924, p. 147. (Smith’s Island [, Northampton County], Virginia.) Breeds in the tidelands along the Atlantic coast from Long Island, New York (Shelter Island) south to North Carolina (vicinity of Beaufort), including lower Chesapeake Bay and the lower Potomac River in Maryland (Morgan- town), and Virginia. Winters on breeding grounds north at least to Maryland, ranging south along Atlantic coast to South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, Yemassee) and Georgia (Savannah). Melospiza melodia euphénia Wetmore. [581u.] Melospiza melodia euphonia Wetmore, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 95, no. 17, Sept. 26, 1936, p. 1. (Cranberry Glades, Pocahontas County, W. Va.) Breeds from northern Wisconsin, northeastern Michigan (Marquette, White- fish Point), central southern Ontario (Bruce County, Hamilton), and western New York (east to Keuka Lake) south through southeastern Minnesota and Iowa to northeastern Kansas (Bendena), southwestern Missouri (Jasper County), and northwestern and north-central Arkansas (Winslow, Newport); through western Pennsylvania, western Maryland (Accident), West Virginia (except extreme northeast), southwestern Kentucky (Paducah, Glasgow), southwestern Virginia (Pulaski, Marion), southeastern Tennessee (Chattanooga, Crab Orchard), and western North Carolina to northern Georgia (Milledge- ville) and northwestern South Carolina (Clemson); casual in summer in south-central Kansas (Harper) and northern Louisiana (Tallulah). Winters from southern Wisconsin (Viroqua, Green Bay), southern Michigan (Alicia), southern Ontario, and western New York southwest and south through southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas (Douglas County), and central Okla- homa (Norman) to south-central Texas (Fort Clark, Matagorda), southern Louisiana (Main Pass), southern Mississippi (Biloxi), southern Alabama (Petit Bois Island), southern Georgia (Grady County, St. Simons Island), and South Carolina (Kershaw County, Mount Pleasant); casually in northern Michigan (McMillan) and western Kansas (Seward County). Melospiza melodia juddi Bishop. [581).] Melospiza fasciata juddi Bishop, Auk, 13, no. 2, Apr. 1896, p. 132. (Rock Lake, Towner County, North Dakota.) Breeds from northeastern British Columbia (Swan Lake, near Peace River), central southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), northern Saskatchewan (Lake 632 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Athabaska), northern Manitoba (Knee Lake; casual at Churchill), and northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Attawapiskat Post) south through the plains of Alberta (Grand Prairie, Calgary, Milk River) and eastern Montana (Miles City) to northern Nebraska (Sioux County, Dakota City), northwestern Iowa, southern Minnesota, extreme northwestern Michigan (Baraga County), and southwestern Ontario (Amyot); casual in southern Nebraska (Red Cloud). Winters from southeastern Montana (Miles City), South Dakota (Yankton), and southern Minnesota (Cambridge) south and east to western and southern Texas (Fort Davis, Boquillas, Del Rio; Atascosa County; Longview), Louisiana (Lake Charles), southern Mississippi (Petit Bois Island), Georgia (Ila, Tifton), central Florida (Enterprise), and southwestern Virginia (Blacksburg); casually to Manitoba (Burnside) and southern Arizona (Tucson). Accidental on Banks Island, Franklin District. Melospiza melodia montana Henshaw. [581D.] Melospiza fasciata montana Henshaw, Auk, 1, no. 3, July 1884, p. 224. (Fort Bridger, Utah [= Wyoming].) Breeds from northeastern Oregon (Union and Wallowa counties), central western Idaho (New Meadows), and north-central Montana (Missoula and Teton counties, intergrades with M. m. merrilli) south to eastern Nevada (Toiyabe Mountains, Lehman Creek), southwestern Utah (Pine Valley Moun- tains, Kanab), central eastern Arizona (White Mountains), and northern New Mexico (Santa Fe, Raton). Winters throughout the breeding range and south to southeastern California (Death Valley, Riverside Mountain), northern Sonora (Caborca, headwaters of Bavispe River), central Chihuahua (Chihuahua), and western Texas (Fort Davis, Ingram); east casually to western Nebraska (Crawford), western Kansas (Trego County), and western Oklahoma (Cimarron County). Melospiza melodia inexpectata Riley. [581bd.] Melospiza melodia inexpectata Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24, no. 45, Nov. 28, 1911, p. 234. (3 miles east of Moose Lake, British Co- lumbia.) Breeds from the coast and inner islands of southeastern Alaska (Glacier Bay, Admiralty Island, Revillagigedo Island), southern Yukon (Squanga Lake), and northwestern British Columbia (Atlin, rarely) southeast through interior British Columbia to lat. 51° N. (Horse Lake, Yellowhead Pass) and the mountains of southwestern Alberta (Henry House, Banff). Winters from southern British Columbia (Comox, Alta Lake, Okanagan Landing) south through Washington to northern Oregon (Portland, Prineville) ; casually north to Caribou district, British Columbia (Indianpoint Lake). Melospiza melodia mérrilli Brewster. [581k.] Melospiza fasciata merrilli Brewster, Auk, 13, no. 1, Jan. 1896, p. 46. (Fort Sherman, Idaho.) Breeds from southern interior British Columbia (south of lat. 51° N.; Alta Lake, Shuswap Falls) and southwestern Alberta (Waterton Lakes Park) south ORDER PASSERIFORMES 633 to eastern Washington, east of the Cascade Range (Yakima, Wallula, inter- grades with M. m. fisherella), northern Idaho (South Fork Clearwater River), and northwestern Montana (Flathead Lake). Winters from southern interior British Columbia (Okanagan Landing) and northwestern Montana (Fortine) west to western Washington (Destruction and Orcas islands) and south to southern California (Altadena, Victorville), south- ern Nevada (Charleston Mountains), southern Utah (Santa Clara), and north- ern New Mexico (Las Vegas, Hot Springs). Casually to southern Arizona (Quitobaquito) and northern Sonora (Upper Bavispe River). Melospiza melodia fisherélla Oberholser. [581v.] Melospiza melodia fisherella Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24, no. 49, Dec. 23, 1911, p. 251. (Honey Lake, near Millford, California.) Breeds from northeastern Oregon, east of the Cascade Range and west of the Blue Mountains (The Dalles, Pendleton; intergrades with M. m. merrilli in southern interior Washington, and with M. m. montana in central Baker County, Oregon), and extreme southwestern Idaho (Weiser, Jordan Creek) south to south-central Oregon (Medford), north-central, and central eastern California (Hayfork, Red Bluff, Mohawk, Olancha), and western Nevada (Santa Rosa Mountains, Fish Lake Valley). Winters throughout the breeding range and south to western and southern California (Laytonville, Hayward, El Monte, Calipatria); rarely to northern Sonora (Caborca) and southern Arizona (Tucson). Melospiza melodia maxima Gabrielson and Lincoln. [581cc.] Melospiza melodia maxima Gabrielson and Lincoln, Condor, 53, no. 5, Sept. 26, 1951, p. 251. (Kiska Harbor, Kiska Island, Alaska.) Resident in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, from Attu Island to Atka Island. Melospiza melodia sanaka McGregor. [581r.] Melospiza sanaka McGregor, Condor, 3, no. 1, Jan. 15, 1901 (separates published Nov. 25, 1900), p. 8. (Sanak Island, Alaska.) Resident in the eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska (Seguam Island to Unimak Island), the Alaska Peninsula east to Stepovak Bay, and the islands south of the Alaska Peninsula from Sanak Island to the Semidi Islands. Casual in fall and winter on the Pribilof Islands (St. George) and the coast of western Alaska (Nushagak). Melospiza melodia amaka Gabrielson and Lincoln. [581dd.] Melospiza melodia amaka Gabrielson and Lincoln, Condor, 53, no. 5, Sept. 26, 1951, p. 253. (Amak Island, Alaska.) Resident on Amak Island, north of the western end of the Alaska Peninsula. 634 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Melospiza melodia insignis Baird. [581q.] Melospiza insignis Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, pt. 2, 1869, p. 319, pl. 29, fig. 2. (Kadiak = Kodiak Island, Alaska.) Resident in the Kodiak Island group (Barren Islands to Sitkalidak Island) and the adjacent Alaska Peninsula (Kukak, Katmai). Melospiza melodia kenaiénsis Ridgway. [581o.] Melospiza melodia kenaiensis Ridgway, Auk, 17, no. 1, Jan. 1900, p. 29. (Port Graham, Cook’s Inlet, Alaska.) Breeds on the coast of southern Alaska from Cook Inlet (Seldovia, Hope) to the mouth of the Copper River. Winters in the breeding range and southward in southeastern Alaska (Sitka); rarely to the coast of western Washington (Marysville). Melospiza melodia caurina Ridgway. [581n.] Melospiza fasciata caurina Ridgway, Auk, 16, no. 1, Jan. 1899, p. 36. (Yakutat, Alaska.) Breeds on the coast of southeastern Alaska from Yakutat Bay to Cross Sound. Winters from southeastern Alaska (Chichagof Island, Juneau, Wrangell, Howkan) south along the marine shore lines of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon to northern California (Fortuna); rarely to central California (Bay Farm Island). Melospiza melodia rufina (Bonaparte). [581f.] Passerella rufina Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, vol. 1, sig. 60, July 15, 1850 (Feb. 3, 1851), p. 477. (Sitka, Alaska.) Breeds on the outer islands of southeastern Alaska (Chichagof to Forrester and Duke islands) and of central British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands, Porcher Island, Spider Island). Winters in breeding range (north to Sitka), ranging south to western Wash- ington (Whidbey Island, Toledo). Melospiza melodia mérphna Oberholser. [581e.] Melospiza melodia morphna Oberholser, Auk, 16, no. 2, Apr. 1899, p. 183. New name for Melospiza fasciata guttata (Nuttall), nec Fringilla guttata Vieillot. (No locality given = near Fort Vancouver, Washington.) Breeds from southwestern British Columbia (Alert Bay, Chilliwack) south through western Washington (Tatoosh Island, Longmire) to southwestern Oregon (North Santiam River at 3,400 feet, Grants Pass, Wedderburn). Winters chiefly in the breeding range, extending south to northern California (Paicines, Snelling), rarely to southern California (Riverside, Yaqui Wells) and western Nevada (Fallon). ORDER PASSERIFORMES 635 Melospiza melodia cleonénsis McGregor. [581p.] Melospiza melodia cleonensis McGregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, no. 5, Sept. 15, 1899, p. 87. (Westport, Mendocino County, California.) Resident in coastal district of extreme southwestern Oregon (mouth of Pistol River) and northwestern California (Del Norte, Humboldt, and western Mendo- cino counties, south to Gualala). Casual in Marin County, California (Olema). Melospiza melodia gouldii Baird. [581aqa.] Melospiza gouldii Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xl, 477, 479. (California = 5 miles west of Inverness, toward Point Reyes, Marin County.) Resident in the coastal district of central California (exclusive of tidal and brackish marshes of San Francisco Bay area), from interior Mendocino County (6 miles southwest of Laytonville), northern Sonoma County (Caza- dero), and Lake County (Blue Lakes) south through San Mateo and Santa Clara counties to northern San Benito County (Paicines); east to the edge of Sacramento Valley (Stonyford, Vacaville). Melospiza melodia maxillaris Grinnell. [581s.] Melospiza melodia maxillaris Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 5, no. 3, Apr. 9, 1909, p. 265. (tule marsh west of Suisun, Solano County, California.) Resident in brackish marshes surrounding Suisun Bay in central California (Southampton Bay, Grizzly Island, Port Costa, Pittsburg). Casual in Santa Clara County, California (Palo Alto). Melospiza melodia samuélis (Baird). [581d.] Ammodramus Samuelis Baird, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, Aug. 1858, p. 379. (Petaluma, Cal[ifornia].) Resident in central California in salt marshes on the northern side of San Francisco and San Pablo bays (Richardson Bay to Vallejo) and on the south side of San Pablo Bay (southwest to San Pablo Point). Melospiza melodia pusillula Ridgway. [581/.] Melospiza fasciata pusillula Ridgway, Auk, 16, no. 1, Jan. 1899, p. 35. (Alameda Co., California.) Resident in salt marshes surrounding the south arm of San Francisco Bay, California (San Francisco, Alviso, Stege). 636 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Melospiza melodia mailliardi Grinnell. [581y.] Melospiza melodia mailliardi Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 7, no. 5, Feb. 18, 1911, p. 197. (Rancho Dos Rios, near Modesto, Stanis- laus County, California.) Resident in the Central Valley of California, from Glenn and Butte counties (Glenn, Biggs) south to Stanislaus County (Modesto, Lagrange); west to the deltas of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. Casual in western Nevada (Fallon). Melospiza melodia heérmanni Baird. [581c.] Melospiza heermanni Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xl, 477, 478. (Tejon Valley, California.) Resident in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California, from Merced and Mariposa counties (Los Baiios, Yosemite Valley) south to Kern County (Fort Tejon, Walker Basin); east to Kings Canyon (Zumwalt Meadow). Melospiza melodia coéperi Ridgway. [581m.] Melospiza fasciata cooperi Ridgway, Auk, 16, no. 1, Jan. 1899, p. 35. (San Diego, California.) Resident in the coastal districts of southern California from Santa Cruz County (Santa Cruz) southward to northern Baja California, as far as lat. 30° N. (San Fernando); east to streams penetrating Mohave and Colorado deserts (Manix, Palm Canyon, Vallecitos, east base of Sierra San Pedro Martir). Melospiza melodia micronyx Grinnell. [581w.] Melospiza melodia micronyx Grinnell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 41, Mar. 16, 1928, p. 37. (San Miguel Island, California.) Resident on San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara County, California. Melospiza melodia cleméntae Townsend. [581i.] Melospiza fasciata clementae C. H. Townsend, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 13, Sept. 9, 1890, p. 139. (San Clemente Island [, California].) Resident on Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, and San Clemente islands off the coast of southern California. Casual on mainland (Santa Barbara). Melospiza melodia graminea Townsend. [581h.] Melospiza fasciata graminea C. H. Townsend, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 13, Sept. 9, 1890, p. 139. (Santa Barbara Island [, California].) Resident on Santa Barbara Island, Los Angeles County, California. ORDER PASSERIFORMES 637 Melospiza melodia coronatoérum Grinnell and Daggett. [581x.] Melospiza coronatorum Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, 20, no. 1, Jan. 1903, p. 34. (Los Coronados Islands (North Island), Lower California.) Resident on the four islands of Los Coronados group off northern Baja California. Melospiza melodia fallax (Baird). [581z.] Zonotrichia fallax Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, May-June (July 3), 1854, p. 119. (Pueblo Creek = Walnut Creek, latitude 35° N., _ longitude 113° W., Arizona.) Breeds from southeastern Nevada (Pahranagat Valley) and southwestern Utah (St. George) south in the Virgin River Valley and the Colorado River Canyon of Nevada and north-central Arizona, and locally through the lowlands of central and southeastern Arizona (Arlington, San Bernardino Ranch, Pata- gonia) to northeastern Sonora (Caborca, Hermosillo, Granados). Winters apparently over most of the breeding range, but in reduced numbers northward. Melospiza melodia salténis Grinnell. [581a.] Melospiza melodia saltonis Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 5, no. 3, Apr. 9, 1909, p. 268. (One mile southeast of Mecca, Colorado Desert, California. ) Resident in the lower Colorado Valley in extreme southern Nevada (east of Searchlight), southeastern California, western Arizona (east to Big Sandy River at 2,000 feet; Alamo), northwestern Baja California (Mexicali, mouth of Hardy River), and northwestern Sonora (Colorado River Delta), extending northwest through the Imperial Valley of California (Mecca, Calexico). Casual in the desert area of southeastern California (Death Valley, Oro Grande), south-central Arizona (Tucson), and northwestern Sonora (Sonoyta River, Caborca). Melospiza melodia rivularis Bryant. [581g¢.] Melospiza fasciata rivularis W. E. Bryant, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 1, Sept. 29, 1888, p. 197. (Comondu, Lower California.) Resident in south-central Baja California (Santa Agueda Canyon and San Ignacio south to Comondit). Casual in the Cape District of Baja California (Todos Santos). Genus RHYNCHOPHANES Baird Rhynchophanes Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, pp. xx, xxxvili, 432. Type, by mono- typy, Plectrophanes mccownii Lawrence. 