Checklists for the CORINE Biotopes Programme and its application in the PHARE countries of Central and East Europe; including comparisons with relevant conventions and agreements on the conservation of European species and habitats REPORT Prepared by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre under contract to IUCN - The World Conservation Union IUCN Project 9815 - EEC Biotopes EU Technical Assistance Contract No. ZZ91110501-BO15 Version 2.0: July 1994 World Conservation Monitoring Centre The World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) is a joint venture between the three partners who developed the World Conservation Strategy and its successor, Caring for the Earth: IUCN - The World Conservation Union, UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme, and WWF - World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). Its mission is to support conservation and sustainable development through the provision of information on the world’s biological diversity. WCMC has developed global overview databases that include threatened plant and animal species, habitats of conservation concer, critical sites, protected areas of the world, and the utilisation and trade in wildlife species and products. Drawing on these databases, WCMC provides an information service to the conservation and development communities, governments and United Nations agencies, scientific institutions, the business and commercial sector, and the media. WCMC produces a wide variety of specialist outputs and reports based on analyses of its data. It is also actively involved in building the capabilities of other institutions, particularly in developing countries, for promoting and planning their own biological resources. World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 ODL, United Kingdom Tel: +44 223 277314; FAX: +44 223 277136 A contribution to GEMS - The Global Environment Monitoring System IUCN - The World Conservation Union Founded in 1948, IUCN - The World Conservation Union brings together states, government agencies and a diverse range of non- governmental organisations in a unique world partnership: over 800 members in all, spread across 125 countries. As a union, IUCN exists to enable its members to represent their views on the world stage and to provide them with the concepts, strategies and technical support they need to achieve their goals. Through its six Commissions, IUCN draws together over 5000 expert volunteers in project teams and action groups. A central secretariat coordinates the IUCN Programme and leads initiatives on the conservation and sustainable use of the world’s biological diversity and the management of habitats and natural resources, as well as providing a range of services. IUCN has helped many countries to prepare National Conservation Strategies, and demonstrates the application of its knowledge through the field projects it supervises. Operations are increasingly decentralised and are conducted by an expanding network of regional and country offices located principally in developing countries. IUCN seeks above all to work with its members to achieve development that is sustainable and that provides a lasting improvement in the quality of life for people all over the world. ; IUCN European Programme 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 ODL, United Kingdom Tel: +44 223 277802; FAX: +44 223 277175 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge http://www. archive.org/details/checklistsforcor94wcmc ine) 5 Contents Background and project history hell Project aim .2._ Background and Terms of Reference 3. Sources of Information .4_ Data confidentiality 5 Acknowledgements ethodology - Explanatory notes/Guidelines for the checklists ] Background 2 Methodology - identification of CORINE Biotopes checklist species in the EU member states 2.3 Methodology - identification of CORINE Biotopes checklist species in the PHARE countries 2.3.1 Checklist of threatened animals 2.3.2 Checklist of threatened plants 2.3.3 General comments N oe Critical Review of the CORINE Biotopes species checklists Sal Comments on CORINE Biotopes checklists for the PHARE countries 3.2 Comments referring to lower plants 3.3. Independent comments on overall CORINE Biotopes checklists species 3.4 Species lists provided to WCMC for the PHARE countries Comparison of the CORINE Biotopes checklists with relevant lists in European and global treaties and agreements 4.1 Types of species and habitats lists present in relevant lists in European and global treaties and agreements 4.1.1 IUCN Global Red Lists 4.1.2 Bern Convention 4.1.3 Habitats Directive 4.1.4 Other European and regional classifications 4.1.4.1 Baltic Sea Region 4.1.4.2 Mediterranean 4.1.4.3 Commonwealth of Independent States - former Soviet Union 4.1.5 Regional Processes for comparisons beyond Europe 4.1.5.1 Australia ASM SoZ Canada 4.1.5.3 China 4.1.5.4 United States of America 4.1.6 Species-based approach to conservation Comparisons with CORINE Biotopes checklist species 5.1 Comparison of threatened mammal species lists 5.1.1 Comparison with the Bern Convention 5.1.2 Comparison with the 1994 IUCN Red list 5.1.3 Comparison with the Bonn Convention Seo) 5.4 Sco) 5.6 5.1.4 Comparison with the CITES Convention Comparison of threatened amphibian and reptile species lists 5.2.1 Comparison with the 1994 IUCN Red List 5.2.2 Comparison with the Bern Convention 5.2.3. Comparison with Annex II and Annex IV of EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC 5.2.4 Comparison with the Bonn Convention Comparison of threatened fish species lists 5.3.1 Comparison with 1994 IUCN Red List 5.3.2 Comparison with Annex II of the Bern Convention 5.3.3 Comparison with EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC 5.3.4 Comparison with Council of Europe "Conservation of threatened freshwater fish in Europe", Nature and Environment Series, no 46, 1991 5.3.5 Comparison with the Bonn Convention Comparison of threatened invertebrate species lists 5.4.1 Comparison with 1994 IUCN Red List 5.4.2 Comparison with Appendix II of the Bern Convention 5.4.3. Comparison with Annex II of the EC Habitats Directive 92/43/eec 5.4.4 Comparison with the Bonn Convention Comparisons with the threatened bird species lists 5.5.1 Comparison with the IUCN Red List 5.5.2 Comparison with the CITES Convention 5.5.3 Comparison with the Bonn Convention 5.5.4 Comparison with the former USSR Comparisons with the CORINE threatened plant lists 5.6.1 Comparison with IUCN threatened plants lists 5.6.2 Comparison with Bern Convention 5.6.3 Comparison with the Habitats Directive 5.6.4 Comparison with the CITES Convention 5.6.5 Comparison with the former USSR listings Comparison of CORINE Biotopes habitats lassification with other European classifications 6.1 6.2 6.3 CORINE Biotopes habitat classification Differences with other European classifications 6.2.1 Habitats Directive 6.2.2 Council of Europe Map of the Natural Vegetation of the member countries of the European Community and the Council of Europe 6.2.3 European Vegetation Survey 6.2.4 Nordic classification 6.2.5 Ramsar Convention 6.2.6 IUCN Marine Biogeographic classification Other regional classifications relevant to Europe, the Palaearctic Realm and beyond 6.3.1 Russian Federation and the former Soviet Union 6.3.2 People’s Republic of China 6.3.3 Australia 6.3.4 Canada 6.4 Proposed CORINE Biotopes Palaearctic and Global Habitats Classification Conclusions eal CORINE Biotopes: Threatened species lists 7.2. CORINE Biotopes: Habitat classification Recommendations Summary 8.1 Combined ecosystem and species-based biodiversity 8.2 Global Status of Threatened Species 8.3 National Status 8.4 Status in CORINE area 8.5 Range in CORINE Area 8.6 Conventions and agreements 8.7 Taxonomy of existing lists 8.8 Standard habitat classification 8.9 Marine and coastal 8.10 Encourage the extension of the CORINE Biotopes methodology to a wider Europe 8.11 Other issues 8.11.1 CORINE Red Data Book 8.11.2 Responsibility 8.11.3 Data management and maintenance 8.12 Training workshops Annexes l List of European experts whose views were sought as part of the project The proposed new criteria for listing species on the IUCN Red List (Mace et al) 3 Criteria for listing species and habitats in wildlife treaties and agreements relevant to Europe 4 EU CORINE Biotope checklists and proposed extension for the PHARE countries 5) List of habitat classes in key European classifications 6 Countries covered by each of the Conventions 7 8 ine) Checklist of species for the CITES Convention Checklist of species for the Bonn Convention 9 Checklist of species for the Bern Convention 10 Checklist of species for the Habitats Directive 1] Checklist of habitats for the Habitats Directive 12 Inventory and Cartography of the Flora and Fauna of Europe (Harding, 1992) Ie BACKGROUND AND PROJECT HISTORY 1.1 Project aim The overall objective of the project was to support the extension of the CORINE Biotopes programme into the PHARE countries of East and Central Europe through the provisions and review of specific checklists and review of appropriate parts of the methodology. Candidate checklists of animals and plants for the six PHARE countries of East and Central Europe were to be prepared and recommendations made for extension of the process into a wider Pan-Europe. 1.2. Background and Terms of Reference The aim of the project was proposed in the Council of Europe/European Environment Agency Task Force CORINE Biotopes meeting in December 1991, and specifications drawn up in the following year. In accordance with the contract, five tasks were identified in agreement with IUCN European Programme: l Preparation of a CORINE Biotope checklist of threatened species for six PHARE countries; iS) Preparation of explanatory notes/guidelines for the checklists; 3 Comparison of CORINE Biotope checklists with other species and habitats convention/treaty lists; 4 Independent review/comment of the CORINE Biotopes species and habitat selection process; 5 Recommendations for the guideline checklist methodology to extend the CORINE Biotopes programme to non EU countries. The first draft checklists were submitted to IUCN in October 1992 as the Indicative checklists for the PHARE countries of central and east Europe (1992) for plants and the Preliminary draft list of species of conservation concern in the CORINE PHARE countries to be considered for inclusion in the CORINE PHARE list of threatened species 1. Vertebrates, excluding birds (1992). Avifauna were not included as Birdlife International were separately preparing the bird checklist. Subsequently the WCMC activities in 1993/94 included: An assessment of existing draft WCMC checklists of threatened animals and plants in the PHARE countries of Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovak Republic; Review and incorporation of new information on Red Lists of animals and plants in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Slovak Republic; Where time available to review existing preliminary list from the Habitats of the European Community, Central Europe and Northern Europe (1990), using information readily available to WCMC and its collaborators; Review and incorporation of information from national authorities and key experts, including CORINE PHARE focal points; Incorporation of relevant information into WCMC databases. Analysis of material received in order to assess the extent to which the species lists were compatible with the CORINE Biotopes checklists of the 12 EU Member States (see methodology in CORINE Technical Handbook), Completion of the animal and plant checklists in style and format requested by the CORINE Biotope coordinators. In February 1994 the final drafts were completed as CORINE Checklist of threatened plants and animals for the European Union and the extension to the PHARE countries (1994) Version 1. The lists included species in the existing checklists of threatened species (Appendices F-K inclusive) published in the CORINE Biotopes Manual, Data Specifications - Part 1 (EUR 12587/2 EN)(1991) plus additional species from the PHARE region. These checklists were submitted to IUCN and the CORINE Coordinator at the EEA-TF and presented at the February 1994 Expert Working Meeting of CORINE PHARE national coordinators at DGXI, Brussels. The lists were then forwarded to PHARE national experts for CORINE Biotopes for review, correction and update. The methodology and checklists of species and habitats were subsequently sent out for independent review to EU Member States CORINE coordinators, IUCN Commissions and Programmes and other expert groups with requests for comment by 30 March 1994 (see Annex 1 for lists of contacts). The correspondence included the following: Documentation on the methodology for CORINE Biotopes site selection at the European Union level (CORINE Biotopes manual Methodology, (EUR 12587/1 EN); Contents page illustrating habitat structure, introduction and a sample page of habitat classes as the classification listed in the CORINE Biotopes manual, Habitats of the European Community, Data Specifications - Part 2, (EUR 12587/3 EN) Requests for comment were made on: Criteria used to select sites. Requested comments on the suitability of this methodology and whether it could be applied to extend the classification to habitats also (or solely) found in eastern and central Europe and the former Soviet Union. Alternative classifications that are currently in use or which are being proposed to cover the pan European region (whether a global vegetation classification which is applicable to Europe or one designed specifically for Europe itself). Requests were made for comments about the relative merits of the various systems. Acknowledgements were received from all six countries of the PHARE region. Variable amendments were received including long additional lists of species of national importance from Hungary and Poland. The final candidate Version | checklists of animal and plant species for the EU and PHARE countries were incorporated into the listings and marked within the WCMC global databases of threatened species. The habitats classification was reviewed for potential incorporation into the WCMC site protection database. In April 1994 additional comments were received from Marc Roekaerts, Ulla Pinborg and Pierre Devilliers on CORINE designated areas, habitats and species, during an IWRB/WCMC wetland information management workshop on 26 April and a WRI/WCMC workshop on Biodiversity Indicators for Policy-Makers on 29 April 1994. Finally in June 1994 lists were encoded into the CORINE Biotopes database by ITE. 1.3 Sources of Information In order to capture the fullest possible response within the given time frame under the IUCN Terms of Reference a variety of institutions were contacted and data collection methods employed. These included: CORINE PHARE Biotopes teams CORINE Biotopes teams in the European Union Government departments and agencies (eg natural resources, wildlife, fisheries, environment, parks) . International intergovernmental organisations Non-governmental organisations (NGO) and private voluntary organisations Universities Institutions Botanic Gardens Private individuals Data on the species checklists and habitats was gathered using various methods such as: Direct questioning through correspondence and interviews Review of conventions, agreements and directives Review of published documents and other material Currently EC DGXI, European Environment Agency and the Council of Europe have responsibility for CORINE development and assessments. WCMC worked closely with these bodies and the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology of the UK and Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, in developing its assessment of the threatened species and habitats and methodologies identified in their lists. WCMC also worked closely with relevant regional organizations, principle collaborators included IUCN and its commissions and programmes, and also WWF International. At the national level, WCMC collaborated directly with the appropriate authorities, CORINE Biotopes natural coordinators focal and independent species and habitats experts. See Annex 1 for lists of contacts. 1.4 Data confidentiality Some organisations and individuals, particularly those outside government, were sensitive about releasing information. Their confidentiality was maintained. 1.5 Acknowledgements The successful completion of this project has only been possible through a committed team effort by individuals and organisations from the European region and beyond. Within Europe, the contribution of the IUCN European Programme is particularly acknowledged, with a special thanks to Dr Zbigniew Karpowicz and Tiina Rajamets. Of equal importance is the fundamental contribution of Michel Cornaert (European Commission), Marc Roekaerts (Council of Europe), Dirk Wascher (European Environmental Agency Task Force), Eric Evrard (PHARE/European Environmental Agency Task Force), Pierre Devillers (CORINE/Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique), Dorian Moss (CORINE/Institute of Terrestrial Ecology of the UK) and Ulla Pinborg (CORINE/National Forest and Nature Agency of Denmark). Also to national CORINE/PHARE project coordinators G. Spiridonov/M. Mileeva, Department, Protected Areas and Forests, Ministry of Environment (Bulgaria), Z. Podhajska/B. Kucera, Cesky Ustat Ochrany Prirody (Czech Republic), T. Patkai, National Authority for Nature Conservation, Ministry of Environment and Regional Policy (Hungary), M. Oltean, Romanian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biology (Romania), A. Dyduch-Falniowska, Nature Protection Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland), and P. Gajdos, Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences (Slovakia) are acknowledged for their work in coordinating national assistance on checklists and in leading the administration of the study within each of the countries, respectively. Thanks are also expressed to the following individuals and organisations, without whose efforts the study would not have been possible: G. Sdderman, National Board of Waters and the Environment (Finland), D. Richard, Secrétariat de la Faune et de la Flore, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle (France), H. Koeppel, Bundesforschungsanstalt fiir Naturshultz und Landschaftsdkologie, Institut fiir Landschaftspflege und Landschaftsékologie, (Germany), C. O. Criddain, National Parks and Wildlife Service, Office of Public Works (Ireland), M. Gobbi, Commission for Environmental Impact Assessment, Servizio Conservazione Natura (Italy), J. Thissen, National Reference Centre for Nature, Forests and Landscape (IKC-NBLF), section Biogeographical Information Centre (Netherlands), M. Pancorbo Lopez, Coordinadora Proyecto Hispanat, Institut Nacional Para La Conservacion de la Naturaleza, Subdireccion General de Espaces Naturelles, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion (Spain), J. C. Simon Zerzoso, Botanico Protecto Biotopes/CORINE, Institut Nacional Para La Conservacion de la Naturaleza (Spain), A. Cuadrado Martin, Zoologigo Grupo Biotopes/CORINE, Institut Nacional Para La Conservacion de la Naturaleza (Spain), C. Gdransson, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Sweden), J. Hopkins, Joint Nature Conservation Committee (UK). Coordinating the study at the international level, as well as preparation of final outputs, was brought about by the dedicated efforts of staff at WCMC. A special thanks is extended to Johanna Sidey for her outstanding contribution towards project administration, data entry, and report production. Particular mention goes to the following individuals: Graham Drucker (Project Coordinator), Andrea Cole, Brian Groombridge, Harriet Gillett and Chris Magin along with support from Richard Luxmoore and Jeremy Harrison. A special thanks is also reserved for Kerry Walter, Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, for his efforts in designing the conventions database, for his contribution to the development of the project and advise on comparable programmes overseas. Finally gratitude is extended to all those who participated in the project. Without the time and interest of those who contributed by filling out questionnaires and/or by providing supporting materials and comments, there simply would be no study. It is only hoped that the efforts of these individuals is matched by a product that is of interest and real value. Dn METHODOLOGY FOR THE CORINE BIOTOPES PROCESS 2.1 Background Based on the recommendations in the Conference of the European Ministers of the Environment (Lucerne, 1993) attempts have been increasingly been devised to identify important sites for nature conservation at the pan European level. This is being seen as a practical method for linking or networking areas of Europe’s natural heritage and ensure longterm sustainability of the region. Towards furthering this goal the European Union and Council of Europe initiated the CORINE (Coordination of Information on the Environment) Programme. The first stages were undertaken entirely within the European Community (European Union) countries alone as of from 1985. In 1991 the Programme was expanded to incorporate the six East European Countries of the PHARE region (Strasbourg, 1991). Data in CORINE are collected on a number of major themes: the geographic base (coastline, regional boundaries, water pattern, slopes, settlements); nature ("biotopes" or sites of significance for nature conservation, areas designated by statute); land (soils, climate, erosion risk, land cover); air (emission, air quality); water (stream discharge, water quality) and socio-economic data. Collection of data for each theme forms a separate project, and these activities are closely coordinated by an advisory group which meets regularly in Brussels. Following compilation and validation, the data are added to a Geographical Information System (GIS) at the Brussels office of EC DG XI CORINE. Overall the CORINE Biotopes Programme has the following objectives: Systematically identify and list key national threatened species and biotope types of European importance to ensure their future conservation; Improve the country-level and regional availability of environmental conservation data; promote improved data quality by use of standard field techniques, habitat classifications and protocols for data capture; and promote the ready flow of data for in-country applications; Develop regional communications and thematic databases on sites with regionally important biotopes so as to assist the development of an integrated conservation strategy for the region; Provide the basis for a coordinated framework for species and ecosystem conservation, development of regional databases, and promotion of cooperation between the international community, EU Member States and the rest of Europe. The overall objective of the current CORINE Biotopes programme after EU is to catalogue as many as possible of the sites of nature conservation importance (Biotopes) in the PHARE counties and European Union, whether or not they currently enjoy national or international protection Status. For the purpose of site identification, objective criteria have been set up, based on the presence of vulnerable or endangered species of plants or animals or of threatened habitats. A Technical Handbook lists methodology and checklists of species which are recorded using the standard Linnaean scientific nomenclature. With the context of the PHARE extension work the actual task of site data collection using the checklists, was initiated after training sessions held in ITE and Brussels. The last was in February 1994 with the PHARE Biotope team coordinators, each of whom was responsible for collation of data for his or her country. Most of the team members are representatives of national nature conservation bodies but in some cases they are recruited from research institutes or universities. It is their duty to coordinate information from their own data and from other sources such as regional authorities and ornithological site registers and forward it to the CORINE coordinator in Brussels. Dee Methodology - identification of CORINE Biotopes checklist species in the EU member states The existing methodology for the European Union to derive the CORINE Biotope species checklists is found in CORINE Biotopes Manual, Data Specifications - Part 1] (EUR 12587/2 EN) (1991). The site selection criteria states that any vulnerable European species listed in Appendices F to K of the CORINE Biotopes manual which are present on the site are listed in the site record. If any of these species have been used as criteria for the inclusion of the site in the biotopes inventory, this should be indicated for each such species using one of the following criterion: = The site contains more than 1% of the Community population of the species, or is one of only 100 sites or fewer in the EU where the species occurs; * The site is one of only five sites or fewer in the region where the species occurs; $$ One of the most important sites in the EU for the species; $ One of the five most important sites in the region for the species; a The species has been observed in the site but not recently. In addition, where the information is available, species abundance is included as an estimate of the number of individuals. 2.3 Methodology - identification of CORINE Biotopes checklist species in the PHARE countries Explanatory notes/guidelines for the species checklists extension to the PHARE countries. 2.3.1 Checklist of threatened animals The revised draft list of species for the PHARE extension comprises the original listing for western Europe plus a selection of candidate species for East and Central Europe. The methodology for determining the animal checklists is based on criteria as follows: Globally-threatened species from the 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals, which occur in any of the PHARE countries and which are not in the original CORINE Biotopes checklist. Regional threatened species from the UNECE European Red List, which occur in the region and are not in the original CORINE Biotopes checklist. Species listed in any of the national Red Books of the PHARE countries which are not in the original CORINE Biotopes checklist, and which in independent judgement may be regarded as rare or threatened in Europe. Subspecies listed in national Red Books have not been included, and species have not been included if ranked as threatened in one country but which are widely distributed elsewhere in Europe and not significantly threatened at the regional level. Some of the species included are threatened in Europe but widespread and possibly not threatened outside Europe. A few species endemic to the PHARE countries, or nearly so, have been added. 2.3.2 Checklist of threatened plants The plant list consists of the original CORINE Biotopes checklists for the EU and approximately 100 additional threatened species from the PHARE region. The PHARE region plants checklist was compiled using a combination of the following criteria: Species listed as endangered (E) or vulnerable (V) at the national level in one or more of the six countries. Species listed as threatened at the global level. This includes IUCN "Threatened" categories: "Endangered" (E), "Vulnerable" (V), "Rare" (R) and "Indeterminate" (1). Species that are threatened at a national level but whose global distribution is incompletely known, have not been assigned a global threat category. The botanical taxonomic work for pan European countries, the Flora Europaea (1962-1980, 1993) was used as basis to validate species distribution within a European context. 