638 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Rhynchéphanes mecéwnii (Lawrence): McCown’s Loncspur. [539.] Plectrophanes McCownii Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 5, 1851, p. 122. (high prairies of Western Texas.) Breeds from southern Alberta (Calgary, Medicine Hat), southern Saskatche- wan (Davidson), southwestern Manitoba (Whitewater Lake), and central north- ern North Dakota (Cando) south to southeastern Wyoming (Laramie), north- eastern Colorado (Pawnee Buttes), northwestern Nebraska (Sioux County), and central North Dakota (Fort Lincoln); formerly east to southwestern Min- nesota (Pipestone County). Winters from central Arizona (Camp Verde), southwestern, central, and northeastern Colorado (Durango, Fort Morgan), west-central Kansas (Hays), and central Oklahoma (Cleveland County) south to northeastern Sonora (Pozo de Luis), northern Durango (Villa Ocampo), and southern Texas (Rio Grande City, Corpus Christi, Galveston). Casual in southern British Columbia (Chilliwack), Idaho (Birch Creek), northern Alberta (20 miles south of Athabaska Landing), and Illinois (Cham- paign). Genus CALCARIUS Bechstein Calcarius Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. Deutschland, vol. 1, 1802, p. 130. Type, by monotypy, Fringilla lapponica Linnaeus. Caledrius lappénicus (Linnaeus): LAPLAND LONGSPUR. Northern Alaska, northern Yukon, northwestern Mackenzie, central Franklin, central Greenland, northern Scandinavia, Franz Josef Land, and northern Si- beria including the New Siberian Islands south to southwestern Alaska, central Keewatin, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, northern Labrador, southern Norway, central Sweden, and Kamchatka. Winters from southern British Co- lumbia, Montana, South Dakota, central Minnesota, central Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and New Brunswick south to northeastern California, northern Arizona, northern New Mexico, northeastern Texas, southern Louisi- ana, West Virginia, and northern Virginia; in Eurasia south to France, northern Italy, Rumania, southern Russia, Altai, eastern China, and northern Japan. Calearius lapponicus lappénicus (Linnaeus), [536.] Fringilla lapponica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 180. (in Lapponia = Lapland.) Breeds from central Franklin (Winter Harbour, Dundas Harbour), Green- land (north to Thule and Scoresby Sound), Norway (lat. 71° N.), northern Russia (Arkhangelsk Government), Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, and the tundra of northern Siberia, including the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island, south to central western Keewatin (between Casba and Baker Lake; Hanbury River), northern Ontario (Little Cape, Cape Henrietta Maria), north- ern Quebec (Cape Jones, Fort Chimo), northern Labrador (Okak), southern Greenland (Cape Farewell), southern Norway (Dovre), and central Sweden (lat. 63° N.); in eastern Siberia around the Gulf of Anadyr; recorded in sum- ORDER PASSERIFORMES 639 mer north to Ellesmere Island (Slidre Fiord), and in Greenland to Germania Land. Winters from central northern Colorado (Barr), central northern Nebraska (Wood Lake), central Minnesota (Otter Tail County), central Wisconsin (Oconto County), central Michigan (Newaygo and Tuscola counties), southern Ontario (Kitchener), southern Quebec (Aylmer), Vermont (St. Johnsbury), Maine (Lubec), New Brunswick (St. John), and central Nova Scotia (Grand Pré) south to Oklahoma, northeastern Texas (Dallas), southern Louisiana (Jennings, New Orleans), northwestern Mississippi (Rosedale), western Ten- nessee (Memphis), southwestern Ohio (Hamilton County), eastern West Vir- ginia (Moorefield), and Delaware (Delaware City); casually to Utah (Tooele County), northern Virginia (Milam Gap, Baileys Crossroads), Florida (Wil- son), and Bermuda; and from England, northern Europe, and central eastern Siberia to France, northern Italy, Rumania, southern Russia, and Altai, casually to Iceland. Calcarius lapponicus alascénsis Ridgway. [536a.] Calcarius lapponicus alascensis Ridgway, Auk, 15, no. 4, Oct. 1898, p. 320. (St. Paul’s Island, Prybilov [= Pribilof] group, Alaska.) Breeds from southwestern, western, and northern Alaska (Aleutian, Shuma- gin, Pribilof, Nunivak, and St. Lawrence islands; St. Michael, Cape Lisburne, Barrow) to northern Yukon (Herschel Island) and northwestern Mackenzie (Mackenzie Delta, Rendezvous Lake); recorded in summer farther south in Alaska (Semidi Islands, Fort Kenai) and in Mackenzie (Fort Franklin). Winters from southern British Columbia (Lulu Island, Okanagan Landing), northwestern and central Montana (Fortine; Custer County), southwestern South Dakota (Rapid City), central northern Nebraska (Wood Lake), and northeastern Kansas (Hamilton and Douglas counties) south to northeastern California (rarely; Litchfield), northwestern Utah (Tooele County), north- eastern Arizona (Petrified Forest), east-central New Mexico (Picacho), and northern Texas (Canyon); casually west to western California (Eureka, False Bay) and east to Tennessee (Memphis) and Ohio (Columbus). Calearius pictus (Swainson): SMITH’s LONGsPUR. [537.] Emberiza (Plectrophanes) picta Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., vol. 2, 1831 (1832), p. 250, pl. 49. (Carlton House, Saskatchewan. ) Breeds from northern Alaska (Anaktuvuk Pass), northern Yukon (Herschel Island), and northern Mackenzie (Caribou Hills west of Mackenzie Delta, mouth of Kogaryuak River on Coronation Gulf) to southern Keewatin, north- ern Manitoba (Churchill), and northern Ontario (Fort Severn, Cape Henrietta Maria); casual in summer in northeastern Keewatin (Repulse Bay). Winters from Kansas and central Iowa (Linn and Poweshiek counties) south to Oklahoma, central Texas (Giddings), and northwestern Louisiana (Shreve- ort). : eae to central and southeastern British Columbia (Kispiox Valley, Boundary Pass) and east to eastern Ohio (Ashtabula County) and South Caro- lina (Chester). 640 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Calearius ornatus (Townsend) : CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR. [538.] Plectrophanes ornata J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, pt. 2, Nov. 21, 1837, p. 189. (the prairies of the Platte = near the forks of the Platte River, western Nebraska.) Breeds from southern Alberta (Lundbreck, Beaverhill Lake), southern Sas- katchewan (Conquest, Quill Lakes), and southern Manitoba (Brandon, Winni- peg) southeast to northeastern Colorado (Weld County), central northern Nebraska (Holt County), and southwestern Minnesota (Jackson County), formerly to western Kansas (Ellis County). Winters from northern Arizona (San Francisco Mountain, Springerville), central New Mexico (San Mateo Mountains), northeastern Colorado (Fort Collins), and central Kansas (Larned, Manhattan) south to northern Sonora (Pozo de Luis; San Pedro River at boundary), central Chihuahua (Chihuahua), southern Texas (Rio Grande City, Brownsville), and northern Louisiana (Gil- liam); occasionally south to Puebla and Veracruz (Orizaba). Casual north to northern Alberta (Fort MacMurray), west to central British Columbia (Kispiox Valley) and eastern California (15 miles north of Darwin), and east to the Atlantic coast from New Brunswick (Grand Manan) to Mary- land (Ocean City). Genus PLECTROPHENAX Stejneger Plectrophenax Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5, June 5, 1882, p. 33. Type, by original designation, Emberiza nivalis Linnaeus. Plectréphenax nivalis (Linnaeus): SNow BUNTING. Circumpolar arctic areas south locally on the continental border and islands to lat. 52° N. In winter south to Oregon, Utah, Colorado, Kansas, Indiana, Georgia, northern France, Russia, northern China, and northern Japan; casually to Bermuda and northern Africa. Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis (Linnaeus). [534.] Emberiza nivalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 176. (in alpibus Lapponiae Spitsbergae, ad sinum Hudsonis = Lapland.) Breeds (farther north than any other land bird) from northern Ellesmere Island and northern Greenland (to Peary Land) south to southwestern Alaska (Cold Bay, Kodiak Island), central Mackenzie (Mackenzie Mountains, Lake Campbell), central Keewatin (Baker Lake, Southampton Island, Coats Island), northern Quebec (Cox Island, Fort Chimo), north-central Labrador (Bowdoin Harbour, Okak); and southern Greenland (Ivigtut); and in the higher moun- tains of northern Scotland, Faeroes, Jan Mayen, Norway (south to lat. 60° N.), northern Sweden, Finland, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, and northwestern Russia (Arkhangelsk Government). Occurs in small numbers in summer on coasts of southern Hudson and James bays. Winters from central western and southern Alaska (Nulato, Nushagak, Sitka), northwestern British Columbia (Atlin), central Saskatchewan (Dorintosh, Emma Lake), southern Manitoba (Lake St. Martin), western and southern Ontario (Port Arthur, Lake Nipissing), southern Quebec (Montreal, Gaspé), southern Labrador (Battle Harbour), and Newfoundland south to northwestern ORDER PASSERIFORMES 641 California (casually, Humboldt Bay), eastern Oregon (Camp Harney), north- ern Utah (Bear River Refuge, Provo), north-central New Mexico (Las Vegas), central Kansas (Hays), southern Indiana (Bloomington), Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and on the Atlantic coast casually to Georgia; and from southern Scandinavia and central Russia to Ireland, Wales, England, France, northern Italy, Yugoslavia, Rumania, and the Caucasus; casually to Bermuda, the Azores, Canary Islands, Morocco, and Malta. Plectrophenax nivalis townsendi Ridgway. [534a.] Plectrophenax nivalis townsendi Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, p. 403. (Otter Island [, Pribilof Islands], Bering’s Sea.) Breeds, and probably resident, from the Pribilof and the western Aleutian islands (from Attu) to the western end of the Alaska Peninsula at Morzhovi Bay, and to the Shumagin Islands. Plectrophenax hyperbéreus Ridgway: McKay’s BunTING. [535.] Plectrophenax hyperboreus Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 7, 1884, p. 68. (St. Michael’s, Alaska.) Breeds on Hall and St. Matthew islands, Alaska. In winter to Nunivak Island and western coastal Alaska (St. Michael, Bethel, Nushagak). Casual in the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island). Genus EMBERIZA Linnaeus Emberiza Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 176. Type, by sub- sequent designation, Emberiza citrinella Linnaeus (Bonaparte, 1834). Emberiza rustica Pallas!: Rustic BUNTING. From northern Sweden, Finland, and northern Russia across northern Siberia to the Gulf of Anadyr south to north-central Russia, Altai, southern Kras- noyarsk, Udskaya Bay on the Sea of Okhotsk, northern Sakhalin, and Kam- chatka; in migration to England, France, Italy, Austria, Turkey, Iran, southern Siberia, central China (to Fukien), Korea, and Japan. Emberiza rustica latifascia Portenko. [535.1.] Emberiza rustica latifascia Portenko, Auk. 47, no. 2, Apr. 1930, p. 206. (near Kluchi in Kamchatka.) Breeds in eastern Siberia from west-central Yakutsk (Verkhoyansk; east through Verkhne Kolymsk) to northern Khabarovsk, Kamchatka, and the Ko- mandorskie Islands. In winter to northwestern Irkutsk (Taishet), southern Yakutsk (Olekminsk), Ussuriland, northern China (casually south to Fukien), and Japan. Casual in the Aleutian Islands (Kiska), Alaska. 1 Emberiza rustica Pallas, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ.-Reichs., vol. 3, 1776, p. 698. 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Taio ees iad fhisial terion? or sainise pir) > inact pat a ns Sauneenat at f ef vant r A SUA mGIE imate The BRU 1 dove Othe 2 aera ae ePqeteds } it: se plats ee estan nee ss f Laid) 4 ’ rity, Bat ‘eerrnudl “AG wast ane Sind cr aenjos pine cada, bag bealont csdowe wach mot! f . gg ra ia i. phe. fevinds ied ar eines Wbpar : roa ES ee Wri ie : a i: 4snedn hoy at ay ‘ug ‘et $Y madiuer ‘viavt .« ext wide ieat-.cindet Got YaBB neve | Bite» wast a. aba ot), anit artes: kane ‘e, “Tr ‘D hw SOU PCD A _ “ee ramen am tlt ra re, 4 ; ; mh 7 j Tay i A Th AA dy i ni ty Suni lode 2 “nappabe't panne cheat’ ee ae eae : - aa atin at disalionit tuvorndat miciiwos Reoraeneier ferrite hase erectgarapsth Dabir tui’ Merits ti pes sna dtivatas saeenaiiesall oF sniee abe | ue vi" How stwilva ov (ueetinadaiianaiiaom A baits Heel Sy A ai arpngyneyyagetoenien einen ii ai ea gt ath teh, viet oat, moahaelel 4 . {uitashghe 3 HYPO THETIC AL EIST Each edition of the Check-List has included under this heading species and subspecies recorded as North American but not definitely accepted, either because the original description is subject to doubt or because their actual occurrence in the Check-List area has not been verified. In some instances, subsequent information has warranted the transfer of a form to the accepted list, but others remain in question- able status. The Fourth Edition (1931, pp. 365-375) gave a fairly complete résumé of such cases and their disposition as of 1931. The present summary includes instances previously noted that appear to have pertinence at the present time and some additional ones that were encountered in assembling the data for the present edition. Among these are several that had been accepted in previous editions for the permanent list on grounds that later proved erroneous. The many introductions of game birds by various agencies have included such diverse kinds as several species of tinamous from South America and Central America, a number of partridge-like birds from Asia and Africa, forest grouse from Europe, and curassows from tropi- cal America, but no attempt has been made to list them here. Some of these may succeed, and so add to our permanent list. Data on the older records that are not included here may be found in the Fourth Edition as cited above. Diomedéa éxulans Linnaeus: WANDERING ALBATROSS. Diomedea exulans Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 132. (intra tropicos Pelagi & ad Cap. b. Spei = Cape of Good Hope.) North American records of this species of the southern oceans are unsatis- factory. Diomedea chryséstoma Forster: GRAY-HEADED ALBATROSS. Diomedea chrysostoma J. R. Forster, Mém. Math. Phys. Acad. Sci. Paris, 10, 1785, p. 571, pl. 14. (voisinage du cercle polaire antarctique & dans l’Océan Pacifique = Isla de los Estados off Tierra del Fuego.) North American records of this species of the southern oceans are unsatis- factory. They consist of a specimen supposed to have been taken off the Oregon coast by Townsend (Audubon, Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 326; Stone, Auk, 47, 1930, p. 414) and a skull supposed to belong to this species found on the California coast (Proc. California Acad. Sci., 4, 1868, p. 12). 643 644 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Phoebétria palpebrata (Forster): LIGHT-MANTLED SooTy ALBATROSS. [84.] Diomedea palpebrata J. R. Forster, Mém. Math. Phys. Acad. Sci. Paris, 10, 1785, p. 571, pl. 15. (depuis le degré quarante-septiéme de latitude austral jusqu’au soixante-onzieme & dix minutes = south of Prince Ed- ward and Marion islands.) Audubon’s specimen (Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 116), supposed to have been taken by Townsend off the coast of Oregon, is of uncertain locality. There is no definite record of the species north of the Equator. The Audubon specimen was described as Phoebetria palpebrata auduboni by Nichols and Murphy (Auk, 31, no. 4, Oct. (Sept. 30), 1914, p. 531), but this subspecies was later regarded as invalid by Murphy (Oceanic Birds S. Amer., vol. 1, 1936, pp. 500-501). Macronéctes gigantéus (Gmelin): GIANT FULMaR. [85.] Procellaria gigantea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 563. (in Oceano, potissimum australi, circa Staatenland, Terra del Fuego = Isla de los Estados, off Tierra del Fuego.) The locality for Townsend’s specimen of this species of the southern oceans, as given by Audubon, is believed to be erroneous (Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 320; Stone, Auk, 47, no. 3, July 1930, p. 414). Priocélla antarctica (Stephens): SLENDER-BILLED FULMAR. [87.] Fulmarus antarcticus Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. 13, pt. 1, Feb. 18, 1826, p. 236. (Antarctic Ocean, pretty far to the South.) The locality for Townsend’s specimen of this southern species as recorded by Audubon is believed to be erroneous (Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 333; Stone, Auk, 47, no. 3, July 1930, p. 414). Bulwéria bulwérii (Jardine and Selby): BULWER’s PETREL. [101.] Procellaria bulwerii Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., vol. 2, 1828, pl. 65. (Madeira or the small islands adjacent.) The single record attributed to Greenland by Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, vol. 6, livr. 4, no. 22, Procellariae, p. 9), from which this species has been included in the previous editions of the Check-List, proves to be uncertain. Oceanédroma hérnbyi (Gray): HORNBy’s PETREL. Thalassidroma Hornbyi G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 21, 1853 (July 25, 1854), p. 62. (Northwest coast of America = west coast of South America.) The type locality originally given for this South Pacific species apparently is erroneous; no other specimens have been reported in North American waters. HYPOTHETICAL LIST 645 Hydrébates peldgicus (Linnaeus): STORM PETREL. [104.] Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 131. (In albo Oceano = off the coast of Sweden.) The only record is based on U.S. National Museum no. 94554, collected at Fort Chimo, Ungava, July 12, 1882, by L. M. Turner, which proves to be a specimen of Oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa (identified by Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 54, 1917, p. 167). Phalacrécorax perspicillatus Pallas: PALLAS’ CORMORANT. Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas, Zodgr. Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 2, 1811, p. 305. (in Beringii = Bering Island.) North American records of this species, known only from Bering Island, and extinct since 1852, are unsatisfactory. Mesophoyx intermédia (Wagler): LESSER EGRET. Ardea intermedia Wagler, Isis von Oken, 22, Heft 6, June 1829, col. 659. (Java.) There seems to be uncertainty whether the specimen of this Old World species alleged to have been taken at Vancouver, British Columbia, was really shot there (Brooks, Condor, 25, no. 5, Oct. 3, 1923, p. 180). Jabiru myctéria (Lichtenstein): JABIRU. [189.] Ciconia mycteria Lichtenstein, Abh. Kon. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. K1., 1816-17 (1819), p. 163. (Northeastern Brasil.) The record from Austin, Texas, of this tropical species (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 19, 1867, p. 248) is unsatisfactory. The species is known from Veracruz and Chiapas to northern Argentina. Anser anser (Linnaeus): GRAY LAG-GOOsE. Anas Anser Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 123. (in Europa & America maxime boreali = Sweden.) One captured alive on the Housatonic River near Lenox, Massachusetts, Dec. 2, 1932 (Pell, Auk, 50, no. 2, Apr. 1933, pp. 208-209) was considered later to be a domestic bird. Anser fabdalis fabalis (Latham): [171.1.] Anas Fabalis Latham, Gen. Syst., Suppl., vol. 1, 1787, p. 297. (England.) The Bean Goose, Anser fabalis Latham, and the Pink-footed Goose, Anser brachyrhynchus Baillon, listed in the fourth edition as distinct species, are con- sidered to be conspecific. The inclusion of the typical form, Anser fabalis fabalis, as accidental in Greenland is now known to be incorrect (Jourdain, Auk, 50, no. 3, July 1933, p. 202). 646 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Dendrocygna vidudta (Linnaeus): WHITE-FACED TREE Duck. [178.1.] Anas viduata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 205. (in Cartha- ginae lacubus = Cartagena, Colombia.) The one record, for the Hackensack Meadows, New Jersey, is unsatisfactory (Griscom, Birds of the New York Region, 1923, p. 386). Nétta rufina (Pallas): RED-CRESTED POCHARD. [145.] Anas rufina Pallas, Reise versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs., vol. 2, 1773, p. 713. (in Mari Caspio lacubusque vastissimis deserti Tatarici = Caspian Sea.) The report of a specimen supposed to have been shot on Long Island Sound (Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 4, Apr. 13, 1881, p. 22) is unsatisfactory. The specimen cannot now be found. Mergéllus albéllus (Linnaeus): SMew. [131.1.] Mergus albellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 129. (in Europa = Mediterranean, near Izmir, Turkey.) Audubon’s sight record of this Old World species, and several other alleged occurrences in America, are unsatisfactory. Aramus guaratina dolésus Peters. Aramus pictus dolosus J. L. Peters, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, Jan. 30, 1925, p. 114. (Bolsén, Costa Rica.) The supposed record for Brownsville, Texas (Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 25, Dec. 7, 1921, p. 13, where recorded as Aramus vociferus holostictus), is based on a specimen obtained by Sennett from the dealers Field and Greenwood of Brownsville, the original label bearing only this information with the date and sex. Hence the locality is doubtful. Charadrius dubius curénicus Gmelin: LITTLE RINGED PLOVER. [276.] Charadrius curonicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 692. (in Curonia = Kurland, Latvia.) The supposed record for Kodiak Island (Pallas, Zodgr. Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 2, 1811, p. 144) is uncertain. It is doubted also that the specimen in the US. National Museum, obtained from the taxidermist E. L. Lorquin, was taken near San Francisco (Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zodl., 38, Jan. 30, 1932, p. 318). Toétanus nebuldria (Gunnerus): GREENSHANK. [253.] Scolopax nebularia Gunnerus, in Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapper, 1767, p. 251. (District of Trondhjem, Norway.) Audubon’s record of this Old World species, from Sand Key, six miles from Cape Sable, Florida (Orn. Biogr., vol. 3, 1835, p. 483), is unsatisfactory. HYPOTHETICAL LIST 647 Pisébia coéperi (Baird): CoopEerR’s SANDPIPER. Tringa cooperi Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. Surv. R.R. Pac., vol. 9, 1858, p. 716. (Long Island [New York].) Known only from the type specimen, taken May 1833, the identity of which is in doubt (Ridgway, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, pt. 8, June 26, 1919, p. 289). Creagrus furcatus (Neboux): SWALLOW-TAILED GULL. Larus furcatus Neboux, Zool., Voy. Venus, Atlas, livr. 2, 1842, pl. 10. (Monterey, California = Galapagos Islands.) The type locality of this tropical species as given by Neboux is incorrect. There is no evidence of occurrence in North America. Larus nélsoni Henshaw: NELSON’s GULL. [46.] Larus nelsoni Henshaw, Auk, 1, no. 3, July, 1884, p. 250. (St. Michael, Alaska.) Regarded as a hybrid between Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus and Larus argen- tatus vegae Palmén (Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 52, art. 3, Dec. 31, 1925, p. 249). Phaettsa simplex (Gmelin): LARGE-BILLED TERN. Sterna simplex Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 606. (in Cayenna = Cayenne.) Sight record for Lake Calumet, Chicago, Illinois, July 1949 (Zimmermann, Aud. Bull. Illinois Aud. Soc., no. 71, Sept. 1949, pp. 4-5, 1 fig.). The species is native in the estuaries and larger river systems of South America. Cépphus carbo Pallas: Soory GUILLEMOT. Cepphus carbo Pallas, Zodgr. Rosso-Asiatica, vol. 2, 1811, p. 350. (circa insulas Aleuticas = Kurile Islands.) The type locality as originally stated is apparently erroneous. There is no evidence of the occurrence of the species on the American side of the North Pacific. Columbigallina talpacéti (Temminck): Ruppy GROUND DoveE. Columba Talpacoti Temminck, in Knip, Les Pigeons, les Colombigallines, 1811, p. 22, pl. 12. (South America.) Sight record near Harlingen, Texas, December 23, 1950 (Davis, Wilson Bull., 63, no. 4, 1951, p. 333). The species ranges in the tropical lowlands from southern Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, and southern Sinaloa south to northern Argentina. 648 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Starnoénas cyanocéphala (Linnaeus): BLUE-HEADED QUAIL-DOVE. [323.] Columba cyanocephala Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 163. (America = Cuba.) Audubon’s sight record of this Cuban species on the Florida Keys (Orn. Biogr., vol. 2, 1834, p. 411) is unsatisfactory. Chlorostilbon ricérdii (Gervais): EMERALD HUMMINGBIRD. Ornismya Ricordii Gervais, Mag. Zool., 1835, cl. 2, pls. 41, 42. (Santiago, Cuba.) Sight records in Dade County, Florida, October and November 1943 (Stim- son, Auk, 61, no. 2, Apr. 1944, p. 300). The species is native in Cuba, Isle of Pines, and the Bahama Islands. Garrulax canérus (Linnaeus): HWA-MEI. Turdus Canorus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 169. (Ben- ghala, China = China.) Introduced at Woodside, California, in 1941, but not known to be perma- nently established (Isenberg and Williamson, Avic. Mag., 53, no. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1946, pp. 48-50, who record it as Trochalopteron canorum, Spectacled Jay- Thrush.) Native of China. Turdus grayi tamaulipénsis (Nelson): CLAY-COLORED ROBIN. Merula tamaulipensis Nelson, Auk, 14, no. 1, Jan. 1897, p. 75. (Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas.) Sight record near Brownsville, Texas (Davis, Bird-Lore, 42, no. 3, suppl., May-June 1940, p. 310). The species as a whole ranges from Nuevo Leén and Tamaulipas through Central America to northern Colombia. Régulus ctivieri Audubon: CUVIER’s KINGLET. Regulus cuvieri Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 1, 1829, pl. 55; Orn. Biogr., vol. 1, 1831, p. 288. (Fatland Ford, about ten miles west of Norristown, Pennsylvania.) Known only from Audubon’s description and plate of a specimen, since lost, obtained in June 1812. From the fact that a number of his drawings of birds obtained about this time were later destroyed, the published plate may have been based to some extent upon memory, and hence may pertain to some known species. Vermivora cincinnatiénsis (Langdon): CINCINNATI WARBLER. Helminthophaga cincinnatiensis Langdon, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 3, no. 2, July 1880, p. 119. (Madisonville, Hamilton Co., Ohio.) The unique type is regarded as a_ hybrid between Vermivora pinus (Lin- naeus) and Oporornis formosus (Wilson). (See Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 5, no. 4, Oct. 1880, p. 237.) HYPOTHETICAL LIST 649 Dendroica carbonata (Audubon): CARBONATED WARBLER. Sylvia carbonata Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), vol. 1, 1829, pl. 60; Orn. Biogr., vol. 1, 1831, p. 308. (Near Henderson, Kentucky.) Known only from Audubon’s description and plate of two specimens, since lost, obtained in May 1811. As a number of his drawings made about this time were later destroyed, it is possible that the published plate was based to some extent upon memory. Dendroica montana (Wilson): BLUE MOUNTAIN WARBLER. Sylvia montana Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 5, 1812, p. 113, pl. 44, fig. 2. (Near the Blue Mountains, Virginia.) Known only from the plates of Wilson and Audubon. Not yet satisfactorily identified with any known species. Dendroica potémac Haller: SUTTON’S WARBLER. Dendroica potomac Haller, Cardinal, 5, no. 3, 1940, pl. 50. (Berkeley County, twelve miles south of Martinsburg, West Virginia.) Described from two specimens, male and female, taken about 18 miles apart. Opinions differ as to whether these birds are hybrids or whether they represent a distinct species. (For a summary of available information see Brooks, Aud. Mag., 47, no. 3, May-June 1945, pp. 145-150.) Wilsénia (?) microcéphala (Ridgway): SMALL-HEADED WARBLER. Sylvania microcephala Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 8, Sept. 17, 1885, p. 354. New name for Muscicapa minuta Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 6, 1812, p. 62, pl. 50, fig. 5, nec Gmelin, 1789. (New Jersey.) Known only from the works of Wilson and Audubon, whose specimens came from New Jersey and Kentucky, respectively. Wilson’s description and small figure have never been identified satisfactorily with any known species. Basileuterus culicivorus brasierii (Giraud): GOLDEN-CROWNED WAR- BLER. Muscicapa brasierii Giraud, Descr. Sixteen New Species North Amer. Birds, 1841, fol. 25, pl. (6), fig. 2. (Texas = Alta Mira, Tamaulipas.) Sight record near Harlingen, Texas, September 5, 1943 (Davis, Auk, 62, no. 1, Jan. 1945, p. 146). Four geographic races are recognized in México and Central America. The subspecific name is listed in current literature as brash- erii, following comment by Berier (Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, 5, 1880, p. 238). 650 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Icterus icterus (Linnaeus): TROUPIAL. [502.] Oriolus Icterus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 1, 1766, p. 161. (in America calidiore = Cayenne.) Records from Charleston, South Carolina (Audubon, Birds Amer., 8vo. ed., vol. 7, 1844, p. 357, pl. 499), and California (Bowles, Condor, 13, no. 3, May 22, 1911, p. 109) are believed to have been based on escaped cage birds. Piranga rubriceps Gray: GRAy’s TANAGER. Pyranga rubriceps Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. 2, pt. 3, July 1844, pl. 89. (No locality cited = Colombia.) The only North American record is a specimen taken about 1871, at Dos Pueblos (= Naples), Santa Barbara County, California, which was probably an escaped cage bird (Bryant, Auk, 4, no. 1, Jan. 1887, p. 78). Acanthis bréwsteri (Ridgway): BREWSTER’s LINNET. Aegiothus (flavirostris var.) Brewsterii Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 6, no. 7, July 1872, p. 434. (Waltham, Mass.) Known only from the type specimen, taken November 1, 1870, which pos- sibly is a hybrid between Acanthis flammea (Linnaeus) and Spinus pinus (Wilson). Spinus magellanicus iciéricus (Lichtenstein): BRAZILIAN SISKIN. [532.] Fringilla icterica Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. zool. Mus. K6n. Univ. Berlin, 1823, p. 26. (San Paulo = Sao Paulo, Brasil.) A specimen from Hendersonville, Kentucky, described and figured by Audu- bon as Fringilla magellanica (Birds Amer., folio ed., pl. 394, fig. 2; Orn. Biogr., vol. 5, 1839, p. 46), has been included in previous hypothetical lists incorrectly as Spinus notatus (Du Bus). The bird, native in southeastern Brasil, eastern Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina, is believed to have been an escape from captivity. (For the correction in name see Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, June 9, 1946, pp. 57-58.) Spiza townsendi (Audubon): ToWNSEND’s BUNTING. Emberiza townsendi Audubon, Orn. Biogr., vol. 2, 1834, p. 183. (near New Garden, Chester County, Pennsylvania.) Known only from the type specimen, taken May 11, 1833, by John K. Town- send. Its peculiarities cannot be accounted for by hybridism or apparently by individual variation. INDEX TO CHECK-LIST NUMBERS In the original edition of the Check-list each species and subspecies was provided with a number which was placed before the name. In the third edition, while the same numbers were maintained they were added in brack- ets after the name, a practice continued in the fourth and the present edi- tions. These numbers have been used extensively in marking eggs in order to insure their identity, so that to change them would involve endless con- fusion and inconvenience. Since the adoption of a new classification has, however, thrown them entirely out of sequence, the following list has been prepared in order to ascertain quickly to what species a given number pertains. This index gives the numbers in regular sequence with the page of the present edition of the Check-list on which each will be found. It has not been thought necessary to include the letters that pas the sub- species except in a few unusual cases. Numbers for species that have been dropped from the list are included without page reference, while those applying to species now regarded as identical with other species are so indicated. In a few cases where former full species have been reduced to subspecies of another form, the numbers were inadvertently changed in the third edition. Such numbers are included here with their proper equivalents. 1.—p.7 24.—p. 252 45.—p. 218 65.—p. 240 2.—4 25.—252 46.—647 66.—240 3.—5 26.—253 47.—219 67.—241 4..— 6 27.—249-250 48.—219 68.—233 5.—6-7 28.—250 49.—220 69.—234 6.—8 29.—250-251 50.—220 70.—235 7.—1 30.—246-247 51.—221-222 71.—235 8.—2 31.—247-248 52.—222 72.—236 9=10 32.—246 53.—222 73.—237 10.—2-3 33.—245 54.—223 74.—239 11.—3 34.—248 54.1.—224 75.—237-238 12.—257 35.—215 55.—224-225 76.—238 13.—256-257 35.1.—215 55.1.—225-226 77.—242 14.—257 36.—212 56 78.—243 15.—255 37.—213 57.—228 79.—244 16.—253-254 38.—214 58.—226 80.—244 17.—254 39.—229 59.—227 81.—9 18.—254 40.—230 60.—227 82.—8 19.—255 41.—230 60.1.—228 82.1.—9 20.—255 42.—216 61.—231 82.2.—9 21.—253 42.1.—217 62.—231-232 82.3.—10 22 43.—218 63.—233 83.—10 23.—251 44.—218 64.—241 84.—644 652 85.—p. 644 86.—11-—12 86.1.—12 87.—644 88.—13 89.— 14 90.—16 91.—13 92.—18 92.1.—17 93.—17 93.1.—17 94—95 95.—15 95.1.—14 96.—16 96.1.—15 96.2.—-15 97.—12 98.—18 98.1.—18 98.2.—19 98.3.—19 99.—19 100 — 99 101.—644 102.—10 103.—24 104,.—645 105.—21 105-2-—22 106.—21-22 106.1.—23 106.2.—23 106.3.—24 107.—74 108.—23 1061.9? 109,—25 110.—25 111.—20 ie 113.—26 113.1.—28 114,—31 a 115.—32 Ss 116.— 33 117.—34 118.—39 119,—35 120.—35-36 121 .—37 122.—p. 37 123.—37-38 124.—38 125.—29 126.—29-30 127.—30 128.—39 129.—96 130.—97 131.—95 131.1.—646 132.—71 133 = 133a 133a.—72 (EE Bp. 134.—73 135.—73 136.—78 2.79 24s — 75 138.—75-76 139.—76 139.1.—76 140.—77 141.—78 141.1.—70 141.2.—70 142.—80 143.—74 143.1.—74 144.— 30 145.—646 146.—81 146.1.—82 147.—83 148.—83-—84 149.— 84 149.1. 84 149,2,—-82 150.—82 151.—85-86 152.— 86 153.—86 154.— 37 155.—88 156.—88 157.—89 158.—91 159.—90 160.—90 161.—90 162.—91 163.—94 164.—92 165.—92-93 INDEX 166.—p. 93 167.—95 168.—95 169.—67 169.1.—68 170.—68 171.—65 171.1.—645 171.la.—66 171.1b.—66 171.2.—66 172.—60-62 173 =173a 173a.—63 174.—63 175.—64 176.—64 177.—69 178.—69 178.1.—646 178.2.—58 179.—58 180.—59 181.—59 182,—57 183.—57 183.1.—56 184.—55 185.—56 186.—54 187.—55 188.—54 189.—645 190.—53 191.—52 191.1 192.—40 193 = 194b 194,—41—42 195.—43 196.—47 196.1.—49 197.—48 198.—46 199,49 200.—45 200.1.—45 201.—43—44 202.—50 203.—51 204.—149 205.—150 206.—150-151 207.—152 208.—152 209.—>p. 154 210.—153-154 210.1.—153 211.—153-155 212.—155 212.1.—156 213.—156 214.—157 215.—157 216.—158 216.1.—158 217.—159 218.—159 219.—160 220.—161 221.—162 222.—210 223.—211 224.—211 225.—209 226.—209 227.—178 228.—177 229.—179 230.—179 230.1 230.2.—180 231.—201 232.—201 233.—202 234.—192 234.1.—193 235.—193-195 236 — 235a 237 = 235b 238.—195 239.—195 240.—196 241.—196 242.—197 242.1.—198 242.2.—198 243.—199-200 244.—198 245.—208 246.—202 247.—203 248.—207 249.—204 250.—205 251.—206 252.—207 253.—646 253.1.—191 254.—190 255.—p. 191 256.—187 257 257.1.—188 258.— 189-190 259.—188 259.1.—189 260.—207 261.—185 262.—204- 263.—186 264.—181 264.1.—182 265.—183 266.—184 267.—182-184 268.—184 269.—165 269.1.—171 270.—174 271.—172 272.— 172-173 273.—170 274.—166 275.—166 276.—646 277.—167 278.—168 279.—169 280.—169-170 281.— 171 282.—175 283.—175-176 284..—176 285.— 164 286.—164 286.1.—164 287.—165 288.— 163 288.1.—147 288.2.—147 289.—140-141 290 291.—141 292.—144-145 293.—141 294.— 142-143 295.—143-144 296.—145 297.—125-126 298.—127 299.—127 300.—128-130 301.—131-132 302.—133-135 303.—p. 133 304.—135-136 305.—136-137 306.—136 307.—137 308.—138-139 309.—139 309.1.— 146 310.—148-149 311.—124 312.—259 313.—259 313.1.—260 314.—258 314.1.—258 315.—263 315.1.—263 315.2.—264 316.—262 317.—260 318.—266 319.—261 320.—264-265 321.—265 322.—266 322.1.—266 323.—648 324.—99 325.—98-99 326,—99 326.1.—100 327.—101 328.—100 329.—101 330.—102 331.—115 332.—103-104 333.—104 334.—102-103 335.—111 336 — 342 337.—105-106 338 = 337d 339.—107 340.—109 341.—109 342.—108 343.—108 344.—109 345.—112 346.—111 347.—110 348.—110 349.—112 350 INDEX 351.—p. 113 352.