2.3.3 General comments 1 See Annex 2 for information concerning the existing IUCN categories (also the proposed new system, Mace et al, 1993). No changes have been made to the existing CORINE biotopes checklist for the EU member states species lists (Appendices F-K in the CORINE biotopes manual, 1(1)). 10 However it was recognised that revision of the taxonomy and content of these lists was desirable. Vertebrates have been reviewed more comprehensively than invertebrates because more information is available. Invertebrates in the IUCN and the UNECE Red Lists have been added. WCMC have recent and comprehensive national invertebrate Red Lists only for Poland, Czech and Slovak Republics among the PHARE countries; WCMC has suggested for inclusion (without attempting to validate the taxonomy) those species which appear in both Red Lists. No invertebrates have been added under criterion four (animal taxa), above. No candidate species have been added from the latest Appendices to the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (T- PVS (93) 16), as this would also entail changes to the original CORINE Biotope listings. PHARE country animal species suggested for listing have been added after species in the same family already listed; where families have been added these appear after families already listed. A second list of plant species for the PHARE countries was also produced from the WCMC plants database; this list includes 700 species listed with IUCN category "E" or "V" ("Endangered" or "Vulnerable") at a national level in one or more of the six PHARE countries but for which we do not have a record of the full global distribution. In this Red list if the global distribution was not known to be complete, the global threat category could not logically be assigned. This list was distributed to experts in Europe to establish if any, or none, of these species in addition to the candidate list should be included. Comments from these experts were incorporated in the CORINE Biotope checklists where necessary. 3 CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CORINE BIOTOPES SPECIES CHECKLISTS Requests for comment on the animal and plant lists and their methodology were sent Out to 86 individual experts and expert groups within the CORINE PHARE and EU framework and through IUCN Commission and Programmes and wildlife/protected area agencies and thematic working groups. Selected responses include the following: 3.1 Comments on CORINE Biotopes checklists for the PHARE countries Czech Republic Ireland Netherlands Romania UK The draft selection of plants has been accepted without any special comments under the criteria that it was produced. Only recommendation is the re-evaluation of including Plantago atrata Hoppe subsp. sudetica (Pilger) Holub. This is an endemic taxon with distribution confined to the territory of the Czech Republic. The inclusion of the PHARE countries on the CORINE biotopes database demands the revision of the entire system so that threatened species and sites from those countries are not simply "tacked on" in a cumulative fashion. Are there, for instance, any species on the existing lists which cannot properly be regarded as threatened over the entire extended territory and which should, therefore, be proposed for deletion? e.g. the inclusion of Dryopteris aemula. The proposed additional species, which occur also in the Netherlands are no problem from the national point of view. Dr. Dihoru believes that the candidate plant checklist is too poor for Romania and gives some suggestions, both taxonomic and giving more species. Taxonomy of species is a problem. Many species regarded as most important in countries are endemics. The endemic sub- species become more of a problem because some species are extremely variable, for example a sub-species of Thalapi alpestre (caerulescens ssp. tatrense) is proposed on the list but in the UK there are 5-6 very distinctive populations which could be classified as endemic sub-species. The same may apply to many other species such a Limonium spp. The draft Plant "list 1" includes several taxa, which, though being Carpathian or West-Carpathian endemics, are tied up with upland and Alpine regions where they are not considered endangered, some of them occur in a relatively large territory in Slovakia: Cerastium arvense ssp. glandulosum, Dianthus praecox, Sepervivum montanum ssp. carpaticum, Thlaspi caerulescens ssp. 12 tatrense, Larix decidua var. polonica, Euphrasia slovaca, Laserpitium archangelica, Viola biflora, respectively are relatively copious in the territory of their occurrence. Due to little data about its localities, the inclusion of the taxa Larix decidua Mill. car. polonica Racib. Oastenf. into the list causes problems. 3.2 Comments referring to lower plants UK The bryophytes, lichens and fungi on the CORINE biotopes checklists are inadequate. The bryophytes have been given a European RDB recently and there is a great deal known about the European distribution of at least the macro-lichens and macro- fungi. These should be represented. 3.3 Independent comments on overall CORINE biotopes checklist species The following section comprises the feed back that this project has produced concerning the original EU CORINE Biotopes species listing and proposed extensions elsewhere. Finland Ireland Netherlands Poland UK We propose that the checklists will be extended to cover the Baltic States, Karelia and the Nordic Countries. The need for taxonomic rigour is crucial so the list should cite a taxonomic authority such as Flora Europaea and then adhere to it tigidly or at least state explicitly where it has departed from and why. It is not very useful to have on the species lists species which are widespread and common in agricultural and urban biotopes. The CORINE Biotopes and the Habitats Directive for which CORINE is a good instrument are site oriented, so inclusion of dispersed species is not adequate in this framework. As ‘concerns the checklists of species we believe that the analysis of species distribution in their whole European range and that of threats to them should be the main criteria taken into account. The existing lists such as list of Bern Convention, EEC - CITES etc, are based on different criteria and they should not be a base for CORINE checklists. The CORINE Project has its own purposes so it needs its own criteria, which will allow the identification and conservation of pan-European species diversity. Using threatened or endangered status in a single country can create serious misunderstandings about the status of species, as in an extreme case it could be the species is common in all other countries. For example, the CORINE threatened plants lists includes Silene vulgaris which I assume is rare in one or more 13 WWE International Council of Europe countries of the EU. However it is very abundant in several other, including the UK. We are concerned that many species on the UK Red Data Books do not appear on the list and even species on Annex II of the Habitat and Species Directive such as Gentianella anglica are not on the list. It seems that the whole list needs some sort of revision and a common set of standards applied across Europe. The problem is that what is rare and qualifies for Red Data Book status in one country may be quite common in another.. Perhaps what is needed is a tabulation for Europe of RDB species with endemics highlighted in some way. Users of the list would then know whether the rarity extended throughout Europe or was confined to particular areas or countries. Selection of the taxa depends on the criteria used, perseverant application of the criteria issuing from the all-European view can result in the exclusion of several proposed taxa. Methodological group of the project has got a difficult task to keep the list of proposed species consistent. The status "Rare" should not automatically be considered as "Threatened". Need to identify true endemics to Europe because many of the species already listed have a range that extends far beyond Europe. It is possible and recommendable to make a link between listed species and biotopes, especially feasible for plants and invertebrates. He also makes the recommendation to include both species and biotopes for all the EFTA countries, not just for 12 EU and 6 PHARE countries. A new list would therefore correspond more directly with the appendices of the Bern Convention and is more progressive in terms of the ongoing EU- enlargement process. The CORINE list is not a good point of departure for this exercise or else the term "Threatened" should be dropped as there is a risk of confusion with IUCN nomenclature. The CORINE list has never been a threatened species list (in the [UCN sense) but rather a list of species receiving particular conservation attention in the EU (for whatever reason). To write a pan-European list the threat category will have to be dropped with many species which receive attention in the EU states but are not at all threatened on a European scale (an example is given of the wolf). The Bern list is a political list which contains many species which are not threatened but that, nevertheless, it was thought that they should be protected in the whole of Europe. Our exercise should be much more defined. Which is your geographical framework of reference EU and PHARE and/or other European states? Will Cyprus and Turkey be included? The ex Soviet-Union, up to the Urals? 14 3.4 Species lists provided to WCMC for the PHARE countries Bulgaria Latest information in January 1994, Bulgarian Ministry of Environment List of plant species which should be added to the CORINE Biotopes Programme - 23 species. Czech Republic 1979 Red List of flora in Czech Socialist Republic Draft list of threatened species submitted to the CORINE Biotopes programme, 1992. No new updates had been prepared up to April 1994 Hungary List of Threatened Plants (1984) Draft list of threatened species submitted to the CORINE Biotopes programme, 1992. New updates had been prepared in March/April 1994 Poland List of Threatened Plants (1986) List of Threatened Plants in Poland (2nd edition, 1992) Polish Red Data Book of threatened Plants (1994) Romania List of rare, endemic and threatened plants in Romania (1984) Draft list of threatened species submitted to the CORINE Biotopes programme, 1992" Draft list of threatened species on diskette (January 1994) Slovakia List of extinct, endemic and threatened taxa of vascular plants ...of Slovakia Draft Red list of ferns and flowering plants of Slovakia (January 1994, 2nd draft) 4. COMPARISON OF THE CORINE BIOTOPES CHECKLISTS WITH RELEVANT LISTS IN EUROPEAN AND GLOBAL TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS The CORINE Biotopes species checklists have been developed as a mechanism for identifying sites of importance for nature conservation at a European level. The lists are intended to represent "indicator" species, to act as a tool or guide for site selection, rather than to be exhaustive listings of all threatened species within the European context. The stages within the WCMC project included the following: to 4.1 Identification and acquisition of lists appended to global and regional treaties and agreements relevant to Europe. Includes comparison with the EU Habitats and Birds Directives, Bern Convention, Bonn Convention, UNECE Red list, CITES, IUCN Global Red list, and where relevant the Baltic Convention and UNEP Regional Seas Programmes and related agreements. Incorporation of relevant information within WCMC databases in standard format. Analysis of material received in order to evaluate differences between CORINE Biotopes checklists with other European Treaties and Agreements. Sending out lists and analysis for independent review. Preparation of comments and recommendations. Types of species and habitat lists present in relevant European and global Treaties and agreements Within European lists of threatened or protected species are found, in addition to the CORINE Biotopes Checklists, in the following: IUCN Global Red Lists of Animals and Plants as held in the WCMC species databases; Habitats Directive; Birds Directive; Bern Convention; Bonn Convention; UNECE European Red List of globally threatened species; Barcelona Convention and the Mediterranean Action Plan, Baltic Sea Convention; Red Data Book of the Baltic Region; USSR Red Data Book; National Red Data books for European countries; CITES Convention Appendices; Various legal instruments and agreements have used differing approaches to protect the listed rare and endangered species of animal and plant. Aims and objectives range from protection from wildlife trade, to protection only of migratory species, to identification of species under threat at the regional level such as in the Mediterranean or Baltic Seas. 4.1.1 TUCN Global Red lists The /UCN Red Lists of animals and threatened plants of the world are comprehensive global compenda of species known to be threatened. The term threatened refers to taxa assigned a relevant status category by IUCN. The Red List is based on information provided through the IUCN Species Survival Commission Specialist Groups. Each species covered in the Red List is assigned a threat category determined by review of the factors affecting it and the extent of the effects these are having throughout its range. Key factors examined include changes in distribution or numbers, degree and type of threat, and population biology. A new IUCN classification has been prepared by Mace et al (1993)(see Annex 2). 4.1.2 Bern Convention The Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (the Bern Convention) places its heaviest emphasis on the protection of habitats, especially habitats of species listed in the Appendices and endangered habitats. There are four Appendices. Appendix I is reserved exclusively for "Strictly Protected Flora Species", Appendix II for "Strictly Protected Animal Species", and Appendix III for "Protected Fauna Species". A revision in 1991 added to the convention species which are at the greatest risk of extinction ie. endangered plants and animals. Additional plant and animals species were added to the Appendices which if the conservation measures were applied would also conserve habitats of conservation importance and sites where other endemic and threatened plants are found. Other additions were species which were not quite in the categories "Endangered" or "Vulnerable" but were rapidly declining due to over-collection. In the case of Appendix I Flora Europaea has been used throughout as the major taxonomic reference point. For a list of selection criteria for the Appendices see Annex 9. 17 4.1.3 Habitats Directive The Council Directive on the Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (1992) concerns the conservation of wild animals and plants and their habitats. Three Appendices list threatened species of animal and plant of Community Concern. Appendix II Animal and plant species of Community Interest whose conservation requires the designation of Special Areas of Conservation Appendix IV Animal and plant species of Community Interest in need of strict protection Appendix V Animal and plant species of Community Interest whose taking in the wild and exploitation may be subject to management measures Criteria for species selection are listed in Article 1 as follows: Species of Community interest means species which, within the territory referred to in Article 2, are: 1) endangered, except those species whose natural range is marginal in that territory and which are not endangered or vulnerable in the western palaearctic region: or il) vulnerable, i.e. believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating; or ill) rare, i.e. with small populations that are not at present endangered or vulnerable, but are at risk. The species are located within restricted geographical areas or are thinly scattered over a more extensive range; or iv) endemic and requiring particular attention by reason of the specific nature of their habitat and/or the potential impact of their exploitation on their conservation Status. Such status are listed or may be listed in Annex II and/or Annex IV or V; Priority species means species referred to in (g)(i) for the conservation of which the Community has particular responsibility in view of the proportion of their natural range which falls within the territory referred to in Article 2; these priority species are indicated by an asterisk (*) in Annex II. For details of the Bonn and CITES Conventions see Annexes 7 and 8. 4.1.4 Other European and regional classifications 4.1.4.1 Baltic Sea Region The Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area (Helsinki 18 Convention)(1983) has provisions for species conservation. Priority species for conservation in the Baltic Sea region are based on threatened species identified in national red lists for each country of the circum-Baltic region. In this case there are 16 geographical units: Aland region, Finland Finland excluding Aland Leningrad region, Russia Estonia Latvia Lithuania Kaliningrad region, Russia Poland Germany (former East Germany) Germany (Schleswig-Holstein) Denmark Sweden The HELCOM Environment Committee started to develop a programme in nature conservation as a first step in the implementation of Article 15 on nature conservation and biodiversity in the new 1992 Helsinki Convention. The environment committee adopted a list of issues that it felt should be included in the future work programme in nature conservation and biodiversity in the baltic region. This includes a strategy and guidelines for the conservation of species, such as the preparation of a comprehensive Red Data book on flora and fauna for the entire Baltic area. It was published by the Swedish Threatened Species Unit, Uppsala (Sweden) in 1993. Taxa have not been assigned threat categories for the Baltic region as a whole, but instead for each country. Anthropogenic species are not included in the red list, listing only “truly native" taxa. For birds, only regularly breeding species are generally considered for national/regional red list. The Baltic States are currently involved in a range of national, regional and international initiatives which aim to improve the conservation of biodiversity within their countries. One of the key needs for each of these countries, is to collaborate in the collection of data and the production of periodic reports on progress towards achieving the protection and sustainable management of the Baltic. 4.1.4.2 Mediterranean The Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution (Barcelona convention) adopted in 1985 covers 14 Countries of the Mediterranean Basin. There are 10 priority targets including the protection of endangered marine species and in particular monk seal and marine turtles. This was preceded by the Intergovernmental Meeting on Mediterranean Specially Protected Areas in 1980 with the preparation by IUCN of List of rare and threatened plants of the states of the Mediterranean basin, Mediterranean marine species in possible need of protection, Threatened mammals of the Mediterranean, Preliminary list of Mediterranean birds in need of special protection and the Preliminary list of amphibians and reptiles of the Mediterranean Region, known or considered to be threatened. 19 These tend to be taxa considered to be threatened throughout their range, or taxa considered threatened within their Mediterranean range. 4.1.4.3 Commonwealth of Independent States - Former Soviet Union The former Soviet Union consisted of 16 republics which now all constitute separate and independent countries under the CIS, including the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (not members of the CIS), along with Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belorussia, Georgia, Kazakstan, Kirghizia, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Given the vast territory of the Union, it was found expedient to find a regional approach to species conservation. The identification of objects requiring conservation both on a nationwide scale and in individual areas and regions remained a high priority. Thus alongside the Red Data Book of USSR (1978) republic level Red Data books have been compiled in many of the union republics. In every region priority protection was given to species included in the Red Data Book of USSR. About 10% of the USSR flora were identified and listed as rare and endangered. For incorporation in the lists species had to meet one or more of several criteria: : Protecting a species whose populations were threatened within the Soviet Union, regardless of its presence in other countries; Priority given to rare species threatened with immediate danger of extinction; Species of real or potential economic value, particularly those with wild populations which were rapidly declining. So that conservation objectives would be distributed uniformly in the various regions of the former Soviet Union, the committee strove to include species from all regions. It was recognized nevertheless that such areas as the Caucasus and Central Asia had many more endemic species than others. These species tend to be narrow endemics, species on the edge of their range and species whose populations are small in number. Range size, number, existing conditions, and vitality are taken into account while identifying the species which need protection. Endemics with a narrow range can also be listed as rare species. Plants with narrow ranges in the former USSR whose main range was Outside the former Soviet Union were also ranked as rare. Species whose numbers and distributions have decreased due to exploitation are also ranked as rare (Beloussova and Denissova, 1981). It was in this way that the overall federal strategy of flora was instigated throughout the region (Tikhomirov, 1981). The CIS republics have prepared their own national lists of threatened and endangered plant species and embarked on official Red Data Books. 20 4.1.5 Regional processes for comparisons beyond Europe A number of comparable activities are being undertaken to identify threatened species at a regional or multi-state level either for Red List purposes or as indicators of important habitats or sites of biodiversity importance. 4.1.5.1 Australia Australia is a federation of six states and two self-governing territories. To document the species research produced the volumes of Flora of Australia and Fauna of Australia (Dyne and Walton, 1987). The distribution and conservation status of species at a federal and state level has been identified (Briggs and Leigh, 1988). This process has a number of distinctive features specifically tailored to the Australian situation and the basic threat categories accord with the IUCN Red Data book categories. The distribution category of each species (indicated by numbers 1-3) is given in conjunction with the conservation status (E, V, R, X or K). Thus: ] Species known only from the type collection; 2 Species with a very restricted distribution in Australia and with a maximum geographic range of less than 100km; 3 Species with a range over 100km in Australia but occurring only in small populations which are mainly restricted to highly specific and localised habitats. In addition, there are the following categories: X Presumed Extinct, E Endangered, V Vulnerable, R Rare (not threatened), K Poorly known, C population reserved, a adequately reserved, t total population reserved, and + species with natural distributions outside Australia. Regional distribution is based on one or more of 80 Australian regions. The criteria in which the regions are based vary from one state to another. In most states the regions are largely based on phytogeographical areas, although there are some obvious discrepancies between the states as these regional boundaries rarely coincide across state borders. Regions in two Queensland and northern territory are based on traditional pastoral districts, effectively natural floristic regions. 4.1.5.2 Canada There are about 3,269 native species of vascular plants and about 884 introduced species. A rare plants project, conducted by Argus er al. (1990) from the National Museum of Nature in Ottawa, has provided lists and information on some 1,010 vascular plant taxa that are considered to be nationally rare in Canada. The project, which is nearing completion, provides provincial lists of rare plants and is available to the provincial Conservation Data Centres (Argus and Prior, 1990; G. Francis, pers. comm., 1992). 4.1.5.3 China In 1982 the China Plant Red Data Book was initiated under the auspices of the China National 21 Environmental Protection Agency and the Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, and identifies species throughout all provinces and autonomous regions. The work has been done on the basis of extensive plant surveys. The conservation status endangered, rare and vulnerable are related to, but not identical to, the IUCN Red List Categories. Each of the species are those under threat of extinction throughout all or significant portions of their biological range, regardless of political boundaries. In the Plant Red Data book 388 taxa are designated as threatened out of a country total of 3,000 vascular plants species in danger of extinction. A globally threatened species and linked habitats and protected areas database has been developed by J. McKinnon. 4.1.5.4 United States of America The Heritage Programs and Conservation Data Centers of the Nature Conservancy have identified conservation priority ranking for American species at the global, national and state/subnational levels. The methodology is described in the Natural Heritage Element Conservation Priority ranking guidelines Excerpts from Biological and Conservation Data System On-line Help screens (1994). The methodology involves a series of ranking of each species in an established matrix (see below and TNC, 1994). Species are identified on three sets of levels, globally, nationally, state level: 1 Critically imperiled globally/national/state; 2 imperiled globally/nation/state; 3 Rare or uncommon; 4 Widespread, abundant, and apparently secure, but with cause for long-term concern; 5 Demonstrably widespread, abundant, and secure. In all cases the process includes a numeric range rank, taxonomic subdivision, and taxonomic qualifiers. The following table defines the various legitimate combinations of characters which can be used as National and State Ranks. ist Qualifier Breeding Success Breeding Qualifier avon ne [ert Jiechi rma ell Sa Ee ae Meee Re SP |r ee vie er bie ie oe ae eS extirpated (ee cee aT || aaa a ED 22 Ranking is as follows: N#/S# Numenc Rank: A numeric rank 1-5 of relative endangerment based primarily on the number of occurrences of the element within the nation/state. NI/SI Cntically imperiled in the nation/state because of extreme rarity or because of some factors making it especially vulnerable to extirpation from the nation/state (typically 5 or fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals or acres) N2/S2 Imperiled in the nation/state because of rarity or because of some factors making it very vulnerable to extirpation from the nation (6-20 occurrences or few remaining individuals or acres) N3/S3 Rare and uncommon in the nation/state (21-100 occurrences) N4/S4 Widespread, abundant, and apparently secure in nation/state, with many occurrences, but the Element is of long-term concern usually 100 or more occurrences) NS/S5 Demonstrably widespread, abundant, and secure in the nation/state, and essentially ineradicable under present conditions Other factors included in the ranking are “unranked, exotic, accidental, zero occurrences, potential, reported, reported falsely, historical, extirpated, hybrid, synonym, breeding status, qualifiers". 