—113-114 352.1.—114 353 = 354b 354.—117-118 355.—118 356.—119 357.—120-121 358 = 357b 358.1.—122 359.—120 359.1.—122 360.—123 361 362.—116 363.—117 364.—116 365.—272 366.—287 367.—287 368.—284-285 369.—285 370.—286 371.—288-289 372.—289-290 373.—273-276 373.1.—276 374,.—277 375.—277-279 376.—279 377.—280 378.— 283-284 379.—28 1-282 379.1.—282 380.—282 381.—283 362.—267 382.1.—268 383.—271 384.—27 1-272 385.—270 386.—269 387.—269-270 388.—270 388.1.—268 389.—308 390.—309-310 390.1.—310 391.—311 392.—331 393.—323-325 394..—325-327 395.—329 396.—327-328 397.—328 653 398.—p. 328 399.—329 400.—330 401.—330-331 402.—320-321 403.—321-322 404.—322 405.—315 406.—318 407.—319 408.—320 409.—316 410.—317 411.—317-318 412.—312-313 413.—313-314 414,—314 415.—314 415.1.—311 416.—290 417.—291 418.—291-292 419.—293 420.—293-295 4.21.—296 422,.—297 423.—297 424,—298 424,1.—299 424,.2.—299 425.—300 426.—305 427.—305 428.—301 429.—301 430.—302 431.—302 432.—302 433.—303 434.—303 435.—304 436.—304 437.—300 438.—306 439.—306 439.1.—306 440.—307 440.1.—307 441.—308 441.1.—332 442.—335 443.—336 444,— 332 445.—333 446.—333-334 654 447.—p. 334 448.—334 449.—336 450 451.—337 452.—337-338 453.—338 453.1.—340 454.—339 455.—339-340 456.—340 457.—341-342 458.—341 459.—349 460.—348 461.—348 462.—348-349 463.—342 4.64..—346-347 465.—343 466.—343-344 467.—344 468.—345 469.—345 469.1.—346 470.—347 471.—350 472,.—351 4.73.—352 4.74.— 352-357 4.75.—376 476.—377 4.77.—369-370 478.—370-371 4.79,.—372 480.—372 480.1 480.2.—372 481.—373-374 481.1.—374 482.—374-375 483.—375 434..— 3 67-368 485.—3 68-369 4.86.—377-378 487.—378 438.—379 489.—379 490.—380 490.1.—380 490.2.—381 491.—381 492.—381 493.—465 493.1.—466 494,—p. 521 495.—540-541 496.—542 497.—525 498.—526-529 499.—529 500.—529 500.1.—530 501.—522-523 501.1.—524 502.—650 503.—531 503.1.—532 503.2.—531 504.,—533 505.—531-532 505.1.—533 506.—530 507.—533 508.—534-535 509.—535-536 510.—536 511.—539 512 = 513a 913.—537-538 514.—557 514.1.—556 914.2.—556 515.—563-564 516.—558 917.—559 518.—560 519.—560-561 920.—562 520.1.—561 521.—574-575 522.—576 923.—565 524.—565-566 525.—566 526.—566 526.1.—567 527.—567-568 528.—568-569 529.—571-572 530.—573 531.—573 532.—650 533.—570-571 534.— 640-641 535.—641 535.1.—641 536.—638-639 537.—639 538.— 640 INDEX 539.—p. 638 540.—597-598 541.—586 542.—586—-590 543.—589 544.—589-590 545.—592 546.—591-592 547.—593 548.—592 549,.—594-595 549.1.—595 550.—595-596 551.—597 551.1.—597 552.—599 553.—618 554.—619-620 555 — 554a 556 = 554b 557.—620 558.—621 559.—613 560.—613-614 561.—614 562.—615 563.—616 564.—617 565.—617-618 566.—606 567.—607-611 568 = 367g 569 — 570b 570.—611-612 571.—612 572.—611 573.—604—605 574.—606 574.1.—605-606 575.—602 576.—603 577 578.—603 579.—600 580.—600-601 581.—630-637 582 = 581r 583.—627-628 584.— 629-630 585.—622-627 586.—577 587.—578-579 588.—580-582 589.—582 590 — 592.1 591.—p. 582-584 591.1.—583 592.—585 592.1.—578 593.—546-547 594.—548 595.—549 596.—549-550 597.—550 598.—552 599.—552 600.—553 601.—554 602.—562 603.—554 603.1.—555 604.—555 605.—585 606 607.—543 608.—543 609.—544 610.—545 611.—365 611.1.—366 611.2.—366 612.—363-364 612.1.—364 613.—362-363 613.1.—362 614.—358 615.—358 615.1.—357 615.2.—361 616.—359-360 617.—360-361 618.—460 619.—460 620.—461 621.—462 622.—463-465 623.—473 624.—474 625.—474 626.—475 627.—476-—477 628.—471 629.—472-473 630.—466 631.—467-468 632.—468—469 633.—469-470 634.—470 635.—477 636.—478 637.—p. 478 638,.—479 639.-—479 640.—481 641.481 642.—480 643.—485 644,—484 645.—484 646.—482-483 647.—481 647.1.—485 648.—485 649.—486 649.1.—486 650.—490 651.—487 652.—487-489 653.—489 654,491 655.—492 656.—493 657.—489 658.—496 659.—499 660.—500 661.—500 662.—497 663.—498 664,—499 665.—494 666.—496 667.—495-496 668.—494 669.—496 670.—502 671.—501-502 672.—503-504 673.—p. 502-503 674.—505 675.—506-5S07 676.—507 677.—508 678.—508 679.—509 680.—509 681.—510-513 682.—514 682.1.—514 683.—5 14-515 684.—516 685.—517-518 686.—518 687.—519 688.—520 688.1.—515 688.2.—520 688.3.—521 689 690.—516 691 692 693 694.—455 695.—456 695.1.—-456 696.—456 697.—457-458 697.1.—458 698.—458 698.1.—458 699.—459 700.—459 701.—405—406 702.—429 703.—422—423 INDEX 704.—p. 423 705.—424—425 706.—426 707.—427 708.—426 709.—426 710.—427 71).— 498 712.—428—429 713.—416-417 714 = 713b 715.—421—422 716.—422 717.—420-421 718.—415-416 719.—411-414 719.1.—414 720.—414 721.—406—407 721.1.—408 722.—408-410 723.—409 723.1.—409 724.—420 725.—417-419 726.—402-404 727.—397-399 728.—399 729.—400 730.—400-401 731.—390 732.391 733.—391-393 734.—393 735.—382-384 736.—385-386 737.—386 738.—386-387 655 739.—p. 388 740.—388-389 741.—389-390 74.2.—404-405 743.—395-396 744,—396 745.—396 746.—394 747,449 747.1.—450 747.2.—449 748.—452-453 749.454 749.1.—455 750 = 749b 751.—450-451 752.—451-452 753.—451 754.—448 755.—435 756.—441-442 757.—440-441 758.—438-440 759.—436-438 760.—430 761.—431-433 761.1.—431 761.2.—433 162.—433 763.—434 764,—447 764.1.—447 765.—446 766.—443-444 167.—444-445 168.—445 3 me + 7 % : pare et * fon | ivr fey - oP aa * , - . ’ { ‘ : (yh hh rhe 4 Ett ae iy bt ar migy B— L.107 fot Say “CER < O oh 8 0T rh) $8) wh. Z20T haw) frp. FOP hee GOT ce—..90T a OLY at. ERT ee m4 8) Oka? i A zy ay a4 r wir ere i ror Sige doer ‘e ~TT8 elt TO pees | oy Coy OD aif Pol EE Fis {8d $) t.--£80 °¢l2~atte Ate Cz, re eke ie ¢ e "ie a. i, £RS E8d Rd ~2.£,. 880 ‘gua BAW ~ 903 a H2b--.80 > — Sei il Bis, Te.) gen “80n « FO £09 1.400 CTO - {ted BPD fers OR) 07F 33 Y Ris) )9 + OF 4 PB. , j 1 i Lae © . 77.2. FF . a INDEX A aalge, Uria, 246 Uria aalge, 246 abbreviatus, Parus gambeli, 386 aberti, Pipilo, 584 Pipilo aberti, 585 abieticola, Dryocopus pileatus, 315 acaciarum, Auriparus flaviceps, 394 acadicus, Aegolius, 289 Aegolius acadicus, 289 Acanthis, 567 Accentor, Mountain, 455 Accipiter, 102 Accipitridae, 100 achrusterus, Lophortyx californicus, 143 Turdus migratorius, 432 aciculatus, Agelaius phoeniceus, 529 acredula, Phylloscopus trochilus, 449 Acridotheres, 466 actia, Eremophila alpestris, 356 Actitis, 186 acuflavidus, Thalasseus sandvicensis, 241 aculeata, Sitta carolinensis, 398 acuminata, Erolia, 195 acuta, Anas, 74 acutipennis, Chordeiles, 296 Adamastor, 12 adamsii, Gavia, 2 adusta, Eremophila alpestris, 356 adustus, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, 292 Aechmophorus, 7 aedon, Troglodytes, 406 Troglodytes aedon, 406 Aegolius, 288 aeneus, Tangavius, 542 Tangavius aeneus, 542 Aéronautes, 299 aesalon, Falco columbarius, 122 aestaurinus, Telmatodytes palustris, 419 aestiva, Dendroica petechia, 487 aestivalis, Aimophila, 601 Aimophila aestivalis, 602 aethereus, Phaéthon, 26 Aethia, 254 affabilis, Parus inornatus, 392 affine, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillum, 416 affinis, Aythya, 84 Pooecetes gramineus, 598 Agelaius, 525 agilis, Oporornis, 508 Parus carolinensis, 386 aglaiae, Platypsaris, 331 aikeni, Junco, 606 Otus asio, 274 Aimophila, 600 Aix, 80 Ajaia, 56 ajaja, Ajaia, 57 alascanus, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, 114 alascensis, Buteo jamaicensis, 106 Calcarius lapponicus, 639 Lagopus lagopus, 132 Pinicola enucleator, 563 Troglodytes troglodytes, 409 Alauda, 351 Alaudidae, 351 alaudinus, Passerculus sandwichensis, 589 alba, Crocethia, 207 Motacilla, 455 Motacilla alba, 455 Tyto, 272 Albatross, Black-browed, 9 Black-footed, 9 Gray-headed, 643 Laysan, 9 Light-mantled Sooty, 644 Short-tailed, 8 Wandering, 643 White-capped, 10 Yellow-nosed, 10 albatrus, Diomedea, 8 albellus, Mergellus, 646 albeola, Bucephala, 86 albescens, Centurus uropygialis, 317 Certhia familiaris, 404 Perisoreus canadensis, 368 albicaudatus, Buteo, 109 albicilla, Haliaeetus, 113 albicollis, Nyctidromus, 293 Zonotrichia, 621 albifrons, Anser, 65 Catherpes mexicanus, 420 Sterna, 238 albigula, Pipilo fuscus, 584 albilora, Dendroica dominica, 498 albociliatus, Phalacrocorax auritus, 36 657 658 albolarvatus, Dendrocopos, 329 Dendrocopos albolarvatus, 329 albonotatus, Buteo, 109 albus, Casmerodius, 47 Eudocimus, 55 Lagopus lagopus, 131 Alca, 246 Alcae, 245 Alcedines, 309 Alcedinidae, 309 Alcedinoidea, 309 Alcidae, 245 alcyon, Megaceryle, 309 Megaceryle alcyon, 309 Alectoris, 146 aleutica, Ptychoramphus, 253 Ptychoramphus aleutica, 253 Sterna, 237 alexandrae, Lagopus lagopus, 132 Sitta carolinensis, 398 alexandri, Archilochus, 301 alexandrinus, Charadrius, 168 algistus, Bubo virginianus, 278 alle, Plautus, 248 Plautus alle, 248 alleni, Buteo lineatus, 107 Lagopus lagopus, 131 Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 579 alpestris, Eremophila, 352 Eremophila alpestris, 353 alpina, Eremophila alpestris, 354 Erolia, 199 Erolia alpina, 199 altera, Ammospiza caudacuta, 595 alticola, Anthus spinoletta, 458 Melospiza lincolnii, 628 Vireo solitarius, 472 altifrons, Pluvialis apricaria, 172 altiloquus, Vireo, 473 altipetens, Lagopus leucurus, 136 altivagans, Passerella iliaca, 623 altus, Thryomanes bewickii, 411 amaka, Melospiza melodia, 633 Amazilia, 305 ambiguus, Trogon elegans, 308 americana, Aythya, 81 Bucephala clangula, 86 Certhia familiaris, 402 Chloroceryle, 310 Fulica, 162 Fulica americana, 162 Grus, 149 Mareca, 79 Mycteria, 54 Oidemia nigra, 94 INDEX americana, Parula, 485 Recurvirostra, 209 Spiza, 555 americanus, Coccyzus, 269 Coccyzus americanus, 269 Mergus merganser, 96 Numenius, 180 Numenius americanus, 181 Ammodramus, 590 ammolegus, Ammodramus savannarum, 592 ammophila, Eremophila alpestris, 357 Ammospiza, 594 amnicola, Dendroica petechia, 488 amoena, Passerina, 552 amoenissima, Polioptila caerulea, 450 amoenus, Regulus satrapa, 453 Amphispiza, 603 amplus, Carpodacus, 562 anabelae, Sialia mexicana, 445 anaethetus, Sterna, 238 Anas, 71 Anatidae, 58 Anatinae, 70 anatum, Falco peregrinus, 119 angelica, Leptotila verreauxi, 266 angustifrons, Melanerpes formicivorus, 319 Anhinga, 38 anhinga, Anhinga, 38 Anhingidae, 38 ani, Crotophaga, 271 Ani, Groove-billed, 271 Smooth-billed, 271 anna, Calypte, 302 annectens, Cyanocitta stelleri, 371 Passerella iliaca, 624 Anoiis, 243 Anser, 65 anser, Anser, 645 Anseres, 58 Anseriformes, 58 Anserinae, 60 antarctica, Catharacta skua, 216 Priocella, 644 anthinus, Passerculus sandwichensis, 587 anthonyi, Butorides virescens, 44 Lanius ludovicianus, 464 anthracinus, Buteogallus, 112 Buteogallus anthracinus, 112 Anthus, 456 antillarum, Sterna albifrons, 239 antiquum, Synthliboramphus, 253 anulus, Passerculus sandwichensis, 589 apache, Regulus satrapa, 453 INDEX 659 Aphelocoma, 372 Aphriza, 174 Apodi, 297 Apodidae, 297 Apodiformes, 297 Apodinae, 298 appalachiensis, Sphyrapicus varius, 321 apricaria, Pluvialis, 172 Apus, 298 apus, Apus, 299 aquaticus, Rallus, 156 Aquila, 112 Aramidae, 151 Aramus, 151 aranea, Gelochelidon nilotica, 233 arborea, Dendrocygna, 70 Spizella, 612 Spizella arborea, 613 Archilochus, 301 arctica, Erolia alpina, 200 Fratercula, 256 Fratercula arctica, 256 Gavia, 2 arcticola, Eremophila alpestris, 352 arcticus, Cepphus grylle, 250 Picoides, 330 Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 580 arctolegus, Agelaius phoeniceus, 527 arcus, Perisoreus canadensis, 368 Ardea, 40 Ardeae, 40 Ardeidae, 40 Ardeinae, 40 Ardenna, 13 arenacea, Spizella pusilla, 616 Arenaria, 175 Arenariinae, 174 arenicola, Toxostoma lecontei, 428 argentatus, Larus, 221 argutula, Sturnella magna, 523 aripolius, Pipilo fuscus, 583 arizela, Geothlypis trichas, 513 arizonae, Aphelocoma ultramarina, 374 Caprimulgus vociferus, 291 Dendrocopos, 328 Dendrocopos arizonae, 328 Peucedramus taeniatus, 487 Spizella passerina, 614 Vireo bellii, 470 arminjoniana, Pterodroma, 19 arquata, Numenius, 181 Numenius arquata, 182 arra, Uria lomvia, 248 Arremonops, 577 artemisiae, Molothrus ater, 541 arvensis, Alauda, 351 Alauda arvensis, 352 aserriensis, Chordeiles minor, 295 asiatica, Zenaida, 261 Zenaida asiatica, 261 Asio, 286 asio, Otus, 273 Otus asio, 273 aspersus, Otus trichopsis, 276 assimilis, Puffinus, 17 Asyndesmus, 320 ater, Molothrus, 540 Molothrus ater, 540 athalassos, Sterna albifrons, 239 atkhensis, Lagopus mutus, 134 atlantica, Chen hyperborea, 67 Melospiza melodia, 631 atlantis, Cepphus grylle, 249 atra, Fulica, 161 Fulica atra, 161 atrata, Leucosticte, 566 atratus, Canachites canadensis, 127 Coragyps, 99 Parus gambeli, 387 Passerculus sandwichensis, 590 atrestus, Thryomanes bewickii, 413 atricapilla, Zonotrichia, 620 atricapilloides, Parus carolinensis, 385 atricapillus, Accipiter gentilis, 102 Parus, 382 Parus atricapillus, 382 Vireo, 466 atricilla, Larus, 226 atricristatus, Parus, 390 Parus atricristatus, 391 atrogularis, Spizella, 617 Atthis, 304 attwateri, Tympanuchus cupido, 137 auduboni, Dendroica, 493 Dendroica auduboni, 493 Hylocichla guttata, 437 audubonii, Caracara cheriway, 116 Dendrocopos villosus, 324 Icterus graduacauda, 531 Auk, Great, 245 Razorbill, 246 Auklet, Cassin’s, 253 Crested, 254 Least, 255 Parakeet, 254 Rhinoceros, 255 Whiskered, 255 aura, Cathartes, 98 Cathartes aura, 98 660 auratus, Colaptes, 312 Colaptes auratus, 313 aureoviridis, Eugenes fulgens, 305 auricollis, Icteria virens, 515 auricularis, Puffinus, 17 aurifrons, Centurus, 317 Centurus aurifrons, 317 Auriparus, 394 aurita, Zenaida, 260 auritus, Phalacrocorax, 35 Phalacrocorax auritus, 35 Podiceps, 5 aurocapillus, Seiurus, 504 Seiurus aurocapillus, 505 australe, Ptychoramphus aleutica, 254 australis, Leucosticte, 566 autumnalis, Dendrocygna, 69 Avocet, American, 209 Aythya, 81 Aythyinae, 81 B bacatus, Picoides tridactylus, 331 bachmani, Aimophila aestivalis, 602 Haematopus, 165 bachmanii, Vermivora, 481 badia, Prunella montanella, 455 baeri, Aythya, 82 bahamensis, Anas, 74 Anas bahamensis, 74 Coereba, 477 Coereba bahamensis, 477 Columbigallina passerina, 265 baileyae, Parus gambeli, 387 bairdi, Junco, 612 Melanerpes formicivorus, 319 Sialia mexicana, 444 bairdii, Ammodramus, 592 Erolia, 196 Balanosphyra, 319 baldwini, Troglodytes aedon, 407 bancrofti, Nyctanassa violacea, 51 bangsi, Amphispiza bilineata, 604 Podiceps dominicus, 7 barbatulus, Vireo altiloquus, 473 barbouri, Perisoreus canadensis, 367 barlowi, Parus rufescens, 390 baroli, Puffinus assimilis, 17 bartletti, Parus atricapillus, 383 Bartramia, 185 barrovianus, Larus hyperboreus, 217 Basilinna, 307 bassanus, Morus, 34 baueri, Limosa lapponica, 205 beali, Oceanodroma leucorhoa, 22 INDEX Becard, Rose-throated, 331 beldingi, Charadrius wilsonia, 170 Geothlypis, 513 Geothlypis beldingi, 514 Passerculus sandwichensis, 589 Rallus longirostris, 154 belli, Amphispiza, 605 Amphispiza belli, 606 bellii, Vireo, 469 Vireo bellii, 469 bendirei, Falco columbarius, 121 Loxia curvirostra, 575 Otus asio, 276 Toxostoma, 426 benti, Loxia curvirostra, 575 bermudianus, Vireo griseus, 468 bernicla, Branta, 63 bessophilus, Lampornis clemenciae, 305 bewickii, Thryomanes, 411 Thryomanes bewickii, 411 bicknelli, Hylocichla minima, 441 bicolor, Dendrocygna, 69 Iridoprocne, 358 Parus, 390 Perisoreus canadensis, 368 Tiaris, 554 Tiaris bicolor, 554 bilineata, Amphispiza, 603 Amphispiza bilineata, 604 Bittern, American, 53 Least, 52 Blackbird, 430 Brewer’s, 536 Redwinged, 526 Rusty, 535 Tawny-shouldered, 530 Tricolored, 529 Yellow-headed, 525 Bluebird, Eastern, 443 Mountain, 445 Western, 444 Bluethroat, 446 Bobolink, 521 Bobwhite, 140 Bombycilla, 459 Bombycillidae, 459 Bonasa, 128 Booby, Blue-faced, 31 Blue-footed, 31 Brown, 32 Red-footed, 33 borealis, Buteo jamaicensis, 105 Colaptes auratus, 312 Cypseloides niger, 297 INDEX borealis, Dendrocopos, 329 Dendrocopos borealis, 329 Hylocharis leucotis, 307 Lanius excubitor, 462 Numenius, 184 Nuttallornis, 349 Phylloscopus, 449 Puffinus diomedea, 13 Somateria mollissima, 90 boreophila, Spizella passerina, 614 boreus, Myiarchus crinitus, 337 Botaurinae, 52 Botaurus, 53 botterii, Aimophila, 602 Aimophila botterii, 603 bougainvillii, Phalacrocorax, 34 brachidactylus, Geothlypis trichas, 510 brachyptera, Tachycineta thalassina, 358 brachypterus, Podiceps dominicus, 6 Brachyramphus, 251 brachyrhynchos, Corvus, 378 Corvus brachyrhynchos, 379 brachyrhynchus, Anser fabalis, 66 Larus canus, 225 brachyurus, Buteo, 109 Brambling, 556 Brant, 63 Black, 63 Branta, 60 brasierii, Basileuterus culicivorus, 649 brasilianum, Glaucidium, 282 brevicauda, Passerella iliaca, 626 Thryomanes bewickii, 414 brevipes, Heteroscelus, 189 brevirostre, Brachyramphus, 252 brevirostris, Rissa, 230 breweri, Spizella, 615 Spizella breweri, 615 brewsteri, Acanthis, 650 Centurus uropygialis, 318 Empidonax traillii, 343 Leucophoyx thula, 48 Otus asio, 275 Sula leucogaster, 33 britannica, Carduelis carduelis, 567 bromia, Cyannocitta cristata, 369 brooksi, Aegolius acadicus, 290 Hesperiphona vespertina, 557 Passerculus sandwichensis, 587 browni, Sterna albifrons, 239 brunneicapillum, Campylorhynchus, 416 brunneicollis, Troglodytes, 407 brunnescens, Bonasa umbellus, 130 Colaptes chrysoides, 314 Lophortyx californicus, 142 661 bryanti, Campylorhynchus brunneicapil- lum, 416 Bubo, 277 Bubulcus, 45 buccinator, Olor, 59 Bucephala, 85 Bufflehead, 86 bullatus, Pipilo fuscus, 582 bulleri, Puffinus, 15 Bullfinch, 558 bullockii, Icterus, 534 Icterus bullockii, 534 bulwerii, Bulweria, 644 Bunting, Indigo, 552 Lark, 585 Lazuli, 552 McKay’s, 641 Painted, 553 Rustic, 641 Snow, 640 Townsend’s, 650 Varied, 553 burleighi, Thryothorus ludovicianus, 415 Burrica, 560 Bushtit, 395 Black-eared, 396 Buteo, 104 Buteogallus, 112 Buteoninae, 104 Butorides, 43 C cachinnans, Gallinula chloropus, 160 cactophila, Aphelocoma coerulescens, 374 cactophilus, Dendrocopos scalaris, 327 cactorum, Glaucidium brasilianum, 282 caerulea, Florida, 44 Florida caerulea, 45 Guiraca, 550 Guiraca caerulea, 550 Polioptila, 450 Polioptila caerulea, 450 caerulescens, Chen, 68 Dendroica, 490 Dendroica caerulescens, 491 Florida caerulea, 45 cafer, Colaptes, 313 Colaptes cafer, 313 cahow, Pterodroma, 18 cairnsi, Dendroica caerulescens, 491 cajanea, Aramides, 152 Calamospiza, 585 Calcarius, 638 662 INDEX calendula, Regulus, 453 Regulus calendula, 454 Calidridiinae, 192 Calidris, 192 californianus, Geococcyx, 270 Gymnogyps, 99 californica, Aphelocoma coerulescens, 373 Pinicola enucleator, 564 Polioptila melanura, 451 Sula dactylatra, 31 Uria aalge, 247 californicum, Glaucidium gnoma, 281 californicus, Agelaius phoeniceus, 529 Carpodacus purpureus, 559 Icterus cucullatus, 532 Larus, 222 Lophortyx, 142 Lophortyx californicus, 142 Pelecanus occidentalis, 30 Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, 292 Podiceps caspicus, 6 Psaltriparus minimus, 395 Callichelidon, 357 calliope, Luscinia, 447 Stellula, 304 Callipepla, 141 calophonus, Thryomanes bewickii, 412 Calothorax, 300 calurus, Buteo jamaicensis, 106 Calypte, 301 Campephilus, 331 campestris, Pedioecetes phasianellus, 138 campicola, Geothlypis trichas, 512 Camptorhynchus, 88 Camptostoma, 351 Campylorhynchus, 416 camtschatkensis, Luscinia calliope, 447 cana, Aphelocoma coerulescens, 373 Spizella atrogularis, 618 canace, Canachites canadensis, 127 Canachites, 126 canadensis, Aquila chrysaétos, 112 Branta, 60 Branta canadensis, 60 Canachites, 126 Canachites canadensis, 127 Grus, 150 Grus canadensis, 150 Perisoreus, 366 Perisoreus canadensis, 367 Sitta, 399 Wilsonia, 518 canagica, Philacte, 64 canaster, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 579 canescens, Aimophila ruficeps, 601 Amphispiza belli, 605 Passerella iliaca, 626 Sitta pygmaea, 401 Trogon elegans, 308 canfieldae, Lophortyx californicus, 142 canicauda, Chamaea fasciata, 405 canicaudus, Richmondena cardinalis, 547 caniceps, Junco, 611 Junco caniceps, 611 Sitta pusilla, 400 canora, Tiaris, 555 canorus, Garrulax, 648 canus, Larus, 224 Larus canus, 224 canutus, Calidris, 192 Calidris canutus, 192 Canvasback, 83 caparoch, Surnia ulula, 280 Capella, 178 capensis, Daption, 10 capitalis, Perisoreus canadensis, 367 Caprimulgi, 290 Caprimulgidae, 290 Caprimulgiformes, 290 Caprimulginae, 290 Caprimulgus, 290 captus, Lagopus mutus, 133 Caracara, 116 Caracara, Guadalupe, 117 Caracarinae, 116 carbo, Cepphus, 647 Phalacrocorax carbo, 35 carbonacea, Cyanocitta stelleri, 371 carbonata, Dendroica, 649 Cardellina, 516 Cardinal, 546 cardinalis, Richmondena, 546 Richmondena cardinalis, 546 cardonensis, Centurus uropygialis, 318 Otus asio, 276 Carduelis, 567 carduelis, Carduelis, 567 carlottae, Cyanocitta stelleri, 370 Pinicola enucleator, 564 carmenae, Amphispiza bilineata, 605 carneipes, Puffinus, 14 carolae, Pipilo fuscus, 583 carolina, Porzana, 157 carolinae, Vireo huttoni, 469 carolinensis, Anas, 76 Caprimulgus, 290 Conuropsis, 267 Conuropsis carolinensis, 267 Dumetella, 423 INDEX carolinensis, Junco hyemalis, 608 Pandion haliaetus, 116 Parus, 384 Parus carolinensis, 385 Pelecanus occidentalis, 30 Sitta, 397 Sitta carolinensis, 397 Zenaidura macroura, 262 carolinus, Centurus, 316 Centurus carolinus, 316 Euphagus, 535 Euphagus carolinus, 535 carpalis, Aimophila, 600 Aimophila carpalis, 600 Carpodacus, 558 Casarca, 70 cascadensis, Parus hudsonicus, 389 Casmerodius, 47 caspia, Hydroprogne, 241 caspicus, Podiceps, 5 Cassidix, 537 cassinii, Aimophila, 603 Carpodacus, 560 Pyrrhula pyrrhula, 558 Vireo solitarius, 473 castanea, Bonasa umbellus, 130 Dendroica, 500 castaneiceps, Dendroica petechia, 489 castanogastris, Callipepla squamata, 141 castro, Oceanodroma, 23 Oceanodroma castro, 23 catalinae, Thryomanes bewickii, 414 catalinensis, Lophortyx californicus, 142 Catbird, 423 catesbyi, Phaéthon lepturus, 27 Catharacta, 215 Cathartae, 98 Cathartes, 98 Cathartidae, 98 Cathartoidea, 98 Catherpes, 420 Catoptrophorus, 189 caudacuta, Ammospiza, 594 Ammospiza caudacuta, 594 caudacutus, Passerherbulus, 592 caurina, Megaceryle alcyon, 310 Melospiza melodia, 634 Spizella atrogularis, 618 Strix occidentalis, 285 caurinus, Agelaius phoeniceus, 528 Corvus, 379 Limnodromus griseus, 201 Melanerpes crythrocephalus, 318 Turdus migratorius, 433 caurus, Pedioecetes phasianellus, 138 663 cauta, Diomedea, 10 Diomedea cauta, 10 cavicola, Petrochelidon fulva, 364 cecaumenorum, Psaltriparus minimus, 396 cedrorum, Bombycilla, 460 celata, Vermivora, 482 Vermivora celata, 482 celsum, Toxostoma curvirostre, 427 Centrocercus, 139 Centurus, 316 Cepphus, 249 Cerchneis, 122 Cerorhinca, 255 cerroensis, Thryomanes bewickii, 414 Certhia, 401 Certhiidae, 401 Certhiinae, 401 cerulea, Dendroica, 496 cervinus, Anthus, 459 Cerylinae, 309 Chachalaca, 124 Chaetura, 297 Chaeturinae, 297 chalconota, Amazilia yucatanensis, 306 chalybea, Progne, 366 Progne chalybea, 366 Chamaea, 404 Chamaeidae, 404 Chamaethylpis, 514 chamberlaini, Lagopus mutus, 134 chapmani, Chordeiles minor, 295 Oceanodroma leucorhoa, 22 Charadrii, 163 Charadriidae, 165 Charadriiformes, 163 Charadriinae, 165 Charadrioidea, 163 Charadrius, 165 charienturus, Thryomanes bewickii, 414 Chat, Yellow-breasted, 514 Chen, 66 cheriway, Caracara, 116 Chicadee, Black-capped, 382 Boreal, 388 Carolina, 384 Chestnut-backed, 389 Gray-headed, 388 Mexican, 386 Mountain, 386 chihi, Plegadis, 55 chilensis, Catharacta skua, 215 Oceanites oceanicus, 25 664 chinensis, Jynx torquilla, 311 Streptopelia, 263 Streptopelia chinensis, 263 Chlidonias, 242 Chloroceryle, 310 chloronotus, Tyrannus melancholicus, 334 chloropus, Gallinula, 160 chlororhynchos, Diomedea, 10 chlororhynchus, Puffinus pacificus, 15 Chlorura, 577 chlorura, Chlorura, 578 Chondestes, 598 Chordeiles, 293 Chordeilinae, 293 chrysaétos, Aquila, 112 chryseola, Geothlypis trichas, 512 Wilsonia pusilla, 518 chrysia, Geotrygon, 266 chrysoides, Colaptes, 314 Colaptes chrysoides, 314 chrysoparia, Dendroica, 496 chrysoptera, Vermivora, 480 chrysostoma, Diomedea, 643 Chuck-will’s-widow, 290 Chukar, 147 Ciconiae, 53 Ciconiidae, 53 Ciconiiformes, 40 Ciconioidea, 53 cincinatus, Phalacrocorax auritus, 36 cincinnatiensis, Vermivora, 648 Cinclidae, 405 Cinclus, 405 cinctus, Parus, 388 cineraceus, Otus asio, 275 Parus inornatus, 392 Regulus calendula, 454 cinerascens, Myiarchus, 338 Myiarchus cinerascens, 339 cinerea, Amphispiza belli, 606 Ardea, 42 Ardea cinerea, 43 cinereum, Toxostoma, 426 Toxostoma cinereum, 426 cinereus, Adamastor, 12 Seiurus aurocapillus, 505 cineritius, Empidonax difficilis, 347 cinnamomea, Tringa solitaria, 187 Circinae, 114 circumcinctus, Charadrius melodus, 167, 168 Circus, 114 ciris, Passerina, 553 Passerina ciris, 554 INDEX cirrhata, Lunda, 257 cismontanus, Junco hyemalis, 608 Cissilopha, 375 Cistothorus, 419 citrea, Protonotaria, 478 citrina, Wilsonia, 516 Clangocycnus, 59 Clangula, 87 clangula, Bucephala, 85 Bucephala clangula, 85 clara, Zenaida asiatica, 261 clarescens, Hylocichla ustulata, 440 clarionensis, Corvus corax, 378 clemenciae, Lampornis, 305 Lampornis clemenciae, 305 clementae, Melospiza melodia, 636 Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 582 clementeae, Amphispiza belli, 606 clementis, Carpodacus mexicanus, 561 cleonensis, Melospiza melodia, 635 clypeata, Spatula, 80 coburni, Turdus musicus, 430 Coccothraustes, 556 coccothraustes, Coccothraustes, 556 Coccyzus, 269 Coereba, 477 Coerebidae, 477 Coerebinae, 477 coerulescens, Aphelocoma, 372 Aphelocoma coerulescens, 372 cognatus, Vireo huttoni, 469 Colaptes, 312 colchicus, Phasianus, 146 Colinus, 139 collaris, Aythya, 82 Colaptes cafer, 313 coloradense, Toxostoma dorsale, 428 colubris, Archilochus, 301 Columba, 258 columba, Cepphus, 250 Cepphus columba, 250 Columbae, 258 columbarius, Falco, 120 Falco columbarius, 120 columbiana, Nucifraga, 381 columbianus, Olor, 59 Parus hudsonicus, 389 Pedioecetes phasianellus, 138 Columbidae, 258 Columbiformes, 258 Columbigallina, 264 Columbinae, 258 conboschas, Anas platyrhynchos, 71 INDEX Condor, California, 99 confinis, Oreortyx pictus, 145 Pooecetes gramineus, 598 Turdus, 433 confluenta, Sturnella neglecta, 524 consobrinus, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 582 conspersus, Catherpes mexicanus, 421 Contopus, 347 Conuropsis, 267 cookei, Sitta carolinensis, 397 cookii, Pterodroma, 19 cooperi, Melospiza melodia, 636 Myiarchus tyrannulus, 338 Piranga rubra, 545 Pisobia, 647 cooperii, Accipiter, 104 Coot, American, 162 European, 161 Coraciiformes, 309 Coragyps, 99 corax, Corvus, 377 Cormorant, Brandt’s, 37 Double-crested, 35 Great, 34 Olivaceous, 37 Pallas’, 645 Pelagic, 37 Red-faced, 38 corniculata, Fratercula, 257 cornix, Corvus, 380 Corvus cornix, 381 cornutus, Podiceps auritus, 5 coronata, Dendroica, 491 Dendroica coronata, 492 coronatorum, Melospiza melodia, 637 corone, Corvus, 380 correctus, Thryomanes bewickii, 413 Corthylio, 453 Corvidae, 366 Corvinae, 377 Corvus, 377 costae, Calypte, 302 Cotingidae, 331 Coturnicops, 157 coturniculus, Laterallus jamaicensis, 158 couchii, Aphelocoma ultramarina, 375 Tyrannus melancholicus, 333 couesi, Campylorhynchus brunneicapil- lum, 416 Erolia ptilocnemis, 195 Cowbird, Bronzed, 542 Brown-headed, 540 Cracidae, 124 Cracoidea, 124 665 Crake, Corn, 159 Spotted, 156 Crane, Sandhill, 150 Whooping, 149 crassirostris, Larus, 224 crassus, Passerculus sandwichensis, 587 craveri, Endomychura, 253 creatopus, Puffinus, 13 crecca, Anas, 75 Anas crecca, 75 Creeper, Brown, 401 crepitans, Rallus longirostris, 154 Crex, 159 crex, Crex, 159 crinitus, Myiarchus, 337 Myiarchus crinitus, 338 crissalis, Pipilo fuscus, 583 Sterna fuscata, 238 Vermivora, 485 cristata, Cyanocitta, 369 Cyanocitta cristata, 369 cristatella, Aethia, 254 cristatellus, Acridotheres, 466 Acridotheres cristatellus, 466 Crocethia, 207 Crossbill, Red, 574 White-winged, 576 Crotophaga, 271 Crotophaginae, 271 Crow, 378 Fish, 380 Hooded, 380 Northwestern, 379 crymophila, Hylocichla guttata, 438 cryptoleuca, Progne, 366 cryptoleucus, Corvus, 378 cryptus, Thryomanes bewickii, 412 Cuckoo, Black-billed, 270 Mangrove, 269 Oriental, 268 Yellow-billed, 269 Cuculi, 268 Cuculidae, 268 Cuculiformes, 268 Cuculinae, 268 cucullatus, Icterus, 531 Icterus cucullatus, 531 Lophodytes, 95 Cuculus, 268 cunicularia, Speotyto, 283 cupido, Tympanuchus, 136 Tympanuchus cupido, 136 Curlew, Bristle-thighed, 184 Eskimo, 184 Eurasian, 181 Long-billed, 180 666 curonicus, Charadrius dubius, 646 currucoides, Sialia, 445 curtatus, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 581 curvirostra, Loxia, 574 Loxia curvirostra, 574 curvirostre, Toxostoma, 426 cuvieri, Regulus, 648 cyanea, Passerina, 552 cyaneoviridis, Callichelidon, 357 cyaneus, Circus, 114 cyanocephala, Gymnorhinus, 381 Starnoenas, 648 cyanocephalus, Euphagus, 536 Cyanocitta, 369 Cyanocorax, 375 cyanoptera, Anas, 78 cyanotephra, Cyanocitta cristata, 370 Cyclorrhynchus, 254 Cygninae, 58 Cygnus, 58 cygnus, Olor, 58 Cymochorea, 21 Cynanthus, 307 Cypseloides, 297 Cyrtonyx, 145 Cyrtopelicanus, 28 D dactylatra, Sula, 31 Sula dactylatra, 31 daggetti, Sphyrapicus varius, 322 Daption, 10 dawsoni, Leucosticte tephrocotis, 566 decoloratus, Lophortyx californicus, 143 deglandi, Melanitta, 92 Melanitta deglandi, 92 delawarensis, Larus, 223 delicata, Capella gallinago, 179 Delichon, 361 Dendragapus, 124 Dendrocopos, 323 Dendrocygna, 68 Dendrocygninae, 68 Dendroica, 487 deserticola, Amphispiza bilineata, 604 dextra, Piranga flava, 544 diazi, Anas, 72 Dichromanassa, 46 Dickcissel, 555 dickeyae, Passerina versicolor, 553 dickeyi, Dichromanassa rufescens, 46 Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, 292 difficilis, Empidonax, 346 Empidonax difficilis, 346 INDEX Diomedea, 8 diomedea, Puffinus, 13 Puffinus diomedea, 13 Diomedeidae, 8 Dipper, 405 discolor, Dendroica, 502 Dendroica discolor, 502 discors, Anas, 77 Anas discors, 77 dissaéptus, Telmatodytes palustris, 418 diversa, Ammospiza caudacuta, 594 dixoni, Lagopus mutus, 135 Melanitta deglandi, 93 Dolichonyx, 521 dolosus, Aramus guarauna, 646 domesticus, Passer, 520 Passer domesticus, 520 dominica, Dendroica, 498 Dendroica dominica, 498 Oxyura, 95 Pluvialis, 172 Pluvialis dominica, 172 dominicensis, Tyrannus, 333 Tyrannus dominicensis, 333 dominicus, Podiceps, 6 dorsale, Toxostoma, 428 Toxostoma dorsale, 428 dorsalis, Junco caniceps, 611 Picoides tridactylus, 330 Dotterel, 171 dougallii, Sterna, 236 Sterna dougallii, 236 Dove, Ground, 264 Inca, 265 Mourning, 262 Ringed Turtle, 264 Rock, 260 Ruddy Ground, 647 Spotted, 263 White-fronted, 265 White-winged, 261 Zenaida, 260 Dovekie, 248 Dowitcher, Long-billed, 201 Short-billed, 200 dresseri, Somateria mollissima, 90 drymoecus, Thryomanes bewickii, 413 Dryocopus, 314 Duck, Bahama, 74 Black, 72 Black-bellied Tree, 69 Fulvous Tree, 69 Harlequin, 88 Labrador, 88 Masked, 95 Duck, Mexican, 72 Mottled, 72 Ring-necked, 82 Ruddy, 94 Tufted, 84 West Indian Tree, 70 White-faced Tree, 646 Wood, 80 Dumetella, 423 dumeticolus, Pipilo aberti, 585 dysleptus, Parus atricristatus, 391 Dytes, 5 E Eagle, Bald, 113 Golden, 112 Gray Sea, 113 Steller’s Sea, 114 eburnea, Pagophila, 229 Ectopistes, 263 Egret, Cattle, 45 Common, 47 Lesser, 645 Little, 49 Reddish, 46 Snowy, 48 Egretta, 48 egretta, Casmerodius albus, 47 Eider, 89 Common, 89 King, 91 Spectacled, 91 Steller’s, 89 eidos, Parus sclateri, 386 elachistus, Bubo virginianus, 279 Elaninae, 100 Elanoides, 100 Elanus, 100 elegans, Buteo lineatus, 107 Rallus, 152 Rallus elegans, 152 Thalasseus, 240 Trogon, 308 ellioti, Amazilia verticalis, 306 Emberiza, 641 Emberizinae, 577 Empidonax, 342 Endomychura, 252 INDEX 667 eremophilus, Oreortyx pictus, 145 Pipilo fuscus, 583 Thryomanes bewickii, 412 Ereunetes, 202 ericrypta, Melospiza georgiana, 629 Erolia, 193 erythrocephalus, Melanerpes, 318 Melanerpes erythrocephalus, 318 erythrogaster, Hirundo rustica, 362 erythrophthalmus, Pipilo, 578 Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 578 erythropthalmus, Coccyzus, 270 erythrorhynchos, Pelecanus, 28 eschatosus, Pinicola enucleator, 563 Eudocimus, 55 Eudromias, 171 Eugenes, 304 Euphagus, 535 euphonia, Melospiza melodia, 631 Eupoda, 171 Eurynorhynchus, 208 Euthlypis, 515 evermanni, Lagopus mutus, 134 evura, Spizella atrogularis, 617 excubitor, Lanius, 462 excubitorides, Lanius ludovicianus, 463 exilipes, Acanthis hornemanni, 568 exilis, Ixobrychus, 52 Ixobrychus exilis, 52 extimus, Buteo lineatus, 107 Parus carolinensis, 385 exulans, Diomedea, 643 F fabalis, Anser, 66 Anser fabalis, 645 faeroeensis, Capel gallinago, 179 falcata, Anas, 75 falcifer, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 581 falcinellus, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 581 Plegadis, 54 Plegadis falcinellus, 54 Falco, 117 Falcon, Aplomado, 120 Peregrine, 118 Prairie, 118 Falcones, 100 Falconidae, 116 Falconiformes, 98 Falconinae, 117 Falconoidea, 100 fallax, Melospiza melodia, 637 familiaris, Certhia, 401 fannini, Ardea herodias, 42 enertera, Eremophila alpestris, 356 enthymia, Eremophila alpestris, 353 enucleator, Pinicola, 562 episcopus, Sialia sialis, 443 eremicus, Dendrocopos scalaris, 328 eremoeca, Aimophila ruficeps, 600 Eremophila, 352 668 INDEX fasciata, Chamaea, 404 floridanus, Dryocopus pileatus, 315 Chamaea fasciata, 405 Otus asio, 273 Columba, 258 Phalacrocorax auritus, 36 Columba fasciata, 259 Flycatcher, Acadian, 343 fasciatus, Picoides tridactylus, 330 Ash-throated, 338 faxoni, Hylocichla guttata, 438 Beardless, 351 fedoa, Limosa, 204 Buff-breasted, 347 femoralis, Falco, 120 Coues’, 347 ferina, Aythya, 82 Dusky, 345 ferruginea, Casarca, 70 Fork-tailed, 335 Erolia, 198 Gray, 346 Fieldfare, 433 Great Crested, 337 Finch, Black Rosy, 566 Hammond’s, 345 Brown-capped Rosy, 566 Kiskadee, 336 Cassin’s, 560 Least, 344 Gray-crowned Rosy, 564 Nutting’s, 340 Guadalupe House, 562 Olivaceous, 339 House, 560 Olive-sided, 349 McGregor’s House, 561 Scissor-tailed, 336 Purple, 558 Sulphur-bellied, 337 fischeri, Lampronetta, 91 Traill’s, 343 fisherella, Melospiza melodia, 633 Vermilion, 350 fisheri, Ammospiza maritima, 596 Western, 346 Flamingo, American, 57 Wied’s Crested, 338 fiammea, Acanthis, 568 Yellow-bellied, 342 Acanthis flammea, 568 forficata, Muscivora, 336 flammeolus, Otus, 277 forficatus, Elanoides, 101 Otus flammeolus, 277 Elanoides forficatus, 101 flammeus, Asio, 287 formicivorus, Melanerpes, 319 Asio flammeus, 287 Melanerpes formicivorus, 319 Pyrocephalus rubinus, 350 formosa, Anas, 76 flammula, Pinicola enucleator, 564 formosus, Oporornis, 508 flava, Motacilla, 456 forsteri, Sterna, 234 Piranga, 544 fortis, Agelaius phoeniceus, 527 flaveola, Coereba, 477 fortuitus, Parus atricapillus, 384 flaviceps, Auriparus, 394 franklinii, Canachites canadensis, 127 Auriparus flaviceps, 394 Fratercula, 256 flavifrons, Vireo, 471 * frazari, Butorides virescens, 44 flavipes, Totanus, 191 Haematopus palliatus, 164 flavirostris, Anser albifrons, 65 Fregata, 39 Columba, 259 Fregatae, 39 Columba flavirostris, 259 Fregatidae, 39 flaviventris, Empidonax, 342 Fregetta, 25 flavoviridis, Vireo, 474 Frigate-bird, Magnificent, 39 Vireo flavoviridis, 474 Fringilla, 555 Flicker, Gilded, 314 Fringillidae, 546 Red-shafted, 313 Fringillinae, 555 Yellow-shafted, 312 frontalis, Anser albifrons, 65 Florida, 44 Carpodacus mexicanus, 560 fiorida, Dendroica pinus, 502 Cyanocitta stelleri, 371 floridana, Richmondena cardinalis, 547 frugilegus, Corvus, 380 Speotyto cunicularia, 284 Corvus frugilegus, 380 floridanus, Agelaius phoeniceus, 526 fuertesi, Buteo jamaicensis, 105 Ammodramus savannarum, 591 fulgens, Dendrocygna autumnalis, 69 Colinus virginianus, 140 Eugenes, 304 INDEX 669 Fulica, 161 gambelii, Lophortyx, 143 fulicarius, Phalaropus, 210 Lophortyx gambelii, 143 Fulicinae, 161 Zonotrichia leucophrys, 619 fuliginosa, Hylocichla fuscescens, 442 garrinus, Parus atricapillus, 384 Passerella iliaca, 624 garrula, Bombycilla, 459 fuliginosus, Dendragapus obscurus, 125 Bombycilla garrula, 460 fuligula, Aythya, 84 Garrulinae, 366 Fulmar, 11 garzetta, Egretta, 49 Giant, 644 Egretta garzetta, 49 Slender-billed, 644 Gavia, 1 Fulmarinae, 10 Gaviidae, 1 Fulmarus, 11 : Gaviiformes, 1 fulva, Branta canadensis, 61 Gelochelidon, 232 Passerella iliaca, 626 Petrochelidon, 364 Pluvialis dominica, 173 gentilis, Accipiter, 102 