4.1.6 Species-based Approach to Conservation The species-based approach to identification of biodiversity, developed by the Australian Nature Conservation Agency (ANCA), and utilised in the technical appendix "Towards a Systematic Approach for Identifying Gaps in the Australian System of Protected Areas" involved deriving appropriate data sets to represent continental-level species biodiversity. Three species groups were selected: eucalypts, land birds and butterflies. These groups were selected because they were available in a form suitable for analysis. Two measures of diversity were derived for each species group: species richness and endemism. Species richness was defined as the number of species within each 1 degree grid cell. The number of species of eucalypts, land birds and butterflies were summed for each 1 degree grid cell, and mapped into five classes. A species was defined as endemic when it occurred in 10 or less 1 degree grid cells, i.e. a restricted range species. The number of endemic species of eucalypts, land birds and butterflies were summed for each | degree grid cell, and mapped into five classes. Species richness and endemism for eucalypts, land birds and butterflies were combined to produce a single map of species richness and endemism. Data on the index of threat to species biodiversity was derived by comparing the data set on averaged index of richness and endemism for species biodiversity with change in vegetation type. 23 oe COMPARISONS WITH CORINE BIOTOPES CHECKLIST SPECIES Data were incorporated into the WCMC species database and comparisons made between the various listings. The ultimate aim of this comparison was to provide new methodological guidelines to be followed in extending the CORINE Biotope list to Eastern Europe and in a wider European context. The following species lists were compared against the CORINE Biotopes checklist of threatened animals: : 1994 IUCN Red List for animals Appendix II (strictly protected fauna species), Bern Convention Annex II, Annex IV, of the EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC Annex I of the EC Birds Directive 79/409/EEC modified by Directive 85/411/EEC of the Council of 25 July 1985 UNECE European Red List of globally threatened species Red Data book for the Baltic Sea Region USSR Red Data book National Red Data Books for European countries Red Data Book for the Baltic Sea Region Of the above, the UNECE European Red List of Globally Threatened Animals and Plants comprised mainly of IUCN Red Lists of threatened species which are threatened with extinction on a global scale. It is extracted from the IUCN threatened species data held at WCMC and so in the comparisons below is equivalent to the IUCN Red lists. At the time of adoption by UNECE in 1991 it comprised 60 mammals, 28 birds, 37 reptiles, 19 amphibians, 38 freshwater fishes, 238 invertebrates and about 4,500 vascular plants. The lists were adopted by the UNECE at its 46th session (1991) by decision D (46). Summarised details of the other lists are present in the table and text below. 5.1 Comparison of threatened mammal species lists This document compares the mammal species included on the CORINE checklist of threatened species and those listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention with those species from the 12 European Union countries considered globally threatened by IUCN. The stated selection criteria for the inclusion of mammals on the CORINE checklist are: a) species considered "Endangered", "Vulnerable" or "Rare" in the following published sources: 24 Threatened mammals in Europe, C.J. Smit and A. van Wijngaarden (1976), Council of Europe, Nature and Environment Series, 10 Conservation of species of wild flora and vertebrate fauna threatened in the Community, J. Thornback, Nature Conservancy Council (1982). b) species listed in Annex II of the Bern Convention. 5.1.1 Comparison with the Bern Convention Examination of the lists shows that many species listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention are not listed in the CORINE Biotopes checklists. There are several apparent reasons: Some Annex II species do not occur in the 12 countries of the European Union (e.g. Preromys volans, Sicista subtilis). Some Annex II species occur in regions of the 12 countries which are not part of the European Union (e.g. Plecotus teneriffae from the Canary Islands; and Ursus maritimus from Greenland). Taxonomic differences. E.g. Crocidura ariadne is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention, but not on CORINE. In a recent mammalian taxonomy (Wilson and Reeder, 1993) it is considered part of C. suaveolens, which is widespread and non-threatened. CORINE Biotope checklists may not list introduced species. For example, Erinaceus algirus = Atelerix algirus is on Annex II but not on the CORINE Biotopes checklist: it is an introduced species in the Balearic Islands and Mediterranean France and Spain. Other Annex II species simply appear to have been omitted from CORINE, notably 12 Cetacean species (e.g. Orcinus orca, Lagenorhynchus acutus); Pipistrellus maderensis from Madeira; Nyctalus lasiopterus from the Azores (both Madeira and the Azores are autonomous regions of Portugal, but belong politically and economically to the European Union). 5.1.2 Comparison with the 1994 IUCN Red list MAMMALS Total no. of species No. on CORINE checklist 1994 IUCN Red List Bern Convention 35 34 Appendix II EC Habitats Directive 50* 22 Annex II * not including Ursidae and Microchiroptera 25 Many CORINE Biotopes listed taxa are also considered globally threatened by IUCN. However, some globally threatened taxa present in the 12 European Union countries are not included on CORINE, i.e.: Ovis orientalis musimon (Listed as Rare by IUCN) Ovis orientalis ophion (Listed as Vulnerable by IUCN) These are sometimes considered to be part of Ovis ammon, which is listed on CORINE. Balaenoptera physalus (Listed as Vulnerable by IUCN) Twelve small Cetacean species (Listed as Insufficiently Known by IUCN) - all of these are also on Annex II of the Bern Convention. 5.1.3 Comparison with the Bonn Convention The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) is not a solely European Convention. Fourteen of the 19 species mentioned in Appendix I are not native to Europe, for example Gorilla gorilla beringei, four species of gazelle and Podocnemis expansa found in the Americas. Appendix II includes all species of Rhinolophida and Vespertilionida bat, 5 and 24 are respectively indicated in the CORINE Biotopes list. The marine mammals are incompletely listed in the CORINE Biotopes checklists, only seven species being described. By comparison at least 15 species of Delphinidae have been listed in the Bonn Convention including important populations of: Lagenorhynchus albirostris Lagenorhynchus acutus Grampus griseus Tursiops truncatus Stenella coeruleoalba Delphinus delphis Orcinus orca Globicephala melas 5.1.4 Comparison with the CITES Convention The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora is a global convention. The majority of the species are not found naturally in Europe, exceptions include: Appendix I: Megaptera novaeengliae Balaena mysticetus Eubalaena species including E. mysticetus 26 Ursus arctos Monachus monachus Rupicapra rupricapra ornata Important exceptions of species which are found in Appendix II but not on the CORINE Biotopes list include the primate Macaca sylvanus from Gibraltar (UK). 5.2. Comparison of threatened amphibian and reptile species lists The CORINE Biotopes guidelines indicate that its list of threatened species includes: a) species considered "endangered", "vulnerable" or "rare" in the following published sources: Threatened amphibians and reptiles in Europe by R.E. Honegger (1978), Council of Europe, Nature and Environment Series, 15. Conservation of species of wild flora and vertebrate fauna threatened in the Community, B. Groombridge, Nature Conservancy Council (1982); b) species listed in Annex II of the Bern Convention; Cc) endemic species or species with a very distinct Community distribution and classed as vulnerable by Honegger (1978) and Nature Conservancy Council (1982); d) species considered endangered by regional Red Lists covering their only or their main area of distribution in the Community. The following species lists were compared against the CORINE Biotope checklist of threatened Amphibians and Reptiles. 1994 IUCN Red List Appendix II (Strictly protected fauna species), Bern Convention Annex II, Annex IV, of the EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC REPTILES Total no. of species No. on CORINE checklist 1994 IUCN Red List Bern Convention 75 36 Appendix II EC Habitats Directive 19 13 Annex II 2 AMPHIBIANS Total no. of species No. on CORINE checklist i ee ae Bern Convention 42 23, Appendix I] EC Habitats Directive 12 Annex II 5.2.1 Comparison with 1994 IUCN Red List Species listed in the 1994 IUCN Red List are considered globally threatened. Results show that a total of 5 amphibian species and 3 reptile species mentioned upon the 1994 Red List have been omitted from the CORINE species checklist. Five of the species are categorised by IUCN as "Rare"- Discoglossus jeanneae Discoglossus montalentii Euproctus platycephalus Salamandra lanzai Podarcis pityuensis and one "Vulnerable"- Salamandra aurorae 5.2.2 Comparison with the Bern Convention On initial examination, Annex II of the Bern Convention has many species which are not mentioned in the CORINE Biotopes checklist. However, taxonomic changes have caused much of the apparent dilemma. Hydromantes genei is mentioned on the CORINE checklist. This form is now usually regarded as three biological species:- Hydromantes flavus, Hydromantes supramontes, Hydromantes imperialis. The generic name Speleomantes is often applied. The biological species are mentioned in Annex II, but not in the CORINE checklist. Both Hyla meridionalis and Hyla sarda belong to the Hyla arborea group (D. Frost, 1983), with Hyla sarda only recently being elevated from its status as a subspecies of Hyla arborea. Hyla arborea is listed in the CORINE checklist. 28 5.2.3 The omission of Rana italica from the CORINE checklist could be attributed to its elevation from the subspecies Rana graeca italica to species status by Picariello, Scillitani and Cretella in 1985. Triturus dobrogicus and Triturus karelinii are included in the Triturus cristatus group by Frost, 1983. Comparison with Annex II and Annex IV of EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC Species mentioned in Annex II of the Directive are "Animal and Plant species of Community interest whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation". Milos Viper, Vipera schweizeri is a rare snake that is endemic to Greece, yet it is not mentioned by CORINE. It has recently been elevated from subspecies rank. Podarcis pityusensis Ybiza wall Lizard has also been omitted from the CORINE Biotopes checklists, yet is mentioned in Annex II of the EC Directive. In Annex II of the Directive the genus Speleomantes is used instead of Hydromantes as in the Bern Convention. Discoglossus jeanneae and Discoglossus montalentii have both been omitted from the CORINE Biotope checklists. Species mentioned in Annex IV of the EC directive are ‘Animal and Plant species of Community interest in need of strict protection. 5.2.4 Comparison with the Bonn Convention Sea turtles are the only migratory species listed. 5.3 Comparison of threatened fish species lists The CORINE Biotopes manual indicates the list of threatened species includes: a) species considered "Endangered" in the following published sources: Threatened freshwater fish of Europe, A. Lelek (1980), Council of Europe, Nature and Environment Series, 18; 29 Conservation of threatened freshwater fish in Europe, P.S. Maitland (1986), Council of Europe, European Committee for the conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; Conservation of species of wild flora and vertebrate fauna threatened in the Community; K.E. Banister, Nature Conservancy Council (1982); b) species considered "Vulnerable" in the following published source: Conservation of species of wild flora and vertebrate fauna threatened in the Community, K.E. Banister, Nature Conservancy Council (1982); c) species proposed for listing in Annex II of the Bern Convention (Maitland, loc. cit.); d) species considered endangered by regional Red Lists covering their only or their main area of distribution in the Community. The following species lists were compared against the CORINE Biotopes checklist of threatened fish. 1994 IUCN Red List Appendix II (Strictly protected Fauna species), Bern Convention Annex II, Annex IV, of the EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC Council of Europe, "Conservation of threatened freshwater fish in Europe", Nature and Environment Series, no.46, 1991. FISH Total no. of species No. on CORINE checklist 7 tie... Sa Bern Convention 4 3 Appendix I] EC Habitats Directive Annex II 5.3.1 Comparison with 1994 IUCN Red List Species listed in the 1994 IUCN Red List are considered globally threatened. A total of 28 fish species mentioned on the 1994 IUCN Red list have been omitted on the CORINE checklist. Nine of which are "Rare", and five "Endangered". Many of the omitted fish are from Greece and are included in the 1994 IUCN Red List of threatened species on the basis of the Greek Red Data Book. 30 5.3.2 Comparison with Annex II of the Bern Convention The European mudminnow Umbra krameri is the only species that has not been incorporated into the CORINE checklist. It occurs in some waters of Central Europe and can be found along the River Danube. Therefore its distribution falls within the PHARE area. Because of its restricted distribution and population decline it is considered "Vulnerable" in Europe. 5.3.3 Comparison with EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC Thirty nine species of fish with varying distribution throughout Europe are listed in the Red List but not on the CORINE checklist. Two of them have a wide European distribution: Lampetra planeri Cottus gobio However there are several fish with a limited distribution that should be considered for inclusion in CORINE checklists. For example: Cobitis conspersa Cobitis larvata Rutilus lemmingii Rutilus macrolepidotus Scardinius graecus 5.3.4 Comparison with Council of Europe, "Conservation of threatened freshwater fish in Europe", Nature and Environment Series, no.46, 1991 Eudontomyzon danfordii is not mentioned in the CORINE checklist yet it can be found within the Danube system and especially in the catchment of the River Tisza. It is regarded as "Vulnerable" due to its restricted distribution. It must be noted that Eudontomyzon gracilis considered by some to be conspecific with Eudontomyzon danfordii, and Eudontomyzon mariae con-specific with Eudontomyzon vladykovi (which is mentioned in the CORINE Biotopes checklist). Both Acipenser guldenstaedti and Acipenser nudiventris occur in the River Danube (PHARE region) and are considered "Vulnerable" and "Endangered" respectively. The CORINE checklist fails to mention these two species and therefore should be considered for a revised CORINE Biotopes checklist. 5.3.5 Comparison with the Bonn Convention The Bonn Convention only list two species of fish, neither of which are listed in CORINE: Pangasianodon gigas Acipenser fulvescens 3 5.4 Comparison of threatened invertebrate species lists CORINE Biotopes guidelines indicate that the checklist of threatened species includes: a) species proposed for listing in Annex II of the Bern Convention in: "Invertebrates in need of special protection in Europe", N.M Collins and S.M. Wells (1987), Council of Europe, Nature and Environment Series b) species of 24 Rhopalocera appearing as "Endangered" or "Vulnerable" in the Community according to information in: J. Heath (1981), Council of Europe, Nature and Environment Series, 23; c) species of Odonata considered "Endangered" or "Vulnerable" in: The protection of dragonflies (Odonata) and their biotopes, J.van Tol and M.J.Verdonk (1988), Council of Europe, Nature and Environment Series, 38; d) species of Odonata identified as "Vulnerable" in the Community by a preliminary analysis of the group (CORINE Biotopes manual, 86-2.2) The following species lists were compared against the CORINE Biotopes checklist of Invertebrates: 1994 IUCN Red List Appendix II (Strictly protected fauna species), Bern Convention Annex II, Annex IV, of the EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC INVERTEBRATES Total no. of species No. on CORINE list 1994 IUCN Red List 63 Bern Convention 71 67 Appendix II 5.4.1 Comparison with 1994 IUCN Red List Many of the invertebrate species listed by IUCN are from the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Azores. CORINE Biotopes list did not include any of the species from these islands. Both Madeira and the Azores are autonomous regions of Portugal, but belong politically and economically to the European Union, therefore invertebrate species ought be included in the 32 CORINE Biotopes checklists. Species such as Pseudanodonata complanata, Unio crassus, and Austropotamobius torrentium are widespread throughout Europe and therefore are not in the CORINE Biotopes checklist. 5.4.2 Comparison with Appendix II of the Bern Convention Four species of Insecta have not been included in the CORINE Biotopes checklist. Calopteryx syriaca Coenagrion freyi Cordulegaster trinacriae Brachythemis fuscopalliata Both Calopteryx syriaca and Brachythemis fuscopalliata have been recorded from the Mediterranean coast of Southern Turkey and therefore only just border Europe. Coenagrion freyi is confined to the small lakes of the Austrian and Swiss Alps, it is now extinct in Germany. Coenagrion freyi is also found in Siberia and Manchuria, but is considered by some to be a sub species of C. hylas. 5.4.3 Comparison with Annex II of the EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC Three species of Insecta have been omitted from the CORINE checklist: Limoniscus violaceus Lucanus cervus Osmoderma eremita The Hermit Beetle (Osmoderma eremita) has a sporadic distribution throughout Europe and is considered "Endangered" in Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Norway and Sweden. (Council of Europe, Nature and Environment Series, no.35, 1987). It has suffered greatly from habitat destruction or intensive management of ancient woodlands for economic purposes and appearances to be in serious decline throughout much of Europe. 5.4.4 Comparison with the Bonn Convention The Convention lists no invertebrates in Appendix I and only one in Appendix II: Danaus plexippus which is an American species. 5.5 Comparisons with the threatened bird species lists The CORINE Biotopes checklist of threatened species includes: Species listed in Annex I of Directive 79/409/EEC modified by Directive 35 85/411/EEC of the Council of 25 July 1985; Species restricted to the Iberian peninsula and the Atlantic Islands, of equivalent vulnerability to Annex I species Birdlife International proposed the following species to be added to CORINE Biotopes lists for the PHARE region: Aquila nipalensis Falco vespertinus Anthropoides virgo Glareola nordmanni Limicola falcinellus Tringa stagnatilis Xenus cinereus Strix uralensis Melanocorypha leucoptera 5.5.1 Comparison with IUCN Red List Birdlife International has drafted lists of globally threatened bird species in European the forthcoming publication Birds in Europe: their conservation status in August 1994. Of the species not found in CORINE checklists, two species of bird in Europe qualify as globally threatened, according to the new IUCN Red List criteria (Mace et al, 1993), are listed which are not found in the CORINE Biotopes checklist: Chettusia gregaria Loxia scotica The latter is restricted to parts of Scotland in the UK. 5.5.2 Comparison with the CITES Convention The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora is a global convention. The majority of the species are not found naturally in Europe, exceptions include one Appendix I species: Falco peregrinus peregrinus In addition there are a number of Appendix II species: Pelecanus crispus Branta ruficollis Aquila chrysaetos Chlamydotis undulata all Falco species of which five have been listed in CORINE Biotopes checklists. 34 5.5.3 Comparison with the Bonn Convention Only five of 24 species listed in Appendix I are also found in the CORINE checklist including: Pelecanus crispus Haliaeetus albicilla In Appendix II, 12 species and 9 families (with 57 species listed in CORINE) are identified. The majority of species fall in the Accipitidae and Anatidae. Not uncommon European migratory species have been listed in the Bonn Appendix II, including Meriops apiaster. 5.6 | Comparisons with the CORINE Biotopes threatened plant lists This section compares the plant species included on the CORINE checklist of threatened species with those listed on a number of Conventions and International Agreements. The discussion is largely confined to vascular plants, since insufficient information was readily available to compare listings of lower plant taxa. The CORINE Biotopes manual indicates its list of threatened species includes: a) species listed as "endangered" or "vulnerable" at the European level or in a Member State of the European Community in the reports: List of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe, Threatened Plants Committee (1982), Council of Europe, Nature and Environment Series 27; Conservation of species of wild flora and vertebrate fauna threatened in the Community, C. Leon, Nature Conservancy Council (1982); b) species of orchids identified as particularly threatened in a preliminary analysis of the group (CORINE Biotopes manual, 86-2.2). Conservation of species of wild flora and vertebrate fauna threatened in the Community, K.E. Banister, Nature Conservancy Council (1982); The following species lists were compared against the CORINE checklist of threatened plants. WCMC database of threatened plants of the world Appendix II (Strictly protected plant species), Bern Convention Annex II, Annex IV, of the EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC UNECE European Red List of Globally threatened species 35 Red Data book for the Baltic Sea Region USSR Red Data book National Red Data books for European countries CITES Convention species Comparisons of the species on the CORINE Biotopes checklist and other Conventions and Treaties identifies a number of species to be found on the IUCN Red lists, Bern Convention, Habitats Directive and CITES but which are absent from the CORINE checklists, for example: Ceropegia chrysantha which is globally "endangered" and endemic to the Canary Islands. Silene mariana which is endemic to Spain and globally "threatened". A summary of the total number of species in each Treaty or Convention and the proportion of those threatened is illustrated in the following table: PLANTS Total no. of listed species Total no. of threatened species Habitats Directive 513 (492+) Appendices 349 Bern Convention 420 Appendix II ins a | 506 288 UNECE red lists 4500 4500 CORINE Biotopes checklists (EU) IUCN Red List in PHARE 3813 region IUCN Red List in EU 5240 2015 region IUCN Red List for pan 9492 2648 Europe (excluding the
50%) of their range in the CORINE area
(irrespective of their global distribution area) should be recorded.
58
- Use revised IUCN threatened species category system.
The new IUCN category system of Mace et al (1993) in preparation
offers a suitable system for categorising species in relation to some
given area of the earth.
- Undertake prelimiaary compilation surveys of the status and
distribution of major habitat classes.
Further work is needed for habitats, however in the interim the
Council of Europe Vegetation map will go some way towards
supporting this goal. Collaboration with the Council of Europe ought
be sought.
- Identification of European threatened landscapes.
It is recommended to incorporate in the CORINE Biotopes
methodology the criteria for identification of threatened landscapes as
being developed by IUCN CESP. Subsequently lists of key threatened
landscapes ought be undertaken.
8.5 Range in CORINE area
Recommendations:
- Identify minimal range criteria for checklist species/habitats.
Species and habitats that have an extremely small range, and are
therefore at risk from chance factors, and are restricted to the
CORINE Biotopes area, should be recorded. What should be defined
as "an extremely small range" needs further discussion, and might
vary between taxonomic groups (it might, for example, be a mountain
peak of 5 ha for an insect, or a stream of 20 km for a fish).
59
8.6
8.7
Conventions and agreements
Recommendations:
- Strengthen the CORINE methodology through linking with
International/Regional Treaties and Agreements.
To the extent that the intention of the CORINE Biotopes project
remains to record for site assessment purposes those species considered
threatened, the CORINE lists should be modified at intervals to reflect
other current listings of threatened species and habitats associated with
major conventions and agreements in effect over all or a significant
portion of the CORINE area.
These ought include:
EU Habitats Directive
EU Birds Directive
Bern Convention (Appendix II)
Bonn Convention on Migratory Species (Appendix I).
For habitats these should include the Habitats Directive and Ramsar
Convention. The IUCN CNPPA has proposed the development of
legislation on the protection of European landscapes (1993), based on
the Cultural landscape criteria of the World Heritage Convention.
- Ensure compatibility of criteria.
The species taxonomy will in many instances require standardisation,
and it is also desirable to examine closely the criteria used in such
conventions in order to ensure the compatibility of lists.
Taxonomy of existing lists
Within the remit of this study no changes have been made by WCMC to the
existing CORINE Biotopes species lists for the EU (Appendices F-K in the
CORINE Biotopes manual, 1(1)).
Revision of the taxonomy and content of these lists is desirable. Some species
originally regarded as threatened would not now be regarded as threatened in
a wider Europe. Similarly, some species on Red Lists in eastern Europe would
not be regarded as threatened in a wider Europe. Recent taxonomic changes
to species in the EU area would result in new species being added to the
original CORINE Biotopes list.
60
8.8
8.9
Recommendations:
Undertake full review of existing species taxonomy.
Ensure further extension of activities adopt standard taxonomy.
The entire task of recording, evaluating status and assessing sites
would be much aided by adoption of standard taxonomic checklists.
Several possible sources exist. With specific regard for animal taxa,
it is strongly suggested that, because of continuing ambiguity and other
uncertainty over the limits and significance of many named subspecies,
only species-level populations be listed.
Standard habitat classification
Recommendations:
Continue to use and develop the revised CORINE Biotopes habitat
classification.
With the absence of any other recognised standard pan-European
habitat checklist, it is recommended to use the Provisional draft
Palaearctic habitats checklist and database (1993/1994) developed by
the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique.