Geococcyx, 270 Sialia sialis, 444 georgiana, Melospiza, 629 fulvescens, Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, 548 Melospiza georgiana, 629 fulvifrons, Empidonax, 347 georgica, Strix varia, 285 fulvigula, Anas, 72 Geothlypis, 510 Anas fulvigula, 73 Geotrygon, 266 funereus, Aegolius, 288 giganteus, Macronectes, 644 furcata, Oceanodroma, 20 gilvus, Vireo, 475 Oceanodroma furcata, 21 Vireo gilvus, 476 furcatus, Creagrus, 647 | giraudi, Eremophila alpestris, 354 furvior, Seiurus aurocapillus, 505 : lacialis, d b Ese fusca, Dendroica, 497 2 peeaieoans Sc tee ale Melanitta, 92 sae fuscata, Sterna, 237 oe selacialis, Pt glareola, Tringa, 188 Sterna fuscata, 237 re 218 fuscescens, Hylocichla, 441 eau enee net Hylocichla fuscescens, 441 Glaucidium, 281 fuscicollis, Erolia, 196 glaucoides, Larus, 217 fuscus, Larus, 220 Larus glaucoides, 218 Pipilo, 582 Gnaicatcher, Black-tailed, 451 Blue-gray, 450 G gnoma, Glaucidium, 281 gabrielsoni, Lagopus mutus, 134 Glaucidium gnoma, 282 Gadwall, 73 Godwit, Bar-tailed, 205 gaigei, Pipilo erythophthalmus, 580 Bee gairdnerii, Dendrocopos pubescens, 327 Hudsonian, Marbled, 204 galbula;Teters;/533 Goldeneye, Barrow’s, 86 Galli, 124 a Common, 85 Caton im Goldfinch, American, 571 gallinago, Capella, 178 Lesser, 572 Capella gallinago, 179 European, 567 Gallinula, 160 Lawrence’s, 573 Gallinule, Common, 160 goldmani, Geothlypis beldingi, 514 Purple, 159 Goose, Barnacle, 64 gallopavo, Meleagris, 148 Bean, 66 gambeli, Anser albifrons, 65 Blue, 68 Lanius ludovicianus, 464 Canada, 60 Parus, 386 Emperor, 64 Parus gambeli, 387 Ross’, 68 670 Goose, Snow, 67 White-fronted, 65 Goshawk, 102 gouldii, Melospiza melodia, 635 grabae, Fratercula arctica, 257 graciae, Dendroica, 499 Dendroica graciae, 499 gracilis, Melospiza lincolnii, 628 Grackle, Boat-tailed, 537 Common, 539 graduacauda, Icterus, 530 graeca, Alectoris, 147 graellsii, Larus fuscus, 220 graminea, Melospiza melodia, 636 gramineus, Pooecetes, 597 Pooecetes gramineus, 597 grammacus, Chondestes, 599 Chondestes grammacus, 599 Grassquit, Black-faced, 554 Melodious, 555 grata, Sialia sialis, 443 gravirostris, Dendrocopos albolarvatus,, 329 gravis, Platypsaris aglaiae, 332 Puffinus, 14 graysoni, Parula, 486 Grebe, Eared, 5 Horned, 5 Least, 6 Pied-billed, 7 Red-necked, 4 Western, 7 Greenshank, 646 grindae, Psaltriparus minimus, 395 grinnelli, Glaucidium gnoma, 281 Lanius ludovicianus, 464 Loxia curvirostra, 576 Parus gambeli, 386 Regulus calendula, 454 grisegena, Podiceps, 4 Podiceps grisegena, 4 griseonucha, Leucosticte tephrocotis, 565 griseus, Limnodromus, 200 Limnodromus griseus, 201 Perisoreus canadensis, 369 Puffinus, 15 Telmatodytes palustris, 417 Vireo, 467 Vireo griseus, 467 Grosbeak, Black-headed, 549 Blue, 550 Evening, 556 Pine, 562 Rose-breasted, 549 INDEX Ground-Chat, 514 Grouse, Blue, 124 Ruffed, 128 Sage, 139 Sharp-tailed, 137 Spruce, 126 Grues, 149 Gruidae, 149 Gruiformes, 149 Gruinae, 149 Gruoidea, 149 Grus, 149 grylle, Cepphus, 249 guadalupensis, Falco sparverius, 123 guadeloupensis, Salpinctes obsoletus, 422 guarauna, Aramus, 151 Guillemot, 249 Pigeon, 250 Sooty, 647 Guiraca, 550 gularis, Icterus, 532 Gull, Black-headed, 225 Black-tailed, 224 Bonaparte’s, 227 California, 222 Franklin’s, 227 Glaucous, 216 Glaucous-winged, 218 Great Black-backed, 219 Heermann’s 228 Herring, 221 Iceland, 217 Ivory, 229 Laughing, 226 Lesser Black-backed, 220 Little, 228 Mew, 224 Nelson’s, 647 Ring-billed, 223 Ross’, 231 Sabine’s, 231 Slaty-backed, 219 Swallow-tailed, 647 Western, 219 gundlachi, Dendroica petechia, 489 gundlachii, Chordeiles minor, 295, 296 gustavi, Anthus, 458 guttata, Hylocichla, 436 Hylocichla guttata, 436 guttatus, Passerculus sandwichensis, 589 gutturalis, Hirundo rustica, 363 Gymnogyps, 99 Gymnorhinus, 381 Gyrfalcon, 117 INDEX H hachisukai, Chloroceryle americana, 311 haemastica, Limosa, 206 Haematopodidae, 163 Haematopus, 163 Haliaeetus, 113 haliaetus, Pandion, 115 Halocyptena, 24 hammondii, Empidonax, 345 harlani, Buto, 106 harpaceus, Centurus carolinus, 316 harrisi, Dendrocopos villosus, 324 Parabuteo unicinctus, 111 harterti, Falco peregrinus, 119 hasbroucki, Otus asio, 274 hasitata, Peterodroma, 18 Hawfinch, 556 Hawk, Black, 112 Broad-winged, 108 Cooper’s, 104 Ferruginous, 110 Gray, 111 Harlan’s, 106 Harris’, 111 Marsh, 114 Pigeon, 120 Red-shouldered, 106 Red-tailed, 104 Rough-legged, 109 Sharp-shinned, 103 Short-tailed, 109 Sparrow, 123 Swainson’s, 108 White-tailed, 109 Zone-tailed, 109 Hawk-Owl, 280 Hedymeles, 548 heermanni, Larus, 228 Melospiza melodia, 636 helleri, Troglodytes troglodytes, 410 hellmayri, Empidonax difficilis, 347 Helmitheros, 479 heloisa, Atthis, 304 Atthis heloisa, 304 Helospiza, 627 helva, Dendrocygna bicolor, 69 helveola, Strix varia, 285 hendersoni, Liomnodromus griseus, 201 henryi, Chordeiles minor, 295 henshawi, Chamaea fasciata, 405 henslowii, Passerherbulus, 593 Passerherbulus henslowii, 593 hepatica, Piranga flava, 544 herodias, Ardea, 41 Ardea herodias, 41 671 Heron, Black-crowned Night, 50 Gray, 42 Great Blue, 41 Great White, 40 Green, 43 Little Blue, 44 Louisiana, 49 Yellow-crowned Night, 51 hesperia, Progne subis, 365 Hesperiphona, 556 hesperis, Chordeiles, 294 Corvus brachyrhynchos, 379 Ixobrychus exilis, 52 hesperophilus, Spinus psaltria, 573 heterocnemis, Bubo virginianus, 277 Heteroscelus, 188 hiaticula, Charadrius, 166 Charadrius hiaticula, 166 hibernans, Rallus aquaticus, 156 hiemalis, Troglodytes troglodytes, 408 Hierofalco, 117 Himantopus, 209 himantopus, Micropalama, 202 Hirundinidae, 357 Hirundo, 361 hirundo, Sterna, 234 Sterna hirundo, 235 Histrionicus, 88 histrionicus, Histrionicus, 88 hoactli, Nycticorax nycticorax, 50 hoffmanii, Centurus, 317 holboellii, Acanthis flammea, 569 holbdllii, Podiceps grisegena, 4 homochroa, Oceanodroma, 23 Honeycreeper, Bahama, 477 hoopesi, Sturnella magna, 523 hooveri, Dendroica coronata, 492 hornbyi, Oceanodroma, 644 hornemanni, Acanthis, 567 Acanthis hornemanni, 567 horsfieldi, Cuculus saturatus, 268 hoskinsii, Glaucidium gnoma, 282 howardi, Dendragapus obscurus, 126 howelli, Chordeiles minor, 294 hoyti, Eremophila alpestris, 353 hrota, Branta bernicla, 63 hudsonia, Pica pica, 376 hudsonicus, Numenius phaeopus, 183 Parus, 388 Parus hudsonicus, 388 hudsonius, Circus cyaneus, 115 hueyi, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, 292 humeralis, Agelaius, 530 Hummingbird, Allen’s, 303 Anna’s, 302 672 Hummingbird, Black-chinned, 301 Blue-throated, 305 Broad-billed, 307 Broad-tailed, 302 Buff-bellied, 306 Calliope, 304 Costa’s, 302 Emerald, 648 Heloise’s, 304 Lucifer, 300 Rieffer’s, 305 Rivoli’s, 304 Ruby-throated, 301 Rufous, 303 Violet-crowned, 306 White-eared, 307 Xantus’, 307 hutchinsii, Branta canadensis, 62 huttoni, Vireo, 468 Vireo huttoni, 468 Hwa-mei, 648 Hydranassa, 49 Hydrobatidae, 20 Hydroprogne, 241 hyemalis, Clangula, 87 Junco, 607 Junco hyemalis, 607 Hylocharis, 307 Hylocichla, 435 hylonomus, Dendrocopos borealis, 329 hyloscopus, Dendrocopos villosus, 325 hyperborea, Chen, 67 Chen hyperborea, 67 hyperboreus, Larus, 216 Larus, hyperboreus, 216 Plectrophenax, 641 hyperonca, Ardea herodias, 42 hypochrysea, Dendroica palmarum, 504 hypoleuca, Aphelocoma coerulescens, 374 Endomychura, 252 Endomychura hypoleuca, 252 Pelagodroma marina, 20 hypopolia, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, 364 hypospodius, Buteo albicaudatus, 109 hypugaea, Speotyto cunicularia, 283 I ibis, Bubulcus, 45 Bubulcus ibis, 45 Ibis, Glossy, 54 Scarlet, 56 White, 55 White-faced, 55 INDEX icastus, Dendrocopos villosus, 325 Icteria, 514 ictericus, Spinus magellanicus, 650 Icteridae, 521 Icterus, 530 icterus, Icterus, 650 Ictinia, 101 idonea, Micrathene whitneyi, 283 ignea, Richmondena cardinalis, 547 ignoscens, Lophortyx gambelii, 144 ignota, Geothlypis trichas, 511 ijimae, Riparia riparia, 360 iliaca, Passerella, 622 Passerella iliaca, 622 iliacus, Telmatodytes palustris, 418 illinoensis, Aimophila aestivalis, 602 imberbe, Camptostoma, 351 Camptostoma imberbe, 351 immanis, Aphelocoma coerulescens, 373 immer, Gavia, 1 immutabilis, Diomedea, 9 impennis, Pinguinus, 245 impiger, Parus carolinensis, 385 inca, Scardafella, 265 incana, Bonasa umbellus, 129 Hylocichla ustulata, 439 incanescens, Centurus aurifrons, 317 incanum, Heteroscelus, 188 inexpectata, Melospiza melodia, 632 Pterodroma, 19 inferior, Chordeiles acutipennis, 296 inornata, Uria aalge, 247 inornatus, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, 190 Parus, 391 Parus inornatus, 392 inquietus, Myiarchus nuttingi, 340 insignis, Melospiza melodia, 634 insperata, Geothlypis trichas, 512 insularis, Aphelocoma coerulescens, 374 Eremophila alpestris, 356 Junco, 611 Passerella iliaca, 623 Vireo huttoni, 469 insularum, Rallus longirostris, 155 interfusa, Guiraca caerulea, 551 interior, Branta canadensis, 60 intermedia, Chamaea fasciata, 404 Columba livia, 260 Meleagris gallopavo, 149 Mesophoyx, 645 interpres, Arenaria, 175 Arenaria interpres, 175 invictus, Lanius excubitor, 462 INDEX inyoensis, Otus asio, 275 Parus gambeli, 387 Iridoprocne, 358 islandica, Bucephala, 86 Limosa limosa, 207 islandicus, Numenius phaeopus, 182, 183 Ixobrychus, 52 Txoreus, 434 Jabiru, 645 Jacana, 163 jacana, Jacana, 163 Jacana, 163 Jacanidae, 163 Jacanoidea, 163 Jacksnipe, European, 180 Jaeger, Long-tailed, 214 Parasitic, 213 Pomarine, 212 jamaicensis, Buteo, 104 Laterallus, 158 Laterallus jamaicensis, 158 Oxyura, 94 jamesi, Pedioecetes phasianellus, 139 japonicus, Anthus spinoletta, 458 Coccothraustes coccothraustes, 556 Jay, Blue, 369 Gray, 366 Green, 375 Mexican, 374 Pifion, 381 San Blas, 375 Steller’s 370 jewetti, Spinus tristis, 572 juddi, Melospiza melodia, 631 juncicola, Ammospiza maritima, 596 Junco, 606 Junco, Baird’s, 612 Gray-headed, 611 Guadalupe, 611 Mexican, 612 Oregon, 608 Slate-colored, 607 White-winged, 606 Jynginae, 311 Jynx, 311 K kaiurka, Cepphus columba, 251 kamtschathensis, Pinicola enucleator, 563 kamtschatkensis, Buteo lagopus, 110 kenaiensis, Melospiza melodia, 634 673 kennicotti, Pedioecetes phasianellus, 138 Phylloscopus borealis, 449 Otus asio, 275 kernensis, Parus inornatus, 392 Kestrel, 122 Killdeer, 170 Kingbird, Cassin’s, 334 Eastern, 332 Gray, 333 Tropical, 333 Western, 334 Kingfisher, Belted, 309 Green, 310 Ringed, 310 Kinglet, Cuvier’s, 648 Golden-crowned, 452 Ruby-crowned, 453 kirtlandii, Dendroica, 502 kiskensis, Troglodytes troglodytes, 409 Kite, Everglade, 102 Mississippi, 101 Swallow-tailed, 101 White-tailed, 100 Kittiwake, 229 Red-legged, 230 Knot, 192 Great, 193 kriderii, Buteo jamaicensis, 105 kumlieni, Larus glaucoides, 218 L labradorium, Camptorhynchus, 88 labradorius, Passerculus sandwichensis, 586 lachrymosa, Euthlypis, 515 Lag-Goose, Gray, 645 lagophonus, Bubo virginianus, 278 Lagopus, 131 lagopus, Buteo, 109 Lagopus, 131 lagunae, Sitta carolinensis, 399 laingi, Accipiter gentilis, 103 Lampornis, 305 lamprochroma, Eremophila alpestris, 354 Lampronetta, 91 Laniidae, 461 Laniinae, 461 Lanius, 461 Lanivireo, 471 lapponica, Limosa, 205 Limosa lapponica, 205 lapponicus, Calcarius, 638 Calcarius lapponicus, 638 Laridae, 216 Larinae, 216 674 INDEX Lark,Horned, 352 lilianae, Sturnella magna, 523 Larus, 216 limicola, Rallus, 155 Laterallus, 158 Rallus limicola, 155 lathami, Parus cinctus, 388 limnaeus, Seiurus noveboracensis, 507 latifascia, Emberiza rustica, 641 Limnodromus, 200 latirostris, Cynanthus, 307 Limnothylpis, 479 lawrencei, Spinus, 573 Limosa, 204 lecontei, Toxostoma, 428 limosa, Limosa, 206 Toxostoma lecontei, 428 Limpkin, 151 lentiginosus, Botaurus, 53 lincolnii, Melospiza, 627 lepida, Phainopepla nitens, 461 Melospiza lincolnii, 627 Tachycineta thalassina, 358 lineatus, Buteo, 106 Leptopelicanus, 29 Buteo lineatus, 107 Leptotila, 265 Linnet, Brewster’s, 650 lepturus, Phaéthon, 27 littoralis, Agelaius phoeniceus, 527 leucansiptila, Eremophila alpestris, 357 Leucosticte tephrocotis, 565 leucocephala, Columba, 258 Parus hudsonicus, 389 leucocephalus, Haliaeetus, 113 livens, Larus occidentalis, 220 Haliaeetus leucocephalus, 113 livia, Columba, 260 leucogaster, Anhinga anhinga, 39 lloydi, Psaltriparus melanotis, 396 Sula, 32 lobatus, Lobipes, 211 Sula leucogaster, 32 Lobipes, 211 leucolaema, Eremophila alpestris, 353 Locustella, 449 leuconucha, Sitta pygmaea, 401 lomitensis, Thryothorus ludovicianus, 416 leucopareia, Branta canadensis, 62 lomvia, Uria, 247 Leucophoyx, 47 Uria lomvia, 247 leucophrys, Thryomanes bewickii, 414 longicauda, Bartramia, 185 Zonotrichia, 618 Toxostoma rufum, 425 Zonotrichia leucophrys, 619 longicaudus, Stercorarius, 214 leucopolius, Vireo gilvus, 477 longirostre, Toxostoma, 425 leucopsis, Branta, 64 longirostris, Rallus, 153 leucoptera, Loxia, 576 Longspur, Chestnut-collared, 640 Loxia leucoptera, 576 Lapland, 638 leucopterus, Chlidonias, 243 McCown’s, 638 Lagopus lagopus, 132 Smith’s, 639 Mimus polyglottos, 423 lonnbergi, Catharacta skua, 216 leucorhoa, Oceanodroma, 21 Loomelania, 24 Oceanodroma leucorhoa, 21 Loon, Arctic, 2 Oenanthe oenanthe, 446 Common, 1 leucorodia, Platalea, 56 Red-throated, 3 Platalea leucorodia, 56 Yellow-billed, 2 leucosticta, Certhia familiaris, 403 Lophodytes, 95 Leucosticte, 564 Lophortyx, 142 leucothorectis, Dendrocopos villosus, 325 Loxia, 573 leucotis, Hylocharis, 307 lucasanus, Dendrocopos scalaris, 328 leucura, Pinicola enucleator, 563 Vireo solitarius, 473 leucurus, Dendrocopos pubescens, 326 luciae, Vermivora, 485 Elanus, 100 lucida, Polioptila melanura, 451 Lagopus, 135 Strix occidentalis, 285 Lagopus leucurus, 135 lucifer, Calothorax, 300 Milvus, 100 ludoviciana, Conuropsis carolinensis, 267 levipes, Rallus longirostris, 153 Piranga, 543 lewis, Asyndesmus, 320 ludovicianus, Lanius, 462 lherminieri, Puffinus, 17 Lanius ludovicianus, 463 Puffinus lherminieri, 18 Pheucticus, 549 INDEX ludovicianus, Thryothorus, 415 Thryothorus ludovicianus, 415 lugens, Motacilla alba, 456 Lunda, 257 Luscinia, 446 luteiventris, Myiodynastes, 337 lutescens, Vermivora celata, 483 luteus, Colaptes auratus, 312 lutosus, Caracara, 117 luxuosus, Cyanocorax yncas, 375 Lymnocryptes, 180 M macfarlanei, Otus asio, 274 macgillivraii, Ammospiza maritima, 596 macrodactyla, Oceanodroma, 23 macrolopha, Cyanocitta stelleri, 371 macropterus, Spinus pinus, 571 macroura, Zenaidura, 262 macularia, Actitis, 186 maculatus, Pheucticus melanocephalus, 550 maculosa, Anas fulvigula, 73 magdalenae, Passerculus sandwichensis, 590 Rallus longirostris, 153 magdalenensis, Thryomanes bewickii, 414 magicus, Cynanthus latirostris, 308 magister, Myiarchus tyrannulus, 338 magna, Sturnella, 522 Sturnella magna, 522 magnificens, Fregata, 39 magnirostris, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 582 Richmondena cardinalis, 547 magnolia, Dendroica, 489 magnus, Aegolius funereus, 289 Magpie, Black-billed, 376 Yellow-billed, 377 mailliardi, Melospiza melodia, 636 mailliardorum, Agelaius phoeniceus, 528 major, Cassidix mexicanus, 538 majusculus, Elanus leucurus, 100 malacophaga, Haematopus ostralegus, 164 Mallard, 71 mandtii, Cepphus grylle, 250 Mareca, 78 margaritae, Polioptila melanura, 452 marginella, Zenaidura macroura, 262 marianae, Telmatodytes palustris, 418 marila, Aythya marila, 83 marina, Pelagodroma, 20 marinensis, Thryomanes bewickii, 413 marinus, Larus, 219 675 maritima, Ammospiza, 595 Ammospiza maritima, 595 Erolia, 193 marmoratum, Brachyramphus, 251 Brachyramphus marmoratum, 251 Martin, Cuban, 366 Gray-breasted, 366 House, 361 Purple, 365 martinica, Porphyrula, 159 martirensis, Melanerpes formicivorus, 319 mauri, Ereunetes, 203 maxillaris, Melospiza melodia, 635 maxima, Branta canadensis, 61 Melospiza melodia, 633 maximus, Buteo nitidus, 111 Thalasseus, 240 Thalasseus maximus, 240 maxwelliae, Otus asio, 274 maynardi, Coccyzus minor, 269 Vireo griseus, 468 mccalli, Ortalis vetula, 124 mecallii, Otus asio, 274 mccownii, Rhynchophanes, 638 mcgregori, Carpodacus, 561 Meadowlark, Eastern, 522 Western, 524 mearnsi, Agelaius phoeniceus, 526 Colaptes chrysoides, 314 Cyrtonyx montezumae, 145 Junco oreganus, 609 Lanius ludovicianus, 464 Toxostoma cinereum, 426 Zenaida asiatica, 261 mediana, Bonasa umbellus, 128 medianus, Dendrocopos pubescens, 326 medius, Vireo bellii, 470 Megaceryle, 309 megalonyx, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 581 megapotamus, Agelaius phoeniceus, 527 megarhyncha, Passerella iliaca, 626 melancholicus, Tyrannus, 333 Melanerpes, 318 melania, Loomelania, 24 Melanitta, 92 melanocephala, Arenaria, 176 melanocephalus, Pheucticus, 549, 550 Pheucticus melanocephalus, 549 melanocorys, Calamospiza, 585 melanoleucus, Totanus, 190 melanophris, Diomedea, 9 melanotis, Psaltriparus, 396 Sitta pygmaea, 401 melanotos, Erolia, 195 melanura, Polioptila, 451 676 melanura, Polioptila melanura, 451 melanurus, Psaltriparus minimus, 395 Meleagrididae, 148 Meleagris, 148 meligerus, Troglodytes troglodytes, 409 melodia, Melospiza, 630 Melospiza melodia, 630 melodus, Charadrius, 167 Charadrius melodus, 167 Melospiza, 627, 630 (subgenus) memorabilis, Dendroica auduboni, 493 menzbieri, Limosa lapponica, 205 merganser, Mergus, 96 Merganser, Common, 96 Hooded, 95 Red-breasted, 97 Merginae, 95 Mergus, 96 meridionalis, Parus, 386 metriami, Meleagris gallopavo, 149 merrilli, Eremophila alpestris, 355 Melospiza melodia, 632 Nyctidromus albicollis, 293 merula, Turdus, 430 Turdus merula, 431 meruloides, Ixoreus naevius, 434 mesatus, Pipilo fuscus, 584 mesoleucus, Pipilo fuscus, 584 mesonauta, Phaéthon aethereus, 26 mexicana, Sialia, 444 Sitta carolinensis, 399 mexicanus, Carpodacus, 560 Cassidix, 537 Catherpes, 420 Cinclus, 405 Cinclus mexicanus, 406 Falco, 118 Himantopus, 209 Phalacrocorax olivaceus, 37 Pyrocephalus rubinus, 350 miamensis, Thryothorus ludovicianus, 415 Micrathene, 282 microcephala, Wilsonia, 649 micronyx, Melospiza melodia, 636 Micropalama, 202 microsoma, Halocyptena, 24 microstictus, Icterus pustulatus, 533 micrus, Vireo griseus, 468 migrans, Lanius