Develop listings for cultural land/seascape habitat classes.
Particular needs of the existing CORINE Biotopes habitat classification
include the need to strengthen the cultural land/seascape classes.
Collaborate in other regional global/regional classifications relevant
to Europe.
Due regard ought be taken for any new developments under global
habitat classifications such as under UNEP/FAO, global Habitat
Indicators for Policy Makers as being developed by WRI, WCMC
and CORINE and regional initiatives such as the European Vegetation
Survey and the Circum Polar Vegetation mapping project. Close
association ought also be maintained with biodiversity initiatives in the
Russian Federation and China with WWF International, UNEP and the
World Bank.
Marine and coastal
Priority needs include the strengthening of all habitat and species information
relating to the marine and coastal ecosystems.
61
Recommendations:
- Devise a more detailed CORINE Biotopes marine and coastal
habitat classification.
As a first practical step towards strengthening the existing CORINE
Biotopes marine habitats it is recommended to review the paper
entitled "Classification of coastal and marine environments" (Hayden,
Ray and Dolan, 1984), which was used as the basis for the IUCN
classification system to be allied at a regional level.
- Review IUCN Biogeographic classifications for the marine
environment.
Review the biogeographic classification being developed for IUCN
CNPPA working groups including by members from the Great Barrier
Reef Marine Park Authority (Australia), and the new wetland
classification by IWRB in association with Birdlife International,
Ramsar Secretariat and WCMC.
PHASE 2 - Extension of the methodology
8.10 Encourage the extension of the CORINE Biotopes methodology to a wider
Europe
Priority recommendations include:
Nt Prepare users manual (including revised habitat and species checklists)
for application in the expanded CORINE Biotopes region.
Z Promote workshops for transfer of the expertise to a wider Europe.
3 Encourage the building of databases of species and habitats across
Europe using standard methodology based on, or interchangeable with,
the CORINE Biotopes classification.
Based on Recommendation 6 of the CORINE Biotopes Manual (1991) prepare
project proposals for the extension of the CORINE Biotopes methodology
into:
- European CIS, with priorities for the Russian Federation and the
Ukraine. To be undertaken in parallel with the country initiatives of
the IUCN East European Programme and biodiversity/protected area
programmes of the World Bank and WWF International in association
with the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Academy of Science,
UNESCO MAB and Moscow State University.
- Eastern Mediterranean, with priorities for Turkey, former
62
8.11
8.11.1
Yugoslavia and Albania. Secondary targets ought be for Cyprus,
Malta, Syria, Lebanon and Israel. To be undertaken in parallel with
the country initiatives of the IUCN East European Programme and
biodiversity/Specially Protected Area Mediterranean programmes of
the World Bank, UNEP Regional Seas Programme under the Barcelona
Convention, and national initiatives such as the important birds and
plants programmes of DHKD/FFPS/Birdlife International.
Southern Mediterranean, with priorities for Morocco, Tunisia and
Egypt. To be undertaken in parallel with the country initiatives of the
CORINE Landcover programmes in Morocco and Tunisia along with
activities of the IUCN North Africa Programme and
biodiversity/Specially Protected Area Mediterranean programmes of
the World Bank, WCMC, and UNEP Regional Seas Programme under
the Barcelona Convention, and the Medwet programme of IWRB.
Other issues
CORINE Red Data Book
Recommendations:
Promote the publication of a Red Data Book of threatened species
and habitats.
If an explicit and repeatable methodology could be developed,
publication of a CORINE Red Data Book of threatened species and
habitats, would serve as a useful source of information and raise public
and academic awareness of threatened species issues in the region.
This could be linked to the IUCN SSC Red Lists and the IUCN CESP
proposed Red Data book of globally threatened landscapes.
Promote the preparation of Red Data Books for the CIS and
Central Asia.
Priority needs for regional Red Data books include the northern
Palaearctic realm of the former Soviet Union (CIS) and Central Asia.
The regional checklist of threatened species, published as the USSR
Red Data book, is no longer in use following independence of the
various republics. However the need for regional-wide threatened
species lists are perhaps of greater urgency than previously.
63
8.11.2
"Responsibility"
Recommendations:
8.11.3
Develop species and habitats lists linked to country/regional
responsibilities"
It might be useful to record all species and habitats which have more
than 50% of their range within the CORINE Biotopes area; the
countries covered would by definition bear major responsibility for the
survival of such species and habitats. This is likely, however, to result
in excessively long lists, particularly if invertebrates, plants and
vegetation associations are covered comprehensively.
Data management and maintenance
Recommendations:
Ensure the continued maintenance of a central databank and
increase user access.
The master taxonomic checklists, lists of species of concern and
habitats should continue to be maintained centrally with the
development of continual on-line access (by Internet or similar means)
for all CORINE recorders and organisations.
Protocols for revising these lists at regular intervals must be
developed, to reflect changes in status or systematic position.
Much wider dissemination of the CORINE Biotopes information is
imperative, recommendations towards this could include:
Setting up a CORINE Biotopes Internet node providing access
to general information of the CORINE Programme, maps and
data.
New methods of multi-media information technology ought be
explored including CD-I.
Promote the development of education awareness
documentation relating to CORINE Biotopes.
8.12 Training workshops
Recommendations:
= Promote workshops to standardise methodology. Key workshop themes
ought review:
Development of the checklist methodologies
Habitat classifications in the wider Europe
Data transfer and wider dissemination
- Promote workshops to transfer expertise and assist with in-country
capacity building. Recommended priorities include:
Russian Federation
Central Asian Republics
Middle East/North Africa
Arctic Region
\europe\corine_94.rpt
65
m
» by hn yaw Se aCe ay
Behe i dial teat ~ aq etinhaat gilidorT Cee
P] nA i ar -
~ , ee ee tL Vt eR . ; ; xhroosstrs ANODE
padisitt moaeky ye elise Wii erotnbabia ates Estar iv yeu ‘ os a
"eran . ; , MATA aay
aaa iw: or
here v
: | MRO DE siete "a
eae ee expensively i ee
(iiss ai aw allo we :
ty sehen oe ade oni io Py oe
2 i, ate Ss: | ae a
4 ont aati AE tba a:
x So ee
‘Lei a sted baer am
Peet yer — bey arse ‘f. onigelt wh
2 ee ea ee i, E pal? ty Ne: FP i ee |
Ma Lshaal ania cetia lacriia aeaal
; a sna ieee aay » Vigitien ' iin
ever en a0
Checklists
for the
CORINE Biotopes Programme
and its application in
the PHARE countries
of Central and East Europe;
including comparisons with relevant conventions and agreements
on the conservation of European species and habitats
ANNEXES
Prepared by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre
under contract to
The World Conservation Union (IUCN)
IUCN Project 9815 - EEC Biotopes
EU Technical Assistance Contract No. ZZ91110501-BO15
Version 2.0: July 1994
es aden eee eee aaa
ie os . ie ath 98h ene
a cperaeeat. |
rf Eee wat fares
. i irony ” Pe : BRAY ‘ yr ined: Rh baie
cs ea on eed ck ei i ;
anes fk arb RALPH at) ters ie ANG, aera ER aE
F an rs “ Here ba , ane Heil Drie ‘eke oe Rinyeine RT PPE Citas Mokke vette, (8
ANNEX 1: List of European experts whose views were sought as part of
the project
a!
mie. Ves
bial
an Wiguae
ans zeal
‘Seow
noi
" porns
’ r ui
eee fit
ANNEX 1: List of European experts whose views were sought as part of the project
CORINE COORDINATORS IN THE PHARE
REGION
HUNGARY
* T. Patkai, National Authority for Nature
Conservation, Ministry of Environment
and Regional Policy
ROMANIA
* M. Oltean, Romanian Academy of
Sciences, Institute of Biology
POLAND
* A. Dyduch-Falniowska, Nature
Protection Research Centre, Polish
Academy of Sciences
SLOVAKIA
* P. Gajdos, Institute of Landscape
Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences
BULGARIA
* G. Spiridonov, Ministry of Environment
CZECH REPUBLIC
* Z. Podhajska/B. Kucera, Cesky Ustat
Ochrany Prirody
EUROPEAN UNION CORINE
COORDINATORS
BELGIUM
* P. Devillers, Institut Royal des Sciences
Naturelles de Belgique
DENMARK
* U. Pinborg, National Forest and Nature
Agency, Ministry of Environment
FINLAND
* Guy Séderman, National Board of
Waters and the Environment
FRANCE
* D. Richard, Secrétariat de la Faune et de
la Flore, Museum Netional d’Histoire
Naturelle j
GERMANY
= H. Koeppel, Bundesforschungsanstalt fir
Naturshultz und Landschafts6kologie,
Institut fiir Landschaftspflege und
Landschaftsdkologie*
GREECE
B. Hallmann, Panagia
IRELAND
* C. O Criédain, National Parks and
Wildlife Service, Office of Public Works
ITALY
M. Gobbi, Commission for
Environmental Impact Assessment,
Servizio Conservazione Natura
LUXEMBOURG
G. Bechet, Section Ecologie, Musée
d’Histoire Naturelle
NETHERLANDS
* J. Thissen, National Reference Centre
for Nature, Forests and Landscape (IKC-
NBLF), section Biogeographical
Information Centre
PORTUGAL
C. Bernardes, Instituto de Conservagao
de Natureza, DSCN
SPAIN
te M. Pancorbo Lopez, Coordinadora
Proyecto Hispanat, Institut Nacional Para
La Conservacion de la Naturaleza,
Subdireccion General de Espaces
Naturelles, Ministerio de Agricultura,
Pesca y Alimentacion
* J. C. Simon Zerzoso, Botanico Protecto
Biotopes/CORINE Institut Nacional Para
La Conservacion de la Naturaleza
= A. Cuadrado Martin, Zoologigo Grupoo
Biotopes/CORINE, Institut Nacional
Para La Conservacion de la Naturaleza
SWEDEN
* C. Géransson, Swedish Environmental
Protection Agency
* J. Hopkins, Joint Nature Conservation
Committee
CORINE
D. Moss, Institute of Terrestrial
Ecology, Monks Wood
M. Roekaerts, Council of
Europe/European Environment
Agency Task Force
GENERAL HABITATS, SPECIES AND
CONVENTION REVIEW
A.
IUCN themes and programmes
J. McNeely - IUCN
A. Phillips, Commission on National
Parks and Protected Areas
S. Stuart, Species Survival Commission,
TUCN Secretariat
W. Strahm, Plants Officer, IUCN
Species Survival Commission
D. Elder, Coordinator of IUCN Marine
and Coastal Conservation Programme
J-Y. Pirot, Coordinator of IUCN
Wetlands Programme
D. Gilmour, Coordinator of IUCN
Forests Programme
H. Luneberg, Coordinator of IUCN
Commission on Ecosystem Management
D. Sheppard, Protected Areas Unit,
IUCN Secretariat
General species, ecosystems and
habitats
J. Massey-Stewart, London Initiative for
Russia
M. Sylven, Europe/Middle East
Regional Programme, WWF
International
G. Tucker, Dispersed Species Project
Coordinator, BirdLife International
P. Nowicki, European Centre for Nature
Conservation, European Habitats Forum
R. Paivinen, European Forestry Institute
J. Rodwell, Director, Unit of Vegetation
Sciences, Lancaster University
C. Waterton, Centre for Study of
Environmental Change, University of
Lancaster
J. Ribaud, Council of Europe
E. Fernandez-Galliano, Bern Convention
Secretariat, Council of Europe
D. Wascher, European Environment
Agency Task Force, EU
G. Whyles, European Policy Oficer, -
WWE International
INDEPENDENT ANIMAL EXPERTS
F. de Beaufort, Co-author of UNECE
report (1989): Mammiferes D’Europe.
Repartition, Populations et Niveau de
Responsabilities Nationales.
Paul Harding: European Invertebrate
Survey
Species Survival Commissions for animals
J. Gaisler, Member: Chiroptera
Specialist Group
S. Leatherwood, Chairman: Cetacean
Specialist Group
B. Nagy, Member: Orthopteroid
Specialist Group
P. Bouchet, Co-Chairman: Mollusc
Specialist Group
B. Pokryszko, Member: Mollusc
Specialist Group
R. I. Vane-Wright, Member:
Lepidoptera Specialist Group
K.F. Corbett, Chairman: European
Reptile and Amphibian Specialist Group
Z. Korsos, Member: European Reptile
and Amphibian Specialist Group
V. Lanka, Member: European Reptile
and Amphibian Specialist Group
C. Andrews, Chairman: Freshwater Fish
Specialist Group
S. Lovari, Chairman: Caprinae Specialist
Group
P.A. Racey, Co-Chairman: Chiroptera
Specialist Group
INDEPENDENT PLANT EXPERTS
Species Survival Commissions for plants
A.E. Salvo Tierra, Universidad de
Malaga, Departamento de Biologia
Vegetal, Spain, (Pteridophyte Specialist
Group)
R. Viane, Assistent, Lab. voor
morfologie, Systematiek der Planten -
Rijksuniversitiet, Belgium (Pteridophyte
Specialist Group)
W.C. Evertse, Lowland-Biotech,
Netherlands (Orchid Specialist Group)
Y. Veyret, Botaniste, Museum national
d’Histoire Naturelle, Loboratoire de
Phanerogamie, France (Orchid Specialist
Group)
B. Lojnant, Director, Consulting
Biologist, Lojnant-Consult, Denmark
(Orchid Specialist Group)
B. Du Puy, Botanic Gardens
Conservation International
HUNGARY
Z. Meszaros, Research Institute for Plant
Protection
L. Nemes, Botanical Garden University
Dr. Terpo, Department of Botany
A. Borhidi, Egyetemi Botanikus Kert
Hortus, Botanicus Universitatis
Z. Debreczy, Museum of Natural
History, Department of Botany
C. Moskat, Museum of Natural History,
Department of Zoology
ROMANIA
G. Dihoru, Laboratorul de Geobotanica
si Ecologie, Institutul de Biologie al
Acad.
BULGARIA
B. Kuzmanov, Institute of Botany,
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
CZECH REPUBLIC
D. Dykyova, Institute of Botany,
Department of Hydrology
J. Hofman, Poradni Sbor pro Botanicke
Zahrady, Ministerstva Kultury
J. Holub, Czech Academy of Sciences,
Botanical Institute
J. Jenik, Institute of botany, Czech
Academy of Sciences
J. Vyskocil, Prazska Botanicka Zahrada
SLOVAKIA
S. Maglocky, Sav, Sienkiewiczova
POLAND
J. Fabiszewski, Dept. of Botany and
Plant Physiology, Agricultural Academy
K. Kukulczanka, Ogorod Sienkiewicza
23
A. Medwecka-Kornas, Institute of
Botany, Jagiellonian University
B.A. Molski, Botanical Garden, Polish
Academy of Sciences
D.L. Szlachetko, Gdansk University,
Department of Plant Ecology and Nature
Protection
B. Zemanek, Botanic Garden of
Jagiellonian University
H. Werblan-Jakubiec, Director, Hortus
Botanicus Universitatis Varsoviensis
Notes
J Kornas, Institue of Botany, Jagiellonian
University
R. Olaczek, Institute of Environmental
Biology, University of Lodz
K. Zarzycki, Instytut Botaniki, Komitet
Ochrony Przyrody, Polska Akademia
Nauk
J. T. Sicinski, Lodz University, Institute
of Environmental Biology, Dept of
Botany
C. Leon, former WCMC European
Threatened Plant Coordinator now at
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
P. Atkinson, Royal Botanical Gardens,
Conservation Unit Kew
J. Akeroyd, Flora Europaea Consultant
V. Haywood, Flora Europaea
K.S. Walter, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh
Responded to information requests
nabwMbeiye’ mind wo eecitee! aetna
ily leet? pay with)
| eC weet titel - ccteetanth iH
iis, ota Aiea, hipaa
patron ZA stint wahysenl subencveds, 3
tewesbaionA tabs’ ghar yd ri.
Aan
cbatihind a, fii A + aint NY? iio
, Spoiling Hribiereh orscip Eien, + “ane
WaT SepiGoaneniiot piqulode -
(qi tabeaend talahrsty) adh
Url Me E . U
Uitesiuorestch andtereana Xe
Day Hebert, Tithes of UNECE
NA
aut Bee. ee re i?
_ se cng a a
=) ees abe ti ace Saree
‘ipeeeORh Ms Necurnageed vorpal
MK where eedewys gd A
bar oii aials hah getra n
ao asthe je ht
yi, ee bo
ANNEX 2: The proposed new criteria for Listing Species on the IUCN Red
List (Mace et al)
The Development of New Criteria for Listing Species on the
IUCN Red List
G. Mace, N. Collar, J. Cooke, K. Gaston, J. Ginsberg, N. Leader-Williams,
M. Maunder and E.J. Milner-Gulland
IUCN has long felt the need to revise its Categories of Threat. A previous attempt to improve
definitions for the categories was based on a workshop held at the IUCN General Assembly in
Madrid in November 1984, and resulted in the publication, The Road to Extinction. However, new
developments in the field of conservation biology, especially the recognition of factors that
contribute towards extinction risks to species, now present the opportunity for the development
of more objective and scientifically-based methods. In 1988, the SSC started a new process by
inviting Dr. Georgina Mace to propose a new population-based system for the IUCN categories.
This resulted in a paper by Mace & Lande (Mace, G. M. & ®. Lande. 1991, Assessing extinction
threats: toward a reevaluation of IUCN Threatened Species Categories, Conservation Biology 5,
148-157). The Mace-Lande criteria, as they are known within SSC, have been applied on an
experimental basis to a range of taxa through assessment programs by various SSC Specialist
Groups. The Mace-Lande criteria have been recognized as needing further development if they are
to be applied more widely; at present they are most appropriate for higher vertebrates. In addition,
other authors have proposed criteria based on patterns of distribution, or patterns of use rather
than on population characteristics alone, and some reconciliation of these approaches was needed.
Consequently during 1992, several activities were undertaken to propose new definitions for the
categories of threat, and new criteria for the inclusion of species in these categories.
The technical workshop
A technical workshop was held in London on November 9-11, 1992, aimed at addressing scientific
aspects of the listing process. The meeting was chaired by Simon Stuart, organized by Georgina
Mace and Simon Stuart and funded by CITES and the IUCN Inter-Commission Fund. Prior to the
meeting, several different experts were invited to prepare papers describing different options for
listing species. These included: options for distribution-based criteria (David Given), an overview
of the utility of various population and distribution variables in assessing extinction risk in different
major taxonomic groupings (John Lawton and staff of the Centre for Population Biology, Imperial
College at Silwood Park, London), options for management-based criteria (Justin Cooke), a review
of the application of Mace-Lande criteria (Georgina Mace) and an overview of the MASS system
(which combines population and distribution-based approaches) (Jahn MacKinnon).
The papers were circulated to all workshop participants in advance. There were 33 participants
at the workshop, representing a wide diversity of interests in SSC. Over the three days, a variety
of topics was covered, starting with a general discussion of the nature of the definitions and criteria
and the basis for a workable system. The use of the categories of Critical, Endangered, Vulnerable
and Susceptible, with decreasing levels of threat, were agreed upon, as well as some qualitative
definitions for each of them. Most of the time was spent in working groups representing major
taxonomic groupings (piants, invertebrates, lower vertebrates, higher vertebrates). These used the
background information and their own perspectives to develop criteria for each of the categories.
At the end of this process it became clear that the work of the invertebrate and lower vertebrate
working groups had converged substantially, and these were combined into one set of criteria. At
the conclusion of the workshop, therefore, there were three different sets of criteria, for higher
vertebrates, plants, and lower vertebrates and invertebrates. - As a result of their independent
origins, these sets of criteria contained some anomalies and inconsistencies, and a drafting group
was formed to develop the workshop output into a single coherent document that could be
forwarded to SSC. The drafting group members were chosen with at least one representative from
each of the working groups, to maintain continuity, and all were working in southeast England.
The Drafting Group
The drafting group met three times during December and January, following the technical
workshop, and developed draft criteria that were circulated back to all workshop participants in
January 1993. Comments received on this draft were considered at a final meeting held in
February. The following issues predominated discussions of the drafting group.
Consolidation of taxonomically based criteria into a single list. Following the London workshop,
the criteria were distinct for the major groups considered (higher vertebrates, lower vertebrates and
invertebrates, plants). There were felt to be two major problems with this. First that the different
groups did not always reflect stmilar life-forms, and therefore some taxa would be judged by
inappropriate criteria. Second, there were inconsistencies in the criteria applied across the major
taxonomic groups, which it would always be hard to minimize. It was felt that the system would
be simpler, with fewer potential contradictions, if the criteria could be consolidated into a single
list, even if this did make the list longer and more complex. There were many similarities between
the criteria developed for different groups, and a single list was compiled which is expected to
function similarly to any taxon-specific one for almost all cases.
Inconsistencies among criteria within and between categories. Once the consolidation process was
complete it became clear that there were still many potential inconsistencies between criteria within
each of the categories. One of the major problems was to match area/habitat based criteria to
population-based criteria. A slightly different approach was taken here, which involves the use of
range area and geographical extent, instead of measures of habitat specificity, because of the
insuperable difficulties in quantifying habitat type. This should present a workable system,
although extensive validation (see below) will be required in setting appropriate values.
A second concern here was the criterion based solely on population decline rates. Clearly this can
result in the listing of some very large, apparently secure populations, since there is no link to a
minimum population size. However, it was felt that the rates of decline included here were
significant enough that they should cause concern for almost all populations, and that linking this
to population size would exclude the listing of many populations with limited census data.
The nature of the ‘Susceptible’ category. As at the workshop, the inclusion of the ‘Susceptible’
category was the subject of much debate. Because it represents a low extinction risk it was hard
to develop good quantitative criteria for it, and the value of including it at all was discussed. It’s
main value is for highlighting taxa that are at risk simply because of their small range and
susceptibility to human activities. Thus, these taxa are not immediately threatened, but they need
identifying and listing in some way in order to highlight their potential extreme vulnerability. As
a result, Susceptible was included as a non-quantitative category, which does not fall on a
continuum with the other quantitative criteria and is only to be applied to taxa that do not qualify
for the other, quantitative criteria.
Dealing with poor data. The criteria have been developed in the full awareness that the quantity
of high quality population or distribution data is negligible for most species. It is hoped though that
even small amounts of data can be used to evaluate taxa against the criteria. However, there
comes a point at which the data quality/quantity is so poor that evaluation is not possible. In these
cases the ‘Insufficiently known’ category may be applied, but this does not now indicate
threatened status. If there were really so little information then it is probably unreasonable to
expect a listing as ‘threatened’.
Validation. All of the quantitative criteria in the draft criteria require validation, and as mentioned
above, there is particular concern about the area-based criteria. The drafting group made a strong
recommendation that before any general acceptance or application of new quantitative criteria they
should be validated by at least the following methods: (a) testing against independently derived
subjective criteria to see if some previously applied classes of endangerment are consistently under-
or over- represented; (b) testing for objectivity, i.e. do different classifiers (experts, non-experts
or whatever is appropriate) come up with the same categories for the same data?; (c) testing
against data on species’ extinctions and, where validated, against population models; (d) testing
to see if all groups of species can be successfully categorized using these draft criteria, and if not,
what modifications might need to be made.
Please note that these are craft criteria. We realize that they need more work. In particular, they
need constructive suggestions and positive input from you, the reader of this article. Our intention
is to end up with a new system of IUCN categories that commands as wide a level of support as
possible. This depends on your participation in this process at this stage. Your comments along
the following lines would be most helpful:
e Please indicate how. some of the species with which you are familiar would be
categorized under this draft system, and which criteria you used to categorize them.
To give some examples, you could say that the Imperial amazon is Critical (CR) under
Criterion A, or the black rhinoceros is Endangered (EN) under Criteria B2a and D1.
e How do these new ciassifications differ from existing more subjective classifications
(such as the current IUCN Categories of Threat)? Are the differences good or bad?
e Can you name any species that you feel is clearly threatened but which cannot be
classified under this system? Please state why it is that these species cannot be
classified, and what changes would be needed in the criteria so that they can be
successfully classified.
Please send your comments on the draft new categories by June 30, 1993 to: Dr. Georgina Mace,
Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, U.K. Fax:
71-586-2870.
Draft IUCN Categories of Threat for Species
Preamble
This document presents the consolidated definitions and criteria prepared by the drafting group
from the taxonomically-based criteria that were developed by working groups for higher
vertebrates, lower vertebrates, invertebrates and plants at the London meeting in November 1992.
Please note that these are draft criteria and validation is required before they are applied. The
following points present important information on the use and interpretation of the criteria and
categories:
1. Taxonomic level. The criteria can be applied to any taxonomic unit at or belew the
species level, within any specified geographical or political area. The term ‘taxa’ as
used below applies to any level. In presenting the results of applying the criteria, the
unit and area under consideration should be made explicit. The categorization process
should only be applied to wild populations of species inside their natural range.
2: Implications of listing. Extinction is seen as a probabilistic or chance process. Thus a
listing in a higher.category implies a higher expectation of extinction, and over the time
frames under consideration more taxa listed here are expected to go extinct (without
effective conservation action) than taxa listed in the lower risk categories. However,
the fact that some taxa listed at high risk persist does not necessarily mean their initial
assessment was inaccurate.
3. Nature of the categories. The categories of Critical, Endangered, and Vulnerable are
nested. Thus all taxa listed as Critical qualify for Vulnerable and Endangered, and all
listed as Endangered qualify for Vuinerable. The ‘Susceptible’ category is distinct from
these in its emphasis, but implies a lower level of threat currently acting on the taxon.
The categories of Critical, Endangered, Vulnerable, and Susceptible together are
10.
11.
described as ‘threatened’.
Data quantity and quality. The criteria are clearly quantitative in nature. However, the
absence of high quality data should not deter attempts at applying the criteria, as
methods involving estimation, inference and projection are emphasized to be sufficient
throughout. One benefit of this process should be to increase the quantity and quality
of population and distribution data available for many taxa, which are an essential
component of conservation planning.
Uncertainty. The criteria shall be evaluated on the basis of the available evidence on
taxon numbers, trend and distribution, making due allowance for statistical and other
uncertainties. Therefore, where data are insufficient to determine with a high degree
of confidence, whether or not the criteria for a category of threat are met, the category
of higher threat shall be chosen. Where data are insufficient to assign a category, the
category of ‘Insufficiently known’ may be used. This does not however indicate
threatened status.
Conservation actions in the listing process. These criteria are to be applied to the
present situation for the taxon in question, whether or not conservation actions are
currently in place. Therefore, if past conservation action has been successful, a taxon
may not be listed, even though it would be if that action were to cease. An important
implication here is that a taxon may be deserving of conservation action even if it is not
listed as threatened.
Documentation. All taxon lists including categorization resulting from these criteria
should state the criteria that were operative in triggering the category. If more than
one criterion, or sub-criterion were met, then each should be listed. However, failure
to mention a criterion should not necessarily imply that the criterion was not met.
Therefore, should a re-evaluation indicate that the documented criterion is no longer
met, then down-listing should not automatically follow. Instead, the taxon should be
re-evaluated with respect to all criteria to indicate its status.
Threats and priorities. The category of threat does not necessarily represent the
priority for conservation action. The category of threat provides an assessment of the
likelihood of extinction under current circumstances. In contrast, a system for
assessing priorities for action will include numerous other factors, such as the likelihood
that restorative action will be successful, political, economic and _ logistical
considerations, and perhaps the taxonomic distinctiveness of the taxon in question.
Re-evaluation. Evaluation of taxa against these criteria should not be seen as a single
event. As circumstances change, re-evaluation will be necessary, and listing of taxa
and their categories should stress the taxa for which re-evaluation should occur within
a short time frame, or under some specified circumstance. This is especially important
for taxa listed under Safe/Low Risk, but which are close to qualifying as Vulnerable or
Susceptible.
Transition rules. There are also some transition rules to govern the movement of taxa
between categories. These are as follows: (a) Aspecies may be moved from category
of higher threat to a category of lower threat if none of the criteria of the higher
category has applied for 5 years or more; (b) If subsequent investigation shows that
the original classification is no longer appropriate as a result of new information or
revision of information used in the initial listing, the species may be transferred to the
appropriate category, or be removed from the categories altogether, without delay.
Definitions. Many terms in the criteria are defined in a specific way for the purposes
of classification. These are presented below and must be consulted before applying the
criteria.
Definitions
Continuing decline: A continuing decline is defined as a clear downward trend over a period
appropriate to the taxon or its habitat. In the case of population estimates and changes in habitat
a continuing decline will transcend normal fluctuations. Normal fluctuations are found in those
species populations and habitats that are characterized by regular or irregular cycles in abundance
or extent. Where evidence for a continued decline is presented an observed decline should be
shown not to be part of a normal fluctuation.
Extreme fluctuations: Extreme fluctuations occur in a number of species where population size
varies widely, rapidly and frequently. Extreme fluctuations are defined here as a variation of
greater than an order of magnitude around the mean population size.
Geographic extent: Geographic extent is defined as the area encompassing the known, inferred
or projected sites of occurrence of a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy. This can often be
measured by a minimum convex polygon.
Generation length: Generation length is defined as the average age of parents in the population.
Location: Location defines a geographically distinct group of individuals.
Mature individuals: The number of mature individuals is defined as the number of individuals
known, estimated or inferred to be physiologically capable of reproduction. Where the population
is characterized by normal or extreme fluctuations, the minimum number should be used. ;
(Note: This measure is intended to count individuals physiologically capable of reproduction and
should therefore include, for example, plants which have lost their pollinators or animals which are
behaviorally or otherwise reproductively suppressed. Reproducing units within a clone should be
counted as individuals.)
Population: Population is defined as the total number of individuals of the taxon. For functional
reasons, primarily due to differences between life-forms, population numbers are expressed as
numbers of mature individuals only.
Quantitative analysis: A quantitative analysis is defined here as the technique of population
viability analysis (PVA), or any other quantitative form of analysis, which estimates the extinction
probability of a species or population based on the known life history and specified management
or non-management options. In presenting the results of quantitative analyses the structural
equations and the data should be explicit.
Range area: Range area is defined as the total area occupied by a taxon within its geographic
extent excluding cases of vagrancy. The criteria state specific cutoff points in km2, but clearly this
presents problems in scale of measurement. To avoid errors in classification, the range area should
be measured on grid squares of an appropriate scale. For example, for a classification of Critical,
the minimum grid size must be 10 km x 10 km or less.
Severely fragmented: Severely fragmented is defined as the case where tncreased extinction risks
to the taxon result from the fact that most individuals within a taxon are found in small and
relatively isolated sub-populations. This results in an increased probability that these small
populations will go extinct, with a reduced probability of recolonization.
Sub-populations: Sub-populations are defined as groups of individuals in the population between
which there is little exchange (typically 1 successful migrant individual or gamete per year).
The Categories
Extinct (EX)
A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.
Extinct in the Wild (EW)
A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in Cultivation, in captivity or as a
naturalized population (or populations) outside the historic range. A taxon is presumed extinct in
the wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal,
seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should
be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.
Critical (CR)
A taxon is Critical when it is facing an extremely high probability of extinction in the wild in the
immediate future. A taxon is defined as Critical by any of the following criteria (A to E):
A. Population estimated to number less than 50 mature individuals.
B. Population estimated to number less than 250 mature individuals and to have both of
the following characteristics:
Ue Population structure in the form of ether of the following: (a) severely
fragmented i.e. no sub-population is known or estimated to contain more than
50 mature individuals; (b) found only at a single location.
Ze Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in e/ther of the following:
(a) number of mature individuals; (b) area, extent, and/or quality of habitat.
C. Geographic extent estimated to be less than 100 km? or range area estimated to be less
than 10 km?, and estimates indicating any two of the following:
ie Severely fragmented or found only at a single location.
2. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (a)
geographic extent; (b) range area; (c) area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (d)
number of locations; (e) number of mature individuals.
3. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (a) geographic extent; (b) range
area; (c) number of locations.
D. Decline in population in the form of e/ther of the following:
1. An observed precipitous and continuing decline in the number of mature
individuals (typically more than 25% per year over 5 years).
2. A continuing decline as specified in D1 inferred or projected from any of the
following: (a) a decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (b) levels of
exploitation; (c) the effects of introduced species, pathogens, competitors, or
parasites.
ES Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50%
within 5 years or 2 generations, whichever is the longer.
Endangered (EN)
A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critical but is facing a very high probability of extinction in
the wild in the near future. A taxon is defined as Endangered by any of the following criteria (A
to E):
Population estimated to number less than 250 mature individuals.
Population estimated to number less than 2,500 mature individuals and to have both
of the following characteristics.
te Population structure in the form of e/ther of the following: (a) severely
fragmented i.e. no sub-population is known or estimated to contain more than
250 mature individuals; (b) found only at a single location.
2. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in e/ther of the following:
(a) number of mature individuals; (b) area, extent, and/or quality of habitat.
Geographic extent estimated to be less than 5,000 km? or range area estimated to be
less than 500 km?, and estimates indicating any two of the following:
Ve Severely fragmented or found only at no more than two locations.
2. Continuing decline, inferred, observed or projected, in any of the following: (a)
geographic extent; (b) range area; (c) area, extent, and/or quality of habitat; (d)
number of locations; (e) number of mature individuals.
3. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (a) geographic extent; (b) range
area; (c) number of locations.
Decline in population in the form of e/ther of the following:
te An observed marked and continuing decline in the number of mature individuals
(typically more than 50% in total within 5 years or 2 generations, whichever
is the longer).
2. A continuing decline as specified in D1 inferred or projected from any of the
following: (a) a decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (b) levels of
exploitation; (c) the effects of introduced species, pathogens, competitors, or
parasites.
Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20%
within 20 years or 5 generations, whichever is the longer.
Vulnerable (VU)
A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critical or Endangered but is facing a high probability of
extinction in the wild in the medium-term future. The taxon is defined as Vulnerable by any of the
following criteria (A to E):
A.
B.
Population estimated to number less than 1,000 mature individuals.
Population estimated to number less than 10,000 mature individuals and to have both
of the following characteristics.
1. Population structure in the form of either of the following: (a) severely
fragmented i.e. no sub-population is known or estimated to contain more than
1,000 mature individuals; (b) found only at a single location.
2. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in either of the following:
(a) number of mature individuals; (b) area, extent, and/or quality of habitat.
Ge Geographic extent estimated to be less than 20,000 km? or range area estimated to be
less than 2,000 km?, and estimates indicating any two of the following:
1 Severely fragmented or found at no more than five locations.
2. Continuing decline, inferred, observed or projected, in any of the following: (a)
geographic extent; (b) range area; (c) area, extent, and/or quality of habitat; (d)
number of locations; {e) number of mature individuals.
3. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (a) geographic extent; (b) range
area; (c) number of locations.
D. Decline in population in the form of either of the following:
Ve An observed continuing decline in the number of mature individuals (typically
more than a 50% in total within 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is the
longer).
2. A continuing decline as specified in D1 inferred or projected from any of the
following: (a) a decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (b) levels of
exploitation; (c) the effects of introduced species, pathogens, competitors, or
parasites.
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10%
within 50 years or 10 generations, whichever is the longer.
Susceptible (SU)
A taxon is Susceptible when it does not qualify for any of the quantitative categories above, but
is of concern because its range area is restricted (typically less than 100 km?), and/or it is found
at few locations, which render it prone to the effects of human activities.
Safe/Low Risk (S/LR)
A taxon is Safe/Low Risk when it has been evaluated, and found not to qualify for any of the
threatened categories listed above. It may still be subject to levels of extinction risk well above
historical levels. When listing a taxon in this category, consideration should be given to stating a
time, or a set of circumstances, under which re-evaluation is recommended. This should help to
identify the taxa listed here that are most at risk.
Insufficienty Known (IK)
A taxon is Insufficiently Known when an evaluation of its Red List category has been attempted,
but available data are inadequate to assign a category.
Not Evaluated (NE)
A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is not yet evaluated with respect to its Red List category.
ANNEX 3: Criteria for listing species and habitats in wildlife treaties and
agreements relevant to Europe
Ree ested Sit ie, 4h > elas
=
i H
, :
3 ayes
“ 1 ge
5 tes 04 Ot ses Gt eh (ey
‘ (Fone
arz
Oy
a \. an
wits 3
Eooimnetmehe (hs.
a C
Wy
7m ANT
Nie a
:
HATE
\
i
Waly
f
en
i)
ye
4 _ 5)
cf ; ;
; 7
ae —-, ‘
= Z fi
ANNEX 3: Criteria for listing species and habitats in wildlife treaties and agreements
relevant to Europe
Convention on the Conservation of
European Wildlife and Natural Habitats
(Bern Convention)
The Bern Convention places its heaviest
emphasis on the protection of habitats,
especially habitats of species in the
Appendices and endangered habitats.
The original Bern Convention listed only 119
threatened species of higher plants, which at
the time were the most acutely threatened
with extinction.
The revision in 1991 added plants which are
at the greatest risk of extinction i.e.
endangered plants. Also plant species were
added to the appendix which if conservation
measures were applied would also conserve
habitats of conservation importance and sites
where other endemic and threatened plants
are found. Other additions were species
which were not quite in the categories
"Endangered" or "Vulnerable" but were
rapidly declining due to over-collection were
added to the appendix. They needed to be
protected to check their progression towards
the "E" and "V" status.
Flora Europaea has been used throughout as
the major taxonomic reference point for
plants.
The following is an extract from The Berne
Convention Revision of Appendix I flora
prepared in August 1990 by the Threatened
Plants Unit of WCMC.
Criteria
1. All higher plant taxa "Endangered" (sensu
IUCN Red Data Book categories) within
Europe, excluding those that are widespread
outside and which only marginally extend
into Europe.
Justification: These continue to be the taxa
closest to extinction in Europe and they
therefore remain top priorities for
conservation in the region. (Macaronesia is
treated separately under criterion 4.)
2. A selection of higher plant taxa which are
"Vulnerable" within Europe, excluding those
that are widespread outside and which only
marginally extend into Europe.
Justification: To include all “Vulnerable”
taxa would make the Appendix unworkable
because of its length. A selection, therefore,
of ’Vulnerable’ taxa will be made on the
basis of one or more of the following sub-
criteria:
i) Endemic to Europe or significant
proportion of world population present in
Europe; ii) Occurrence in a threatened
habitat type(s); iii) Genetic resource value,
e.g. wild crop relatives and taxa of
medicinal, scientific or other useful
value/potential; iv) High conservation
profile, to raise profile of the Appendix as a
whole (e.g. insectivorous taxa, orchids); v)
Occurrence in a site(s) of plant endemism
and/or diversity (e.g. plants from the Sierra
Nevada in Spain).
3.A small number of additional higher plant
taxa which require complete prohibition of
exploitation.
Justification: To conserve those plants
suffering from exploitation, commercial or
otherwise, e.g. taxa of Turkish Cyclamen or
Portuguese Narcissus. Although the taxa
concerned may still be quite widespread in
the wild, steps to conserve them need to be
taken now, to prevent them becoming
"Vulnerable" or "Endangered". This
criterion therefore allows the inclusion of
certain horticulturally popular plant groups,
especially alpines and orchids.
4. A selection of Plants of Macaronesia
Justification: Because of the very high
numbers of taxa (over 200) that would
qualify for the Appendix if these criteria
were adopted en bloc for the threatened
plants of Macaronesia, it is proposed that
Macaronesia is treated separately- This will
be done by applying more rigorously the
present criteria. Essentially, all Macaronesian
threatened taxa (i.e. not only those
"Vulnerable") will be selected using the sub-
criteria i-v of Criteria 2, in addition to
criteria 3, 5, 6 and 7.
5. "Extinct" higher plant taxa.
Justification: If these taxa re-appear in the
wild then some provision should be available
to protect them because it is highly probable
that their populations will be extremely small
and very vulnerable. Since the number of
known Extinct taxa across Europe is very
small, less then 20, the Appendix should
include them as far as possible.
6. Selected higher plant groups
demonstrating reproductive anomalies will,
in general, be excluded.
Justification: Certain groups which are
notoriously difficult to work with
taxonomically (e.g. Rubus, Taraxacum,
Hieracium), are just as difficult for the
conservationist. It is therefore proposed that
such groups are excluded, in general, from
the revised Appendix because of the
difficulties with their identification.
7.A small selection of threatened lower
plants.
Justification: Lower plants (mosses, lichens,
algae, fungi) have tended to be badly
neglected by conservationists, probably due
to limited knowledge about their
conservation status. Documentation,
however, is increasing both about their wild
populations and their conservation
requirements.
A small selection of them, therefore, is
proposed for inclusion in the Appendix to
represent their conservation
needs at an international level.
The IUCN Red Data Book Categories
The Red Data Book categories are used by
the World Conservation Monitoring Centre
(WCMC) and the Species Survival
Commission (SSC) of IUCN - the World
Conservation Union to indicate the degree of
threat to individual taxa in their wild
habitats. They are used for both plants and
animals. Currently, over 30,000 taxa of
plants have been coded with other than "?"
at the world level.
Below are the formal definitions of the
categories. Note: There is a degree of
subjectivity to the application of these
categories, a subjectivity that will be
diminished by a thorough understanding of
and a strict adherence to these definitions.
Extinct (Ex)
Taxa that are no longer known to exist in the
wild after repeated searches of the type
localities and other known or likely places.
Endangered (E)
Taxa in danger of extinction and whose
survival is unlikely if the causal factors
continue operating. Included are taxa whose
numbers have been reduced to a critical level
or whose habitats have been so drastically
reduced that they are deemed to be in
immediate danger of extinction.
Vulnerable (V)
Taxa believed likely to move into the
Endangered category in the near future if the
causal factors continue operating. Included
are taxa of which most or all the populations
are decreasing because of over-exploitation,
extensive destruction of habitat or other
environmental disturbance; taxa with
populations that have been seriously depleted
and whose ultimate security is not yet
assured; and taxa with populations that are
still abundant but are under threat from
serious adverse factors throughout their
range.
Rare (R)
Taxa with small world populations that are
not at present Endangered or Vulnerable but
are at risk. These taxa are usually localised
within restricted geographic areas or habitats
or are thinly scattered over a more extensive
range.
Indeterminate (1)
Taxa known to be Extinct, Endangered,
Vulnerable, or Rare but where there is not
enough information to say which of the four
categories is appropriate.
Insufficiently Known (K)
Taxa that are suspected but not definitely
known to belong to any of the above
categories because of the lack of
information.
Out of Danger (O)
Taxa formerly included in one of the above
categories. but are now considered relatively
secure because effective conservation
measures have been taken. or because the
previous threat to their survival has been
removed.
Not threatened (nt) Taxa that are not in any
of the above categories.
No information (?) Taxa for which there is
no information.
In addition to the categories listed above,
occasionally "hybrid" categories such as
E/Ex are used.
Economic Commission for Europe,
‘European Red List or Globally Threatened
Animals and Plants’ United Nations, 1991
‘Recommendations to ECE Governments
on the application of the European Red
List
Conscious of the need to achieve the aim of
conserving the common European heritage of
wildlife, particularly globally threatened
animal and plant species, and promoting
therefore the implementation of the ECE
Declaration on conservation of Flora ,
Fauna and their Habitats, the Economic
Commission for Europe recommends that
ECE Governments:
1. Take account of the European Red List
when formulating, adopting, and
implementing priorities in conservation
policies and strategies, both at national and
international levels;
2. Implement appropriate protective
measures for species included in the
European Red List which are threatened
within their territory. For those species
which may not currently be threatened in a
particular country, populations should at
least be monitored so that conservation
measures may ne introduced as soon as
necessary;
3. Update or undertake the preparation of
comprehensive national Red Data Books
using the internationally accepted IUCN
status categories. Entries for species
appearing in the European Red list, for
which a country has a particular international
responsibility, should be annotated
appropriately. Particular attention should be
paid to the increasing volume of information
relevant to the conservation of lower orders
of invertebrates (e.g. reptiles, amphibians
and fish), invertebrate animals and plants;
4. Strengthen national programmes for
surveying and monitoring flora, fauna and
their habitats with particular emphasis on
species included in the European Red List,
and maintain national data bases of species
status and other environmental parameters,
as impacts on wildlife may provide early
warning of deleterious environmental
changes;
5. Identify, protect and provide for the
effective management of important habitats
for threatened species;
6. Collaborate to reintroduce threatened
species, where appropriate, from member
countries in which the species population is
stable and closely related genetically to
countries where the species has become
extinct, provided that the causal factors for
the species’ extinction are known and no
longer operate and that sufficient suitable
habitat is available to ensure the long-term
survival of a viable population.