ludovicianus, 463 migratorius, Ectopistes, 263 Turdus, 431 Turdus migratorius, 431 milleri, Tangavius aeneus, 542 Milvinae, 101 INDEX Mimidae, 422 Mimus, 422 minima, Branta canadensis, 62 Hylocichla, 440 Hylocichla minima, 440 Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, 364 minimus, Empidonax, 344 Lymnocryptes, 180 Psaltriparus, 395 Psaltriparus minimus, 395 minor, Chordeiles, 293, 296 Chordeiles minor, 293 Coccyzus, 269 Fulmarus glacialis, 12 Loxia curvirostra, 574 Philohela, 177 minutilla, Erolia, 197 minutus, Larus, 228 mirabilis, Ammospiza, 597 misisippiensis, Ictinia, 101 Mniotilta, 478 Mockingbird, 422 modesta, Geothlypis trichas, 513 moffitti, Branta canadensis, 61 mohavensis, Parus inornatus, 392 mollissima, Anas, 89 Somateria, 89 Molothrus, 540 mongolus, Charadrius, 169 monilis, Columba fasciata, 259 monocerata, Cerorhinca, 255 monoensis, Passerella iliaca, 627 monsoni, Cassidix mexicanus, 538 montana, Certhia familiaris, 402 Dendroica, 649 Eupoda, 171 Geotrygon, 266 Geotrygon montana, 266 Hesperiphona vespertina, 557 Melospiza melodia, 632 Pinicola enucleator, 564 montanella, Prunella, 455 montanus, Junco oreganus, 608 Oreoscoptes, 429 Passer, 521 Passer montanus, 521 Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 580 montezumae, Cyrtonyx, 145 monticola, Bonasa umbellus, 129 Dendrocopos, villosus, 323 Oporornis tolmiei, 509 montifringilla, Fringilla, 556 morcomi, Dendroica petechia, 488 morinella, Arenaria interpres, 176 morinellus, Eudromias, 171 morphna, Melospiza melodia, 634 Morus, 34 Motacilla, 455 motacilla, Seiurus, 507 Motacillidae, 455 muriei, Lagopus lagopus, 132 Murre, Common, 246 Thick-billed, 247 Murrelet, Ancient, 253 Craveri’s, 253 Kittlitz’s, 252 Marbled, 251 Xantus’, 252 Muscivora, 335 musicus, Turdus, 430 Turdus musicus, 430 mustelina, Hylocichla, 435 mutus, Lagopus, 132 Myadestes, 447 Mycteria, 53 mycteria, Jabiru, 645 Mycteriinae, 53 Myiarchus, 337 Myiodynastes, 336 Myna, Crested, 466 N naevius, Ixoreus, 434 Ixoreus naevius, 434 Otus asio, 273 nanus, Colaptes cafer, 314 Hylocichla guttata, 436 nataliae, Sphyrapicus thyroideus, 322 naumanni, Fratercula arctica, 256 nearctica, Aythya marila, 84 nebouxii, Sula, 31 Sula nebouxii, 32 nebularia, Totanus, 646 nebulosa, Strix, 286 Strix nebulosa, 286 neglecta, Sturnella, 524 Sturnella neglecta, 524 neglectus, Parus rufescens, 390 nelsoni, Ammospiza caudacuta, 595 Cassidix mexicanus, 537 Cissilopha san-blasiana, 376 Dendrocopos pubescens, 326 Icterus cucullatus, 532 Lagopus mutus, 133 Lanius ludovicianus, 465 Larus, 647 Sitta carolinensis, 398 Neognathae, 1 Neomorphinae, 270 Neornithes, 1 INDEX 677 nesophilus, Carpodacus purpureus, 559 Thryomanes bewickii, 413 » neutralis, Agelaius phoeniceus, 529 nevadae, Aphelocoma coerulescens, 373 nevadensis, Agelaius phoeniceus, 528 Amphispiza belli, 605 Parus atricapillus, 384 Passerculus sandwichensis, 588 niger, Chlidonias, 242 Cypseloides, 297 Nighthawk, Common, 293 Lesser, 296 nigra, Oidemia, 94 Oidemia nigra, 94 Rynchops, 244 Rynchops nigra, 244 nigrans, Euphagus carolinus, 536 nigrescens, Ammospiza, 597 Certhia familiaris, 402 Dendroica, 494 Melospiza georgiana, 630 nigricans, Branta, 63 Sayornis, 341 nigricapillus, Perisoreus canadensis, 367 nigrideus, Turdus migratorius, 432 nigrilora, Parula pitiayumi, 486 nigripes, Diomedea, 9 nilotica, Gelochelidon, 232 nimia, Anas crecca, 76 nitens, Phainopepla, 461 Phainopepla nitens, 461 nitidus, Buteo, 111 nivalis, Plectrophenax, 640 Plectrophenax nivalis, 640 nivosus, Charadrius alexandrinus, 168 noctitherus, Caprimulgus, 290 notabilis, Seiurus noveboracensis, 506 noveboracensis, Coturnicops, 157 Coturnicops noveboracensis, 157 Seiurus, 506 Seiurus noveboracensis, 506 Vireo griseus, 467 novimexicana, Anas diazi, 72 nuchalis, Sphyrapicus varius, 321 Nucifraga, 381 Numenius, 180 Nutcracker, Clark’s, 381 Nuthatch, Brown-headed, 400 Pigmy, 400 Red-breasted, 399 White-breasted, 397 nuttalli, Pica, 377 Zonotrichia leucophrys, 620 678 INDEX nuttallii, Dendrocopos, 328 Oceanites, 24 Phalaenoptilus, 291 Oceanodroma, 20 Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, 291 Oenanthe, 445 Nuttallornis, 349 oenanthe, Oenanthe, 445 nuttingi, Myiarchus, 340 __ Oenanthe oenanthe, 446 Nyctanassa, 51 Oidemia, 93 Nyctea, 279 Oldsquaw, 87 As Nycticorax, 50 olivacea, Passerella iliaca, 625 nycticorax, Nycticorax, 50 _ Piranga, 543 Nyctidromus, 293 olivaceus, Phalacrocorax, 37 Regulus satrapa, 453 O Vireo, 474 peetipieen einidonanmes 45 tig Myiarchus tuberculifer, 339 Toxostoma curvirostre, 427° olor Cygnus, 58 oblitus, Passerculus sandwichensis, 587 oocleptica, Aphelocoma coerulescens, 373 obscura, Aimophila ruficeps, 601 opisthomelas, Puffinus puffinus, 17 Aphelocoma coerulescens, 374 Oporornis, 508 Polioptila caerulea, 451 optatus, Cuculus, 268 obscurus, Dendragapus, 124 opuntia, Amphispiza bilineata, 604 Dendragapus obscurus, 125 oreganus, Junco, 608 Molothrus ater, $41 Junco oreganus, 609 Perisoreus canadensis, 368 oregonus, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 581 Regulus calendula, 454 oreinus, Dendragapus obscurus, 125 obsoletus, Falco rusticolus, 117 Oreortyx, 144 Rallus longirostris, 153 Oreoscoptes, 429 Salpinctes, 421 orestera, Vermivora celata, 483 Salpinctes obsoletus, 421 oriantha, Zonotrichia leucophrys, 620 occidentalis, Aechmophorus, 7 orientalis, Pterodroma cookii, 19 Ardea, 40 Oriole, Baltimore, 533 Ardea occidentalis, 40 Black-headed, 530 Branta canadensis, 62 Bullock’s, 534 Bubo virginianus, 278 Hooded, 531 Certhia familiaris, 403 Lichtenstein’s, 532 Coccyzus americanus, 270 Orchard, 530 Dendroica, 496 Scarlet-headed, 533 Eremophila alpestris, 356 Scott’s, 533 Geothlypis trichas, 512 Spotted-breasted, 531 Haematopus ostralegus, 164 orius, Dendrocopos villosus, 324 Larus, 219 ornatus, Auriparus flaviceps, 394 Larus occidentalis, 220 Calcarius, 640 Parus atricapillus, 384 orphna, Anas discors, 77 Pelecanus, 29 Ortalis, 124 Pelecanus occidentalis, 29 oryzivorus, Dolichonyx, 521 Sialia mexicana, 444 osceola, Meleagris gallopavo, 148 Strix, 285 osgoodi, Canachites canadensis, 127 Strix occidentalis, 285 Osprey, 115 Tyrannus melancholicus, 333 ossifragus, Corvus, 380 ochotensis, Locustella, 449 ostralegus, Haematopus, 163 Locustella ochotensis, 450 Otus, 273 ochracea, Spizella arborea, 613 otus, Asio, 286 ocularis, Motacilla alba, 456 Ovenbird, 504 Odontophorinae, 139 Owl, Barn, 272 Oceanicus, Oceanites, 25 Barred, 284 Oceanites oceanicus, 25 Boreal, 288 Owl, Burrowing, 283 Elf, 282 Ferruginous, 282 Flammulated, 277 Great Gray, 286 Great Horned, 277 Long-eared, 286 Pygmy, 281 Saw-whet, 289 Screech, 273 Short-eared, 287 Snowy, 279 Spotted, 285 Whiskered, 276 Oxyura, 94 Oxyurinae, 94 Oystercatcher, American, 164 Black, 165 European, 163 P pachyrhyncha, Rhynchopsitta, 268 pacifica, Erolia alpina, 199 Gavia arctica, 2 pacificus, Anthus spinoletta, 457 Apus, 299 Apus pacificus, 299 Bubo virginianus, 279 Perisoreus canadensis, 368 Puffinus, 14 Troglodytes troglodytes, 410 Pagophila, 229 palaearctica, Xema sabini, 232 pallescens, Bubo virginianus, 279 Columbigallina passerina, 264 palliatus, Haematopus, 164 Haematopus palliatus, 164 Junco phaeonotus, 612 pallida, Callipepla squamata, 141 Petrochelidon fulva, 364 Spizella, 614 pallidiceps, Bombycilla garrula, 460 pallidicinctus, Tympanuchus, 137 pallidior, Passerina ciris, 554 pallidula, Crotophaga sulcirostris, 272 pallidiventris, Contopus pertinax, 248 pallidus, Dendragapus obscurus, 125 Spinus tristis, 572 palmarum, Dendroica, 503 Dendroica palmarum, 503 palmeri, Oreortyx pictus, 144 Toxostoma curvirostre, 427 paloduro, Parus atricristatus, 391 palpebrata, Phoebetria, 644 INDEX paludicola, Dendroica discolor, 503 Telmatodytes palustris, 419 palustris, Telmatodytes, 417 Telmatodytes palustris, 417 Pandion, 115 Pandionidae, 115 papa, Sarcoramphus, 100 papago, Pheucticus melanocephalus, 549 Parabuteo, 111 paradisaea, Sterna, 235 Parakeet, Carolina, 267 parasiticus, Stercorarius, 213 Paridae, 382 Parinae, 382 parisorum, Icterus, 533 parkmanii, Troglodytes aedon, 407 Parrot, Thick-billed, 268 Partridge, Gray, 147 Parula, 485 Parulidae, 478 Parus, 382 parvipes, Branta canadensis, 61 parvus, Icterus bullockii, 535 Numenius americanus, 181 pascuus, Corvus brachyrhynchos, 379 Passer, 520 Passerculus, 586 Passerella, 621 Passeres, 351 Passerherbulus, 592 Passeriformes, 331 Passerina, 551 passerina, Columbigallina, 264 Columbigallina passerina, 264 Spizella, 613 Spizella passerina, 613 Passerinae, 520 paulus, Corvus brachyrhynchos, 379 Falco sparverius, 123 Pauraque, 293 pealei, Falco peregrinus, 119 pectoralis, Icterus, 531 Icterus pectoralis, 531 Pedioecetes, 137 Pewee, Eastern Wood, 348 Western Wood, 348 pekinensis, Apus apus, 299 pelagica, Chaetura, 297 pelagicus, Haliaeetus, 114 Hydrobates, 645 Phalacrocorax, 37 Phalacrocorax pelagicus, 37 Pelagodroma, 20 Pelecani, 28 Pelecanidae, 28 679 680 Pelecaniformes, 26 Pelecanoidea, 28 Pelecanus, 28 Pelican, Brown, 29 White, 28 Pelionetta, 93 pelonota, Ammospiza maritima, 596 penelope, Mareca, 78 penicillatus, Phalacrocorax, 37 peninsulae, Ammospiza maritima, 596 Contopus sordidulus, 349 Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, 548 peninsularis, Falco sparverius, 123 Lagopus leucurus, 135 pensylvanica, Dendroica, 499 Perdix, 147 perdix, Perdix, 147 Perdix perdix, 147 peregrina, Vermivora, 481 peregrinus, Falco, 118 Perisoreus, 366 Perninae, 100 perobscurus, Accipiter striatus, 104 perpallidus, Ammodramus savannarum, 591 perplexus, Centurus carolinus, 316 perspicillata, Melanitta, 93 perspicillatus, Phalacrocorax, 645 pertinax, Contopus, 347 Myjiarchus cinerascens, 339 petechia, Dendroica, 487 Petrel, Ashy, 23 Bermuda, 18 Black, 24 Black-bellied, 25 Black-capped, 18 Bulwer’s, 644 Cape, 10 Cook’s, 19 Fork-tailed, 20 Galapagos, 23 Guadalupe, 23 Harcourt’s, 23 Hornby’s, 644 Leach’s, 21 Least, 24 Scaled, 19 South Trinidad, 19 Storm, 645 White-faced, 20 Wilson’s, 25 Petrochelidon, 363 petrophilus, Troglodytes troglodytes, 410 petulans, Pipilo fuscus, 583 Peucedramus, 486 INDEX phaea, Chamaea fasciata, 404 Phaéthon, 26 Phaéthontes, 26 Phaéthontidae, 25 Phaenicophaeinae, 269 phaeonotus, Junco, 612 phaeopus, Numenius, 182 Numenius phaeopus, 182 phaia, Bonasa umbellus, 130 Phainopepla, 461 phaios, Centrocercus urophasianus, 139 Phalacrocoracidae, 34 Phalacrocorax, 34 Phalaenoptilus, 291 Phalarope, Northern, 211 Red, 210 Wilson’s, 211 Phalaropodidae, 210 Phalaropus, 210 phasianellus, Pedioecetes, 137 Pedioecetes phasianellus, 138 Phasianidae, 139 Phasianinae, 146 Phasianoidea, 124 Phasianus, 146 Pheasant, Ring-necked, 146 Pheucticus, 548 Philacte, 64 philadelphia, Larus, 227 Oporornis, 509 philadelphicus, Vireo, 475 phillipsi, Parus wollweberi, 393 Philohela, 177 Philomachus, 207 phoebe, Sayornis, 340 Phoebe, Black, 341 Eastern, 340 Say’s, 341 phoeniceus, Agelaius, 526 Agelaius phoeniceus, 526 Phoenicopteri, 57 Phoenicopteridae, 57 Phoenicopterus, 57 Phrenopicus, 328 Phylloscopus, 448 Pica, 376 pica, Pica, 376 Pici, 311 Picidae, 311 Piciformes, 311 Picinae, 312 picinus, Dryocopus pileatus, 315 Picoides, 330 picoideus, Dendrocopos villosus, 324 picta, Setophaga, 519 Setophaga picta, 520 pictus, Aramus guarauna, 152 Calcarius, 639 Oreortyx, 144 Oreortyx pictus, 144 Pigeon, Band-tailed, 258 Passenger, 263 Red-billed, 259 Scaly-naped, 258 White-crowned, 258 pilaris, Turdus, 433 pileatus, Dryocopus, 315 Dryocopus pileatus, 315 pileolata, Wilsonia pusilla, 517 Pinguinus, 245 Pinicola, 562 pinnatus, Tympanuchus cupido, 136 pinosus, Junco oreganus, 610 Pintail, 74 pinus, Dendroica, 501 Dendroica pinus, 501 Spinus, 570 Spinus pinus, 570 Vermivora, 481 Pipilo, 578 Pipit, Meadow, 458 Pechora, 458 Red-throated, 459 Sprague’s, 459 Water, 457 pipixcan, Larus, 227 Piranga, 542 Pitangus, 336 pitiayumi, Parula, 486 Platalea, 56 Plataleinae, 56 platensis, Cistothorus, 419 platycercus, Selasphorus, 302 Selasphorus platycercus, 302 Platypsaris, 331 platypterus, Buteo, 108 Buteo platypterus, 108 platyrhynchos, Anas, 71 Anas platyrhynchos, 71 Plautus, 248 Plectrophenax, 64 Plegadis, 54 plesius, Telmatodytes palustris, 419 Ploceidae, 520 Plover, American Golden, 172 Black-bellied, 174 Eurasian Golden, 172 INDEX 681 Plover, Little Ringed, 646 Mongolian, 169 Mountain, 171 Piping, 167 Ringed, 166 Semipalmated, 166 Snowy, 168 Upland, 185 Wilson’s, 169 plumbea, Oceanodroma furcata, 21 plumbescens, Parus inornatus, 393 plumbeus, Lophortyx californicus, 143 Psaltriparus minimus, 396 Rostrhamus sociabilis, 102 Vireo solitarius, 472 Pluvialis, 172 Pochard, Baer’s, 82 Common, 82 Red-crested, 464 Podiceps, 4 podiceps, Podilymbus, 7 Podilymbus podiceps, 8 Podicipedidae, 4 Podicipediformes, 4 Podilymbus, 7 poliocephala, Chamaethlypis, 514 polionota, Hylocichla guttata, 437 Polioptilinae, 450 pollicaris, Rissa tridactyla, 230 polyglottos, Mimus, 422 Mimus polyglottos, 422 Polysticta, 89 pomarinus, Stercorarius, 212 pontilis, Junco oreganus, 610 Polioptila melanura, 451 Pooecetes, 597 Poor-will, 291 Porphyrula, 159 Porzana, 156 porzana, Porzana, 156 potomac, Dendroica, 649 potosinus, Carpodacus mexicanus, 561 practicus, Parus atricapillus, 383 Prairie Chicken, Greater, 136 Lesser, 137 pratensis, Ammodramus savannarum, 591 Anthus, 458 Grus canadensis, 151 praticola, Eremophila alpestris, 354 pratincola, Tyto alba, 272 princeps, Passerculus, 586 principalis, Campephilus, 331 Corvus corax, 377 Procellariidae, 10 682 Procellariiformes, 8 Progne, 365 propinquus, Turdus migratorius, 433 prosopidicola, Cassidix mexicanus, 538 Protonotaria, 478 Prunella, 455 Prunellidae, 455 psaltria, Spinus, 572 Spinus psaltria, 573 Psaltriparinae, 394 Psaltriparus, 394 psammochrous, Stelgidopteryx ruficollis, 361 Psittacidae, 267 Psittaciformes, 267 Psittacinae, 267 psittacula, Cyclorrhynchus, 254 Ptarmigan, Rock, 132 White-tailed, 135 Willow, 131 Pterodroma, 18 ptilocnemis, Erolia, 194 Erolia ptilocnemis, 194 Ptilogonatidae, 461 Ptychoramphus, 253 pubescens, Dendrocopos, 325 Dendrocopos pubescens, 326 Puffin, Common, 256 Horned, 257 Tufted, 257 Puffiininae, 12 Puffinus, 13, 15 (subgenus) puffinus, Puffinus, 16 Puffinus puffinus, 16 pugetensis, Zonotrichia leucophrys, 620 pugnax, Philomachus, 207 pulchra, Passerina versicolor, 553 pullus, Troglodytes troglodytes, 409 purpureus, Carpodacus, 558 Carpodacus purpureus, 559 purum, Campylorhynchus brunneicapil- lum, 417 pusilla, Aethia, 255 Loxia curvirostra, 574 Sitta, 400 Sitta pusilla, 400 Spizella, 616 Spizella pusilla, 616 Wilsonia, 516 Wilsonia pusilla, 517 pusillula, Melospiza melodia, 635 pusillus Ereuenetes, 202 Vireo belli, 470 pustulatus, Icterus, 533 INDEX pygmaea, Aethia, 255 Sitta, 400 Sitta pygmaea, 400 pygmaeus, Empidonax fulvifrons, 347 pygmeum, Eurynorhynchus, 208 Pyrocephalus, 350 pyrrhonota, Petrochelidon, 363 Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, 363 Pyrrhula, 558 pyrrhula, Pyrrhula, 558 Pyrrhuloxia, 548 Q Quail, California, 142 Gambel’s, 143 Harlequin, 145 Mountain, 144 Scaled, 141 Quail-Dove, Blue-headed, 648 Key West, 266 Ruddy, 266 quarta, Erolia ptilocnemis, 194 quercinus, Otus asio, 276 querula, Zonotrichia, 618 quiescens, Sayornis saya, 342 Quiscalus, 538 quiscula, Gracula, 538 Quiscalus, 539 Quiscalus quiscula, 539 R rabbittsi, Parus hudsonicus, 389 Rail, Black, 158 Clapper, 153 King, 152 Virginia, 155 Water, 156 Yellow, 157 rainierensis, Lagopus leucurus, 135 Rallidae, 152 Rallinae, 152 Ralloidea, 152 Rallus, 152 talphi, Chamaethlypis poliocephala, 514 Raven, 377 White-necked, 378 Razorbill, 246 recognita, Sterna anaethetus, 238 Recurvirostra, 209 Recurvirostridae, 209 Recurvirostrinae, 209 Redhead, 81 redivivum, Toxostoma, 427 Toxostoma redivivum, 427 INDEX Redpoll, Common, 568 Hoary, 567 Redshank, 191 Redstart, American, 518 Painted, 519 Red-wing, 430 regalis, Buteo, 110 Regulinae, 452 Regulus, 452 relictus, Pipilo fuscus, 584 Remizinae, 394 resplendens, Phalacrocorax pelagicus, 38 Rhodostethia, 231 Rhynchodon, 118 Rhynchofalco, 120 Rhynchophanes, 637 Rhynchopsitta, 267 richardsoni, Aegolius funereus, 288 Dendragapus obscurus, 125 Falco columbarius, 121 Richmondena, 546 Richmondeninae, 546 richmondi, Platypsaris aglaiae, 332 ricordii, Chlorostilbon, 648 ridgwayi, Camptostoma imberbe, 351 Colinus virginianus, 141 Parus inornatus, 393 Vermivora ruficapilla, 484 ridibundus, Larus, 225 Larus ridibundus, 225 rileyi, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 579 Riparia, 359 riparia, Riparia, 359 Riparia riparia, 359 risoria, Streptopelia, 264 Rissa, 229 rivularis, Melospiza melodia, 637 Roadrunner, 270 Robin, 431 Clay-colored, 648 San Lucas, 433 rogersi, Calidris canutus, 192 rodgersii, Fulmarus glacialis, 12 Rook, 380 rosea, Rhodostethia, 231 roseogrisea, Streptopelia, 264 rossii, Chen, 68 rostrata, Acanthis flammea, 569 rostratus, Passerculus sandwichensis, 590 Rostrhamus, 102 rothschildi, Fregata magnificens, 39 Phaéthon rubricauda, 28 rubea, Eremophila alpestris, 356 ruber, Eudocimus, 56 Phoenicopterus, 57 Sphyrapicus varius, 321 683 ruberrimus, Carpodacus mexicanus, 561 rubescens, Anthus spinoletta, 457 rubida, Oxyura jamaicensis, 95 rubiginosa, Dendroica petechia, 488 rubinus, Pyrocephalus, 350 rubra, Piranga, 544 Piranga rubra, 545 rubricauda, Phaéthon, 28 rubriceps, Piranga, 650 rubrifrons, Cardellina, 516 rubripes, Anas, 72 Rubythroat, Siberian, 447 rufa, Calidris canutus, 192 tufescens, Dichromanassa, 46 Dichromanassa rufescens, 46 Parus, 389 Parus rufescens, 389 ruficapilla, Vermivora, 484 Vermivora ruficapilla, 484 ruficeps, Aimophila, 600 Aimophila ruficeps, 601 ruficollis, Erolia, 198 Hydranassa tricolor, 49 Stelgidopteryx, 360 rufina, Melospiza melodia, 634 Netta, 646 rufipileus, Colaptes cafer, 314 rufivirgata, Arremonops, 577 Arremonops rufivirgata, 577 rufofuscus, Passerculus sandwichensis, 589 rufula, Chamaea fasciata, 404 rufum, Toxostoma, 424 Toxostoma rufum, 424 rufus, Selasphorus, 303 rupestris, Lagopus