7. Consider the possibilities offered by
direct manipulative methods, such as
artificial propagation, captive breeding,
restocking and translocation, so as to
enhance populations of threatened flora and
fauna bearing in mind the consequences from
ecological and genetic viewpoints, and that
such measures may bring about;
8. Strengthen cooperation so as to secure the
conservation of globally threatened species in
Europe. For this purpose, ECE
Governments should, inter alia:
a) Broaden participation in existing
international wildlife conservation
conventions bearing in mind that many
species on the European Red List are
included in annexes or appendices to such
conventions;
b) Promote the development of joint research
programmes concerning threatened plants
and animals, including migratory species,
and sharing nature conservation experience
particularly with regard to approaches to the
monitoring programmes and exchange of
information on population trends, especially
those of threatened species;
c) Ensure that relevant up-to-date species
status and trend data are sent to international
databases, such as those of the
UNEP/IUCN/WWE World Conservation
Monitoring Centre, ICBP and the
International Waterfowl and Wetlands
Research Bureau (IWRB), as well as to
relevant international scientific societies and
associations involved in nature conservation.
Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES)
This is taken from W. Wijnstekers (1992),
The Evolution of CITES - A reference to the
Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora, Third Edition.
1. Appendix I shall include:
all species threatened with extinction which
are or may be affected by trade. Trade in
specimens of these species must be subject to
particularly strict regulation in order not to
endanger further their survival and must only
be authorized in exceptional circumstances.
2. Appendix II shall include:
(a) all species which although not necessarily
now threatened with extinction may become
so unless trade in specimens of such species
is subject to strict regulation in order to
avoid utilization incompatible with their
survival; and (b) other species which must be
subject to regulation in order that trade in
specimens of certain species.
The criteria are known as the Bern criteria.
It was decided that in determining the
appropriate Appendix into which a species or
other taxon should be placed, the biological
and trade status of the taxon should be
evaluated together.
Appendix I criteria with regard to the
biological status:
To qualify for Appendix I, a species must be
currently threatened with extinction. Infor-
mation of any of the following types should
be required, in order of preference:
a) scientific reports on the population size or
geographic range of the species over a
number of years,
b) scientific reports on the population size or
geographic range of the species based on
single surveys,
c) reports by reliable observers other than
scientists on the population size or
geographic range of the species over a
number of years,
d) reports from various sources on habitat
destruction, heavy trade or other potential
causes of extinction.
Genera should be listed if most of their
species are threatened with extinction and if
identification of individual species within the
genus is difficult. The same should apply to
the listing of any smaller taxa within larger
ones. If most of the smaller taxa are not
threatened, but identification of individual
species is difficult, the entire larger taxon
should be placed on Appendix II.
Taxa listed in Appendix I because of
difficulty in separating them from
endangered forms within the same taxa,
should be annotated as such in the Appendix.
Appendix I criteria with regard to the trade
status: Species meeting the biological criteria
should be listed in Appendix I if they are or
may be affected by international trade. This
should include any species that might be
expected to be traded for any purpose,
scientific or otherwise. Particular attention
should be given to any species for which
such trade might, over a period of time,
involve numbers of specimens constituting a
significant portion of the total population size
necessary for the continued survival of the
species.
The biological status and the trade status of a
species are obviously related. When
biological data show a species to be declining
seriously, there need be only a probability of
trade. When trade is known to occur,
information on the biological status need not
be as complete. This principle especially
applies to groups of related species, where
trade can readily shift from one species that
is well-known to another for which there is
little biological information.
Appendix II criteria with regard to the
biological status:
To qualify for Appendix II, species need not
currently be threatened with extinction, but
there should be some indication that they
might become so. Such an indication might
be a decreasing or very limited population
size or geographic range of distribution.
Information on the biological status should
be one of the types required for Appendix I
species. Genera should be listed if some of
their species are threatened and identification
of individual species within the genus is
difficult. The same should apply to listing
any smaller taxa within larger ones.
Appendix II criteria with regard to the trade
status: Species meeting the biological criteria
should be listed if they presently are subject
to trade or are likely to become subject to
trade. The latter situation can arise where
heavy trade in one species is extended to
include similar species if demand grows or if
supplies of the one species are depleted.
The amount of trade that a species can
sustain without threat of extinction generally
will be greater for species in Appendix II
than for those in Appendix I, so there should
be evidence of actual or expected trade in
such a volume as to constitute a potential
threat to the survival of the species.
Appendix II serves in part as a monitoring
tool to gather such trade data.
a) that the criteria be interpreted as applying
where the population of a species in the wild
is known to be so low that, if it were to be
exploited in any way, it may be exterminated
before effective steps could be taken to save
it; and
b) that, however, if the addition of a species
to Appendix I would draw public attention to
its rarity, this be also taken into
consideration.
Also known as the ’Berne criteria’ are the
criteria laid down for the deletion of species
and other taxa from Appendices I and II.
Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May
1992 on the conservation of natural habitats
and of wild fauna and flora (Habitats
Directive).
Criteria:
“g) species of Community interest means
species which, within the territory referred to
in Article 2, are:
i) endangered, except those species whose
natural range is marginal in that territory and
which are not endangered or vulnerable in
the western palaearctic region; or
ii) vulnerable, i.e. believed likely to move
into the endangered category in the near
future if the causal factors continue
operating; or
iii) rare, i.e. with small populations that are
not at present endangered or vulnerable, but
are at risk. The species are located within
restricted geographical areas or are thinly
scattered over a more extensive range; or
iv) endemic and requiring particular attention
by reason of the specific nature of their
habitat and/or the potential impact of their
exploitation on their conservation status.
Such status are listed or may be listed in
Annex II and/or Annex IV or V;
h) priority species means species referred to
in (g)(i) for the conservation of which the
Community has particular responsibility in
view of the proportion of their natural range
which falls within the territory referred to in
Article 2; these priority species are indicated
by an asterisk (*) in Annex II;’
Convention on the Conservation of
Migratory Species of Wild Animals
(CMS)(as amended by the Conference of the
Parties in 1985, 1988 and 1991) (Bonn
Convention).
‘Article IV Migratory Species to be the
Subject of Agreements: Appendix II
1.Appendix II shall list migratory species
which have an un-favourable conservation
status and which require international
agreements for their conservation and
management, as well as those which have a
conservation status which would significantly
benefit from the international co-operation
that could be achieved by an international
agreement.
2. If the circumstances so warrant, a
migratory species may be listed both in
Appendix I and Appendix II.
3. Parties that are Range States of migratory
species listed in Appendix II shall endeavour
to conclude AGREEMENTS where these
would benefit the species and should give
priority to those species in an unfavourable
conservation status.
4. Parties are encouraged to take action with
a view to concluding agreements for any
population ir any geographically separate
part of the population of any species or
lower taxon of wild animals, members of
which periodically cross one or more
national jurisdiction boundaries.
5. The Secretariat shall be provided with a
copy of each AGREEMENT concluded
pursuant to the provisions of this Article.’
ANNEX 4: EU CORINE Biotope checklists and proposed extension for the
PHARE Countries (Version 1 of February 1994)
ia
silat A 19 12 PNG}
ERR Tt Cah ese BME: sialismaisaihl
P iaent oe ike Beleal ta ‘et as *
soviens TT prin Ana PP pt *e i mes ‘
th) PN HP bev cay at iene n faire ain sis nh
in (gly Ber Dea enacts Hah tat seep te —, ee AS
~Comtaiclly pea pot rad ie ragpcmateR | Bu Ata cteaens Ty Ya
yheane ct ie wringing ul rote nba recut
wtticd:: pal we ithile thio ight tory, Metre (i. Bhi om net
» MPa 2: taka peboekty. vache sc lamall ce yas Nia ict
«ap oes wash hay Anes IE a i wipe
‘bneiston are ii ‘Constrhetion ty . Mes een et
ipeaies of C6 AEE ie
| gt om DP oe sia m Seance
ANNEX 4: EU CORINE Biotope checklists and proposed extension for the PHARE Countries
(Version 1 of February 1994)
Note + denotes those additional proposed species for the PHARE extension countries only
F CHECK-LIST OF THREATENED MAMMALS
Nyctalus leisleri
ORDER Vespertilio murinus +
FAMILY
Genus species MOLOSSIDAE
Tadarida teniotis
INSECTIVORA
TALPIDAE
Galemys pyrenaicus
SORICIDAE
Sorex caecutiens +
Neromys anomalus +
Neomys fodiens +
CHIROPTERA
RHINOLOPHIDAE
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Rhinolophus hipposideros
Rhinolophus euryale
Rhinolophus blasii
Rhinolophus mehelyi
VESPERTILIONIDAE
Myotis daubentonii
Myotis nathalinae
Myotis capaccinii
Myotis dasycneme
Myotis mystacinus
Myotis brandtii
Myotis emarginatus
Myotis nattereri
Myotis bechsteinii
Myotis myotis
Myotis blythi
Plecotus auritus
Plecotus austriacus
Miniopterus schreibersii
Barbastella barbastellus
Pipistrellus nathusii
Pipistrellus kuhli
Pipistrellus savii
Eptesicus serotinus
Eptesicus nilssoni
Eptesicus murinus
Nyctalus noctula
Nyctalus lasiopterus
RODENTIA
SCIURIDAE
Sciurus anomalus
Castor fiber
Spermophilus suslicus +
CASTORIDAE
Castor fiber
CRICETIDAE
Cricetus cricetus
Microtus oeconomus
Microtus tatricus +
ZAPODIDAE
Sicista betulina
HYSTRICIDAE
Hystrix cristata
MURIDAE
Cricetulus migratorius +
Mesocricetus newtoni +
Spalax graecus +
Spalax microphthalmus +
Nannospalax leucodon +
(= Spalax leucodon)
Pitymys tatricus +
GLIRIDAE
Muscardinus avellanarius +
Dryomys nitedula +
Myomimus roachi +
CETACEA
BALAENOPTERIDAE
Sibbaldus musculus
Megaptera novaeengliae
BALAENIDAE
Eubalaena glacialis
Balaena mysticetus
DELPHINIDAE
Delphinus delphis
Tursiops truncatus
PHOCAENIDAE
Phocaena phocaena
CARNIVORA
CANIDAE
Canis lupus
Canis aureus +
URSIDAE
Ursus arctos
MUSTELIDAE
Mustela lutreola
Lutra lutra
Vormela peregusna*
VIVERRIDAE
Genetta genetta
FELIDAE
Lynx lynx
Lynx pardina
Felis sylvestris
PINNIPEDIA
PHOCIDAE
Monachus monachus
Phoca vitulina
Halichoerus grypus
ARTIODACTYLA
CERVIDAE
Cervus elaphus corsicanus
BOVIDAE
Capra pyrenaica
Capra aegragus
Rupicapra rupicapra
(ssp. ornata, cartusiana, balcanica)
Ovis ammon
* addition to list proposed by Mr Hallmann
G CHECK-LIST OF THREATENED BIRDS
ORDER
FAMILY
Genus species
GAVIIFORMES
GAVIIDAE
Gavia stellata
Gavia arctica
Gavia immer
PODICIPEDIFORMES
PODICIPEDIDAE
Podiceps auritus
PROCELLARIIFORMES
PROCELLARIIDAE
Pterodroma (mollis) madeira
Pterodroma (mollis) feae
Bulweria bulwerii
Calonectris diomedea
Puffinus puffinus mauretanicus
Puffinus assimilis
HYDROBATIDAE
Pelagodroma marina
Hydrobates pelagicus
Oceanodroma leucorhoa
Oceanodroma castro
PELECANIFORMES
PELECANIDAE
Pelecanus onocrotalus
Pelecanus crispus
PHALACROCORACIDAE
Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis
Phalacrocorax (aristotelis) desmarestii
Phalacrocorax pygmeus
CICONIIFORMES
ARDEIDAE
Botaurus stellaris
Ixobrychus minutus
Nycticorax nycticorax
Ardeola ralloides
Egretta garzetta
Egretta alba
Ardea purpurea
CICONIIDAE
Ciconia nigra
Ciconia ciconia
THRESKIORNITHIDAE
Plegadis falcinellus
Platalea leucorodia
PHOENICOPTERIDAE
Phoenicopterus ruber
ANSERIFORMES
ANATIDAE
Cygnus (columbianus) bewickii
Cygnus cygnus
Anser (albifrons) flavirostris
Anser erythropus
Branta leucopsis
Branta ruficollis
Tadorna ferruginea
Marmaronetta angustirostris
Aythya nyroca
Oxyura leucocephala
FALCONIFORMES
PANDIONIDAE
Pandion haliaetus
ACCIPITRIDAE
Pernis apivorus
Elanus caeruleus
Milvus migrans
Milvus milvus
Haliaeetus albicilla
Gypaetus barbatus
Neophron percnopterus
Gyps fulvus
Aegypius monachus
Circaetus gallicus
Circus aeruginosus
Circus cyaneus
Circus macrourus
Circus pygargus
Accipiter gentilis arrigonii
Accipiter nisus granti
Accipiter brevipes
Buteo buteo insularum
Buteo buteo rothschildii
Buteo rufinus
Aquila pomarina
Aquila clanga
Aquila heliaca
Aquila chrysaetos
Hieraaetus pennatus
Hieraaetus fasciatus
FALCONIDAE
Falco tinnunculus dacotiae
Falco naumanni
Falco columbarius
Falco eleonorae
Falco biarmicus
Falco peregrinus
Falco pelegrinoides
Falco cherrug*
GALLIFORMES
TETRAONIDAE
Bonasa bonasia
Lagopus mutus pyrenaicus
Lagopus mutus helveticus
Tetrao tetrix tetrix
Tetrao urogallus
PHASIANIDAE
Alectoris graeca saxatilis
Alectoris graeca whitakeri
Alectoris barbara
Perdix perdix italica
Coturnix coturnix confusa
Coturnix coturnix conturbans
GRUIFORMES
TURNICIDAE
Turnix sylvatica
GRUIDAE
Grus grus
RALLIDAE
Porzana porzana
Porzana parva
Porzana pusilla
Crex crex
Fulica cristata
Porphyrio porphyrio
OTIDIDAE
Tetrax tetrax
Chlamydotis undulata
Otis tarda
CHARADRIIFORMES
HAEMATOPODIDAE
Haematopus moquini meadewaldoi
RECURVIROSTRIDAE
Himantopus himantopus
Recurvirostra avosetta
BURHINIDAE
Burhinus oedicnemus
GLAREOLIDAE
Cursorius cursor
Glareola pratincola
CHARADRIIDAE
Charadrius morinellus
Pluvialis apricaria
Hoplopterus spinosus
SCOLOPACIDAE
Philomachus pugnax
Gallinago media
Numenius tenuirostris
Tringa glareola
Phalaropus lobatus
LARIDAE
Larus melanocephalus
Larus genei
Larus audouinii
Gelochelidon nilotica
Sterna caspia
Sterna sandvicensis
Sterna dougallii
Sterna hirundo
Sterna paradisaea
Sterna albifrons
Chlidonias hybridus
Chlidonias niger
Chlidonias leucopterus*
ALCIDAE
Uria aalge ibericus
COLUMBIFORMES
PTEROCLIDAE
Pterocles orientalis
Pterocles alchata
COLUMBIDAE
Columba palumbus azorica
Columba trocaz
Columba bollii
Columba junoniae
CUCULIFORMES
CUCULIDAE
Clamator glandarius*
STRIGIFORMES
STRIGIDAE
Bubo bubo
Nyctea scandiaca
Glaucidium passerinum
Asio flammeus
Aegolius funereus
CAPRIMULGIFORMES
CAPRIMULGIDAE
Caprimulgus europaeus
CORACIIFORMES
ALCEDINIDAE
Alcedo atthis
CORACIIDAE
Coracias garrulus
PICIFORMES
PICIDAE
Picus canus
Dryocopus martius
Dendrocopos major canariensis
Dendrocopos major thanneri
Dendrocopos medius
Dendrocopos leucotos
Dendrocopos syriacus
Picoides tridactylus
PASSERIFORMES
ALAUDIDAE
Chersophilus duponti
Melanocorypha calandra
Calandrella brachydactyla
Calandrella rufescens
Galerida theklae
Lullula arborea
MOTACILLIDAE
Anthus campestris
LANIIDAE
Lanius collurio
Lanius minor
Lanius nubicus*
TROGLODYTIDAE
Troglodytes troglodytes fridariensis
TURDIDAE
Cercotrichas galactotes
Luscinia svecica
Saxicola dacotiae
Oenanthe leucura
SYLVIIDAE
Acrocephalus melanopogon
Acrocephalus paludicola
Hippolais olivetorum
Sylvia sarda
Sylvia undata
Sylvia rueppelli
Sylvia nisoria
Sylvia conspicillata bella
Phylloscopus collybita exsul
Regulus teneriffae
MUSCICAPIDAE
Ficedula parva
Ficedula semitorquata
Ficedula albicollis
SITTIDAE
Sitta krueperi
Sitta whiteheadi
EMBERIZIDAE
Emberiza cineracea
Emberiza hortulana
Emberiza caesia
FRINGILLIDAE
Fringilla coelebs ombriosa
Fringilla teydea
Loxia scotica
Bucanetes githagineus
Pyrrhula murina
Carduelis cannabina nana
CORVIDAE
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
* addition proposed by Mr Hallmann
H CHECK-LIST OF THREATENED AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
ORDER
FAMILY
Genus species
AMPHIBIA
Mertensiella (Salamandra) luschani
Salamandrina terdigitata
Chioglossa lusitanica
Triturus cristatus
Triturus italicus
Triturus montandoni +
PLETHODONTIDAE
Hydromantes genei
Hydromantes italicus
PROTEIDAE
Proteus anguinus
SALIENTIA
DISCOGLOSSIDAE
Bombina variegata
Bombina bombina
Discoglossus pictus
Discoglossus sardus
Alytes obstetricans
Alytes cisternasii
Alytes muletensis
PELOBATIDAE
Pelobates cultripes
Pelobates fuscus
Pelobates syriacus
Pelodytes punctatus
BUFONIDAE
Bufo calamita
Bufo viridis
HYLIDAE
Hyla arborea
RANIDAE
Rana arvalis
Rana dalmatina
Rana latastei
REPTILIA
TESTUDINES
TESTUDINIDAE
Testudo hermanni
Testudo graeca
Testudo marginata
EMYDIDAE
Emys orbicularis
Mauremys caspica
DERMOCHELYIDAE
Dermochelys coriacea
CHELONIIDAE
Caretta caretta
Lepidochelys kempii
Chelonia mydas*
Eretmochelys imbricata*
SQUAMATA (SAURIA)
GEKKONIDAE
Phyllodactylus europaeus
Cyrtodactylus kotschyi
AGAMIDAE
Agama Stellio
CHAMAELEONTIDAE
Chamaeleo chamaeleon
LACERTIDAE
Algyroides marchi
Algyroides fitzingeri
Lacerta lepida
Lacerta viridis
Lacerta agilis
Lacerta monticola
Lacerta horvathi
Gallotia simonyi
Gallotia atlantica
Podarcis sicula
Podarcis melisellensis
Podarcis lilfordi
Podarcis muralis
Eremias arguta +
SCINCIDAE
Ablepharus kitaibelii
AMPHISBAENIDAE
Blanus cinereus
SQUAMATA (SERPENTES)
COLUBRIDAE
Coluber hippocrepis
Coluber rubriceps +
Elaphe situla
Elaphe quatuorlineata
Elaphe longissima
Natrix tessellata
Natrix natrix cetti
Coronella austriaca
Macroprotodon cucullatus
VIPERIDAE
Vipera ursinii
(including rakosiensis +)
Vipera berus
Vipera aspis
Vipera xanthina
Vipera lebetina
Vipera ammodytes*
Vipera latastei*
BOIDAE
Eryx jaculus +
* addition proposed by the Council of Europe
I CHECK-LIST OF THREATENED FISH
ORDER
FAMILY
Genus species
CYCLOSTOMATA
HYPEROARTIA
PETROMYZONIDAE
Eudontomyzon (mariae) vladykovi
Eudontomyzon mariae +
Eudontomyzon danfordi +
Eudontomyzon gracilis +
Lampetra fluviatilis
Petromyzon marinus
PISCES: PALAEOPTERYGII
CHONDROSTEI
ACIPENSERIDAE
Acipenser sturio
Acipenser naccarii
Acipenser gilldenstaedti +
Acipenser nudiventris +
Acipenser ruthenus +
Acipenser stellatus +
PISCES: NEOPTERYGII (TELEOSTE1)
ISOSPONDYLI
CLUPEIDAE
Alosa alosa
Alosa fallax
Clupeonella cultriventris +
(= C. delicatula)
SALMONIDAE
Salmo salar
Salmo trutta (native populations)
Hucho hucho
Salvelinus alpinus
COREGONIDAE
Coregonus albula
Coregonus autumnalis
Coregonus lavaretus
Coregonus nasus
Coregonus oxyrhynchus
Coregonus peled
Coregonus pidschian
THYMALLIDAE
Thymallus thymallus
UMBRIDAE
Umbra krameri +
OSTARIOPHYSI
CYPRINIDAE
Abramis ballerus
Abramis sapa
Alburnoides bipunctatus
Aspius aspius
Chalcalburnus chalcoides
Cyprinus carpio (native populations)
Gobio uranoscopus
Rutilus frisii
Barbus peloponensis
Leuciscus idus
Leuciscus souffia
Pararhodeus ghigii
Rhodeus sericeus
Rutilus pigus
Rutilus frisii
Leucaspius delineatus +
Phoxinus percnurus +
(=Moroco percnurus)
Pelecus cultratus +
Gobio albipinnatus +
Gobio kessleri +
COBITIDAE
Misgurnus fossilis
Cobitis aurata +
Cobitis elongata +
Cobitis romanica +
Nemacheilus angorae +
SILURIDAE
Siluris glanis
MICROCYPRINI
CYPRINODONTIDAE
Aphanius iberus
Valencia hispanica
ANACANTHINI
GADIDAE
Lota lota
PERCOMORPHI
BLENNIIDAE
Blennius fluviatilis
PERCIDAE
Gymnocephalus schraetzer
Zingel zingel
Zingel asper
Zingel streber
Percarina demidoffi +
Gymnocephalus baloni +
Romanichthys valsanicola +
Stizostedion marinum +
Stizostedion volgense +
GOBIIDAE
Benthophiloides brauneri +
Benthophilus stellatus +
Pomatoshistus caucasicus +
(= Knipowitschia caucasicus)
Pomatoshistus longecaudatus +
(= Knipowitschia longicaudata)
Gobius kessleri +
(= Neogobius kessleri)
Gobius syrman +
(= Neogobius syrman)
Proterorhinus marmoratus +
J CHECK-LIST OF THREATENED INVERTEBRATES
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
Genus species
CNIDARIA
HEXACORALLIA
ACTINARIA
EDWARDSIIDAE
Nematostella vectensis
MOLLUSCA
GASTROPODA
ARCHAEOGASTROPODA
NERITIDAE
Theodoxus transversalis +
MESOGASTROPODA
VIVIPARIDAE
Viviparus acerosus +
HYDROBIIDAE
Belgrandiella komenskyi +
Paladilhia hngarica +
Sadleriana pannonica +
MELANOPSIDAE
Fagotia esperi +
BASOMMATOPHORA
LYMNAEIDAE
Myxas glutinosa
PLANORBIDAE
Segmentina nitida
STYLOMMATOPHORA
SUCCINEIDAE
Catinella arenaria
Oxyloma sarsii
VERTIGINIDAE
Vertigo angustior
Vertigo geyeri
Vertigo genesii
Vertigo moulinsiana
PUPILLIDAE
Leiostyla abbreviata
Leiostyla cassida
Leiostyla corneocostata
Leiostyla gibba
Leiostyla lamellosa
ENDODONTIDAE
Discus guerinianus
Discus defloratus
ARIONIDAE
Geomalacus maculosus
Arion vejdorskyi +
CLAUSILIIDAE
Balea perversa
HELICIDAE
Helix pomatia
Helix subplicata
Elona quimperiana
Caseolus calculus
Caseolus commixta
Caseolus sphaerula
Discula leacockiana
Discula tabellata
Discula testudinalis
Discula turricula
Geomitra moniziana
Chilostoma cingulellum +
Chilostoma rossmaessleri +
COCHLICOPIDAE
Cochlicopa nitens +
VALLONIIDAE
Spelaeodiscus tatricus +
Vallonia declivis +
Vallonia enniensis +
LIMACIDAE
Deroceras fatrense +
BIVALVIA
EULAMELLIBRANCHIA
MARGARITIFERIDAE
Margaritifera margaritifera
Margaritifera auricularia
UNIONIIDAE
Pseudanodonta complanata +
Unio crassus +
ANNELIDA
HIRUDINEA
GNATHOBDELLAE
HIRUDINIDAE
Hirudo medicinalis
ARTHROPODA
INSECTA
ODONATA
COENAGRIIDAE
Coenagrion armatum
Coenagrion caerulescens
Coenagrion hastulatum
Coenagrion hylas
Coenagrion lunulatum
Coenagrion mercuriale
Coenagrion ornatum
Coenagrion scitulum
Nehalennia speciosa
Ischnura genei
Cenagrion tenellum
LESTIDAE
Sympecma fusca
Sympecma braueri
Lestes dryas
CORDULEGASTERIDAE
Cordulegaster bidentatus
Cordulegaster boltonii
Cordulegaster heros
GOMPHIDAE
Gomphus flavipes
Gomphus graslini
Gomphus simillimus
Gomphus vulgatissimus
Ophiogomphus cecilia
Onychogomphus costae
Onychogomphus forcipatus
Onychogomphus uncatus
Lindenia tetraphylla
AESHNIDAE
Boyeria irene
Aeshna caerulea
Aeshna subarctica
Aeshna viridis
Anaciaeschna isosceles
Brachytron pratense +
CORDULIIDAE
Oxygastra curtisii
Somatochlora arctica
Somatochlora flavomaculata
Epitheca bimaculata
Macromia splendens
LIBELLULIDAE
Sympetrum depressiusculum
Sympetrum nigrifemur
Leucorrhinia albifrons
Leucorrhinia caudalis
Leucorrhinia dubia
Leucorrhinia pectoralis
Leucorrhinia rubicunda
ORTHOPTERA
TETTIGONIIDAE
Saga pedo
Baetica ustulata
Gampsocleis glabra +
ACRIDIDAE
Odontopodisma rubripes +
DICTYOPTERA
BLATTIDAE
Apteromantis aptera
MANTIDAE
Mantis religiosa +
TRICHOPTERA
HYDROPSYCHIDAE
Hydropsyche tobiasi
LEPTOCERIDAE
Oecetis tripunctata +
LEPIDOPTERA (RHOPALOCERA)
HESPERIIDAE
Syrichtus tessellum
Heteropterus morpheus
Carterocephalus palaemon
Borbo borbonica
Syrichtus cribellum +
PAPILIONIDAE
Papilio hospiton
Papilio alexanor
Zerynthia polyxena
Zerynthia rumina
Archon apollinus
Parnassius apollo
Parnasslus phoebus
Parnassius mnemosyne
PIERIDAE
Pieris ergane
Pontia chloridice
Elphinstonia charlonia
Colias palaeno
Colias libanotica
Colias myrmidone
Colias balcanica
Leptidea morsei +
LYCAENIDAE
Callophrys avis
Lycaena helle
Lycaena dispar
Cupido lorquinii
Turanana panagea
Maculinea alcon
Maculinea rebeli
Maculinea arion
Maculinea teleius
Maculinea nausithous
Pseudophilotes bavius
Scolitantides orion
Plebejus pylaon
Vacciniina optilete
Agriades pyrenaicus
Plebicula golgus
Polyommatus eroides +
NYMPHALIDAE
Apatura iris
Apatura ilia
Apatura metis
Limenitis populi
Neptis sappho
Vanessa indica
Fabriciana elisa
Brenthis hecate
Boloria aquilonaris
Proclossiana eunomia
Melitaea trivia
Melitaea deione
Mellicta britomartis
Euphydryas maturna
Euphydryas aurinia
Argyronome laodice +
Neptis rivularis +
Nymphalis vau-album +
Nymphalis xanthomelas +
SATYRIDAE
Melanargia arge
Oeneis glacialis
Erebia eriphyle
Erebia christi
Erebia sudetica
Erebia calcaria
Coenonympha tullia
Coenonympha hero
Coenonympha oedippus
Lopinga achine
DANAIDAE
Danaus plexippus
NOCTUIDAE
Syngrapha microgamma +
SATURNIIDAE
Saturnia pyri +
GEOMETRIDAE
Eupithecia gelidata +
Gnophus obscurata +
HEPIALIDAE
Hepialus carna +
LEPIDOPTERA (HETEROCERA)
LASIOCAMPIDAE
Eriogaster catax
Phyllodesma ilicifolia
SATURNIIDAE
Graellsia isabelae
Saturnia pyri +
SPHINGIDAE
Hyles hippophaes
Proserpinus proserpina
COLEOPTERA
CARABIDAE
Calosoma sycophanta
Carabus intricatus
Carabus olympiae
Osmoderma eremita
DYSTICIDAE CHLOROPERLIDAE
Dytiscus latissimus Xanthoperla apicalis +
Graphoderus bilineatus
Agabus clypealis + NEUROPTERA
MANTISPIDAE
BUPRESTIDAE Mantispa styriaca +
Buprestis splendens
ASCALAPHIDAE
CUCULIDAE Libelloides macaronius +
Cucujus cinnaberinus
MYRMELEONTIDAE
CERAMBYCIDAE Acanthaclisis occitanica +
Cerambyx cerdo Dendroleon pantherinus +
Morimus funereus Distoleon tetragrammicus +
Rosalia alpina Myrmeleon formicarius +
HYMENOPTERA CRUSTACEA
FORMICIDAE DECAPODA
Formica rufa ASTACIDAE
Formica aquilonia
Formica lugubris
Formica polyctena
Formica pratensis
Formica uralensis +
MEGACHILIDAE
Anthidium montanum +
EPHEMEROPTERA
AMETROPODIDAE
Ametropus fragilis +
HEPTAGENIIDAE
Arthroplea congener +
LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE
Choroterpes picteti +
PALINGENIIDAE
Palingenia longicauda +
PLECOPTERA
CAPNIIDAE
Capnopsis schilleri +
TAENIOPTERYGIDAE
Brachyptera braueri +
PERLODIDAE
Tsogenus nubecula +
Isoperla obsucura +
Astacus astacus
Austropotamobius pallipes
Austropotamobius torrentium +
ANOSTRACA
BRANCHINECTIDAE
Branchinecta paludosa +
AMPHIPODA
GAMMARIDAE
Echinogammarus ischnus +
ARACHNIDA
ARANAEA
PISAURIDAE
Dolomedes plantarius
HEXATHELIDAE
Macrothele calpeiana
ATYPIDAE
Atypus muralis +
CHECKLIST OF THREATENED
PLANTS
ALISMATACEAE
Caldesia parnassifolia
Damasonium minimum
Echinodorus repens
Luronium natans
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Galanthus reginae-olgae
Leucojum nicaeense
Leucojum vernum ssp. carpaticum +
Narcissus scaberulus
Narcissus viridiflorus
APOCYNACEAE
Rhazya orientalis
AQUIFOLIACEAE
Ilex perado ssp. platyphylla
ARACEAE
Dracunculus canariensis
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Caralluma burchardii
Caralluma europaea
Ceropegia ceratophora
Ceropegia krainzii
ASPIDIACEAE
Diplazium caudatum
ASPLENIACEAE
Asplenium jahandiezii
BALANOPHORACEAE
Cynomorium coccineum
BERBERIDACEAE
Berberis maderensis
Gymnospermium altaicum ssp. odessanum
BETULACEAE
Betula humilis
BOLETACEAE
Boletus satanas +
BORAGINACEAE
Anchusa aggregata
Anchusa crispa
Buglossoides gastonii
Cerinthe glabra ssp. tatrica +
Echium acanthocarpum
Echium auberianum
Echium callithyrsum
Echium cantabricum
Echium gentianoides
Echium giganteum
Echium handiense
Echium pininana
Echium simplex
Echium wildpretii ssp. wildpretii
Elizaldia calycina
Lithodora oleifolia
Macrotomia densiflora
Myosotis rehsteineri
Omphalodes littoralis ssp. gallaecica
Omphalodes littoralis ssp. littoralis
Omphalodes luciliae
Onosma elegantissima
Onosma psammophila
Onosma pseudarenaria +
Onosma tornensis +
Solenanthus albanicus
Solenanthus stamineus
Symphytum cycladense
CALLITRICHACEAE
Callitriche pulchra
CAMPANULACEAE
Asyneuma giganteum
Azorina vidalii
Campanula aizoon ssp. aizoon
Campanula canariensis
Campanula forsythii
Campanula gelida +
Campanula moravica +
Campanula morettiana
Campanula petraea
Campanula sabatia
Campanula xylocarpa +
Musschia wollastonii
Physoplexis comosa
Symphyandra samothracica
Trachelium asperuloides
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Lonicera hellenica
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Arenaria controversa
Arenaria hispida
Arenaria peloponnesiaca
Arenaria provincialis
Bufonia teneriffae
Cerastium alsinifolium +
Cerastium arvense ssp. glandulosum +
Cerastium sventenii
Dianthus gallicus
Dianthus gratianopolitanus
Dianthus langeanus
Dianthus praecox +
Dianthus praecox ssp. lumnitzeri +
Dianthus pulviniformis
Dianthus pungens
Dianthus rupicola
Dianthus serotinus +
Gypsophila papillosa
Loeflingia tavaresiana
Minuartia glaucina +
Minuartia pichleri
Minuartia stojanovii
Moehringia grisebachii +
Moehringia jankae +
Moehringia papulosa
Moehringia tommasinii
Petrorhagia grandiflora
Polycarpaea smithii
Saponaria chlorifolia
Silene diclinis
Silene haussknechtii
Silene hifacensis
Silene holzmannii
Silene lagunensis
Silene linicola
Silene orphanidis
Silene rothmaleri
Silene velutina
Silene vulgaris
Spergularia azorica
CHENOPODIACEAE
Bassia hirsuta
Corispermum canescens +
Corispermum marschallii
Halimione pedunculata
Halopeplis amplexicaulis
Kochia saxicola
Microcnemum coralloides
Salicornia veneta
CISTACEAE
Cistus heterophyllus
Cistus osbeckiafolius
Helianthemum alypoides
Helianthemum bystropogophyllum
Helianthemum stipulatum
Helianthemum teneriffae
Helianthemum tholiforme
Tuberaria major
COLLEMATACEAE
Collema dichotomum +
COMPOSITAE
Achillea barbeyana
Achillea horanszkyi +
Achillea ochroleuca +
Achillea umbellata
Anacyclus alboranensis
Andryala crithmifolia
Andryala levitomentosa +
Anthemis gerardiana
Anthemis glaberrima
Argyranthemum callichrysum
Argyranthemum coronopifolium
Argyranthemum haematomma
Argyranthemum hierrense
Argyranthemum lidii
Argyranthemum maderense
Argyranthemum pinnatifidum ssp.
succulentum
Argyranthemum sventenii
Argyranthemum winterii
Artemisia argentata
Artemisia granatensis
Aster pyrenaeus
Asteriscus schultzii
Atractylis arbuscula
Atractylis preauxiana
Buphthalmum inuloides
Calendula maderensis
Calendula suffruticosa ssp. maritima
Carduus baeocephalus
Carduus bourgeaui
Carduus myriacanthus
Carduus squarrosus
Carlina diae
Centaurea aegialophila
Centaurea alba ssp. princeps
Centaurea baldaccii
Centaurea balearica
Centaurea corymbosa
Centaurea heldreichii
Centaurea horrida
Centaurea jankae +
Centaurea kalambakensis
Centaurea kartschiana
Centaurea lactiflora
Centaurea leucophaea ssp.
pseudocoerulescens
Centaurea linaresii
Centaurea megarensis
Centaurea niederi
Centaurea parlatoris
Centaurea peucedanifolia
Centaurea poculatoris
Centaurea pontica +
Centaurea procumbens
Centaurea pumilio
Cheirolophus arboreus
Cheirolophus arbutifolius
Cheirolophus duranii
Cheirolophus ghomerythus
Cheirolophus junonianus
Cheirolophus massonianus
Cheirolophus satarataensis ssp. satarataensis
Cheirolophus sventenii ssp. sventenii
Cheirolophus webbianus
Cirsium latifolium
Crepis canariensis
Crepis crocifolia
Erigeron nanus +
Evacidium discolor
Evax rotundata
Gonospermum gomerae
Helichrysum gossypinum
Helichrysum monogynum
Helichrysum sibthorpii
Hieracium chaunotrichum +
Hypochoeris oligocephala
Inula helvetica
Jurinea cyanoides
Jurinea taygetea
Lactuca palmensis
Lamyropsis microcephala
Leontodon boryi
Leontodon microcephalus
Leontodon siculus
Leuzea cynaroides
Ligularia sibirica
Logfia neglecta
Lugoa revoluta
Nananthea perpusilla
Nolletia chrysocomoides
Onopordum nogalesii
Pulicaria burchardii
Pulicaria canariensis
Reichardia famarae
Santolina elegans
Santolina oblongifolia
Senecio alboranicus
Senecio appendiculatus
Senecio auricula
Senecio bollei
Senecio congestus
Senecio hadrosomus
Senecio hermosae
Senecio lopezii
Senecio multiflorus
Serratula lycopifolia
Sonchus bornmuelleri
Sonchus bourgeaui
Sonchus canariensis
Sonchus gandogeri
Sonchus gummifer
Sonchus imbricatus
Sonchus radicatus ssp. gummifer
Sonchus ustulatus ssp. maderensis
Sventenia bupleuroides
Taeckholmia microcarpa
Tanacetum ptarmiciflorum
Tolpis crassiuscula
Wagenitzia lancifolia
CONVOLVULACEAE
Convolvulus argyrothamnos
Convolvulus canariensis
Convolvulus diversifolius
Convolvulus lopez-socasi
Convolvulus massonii
Convolvulus perraudieri
Ipomoea stolonifera
CRASSULACEAE
Aeonium balsamiferum
Aeonium cuneatum
Aeonium gomeraense
Aeonium nobile
Aeonium saundersii
Aeonium sedifolium
Aeonium smithii
Aichryson brevipetalum
Aichryson dumosum
Crassula aquatica
Greenovia aizoon
Greenovia dodrentalis
Monanthes adenoscepes
Monanthes anagensis
Monanthes niphophila
Sedum aetnense
Sedum hierapetrae
Sempervivum montanum ssp.
carpaticum +
CRUCIFERAE
Aethionema cordatum
Alyssum borzaeanum +
Alyssum fastigiatum
Alyssum leucadeum
Alyssum montanum ssp. brymii +
Alyssum robertianum
Barbarea sicula
Biscutella divionensis
Biscutella neustriaca
Biscutella rotgesii
Biscutella vincentina
Boleum asperum
Brassica bourgeaui
Brassica glabrescens
Brassica insularis var. ayliesii
Brassica macrocarpa
Brassica souliei
Capsella thracica +
Coronopus navasii
Crambe arborea
Crambe gigantea
Crambe scoparia
Crambe sventenii
Descurainia gonzalezii
Diplotaxis ibicensis
Diplotaxis siettia
Diplotaxis vicentina
Erucastrum palustre
Erysimum arbuscula
Erysimum pieninicum +
Guiraoa arvensis
Hesperis inodora
Hesperis oblongifolia +
Hesperis vrabelyiana +
Hormathophylla pyrenaica
Hutera leptocarpa
Hutera rupestris
Hymenolobus procumbens
Iberis arbuscula
Iberis sampaiana
Tonopsidium acaule
Tonopsidium albiflorum
Tonopsidium savianum
Tsatis lusitanica
Isatis platyloba
Lepidium cardamines
Parolinia intermedia
Rhynchosinapis johnstonii
Schivereckia podolica +
Sinapidendron angustifolium
Sinapidendron rupestre
Sisymbrium matritense
Sisymbrium supinum
Thlaspi caerulescens ssp. tatrense +
Thlaspi schudichii +
Vella pseudocytisus
CUPRESSACEAE
Juniperus cedrus
Juniperus drupacea
Tetraclinis articulata
CYPERACEAE
Carex baldensis
Carex calderae
Carex camposii
Carex canariensis
Carex durieui
Carex grioletii
Carex malato-belizii
Carex perraudieriana
Carex pirinensis +
Carex trinervis
Eleocharis carniolica
Eriophorum gracile
DATISCACEAE
Datisca cannabina
DIPSACACEAE
Knautia velutina
Pterocephalus brevis
Pterocephalus porphyranthus
Pterocephalus virens
DROSERACEAE
Drosera rotundifolia var. corsica
DRYOPTERIDACEAE
Dryopteris aemula
ELASTRACEAE
Maytenus dryandri
ELATINACEAE
Elatine alsinastrum
Elatine hexandra +
Elatine hungarica +
ERICACEAE
Arbutus canariensis
Erica scoparia ssp. azorica
EUPHORBIACEAE
Euphorbia azorica
Euphorbia bourgeauana
Euphorbia bravoana
Euphorbia corsica
Euphorbia handiensis
Euphorbia hierosolymitana
Euphorbia lambii
Euphorbia mellifera
Euphorbia ruscinonensis
FRANKENIACEAE
Frankenia pulverulenta +
GENTIANACEAE
Centaurium rigualii
Centaurium scilloides
Gentiana ligustica
Gentianella austriaca ssp. fatrae +
Gentianella lutescens ssp. carpatica +
Gentianella uliginosa
Ixanthus viscosus
Lomatogonium carinthiacum
GERANIACEAE
Erodium chrysanthum
Geranium humbertii
Geranium maderense
GESNERIACEAE
Jankaea heldreichii
Ramonda nathaliae
Ramonda serbica
GRAMINEAE
Aira provincialis
Antinoria insularis
Bromus grossus
Bromus moesiacus +
Calamagrostis scotica
Coleanthus subtilis
Cornucopiae cucullatum
Deschampsia argentea
Deschampsia maderensis
Deschampsia setacea
Festuca domax
Festuca jubata
Lolium lowei
Phalaris maderensis
Poa riphaea +
Saccharum spontaneum
Sesleria heuflerana ssp. hungarica +
Stipa austroitalica
Stipa bavarica
Stipa danubialis +
Stipa dasyphylla +
GROSSULARIACEAE
Ribes sardoum
GUTTIFERAE
Hypericum aciferum
Hypericum hircinum ssp. cambessedesii
Hypericum jovis
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE
Trichomanes speciosum
ILLECEBRACEAE
Herniaria algarvica
Herniaria canariensis
Herniaria maritima
IRIDACEAE
Crocus robertianus
ISOETACEAE
Isoetes boryana
Isoetes brochonii
Isoetes malinverniana
Isoetes tenuissima
JUNCACEAE
Ebingeria elegans
Luzula canariensis
LABIATAE
Ballota frutescens
Bystropogon canariensis
Bystropogon origanifolius
Dracocephalum austriacum
Lavandula rotundifolia
Micromeria pineolens
Micromeria rivas-martinezii
Micromeria taygetea
Moluccella spinosa
Nepeta dirphya
Nepeta sphaciotica
Origanum dictamnus
Origanum scabrum
Pycnanthemum incanum
var.incanum +
Salvia broussonetii
Sideritis cabrerae
Sideritis cystosiphon
Sideritis discolor Ononis maweana
Sideritis infernalis Oxytropis campestris ssp. tatrae +
Sideritis kuegleriana Teline benehoavensis
Sideritis macrostachya Teline linifolia
Sideritis marmorea Trifolium saxatile
Sideritis nervosa Vicia capreolata
Sideritis nutans Vicia portosanctana
Sideritis penzigii Vicia scandens
Sideritis pumila Vicia sicula
Stachys brachyclada Vicia sparsiflora
Stachys spreitzenhoferi
Teucrium abutiloides LENTIBULARIACEAE
Teucrium francisci-werneri Pinguicula bohemica +
Teucrium heterophyllum
Thymus camphoratus
Thymus carnosus LILIACEAE
Thymus cephalotos Allium grosii
Thymus plasonii Allium longanum
Thymus richardii ssp. ebusitanus Allium obtusiflorum
Allium suaveolens
LAURACEAE Androcymbium psammophilum
Apollonias ceballosi Androcymbium rechingeri
Ocotea foetens Asparagus fallax
Persea indica Asparagus nesiotes
Asphodelus bento-rainhae
LEGUMINOSAE Bellevalia hackelii
Anagyris latifolia Colchicum arenarium +
Anthyllis lemanniana Colchicum borisii +
Astragalus algarbiensis Colchicum cousturieri
Astragalus aquilanus Colchicum davidovii +
Astragalus arenarius Colchicum fominii +
Astragalus centralpinus Dracaena draco
Astragalus dasyanthus + Fritillaria involucrata
Astragalus maritimus Lilium pomponium
Astragalus physocalyx + Muscari gussonei
Astragalus verrucosus Narthecium scardicum
Chamaecytisus nejceffii + Ornithogalum orthophyllum ssp.