mutus, 133 rupicola, Aimophila ruficeps, 601 russelli, Oreortyx pictus, 145 rustica, Emberiza, 641 Hirundo, 362 Hirundo rustica, 362 rusticola, Scolopax, 178 Scolopax rusticola, 178 rusticolus, Falco, 117 tuticilla, Setophaga, 518 Setophaga ruticilla, 519 Rynchopidae, 244 Rynchops, 244 S sabini, Bonasa umbellus, 130 Xema, 231 Xema sabini, 231, 232 salicamans, Spinus tristis, 572 salicaria, Guiraca caerulea, 551 salicicola, Hylocichla fuscescens, 442 684 INDEX Salpinctes, 421 saltonis, Melospiza melodia, 637 salvini, Amazilia, 306 samuelis, Melospiza melodia, 635 sanaka, Melospiza melodia, 633 san-blasiana, Cissilopha, 375 sanctaemartae, Muscivora tyrannus, 335 sancti-lucae, Ardea herodias, 42 sanctorum, Aimophila ruficeps, 601 Passerculus sandwichensis, 589 Sanderling, 207 Sandpiper, Baird’s, 196 Buff-breasted, 204 Cooper’s 647 Curlew, 198 Least, 197 Pectoral, 195 Purple, 193 Rock, 194 Rufous-necked, 198 Semipalmated, 202 Sharp-tailed, 195 Solitary, 186 Spoon-billed, 208 Spotted, 186 Stilt, 202 Western, 203 White-rumped, 196 Wood, 188 sandvicensis, Thalasseus, 241 sandwichensis, Passerculus, 586 Passerculus sandwichensis, 588 sanfordi, Lagopus mutus, 134 Micrathene whitneyi, 283 Perisoreus canadensis, 367 sanus, Lophortyx gambelii, 143 Sapsucker, Williamson’s, 322 Yellow-bellied, 320 Sarcoramphus, 100 sasin, Selasphorus, 303 Selasphorus sasin, 303 satrapa, Regulus, 452 Regulus satrapa, 452 saturatus, Bubo virginianus, 278 Contopus sordidulus, 349 Cuculus, 268 Lagopus mutus, 133 Rallus longirostris, 155 savanna, Passerculus sandwichensis, 586 savannarum, Ammodramus, 590 saxatalis, Aéronautes, 299 Aéronautes saxatalis, 300 saxatilis, Lagopus leucurus, 135 saya, Sayornis, 341 Sayornis saya, 341 Sayornis, 340 scalaris, Dendrocopos, 327 scandiaca, Nyctea, 279 Scardafella, 265 Scaup, Greater, 83 Lesser, 84 schimperi, Columba livia, 260 schinzii, Erolia alpina, 200 schigleri, Mergus serrator, 97 schistacea, Passerella iliaca, 625 schistisagus, Larus, 219 scirpicola, Geothlypis trichas, 513 sclateri, Aéronautes saxatalis, 300 Parus, 386 scolopaceus, Limnodromus, 201 Scolopacidae, 177 Scolopacinae, 177 Scolopax, 177 Scoter, Common, 94 Surf, 93 Velvet, 92 White-winged, 92 scottii, Aimophila ruficeps, 600 Rallus longirostris, 154 scrippsi, Endomychura hypoleuca, 252 sedentaria, Somateria mollissima, 90 sedentarius, Selasphorus sasin, 303 Seedeater, White-collared, 562 seftoni, Richmondena cardinalis, 547 seguamensis, Troglodytes troglodytes, 410 Seiurus, 504 Selasphorus, 302 semiatra, Sayornis nigricans, 341 semidiensis, Troglodytes troglodytes, 410 semipalmatus, Catoptrophorus, 189 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, 189 Charadrius, 166 semplei, Cyanocitta cristata, 370 senicula, Pipilo fuscus, 583 sennetti, Ammospiza maritima, 596 Chordeiles minor, 294 Icterus cucullatus, 531 Parus atricristatus, 391 Toxostoma longirostre, 426 septentrionalis, Cathartes aura, 98 Chloroceryle americana, 311 Dendrocopos villosus, 323 Falco femoralis, 120 Parus atricapillus, 383 septentrionalium, Anas cyanoptera, 78 sequestratus, Parus inornatus, 391 sequoiensis, Hylocichla guttata, 437 serrator, Mergus, 97 Mergus serrator, 97 serripennis, Stelgidopteryx ruficollis, 360 serrirostris, Anser fabalis, 66 Setophaga, 518 sharpei, Sporphila torqueola, 562 Shearwater, Audubon’s, 17 Black-tailed, 12 Cory’s 13 Greater, 14 Little, 17 Manx, 16 New Zealand, 15 Pale-footed, 14 Pink-footed, 13 Slender-billed, 16 Sooty, 15 Townsend’s 17 Wedge-tailed, 14 Sheld-Duck, 70 Ruddy, 70 Shoveler, 80 Shrike, Loggerhead, 462 Northern, 462 shufeldti, Junco oreganus, 610 Sialia, 442 sialis, Sialia, 443 Sialia sialis, 443 sibiricus, Anser fabalis, 66 Larus ridibundus, 226 Sieberocitta, 374 sierrae, Dendragapus obscurus, 126 Eremophila alpestris, 355 silvestris, Meleagris gallopavo, 148 simplex, Phaetusa, 647 sinuata, Pyrrhuloxia, 548 Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, 548 sinuatus, Corvus corax, 378 sinuosa, Geothlypis trichas, 513 Passerella iliaca, 624 Siskin, Brazilian, 650 Pine, 570 sitkensis, Dendragapus obscurus, 126 Dendrocopos villosus, 324 Loxia curvirostra, 575 Sitta, 396 Sittidae, 396 Sittinae, 396 s. johannis, Buteo lagopus, 110 Skimmer, Black, 244 Skua, 215 skua, Catharacta, 215 Catharacta skua, 215 Skylark, 351 slevini, Hylocichla guttata, 436 Smew, 646 smithsonianus, Larus argentatus, 221 Snipe, Common, 178 INDEX sociabilis, Psaltriparus minimus, 395 Rostrhamus, 102 socorroensis, Oceanodroma leucorhoa, 22 Solitaire, Townsend’s, 447 solitaria, Tringa, 186 Tringa solitaria, 187 solitarius, Vireo, 471 Vireo solitarius, 472 Somateria, 89, 91 (subgenus) sonomae, Toxostoma redivivum, 427 sonorana, Dendroica petechia, 489 sonoriensis, Agelaius phoeniceus, 529 Lanius ludovicianus, 464 sordida, Vermivora celata, 483 sordidulus, Contopus, 348 sororia, Aimophila ruficeps, 601 Sparrow, Bachman’s 601 Baird’s, 592 Black-chinned, 617 Black-throated, 603 Botteri’s, 602 Brewer’s, 615 Cape Sable, 597 Cassin’s, 603 Chipping, 613 Clay-colored, 614 Dusky Seaside, 597 European Tree, 521 Field, 616 Fox, 622 Golden-crowned, 620 Grasshopper, 590 Harris’, 618 Henslow’s, 593 House, 520 Ipswich, 586 Lark, 599 Le Conte’s, 592 Lincoln’s, 627 Olive, 577 Rufous-crowned, 600 Rufous-winged, 600 Sage, 605 Savannah, 586 Seaside, 595 Song, 630 Sharp-tailed, 594 Swamp, 629 Tree, 612 Vesper, 597 White-crowned, 618 White-throated, 621 Worthen’s, 617 sparverius, Falco, 123 Falco sparverius, 123 685 686 INDEX Spatula, 79 spectabilis, Eugenes, 304 Somateria, 91 Speotyto, 283 Sphyrapicus, 320 spilurus, Thryomanes bewickii, 413 spinoletta, Anthus, 457 spinosa, Jacana, 163 Jacana spinosa, 163 Spinus, 570 Spiza, 555 Spizella, 612 sponsa, Aix, 80 Spoonbill, Roseate, 57 White, 56 Sporophila, 562 spragueii, Anthus, 459 spurius, Icterus, 530 squamata, Callipepla, 141 squamosa, Columba, 258 Squatarola, 173 squatarola, Squatarola, 174 Starling, 465 Steganopus, 211 stegmanni, Charadrius mongolus, 169 Stelgidopteryx, 360 stellaris, Cistothorus, 420 stellata, Gavia, 3 stelleri, Cyanocitta, 370 Cyanocitta stelleri, 370 Polysticta, 89 Stellula, 304 stephensi, Passerella iliaca, 627 Vireo huttoni, 468 Stercorariidae, 212 Stercorarius, 212 Sterna, 233 Sterninae, 232 stevensoni, Troglodytes troglodytes, 410 Stilt, Black-necked, 209 Stint, Long-toed, 198 stoddardi, Dendroica dominica, 499 stolidus, Anoiis, 243 Anoiis stolidus, 244 stonei, Quiscalus quiscula, 539 strepera, Anas, 73 Streptoceryle, 309 Streptopelia, 263 striata, Dendroica, 500 striatus, Accipiter, 103 stricklandi, Loxia curvirostra, 576 strigata, Eremophila alpestris, 355 strigatus, Chondestes grammacus, 599 Strigidae, 273 Strigiformes, 272 Strix, 284 Sturnella, 522 Sturnidae, 465 Sturnus, 465 subaesalon, Falco columbarius, 122 subis, Progne, 365 Progne subis, 365 subminuta, Erolia, 198 subruficollis, Tryngites, 204 subvirgata, Ammospiza caudacuta, 594 suckleyi, Falco columbarius, 121 Sula, 31 sula, Sula, 33 Sula sula, 33 sulcirostris, Crotophaga, 271 Crotophaga sulcirostris, 271 Sulidae, 31 Suloidea, 31 sulphuratus, Pitangus, 336 superba, Richmondena cardinalis, 547 superciliosa, Aphelocoma coerulescens, 373 superior, Parabuteo unicinctus, 111 Surfbird, 175 surinamensis, Chlidonias niger, 242 Surnia, 280 susurrans, Passerherbulus henslowii, 593 suttoni, Accipiter striatus, 103 svecica, Luscinia, 446 Luscinia svecica, 447 swainsoni, Buteo, 108 Hylocichla ustulata, 439 swainsonii, Limnothlypis, 479 Vireo gilvus, 476 Swallow, Bahama, 357 Bank, 359 Barn, 362 Cave, 364 Cliff, 363 Rough-winged, 360 Tree, 358 Violet-green, 358 Swan, Mute, 58 Trumpeter, 59 Whistling, 59 Whooper, 58 swarthi, Glaucidium gnoma, 282 Myiodynastes luteiventris, 337 Passerella iliaca, 625 swenki, Otus asio, 274 Swift, Black, 297 Chimney, 297 Common, 299 Vaux’s, 298 INDEX Swift, White-rumped, 299 White-throated, 299 Sylviidae, 448 Sylviinae, 448 symplectus, Dendrocopos scalaris, 327 Synthliboramphus, 253 T tabida, Grus canadensis, 150 tachina, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, 364 Tachybaptus, 6 Tachycineta, 357 Tadorna, 70 tadorna, Tadorna, 70 taeniatus, Peucedramus, 486 tahitiensis, Numenius, 184 talpacoti, Columbigallina, 647 tamaulipensis, Chaetura vauxi, 298 Icterus gularis, 532 Turdus grayi, 648 tanagensis, Troglodytes troglodytes, 409 Tanager, Gray’s, 650 Hepatic, 544 Scarlet, 543 Summer, 544 Western, 543 Tangavius, 542 Tattler, Polynesian, 189 Wandering, 188 taverneri, Spizella breweri, 615 taylori, Colinus virginianus, 141 Teal, Baikal, 76 Blue-winged, 77 Cinnamon, 78 Common, 75 Falcated, 75 Green-winged, 76 Telmatodytes, 417 tenuirostris, Calidris, 193 Charadrius alexandrinus, 168 Puffinus, 16 Salpinctes obsoletus, 422 tenuissima, Sitta carolinensis, 398 tephrocotis, Leucosticte, 564 Leucosticte tephrocotis, 565 Tern, Aleutian, 237 Arctic, 235 Black, 242 Bridled, 238 Caspian, 241 Common, 234 Elegant, 240 Forster’s, 234 Gull-billed, 232 687 Tern, Large-billed, 647 Least, 238 Noddy, 243 Roseate, 236 Royal, 240 Sandwich, 241 Sooty, 237 Trudeau’s, 233 White-winged, 243 White-winged Black, 243 terraenovae, Dendrocopos villosus, 323 teter, Cathartes aura, 99 tethys, Oceanodroma, 23 Oceanodroma tethys, 24 Tetraonidae, 124 texana, Aimophila botterii, 603 Aphelocoma coerulescens, 372 texanus, Buteo lineatus, 107 Colinus virginianus, 140 Pipilo fuscus, 584 Pitangus sulphuratus, 336 texensis, Chordeiles acutipennis, 296 Thalasseus, 240 thalassina, Tachycineta, 358 thayeri, Larus argentatus, 222 Thrasher, Bendire’s, 426 Brown, 424 California, 427 Crissal, 428 Curve-billed, 426 Gray, 426 Le Conte’s, 428 Long-billed, 425 Sage, 429 Thraupidae, 542 Thraupinae, 542 Threskiornithidae, 54 Threskiornithinae, 54 Threskiornithoidea, 54 Thrush, Gray-cheeked, 440 Hermit, 436 Swainson’s, 438 Varied, 434 Wood, 435 Thryomanes, 411 thryophilus, Telmatodytes palustris, 418 Thryothorus, 414 thula, Leucophoyx, 48 Leucophoyx thula, 48 thurberi, Junco oreganus, 610 Thyellodroma, 14 thyroideus, Sphyrapicus, 322 Sphyrapicus thyroideus, 322 - 688 INDEX Tiaris, 554 tridactyla, Rissa, 229 tigrina, Dendroica, 490 Rissa tridactyla, 230 Tinnunculus, 120 tridactylus, Picoides, 330 tinnunculus, Falco, 122 Tringa, 186 Falco tinnunculus, 122 Tringinae, 180 Titmouse, Black-crested, 390 trinitatis, Toxostoma dorsale, 429 Bridled, 393 tristis, Spinus, 571 Plain, 391 Spinus tristis, 571 Tufted, 390 Trochili, 300 togata, Bonasa unbellus, 129 Trochilidae, 300 tolmiei, Oporornis, 509 trochiloides, Icterus cucullatus, 532 Oporornis tolmiei, 509 trochilus, Phylloscopus, 448 torda, Alca, 246 Troglodytes, 406 Alca torda, 246 troglodytes, Troglodytes, 408 Troglodytidae, 406 Trogon, 308 Coppery-tailed, 308 Trogonidae, 308 Trogoniformes, 308 torquata, Megaceryle, 310 Megaceryle torquata, 310 torquatus, Phasianus colchicus, 146 torqueola, Sporophila, 562 forquilla, Jynx, 311)" Tropic-bird, Red-billed, 26 torreyi, Cassidix mexicanus, 538 Red-tailed. 28 tortugae, Amphispiza bilineata, 604 White-tailed. 27 Totanus, 190 ‘ totanus, Totanus, 191 Totanus totanus, 191 Towhee, Abert’s, 584 Brown, 582 tropica, Fregetta, 25 Troupial, 650 trudeaui, Sterna, 233 Tryngites, 204 : tschuktschorum, Erolia ptilocnemis, 194 Green-tailed, 578 Xema sabini, 232 Rufons-sided, 578 tschutschensis, Motacilla flava, 456 townsendi, Dendroica, 494 tuberculifer, Myiarchus, 339 Junco oreganus, 611 Tyrannus, 339 Lagopus mutus, 134 : ; Myadestes, 447 tuftsi, Asio otus, 287 Myadestes townsendi, 445 turati, Dendrocopos pubescens, 327 Passerella iliaca, 624 Turdidae, 430 Plectrophenax nivalis, 641 ee a Spiza, 650 wey! ocak fen Toxostoma, 424 turneri, Parus atricapillus, xostoma, Turnstone, Black, 176 traillii, Empidonax, 343 : Ruddy 175 Empidonax traillii, 344 : transpositus, Parus inornatus, 392 Tympanuchus, 136 hicola, Geothlypis trichas, 511 Tree Duck, Black-bellied, 69 typhicola, Geothlypis tric cs i, 331 Fulvous, 69 Tyrants 332 et ica ite- ; ulus, Myiarchus, 338 treganzai, Ardea herodias, 41 i paadaa : : ; Tyrannus, 332 tresmariae, Myiarchus tuberculifer, 340 tyrannus, Muscivora, 335 trichas, Geothlypis, 510 Muscivora tyrannus, 335 Geothlypis trichas, 511 Tyrannus, 332 trichopsis, Otus, 276 Tyto, 272 tricolor, Agelaius, 529 Tytonidae, 272 Hydranassa, 49 Tytoninae, 272 Steganopus, 211 tzacatl, Amazilia, 305 tricolora, Setophaga ruticilla, 519 Amiazilia tzacatl, 306 U ultimus, Cepphus grylle, 250 ultramarina, Aphelocoma, 374 ulula, Surnia, 280 Surnia ulula, 280 umbelloides, Bonasa umbellus, 129 umbellus, Bonasa, 128 Bonasa umbellus, 128 umbraticola, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 582 ° umbrina, Leucosticte tephrocotis, 565 umbrinus, Buteo jamaicensis, 105 unalaschcensis, Passerella iliaca, 623 ungavus, Lagopus lagopus, 131 unicinctus, Parabuteo, 111 unicolor, Cinclus mexicanus, 405 uralensis, Falco rusticolus, 118 urbica, Delichon, 361 Delichon urbica, 361 Uria, 246 urile, Phalacrocorax, 38 urophasianus, Centrocercus, 139 Centrocercus urophasianus, 139 uropygialis, Centurus, 317 Centurus uropygialis, 317 ustulata, Hylocichla, 438 Hylocichla ustulata, 438 utahensis, Eremophila alpestris, 354 Vv valisineria, Aythya, 83 vanrossemi, Gelochelidon nilotica, 233 varia, Mniotilta, 478 Strix, 284 Strix varia, 284 variegatus, Numenius phaeopus, 184 varius, Sphyrapicus, 320 Sphyrapicus varius, 320 Vanellinae, 165 Vanellus, 165 vanellus, Vanellus, 165 vauxi, Chaetura, 298 Chaetura vauxi, 298 Veery, 441 vegae, Larus argentatus, 222 veliei, Contopus sordidulus, 348 velox, Accipiter striatus, 103 Verdin, 394 veredus, Charadrius asiaticus, 166 Vermivora, 480 vermivorus, Helmitheros, 479 verreauxi, Leptotila, 265 versicolor, Passerina, 553 Passerina versicolor, 553 INDEX 689 versicolor, Phasianus, 146 Quiscalus quiscula, 539 verticalis, Amazilia, 306 Tyrannus, 334 vespertina, Hesperiphona, 556 Hesperiphona vespertina, 557 vetula, Ortalis, 124 vicinior, Vireo, 470 vicinus, Chordeiles minor, 295 victoriae, Vireo gilvus, 477 viduata, Dendrocygna, 646 villosus, Dendrocopos, 323 Dendrocopos villosus, 324 violacea, Nyctanassa, 51 Nyctanassa violacea, 51 vioscae, Columba fasciata, 259 virens, Contopus, 348 Dendroica, 495 Dendroica virens, 495 Icteria, 514 Icteria virens, 514 Vireo, 466 Bell’s, 469 Black-capped, 466 Black-whiskered, 473 Gray, 470 Hutton’s, 468 Philadelphia, 475 Red-eyed, 474 Solitary, 471 Warbling, 475 White-eyed, 467 Yellow-green, 474 Yellow-throated, 471 Vireonidae, 466 Vireoninae, 466 Vireosylva, 473 virescens, Butorides, 43 Butorides virescens, 43 Empidonax, 343 virgata, Aphriza, 175 virginiae, Vermivora, 484 virginianus, Bubo, 277 Bubo virginianus, 278 Colinus, 140 Colinus virginianus, 140 viridigularis, Gavia arctica, 3 v. nigra, Somateria mollissima, 90 vociferans, Tyrannus, 334 Tyrannus vociferans, 334 vociferus, Caprimulgus, 290 Caprimulgus vociferus, 291 Charadrius, 170 Charadrius vociferus, 170 vorhiesi, Troglodytes brunneicollis, 408 690 vulgaris, Sturnus, 465 Sturnus vulgaris, 465 Vulture, Black, 99 King, 100 Turkey, 98 Ww Wagtail, White, 455 Yellow, 456 wallowa, Leucosticte tephrocotis, 566 wapacuthu, Bubo virginianus, 277 Warbler, Arctic, 449 Audubon’s, 493 Bachman’s, 481 Bay-breasted, 500 Black-and-white, 478 Blackburnian. 497 Blackpoll, 500 Black-throated Blue, 490 Black-throated Gray, 494 Black-throated Green, 495 Blue Mountain, 649 Blue-winged, 481 Canada, 518 Cape May, 490 Carbonated, 649 Cerulean, 496 Chestnut-sided, 499 Cincinnati, 648 Colima, 485 Connecticut. 508 Fan-tailed, 515 Golden-cheeked, 496 Golden-crowned, 649 Golden-winged, 480 Grace’s, 499 Hermit, 496 Hooded, 516 Kentucky, 508 Kirtland’s, 502 Lucy’s, 485 MacGillivray’s, 509 Magnolia, 489 Middendorff’s Grasshopper, 449 Mourning, 509 Myrtle, 491 Nashville, 484 Olive, 486 Olive-backed, 486 Orange-crowned, 482 Palm, 503 Parula, 485 Pine, 501 Prairie, 502 INDEX Warbler, Prothonotary, 478 Red-faced, 516 Small-headed, 649 Socorro, 486 Sutton’s, 649 Swainson’s, 479 Tennessee, 481 Townsend’s, 494 Virginia’s, 484 Willow, 448 Wilson’s, 516 Worm-eating, 479 Yellow, 487 Yellow-throated, 498 wardi, Ardea herodias, 41 Waterthrush, Louisiana, 507 Northern, 506 Waxwing, Bohemian, 459 Cedar, 460 waynei, Dendroica virens, 496 Rallus longirostris, 154 Telmatodytes palustris, 417 welchi, Lagopus mutus, 133 Wheatear, 445 Whimbrel, 182 Whip-poor-will, 290 whitneyi, Micrathene, 282 Micrathene whitneyi, 283 Widgeon, American, 79 European, 78 Willet, 189 willetti, Oceanodroma leucorhoa, 22 Wilsonia, 516 wilsonia, Charadrius, 169 Charadrius wilsonia, 169 wilsonianus, Asio otus, 287 wollweberi, Parus, 393 Woodcock, American, 177 European, 178 woodhouseii, Aphelocoma coerulescens, 372 Woodpecker, Acorn, 319 Arizona, 328 Black-backed Three-toed, 330 Downy. 325 Gila, 317 Golden-fronted, 317 Hairy, 323 Ivory-billed, 331 Ladder-backed, 327 Lewis’, 320 Northern Three-toed, 330 Nuttall’s, 328 Pileated, 315 Red-bellied, 316 INDEX 691 Woodpecker, Red-cockaded, 329 xantusii, Hylocharis, 307 Red-headed, 318 Xema, 231 White-headed, 329 Xenopicus, 329 Wood Pewee, Eastern, 348 Western, 348 wy wortheni, Spizella, 617 Spizella wortheni, 617 ples + ste Way woznesenskii, Xema sabini, 232 Yellowthroat, 510 Wren, Bewick’s, 411 Belding’s, 513 Brown-throated, 407 yncas, Cyanocorax, 375 Cactus, 416 yucatanensis, Amazilia, 306 Canon, 420 yukonensis, Bonasa umbellus, 130 Carolina, 415 Sayornis saya, 342 House, 406 yumanensis, Otus asio, 275 Long-billed Marsh, 417 Rallus longirostris, 154 Rock, 421 yunaskensis, Lagopus mutus, 134 Short-billed Marsh, 419 Winter, 408 Z Wrentit, 404 wrightii, Empidonax, 346 wymani, Larus occidentalis, 220 zaboria, Passerella iliaca, 622 zaleptus, Parus inornatus, 392 zebra, Centurus carolinus, 316 zelotes, Certhia familiaris, 403 x Zenaida, 260 Xanthocephalus, 525 zenaida, Zenaida aurita, 260 xanthocephalus, Xanthocephalus, 525 Zenaidura, 262 xantusi, Otus asio, 276 Zonotrichia, 618 sai aM Cie, 2p \ dhl ebatial. di! 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