Cytisus aeolicus psammophilum +
Dorycnium spectabile Ruscus streptophyllus
Genista holopetala Scilla dasyantha
Lathyrus pancicii + Scilla haemorrhoidalis
Lotus berthelotii Scilla maderensis
Lotus callis-viridis Semele androgyna
Lotus kunkelii Semele gayae
Lotus leptophyllus Tulipa goulimyi
Lotus maculatus Tulipa rhodopea +
Lotus mascaensis Tulipa undulatifolia
Lygos raetum
Medicago heyniana
Medicago Strasseri LINACEAE
Ononis christii Linum leonii
Ononis cossoniana
Ononis masquillierii LORANTHACEAE
Viscum cruciatum
LYCOPODIACEAE
Diphasiastrum complanatum ssp. issleri
LYTHRACEAE
Lythrum flexuosum
Lythrum thesioides
MALVACEAE
Hibiscus palustris
Lavatera mauritanica
Lavatera phoenicea
MARSILEACEAE
Marsilea quadrifolia
Marsilea strigosa
Pilularia globulifera
MYRSINACEAE
Heberdenia excelsa
Pleiomeris canariensis
NAJADACEAE
Najas flexilis
Najas marina +
OLEACEAE
Jasminum azoricum
Picconia excelsa
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Botrychium lanceolatum
Botrychium matricariifolium
Botrychium multifidum
Botrychium simplex
Botrychium virginianum
ORCHIDACEAE
Barlia metlesicsiana
Cephalanthera cucullata
Cephalanthera epipactoides
Coeloglossum viride
Comperia comperiana
Cypripedium calceolus var. calceolus
Cypripedium planipetalum
Dactylorhiza baumanniana
Dactylorhiza cambrensis
Dactylorhiza coccinea
Dactylorhiza foliosa
Dactylorhiza fuchsii ssp. so6ana +
Dactylorhiza graeca
Dactylorhiza kalopissii
Dactylorhiza sphagnicola
Dactylorhiza traunsteineri
Dactylorhiza traunsteineri ssp. lapponica
Epipactis albensis +
Epipactis condensata
Epipactis cretica
Epipactis greuteri
Epipactis leptochila var. dunensis
Epipactis phyllanthes
Goodyera macrophylla
Hammarbya paludosa
Herminium monorchis
Himantoglossum adriaticum
Liparis loeselii
Malaxis monophyllos
Ophrys biancae
Ophrys biscutella
Ophrys carbonifera
Ophrys catalaunica
Ophrys fuciflora ssp. candica
Ophrys fuciflora ssp. oxyrrhynchos
Ophrys lunata
Ophrys pallida
Ophrys splendida
Orchis boryi
Orchis laxiflora ssp. palustris
Orchis punctulata
Orchis sancta
Orchis scopulorum
Orchis spitzelii ssp. nitidifolia
Pseudorchis frivaldii
Serapias nurrica
Serapias olbia
Spiranthes aestivalis
PAEONIACEAE
Paeonia cambessedesii
Paeonia clusii ssp. rhodia
Paeonia parnassica
PALMAE
Phoenix theophrasti
PAPAVERACEAE
Fumaria occidentalis
Fumaria reuteri
Papaver rupifragum ssp. rupifragum
Papaver tatricum +
Rupicapnos africana
PINACEAE
Abies cephalonica +
Abies nebrodensis
Abies pinsapo vat. pinsapo
Larix decidua var. polonica +
PITTOSPORACEAE
Pittosporum coriaceum
PLANTAGINACEAE
Plantago atrata ssp. carpatica +
Plantago famarae
Plantago leiopetala
Plantago maderensis
Plantago malato-belizii
PLUMBAGINACEAE
Armeria pseudarmeria
Armeria rouyana
Armeria soleirolii
Armeria welwitschii
Limonium albidum
Limonium aragonense
Limonium arborescens
Limonium asterotrichum +
Limonium bourgeaui
Limonium brassicifolium
Limonium calcarae
Limonium companyonis
Limonium cordatum
Limonium dendroides
Limonium fruticans
Limonium imbricatum
Limonium inarimense ssp. inarimense
Limonium japygicum
Limonium johannis
Limonium laetum
Limonium macrophyllum
Limonium macropterum
Limonium panormitanum
Limonium papillatum
Limonium paradoxum
Limonium parvifolium
Limonium perezii
Limonium preauxii
Limonium puberulum
Limonium recurvum
Limonium redivivum
Limonium remotispiculum
Limonium sibthorpianum
Limonium spectabile
Limonium tenoreanum
POLYGALACEAE
Polygala helenae
POLYGONACEAE
Polygonum praelongum
Rumex rupestris
POLYPORACEAE
Fomitopsis rosea +
POTAMOGETONACEAE
Potamogeton rutilus
PRIMULACEAE
Androsace mathildae
Androsace obtusifolia +
Coris hispanica
Cyclamen fatrense +
Primula allionii
Primula apennina
Primula vulgaris ssp. balearica
Primula wulfeniana ssp. baumgarteniana+
Soldanella villosa
PSILOTACEAE
Psilotum nudum
PTERIDACEAE
Pteris cretica
Pteris dentata
Pteris serrulata
PYROLACEAE
Pyrola rotundifolia ssp. maritima
RANUNCULACEAE
Aconitum firmum ssp. firmum +
Aconitum firmum ssp. moravicum +
Aconitum lasiocarpum +
Aconitum napellus ssp. corsicum
Adonis cyllenea
Adonis distorta
Aquilegia alpina
Aquilegia bernardii
Aquilegia bertolonii
Aquilegia cazorlensis
Aquilegia kitaibelii
Aquilegia ottonis
Callianthemum kerneranum
Clematis elisabethae-carolae
Consolida samia
Delphinium oxysepalum +
Garidella nigellastrum
Garidella unguicularis
Helleborus lividus ssp. lividus
Pulsatilla hungarica +
Pulsatilla patens
Pulsatilla subslavica +
Ranunculus cacuminis
Ranunculus fontanus
Ranunculus revelieri
Ranunculus weyleri
RESEDACEAE
Reseda decursiva
Reseda scoparia
RHAMNACEAE
Rhamnus glandulosa
ROSACEAE
Bencomia brachystachya
Bencomia caudata
Bencomia exstipulata
Bencomia sphaerocarpa
Chamaemeles coriacea
Cotoneaster nummularia
Geum heterocarpum
Marcetella maderensis
Potentilla arcadiensis
Potentilla delphinensis
Potentilla goulandrii
Rosa mandonii
Sorbus hazslinszkyana +
Sorbus maderensis
Sorbus sudetica +
Spiraea crenata
RUBIACEAE
Asperula saxicola
Galium litorale
Galium stojanovii +
Galium sudeticum +
Galium viridiflorum
RUTACEAE
Ruta microcarpa
Ruta oreojasme
Ruta pinnata
SAMBUCACEAE
Sambucus palmensis
SANTALACEAE
Kunkeliella canariensis
Kunkeliella psilotoclada
Kunkeliella subsucculenta
Thesium ebracteatum
SAPOTACEAE
Sideroxylon marmulano
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Saxifraga berica
Saxifraga florulenta
Saxigraga moschata ssp. dominii +
Saxifraga moschata ssp. kotulae +
Saxifraga tombeanensis
Saxifraga valdensis
Saxifraga wahlenbergii +
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Euphrasia marchesettii
Euphrasia slovaca +
Isoplexis chalcantha
Tsoplexis isabelliana
Kickxia urbanii
Linaria algarviana
Linaria ficalhoana
Linaria flava
Linaria hellenica
Linaria lamarckii
Linaria ricardoi
Linaria thymifolia
Linaria tonzigii
Melampyrum bohemicum +
Melampyrum ciliatum
Odontites holliana
Pedicularis sudetica ssp. sudetica +
Scrophularia anagae
Scrophularia calliantha
Scrophularia smithii ssp. smithii
Sibthorpia peregrina
Verbascum anisophyllum +
Verbascum cylleneum
Verbascum davidoffii +
Verbascum jankaeanum +
Verbascum litigiosum
Verbascum purpureum +
Verbascum reiseri
Verbascum syriacum
Veronica oetaea
Veronica stamatiadae
SELAGINACEAE
Globularia ascanii
Globularia sarcophylla
Globularia stygia
SOLANACEAE
Atropa baetica
Mandragora officinarum
Solanum lidii
Solanum trisectum
Solanum vespertilio
TAMARICACEAE
Tamarix boveana
THEACEAE
Visnea mocanera
THYMELAEACEAE
Daphne petraea
Daphne rodriguezii
Thymelaea thomasii
TRAPACEAE
Trapa natans
TYPHACEAE
Typha minima
Typha shuttleworthii
ULMACEAE
Zelkova cretica
UMBELLIFERAE
Ammi procerum
Angelica heterocarpa
Apium repens
Athamanta cortiana
Berula erecta +
Bunium brevifolium
Bupleurum bourgaei
Bupleurum capillare
Bupleurum dianthifolium
Bupleurum elatum
Bupleurum falcanum ssp. dilatatum +
Bupleurum handiense
Bupleurum kakiskalae
Eryngium alpinum
Eryngium barrelieri
Eryngium spinalba
Eryngium viviparum
Ferulago asparagifolia
Heracleum minimum
Imperatoria lowei
Laserpitium archangelica +
Laserpitium longiradium
Monizia edulis
Naufraga balearica
Oenanthe conioides
Oenanthe divaricata
Oenanthe pteridifolia
Petagnia saniculifolia
Petroselinum segetum
Peucedanum coriaceum
Pimpinella anagodendron
Pimpinella bicknellii
Rouya polygama
Seseli leucospermum
Thorella verticillatinundata
URTICACEAE
Gesnouinia arborea
VALERIANACEAE
Centranthus trinervis
VIOLACEAE
Viola athois
Viola biflora ssp. biflora +
Viola cheiranthifolia
Viola delphinantha
Viola hispida
Viola jaubertiana
Viola palmensis
Viola paradoxa
Viola sfikasiana
WOODSIACEAE
Cystopteris sudetica
MTOR Gums Sea!
ville Sesh! mi
ieeliod: saath,
paladins)
REL shea
Riya tee ey We
ahaa bersi ae Megas
FRR, Moar,
aay Mo Ae
_, Hei salou yiluvkencayla
Ranwacnieg rvelierl Wiseaiotl wy: bah }
‘ Roguedusweled . soaNerty SEL etiam
“ has SSRIS Tiga.
a REXED AC%A mi. EEN aerath
Haaolla docuraian
‘ dapwedte caput
Coan iia: 2207
Ouliphiniuny cay;
a Caridelly tigen!
Curidella wanguicns
Bléellehoras livides & ry
Pulsatile ting
Pulessila pairs:
Pubtwi i witch
Riemunc Sida ca
Rannanontan Ontong
ow A)
| Swett Soret on aci)
c RUZAMNACTAE
Pars es qeaeaiere
es. tee ee | Paap
i ; eer eee ull : a i
< “a ih
WK: PACERS i
Berane RED
nay
dager onty rated i
ae i 5 cemeranohagh Hii Shae NOY
a "ale Heo ileal fn OS BY
: ; ay ;
NOM wa fe spat pay
Shas, Bae pha?
ue Her atae?,
AREINAIGON
NOMENIE coehoiayS
ANNEX 5: Lists of habitat classes in key European classifications
ir
MOIRD Hee Hi
:
+
Rit TT
aif
ANNEX 5: Lists of habitat classes in key European classifications
a) Habitat units identified in the CORINE Biotopes habitat check-list for the EU and the
proposed CORINE Biotopes Habitats of the Palearctic (Devilliers, 1994)
Coastal and Halophytic Communities
Oceans and Seas
Sea Inlets
Tidal Rivers and Estuaries
Mud Flats and Sand Flats
Salt marshes, Salt Steppes and Gypsum
Scrubs
Coastal Sand Dunes and Sand Beaches
Shingle Beaches
Cliffs and rocky Shores
Islets and Rocky Stacks
Machair
Non-Marine Waters
Coastal Lagoons
Standing Fresh Water
Standing Brackish and Salt Water
Running Water
Scrub and Grassland
Heath and Scrub
Sclerophyllous Scrub
Phrygana
Dry Calcareous Grasslands and Steppes
Dry Siliceous Grasslands
Alpine and Subalpine Grasslands
Humid Grasslands and Tall Herb
Communities
Mesophile Grasslands
Forests
Broad-leaved Deciduous Forests
Coniferous Woodland
Mixed Woodland
Alluvial and very wet Forests and Brush
Broad-leaved Evergreen Woodlands
Bogs and Marshes
Raised Bogs
Blanket Bogs
Water-fringed Vegetation
Fens, Transition Mires and Springs
Inland Rocks, Screes and Sands
Screes
Inland Cliffs and Exposed Rocks
Eternal Snow and Ice
Inland Sand Dunes
Caves
Volcanic Features
Deserts
Polar Deserts
Continental Deserts and Semi-Deserts
Subtropical Deserts and Semi-Deserts
Cool Coastal Deserts
Agricultural Land and Artificial
Landscapes
Improved Grasslands
Crops
Orchards, Groves and Tree Plantations
Tree Lines, Hedges, Rural Mosaics
Urban Parks and Large Gardens
Towns, Villages, Industrial Sites
Fallow Land, Waste Places
Mines and Underground Passages
Industrial Lagoons and Reservoirs, Canals
Wooded Grasslands and Scrub
Parklands
Bocages
Wooded Steppe
Wooded Tundra
Treeline Ecotones
Savannas
Wooded Deserts and Semi-Deserts
b) Habitat Classes in the Habitats
Directive
Coastal and Halophytic habitats
Open sea and tidal areas
Sea cliffs and shingle or stony beaches
Atlantic and continental salt marshes and salt
meadows
Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic salt
marshes and salt meadows
Salt and gypsum continental steppes
Coastal sand dunes and continental dunes
Sea dunes of the Atlantic, North Sea and
Baltic coasts
Sea dunes of the Mediterranean coast
Continental dunes, old and decalcified
Freshwater habitats
Standing water
Running water
Temperate Heath and Scrub
Sclerophyllous scrub (Matorral)
Sub-Mediterranean and temperate
Mediterranean arborescent matorral
Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-steppe brush
Phrygana
Natural and semi-natural grassland
formations
Natural grasslands
Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland
facies
Sclerophyllous grazed forests (dehesas)
Semi-natural tall-herb humid meadows
Mesophile grasslands
Raised Bogs and Mires and Fens
Sphagnum acid bogs
Calcareous fens
Rocky Habitats and Caves
Scree
Chasmophytic vegetation on rocky slopes
Other rocky habitats
Forest
Forests of Temperate Europe
Mediterranean deciduous forests
Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests
Alpine and subalpine coniferous forests
Mediterranean mountainous coniferous
forests
c) Habitat Classes in the Council of
Europe/CEC Map of the Natural —
Vegetation of the member countries of the
European Community and the Council of
Europe (1987)
Geobotanical divisions
Boreal domain
Atlantic domain
Alpine domain
Mediterranean region
Anatolian domain
Vegetation
Edaphic Azonal vegetation
Coastal halophytic vegetation
Coastal dunes
Maritime polders
Fresh-water marshes
Fluvial plains
Minerotrophic fens
Raised bogs with sphagnum moss
Blanket bogs
Boreal peatlands
Zonal Vegetation: Boreal Europe
Arctic heathlands and Oro-Caledonian zone
Subarctic heathlands and forests
Boreal spruce forests
Boreal mixed forests
Montane Boreo-Atlantic heathlands
Temperate Europe vegetation
Acidophilous oakwoods and oligotrophic
heathlands _
Mesotrophic mixed oakwoods
Thermophilous mixed oakwoods
Hill and submontane beechwoods
Montane beech and beech-fir forests
Montane and subalpine conifer forests
Alpine zone
Pontic domain vegetation
Pontic vegetation
Subpontic vegetation
Pontic alpine zone
Mediterranean vegetation
Thermo-Mediterranean zone
Meso-Mediterranean zone
Supra-Mediterranean zone
Oro-Mediterranean conifer zone
Alti-Mediterranean zone
Pre-steppe and steppe vegetation of
Anatolia
Steppe woodland
Treeless steppes
; ee Partie ee ee hs te Par
Wee “e
Oven wid eta thes ‘det ome ;
Chess ee tok Wipe oleae : oe
See Coa, eet gi HN yey heh tha
» haanads amg said. 2 ware wanes @
mien
hebeclada rorya: Aes He
coatings oi: cal nei ene
‘Side Nai pica meets fa all
Sinialiail ‘Aes! don ws SQUEIE eRtrUasteln sentir Bas Sportage Se te
* iegeee? Bes eactaredst Joan l eae
oe tgs alten soli
\, chareiorsd’ SOD
=
. ‘fe Absit Od reainshey aire, Evi | mee).
2 Wai i . : ; a ee ee & ; a ¥e : aiffioe? vee
: . } Hhaghual eal: Sg. pSEIIA 73, eke o2 |g
. 3 ea Ae, Inheipa ae Seats ete : PARE
linens pent sihecds! { rete, :
a! a a een MRD) ath) Sages Me ode “igh
a a ( diternisetd oak ywisend Hh 5 Ube bral) chenaeet ie
a sa tah. asi asa. batayh mi BR ceca
oe! gent i sgh yap battij ited
a wesreht ‘RIANA
nebo’. jee mth toa tates ¥
Malay me 4 ete Doh!
A ed ne ee apa. b ‘Sop Rear |
eed Ont nbe me
lis ii cinac inaeqowuet in
met ach on: sent
ANNEX 7: Checklist of species for the CITES Convention
sw
Lo eaoate
b |
Eo
“
=e
S.
“4
=
Es
ie -
ITD gat so} 201984
12
(smuixvul=) Snayuddis sajuepolig
I[L408 OU[1409
myjaqo -d-g
snapuvddd snaviusitd oduog
snAjaopuds sn8uojoydiuads
“dds sasogojAyy
Snails vatiyswaidg
AOJO INO SOILS
SNJDAAV] SYVSOAL
V{IId “ff
suspapid “J
1228 sudqsaig
yay gD
snjosjnuofns snipvg snqojoy
snuapis DIDIDAL
snjyuigypd snji42jp3 §nq2I0I49)
Saplouyzvsd $9j9j.Ay vig
sisuatuviud 3 -y
sninjuosf ihosffoad sajaiy
(vsojp1a) DIvI[vd visvNoly
“dds ovfv20)
suspuigjp Salodosy
Npajssvo0 Lnuivg
Hpjaod oriuiy}0 )
“dds (snapijuoa]) snraysidojuoaT
sisuatipospSupyu viuojueqnog
“dds mo4p
“dds snraysidosg
“dds rp
“dds saupyg
“dds sngad0upy
“dds snajpsonayD
“dds snqas0)]y
“dds anuwajodoyy
“dds anuwajidaT
101l— odds snua7
snjoydasoudy snuisvj Ay yp
snfna sniviospf snigosaudy
4aSiuv) SAwouiydajuy
DJopnvr13uo] *S
pyiydounupsd sisdoysunug
Ma SST Sad,
siajsouinuas ajosiuvjq
sepipodéseq
be |
aepizuog
aepneqoikH
depi9syj}1do0s19D)
SBpiqeD
aeplouyyTeD
aepiuojuaqneg
oeplupuy
oepunuioy
bed eatal tare |
sepiaeyAyy
aepiinkseq
0z
oanonay “I
Suody] sios20 py
snjopnora sndossvy
ayiaurpsnog sajatuossg JEpIPUeIsg
sardsajpi3 snusysoisvT JEPIeQuIOA
snasvd sGuo.ing oeplAweung
DIopnvuuunbs vpjnt A, sepusdurjeyg
wideout -g
4nansay “gq
vjoyioued viduoiag
siajsaduiny smuuaadojoy
snyvissof snydossosvT
SNINSMY $3159 IIVSVT
pjvun] “O
Dyvuaaf DajvpsJoyIAUC)
puiiod sndoss0yy acpipodoiey
cyeidnsieyy]
VIIVAWVN
VNilw4
“ZL61 JO INpsyrs s_uoissiuWOD
Suey AA {LUO LUWIDU] IY) YW BdUePsOIIe UI _P3}99}01d ase PausaDU0 satsads ay) yey}
SOIBDIPUl UOKE} 19y3IY 10 S21dads e JO DWeU IY} ISUIede podeE|d (4) JoquuAs aYE “7
Ajuo uonendod ucyery [Oz +
SSMOJJO) SB ‘xipuaddy siy) UF Papnyout si satsads yey) Jo
soisads-qns 10 uoneindod ayesedas Ajjesydesdood payeudisap v